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Nitecki November 30, 1987 Publication 1380 PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Information for Contributors to Fieldiana General: Fieldiana is primarily a journal for Field Museum staff members and research associates, although manuscripts from nonaffiliated authors may be considered as space permits. The Journal carries a page charge of $65 per printed page or fraction thereof. Contributions from staff, research associates, and invited authors will be con- sidered for publication regardless of ability to pay page charges, but the full charge is mandatory for nonaffiliated authors of unsolicited manuscripts. Payment of at least 507c of page charges qualifies a paper for expedited process- ing, which reduces the publication time. Manuscripts should be submitted to Dr. Timothy Plowman, Scientific Editor, Fieldiana, Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496, USA. 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Yage among the Siona: Cultural patterns in visions, pp. 63-80. In Browman, D. L., and R. A. Schwarz, eds.. Spirits, Shamans, and Stars. Mouton Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands. Mirra. J. 1946. The historic tribes of Ecuador, pp. 785-821. In Steward, J. H, ed.. Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 2, The Andean Civilizations. Bulletin 143, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Stolzk. R. G. 1981. Ferns and fern allies of Guatemala. Part II. Polypodiaceae. Fieldiana: Botany, n.s., 6: 1-522. Illustrations: Illustrations are referred to in the text as "figures" (not as "plates"). Figures must be accompanied by some indication of scale, normally a reference bar. Statements in figure captions alone, such as " x 0.8," are not acceptable. Captions should be typed double-spaced and consecutively. See recent issues of Fieldiana for details of style. Figures as submitted should, whenever practicable, be 8V2 by II inches (22 x 28 cm) and may not exceed IP/2 by 16!/; inches (30 x 42 cm). Illustrations should be mounted on boards in the arrangement you wish to obtain in the printed work. This original set should be suitable for transmission to the printer as follows: Pen and ink drawings may be originals (preferred) or photostats; shaded drawings should be originals, but within the size limitation; and photo- stats should be high-quality, glossy, black and white prints. All illustrations should be marked on the reverse with author's name, figure number(s), and "top." Original illustrations will be returned to the author upon publication unless otherwise specified . Authors who wish to publish figures that require costly special paper or color reproduction must make prior arrangements with the Scientific Editor. Page Proofs: Fieldiana employs a two-step correction system. Each author will normally receive a copy of the edited manuscript on which deletions, additions, and changes can be made and queries answered. Only one set of page proofs will be sent. All desired corrections of type must be made on the single set of page proofs. Changes in page proofs (as opposed to corrections) are very expensive. Author-generated changes in page proofs can only be made if the author agrees in advance to pay for them. FIELDIANA Geology NEW SERIES, NO. 16 Literature of the Receptaculitid Algae: 1805-1980 Matthew H. Nitecki Department of Geology Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 Kristine L. Bradof Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Doris V. Nitecki Department of Geology Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 Accepted for publication August 15, 1985 November 30, 1987 Publication 1380 PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY © 1987 Field Museum of Natural History Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 87-81835 ISSN 0096-2651 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Table of Contents Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Names of Authors 2 Dates of Publications 2 Titles of Publications 2 Main Entry 3 Acknowledgments 4 Bibliography 4 in Literature of the Receptaculitid Algae: 1805-1980 Abstract This bibliography of 1 ,649 published references summarizes the progress of study and the history of changing ideas and concepts about receptacu- litids, a class of algae composed of Receptaculi- tales, Cyclocrinitales, and Radiocyatales. All sys- tematic descriptions, and all major stratigraphic and geographic occurrences of receptaculitids are believed to be included. Each entry is accom- panied by an abstract consisting of objective data on description, illustration, discussion or listing of the receptaculitid paleontology, and stratigraphy. Introduction The purpose of this bibliography is twofold: first, to provide for future work a synonymy list of re- ceptaculitids that is as complete as possible; sec- ond, and equally important, to compile data on all aspects of receptaculitids to help in deciphering the pattern of their geographic and stratigraphic distribution and thus to plot the evolutionary path of this problematic group of fossils. The bibliography annotates references describ- ing, illustrating, discussing, or listing receptaculi- tid morphology and occurrences. Although we are not certain whether receptaculitids belonged with the chlorophytes, we do not doubt that they were algae. We follow here a modified Nitecki and Toomey (1979b) classification and recognize as receptaculitid algae all the fossils placed in the class Receptaculitaphyceae and including the or- ders Receptaculitales, Radiocyatales, and Cyclo- crinitales. The practice of constructing synonymy lists that purport to cite all references as a step in the sys- tematic description of taxa appears now to be an impossible task that has outlived its usefulness. As the present bibliography shows, to quote all the references to the genus Receptaculites, for exam- ple, would make a synonymy list longer than the actual description or definition of the genus itself. While it is possible that synonymy lists were valu- able and easily compiled in the past (when the literature was small), at the present time (when the literature is enormous) they represent a custom that may merely provide assurances that the lit- erature was partially read. Of course, selective syn- onymy lists offer a reasonable vehicle for redefin- ing and restricting a taxon and for rejecting certain definitions by deliberate omissions or by insertion of the Latin prefix non. The selective synonymy list also allows for the propagation of preferred published ideas. Even if complete synonymy lists were practical to produce, they would seldom be read; therefore, listing the references to species may as well be abolished. We hope that our bibliog- raphy will replace future need for synonymy lists in receptaculitid systematics. In all our future work on receptaculitids, we will refer to the present vol- ume rather than compile a new synonymy listing. We have avoided subjective judgments as much as possible. We are correcting only spelling errors and including only published changes in taxonomy or stratigraphy. For example, "Lower Silurian" in older literature refers to the Ordovician; Gold- fuss's 1 826 assignment of Receptaculites neptuni to the Jurassic of Switzerland has been shown to be in error. All changes made by us are in brackets. Of course, perfect objectivity in works like this NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE is never possible, nor always desirable. For ex- ample, we had to decide which taxa to include in receptaculitids: while Leptopoterion mammiferum is a receptaculitid taxon, L.faberi is not; the Mas- lov 1 960 reference to Cretaceous cyclocrinitids is very doubtful; Permian calathids are not related to the receptaculitid Calathium. Therefore, some references to "receptaculitid" taxa (e.g., L.faberi) are excluded from the bibliography and from the index to be published soon. We hope that all references to the systematic descriptions have been included, and that in this sense our bibliography is complete, at least as far as the Receptaculitales are concerned. However, the references to stratigraphic and geographic dis- tribution are most likely incomplete. This is be- cause the abundance of stratigraphic references in our bibliography is proportional to our familiarity with geographic regions, and this familiarity de- creases away from the Upper Mississippi Valley region. Contrary to claims usually made, "good" li- braries, and particularly "good" reprint libraries, are frequently limited and regional in character. Our departmental reprint library at Field Museum is such a library, and although it has initially helped us with many stratigraphic references, it has also skewed our presentation in favor of the midcon- tinent of North America. In addition, we list the Illinois State Geological Survey Educational Series Guidebooks because we are familiar with them. We do not imply that other state survey guide- books do not exist, but simply that we did not find them. This further distorts our picture of recep- taculitid distribution. We thus acknowledge the bias in at least our pattern of distribution of re- ceptaculitids. Unfortunately, whether recognized or not, such biases are always part of compilations of this kind. Our bibliographic entries consist of the name of the author, the date of publication, title and as- sociated references of the publication, and the main entry. u, which are represented by ae, oe, and ue. All Russian names (and words) are transliterated as consistently as possible. In order to avoid any future confusion, the full first names, when known to us, are provided, whether or not the authors actually used them in their publications. After prolonged usage of the middle name or initial, certain authors have dis- continued using it in subsequent publications. Again, to avoid doubts as to authorship, we have included the middle name or initial in these cases. Dates of Publications The attempt to determine the exact date of pub- lication in order to establish priority of authorship of a taxonomic name is an obsession of system- atists. Perhaps much too much time has been spent on this frequently impossible task. The dates on covers of books or journals (even on systematic publications such as the Journal of Paleontology) or on the title pages of reprints are notoriously inaccurate. The precise dates are particularly dif- ficult to determine when the publication is dis- tributed in advance copies, as with prepublication releases of "significant" results. It is often impos- sible to determine whether the date printed rep- resents the date of publication, public distribution, review distribution, advance distribution, bulk mailing, printing, sale, or news distribution, or any other conceivable date. After trying to solve these riddles, we realized that they were often unsolv- able and rarely important. Therefore, we have list- ed the dates as they appear on the publication, unless there is published evidence to the contrary. In those cases, we have listed the "correct" date in brackets. In the instances where the dates were questioned but not resolved in previous publica- tions, we indicated them by a question mark. For the undated publications, we guessed the dates and placed them in brackets with a question mark. Names of Authors All entries are arranged alphabetically by author and chronologically within authors. The prefixes Mc in Irish and Scottish names are listed alpha- betically as mc, not as mac. The spellings of family names of authors (or for that matter, all other proper names) are unaltered except for the um- lauted vowels, particularly the German a, 5, and Titles of Publications The titles of articles, books, journals, series, etc., are given entirely without abbreviations. In gen- eral, we have used abbreviations only where they were self-evident and widely accepted (e.g., pp. for pages and n. sp. for new species). The number of pages, figures (when numbered), maps, tables, and charts are always given. In paleontological bibliographies, the most trou- FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY blesome problem is determining what constitutes a paleontological publication. Although we are not concerned with the legalistic aspect, we are con- fronted with a question of definition. There are diverse means of publishing, encompassing a spec- trum of different purposes, origins, and produc- tions of printed matter. Books by well-known presses almost by definition must be included in any bibliography. However, the number of pages, the book size, the printing, and how the publica- tion is distributed may or may not define the pub- lication. Surely a scientific society's journal is a publication, but societies produce much published material; for example, in the past, abstracts pub- lished by the Geological Society of America in its Bulletin or Proceedings series were different from the abstracts distributed at meetings. There are many field trip guidebooks, some of which form parts of series and hence are indexed in various registers and bibliographies. Others consist of only a few typewritten and hand-stapled pages, distrib- uted in small amounts at one time only. Further complications arise when publications of such well-known writers as James Hall and El- kanah Billings are examined. Those eminent 1 9th century paleontologists had galleys of their books and papers printed in large quantities and, for var- ious reasons, distributed prior to the time of dis- tribution of the main work. Should these be treated as formal publications, as first editions, or should they be discarded as references? Equally problem- atic are the frequently passed out "preprints" of papers that are orally delivered at meetings. It is also difficult to define "scientific society" rigor- ously, particularly since the character and aims of many societies and institutions change, and their official publications may become popular or public relations organs, with no change of name, format, or manner of numbering consecutive issues. Since there is no formal or accepted requirement (e.g., of size, shape, quality, content, quality of paper or ink, purpose, distribution, or publishing) forjudg- ing whether a publication is scientific, it is difficult to make such a judgment. Therefore, we have in- cluded in our bibliography all printed matter we have been able to examine, with the exception of the following: (1) "unpublished" doctoral theses; (2) various editions of books, revised or not, which were difficult for us to find; (3) various trans- lations of original reports; (4) the United States Geological Survey Open File Reports; and (5) The Zoological Record. Main Entry The length of our treatment of a particular ref- erence does not reflect the length or significance of that reference; nor is our listing of taxa pro- portional to the importance of the publication. In general, if a reference provides only a stratigraphic and/or geographic listing of one or a few taxa, our entry includes all of the information we found. Of necessity, monographic works are proportionally more abbreviated than the stratigraphic listing. We tried to remedy this by being more compre- hensive and inclusive in the index (which will be published separately). We quote the taxonomic names as originally given. However, when no assignment was made to a genus or species, we refer to the taxon as a receptaculitid or a cyclocrinitid, etc. Frequently we have omitted the names and the dates of authors of species or other taxa. We be- came aware during our work that the idea that names of species (or other taxa) are properties of individual workers is inaccurate. For example, Re- ceptaculites was originally described in 1827 by Defrance as Receptacules, and in 1828 was rede- scribed by Deshayes as Receptaculites. The no- menclatural custom requires that the name of De- shayes 1828 be associated with Receptaculites. However, the name Receptaculites represents the concept of neither Defrance nor Deshayes, but rather one that has evolved and that properly be- longs to all those paleontologists who refined it over the period of more than 150 years. More importantly, when the descriptions of Recepta- culites of various authors are compared, they are so varied, and so different from each other, that the question becomes not of authorship, but rather of whether Receptaculites can be identified at all. Like magic, Receptaculites can assume various morphologies and physiologies from algae to echi- noderms. Therefore, little is gained by inclusion of names and dates of original authors with taxo- nomic names. Stratigraphic boundaries and designations have changed, but we quote them as in the original pub- lication, providing a more modern name only when we are certain of the change; this is always done in brackets. The more accurate designation is giv- en in the index. Very seldom did the original authors provide accurate and detailed geographic information. Such practices are relatively new in paleontological lit- erature. We have given very general geographic NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE data, and those readers who may wish to visit the localities must consult the original publications. Generally we have indicated the largest taxo- nomic unit to which individual authors assigned their taxa, thus expressing their opinion on the receptaculitid nature and affinities. We feel that it is particularly important to in- dicate clearly whether the specimens were only listed or fully described and figured. Of course, what constitutes description, that is, how many lines are required to describe the taxon properly, is an unanswered question. We considered as "de- scribed" the discussion, however brief, of any as- pect of the taxon's morphology. Acknowledgments This bibliography was started about 20 years ago, and could not have been completed without the assistance of many individuals and numerous institutions. However we may wish, it is impract- ical to list them all. Among the paleontologists, Prof. Dr. Siegfried Rietschel, the director of the Landessammlungen fuer Naturkunde in Karls- ruhe, provided and checked many German ref- erences; the late Curator Dr. Eugene S. Richard- son, Jr., of Field Museum, guided us through the labyrinths of the semantics of nomenclature; Dr. Inessa Zhuravleva, of the Department of Geology and Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, helped with the Russian lit- erature; and Dr. Ann Lutz-Gerrihan, of the Lunar and Planetary Institute, for weeks on end searched the libraries and abstracted many a paper. Among the graduate students from The University of Chi- cago, Gerald Forney, now an independent oil ge- ologist in Denver, and Janet Anne Sherman, of the Committee on Evolutionary Biology, dili- gently worked at the Museum and searched for references in the local libraries. Among the librarians, the staffs of the libraries of Field Museum of Natural History, The Uni- versity of Chicago, Northwestern University in Evanston, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, British Museum (Natural History), Sedg- wick Museum in Cambridge, Paleontologisk Mu- seum in Oslo, University of Leningrad, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles in Bruxelles, Na- turhistoriska Riksmuseet in Stockholm, Natur- Museum Senckenberg in Frankfurt am Main, and the John Crerar Library in Chicago lent books, made copies of rare publications, and cooperated with us in most generous ways. Bibliography Aaloe, A., Elga Mark, Ralf M. Maennil, K. Mueuerisepp, and K. Orviku 1 960. Uelevaade Eesti aluspohja ja pinnakatte stratigraafiast. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadee- mia, Geoloogia Instituut, Tallinn, 61 pp., nu- merous figs, and pis. An alga Mastopora concava Eichwald is listed from the Ordovician Idavere Formation in North- ern Estonia. Adams, P. J. See: Cowie, J. W., and P. J. Adams, 1957. Ager, Derek V. 1963. Principles of Paleoecology. An Introduc- tion to the Study of How and Where Animals and Plants Lived in the Past. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 37 1 pp., nu- merous figs, and tables. Devonian Receptaculites is listed from a De- vonian bioherm in the Dinant basin in Belgium (p. 285). Agnew, Allen F. 1955a. Application of geology to the discovery of zinc-lead ore in the Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa district. Mining Engineering, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 781-795, 16 text-figs., 2 tables. Receptaculites occurs in the Middle Ordovician Stewartville and Prosser Members of the Galena Dolomite in the mid-United States (p. 784, fig. 4; p. 792). 1955b. Facies of Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks of Iowa. Bulletin of the American As- sociation of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 1703-1752. Zones of the upper Middle Ordovician Galena Dolomite in Iowa are characterized by Receptac- ulites (p. 1720). 1956. Facies of Platteville, Decorah, and Gal- ena rocks of the Upper Mississippi Valley re- gion; pp. 41-54, 1 pi., text-figs. 9-10. In Schwartz, George M. (ed.), Guidebook for Field Trips. Minneapolis Meeting, 1956. Field Trip No. 2. Lower Paleozoic Geology of the FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Upper Mississippi Valley. Geological Society of America, 1 1 0 pp. Receptaculites occurs in the Stewartville and Prosser Members of the Middle Ordovician Ga- lena Formation in the Upper Mississippi Valley (pp. 44, 48). 1963. Geology of the Platteville Quadrangle, Wisconsin. Bulletin of the United States Geo- logical Survey, 1123-E, pp. 245-277, pi. 19, text-figs. 38-42, 1 table. Receptaculites occurs in the Ordovician Galena Dolomite in the lead-zinc mining district of Wis- consin (p. 256). See also: Allingham, J. W., A. E. Flint, and A. F. Ag- new, 1955. Heyl, A. V., Jr., A. F. Agnew, E. J. Lyons, andC. H. Behre, Jr., 1959. Heyl, A. V., Jr., E. J. Lyons, and A. F. Agnew, 1951. Heyl, A. V., Jr., E. J. Lyons, A. F. Agnew, andC. H. Behre, Jr., 1955. Agnew, Allen I .. Arthur E. Flint, and John W. Allingham 1953. Exploratory drilling program of the U.S. Geological Survey for evidences of zinc-lead mineralization in Iowa and Wisconsin, 1950- 5 1 . United States Geological Survey Circular 231, 37 pp., 4 pis., 4 text- figs. Receptaculites oweni occurs in the Prosser, Stewartville, and Dubuque Members of the Ga- lena Dolomite in Dubuque and Jackson Counties, Iowa (pp. 5-7, fig. 3). Agnew, Allen I .. Arthur E. Flint, and Rusian P. Crumpton 1954. Geology and zinc-lead-barite deposits in an area in Lafayette County east of Cuba City, Wisconsin. United States Geological Survey Mineral Investigations Field Studies Map MF- 1 5, map and text. Receptaculites oweni occurs in the Stewartville and Prosser Members of the Middle Ordovician Galena Dolomite east of Cuba City, Wisconsin (fig. 2). Agnew, Allen \ .. Allen V. Heyl, Jr., Charles H. Behre, Jr., and Erwin J. Lyons 1956. Stratigraphy of Middle Ordovician rocks in the zinc-lead districts of Wisconsin, Illi- nois, and Iowa. United States Geological Sur- vey Professional Paper 274-K, pp. 251-312, text-figs. 31-54. Zones of Receptaculites oweni are found in the Prosser and basal Stewartville Members of the Middle Ordovician Galena Dolomite in the Wis- consin-Illinois-Iowa zinc-lead district. Ischadites iowensis is present in the Prosser (pp. 251, 255, 257, 263, 266-268, 296-299). Agnew, Allen 1 .. and Robert E. Sloan 1956. The Ordovician rocks of southwestern Wisconsin and northeastern Iowa; LaCrosse, Wisconsin to Decorah, Iowa; pp. 85-95, ta- bles. In Schwartz, George M. (ed.), Guide- book for Field Trips. Minneapolis Meeting, 1956. Field Trip No. 2. Lower Paleozoic Ge- ology of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Geo- logical Society of America, 1 1 0 pp. Receptaculites zones occur in the Prosser and Stewartville Members of the Galena Formation in Grant County, Wisconsin; Dubuque, Iowa; and Clayton, Iowa (pp. 86-87, 90). Ahlfeld, Federico, and Leonardo Branisa 1960. Geologia de Bolivia. Instituto Boliviano del Petroleo, La Paz, Bolivia, 245 pp., 12 pis., 90 text-figs., 1 map. A Lower Devonian anthozoan, Receptaculites bolivianus Branisa, is illustrated (pi. 3, fig. 15). A Receptaculites zone occurs in the Sicasica Series in Belen, Bolivia (pp. 65, 71, 81). Aitken, J. D. See: Cook, D. G., and J. D. Aitken, 1971. Aitken, J. I >.. W. H. Fritz, and B. S. Norford 1972. Cambrian and Ordovician biostratigra- phy of the southern Canadian Rocky Moun- tains. Field Excursion A 19. 24th Interna- tional Geological Congress, Montreal, Quebec, 1972, 57 pp., 19 text-figs. Unspecified receptaculitids and Receptaculites sp. are found in the Middle Ordovician Whiterock Stage of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains (pp. 39-40). Alberstadt, Leonard P. See: Walker, K. R., and L. P. Alberstadt, 1975. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE Alberstadt, Leonard P., and Kenneth R. Walker 1975. An unusual pioneer community in a patch reef in the Carters Limestone (Ordovician) in the Central Basin of Tennessee. Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of Amer- ica, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 465. Upright-branching calathids (algae or sponges) form part of a stabilization community in a patch reef in the Middle Ordovician Carters Limestone of Tennessee. 1976. A receptaculitid-echinoderm pioneer community in a Middle Ordovician reef. Le- thaia, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 261-272, 8 text-figs. Calathids, now believed to be dasycladaceous algae, play a role in the substrate stabilization stage of reef development. Calathids from the Middle Ordovician rocks near Birmingham, Alabama, and the Elk River Reef in south-central Tennessee are discussed and figured; Calathium egerodae and Ischadites iowensis (Owen) are mentioned. In the Lower Ordovician Fillmore Formation of Utah and in the Silurian reefs of Illinois, calathids are most abundant near the top of the reefs. Recep- taculitids occur in reefs and in level-bottom mud- dy sediments. Alberstadt, Leonard P., Kenneth R. Walker, and Ronald P. Zurawski 1974. Patch reefs in the Carters Limestone (Middle Ordovician) in Tennessee, and ver- tical zonation in Ordovician reefs. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 85, no. 7, pp. 1171-1182, 10 text-figs. Receptaculitid "thickets," which act as frame builders in reefs on the Middle Ordovician Carters Limestone in Tennessee, are discussed, dia- grammed, and figured (pp. 1171, 1 176-1 178; figs. 6; 9c, e, g; 10). Calathium occurs in the Mc- Kelligon Canyon "mounds" of the Lower Ordo- vician El Paso Group in Texas (p. 1 1 79). Alcock, Frederick J. 1920. The Reed-Wekusko Map-area, northern Manitoba. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 119, 47 pp., 6 pis., 2 maps. Receptaculites oweni occurs in the Ordovician limestone at Wekusko Lake, Manitoba (p. 29). Alden, William C. 1918. The Quaternary geology of southeastern Wisconsin with a chapter on the older rock formations. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 106, 356 pp., 39 pis., 21 text-figs. Receptaculites occurs in the Ordovician Galena Limestone of south-central Wisconsin (p. 85). Alguire, Samuel L., and Bruce A. Liberty 1968. Itinerary; pp. 6-17. In Liberty, Bruce A., and Frank D. Shelden, The Geology of Man- itoulin Island. Michigan Basin Geological So- ciety. Annual Field Excursion, 1968. Michi- gan Basin Geological Society [Michigan Geological Survey], 101 pp. Receptaculites occurs in the Ordovician Bob- caygeon Formation [on Great Cloche Island, On- tario] (p. 15). Allen, Victor T. 1932. Ordovician altered volcanic material in Iowa, Wisconsin, and Missouri. Journal of Geology, vol. 40, pp. 259-269, 4 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni occurs in the Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone in Jefferson County, Mis- souri (pp. 260, 262). Allingham, John W. 1963. Geology of the Dodgeville and Mineral Point Quadrangles, Wisconsin. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 1 123-D, pp. 1 69-244, pis. 12-18, text-figs. 25-37, 3 tables. A Receptaculites oweni zone occurs in the Pros- ser Member of the Ordovician Galena Dolomite in the Dodgeville and Mineral Point Quadrangles of southwestern Wisconsin (p. 1 96). See also: Agnew, A. F., A. E. Flint, and J. W. Alling- ham, 1953. Allingham, John W., Arthur E. Flint, and Allen F. Agnew 1955. Zinc and lead deposits of the Sinsinawa River area, Grant County, Wisconsin. United States Geological Survey Mineral Investiga- tion Field Studies Map MF-40, map and text. Several zones containing Receptaculites occur in the Middle Ordovician Galena Dolomite in the Sinsinawa River area of Wisconsin (fig. 3, text). FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Ami, Henry M. 1894. Notes of fossils from Quebec City, Que- bec. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 8 (Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club, vol. 10), pp. 82-90. A rhizopod, Nidulitesfavus Salter, from the Or- dovician Quebec Group of Canada is described and compared to Pasceolus, Cyclocrinus, and Sphaerospongia (pp. 83-84). 1 896. Notes on some of the fossil organic re- mains comprised in the geological formations and outliers of the Ottawa Paleozoic basins. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 2nd ser., vol. 2, sect. 4, pp. 151-158. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is character- istic of the [Ordovician] Black River Formation at Paquette's Rapids, Ontario (p. 153). Pasceolus globosus and R. iowensis from the Trenton For- mation of the Ottawa Valley are listed as Protozoa (p. 154). 1899. Appendix 2. On some Cambro-Silurian and Silurian fossils from Lake Temiscaming, Lake Nipissingand Mattawa outliers; pp. 289- 302, 1 table. In Barlow, Alfred E., Report on the geology and natural resources of the area included by the Nipissing and Temiscaming map-sheets comprising portions of the district of Nipissing, Ontario, and the county of Pon- tiac, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Annual Report, 1897, n. ser., vol. 10, Rept. I. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter from the Mat- tawa outlier near Mattawa, Ontario, and Pasceolus globosus Billings from the Manitou Islands of Lake Nipissing are listed as Black River [Ordovician] protozoans (pp. 297-298, 300). 1 900. On the geology of the principal cities in eastern Canada. Proceedings and Transac- tions of the Royal Society of Canada, 2nd ser., vol. 6, sect. 4, pp. 125-174, 5 tables. Pasceolus globosus from the Ordovician Tren- ton Formation near St. John, New Brunswick, and Receptaculites occidentalis from the Ordovician Bird's Eye and Black River Formations near Ot- tawa, Ontario, are listed (tables 1 , 2). 1 90 1 . Appendix. Preliminary lists of organic re- mains; pp. 51-77. In Ells, Robert W., On the geology and natural resources of the area in- cluded in the map of the city of Ottawa and vicinity. Geological Survey of Canada, An- nual Report., n. sen, vol. 12, Rept. G, 77 pp. Pasceolus globosus Billings is found along the Ottawa River in Ottawa, Ontario (p. 64). 1907. Appendix. Preliminary lists of organic re- mains from the Chazy, Black River, Trenton, and Pleistocene formations comprised within the area of the Pembroke sheet; pp. 49-7 1 . In Ells, Robert W., Report on the geology and natural resources of the area included in the northwest quarter-sheet, number 1 22, of the Ontario and Quebec Series, comprising por- tions of the counties of Pontiac, Carleton, and Renfrew. Geological Survey of Canada Sep- arate Report, Rept. 977. The protozoan or protist Receptaculites is pres- ent in Ordovician Trenton rocks on Allumette Is- land, and R. occidentalis (Salter) occurs in the Or- dovician Black River beds at Paquette Rapids and Bonnechere Valley (pp. 5 1, 54, 57, 60, 63-66, 70). Amsden, Thomas W. 1957. Catalog of fossils from the Middle and Upper Ordovician of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular 43, 41 pp. The sponge Ischadites iowensis (Owen) is found in the Ordovician Bromide Formation in the Ar- buckle Mountain region (p. 12). Amsden, Thomas W., and Arthur K. Miller 1 942. Ordovician conodonts from the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming. Journal of Paleon- tology, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 301-306, pi. 41, 2 text-figs. Receptaculites is found in the Ordovician Big- horn Formation of the southern Bighorn Moun- tains, Wyoming (pp. 302, 304). Anderson, Thomas B. 1970. Cambrian and Ordovician stratigraphy of the southern Mosquito Range, Colorado. Mountain Geologist, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 51-64, 4 text-figs. The sponges (?) Receptaculites, R. oweni Hall, R. occidentalis Salter, and Nidulites pyriformis Bassler are found in the Ordovician Fremont NITECKJ ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE Limestone in the Mosquito Range of Colorado (pp. 51,57). Andrews, Henry N., Jr. 1955. Index of generic names of fossil plants, 1820-1950. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 1013, 262 pp. Apidium Stolley 1896, Coelosphaeridium Roe- mer 1885, Mastopora Eichwald 1840, Nidulites Salter 1851, Polygonosphaerites F. Roemer 1880, Receptacules Defrance 1827 (?), and Tetragonis Eichwald 1 842 are listed as fossil plants. 1970. Index of generic names of fossil plants, 1820-1965. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 1300, 354 pp. Apidium Stolley 1896, Coelosphaeridium Roe- mer 1885, Ischadites Murchison 1839, Mastopora Eichwald 1840 (= Nidulites Salter 1851), Pasceo- lus Billings 1857, Polygonosphaerites F. Roemer 1880, Receptacules Defrance 1827 (?), and Tetra- gonis Eichwald 1 842 are listed as fossil plants. Andrichuk, John M. 1959. Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy and sedimentation in southern Manitoba, Cana- da. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 2333-2398, 22 text-figs. Receptaculites occurs in the lower and inter- mediate beds of the Ordovician Red River For- mation in southern Manitoba (pp. 2358-2359). Anonymous [Schrenk, Alexander Gustav] 1854. Uebersicht des obern Silurischen Schich- tensystems Liv- und Ehstlands, vornaemlich ihrer Inselgruppe. Archiv fuer die Natur- kunde Liv-, Ehst- und Kurlands. Herausge- geben von der Dorpater Naturforscher-Ge- sellschaft, als Filiaverein der livlaendischen gemeinnuetzigen und oekonomischen Socie- taet. Erste Serie. Mineralogoische Wissen- schaften, nebst Chemie, Physik und Erdbe- schreibung Erster Band. Erste Lieferung, pp. 1-112. Receptaculites infundibulum n. sp. [nomen nu- dum] is listed from the Silurian H [Adavere] stage in Vaendra in Estonia (p. 51). Anonymous [Hall, James] 1858. Catalogue of geological specimens from England. Eleventh Annual Report of the Re- gents of the University of the State of New York on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History. C. Van Benthuysen, printer to the Legislature, Albany, New York, pp. 1 1-36. Nidulites favus (Salter) from the lower Llando- very and Nitidulus [sic] favus from the [Ordovi- cian] Llandeilo flags of Haverfordwest, England, are housed in the State Cabinet in Albany, New York (pp. 12, 17). Anonymous [Jones, Thomas Rupert] 1 876. [Review of] Remarks on the organization and systematic position of Receptaculites; C. W. Guembel, 1875 [1876]. Geological Mag- azine, n. ser., Dec. 2, vol. 3, pp. 127-128. This is a review of Guembel, C. W., 1876. Anonymous [Lindstroem, Gustaf ] 1885. List of the Fossils of the Upper Silurian Formations of Gotland. Edited by the Pa- laeontological Department of the Swedish State Museum (Natural History). P. A. Nor- stedt & Soener, Stockholm, 20 pp. Ischadites koenigi Murchison and /. lindstroemi Hinde are listed from the Upper Silurian of Got- land (p. 20). 1888a. List of the Fossil Faunas of Sweden. I. Cambrian and Lower Silurian. Edited by the Palaeontological Department of the Swedish State Museum (Natural History). P. A. Nor- stedt & Soener, Stockholm, 24 pp. [Ordovician] Receptaculites orbis Eichwald from the lower gray Orthoceratites Limestone and Cy- clocrinus spaski Eichwald from the Chasmops Limestone are listed (pp. 10, 16). 1888b. List of the Fossil Faunas of Sweden. II. Upper Silurian. Edited by the Palaeontolog- ical Department of the Swedish State Mu- seum (Natural History). P. A. Norstedt & So- ener, Stockholm, 29 pp. Ischadites koenigi Murchison and /. lindstroemi Hinde from the [Silurian] Wenlock Shale of Got- land are listed as sponges (p. 23). Anonymous [Ulrich, Edward ().?| 1888c. Editorial comment. The palaeontologi- cal labors of Prof. Jos. F. James. The Amer- ican Geologist, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 323-327. FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY James' [1885] conclusion that Lepidolites and Anomaloides are synonyms of Ischadites and Re- ceptaculites is rejected (p. 324). Anonymous 1892a. Legende de la carte geologique de Bel- gique. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, Liege, tome 19, pp. 107-120. Receptaculites neptuni is found in the Upper Devonian (Lower Frasnian, Fr Im) of Belgium (p. 118). 1892b. Researches into the organization and systematic position of the Receptaculitidae. By Hermann Rauff. [Book review.] Geologi- cal Magazine, Dec. 3, vol. 9, pp. 518-521. Rauff [1892b] is reviewed. Receptaculites, R. neptuni, R. occidentalis, R. orbis, Ischadites, and /. koenigii are described. Leptopterion and Sphae- rospongia tessellata are listed. 1935. Guidebook. Third Annual Tri-State Geo- logical Field Conference in Clinton, Jackson and Dubuque Counties, Iowa. [Dubuque, Iowa?], 9 pp., 2 text-figs., 1 map. Receptaculites zones in the [Ordovician] Stew- artville and Prosser Dolomites are exposed at Ea- gle Point, north of Dubuque, Iowa (p. 7). 1948. Guidebook. Twelfth Annual Tri-State Geological Field Conference. Northeast Iowa. [Dubuque, Iowa?], 28 pp., 4 text-figs., maps. Receptaculites zones in the Stewartville and Prosser Members of the Ordovician Galena For- mation are exposed at several localities in Iowa. Receptaculites oweni occurs in the Prosser west of McGregor (pp. 10, 17, 20, 23). 1964. British Palaeozoic Fossils. British Mu- seum (Natural History), London, 208 pp., 69 pis. A sponge, Ischadites koenigi Murchison, occurs in the Ordovician Llandeilo, Caradoc, and Ashgill series; a specimen from the Wenlock series at Dud- ley, Great Britain, is figured. Another sponge, Am- phispongia oblonga Salter, is listed from the Si- lurian Ludlow series and is figured from the Pentland Hills. The alga Mastopora fava (Salter) from the Silurian Llandovery series at Mulloch Hill, Girvan, Ayrshire, is figured (pp. 35, 37-39, 41; pi. 15, figs. 7-9). See also: Anonymous, 1966 and 1975. 1966. British Palaeozoic Fossils, 2nd ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, 208 pp., 69 pis. The section on receptaculitids is the same as in Anonymous, 1964. 1975. British Palaeozoic Fossils, 4th ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, 203 pp., 69 pis., numerous tables. The section on receptaculitids is almost iden- tical to Anonymous, 1964. Archiac [de Saint Simon, Etienne Jules Adolphe Desmier], Vicompte d*. and Edouard de Ver- neuil 1842. On the fossils of the older deposits in the Rhenish Provinces; preceded by a general sur- vey of the fauna of the Palaeozoic rocks, and followed by a tabular list of the organic re- mains of the Devonian System in Europe. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 2nd ser., vol. 6, pp. 303-410. Silurian Receptaculites neptuni from the Rhen- ish Province and Devonian and Silurian Ischadites koenigii from Ludlow, England; Eifel; Belgium; and Rocquigny are listed (p. 407). Armstrong, James, John Young, and David Rob- ertson 1876. Catalogue of the Western Scottish Fossils. Blackie & Son, Glasgow, 164 pp., 4 pis., 1 map. Nidulites favus Salter (an amorphozoan) and Is- chadites koenigii Murchison are found in western Scotland (pp. 11, 13, 22). Asselburgs, Etienne 1914. Observations sur le Frasnien des environs d'Hatton (bord oriental du bassin de Dinant). Bulletin de la Societe Beige de Geologie, de Paleontologie et Hydrologie, Bruxelles (Brus- sels), tome 28, pp. 47-56. Receptaculites neptuni occurs in Middle Fras- nian [Devonian] nodular shales near Hatton, Bel- gium (pp. 48, 53). NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE Astrova, G. G. See: Drushchits, V. V., G. G. Astrova, R. L. Merk- lin, and V. N. Shimanskii, 1962. Ault, Curtis H. See: Shaver, R. H., and others, 1978. Ausich, William I. See: Shaver, R. H., and others, 1978. Austin, Thomas 1845. Note on Mr. Bowerbank's paper on the genus Dunstervillia (Bowerbank) with re- marks on the Ischadites koenigii, the Tentac- ulites, and the Conularia. Annals and Mag- azine of Natural History, London, vol. 15, no. 100, pp. 406-407. Sphaeronites tessellatus and Ischadites are cal- careous sponges, based on Bowerbank's ( 1 845) de- scription and illustration of Dunstervillia. Awramik, Stanley M., and Barry Cameron 1968. Calcareous algae and algal structures of Middle Ordovician limestones in New York and Ontario. Abstracts with Programs, Geo- logical Society of America, 1968 Annual Meeting, pp. 13-14. A well-preserved, rich algal flora, including the dasyclad Receptaculites occidentalis Salter, occurs in the Rocklandian Ordovician Coboconk, Selby, and Napanee Limestones of New York and On- tario. See also: Awramik, S. M., and B. Cameron, 1969. 1969. Calcareous algae and algal structures of Middle Ordovician limestones in New York and Ontario. Geological Society of America Special Paper, no. 121, pp. 13-14. This is identical to Awramik, S. M., and B. Cam- eron, 1968. Baillie, Andrew D. 1951. Devonian geology of Lake Manitoba- Lake Winnipegosis area. Manitoba Depart- ment of Mines and Natural Resources, Mines Branch, Publication 49-2, 72 pp., 5 pis., 6 text- figs., tables, 1 map. Sphaerospongia sp. and S. tessellata (Phillips) are listed as sponges from the Middle Devonian Winnipegosan Formation at numerous Manitoba lowland localities (p. 29). 1952. Ordovician geology of Lake Winnipeg and adjacent areas, Manitoba. Manitoba De- partment of Mines and Natural Resources, Mines Branch, Publication 51-6, 64 pp., 4 text-figs., tables, 1 map. Receptaculites sp. is found in Manitoba in the Ordovician Winnipeg Formation and in sandstone probably equivalent to the Winnipeg (pp. 14, 18, 27, 34) and Cyclocrinites globosus Billings occurs in the sandstone. Other components of the same fauna are C. spaskii of unknown phylum and the sponges R. oweni Hall and Ischadites sp. (pp. 34, 36). The Red River Formation contains the sponges /. iowensis, Nidulites gregarius, N. gregarius (?), and R. oweni (p. 28). Bain, H. Foster 1905. Zinc and lead deposits of northwestern Illinois. Bulletin of the United States Geolog- ical Survey 246, 56 pp., 5 pis., 3 text-figs. Two horizons marked by Receptaculites oweni are present in the Ordovician Galena Limestone of Illinois (p. 21). 1906. Zinc and lead deposits of the Upper Mis- sissippi Valley. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 294, 155 pp., 16 pis., 45 text- figs. Receptaculites oweni Hall is found in the Or- dovician (Trenton) Platteville Limestone near Darlington in southern Wisconsin (p. 23). Recep- taculites oweni is present throughout the Ordo- vician Galena Limestone of northeastern Iowa but is particularly abundant in upper and lower zones (pp. 28-29). See also: Bain, H. F., 1907. 1907. Zinc and lead deposits of the Upper Mis- sissippi Valley. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Bulletin 19, 155 pp., 16 pis., 45 text-figs. 10 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY This is identical to Bain, H. F., 1906. See also: Calvin, S., and H. F. Bain, 1900. Balakrishnan, M. S. 1974. Fossil Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta; pp. 9-22, text-figs. 1-30. In Surange, K. R., R. N. Lakhanpal, and D. C. Bharadwaj (eds.), Aspects and Appraisal of Indian Paleobot- any. Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany, Lucknow, India, 674 pp. A monostromatic cortex is the characteristic morphological feature of the dasycladacean lin- eage to which Cyclocrinus belongs (p. 10). Cyclo- crinus porosus has primitive vegetative features (P- 9). Baldwin, H. L., Jr. See: Brainerd, A. E., H. L. Baldwin, Jr., and I. A. Keyte, 1933. Ball, John R. See: Greacen, K. F., and J. R. Ball, 1944 and 1946. Ball, John R., and Katherine F. Greacen 1946. Catalog of the Egan collection of Silurian invertebrate fossils at the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Special Publications of the Chi- cago Academy of Sciences, no. 7, 55 pp., 1 text-fig. Receptaculitids (family Receptaculitidae Roe- mer), including Astraeospongia meniscus (Roe- mer), are sponges of uncertain position (pp. 14- 15). Receptaculites hemisphericus (Hall) from Wisconsin, R. tessellatus (Winchell and Marcy) and Ischadites iowensis (Owen) from Illinois, and Cerionites dactyloides (Owen) from Iowa are list- ed. Banks, Harlan P. 1970. Evolution and Plants of the Past. Fun- damentals of Botany Series, edited by Wil- liam A. Jensen. Wadsworth Publishing Com- pany, Belmont, California, 1 70 pp., numerous text-figs. Middle Ordovician Ischadites, a green alga be- longing to the Codiaceae, is figured (fig. 3-9) and described (p. 44). Banks, Harlan P., K. I. M. Chesters, N. F. Hughes, G. A. L. Johnson, H. M. Johnson, and L. R. Moore 1967. Thallophyta-1; pp. 163-180. In Har- land, W. B., and others (eds.), The Fossil Rec- ord. Geological Society of London, London, 828 pp. The tribe Cyclocrineae of family Dasycladaceae occurs in the Precambrian of the Kola Peninsula (p. 166). Banks, Maxwell R. 1957a. The stratigraphy of Tasmanian lime- stones. Tasmania Department of Mines, Geo- logical Survey, Mineral Resources [Publica- tion], no. 10, pp. 39-85, text-figs. 3-6. Receptaculites (?) sp. is found in the Ordovician Gordon Limestone of the Junee Group in the Ida Bay, Zeehan, Railton, and Melrose areas of Tas- mania (pp. 46, 48-49, 51). See also: Banks, M. R., 1957b. 1957b. The stratigraphy of Tasmanian Lime- stones. University of Tasmania, Department of Geology Publication 48, pp. 39-85, text- figs. 3-6. This is identical to Banks, M. R., 1957a. See also: Corbett, K. DM and M. R. Banks, 1974. Banks, Maxwell R., and J. Harlan Johnson 1957. Maclurites and Girvanella in the Gordon River Limestone (Ordovician) of Tasmania. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 3 1 , no. 3, pp. 632-640, pis. 73-74, 2 text-figs. Receptaculites is associated with Maclurites and Girvanella in the Ordovician Gordon River Lime- stone near Benjamin, south central Tasmania (p. 633). Bannatyne, Barry See: Kent, D. M., B. Bannatyne, and H. R. McCabe, 1972. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 11 Bannister, Henry M. 1870. Geology of Kendall County. Geological Survey of Illinois. Volume 4. Geology and Paleontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, pp. 136-148. Receptaculites is found in the [Ordovician] Trenton Group in Kendall County, Illinois (pp. 144-146). Barghoorn, Elso S. See: Golubic, S., and E. S. Barghoorn, 1977. Barlow, Alfred E. 1899. Report on the geology and natural re- sources of the area included by the Nipissing and Temiscaming Map-sheets comprising portions of the district of Nipissing, Ontario, and of the county of Pontiac, Quebec. Geo- logical Survey of Canada Annual Report, 1897, n. ser., vol. 10, Rept. I, 302 pp., 5 pis., 6 text-figs. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter occurs in the Lower Trenton [Ordovician] in the Mattawa out- lier near Mattawa, Quebec (pp. 122, 297-298). Coscinopora (?) sp. and Pasceolus globosus Billings are found on McDonald Island (pp. 121, 300). See also: Barlow, A. E., 1907. 1907. Second edition of a report on the geology and natural resources of the area included by the Nipissing and Temiscaming Map-sheets, comprising portions of the district of Nipis- sing, Ontario, and of the county of Pontiac, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Sepa- rate Report 962, 303 pp., 5 pis., 3 maps. This is identical to Barlow, A. E., 1899, except for pagination. Barnes, Christopher R. See: Workum, R. H., T. E. Bolton, and C. R. Barnes, 1976. Barnes, Harley 1967. Section B. Specter Range, Nevada; pp. 34-38. In Ross, Reuben James, Jr., Some Middle Ordovician brachiopods and trilo- bites from the basin ranges, western United States. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 523-D, 43 pp. Receptaculites is found in the Aysees Member of the Middle Ordovician Antelope Valley Lime- stone on the west side of the Specter Range, south- west of Mercury, Nevada (p. 34). See also: Byers, F. M., Jr., H. Barnes, F. G. Poole, and R.J. Ross, Jr., 1961. Barnes, J. A. See: Langenheim, R. L., Jr., J. A. Barnes, K. C. Delise, W. A. Ross, and J. M. Stanton, 1956. Barnes, Virgil E. See: Cloud, P. E., Jr., and V. E. Barnes, 1948. Barnes, Virgil E., Preston E. Cloud, Jr., Lane P. Dixon, Robert L. Folk, E. C. Jones, Allison Ralph Palmer, and Eugene J. Tynan 1959. Stratigraphy of the pre-Simpson Paleo- zoic subsurface rocks of Texas and southeast New Mexico. Appendix B: Description of cores, core sections, core chips and cuttings from individual wells. University of Texas Publication no. 5924, 294 pp.; vol. 2, pp. 295- 836; 65 pis., 38 text-figs., 14 tables. Calathium (?) occurs in a core in the Kindblade Formation of the Lower Ordovician Arbuckle group in Texas. Lenticular Receptaculites (?) sp. from another Middle Ordovician core in Texas is described and compared with other receptaculi- tids, particularly R. mamillaris [sic] Walcott (pp. 379,651,653). Barnett, Victor H. See: Kindle, E. M., and V. H. Barnett, 1909. Barr, F. T. See: Langenheim, R. L., Jr., F. T. Barr, S. E. Shank, L. J. Stensaas, and E. C. Wilson, 1960. Barrett, Simeon T. 1 878. Descriptions of new species of fossils, from the Upper Silurian rocks of Port Jervis, N.Y.; 12 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY with notes on the occurrence of the coralline limestone of that locality. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 121-124. Receptaculites lateritius n. sp. from the Upper Silurian Delthyris Shale [Lower Devonian New Scotland Limestone] is described. Barrois, Charles 1877. Note sur le terrain Devonien de la rade de Brest. Annales de la Societe Geologique du Nord, Lille, France, tome 4, pp. 59-105. One species of Lower Devonian Receptaculites is found in shales of Fret in Brest, France (p. 84). 1899. Sketch of the geology of central Brittany. Proceedings of the Geologists Association [London], vol. 16, pp. 101-132, 17 text-figs. Devonian (Frasnian) Receptaculites neptuni Defrance is found in the slates of Traouliors in central Brittany (p. 1 1 3). Bassett, Michael ( ... and Dianne Edwards 1973. Fossil Plants from Wales. Amgueddfa. Bulletin of the National Museum of Wales, 13, Spring 1973, 27 pp., numerous figs. Coelosphaeridium from the Caradoc limestones of the Bala district is the oldest dasycladacean in Wales. Mastopora fava (Salter) first occurs near the base of the Llandovery in the Gasworks Mud- stone of the Haverfordwest district in Wales. Is- chadites koenigii from Wenlock and Ludlow of the Welsh area is a problematic organism that may even represent a separate group with sponge and algal characteristics (pp. 3-4). Mastopora fava from Llandovery of Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales, is figured; the original illustration of Mur- chison's /. koenigii is reproduced (figs, on pp. 3- 4). Bassler, Ray Smith 1909. The cement resources of Virginia west of the Blue Ridge. Bulletin of the Geological Sur- vey of Virginia 2-A, 309 pp., 30 pis., 30 text- figs. Nidulites sp. from the Nidulites bed of the Or- dovician Chambersburg Formation in Virginia is illustrated (pi. 7, fig. 1 1). Receptaculites biconstric- tus n. sp. (Ulrich MS) is figured and described as a characteristic fossil of the Ordovician Holston Marble and associated strata of the Clinch Moun- tain area, Virginia (pp. 164, 166; pi. 21, figs. 4-5). Nidulites cf. favus Salter occurs in the Chambers- burg Formation of northwestern Virginia (p. 59). 1911. The early Paleozoic Bryozoa of the Baltic Provinces. Bulletin of the United States Na- tional Museum 77, 382 pp., 13 pis., 226 text- figs. The following Ordovician fossils are listed: Re- ceptaculites orbis Eichwald, R. eichwaldi Schmidt, Cyclocrinus spasski and Mastopora concava from the Baltic Provinces of Russia; R. oweni from the Prosser Limestone of the Trenton Group in north- eastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota and from Baffin Land, Arctic Canada; and species of Recep- taculites and Ischadites from the Trenton in Min- nesota and Silliman's Fossil Mount in Baffin Land (pp. 19, 25, 35-36). 1915. Bibliographic index of American Ordo- vician and Silurian fossils. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 92, 2 vols., 1521 pp., 4 pis. Literature on North American receptaculitids published prior to 1 9 1 5 is listed. The stratigraphic and geographic ranges, synonymies, and taxonom- ic affinities (to sponges or calcareous algae) of gen- era and species are given. Nidulites pyriformis n. sp. is named. 1919. Cambrian and Ordovician. Maryland Geological Survey. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 424 pp., 58 pis., 27 text- figs., tables. Nidulites pyriformis from the Ordovician Chambersburg Limestone in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, and Receptaculites occidentalis from the Chambersburg in southern Pennsylvania and Maryland are described and illustrated (pp. 193-195; pi. 46, figs. 1-5; pi. 45, fig. 7). Recep- taculites occidentalis also occurs in the [Ordovi- cian] Black River Group of Canada, New Jersey, Kentucky, and Arctic America (p. 195). Nidulites from the Greencastle bed, N. pyriformis from the Nidulites bed, and R. occidentalis from the Echi- nosphaerites bed, all of the Chambersburg Lime- stone, are found in various localities (pp. 1 32-1 33, 139-141, 144-154, 164, 174-175, 220). Nidulites and the related forms Receptaculites, Cerionites, and Ischadites are either sponges or calcareous algae (p. 1 94). NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 13 1932. The Stratigraphy of the Central Basin of Tennessee. Tennessee Division of Geology Bulletin 38, 268 pp., 49 pis. The Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone is lo- cally called the Receptaculites limestone in Mis- souri (p. 70). The sponge (?) Receptaculites occi- dentalis Salter is found in the Ordovician Curdsville Limestone of Kentucky (p. 72). 1950. Faunal lists and descriptions of Paleozoic corals. Geological Society of America Mem- oir 44, 315 pp., 20 pis. Tetradium is related to Receptaculites, a genus of uncertain affinities, possibly a sponge (pp. 277- 278). See also: Schuchert, C, W. H. Dall, T. W. Stanton, and R. S. Bassler, 1905. Bassoulet [Bassoullet], Jean-Paul, Paul Bernier, Raoul Deloffre, Patrick Genot, Michel Jaf- frezo, Alain-Francois Poignant, and Gene- vieve Segonzac 1975. Reflexions sur la systematique des Das- ycladales fossiles. Geobios, no. 8, fasc. 4, pp. 259-290, 6 text-figs. Cyclocrinus is figured as a dasycladaceous alga (pp. 269-270). The tribe Cyclocrinae [sic] was de- fined by Pia on the basis of endospory, the form of the branches, and other morphological char- acters (pp. 278, 280, 285). Following Korde, the tribes Cyclocrineae and Mastoporineae are placed in the family Seletonellaceae, order Dasycladales (p. 289). 1977. Classification criteria of fossil Dasyclad- ales; pp. 1 54-1 66. In Fluegel, Erik (ed.), Fossil Algae. Springer- Verlag, Berlin and Heidel- berg, 375 pp. The criteria used to classify Dasycladales are evaluated. Cyclocrinus (tribe Cyclocrinae [sic]) is representative of the Dasycladales (pp. 158, 162, 163). Bassoullet, Jean-Paul, Paul Bernier, Raoul De- loffre, Patrick Genot, Michel Jaffrezo, and Daniel Vachard 1979. Essai de classification des Dasycladales en tribus. [Attempt to classify Dasycladales in tribes.] In Oertli, H. J. (ed.), Deuxieme Symposium International Sur les Algues Fos- siles. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Ex- ploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine. Societe Nationale Elf-Aquitaine (Production), Pau, France, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 429-442. A classification of the Dasycladales is proposed. Cyclocrineae Pia, an Ordovician and Silurian tribe of the family Seletonellaceae Korde consisting of Cyclocrinus Eichwald, Apidium Stolley, Coelo- sphaeridium Roemer, and Mastopora Eichwald, is described. Receptaculites, Acanthochonia Hinde, Amphispongia Salter, Anomaloides Ulrich, Cal- athella Rauff, Calathium Billings, Ischadites Mur- chison, and Sphaerospongia Pengelly are probably sponges (pp. 430-432, 436-440). Bedford, J. See: Bedford, R., and J. Bedford, 1936, 1937, and 1939. Bedford, R., and J. Bedford 1936. Further notes on Cyathospongia (Ar- chaeocyathi) and other organisms from the Lower Cambrian of Beltana, South Australia. Memoirs of the Kyancutta Museum, Kyan- cutta, South Australia, no. 3, pp. 21-26, pis. 21-26. Lower Cambrian sponges Uranosphaeridae n. fam., Uranosphaera, U. ramosa n. sp. and U. hex- aster; order Heterocyathina (Okulitch), Hetero- cyathidae (Bedford), Heterocyathus, H. tertius n. sp., H. minor, and H. major are described and figured as Cyathospongia (Archaeocyathi) from the Ajax Mine, Beltana, South Australia (pp. 21-23; pi. 21, figs. 89-90; pi. 22, figs. 91-92). 1937. Further notes on Archaeos (Pleospongia) from the Lower Cambrian of South Australia. Memoirs of the Kyancutta Museum, Kyan- cutta, South Australia, no. 4, pp. 27-38, pis. 27-41. Pleosponge (= sponge) Uranosphaera and He- tairacyathus and the orders Uranosphaerina and Hetairacyathina are described from the Lower Cambrian of South Australia (p. 37). 1939. Development and classification of Ar- chaeos (Pleospongia). Memoirs of the Kyan- cutta Museum, Kyancutta, South Australia, no. 6, pp. 67-82, pis. 42-52. 14 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Calathium Billings 1865 of doubtful affinity, C. anstedi (or crassum), and C.formosum from New- foundland are described and figured. C. anstedi is related to the archaeo Metaldetimorpha rather than to Calathium (pp. 80-81, pi. 52, figs. 208, 211). Bedford, R., and W. R. Bedford 1934. New species of Archaeocyathinae and other organisms from the Lower Cambrian of Beltana, South Australia. Memoirs of the Kyancutta Museum, Kyancutta, South Aus- tralia, no. 1, 8 pp., 6 pis. Archaeocyathid family Heterocyathidae, Het- erocyathus minor, H. major, and sponges Ura- nosphaera polyaster and U. hexaster are described and figured (pp. 7-8, pi. 6, figs. 32-36). 1936. Further notes on Archaeocyathi (Cyatho- spongia) and other organisms from the Lower Cambrian of Beltana, South Australia. Mem- oirs of the Kyancutta Museum, Kyancutta, South Australia, no. 2, pp. 9-20, pis. 7-20. Dictyocyathus macdonnelli n. sp. [IRadiocy- athus minor (Bedford and Bedford)] from the Lower Cambrian, Macdonnell Ranges, Central Australia (p. 14, pi. 12, fig. 61), and Uranosphaera hexaster, a sponge (p. 10, pi. 7, figs. 39-41) are described and figured. U. polyaster is mentioned (P. 10). Bedford, W. R. See: Bedford, R., and W. R. Bedford, 1934 and 1936. Beecher, Charles Emerson 1889. Brachiospongidae: a memoir on a group of Silurian sponges. Peabody Museum, Yale University Memoir, vol. 2, part 1, 28 pp., 6 pis., 4 text-figs. Calathium Billings is of uncertain taxonomic position (p. 15). Receptaculites Defrance, Ischa- dites Murchison, and Acanthoconia [sic] Hinde, in family Receptaculitidae Hinde [sic], are Silurian [Ordovician and Silurian] and Devonian lyssacine hexactinellids (pp. 16-17). Beerbower, James R. 1 960. Search for the Past. An Introduction to Paleontology. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 562 pp., numerous text- figs. The sponge-like family Receptaculidae, possi- bly representing a distinct phylum, consists often Ordovician to Devonian genera (pp. 227, 230). Receptaculites (text-fig. 9-19) and Ischadites are common fossils. See also: Beerbower, J. R., 1968. 1968. Search for the Past. An Introduction to Paleontology, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, Inc., En- glewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 512 pp., numer- ous text-figs. The section on receptaculitids (pp. 231, 233- 234; text-fig. 9-17) is almost identical to that of Beerbower, 1960. Behre, Charles H., Jr. See: Agnew, A. F., A. V. Heyl, Jr., C. H. Behre, Jr., and E. J. Lyons, 1956. Heyl, A. V., Jr., A. F. Agnew, E. J. Lyons, andC. H. Behre, Jr., 1959. Heyl, A. V., Jr., and C. H. Behre, Jr., 1950. Heyl, A. V., Jr., E. J. Lyons, A. F. Agnew, andC. H. Behre, Jr., 1955. Bekker, Hendrick 1924. Moned uued andmed Kukruse lademe stratigraafiast ja faunast; pp. 1-12, 2 figs., 6 tables. Stratigraphical and paleontological supplements on the Kukruse Stage of the Or- dovician rocks of Eesti (Estonia); pp. 1 3-2 1 , 2 pis., 6 text-figs., 1 map. Acta et Commen- tationes, Universitatis Dorpatensis [Tartuen- sis]. A. Mathematica, Physica, Medica. Vol- ume 6. Coelosphaeridium kohtlensis n. sp. is described (p. 1 1) and figured (pi. 1, fig. 11) as C kohtlense from Ordovician, Kukruse Stage, Coelosphaerid- ium zone (pp. 8-9) in Kohtla, Estonia, and is re- lated to C. excavatum Stolley from the Ordovician Echinosphaerite limestone. Bell, Alfred Hannam See: Willman, H. B., L. E. Workman, and A. H. Bell, 1949. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 15 Bell, Bruce M. See: Sprinkle, J., and B. M. Bell, 1978. Bell, Robert 1885 [1886]. Observations on the geology, zo- ology, and botany of Hudson's Strait and Bay, made in 1 885. Geological Survey of Can- ada Annual Report, Ottawa, Ontario, n. ser., vol. 1, 1885, Rep. DD, 27 pp., 5 text-figs. [Ordovician?] Receplaculites [sic] oweni is found off Big Island in the Hudson's Strait, Canada (p. 9). Bell, W. Charles See: Weiss, M. P., and W. C. Bell, 1956. Berg, Robert R. 1960. Cambrian and Ordovician history of Col- orado; pp. 10-17, 4 text-figs. In Weimer, Robert J., and John D. Haun (eds.), Guide to Geology of Colorado. Geological Society of America, Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, and Colorado Scientific Society, Denver, Colorado, 310 pp. The sponge Receptaculites is abundant in the Upper Ordovician Lower Fremont Formation in Colorado (p. 16). Berggren, Dwain J. See: Reinertsen, D. L., D. J. Berggren, and M. M. Killey, 1972, 1973a, 1973b, and 1974. Bergquist, Patricia R. 1978. Sponges. University of California, Berke- ley, California, 268 pp., illus. Receptaculitida without pores, canal system, and spicules cannot be sponges (p. 2 1 7). Bergstroem, Stig M ., John Riva, and G. Marshall Kay 1 974. Significance of conodonts, graptolites, and shelly faunas from the Ordovician of western and north-central Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 1 1, no. 12, pp. 1625-1660, 10 text-figs., 10 tables. Mastopora ("Nictitates" sp.) and Receptaculites sp. are found in the Ordovician Lourdes Lime- stone of the Long Point Group, southwestern Newfoundland (pp. 1629-1630). Bernard, Felix 1895. Elements de Paleontologie. J.-B. Bailiere, Paris, 1 168 pp., 606 text-figs. Receptaculites Defrance, Ischadites Murchison, and Sphaerospongia Pengelly are poorly known lyssacine sponges (p. 1 1 5). Devonian S. tessellata is figured (p. 1 1 4, text-fig. 1 6). Bernier, Paul See: Bassoullet, J.-P., P. Bernier, R. Deloffre, P. Genot, M. Jaffrezo, A.-F. Poignant, and G. Segonzac, 1975 and 1977. Bassoullet, J.-P., P. Bernier, R. Deloffre, P. Genot, M. Jaffrezo, and D. Vachard, 1979. Beugnies, Alphonse See: Waterlot, G., A. Beugnies, A. Bonte, J.-M. Charlet, and P. Corsin, 1973. Bevan, Arthur C. 1953. Mt. Carroll Area, Carroll County. Guide Leaflet 5 3 A. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 9 pp., 2 pis., 3 tables, 2 maps. Cerionites dactyloides occurs in the Cerionites bed of the Silurian (Niagaran) Hopkinton Dolo- mite throughout northwestern Illinois and north- eastern Iowa, but is absent farther east (pp. 2, 6). Beyrich, [Heinrich] Ernst 1837. Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Versteine- rungen des Rheinischen Uebergangsgebirges. Heft 1. Berlin, 44 pp., 2 pis. A new form of "Echino-Encriniten" [Sphaero- spongia] from the Middle Devonian of Villmar, Germany, is mentioned (p. 1 6). Bierbauer, Bruno 1888 [1891]. A check-list of the Palaeozoic fos- sils of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Dakota, and Nebraska. Bulletin of the Minnesota 16 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, paper 2, pp. 206-247. The following sponges are listed: Cerronites [sic] dactyoloides Owen from the [Silurian] Niagaran of Iowa, Receptaculites globularis Hall from the [Ordovician] Galena of Wisconsin, R. hemisphaeri- cus Hall and R. infundibuliformis Hall from the Niagaran of Wisconsin, R. iowensis Owen from the Galena of Wisconsin and the [Ordovician] Hudson River of Minnesota and Iowa, R. occi- dentalis Salter from the Hudson River of Min- nesota, R. oweni Hall from the Galena of Wis- consin, the [Devonian] Hamilton of Minnesota, and the [Ordovician] Trenton of Iowa, and R. re- ticulata Owen from the Niagaran of Iowa (p. 208). Bigsby, John J. 1 868. Thesaurus Siluricus. The Flora and Fauna of the Silurian Period. With addenda (from recent acquisitions). John Van Voorst, Lon- don, 214 pp., 1 map. The Silurian [and Ordovician] species of the fol- lowing genera are listed: Amphispongia M'Coy 1846, Calathium Billings 1865, Coscinopora [of Owen], Ischadites Murchison 1 839, Nidulites Salter 1851, Receptaculites Defrance 1827, Sphaero- spongia Salter, and Tetragonis Eichwald 1859 are listed as Amorphozoa under Protozoa. Cyclocri- nus Eichwald 1859 (= Pasceolus Billings 1857), Mastopora Eichwald 1859, and Pasceolus Billings 1857 are listed under Crinoidea, Polyzoa, and in- certae sedis, respectively (pp. 3-5, 19, 85, 192, 194). 1878. Thesaurus Devonico-Carboniferous. The Flora and Fauna of the Devonian and Car- boniferous Periods. John Van Voorst, Lon- don, 447 pp. Devonian Receptaculites neptuni, R. rhombifera [sic], R. sp., and Sphaerospongia tessellata (pp. 6- 7) and Carboniferous Receptaculites sp. from Si- lesia (p. 20 1 ) are listed as Protozoa. Billings, Elkanah 1857. Report for the year 1856, of E. Billings, Esq., Palaeontologist, addressed to Sir Wil- liam E. Logan, Provincial Geologist. Geolog- ical Survey of Canada Report of Progress for 1853-1854-1855-1856, pp. 247-345. Pasceolus and P. halli from Gamache Bay and P. globosus from the [Ordovician] Trenton Lime- stone at Ottawa resemble Ischadites koenigi and are described (pp. 342-343) as an uncertain class allied to the Tunicata. [This is also published in a French edition.] 1858. Report for the year 1857 of E. Billings, Esq., Palaeontologist, addressed to Sir W. E. Logan, F.R.S., Director of the Geological Sur- vey of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Report of Progress, 1857, pp. 147-192, 24 text-figs. Receptaculites occidentalis (Salter) is common in the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Trenton For- mation in New York and the Black River Lime- stone in Canada (p. 156). 1863a. [Descriptions of fossils]; pp. 1-935, nu- merous figs. In Logan, William E., Report of Progress from its Commencement to 1863; illustrated by 498 woodcuts in the text, and accompanied by an atlas of maps and sec- tions. Geological Survey of Canada. Dawson Brothers, Montreal, Quebec, 983 pp. Receptaculites occidentalis is found in the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Birdseye and Black River Formations in southeastern Canada (pp. 163, 165, 195). Ischadites, a tunicate allied to /. koenigi, occurs in the Middle Silurian Niagaran in the An- ticosti Group (p. 327). Ischadites canadensis (Bil- lings) is figured (p. 309, fig. 313). A second tuni- cate, Pasceolus halli (Billings), is figured (pp. 308- 309; fig. 312). 1863b. Appendix 2. Catalogue of Lower Siluri- an fossils; pp. 936-954. In Logan, William E., Report of Progress from its Commence- ment to 1863; illustrated by 498 woodcuts in the text, and accompanied by an atlas of maps and sections. Geological Survey of Canada. Dawson Brothers, Montreal, Quebec, 983 pp. The following Protozoa are listed: Receptacu- lites Defrance, R. occidentalis Salter (= R. neptuni Hall) from the Birdseye, Black River, and Trenton Formations, R. iowensis Owen from the Trenton, and R. calciferus Billings from the Calciferous For- mation (p. 937). Pasceolus Billings and P. globosus Billings from the Trenton are listed under incertae sedis (p. 954). 1865a. Palaeozoic Fossils. Volume 1. Contain- ing Descriptions and Figures of New or Little Known Species of Organic Remains from the NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 17 Silurian Rocks, 1861-1865. Geological Sur- vey of Canada. Dawson Brothers, Montreal, Quebec, 426 pp., 401 text-figs. The following are described and illustrated: Cal- athium n. gen., C. formosum n. sp., C. affine n. sp., C. anstedi n. sp., C. fittoni n. sp., C. (?) pan- nosum n. sp., and C. anstedi (?) (C crassum n. sp. if distinct) from the Lower Silurian [Ordovi- cian] Quebec Group of northern Newfoundland (pp. 208-211, 335-338, text-figs. 192-196, 324- 325, 416); Calathium (?) paradoxicum n. sp., Re- ceptaculites calciferus n. sp. (which resembles R. occidentalis from the Black River Limestone), and R. (?) elegantulus n. sp. from the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Calciferous Formation of the Min- gan Islands, Quebec (pp. 358-360, text-figs. 345- 347); Calathium canadense from the [Ordovician] Chazy Limestone of the Mingan Islands, Quebec (pp. 377-378, text-fig. 351); Receptaculites jonesi n. sp. from the Devonian Lower Helderberg Group of Cape Gaspe (pp. 389-390, text-fig. 365). Genus Receptaculites Defrance, a possible foraminifer, is described; the following species are discussed, and some are illustrated: R. occidentalis, R. calciferus, R. oweni, R. canadense, R. iowensis, Tetragonis murchisonii, T. sulcata, T. parvipora, and Ischa- dites koenigii Murchison (pp. 378-388, text-figs. 353-364). The structure, probable life orientation, and zoological classification of Receptaculites are discussed. Genus Pasceolus of uncertain taxonomic posi- tion is described; P. halli and P. globosus are dis- cussed and illustrated (pp. 390-392, text-figs. 366- 367). See also: Billings, E., 1865b and 1865c. 1865b. New species of Lower Silurian fossils. Geological Survey of Canada, Pamphlet, pp. 169-344, text-figs. 153-331. This is identical to Billings, E., 1865a, pp. 1 69— 344. See also: Billings, E., 1865c. 1865c. Notes on some of the more remarkable genera of Silurian and Devonian fossils. Ca- nadian Naturalist and Geologist, n. ser., vol. 2, pp. 184-198, 14 text-figs. This is identical to Billings, E., 1865a, pp. 378- 388 and 390-392, except that the description and illustration of Receptaculites jonesi are omitted, and the figures are renumbered. See also: Billings, E., 1865b. 1866. Catalogues of the Silurian fossils of the Island of Anticosti, with descriptions of some new genera and species. Geological Survey of Canada Special Report, 99 pp., numerous text- figs. Receptaculites (?) insularis n. sp. from the lower part (Div. 1 . A.G.) of the Anticosti Group at Ga- mache Bay is described. It appears congeneric with Tetragonis sulcata but cannot be referred to that genus unless T. murchisoni is replaced by T. sul- cata as the type species (pp. 29-30). Pasceolus and the following species are described as incertae se- dis: P. halli Billings; P. gregarius Billings, and P. intermedius Billings from Anticosti, and P. glo- bosus from the Trenton at Ottawa, Ontario. Ischadites koenigi, Sphaeronites, S. tesselatus, Cy- clocrinus, Cyclocrinites, and Nidulites are men- tioned (pp. 69-72). Bjurlykke, Knut 1974. Depositional history and geochemical composition of Lower Paleozoic epicontinen- tal sediments from the Oslo region. Norges Geologiske Undersokelse No. 305, pp. 1-81, 9 tables, 27 figs. The Middle Ordovician Furuberg Formation of the Mjosa region comprises the Coelosphaeridium and the Cyclocrinus beds (p. 1 8). Blacet, Philip M. See: West, W. S., and P. M. Blacet, 1971. Blackadar, Robert Gordon 1956. Geological reconnaissance of Admiralty Inlet, Baffin Island, Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 55-6, 25 pp., 2 text-figs., 1 map. Receptaculites cf. arcticus Etheridge is listed from the Ordovician Ship Point and Baillarge Bay For- mations of Admiralty Inlet, Baffin Island (pp. 18- 19). FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 1963. Additional notes to accompany Map 3-1958 (Fury and Hecla Strait Map-area) and Map 4-1958 (Foxe Basin North Map-area). Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 62-35, 24 pp. Receptaculites sp. is part of the Arctic Ordovi- cian fauna from Mogg Bay, Arctic Canada (p. 1 6). 1967. Geological reconnaissance, southern Baf- fin Island, District of Franklin. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 66-47, 32 pp., 1 text- fig., 3 maps. Receptaculites spp. are found at a number of localities of Lake Wilderness, Barneveld, and post-Barneveld ages [Ordovician] on southern Baf- fin Island, Arctic Canada (pp. 20-21, 23-29). See also: Lemon, R. H. H., and R. G. Blackadar, 1963. Blackadar, Robert Gordon, and Robert L. Christie 1963. Geological reconnaissance, Boothia Pen- insula and Somerset, King William, and Prince of Wales Islands, District of Franklin. Geo- logical Survey of Canada, Paper 63-19, 15 pp., 2 maps. Receptaculites sp. on Somerset Island, North- west Territories, is part of the Arctic Ordovician fauna, which is equivalent to the Cornwallis and Allen Bay faunas of Cornwallis Island and to the faunas in the Upper Ordovician Dog Head For- mation of southern Manitoba (p. 10). Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de 1830. Receptaculite, Receptaculites. Diction- naire des Sciences Naturelles. Tome 60, pp. 534-535. F. G. Levrault, Strasbourg and Paris, 631 pp. Receptaculites is a genus of lithozoaires (polyps) of uncertain taxonomic position. Receptaculites neptunii Defrance is described (pp. 534-535). 1834-1837. Manuel d'Actinologie ou de Zoo- phytologie. Levrault, Paris, 694 pp. Devonian Receptaculites and R. neptuni (taxo- nomic position uncertain) from Chimay are de- scribed (p. 572). Blaise, Jacques, Raymond Desparmet, and Albert F. de Lapparent 1971. Stratigraphie et structure du Paleozoique de la region de Wardak, en Afghanistan. Bul- letin de la Societe Geologique de France, Paris, France, 7e ser., tome 13, nos. 3-4, pp. 420- 429, pi. 28, 5 text-figs. Receptaculites neptuni occurs in rocks of Fras- nian [Devonian] age in the Sadmarda Mountains of Afghanistan (p. 424). Blake, Donald Alan Wright See: Clark, T. H., and D. A. W. Blake, 1952. Blanford, Henry Francis See: Salter, J. W., and H. F. Blanford, 1865. Blusson, S. L. See: Gabrielse, H., S. L. Blusson, and J. A. Rod- dick, 1973. Bold, Harold C, and Michael J. Wynne 1978. Introduction to the Algae. Structure and Reproduction. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 706 pp., numerous text- figs. There is some doubt that members of the re- ceptaculitid family Receptaculitaceae are true das- yclads (p. 219). Ordovician Ischadites iowensis Owen and Cyclocrinus porosus Stolley are figured as dasycladaceans (p. 22, figs. 1.9, 1.10a). Bolton, Thomas E. 1960. Catalogue of Type Invertebrate Fossils of the Geological Survey of Canada. Volume 1. Geological Survey of Canada, 215 pp. Holotypes of Ordovician Calathium affine Bil- lings, C. anstedi Billings, C. crassum Billings, C. fittoni Billings, C. formosum Billings, C. (?) par- adoxicum Billings (= Nipterella paradoxica Hinde), and hypotypes of Whiteaves' Devonian Sphae- rospongia tessellata Phillips are in the collection of the Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa (pp. 8-10). 1961. Ordovician and Silurian formations of Anticosti Island, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 61-26, 18 pp. The alga Cyclocrinus occurs in the Silurian Bec- scie Formation on Anticosti Island (p. 9). NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 19 1965. Ordovician and Silurian tabulate corals Labyrinthites, Arcturia, Troedssonites, Mul- tisolenia, and Boreaster. Bulletin of the Geo- logical Survey of Canada, 1 34, part 2, pp. 1 5- 33, pis. 4-10. Receptaculites occurs in Middle Ordovician Wilderness Stage Limestone near Lake Mani- couagan, eastern Canada, and in the upper part of the Upper Ordovician Cornwallis Formation on Ellesmere Island (pp. 21-22, 25). 1966. Catalogue of Type Invertebrate Fossils of the Geological Survey of Canada. Volume 3. Geological Survey of Canada, 203 pp. Type specimens of Cyclocrinites intermedins (Billings), Ischadites canadensis Billings, /. otta- waensis Wilson, Pasceolus globosus Billings, P. gregarius Billings (= Cyclocrinites gregarius Twenhofel), P. halli Billings (= Cyclocrinites halli Twenhofel), P. intermedins Billings, Receptacu- lites cf. arcticus Etheridge, R. calciferus Billings, R. (?) elegantulus Billings, R. (?) insularis Billings (= Ischadites (?) insularis Twenhofel), R. iowensis (Owen), R. jonesi Billings, R. occidentalis Salter, R. oweni Hall, and Receptaculites sp. are in the collection of the Geological Survey of Canada in Ottawa. All are of uncertain taxonomic position except the algae Cyclocrinites and Pasceolus (pp. 142-144). 1968. Catalogue of Type Invertebrate Fossils of the Geological Survey of Canada. Volume 4. Geological Survey of Canada, 22 1 pp. Sinclair's (1964) syntype of Receptaculites oc- cidentalis Salter, of uncertain taxonomic position, is in the Canadian Geological Survey collection (p. 220). 1972. Geological maps and notes on the Or- dovician and Silurian litho- and biostratig- raphy, Anticosti Island, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 71-19, 45 pp., 12 pis., 16 text-figs., 1 map. The algae Cyclocrinites halli (Billings) and C gregarius (Billings) occur in the Late Ordovician Ellis Bay Formation and the Lower Niagaran (Si- lurian) Becscie Formation, respectively, on Anti- costi Island, Quebec (pp. 8, 12). 1977a. Introduction. Geology of Ordovician rocks, Melville Peninsula and region, south- eastern District of Franklin. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada, 269, pp. 1-5, 1 table. Receptaculites sp. occurs in the late Middle Or- dovician Bad Cache Rapids Formation on Mel- ville Peninsula, District of Franklin (pp. 3-5). 1977b. Ordovician megafauna. Melville Pen- insula, southeastern District of Franklin. Bul- letin of the Geological Survey of Canada, 269, pp. 23-75, 18 pis. The alga Cyclocrinites aff. globosus (Billings), Receptaculites aff. biconstrictus Bassler, and Re- ceptaculites sp. are present in the Middle Ordo- vician Bad Cache Rapids Limestone on Melville Peninsula (pp. 24, 26-27, 30). Cyclocrinites is present in younger beds of the formation, while Receptaculites is abundant throughout. Receptac- ulites sp. is figured (pi. 1 , fig. 2) and described (p. 26). Receptaculites biconstrictus (?) Bassler is listed from the Porterfield- Wilderness beds of Tennes- see. The Arctic Ordovician fauna containing Re- ceptaculites is also present in the basal Cape Cal- houn beds of upper Gonioceras Bay Formation of northwestern Greenland. See also: Copeland, M. J., and T. E. Bolton, 1975. Norford, B. S., T. E. Bolton, M. J. Copeland, L. M. Cumming, and G. W. Sinclair, 1970. Workum, R. H., T. E. Bolton, and C. R. Barnes, 1976. Bolton, Thomas E., and Bruce A. Liberty 1954. Description of stops. The stratigraphy of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. Michi- gan Geological Society Annual Field Trip. June 19-20, 1954. Michigan Geological So- ciety [Ann Arbor, Michigan], pp. 27-30. Receptaculites occidentalis is characteristic of the higher strata of the Ordovician Cloche Island beds on Great Cloche Island, Ontario (p. 28). Bonte, Antoine See: Waterlot, G., A. Beugnies, A. Bonte, J.-M. Charlet, and P. Corsin, 1973. Born, Kendall, E. 1937. Kimmswick horizon in south-central Tennessee (abstr.). Proceedings of the Geo- 20 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY logical Society of America, 1936, pp. 370- 371. Receptaculites oweni is found near Aspen Hill, Tennessee, in an Ordovician Kimmswick-age limestone (p. 371). Bornemann, Johann Georg 1886. Die Versteinerungen des Cambrischen Schichtensystems der Insel Sardinien nebst vergleichenden Untersuchungen ueber ana- loge Vorkommnisse aus andern Laendern. Acte (Verhandlungen) der Kaiserliche Leo- poldinisch-Carolinischen Deutschen Akade- mie der Naturforscher. Halle, Band 5 1 , no. 1 , 148 pp., 33 pis. Ischadites, Cyclocrinus, Receptaculites, Pasceo- lus, Tetragonis, and Polygonosphaerites are or- ganisms of uncertain taxonomic position. Cala- thium (?) paradoxicum Billings (p. 33) and Receptaculites (p. 35) are mentioned. Boule, Marcellin, and Jean Piveteau 1935. Les Fossiles, Elements de Paleontologie. Masson and Cie, Paris, 899 pp., 1330 text- figs. Enigmatic Silurian and Devonian Receptacu- lites is probably a sponge (p. 89). Boutiere, Andre, and Denise Brice 1966. La serie devonienne de Ghaghana-Oud- jerak (Province de Ghazni, Afghanistan). Comptes Rendu Hebdomadaire des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, France, vol. 263, ser. D, no. 25, pp. 1940-1942. Abundant Receptaculites occur with tabulate corals in the Devonian of the Ghazni Province, Afghanistan (pp. 1940-1942). Bowerbank, James Scott 1845. Description of a new genus of calcareous sponge. Annals and Magazine of Natural History; including Zoology, Botany and Ge- ology, London, vol. 15, no. 99, pp. 297-300, pi. 17. Sphaeronites tessellatus resembles a calcareous sponge, Dunstervillia n. gen. Bowman, Isaiah, and C. A. Reeds 1907. Water resources of the East St. Louis dis- trict. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 5, 128 pp., 4 pis., 1 1 text-figs. "Receptaculites" are mentioned from the Or- dovician Kimmswick (Trenton) Limestone (p. 20). Bownocker, John Adams 1898. The paleontology and stratigraphy of the Corniferous rocks of Ohio. Bulletin of the Sci- entific Laboratories of Denison University, vol. 1 1, art. 2, pp. 1 1-40, 8 pis. A Devonian sponge, Receptaculites devonicus Whitfield, is found beneath the bone bed in Co- lumbus, Ohio (p. 20, pi. 6). Bowsher, Arthur L. 1967. The Devonian System of New Mexico. Tulsa Geological Society Digest, vol. 35, pp. 259-267, 7 text-figs. Latest Middle Devonian in Sacramento and San Andres Mountains of New Mexico contains Sphaerospongia (p. 261), which is also reported from Onate Formation in Mud Spring Mountains (p. 266). Bowyer, Ben See: Longwell, C. R., E. H. Pampeyan, B. Bowyer, and R.J. Roberts, 1965. Bradley, Frank H. 1870. Geology of Grundy County. Geological Survey of Illinois. Volume 4. Geology and Paleontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 190-206. Receptaculites occurs in the [Ordovician] Tren- ton Limestone of Grundy County, Illinois (p. 20 1 ). Bradley, John II .. Jr. 1925. Stratigraphy of the Kimmswick Lime- stone of Missouri and Illinois. Journal of Ge- ology, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 49-74. The Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone (= Re- ceptaculite limestone) of Missouri and Illinois contains Receptaculites cornutiformis n. sp., Is- chadites iowensis, and R. oweni, an important ho- rizon marker (pp. 50, 52-54, 56, 58-59). Ischa- dites iowensis and R. oweni from the Kimmswick and Prosser Formations and Nidulites favus and Receptaculites from the Chambersburg Limestone NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 21 of the Appalachian Valley are listed (pp. 62-64, 71). 1930. Fauna of the Kimmswick Limestone of Missouri and Illinois. Contributions from the Walker Museum of the University of Chicago, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 219-290, pis. 23-30. Receptaculites cornutiformis n. sp. (class Spon- giae, incertae sedis ) from the [Ordovician] Kimmswick Limestone of Missouri is described, figured, and compared to R. oweni Hall (pp. 221— 222). Brady, Henry Bowman 1876. A monograph of Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera (the genus Fusulina excepted). Palaeontographical Society [Monographs], 161 pp., 12 pis., 8 tables. Receptaculites oceani Eichwald is a Carbonif- erous foraminifer (p. 151 ). Brainerd, A. I .. H. L. Baldwin, Jr., and I. A. Keyte 1933. Pre-Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of the Front Range in Colorado. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geolo- gists, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 375-396, 10 text-figs., 4 tables. The coral Receptaculites owenii [sic] is common in the Ordovician Fremont Limestone near Canon City, Colorado (p. 387). Braithwaite, L. F. See: Hintze, L. F., L. F. Braithwaite, D. L. Clark, R. L. Ethington, and R. H. Flower, 1969. Branisa, Leonardo 1965. Los fosiles guias de Bolivia. Index fossils of Bolivia. Servicio Geologico de Bolivia, Boletin, La Paz, Bolivia, no. 6, 282 pp., 80 pis. Receptaculites bolivianus Branisa from the Re- ceptaculites zone of the Lower Devonian at Belen, Quebrada Jacha Chili, Bolivia, is figured (pi. 49). See also: Ahlfeld, F., and L. Branisa, 1960. Branson, Edwin Bayer 1918. Geology of Missouri. University of Mis- souri Bulletin, vol. 19, no. 15, 172 pp., 5 pis., 59 text-figs. The Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone was known as the Receptaculite Limestone (p. 54). Re- ceptaculites oweni is illustrated and described (p. 98, pi. 2, fig. 11). 1944. The geology of Missouri. University of Missouri Studies, vol. 19, no. 3, 535 pp., 49 pis., 51 text-figs. Calathium (?) [probably not Calathium] from the Ordovician Jefferson City Formation and Re- ceptaculites cornutiformis Bradley and R. oweni (Hall) from the Middle Ordovician Kimmswick (Receptaculite) Limestone are listed as sponges (pp. 54, 85-86). Branson, Edwin Bayer, and Virgil B. Cole 1941. [Road log]. Third day of field conference, Friday, August 29, 1941, Columbia to St. Louis, Missouri. Guide Book. Fifteenth An- nual Field Conference. The Kansas Geologi- cal Society. Central and northeastern Mis- souri and adjoining area in Illinois. August 27 to 31, 1941. Kansas Geological Society, [Wichita, Kansas?], pp. 41-48. Receptaculites oweni is present at the top of the Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone in the Castle- wood section, St. Louis County, Missouri (p. 47). Brasier, M. D. 1976. Early Cambrian intergrowths of archaeo- cyathids, Renalcis, and pseudo-stromatolites from South Australia. Palaeontology, vol. 19, part 2, pp. 223-245, pis. 35-37, 6 text-figs. Zhuravleva (1974) proposed a new Kingdom, Archaeata, to include archaeocyathids, aphrosal- pingoids, soanitids, and receptaculitids (p. 235). Bretz, J Harlen 1923. Geology and mineral resources of the Kings Quadrangle. Illinois State Geological Survey, Bulletin 43, pp. 205-304, pis. 4-6, text-figs. 44-77, table 7. Receptaculites, of uncertain systematic position, is figured as a characteristic fossil of the Ordovi- cian Galena Formation in the Kings Quadrangle area of Illinois (pp. 228-230, fig. 50). 1939. Geology of the Chicago region. Illinois State Geological Survey, Bulletin 65, part 1, 22 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 1 1 8 pp., 7 pis., 9 1 text-figs. [Reprinted in 1 953 and 1964.] Calathium sp. from the Silurian of the Chicago region is figured as a sponge (p. 76, pi. 6, fig. 1). Brice, Denise 1970. Etude paleontologique et stratigraphique du Devonien de P Afghanistan. Contribution a la connaissance des brachiopods et des po- lypiers nigueux. Notes et Memoires sur le Moyen-Orient, Paris, France, vol. 1 1, 364 pp., 20 pis., 65 text-figs., 5 tables. Receptaculites sp. is listed from two Devonian localities in Afghanistan (pp. 309, 311). See also: Boutiere, A., and D. Brice, 1966. Bridge, Josiah 1930. Geology of the Eminence and Cardareva Quadrangles. Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines [Report], 2nd ser., vol. 24, 228 pp., 22 pis., 10 text-figs., 2 tables. The sponge Calathium sp. [probably not Ca- lathium] is characteristic of the Ordovician Jef- ferson City Formation in the Ozark region of Mis- souri (p. 128). See also: Dake, C. L., and J. Bridge, 1932. Limestone of Illinois and Iowa, occurs in ten Mis- souri counties (p. 28). Brock, Maurice R. See: Heyl, A. V., Jr., J. W. Hosterman, and M. R. Brock, 1964. Broderip, W. J. 1 835. [Footnote]; p. 1 64. In De La Beche, Henry Thomas, On the Geology of Tor and Bab- bacombe Bays, Devon. Transactions of the Geological Society [London], 2nd ser., vol. 3, pp. 161-170. [Devonian Sphaerospongia tessellata] from Devon is described as a tunicate in a footnote [signed W. J. B.]. See also: De La Beche, H. T., 1835. Brogger, Waldemar Christofer 1884. Spaltenverwerfungen in der Gegend Lan- gesund-Skien. Nyt Magazin for Naturviden- skaberne, Kristiania [Oslo], Bind 28, pp. 253- 419, 30 text-figs., 1 map, tables. Upper Ordovician Mastopora concava Eich- wald, Cyclocrinites spaskii Eichwald, and recep- taculitids occur in the Oslo region of Norway (pp. 26 1-265). Mastopora concava is also found in Es- tonia (p. 263). Bridges, Luther W. (Dan) 1964. Stratigraphy of Mina Plomosas-Placer de Guadalupe area. Geology of Mina Plomosas- Placer de Guadalupe area, Chihuahua, Mex- ico. West Texas Geological Society Publica- tion, Midland, Texas, 64-50 [Field Trip Guidebook, 1964], pp. 50-59. Receptaculites is present in the Ordovician Sos- tenes Formation in Mexico (pp. 50-51). Broadhead, Garland C. 1 874. General geology. Report of the Geological Survey of the State of Missouri, Including Field Work of 1873-1874. Regan and Carter, Jef- ferson City, Missouri, pp. 18-34. The Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Receptaculite Limestone, which is correlated with the Galena 1887. Geologisk kart over oerne ved Kristiania. P. T. Mailings Boghandel, Kristiania [Oslo], 36 pp. Cyclocrinites spaskii Eichwald occurs in the [Or- dovician, Caradocian] 4b Zone in Norway (p. 23). See also: Brogger, W. C, 1890. 1890. Geologisk kart over oerne ved Kristiania. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, Kris- tiania [Oslo], vol. 31, pp. 162-195, 1 map, 1 table. This is identical to Brogger, W. C, 1887. Bronn, Heinrich Georg 1850-1856. Systematische Uebersicht der fos- silen Pflanzen und Thiere nach ihrer geolo- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 23 gischen Verbreitung; Erster Band. In Bronn, Heinrich Georg and [Carl] Ferdinand von Roemer, H. G. Bronn's Lethaea Geognostica, oder Abbildung und Beschreibung der fuer die Gebirgs-Formationen bezeichnendsten Ver- steinerungen. Dritte Auflage [3rd ed.], Schweitzerbart'sche Verlagshandlung, Stutt- gart. 204 pp. [The first edition of Band 1 and Atlas was published in Stuttgart, 1834-1837; Band 2 in Stuttgart, 1838. The second edition of Band 1 was published in Stuttgart in 1837.] Silurian [Ordovician] Mastopora Eichwald and Tetragonis Eichwald, and [Ordovician], Silurian, and Devonian Receptaculites Defrance are listed as Amorphozoa (p. 11). Cyclocrinus Eichwald is listed as a Silurian [Ordovician] cystidean (p. 23). Bronn, Heinrich Georg, H. R. Goeppert, and H. V. Meyer 1848. Index Palaeontologicus oder Uebersicht der bis jetzt Bekannten fossilen Organismen. Part 1. Nomenclator palaeontologicus in al- phabetischer ordnung. Vol. 1, A-M, pp. 1- 776; Vol. 2, N-Z, pp. 777-1381. In Bronn, Heinrich Georg, Handbuch einer Geschichte der Natur. 3 Band. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart. [This may have been published under more than one title.] The following are listed: the crinoids Cyclocri- nites Eichwald, Cyclocrinus Eichwald, C. dubium Eichwald, C. spaskii Eichwald; the polyps Mas- topora Eichwald, M. concava Eichwald, Tettra- gonis (= Tetragonis) Eichwald, T. murchisoni Eichwald, Ischadites Murchison, /. koenigii Mur- chison, Receptaculites (= Ischadites), R. bronni Eichwald, R. neptuni Defrance; and the stelleroids Sphaeronites and S. tessellatus (pp. 373, 614, 708, 1079, 1164, 1262). 1849. Index Palaeontologicus oder Uebersicht der bis jetzt Bekannten fossilen Organismen. Part 2. Enumerator palaeontologicus; 1 106 pp. In Bronn, Heinrich Georg, Handbuch einer Geschichte der Natur. 3 Band. Schweitzer- bart, Stuttgart. [This may have been pub- lished under more than one title.] Amorphozoans Mastopora Eichwald, M. con- cava Eichwald, Tetragonis Eichwald, T. murchi- soni Eichwald, Tetragonis (Sphaeronites), T tes- sellatus Phillips, Receptaculites Defrance, R. orbis Eichwald, R. bronnii Eichwald, R. neptuni De- france, and the cystoideans Cyclocrinus Eichwald and C spaskii Eichwald are listed and their strati- graphic positions given (pp. 85, 181). Bronn, Heinrich Georg, and [Carl] Ferdinand von Roemer 1850-1856. Atlas zu H. G. Bronn's Lethaea Geognostica oder Abbildung und Beschrei- bung der fuer die Gebirgs-Formationen Be- zeichnendsten Versteinerungen. Schweizer- bart'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 123 pp., 63 pis. Receptaculites neptuni Defrance from the De- vonian of Chimay, Belgium (pi. VI, fig. 5a), and from the limestone in Eifel (pi. VI, figs. 5b and 5c) is figured. Broughton, W. A. See: Heyl, A. V., Jr., W. A. Broughton, and W. S. West, 1970. Brown, C. Ervin See: Flint, A. E., and C. E. Brown, 1955. West, W. S., J. W. Whitlow, C. E. Brown, and A. V. Heyl, Jr., 1971. Whitlow, J. W., and C. E. Brown, 1963. Brown, C. Ervin, Lorence G. Collins, and Percy Crosby 1955. Geology and zinc-lead deposits in the Couler Valley area, Dubuque County, Iowa. United States Geological Survey Mineral In- vestigations Field Studies Map, MF-42, map and text. Receptaculites zones are important stratigraphic markers for lead deposits in the Stewartville and Prosser members of the Middle Ordovician Ga- lena Dolomite in Dubuque County, Iowa (fig. 2, table 3, text). Brown, C. Ervin, and Jesse W. Whitlow 1960. Geology of the Dubuque South Quadran- gle, Iowa-Illinois. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 1 123-A, 93 pp., 7 pis., 18 text-figs., 1 table. Receptaculites oweni Hall is common in the Prosser and Stewartville Members of the Ordo- vician Galena Dolomite (pp. 17-21, pi. 3). Ce- 24 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY rionites occurs in the Silurian Hopkinton Dolo- mite in Dubuque County, Iowa (p. 33). Brown, C. Ervin, Jesse W. Whitlow, and Percy Crosby 1957. Geology and zinc-lead deposits in the Cat- fish Creek area, Dubuque County, Iowa. United States Geological Survey Mineral In- vestigations Field Studies Map MF-1 16, map and text. Receptaculites occurs in the Middle Ordovician Stewartville and Prosser Members of the Galena Dolomite in the Catfish Creek area of Iowa (fig. 2). The Stewartville Member contains an upper Receptaculites zone; a lower Receptaculites zone in the Prosser Member is not exposed in the area. Brown, Howard E. See: Stovall, J. W., and H. E. Brown, 1954. Browne, W. R. See: David, T. W. E., and W. R. Browne, 1950. Bruce, Everend Lester 1918. Amisk-Athapapuskow lake district. Geo- logical Survey of Canada Memoir 105, 91 pp., 7 pis., 4 text-figs., 1 map. Pasceolus (Cyclocrinus) spaskii (?) Eichwald and Receptaculites cf. oweni are found in Middle Or- dovician Trenton (?) dolomite in northern Man- itoba and Saskatchewan, Canada (p. 49). Brummer, G. J. A. 1979. Paleobiology of Tetragonis sulcata d'Eichwald, 1860, an Ordovician receptacu- lite in erratics from the Northern Nether- lands. Scripta Geologica. Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie, Leyden, Nether- lands, no. 53, pp. 1-40, 16 text-figs. Tetragonis sulcata d'Eichwald 1860 from Up- per Ordovician erratics in the northern Nether- lands is described. Eichwald's original description of this taxon is reviewed. Tetragonis sulcata and Lepidolites dickhauti Ulrich 1879 are placed in family Tetragonaceae Rietschel 1 969 (nomen cor- rectum). The functional morphology, growth, and merom calcification of receptaculitids are dis- cussed. The Tetragonis type merom arrangement is compared with the Receptaculites type. The po- sition of soft parts in and the life orientation of receptaculitids are discussed. Arguments are made against an apex-down orientation. An analysis of the systematic position of receptaculitids indicates that they constitute an order, Receptaculitales, of calcareous algae separate from Dasycladales. Buckley, Ernest Robertson 1 909. Geology of the disseminated lead deposits of St. Francois and Washington Counties [Missouri]. Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines [Report], vol. 9, part 1, 259 pp., 39 pis., 10 text-figs., 3 tables. The Ordovician Kimmswick Formation of Mis- souri is characterized by abundant remains of the "sunflower coral" in the Receptaculites horizon (p. 64). Burbank, Wilbur Swett 1932. Geology and ore deposits of the Bonanza mining district, Colorado. United States Geo- logical Survey Professional Paper 169, 166 pp., 35 pis., 47 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. and R. oweni Hall are found in the Upper Ordovician upper limestone member of the Tomichi Limestone in the Kerber Creek region of Colorado (p. 11, fig. 2). Burchard, Ernest F. See: Grant, U. S., and E. F. Burchard, 1907. Bureau, M. E. [Edouard?] 1861. Observations sur le terrain devonien de la Basse-Loire. Bulletin de la Societe Geolo- gique de France, Paris, 2nd ser., vol. 1 8, pp. 337-341. Lower Devonian Receptaculites neptuni from argillaceous shales in the Basse-Loire (Maine-et- Loire) is listed (p. 338). Burhenne, H. 1 899. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna der Ten- taculitenschiefer im Lahngebiet mit beson- derer Beruecksichtigung der Schiefer von Leun unweit Braunfels. Herausgegeben von der Koeniglich Preussischen geologischen Lan- desantalt. Neue Folge, Heft 29, 56 pp., 5 pis. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 25 Devonian Receptaculites is described as a pro- tozoan from Eifel, and from Leun, Oberbiel (pp. 44-45). Burns, Cecil Albert 1952. Geological notes on localities in James Bay, Hudson Bay, and Foxe Basin visited dur- ing an exploration cruise, 1949. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 52-25, 16 pp., 1 map [fossils identified by Alice E. Wilson]. Ordovician, Richmond Receptaculites cf. arc- ticus Etheridge is found on Prince Charles and Air Force Islands in the Northwest Territories (pp. 7- 8). Buschbach, Thomas C. See: Odom, I. E., G. M. Wilson, G. Dow, T. C. Buschbach, W. C. Smith, and P. B. Du Montelle, 1964. Willman, H. B., and T. C. Buschbach, 1975. Butts, Charles 1926. The Paleozoic rocks; pp. 41-230, pis. 3- 76, text-figs. 2-4. In Adams, George I., Charles Butts, L. W. Stephenson, and Wythe Cooke, Geology of Alabama. Geological Survey of Alabama, Special Report, no. 14, 312 pp. A Calathium-Mke sponge characteristic of the Lower Ordovician from the Odenville Limestone in Cohaba Valley, Alabama, is listed and illus- trated (pp. 99, 102; pi. 19, figs. 17-1 8). Ordovician Nidulites cf. favus from the Little Oak Limestone in Shelby County, Alabama, is figured (p. 102; pi. 1 9, figs. 1 3-14). Nidulites also occurs in the Lenoir Limestone (p. 1 1 4). 1933. Geologic map of the Appalachian Valley of Virginia with explanatory text. Bulletin of the Virginia Geological Survey, 42, 56 pp., 1 table, 1 map. Receptaculites is reported from the Ordovician Ottosee Limestone and Receptaculites and Nidu- lites sp. from the Ordovician Chambersburg Limestone of the Black River Group in Virginia (PP. 17,20). 1939. The Appalachian Plateau and Mississippi Valley; pp. 312-462, tables, 1 map. In Rue- demann, Rudolf, and Robert Balk (eds.), Geo- logie der Erde. Volume 1 . Geology of North America. Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 643 pp. Ordovician Receptaculites oweni is abundant in the Galena (Trenton) of Michigan, in the Recep- taculites beds of the Dubuque Dolomite, in two horizons of the Galena in Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota, and in the Trenton-age Stewart- ville Formation (Maclurea beds) in southwestern Minnesota (pp. 339-340). Receptaculites occiden- talis is found in the Middle Ordovician (Mohawk- ian) Curdsville Limestone in Frankfort, Kentucky (p. 343). Calathium sp. [probably not Calathium] occurs in the Ordovician Jefferson City Dolomite in Missouri and Arkansas (p. 325). The Trenton- age Clitambonites beds of the Prosser Limestone in southeastern Minnesota contain Ischadites iowensis, Pasceolus globosus, and R. oweni (p. 340). 1 940. Geology of the Appalachian Valley in Vir- ginia. Part 1 . Geologic text and illustrations. Bulletin of the Virginia Geological Survey, 52, 568 pp., 63 pis., 10 text-figs., 10 tables. The following Ordovician sponges from Virgin- ia are listed: Nidulites [not cyclocrinitid] ovoides n. sp. in the Lenoir Limestone; N. cf. pyriformis Bassler in the Ottosee and Chambersburg Lime- stones; Receptaculites sp. in the Lenoir, Whites- burg, Ottosee, and Chambersburg Limestones and the Athens Formation; and R. cf. elegantulus in the Ottosee Limestone (pp. 142, 144, 156, 166, 171, 175, 184, 198-199). 1 94 1 . Geology of the Appalachian Valley in Vir- ginia. Part 2. Fossil plates and explanations. Bulletin of the Virginia Geological Survey, 52, 271 pp., pis. 64-135. Nidulites [not cyclocrinitid] ovoides n. sp. from the Lenoir Limestone near Blacksburg, Virginia, is illustrated, described, and compared to N pyri- formis Bassler (pi. 76, figs. 8-10). Nidulites pyri- formis from the Chambersburg Limestone (pi. 95, figs. 35-38) and Receptaculites sp. and two sponges [receptaculitids] from the Ottosee Limestone of Virginia are figured (pi. 84, figs. 1-2, 6-8). Nidulites pyriformis also occurs in the Ottosee Limestone (pp. 52-53,80-81, 108, 110). Byers, F. M., Jr., Harley Barnes, F. G. Poole, and Reuben James Ross, Jr. 1 96 1 . Revised subdivision of Ordovician sys- tem at the Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Ne- vada. Short papers in the geologic and hydro- 26 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY logic sciences. Articles 147-292. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-C, art. 189, pp. 106-110. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Lower Or- dovician Aysees Member of the Antelope Valley Limestone at the Nevada Test Site (p. 108). Byrd, William J. 1 970. Geology of the Ely Springs Range, Lincoln County, Nevada. Wyoming Geological As- sociation, Earth Science Bulletin, Casper, Wy- oming, June 1970, pp. 23-32, 5 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. is abundant in the Lower Or- dovician Yellow Hill Limestone, Lehman For- mation, and Ely Springs Dolomite in the Ely Springs Range, Nevada (pp. 29-30). Byrnes, John G. 1968. Notes on the nature and environmental significance of the Receptaculitaceae. Lethaia, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 368-381, 5 text-figs. The Receptaculitaceae, a family of uncertain taxonomic position probably related to the dasy- cladaceous algae, inhabited warm, shallow seas primarily within 1 5 degrees of the paleoequator. Ischadites (Neoischadites) n. subgen., and /. (N.) struszi n. sp., from the Lower Devonian Garra Formation of central western New South Wales, Australia, are described and illustrated. The mor- phology, orientation, and ontogeny of receptacu- litids are described. 1979. Receptaculitoids; pp. 684-690, 7 text-figs. In Fairbridge, Rhodes W., and David Ja- blonski (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Paleon- tology. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences. Vol- ume VII. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, 886 pp., nu- merous text-figs. Ordovician through Devonian receptaculitoids are poorly known fossils. The photosynthetic na- ture of these organisms is presently favored (pp. 684-685). Their structure, systematics, and geo- graphic and stratigraphic distribution are dis- cussed. Ischadites, I. iowensis, Receptaculites, Sphaerospongia, Hexabactron, Amphispongia, and Tettragonis are described. Some of RaufTs (1892) figures of Ischadites murchisoni, I. koenigi, and Receptaculites neptuni are reproduced. The orders Dasycladales and Receptaculitales are placed in the class Squamuliferi Suschkin and the families comprised by these orders are described. See also: Semeniuk, V., and J. G. Byrnes, 1971. Cailleux, Andre See: Chavan, A., and A. Cailleux, 1957. Caldwell, W. G. E. See: Lee, D. G., and W. G. E. Caldwell, 1977. Caley, John Fletcher 1936. The Ordovician of Manitoulin Island, Ontario. Contributions to the study of the Or- dovician of Ontario and Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 202, pp. 21-92, 6 pis., 3 text-figs. Receptaculites is listed from the uppermost beds of the Ordovician Blake River Formation on Cloche Island, Ontario (p. 26). 1940. Palaeozoic geology of the Toronto-Ham- ilton area, Ontario. Geological Survey of Can- ada, Memoir 224, 284 pp., 2 maps, numerous tables. A sponge, Receptaculites canadensis Billings, occurs in the Cabot Head Member of the Lower Silurian Medina Formation in southern Ontario (p. 35). Calvin, Samuel 1893a. On the structure and probable affinities of Cerionites dactylioides [sic] Owen. Amer- ican Geologist, vol. 12, pp. 53-57, 1 text-fig. The structure and affinities of the protozoan Cerionites dactylioides [sic] Owen from the Nia- garan of Iowa are discussed and figured. Cerio- nites, Pasceolus, and Lunulites (?) dactioloides are mentioned. See also: Calvin, S., 1893b. 1893b. On the structure and probable affinities of Cerionites dactylioides [sic] Owen. Pro- ceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences, vol. 1, part 3, pp. 13-15, 1 text-fig. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 27 This is identical to Calvin, S., 1893a. 1896. Geology of Jones County. Iowa Geolog- ical Survey. Volume 5. Annual Report, 1895, with Accompanying Papers. Iowa Geological Survey, pp. 33-1 12, 2 pis., 8 text-figs., 1 map. Cerionites dactylioides [sic] Owen is listed from the Niagara series at various localities in Jones County, Iowa (pp. 7 1 , 74, 79). 1898. Geology of Delaware County. Iowa Geo- logical Survey. Volume 8. Annual Report, 1897, with Accompanying Papers. Iowa Geo- logical Survey, pp. 1 19-192, pis. 7-13, 1 map. Cerionites dactylioides [sic] is an index fossil for part of the Silurian Niagara Limestone in Dela- ware County, Iowa (pp. 149-150). 1906. Geology of Winneshiek County. Iowa Geological Survey. Volume 16. Annual Re- port, 1905, with Accompanying Papers. Iowa Geological Survey, pp. 37-146, text-figs. 1- 18, 2 maps. Receptaculites oweni Hall is associated with a gastropod faunal zone and also forms two persis- tent Receptaculites faunal zones in the Galena Limestone at several localities in Winneshiek County, Iowa (pp. 90-91, 93-94, 141-142). Is- chadites iowensis Owen occurs between the two Receptaculites zones (p. 94). Calvin, Samuel, and H. Foster Bain 1 900. Geology of Dubuque County. Iowa Geo- logical Survey. Volume 10. Annual Report, 1899, with Accompanying Papers. Iowa Geo- logical Survey, pp. 379-622, pis. 4-1 1, text- figs. 45-102, 4 maps. The problematic fossil Receptaculites oweni Hall, found throughout the Ordovician Galena Lime- stone in Dubuque County, Iowa, is particularly abundant in the Receptaculites zone (pp. 409-4 10, 424-425, 427, 429, 433). Cerionites dactylioides [sic] is a typical fossil of the Silurian Niagara Lime- stone in Dubuque County (pp. 454-456). Camacho, Horacio H. 1966. Invertebrados Fosiles. Eudeba Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires, Argentina, 707 pp., 121 pis., 8 tables. Receptaculitidae Eichwald is a family of pos- sibly aberrant sponges (p. 163). Ordovician Re- ceptaculites sp. [R. camacho Nitecki & Forney] from Argentina and R. occidentalis Salter from Canada are figured (figs. VIII, 2, n-p, on p. 1 56). Receptaculites bolivianus Branisa is known from the Devonian of Bolivia. Cameron, Barry See: Awramik, S. M., and B. Cameron, 1968 and 1969. Campbell, Gregg T. See: Johnson, M. E., and G. T. Campbell, 1980. Campbell, Kenton S. W., D. J. Holloway, and W. D. Smith 1 974. A new receptaculitid genus, Hexabactron, and the relationships of the Receptaculita- ceae. Palaeontographica, Abt. A, Band 146, Lfg. 1-3, pp. 52-77, pis. 12-17, text-figs. 1- 12. Hexabactron n. gen. and H. borenorense n. sp. from the Middle Silurian of New South Wales are described and illustrated. The mode of preserva- tion makes it clear that the apertural pole was the lower one, which during life was buried in the sediment. Interpretations of the orientation and mode of growth of some previously described re- ceptaculitids are reassessed, and the lower pole can be consistently interpreted as generative. Recep- taculitids are not related to the Porifera, but no conclusive evidence against a relationship with the algae has so far been produced. Rietschel's view that they are a separate order of Thallophytes is supported. Carlson, John E. 1961. Geology of the Montfort and Linden Quadrangles, Wisconsin. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 1 123-B, pp. 95-138, pis. 8-9, text-figs. 19-21. Receptaculites, Ischadites, and R. oweni Hall of the lower Receptaculites zone are found in the Prosser Member of the Ordovician Galena Do- lomite in the lead-zinc district of Wisconsin (pp. 114-115, pi. 9). Carozzi, Albert V. See: Strieker, G. D., and A. V. Carozzi, 1973. 28 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Carrier, John B. See: Miller, A. K., and J. B. Carrier, 1942. Carss, B. W. See: Langenheim, R. L., Jr., B. W. Carss, J. B. Kennerly, V. A. McCutcheon, and R. H. Waines, 1962. Cebull, S. E. 1970. Bedrock geology and orogenic succession in southern Grant Range, Nye County, Ne- vada. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 1828-1842, 8 text-figs. Receptaculites is abundant in beds of the Or- dovician upper Pogonip Group south of Scofield Canyon in the Grant Range, Nye County, Nevada (p. 1839). Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder 1878. Geology of eastern Wisconsin. Geology of Wisconsin. Survey of 1873-1877. Volume 2. Accompanied by an Atlas of Maps, 2nd ed. (revised). Published by the Commissioners of Public Printing, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 91- 405, pis. 2-1 3A, 48 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni, R. globosus, R. iowensis, and R. globularis from the Lower Silurian [Or- dovician] Galena Limestone and R. hemisphericus and R. infundibuliformis from the Racine beds of the Silurian Niagara Group are found in various eastern Wisconsin localities (pp. 307-314, 320, 372). 1 880. Catalogue A. List of the names and spec- imen numbers of fossils distributed during the present year. Annual report of the Wisconsin Geological Survey for the year 1879. D. At- wood, printer, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 9-24. The following [receptaculitids] are listed: Re- ceptaculites globularis Hall, R. iowensis Owen, R. oweni Hall, R. occidentalis Hall, R. hemisphericus Hall, and R. infundibuliformis (pp. 11, 16-17). 1 882. The ore deposits of southwestern Wis- consin. Geology of Wisconsin. Survey of 1873-1879. Volume 4. Published by the Commissioners of Public Printing [Madison, Wisconsin], pp. 365-571, pis. 8-1 1, 63 text- figs., maps. Receptaculites oweni is listed from the [Ordo- vician] Galena Limestone of southwestern Wis- consin (p. 410). 1883. General geology. Geology of Wisconsin. Survey of 1873-1879. Volume 1. Published by the Commissioners of Public Printing [Madison, Wisconsin], pp. 3-300, 10 pis., 102 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni Hall, which is character- istic of the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Galena Limestone, is discussed and figured (pp. 166-167, 169; fig. 38). Its taxonomic position is unknown, but it may be a gigantic foraminifer. Two small species of Receptaculites occur in the Silurian Ra- cine beds (p. 189). Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder, and Rollin D. Salisbury 1 905 [ 1 907]. Geology. Volume 2. Earth History, 2nd ed. Henry Holt and Company, New York, 692 pp., 306 text-figs. The Ordovician sponges Receptaculites occiden- talis Salter and Ischadites sp., sometimes regarded as foraminifers, are illustrated (text-fig. 168). In the Silurian, the Receptaculites family, of doubtful zoological affinities, was chiefly represented by Is- chadites (p. 408). 1909. A College Text-book of Geology. Henry Holt and Co., New York, 978 pp., 608 text- figs. The Ordovician sponges Receptaculites occiden- talis Salter and Ischadites sp., sometimes regarded as foraminifers, are illustrated (text-fig. 395). Re- ceptaculites oweni is figured as a Silurian [Ordo- vician] sponge (text-fig. 405). The problematical Receptaculites family had passed its climax by the Silurian period (p. 553). Chapman, Frederick 1905. New or little-known Victorian fossils in the National Museum, Melbourne. Part 5. On the genus Receptaculites. With a note on R. australis from Queensland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, n. ser., vol. 18, part 1, pp. 5-15, pis. 2-4. Silurian Receptaculites fergusoni n. sp. from NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 29 Victoria; Middle Devonian R. australis from New South Wales and Victoria and Carboniferous [?] R. australis from Queensland are described and figured. Receptaculites, R. neptuni, and Sphaero- spongia are mentioned. 1929. Illustrated Guide to the Collection of Fossils Exhibited in the National Museum of Victoria. H. J. Green, Melbourne, 55 pp., 2 pis., 48 text-figs. The Carboniferous [?] Receptaculites, Ordovi- cian Receptaculites sp., and the Silurian Ischadites are sponges in the National Museum of Victoria (P. 22). Chappars, Michael Stephen 1936. Catalog of the type specimens of fossils in the University of Cincinnati Museum. Ohio Journal of Science, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1-45. Cotypes of Ordovician Pasceolus claudei Miller and P. darwini Miller are housed in the University of Cincinnati Museum (p. 32). Charlet, Jean-Marie See: Waterlot, G., A. Beugnies, A. Bonte, J.-M. Charlet, and P. Corsin, 1973. Chatterton, Brian D. E. 1 975. A commensal relationship between a small filter feeding organism and Australian De- vonian spiriferid brachiopods. Paleobiology, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 371-378, 2 text-figs. The Receptaculites Limestone Member of the Taemas Formation in New South Wales is men- tioned (pp. 371-373). Chavan, Andre, and Andre Cailleux 1957. Determination Pratique des Fossiles. Masson et Cie, Paris, 387 pp., 586 text-figs. Receptaculites, which resembles a sponge, is de- scribed as a Silurian to Devonian "Cyathozoaire" (p. 173). Chernuishev, Theodosiy Nikolaevich 1893. Fauna nizhnyago devona vostachnego sklona Urala. Trudy geologicheskago komi- teta, torn iv, no. 3 i posljadni. Die fauna des unteren Devon am Ostabhange des Ural. Memoires du Comite geologique, Sanktpe- terburg & Paris. Vol. 4, no. 3, et dernier, pp. 1-139 [Russian], and 140-221 [German], 14 pis., 6 text-figs. Lower Devonian hydrozoan Receptaculites sp. from Gosudarnyi Lai, near highway from Kushwa to lye factory, is described and compared with R. infundibuliformis Eaton (pp. 1 02- 1 03). Lower De- vonian hydrozoan Pasceolus Billings is described (pp. 103-104) and compared with Cyclocrinus, C. spasskii, C. exilis, Receptaculites, P. claudii, P. darwini, P. globosus, P. gregarius, P. halli, P. in- termedius, and Sphaerospongia. Pasceolus exilis Eichwald (= Cyclocrinus exilis Eichwald 1860), from limestone of River Talty, below mouth of Bobrovka River near Bogoslovsk, is described and figured (pp. 104-105, pi. 12, figs. 17-21), and com- pared with Receptaculites and P. halli. [In German the name of the author is Thomas Tschernyschew.] Chesters, K. I. M. See: Banks, H. P., K. I. M. Chesters, N. F. Hughes, G. A. L. Johnson, H. M. Johnson, and L. R. Moore, 1967. China, W. E. See: Melville, R. V., and W. E. China, 1970. Christie, Robert L. 1964. Geological reconnaissance of northeast- ern Ellesmere Island, District of Franklin. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 331, 79 pp., 18 pis., 1 text-fig., 1 map. Late Ordovician Receptaculites cf arcticus is listed from northeastern Ellesmere Island (p. 20). 1967a. Bache Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Arc- tic Archipelago. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 347, 63 pp., 18 pis., 4 text-figs., 2 tables, 1 map. The upper Cornwallis Formation of the Cana- dian Arctic Archipelago contains Receptaculites as part of the Arctic Ordovician fauna (p. 49). Re- ceptaculites occurs throughout the Cornwallis For- mation at Copes Bay, Ellesmere Island, Canada, and R. arcticus is found in the Ordovician Troeds- son Cliffs Formation in Washington Land and In- glefield Land, Greenland (fig. 4). 30 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 1 967b. Stratigraphic sections of Paleozoic rocks on Prince of Wales and Somerset Islands, Dis- trict of Franklin, Northwest Territories. Geo- logical Survey of Canada, Paper 67-24, 2 1 pp., text-figs. 1-2F. Upper Ordovician (Edenian) Receptaculites sp. is found on Somerset Island in the Northwest Ter- ritories (pp. 7, 12). 1973. Three New Lower Paleozoic formations of the Boothia Peninsula region, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 73-10, 31 pp., 3 pis., 1 text- fig., 2 tables. Receptaculites sp. is found in the Franklin Strait Formation (Middle and Upper Ordovician, in part) of the Boothia Peninsula region (p. 26). Receptac- ulites belongs to the Arctic Ordovician fauna of the Thumb Mountain, Irene Bay, and Allen Bay Formations of Cornwallis and Ellesmere Islands (P. 27). 1977. Stratigraphic reconnaissance of Lower Paleozoic rocks, eastern Devon Island, Arctic Archipelago. Report of activities. Part B. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 77- 1 , pp. 217-225, 3 text-figs., 2 tables. Receptaculites arcticus is found in the Middle Ordovician Croker Bay Formation (tentatively correlated with the Cornwallis Group) west of Dundas Harbour on Devon Island (p. 225). See also: Blackadar, R. G., and R. L. Christie, 1963. Chronic, John 1 96 1 . Early and Middle Paleozoic index fossils of Colorado; pp. 91-100, 3 pis. In Berg, Rob- ert R., and John W. Rold (eds.), Symposium on Lower and Middle Paleozoic Rocks of Col- orado. Twelfth Field Conference. South Cen- tral Colorado. Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Denver, Colorado, 236 pp. A spongelike Receptaculites oweni Hall from the Late Ordovician Fremont Formation is illustrated (pp. 92, 96; pi. 1, figs. 20-21). Chronic, John, and Clinton S. Ferris, Jr. 1961. Early Paleozoic outlier in southeastern Wyoming; pp. 143-146, 4 text-figs. In Berg, Robert R., and John W. Rold (eds.), Sym- posium on Lower and Middle Paleozoic Rocks of Colorado. Twelfth Field Conference. South Central Colorado. Rocky Mountain Associ- ation of Geologists, Denver, Colorado, 236 PP. Ischadites cf. iowensis (Owen) and Receptacu- lites cf. oweni Hall are listed as Ordovician Po- rifera from the Ferris outlier in Albany County, Wyoming (p. 145). 1 963. Two Early Paleozoic outliers in the south- ern Laramie Range, Wyoming; pp. 23-26, 5 text-figs. In Bolyard, Dudley W., and Philip J. Katich (eds.), Guidebook to the Geology of the Northern Denver Basin and Adjacent Uplifts. Fourteenth Field Conference. Colo- rado, Wyoming, Nebraska, and South Da- kota. Rocky Mountain Association of Geol- ogists, Denver, Colorado, 295 pp. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Upper Or- dovician Ferris outlier in southeastern Wyoming (P. 25). Chronic, John, Malcolm E. McCallum, Clinton S. Ferris, Jr., and David H. Eggler 1969. Lower Paleozoic rocks in diatremes, southern Wyoming and northern Colorado. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 80, pp. 149-156, 3 text-figs. Receptaculites cf. oweni Hall and Calathrium [sic] (?) sp. are listed as Porifera from Late Or- dovician diatremes on the Colorado-Wyoming border (p. 153). Church, Stephen B. 1974a. Lower Ordovician patch reefs in western Utah. Brigham Young University Geological Studies, vol. 21, part 3, pp. 41-62, 3 pis., 8 text-figs. Calathium, a possible frame-building receptac- ulitid alga, is figured from the Lower Ordovician reefs in the Fillmore Formation of western Utah. The classification, life orientation, form, and structure of Calathium are discussed. 1974b. Sponge-algal patch reefs in the Lower Ordovician Pogonip Group, western Utah. Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of America, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 155. Calathium, a possible receptaculitid alga, forms NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 31 patch reefs in the Lower Ordovician Fillmore Limestone in the House Range of western Utah (p. 155). Chuvashov, Boris Ivanovich 1967. Vodorosli Devona, Karbona i nishnei Permi srednego i jushnogo Urala, ih ekologia i stratigraficheskoje znachenie; pp. 125-130, 2 text-figs. In Vozzhenikova, T. F., Z. I. Gle- zer, A. P. Zhuze (chief ed.), V. N. Saks, V. S. Zhezhukova-Poretzkaya (eds.), Iskopaemie Vodorosli SSSR. Akademija Nauk SSSR. Si- birskoe Otdelenie. Institut Geologii i Geofi- ziki, Nauka, Moskva, 147 pp. Ischadites from a Lower Devonian association of reef-forming algae in the Ural region of the USSR is mentioned (p. 126). See also: Chuvashov, B. I., 1969. 1969. Algae from the Devonian, Carboniferous and Lower Permian of the middle and south- ern Urals, their ecology and stratigraphic val- ue; pp. 206-214. In Sarjeant, William A. S. (ed.), Fossil Algae of the USSR. Translated by G. K. Beedle. National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, En- gland, 243 pp. This is an English translation of Chuvashov, B. I., 1967. Clark, David L. See: Hintze, L. F., L. F. Braithwaite, D. L. Clark, R. L. Ethington, and R. H. Flower, 1969. Clark, Thomas Henry 1959. Presidential address— stratigraphy of the Trenton Group, St. Lawrence Lowland, Que- bec. Proceedings of the Geological Associa- tion of Canada, Toronto, Canada, vol. 1 1, pp. 13-21, 1 text-fig. Trenton [Ordovician] Receptaculites is found in the St. Casimir Formation along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec (pp. 16-17). Clark, Thomas Henry, and Donald Alan Wright Blake 1952. Ordovician fossils from Waswanipi Lake, Quebec. Canadian Field Naturalist, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 119-121, 1 text-fig. Receptaculites oweni Hall is found in Rich- mondian (?) Ordovician limestone near Waswan- ipi Lake, Quebec (p. 1 1 9). Clarke, John Mason 1885a. A brief outline of the geological succes- sion in Ontario Co., N.Y., to accompany a map. New York State Geologist, [4th] Rept., 1884, pp. 9-22. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the youngest Devonian strata of the Chemung Group at the summit of High Point in Ontario County, New York (p. 22). See also: Clarke, J. M., 1885b. 1885b. On the higher Devonian faunas of On- tario County, New York. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 16, pp. 39-120, 3 pis. Receptaculites sp. occurs in the Devonian Che- mung Beds at High Point, Naples, New York (p. 106). See also: Clarke, J. M. 1885a. 1892a. Catalogue of the collection of geological and palaeontological specimens donated by the Albany Institute to the State Museum. New York State Geologist Eleventh Annual Report, pp. 31-53. Coscinopora macropora [Receptaculites sp.] is listed from the second graywacke on Becroft Mt., near Hudson (p. 34). 1892b. Catalogue of the collection of geological and palaeontological specimens donated by the Albany Institute to the State Museum. New York State Museum 45th Annual Report of the Regents for the Year 1891, pp. 347- 371. This is identical to Clarke, J. M., 1892a. 1 903. Index to descriptions of genera and species of fossils; pp. 527-653. In Ellis, Mary, Index to publications of the New York State Natural History Survey and New York State Museum (1837-1902). Bulletin of the New York State Museum, 66, Misc. Ser. 2, 653 pp. 32 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Ischadites bursiformis, 1. squamifer, Receptac- ulites bursiformis, R. infundibuliformis, R. mon- ticu/atus, R. neptunii?, R. oweni, and R. subtur- binatus have appeared in publications of the New York State Natural History Survey and New York State Museum (pp. 581, 627). 1908. Early Devonic history of New York and eastern North America. New York State Mu- seum Memoir, 9, 366 pp., 48 pis., numerous text-figs. The sponge Receptaculites jonesi Billings is re- ported from Cape Gaspe in the upper part of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Forillon of the Grande Greve beds (pp. 46, 225, 249). Billings' (1865) description is given. 1920. Seventeenth report of the director of the State Museum and Science Department. Bul- letin of the New York State Museum, nos. 239-240, 63 pp., 12 pis, 1 map. Receptaculites [Ischadites planoconvexus Ni- tecki 1972] from the Clinton at Verona Station, Oneida County, New York, is illustrated (facing P. 24). See also: Hall, J., and J. M. Clarke, 1898a, 1898b, 1898c, and 1899. Clarke, John Mason, and D. Dana Luther 1904. Stratigraphic and paleontologic map of Canandaigua and Naples Quadrangles. Bul- letin of the New York State Museum, 63, Pa- leontology 7, 76 pp., 1 map. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Devonian High Point Sandstone of the Naples Quadrangle, Ontario County, New York (p. 64). Clarke, John Mason, and Rudolph Ruedemann 1903. Catalogue of type specimens of Paleozoic fossils in New York State Museum. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, 65, Paleon- tology 8, 847 pp. The types of the protozoan ? Receptaculitidae: Devonian Ischadites bursiformis Hall 1883 and /. squamifer (Hall 1859) from New York State, and Silurian Receptaculites sacculus Hall 1879 from Indiana are housed in the New York State Mu- seum in Albany (pp. 1 1-12). 1904. Catalogue of type specimens of Paleozoic fossils in New York State Museum. New York State Museum, 56th Ann. Rep., 1902, vol. 2, 847 pp. This is identical to Clarke, J. M., and R. Rue- demann, 1903. Clarke, William Branwhite 1860. Researches in the Southern Gold Fields of New South Wales. Reading and Wellbank, Sydney, 305 pp., 1 text-fig., 1 map. Receptaculites clarkii (Salter) from the Silurian of the southern districts of New South Wales is listed as an echinoderm (p. 286). 1 867a. Remarks on the sedimentary formations of New South Wales, illustrated by references to other provinces of Australasia. Catalogue of the Natural and Industrial Products of New South Wales, for the Paris Universal Exhi- bition of 1 867, Addenda— Appendix, Sydney, 19 pp. Upper Silurian Receptaculites is found in the Southern Gold Fields of New South Wales. See also: Clarke, W. B., 1867b, 1868, 1870, 1875a, and 1875b. 1 867b. Remarks on the sedimentary formations of New South Wales, illustrated by references to other provinces of Australasia. Official Record of the Intercolonial Exhibition of Aus- tralasia, Melbourne, 19 pp. This is identical to Clarke, W. B., 1867a. See also: Clarke, W. B., 1868, 1870, 1875a, and 1875b. 1868. Remarks on the sedimentary formations of New South Wales, illustrated by references to other provinces of Australasia. American Journal of Science, 2nd ser., vol. 45, no. 135, pp. 334-353. This is identical to Clarke, W. B., 1867a. See also: Clarke, W.B., 1867b, 1870, 1875a, and 1875b. 1870. Remarks on the sedimentary formations of New South Wales, illustrated by references NITECK1 ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 33 to other provinces of Australasia, 2nd ed. The Industrial Progress of New South Wales, 27 pp. [Prepared for the Intercolonial Exhibition of 1870 at Sydney.] This is almost identical to Clarke, W. B., 1 867a. See also: Clarke, W. B., 1867b, 1868, 1875a, and 1875b. 1 875a. Remarks on the sedimentary formations of New South Wales, illustrated by references to other provinces of Australasia, 3rd ed. Mines and Mineral Statistics of New South Wales, and Notes on the Geological Collec- tion of the Department of Mines, Sydney, 27 pp. [Prepared for the New South Wales In- tercolonial Exhibition at Sydney in 1875 and for the Philadelphia International Exhibition of 1876.] This is almost identical to Clarke, W. B., 1867a. See also: Clarke, W. B., 1867b, 1868, 1870, and 1875b. 1 875b. Remarks on the sedimentary formations of New South Wales, illustrated by references to the other provinces of Australasia, 3rd ed. Sydney, 61 pp., 2 pis., 1 map. This is almost identical to Clarke, W. B., 1867a. See also: Clarke, W. B., 1867b, 1868, 1870, and 1875a. 1878. Remarks on the sedimentary formations of New South Wales, illustrated by references to other provinces of Australasia, 4th ed. Richards, Sydney, 165 pp., 5 pis., 5 maps. Receptaculites neptuni and R. clarkei [R. aus- tralisl] are listed (pp. 16, 151). Cline, Lewis M. See: Ostrom, M. E., R. A. Davis, Jr., and L. M. Cline, 1970. Cloud, Preston E., Jr. See: Barnes, V. E., P. E. Cloud, Jr., L. P. Dixon, R. L. Folk, E. C. Jones, A. R. Palmer, and E.J. Tynan, 1959. Cloud, Preston E., Jr., and Virgil E. Barnes 1948. The Ellenburger Group of central Texas. University of Texas Publication 4621, 473 pp., 45 pis., 8 text-figs., 3 tables. Calathium is found in central Texas in the Mon- ument Springs Dolomite and the El Paso and Hon- eycut Formations of the Lower Ordovician Ellen- burger Group (pp. 66, 72, 292, 295, 356, 365- 366). Cloud, Preston E., Jr., and Allison R. Palmer 1959. Paleontologic data and age evaluation for individual wells, pre-Simpson Paleozoic rocks; pp. 73-85; text-fig. 9. In Barnes, V. E., P. E. Cloud, Jr., L. P. Dixon, R. L. Folk, E. C. Jones, A. R. Palmer, and E. J. Tynan, Stra- tigraphy of the Pre-Simpson Paleozoic Sub- surface Rocks of Texas and Southeast New Mexico. University of Texas Publication 5924, vol. 1, 836 pp. Lithistid sponges resembling Archaeoscyphia or Calathium are present in Texas in several zones, probably high in the Lower Ordovician, in rocks similar to the Arbuckle Group. Receptaculites is found in a post-Lower Ordovician but pre-Car- boniferous core from Texas (pp. 79, 83). Clough, C. T. See: Peach, B. N., and others, 1907. Cocks, Leonard R. M., and Peter Toghill 1973. The biostratigraphy of the Silurian rocks of the Girvan District, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society [of London], vol. 129, part 3, pp. 209-243, 9 figs., 3 pis. Dasyclad alga Mastopora is listed from the base of the Silurian, and M. fava (Salter) from the Si- lurian Glenwells Shale and Newlands Farm For- mations in the Girvan District in Scotland (pp. 214-215,221). Coen-Aubert, Marie, Eric Groessens, and Robert Legrand 1 980. Les formations paleozoiques des sondages de Tournai et de Leuze. Bulletin de la Societe Beige de Geologie, Paris, France, tome 69, fasc. 4, pp. 241-275, 9 figs. Receptaculites from the Upper Devonian, Fras- 34 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY nian, Bovesse Formation in Tournai, Belgium, is listed (pp. 248, 259-260, fig. 6). Cohenour, Robert E. 1959. Sheeprock Mountains, Tooele and Juab Counties— Precambrian and Paleozoic stra- tigraphy, igneous rocks, structure, geomor- phology, and economic geology. Bulletin of Utah Geological Mineral Survey, 63, 201 pp., 25 pis., 6 text-figs., 3 tables. The Lower Ordovician Pogonip Group in the Sheeprock Mountains of northwestern Utah con- tains Receptaculites sp. in the Juab Formation and the Kanosh Shale and R. ellipticus in the Juab Formation (pp. 74-75, 156, 158, 183, 185). Colbert, Edwin H. See: Kay, G. M., and E. H. Colbert, 1965. Cole, Virgil B. See: Branson, E. B., and V. B. Cole, 1941. Collier, Arthur J. 1902. A reconnaissance of the northwestern portion of Seward Peninsula, Alaska. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 2, 70 pp., 12 pis. A lithistid sponge similar to Calathium is found in the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Port Clarence Limestone in the western part of the Seward Pen- insula (p. 20). 1908. Geography and geology; pp. 40-1 10, pi. 1, text-figs. 2-5. In Collier, Arthur J., Frank L. Hess, Philip S. Smith, and Alfred H. Brooks, The gold placers of parts of Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Bulletin of the United States Geolog- ical Survey, 328, 343 pp. The Silurian [Ordovician?] Port Clarence Lime- stone north of Port Clarence, Alaska, contains a lithistid sponge similar to Calathium (p. 75). Collin, L. [Leon?] 1912. Etude de la region devonienne occidentale du Finistere. Theses presentees a la faculte des sciences de l'Universite de Paris pour ob- tenir le grade de Docteur es-Sciences Natu- relles. Series A., L. Bourgeon, Brest, France, 444 pp., pis. The hexactinellid sponges Receptaculites sp. and R. neptuni are discussed, and R. seunesi n. sp. from the Devonian of Finistere, France, is de- scribed and illustrated (pp. 442-444, pi. 1). Collins, Lorence G. See: Brown, C. E., L. G. Collins, and P. Crosby, 1955. Collinson, Charles W. 1959. Guide for beginning fossil hunters. Illinois State Geological Survey Educational Series, 4, 39 pp., illus. Sphaerospongia sp., Ischadites sp., and Recep- taculites sp. from Illinois are illustrated as sponges (pp. 10, 12, pi. 1). See also: Koenig, J. W., J. A. Martin, and C. W. Col- linson, 1961. Miller, A. K., W. Youngquist, and C. W. Col- linson, 1954. Collinson, Charles W., D. H. Swann, and Harold Bowen Willman 1 954. Guide to the Structure and Paleozoic Stra- tigraphy along the Lincoln Fold in Western Illinois. Guide Book for the Field Conference Held in Connection with the 39th Annual Convention of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists at St. Louis, Missouri, April 16, 1954. Illinois State Geological Sur- vey, Urbana, Illinois, 75 pp., 17 text-figs., ta- bles. Receptaculites oweni, an index fossil for the Or- dovician Kimmswick Limestone, is common in Pere Marquette State Park, Illinois (p. 39). Colquhoun, Donald J. 1 958. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Nip- issing-Deux Rivieres outliers. Proceedings of the Geological Association of Canada, vol. 10, pp. 83-93. The sponge Receptaculites occidentalis Salter occurs in the Rocklandian Ordovician near Deux Rivieres on the Ottawa River, the Ottawa For- mation, the Rockland beds of the Ottawa Valley NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 35 and Paquette Rapids, Ontario, the Coboconk and Kirkfield Formations of the Lake Simcoe area, and the Cloche Island Formation on Manitoulin Is- land, Ontario (pp. 90-91). Cone, George C. See: Hayes, P. T., and G. C. Cone, 1975. Conrad, Timothy A. 1 84 1 . Reports on the Palaeontological Depart- ment of the Survey; Assembly doc. no. 1 50, pp. 25-57, pi. In New York State Natural History Survey, Communication from the Governor transmitting several reports rela- tive to the Geological Survey of the State, 1836-1840. Albany, New York. Dictuocrinites Conrad is figured (fig. 22 on pi.). See also: Hall, J., 1862a. Cook, Donald G., and James D. Aitken 1971. Geology, Colville Lake Map-area and part of Coppermine Map-area, Northwest Terri- tories. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 70- 12, 42 pp., 2 text-figs., 1 map. The Middle Devonian Hume Formation of the Northwest Territories, Canada, contains Sphae- rospongia tessellata (pp. 28-29). Cooper, Byron N. 1939. Geology of the Draper Mountain area, Virginia. Bulletin of the Virginia Geological Survey, 55, 98 pp., 23 pis., 4 text-figs. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter and Nidulites pyriformis Bassler are found in the Ordovician (Black River) Chambersburg Limestone in the Draper Mountain area of Virginia (p. 33). A sim- ilar if not conspecific form of Nidulites occurs with Receptaculites in the Ottosee Formation (p. 33). 1944. Geology and mineral resources of the Burkes Garden Quadrangle, Virginia. Bulletin of the Virginia Geological Survey, 60, 299 pp., 21 pis., 11 text-figs., 5 tables. The Middle Ordovician sponges Nidulites, N. pyriformis, and Receptaculites from the Ward Cove Member of the Cliffield Formation, N. pyriformis from the Athens Formation, and Receptaculites and R. biconstrictus from Wardell Formation are found in several localities in the Burkes Garden Quadrangle, Virginia (pp. 43-45, 50, 52-53, 70- 71, 84-85; pis. 5, 8). 1945 [1951]. Industrial limestones and dolo- mites in Virginia: Clinch Valley district. Bul- letin of the Virginia Geological Survey, 66, 259 pp., 24 pis., 18 text-figs., 5 tables. The following Ordovician fossils from the Clinch Valley district of western Virginia are listed: Re- ceptaculites and Nidulites from the Ward Cove and Rockdell Limestones; N. pyriformis from the Rockdell Limestone; Receptaculites, R. biconstric- tus, and R. occidentalis from the Wardell For- mation; and Receptaculites and Ischadites from the Benbolt Formation (pp. 47, 90, 137, 140, 146- 147, 156, 163, 166, 169-171, 180, 209, 213, 215- 217, 231, 233, 239, 241, 247). Cooper, Byron N., and G. Arthur Cooper 1946. Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 57, pp. 35-1 14, 3 pis., 9 text-figs. Nidulites sp., N. pyriformis, Receptaculites sp., and R. cf. occidentalis are present in various Mid- dle Ordovician formations at several localities in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. Nidulites ovoides is found in the Middle Ordovician Lincolnshire Limestone and Nidulites sp., N. pyriformis, and Receptaculites cf. occidentalis are found in the Edinburg Formation. Nidulites pyriformis is fig- ured (pi. 2, figs. 3-4) and its value as an index fossil is discussed. Cooper, Byron N., and Chilton E. Prouty 1943. Stratigraphy of the Lower Middle Ordo- vician of Tazewell County, Virginia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 54, pp. 819-886, 5 pis., 3 text-figs., 3 tables. Nidulites sp., N. pyriformis Bassler, Receptac- ulites sp., and R. biconstrictus Ulrich from various Lower Middle Ordovician formations in Tazewell County, Virginia, are reported as sponges (pp. 828- 830, 838-839, 841, 850, 853, 856-858, 863, 866, 868, 873-874, 883-885). Cooper, G. Arthur 1956. Chazyan and related brachiopods. Smith- sonian Miscellaneous Collections, Smithson- ian Institution, vol. 127, part 1, 1024 pp. 36 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Nidulites zones containing N. pyriformis are present in the Edinburg Formation of west-central and northern Virginia (pp. 46, 59-60, 65, 71, 89). Nidulites also occurs in the Rockdell Formation of Virginia and the Quebec City Formation near Quebec; N. pyriformis characterizes the Ward Cove Formation in Virginia (pp. 87, 95). Recept acuities from the Pogonip Group of Nevada and the Or- anda Formation of the Appalachian Valley, R. oc- cidentalis from the Jacksonburg Formation of northwestern New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and R. oweni from the Kimmswick Limestone of Mis- souri and Tennessee are listed (pp. 70, 103, 127). All are Ordovician. 1976. Early Middle Ordovician of the United States; pp. 171-194, 5 text-figs. In Bassett, Michael G. (ed.), The Ordovician System. Proceedings of a Palaeontological Association Symposium, Birmingham, September 1974. University of Wales Press and National Mu- seum of Wales, Cardiff, 696 pp. Receptaculitids are uncommon and poorly known in the early Middle Ordovician of the United States (p. 181). See also: Cooper, B. N., and G. A. Cooper, 1946. Cooper, G. Arthur, and James Stewart Williams 1935. Tully Formation of New York. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 46, pp. 781-868, pis. 54-60, 7 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. from the Upper Devonian Tully Formation of New York is listed (p. 855). Copeland, M. J. See: Norford, B. S., T. E. Bolton, M. J. Copeland, L. M. Cumming, and G. W. Sinclair, 1970. Copeland, M . J., and Thomas E. Bolton 1975. Geology of the central part of Anticosti Island, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 75-1, part A, pp. 519-523, 3 text-figs. Cyclocrinites sp. from the Silurian Gun River Formation along the Shallop River of central An- ticosti Island, Quebec, is listed as an alga (p. 521). Copper, Paul 1976. The cyanophyte Wetheredella in Ordo- vician reefs and off-reef sediments. Lethaia, vol. 9, pp. 273-281, 3 figs. The dasycladacean algae Cyclocrinites and Is- chadites are reported from the Ordovician-Silu- rian of Anticosti Island, Quebec (p. 274). 1978. Paleoenvironments and paleocommuni- ties in the Ordovician-Silurian sequence of Manitoulin Island. Michigan Basin Geologi- cal Society, Special Paper no. 3, pp. 47-61, 14 pis., 10 text-figs., 4 tables. Receptaculitids dominated the Receptaculites- Gonioceras community of the upper member of the Ordovician Cloche Island Formation on Man- itoulin Island. Receptaculites sp. is figured (pp. 47, 49, 53; text-fig. 4; pi. 1, fig. 5). Corbett, K. D„ and Maxwell R. Banks 1974. Ordovician stratigraphy of the Florentine Synclinorium, Southwest Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tas- mania, vol. 107, pp. 207-238, 5 figs., 4 pis. Dasycladacean Ischadites, "Receptaculites"''' of earlier reports, is listed from the Ordovician Gor- don Sub-group in southwest Tasmania (pp. 222- 223). Cornwall, Henry R., and Frank J. Kleinhampl 1961. Geology of the Bare Mountain Quadran- gle, Nevada. United States Geological Survey, Geological Quadrangle Map GQ-157, with text. The spongelike Receptaculites elongatus Wal- cott is found in the Early and Middle Ordovician Pogonip Group in the Bare Mountain Quadrangle of Nevada (text). Corsin, Paul See: Waterlot, G., A. Beugnies, A. Bonte, J.-M. Charlet, and P. Corsin, 1973. Cote, William E. See: Wilson, G. M., D. L. Reinertsen, and W. E. Cote, 1965. Cote, William I ■'... David L. Reinertsen, and Myrna M. Killey 1968. Thebes area. Alexander County. Jones- boro and Thebes Quadrangles. Guide Leaflet 1968 A & F. Illinois State Geological Survey, NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 37 Geological Science Field Trip, 32 pp., 1 7 text- figs., pis., maps. Receptaculites is found in the Middle Ordovi- cian Kimmswick Limestone in the Thebes area of Illinois (p. 30). 1970. Freeport area. Stephenson County. Free- port, Lena, and Pecatonica Quadrangles. Guide Leaflet 1970C. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 22 pp., 4 text-figs., pis., tables. The sponge Receptaculites is abundant in the upper Wise Lake Formation and in the middle and upper Dunleith Formation near Freeport, Il- linois (p. 10). Ordovician Ischadites [iowensis] and Receptaculites [oweni] are figured. 1971. Galena area. Jo Daviess County, Illinois, and Lafayette County, Wisconsin. Guide Leaf- let 1971C. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 20 pp., 1 1 text- figs., pis., maps. Ordovician Ischadites [iowensis] and Receptac- ulites [oweni] from Wisconsin and Illinois are fig- ured (unnumbered pi.). Receptaculites zones are found in the Dunleith and Wise Lake Formations in the Galena area (fig. 2). Receptaculites, of un- known taxonomic status, occurs in the Dunleith Formation in Wisconsin (p. 6) and in the Wise Lake Formation in Illinois (p. 9). Cote, William E., David L. Reinertsen, and George M. Wilson 1966. Byron area. Ogle and Winnebago Coun- ties. Oregon and Kings Quadrangles. Guide Leaflet 1966C. Illinois State Geological Sur- vey, Geological Science Field Trip, 16 pp., 4 text-figs., pis., maps. Ordovician Ischadites [iowensis] and Receptac- ulites [oweni] are figured (unnumbered pi.). 1967a. Bourbonnais area. Kankakee and Will Counties. Kankakee and Herscher Quadran- gles. Guide Leaflet 1967C. Illinois State Geo- logical Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 17 pp., 2 text-figs., pis., maps. Ordovician Ischadites [iowensis] and Receptac- ulites [oweni] are figured (unnumbered pi.). 1 967b. Dixon area. Lee and Ogle Counties. Dix- on Quadrangle. Guide Leaflet 1967D. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 23 pp., 7 text-figs., pis., maps. Ordovician Receptaculites [oweni] and Ischa- dites [iowensis] are figured (unnumbered pi.). See also: Cote, W. E., D. L. Reinertsen, and G. M. Wilson, 1968. 1968. Dixon area. Lee and Ogle Counties. Dix- on Quadrangle. Guide Leaflet 1968C. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 23 pp., 7 text-figs., pis., maps. This is identical to Cote, W. E., D. L. Reinertsen, andG. M. Wilson, 1967b. Cote, William E., David L. Reinertsen, George M. Wilson, and Myrna M. Killey 1 969. Mt. Carroll area. Carroll County. Savanna and Mt. Carroll Quadrangles. Guide Leaflet 1 969D. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geo- logical Science Field Trip, 26 pp., 14 text-figs., pis., maps. Receptaculites, an unknown animal, is abundant in the Ordovician Galena Dolomite in the Mt. Carroll area of Illinois (p. 10). Ordovician Recep- taculites [oweni] and Ischadites [iowensis] are fig- ured (unnumbered pi.). See also: Cote, W. E., D. L. Reinertsen, G. M. Wilson, andM. M. Killey, 1970. 1970. Mt. Carroll area. Carroll County. Savan- na and Mt. Carroll Quadrangles. Guide Leaf- let 1970D. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 26 pp., 14 text- figs., pis., maps. This is identical to Cote, W. E., D. L. Reinertsen, G. M. Wilson, and M. M. Killey, 1969. Courtright, T. R. See: Pierce, R. W., R. W. Ely, R. D. Stieglitz, T. R. Courtright, and R. L. Langenheim, Jr., 1969. Cowie, J. W. 1 96 1 . The Lower Paleozoic geology of Green- land; pp. 160-169, 1 text-fig. In Raasch, Gil- 38 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY bert O. (ed.), Geology of the Arctic. Proceed- ings of the First International Symposium on Arctic Geology held in Calgary, Alberta, Jan- uary 1 1-13, 1960, under the auspices of the Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists. Volume 1 . University of Toronto Press, To- ronto, Ontario, 732 pp. Receptaculites arcticus Etheridge is found in the Middle Ordovician Heimbjerge Formation in East Greenland (p. 163). 1963. Cambrian-Ordovician geology of East Greenland. Experientia, monatsschrift fuer das geosampte gebiet der naturwissenschaft, Ba- sel, Switzerland, vol. 19, pp. 281-284. Ordovician (Mohawkian) Receptaculites from the Heimbjerge Formation of East Greenland is listed (p. 283). Cowie, J. W., and P. J. Adams 1957. The geology of the Cambro-Ordovician rocks of central east Greenland. Meddelelser om Gronland, Bind 153, no. 1, 193 pp., 13 pis., 78 text-figs. Receptaculites arcticus Etheridge from the Heimbjerge Formation of Greenland is listed. Re- ceptaculites arcticus Etheridge represents a num- ber of species; its presence has been used to cor- relate and date rocks from Baffin Land and Northwest Greenland. It may indicate a Trenton age (pp. 40-42, 71-72). Cox, Guy Henry 1914. Lead and zinc deposits of northwestern Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois State Geolog- ical Survey, 21, 120 pp., 22 pis., 13 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni is abundant throughout the [Ordovician] Galena Dolomite of the northwest- ern Illinois lead and zinc district (pp. 26, 104). Craig, James, Jack Devine, Peter McGill, and Robert Memeley 1967. Chinchaga and Keg River Formations of Slave River area, northern Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 125-137, 1 pi., 8 text-figs. The receptaculitid Sphaerospongia tessellata (Phillips) is diagnostic of the Middle Devonian (Givetian) Keg River Formation of northern Al- berta (p. 1 34). Crawford, Ralph Dixon 1913. Geology and ore deposits of the Monarch and Tomichi Districts, Colorado. Bulletin of the Colorado Geological Survey, vol. 4, 3 1 7 pp., 25 pis., 15 text-figs. Ordovician Receptaculites oweni Hall is found in the Tomichi Limestone and in the Fremont Limestone of Colorado (pp. 60-61). Crawford, Ralph Dixon, and Philip George Worcester 1916. Geology and ore deposits of the Gold Brick district, Colorado. Bulletin of the Colorado Geological Survey, vol. 10, 116 pp., 9 pis., 4 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni occurs in the Upper Or- dovician upper Yule [now Fremont] Limestone of the Gold Brick district, Colorado (p. 56). Crickmay, Colin Hayter 1954. Paleontological correlation of Elk Point and equivalents; pp. 143-158, 3 pis., 2 text- figs. In Clark, Leslie M. (ed.), Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. A Symposium sponsored by the Alberta Society of Petroleum Geolo- gists and the Saskatchewan Society of Petro- leum Geologists. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 521 pp. Sphaerospongia tessellata Phillips is found in the Middle Devonian Winnipegosan Formation (Member 3 of the Elk Point Formation) in Man- itoba (pp. 1 50, 1 54). 1 960. The Older Devonian Faunas of the North- west Territories. Published by the author, Calgary, Alberta, 20 pp., 1 1 pis. Sphaerospongia tessellata (Phillips) occurs in the Atrypa arctica fauna of the Devonian Hare Indian Shale, Northwest Territories (p. 2). Croneis, Carey 1930. Geology of the Arkansas Paleozoic area with especial reference to oil and gas possi- bilities. Bulletin of the Arkansas Geological Survey, 3, 457 pp., 45 pis., 30 text-figs., 6 tables. Ordovician Receptaculites oweni is less com- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 39 mon in the upper Kimmswick Formation in Ar- kansas than it is farther north (p. 31). Croneis, Carey, and William C. Krumbein 1936. Down to Earth. An Introduction to Ge- ology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 501 pp., 64 pis., numerous text-figs. The Middle Ordovician index fossil Receptac- ulites, a sponge or coral, is found in the Trenton limestones of the north-central United States (pi. 42). Crosby, Percy See: Brown, C. E., L. G. Collins, and P. Crosby, 1955. Brown, C. E., J. W. Whitlow, and P. Crosby, 1957. Crumpton, Rusian P. See: Agnew, A. F., A. E. Flint, and R. P. Crump- ton, 1954. Cullison, James S. 1944. The stratigraphy of some Lower Ordo- vician formations of the Ozark Uplift. Mis- souri School of Mines Technical Series Bul- letin, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1-1 12, 35 pis. (Calathium) Archaeoscyphia (Dake & Bridge 1932) from the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Limestone of Texas is reported (p. 23). Cumings, Edgar R., and Robert R. Shrock 1 928. The geology of the Silurian rocks of north- ern Indiana. Indiana Department of Conser- vation, Division of Geology, Publication 75, 226 pp., 78 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. from the Silurian Huntington Dolomite at Ridgeville, Indiana, is listed as a sponge (pp. 97, 189). ( 'illuming, L. M. 1975. Ordovician strata of the Hudson Bay Lowlands. Geological Survey of Canada, Pa- per 74-28, 93 pp., 10 pis., 15 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. is found in the Upper Ordo- vician Portage Chute Formation of the Bad Cache Rapids Group, southwest of Hudson Bay (pp. 15, 18, 23, 25, 29, 35, 37, 45, 56). Cyclocrinites sp. (= Pasceolus Billings 1 857, or Nidulites Salter 1851) and Cyclocrinites^) sp. occur in the Richmondian Churchill River Group along Gods River, west of Hudson Bay. Cyclocrinites is also found in the Upper Ordovician (?) Jupiter Formation on An- ticosti Island (pp. 43-44). See also: Norford, B. S., T. E. Bolton, M. J. Copeland, L. M. Cumming, and G. W. Sinclair, 1970. Currie, Ethel I )., and Wilfred Norman Edwards 1943. Dasycladaceous algae from the Girvan area. Quarterly Journal of the Geological So- ciety [London], vol. 98, parts 3-4, pp. 235- 240, pi. 11, 1 text-fig. Ordovician Mastopora parva (Nicholson and Etheridge) and Silurian M. fava (Salter) from the Girvan district in Great Britain, are described and illustrated as dasycladaceous algae. Mastopora Eichwald (= Nidulites Salter 1851) of sub- family Cyclocrineae is discussed and compared with Coe- losphaeridium, Cyclocrinites (= Cyclocrinus Eich- wald and Pasceolus Billings), and Apidium. Three additional species of Mastopora are recognized: M. concava Eichwald 1860,M. odini Stolley 1898, and M. pyriformis Bassler 1909. Cyclocrinites hos- pitalis (Salter) and Apidium rotundum Hoeg are mentioned. Currie, K. L. 1972. Geology and petrology of the Manicoua- gan resurgent caldera, Quebec. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada, 198, 153 pp., 54 text-figs., 19 tables. Receptaculites is part of a Middle Ordovician Wilderness assemblage in limestone outliers near the Manicouagan resurgent caldera of Quebec. Re- ceptaculites chidlensis [nomen nudum] occurs in parting planes in rocks overlying the limestone (p. 32). Cygan, Norbert E., and Frank L. Koucky 1963. The Cambrian and Ordovician rocks of the east flank of the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming. Wyoming Geological Association and Billings Geological Society, Northern Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana, Guidebook, pp. 26-37, 3 figs., 1 pi. The Ordovician pleosponge Receptaculites and 40 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY R. cf. oweni are listed from the Lander Sandstone and from the Bighorn Dolomite on the east side of the Big Horn Mountains in Wyoming (pp. 29, 31-33). Dacque, Edgar 1 92 1 . Vergleichende Biologische Formenkunde der Fossilen Niederen Tiere. Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 777 pp., 345 text-figs. Receptaculitids, usually placed among sponges, are described. Figures of Sphaeronites tessellatus (from Phillips 1841) and Receptaculites neptuni (from Rauff 1892) are reproduced (pp. 597-598; fig. 281). Dake, Charles Laurence, and Josiah Bridge 1932. Faunal correlation of the Ellenburger Limestone of Texas. Bulletin of the Geolog- ical Society of America, vol. 43, pp. 725-748, pi. 12, 2 text-figs. Calathium sp., conspecific with an undescribed sponge from the Jefferson City Dolomite of Mis- souri, is found in the [Ordovician] Ellenburger Limestone of the central mineral region of Texas (p. 738; pi. 1 2, fig. 1 5). Similar sponges are found in the Monument Spring Dolomite and the El Paso Limestone of Texas (p. 741). Dall, William Healey See: Schuchert, C, W. H. Dall, T. W. Stanton, and R. S. Bassler, 1905. Dalve, Elizabeth 1 948. The Fossil Fauna of the Ordovician in the Cincinnati Region. University of Cincinnati, 56 pp. The following Ordovician (Richmond) taxa are listed: Ischadites circularis (Emmons), of uncertain taxonomic position, from the Fairmount, Corry- ville, and Mt. Auburn Formations of the Maysville Group (pp. 23, 31, 34); Pasceolus claudei Miller and P. darwini Miller from the Bellevue Forma- tion of the Maysville Group (p. 26); P. camden- ensis Foerste from the Sunset and Oregonia Mem- bers of the Arnheim Formation (p. 37), the Liberty Formation (p. 46), the Lower Whitewater, Saluda, and Upper Whitewater Members of the White- water Formation (p. 52), and the Elkhorn For- mation (p. 55). Dames, W. [Wilhelm Barnim ?| 1868. Ueber die in der Umgebung Freiburgs in Nieder-Schlesien auftretenden devonischen Ablagerungen. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Band 20, Heft 3, pp. 469-508, pis. 10-11. Devonian Receptaculites neptuni Defrance from Ober-Kunzendorf in Lower Silesia is described and illustrated (pp. 483-488, pi. 10, fig. 1). No simi- larities exist between Receptaculites and the gem- mulae of Spongilla. Receptaculites, Tetragonis, and Ischadites form the family Receptaculitidae within the Forami- nifera. Receptaculites also occurs in shales of Car- boniferous age at Rothwaltersdorf Dana, James Dwight 1 846. Zoophytes. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the Com- mand of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Lea & Blan- chard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, vol. 7, 740 pp. [with 61 pis. in an atlas— not seen]. Coscinopora Goldfuss [Fisherites ?], restricted by Blainville to species with characteristics similar to C. infundibuliformis, is described in the Madre- pore tribe. Receptaculites Defrance (included by Blainville in R. neptunii) from Chimay is de- scribed. The classification of Receptaculites is un- certain because it differs from Recent corals. Some of Goldfuss's Coscinopora [Receptaculites neptu- nii] species are included with Receptaculites. Te- tradium is similar to Receptaculites (pp. 693, 700- 701). 1863. Manual of Geology: Treating of the Prin- ciples of the Science with Special Reference to American Geological History, for the Use of Colleges, Academies, and Schools of Sci- ence. Theodore Bliss & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 798 pp., 984 text-figs., numer- ous tables, 1 map. Receptaculites neptuni Defrance occurs in the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Trenton or Hudson in the United States, Canada (Lake Winnipeg), and Europe. Receptaculites neptuni is found in the Up- per Silurian of the American Arctic and in Great Britain, Belgium, Eifel, and the United States. The "Receptaculite" limestone of the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Trenton beds in Missouri is men- tioned (pp. 224, 262, 383). NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 41 See also: Dana, J. D., 1 864[?], 1871,1 875[?], 1 880, and 1895. 1864 [?]. Manual of Geology: Treating of the Principles of the Science with Special Refer- ence to American Geological History, for the Use of Colleges, Academies, and Schools of Science, revised ed. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor and Co., New York, New York, and Chicago, Illinois, 800 pp. This is almost identical to Dana, J. D., 1863. See also: Dana, J. D., 1871, 1875[?], 1880, and 1895. 1871. Manual of Geology: Treating of the Prin- ciples of the Science with Special Reference to American Geological History, for the Use of Colleges, Academies, and Schools of Sci- ence, revised ed. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor and Co., New York, New York, and Chicago, Illinois, 800 pp. This is almost identical to Dana, J. D., 1863. See also: Dana, J. D., 1863, 1864[?], 1875[?], 1880, and 1895. 1875 [?]. Manual of Geology: Treating of the Principles of the Science with Special Refer- ence to American Geological History, for the Use of Colleges, Academies, and Schools of Science, 2nd ed. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor and Co., New York, New York, 828 pp., 1122 text-figs., 1 map. This is almost identical to Dana, J. D., 1863. See also: Dana, J. D., 1863, 1864[?], 1871, 1880, and 1895. 1879. On the Hudson River age of the Taconic schists, and on the dependent relations of the Dutchess County and western Connecticut limestone belts. American Journal of Science, vol. 17, 3rd ser., pp. 375-388, 3 text-figs., 1 map. Receptaculites occurs in the Ordovician (Tren- ton) Wappinger Valley (or Barnegat) Limestone near Poughkeepsie, New York (p. 381). 1880. Manual of Geology: Treating of the Prin- ciples of the Science with Special Reference to American Geological History, 3rd ed. American Book Co., New York, New York, 911 pp., 12 pis., 1162 text-figs., 1 map. The following sponges are listed: Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Calathium (?) pannosum Billings and C. anstedi (?) Billings from Point Levis and New- foundland; Receptaculites spp. from east Tennes- see; R. globularis and R. oweni from the [Ordo- vician] Galena Limestone of Wisconsin and Illinois; and Upper Silurian R. neptuni from the United States, Lake Winnipeg, the American Arc- tic, Great Britain, Eifel, and Belgium (pp. 1 90, 202, 209, 249). [Ordovician] R. calciferus from the Mingan Islands of Quebec is a possible rhizopod (p. 189). The [Ordovician] "Receptaculite lime- stone" from Missouri is mentioned (pp. 196, 378). See also: Dana, J. D., 1 863, 1 864[?], 1871,1 875[?], and 1895. 1895. Manual of Geology: Treating of the Prin- ciples of the Science with Special Reference to American Geological History, 4th ed. American Book Co., New York, New York, 1088 pp., 1575 text-figs., 2 maps. Receptaculites elegantulus is described and il- lustrated, and R. calciferus and Sphaewspongia tesselata are illustrated (pp. 497, 500, 597; text- figs. 597-598, 902a, b, c). The distribution of the following doubtful sponges is given: Receptacu- lites, R. elegantulus, R. calciferus, R. oweni, R. neptuni, R. globularis, R. iowensis, R. infundibu- liformis, Receptaculites sp., Pasceolus sp., Ischa- dites, I. bursiformis, and Sphaewspongia tessellata (pp. 513, 515-517, 524, 560, 562, 569, 584, 590, 596-597, 601). See also: Dana, J. D., 1863, 1864[?], 1871, 1875[?],and 1880. Daniels, Edward 1854. First Annual Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 84 pp., 2 cross sections. Coscinopora sulcata, the sun-flower coral, char- acterizes the [Ordovician] gray limestone in the lead-zinc region of Wisconsin (p. 1 5). 42 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Dapples, Charles C. See: Nitecki, M. H., and C. C. Dapples, 1975. D'Archiac, Vicomte See: Archiac, Vicomte d\ Darton, Nelson Horatio 1906. Fish remains in Ordovician rocks in Big- horn Mountains, Wyoming, with a resume of Ordovician geology of the northwest. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 17, pp. 541-566, pis. 73-79. Ordovician Receptaculites oweni occurs in the Fremont Limestone near Canon City, Colorado, in a fauna equivalent to the Lower Trenton of New York (p. 563). 1908. Paleozoic and Mesozoic of central Wyo- ming. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 19, pp. 403-474, pis. 21-30. Receptaculites oweni Hall occurs in the basal calcareous sandstone of the Ordovician Bighorn Limestone in the Wind River Mountains, Wyo- ming (p. 411). 1917. A comparison of Paleozoic sections in southern New Mexico. United States Geo- logical Survey Professional Paper 108-C, pp. 31-55, pis. 13-21, text-figs. 2-15. Calathium anstedi and C. cf. anstedi are listed from the Lower Ordovician El Paso Limestone of the Silver City region and the Sacramento and San Andres Mountains, respectively (p. 36). Receptac- ulites sp. from Dog Canyon and R. cf. oweni Hall from the Sacramento Mountains and the Franklin Mountains near El Paso are found in the Ordo- vician (Richmond) Montoya Limestone (pp. 39- 40). 1928. "Red beds" and associated formations in New Mexico, with an outline of the geology of the state. Bulletin of the United States Geo- logical Survey 794, 356 pp., 62 pis., 173 text- figs. Calathium anstedi Billings and C. cf. anstedi Billings are present in the Lower Ordovician El Paso Limestone in New Mexico near Silver City, in the San Andres Mountains and near Alamo- gordo (pp. 11, 185, 200). Receptaculites sp. is found in the upper member of the Upper Ordovician Montoya Limestone in the Sacramento Mountains (p. 200). David, Tannatt William Edgeworth 1 932. Explanatory Notes to Accompany a New Geological Map of the Commonwealth of Australia. Commonwealth Council for Sci- entific and Industrial Research, Sydney, 177 pp., 10 text-figs., 1 1 tables, maps, sections. The sponge Receptaculites australis is abundant in the Middle Devonian of the Murrumbidgee area, New South Wales (p. 51). It also occurs in Middle Devonian of Capertee, New South Wales, the Buchan and Bindi Formations in Victoria, and Middle-Upper Devonian Mt. Wyatt Series in Queensland (Table C, p. 51). David, Tannatt William Edgeworth, and W. R. Browne 1950. The Geology of the Commonwealth of Australia. Volume 1 . Edward Arnold & Co., London, 747 pp., 58 pis., 197 text-figs., 28 tables. Silurian Receptaculites sp. and R. fergusoni and Devonian Receptaculites sp., R. australis, and Sphaerospongia from numerous localities in Aus- tralia are listed; R. australis is figured (pp. 193, 197, 231-236, 241, 257-258; pi. 25, fig. f). Davis, Richard A., Jr. See: Ostrom, M. E., R. A. Davis, Jr., and L. M. Cline, 1970. Dawes, Peter R. 1976. Precambrian to Tertiary of northern Greenland; pp. 248-303, text-figs. 221-268. In Escher, Arthur, and W. Stuart Watt (eds.), Geology of Greenland. Geological Survey of Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark, 603 pp. A Middle Ordovician alga Receptaculites is found in the Gonioceras Bay Formation in Washington Land and the Borglum River Formation in Peary Land, northern Greenland. It also occurs in an unnamed Upper Ordovician formation in Hall Land-Wulff Land (pp. 270-272). See also: Peel, J. S., P. R. Dawes, and J. C. Troelsen, 1974. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 43 Dawson, John William 1865a. On the structure of certain organic re- mains in the Laurentian limestones of Can- ada. Quarterly Journal of the Geological So- ciety [London], vol. 21, pp. 51-59, pis. 6-7. Receptaculites is a foraminifer (p. 52). See also: Dawson, J. W., 1865b. 1865b. On the structure of certain organic re- mains in the Laurentian limestones of Can- ada. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist and Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Montreal, n. ser., vol. 2, pp. 99-111, 127— 128, 2 pis. This is identical to Dawson, J. W., 1865a. 1875. The Dawn of Life; Being the History of the Oldest Known Fossil Remains, and Their Relations to Geological Time and to the De- velopment of the Animal Kingdom. Hodder and Stoughton, London, 239 pp., 8 pis., 49 text-figs. Receptaculites, possibly allied to archaeocy- athids, is figured and described as probably an intermediate between foraminifers and sponges (pp. 162-164, figs. 46-48). 1888. Specimens of Eozoon canadense and their geological and other relations. Peter Redpath Museum Notes on Specimens, McGill Uni- versity, Montreal, Quebec, 106 pp., 16 text- figs. Receptaculites is probably a protozoan (p. 58). 1897. Note on Cryptozoan and other ancient fossils. Canadian Record of Science, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 203-219, 3 text-figs. Lower Ordovician to Carboniferous Receptac- ulites has been placed with foraminifers and sponges, but may be a survivor of an ancient type of protozoan (pp. 214-215). Debrenne, Francoise 1973. LesArcheocyathesIrreguliersd'Ajax Mine (Cambrien inferieur, Australie du Sud). Bul- letin du Museum National d'Histoire Natu- relle. 3e serie, no. 195, Septembre-Octobre 1973, Sciences de la Terre 33, pp. 195-258, 39 figs., 3 tables. [Radiocyathid] "Dictyocyathus" macdonnelli Bedford and Bedford is described and figured as an uncertain genus of archeocyathids from Lower Cambrian, Ajax Mine in South Australia (p. 196, fig. 4). 1977. Archeocyathes du Jbel Irhoud (Jebilets- Maroc). Bulletin Societe Geologique et Mi- neralogique de Bretagne, Ser. C, vol. 7, fasc. 2, pp. 93-136, 14 pis., 8 text-figs., 3 tables. Girphanovella Zhuravleva and IGirvanovella sp. are described and figured as Radiocyatha, family Girphanovellidae, from Cambrian, Lenian in Jbel Irhoud in Morocco (p. 128, pi. 5, fig. 2). See also: Nitecki, M. H., and F. Debrenne, 1979. Debrenne, Francoise, Henri Termier, and Gene- vieve Termier 1970. Radiocyatha. Une novelle classe d'orga- nismes primitifs du Cambrien inferieur. Bul- letin de la Societe geologique de France, 7 serie, tome 12, no. 1, pp. 120-125, pis. 4-6. The Lower Cambrian family Heterocyathidae, Radiocyathus, R. minor, R. major, and R. tertius are described and figured, and a new class Radio- cyatha is established. The tendency of Radiocy- athus to form skeletal plates similar to the struc- tural plan of archaeocyathids represents a specialization in rapport with archaeos. However, the mesenchymatous character of its skeleton also evokes a pattern similar to that of echinoderms. 1971. Sur de nouveaux representants de la classe des Radiocyatha. Essai sur 1'evolution des Metazoaires primitifs. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France, 7 serie, tome 13, nos. 3_4, pp. 439-444, pis. 29-30, 2 tables. Radiocyathids represent animals more primi- tive than sponges, and are possibly close to a pro- tozoan source of metazoa. They are without de- scendants, and are limited to the explosive period of archaeos. Their classification is as follows: class Radiocyatha Debrenne, Termier and Ter- mier 1971 Uranosphaeridae Bedford and Bedford 1936 Kuraya Romanenko 1968 K. sphaerica Romanenko 1968 44 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY K. hexaster (Bedford and Bedford 1934) Uranosphaera Bedford and Bedford 1934 U. polyaster Bedford and Bedford 1934 U. ramosa Bedford and Bedford 1936 Gonamispongia Korshunov 1968 G. ignorabilis Korshunov 1968 Girphanovellidae fam. nov. Blastasteria nov. gen. B. bedfordorum sp. nov. Girphanovella Zhuravleva 1967 G. girphanovae Zhuravleva 1967 All these lower Cambrian taxa are described and figured. Dechen, (Ernst] Heinrich [Carl] von 1 832. Handbuch der Geognosie von De la Beche. Nach der zweiten Auflage des Englische Ori- ginals bearbeitet von H. von Dechen. Berlin, 612 pp., 23 text-figs. Scyphia [Sphaerospongia] cornu copiae Gold- fuss is listed as a sponge (p. 5 1 7). 1884. Geologische und Palaeontologische Uebersicht der Rheinprovinz und der Provinz Westfalen. Bonn, 933 pp. Lower Middle Devonian Receptaculites sp. and lower Upper Devonian R. neptuni from Germany are listed (pp. 139, 182-185). Decker, Charles E. 1931. Detailed section of Simpson Groups I and II, Wichita, Arbuckle, and Ouachita Moun- tains of Oklahoma and the Ouachita Moun- tains of Arkansas, with Geologic Cross Sec- tions. Guide Book. Fifth Annual Field Conference. Kansas Geological Society, Wichita, Kansas, pp. 56-63. Receptaculites occurs in the Ordovician Bro- mide Formation of the Simpson Group in Okla- homa (pp. 56, 58). See also: Gould, C. N., and C. E. Decker, 1925. Decker, Charles E., and Clifford A. Merritt 1931. The stratigraphy and physical character- istics of the Simpson Group. Oklahoma Geo- logical Survey Bulletin, vol. 55, 112 pp., 15 pis., 2 text-figs. The following Ordovician sponges are found in the Simpson Group of Oklahoma: Receptaculites in the Oil Creek Formation; R. occidentalis Salter, Ischadites iowensis (Owen) and /. cf. iowensis in the Bromide Formation; and Ischadites sp. in the middle Viola Formation (pp. 21, 46, 48, 54, 59- 60, 68, 83-84). Receptaculites ranges from Oil Creek to the Viola Formation. Deecke, W. (Johannes Ernst Wilhelm ?J 1 90 1 . Ueber Hexagonaria v. Hag. und Gonio- lina Roem. Centralblatt fuer Mineralogie, Geologie, und Palaeontologie in Verbindung mit dem Neuen Jahrbuch fuer Mineralogie, Geologie, und Palaeontologie 1 90 1 , pp. 469- 473, 2 text-figs. Cyclocrinus, Mastopora and Coelosphaeridium are green algae (pp. 470, 473). Defrance, J. L. M. 1827. Receptaculite. Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles. Volume 45. F. G. Levrault, Stras- bourg and Paris, pp. 5-7, pi. 68, figs, la- Id. [Devonian] Receptacules n. gen. neptuni n. sp. from Chimay, Belgium, is described and figured as a polyp. De la Beche, Henry Thomas 1834. On the geology of Tor and Babbacombe Bays, Devon. Proceedings of the Geological Society [London], vol. 1, pp. 31-35. "A very singular fossil" [Sphaerospongia tes- sellata] is figured. It appears to have been attached in the manner of the Alcyonia; but whether it is a coral or an intermediate between the Crinoidea and Echinodermata, has not yet been determined (P. 32). 1835. On the geology of Tor and Babbacombe Bays, Devon. Transactions of the Geological Society [London], 2nd sen, vol. 3, pp. 161- 170, pis. 18-20. [Devonian Sphaerospongia tessellata] from Devon is figured (pi. 20, figs. 1-2). See also: Broderip, W. J., 1835. Delise, Knoxie Carlton See: Langenheim, R. L., Jr., J. A. Barnes, K. C. Delise, W. A. Ross, and J. M. Stanton, 1 956. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 45 Deloffre, Raoul See: Bassoullet, J.-P., P. Bernier, R. Deloffre, P. Genot, M. Jaffrezo, A.-F. Poignant, and G. Segonzac, 1975 and 1977. Bassoullet, J.-P., P. Bernier, R. Deloffre, P. Genot, M. Jaffrezo, and D. Vachard, 1979. Receptaculites occurs in the Devonian of Spina Kada, Afghanistan. Devine, Jack See: Craig, J., J. Devine, P. McGill, and R. Me- meley, 1967. Delury, Justin S. 1926. Wapawekka and Deschambault Lakes area, Saskatchewan. Geological Survey of Canada Summary Report, 1924, part B, pp. 23-50. Receptaculites oweni is found in Ordovician limestone near Bigstone and Limestone Lakes in Saskatchewan (p. 44). Demanet, Felix See: Maillieux, E., and F. Demanet, 1929. Denis, Theophile C. See: Dresser, J. A., and T. C. Denis, 1944. DeRance, Charles Eugene See: Feilden, H. W., and C. E. DeRance, 1878. Deshayes, Gerard Paul 1828. Receptaculite. Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle. Volume 14: PLA-ROY. Rey et Gravier, Paris, p. 486. Receptaculites is a polyp from Chimay, Belgium (p. 486). [This marks the change in spelling in Receptacules Defrance 1827, to Receptaculites.] Desparmet, Raymond See: Blaise, J., R. Desparmet, and A. F. de Lap- parent, 1971. Desparmet, Raymond, and Christian Montenat 1972. Les transgressions du Paleozoique en Ha- zarajat (Afghanistan central). Revue de Geo- graphic Physique et de Geologie Dynamique, Paris, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 397-414, 8 text-figs. Dewalque, Gustave 1874. Compte rendu de la reunion extraordi- naire de 1874 tenure a Marche du 4 ou 6 Octobre. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, vol. 1, 1874, pp. LXXVII-XCV, 1 text-fig. Receptaculites neptuni Defr. from the Devonian Frasnian stage at Givet, near Marche, Belgium, is listed (p. LXXXIV). Diemberger-Sironi, M. A. See: Vogeltanz, R., and M. A. Diemberger-Sironi, 1968. Dings, McClelland G., and Charles S. Robinson 1957. Geology and ore deposits of the Garfield Quadrangle, Colorado. United States Geolog- ical Survey Professional Paper 289, 1 10 pp., 1 5 pis., 8 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni is found in the Middle to Late Ordovician Fremont Dolomite in the Gar- field Quadrangle of Colorado (p. 1 3). Dixon, Lane P. See: Barnes, V. E., P. E. Cloud, Jr., L. P. Dixon, R. L. Folk, E. C. Jones, A. R. Palmer, and E.J. Tynan, 1959. Dorr, M. E. See: Johnson, J. H., and M. E. Door, 1942. Dow, Guy See: Odom, I. E., G. M. Wilson, and G. Dow, 1961a and 1961b. Odom, I. E., G. M. Wilson, G. Dow, T. C. Buschbach, W. C. Smith, and P. B. Du Montelle, 1964. 46 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Odom, I. E., G. M. Wilson, G. Dow, J. Kemp- ton, and G. Emrich, 1963. Dowling, Donaldson Bogart 1900. General Index to the Reports of Progress, 1863 to 1884. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (S. E. Dawson, printer), 475 pp. Ischadites canadensis Billings and Pasceolus halli Billings are listed (pp. 233, 336). 1898 [1901]. Report on the geology of the west shore and islands of Lake Winnipeg. Geolog- ical Survey of Canada Annual Report, 1898, n. ser., vol. 11, Rep. F, 100 pp., numerous text-figs. Receptaculites oweni Hall, Ischadites iowensis (Owen), and Pasceolus gregarius Billings are found in the Trenton (Galena) around Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba (pp. 38, 40, 45, 48, 64, 68-70, 72-73, 76, 78, 81,86). Drevermann, Fritz 1900. Die Fauna der oberdevonischen Tuff- breccie von Langenaubach bei Haiger. Jahr- buch der Koeniglich Preussischen geologisch- en Landesanstalt und Bergakademie zu Berlin fuer das Jahr 1900, vol. 21, pp. 99-207, pis. 12-16, numerous tables. The protozoan Receptaculites Neptuni Defr. is described and listed from Upper Devonian tuff- breccias in Langenaubach, Iberger Kalk, in Prussia (pp. 182, 184, 196, 206). Drewes, Harald 1963. Geology of the Funeral Peak Quadrangle, California, on the east flank of Death Valley. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 413, 78 pp., 2 pis., 14 text-figs., 12 tables. A sponge resembling Receptaculites is found in the Funeral Peak Quadrangle of Death Valley, in- dicating a probable Ordovician age (pp. 12-13). Doyle, Frank Larry 1965. Geology of the Freeport Quadrangle, Il- linois. Illinois State Geological Survey Cir- cular 395, 24 pp., 1 pi. (map), 5 text-figs., 8 sects. The sponge Receptaculites is found in the Ga- lena Ordovician Buckhorn, Fairplay, Mortimer, Rivoli, and Sherwood Members of the Dunleith Formation and the Stewartville Member of the Wise Lake Formation (pp. 4-5, 9-13). Dresser, John A., and Theophile C. Denis 1944. Geology of Quebec. Volume 2. Descrip- tive geology. Quebec [Province] Department of Mines. Geological Report 20, 544 pp., 44 pis., 41 text-figs., 4 maps. [Published also in French.] The following are listed: Receptaculites neptuni and R. occidentalis (?) from the Lake St. Jean- Saguenay area; R. occidentalis from the Ordovi- cian Trenton Limestone in Quebec; R.jonesi from the Lower Devonian Grand Greve Formation of Gaspe Peninsula; and Ischadites cf. squamifer from the Middle (?) Devonian Gaspe Sandstone of east- ern Gaspe (pp. 211, 213, 264, 325, 328). Cyclo- crinites intermedius from the Gun River Forma- tion of Anticosti is figured (pi. 39, fig. 8). Droste, John B. See: Shaver, R. H., and others, 1978. Drushchits, Vladimir Vasilyevich 1962. Klass (?) Receptaculida. Receptaculity; pp. 109-1 10, fig. 66. In Orlov, U. A., Paleonto- logia Besposvonochnych. Moskovskii Uni- versitet, Moskva, 468 pp., 421 figs. Upper Cambrian to Lower Carboniferous class Receptaculida is described in an addenda to sponges; Ordovician Ischadites murchisoni from the Baltic region and Devonian Receptaculites neptuni from the South Urals are figured. 1974. Paleontologia Besposvonochnych. Mos- kovskii Universitet, Moskva, 528 pp., 312 text-figs. Class (?) Receptaculita and family (?) Soanitidae are described as Metazoa of uncertain taxonomic position (pp. 163-164). Drushchits, Vladimir Vasilyevich, G. G. Astrova, R. L. Merklin, and V. N. Shimanskii 1962. Paleontologia Besposvonochnych. Mos- kovskii Universitet, Moskva, 468 pp., 421 figs. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 47 The sponge, Class (?) Receptaculida is described (pp. 109-1 10). Ordovician Ischadites murchisoni Eichwald from the Baltic region and Receptaculites neptuni Defrance from the Urals are figured (fig. 66). Dujardin, Felix 1849. Receptaculites. Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire Naturelle. Volume 10: PHO-REP. Martinet et Cie, Paris, p. 741. Receptaculites is a polyp. Du Montelle, Paul B. See: Odom, I. E., G. M. Wilson, G. Dow, T. C. Buschbach, W. C. Smith, and P. B. Du Montelle, 1964. Dun, William Sutherland See: Etheridge, R., Jr., and W. S. Dun, 1898. Dunbar, Carl O. See: Schuchert, C, and C. O. Dunbar, 1934. Duncan, Donald See: Lochman, C, and D. Duncan, 1944. from the Richmond [Ordovician] of Alaska and the western states, is mentioned (p. 262). Dwight, William B. 1879. On some recent explorations in the Wap- pinger Valley Limestone of Dutchess County, New York. American Journal of Science, 3rd ser., vol. 17, pp. 389-392. Receptaculites from the Ordovician Trentonian Wappinger Valley ("Barnegat") Limestone near Poughkeepsie, New York, is described (pp. 389- 390, 392). Dyer, William Spafford 1925. The paleontology of the Credit River sec- tion. Ontario Department of Mines 32nd An- nual Report, vol. 32, part 7, 1923, pp. 47-88, 7 pis. Pasceolus cf. camdenensis Foerste from the Er- indale or Streetsville Member of the Ordovician Richmond Formation, near Streetsville, Ontario, is described (p. 61). Eardley, Armand John 1965. General College Geology. Harper and Row, New York, New York, 499 pp., 5 pis., 547 text-figs. The sponge-like Receptaculites is an Ordovician index fossil (pp. 276-277, text-fig. 14-14). Durkoop, A., H. Mensink, and G. Plodowski 1967. Central and western Afghanistan and southern Iran; pp. 529-544, 4 text-figs., 2 ta- bles. In Oswald, D. H. (ed.), International Symposium on the Devonian System. Vol- ume 1 . Alberta Society of Petroleum Geolo- gists, Calgary, Alberta, 1055 pp., numerous text- figs. Upper Devonian Receptaculites neptuni from Doni Jarschi, Afghanistan, and Tabas, South Iran, is listed (pp. 541, 543). Dutro, J. Thomas, Jr. 1956. Annotated bibliography of Alaskan Pa- leozoic paleontology. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 1021-H, pp. 253- 287, 1 pi. Receptaculites sp., which resembles R. oweni Hall Earp, J. R. See: Mitchell, G. H., and others, 1962. East, Edwin H. 1966. Structure and stratigraphy of San Fran- cisco Mountains, western Utah. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Ge- ologists, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 901-920, 10 text- figs. Receptaculites mammillaris Walcott from the Middle Ordovician Pogonip Group in the San Francisco Mountains of west-central Utah is listed (p. 911). Eastman, Charles R. See: Zittel, K. A., 1896-1900 and 1913. 48 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Easton, William Heyden 1960. Invertebrate Paleontology. Harper and Brothers, New York, New York, 701 pp., nu- tmerous text-figs. Receptaculitids are placed with sponges of un- certain taxonomic position but may belong to another phylum. Receptaculites and Ischadites are discussed, and R. occidentalis, R. mammillaris, R. oweni, R. neptuni, and /. iowensis are illustrated (pp. 116-118, text-fig. 38). Eaton, Amos 1832 [1833]. Geological Text-Book for Aiding the Study of North American Geology: Being a Systematic Arrangement of Facts, Collected by the Author and His Pupils, under the Pa- tronage of the Hon. Stephen van Rensselaer, 2nd ed. Websters and Skinners, Albany, New York, 134 pp., 5 pis., 3 text-figs. Coscinopora from New York State [the first fig- ured North American receptaculitid] and C. mac- ropora, C. infundibuliformis (p. 132; pi. 5; text- figs. 64-65), and C. sulcata are described; they belong to the Reteporite family of the Radiata (pp. 43-44). See also: Wells, J. W., 1963. Edwards, Dianne See: Bassett, M. G., and D. Edwards, 1973. Edwards, H. Milne See: Milne-Edwards, H. Edwards, Wilfred Norman See: Currie, E. D., and W. N. Edwards, 1943. Eftekhar-Nezhad, J. See: Stoecklin, J., J. Eftekhar-Nezhad, and A. Hushmand-Zadeh, 1969. Egerod, Lois Eubank 1952. An analysis of the siphonous Chlorophy- cophyta with special reference to the Siphon- ocladales, Siphonales, and Dasycladales of Hawaii. University of California Publications in Botany, vol. 25, pp. 325-454, 42 pis., 23 text-figs. Ordovician Cyclocrinus belongs to the Dasy- cladales. Its phylogeny is discussed, and C. porosus is illustrated (pp. 340-341; pi. 39, fig. h). Eggler, David H. See: Chronic, J., M. E. McCallum, C. S. Ferris, Jr., and D. H. Eggler, 1969. Ehrenberg, Kurt 1960. Palaeozoologie. Springer- Verlag, Wien, 408 pp., 175 text-figs. The Ordovician to Carboniferous Receptaculi- tida, including Receptaculites and Ischadites, are sponges of uncertain taxonomic position. Eichwald, Edouard 1 840a. Ueber das silurische Schichtensystem in Esthland. Aus dem ersten und Zweiten Hefte der "Zeitschrift fuer Natur- und Heilkunde" der medizinischen Akademie zu St. Peters- burg besonders abgedrukt. St. Petersburg, 2 1 0 pp. This is identical to Eichwald, E., 1840c. 1 840b. O siluriskoi sisteme plastov v Estlandii sochinienie akademika Eichvalda. Iz 1 -i i 2-i knigi zhurnala vrachebnych i estestvennych nauk, Meditzinskoi Akademii, Osobenno na- pechatano. Sanktpeterburg, 243 pp. This is the Russian version of Eichwald, E., 1840c. 1 840c. Ueber das silurische Schichtensystem in Estland. Zeitschrift fuer Natur- und Heil- kunde. Hefte 1 und 2. Medizinischen Aka- demie zu St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, 210 pp. Mastopora concava n. sp. (pp. 204-205) and Re- ceptaculites orbis n. sp. (pp. 203-204) are de- scribed as corals. Cyclocrinites spaskii n. sp. (pp. 1 92-193), is described as a crinoid. Receptaculites orbis is compared with R. neptuni and Ischadites koenigii. All are from Estonia or the surrounding Baltic area. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 49 1 840d. Die Urwelt Russlands, durch Abbildun- gen erlaeutert. Heft 1. St. Petersburg, 106 pp., 4 pis. Coscinopora orbis Eichwald, Mastopora con- cava, and Cyclocrinites spaskii Eichwald from the Ordovician of Estonia are mentioned (p. 13). 1 840e. Ueber das silurische Schichtensystem in Estland. Journal fuer Natur- und Heilkunde, herausgegeben von der Kaiserlich mediko- chirurgischen Akademie zu St. Petersburg. Heft I, pp. 1-114. This is identical to Eichwald, E., 1840c, Part I. 1 840f. O siluriskoi sisteme plastov v Estlandii. Zhurnal vrachebnych i estestvennych nauk. Kniga I, pp. 1-134. This is Part I of Eichwald, E., 1840c. 1 840g. Sur le systeme silurien de l'Esthonie. St. Petersbourg, 222 pp. This is the French version of Eichwald, E., 1 840c. 1840h. Sur le systeme Silurien de l'Esthonie.— Journal de medicine et d'histoire naturelle publie par l'Academie Imperiale medicochir- urgicole de St. Petersbourg, I cahier, pp. 1- 124. This is the French version of Part I of Eichwald, E., 1840c. 1842a. Neuer Beitrag zur Geognosie Estlands und Finlands. Die Urwelt Russlands, durch Abbildungen Erlaeutert. Zweites Heft. Aka- demie der Wissenschaften, St. Petersburg, 1 84 pp. Cyclocrinites spaskii from the "Kalkstein" of Dagoe, Munelas, and Birkas in Estonia is de- scribed and figured and is compared with lscha- dites Murch. Receptaculites bronnii from Reval is compared with Receptaculites Defrance and 1s- chadites from the Ludlow Limestone. The zoo- phyte Tettragonis n. gen. murchisonii n. sp. is de- scribed and figured and is placed in the same family as the problematic Ischadites. Receptaculites orbis is listed. All are [Ordovician] probable corals (pp. 10, 32, 48-49, 80-83; pi. 1, figs. 8-9; pi. 3, fig. 18). 1 842b. Die Urwelt Russlands, durch Abbildun- gen erlaeutert. Zweites Heft. St. Petersburg. Gedruck bei der Kaisebl. Akademie der Wis- senschaften, 184 pp., 4 pis. The following Ordovician [receptaculitids] from Estonia are described and figured: Cyclocrinites spaskii, pp. 48-49, pi. 1, fig. 8, Receptaculites Bronnii, pp. 80-81, pi. 1, fig. 9, and Tettragonis Murchisonii, pp. 81-83, pi. 3, fig. 18. 1842c. Die Urwelt Russlands, durch Abbildun- gen erlaeutert. Zweites Heft. St. Petersburg, 183 pp. This is almost identical to Eichwald, E., 1842b. 1841a. O siluriskoi sisteme plastov v Estlandii. Zhurnal vrachebnych i estestvennych nauk. Kniga II, pp. 1-109. This is Part II of Eichwald, E., 1840c. 1842d. Neuer Beitrag zur Geognosie Estlands und Finlands. Die Urwelt Russlands, Heft II, pp. 1-138. This is almost identical to Eichwald, E., 1842a. 1841b. Sur le systeme Silurien de l'Esthonie.— Journal de medicine et d'histoire naturelle publie par l'Academie Imperiale medicochir- urgicole de St. Petersbourg, II cahier, pp. 1- 98. This is Part II of the French version of Eich- wald, E., 1840c. 1841c. Ueber das silurische Schichtensystem in Estland. Journal fuer Natur- und Heilkunde, herausgegeben von der Kaiserlich mediko- chirurgischen Akademie zu St. Petersburg. Heft II, pp. 1-96. This is identical to Eichwald, E., 1840c, Part II. 1842e. Oefver det siluriska lagersystemets re- lativa alder i Esthland och Sverige. Foerhand- lingar vid de Skandinaviske Naturforskarnes tredje Moete, i Stockholm den 13-19 Juli 1842, pp. 537-540. "Plant-animal" Receptaculites orbis and Mas- topora concava are listed from the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] of Estonia (p. 540). 1 843. Neuer Beitrag zur Geognosie Estlands und Finlands. Beitraege zur Kenntnis des Rus- sischen Reiches und der angrenzenden Laen- der Asiens. St. Petersburg, Bd. 8, pp. 1-138. Receptaculites bronnii is described. 50 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 1846. Geognozia. Preimushchestvenno v' ot- noshenii k' Rossii. Sanktpeterburg: Vingever, 572 pp., 2 pis. The following are listed: Receptaculites, R. Bronnii, R. orbis, R. neptuni, Mastopora concava, Tettragonis Murchisonii, Cyclocrinites Spaskii, Is- chadites altaicus. and Zamia (pp. 354, 359-360, 370, 375, 384). 1850. Atlas k paleontologii Rossii. Novyi pe- riod. St. Petersburg [14 lithographic plates]. Receptaculites orbis and Cyclocrinites spaskii are figured. 1854. Paleontologia Rossii. Dvernyi period. Sanktpeterburg. Tipografia Ja. Jonson, 245 pp. Kutorga's 1842 Zamia rossica from the grey- wacke limestone of the Altai Mountains is not a plant but a coral similar to Tettragonis from the greywacke limestone of Estonia (p. 168). 1855a. Lethaea Rossica ou Paleontologie de la Russie decrite et figuree. Atlas. Ancienne pe- riode. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 59 pis., with explanations. [The accompanying text, vol. 1 , was published in 1 860.] Receptaculites orbis, R. bronnii, Ischadites eich- waldi, I. altaicus, Tetragonis sulcata, T. parvipora, Mastopora concava, Escharipora recta, Cyclocri- nus exilis, and C. spaskii are figured (pi. 27, figs. 1-8; pi. 32, figs. 20-21). See also: Eichwald, E., 1860 and 1861. 1855b. Beitrag zur geographischen Verbreitung der fossilen Thiere Russlands. Alte periode. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Natura- listes de Moscou [Moscow], vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 433-466. The anthozoan family Receptaculitidae and its genera Escharipora Hall non d'Orb., Receptacu- lites, Ischadites, Tetragonis, and Mastopora are described. The following Russian species are de- scribed: Escharipora clathrata, Receptaculites or- bis, R. bronnii, Ischadites koenigii, I. altaicus, Tet- ragonis murchisonii, T. sulcata, T. parvipora, and Mastopora concava (pp. 463-466). 1855c. Lethaea Rossica ou Paleontologie de la Russie. Volume I, partie 1. Ancienne periode. Stuttgart, 268 pp. This is part of Eichwald, E., 1860. 1855d. Lethaea Rossica ou Paleontologie de la Russie. Volume 1. Ancienne periode. Atlas. Stuttgart. 23 Lithographic plates. This is part of Eichwald, E., 1855a. 1856. Beitrag zur geographischen Verbreitung der fossilen Thiere Russlands. Alte periode. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Natural- istes de Moscou [Moscow], vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 88-127. [Echinosphaerites] and Cyclocrinus are placed with Cystidea, and the following Russian species from the Grauwackenkalke are described: Echi- nosphaerites tessellatus Phill. from Altai and the Northern Urals, and Cyclocrinus spaskii Eichwald from Russia (pp. 122, 124). 1857. Beitrag zur geographischen Verbreitung der fossilen Thiere Russlands. Alte periode, 242 pp. This is the same as Eichwald, E., 1855b, 1856, and others, bound in one volume. 1860. Lethaea Rossica ou Paleontologie de la Russie, decrite et figuree. Volume 1 . Premiere section de l'ancienne Periode, contenant la Flore de l'ancienne Periode et la Faune jusqu'aux Mollusques. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 68 1 pp. [The accompanying atlas of 59 pis. was published in 1855.] The following Ordovician corals, the family Re- ceptaculitidae n. fam., from Russia are described: Receptaculites Defrance, R. orbis Eichwald (= Es- charites forniculosus Schloth.), R. bronnii Eich- wald, Tetragonis Eichwald, T murchisonii Eich- wald, T sulcata Eichwald, T parvipora Eichwald, Mastopora Eichwald, M. concava Eichwald, Es- charipora Hall, E. recta Hall, Ischadites Koenig [sic], /. eichwaldi Schmidt, and /. altaicus Eich- wald (pp. 427-439). Ordovician Cyclocrinus Eich- wald, C spaskii Eichwald, and C exilis Eichwald from Russia are described as crinoids (pp. 637- 640). Receptaculites neptuni, Coscinopora, C pla- centa, C sulcata, Ischadites koenigi, and Tetra- gonis danbyi are mentioned. Synonymies, geo- graphic distributions, and stratigraphic ranges are given for all described taxa. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 51 See also: Eichwald, E., 1855a. Eichwald, Eduard, 1861. Eichwald, Eduard [Edouard] 1861. Paleontologia Rossii. Dvernyi Period. II. Fauna grauvakkovoi, gornoisvestkovoi i m'distosladevatoi formacii Rossii. R. Golik, Byvshein, [and] Johnson, Sanktpeterburg, 521 pp. [With atlas of 38 pis.] The following [Ordovician] corals from Russia are described and some are figured: Receptaculit- idae n. fam., Receptaculites Defrance, R. orbis Eichwald (= Escharites forniculosus Schlotth.) (pi. 6, fig. 1), R. bronnii Eichwald (pi. 6, fig. 2), Is- chadites Koenig [sic], /. eichwaldi Schmidt (pi. 6, fig. 3), /. altaicus Eichwald (pi. 6, fig. 4), Escha- ripora Hall, E. recta Hall (pi. 6, fig. 8), Tetragonis n. gen., T. murchisoni Eichwald (pi. 3, fig. 18), T. sulcata Eichwald (pi. 6, fig. 5), T. parvipora Eich- wald (pi. 6, fig. 6), Mastopora n. gen., M. concava Eichwald (pi. 6, fig. 7). The following [Ordovician] crinoids from Russia are described and figured: Cyclocrinus n. gen., C. exilis Eichwald (pi. 1 1, fig. 20), and C. spaskii Eichwald (pi. 11, fig. 21). Re- ceptaculites neptuni Defrance, Ischadites koenigi Lonsd. [sic], Coscinopora, C. placenta, C. sulcata, Tetragonis danbyi, and Zamia are mentioned (pp. 81-87, 181-182). See also: Eichwald, E., 1855a and 1860. Einasto, R. F. See: Miagkova, E. I., H. E. Nestor, and R. F. Ei- nasto, 1977. Elias, Maxim K. 1947. Permopora keenae, a new Late Permian alga from Texas. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 46-58, pi. 18, 8 text-figs., 1 table. Nidulites, Pasciolus [sic], and Cerionites are mentioned (p. 55). Ordovician Mastopora {Nidu- lites) pyriformis (Bassler) is figured and compared with Permopora (p. 55; pi. 18, figs. 12-14). All belong to family Dasycladaceae. Elliott, Graham Francis 1968. Permian to Palaeocene calcareous algae (Dasycladaceae) of the Middle East. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Ge- ology, Supplement 4, 1 1 1 pp., 16 figs., 24 pis. Cyclocrineae Pia 1920 is listed as a dasyclada- cean tribe (p. 14). 1971. A new fossil alga from the English Silu- rian. Paleontology, vol. 14, part 4, pp. 637- 641, pis. 120-121, 1 text-fig. Older Palaeozoic Mastopora is a highly orga- nized and calcified dasycladacean (p. 641). 1 972. Lower Palaeozoic green algae from South- ern Scotland, and their evolutionary signifi- cance. Bulletin of the British Museum (Nat- ural History), Geology Series, London, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 358-377, 10 pis., 17 text-figs. Rietschel ( 1 969) believes that receptaculitids are an order of green algae, the Receptaculitales, dis- tinct from dasyclads. Ischadites sp. is illustrated and its plate orientation is compared to that of a modern non-calcified green alga, Dictyosphaeria. Dasycladaceous Mastopora (tribe Cyclocrineae) and Upper Ordovician M. parva and Lower Si- lurian M. fava are described and figured. The al- leged reproductive structures of M. parva are con- sidered inorganic. An early non-calcified growth stage of M. fava is described. All are from the Girvan area of southern Scotland. Ellis, Mary 1903. Index to publications of the New York State Natural History Survey and New York State Museum 1 837-1 902. Bulletin of the New York State Museum (of Natural History), 66, Misc. 2, 653 pp. Ischadites bursiformis, I. squamifer, Receptac- ulites bursiformis, R. infundibuliformis, R. mon- ticulatus, R. neptuniP., R. oweni and R. subturbi- natus, which appear in the publications of the New York State Natural History Survey and New York State Museum, are listed (pp. 581, 627). Ells, Robert Wheelock 1902. The district around Kingston, Ontario; pp. 172-185. In Bell, Robert, Summary re- port on the operations of the Geological Sur- vey for the year 1 90 1 . Geological Survey of Canada Annual Report, n. ser., vol. 14, 1901, Rep. A, 271 pp. Receptaculites is found in basal beds of the [Or- 52 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY dovician] Trenton Limestone near Kingston, On- tario (p. 179). 1907. Report on the geology and natural re- sources of the area included in the northwest quarter-sheet, number 122, of the Ontario and Quebec series, comprising portions of the counties of Pontiac, Carleton, and Renfrew. Geological Survey of Canada Separate Re- port, 977, 71 pp., 1 map. The Receptaculites beds represent either the lowest part of the [Ordovician] Trenton Forma- tion or beds below and transitional to the Trenton. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter occurs in these beds and in the [Ordovician] Black River For- mation near the Ottawa River in Canada (pp. 33, 36). Elwes, Major E. V. 1919. Sphaerospongia tessalata Phillips. Jour- nal of the Torquay Natural History Society, vol.2, 1915-1920, p. 291. The sponge Sphaerospongia tessalata Phillips is described from Lummaton and Wolborough [En- gland]. Ely, R. W. See: Pierce, R. W., R. W. Ely, R. D. Stieglitz, T. R. Courtright, and R. L. Langenheim, Jr., 1969. Emberger, Louis 1 944. Les Plantes Fossiles dans Leur Rapports avec les Vegetaux Vivants. Masson et Cie, Paris, 492 pp., 457 text-figs. Ordovician Apidium, Coelosphaeridium, and Mastopora, and Upper Ordovician Cyclocrinus belong to the dasycladaceous Tribe Cyclocrineae. General characters of the Cyclocrineae are listed (pp. 68, 74-75). Silurian Cyclocrinus and Masto- pora are also listed (p. 440). Ordovician Cyclocri- nus porosus is figured (fig. 42, p. 69). Emerson, Benjamin Kendall 1879. Appendix 3. On the geology of Frobisher Bay and Field Bay; pp. 553-583. In Nourse, Joseph Everett (ed.), Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition Made by Charles F. Hall: His Voyage to Repulse Bay, Sledge Journeys to the Straits of Fury and Hecla and to King William's Land. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 644 pp. A new species of Receptaculites unlike R. occi- dentalis or the species from the Galena Limestone, occurs in Silliman's Fossil Mount, Baffin Island. Receptaculites neptuni is found in King William's Land (pp. 553, 576). Emmons, Ebenezer 1855. American Geology, Containing a State- ment of the Principles of the Science, with Full Illustrations of the Characteristic Amer- ican Fossils. Volume 1, Part 2. Sprague and Co., Albany, New York, 251 pp., 18 pis., 84 text-figs. Receptaculites circularis n. sp. from the Loraine [Lorraine] Shale and R. neptuni Defrance are de- scribed, illustrated, and placed with the zoophytes, or corals (p. 230; pi. 14, fig. 1; text-fig. 82). I in rich. Grover See: Odom, I. E., G. M. Wilson, G. Dow, J. Kemp- ton, and G. Emrich, 1963. Endo, Riuji 1932. The Canadian and Ordovician formations and fossils of South Manchuria. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 1 64, 1 52 pp., 40 pis. Calathiumfrechi n. sp., a sponge from the Upper Canadian Santao Formation in Manchuria, is de- scribed and illustrated and compared with C ca- nadense Billings (pp. 18, 38; pi. 30, fig. 9; pi. 31, figs. 5-6). 1953. A summary of the geologic section in Manchuria. The Science Reports of the Sai- tama University, Urawa, Japan, ser. B, vol. l,no. 2, pp. 105-114. Calathium frechi Endo is a characteristic fossil of the Lower Ordovician Santao Formation in southern Manchuria. 1961. Phylogenetic relationships among the cal- careous algae; 53 pp., 17 pis., 7 tables. The Science Reports of the Saitama University. Series B (Biology and Earth Sciences), Com- memorative Volume Dedicated to Professor NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 53 Riuji Endo. Saitama University, Urawa, Ja- pan. The following Ordovician algae of the tribe Cy- clocrineae are described, figured, and their strati- graphic distribution given: Apidium, A. pygmacwn [sic] from Estonia; Cyclocrinus, C. spasskii from the Baltic region; Coelosphaeridium, C. cyclocri- nophilum, Mastopora, and M. concava from Es- tonia; and M. pyriformis (pp. 18-19, 22, 40; pi. 4, fig. 7; pi. 5, fig. 7; pi. 7, figs. 3, 9). The algae Gold- sonia, G. burntensis from the Clinton Pike Ann Formation, and Mastopora pyriformis are figured and described (p. 40; pi. 7, fig. 3; pi. 16, fig. 1). Phylogenies of all these taxa are given (table 2). Engler, [Heinrich Gustav] Adolf 1954. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien mit beson- derer Beruecksichtigung der Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Uebersicht ueber die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde, 12th ed. Mel- chior, Hans, and Erich Werdermann (eds.), Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 367 pp., 140 text-figs. The "Cyclocrineae," with six Palaeozoic genera, including Cyclocrinus, Coelosphaeridium, and Mastopora (p. 104) are listed as fossil dasyclada- cean algae. Erdtmann, Bernd-Dietrich, and Dennis R. Prez- bindowski 1 974. Niagaran (Middle Silurian) interreef fossil burial environments in Indiana. Neues Jahr- buch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie, Ab- handlungen, Stuttgart, Germany, Band 144, Heft 3, pp. 342-372, 1 1 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. from the Middle Silurian Mis- sissinewa Shale near Huntington in northern In- diana is listed and illustrated as a dasycladaceous alga (pp. 353, 358, 372, fig. 10.8). Etheridge, Robert See: Huxley, T. H., and R. Etheridge, 1865. Etheridge, Robert, [John?] Young, and Robert Etheridge, Jr. 1873. List of fossils. Explanations of sheet 3, Western Wigtownshire. Geological Survey of Scotland Memoir, pp. 29-34. Seven localities in southwestern Ayrshire, at which Silurian Nidulites favus Salter occurs, are listed (pp. 29-31, 33). Etheridge, Robert, Jr. 1878a. A Catalogue of Australian Fossils (in- cluding Tasmania and the Island of Timor) Stratigraphically and Zoologically Arranged. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 232 pp. The foraminifers Receptaculites australis Salter and R. clarkii Salter occur in the Upper Silurian [Devonian?] at Yarradong, near Yass Plains, New South Wales (p. 3). 1 878b. Palaeontology of the coasts of the Arctic lands (visited by the late British expedition under Captain Sir George Nares R.N., K.C.B., F.R.S.). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society [London], vol. 34, pp. 568-639, pis. 25-29. The sponge Receptaculites arcticus n. sp. from the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] at Cape Louis Napoleon and Cape Frazer in the Arctic Archi- pelago, Grinnell Land, is described and compared with R. occidentalis and R. neptuni. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter from the same beds at Cape Louis Napoleon is described (pp. 571, 575-577). 1888. Fossils of the British Islands Stratigraph- ically and Zoologically Arranged. Volume 1 . Palaeozoic. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 468 pp. The following British Silurian [Ordovician to Devonian] sponges are listed: Amphispongia ob- longa Salter, Ischadites antiquus Salter, /. grind- rodi Salter, /. koenigii Murchison, /. lindstroemi Hinde, /. tessellatus Salter, Nidulites favus Salter, Pasceolus goughii Salter, Receptaculites neptuni Defrance, Sphaerospongia hospitalis Salter, and Tetragonis danbyi McCoy; and Middle Devonian Sphaerospongia tesselata Phillips and Receptacu- lites neptuni (pp. 2-3, 136, 390, 427). See also: Etheridge, R., [John?] Young, and R. Ether- idge, Jr., 1873. Jack, R. L., and R. Etheridge, Jr., 1892. Nicholson, H. A., and R. Etheridge, Jr., 1 878- 1880. Etheridge, Robert, Jr., and William Sutherland Dun 1898. On the structure and mode of preserva- tion of Receptaculites australis Salter. Record 54 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, vol. 6, part 1, pp. 62-75, pis. 8-10. Devonian Receptaculites australis Salter from ten Australian localities is described and illustrat- ed. Ischadites, Acanthochonia, Receptaculites, R. clarkei Salter, R. neptuni Defrance, R. mammil- laris (Newberry) Walcott, R. elongatus Walcott, R. ellipticus Walcott, R. infundibuliformis, R. oc- cidentalis Salter, R. oweni Hall, and R. orbis are discussed. Ethington, Raymond L. See: Hintze, L. F., L. F. Braithwaite, D. L. Clark, R. L. Ethington, and R. H. Flower, 1969. Evans, Thomas A., Jr. See: Grosh, W. A., and T. A. Evans, Jr., 1959. Everett, Oliver See: Ulrich, E. O., and O. Everett, 1890. Fagerstrom, John Alfred 1 96 1 . The fauna of the Middle Devonian For- mosa Reef Limestone of southwestern On- tario. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 35, pp. 1- 48, 14 pis., 1 text-fig. Receptaculites sp. and Ehlersospongia n. gen. stellata n. sp. from a middle Devonian bioherm in southwestern Ontario are described and illus- trated as Receptaculitidae of uncertain phylum, class, and order (pp. 5, 22; pi. 3, figs. 21-24). Fairchild, Herman LeRoy See: LeConte, J., 1877. LeConte, J., and H. L. Fairchild, 1903. Fearnsides, William George 1905. On the geology of Arenig Fawr and Moel Llyfnant. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society [London], vol. 61, pp. 608-640, pi. 41,2 text-figs. Ischadites micropora Hall [Salter] is listed from the Ordovician Derfel Limestone at Garn, east of Arenig, North Wales (p. 627). Feilden, Henry Wemyss, and Charles Eugene De Ranee 1878. Geology of the coasts of the Arctic lands visited by the late British expedition under Captain Sir George Nares, R.N., K.C.B., F.R.S. Quarterly Journal of the Geological So- ciety [London], vol. 34, pp. 556-567, pi. 24. The Lower Silurian [Ordovician] of Norman- Lockyer Island, Grinnell Land, contains Recep- taculites occidentalis and R. arctica (p. 558). Fenton, Carroll Lane, and Mildred Adams Fenton 1958. The Fossil Book. A Record of Prehistoric Life. Doubleday and Co., Inc., New York, New York, 482 pp., numerous text-figs. Middle to Late Ordovician Receptaculites oweni Hall from the central United States and Wyoming and Ordovician Trentonian Ischadites iowensis (Owen) from central North America are illustrated (p. 65). Receptaculites is a problematic organism (P. 69). Fenton, Mildred Adams See: Fenton, C. L., and M. A. Fenton, 1958. Ferguson, Henry Gardner 1933. Geology of the Tybo District, Nevada. University of Nevada Bulletin, Mining and Geology Series, vol. 27, no. 3, 61 pp., 3 pis., 8 text-figs., 1 map. Receptaculites mammillaris is found in the Or- dovician Pogonip Formation in Nevada (p. 1 9). Ferris, Clinton S., Jr. See: Chronic, J., and C. S. Ferris, Jr., 1961 and 1963. Chronic, J., M. E. McCallum, C. S. Ferris, Jr., and D. H. Eggler, 1969. Field, Richard M. 1919. The Middle Ordovician of central and south central Pennsylvania. American Jour- nal of Science, 4th ser., vol. 48, art. 27, pp. 403-428, 3 text-figs., tables. Nidulites favus from the Chambersburg For- mation at Marion, Pennsylvania, and Receptac- ulites occidentalis from the Rodman and Cham- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 55 bersburg Formations of Pennsylvania and the Stones River and Trenton Formations are listed (p. 424). A Nidulites zone is mentioned. Fillman, Louise (Chairman, Lexicon Committee) 1958. Lexicon of Pre-Pennsylvanian Strati- graphic Names of West Texas and South- eastern New Mexico. West Texas Geological Society, Midland, Texas, 153 pp., 6 maps. A sponge, Calathium, is common in the Lower Ordovician El Paso Formation (p. 50). Finks, Robert M. 1 960. Late Paleozoic sponge faunas of the Texas region. The siliceous sponges. Bulletin of the American National Museum of Natural His- tory, vol. 120, art. 1, 160 pp., 50 pis., 77 text- figs. A Cambrian to Silurian Calathium Billings 1865 of uncertain affinities is excluded from the family Anthaspidellidae (p. 59). 1967a. S. A. Miller's Paleozoic sponge families of 1889. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 803-807. S. A. Miller (1889) placed Pasceolus Billings in family Pasceolidae Miller 1889, Cerionites Meek and Worthen and Receptaculites Defrance (= Se- lenoides Owen) in family Receptaculitidae Eich- wald 1860, and Calathium Billings in family As- tylospongiidae Zittel 1877; thus Miller places Pasceolus, Cerionites, and Receptaculites with the Receptaculitida and Calathium with the Porifera (pp. 804-805). 1967b. The structure of Saccospongia laxata Bassler (Ordovician) and the phylogeny of the Demospongea. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1 137-1 149, pis. 145-146, 5 text- figs. Lower Ordovician Nipterella, which was re- ferred to the lithistid group Rhizomorina by Hinde (1889), is probably an anthaspidellid related to Archaeoscyphia (p. 1145). 1967c. Porifera; pp. 333-341. In Harland, Wal- ter B., and others (eds.), The Fossil Record. A Symposium with Documentation Jointly Sponsored by the Geological Society of Lon- don and the Palaeontological Association. Geological Society of London, 827 pp. Receptaculitida, which may be algae rather than sponges, range from the Ordovician Arenig (ear- liest species Receptaculites calciferus Billings) to the Devonian Eifel (last species Sphaerospongia tesselata (Phillips) and Receptaculites neptuni Defrance) (pp. 334, 339-340). Ischadites iowensis (Owen) is included in the group, and its analysis as an alga by Kesling and Graham (1962) is cited. Calathium Billings, Amphispongia Salter, and Pi- rania Walcott resemble receptaculitids and may also be algae. 1970. The evolution and ecologic history of sponges during Palaeozoic times; pp. 3-22, 1 5 text-figs. In Fry, W. G. (ed.), The Biology of the Porifera. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, no. 25, 512 pp. The Receptaculitida are shallow-water sponges or algae that occur with algae and in reefs as con- stituents of the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devo- nian shelly facies and as Ordovician reef builders; they disappear after the Devonian (pp. 1 8-20, figs. 13-15). Ordovician Nipterella Hinde 1889 and Aphrosalpingoidea Miagkova 1955 are listed (pp. 7, 14). Finney, Stanley C, and Matthew H. Nitecki 1 979a. Galena Receptaculites oweni from Upper Mississippi River Valley. Abstracts with Pro- grams, Geological Society of America, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 229. The distribution and description of a green alga, Receptaculites oweni Hall, is given. 1 979b. Fisherites n. gen. reticulatus (Owen 1 844), a new name for Receptaculites oweni Hall 1861. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 750-753, 1 text-fig. Ordovician Orbitulitesl reticulata Owen 1844, and Receptaculites oweni Hall 1861, are a single species. Owen's name has priority. Since Orbitu- lites was applied to a Jurassic coelenterate, Fish- erites n. gen. is erected to encompass F. reticulata (Owen 1844), F. occidental 'is (Salter 1859), F. orbis (Eichwald 1860), F. arcticus (Etheridge 1878), and F. camacho (Nitecki and Forney 1978). Fisherites is defined and compared with other receptaculi- tids. Fischer, Alfred G. See: Moore, R. C, C. G. Lalicker, and A. G. Fi- scher, 1952. 56 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Osgood, R. G., Jr., and A. G. Fischer, 1960. Fisher, Daniel C, and Matthew H. Nitecki 1977. Life orientation and morphogenesis of re- ceptaculitids. Abstracts with Programs, Geo- logical Society of America, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 974-975. New skeletal elements in receptaculitids are added near the apical lacuna. In the living posi- tion, the lacuna is uppermost and the nearly closed end is lowermost. 1978. Morphology and arrangement of me- romes in Ischadites dixonensis, an Ordovician receptaculitid. Fieldiana: Geology, Field Mu- seum of Natural History, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 17-31,4 text-figs. Ischadites dixonensis (Miller and Gurley 1 896) from the Ordovician Galena Group of Illinois is described and illustrated. Ischadites iowensis, I. koenigii, I. barrandei, I. tenuis, and Receptaculites neptuni are discussed and are compared with /. dixonensis. Receptaculitids are believed to be al- gae. Fisher, Daniel Jerome 1925. Geology and mineral resources of the Jo- liet Quadrangle. Illinois State Geological Sur- vey Bulletin 51, 160 pp., 6 pis., 47 text-figs., 9 tables, 2 maps. Calathium sp. is figured as a sponge from the Silurian Niagaran Dolomite of Illinois (pi. 5, fig. 1). Fisher, Donald W. 1962. Correlation of the Ordovician rocks in New York State. New York State Museum and Science Service. Geological Survey Map and Chart Series, no. 3, map with text. Ordovician, Mohawkian Receptaculites in New York State ranges from middle Wilderness to mid- dle Barneveld and Pasceolus globosus occurs in the middle-upper Barneveld. 1977. Correlation of the Hadrynian, Cambrian, and Ordovician rocks in New York State. New York State Museum and Science Service. Geological Survey Map and Chart Series, no. 25, 75 pp., 5 pis., 76 text-figs. Pasceolus globosus is listed from the Middle Or- dovician Cobourg (now Denley) Limestone in New York State (p. 57). Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 13, 167 pp. Hypotypes of Middle Devonian Receptaculites australis Salter from New South Wales are housed in the Australian Museum (p. 1 7). Flint, Arthur E. See: Agnew, A. F., A. E. Flint, and J. W. Ailing- ham, 1953. Agnew, A. F., A. E. Flint, and R. P. Crump- ton, 1954. Allingham, J. W., A. E. Flint, and A. F. Ag- new, 1955. Flint, Arthur 1 .. and C. Ervin Brown 1955. Geology and zinc-lead deposits in the Du- rango area, Dubuque County, Iowa. United States Geological Survey Mineral Investiga- tions Field Studies Map, MF-33, map and text. Receptaculites zones occur in the Middle Or- dovician Galena Dolomite in Dubuque County, Iowa (fig. 2, table 3, and text). Florin, Rudolf 1929. Ueber einige Algen und Koniferen aus dem mittleren und oberen Zechstein. Sen- ckenbergiana, Band 11, no. 4, pp. 241-266, 5 pis., 6 text-figs. The Permian alga Calathella n. gen. and C. kraeuseli n. sp. are figured and described from Germany (pp. 254-255, pi. 3, figs. 8-10; pi. 4, figs. 6-9). [This is not Calathella, nor a receptaculitid.] Flower, Rousseau H. 1953a. Road log for pre-field trip excursion (Franklin Mountains and vicinity). Guide- book of Southwestern New Mexico. Fourth Field Conference. October 15-18, 1953. New Mexico Geological Society, pp. 11-14. Receptaculites from the Ordovician Montoya Group of New Mexico is reported (p. 1 3). NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 57 1953b. Franklin Mountains section. Guidebook of Southwestern New Mexico. Fourth Field Conference. October 15-18, 1953. New Mex- ico Geological Society, pp. 15-17. The Ordovician, Trentonian (?) Montoya Lime- stone and Dolomite in southwestern New Mexico contains conspicuous Receptaculites (p. 1 6). 1953c. Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of south- western New Mexico. Guidebook of South- western New Mexico. Fourth Field Confer- ence. October 15-18, 1953. New Mexico Geological Society, pp. 106-1 12. Receptaculites is reported from the Ordovician (late Trenton?) Upham Dolomite of the Montoya Group in New Mexico (p. 108). 1955. Pre-Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of south- ern New Mexico. Guidebook of South-Cen- tral New Mexico. Sixth Field Conference. No- vember 1 1-13, 1955. New Mexico Geological Society, pp. 65-70. Receptaculites from a Red River fauna in the Ordovician Upham Dolomite of the Montoya Group in southern New Mexico is reported (p. 68). 1957. Studies of the Actinoceratida. New Mex- ico State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Re- sources Memoir, 2, 101 pp., 13 pis., 5 text- figs. Receptaculites is common in the Middle Or- dovician Second Value Formation of the Montoya Group in New Mexico (p. 21) and in the Tren- tonian Ordovician of Quebec (p. 40). 1 96 1 . Part I— Montoya and related colonial cor- als; Part II— Organisms attached to Montoya corals. New Mexico State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir, 17, 124 pp., 10 text-figs. Receptaculites, a "real or supposed sponge," oc- curs in the Ordovician Second Value Formation of the Montoya Group in New Mexico (pp. 1 1- 1 2). Arctic Receptaculites is mentioned (p. 43). Range, Nevada, is a stratigraphic marker. Several sponge horizons have also been called Receptac- ulites horizons (pp. 106, 117-118, 145). 1965. Early Paleozoic of New Mexico; pp. 1 12- 131,5 text-figs. In Fitzsimmons, J. Paul, and Christina Lochman-Balk (eds.), Guidebook of Southwestern New Mexico II. New Mexico Geological Society. Sixteenth Field Confer- ence. October 1965. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, 244 pp. The Ordovician Red River fauna in the Upham Dolomite of the Second Value Formation (Mon- toya Group) in New Mexico contains large Re- ceptaculites. Similar faunas occur from New Mex- ico to Greenland, but the species differ (pp. 125- 1 26). Sphaerospongia (formerly ""Receptaculites") occurs in the late Middle (?) Devonian Onate For- mation of the Mud Springs Mountains, New Mex- ico (p. 128). 1968. Silurian cephalopods of James Bay low- land, with a revision of the family Narthe- coceratidae. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 164, 88 pp., 34 pis. Receptaculites from the Ordovician of King William Island, Arctic Canada, is reported (p. 1 1 ). 1969. Early Paleozoic of New Mexico and El Paso region; pp. 31-103, 5 text-figs. In LeMone, David V. (ed.), The Ordovician Symposium. Third Annual Field Trip. El Paso Geological Society, 1 26 pp. Ordovician Receptaculites from the Upham Do- lomite of the Montoya Group (p. 74) and the Sec- ond Value Formation (p. 80) of New Mexico, is listed. The receptaculitid Sphaerospongia is listed from the Devonian Onate Formation of New Mexico (p. 90). See also: Hintze, L. F., L. F. Braithwaite, D. L. Clark, R. L. Ethington, and R. H. Flower, 1969. Kottlowski, F. E., R. H. Flower, M. L. Thompson, and R. W. Foster, 1956. 1964. The nautiloid order Ellesmeroceratida (Cephalopoda). New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir, 12, 234 pp., 32 pis., 53 text-figs. A Receptaculites horizon in the Ordovician (Cassinian?) Pogonip Limestone in the Ely Springs Fluegel, Helmut 1959. Zeapora Penecke 1894: Eine Dasyclada- ceen-Gattung aus dem Mittel-Devon von Graz. Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Pa- lontologie Monatshefte Jahrgang 1959, no. 4, pp. 145-152, 2 text-figs. 58 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY The dasycladacean Cyclocrininae are listed (p. 150). 1961. Receptaculites neptuni Defr. 1827 from the Upper Devonian of Kuh-i-Shotori, East- Iran. Bulletin of the Iranian Petroleum Insti- tute, no. 4, pp. 75-81, 3 text-figs. Upper Devonian Receptaculites neptuni from the Kuh-i-Shotori, East-Iran, is described and il- lustrated and its distribution given (p. 78, figs. 1- 3). Foerste, August F. 1904. The Ordovician-Silurian contact in the Ripley Island area of southern Indiana, with notes on the age of the Cincinnati geanticline. American Journal of Science, 4th sen, vol. 18, no. 107, pp. 321-342, pi. 17, 1 text-fig. Pasceolus darwini Miller (? = Astylospongia tumidus James) from the Bellevue bed of the Or- dovician Maysville Formation in Kentucky is de- scribed, illustrated, and compared with P. inter- medins (pp. 303, 305; pi. 8, fig. 1). 1910. Preliminary notes on Cincinnatian and Lexington fossils of Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and Tennessee. Bulletin of the Scientific Lab- oratories of Denison University, vol. 1 6, pp. 17-87, 6 pis. Pasceolus camdenensis n. sp. from Ohio is de- scribed, figured, and compared with P. halli and P. globosus (pp. 85-86; pi. 2, fig. 6). Pasceolus darwini, P. gregarius, P. claudei, and P. interme- dius are mentioned. Pasceolus may consist of two distinct genera. 1912. The Ordovician section in the Manitoulin area of Lake Huron. Ohio Naturalist, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 37-48. Ordovician Receptaculites occidentalis is pres- ent in the Black River Cloche Island beds but not in the overlying Trenton on Cloche and Goat Is- lands in Lake Huron (pp. 40-41). Receptaculites occidentalis occurs in the Lower Trenton Curds- ville of Kentucky. 1913. The Mohawkian (Middle Ordovician) strata northeast of Manitoulin Island. Twelfth International Geological Congress. Toronto, 1912. Guide Books of Excursions in Canada, no. 5, Excursions in the Western Peninsula of Ontario and Manitoulin Island. Geological Survey of Canada, pp. 84-89. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is reported from the Ordovician Black River Limestones of Cloche Island, Ontario, but is absent in the Trenton of Goat Island (pp. 86-87). 1914. Notes on the Lorraine faunas of New York and the Province of Quebec. Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison Universi- ty, vol. 17, pp. 247-340, pis. 1-5. Pasceolus globosus Billings from the Ordovician Point Pleasant Limestone of Ohio is illustrated (p. 336; pi. 4, fig. 4). 1916. Notes on Cincinnatian fossil types. Bul- letin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison University, vol. 18, pp. 285-355, pis. 1-8. Pasceolus claudei Miller and P. tumidus James from the Cincinnatian Ordovician formations are figured and described; they may be conspecific with P. darwini. Plate structures and markings of P. globosus suggest a closer relationship to P. halli than to P. darwini. Pasceolus globosus is removed from the list of fossils from Kentucky and Ohio (pp. 287-290; pi. 3, figs. 1-2). Leptopoterion mam- miferum Ulrich from the Ordovician Maysville at Cincinnati, Ohio, is described as a sponge (pp. 291-292). 1 920. The Kimmswick and Plattin Limestones of northeastern Missouri. Bulletin of the Sci- entific Laboratories of Denison University, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 175-224, pis. 21-23. Receptaculites oweni is listed from the Ordo- vician Kimmswick Limestone south of Thebes, Illinois, and from Ralls and northern Pike Coun- ties, Missouri (pp. 177, 186-187, 190). 1921. Notes on Arctic Ordovician and Silurian cephalopods chiefly from Boothia Felix-King William Land, Bache Peninsula, and Bear Is- land. Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison University, vol. 1 9, pp. 247-306, pis. 27-35, 1 text-fig. Receptaculites oweni Hall, Calathium sp., and C. cf. pannosum Billings are listed from the Or- dovician of the North American Arctic and Bear Island (pp. 247, 253). 1924. Upper Ordovician faunas of Ontario and NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 59 Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada, Mem- oir 138, 255 pp., 46 pis., 14 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni Hall, R. cf. oweni Hall, and Ischadites iowensis (Owen) from the Ordovician Black River Limestone are listed from various lo- calities on the Precambrian Shield (pp. 14-15). Receptaculites oweni, R. occidentalis, and R. cf. oweni Hall are mentioned in a discussion of the equivalency of Receptaculites-bearing formations in North America (pp. 17, 21). Calathium sp. and C. cf. pannosum Billings are listed from Bear Is- land (p. 18). 1928. The cephalopods of Putnam Highland; pp. 25-69, 1 1 pis. In Gould, Laurence M., August F. Foerste, and Russell C. Hussey, Contributions to the geology of Foxe Land, Baffin Island. Contributions from the Mu- seum of Paleontology, University of Michi- gan, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 19-76, 17 pis., 1 text- fig., 1 map. Receptaculites sp. from the Ordovician (Tren- ton?) Red River Formation has been identified with R. neptuni Hall, R. occidentalis Salter, and R. oweni Hall but may be related to R. arcticus. Receptaculites pearyi from Cape Harrison and R. arcticus from Cape Louis Napoleon and Cape Fra- zer are mentioned (pp. 30-32). 1 929a. The Ordovician and Silurian of Amer- ican Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison University, vol. 24, pp. 27-79, pis. 2-3. Receptaculites oweni from the Black River Fau- na of Boothia Felix and Calathium sp. and C. cf. pannosum from Canadian exposures on Bear Is- land are listed (pp. 34, 58). 1929b. The cephalopods of the Red River For- mation of southern Manitoba. Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison Universi- ty, vol. 24, pp. 129-235, pis. 1 1-39. Ordovician Pasceolus gregarius, Receptaculites oweni, and Ischadites iowensis are listed from southern Manitoba (p. 131 ). Receptaculites oweni and /. iowensis occur in the Stewartville Forma- tion of Minnesota, the Red River Formation in Southern Manitoba and in Arctic and sub-Arctic areas, which also may contain Ischadites sp. and R. arcticus (pp. 126-127). 1935. Bighorn and related cephalopods. Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison University, vol. 30, pp. 1-96, 22 pis. Receptaculites cf. oweni is reported from the Or- dovician Whitewood Formation near Medicine Mountain, Wyoming (p. 10). Foerste, August F., and Thomas E. Savage 1927. Ordovician and Silurian cephalopods of the Hudson Bay area. Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of Denison University, vol. 22, pp. 1-107, pis. 1-24. Receptaculites cf. oweni is listed from Ordovi- cian Nelson-age (?) limestone north and northwest of Gypsum Point, Great Slave Lake, Canada (p. 20). Folk, Robert Louis See: Barnes, V. E., P. E. Cloud, Jr., L. P. Dixon, R. L. Folk, E. C. Jones, A. R. Palmer, and E. J. Tynan, 1959. Follmann, O. [Otto ?] 1 885. [Review of] G. J. Hinde: On the structure and affinities of the family of the Receptac- ulitidae, including therein the genera Ischad- ites, Murchison; (= Tetragonis Eichwald) Sphaerospongia, Pengelly; Acanthochonia gen. nov. and Receptaculites, Defrance (From the quarterly Journal ofgeol. soc. for Nov. 1884). Sitzungsberichte der niederrheinischen Ge- sellschaft fuer Natur- und Heilkunde in Bonn. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Ver- eines der preussischen Rheinlande, Westfa- lens und des Reg.-Bezirks Osnabrueck, 42 Jahrgang, pp. 16-28. This is a German summary of Hinde, G. J., 1884. Fonin, Victor D. See: Zhuravleva, I. T., N. M. Zadorozhnaja, D. V. Osadchaja, N. V. Pokrovskaja, N. M. Ro- dionova, and V. D. Fonin, 1967. Forney, Gerald G. See: Nitecki, M. H., and G. G. Forney, 1978. 60 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Foster, Merrill Frederickson, E. A. 1973. Ordovician receptaculitids from Califor- nia and their significance. Lethaia, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 35-65, 13 text-figs. Middle Ordovician receptaculitids from the Grapevine Mountains of Eastern California are highly variable intrapopulational variants of a sin- gle species and are tentatively assigned to Ischad- ites mammillaris (Walcott 1884). The variation is due to differences in the microenvironment and to the presence of several ontogenetic stages. Re- cent interpretations that regard the closed extrem- ity of the receptaculitid as the growing end are incorrect. Ischadites mammillaris and other re- ceptaculitids are described and tentatively consid- ered sponges. Foster, Roy W. See: Kottlowski, F. E., R. H. Flower, M. L. Thompson, and R. W. Foster, 1956. Fraas, Eberhard 1910. Der Petrefactensammler. Ein Leitfaden zum Sammeln und Bestimmen der Verstei- nerungen Deutschlands. K. G. Lutz' Verlag, Stuttgart, 249 pp., 72 pis., 139 text-figs. Silurian and Devonian Receptaculitidae are de- scribed as corals. Upper Devonian Receptaculites neptuni from Silesia is figured (p. 61, fig. 38). Fraunfelter, G. H. See: Unfer, L., Jr., and G. H. Fraunfelter, 1973. Freeh, Fritz 1897. Lethaea geognostica oder Beschreibung und Abbildung der fuer die Gebirgs-Forma- tionen bezeichnendsten Versteinerungen. I. Theil. Lethaea Palaeozoica. Z. Band. 1. Lie- ferung. E. Schweitzer-bart'sche Verlagshand- lung (E. Koch), Stuttgart, 256 pp., 13 pis., 31 text-figs., 3 maps, tables. Receptaculites occurs in the Lower Silurian [Or- dovician] Eureka Formation of Nevada and the lower Upper Devonian Frasnian, Fr2 of Belgium (pp. 43, 176). The Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Receptaculites limestone of Missouri is mentioned (pp. 82, 87, table 5). 1 96 1 . Pre-Pennsylvanian rocks of the Canon City area; pp. 133-142, 2 text-figs. In Berg, Robert R., and John W. Rold (eds.), Symposium on Lower and Middle Paleozoic Rocks of Col- orado. Twelfth Field Conference. South Cen- tral Colorado. Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists. 236 pp. The Upper Ordovician Fremont Formation in the Canon City area of Colorado contains Recep- taculites (?) and R. oweni Hall (pp. 138-139). Freeman, Tom [1966?]. Fossils of Arkansas: An Introduction to Paleontology Illustrated with Common Fossils of Arkansas. Arkansas Geological Commission, 53 pp., 12 pis., numerous text- figs., map. Receptaculites is illustrated as a sponge from Kimmswick Limestone of northern Arkansas (p. 22; pi. 2, fig. 1). Fritsch, F. E. 1948. The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae. Volume 1. Introduction, Chlorophy- ceae, Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bac- cilariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophy- ceae, Chloromonadineae, Euglenineae, Colourless Flagellata. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 791 pp., 245 text-figs. Ordovician Coelosphaeridium is a dasyclada- ceous alga, and C. cyclocrinophilum Roemer is figured (pp. 398-399, 439, fig. 128). Fritz, W. H. See: Aitken, J. D., W. H. Fritz, and B. S. Norford, 1972. Furnish, William M. See: Miller, A. K., and W. M. Furnish, 1937 and 1954. Gabrielse, Hubert, S. L. Blusson, and J. A. Rod- dick 1973. Geology of Flat River, Glacier Lake, and Wrigley Lake Map-areas, District of Mac- Kenzie and Yukon Territory. Geological Sur- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 61 vey of Canada, Memoir 366; part I: 153 pp., 45 pis., 18 text-figs., 4 tables, 3 maps; part II: 268 pp. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the basal mem- ber of the Middle Ordovician Sunblood formation in the District of MacKenzie and the Yukon Ter- ritory (pt. I, pp. 52-53, 57, fig. 16; pt. II, pp. 130, 138). Galloway, J. J. 1957. Structure and classification of the Stro- matoporoidea. Bulletin of American Paleon- tology, vol. 37, no. 164, pp. 339-480, 37 pis., 1 table. Ordovician or doubtfully Lower Silurian Re- ceptaculites is listed from Gornaya Shoria, west Siberia [from Radugin 1936] (p. 427). Gans, William T. 1974. Correlation and redefinition of the Good- springs Dolomite, southern Nevada and eastern California. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 85, pp. 189-200, 9 text-figs. Receptaculites, R. oweni, and the pleosponge Calathium (?) from the Mountain Springs For- mation of Red Rock Canyon, Nevada, are listed (pp. 196-198). The formational name "Mountain Springs" is new; the postulated Middle to Upper Ordovician age of the formation is based, in part, on the receptaculitid specimens found therein. Garwood, E. J. 1913. On the important part played by calcar- eous algae at certain geological horizons, with special reference to the Palaeozoic rocks. Geo- logical Magazine, n. ser., Dec. 5, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 490-498; no. 12, pp. 545-553, table 2. Ordovician Cyclocrinus and Apidium are listed as members of Dasycladaceae from the Baltic Provinces (p. 494, table 2). Geikie, Archibald 1882. Text-book of Geology. Macmillan and Co., London, 971 pp., 435 text-figs. Silurian [and Ordovician] Ischadites, Receptac- ulites, and Nidulites may be foraminifers. Am- phispongia is a Silurian sponge (p. 663). Recep- taculites is a well-known Devonian (?) fossil (p. 696). See also: Geikie, A., 1885 and 1893. 1 885. Text-book of Geology, 2nd ed. Macmillan and Co., London, 992 pp., 439 text-figs. This is similar to Geikie, A., 1 883. [In addition] Sphaerospongia occurs in the Lower Silurian [Or- dovician] Bala Limestone and Nidulites favus in the Silurian Lower Llandovery Group of England (pp. 661,668, 695). See also: Geikie, A., 1882 and 1893. 1893. Textbook of Geology, 3rd ed. Macmillan and Co., London, 1 147 pp., 471 text-figs. The entry on receptaculitids (pp. 741, 779) is similar to Geikie, A., 1882 and 1885. Geinitz, [Franz] Eugen 1888. Receptaculitidae und andere Spongien der mecklenburgischen Silurgeschiebe. Zeit- schrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesell- schaft. Berlin, Band 40, pp. 17-23, 3 text-figs. Lower Silurian [Ordovician through Devonian] receptaculitids from the glacial erratics of Ger- many and Poland are discussed. Ischadites is iden- tical to Receptaculites. Receptaculites aff. Ischa- dites koenigi Murchison is illustrated and compared with R. neptuni Defrance, R. jonesi Billings, R. bronni Eichwald, /. koenigi Murchison, and /. tes- selatus Winchell and Marcy. Cyclocrinus spaski Eichwald and Coelosphaeridium cyclocrinophilum Roemer are described as sponges. Hinde's (1884) interpretation that receptaculitids are sponges is upheld. Genot, Patrick See: Bassoullet, J.-P., P. Bernier, R. Deloffre, P. Genot, M. Jaffrezo, A.-F. Poignant, and G. Segonzac, 1975 and 1977. Bassoullet, J.-P., P. Bernier, R. Deloffre, P. Genot, M. Jaffrezo, and D. Vachard, 1979. Gerhard, Lee C. 1968. Pre-Pennsylvanian sediments, Canon City embayment, Colorado. Mountain Geologist, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 109-1 14, 2 text-figs. 62 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY The Ordovician, Cincinnatian Fremont Lime- stone in the Canon City embayment of Colorado contains a shallow marine benthic (subtropical?) fauna, including Receptaculites and Ischadites (?) (p. 113). Gerk, Arthur J. See: Levorson, C. O., and A. J. Gerk, 1972 and 1975. Gerk, Arthur J., and Calvin O. Levorson 1972. Revision of Galena stratigraphy. Geolog- ical Society of Iowa. Field Trip. 10 pp., 1 text- fig., 1 map. The Ordovician Galena Group in Winneshiek County, Iowa, contains Receptaculites oweni zones in the Sinsinawa and Stewart ville Members of the Wise Lake Formation and in the Fairplay and Mortimer Members of the Dunleith Formation. An Ischadites iowensis zone occurs in the Rivoli and Sherwood Members of the Dunleith Forma- tion (pp. 3, 8, text-fig.). Giebel, Christoph [Gottfried Andreas] 1866. Petrefacta Germaniae, tarn ea, quae in Museo Universitatis regiae borussicae Fri- dericiae Wilhelmiae rhenanae servantur quam alia quaecunque in museis hoeninghusiano muensteriano aliisque extant, iconibus et des- criptionibus illustrata. Repertorium zu Gold- fuss' Petrefacten Deutschlands. Ein Ver- zeichniss aller Synonymen und literavirschen Nachweise zu den von Goldfuss obgebildeten Arten. Leipzig, 122 pp. Coscinopora sulcata Goldfuss and C. placenta Goldfuss are synonyms of Receptaculites neptuni Bronn and Heliolites placenta M. Edwards, re- spectively. Giles, Albert W. 1927. The geology of Little North Mountain in northern Virginia and West Virginia. Journal of Geology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 32-57, 5 text- figs. Nidulites characterizes one faunal division of the Ordovician Chambersburg Limestone in northern Virginia (p. 44). Gill, Edmund D. 1942. On the thickness and age of the type Yer- ingian strata, Lilydale, Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, Melbourne, n. ser., vol. 54, no. 1, art. 3, pp. 21-52, pis. 4-6. A Lower Devonian hexactinellid sponge, Re- ceptaculites australis Salter, from Mooroolbark, New Zealand, is described and illustrated (p. 35; pi. 5, figs. 2, 4-5). Girty, George Herbert 1895 [1897]a. A revision of the sponges and coelenterates of the Lower Helderberg Group of New York. New York State Museum, 48th Annual Report of the Regents, 1894. Volume 2. University of the State of New York, Al- bany, New York, pp. 259-321, 7 pis., 1 table. RaufTs 1888 discussion of Receptaculites, Is- chadites, and Polygonosphaerites as summarized by Nicholson and Lydekker (1889) is reprinted. Receptaculites infundibuliformis (= R. monticu- latus Hall) from the Lower Helderberg Group of the Helderberg Mountains, New York, is de- scribed and illustrated. Receptaculites and Ischa- dites are subspherical and inclosed. Receptaculites was originally calcareous, probably aragonitic. Re- ceptaculites oweni (pi. 6, figs. 1-4) and R. neptuni are described and compared with R. infundibuli- formis (pp. 284-287). The generic characteristics of Receptaculites and Ischadites, sponges of un- certain position, are discussed (pp. 270-287; pi. 2, figs. 4-6; pi. 3, figs. 1-7; pi. 6, figs. 1-4). See also: Girty, G. H., 1895 [1897]b. 1895 [1897]b. A revision of the sponges and coelenterates of the Lower Helderberg Group of New York. Fourteenth Annual Report of the State Geologist for the Year 1894. James B. Lyon, State Printers, Albany, New York, pp. 259-321, 7 pis., 1 table. This is identical to Girty, G. H., 1895 [1897]a. Glenister, Brian F. 1963a. Burnett Inlet; pp. 179-184, columnar sects. 17-18. In Fortier, Yves Oscar (ed.), Ge- ology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Opera- tion Franklin). Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 320, 671 pp. Middle Ordovician Receptaculites sp. is listed from the upper limestone member of the Corn- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 63 wallis Formation at Burnett Inlet south of Devon Island, Northwest Territories (p. 183). 1963b. Sydkap Fiord; pp. 284-292, text-fig. 15, 1 table. In Fortier, Yves Oscar (ed.), Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archi- pelago, Northwest Territories (Operation Franklin). Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 320, 671 pp. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Ordovician Cornwallis Formation at Sydkap Fiord along the south coast of Ellesmere Island, Northwest Ter- ritories (p. 290). See also: Thorsteinsson, R., and B. F. Glenister, 1963. Glenister, Brian F., and Raymond Thorsteinsson 1963. Herschel Bay and Rigby Bay; pp. 195— 201, text-fig. 5, 1 table, columnar sect. 19. In Fortier, Yves Oscar (ed.), Geology of the north- central part of the Arctic Archipelago, North- west Territories (Operation Franklin). Geo- logical Survey of Canada, Memoir 320, 671 pp. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Ordovician Cornwallis Formation on the south coast of Devon Island, Northwest Territories (p. 198). Gnilovskaja, Marina Borisovna See: Gnilovskaya, Marina Borisovna. Gnilovskaya, Marina Borisovna 1967. Izvestkovye vodorosli srednego i pozd- nego ordovika vostochnogo Kazakhstana; pp. 1 14-117. /« Vozzhennikova, T. F., Z. I. Gle- zer, A. P. Zhuze (chief ed.), V. N. Saks, V. S. Zhezhukova-Poretzkaya (eds.), Iskopaemye Vodorosli SSSR. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Si- birskoe Otdelenie Instituta Geologii i Geofi- ziki, Nauka, Moskva, 147 pp. Mastopora n. sp. and Apidium n. sp. are found in the lower part of the Upper Ordovician Upper Caradoc in east Kazakhstan. Their stratigraphic and geographic distributions are discussed. See also: Gnilovskaya, M. B., 1969. 1968. Izvestkovye vodorosli srednego i pozdne- go ordovika vostochnogo Kazakhstana (128- paleontologija i stratigrafija). Avtoreferat dissertatsii, predstavlennoi na soiskanie uche- noi stepeni kandidata geologo-mineralogi- cheskih nauk. Novosibirskii gosudarstvennyi Universitet. Novosibirsk, 32 pp., 1 table. Ordovician, Carboniferous, and Permian sphaerical dasycladaceous algae of tribe Cyclocri- neae are described and listed from Ordovician Lower Upper Caradoc of West Kazakhstan and from the Ordovician of the Baltic area. Apidium Stolley 1896, A. parvulum n. sp., Mastopora Eich- wald 1840, and M. nana n. sp. are listed. Apidium parvum n. sp. and Mastopora nana are listed from the Upper Ordovician (Upper Caradocian) of Ka- zakhstan (pp. 7, 9-10, 18, 27, 30, table 1). 1969. Calcareous algae from the Middle and Upper Ordovician of east Kazakhstan; pp. 187-193. In Sarjeant, William A. S. (ed.), Fossil Algae of the USSR. Translated by G. K. Beedle. National Lending Library for Sci- ence and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorkshire, England, 243 pp. This is an English translation of Gnilovskaya, M. B., 1967. 1972. Izvestkovye vodorosli srednego i pozdne- go ordovika vostochnogo Kazakhstana [The calcareous algae of the Middle and the Late Ordovician of eastern Kazakhstan]. Akade- mia Nauk SSSR. Institut Geologii i Geo- khronologii Dokembria Leningrad, 195 pp., 15 pis., 58 text-figs., numerous tables. The following Ordovician Dasycladales (family Cyclocrineae) from the Baltic region are discussed: Coelosphaeridium Roemer, C. cyclocrinophilum Roemer, C. excavatum Stolley, C. wesenbergense Stolley, C. conwentzianum Kiesov, C. kohtlense Bekker, Mastopora Eichwald, M. fava Salter, M. parva Nicholson & Etheridge, M. pyriformis Bas- sler, M. odini Stolley, M. concava Eichwald, Cy- clocrinus Eichwald, C. spaskii Eichwald, C. jev- ensis Moskalenko, C. porosus Stolley, C. planus Stolley, C. roemeri Stolley, C. balticus Stolley, C. mickwitzi Stolley, C. schmidti Stolley, Apidium Stolley, A. krausei (Kiesov), A. sororis Stolley, A. pygmaeum Stolley, A. indicum Reed, and A. ro- tundum Hoeg; Ischadites Murchison and /. iowen- sis (Owen) (Dasycladaceae according to other au- thors) are discussed (pp. 9-1 1, 13-14, 26-28, 34- 35, 38, 67-72, 145-146, 159, 165, 167). Coelo- 64 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY sphaeridium Roemer (text-fig. 8), Cyclocrinus Eichwald (text-fig. 9), Mastopora Eichwald (text- figs. 10, 31), M. nana n. sp. (text-fig. 30, pi. 4, fig. 3), Apidium Stolley, and A. parvulum n. sp. (text- fig. 29, pi. 4, fig. 2) from Kazakhstan are described and figured. See also: Nikitin, I. F., M. B. Gnilovskaja, I. T. Zhu- ravleva, V. A. Luchinina, and E. I. Miag- kova, 1974. Gobbett, D. J. See: Jones, C. R., D. J. Gobbett, and T. Kobayashi, 1966. Goeppert, H. R. See: Bronn, H. G., H. R. Goeppert, and H. V. Meyer, 1848 and 1849. Goldfuss, [Georg] August 1 826-1 833. Petrefacta Germaniae, tarn ea, quae in Museo Universitatis regiae borussicae Fri- dericiae Wilhelmiae rhenanae servantur quam alia quaecunque in museis hoeninghusiano muensteriano aliisque extant, iconibus et des- criptionibus illustrata. Abbildungen und Bes- chreibungen der Petrefacten Deutschlands und der angraenzenden Laender, unter Mitwir- kung des Herrn grafen Georg zu Muenster, hrsg. von August Goldfuss. Band I, Lieferung I. Arns & Comp., Duesseldorf, 76 pp., 25 pis. Coscinopora placenta n. sp. [Receptaculites nep- tuni ?] from the Uebergangskalke, probably from Eifel, and C. sulcata [Receptaculites neptuni ?] from the Jurassic [sic], probably from Switzerland [sic] are described and figured as sponges or corals. Oth- er species of Coscinopora, including the lectotype, C. infundibuliformis, are described, but they are not receptaculitids. See also: Goldfuss, G. A., 1862. 1862. Petrefacta Germaniae, tarn ea, quae in Museo Universitatis regiae borussicae Fri- dericiae Wilhelmiae rhenanae servantur quam alia quaecunque in museis hoeninghusiano muensteriano aliisque extant, iconibus et des- criptionibus illustrata. Abbildungen und Bes- chreibungen der Petrefacten Deutschlands und der angraenzenden Laender, unter Mitwir- kung des Herrn grafen Georg zu Muenster, hrsg. von August Goldfuss. Zweite Auflage, Erster Theil, List und Franche, Leipzig, 3 vol. in 1, 234 pp., Atlas, 199 pis. The section on Coscinopora is identical to Gold- fuss, G. A., 1826. Goldring, Winifred 1931. Handbook of Paleontology for Beginners and Amateurs. Part 2. The Formations. New York State Museum Handbook 10, 488 pp., 62 text-figs. The Ordovician plant Receptaculites is de- scribed from the Silurian Clinton beds of New York (pp. 259, 309). 1935. Geology of the Berne Quadrangle. Bul- letin of the New York State Museum (of Nat- ural History), Albany, New York, 303, 238 pp. Species of calcareous algae Receptaculites and Ischadites are present in the Lower Devonian New Scotland Limestone near Clarksville, New York (p. 109). 1943. Geology of the Coxsackie Quadrangle, New York. Bulletin of the New York State Museum (of Natural History), 332, 374 pp., 71 text-figs., 3 maps. Ischadites bursiformis Hall from the Devonian Schoharie Grit of the Schoharie-Helderberg area is listed as a plant (p. 213). "Receptaculites" in- fundibuliformis (Eaton) Hall from the upper shaly limestone member of the Devonian New Scotland Formation in the Catskill area is listed as a sea- weed (p. 165). Golubic, Stjepko, and Elso S. Barghoorn 1977. Interpretation of microbial fossils with special reference to the Precambrian; pp. 1- 14, 5 text-figs. In Fluegel, Erik (ed.), Fossil Algae: Recent Results and Developments. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, 375 pp., numerous figs. Cell division may result in the formation of hollow balls as in the cyanophyte [sic] Coelosphae- ridium (p. 9). NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 65 Gosselet, Jules Auguste Alexandre 1880. Esquisse Geologique de Departement du Nord de la France et des Contrees Voisines. Fascicule 1 . Terrains Primaires [2nd ed.]. So- ciete Geologique du Nord, Lille, 168 pp., 22 pis. [The first edition published in Lille, 1 87 1- 1876, was not seen.] Receptaculites neptuni is a guide fossil for the lower Upper Devonian Frasnian (pp. 96-98, pi. 4, fig. 24). Gothan, Walther, and Hermann Weyland 1954. Lehrbuch der Palaeobotanik. Akademie- Verlag, Berlin, 535 pp., 450 text-figs. Cyclocrineae from the Baltic region, consisting of Silurian [Ordovician] Cyclocrinus and Coelo- sphaeridium, are described and Cyclocrinus is fig- ured (pp. 48-49, fig. 31). Gottsche, Carl 1883. Die Sedimentaer-Geschiebe der Provinz Schleswig-Holstein. Yokohama, 66 pp., 2 maps. Receptaculites orbis, R. cf. bronnii, Mastopora concava, Cyclocrinus spasskii, and Ischadites cf. koenigi are found in Ordovician glacial erratics in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (pp. 15, 19, 21). 1886. [Review of] Ferd. Roemer: Lethaea er- ratica oder Aufzaehlung und Beschreibung der in der norddeutschen Ebene vorkommenden Diluvialgeschiebe nordischer Sedimentaer- geschiebe. (Dames und Kayser, Palaeontolog. Abhandl. 2. Band Heft 5. Berlin 1885. 4°, 173 p. c. 11 Taf. und 3 Holzschn.). Neues Jahr- buch fuer Mineralogie, Geologie und Pa- laeontologie. Jahrgang 1 886, 1 Band, pp. 457- 460. Coelosphaeridium cyclocrinophilum from the Backsteinkalk in Holstein is compared with Cy- clocrinus and Receptaculites (p. 458). Gould, Charles N., and Charles E. Decker 1925. Index to the stratigraphy of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 35, 115 pp. Ischadites iowensis is listed from the upper part of the Ordovician Simpson Formation in the Ar- buckle and Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma (p. 14). Gould, Stephen Jay, and Michael Katz 1 975. Disruption of ideal geometry in the growth of receptaculitids: a natural experiment in theoretical morphology. Paleobiology, vol. 1 , no. 1, pp. 1-20, 12 text-figs., 4 tables. Morphogenesis, life orientation, intercalation of facets, morphology and taxonomic affinities of re- ceptaculitids, particularly Ischadites barrandei, are described. Ischadites mammalians [sic] (Ordovi- cian, California), /. abbottae, and /. koenigi are mentioned. Ischadites barrandei and /. hemi- sphaericus are figured. Grabau, Amadeus W. 1906. Guide to the geology and paleontology of the Schoharie Valley in eastern New York. Bulletin of the New York State Museum (of Natural History), 92 (Paleontology 13), pp. 77-386, 24 pis., 225 text-figs. Ischadites squamifer Hall from the [Devonian] Lower Helderberg Series of the Schoharie region, New York, and /. bursiformis Hall from the Scho- harie Grit in Albany County, New York, are listed as bryozoans (pp. 324-325). 1913. Preliminary report on the fauna of the Dundee Limestone of southern Michigan. Michigan Geological and Biological Survey Publications, 12 (Geological Series 9), Lan- sing, Michigan, pp. 327-378, 1 text-fig., 2 ta- bles. Receptaculites devonicus Whitfield is listed from the Middle Devonian Columbus Limestone of Ohio (p. 328). 1916. Comparison of American and European Lower Ordovicic formations. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 27, pp. 555-622, 10 text-figs. Canadian Calathium anstedti [sic] Billings, C. (?) pannosum Billings, Receptaculites calciferus Billings, and R. elegantulus Billings from the Dur- ness Limestone of Scotland are listed as sponges (p. 566). Nidulites favus (Salter) is listed from the Ordovician of North America (p. 577). 1920. A Comprehensive Geology. Part II. His- torical Geology. D. C. Heath and Co., Boston, 66 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY New York, and Chicago, 976 pp., text-figs. 735-1980, pis. and charts. Receptaculites, an Ordovician sponge of doubt- ful affinity, is described (pp. 30 1 , 548). Receptac- ulites oweni from the Galena Limestone and a gen- eralized Receptaculites are figured (fig. 1126, p. 300; fig. 1478, p. 546). See also: Grabau, A. W., 1921. 1921. A Textbook of Geology. Part II. Histori- cal Geology. D. C. Heath and Co., Boston, New York, Chicago, 976 pp., text-figs. 735- 1980, pis. and charts. This is identical to Grabau, A. W., 1920. 1936. Palaeozoic Formations in the Light of the Pulsation Theory. Volume 2. Cambrovician Pulsation. Part 1. Caledonian and St. Law- rence Geosynclines. National University of Peking Press, Peking, 751 pp., 1 pi., 42 text- figs. The following Ordovician sponges are listed: Nipterella paradoxica Billings from the Canadian Romaine in the Mingan Islands; Calathium affine Billings from the Canadian Beekmantown in Western Newfoundland; C. (?) passuosum [sic] Bil- lings from the Trematodian; C. (?) pannosum Bil- lings from the Skye in Scotland, Point Lewis, Ca- nadian in Newfoundland, Lewis Beds in the St. Lawrence area and on Bear Island; C. anstedi Bil- lings from the Canadian Beekmantown in New- foundland and from the Durness Limestone in northwestern Scotland; C. anstedti [sic] Billings from the Balnakiel and Skye Groups in Scotland and from the Ordovician in Newfoundland; C formosum Billings from the Beekmantown (Ca- nadian) in Western Newfoundland; C. cf. panno- sum Billings and Calathium sp. from the Hecla- hook Series on Bear Island; Receptaculites calciferus Billings from the Canadian Romaine on Mingan Island, from the Skye and the Durness Limestone in Scotland, and from the Beekmantown in the St. Lawrence area; R. elegantulus Billings from the Canadian Romaine on Mingan Island, from the Beekmantown in the St. Lawrence area and from the Skye and Durness in southwestern Scotland; Receptaculites sp. from Table Head and the Ca- nadian Beekmantown in western Newfoundland; and Nidulites from the Trenton in northern Ap- palachia (pp. 376, 497, 500, 549, 555, 575, 639, 670). 1937. Palaeozoic Formations in the Light of the Pulsation Theory. Volume 3. Cambrovician Pulsation. Part 2. Appalachian, Palaeocordil- lerian, Pre-Andean, Himalayan and Cathay- sian Geosynclines. National University of Peking Press, Peking, 850 pp., 58 text-figs., numerous plates and charts. The following Ordovician sponges are listed: Calathium from the Roubidoux and Jefferson City Formations in Missouri and from the Sarbach For- mation in the Clearwater Canyon section of Can- ada; C. frechi Endo from the Fengtien Wolungian (Canadian) in Manchuria; Calathium sp. from the Canadian Odenville in Appalachia, the Jefferson City and Cotter Limestones in Missouri, and the Sarbach Formation in the Canadian Rockies; Re- ceptaculites (?) and a Receptaculites-Mke form from the Sarbach Formation in the Clearwater Canyon section, Canada; Receptaculites sp. from the Sar- bach Formation in the Sinclair Canyon section, Canada; and Pasceolus mellijluus from the Cam- brovician [Ordovician] Spiti region, Himalaya (pp. 142, 222-223, 260, 395, 571, 644, 672). 1938. Palaeozoic Formations in the Light of the Pulsation Theory. Volume IV. Ordovician Pulsation. Part I. Ordovician Formations of the Caledonian Geosyncline, with a Review and Summary of the Skiddavian Pulsation System. Henri Vetch, Peking, 941 pp., 67 text- figs., 13 tables. The following Ordovician fossils are listed among sponges from various British, Norwegian and Es- tonian localities: Cyclocrinites spasskii (= C roe- meri), Ischadites micropora (bryozoan), Masto- pora concava, Nidulites favus, Receptaculites eichwaldi and R. orbis (pp. 269, 301, 337, 681, 722-724, 726, 734, 741, 796). Grabau, Amadeus W .. and Hervey W. Shimer 1906a. North American index fossils. Columbia University School of Mines Quarterly, vol. 27, pp. 138-243, 175 text-figs. This is identical to the first section of Grabau, A. W., and H. W. Shimer, 1909, except for pagi- nation. See also: Grabau, A. W., and H. W. Shimer, 1906b. 1906b. North American Index Fossils. Part 1. Protozoa, Porifera, Hydrozoa, and Anthozoa. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 67 New Era Printing Co., Lancaster, Pennsyl- vania, 106 pp., 175 text-figs. This is identical to the first section of Grabau, A. W., and H. W. Shimer, 1909, except for pagi- nation. See also: Grabau, A. W., and H. W. Shimer, 1906a. 1909. North American Index Fossils. Inverte- brates. Volume 1 . A. G. Seiler and Co., New York, New York, 853 pp., 1210 text-figs. The following sponges are described: Ordovi- cian Receptaculites oweni Hall (fig. 28) from the Galena Limestone of Illinois, Iowa, and Wiscon- sin; R. matnmillaris Walcott from the Pogonip Group (= Chazy) in Nevada; and R. (Ischadites) iowensis (Owen) (fig. 30) from the Galena Lime- stone of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; and Si- lurian Niagaran R. hemisphaericus Hall from Wis- consin and R. ohioensis Hall and Whitfield (fig. 29) from Ohio (pp. 18-19). See also: Grabau, A. W., and H. W. Shimer, 1 906a and 1906b. 1910. North American Index Fossils. Inverte- brates. Volume 2. A. G. Seiler and Co., New York, New York, 909 pp., text-figs. 1211- 1937. Upper Ordovician Receptaculites iowensis and R. oweni of the Upper Mississippi Valley, Lower Ordovician R. mammillaris of the Pacific prov- ince, and Lower Silurian R. hemisphaericus and R. ohioensis from the Michigan Basin are listed as Porifera (pp. 667, 674). Graham, Alan See: Kesling, R. V., and A. Graham, 1962. Grant, Ulysses Sherman 1905. Zinc and lead deposits of southwestern Wisconsin. Bulletin of the United States Geo- logical Survey, 260, pp. 304-310. The coral Receptaculites oweni Hall occurs in the Ordovician Galena Limestone of the lead and zinc region of Wisconsin (p. 307). 1906. Report on the lead and zinc deposits of Wisconsin with an atlas of detailed maps. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin, 14 (Economic ser. 9), 100 pp., 26 pis., 10 text-figs. The coral Receptaculites oweni is reported from the Ordovician Platteville (Trenton) and is par- ticularly abundant in two zones of the Galena Limestone of Wisconsin (pp. 37, 43-44). Grant, Ulysses Sherman, and Ernest F. Burchard 1907. Description of the Lancaster and Mineral Point Quadrangles. Geological Atlas of the United States, United States Geological Sur- vey, Lancaster-Mineral Point Folio, no. 145, 14 pp., 1 1 text-figs., 2 maps. Receptaculites oweni, present throughout the Ordovician Galena Limestone but particularly abundant in upper and lower zones, is reported from the Lancaster and Mineral Point Quadran- gles of extreme southwestern Wisconsin (pp. 5-7). Grant, Ulysses Sherman, and M. J. Perdue 1908. Milbrig sheet of the lead and zinc district of northwestern Illinois. Illinois State Geo- logical Survey Bulletin 8, pp. 335-343, 1 pi., 1 text-fig., 1 map. Receptaculites oweni is a common fossil in the Ordovician Galena Limestone (p. 339). Gray, John Edward 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceed- ings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 492-558, pis. 27-28. Sphaerospongia is within an order of siliceous sponges (Geodiadae and Placospongiadae) (p. 504). 1872. Notes on the classification of the sponges. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, in- cluding Zoology, Botany, and Geology, vol. 9, 4th ser., xlviii, Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 442-461. Order Sphaerospongia is described as a sponge (pp. 443-444, 459). Gray, Robert, [and J. Young] 1869. Specimens exhibited, January 7th, 1868. Proceedings (and Transactions) of the Natural 68 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY History Society of Glasgow, vol. 1, part 1, pp. 197-198. A rare cystidean, Ischadites kanigii [sic], from the Silurian of the Girvan district in Ayrshire, Scotland, is exhibited. Greacen, Katherine F. See: Ball, J. R., and K. F. Greacen, 1946. Greacen, Katherine I .. and John R. Ball 1944. Studies of Silurian fossils in the Thomas A. Greene Collection at Milwaukee-Downer College. Transactions of the Wisconsin Acad- emy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, vol. 36, pp. 415-419. The sponges Receptaculites, Ischadites, and Ce- rionites are present in Silurian, Niagaran rocks of Cook County, Illinois (p. 418). 1946. Silurian invertebrate fossils from Illinois in the Thomas A. Greene Memorial Museum at Milwaukee-Downer College. Milwaukee- Downer College Bulletin, 6 1 pp. The following Silurian sponges, Receptaculiti- dae, of uncertain systematic position, are housed at Milwaukee-Downer College: Receptaculites sp., R. hemisphericus (Hall), R. tesselatus (Winchell and Marcy), Ischadites sp. (or Receptaculites"?), Cerionites sp., C. dactyloides (Owen), and genus and species undetermined. Most of these are from Bridgeport and Hawthorne, Illinois, and from Ra- cine, Wisconsin (p. 1 1). Greife, John L., and Ralph L. Langenheim, Jr. 1963. Sponges and brachiopods from the Mid- dle Ordovician Mazourka Formation, Inde- pendence Quadrangle, California. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 564-574, pis. 63-65, 2 text-figs. Mastopora (?) sp. [now Cyclocriniles welleri Ni- tecki 1970b], a dasycladacean alga from the Mid- dle Ordovician Mazourka Formation of Inyo County, California, is described and figured and is compared with M. pyriformis and M. ovoides from the Middle Ordovician Chambersburg and Lenoir Limestones in Tennessee; Mastopora and Nidulites are discussed (pp. 566-567; pi. 63, fig. 4). Greiner, H. R. 1963a. Haughton Dome and area southwest of Thomas Lee Inlet; pp. 208-216, text-fig. 7, columnar sect. 21. In Fortier, Yves Oscar (ed.), Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Opera- tion Franklin). Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 320, 671 pp. Receptaculites cf. arcticus from the upper car- bonate member of the Ordovician Cornwallis For- mation and Receptaculites sp. from the Arctic Or- dovician fauna of the upper Cornwallis or lower Allen Bay Formation are found on northern Dev- on Island (pp. 211-212, columnar sect. 21). 1963b. Boat Point; pp. 216-219, text-fig. 8, co- lumnar sect. 22. In Fortier, Yves Oscar (ed.), Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Opera- tion Franklin). Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 320, 67 1 pp. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the upper do- lomite member of the Upper Ordovician Allen Bay Formation near Boat Point on the north coast of Devon Island, Northwest Territories (p. 218, columnar sect 22). Gripp, Karl 1964. Erdgeschichte von Schleswig-Holstein. Karl Wachholtz, Neumuenster, 412 pp., 57 pis., 1 map, numerous tables, 63 text-figs. Silurian Receptaculide [sic] is figured from the erratic kaolin sand of the Sylt Island (pi. 25, fig. lc). Groessens, Eric See: Coen-Aubert, M., E. Groessens, and R. Le- grand, 1980. Grosh, Wesley A., and Thomas A. Evans, Jr. 1 959. Zinc-ore mining and milling methods, Pi- quette Mining and Milling Co., Tennyson, Wisconsin. United States Bureau of Mines In- formation Circular, 7877, 16 pp., 5 text-figs., 2 tables. Receptaculites occurs in zones in the Prosser and Stewartville Members of the Middle Ordovician Galena Formation in the lead-zinc district of Wisconsin (p. 4, fig. 2). NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 69 Guembel, Carl Wilhelm von 1 876. Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Organisation und systematischen Stellung von Receptacu- lites. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Phy- sikalischen Klasse der Koeniglich Bayerisch- en Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munchen [Munich], vol. 12, part 1, pp. 167-215, 1 pi. The microscopic structures of Receptaculites are illustrated. Receptaculites is more closely related to Foraminifera (Rhizopoda) than to Spongozoa. Receptaculites neptuni Defrance, R. forniculosus Schlotheim, and Ischadites koenigi are figured. A bibliography and a history of study are provided. Localities, ranges, and synonymies are given for: R. australis, R. bronni, R. calciferous, R. cana- densis, R. carbonarius, R. elegantulus, R. fornic- ulosus, R. fungosus, R. globularis, R. hemisphae- ricus, R. infundibuliformis, R. insularis, R. jonesi, R. jowensis [sic], R. occidentalis, R. orbicularis, R. orbis, R. oweni, R. subturbinatus, Ischadites al- taicus, I. bohemica, I. eichwaldi, I. grindrodi, I. koenigi, I. occidentalis, I. tessellatus, Tetragonis sulcata, T. parvipora, T. danbyi, Escharites for- niculatus, Coscinopora placenta, C. sulcata, Es- charipora recta, and Scyphia cornucopiae. Ischa- dites and Tetragonis are closely related to Receptaculites on a specific if not a sub-specific level. Protospongia is a related form. See also: Anonymous, 1876. Guerich, Georg Julius Ernst 1900. Geologischer Fuehrer in das Riesenge- birge. Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 301 pp., 3 tables (pis.), 24 text-figs. A problematic Upper Devonian fossil, Recep- taculites neptuni, from the Mittelsudeten is figured (pp. 42-43, fig. 4). Gunia, Tadeusz 1968. Fauna, stratygrafia i warunki sedymen- tacji gornego dewonu depresji Swiebodzic. Geologia Sudetica, Polska Akademia Nauk, Zaklad Nauk Geologicznych, Warszawa, vol. 4, pp. 115-220, pis. 1-11. Receptaculites neptuni Defrance (phylum Porif- era, class Squamiferida, family Receptaculitidae) from the upper Devonian in the Swiebodzice Depression, Middle Sudetes, Poland, is described and illustrated (p. 144; pi. 2, figs. 2-5). 1970. The Swiebodzice Depression; pp. 364- 366, 1 text-fig. In Sokolowski, Stanislaw, Ste- fan Cieslinski, and Jan Czerminski (eds.), Ge- ology of Poland. Volume 1. Stratigraphy. Part I. Pre-Cambrian and Palaeozoic. Translated by Christina Kozlowska. Wydawnictwa Geo- logiczne, Warszawa, 65 1 pp. [This is a trans- lation of Sokolowski, Stanislaw, Barbara Slo- wahska, and Wanda Ruhle (eds.), 1968, Budowa Geologiczna Polski. Wyd. 1. Instytut Geologiczny, Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa— not seen.] The sponge (?) Receptaculites neptuni Defrance is present in Upper Devonian nodules in the Swie- bodzice Depression of Poland (p. 365). Gunn, William See: Peach, B. N., and others, 1907. Gurley, William F. E. See: Miller, S. A., and W. F. E. Gurley, 1896. Gusic, I. See: Herak, M., V. Kochansky-Devide, and I. Gusic, 1977. Gutschick, Raymond C. See: Rigby, J. K., and R. C. Gutschick, 1976. Haas, Hippolyt Julius 1887. Die Leitfossilien. Synopsis der geologisch Wichtigsten Formen des Vorweltlichen Tier- und Pflanzenreichs. Veit, Leipzig, 328 pp., 582 text-figs. Receptaculites and R. neptuni Defrance, De- vonian Receptaculitidae from Chimay, are de- scribed as problematic organisms. Receptaculites neptuni is figured (p. 15, fig. 26). Hacht, Elke von, and Hans Joachim von Hacht 1974. Sylt: Lavendelblauer ordovizisch-silu- rischer Hornstein Pfenniggeroelle aus der Kreide. Der Geschiebe-Sammler, Mitteilung- sheft der Sammlergruppe fuer Geschiebe- kunde. Jahrgang 8, Heft 3-4, pp. 19-28, 3 figs., 1 text- fig. 70 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Receptaculites is listed and Coelosphaeridium figured from the Ordovician erratics of Sylt (p. 19, pi. on p. 21). Hacht, Hans Joachim von See: Hacht, E. von, and H. J. von Hacht, 1974. Hadding, Assar 1 933. The Pre-Quaternary sedimentary rocks of Sweden. V. On the organic remains of lime- stones. A short review of the limestone form- ing organisms. Lunds Universitets Aarsskrift (Acta Universitatis Lundensis). N.F., Bind 29, Avd. 2, no. 4. Kungl Fysiografiska Saellskapet Handlingar, N.F., Bind 44, no. 4, 93 pp., 53 figs. Cyclocrinus and related Coelosphaeridium, Mastopora, and other dasycladaceans are a marked component of the Cambro-Silurian algal flora. These are known from abundant erratic boulders in East Balticum, particularly in the Wesenberg beds and in Sweden from the Leptaena limestone in Dalecarlia (p. 20). Cyclocrinus from an erratic boulder on the Island of Sylt is figured (fig. 6 on p. 18). Hague, Arnold 1882. Administrative report of Mr. Arnold Hague. 2nd Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1880-1881, pp. 21-35. Three species of Receptaculites, including R. gumbeli [nomen nudum] from the Pogonip Lime- stone, are present in the Cambrian [Ordovician] of the Eureka mining district, Nevada (p. 30). 1883. Abstract of report on the geology of the Eureka district. 3rd Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey to the Sec- retary of the Interior, 1881-1882, pp. 237- 290, pis. 24-25. Three species of Receptaculites, including abun- dant R. mammillaris Newberry [in Walcott, 1884], are reported from the Silurian [Ordovician] Po- gonip Group of the Eureka district, Nevada (p. 261). 1 892. Geology of the Eureka district, Nevada. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, vol. 20, 419 pp., 8 pis., 9 text-figs. Receptaculites ellipticus Walcott, R. elongatus Walcott, and R. mammillaris Newberry [in Wal- cott, 1884] from the Ordovician Pogonip Lime- stone are found in various localities in the Eureka area (pp. 51-54, 60, 109, 115, 131, 134, 191, 195, 197, 322). These species are excellent Pogonip in- dex fossils because of their abundance and re- stricted vertical range (pp. 120, 123-124, 127). Haime, Jules See: Milne-Edwards, H, and J. Haime, 1850. Hall, C. W., and Frederick W. Sardeson 1892. Paleozoic formations of southeastern Minnesota. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 3, pp. 331-368, pis. 10-12. Receptaculites iowensis Owen and R. oweni Hall from the Orthisina bed and R. oweni from the Maclurea bed of the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Galena Limestone in Minnesota are listed (pp. 364- 365). Hall, James 1847. Palaeontology of New York. Volume 1. Containing Descriptions of the Organic Re- mains of the Lower Division of the New York System (Equivalent of the Lower Silurian Rocks of Europe). Natural History of New York. Part 6, Volume 1. [Published by au- thority of the State of New York], C. van Benthuysen (printer), Albany, New York, 338 pp., 87 pis. Receptaculites neptunii (?) and a new species cy- athiformis of undetermined genus are described and illustrated as corals from the [Ordovician] Trenton Limestone at Carlisle, Pennsylvania (pp. 68-69, 72, 323; pi. 24, figs. 3a, b, c, d; pi. 25, figs. 6a, b, c). Receptaculites neptuni is compared with the figures of the original Coscinopora sulcata Goldfuss and C sulcata from the lead-bearing limestones of the West (footnote, p. 69). 1851. Lower Silurian System— continued; pp. 140-151. In Foster, John Wells, and Josiah Dwight Whitney, Report on the Geology of the Lake Superior Land District. Part 2. The Iron Region, Together with the General Ge- ology. United States 32nd Congress. Special Session. March 1851. Senate Executive Doc- ument no. 4. Printed by A. Boyd Hamilton, Washington, [D.C.], 406 pp. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 71 The principal fossil in the Lower Silurian [Or- dovician] Galena Limestone of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois resembles a Coscinopora, but is prob- ably a Receptaculites (p. 147). 1858. Geology of Iowa: general reconnaissance; pp. 45-146, text-figs. 4-1 1, 3 maps. In Hall, James, and Josiah Dwight Whitney, Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Iowa: Embracing the Results of Investigations Made During Portions of the Years 1855, 56 and 57. Volume 1. Part 1. Geology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Iowa, [Albany, New York], 472 pp. Receptaculites occurs in the [Ordovician] Tren- ton Limestone at Gutenberg and Elkader Mills, Iowa (pp. 58-59, 61). 1859a. Palaeontology. Volume 3. Containing Descriptions and Figures of the Organic Re- mains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany Sandstone. 1855-1859. Part 1. Text. Natural History of New York. Part 6, Volume 3. [Published by authority of the State of New York], C. van Benthuysen (printer), Albany, New York, 532 pp., numerous text- figs. Dictyocrinus n. gen. (= Dictuocrinites Conrad) squamifer n. sp. from the [Devonian] Lower Hel- derberg Group at Schoharie, New York, are de- scribed. Their relations with the Crinoideae or Cystidae are doubtful, but satisfactory determi- nation of their affinities cannot be made. Recep- taculites (Sphaeronites) rhombifer Roemer is men- tioned as a similar form (p. 135). See also: Hall, J., 1861b. 1859b. Catalogue of the species of fossils, de- scribed in volumes I, II, and III of the Pa- laeontology of New York; with the correc- tions in nomenclature, as far as determined to the present time. Twelfth Annual Report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York, on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the Historical and Antiquarian Collection Annexed Thereto. Charles van Benthuysen, printer to the Leg- islature, Albany, New York, pp. 63-96. Receptaculites neptunii is a valid name for the fossil described and illustrated by Hall (1847, p. 74). "Genus (?) cyathiformis" described and il- lustrated by Hall 1847, if proven distinct from Receptaculites, is assigned to Selenoides cyathi- f or mis. Receptaculites is discussed (p. 76). 1 86 1 a. Report of the superintendent of the Geo- logical Survey [of Wisconsin], Exhibiting the Progress of the Work. January 1, 1861. E. A. Calkins & Co., State Printers, Madison, Wis- consin, 52 pp. Receptaculites [Selenoides Owen] and the fol- lowing species are described: R. iowene [sic] Owen [Orbitolites reticulata Owen], R. oweni n. sp. [Cos- cinopora sulcata Owen], R. fungosum n. sp., and R. globulare n. sp., all from the [Ordovician] Ga- lena Limestone of the lead region of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois, and R. infundibulum n. sp. and R. hemisphericum n. sp. from the [Silurian] Nia- garan of Racine, Wisconsin (pp. 11-17). Owen's (1852) descriptions of Selenoides and S. iowensis are included. European Receptaculites neptuni and the similar American form R. occidentalis are mentioned. See also: Whitfield, R. P., 1895. 1861b. Palaeontology. Volume 3. Containing Descriptions and Figures of the Organic Re- mains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany Sandstone. 1855-1859. Part 2. Plates. [Published by authority of the State of New York], C. van Benthuysen (printer), Al- bany, New York, 120 pis. Dictyocrinus squamifer is figured (pi. 7A, figs. 11, 13). See also: Hall, J., 1859a. 1862a. Appendix D. Contributions to palaeon- tology; comprising descriptions of new species of fossils, from the Upper Helderberg, Ham- ilton, and Chemung Groups. Fifteenth An- nual Report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York, on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the Historical and Antiquarian Collection Annexed Thereto. [Published by authority of the State of New York], Charles van Ben- thuysen (printer), Albany, New York, pp. 27- 193, 11 pis. 72 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Conrad's 1 84 1 figure of Dictuocrinites (pi. 1 1 , fig. 22) is reproduced, but not referred to in the text. 1 862b. Physical geography and general geology; pp. 1-72, numerous text-figs. In Hall, James, and Josiah Dwight Whitney, Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Wisconsin. Volume 1 . Printed by authority of the Leg- islature of Wisconsin, [Albany, New York], 455 pp. Receptaculites oweni, a "lead coral" character- istic of the [Ordovician] Galena Limestone in Wis- consin, is illustrated (p. 46, fig. 2). 1862c. Palaeontology of Wisconsin. Remarks upon the condition of the fossils in the rocks of the several formations. Catalogue of fossils known in the Palaeozoic formations of Wis- consin, with observations upon some of the known species, and descriptions of several new forms; pp. 425-442. In Hall, James, and Jo- siah Dwight Whitney, Report on the Geolog- ical Survey of the State of Wisconsin. Vol- ume 1 . Printed by authority of the Legislature of Wisconsin, [Albany, New York], 455 pp. Receptaculites fungosus, R. globularis, R. iowen- sis, and R. oweni from the [Ordovician] Galena Limestone and R. hemisphericus and R. infundib- ulus from the [Silurian] Racine Limestone of Wis- consin are listed as Foraminifera or alcyonoid cor- als (?) of uncertain taxonomic position (pp. 428- 429). 1863a. Notice of some new species of fossils from a locality of the Niagara Group, in In- diana; with a list of identified species from the same place. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. 4, art. 1 2, 34 pp. Advance sheets. Receptaculites subturbinatus n. sp. from the [Si- lurian] Niagaran at Waldron, Indiana, is described as a foraminifer (?). It resembles R. hemisphericus of the Niagara in Wisconsin (pp. 30-31). See also: Hall, J., 1864. 1863b. Appendix D. Article 4. Note on the geo- logical range of the genus Receptaculites in American Palaeozoic strata. Sixteenth An- nual Report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York, on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the Antiquarian and Historical Collection Annexed Thereto. [Published by authority of the State of New York], Comstock and Cas- sidy (printers), Albany, New York, pp. 67-69. The following species of Receptaculites are listed and their geographic ranges discussed: Devonian Receptaculites sp. from the Schoharie Grit; Upper Silurian [Devonian] R. infundibuliformis Eaton from the Lower Helderberg Group; [Silurian] R. infundibulum Hall, R. hemisphericus Hall, and R. subturbinatus Hall from the Niagara Group; Low- er Silurian [Ordovician] R. oweni Hall, R. iowensis Owen, R. fungosus Hall, and R. orbicularis Hall from the Galena Limestone; and R. occidentalis Salter (= (?) R. neptuni) from the Trenton Lime- stone. Eaton's description of Coscinopora infun- dibuliformis is given. Receptaculites sp. from the Schoharie Grit is described and compared with Coscinopora sulcata Eaton; it is similar to R. nep- tuni Defrance, as described by British palaeontol- ogists. 1 864. Notice of some new species of fossils from a locality of the Niagara Group, in Indiana; with a list of identified species from the same place. Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. 4, art. 12, pp. 195-228. This is identical to Hall, J., 1863a, but with different pagination (Receptaculites on pp. 224- 225). 1867 [1868]. Appendix K. Article 19. Account of some new or little known species of fossils from rocks of the age of the Niagara Group. Twentieth Annual Report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York, on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the Historical and Antiquarian Collection Annexed Thereto. [Published by authority of the State of New York], C. van Benthuysen and Sons Printing House, Al- bany, New York, pp. 305-401, pis. 10-25. Receptaculites hemisphaericus Hall and R. in- fundibulus Hall (= Ischadites tessellatus Winchell and Marcy) from the [Silurian] Niagaran in Wis- consin, Iowa, and Illinois are listed as foraminifers (p. 395). See also: Hall, J., 1868a and 1871. 1868a [1870]. Appendix M. Article 3. List of NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 73 fossils of the Niagara Group, occurring in the Wisconsin, Illinois and Iowa limestones. Twentieth Annual Report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York, on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the Historical and Antiquarian Collection Annexed Thereto, Revised edi- tion. Printed by order of the Assembly. C. van Benthuysen and Sons (printers), Albany, New York, pp. 435-438. This is identical to Hall, J., 1867 [1868], except for pagination. See also: Hall, J., 1871. 1868b [1870]. Descriptions of new or little- known species of fossils from rocks of the age of the Niagara Group. Twentieth Annual Re- port of the Regents of the University of the State of New York, on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the Historical and Antiquarian Collection An- nexed Thereto, Revised edition, appendix M, pp. 347-438, pis. 10-25. Receptaculites hemisphaericus Hall and R. in- fundibulus Hall (= Ischadites tessellatus Winchell and Marcy) from limestones of the [Silurian] Ni- agara Group in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois are listed with foraminifers (p. 435). 1871. List of fossils of the Niagara Group, oc- curring in the Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa limestones. Organic Remains of the Niagara Group and Associated Limestones. Geologi- cal Survey of the State of Wisconsin, 1859— 1 863. Palaeontology. Part Third. [C. van Ben- thuysen and Sons (?), Albany, New York], pp. 91-94. This is identical to Hall, J., 1867 [1868], except for pagination. See also: Hall, J., 1868a [1870]. 1875. The fauna of the Niagara Group in central Indiana. Twenty-eighth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History, by the Regents of the University of the State of New York. Documentary Edition. With- out text. [Published by authority of the State of New York], Weed, Parsons and Company, Albany, New York, 32 pis. and explanations. This is identical to plates in Hall, J., 1879b. 1879a. Descriptions of New Species of Fossils, from the Niagara Formation at Waldron, In- diana. J. Munsell, Printer, Albany, New York, 20 pp. [Advance sheets of Hall, 1882a.] Receptaculites sacculus n. sp., a protozoan from the [Silurian] Niagara Formation at Waldron, In- diana, is described (pp. 1-2). See also: Hall, J., 1882a. 1879b. The fauna of the Niagara Group, in cen- tral Indiana. Twenty-eighth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural His- tory, by the Regents of the University of the State of New York. State Museum Edition. [Published by authority of the State of New York], Weed, Parsons and Company (print- ers), Albany, New York, pp. 99-203, pis. 3- 34, 6 text-figs. A Niagaran [Silurian] protozoan, Receptaculites subturbinatus, from Conn's Creek at Waldron, De- catur County, Indiana, is described and illustrated (pp. 99, 103; pi. 3, figs. 1-3). Receptaculites sub- turbinatus is similar to R. hemisphericus of the Niagara Formation in Wisconsin. See also: Hall, J., 1875. 1882a [1883]. Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Niagara Formation at Wal- dron, Indiana. Transactions of the Albany In- stitute, vol. 10, pp. 57-76, 1 text-fig. This is identical to Hall, J., 1879a, except for pagination; Receptaculites is on pp. 57-58. 1882b. Descriptions of the species of fossils found in the Niagara Group at Waldron, In- diana. Indiana Department of Geology and Natural History. Eleventh Annual Report, 1881. Indianapolis, Indiana, pp. 217-345, 36 pis. The protozoans Receptaculites subturbinatus Hall and R. sacculus Hall are described and illus- trated from the Niagaran [Silurian] at Waldron, Indiana (pp. 221-222; pi. 1, fig. 5; pi. 2, figs. 1- 3). Receptaculites subturbinatus is similar to R. hemisphericus of the Niagara of Wisconsin. 74 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 1 883a. Fossil corals and bryozoans of the Lower Helderberg Group and fossil bryozoans of the Upper Helderberg Group. State of New York. Report of the State Geologist for the Year 1882. Weed, Parsons and Company, Legis- lative Printers, Albany, New York, 17 pp., 61 pis. Receptaculites squamifer Hall, R. monticulatus n. sp., and R. infundibuliformis Eaton from the Lower Helderberg Group and R. bursiformis n. sp. from the Schoharie Grit, all of New York, are figured (pis. 23-24). 1883b. Palaeontology. Van Cleve's fossil corals. Indiana Department of Geology and Natural History. Twelfth Annual Report, 1882. W. B. Burford, State Printer, Indianapolis, Indiana, pp. 239-270, pis. 1-14, text-figs. The original descriptions and figures of Recep- taculites (of Billings 1865c) and R. oweni (of Hall 1861) are given (pp. 243-246). Receptaculites ow- eni from the Trenton of Iowa is figured (pi. 1 , fig. 1). 1883c. Appendix A. List of Niagara fossils from Waldron, Indiana, arranged in table cases in the State Museum of Natural History, Sep- tember 1882. Thirty-sixth Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural His- tory, by the Regents of the University of the State of New York. [Published by authority of the State of New York], Weed, Parsons and Company, Albany, New York, pp. 21-25. Receptaculites subturbinatus Hall and the type of R. sacculus Hall from the Niagaran [Silurian] at Waldron, Indiana, are in the New York State Museum of Natural History (p. 21). 1 895a [ 1 897]. Report of the State Geologist. New York State Museum. Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Regents, 1894. Volume 2. Uni- versity of the State of New York, Albany, New York, pp. 9-29. Ischadites squamifer Hall and Receptaculites in- fundibuliformis Eaton are listed as sponges from the Lower Helderberg of New York (p. 1 6). See also: Hall, J. 1895b. 1895b [1897]. Report of the State Geologist. Fourteenth Annual Report of the State Ge- ologist for the Year 1894. James B. Lyon, State Printer, Albany, New York, pp. 9-29. This is identical to Hall, J., 1895a. Hall, James, and John Mason Clarke 1898a [1899]. A Memoir on the Palaeozoic Re- ticulate Sponges Constituting the Family Dic- tyospongidae. [New York State Museum Memoir 2. University of the State of New York.] Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., State Printers, New York and Albany, 350 pp., 70 pis., 45 text-figs. Tetragonis Eichwald is closely related to Is- chadites Murchison. Tetragonis danbyi, T. mur- chisonii, and T. eifeliensis are mentioned in an annotated bibliography of the Dictyospongidae (pp. 41,43,45,48, 72). See also: Hall, J., and J. M. Clarke, 1898b, 1898c, and 1899. 1898b [1 899]. A Memoir on the Palaeozoic Re- ticulate Sponges Constituting the Family Dic- tyospongidae. Part I. University of the State of New York. Memoir no. 2. New York State Museum. 49th Annual Report of the Regents, 1895. Volume 3. Report of State Geologist and Field Assistants. Albany, New York, pp. 741-984, pis. 1-47. This is identical to part 1 of Hall, J., and J. M. Clarke, 1898a. 1898c [1899]. A Memoir on the Palaeozoic Re- ticulate Sponges Constituting the Family Dic- tyospongidae. Part I. 1 5th Annual Report of the State Geologist for the year 1895. Albany, New York, pp. 741-984, pis. 1-47. This is identical to part 1 of Hall, J., and J. M. Clarke, 1898b. 1899. A Memoir on the Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges Constituting the Family Dictyospon- gidae. Part II. University of the State of New York. New York State Museum. 50th Annual Report of the Regents, 1896. Volume 2. Al- bany, University of the State of New York, pp. 341-448, pis. 48-70, figs. 18-45. This is identical to part 2 of Hall, J., and J. M. Clarke, 1898a. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 75 Hall, James, and George B. Simpson 1887. Palaeontology. Volume 6. Corals and Bryozoa: Text and Plates Containing Descrip- tions and Figures of Species from the Lower Helderberg, Upper Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. Natural History of New York. [Pub- lished by authority of the State of New York], Charles van Benthuysen and Sons, Albany, New York, 298 pp., 66 pis. The following Devonian sponges from New York are described and illustrated: Receptaculites in- fundibuliformis (Eaton) Hall (= R. monticulatus Hall) from the Lower Helderberg near Clarksville; Ischadites squamifer (= Dictyocrinus squamifer Hall, = Receptaculites squamifer Hall) from the Lower Helderberg at Schoharie; and /. bursiformis (= R. bursiformis Hall) from the Schoharie Grit in Albany and Schoharie Counties (pp. 290-292; pi. 24, figs. 1-14). Hall, James, and Robert Parr Whitfield 1875a. Descriptions of invertebrate fossils, mainly from the Silurian System. Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio. Volume 2. Geology and Palaeontology. Part 2. Palaeon- tology. Published by authority of the Legis- lature of Ohio. Nevins and Myers, State Print- ers, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 65-179, pis. 1-9, 11-13. A foraminifer Receptaculites ohioensis n. sp. from the Silurian Niagara Group at Yellow Springs, Ohio, is described, illustrated, and compared to R. hemisphericus Hall (p. 123; pi. 6, fig. 1). The young R. ohioensis resembles R. globularis from the [Ordovician] Galena Limestone. See also: Hall, J., and R. P. Whitfield, 1875b. 1875b. Beschreibung von fossilen wirbellosen Thieren, vorwiegend aus dem silurischen Sys- tem. Bericht ueber die Geologise he Auf- nahme von Ohio. 2. Band. Geologie und Pa- laeontologie. II. Theil. Palaeontologie. Brand and Co., Columbus, Ohio, pp. 65-160, pis. 1-9, 11-13. This is a German translation of Hall, J., and R. P.Whitfield, 1875a. Hall, Wayne E. 197 1 . Geology of the Panamint Butte Quadran- gle, Inyo County, California. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 1 299, 67 pp., 1 pi., 14 text-figs., 4 tables. Receptaculites cf. elongatus Walcott is found in the Early and Middle Ordovician Pogonip Group of central Inyo County, California (p. 1 5). Hall, Wayne E., and E. M. Mackevett, Jr. 1962. Geology and ore deposits of the Darwin Quadrangle, Inyo County, California. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 368, 87 pp., 10 pis., 34 text-figs., 10 tables. "Receptaculites" (?) sp. is reported from the Lower to Middle Ordovician Pogonip Group of Inyo County, California (p. 8). Halle, T. G. 1954. De utdoeda vaexterna. Vaexternas Liv Populaervetenskaplig handbok. Foerlagshu- set Norden AB, Malmoe, pp. 200-308, text- figs. 101-170. The Ordovician to Silurian dasycladacean Cy- clocrinites is described (p. 235) and Ordovician C. porosus is figured (fig. 123). Ham, William E. See: Toomey, D. F., and W. E. Ham, 1967. Ham, William E., and Donald Francis Toomey 1966. Carbonate mounds in the Lower Ordo- vician of West Texas and southern Oklahoma [abstr.]. Program. 1966 Annual Meetings. November 14-16, 1966. San Francisco, Cal- ifornia. Geological Society of America, Boul- der, Colorado, pp. 83-84. The quasi-sponge Calathium is listed from Low- er Ordovician carbonate mounds in western Texas and southern Oklahoma. See also: Ham, W. E., and D. F. Toomey, 1968. 1968. Carbonate mounds in the Lower Ordo- vician of West Texas and southern Oklahoma [abstr.]. Geological Society of America Spe- cial Papers, no. 101, pp. 83-84. This is identical to Ham, W. E., and D. F. Toomey, 1966. 76 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY I lansman. Robert H .. and Harold W. Scott 1967. Catalog of Worthen type and figured specimens at the University of Illinois. Jour- nal of Paleontology, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 101 3— 1028. Paceolus (?) [sic] dactyliodes (Owen), Receptac- ulites formosus Meek and Worthen, R. globularis (Hall ?) and Receptaculites sp., described and il- lustrated by Meek and Worthen, are housed at the University of Illinois in Urbana. Him smaii. Robert II.. Frederick C. Shaw, and Wayne A. Pettyjohn 1962. Supplement to the Catalog of the Type Specimens of Fossils in the University of Cincinnati Museum. University of Cincin- nati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 131 pp. A plasto-hypotype of Receptaculites australis Salter from the Devonian Baton River beds of New Zealand is housed in the University of Cin- cinnati Museum (p. 107). Hanson, George F. 1 956. Guidebook for the Twentieth Annual Tri- State Geological Field Conference. Upper Mississippi Zinc-Lead District. [Wisconsin Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin ?], 22 pp., 6 text-figs. The Middle Ordovician Galena Formation con- tains a lower Receptaculites oweni zone and an Ischadites zone in the Prosser Member and an upper Receptaculites oweni zone in the Stewart- ville Member (pp. 2, 4, 6, 12, 20). Harbour, Robert L. 1972. Geology of the northern Franklin Moun- tains, Texas and New Mexico. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 1298, 129 pp., 3 pis., 6 text-figs., 12 tables. Receptaculites oweni is listed from the Upham Member of the Ordovician Montoya Dolomite in the Franklin Mountains of Texas and New Mexico (pp. 28, 89). Harrington, John W. 1 940. Some new features of the internal struc- ture of Receptaculites [abstr.]. Virginia Jour- nal of Science, vol. 1, pp. 244-245. Receptaculites of Russell County, Virginia, is related to sponges. Harrington, M. W. 1884. The geology of Dodge County; pp. 367- 375. In Winchell, Newton H., and Warren Upham, The Geology of Minnesota. Volume 1 of the Final Report. Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. Published by authority of the State of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 697 pp. Receptaculites is abundant in the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Trenton Limestone of Dodge Coun- ty, Minnesota (pp. 371, 374). Harrison, James Merritt 1949. Geology and mineral deposits of File- Tramping Lakes Area, Manitoba. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 250, 92 pp., 4 pis., 7 text-figs., 3 maps. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Ordovician, Richmondian (?) Red River Formation of Tramping Lake in Manitoba (p. 21). Haughton, Samuel 1860. On the fossils brought home from the Arctic regions in 1859, by Captain Sir F. L. M'Clintock. Journal of the Royal Dublin So- ciety, vol. 3, no. 18, pp. 53-58, 4 pis. Receptaculites neptuni (Defrance) from the Si- lurian [Ordovician ?] on the west coast of King William's Island is figured (pi. 3, fig. 3). Recep- taculites neptuni is also reported from Kunzen- dorf, Germany, and from Pauquette's [sic] Rapids in Canada (pp. 56-58). Hawkins, Edward J. See: Squires, D. F., and E. J. Hawkins, 1958. Hayden, H. H. 1904. The Geology of Spiti, with parts of Bas- hahr and Rupshu. Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, vol. 36, part 1, 129 pp., 18 pis., numerous tables. A cystoid Pyrocystites pirum Barr. [= Apidium indicum Reed 1912] is listed from the Silurian [Ordovician] in the Spiti area of India (p. 26). NITECKJ ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 77 Hayes, Philip T., and George C. Cone 1975. Cambrian and Ordovician rocks of south- ern Arizona and New Mexico and western- most Texas. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 873, 98 pp., 51 text-figs., 1 pi., 1 table. Calathium fittoni Billings, a receptaculitid (?) sponge, occurs in the Ordovician McKelligon Limestone in San Andres Canyon, New Mexico (p. 87). Calathium is present in shallow subtidal mounds in the same formation in the Franklin Mountains, Texas (p. 40). Hayes, William C. See: Martin, J. A., R. D. Knight, and W. C. Hayes, 1961. Hazzard, John C. 1937. Paleozoic section in the Nopah and Rest- ing Springs Mountains, Inyo County, Cali- fornia. California Journal of Mines and Ge- ology, Report 33 of the State Mineralogist, pp. 273-339, 15 text-figs., 2 tables. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Lower Or- dovician Pogonip (?) Dolomite along the west front of the Nopah Range, Nevada (pp. 276, 323). Head, William R. 1895. Palaeozoic Sponges of North America. Published by the author, Chicago, Illinois, 1 1 pp. (unnumbered). North American Paleozoic sponges, including receptaculitids, are listed. Calathium bridgeport- ensis, C cornu-copiae, C obconicalis, and Mar- ceivia chicagoensis are new names introduced without descriptions or figures for Receptaculiti- dae from Chicago, Illinois. Heckel, Philip H. 1974. Carbonate buildups in the geologic rec- ord: a review; pp. 90-154, 9 text-figs. In La- porte, Leo F. (ed.), Reefs in Time and Space. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication no. 18, 256 pp. The quasi-sponge Calathium is a major biotic constituent of Lower Ordovician carbonate build- ups in Texas and Oklahoma (p. 105). Heckel, Philip II.. and Brian J. Witzke 1979. Devonian world palaeogeography deter- mined from distribution of carbonates and related lithic palaeoclimatic indicators; pp. 99- 123, 8 text-figs. In House, M. R., C. T. Scrut- ton, and M. G. Bassett (eds.), The Devonian System. A Palaeontological Association In- ternational Symposium. Special Papers in Pa- laeontology, vol. 23, 353 pp. Most receptaculitids, which are probably an ex- tinct group of green algae, were confined to warm climatic zones in the Devonian (p. 1 16, text-fig. 6). Hector, James 1861. On the geology of the country between Lake Superior and the Pacific Ocean (between the 48th and 54th parallels of latitude), vis- ited by the government exploring expedition under the command of Captain J. Palliser (1857-60). Quarterly Journal of Geological Society [London], vol. 17, pp. 388-445, pi. 13, 13 text-figs. Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Receptaculites oc- cidentalis Salter is listed from the Hudson River Group at Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba (p. 439). 1863. Geological report; pp. 216-245. In Pal- liser, John, The Journals, Detailed Reports, and Observations Relative to the Exploration by Captain Palliser of that Portion of British North America, which, in Latitude, Lies Be- tween the British Boundary Line and the Height of Land or Watershed of the Northern or Frozen Ocean Respectively, and in Lon- gitude, Between the Western Shore of Lake Superior and the Pacific Ocean. During the years 1857, 1858, 1859 and 1860. Eyre and Spottiswood, London, 325 pp. Receptaculites occidentalis is found in the Si- lurian [Ordovician] Magnesium Limestone, Hud- son River Group at Lower Fort Garry in the Win- nipeg basin [Manitoba] (pp. 238, 245). Heider, Karl See: Schulze, F. E., W. Kuekenthal, K. Heider, and R. Hesse, 1926-1954. Heintz, Anatol, and Leif Stdrmer [1937?]. Nokkel til planchen om Dyrelivets Ut- vikling. (Oslo?), Oluf Norlis Forlag, 24 pp., 1 wall chart. 78 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY The Ordovician to Carboniferous glass-sponge Receptaculites is described (p. 7) and R. [neptuni] figured (chart, fig. 14). Henderson, Gerald Gordon Lewis See: North, F. K., and G. G. L. Henderson, 1954. Hennig, Edwin 1 932. Wesen und Wege der Palaeontologie. Eine Einfuehrung in die Versteinerungslehre als Wissenschaft. Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 512 pp., 198 text-figs. Silurian [Ordovician] to Carboniferous Recep- taculitidae are described as addenda to Cnidaria. It consists of 2 1 species of Receptaculites, Pha- seolus [sic], Ischadites, Cyclocrinus, Polygono- sphaerites, and Leptopterion [sic]. Devonian Re- ceptaculites neptuni from Silesia is figured (pp. 74, 129, 149-150, fig. 28). Henningsmoen, Gunnar 1 960. Cambro-Silurian deposits of the Oslo re- gion. Norges Geologiske Undersokelse No. 208, pp. 130-150, text-figs. 40-44, 1 table. Cyclocrinus, Coelosphaeridium, and Coelo- sphaeridium-Mastopora beds occur in the upper Middle Ordovician of the Oslo region (p. 143, pi. 7). Henriksen, Niels, and A. K. Higgins 1976. East Greenland Caledonian fold belt; pp. 182-246, text-figs. 171-220. In Escher, Ar- thur, and W. Stuart Watt (eds.), Geology of Greenland. Geological Survey of Greenland, Copenhagen [Gronlands Geologiske Under- sokelse, Kobenhavn], 603 pp. Receptaculites from the Middle Ordovician Heim Bjerge Formation in East Greenland is listed (P- 195). Herak, M ., V. Kochansky-Devide, and I. Gusic 1977. The development of the dasyclad algae through the ages; pp. 143-153, 2 text-figs. In Fluegel, Erik (ed.), Fossil Algae. Springer- Ver- lag, Berlin and Heidelberg, 375 pp. Cyclocrinites and Mastopora of the tribe Cyclo- crineae are listed as dasycladaceous algae (pp. 1 44- 147). Herbert, Paul, Jr. See: Willman, H. B., R. R. Reynolds, and P. Her- bert, Jr., 1946. Hesse, Richard See: Schulze, F. E.,W. Kuekenthal, K. Heider, and R. Hesse, 1926-1954. Heyl, Allen V., Jr. 1968. The Upper Mississippi Valley base-metal district; pp. 431-459, 14 text-figs., 2 tables. In Ridge, John D. (ed.), Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933-1967. American Insti- tute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., New York, New York, 2 vols., 1880 pp. (reprinted in 1970). Receptaculites occurs near the base of the lower cherty member and in the middle of the upper non-cherty member of the Middle Ordovician Galena Dolomite in the Upper Mississippi Valley district (p. 436). See also: Agnew, A. F., A. V. Heyl, Jr., C. H. Behre, Jr., and E. J. Lyons, 1956. West, W. S., J. W. Whitlow, C. E. Brown, and A. V. Heyl, Jr., 1971. Heyl, Allen V., Jr., Allen F. Agnew, Erwin J. Lyons, and Charles H. Behre, Jr. 1959. The geology of Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 309, 310 pp., 24 pis., 101 text-figs., 8 tables. The Stewartville and Prosser Members of the Middle Ordovician Galena Dolomite in the Upper Mississippi Valley lead-zinc district contain Re- ceptaculites (pp. 8, 11, 17, 168-169). Heyl, Allen V., Jr., and Charles H. Behre, Jr. 1950. Upper Mississippi Valley district; pp. 61- 69, text-figs. 12-17. In Dunham, Kingsley Charles (ed.), Symposium and Proceedings of Section F. The Geology, Paragenesis, and Re- serves of the Ores of Lead and Zinc. Inter- national Geological Congress. Eighteenth Session. London, 1948. Part 7. 400 pp., 99 text-figs. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 79 Receptaculites oweni is reported from the Or- dovician Galena Dolomite in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa (p. 62). Heyl, Allen V., Jr., W. A. Broughton, and Walter S. West 1970. Guidebook to the Upper Mississippi Val- ley base-metal district. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Information Cir- cular 16, 49 pp., 15 text-figs., 1 table. Receptaculites occurs in the Prosser and Stew- artville Members of the Ordovician Galena For- mation in the Upper Mississippi Valley (pp. 8, 20). Heyl, Allen V., Jr., John W. Hosterman, and Maurice R. Brock 1 964. Clay-mineral alteration in the Upper Mis- sissippi Valley zinc-lead district; pp. 445^453, 5 text-figs. In Bradley, W. F. (ed.), Clays and Clay Minerals. 1 2th National Conference, At- lanta, Georgia, 1963. Proceedings. Macmillan and Co., New York. Receptaculites occurs in the Prosser Member of the Middle Ordovician Galena Dolomite in the Upper Mississippi Valley (p. 447). Heyl, Allen V., Jr., Erwin J. Lyons, and Allen F. Agnew 1951. Exploratory drilling in the Prairie du Chien Group of the Wisconsin zinc-lead district by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1949-1950. United States Geological Survey Circular 131, 35 pp., 10 text-figs. Receptaculites occurs in the Prosser (cherty) and Stewartville (massive) Members of the Middle Or- dovician Galena Dolomite in the Upper Missis- sippi Valley zinc-lead district (p. 3, fig. 2). Heyl, Allen V., Jr., Erwin J. Lyons, Allen F. Ag- new, and Charles H. Behre, Jr. 1955. Zinc-lead-copper resources and general geology of the Upper Mississippi Valley dis- trict. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 1 0 1 5-G, pp. 227-245, pis. 25-26, text- figs. 33-34, 1 table. Receptaculites is found in the Prosser and Stew- artville Members of the Middle Ordovician Ga- lena Dolomite in the Upper Mississippi Valley lead-zinc district (p. 230). Hibbard, Donald E. See: Johnson, Mike S., and D. E. Hibbard, 1957. Higgins, A. K. See: Henriksen, N., and A. K. Higgins, 1976. Hill, Dorothy 1953. The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo Re- gion. 2. Some rugose and tabulate corals. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, vol. 31, pp. 143— 168, 5 pis. Cyclocrinus and Mastopora are listed from the Middle Ordovician of the Oslo region (pp. 1 43- 144, 154). 1955. Ordovician corals from Ida Bay, Queens- town and Zeehan, Tasmania. Papers and Pro- ceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, vol. 89, pp. 237-254, pis. 1-3. [Ordovician] Trentonian (?) Receptaculites is listed from the coral zone in a mine in Zeehan, Tasmania (pp. 237-238). 1965. Archaeocyatha from Antarctica and a review of the phylum. Trans- Antarctic Ex- pedition 1955-1958. Scientific Report 10, Geology 3, Trans-Antarctic Expedition Com- mittee, London, 151 pp., 25 figs., 12 pis. Lower Cambrian order Heterocyathida Oku- litch 1935, family Heterocyathidae Bedford and Bedford 1 934, genus Radiocyathus Okulitch 1 937, are described, and Radiocyathus minor (Bedford and Bedford 1 934) (p. 1 4 1 , pi. 1 2, fig. 4) from Ajax Mine, South Australia, is figured. All are probably not archaeos. 1972. Archaeocyatha. In Teichert, Curt (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part E, Volume 1 (of 2), Second edition (revised and enlarged). The Geological Society of America, Inc., and the University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, 1 58 pp., 107 text-figs., 3 tables. Class Radiocyatha Debrenne, H. Termier and G. Termier 1971, containing order Hetairacy- athida R. Bedford and J. Bedford 1937, with fam- ily Hetairacyathidae R. Bedford and J. Bedford 1934, genus Radiocyathus Okulitch 1937, are de- 80 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY scribed as organisms of uncertain phylum, prob- ably not archaeocyatha (p. 141). The oldest ar- chaeocyathid from Europe was thought by Roemer (1878) to be allied to the Receptaculitidae (p. 43). Hinchey, Norman S. 1946. Missouri Marble. Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources Report of In- vestigations no. 3, 47 pp., 6 pis., 2 text-figs., map. A sponge, Receptaculites, is found in the Or- dovician Kimmswick Limestone in Ste. Gene- vieve County, Missouri (p. 1 1). See also: McQueen, H. S., and N. S. Hinchey, 1941. Hind, Henry Youle 1859. Geological Report. Reports of Progress: Together With a Preliminary and General Re- port on the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition, Made under Instruc- tions from the Provincial Secretary, Canada. John Lovell, Toronto, pp. 165-194. Receptaculites neptuni occurs in the [Ordovi- cian] Bird's Eye Formation of the Trenton Group at Pine Island Lake [Manitoba] (p. 173). [Ordo- vician] Coscinospora sulcata is found in the Hud- son River Group near Stone Fort, Red River [Manitoba] (p. 173). 1860. Narrative of the Canadian Red River Ex- ploring Expedition of 1857 and of the Assin- iboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedi- tion of 1858. Volume 2. Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, London, 472 pp., nu- merous figs., woodcuts, 6 maps. Receptaculites neptuni from the Silurian [Or- dovician] Bird's Eye and Trenton Formations at Pine Island Lake [Manitoba] (p. 289) and Cosci- nospora sulcata from the Hudson River Forma- tion at Stone Fort [Manitoba] (p. 290) are listed. Hinde, George Jennings 1883. Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department of the British Mu- seum (Natural History) with Descriptions of New and Little-known Species. Taylor and Francis, London, 248 pp., 38 pis. Amphispongia oblonga Salter from the Silurian of the Pentland Hills near Edinburgh is described and illustrated as a lyssacine hexactinellid sponge of uncertain position (pp. 16, 154-156; pi. 33, figs. 1 2a-e). Calathium from the Quebec series in Can- ada has been referred to sponges, but its true char- acter remains doubtful (p. 10). 1 884. On the structure and affinities of the fam- ily of the Receptaculitidae, including therein the genera Ischadites, Murchison (= Tetra- gonis, Eichwald); Sphaerospongia, Pengelly; Acanthochonia, gen. nov.; and Receptaculites, Defrance. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society [London], vol. 40, pp. 795-849, pis. 36-37. The receptaculitid siliceous hexactinellid sponges are described and the taxa comprising the family are revised; their stratigraphic and geographic dis- tributions and history are reviewed and amended. Acanthochonia n. gen., A. barrandei n. sp., and Ischadites lindstroemi n. sp. are described and fig- ured. Ischadites koenigii, Sphaerospongia tessel- lata and Receptaculites are figured. Several genera previously considered receptaculitids are removed from the family. [This is a major paper on recep- taculitids, and it is here greatly abbreviated.] See also: Follman, O., 1885. 1887. A Monograph of the British Fossil Sponges. Volume I, Part I. Sponges of Pa- laeozoic and Jurassic Strata. Palaeontolo- graphical Society [Monographs], vol. 80, pp. 1-92, pis. 1-8, 7 text-figs. Family Receptaculitidae Eichwald is amended and placed in group Lyssakina Zittel, sub-order Hexactinellidae, and order Silicispongiae (p. 9 1 ). The following are illustrated and described: [Si- lurian] Wenlock and Lower Ludlow Ischadites ko- enigii Murchison from Dudley and Ludlow; [Si- lurian] Wenlock /. lindstroemi from Malvern; [Silurian] Wenlock Receptaculites neptuni De- france from Malvern; Devonian R. neptuni and Middle Devonian Sphaerospongia tessellata Phil- lips from Devonshire; and [Silurian] Upper Lud- low Amphispongia oblonga Salter from the Pent- land Hills near Edinburgh (pi. 2, figs. 1-3; pi. 3, fig. 3; pi. 4, figs. 1-2). An annotated bibliography and discussions of the ecology, anatomy, and pres- ervation of sponges, including receptaculitids, are given. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is figured (fig. 6d) and described (p. 75). NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 81 See also: Hinde, G. J., 1888. 1888. A Monograph of the British Fossil Sponges. Volume 1, Part II. Sponges of the Palaeozoic Group. Palaeontolographical So- ciety [Monographs], vol. 80, pp. 93-188, 9 pis., 2 tables. The following sponges are described: Ordovi- cian and Silurian Ischadites Murchison and /. ko- enigii Murchison; Silurian /. lindstroemi Hinde, Amphispongia Salter, and A. oblonga Salter; De- vonian Sphaerospongia Pengelly and S. tessellata Phillips; Ordovician to Devonian Receptaculites Defrance, and Silurian to Devonian R. neptuni Defrance(pp. 119-122, 126-132, 135-140; pi. 2, figs. 1-3; pi. 3, fig. 3; pi. 4, figs. 1-2). The following are listed: Ischadites, Receptaculites, Acantho- chonia, and Sphaerospongia; Ischadites koenigii, I. antiquus, I. tessellatus, I. lindstroemi, and /. grindrodi; Sphaerospongia (= Sphaeronites Phil- lips), Pasceolus and Polygonosphaerites; Scyphia cornucopiae Goldfuss; Pasceolus rathi Kayser, and Dictyophyton gerolsteinense F. Roemer [probably Sphaerospongia]; Sphaerospongia sculpta, S. vichtensis, and S. megarhaphis; Receptaculites neptuni and R. occidentalis. Dictyophyton danbyi, formerly referred to Receptaculites and Tetragonis (= Ischadites), differs markedly from those genera. Ischadites micropora Salter and Sphaerospongia hospitalis Salter are doubtful species (pp. 179, 182, 187). Ischadites makes its first appearance in the Lower Llandeilo at Garn, Arenig, Wales (p. 97). Amphispongia is limited to a horizon of the Upper Ludlow at a single locality in the Pentland Hills of Edinburgh (p. 96). Sphaerospongia occurs in the Devonian in Devonshire (p. 97). See also: Hinde, G.J. , 1887. 1 889a. On Archaeocyathus, Billings, and on oth- er genera, allied to or associated with it, from the Cambrian strata of North America, Spain, Sardinia, and Scotland. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society [London], vol. 45, pp. 125-148, pi. 5. The siliceous sponge Calathium is compared to Archaeocyathus. Calathium, C.formosum, and C. anstedi Billings, are described (pp. 126, 141-142, 144). The lithistid sponge Nipterella n. gen. (= Calathium paradoxicum Billings) is described (pp. 144-145, pi. 5, fig. 15). 1 889b. On Archaeocyathus, Billings, and on oth- er genera allied thereto, or associated there- with from the Cambrian strata of North America, Spain, Sardinia, and Scotland [abstr.]. Canadian Record of Science, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 373-374. The lithistid sponge Nipterella n. gen. (= Cal- athium (?) paradoxicum Billings) and the siliceous sponge Calathium Billings are found in the highest Cambrian [Ordovician] Calciferous Formation in the Mingan Islands, Newfoundland, and the Dur- ness Limestone in Scotland (p. 374). They are not related to Archaeocyathus. Hinman, Eugene E. 1968. A biohermal facies in the Silurian of east- ern Iowa. Iowa Geological Survey Report of Investigation 6, 52 pp., 13 text-figs., 1 table. A receptaculitid and an ischaditid are found in the Silurian Niagaran Gower Dolomite in Brady Quarry, Cedar County, Iowa (pp. 33, 47). Hints, Linda See: Polma, L., L. Sarv, and L. Hints, 1977. Hintze, Lehi F. 195 la. Lower Ordovician detailed stratigraphic sections for western Utah. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 39, 99 pp., 1 1 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. and R. mammillaris Walcott are reported from the Lower Ordovician Kanosh Shale of the Pogonip Group in western Utah. Re- ceptaculites elongatus Walcott occurs in the Lower Ordovician Fillmore Limestone of the Pogonip Group and in the Garden City Formation (pp. 1 9, 52, 56, 62, 66, 76-77, 92, 94). 1951b. Ordovician stratigraphy of central Utah. [Utah Geological Society.] Guidebook to the Geology of Utah. Number 6. Geology of the Canyon, House and Confusion Ranges, Mil- lard County, Utah. Intermountain Associa- tion of Petroleum Geologists, Salt Lake City, Utah (distributed by Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey), pp. 38-43, text-figs. 8-9. Receptaculitids occur in unit V of the Ordovi- 82 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY cian Pogonip Group, within the Chazyan of central Utah (p. 40). 1952. Lower Ordovician trilobites from western Utah and eastern Nevada. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin 48, 249 pp., 28 pis., 2 text-figs., 12 tables. The stratigraphic and geographic distributions of the Ordovician sponges Receptaculites mam- millaris Walcott and R. elongatus Walcott in Utah and Nevada are given. 1960. Ordovician of the Utah-Nevada Great Basin; pp. 59-62, 1 text-fig. In Boettcher, Jer- ome W., and William W. Sloan, Jr. (eds.), Guidebook to the Geology of East Central Nevada, 1960. Eleventh Annual Field Con- ference. Intermountain Association of Petro- leum Geologists, Salt Lake City, Utah, 278 pp. Receptaculites sp. is found in the Ordovician Kanosh Shale of the Pogonip Group in the south- ern Egan Range, eastern Nevada (p. 59). 1973a. Geologic road logs of western Utah and eastern Nevada. Brigham Young University. Geology Studies, vol. 20, part 2, 66 pp., 34 text-figs. In the Ordovician Pogonip Group in the Ibex area of Utah, a Calathium reef occurs in the Fossil Zone I at the base of the Calathium calcisiltite member of the Fillmore Formation. Receptacu- lites is found in Fossil Zone M, 100 feet above the base of the lower member of the Kanosh Shale (p. 51). 1 973b. Geologic history of Utah. Brigham Young University. Geology Studies, vol. 20, part 3, 181 pp., 83 text-figs., 46 charts. Receptaculites is found in the Middle Ordovi- cian Kanosh Shale and Swan Peak Formation, and Calathium in the Lower Ordovician Garden City and Fillmore Limestones of northwestern Utah (pp. 121-123, 133, 135). 1973c. Lower and Middle Ordovician strati- graphic sections in the Ibex area, Millard County, Utah. Brigham Young University. Geology Studies, vol. 20, part 4, pp. 3-36, 6 text-figs., 2 tables. Calathium ^Receptaculites elongatus" of Hintze, 1951) forms a 10-foot reef at the base of the Cal- athium calcisiltite member of the Lower Ordo- vician Fillmore Limestone in the Ibex area, Utah (pp. 3, 6, 10-11, 22, 26). Ischadites and receptac- ulitids occur in the Lower Ordovician Kanosh Shale of the same area (pp. 6, 31). 1979. Preliminary zonations of Lower Ordo- vician of western Utah by various taxa. Brig- ham Young University. Geology Studies, vol. 26, part 2, pp. 13-19, 14 text-figs. Calathium occurs in four members of the Fill- more Formation and in the Wah Wah Limestone, and Receptaculites occurs in the Kanosh Shale. All are Lower Ordovician sponges of the Ibex area of western Utah (p. 1 6). Hintze, Lehi F., L. F. Braithwaite, David L. Clark, Raymond L. Ethington, and Rousseau H. Flower 1969. A fossiliferous Lower Ordovician refer- ence section from western United States; pp. 8-30. In LeMone, David V. (ed.), The Or- dovician Symposium. Third Annual Field Trip. El Paso Geological Society, El Paso, Texas, 162 pp. Sponge-like Calathium characterizes the upper two-thirds of the Fillmore Limestone in Utah. Re- ceptaculites mammillaris Walcott and related species occur in the Kanosh Shale of the Ibex area, Utah, and are useful zonal forms for much of the Great Basin (pp. 23-24). H i n \ man. L. W. See: Peach, B. N., and others, 1907. Hisinger, W. [Wilhelm, von] 1823. Anteckningar i Physik och Geognosi un- der resor uti Sverige och Norrige. Tredje haef- tet [Volume 3]. Palmblad & C. Upsala [issued in 5 volumes, 1819-1840], 103 pp., 2 tables, 1 map, 5 pis. Alcyonium sp. [Coelosphaeridium sphaericum (Kjerulf 1 865)] is described and figured as a bryo- zoan (pp. 87-89, pi. 3) from [Ordovician, Fang- berg Formation] shale in Mjosa district, Norway. 1837. Lethaea Svecica seu Petrificata Sveciae, Iconibus et Characteribus Illustrata. Norsted NITECK1 ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 83 and Sons, Stockholm, 124 + 11 + 6 pp., 42 pis. A polyparium [Ischadites] from Gotland is de- scribed and figured as a form of Prionotus Nilss. Graptolithus Linn. (p. 1 15; pi. 36, fig. 2). Hochstetter, Ferdinand Christian von 1859. Notizen ueber einige fossile thierreste und deren Lagerstaetten in Neu-Holland, gesam- melt daselbst waehrend des Aufenthaltes Sr. Majestaet Fregatte Novara im Monate De- cember 1858. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiser- lichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Ma- thematisch-Natur-Wissenschaftliche Classe, vol. 35, pp. 349-358. Silurian Receptaculites clarkii is listed from Port Stephens, Australia (p. 355). 1 1 Hi». Ove Arbo 1927. Dimorphosiphon rectangulare. Prelimi- nary note on a new Codiacea from the Or- dovician of Norway. Avhandlinger utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. I. Matem.-Naturvid. Klasse, 1927, no. 4, 15 pp., 3 pis., 3 text-figs. Middle Ordovician Cyclocrinus is listed from the Mjosa District in Norway (p. 3). 1933. Ordovician algae from the Trondheim area; pp. 63-96, pis. 1-1 1, text-figs. 7-13. In Kiaer, Johan (ed.), The Hovin Group in the Trondheim area. Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, I: Matematisk- Naturvidenskapelig Klasse, 1932, vol. 1, no. 4, 175 pp. Apidium rotundum n. sp. from the Ordovician Holandet Limestone in Norway is described and figured as a probable dasycladacean alga (pp. 76- 77, 90; pi. 7, figs. 4-6, text-fig. 9, table 3). It has branched tubes and its cortical cells have some resemblance to those of Cyclocrinus. The shape and internal anatomy differ considerably from the four previously described species of Apidium. 1936a. Norges fossile flora. Paleontologisk Mu- seum Smaskrifter no. 2, Oslo, A. S. John Griegs, Bergen, 43 pp., 34 text-figs. Coelosphaeridium, Cyclocrinus, Apidium, and Mastopora, Middle Ordovician dasycladaceous al- gae from Norway, are described (pp. 17-19), and Coelosphaeridium (fig. 8a), Cyclocrinus (figs. 7, 8b), and Mastopora (fig. 8c) are figured. See also: Hoeg, O. A., 1936b and 1966. 1936b. Norges fossile flora. Naturen, 60 aar- gang, 1936, pp. 7-21, 47-61, 84-94, 34 text- figs. This is identical to Hoeg, 1936a, except for pag- ination. See also: Hoeg, O. A., 1966. 1961. Ordovician algae in Norway. Studies of Ordovician Algae. Colorado School of Mines Quarterly, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 103-116. [The plates referred to by Hoeg appear in Johnson, J. H., 1961a.] Four Ordovician dasycladaceous algae, Cyclo- crinus, Mastopora, Coelosphaeridium, and Apid- ium (= Pasceolus) are described. Cyclocrinus and Coelosphaeridium are characteristic of the upper Middle Ordovician of the Oslo region (Hadeland and the Mjosa area). Mastopora concava Eichwald occurs in the Middle Ordovician, although the ge- nus is chiefly Silurian. The ecology of these algae is discussed (pp. 107-108). 1966. Norges Fossile Flora. Universitetsforla- get, Oslo, 95 pp., 38 text-figs. Cyclocrinus, Coelosphaeridium, and Mastopora, Ordovician dasycladaceous algae from Norway, are illustrated and discussed (pp. 26-28, 88, figs. 7-8). Apidium is mentioned (p. 26). See also: Hoeg, O. A., 1936a and 1936b. Hoelder, H. 1972. Nomenklatorischer Kurzbericht. Pa- laeontologische Zeitschrift. Organ der Deutschen Palaeontologischen Gesellschaft, Band 46, Nr. 3-4, pp. 251-255. The opinion of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature concerning the name Receptacules is summarized. Receptaculites De- france 1828 [sic] is considered a plant. See also: Melville, R. V., and W. E. China, 1970. 84 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Hoernes, Rudolf 1884. Elemente der Palaeontologie (Palaeo- zoologie). Verlag von Veit & Co., Leipzig, 570 pp., 672 text-figs. Silurian [and Ordovician] lschadites Murchi- son, Cyclocrinus Eichwald, Pasceolus Billings, and Devonian Polygonosphaerites Roemer belong to the Receptaculitidae (pp. 43-44). 1886. Manuel de Paleontologie. Librairie F. Savy, Paris, 741 pp., 672 text-figs. The Receptaculitidae, a problematic group (for- aminifers?), are united with Dactyloporidae by F. Roemer and Zittel. Receptaculites Defrance from the Silurian [Ordovician] and Devonian of Europe and North America is described. Silurian [and Or- dovician] lschadites Murchison, Cyclocrinus Eichwald, Pasceolus Billings, and Devonian Po- lygonosphaerites Roemer belong to the Recepta- culitidae (pp. 43-44). Calathium Billings and Am- phispongia Salter are sponges (Dictyonina, Euretidae) (p. 77). Hogberg, Rudolph See: Tufford, S., and R. Hogberg, 1965. Holland, C. H. 1971. Silurian faunal provinces; pp. 61-76, 2 text-figs., 5 tables. In Middlemiss, F. A., P. F. Rawson, and G. Newall (eds.), Faunal Provinces in Space and Time. Proceedings of the 17th Inter-University Geological Con- gress held in Queen Mary College (Univer- sity of London)— 17, 18, 19 December 1969. Geological Journal Special Issue No. 4. Seal House Press, Liverpool, 236 pp. The paleoequatorial distribution of receptacu- litid algae from the Ordovician through the De- vonian appears more restricted than of other ben- thonic groups of equivalent age. Holloway, D. J. See: Campbell, K. S. W., D. J. Holloway, and W. D.Smith, 1974. Holt, Stephen P. 1 948a. Investigation of the Blewett zinc-lead de- posit, Jo Daviess County, Illinois. United States Bureau of Mines Report of Investiga- tions 4350, 36 pp., 7 text-figs. An upper Receptaculites zone occurs at the base of the Middle Ordovician Stewartville Member of the Galena Formation near Galena, Illinois (p. 1 2, table 2). 1 948b. Investigation of Royal Princess zinc-lead deposit, Jo Daviess County, Illinois. United States Bureau of Mines Report of Investiga- tions 4386, 13 pp., 5 text-figs. An upper Receptaculites zone occurs at the base of the Stewartville Member of the Middle Ordo- vician Galena Formation near Galena, Illinois (p. 5, table 1). Holtedahl, Olaf 1909 [1910]. Studien ueber die Etage 4. Des norwegischen Silursystems beim Mjosen. Vi- denskaps-selskapets Skrifter. I. Matematisk- Naturvidenskapelig Klasse, 1909, no. 7, 76 pp., 15 text-figs. Coelosphaeridium cyclocrinophilum F. Roem., Mastopora concava Eichwald, Cyclocrinus sp., C. schmidti Stolley, C. oelandicus Stolley, C. van- hoeffeni Stolley and C. balticus Stolley characterize a Chasmops-Siphoneen-stratum and other zones in the Mjosa Ordovician Stage 4. Coelosphaerid- ium and Cyclocrinus are locally very abundant. This area is compared with other regions in south- ern Norway, Estonia, and the British Isles. Recep- taculites sp. is listed as a bryozoan; Cyclocrinus sp., Coelosphaeridium, and Mastopora occur in the Oslo region and Cyclocrinus and Nidulites fa- vus in the British Isles (pp. 11, 15-18, 23-27, 30- 38, 42, 50, 57, 61-62, 64-70, 75). 1912. On some Ordovician fossils from Boothia Felix and King William Land collected during the Norwegian expedition of the Gjoa, Cap- tain Amundsen, through the Northwest Pas- sage. Videnskaps-selskapets Skrifter. I. Ma- tematisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse, 1912, no. 9, 1 1 pp., 4 pis., 1 map. A typical Trenton (Galena) Receptaculites oweni Hall from King William Land is described, fig- ured, and compared with R. occidentalis Salter and R. arcticus Etheridge (pp. 4, 6, 1 1; pi. 1, figs. 1-2; pi. 4, fig. 3). 1913. The Cambro-Ordovician beds of Bache NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 85 Peninsula and the neighbouring regions of Ellesmere Land; 14 pp., 4 pis., 1 map. In Wille, Nordal (ed.), Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the "Fram" 1898-1902. Volume 4, no. 28. Videnskaps-selskapets i Kristiania [later Norske Videnskaps-akademi i Oslo], Kristiania. Receptaculites occurs in Niagaran or Clinton [Silurian] limestones at Cape Harrison, Arctic Canada (p. 1 2). 1919. On the Paleozoic formations of Finmar- ken in northern Norway. American Journal of Science, 4th ser., vol. 47, no. 278, art. 5, pp. 85-107, 10 text-figs. Calathium occurs in the Canadian Ordovician Heclahook System on Bear Island (p. 100, foot- note). 1920. On the Paleozoic series of Bear Island, especially on the Heclahook System. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Bind 5, hefte 2, pp. 1 2 1- 148, pis. 12-15, 6 text-figs. The sponges Calathium cf. pannosum and Ca- lathium sp. (similar to C. canadense) from the Middle Ordovician Heclahook System of Bear Is- land are described and figured (p. 127; pi. 12, figs. 4-5). 192 1 . On the occurrence of structures like Wal- cott's Algonkian algae in the Permian of En- gland. American Journal of Science, ser. 5, vol. 1, pp. 195-206, 8 text-figs. 1924. On the rock formations of Novaya Zem- lya with notes on the Paleozoic stratigraphy of other Arctic lands. Report of the Scientific Results of the Norwegian Expedition to No- vaya Zemlya, 1921, no. 22. Videnskaps-sel- skapets i Kristiania [later Norske Videnskaps- akademi i Oslo], Kristiania, 183 pp., 44 pis. The following Ordovician fossils are listed: Ca- lathium sp. and C. cf. pannosum from the Hecla- hook System on Bear Island, Receptaculites oweni from Boothia and King William Land, Receptac- ulites spp. from Cape Louis Napoleon in the Arctic Archipelago, and Receptaculites (R. oweni) from Greenland (pp. 1 13, 1 19-121). 1934. The Lower Paleozoic sedimentary series. Proceedings of the Geologists Association [London], vol. 45, part 3, pp. 324-329, pi. 26. Coelosphaeridium and Mastopora occur in the lower part of Zone 4b in the Mjosen district of Norway. Cyclocrinus is found in the upper part of the zone in the same area. These are typical Middle Ordovician algae of Estonia (p. 326). 1953. Norges Geologi. Norges Geologiske Un- dersekelse, no. 164, 2 vols., 1118 pp., 24 pis., 485 text- figs., numerous 'tables. Coelosphaeridium cyclocrinophilum (fig. 74.8) and Mastopora concava (fig. 74. 14) from the Mid- dle Ordovician Chasmops-series of the Oslo re- gion are figured. These calcareous algae occur in Cyclocrinus, Cyclocrinus-Coelosphaeridium, Coe- losphaeridium, Mastopora, and Coelosphaerid- ium-Mastopora beds in which Cyclocrinus is a characteristic fossil (p. 198; fig. 75, pi. 5). Hopper, Richard H. 1947. Geologic section from the Sierra Nevada to Death Valley, California. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 58, pp. 393-432. Sponges of the genus Receptaculites are the only fossils found in an (upper Ordovician?) Ely Springs? dolomite in the Panamint Range of California. Receptaculites sp. has also been identified from near the top of a Cambrian and Lower Ordovician dolomitic series, just below the Eureka quartzite (p. 407). Newlandia is possibly like Receptaculites (p. 204). Home, John See: Peach, B. N., and J. Home, 1899 and 1930. Peach, B. N., and others, 1907. Horowitz, Alan S. See: Shaver, R. H., and others, 1978. Hosterman, John W. See: Heyl, A. V., Jr., J. W. Hosterman, and M. R. Brock, 1964. House, M. R. 1975. Faunas and time in the marine Devonian. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological So- 86 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY ciety, Leeds, U.K., vol. 40, part 4, pp. 459- 490, pis. 30-31. The sponges Receptaculitidae became extinct in the Devonian (p. 462). Hovey, Edmund O. See: Whitfield, R. P., and E. O. Hovey, 1898, 1899, and 1900. Howe, Herbert J. 1959. Montoya Group stratigraphy (Ordovi- cian) of Trans-Pecos, Texas. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geolo- gists, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 2285-2332, 30 text- figs. Receptaculites is listed from the basal Upham Limestone and the Cable Canyon Sandstone of the Ordovician Montoya Group in several West Texas localities (pp. 2290, 2294, 2299-2302, 2321-2323, 2327-2329). 1965. Dalmanellidae from the Montoya Group (Ordovician) of Trans-Pecos, Texas. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 235-247, pi. 36, 7 text-figs. Receptaculites is found in the Upham Dolomite of the Ordovician Montoya Group in the Florida Mountains, New Mexico (p. 237, text-fig. 2). Howe, Wallace B., and John W. Koenig (eds.) 1961. The stratigraphic succession in Missouri. Missouri Geological Survey and Water Re- sources [Report], 2nd ser., vol. 40, 185 pp., 1 pi., 27 text-figs., 4 tables. Receptaculites oweni characterizes the Ordovi- cian Kimmswick Formation in Missouri (p. 28). Howell, Benjamin F. 1 94 1 . Receptaculites mammillaris from the Or- dovician Tank Hill Formation of Nevada. Bulletin of the Wagner Free Institute of Sci- ence, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 35-38, 2 pis. Receptaculites mammillaris Walcott, which re- sembles R. occidentalis Salter, is described and illustrated from the Ordovician Tank Hill and Po- gonip Formations in the Ely Springs Range and Eureka district of Nevada. Possible modes of life for these problematic organisms are discussed. 1 943. New records of Receptaculitidae from the Mississippi Valley. Bulletin of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 35-42, lpl. Ischadites infundibulum Hall, /. ohioensis (Hall and Whitfield), /. reticulatus (Owen), and Cerio- nites dactioloides (Owen) are described and illus- trated. Name priorities are established for /. re- ticulatus and C. dactioloides. The following are mentioned: Ischadites, I. canadensis, I. koenigi, Receptaculites, R. infundibulum, R. neptuni, R. oc- cidentalis, R. oweni, R. fungosum, R. globulare, Lunulites, L. dactioloides, Pasceolus, Apidium, Cerionites, Cyclocrinus, Selenoides, S. iowensis, Orbitulites, and O. reticulata. 1956. A new Devonian Sphaerospongia from western Australia. Bulletin of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, vol. 31, no. 1,4 pp., 1 pi. Sphaerospongia teicherti n. sp. from the late Middle or early Late Devonian in Western Aus- tralia is described, illustrated, and placed in family Receptaculitidae of lyssacine hexactinellid sponges. A similar species, S. tessellata (Phillips), is men- tioned from the Middle Devonian of England and possibly Ontario and Manitoba. Hucke, Kurt, and Ehrhard Voigt 1967. Einfuehrung in die Geschiebeforschung (Sedimentaergeschiebe). Nederlandse Geolo- gische Vereniging, Oldenzaal, 1 32 pp., 50 pis., 24 text-figs. The problematic Receptaculites and Ischadites are sponges (p. 55). Cyclocrinus, Coelosphaerid- ium, and Mastopora are Ordovician calcareous al- gae (p. 58). Mastopora concava Eichwald, Coelos- phaeridium cyclocrinophilum Roemer, Cyclocrinus porosus Stolley, and Ischadites koenigii Murchison are listed and figured (pi. 8, figs. 2-3; pi. 9, figs. 1-3; pi. 10, fig. 8). Most specimens are Baltic gla- cial erratics of Middle Ordovician from the sili- ceous Backsteinkalk in Holland and are housed in the museum in Denekamp, Holland. Huepsch, Johann Wilhelm Carl Adolph von 1805. Naturgeschichte des Niederdeutschlands und anderer Gegenden. Teil 2. Gabriel Ni- colaus Raspe, Neurnberg, 1 p., pis. 8-15. [The text of this part was never published.] The [earliest known] figures of unnamed fossils [now identified as Receptaculites neptuni Defrance NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 87 and Tettragonis murchisoni Eichwald] are given (pi. 13, fig. 65; pi. 14, figs. 67-68; pi. 15, figs. 69- 72). Huffman, George Garrett 1945. Middle Ordovician limestones from Lee County, Virginia, to Central Kentucky. Jour- nal of Geology, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 145-174, 9 text-figs., 17 tables. Receptaculites sp. is found in the upper shaly "Ottosee" Formation at Rye Cove in Scott Coun- ty, Virginia (p. 1 54). Hughes, N. F. See: Banks, H. P., K. I. M. Chesters, N. F. Hughes, G. A. L. Johnson, H. M. Johnson, and L. R. Moore, 1967. Hume, George S. 1 920. The stratigraphy and geologic relations of the Paleozoic outlier of Lake Timiskaming. American Journal of Science, 4th ser., vol. 50, pp. 293-309, 2 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni occurs in the Middle Or- dovician Haileybury Formation in the Lake Ti- miskaming district of Ontario, Canada (p. 302). 1925. The Paleozoic outlier of Lake Timiska- ming, Ontario and Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 145, 129 pp., 16 pis., 7 text-figs., maps. Receptaculites oweni from the Ordovician Lis- keard Formation around Lake Timiskaming, On- tario and Quebec, is figured (pp. 18, 20-21; pi. 4, fig. 1). This hydrozoan is also found in the Galena Formation of Minnesota and the Galena-equiva- lents of Baffin Island and Manitoba (p. 24). 1 926. Ordovician and Silurian fossils from Great Slave Lake. Contributions to Canadian Pa- leontology. Geological Survey of Canada, Museum Bulletin, no. 44 (Geol. Ser. no. 46), pp. 59-64, 122-125, pis. 12-13. Ordovician Receptaculites sp. resembling R. ow- eni is described and illustrated from the north arm of Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories (pp. 60-62; pi. 12, pp. 122-123). Humphrey, Fred L. 1 960. Geology of the White Pine mining district, White Pine County, Nevada. Nevada Bureau of Mines Bulletin, 57, 119 pp., 2 pis., 25 text- figs. Receptaculites mammillaris and R. elongatus occur in member 4 of the Lower Ordovician Po- gonip Formation in the Eureka area, Nevada. Abundant R. mammillaris forms a Receptaculites zone (pp. 18, 20-21, 23). Hunt, Charles B. 1975. Death Valley: Geology, Ecology, Archae- ology. University of California Press, Berke- ley, California, 234 pp., 161 text-figs., 5 ta- bles. Receptaculites is associated with Palliseria and Maclurites in Lower and Middle Ordovician lime- stones of the Pogonip Group in Death Valley, Cal- ifornia (p. 91). Hunt, Charles B., and Don R. Mabey 1966. Stratigraphy and structure, Death Valley, California. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 494-A, 162 pp., 3 pis., 120 text-figs., 26 tables. Receptaculites occurs in the Lower and Middle Ordovician Pogonip Group in Death Valley, Cal- ifornia (pp. 10, 34-35). Its occurrence in the Upper Ordovician Ely Springs Dolomite may be in a fault block from the upper part of the Pogonip Group (P. 38). Hurst, J. M. See: Peel, J. S., and J. M. Hurst, 1980. Hushmand-Zadeh, A. See: Stoecklin, J., J. Eftekhar-Nezhad, and A. Hushmand-Zadeh, 1965. Hussey, Russell C. 1928. Corals, brachiopods, gastropods and os- tracods from Putnam Highland; pp. 71-75, 4 pis. In Gould, Laurence M., August F. Foerste, and Russell C. Hussey, Contributions to the geology of Foxe Land, Baffin Island. Contri- butions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, vol. 3, no. 3, part 3. Ordovician Receptaculites sp. from Putnam Highland, Baffin Land, is listed (p. 75). 88 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 1950. The Ordovician Rocks of the Escanaba- Stonington Area. The Annual Geological Ex- cursion of the Michigan Geological Society, June 1950. [Michigan Geological Society, Ann Arbor, Michigan?], 24 pp., 3 pis., 1 map. Receptaculites oweni Hall, an Ordovician sponge, occurs in the Chandler Falls section on the Esca- naba River in Delta County, Michigan (p. 8). 1952. The Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks of Michigan. Michigan Department of Con- servation, Geological Survey Division Pub- lication 46, Geol. Ser. 39, 89 pp., 10 pis., 1 1 text- figs. Receptaculites oweni (Hall) is listed from the Middle Ordovician Chandler Falls Member of the Trenton Formation at Chandler Falls, Michigan. Receptaculites sp. is figured (pp. 26, 86-87; pi. 10, fig. 16). Huttrer, Gerald W. See: Hyde, J. H., and G. W. Huttrer, 1970. Huxley, Thomas Henry, and Robert Etheridge 1865. A Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology with an Explanatory Introduction. George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, London, 38 1 pp. The following are housed in the Museum of Practical Geology in London: Ischadites from the Woolhope Beds in Malvern and from the Wenlock in Dudley; /. antiquus from the Llandeilo flags in Cam Arenig; /. koenigii from the Lower Ludlow in Ledbury, from the Woolhope Beds in Buildwas and from the Upper Ludlow in Ludlow; Sphae- rospongia from the Caradoc in Onny, Cheney, Longville and Acton Scot; S. tessellata from the Middle Devonian in Newton Bushell; and Nidu- litesfavus from the Lower Llandovery in Haver- ford West, Mullocks Hill, Ayrshire (pp. 24, 27, 34, 57, 64, 69, 76, 96). Hyatt, Alpheus 1885. Cruise of the Arethusa. (Letters to the editor.) Science, vol. 6, no. 143, pp. 384-386. Calathium, a probable sponge, is found in the Quebec Group near Port au Port, Newfoundland. It is believed to have given rise to Lower Silurian [Ordovician] forms. Hyde, Jack II., and Gerald W. Huttrer 1 970. Geology of Central Grant Range, Nevada. Bulletin of the American Association of Pe- troleum Geologists, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 503- 521, 8 text-figs., 1 table. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Ordovician Pogonip Group of east-central Nevada (p. 506). Ingels, Jerome J. C. 1 963. Geometry, paleontology, and petrography of Thornton reef complex, Silurian of north- eastern Illinois. Bulletin of the American As- sociation of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 405-440, 2 pis., 1 6 text-figs., 1 table. A Silurian sponge, Calathium (?) sp., from flank deposits of the Thornton reef complex in north- eastern Illinois is figured (p. 417; pi. 2, fig. 3). See also: Ingels, J. J. C, 1975. 1975. Geometry, paleontology, and petrography of Thornton reef complex, Silurian of north- eastern Illinois. Silurian Reefs of Great Lakes Region of North America. American Asso- ciation of Petroleum Geologists. Reprint Se- ries no. 14, pp. 45-80, 2 pis., 16 text-figs., 1 table. This is identical to Ingels, J. J. C, 1963. See also: Toomey, D. F., and J. J. C. Ingels, 1964. Ingham, J. Keith See: Ross, R. J., Jr., and J. K. Ingham, 1970. Irish, E. J. W. 1964. Preliminary account of the Lower Paleo- zoic strata of a part of northeastern British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 808-830, 3 text- figs., 1 table, map. Receptaculites sp. occurs in the late Llandovery (Early Silurian) or earliest Wenlock (Middle Si- lurian) of northeastern British Columbia (p. 818). 1970. Halfway River Map-area, British Colum- bia. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 69- 11, 154 pp., 9 pis., 6 text-figs., 1 map. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 89 Silurian Receptaculites sp. is listed from north- eastern British Columbia (p. 29). Isbister, A. K. 1855. On the geology of the Hudson's Bay ter- ritories, and of portions of the Arctic and northwestern regions of America; with a col- oured geological map. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society [London], vol. 1 1, pp. 497-520, 1 map. Receptaculites neptunii is found in the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] of Lake Winnipeg, Canada. A coral of uncertain age, possibly Receptaculites, occurs along northern Hudson's Bay (Igloolik, Melville Peninsula, and Amherst Island) (pp. SOT- SOS). See also: Isbister, A. K., 1856. 1856. On the geology of the Hudson's Bay ter- ritories, and of portions of the Arctic and northwestern regions of America. American Journal of Science and Arts, 2nd ser., vol. 21, pp. 313-338. This is identical to Isbister, A. K., 1855, except for pagination. Ivanov, Alexei Nikolajevich, and Elizaveta Iva- novna Miagkova 1950. Opredelitel fauny Ordovika zapadnogo sklona srednego Urala. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Uralskii filial. Trudy gorno-geologischeskogo instituta. Vypusk 18, 32 pp., 19 pis. Uralskii Filial Akademii Nauk SSSR. Sverdlovsk. Ordovician to Carboniferous Receptaculites Defrance is described, and R. meandriformis Iva- nov from the Middle Ordovician of River Kosva in the Urals is described and figured as belonging to Porifera (?) (p. 9, pi. 1 , fig. 1 , text-figs. A and B). Jaanusson, Valdar 1945. Ueber die Stratigraphie der Viru-resp. Chasmops-Serie in Estland. Geologiska Foe- reningens i Stockholm Foerhandlingar, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 212-224. In Estonia the Ordovician Mastopora concava is a characteristic element of Idavere rather than Kukruse beds (p. 221). Jack, Robert Logan, and Robert Etheridge, Jr. 1892. The Geology and Paleontology of Queensland and New Guinea with Sixty-eight Plates and a Geological Map of Queensland. Published under the authority of the Hon. W. O. Hodgkinson, Minister of Mines and Public Instruction, Queensland. James Charles Beal, Government Printer, Brisbane; Dulau and Co., London, 768 pp., 69 pis., maps. The Upper Silurian to Devonian? Gympie Beds in Queensland contain Receptaculites (p. 95). Jackson, Margie See: Rogers, W. S., M. Jackson, and [F.] K. McKinney, 1964. Jaffrezo, Michel See : Bassoullet, J.-P., P. Bernier, R. Deloffre, P. Genot, M. Jaffrezo, A.-F. Poignant, G. Se- gonzac, 1975 and 1977. Bassoullet, J.-P., P. Bernier, R. Deloffre, P. Genot, M. Jaffrezo, and D. Vachard, 1979. James, Jack A. See: Muilenburg, G. A., and J. A. James, 1949. James, Joseph F. 1881. Catalogue of the Fossils of the Cincinnati Group. [Published by the author], James Bar- clay, Cincinnati, Ohio, 27 pp. The following species of uncertain taxonomic position from the [Ordovician] Cincinnati Group are listed: Anomaloides reticulatus Ulrich, Lepi- dolites dickhauti Ulrich, L. elongatus Ulrich, Pas- ceolus claudi S. A. Miller, P. darwini S. A. Miller, and P. globosus Billings (pp. 26-27). Calathium obliquum Ulrich is listed with sponges (p. 6). 1885. Remarks of the genera Lepidolites, Anomaloides, Ischadites and Receptaculites from the Cincinnati Group. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 163-166. The sponge order Receptaculitidae consists of Ischadites Murchison, Sphaerospongia Pengelly, Acanthochonia Hinde, and Receptaculites De- france. Pasceolus, Ischadites (= Lepidolites) dick- 90 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY hauti, I. (= Lepidolites) elongatus, Receptaculites (= Anomaloides) reticulatus, and R. occidentalis are mentioned. Astylospongia sp. and Pasceolus sp. from the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Cincinnati Group are listed. 1887. Protozoa of the Cincinnati Group. Jour- nal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural His- tory, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 244-252. The following sponges from the [Ordovician] Cincinnati Group are described: Astylospongia tumida U. P. James [Cyclocrinites darwini], Pas- ceolus Billings, P. globosus Billings, P. darwinii S. A. Miller (= P. claudii S. A. Miller), Ischadites Murchison (= Lepidolites Ulrich), /. dickhauti (\J\- rich) (= Lepidolites dickhauti Ulrich = L. elon- gatus Ulrich), Receptaculites Defrance (= Anom- aloides Ulrich) and R. reticulatus Ulrich (= Anomaloides reticulatus Ulrich) (pp. 244, 248- 250). 1 89 1 . Manual of the paleontology of the Cin- cinnati Group. Journal of the Cincinnati So- ciety of Natural History, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 45-72, 6 text-figs. The following problematic sponges are de- scribed: Pasceolus Billings, P. globosus Billings, P. darwinii Miller, /*.(?) tumidus U. P. James (= Astylospongia tumidus), Receptaculites Defrance, R. reticulatus Ulrich, R. circularis Emmons, R. dickhauti Ulrich (= Lepidolites dickhauti = L. elongatus), and Leptopoterion Ulrich (pp. 53-54, 58-63). Pasceolus claudii and Cyclocrinus are mentioned. Anomaloides and Lepidolites are con- generic with Receptaculites. Leptopoterion Ulrich from Cincinnati, Ohio, is described as an unrec- ognizable genus or species. James, Uriah Pierson 1871. Catalogue of the Lower Silurian fossils, Cincinnati Group, found at Cincinnati and vicinity— within a range of forty or fifty miles. Palaeontology. Published by the author, Cin- cinnati, Ohio, 14 pp. CyclocrinitesO, a cystidean from the Lower Si- lurian [Ordovician] Cincinnati Group, is listed (p. 6). 1873. Additions to catalogue of Lower Silurian fossils, Cincinnati Group. Palaeontology. Published by the author, Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 15-17. 1875. Catalogue of Lower Silurian fossils of the Cincinnati Group, found at Cincinnati and vicinity— within a circuit of 40 or 50 miles. New edition, much enlarged. Palaeontology. Published by the author, Cincinnati, Ohio, 8 PP. Pasceolus sp. (?), P. claudei S. A. Miller, and P. darwini S. A. Miller of uncertain class from the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Cincinnati Group are listed (p. 8). 1878. Descriptions of newly discovered species of fossils from the Lower Silurian forma- tion—Cincinnati Group. Palaeontologist, no. 1, pp. 1-7. Published by the author, Cincin- nati, Ohio. A sponge, Astylospongia tumidus James [= Cy- clocrinites darwini (Miller)], from the Lower Si- lurian [Ordovician] Cincinnati Group is described (p. 1). 1879. Supplement to catalogue of Lower Silu- rian fossils of the Cincinnati Group, found at Cincinnati and within a radius of forty or fifty miles. Containing new genera and about 1 50 new species, described since the publication of the catalogue, April 1875, and other iden- tified species, synonyms, etc. Palaeontologist, no. 4, pp. 29-32. Published by the author, Cincinnati, Ohio. A sponge, Astylospongia tumidus James [= Cy- clocrinites darwini (Miller)], and Lepidolites dickhauti Ulrich and L. elongatus Ulrich (class uncertain) are listed from the Lower Silurian [Or- dovician] Cincinnati Group (pp. 29, 32). James, W. Calvin See: Shaver, R. H., and others, 1978. NITECKJ ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 91 Jameson, Robert Johnsen, John H. 1 826. Appendix. Notes on the geology of the countries discovered during Captain Parry's Second Expedition, A.D. 1821-1822-1823; pp. 210-224. In Parry, Sir William Edward, Journal of a Third Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, Performed in the Years 1824- 1825, in His Majesty's Ships Hecla and Fury. H. C. Carey and I. Lea, Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania, 232 pp., 1 map, appendices. [Pub- lished in Great Britain as: Voyages for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage, 1 8 1 9-1 825. Volume 7.] [This is the first description of receptaculitids from North America.] "A species of a new genus [Fisheries reticulatus] of coral was found in a piece of limestone by . . . Mr. Stokes who communicated the following ac- count of it: - The new fossil coral is a flat lobe, covered on both sides with pores, which are ob- scurely laminated, and each pore or cell is contin- ued through the substance of the coral. The cells are arranged in curved radii from a centre, like the lines upon an engine-turned watchcase, and (which is unusual in corals) increase in size as they are more distant from the centre. On one surface the cells appear to be all four-sided, in which respect also they differ from all other corals." [Ordovi- cian], Mountain Limestone, Igloolik Island (p. 222). Jell, J. S. See: Wyatt, D. H., and J. S. Jell, 1967. Jicha, Henry L., Jr. 1954. Geology and mineral deposits of Lake Valley Quadrangle, Grant, Luna, and Sierra Counties, New Mexico. New Mexico State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bul- letin 37, 93 pp., 5 pis., 13 text-figs., 8 tables. The sponge Calathium is abundant in the Bat Cave Formation of the Lower Ordovician El Paso Group in the Cooks Range, New Mexico. Recep- taculites, a characteristic fossil of the Upham Do- lomite, is found in the same region in the upper part of the Cable Canyon Sandstone of the late Middle and Upper Ordovician Montoya Group (pp. 10, 12, 14). 1971. The limestones (Middle Ordovician) of Jefferson County, New York. New York State Museum and Science Service. Geological Sur- vey Map and Chart Series no. 13, 88 pp., 2 text-figs., 1 map. Cyclocrinites (= Pasceolus) globosus (Billings) has been reported from the upper limit of the Den- mark Formation and the base of the Hallowell Member of the Cobourg Formation in Jefferson County, New York (pp. 26, 28). Johnson, G. A. L. See: Banks, H. P., K. I. M. Chesters, N. F. Hughes, G. A. L. Johnson, H. M. Johnson, and L. R. Moore, 1967. Johnson, H. M. See: Banks, H. P., K. I. M. Chesters, N. F. Hughes, G. A. L. Johnson, H. M. Johnson, and L. R. Moore, 1967. Johnson, J. Harlan 1936. Paleozoic formations of the Mosquito Range, Colorado. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 185-B, pp. 15-43, pis. 1-7, text-fig. 2, tables. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Ordovician Fremont Limestone in the Mosquito Range, Col- orado (p. 23). 1943. Geologic importance of calcareous algae with annotated bibliography. Colorado School of Mines Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 1, 102 pp., 23 text- figs., 2 tables. The annotated bibliography of calcareous algae includes references to certain receptaculitids. See also: Johnson, J. H., 1957 and 1967. 1944. Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Sawatch Range, Colorado. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 55, pp. 303-378, 1 1 pis., 7 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. and R. oweni are reported from the Upper Ordovician Fremont Limestone of the Sawatch Range, central Colorado (pp. 324, 364). 92 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 1945. A resume of the Paleozoic stratigraphy of Colorado. Colorado School of Mines Quar- terly, vol. 40, no. 3, 109 pp., 2 pis., 17 text- figs., 10 tables. The Ordovician Fremont Formation in Colo- rado contains Receptaculites oweni Hall near Can- on City and Receptaculites sp. in the Bonanza Dis- trict and in Gunnison County (pp. 26, 29). 1952. Ordovician rock-building algae. Studies of organic limestones and limestone-building organisms. Colorado School of Mines Quar- terly, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 29-56, 12 pis., 3 tables. Cyclocrinus Eichwald (= Pasceolus), Coelo- sphaeridium Roemer, Apidium Stolley and Mas- topora Eichwald (= Nidulites Salter) of tribe Cy- clocrineae of the Dasycladaceae are described. The following Ordovician species are listed: Cyclocri- nus spasskii Eichwald, C. roemeri Stolley, C. plan- us Stolley, C. membranaceus Stolley, C. balticus Stolley, C. porosus Stolley (pi. 5, figs. 1-2), C. oe- landicus Stolley, C. vanhoffeni Stolley, C. pyrifor- mis Stolley (pi. 4, fig. 6), C. multicavus Stolley, C. mickvitzi Stolley, C. schmidti Stolley (all Euro- pean); C. billingsi Roemer, C. claudei Miller, C. darwini Miller, C. globosus Billings, C. hospitalis Salter, C. mellifluus Salter (all American); Mas- topora concava Eichwald, M.fava Salter, M. parva Nicholson and Etheridge, M. pyriformis Bassler (pi. 12, figs. 1-5), Coelosphaeridium cyclocrino- philum Roemer (pi. 6; pi. 8, fig. 1) (Ordovician from Norway); C. excavatum Stolley, C wesen- bergense Stolley and C. (Pasceolus) shianensis Reed, Apidium krausei Kiesow (from the Baltic Provinces); A. indicum Reed (from India); A. pyg- maceum Stolley (from Estonia); A. rotundum Hoeg (figured from Norway), and A. sorosis Stolley (from the Baltic region). 1954. An introduction to the study of rock building algae and algal limestones. Colorado School of Mines Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 2, 1 17 pp., 62 pis., 10 tables. Dasycladaceous algae of tribe Cyclocrineae are discussed. Ordovician Cyclocrinus pyriformis Stolley, C. porosus Stolley, Coelosphaeridium cy- clocrinophilum Roemer from Norway, and Mas- topora pyriformis Bassler are figured (pp. 70-7 1 ; pi. 31, fig. 6; pi. 32, figs. 1-2; pis. 33-34). 1957. Bibliography of fossil algae: 1942-1955. Colorado School of Mines Quarterly, vol. 52, no. 2, 92 pp. This is a supplement to J. H. Johnson 1943, listing selected published references to the Ordo- vician Apidium, Coelosphaeridium, Cyclocrinus, Mastopora and Nidulites (pp. 4, 14, 36, 44). See also: Johnson, J. H., 1943 and 1967. 1961a. Review of Ordovician algae. Studies of Ordovician algae. Colorado School of Mines Quarterly, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 1-101, 39 pis., 5 maps, 2 tables. Apidium Stolley, Coelosphaeridium Roemer, Cyclocrinus Eichwald, and Mastopora Eichwald are described. Stratigraphic and geographic ranges and Ordovician species of each genus are listed (pp. 36, 39-40, 43, 45-46, 48). Apidium indicum from India, A. rotundum from Norway, Coelo- sphaeridium sphaericum from Wales, C. cyclocri- nophilum from Norway, Cyclocrinus porosus, Mastopora pyriformis, and Nidulites are figured (pis. 14, 16-18). 1961b. Limestone-building Algae and Algal Limestones. Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 297 pp., 139 pis. Coelosphaeridium Roemer, Cyclocrinus Eich- wald, and Apidium Stolley, the Ordovician mem- bers of the tribe Cyclocrineae, are described (pp. 125-128). Coelosphaeridium cyclocrinophilum, Cyclocrinus pyriformis, C porosus, Apidium ro- tundum, Mastopora pyriformis, and Nidulites are figured. 1 964. Lower Devonian algae and encrusting Fo- raminifera from New South Wales. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 98-108, pis. 25-29, 1 text-fig. Receptaculites australis is listed from the Lower to Middle Devonian Nubrigyn Formation in New South Wales, Australia (p. 98). 1967. Bibliography of fossil algae, algal lime- stones, and the geological work of algae, 1956— 1965. Colorado School of Mines Quarterly, vol. 62, no. 4, 148 pp. The annotated bibliography of fossil algae, 1 956- 1 965, includes references to certain receptaculitids and cyclocrinitids. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 93 See also: Johnson, J. H., 1943 and 1957. Banks, M. R., and J. H. Johnson, 1957. Johnson, J. Harlan, and M. E. Dorr 1942. The Permian algal genus Mizzia. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 1 6, no. 1 , pp. 63-77, pis. 9-12, 1 text-fig., tables. Silurian [Ordovician] dasycladaceans of sub- tribe Cyclocrinineae, tribe Cyclocrineae, Coelo- sphaeridium F. Roemer and Apidium Stolley, are described (pp. 64, 68). Johnson, J. Harlan, and Kenji Konishi 1959. A review of Silurian (Gotlandian) algae. Studies of Silurian (Gotlandian) algae. Colo- rado School of Mines Quarterly, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 1-114, 29 pis., 1 text-fig., 9 maps, 8 tables. Ordovician to Silurian Mastopora of tribe Cy- clocrineae is described and its Silurian distribution is given (pp. 5 1-52). Mastopora fava and M. parva are figured (pi. 6, figs. 1-9). Cyclocrinus (= Pas- ceolus halli Billings) is the only Silurian member of that genus (p. 1 1). Mastopora (= Nidulites), Ap- idium Stolley, and Epimastopora Pia form sub- tribe Mastoporinae. Lower Silurian Mastopora sp. Kiaer from Norway, M. fava from Wales, Scot- land, and Norway, Ordovician (?) Coelosphaeri- dium cyclocrinophilum and C. [sic] spasskii from the Netherlands and Goldsonia burntensis are list- ed (pp. 13-15, 24, 26, 28). Johnson, Markes E. 1975. Recurrent community patterns in epeiric seas: the Lower Silurian of eastern Iowa. Pro- ceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 130-139, 2 pis., 1 text-fig. Cyclocrinites dactioloides (Owen), a dasyclada- ceous alga from the Cyclocrinites beds of the Lower Silurian Hopkinton Dolomite in eastern Iowa, is figured and listed (pi. 2, fig. 4; pp. 132, 135-136, 138). 1977. Succession and replacement in the de- velopment of Silurian brachiopod popula- tions. Lethaia, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 83-93. The Cyclocrinites beds of the Lower Silurian Hopkinton Dolomite in eastern Iowa are men- tioned (pp. 84-85). 1 980. Paleoecological structure in Early Silurian platform seas of the North American mid- continent. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatolo- gy, Paleoecology, vol. 30, pp. 191-216, 6 figs., 7 tables. Calcareous green algae Cyclocrinites dactio- loides is listed from Early Silurian Llandoverian Cyclocrinites beds in eastern Iowa (pp. 197, 201- 206, 209). See also: Nitecki, M. H., and M. E. Johnson, 1978. Johnson, Markes E., and Gregg T. Campbell 1 980. Recurrent carbonate environments in the Lower Silurian of northern Michigan and their inter-regional correlation. Journal of Paleon- tology, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 1041-1057, 3 pis., 3 text-figs. The green alga Cyclocrinites is reported from the Lower Laminated Beds of the Silurian School- craft Formation in Michigan (p. 1045). Cyclocri- nites occurs in the Silurian Hopkinton Formation of Iowa (p. 1053). Johnson, Meredith I .. and Bradford Willard 1957. Field Trip No. 4. Delaware Valley Paleo- zoics; 25 pp., figs. 2-3. In Dorf, Erling (ed.), Guidebook for Field Trips. Atlantic City Meeting, 1957. Prepared for the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America, Atlantic City, New Jersey. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter occurs in the lowest beds of the Ordovician Jacksonburg Lime- stone at several localities in New Jersey and Penn- sylvania (p. 1 1). Johnson, Mike S., and Donald E. Hibbard 1957. Geology of the Atomic Energy Commis- sion Nevada proving grounds area, Nevada. Bulletin of the United States Geological Sur- vey, 1021-K, pp. 333-384, pis. 32-33, text- fig. 57. Receptaculites elongatus Walcott and R. mam- millaris Walcott are present in the Early to Middle Ordovician Pogonip Group at the Atomic Energy Commission proving grounds, Nevada (p. 348). Johnson, R. D. See: Nelson, S. J., and R. D. Johnson, 1966. 94 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Johnston, William Alfred 1912. Geology of Lake Simcoe area, Ontario, Brechin and Kirkfield sheets. Geological Sur- vey of Canada Summary Report, 1911, pp. 253-261. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is listed from the [Ordovician] Coboconk and Kirkfield Lime- stones at Carden, Ontario, and the Kirkfield Lime- stone at Fenelon Falls, Ontario (pp. 256-259). Is- chadites sp. occurs in the Prasopora beds of the Kirkfield Limestone near Brechin, Ontario (p. 26 1). Jones, C. R., D. J. Gobbett, and Teiichi Kobayashi 1966. Summary of fossil record in Malaya and Singapore, 1900-1965; pp. 309-359, 1 map. In Kobayashi, Teiichi, and Ryuzo Toriyama (eds.), Geology and Palaeontology of South- east Asia. Volume 2. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 359 pp. Mastopora sp. from Ordovician rocks in Pulau Langkawi in Malaya is listed (p. 311). Jones, E. C. See: Barnes, V. E., P. E. Cloud, Jr., L. P. Dixon, R. L. Folk, E. C. Jones, A. R. Palmer, and E.J.Tynan, 1959. Jones, Herbert Llewelyn 1965. The Middle Devonian Winnepegosis For- mation of Saskatchewan. Department of Mineral Resources, Province of Saskatche- wan. Report 98, 101 pp., 20 pis., 15 text-figs., maps. Sphaerospongia cornucopiae Goldfuss occurs in the upper member of the Middle Devonian Win- nepegosis Formation of Saskatchewan (pp. 22, 26- 27; pi. 18, fig. i, text-fig. 14). The stratigraphic and geographic distributions of S. cornucopiae, S. tes- sellata, S. cf. burtini, and Sphaerospongia sp. are discussed (p. 27). Jones, Owen Thomas 1929. Silurian System. Sedimentary and vol- canic rocks; pp. 88-121, text-figs. 15-19, 1 table. In Evans, John William, and Cyril James Stubblefield (eds.), Handbook of the Geol- ogy of Great Britain. A Compilative Work. Thomas Murby and Co., London, 556 pp. Nidulites favus is characteristic of the Lower Llandoverian (Silurian) Gasworks Mudstone near Narberth and Haverfordwest, South Wales (p. 94). Jones, Thomas Rupert 1882. Catalogue of the Fossil Foraminifera in the Collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Taylor and Francis, London, 100 pp. The following [receptaculitids] from the British Isles, Gotland, Estonia, Bohemia, North America, Northern India, and Belgium are housed with Fo- raminifera at the British Museum (Natural His- tory): Silurian Sphaerospongia (Nidulites), S. (Nid- ulites) favus, S. hospitalis, S. (Ischadites), S. inosculans, S. mellijlua, Ischadites koenigi, Re- ceptaculites, R. or bis, R. occidentalis, R. arctica, R. neptunil, R. oweni, and Sphaeronites; Devo- nian Sphaeronites tessellatus and Receptaculites neptuni. Notes on the Receptaculitidae, particu- larly Receptaculites, are included (pp. 2-4, 83). See also: Anonymous, 1876. Jonker, H. G. 1904. Bijdragen tot de kenntnis der Sedimen- taire Zwerfsteenen in Nederland. Groningen, G. A., Evers, pp. 1-91 + LV pp. The following [Ordovician] fossils are listed from the erratic rocks of Germany and the Netherlands: Coelosphaeridium sp., C. cyclocrinophilum, C. cy- clocrinophilum var. conwentzianum, Cyclocrinus sp., C. spaskii, C. porosus, Mastopora concava, and Apidium ? sp. (pp. 51, 53-58, 62, 66-67, 74-76). K a I jo. D. L. 1970. Raznye melkie gruppy; pp. 172-174. In Kaljo, D. L. (ed.), Silur Estonii [The Silurian of Estonia]. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Geoloogia Instituut (Institut Geologii Nauk Estonskoi SSR), Tallinn, 344 pp., 50 tables. Receptaculites infundibulum Schrenk from the Llandoverian (Silurian) of Estonia is listed with Squamiferida (p. 173, table 20). Kamptner, Erwin 1958. Ueber das System und die Stammesge- schichte der Dasycladaceen (Siphoneae ver- ticillatae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 95 Museums in Wien. Wien. Band 62. Geologie und Palaeontologie, pp. 95-122, 1 table. The dasycladacean tribe Cyclocrineae ranges from Ordovician to Permian and consists of two subtribes: Cyclocrinae and Mastoporinae. Cyclo- crinae consists of Ordovician Coelosphaeridium Roemer 1883, Permian Mizzia Schubert 1907, and Ordovician Cyclocrinus Eichwald 1860. Masto- porinae consists of Ordovician Mastopora Eich- wald 1840, Ordovician Apidium Stolley 1896, Lower Carboniferous Konickopora Lee 1912, and Permian Epimastopora Pia 1922. All these taxa are described (pp. 97, 102, 104, 107-108, and ta- ble). Karsten, Gustav 1869. Die Versteinerungen des Uebergangsge- birges in den Geroellen der Herzogthuemer Schleswig und Holstein. Betraege zur Lan- deskunde der Herzogthuemer Schleswig und Holstein. I Reihe, mineralogischen Inhaltes. Heft 1, 85 pp., 25 pis. The following Silurian [Ordovician] fossils from the Baltic erratics are described: Receptaculites Defrance, of such unknown affinities that it cannot be decided whether it is a plant or an animal (p. 8); R. bronnii Eichw. (pp. 8-9, pi. 1, figs. 4a-c); Receptaculites sp. a (pp. 8-9; pi. 2, figs. 6a-e; pi. 25, fig. 21); Receptaculites sp. b (p. 10, pi. 25, figs. 20a-b); Cyclocrinus Eichw. (pp. 20-21) of un- known affinities; C. spaskii Eichw. (pp. 21-23, pi. 7, figs. lOa-e; pi. 25, figs. 22a-b); C. exilis Eichw. (p. 22, pi. 7, figs. 1 la-b); Cyclocrinus sp. (p. 22); and Ischadites koenigii (p. 9). Katz, Michael See: Gould, S. J., and M. Katz, 1975. Kay, G. Marshall 1935a. Distribution of Ordovician altered vol- canic materials and related clays. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 225-244, pis. 20-22, 14 text-figs. [Ordovician] Ischadites sp. occurs at the Sher- man Fall-Lower Cobourg contact at Lowville, New York, and near Ameliasburg, Ontario (p. 229). Nidulites pyriformis Bassler characterizes the up- per members of the [Ordovician] Chambersburg Formation (p. 232). 1935b. Ordovician Stewartville-Dubuque prob- lems. Journal of Geology, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 561-590, 10 text-figs., 8 tables. Receptaculites zones of R. oweni Hall occur in the Ordovician Prosser and Stewartville Forma- tions in the Upper Mississippi Valley; Ischadites cf. iowensis (Owen) is listed from the Stewartville (pp. 563, 565, 567-569, 571-572, 574-577, 580). Receptaculites oweni is listed from the Ordovician Lower Cobourg Formation in New York (p. 580). 1935c. Ordovician System in the Upper Mis- sissippi Valley. Guidebook. Ninth Annual Field Conference. The Kansas Geological So- ciety. Upper Mississippi Valley. Iowa City, Iowa to Duluth, Minnesota. August 25th to September 1st, 1935. Kansas Geological So- ciety, Wichita, Kansas, pp. 281-295, 1 text- fig- Receptaculites oweni Hall and Ischadites iowen- sis (Owen) occur in the Prosser Formation in the Upper Mississippi Valley (p. 291). 1937. Stratigraphy of the Trenton Group. Bul- letin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 233-302, pis. 1-10, 13 text- figs. Pasceolus globosus Billings, Receptaculites occi- dentalis Salter, and R. oweni Hall are listed from various Trenton Ordovician localities (pp. 256- 259, 261-263, 278, 281, 300; pi. 9). Pasceolus glo- bosus is figured (pi. 1 0). 1939a. Wisconsin-Illinois district; pp. 25-28. In Bastin, Edson S. (ed.), Contributions to a knowledge of the lead and zinc deposits of the Mississippi Valley region. Geological Society of America Special Papers, no. 24, 1 56 pp. The Ordovician Galena Group in the Upper Mississippi Valley lead and zinc district (Wiscon- sin-Illinois) contains an upper Receptaculites zone at the base of the Stewartville Formation and a lower Receptaculites zone in the Prosser Forma- tion (pp. 27-28). 1939b. Ordovician system in Ontario; pp. 589- 593, text-figs. 4-6. In Ruedemann, Rudolf, and Robert Balk (eds.), Geologie der Erde. Volume 1 . Geology of North America. Ge- brueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 643 pp. Ordovician Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is 96 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY found in the Rocklandian Cloche Island Lime- stone in the Manitoulin district, Ontario (p. 590). 1 942. Ottawa-Bonnechere graben and Lake On- tario homocline. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 53, pp. 585-646, 7 pis., 7 text-figs., 13 tables. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is listed from the Rockland Limestone at several eastern Ca- nadian localities and below the Sherman Fall Limestone in the Ameliasburg inlier (pp. 595, 598, 601-602,631). 1968. Discussion: stratigraphy and sedimentary environments of some Wilderness (Ordovi- cian) limestones, Ottawa Valley, Ontario, by C. R. Barnes. Canadian Journal of Earth Sci- ences, vol. 5, pp. 166-169, 1 text-fig. Receptaculites is listed from the Ordovician, Rocklandian Chaumontian Limestone at Pack- enham Quarry, Ottawa Valley, Ontario (p. 167). See also: Bergstroem, S. M., J. Riva, and G. M. Kay, 1974. 1944. Middle Ordovician of central Pennsyl- vania. Part 2. Later Mohawkian (Trenton) formations. Journal of Geology, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 97-1 16, text-figs. 1 1-18, tables 7-1 1. Ordovician Nidulites is common in the Mer- cersburg Limestone of the Cumberland Valley, but relatively rare in the Nealmont Formation of Pennsylvania. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter, typical of the Rockland Formation, is not found in the Nealmont (pp. 106-108). 1956. Ordovician limestones in the western an- ticlines of the Appalachians in West Virginia and Virginia, northeast of the New River. Bul- letin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 55-106, 2 pis., 8 text-figs. The stratigraphic and geographic distributions of Ordovician Receptaculites and the sponge Nid- ulites in Virginia and West Virginia are given (pp. 65-66, 69, 73-75, 78-79, 81, 91-93). 1958. Ordovician Highgate Springs Sequence of Vermont and Quebec and Ordovician clas- sification. American Journal of Science, vol. 256, pp. 65-96, 1 1 text-figs., 3 tables. Receptaculites occurs in the Isle la Motte Lime- stone of the Ordovician Highgate Springs Se- quence in Vermont (p. 86). 1962. Classification of Ordovician Chazyan shelly and graptolite sequences from central Nevada. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 73, no. 11, pp. 1421-1429, 2 text-figs. Nidulites (?) sp. is listed from the sponge beds of the Ordovician Antelope Valley Limestone in Ikes Canyon and Yellow Gulch in Nevada (p. 1424). Kay, G. Marshall, and Edwin H. Colbert 1 965. Stratigraphy and Life History. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 736 pp., numerous illus. Middle Ordovician Mastopora or Nidulites from Virginia is figured as green alga (pp. 664, 666, fig. 26-35). Kayser, [Friedrich Heinrich] Emanuel 1875. Ueber die Billings'sche Gattung Pasceolus und ihre verbreitung in palaeozoischen Abla- gerungen. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geolo- gischen Gesellschaft, Band 27, pp. 776-783, pi. 20. Pasceolus Billings, of uncertain taxonomic po- sition, is discussed and compared with Receptac- ulites, Cyclocrinus, and Lunulites dactylioides. Eu- ropean Middle Devonian P. (Sphaerospongia) tessellatus Phillips and P. rothi n. sp. are described and illustrated. Pasceolus Billings includes: P. glo- bosus Billings, P. halli Billings, P. gregarius Bil- lings, P. intermedius Billings, Pasceolus sp. Bil- lings, P. goughii Salter, P. sedgwickii Salter, P. tesselatus Phillips, P. rathi n. sp., and (?) sp. (tes- selatus Verneuil). Keefer, William R., and J. A. Van Lieu 1966. Paleozoic formations in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming; Geology of the Wind River Basin, central Wyoming. United Sates Geo- logical Survey Professional Paper 495-B, 60 pp., 6 pis., 23 text-figs., 8 tables. The Ordovician Bighorn Dolomite in the central Wind River Mountains of Wyoming contains Re- ceptaculites sp. and Cyclocrinites sp. in the Lander Sandstone Member and R. arcticus in the Leigh Dolomite Member (p. 25). Receptaculites sp. oc- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 97 curs in the Bighorn in the Sweetwater Canyon and Windy Gap sections. Kelley, Vincent C, and Caswell Silver 1952. Geology of the Caballo Mountains. Uni- versity of New Mexico Publications in Ge- ology, no. 4, 286 pp., 19 pis., 26 text-figs. Calathium anstedi occurs in the Ordovician Bat Cave Formation and Receptaculites sp. in the De- vonian Sly Gap Formation of southern New Mex- ico (pp. 50, 75). Kellogg, Harold E. 1963. Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Southern Egan Range, Nevada. Bulletin of the Geolog- ical Society of America, vol. 74, pp. 685-708, 4 pis., 3 text-figs., 12 tables. The Ordovician Pogonip Group in the Egan Range of eastern Nevada contains Receptaculites n. sp. and R. elongatus Walcott in the Canadian Shingle Limestone, and R. elongatus and R. mam- millaris Newberry in the Chazyan lower Kanosh Shale (pp. 693-694, pi. 1). Kempen, Th. M. G. Van 1978. Anthaspidellid sponges from the Early Paleozoic of Europe and Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaeontologie, Abhandlungen, Band 156, Lfg. 3, pp. 305- 337, 7 text-figs. Calathium sp. of Dake and Bridge (1932) from the Canadian Ordovician in Texas, and the Cal- athium of Weller and St. Clair (1928) from the Lower Ordovician Jefferson City Formation in Missouri are probably the sponge Archaeoscyphia (p. 315). Kempton, John See: Odom, I. E., G. M. Wilson, G. Dow, J. Kemp- ton, and G. Emrich, 1963. Kennerly, J. B. See: Langenheim, R. L., Jr., B. W. Carss, J. B. Kennerly, V. A. McCutcheon, and R. H. Waines, 1962. Kent, Donald M., Barry Bannatyne, and Hugh R. McCabe 1972. Industrial and non-metallic minerals of Manitoba and Saskatchewan (Central Plains). International Geological Congress. Twenty- fourth Session. Montreal, 1972. Excursion C23. International Geological Congress, Ot- tawa, Ontario, 39 pp., 6 text-figs. Receptaculites is found in the Selkirk member of the Upper Ordovician Red River Formation at Garson, Manitoba (p. 1 1). Keroher, Grace C. 1 967. Some uses of fossil names in the evolution of stratigraphic nomenclature in the midcon- tinent; pp. 21—48, 8 text-figs. In Teichert, Curt, and Ellis L. Yochelson (eds.), Essays in pa- leontology and stratigraphy. University of Kansas Department of Geology, Special Pub- lication 2, 626 pp. The Lower Silurian (Ordovician) Receptaculite Limestone of Shumard in Missouri now consti- tutes the Kimmswick Subgroup of the Galena Group (pp. 23, 36-37). Keroher, Grace C, and others 1966a. Lexicon of geologic names of the United States for 1936-1960. Part 2: G-O. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 1200, pp. 1449-2886. Receptaculites zones occur in the Prosser and Stewartville Members of the Middle Ordovician Galena Dolomite in the lead-zinc district [of Wis- consin-Illinois-Iowa] (p. 1453). 1966b. Lexicon of geologic names of the United States 1936-1960. Part 3: P-Z. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 1200, pp. 2887-4341. Receptaculites occurs in the upper Prosser and lower Stewartville Members of the Middle Or- dovician Galena Dolomite in Fillmore County, Minnesota, and the zinc-lead district [Iowa-Illi- nois-Wisconsin], respectively (pp. 3144, 3722). Kerr, J. William 1962. Paleozoic sequences and thrust slices of the Seetoya Mountains, Independence Range, Elko County, Nevada. Bulletin of the Geo- logical Society of America, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 439-460, 4 pis., 5 text-figs. Ordovician Receptaculites sp. is found in the Smith Creek and Burns Creek Sequences of the 98 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Eureka Quartzite in the Seetoya Mountains, Ne- vada (p. 445). 1967. New nomenclature for Ordovician rock units of the eastern and southern Queen Eliz- abeth Islands, Arctic Canada. Bulletin of Ca- nadian Petroleum Geology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 91-113, 5 text-figs. Ordovician Recept acuities sp. is reported from the Cornwallis, Thumb Mountain, and Irene Bay Formations in the Cornwallis Group on Ellesmere Island. 1968. Stratigraphy of central and eastern Elles- mere Island, Arctic Canada. Part 2. Ordovi- cian. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 67- 27, 92 pp., 5 pis., 10 text-figs., 2 tables. Receptaculites sp. from the Thumb Mountain and Irene Bay Formations, R. arcticus from the Croker Bay Limestone, and Cyclocrinites sp. from the Irene Bay Formation are found in the Ordo- vician of the Canadian Arctic (pp. 47, 49, 53-55, 74). 1974. Geology of Bathurst Island Group and Byam Martin Island, Arctic Canada. Geolog- ical Survey of Canada Memoir 378, 152 pp., 19 pis., 15 text-figs., 2 tables, 1 map. Receptaculitids are part of the Arctic Ordovi- cian fauna in the Upper Ordovician (Edenian and Maysvillian?) Irene Bay Formation of the Bathurst Island Group, Arctic Canada. Receptaculites sp. is found in the Lower Devonian (early Emsian?) Stuart Bay Formation (pp. 18-19, 136). See also: Morrow, D. W., and J. W. Kerr, 1977. Kesling, Robert V., and Alan Graham 1 962. Ischadites is a dasycladacean alga. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 943-952, pis. 135-136, 2 text-figs. Ischadites is described as a dasycladacean alga. Ischadites iowensis (Owen) is described and illus- trated (text-figs. 1-2; pis. 135-136). A history of classification of Ischadites is given. The presence of gametocysts dispels all questions of the affinities of receptaculitids. Keyes, Charles Rollin 1 894. Paleontology of Missouri. Geological Sur- vey of Missouri [Report], vol. 4, part 1, 271 pp., 32 pis. The hexactinellid sponge Receptaculites oweni Hall from the Silurian [Ordovician] Trenton Limestone of Jefferson, Pike, and St. Louis Coun- ties, Missouri, is described and illustrated. Part of Whitfield's ( 1 882) description is reprinted (pp. 9 1 , 103; pi. 12, figs. 2a-b). 1937. First geographic designation of Receptac- ulites limestone in Upper Mississippi Valley. Pan American Geologist, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 61-65, 1 text-fig. Receptaculites is common in the Ordovician from Cape Girardeau to Kimmswick and along the Missouri River nearly to Jefferson City, Mis- souri (p. 61). Keyserling, Alexandre de See: Murchison, R. I., E. de Verneuil, and A. de Keyserling, 1845. Keyte, I. A. See: Brainerd, A. E., H. L. Baldwin, Jr., and I. A. Keyte, 1933. Kiaer, Johan [Aschehoug] 1897a. Faunistische Uebersicht der Etage 5 des Norwegischen Silursystems. Inaugural-Dis- sertation zur Erlangung der Doctorwuerde der Hohen Philosophische Facultat sect. 2. Koe- niglich Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet zu Muenchen, Muenchen, 76 pp., 7 text-figs., ta- bles. The Ordovician algae Apidium Stolley, A. so- roris Stolley, and Nidulites n. sp. are listed from Stage 5 of the Oslo region (pp. 9, 71). See also: Kiaer, J., 1897b. 1897b. Faunistische Uebersicht der Etage 5 des Norwegischen Silursystems. Videnskaps-sel- skapets Skrifter. I. Matematisk-Naturviden- skapelig Klasse, 1897, Nr. 3, 76 pp., 7 text- figs., tables. This is identical to Kiaer, J., 1897a. 1901. Etage 5 i Asker ved Kristiania. Studier over den norske Mellemsilur. Norges Geo- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 99 logiske Undersokelse. Aarbog. 1902, no. 1, 1 1 1 pp., 6 text-figs., charts and tables. Ischadites sp. and Apidiwn sororis Stolley are found in [the Upper Ordovician] stages 5a and 5b in the Oslo region (pp. 12, 57, 82, 89-90). 1908. Das Obersilur im Kristianiagebiete. Eine stratigraphischfaunistische untersuchung. Vi- denskaps-selskapets Skrifter. I. Matematisk- Naturvidenskapelig Klasse, 1906, Nr. 2, 595 pp., 3 pis., 102 text-figs., 6 maps. Mastopora sp., M. fava Salter, and two species of Receptaculites are listed as plants from the Up- per Silurian of Christiania [Oslo] in Norway (p. 583). [1920] 1922. Oversigt over Kalkalgefloraene i Norges Ordovicium og Silur. Norsk Geolo- gisk Tidsskrift, Bind 6, pp. 1 13-142. Floras of calcareous algae from the Ordovician and Silurian of Norway are described. The Middle Ordovician Cyclocrinus flora in the Mjosen dis- trict consists of Coelosphaeridium, Cyclocrinus, and Mastopora. The Lower Silurian Mastopora flora contains Mastopora. Apidiwn, which occurs in the Oslo district, belongs to the Upper Ordovician Isotelus group. The following "Verticellate Sipho- neer" and their zonations are listed: Middle Or- dovician Mastopora concava Eichwald, Coelo- sphaeridium cyclocrinophilum F. Roemer, Cyclocrinus schmidtii Stolley, C. oelandicus Stol- ley, C. vanhoeffeni Stolley, C. balticus Stolley, and Cyclocrinus sp.; Upper Ordovician Apidium sp. and Cyclocrinus sp.; and Lower Silurian Masto- pora sp. and M. fava Salter. 1921a. [Untitled.] Geologiska Foereningens I. Stockholm. Foerhandlingar, Band 43, haeft 5, no. 346, pp. 499-502. Stratigraphy of Ordovician siphonous algae Coelosphaeridium and Cyclocrinus in Norway is discussed. 1921b. [1922]. En ny zone i Norges midtre Or- dovicium. Geologiska Foereningens I. Stock- holm. Foerhandlingar, Band 43, haeft 5, no. 346, pp. 499-502. This is identical to Kiaer, J., 1921a. 1933a. Stratigraphical researches on the fossil- iferous horizons in Meldalen, Holandet and Gauldalen; pp. 9-60, text-figs. 1-6. In Kiaer, Johan (ed.), The Hovin Group in the Trond- heim area. Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Vi- denskaps-Akademi i Oslo. I. Matematisk-Na- turvidenskapelig Klasse, 1932, Nr. 4. Ordovician (Caradocian?) Ischadites from be- low the Kalstad Limestone but above the Hovin sandstone in Meldalen (p. 24); Apidium rotundum Hoeg from the Holandet shale and limestone in the Trondheim area (p. 36); and Nidulites and Mastopora from the Hovin sandstone in Trond- heim are listed (p. 49). 1933b. The coral fauna of the Kalstad Lime- stone in Meldalen, also with description of a Lingula from the Langeland slate-quarry and an Ischadites from Meldalen; pp. 103-113, pis. 12-17, text-figs. 14-15. In Kiaer, Johan (ed.), The Hovin Group in the Trondheim area. Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Viden- skaps-Akademi i Oslo, I: Matematisk-Na- turvidenskapelig Klasse, 1932, Nr. 4. Ischadites sp. A, resembling the /. iowensis Owen from the [Ordovician] Galena-Trenton in Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, is described and fig- ured from the Ordovician Kalstad Limestone west of Meldalen in the Trondheim area of Norway (pp. 103-105; pi. 12, figs. 1-2). It also resembles Re- ceptaculites hadelandiae (Kjerulf 1865) from southern Norway, the holotype of which is miss- ing. Receptaculites hadelandiae is probably an Is- chadites, and it is found in the Cyclocrinus shale, together with Ischadites sp. A. Ischadites sp. B is found in the Upper Ordovician Lower Chasmops Shale in Ringerike. Ischadites sp. C is reported from the Upper Ordovician of Baerum and Rin- gerike. Ischadites, a calcareous alga (?), occurs over much of the northern hemisphere throughout Middle and Upper Ordovician from Chazy to "high up in the Silurian" (p. 104). Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia (ed.) 1963. Maly Slownik paleontologiczny. Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa, 216 pp., numerous text-figs. Receptaculitids (Receptaculitidae) are described and [E. Billings' 1865 figure] illustrated as Ordo- vician to Carboniferous cosmopolitan problem- atic organisms which may belong with sponges (pp. 160-161, fig. on p. 160). 100 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Kiesow, J. 1894. Die Coelosphaeridien-Gesteine und Backsteinkalke des westpreussischen Dilu- viums, ihre Versteinerungen und ihr geolo- gisches Alter. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig, N.F., Band 8, Lfg. 3- 4, pp. 67-96, pis. 1-2. The cyclocrinitids Coelosphaeridium cyclocri- nophilum Roemer, C conwentzianum n. sp., Pas- ceolus krausei n. sp., Cyclocrinus spaskii Eichwald, and C. concavus Eichwald [Mastopora concava] from Ordovician glacial erratics are described and figured as cystoids (pp. 74-81; pi. 1, figs. 1-12; pi. 2, figs. 1-4). 1 896. Das geologische Alter der im westpreus- sischen Diluvium gefundenen Coelosphaerid- iengesteine un Backsteinkalke. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig, N.F., Bd. IX, Heft 2, pp. 20-40, 1 pi. The stratigraphies of the following Ordovician fossils from the various Baltoscandian localities are given: Coelosphaeridium, C. cyclocrinophilum, C. conwentzianum, Cyclocrinus, C. concavus (= Mastopora concava), C. aff. spaskii, and Pasceolus krausei (pp. 20-28). 1899. Bemerkungen zu den Gattungen Cyclo- crinus, Coelosphaeridium und Apidium. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig, N.F., Bd. X, pp. 77-93, 5 figs. Cyclocrinus, Coelosphaeridium, Mastopora, Re- ceptaculites, Pasceolus and Apidium are not si- phonous algae. Coelosphaeridium is related to Cy- clocrinus, which may be related to cystoids. The following are described and figured: Coelosphae- ridium cyclocrinophilum (fig. 5), C. conwentzia- num, Apidium krausei, A. sororis, Pasceolus krau- sei, Mastopora concava, M. odini, Cyclocrinus concavus, C. odini, C spaskii, C roemeri (fig. 1 ), C. roemeri var. mutabilis n.var (figs. 2-3), C. sub- tilis, C. subtilis var. roemeri, C planus (= C. roe- meri), C membranaceus (= C roemeri), C bal- ticus (= C roemeri), C. porosus (fig. 4), C. oelandicus (= C porosus), C. vanhoeffeni (= C. porosus), C schmidti, C. pyriformis, C multicavus, and C. mickwitzi. Kilfoyle, Clinton F. 1 954. Catalog of type specimens of fossils in the New York State Museum. Supplement 4. Bul- letin of the New York State Museum (of Nat- ural History), 348, 719 pp. The sponge Ischadites squamifer (Hall) from the New Scotland beds of Clarksville, New York, is housed in the New York State Museum in Albany (p. 50). Killey, Myrna M. See: Cote, W. E., D. L. Reinertsen, and M. M. Killey, 1968, 1970, and 1971. Cote, W. E., D. L. Reinertsen, G. M. Wilson, and M. M. Killey, 1969 and 1970. Reinertsen, D. L., D. J. Berggren, and M. M. Killey, 1972, 1973a, 1973b, and 1974. Reinertsen, D. L., and M. M. Killey, 1972. Kindle, Edward M. 1898. A catalogue of the fossils of Indiana, ac- companied by a bibliography of the literature relating to them. Indiana Department of Ge- ology and Natural Resources, 22nd Annual Report, pp. 407-514. The following coelenterates from Indiana are listed: Receptaculites elrodi Miller from the De- vonian Corniferous and Hamilton Formations, and R. hemisphericus Hall, R. sacculus Hall, and R. subturbinatus Hall from the Silurian Niagara and Waterlime Formations (p. 4 1 8). 1914. The Silurian and Devonian section of western Manitoba. Geological Survey of Can- ada Summary Report, 1912, pp. 247-261. Sphaerospongia tessellata (Phillips) occurs in the Devonian Winnipegosan Dolomite north of Whi- teaves point in Dawson Bay, Lake Manitoba (pp. 252-253). 1938. The correlation of certain Devonian fau- nas of eastern and western Gaspe. Bulletin of American Paleontology, vol. 24, no. 82, 52 pp., 2 pis. A coelenterate, Ischadites cf. squamifer (Hall), occurs in the Devonian Gaspe Sandstone on the eastern Gaspe Peninsula (pp. 31, 35, 41). 1939. Geology of the Arctic archipelago and the Interior Plains of Canada; pp. 176-231, 12 text-figs. In Ruedemann, Rudolf, and Robert Balk (eds.), Geologie der Erde. Volume 1 . Ge- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 101 ology of North America. Gebrueder Born- traeger, Berlin, 643 pp. Ordovician Receptaculites oweni Hall is found in the Trenton of Baffin Land (p. 188) and in the Nelson River Limestone along the Nelson River in the Hudson Bay region (p. 200). Devonian Sphaerospongia tessellata (Phillips) is found in the Winnipegosan Dolomite (Stringocephalus Dolo- mite) at Salt Point at the mouth of Steeprock River on the east shore of Lake Manitoba, Manitoba (p. 212). Kindle, Edward M., and Victor H. Barnett 1909. The stratigraphic and faunal relations of the Waldron fauna in southern Indiana. In- diana Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 33rd Annual Report, pp. 393-4 1 6. Receptaculites subturbinatus Hall and R. sac- culus Hall are listed as sponges from the Silurian Waldron of southern Indiana (p. 404). King, Phillip B. 1931. Pre-Carboniferous stratigraphy of Mara- thon Uplift, West Texas. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geolo- gists, vol. 15, pp. 1059-1085, 3 text-figs., 4 tables. The sponge Calathium cf. formosum is found in the Monument Spring Dolomite Member of the Ordovician Marathon Limestone in the Marathon Region of West Texas (p. 1069). 1937. Geology of the Marathon region, Texas. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 187, 148 pp., 24 pis., 33 text-figs. A sponge, Calathium cf. formosum, is found in the Monument Spring Dolomite Member of the Lower Ordovician Marathon Limestone in Mon- ument Spring Quadrangle, Texas (p. 30). 1965. Geology of the Sierra Diablo region, Tex- as. United States Geological Survey Profes- sional Paper 480, 185 pp., 16 pis., 8 text-figs., 14 tables. The sponges Calathium and Receptaculites are found in the Sierra Diablo region of Texas in the Lower Ordovician El Paso Limestone and the Upham Member of the Montoya Dolomite, re- spectively (pp. 32-33, 37, pi. 3). Kirk, Edwin 1930. The Harding Sandstone of Colorado. American Journal of Science, 5th ser., vol. 20, no. 120, pp. 456-466. Receptaculites occurs in the basal sandstone of the Ordovician Bighorn Dolomite in Wyoming (p. 461). 1 934. The Lower Ordovician El Paso Limestone of Texas and its correlatives. American Jour- nal of Science, 5th ser., vol. 28, no. 168, pp. 443_463. Calathium cf. C anstedi Billings is listed from the Piloceras-Calathium zone of the lower El Paso Limestone in El Paso, Texas (pp. 450-451). Ca- lathium sp. is found in the Ordovician El Paso Formation of New Mexico, the Yellow Hill Lime- stone of southern Nevada, the Garden City Lime- stone of Utah, and in Newfoundland and Scotland (pp. 452, 454, 456, 460). An Ordovician "Recep- taculites''' fauna occurs in the Pioche and Eureka districts and the Las Vegas Quadrangle of Nevada and in British Columbia (pp. 454-456). Cala- thium sp. identified by Dake and Bridge (1932) from the Ellenburger Limestone of Texas is be- lieved to be Archaeoscyphia (p. 457). Kjerulf, Theodor 1865. Veiviser ved Geologiske Excursioner i Christiania Omegn. Med et farvetrykt kart og flere traesnit. Universitetsprogram for andet halvaar 1865. Brogger and Christie's Bog- trykkeri, Christiania, 43 pp., 45 text-figs., 1 map, tables, figs. The following Norwegian fossils from Stage 4 are listed and figured: the [Middle or Upper Or- dovician] sponge Receptaculites hadelandiae [n. sp.] from the Hadeland District (p. 11, fig. 25 on p. 14); the zoophyte Chaetetes (?) sphaericus [Coe- losphaeridium sphaericum] from the [Middle Or- dovician, Hovindsholm Formation] of Hovind- sholm (p. 11, fig. 24 on p. 1 4); and Chaetetes petropolitanus var. hemisphericus [growing on Cy- clocrinus sp. from the middle Ordovician Furu- berg Formation] in Furuberg (fig. 23 on p. 14). The bryozoan Nidulites favus from Stage 5 [basal Silurian] on Malmo Island is also listed and figured (p. 15, fig. 30 on p. 21). Kleinhampl, Frank J. See: Cornwall, H. R., and F. J. Kleinhampl, 1961. 102 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Klement, Karl W. See: Toomey, D. F., and K. W. Klement, 1966. Klemic, Harry, and Walter S. West 1964. Geology of the Belmont and Calamine Quadrangles, Wisconsin. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 1 1 23-G, pp. 361-435, pis. 22-24, text-figs. 47-50. The sponge Receptaculites oweni Hall from the Ordovician Galena Dolomite in Wisconsin is de- scribed (pp. 379-381). Kloeden, K. F. 1834. Die Versteinerungen der Mark Branden- burg, insonderheit diejenigen, welche sich in den Rollsteinen und Bloecken der suedbal- tischen Ebene finden. C. G. Luederitz, Berlin, 378 pp., 10 pis., numerous tables. Problematic fossils [Coelosphaeridium sphae- ricum], possibly representing the inner parts of Echinosphaerites pomum, from the Silurian [Or- dovician] erratics of Mark Brandenburg and from Norway, are described and figured (pp. 285-286, pi. 6, figs. 6a-b). Knechtel, Maxwell M. 1959. Stratigraphy of the Little Rocky Moun- tains and encircling foothills, Montana. Bul- letin of the United States Geological Survey 1072-N, pp. 722-752, pis. 52-53, text-figs. 32-33. Spongelike Receptaculites is reported from the Upper Ordovician lower half of the Bighorn Do- lomite in the northern part of the Little Rocky Mountains in Montana (p. 729). Knight, Robert D. See: Martin, J. A., R. D. Knight, and W. C. Hayes, 1961. Knopf, Adolph See: Westgate, L. G., and A. Knopf, 1932. Knox, J. See: Mitchell, G. H., and others, 1962. Kobayashi, Teiichi 1 944. The zoopalaeogeographic province in the Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician Pe- riods. Japanese Journal of Geology and Ge- ography, vol. 14, pp. 19-26. A lower Piloceras-Calacium [sic] zone is present in the Canadian [Ordovician] (p. 22). 1959. On some Ordovician fossils from North- ern Malaya and her adjacence. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, sect. 2, vol. 1 1, part 4, pp. 387-408, pis. 24-27, 3 text-figs., 1 table. A lower Ordovician (?) Archaeoscyphia-like sponge [calathid] from a small island off the west coast of Northern Malaya is illustrated (figs. 2a- b). 1 960. Some Ordovician fossils from East Ton- kin, Viet Nam. Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 39-48, pi. 5, 2 text-figs. The external mold of Receptaculites (?) sp. (for- merly called Dictyonema (?) sp.) from Cho Bo, east Tonkin, Viet Nam, is described and figured (p. 4 1 ; pi. 5, fig. 8). See also: Jones, C. R., D. J. Gobbett, and T. Kobayashi, 1966. Koch, Lauge 1923. Preliminary report upon the geology of Peary Land, Arctic Greenland. American Journal of Science, 5th ser., vol. 5, no. 27, pp. 189-199, 2 text-figs. Ordovician Receptaculites and R. oweni are common in Peary Land, Arctic Greenland (pp. 192, 195-197). 1925. The geology of North Greenland. Amer- ican Journal of Science, 5th ser., vol. 9, no. 52, pp. 271-285, 5 text-figs. Ordovician Receptaculites is found along the north coast of Greenland (p. 280). 1929a. The geology of the south coast of Wash- ington Land. Meddelelser om Gronland, Bind 73, Iste Afdeling, Nr. 1, 39 pp., 3 pis., 15 text- figs. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 103 The following Ordovician sponges or algae are found on the south coast of Washington Land, Greenland: Receptaculites in the Gonioceras Bay Formation; R. arcticus in the Troedsson Cliff For- mation; and R. arcticus, Ischadites (2 spp.), Cy- clocrinites cf. darwini Miller, and C. cf. claudei Miller in the Cape Calhoun Formation (pp. 6, 25- 28, 30, 37). 1929b. Stratigraphy of Greenland. Meddelelser om Gronland, Bind 73, Anden Afdeling, Nr. 2, 320 pp., 6 pis., text-figs. 54-61. Receptaculites occurs in the Trenton (?) Ordo- vician Troedsson Cliff Formation and the Upper Ordovician Cape Calhoun Formation in North Greenland (pp. 235-236). Kochansky-Devide, V. See: Herak, M., V. Kochansky-Devide, and I. Gusic, 1977. Koenig, Carl Dietrich Eberhard 1825. Icones Fossilium Sectiles. Regent Street Centuria Prima, London, 4 pp., 19 pis. (with 248 figs.). [The descriptive letterpress refers only to pis. I-VIII (figs. 1-100).] Blumenbachium n. gen. globosum n. sp., [which may be a receptaculitid] is described and figured (p. 3; pi. 5, fig. 69). Leucophthalmus n. gen. strang- waysii n. sp. [a cyclocrinitid] is described and fig- ured (p. 1; pi. 1, fig. 1). Koenig, John W. See: Howe, W. B., and J. W. Koenig, 1961. Koenig, John W., James A. Martin, and Charles W. Collinson 1 96 1 . Guide Book. Twenty-sixth Regional Field Conference. The Kansas Geological Society. Northeastern Missouri and West-Central Il- linois. Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources Report of Investigations, 27, 186 pp., illus. Receptaculites is common in the upper part and rare in the lower part of the Ordovician Kimms- wick Limestone in the Hannibal Quadrangle, Ralls County, Missouri (p. 14). Kolata, Dennis R. See: Willman, H. B., and D. R. Kolata, 1978. Koltun, V. M. See: Rezvoi, P. D., I. T. Zhuravleva, and V. M. Koltun, 1962. Konishi, Kenji See: Johnson, J. H., and K. Konishi, 1959. Konjuschkov, Konstantin N. See: Zhuravleva, I. T., K. N. Konjuschkov, and A. Yu. Rozanov, 1964. Korde, Kira Borisovna 1 968. Kembriiskie vodorosli [Cambrian Algae]. Bulleten Moskovskogo Obshestva Ispytatelei prirody. Novaja serija. Tom 73. Otdel Geo- logicheskii.Tom 43, Vyp. 5 [Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists. New series, vol. 73, Geological series, vol. 43, part 5], pp. 153-154. Seletonellaceae n. fam. differs from family Das- ycladaceae and consists of tribes: Cambroporel- leae, Amgaelleae, Seletonelleae, Rhabdoporelleae n. nom., Cyclocrineae, and Primicorallineae. 1 97 1 . K sistematike i evolucii vodoroslei iz por- jadka Dasycladales (Chlorophyta) [System- atics and evolution of dasycladaceous algae]. Bulleten Moskovskogo Obshestva Ispytatelei prirody. Novaja serija. Tom 76. Otdel Geo- logicheskii. Tom 46, Vyp. 2 [Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists. New series, vol. 76, Geological series, vol. 46, part 2], pp. 134-135. All Paleozoic tribes of algae which have been assigned to Dasycladaceae are now placed in the new family Seletonellaceae. They are: Cambro- porelleae, Amgaelleae, Seletonelleae, Rhabdopo- relleae n. nom., Cyclocrineae, Primicorallineae, and Macroporelleae n. trib. 1973. Vodorosli Kembrija [Cambrian Algae]. Nauka, Moskva [issued as vol. 1 39 of Trudy of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR 104 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Academy of Sciences], 349 pp., 69 pis., 65 text-figs. The history of study and the stratigraphic and geographic distribution of cyclocrinitids is given (pp. 49-52). The tribe Cyclocrineae Pia 1 927, with subtribes Cyclocrinae Pia 1927 and Mastoporinae Pia 1 927, ranges from Ordovician to Upper Per- mian. Cyclocrinae consists of Cyclocrinus Eich- wald 1860, Coelosphaeridium Roemer 1883, Ap- idium Stolley 1896, and Mizzia Schubert 1908. Mastoporinae consists of Mastopora Eichwald 1840, Ajakmalajsoria Korde 1957, Koninkopora Lee 1912, Unjella Korde 1951, Epimastopora Pia 1922, and Eogoniolina Endo 1953. Cyclocrineae, together with seven other tribes, are placed in the Lower Cambrian to Middle Triassic family Sele- tonellaceae Korde [1972 on p. 51, and 1971 on p. 239]. The family is described (p. 239) and assigned to Dasycladales of class Chlorophyceae. Various receptaculitid genera are listed (p. 50) but are not considered to belong among Dasycladales. Korshunov, V. I. 1968. Gonamispongia— no\y'\ rod gubok se- meistva Chancelloriidae [Gonamispongia, a new genus of sponges of family Chancellori- idae]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1968, no. 3, pp. 127-129, 1 fig. [Radiocyathid] Gonamispongia ignorabilis n. gen. and n. sp. is described and figured (figs, la- d) as a sponge from the [Cambrian] upper Tom- motian Aldai of the Siberian Platform, in the ba- sins of rivers Uchur, Gonam, and Algoma in southwest Siberia. Kottlowski, Frank I .. Rousseau H. Flower, Mar- cus L. Thompson, and Roy W. Foster 1956. Stratigraphic studies of the San Andres Mountains, New Mexico. New Mexico State Bureau of Mines, Memoir 1, 132 pp., 5 pis., 15 text-figs., 6 tables. The sponge Calathium is found in the Lower Ordovician, Upper Canadian El Paso Group in the San Andres Mountains (p. 20). The Middle Ordovician Upham Dolomite of the Montoya Group in the same area contains Receptaculites, which also occurs in the Middle Ordovician Cable Canyon Sandstone in southwestern New Mexico (pp. 23-24). Kottlowski, Frank E., and E. L. Trice 1958. Road Log, Deming to Cook's Peak area. Roswell Geological Society Guidebook of the Hatchet Mountains and the Cooks Range- Florida Mountain Areas. Grant, Hidalgo, and Luna Counties, southwestern New Mexico. Eleventh Field Conference. May 14, 15, and 16, 1958. [Roswell Geological Society, Ros- well, New Mexico], pp. 25-41, illus. Receptaculites is listed from the Ordovician Ca- ble Canyon Formation of the Montoya Group in New Mexico (fig. 2, p. 27). Koucky, Frank L. See: Cygan, N. E., and F. L. Koucky, 1963. Krause, Paul Gustaf 1896. Ueber einige Sedimentaergeschiebe aus Holland. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geolo- gischen Gesellschaft, 48 Band, pp. 363-371. The Silurian [Ordovician] Coelosphaeridium cyclocrinophilum F. Roemer and Mastopora con- cava Eichwald are listed from the Cyclocrinus Limestone in the glacial erratics of Holland (pp. 365, 367-369). Krey, Frank 1924. Structural reconnaissance of the Missis- sippi Valley area from Old Monroe, Missouri, to Nauvoo, Illinois. Missouri Bureau of Ge- ology and Mines Report, 2nd ser., vol. 18, 86 pp., 18 pis., 1 table. The typical index fossil Receptaculites is most abundant in the upper part of the Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone in Illinois and Missouri immediately adjoining the Mississippi River (p. 22). Krishtofovich, Afrikan Nikolaevich 1941. Paleobotanika. 3-e dopolnennoe izdanie. Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo geologicheskoi literatury komiteto po delam geologii PRI SNK SSSR. Leningrad, Moskva, 495 pp., 3 1 7 figs., 1 2 tables. [First edition, of unknown date, and second edition, 1934— not seen.] Silurian [Ordovician] siphonous dasyclad algae Coelosphaeridium, Cyclocrinus, Mastopora, and Apidium are listed (p. 331); Cyclocrinus is de- scribed (p. 1 42), and Cyclocrinus sp. from the Bal- tic area is figured (figs. 89b-c). 1957. Paleobotanika. 4-e ispravlennoe i dopol- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 105 nennoe izdanie. Gostontehizdat, Leningrad, 650 pp., 1 1 tables, 444 text-figs. The siphonous algae Coelosphaeridium, Cyclo- crinus, Mastopora, and Apidium are listed as Si- lurian Chlorophycea. Krueger, H. H. See: Neben, W., and H. H. Krueger, 1971, 1973, and 1979. Krul, H. 1954. Zwerfsteenfossilen van Twente. Neder- landse Geologische Vereiniging, 128 pp., nu- merous figs. The following calcareous algae are described and figured from the Siluro-Ordovician erratic rocks in the Twente district in the Netherlands: Coelo- sphaeridium (fig. on p. 23); C. cyclocrinophilum (figs, on p. 26 and front-piece); Mastopora, M. concava (fig. on p. 23); Cyclocrinus, C. spaskii; and C planus (pp. 25-27, 31). Receptaculida are de- scribed as possible sponges and Ischadites sp. is described and figured (pp. 41-42, fig. on p. 41). Krumbein, William C. See: Croneis, C, and W. C. Krumbein, 1936. Kruse, Peter D. See: Walter, M. R., J. H. Shergold, M. D. Muir, and P. D. Kruse, 1979. Kruse, Peter D., and P. W. West 1 980. Archaeocyatha of the Amadeus and Geor- gina Basins. Bureau of Mineral Resources. Journal of Australian Geology and Geophys- ics, vol. 5, pp. 165-181, 13 figs. Radiocyathus Okulitch and R. minor (Bedford and Bedford) from Early Cambrian of Mount Baldwin Formation from Ross River, Mopunga Range in Georgina Basin of central Australia are described and figured as incertae sedis (pp. 178— 179, figs. 13G-I). Kuekenthal, Willy See: Schulze, F. E., W. Kuekenthal, K. Heider, and R. Hesse, 1926-1954. Kuemmel, Henry B., and Stuart Weller 1 90 1 . Paleozoic limestones of Kittatinny Val- ley, New Jersey. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 12, pp. 147-164, 1 text-fig. Receptaculites, probably R. occidentalis, char- acterizes a faunal zone in the Ordovician Trenton Limestone of New Jersey (p. 158). Kummerow, E. H. Egmont 1937. Die Bruteinrichtungen palaeozoischer Ostracoden, sowie ueber Receptaculites und einige ordovizische Kalkalgen der Gattung Apidium. Jahrbuch der Koeniglich Preus- sischen Geologischen Landesanstalt und Bergakademie zu Berlin, 1936, Band 57, Heft 1, pp. 465-474, pi. 21, 1 text-fig. The Ordovician alga Receptaculites Defrance from erratic boulders of the Orthocerenkalke in Germany is described. Receptaculites and Ischa- dites are compared with dasycladaceous algae. The following Ordovician dasyclads from Germany are described: Coelosphaeridium, Cyclocrinus, Mas- topora, Apidium, A. pygmaeum Stolley (pi. 21, fig. 5), A. ampullaceum n. sp. (pi. 21, figs. 10-1 1), A. geinitzi n. sp. (pi. 21, figs. 12-16), and R. orbis Eichwald (= R. cassidiformis Patrunky = R. po- cillum Patrunky) (pi. 21, figs. 4-5). Receptaculites bronni and R. damesi are discussed. Kupsch, Walter Oscar 1952. Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy of east central Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan De- partment of Mineral Resources, Report 10, 62 pp., 5 pis., 16 text-figs., 1 table (reprinted in 1969). A sponge, Receptaculites sp., is the most com- mon fossil in the Ordovician Red River Forma- tion in east central Saskatchewan (pp. 14, 21, 23- 24). Receptaculites cf. oweni Hall (fig. 6) and Cy- clocrinites cf. globosus Billings (incertae sedis) oc- cur in the basal sandstone of the Ordovician Win- nipeg Formation near Amisk Lake, Saskatchewan (p. 17). Kurten, Bjorn 1968. The Age of the Dinosaurs. World Uni- versity Library. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New York, 225 pp., numerous illus. Receptaculites is described as a non-sponge in the Ordovician and Silurian (pp. 60, 65). 106 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Kurtz, Vincent Ellsworth, Andrew Hamilton McNair, and Donald B. Wales 1952. Stratigraphy of the Dundas Harbour area, Devon Island, Arctic Archipelago. American Journal of Science, vol. 250, pp. 636-655, 3 text-figs., 1 table. Receptaculites arcticus is a characteristic fossil in the Middle Ordovician Croker Bay Limestone of Devon Island and the Gonioceras Bay Lime- stone of Ellesmere Island and northwest Green- land (pp. 640-641, 652). Kutorga, Stepan Semenovich 1 842 [ 1 843]. Beitraege zur Palaeontologie Russ- lands. Verhandlungen der Russisch-Kaiser- lichen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft zu St. Pe- tersburg, 1842-1844, pp. 1-34, 6 pis. Zamia rossica is described and illustrated as a plant from the Ural Mountains of Russia (pp. 7- 9; pi. 2, figs. 3a-c). 1846.Ueber das silurische und devonische Schichten-System von Gatschina. Verhand- lungen der Russisch-Kaiserlichen Mineralo- gischen Gesellschaft zu St. Petersburg, Jahre 1845-1846, pp. 85-139, pis. 4-8. Calamopora patellaria n. sp. [cyclocrinitid] is described and figured as a coral from [Ordovician] in Wochana near Gatschina [near Leningrad] (pp. 128-129, pi. 8, fig. 1). I add. Harry Stephen 1929. The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Maquoketa Shale of Iowa. Iowa Geological Survey. Volume 34. Annual Report, 1928, with accompanying papers. Published by the State of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa, pp. 305- 448, pis. 4-17, text-figs. 64-76. The upper Receptaculites zone is present in the Ordovician Galena Formation throughout the northeast Iowa region. Ischadites occurs in the Galena at Elkader, Iowa (p. 346). Laird, Wilson M. 1944. The Geology and Ground Water Re- sources of the Emerado Quadrangle. North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 1 7, 35 pp., 7 figs., 3 pis., 6 tables. The Ordovician Stony Mountain-Red River Formation in the vicinity of Winnipeg, Manitoba, contains very large Receptaculites (p. 1 5). Laird, Wilson M. (ed.) 1952. Southern Manitoba and the Interlake area, Province of Manitoba. North Dakota Geo- logical Society. Guidebook for the 1 st Annual Field Conference, 43 pp., numerous text-figs, and tables. A coral, Receptaculites sp., is present in the Sel- kirk Member of the Ordovician Red River For- mation at Garson, Manitoba (p. 7). Lalicker, Cecil G. See: Moore, R. C, C. G. Lalicker, and A. G. Fi- scher, 1952. I a moil t. Archie 1 947. Gala-Tarannon beds in the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh. Geological Magazine, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 193-208. Silurian Amphispongia oblonga Salter and Is- chadites aff. antiquus Salter are present in the Pent- land Hills, Scotland. Ischadites aff. antiquus, a re- ceptaculitid sponge, differs from /. lindstroemi Hinde and /. koenigi Murchison (p. 1 94). 1961. Deerhope siltstones. Lexique Stratigraph- ique International. Volume 1. Europe. Fas- cicule 3a V. Silurien. Congres Geologique In- ternational, Commission de Stratigraphie. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, p. 71. Amphispongia oblonga and Ischadites aff. an- tiquus are found in the Deerhope siltstones of the Silurian Upper Llandovery Series. The type lo- cality is in the Pentland Hills of Peebleshire [Scotland]. Lang, William Dickson, Stanley Smith, and Henry Dighton Thomas 1940. Index of Palaeozoic Coral Genera. British Museum (Natural History), London, 231 pp. Coscinopora infundibuliformis (Goldfuss 1826, p. 30, pi. 9, fig. 16, and pi. 30, fig. 10) [not recep- taculitid] from the Upper Cretaceous, Greensand and Chalk, and from Westphalia, Germany, is chosen as genolectotype. Three— including the genolectotype— of the four genosyn types, are Me- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 107 sozoic sponges. The fourth, C. placenta (Goldfuss 1826, p. 31, pi. 9, fig. 18) from the ? Devonian [sic], Eifel district, Germany, is possibly a coral (P- 41). Langenheim, Ralph Louis, Jr. See: Greife, J. L., and R. L. Langenheim, Jr., 1 963. Pierce, R. W., R. W. Ely, R. D. Stieglitz, T. R. Courtright, and R. L. Langenheim, Jr., 1969. Langenheim, Ralph Louis, Jr., J. A. Barnes, Knox- ie C. Delise, Wayne A. Ross, and J. M. Stan- ton 1956. Middle and Upper (?) Ordovician rocks of Independence Quadrangle, California. Bul- letin of the American Association of Petro- leum Geologists, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 2081- 2097, 4 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. is found in the Ordovician Mazourka Formation (?) in the Quartz Spring area of California (p. 2089). Langenheim, Ralph Louis, Jr., F. T. Barr, S. E. Shank, L. J. Stensaas, and E. C. Wilson 1960. Preliminary report on the geology of the Ely No. 3 Quadrangle, White Pine County, Nevada; pp. 148-156, 3 text-figs. In Boettch- er, Jerome W., and William W. Sloan, Jr. (eds.), Guidebook to the Geology of East Central Nevada, 1 960. Eleventh Annual Field Conference. Intermountain Association of Petroleum Geologists, Salt Lake City, Utah, 278 pp. Middle Ordovician Receptaculites mammillaris Walcott is abundant in the lower and middle Leh- man Limestone in White Pine County, Nevada (pp. 149-150). Langenheim, Ralph Louis, Jr., B. W. Carss, J. B. Kennerly, V. A. McCutcheon, and R. H. Waines 1 962. Paleozoic section in Arrow Canyon Range, Clark County, Nevada. Bulletin of the Amer- ican Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 592-609, 5 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. characterizes the faunal as- semblage in the uppermost unit of the Ordovician Pogonip Group in the Arrow Canyon Quadrangle, Nevada (pp. 596, 598). Langenheim, Virginia A. See: Willman, H. B., J. A. Simon, B. M. Lynch, and V. A. Langenheim, 1968. Lapham, Increase Allen 1851. On the geology of the south-eastern por- tion of the state of Wisconsin; being the part not surveyed by the United States Geologists, in a letter to J. W. Foster; pp. 167-171, text- figs. 20-2 1 . In Foster, John Wells, and Josiah Dwight Whitney, Report on the Geology of the Lake Superior Land District. Part 2. The Iron Region, Together with the General Ge- ology. United States 32nd Congress, Special Session. Senate Executive Document No. 4. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C., 406 pp. A coral resembling Coscinopora sulcata Gold- fuss is found in the [Ordovician] Galena Lime- stone in Wisconsin (p. 169). Lapparent, Albert F. de See: Blaise, J., R. Desparmet, and A. F. de Lap- parent, 1971. Nitecki, M. H., and A. F. de Lapparent, 1976. Larousse, Pierre (ed.) 1875. Receptaculite. Gran Dictionnaire Uni- versel du XIXe Siecle. Francais, Historique, Geographique, Mythologique, Bibliogra- phique, Litteraire, Artistique, Scientifique, etc., etc. Tome 13. Administration du Grand Dictionnaire Universel, Paris, p. 772. Receptaculites is a polyp (p. 772). Laseron, Charles F. 1954. Ancient Australia. The Story of its Past Geography and Life. Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 210 pp., 22 pis., 15 text-figs. A sponge, Receptaculites, is characteristic of the Devonian in Australia and is found in many places (p. 89). See also: Laseron, C. F., 1969. 1 969. Ancient Australia. The History of its Past 108 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Geography and Life. Taplinger Publishing Co., New York, New York, 253 pp., 38 pis., 5 text- figs., 26 maps. This is almost identical to Laseron, 1 954, except that the reference to Receptaculites is on p. 102. Laswell, Troy J. 1957. Geology of the Bowling Green Quadran- gle, Missouri. Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources Report of Investigations, no. 22, 64 pp., 1 pi., 4 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni Hall is a common and characteristic fossil of the upper part of the Or- dovician Kimmswick Formation in Bowling Green Quadrangle, Missouri (pp. 1 1-12). Laubenfels, Max Walker de 1955. Porifera; pp. 21-112. In Moore, Ray- mond C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Pa- leontology. Part E. Archaeocyatha and Porif- era. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 122 pp. Family Receptaculitidae Eichwald 1 860 is placed in kingdom, phylum, class, and order uncertain. The recognized genera are: Receptaculites Blain- ville 1830, Acanthochonia Hinde 1884, Ischadites Murchison 1839, Sphaerospongia Pengelly 1861, Cerionites Meek and Worthen 1868, Cyclocrinites Eichwald 1842, Dictyocrinus Hall 1859, Lepido- lites Ulrich 1889, Niduiites Salter 1851, Anoma- loides Ulrich 1878, Pasceolus Billings 1857. Re- jected genera are: Tettragonis Eichwald 1842, Tetragonis Lonsd. 1845, Sphaeronites Phillips 1841, Polygonosphaerites Roemer 1880, and Dic- tuocrinites Hall 1859. Receptaculites, Ischadites, and Sphaerospongia are illustrated. Amphispongia Salter 1861, Calathium Billings 1865, and Nip- terella Hinde 1889 are sponges. Coelosphaeridium C. F. Roemer 1885 is an unrecognizable supposed sponge. I an ri t /i'ii. 0rnu It. and David Worsley 1974. Algae as depth indicators in the Silurian of the Oslo region. Lethaia, vol. 7, pp. 157- 161,3 text-figs. Mastopora sp. occurs sporadically in small col- onies in the Silurian Lower Llandoverian in the Oslo region (pp. 159, 161). LeCompte, Marius 1939. Les tabules du Devonien moyen et su- perieur du bord sud du bassin de Dinant. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Natu- relle de Belgique, vol. 90, 229 pp., 23 pis. Receptaculites neptuni occurs in the Upper De- vonian F2b in the Dinant Basin of Belgium (p. 6). 1 956. Quelques precisions sur le phenomene re- cifal dans le Devonien de l'Ardenne et sur le rythme sedimentaire dans lequel il s'integre. Bulletin Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, vol. 32, no. 21, pp. 1-39, 2 pis. Receptaculites and R. neptuni are listed from various zones in the Devonian, Frasnian Dinant basin in Belgium (pp. 12, 15-16, 24, 31-32, pi. 1). 1957. Les recifs Devoniens de la Belgique. Bul- letin de la Societe geologique de France, 6e series, vol. 7, pp. 1045-1068, 8 text-figs. Devonian sponge Receptaculites is listed from below the zone of turbulence in the Belgium reefs (p. 1051). 1958. Les recifs paleozoiques en Belgique. Geo- logischen Rundschau, Bd. 47, heft 1, pp. 384- 401, 7 text-figs. Devonian Receptaculites is listed from Frasnian reefs in Dinant Basin in Belgium (pp. 387, 389). 1967. Le Devonien de la Belgique et le Nord de la France; pp. 15-52, 18 pis. In Oswald, D. H. (ed.), International Symposium on the De- vonian System. Calgary, 1967. Volume 1. Al- berta Society of Petroleum Geologists, Cal- gary, Alberta, 1055 pp. Receptaculites from Middle Devonian Frasnian bioherms in the Franco-Belgian Ardenne region is listed (pp. 34-35). LeConte, Joseph 1877. Elements of Geology. A Text-book for Colleges and for the General Reader. D. Ap- pleton and Co., New York, New York, 588 pp., 1002 text-figs. Receptaculitis [sic] is a characteristic Silurian [and Ordovician] calcareous sponge or a com- pound rhizopod. Receptaculites formosus and R. [sp.] are figured (pp. 290-291, figs. 287-289). The revised and enlarged edition appeared in NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 109 1882, then multiple editions were issued until the fifth edition, revised and enlarged, 1903 [last?]. The sections on Receptaculites are almost identical in the 1879, 1882, 1891, 1893, 1896 and 1903 editions, with minor changes in spelling and pag- ination. The fifth edition was revised and rewritten in part by Herman LeRoy Fairchild. This is almost identical to LeConte, J., 1879, 1882, 1891, 1893, 1896, and 1903. 1879. Elements of Geology. A Text-book for Colleges and for the General Reader. [2nd ed.] D. Appleton and Co., New York, New York, 588 pp., 1002 text-figs. See also: LeConte, J., and 1903. 1877, 1882, 1891, 1893, 1896, 1882. Elements of Geology. A Text-book for Colleges and for the General Reader. [3rd ed.] Revised and enlarged. D. Appleton and Co., New York, New York, 633 pp. See also: LeConte, J., 1877, 1879, 1891, 1893, 1896, and 1903. 1891. Elements of Geology. A Text-book for Colleges and for the General Reader. [3rd ed.] Revised and enlarged with new plates and il- lustrations. D. Appleton and Co., New York, New York, 640 pp., 982 text-figs. See also: LeConte, J., 1877, 1879, 1882, 1893, 1896, and 1903. 1893. Elements of Geology. A Text-book for Colleges and for the General Reader. [3rd ed.] Revised and enlarged with new plates and il- lustrations. D. Appleton and Co., New York, New York, 640 pp., 982 text-figs. See also: LeConte, J., 1877, 1879, 1882, 1891, 1896, and 1903. 1896. Elements of Geology. A Text-book for Colleges and for the General Reader. [4th ed.] Revised and enlarged with new plates and il- lustrations. D. Appleton and Co., New York, New York, 670 pp. See also: LeConte, J., 1877, 1879, 1882, 1891, 1893, and 1903. 1903. Elements of Geology. A Text-book for Colleges and for the General Reader. [5th ed.] Revised and partly rewritten by Herman LeRoy Fairchild. D. Appleton and Co., New York, New York, 677 pp. See also: LeConte, J., 1877, 1879, 1882, 1891, 1893, and 1896. LeConte, Joseph, and Herman LeRoy Fairchild 1903. Elements of Geology. 5th ed., revised and enlarged. D. Appleton and Co., New York, New York, 667 pp., 1002 text-figs. See also: LeConte, J. 1877. Lee, Derek G., and W. G. E. Caldwell 1 977. A new dasycladacean alga associated with the "Arctic Ordovician" fauna on Cornwallis Island. Canadian Journal of Botany, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 52-60, 1 pi. A dasycladacean, Cyclocrinites bilobatus n. sp., from tHe»Upper Ordovician Thumb Mountain and Irene Bay Formations of the Cornwallis group on ,Cornwallis and adjapent islands, Northwest Ter- ritories, is described and figured. It is compared with C. halli (Billings), C. gregarius (Billings), C. globosus (Billings), C. welleri Nitecki, C. dactio- loides (Owen), C. spaskii Eichwald, C. darwini (Miller), and C. pyriformis (Bassler). The mor- phology and ecology of dasyclads is discussed. Other occurrences of algal associates of the "Arctic Ordovician" fauna published previously are dis- cussed. Receptaculites, now believed to be a das- ycladacean alga, is a recurrent element in the Arc- tic Ordovician assemblage (p. 53). Lee, Robert Edward 1980. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 478 pp., numerous text-figs. The Ordovician to Permian family Receptacu- litaceae of Dasycladales is described. Silurian Is- chadites abbottae is described and figured (pp. 4 1 2- 413, text-fig. 15-41). 110 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Leech, Geoffrey Bosdin 1954. Preliminary account: Canal Flats, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada Pa- per 54-7, 32 pp., 1 map. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the basal beds of the Upper Ordovician Beaverfoot Formation in the Hughes Range, British Columbia (pp. 22- 23). Legrand, Robert See: Coen-Aubert, M., E. Groessens, and R. Le- grand, 1980. Lehmann, Ulrich 1964. Ein Receptaculites als Geschiebe. Son- derheft 14 des VFMG "Funde und Fund- moeglichkeiten in Niederdeutschland." Hei- delberg, pp. 84-87, 3 text-figs. Receptaculitids, an independent group closely related to sponges, are described. Ischadites koe- nigii Murchison (= Receptaculites bronni Eich- wald) from an erratic boulder near Harburg [Ham- burg], Germany, probably originating in the [Ordovician] Backsteinkalk, is described and il- lustrated. Leighton, M. M., and J. Marvin Weller 1939. [Road Log.] First day of field conference, Wednesday, August 30, 1939. Between East St. Louis, Illinois, and Cape Girardeau, Mis- souri. Guide Book. Thirteenth Annual Field Conference. The Kansas Geological Society. Southwestern Illinois and Southeastern Mis- souri. August 30 to September 3, 1939. Kan- sas Geological Society, [Wichita, Kansas], pp. 1 7-39, text-figs. Receptaculites oweni is found in the upper part of the Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone in the Valmeyer Quarry, Valmeyer, Illinois (p. 23). Le Maitre, Dorothee 1952. La faune du Devonien inferieur et moyen de la Saoura et des abords de l'Erg el Djemel (Sud-Oranais). Materiaux pour la Carte Geo- logique de l'Algerie. 1. Serie., Paleontologie, no. 1 2, Service de la Carte Geologique de l'Al- gerie, Lille, 1 70 pp., 22 pis., 8 text-figs., maps, tables. Lower Devonian Receptaculites sp. from the lower Emsian at Saoura, Algeria, is described, il- lustrated (pi. 21, fig. 54), and compared with Re- ceptaculites eifeliensis. I (.-i n in on. Dwight M. See: Wheeler, H. E., and D. M. Lemmon, 1939. Lemon, R. R. II.. and Robert Gordon Blackadar 1963. Admiralty inlet area, Baffin Island, Dis- trict of Franklin. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 328, 84 pp., 9 pis., 1 text-fig., 3 tables, 1 map. Receptaculites cf. articus [sic] Etheridge is found in the Pusingnajojaq Hill, and R. articus [sic] in the Crocker [sic] Bay Limestone at Dundas Har- bour in Baffin Island (pp. 73-74). LeMone, David V. 1969a. Cambrian-Ordovician in the El Paso border region; pp. 145-161. In LeMone, Da- vid V. (ed.), The Ordovician Symposium. Third Annual Field Trip. El Paso Geological Society, El Paso, Texas, 162 pp. The sponge Calathium is listed from the McKelligon Canyon Formation of the Ordovician El Paso Group (p. 152). Receptaculites oweni, a questionable sponge, occurs in the Ordovician Red River Upham Dolomite of the Montoya Group (p. 156). See also: LeMone, D. V., 1969b and 1969c. 1969b. Lower Paleozoic rocks in the El Paso area; pp. 68-79. In Cordoba, Diego A., Sher- man A. Wengerd, and John Shomaker (eds.), Guidebook of the Border Region. New Mex- ico Geological Society. Twentieth Field Con- ference, 1969. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Socorro, New Mex- ico, 244 pp. This is nearly identical to LeMone, D. V., 1 969a. See also: LeMone, D. V., 1969c. 1 969c. Cambrian-Ordovician in El Paso border region; pp. 17-25. In Kottlowski, Frank E., and David V. LeMone (eds.), Border Stratig- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 111 raphy Symposium, University of Texas at El Paso, 1968. New Mexico State Bureau of Mines, Circular 104, 123 pp. This is nearly identical to LeMone, D. V., 1969a. See also: LeMone, D. V., 1969b. Toomey, D. F., and D. V. LeMone, 1977. Leonard, Arthur Gray 1897. Lead and zinc deposits of Iowa. Iowa Geological Survey. Volume 6. Report on Lead, Zinc, Artesian Wells, etc. Published for the Iowa Geological Survey, Des Moines, Iowa, pp. 9-66, 2 pis., 19 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni Hall is common in the [Or- dovician] Galena Limestone of Iowa (p. 23). 1906. Geology of Clayton County. Iowa Geo- logical Survey. Volume 16. Annual Report, 1905, with Accompanying Papers. Published for the Iowa Geological Survey, Des Moines, Iowa, pp. 213-317, 6 pis., text-figs. 19-37, 3 maps. Ischadites iowensis is abundant in the Ordovi- cian upper Trenton near Elkader, Iowa (p. 254). Receptaculites oweni, the most common fossil in the Galena Limestone, is found in Clayton Coun- ty, Iowa (pp. 260, 266). Lesley, J. Peter 1889. A Dictionary of the Fossils of Pennsyl- vania and Neighboring States Named in the Reports and Catalogues of the Survey. Geo- logical Survey of Pennsylvania. Report P4. Volume 2. Published by the Board of Com- missioners for the Geological Survey, Harris- burg, Pennsylvania, pp. 438-914, numerous text-figs. The following are listed: Receptaculites circu- laris Emmons from the [Devonian] Hudson River Formation; [Ordovician] R. iowensis (= Sele- noides iowensis) (Owen) from Turkey River, Iowa; R. infundibuliformis Hall from the [Devonian] Lower Helderberg at Clarksville, New York; R. neptuni Defrance from the [Ordovician] Trenton Formation; R. ohioensis Hall and Whitfield from the [Silurian] Niagara Limestone at Yellow Springs, Ohio; R. oweni Hall from the Trenton (Galena) Limestone of the west and the Niagara Limestone of Indiana; R. reticulatus (Owen) (= Orbituloides reticulata), R. sacculus Hall, and R. subturbinatus Hall from the Niagara Limestone; and Pasceolus halli Billings from the [Silurian] Anticosti Group in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. All except R. reticu- latus are illustrated (pp. 603, 852-855). Ischadites squamifer, I. bursiformis, Receptaculites hemi- sphericus, R. globularis, and Coscinopora sulcata (pp. 852-855) are listed. 1890. A Dictionary of the Fossils of Pennsyl- vania and Neighboring States Named in the Reports and Catalogues of the Survey. Geo- logical Survey of Pennsylvania. Report P4. Volume 3. Published by the Board of Com- missioners for the Geological Survey, Harris- burg, Pennsylvania, pp. 915-1283, numerous text-figs. The sponges Receptaculites and Calathium grew in a spiral (p. 1 246). 1892. A Summary Description of the Geology of Pennsylvania, in Three Volumes, with a New Geological Map of the State, a Map and List of Bituminous Mines, and Many Page Plate Illustrations. Final Report Ordered by Legislature, 1891. Volume 1. Describing the Laurentian, Huronian, Cambrian and Lower Silurian Formations. Geological Survey of Pennsylvania [Second, 1874-1890]. Pub- lished by the Board of Commissioners for the Geological Survey, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 719 pp., 88 pis. Ordovician Receptaculites oweni Hall, R. nep- tuni (Defrance), R. iowensis, and R. circularis are figured (pis. 32, 40). Receptaculites oweni is char- acteristic of the Galena division of the Trenton Group (p. 517). Levin, H. L. 1978. The Earth Through Time. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 530 pp., nu- merous text-figs. Receptaculitids, green algae of the family das- ycladaceae, are common in Ordovician and sparse in the Silurian and Devonian. Receptaculites [R. biconstrictus] is figured (p. 293, figs. 10-34). Levorson, Calvin O. See: Gerk, A. J., and C. O. Levorson, 1972. 112 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Levorson, Calvin O., and Arthur J. Gerk 1972. A preliminary stratigraphic study of the Galena Group of Winneshiek County, Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences, vol. 79, nos. 3-4, pp. 1 1 1-122, 2 text-figs. The Ordovician Galena Group of Winneshiek County, Iowa, contains Receptaculites oweni zones in the Wise Lake and Dunleith Formations and an Ischadites iowensis zone in the Dunleith For- mation (pp. 114-115, 117, 120-121). 1975. Field recognition of subdivision of the Galena Group within Winneshiek Co. Fall Gathering of Iowa, Minnesota, and Wiscon- sin Academies of Science. Saturday, October 4, 1975. Geological Field Trip. 17 pp., 2 text- figs. The Ordovician Galena Group of Winneshiek County, Iowa, contains Receptaculites oweni zones in the Dunleith and Wise Lake Formations and an Ischadites iowensis zone in the Dunleith For- mation (pp. 3, 5-6, 9-13, 16). Lewis, Ronald 1 ).. and Ellis L. Yochelson 1 978. Palliseria robusta Wilson (Gastropoda) in Oil Creek Formation, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geology Notes, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 43-48, 3 text-figs. Receptaculitids are common in the Oil Creek Formation (Whiterockian stage of the earliest Middle Ordovician) in the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma and in association with Maclurites and Palliseria in Nevada and western Canada (p. 47). Liberty, Bruce A. 1 952. Preliminary map— Fenelon Falls, Victoria and Peterborough Counties, Ontario (descrip- tive notes). In Caley, John F., and Bruce A. Liberty, Preliminary map— Fenelon Falls, Victoria, Peterborough and Haliburton Counties, Ontario (map and descriptive notes). Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 52-31, 8 pp., 1 map. Receptaculites occurs in Black River Leray and Trenton (probably Rockland-Hull beds) in south- ern Ontario (p. 4). 1954. Ordovician of Manitoulin Island. The stratigraphy of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. Michigan Geological Society Annual Field Trip. June 19-20, 1954. Michigan Geo- logical Society [Ann Arbor, Michigan], pp. 7- 16. Receptaculites occidentalis is found in the Or- dovician Cloche Island beds on Great Cloche Is- land, Ontario (p. 10). 1 960a. Rice Lake- Port Hope and Trenton Map- areas, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 60-14, 4 pp., 2 maps. Pasceolus globosus is found in the Middle Or- dovician Cobourg beds in southern Ontario (p. 2). 1960b. Belleville and Wellington Map-areas, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 60-31, 9 pp., 2 maps. The Middle Ordovician of Ontario contains Re- ceptaculites sp. in Map-units 3, 4, and 5 correlative with the Leray, Rockland-Hull, and Sherman Fall, and Pasceolus globosus in Map-units 5, 6, and 7, the latter two correlative with the Cobourg (pp. 3-6). 1963. Geology of Tweed, Kaladar and Ban- nockburn Map-areas, Ontario, with special emphasis on Middle Ordovician stratigraphy. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 63-14, 15 pp., 3 maps. Receptaculites occidentalis occurs in the Bob- caygeon and Verulam Formations of the Middle Ordovician Simcoe Group in southeastern Ontar- io. Pasceolus globosus is listed from the Verulam Formation (pp. 7-8, 10). 1964. Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Lake Simcoe area, Ontario. Geology of Cen- tral Ontario, Canada. American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Eco- nomic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Guidebook, May 1964. Toronto, Canada. Geological Association of Canada, Toronto, pp. 14-36, 2 text-figs., 3 tables. Receptaculites occidentalis from the Bobcay- geon and Verulam Formations of the Middle Or- dovician Simcoe Group and Pasceolus globosus from the Verulam Formation are listed (pp. 19- 20, 28, 30). See also: Liberty, B. A., 1965 and 1967b. 1965. Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 113 Lake Simcoe area, Ontario. Geology of Cen- tral Ontario, Canada. Michigan Basin Geo- logical Society Annual Field Excursion, 1965. Guidebook. [Michigan Geological Survey Di- vision, Lansing, Michigan?], pp. 14-36, 2 text- figs., 3 tables. This is identical to Liberty, B. A., 1964. 1967a. Stratigraphic studies of Middle Ordo- vician and Cambrian strata in the St. Joseph Island-Sault Ste. Marie area; pp. 154-155. In Jenness, Stuart Edward, Report of Activities. Part A. May to October 1 966. Geological Sur- vey of Canada, Paper 67-1, Part A, 221 pp. The Bobcaygeon Formation of the Middle Or- dovician Simcoe Group on Recollet Point, St. Jo- seph Island, Ontario, contains Receptaculites (p. 154). 1967b. Palaeozoic stratigraphy of the Kingston area, Ontario; pp. 167-182, 3 text-figs., 1 ta- ble. In Jenness, Stuart Edward (ed.), Guide- book. Geology of Parts of Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec. August-September 1967. The Geological Association of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, 346 pp. Receptaculites occidentalis is found in the Mid- dle Ordovician Bobcaygeon and Verulam For- mations, and Pasceolus globosus in the Verulam Formation of the Simcoe Group in Central On- tario (pp. 1 76, 1 78). 1968. Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy of Manitoulin Island, Ontario; pp. 25-37, text- figs. 7-1 1. In Liberty, Bruce A., and Frank D. Shelden, The Geology of Manitoulin Island. Michigan Basin Geological Society, Annual Field Excursion, 1968. Michigan Basin Geo- logical Society [Michigan Geological Survey, Lansing, Michigan], 101 pp. Receptaculites occurs in the Ordovician Bob- caygeon Formation on Manitoulin Island (p. 28). 1969. Palaeozoic geology of the Lake Simcoe area, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 355, 201 pp., 30 pis., 10 text-figs., 7 tables, 1 map. The following Ordovician sponges from the Lake Simcoe area of Ontario, Canada, are listed: Re- ceptaculites occidentalis, Pasceolus globosus, and Receptaculites sp. from the Bobcaygeon Forma- tion (pp. 43, 48, 1 78, 1 80) and Ischadites sp. from the Verulam Formation (pp. 56, 185). 1971. Paleozoic geology of Wolfe Island, Bath, Sydenham and Gananoque Map-areas, On- tario. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 70- 35, 12 pp., 4 maps. Receptaculites occidentalis in the Bobcaygeon Formation and R. occidentalis and Pasceolus glo- bosus in the Verulam Formation are reported from southeastern Ontario (pp. 6-7). See also: Alguire, S. L., and B. A. Liberty, 1968. Bolton, T. E., and B. A. Liberty, 1954. Lightbody, Robert 1863. The address. Transactions of the Wool- hope Naturalists' Field Club, Hereford, En- gland, no. 4, pp. 23-30. Sphaerospongia hospitalis Salter is mentioned (p. 25). Lincoln, Francis C. See: Terry, O. W., and F. C. Lincoln, 1948. Lindstroem, Gustaf See: Anonymous, 1885, 1888a, and 1888b. Lochman, Christina, and Donald Duncan 1 944. Early Upper Cambrian faunas of central Montana. Geological Society of America Spe- cial Paper 54, 181 pp., 19 pis., 2 figs. Upper Cambrian calcareous alga from Mon- tana, comparable to the Ordovician Apidium from Europe, is described and figured (pp. 79-80, pi. 4, figs. 17-18). Logan, William E. 1847. On the topography and geology of the Ottawa River and some of its tributaries with notes on economic minerals. Table of levels of the Ottawa River to Lake Timiskaming, the Mattawa River to Lake Nipissing, Lake Nipissing to Lake Huron. Geological Survey of Canada Report of Progress, 1845-1846, pp. 5-98, 119-122. 114 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY A coral which resembles "Receptaculite de Nep- tune" of De Blainville is found in a [Trenton?] limestone at Pocket's [sic] Rapids along the Ot- tawa River in southeastern Canada (p. 66). 1850. On the geology of the vicinity of Bay St. Paul and Murray Bay and of the eastern town- ships from the Chaudiere River to the Te- miscouatta Portage Road, with notes on eco- nomic minerals. Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress, 1849-1850, pp. 5-72. Receptaculites neptuni occurs in the Trenton [Ordovician] bituminous limestone between Bay St. Paul and Murray Bay, Quebec (p. 1 3). Long well, C. R., E. H. Pampeyan, Ben Bowyer, and R. J. Roberts 1965. Geology and mineral deposits of Clark County, Nevada. Nevada Bureau of Mines Bulletin 62, 218 pp., 16 pis., 22 text-figs., 18 tables. The sponge Receptaculites occurs in Clark County, Nevada, in the upper unit of the Lower and Middle Ordovician Pogonip Group, the equivalent of the Antelope Valley Limestone of the Eureka District (p. 22). Lord, Clifford Symington 1942. Snare River and Ingray Lake Map-areas, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 235, 55 pp., 2 maps. Calathium sp. is found in the Upper Ordovician (Richmond) near the mouth of the La Martre Riv- er in the Northwest Territories (p. 38). Love, John David 1939. Geology along the southern margin of the Absaroka Range, Wyoming. Geological So- ciety of America, Special Papers, no. 20, 1 34 pp., 17 pis., 3 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. occurs in the Leigh Dolomite Member of the Upper Ordovician Bighorn For- mation at Windy Gap, Wyoming (p. 20). Lovering, Thomas Seward See: Morris, H. T., and T. S. Lovering, 1961. Low, Albert Peter 1906. Report on the Dominion Government Expedition to Hudson Bay and the Arctic Is- lands on Board the D.G.S. Neptune 1903- 1 904 [Cruise of the Neptune]. Geological Sur- vey of Canada. Ottawa Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario, 355 pp., numerous illus. Fossils from Series Db of Silurian age along the southern coast of Ellesmere Island include Recap- taculites [sic] sp. (p. 2 1 8). Lowenstam, Heinz A. 1957. Niagaran reefs in the Great Lakes area. Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology. Volume 2. Geological Society of America Memoir, vol. 67, pp. 2 1 5-248, 4 text-figs. The Niagaran Silurian aberrant sponges Ischa- dites, Cerionites, and Receptaculites are well adapted for the rough water (pp. 236-237, 239, 241, 245). Luchinina, V. A. See: Nikitin, I. F., M. B. Gnilovskaja, I. T. Zhu- ravleva, V. A. Luchinina, and E. I. Miag- kova, 1974. Zhuravleva, I. T., and V. A. Luchinina, 1977. Zhuravleva, I. T., N. P. Meshkova, V. A. Lu- chinina, and Y. L. Pelman, 1979. Luther, D. Dana See: Clarke, J. M., and D. D. Luther, 1904 Lydekker, Richard See: Nicholson, H. A., and R. Lydekker, 1889a and 1889b. Lynch, Betty M. See: Willman, H. B., J. A. Simon, B. M. Lynch, and V. A. Langenheim, 1968. Lyons, Erwin J. See: Agnew, A. F., A. V. Heyl, Jr., C. H. Behre, Jr., and E. J. Lyons, 1956. Heyl, A. V., Jr., A. F. Agnew, E. J. Lyons, andC. H. Behre, Jr., 1959. Heyl, A. V., Jr., E. J. Lyons, and A. F. Agnew, 1951. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 115 Heyl, A. V., Jr., E. J. Lyons, A. F. Agnew, andC. H. Behre, Jr., 1955. Lyubtsov, V. V. 1 962. Organicheskiye ostatki drevneyshikh osa- dochnometamorficheskikh tolshch kolskogo poluostrova. Izvestija Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologischeskaja, no. 10, pp. 69-73, 2 text-figs. Precambrian organic remains similar to dasy- cladaceous algae of the tribe Cyclocrineae [not cy- clocrinitid] from the Kola Peninsula, USSR, are figured (fig. 2). See also: Lyubtsov, V. V., 1964. 1964. Organic remains in most ancient sedi- mentary and metamorphic sequences of the Kola Peninsula. International Geology Re- view, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 1408-1412, 2 text- figs., 1 table. This is an English translation of Lyubtsov, V. V., 1962. Mabey, Don R. See: Hunt, C. B., and D. R. Mabey, 1966. MacKevett, E. M., Jr. See: Hall, W. E., and E. M. MacKevett, Jr., 1962. MacQueen, R. W. See: Ollerenshaw, N. C, and R. W. MacQueen, 1960. Maegdefrau, Karl 1942. Palaeobiologie der Pflanzen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 396 pp., 305 text-figs. Silurian [Ordovician] Coelosphaeridiwn, Cyclo- crinus, Apidium, and Mastopora are figured as das- ycladaceous algae (fig. 189, after Pia, 1923). Maennil, Ralf Martovich 1958. Grundzuege der Stratigraphie der Keila- Stufe (Ordovizium, Estland). Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised Vol. 7, Tehniliste ja fueuesikalis-matematiiliste Teaduste seeria 1958, no. 3, pp. 235-246. Mastopora concava is listed from three Ordo- vician zones of Estonia (p. 241). 1966. Istorija razvitija baltiickogo basseina v ordovike [Evolution of the Baltic basin during the Ordovician]. Institut Geologii Akademii Nauk Estonskoi SSR. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Geoloogia Instituut. Valgus, Tal- lin, 200 pp., 69 figs. The following Ordovician siphonous algae are listed and their stratigraphy given: from Estonia, Cyclocrinites (p. 151), Coelosphaeridiwn (p. 151), Mastopora concava Eichw. (pp. 49, 61), and from the Oslo region, Norway, Coelosphaeridiwn (pp. 65, 72), C. cyclocrinophilum Roem. (p. 66), Mas- topora (pp. 65,72) and M. concava Eichw. (p. 65). Ischadites sp. is listed from [Lower Caradoc] from southeastern Estonia (p. 45). See also: Aaloe, A., E. Mark, R. M. Maennil, K. Mueuerisepp, and K. Orviku, 1 960. Mahaiev, V. N. 1940. Materialy k poznaniu iskopaemyh vo- doroslei SSSR. [Contributions to the study of fossil algae of the USSR.] Bulletin M.O-va isp. Prirody, otd. Geologii (Bulletin Soc. Nat. Moscou, S. Geologique), vol. 18, nos. 5-6, pp. 61-73, 2 pis. Silurian [Ordovician] dasycladacean algae Cy- clocrinus, Coelosphaeridiwn, and Mastopora are listed from the Baltic region (p. 66). Maher, John C. 1950. Detailed sections of pre-Pennsylvanian rocks along the Front Range of Colorado. United States Geological Survey Circular 68, 20 pp. Receptaculites and Receptaculites (?) are report- ed from the Ordovician Fremont Formation in Fremont County, Colorado (pp. 5, 7). Maillieux, Eugene 1914. Nouvelle contribution a l'etude des recifs coralligenes du Frasnien. Bulletin de la So- ciete Beige de Geologie, de Paleontologie et d'Hydrologie, Tome 28, pp. 82-93. 116 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Receptaculites neptuni occurs in the Devonian Frasnian near Baussu-en-Fagne and Dourbes, Bel- gium (p. 83). 1919a. Expose du programme des excursions dans les environs de Couvin, pendant la ses- sion extraordinaire du 1 au 4 septembre, 1913. Bulletin de la Societe Beige de Geologie, de Paleontologie et d'Hydrologie, Tome 27, pp. 110-114. Receptaculites neptuni is listed from the De- vonian Frasnian in Belgium (pp. 112-114). 1 9 1 9b. Quelques mots sur les recifs frasniens de la plaine des Fagnes, entre Nismes et Chimay. Bulletin de la Societe Beige de Geologie, de Paleontologie et d'Hydrologie, Tome 27, pp. 114-124. The sponges Receptaculites spp., associated with Stromatactis, and Ischadites are present in Fras- nian [Devonian] reefs near Chimay, Belgium. Re- ceptaculites neptuni occurs in the Frasnian just below the reefs in the same area (pp. 116-117, 119-120, 122). 1927. Contribution a l'etude du "Massif" de Phillipeville. Bulletin de la Societe Beige de Geologie, de Paleontologie et d'Hydrologie, Tome 36, pp. 86-1 12, 1 text-fig. Receptaculites neptuni Defrance is listed from Devonian Frasnian levels C (improperly called the Receptaculites neptuni zone), D, E, and F (F 2i) in the Phillipeville "massif" of Belgium (pp. 103- 105, 107-108). Maillieux, Eugene and Felix Demanet 1929. L'echelle stratigraphic des terrains pri- maires de la Belgique. Bulletin de la Societe Beige de Geologie, de Paleontologie et d'Hy- drologie, Tome 38, pp. 124-131, 3 tables. Receptaculites neptuni is found in the Upper Devonian Frasnian F2b of Belgium (table 2). Majewske, Otto P. 1969. Recognition of Invertebrate Fossil Frag- ments in Rocks and Thin Sections. Interna- tional Sedimentary Petrographical Series, ed- ited by J. Cuvillier and H. M. E. Schuermann, vol. 13, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 101 pp., 106 pis. Ordovician spongelike Receptaculites sp. from Virginia is described and figured (caption to pi. 101, fig. 2). Malchevskaya, T. M.. L. V. Romanovskaya, and P. N. Varfolomeev 1966. Katalog monograficheskih paleontologi- cheskih kollekcii, hranjaschihsja v CNIGR muzee. Leningrad "Nedra," 1 76 pp. Ordovician receptaculitid types of A. N. Ivanov and E. I. Miagkova from the Middle Urals, and the receptaculitids of F. N. Chernuishev, Lower Devonian, in the Western Urals, are in the CNIGR Museum in Leningrad (p. 22). Mann, C. John 1958. Geology of the Chandler Syncline, Fre- mont County, Colorado; pp. 1 53-1 63, 4 text- figs. In King, Ralph H. (ed.), Guidebook. Twenty-second Field Conference. The Kan- sas Geological Society. South-Central Colo- rado. September 1958. Kansas Geological So- ciety, [Wichita, Kansas], 173 pp. Receptaculites (?) is common in the Fremont Limestone of Fremont County, Colorado (p. 1 55). Mansfield, George Rogers 1927. Geography, geology, and mineral re- sources of part of southeastern Idaho. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 152, 453 pp., 70 pis., 46 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Ordovician Garden City Limestone in southeastern Idaho (p. 57). Manum, Svein B. 1967. Paleobotanikk. Forelesninger til kurs i pa- leobotanikk (Gp. 9) ved Universitetet i Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 95 pp., 10 pis. The Norwegian Paleozoic dasyclads Cyclocri- nus, Coelosphaeridium and Mastopora are de- scribed and compared with Apidium. Ordovician cyclocrinitid is figured as a green alga (Frontis- piece, p. 26, pi. 3, fig. 4). 1969. Planterikets Geologiske Historic Uni- versitetsforlaget, Oslo, 36 pp., 16 figs. Ordovician cyclocrinitid green alga is recon- structed (p. 1 8). NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 117 Marcy, Oliver See: Winchell, A., and O. Marcy, 1866. Mark, Elga See: Aaloe, A., E. Mark, R. M. Maennil, K. Mueuerisepp, and K. Orviku, 1 960. Marr, John Edward 1883. The Classification of the Cambrian and Silurian Rocks. Being the Sedgwick Prize Es- say for the Year 1882. Deighton, Bell & Co., Cambridge, England, 147 pp. The amorphozoans Ischadites koenigi Murchi- son, /. bohemica Barrois, Nidulites favus Salter, Tetragonis danbyi McCoy, and T. murchisoni Eichwald are listed (pp. 122, 134). Marr, John Edward, and T. Roberts 1 885. The Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the neigh- bourhood of Haverfordwest. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. 41, pp. 476-491, pi. 15. Nidulites favus is abundant in the Silurian Lower Llandovery of Haverfordwest (pp. 486, 489). Marshall, F. C. See: Robertson, F., and F. C. Marshall, 1975. Martin, James A. See: Koenig, J. W., J. A. Martin, and C. W. Col- linson, 1961. Martin, James A., Robert D. Knight, and William C. Hayes 1961. Ordovician system; pp. 20-32. In Howe, Wallace B., and John W. Koenig (eds.), The stratigraphic succession in Missouri. Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources [Re- port], vol. 40, 2nd ser., 185 pp. Receptaculites oweni characterizes the Ordovi- cian Kimmswick Formation in Missouri (p. 28). Martin, James A., and Jack S. Wells 1966. Guidebook to Middle Ordovician and Mississippian strata, St. Louis and St. Charles Counties, Missouri. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. 1 966 Annual Meeting. Missouri Geological Survey and Water Re- sources Report of Investigations, vol. 34, 48 pp., 1 1 text-figs., 2 maps. The index fossil Receptaculites occurs near the top of the Ordovician Kimmswick Formation in St. Charles County, Missouri (pp. 27-28). Martin, K. 1888. Ein neues Untersilurisches Geschiebe aus Holland. Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Natuurkunde 3, Reeks Deel IV, pp. 293-296. Cyclocrinus spaskii is described from an erratic boulder in Holland. Maslov, A. B. See: Vologdin, A. G., and A. B. Maslov, 1960 and 1961. Maslov, Vladimir Petrovich 1956. Iskopaemye Izvestkovye Vodorosli SSSR. Trudy Instituta Geologicheskih Nauk, Vy- pusk 160. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moskva, 301 pp., 86 pis., 136 text-figs. The Baltic siphonous algae Coelosphaeridium, Cyclocrinus and Mastopora (listed as corallines on p. 209) are in tribes Mastoporinae and Cyclocrinae of the subfamily Cyclocrineae (pp. 20, 57, 209, 250-251). 1960. Novye Vodorosli Mela Kopet-Daga (Turkmeniya). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 134, no. 4, pp. 939-941, 3 text- figs. Kopetdagaria sphaerica n. gen. and n. sp. from the Cretaceous of Turkmenia is described, illus- trated, and placed in tribe Cyclocrineae, family Dasycladaceae, order Siphonales. 1961. New Cretaceous algae of Kopet Dag (Turkmenia). Doklady of the Academy of Sci- ences of the USSR, vol. 134, pp. 1035-1037, 3 text-figs. [English translation. American Geological Institute.] This is the English translation of Maslov, 1960. 118 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 1973. Dasycladaceae; pp. 20-22; pi. 13, figs. 4- 10; pi. 14, figs. 4-7; pis. 15-16. In Maslov, V. P. (ed.), Atlas Porodoobrasujushich Or- ganizmov (isvestkovych i kremnevych). [At- las of rock-building calcareous and siliceous organisms.] Nauka, Moskva, 264 pp. Cyclocrinus and Mastopora of tribe Cyclocri- neae, are described and Mastopora is figured (pp. 21-22; pi. 15, fig. 7). Mather, Kirtley F. 1917. The Trenton fauna of Wolfe Island, On- tario. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 31, pp. 33-40, pi. 1. The sponge Receptaculites occidentalis Salter, listed from the Ordovician Trenton Limestone at Marysville, Wolfe Island, Ontario, is a character- istic fossil of the Rockland Formation near Ot- tawa, Ontario (p. 34). See also: Wilson, Alice E., and K. F. Mather, 1916. Matthews, William H., Ill 1960. Texas Fossils: An Amateur Collector's Handbook. University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology. Guidebook 2. Austin, Texas, 123 pp., illustrations, maps. Receptaculites, a Paleozoic sponge from Texas, is illustrated (pi. 14). 1962. Fossils: An Introduction to Prehistoric Life. Barnes and Noble, Inc., New York, New York, 337 pp., 180 text-figs. Receptaculites, a fairly common spongelike fos- sil from the Middle Ordovician of Missouri, Min- nesota, Wisconsin, and Nevada, is figured (p. 202, fig. 93). Matyja, Bronisiaw A., Hanna Matyja, and Michai Szulczewski 1973. The genus Eocaudina Martin (Holothu- roidea) from the Devonian of Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 135— 147, 2 pis., 2 text-figs. Receptaculites is found in the Upper Devonian of the Holy Cross Mountains in Central Poland (P. 137). Matyja, Hanna See: Matyja, B. A., H. Matyja, and M. Szulczews- ki, 1973. McAllister, James F. 1952. Rocks and structure of the Quartz Spring area, northern Panamint Range, California. California State Mining Bureau, Division of Mines. Special Report 25, 38 pp., 3 pis., 13 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. defines a Receptaculites zone in the Lower Ordovician Pogonip Group of the Quartz Spring area, California (p. 1 1). McCabe, Hugh R. See: Kent, D. M., B. Bannatyne, and H. R. McCabe, 1972. McCallum, Malcolm E. See: Chronic, J., M. E. McCallum, C. S. Ferris, Jr., and D. H. Eggler, 1969. McCoy, Frederick 1855. Systematic description of the British Pa- laeozoic fossils in the geological museum of the University of Cambridge. In Sedgwick, Adam, Synopsis of the Classification of the British Palaeozoic Rocks. John W. Parker and Son, London, 661 pp., pis. 1A-L, 2A-D, 3A-K. Devonian Sphaeronites tesselatus (Phillips) from Plymouth, described as a cystidean echinoderm, may be conspecific with Receptaculites neptuni (p. 77). Tetragonis danbyi [not a receptaculitid ?] from Upper Ludlow [Silurian] rocks in Great Britain is described and illustrated as a cystidean (p. 62; pi. ID, figs. 7-8). McCutcheon, V. A. See: Langenheim, R. L., Jr., B. W. Carss, J. B. Kennerly, V. A. McCutcheon, and R. H. Waines, 1962. McFarlan, Arthur C. 1 96 1 . Outline of the geology of the Cement Creek area, Gunnison County, Colorado; pp. 125— NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 119 132, 5 text-figs. In Berg, Robert R., and John W. Rold (eds.), Symposium of Lower and Middle Paleozoic Rocks of Colorado. Twelfth Field Conference. South Central Colorado. Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists. Denver, Colorado, 236 pp. Receptaculites is found in the Ordovician Fre- mont Formation on the flanks of Cement Moun- tain in the Crested Butte Quadrangle of south- western Colorado (p. 1 30). McFarland, Herdis B. See: Peck, J. H., Jr., and H. B. McFarland, 1954. McGerrigle, Harold William 1933. Faunas of the limestone and shale for- mations of the Simard area. Appendix, Si- mard Map-area, Chicoutimi County. Quebec [Province] Bureau of Mines. Annual Report, 1932, partD, pp. 73-81. The sponge Receptaculites occidentalis (?) Salter is listed from the Trenton or earlier Ordovician of the Simard area (p. 74). McGill, Peter See: Craig, J., J. Devine, P. McGill, and R. Me- meley, 1967. Mclnnes, William 1911. Saskatchewan River district. Geological Survey of Canada, Summary Report, 1910, pp. 169-173. Ordovician Receptaculites oweni Hall is found at Deschambault and Bigstone Lakes in eastern Saskatchewan (p. 173). 1913. The basins of Nelson and Churchill Rivers. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 30, 146 pp., 19 pis., 1 map. Pasceolus (Cyclocrinus) spaskii (?) Eichwald and Receptaculites oweni are listed from Ordovician limestone north of the Saskatchewan River in Sas- katchewan, Canada (pp. 60-61). McKee, Edwin H. 1976. Geology of the northern part of the To- quima Range, Lander, Eureka, and Nye Counties, Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 931, 49 pp., 2 pis., 35 text-figs., 6 tables. Receptaculites is diagnostic of the Ordovician Antelope Valley Limestone in the Toquima Range, Nevada (p. 11). McKinney, [Frank] Kenneth See: Rogers, W. S., M. Jackson, and [F.] K. McKinney, 1964. McLaren, Digby J. 1963. Southwestern Ellesmere Island between Goose Fiord and Bjorne Peninsula; pp. 3 10— 338, text- figs. 17-18, 1 map, columnar sec- tions 28-32. In Fortier, Yves Oscar, and oth- ers (eds.), Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Terri- tories (Operation Franklin). Geological Sur- vey of Canada Memoir 320, 671 pp. Receptaculites sp. A and sp. B are found in the Middle Devonian Blue Fiord Formation on south- western Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories (pp. 321, 323, columnar sect. 30). McLaughlin, Robert E. 1973. Observations on the biostratigraphy and stratigraphy of Knox County, Tennessee and vicinity. Geology of Knox County, Tennes- see. Tennessee Division of Geology Bulletin, vol. 70, pp. 25-62, 10 text-figs., 4 tables. Receptaculites (?) and R. oweni Hall from faunal zones of the Lower Blountian subphase and Re- ceptaculites sp. from Zone IV at Raccoon Valley, Knox County, Tennessee, are algae (pp. 44-46, 48, 55, 57). Nidulites pyriformis Bassler and N. ovoides are listed from Zone III at Raccoon Valley (pp. 53, 55). See also: Stephenson, J. P., K. R. Walker, and R. E. McLaughlin, 1973. McLearn, F. H. 1915. Notes on the cores of Winnipeg wells, Manitoba. Geological Survey of Canada, Summary Report, 1914, p. 72. A large Receptaculites similar to R. oweni is found 120 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY in a well core in the Trenton (Galena) Formation in Winnipeg, Manitoba (p. 72). McNair, Andrew Hamilton See: Kurtz, V. E., A. H. McNair, and D. B. Wales, 1952. McQueen, Henry S. 1939. [Road log.] Third day of field conference, Friday, September 1, 1939. Cape Girardeau and "Embayment Missouri" areas. Guide Book. Thirteenth Annual Field Conference. The Kansas Geological Society. Southwestern Illinois and Southeastern Missouri. August 30 to September 3, 1939. Kansas Geological So- ciety, [Wichita, Kansas], pp. 59-76, text-figs. Receptaculites occurs in the Ordovician Kimmswick Formation at Cape Girardeau, Mis- souri (p. 61, fig. 1 7). McQueen, Henry S., and Norman S. Hinchey 1 94 1 . [Road log.] First day of field conference, Wednesday, August 27, 1941, Sedalia to Co- lumbia, Missouri. Guide Book. Fifteenth An- nual Field Conference. The Kansas Geologi- cal Society. Central and Northeastern Missouri and adjoining area in Illinois. August 27 to 31, 1 94 1 . Kansas Geological Society, [Wich- ita, Kansas?], pp. 15-31. Receptaculites is common in the Ordovician Kimmswick Formation near Saline City, Howard County, Missouri (p. 24, fig. 9). Meek, Fielding Bradford See: Worthen, A. H., and F. B. Meek, 1875. Meek, Fielding Bradford, and Amos Henry Wor- then 1868. Palaeontology. Geological Survey of Il- linois. Volume 3. Geology and Palaeontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 289-565, 20 pis., numerous text-figs. Receptaculites globularis Hall, Receptaculites sp., and R. oweni Hall from the Lower Silurian [Or- dovician] Galena Limestone in Illinois are de- scribed and illustrated as Protozoa (pp. 301-303; pi. 2, figs. 1-3). Receptaculites oweni occurs at the same horizon in Wisconsin and Iowa (p. 303). Pasceolus (?) dactylioides [sic] (Owen) from the Upper Silurian Niagara Group in Carroll County, Illinois, is described and illustrated as a sponge of uncertain position (pp. 345-346; pi. 5, figs. 2a-c). Billings believes this taxon to be a new genus in- termediate between Pasceolus and Receptaculites (p. 346). If it is found to be distinct from Cyclo- crinites Eichwald and Receptaculites, with which it is compared, the new name Cerionites is pro- posed for it (p. 346). 1870. Descriptions of new species and genera of fossils from the Palaeozoic rocks of the western States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 22, pp. 22-56. The foraminifer (?) Receptaculites formosus n. sp. from the Upper Silurian (Niagaran) of Bridge- port, Illinois, is compared with R. globularis from the [Ordovician] Galena (pp. 22-23). Melville, R. V., and W. E. China 1970. Receptaculites Deshayes, 1828 (Recep- taculitids): validated under the plenary pow- ers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, vol. 27, part 1, pp. 14-15. The names Receptaculites Deshayes 1828 and neptuni Defrance 1827 are placed on the official list of generic names in zoology; the name Recep- tacules Defrance 1827 is suppressed and rejected as invalid. Memeley, Robert See: Craig, J., J. Devine, P. McGill, and R. Me- meley, 1967. Mensink, H. See: Durkoop, A., H. Mensink, and G. Plodowski, 1967. Merklin, R. L. See: Drushchits, V. V., G. G. Astrova, R. L. Merk- lin, and V. N. Shimanskii, 1962. Merriam, Charles Warren 1963. Paleozoic rocks of Antelope Valley, Eu- reka and Nye Counties, Nevada. United States NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 121 Geological Survey Professional Paper 423, 67 pp., 2 pis., 8 text-figs., 2 tables. The Ordovician Pogonip Group of the Antelope Valley area, Nevada, contains Calathium (?) sp., Receptaculites mammilaris [sic] Walcott, and R. elongatus Walcott in the Chazyan Antelope Valley Limestone and Receptaculites cf. occidentalis Salt- er in the Upper Chazyan Copenhagen Formation (pp. 25-26). See also: Nolan, T. B., C. W. Merriam, and J. S. Wil- liams, 1956. Merritt, Clifford A. See: Decker, C. E., and C. A. Merritt, 1931. Meshkova, N. P. See: Zhuravleva, I. T., N. P. Meshkova, V. A. Lu- chinina, and Y. L. Pelman, 1979. Meyer, H. V. See: Bronn, H. G., H. R. Goeppert, and H. V. Meyer, 1848 and 1849. Miagkova, Elizaveta Ivanovna 1965. Soanity-novaja gruppa organizmov. Pa- leontologischeskii Zhurnal 1965, no. 3, pp. 16-22, 2 pis., 3 text-figs. Early Ordovician Soanitidae n. fam. of un- known order is described. Receptaculites and Is- chadites are discussed. Soanites n. gen. bimuralis n. sp. from the Lower Ordovician Chunya Stage on the Siberian Platform along the Moyyero, Moyyerkan and other rivers is described and il- lustrated. See also: Myagkova, Ye. I., 1966. 1973. K ekologii ranneordovikskih soanitov [On the ecology of the Early Ordovician soanites]; pp. 65-69, 3 text-figs. In Betekhtina, O. A., and I. T. Zhuravleva (eds.), Sreda i Zhizn v Geologicheskom Proshlom (Peleoekologi- cheskie Problemy). Environment and Life in the Geological Past. (Palaeoecological Prob- lems.) Nauka, Sibirskoje Otdelenie, Novosi- birsk, 92 pp. Ordovician Soanites are important components of bioherms in the Siberian platform. Soanites overgrown by stromatolites are found in growth position with their open cups upward. The strati- graphic position of the soanitid bioherms is de- tailed and cross sections of the bioherms are il- lustrated. 1977. O sistematicheskom polozenii paleozo- ickih Squamiferida [On the systematic posi- tion of Paleozoic Squamiferida]. Geologia i Geofizika, Akademia Nauk SSSR. Sibirskoye Otdelenie, Institut Geologii i Geofiziki, 1977, no. 4, pp. 43-48. The classification of receptaculitids by Eichwald 1840, 1860;Rauffl892;Sushkin 1958, 1962; Lau- benfels 1955; Eaton 1960; Byrnes 1968; Nitecki 1968-1971; Mueller 1968; and Rietschel 1969 is summarized. See also: Ivanov, A. N., and E. I. Miagkova, 1950. Myagkova, Ye. I., 1966. Nikitin, I. F., M. B. Gnilovskaja, I. T. Zhu- ravleva, V. A. Luchinina, and E. I. Miag- kova, 1974. Zhuravleva, I. T., and E. I. Miagkova, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974a, 1974b, 1977, and 1979. Miagkova, Elizaveta Ivanovna, H. E. Nestor, and R. F. Einasto 1977. Razrez Ordovika i Silura Reki Moiero (Sibirskaja platforma). [Ordovician and Si- lurian sequence of the Moiero River (Siberian Platform).] Izdatelstvo Nauka, Sibirskoje Ot- delenie, Novosibirsk, 176 pp., 88 pi. -figs., 14 text-figs., 3 tables. Soanites bimuralis Miagkova occurs in the Low- er Ordovician along the Moiero River in the north- western part of eastern Siberia (p. 1 18, table 3). Mickleborough, John, and Albert Gallatin Weth- erby 1878. A classified list of Lower Silurian fossils, Cincinnati Group. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, vol. 1 , no. 2, pp. 61-86. Astylospongia [now Cyclocrinites] tumida James (a sponge) and Pasceolus claudei Miller and P. 122 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY darwini Miller (of uncertain affinities) are listed from the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Cincinnati Group (p. 81). Mierzejewska, Grazyna, and Piotr Mierzejewski 1973. Receptaculites abhorrens n. sp. from the Upper Devonian of Poland. Acta Palaeon- tologica Polonica, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 179-185, pis. 4-5, 1 text-fig. Receptaculites abhorrens n. sp. is described and illustrated from the Upper Devonian of Gorny Mokrzeszow, Lower Silesia, Poland. Receptacu- lites neptuni, R. scyphioides Quenstedt, and R. crassiparies Rauff from the Upper Devonian of Lower Silesia have been described, but only R. crassiparies and R. abhorrens n. sp. (often included in R. neptuni) are present. Receptaculites abhor- rens combines features of Receptaculites and Is- chadites. Receptaculitids are algae (?) of uncertain taxonomic position. Mierzejewski, Piotr See: Mierzejewska, G., and P. Mierzejewski, 1973. Mikulic, Donald G. 1976. Distribution and community succession of Silurian trilobites (Thornton Reef, Illinois). Guidebook for a field trip on Silurian reefs, interreef facies, and faunal zones of northern Indiana and northeastern Illinois. April 30 to May 2, 1976. North-central Section of Geo- logical Society of America and Western Mich- igan University, 22 pp. The Cyclocrinites beds of the [Lower Silurian] Hopkinton Formation at Monticello, Iowa, are mentioned (p. 1 3). Miller, Arthur K. 1930. The age and correlation of the Bighorn Formation of northwestern United States. American Journal of Science, ser. 5, vol. 20, pp. 195-213. Receptaculites arcticus (?) Etheridge and Cyclo- crinites aff*. gregarius (Billings) are found in the Ordovician Lander Sandstone in the central Wind River Range, Wyoming (p. 198). Receptaculites from Wyoming, Alaska, Manitoba, and the Upper Mississippi Valley, R. oweni from the Stewartville Member of the Trenton Formation, and R. arc- ticus (?) Etheridge from the Massive Dolomite Member of the Bighorn Formation in the central Wind River Range (pp. 201-202, 204-205) are mentioned. The lower faunal zone in the Bighorn Formation is characterized by R. arcticus (p. 209). 1932. The cephalopods of the Bighorn Forma- tion of the Wind River Mountains of Wyo- ming. Transactions of the Connecticut Acad- emy of Arts and Sciences, vol. 31, pp. 193— 297, 31 pis. Receptaculites arcticus (?) Etheridge is found in the Lander Sandstone and Massive Dolomite Members of the Ordovician Bighorn Formation in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming (pp. 204, 206-207). See also: Amsden, T. W., and A. K. Miller, 1942. Sweet, W. C, and A. K. Miller, 1958. Miller, Arthur K.. and John B. Carrier 1942. Ordovician cephalopods from the Big- horn Mountains of Wyoming. Journal of Pa- leontology, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 531-548, pis. 75-79, 5 text-figs., 1 table. Ordovician Receptaculites occurs in the Stew- artville Formation of the Upper Mississippi Valley and in the Bighorn Formation of the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming (p. 533). Miller, Arthur K., and William M. Furnish 1937. Ordovician cephalopods from the Black Hills, South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 535-551. Receptaculites is present in the Dolomite Mem- ber of the Ordovician Whitewood Formation in the northern Black Hills (p. 536). 1954. Tri-state Geological Field Conference, Northeastern Iowa. University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 17 pp., 3 text-figs. Lower and upper Receptaculites zones occur in the Ordovician Prosser Limestone and basal Stew- artville Formation near McGregor, Iowa (p. 1 1). Miller, Arthur K .. Walter Youngquist, and Charles W. Collinson 1954. Ordovician cephalopod fauna of Baffin Island. Geological Society of America Mem- oir 62, 234 pp., 63 pis., 20 text-figs. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 123 The following Ordovician Receptaculitidae from Baffin Island are listed: Receptaculites spp. (fig- ured, pi. 6, figs. 5-6), R. (?)fieldi Roy, R. cf. arcticus Etheridge (pi. 6, figs. 7-8), Lepidolites aff. dickhauti Ulrich (pi. 6, figs. 1-4), R. cf. arcticus Etheridge, and R. cf. occidentalis Salter (pp. 8, 10, 20, 22- 24, 26, 81). Receptaculites, R. arcticus Etheridge, R. oweni Hall, and Receptaculites sp. are listed from other localities in Arctic Canada (pp. 28-30, 33-38, 40). The upper Receptaculites zone of the Stewartville Dolomite is mentioned (p. 40). Miller, Ralph LeRoy 1937. Stratigraphy of the Jacksonburg Lime- stone. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 48, pp. 1687-1717, 2 pis., 5 text-figs. Ordovician Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is found at several localities in the Jacksonburg Limestone of New Jersey, the Hull of New York, the Rockland of Ontario, and the Black River of New Jersey (pp. 1696, 1706-1707). 1939. Jacksonburg Formation; pp. 249-262, pi. 15. In Miller, Benjamin LeRoy, Northamp- ton County-Pennsylvania. Geology and Ge- ography. Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th series, Bulletin C 48, 496 pp., 29 pis., 36 text- figs. The sponge Receptaculites occidentalis Salter occurs at several localities in the Ordovician Jack- sonburg Formation of Northampton County, Pennsylvania (p. 255). Miller, Samuel Almond 1 874. Genus Pasceolus. —(Billings). The Cincin- nati Quarterly Journal of Science, vol. 1 , pp. 4-7, text-figs. 1-3. Ordovician Pasceolus Billings, P. darwini n. sp. from Cincinnati, Ohio, and Maysville, Kentucky, and P. claudei n. sp. from Maysville are described and illustrated. Ischadites koenigi, Pasceolus halli, P. globosus, Cyclocrinus, C. spaskii, C. exilis, Sphaeronites tesselatus, Sphaerospongia, Recep- taculites, R. calciferus, and Lunulites (?) dactio- loides are discussed. 1877. The American Palaeozoic Fossils. A Cat- alogue of the Genera and Species, with Names of Authors, Dates, Places of Publication, Groups of Rocks in Which Found, and the Etymology and Signification of the Words, and an Introduction Devoted to the Strati- graphical Geology of the Palaeozoic Rocks. Published by the author, Cincinnati, Ohio, 245 pp. The following are listed: the sponges Calathium Billings 1865, C. affine Billings 1865, C. anstedi Billings 1865, C.formosum Billings 1865, C. pan- nosum Billings 1865, C. canadense Billings 1865, C. fittoni Billings 1865, C. paradoxicum Billings 1865, Pasceolus Billings 1857 (incertae sedis), P. claudii S. A. Miller 1874, P. darwini S. A. Miller 1874, P. globosus Billings 1857, P. gregarius Bil- lings 1866, P. halli Billings 1857, P. intermedius Billings 1866; the rhizopods Receptaculites De- france 1827 (= Selenoides Owen 1852), R. calci- ferus Billings 1865, R. canadensis Billings 1863 (= Ischadites canadensis), R. dactioloides Owen 1 840 (= Lunulites dactioloides), R. elegantulus Billings 1865, R. formosus Meek and Worthen 1870, R. fungosus Hall 1861, R. globularis Hall 1861, A. hemisphericus Hall 1861,/?. infundibulus Hall 1 86 1 (= Ischadites tesselatus), R. insularis Billings 1866, R. iowensis Owen 1852 (= Selenoides iowensis), R. jonesi Billings 1865,/?. nept uni Defrance 1827, R. occidentalis Salter 1859, R. ohioensis Hall and Whitfield 1875, R. oweni Hall 1861 (= Coscino- pora sulcata), R. reticulatus Owen 1 840 (= Orbit- uloides reticulata), R. subturbinatus Hall 1863, R. sulcatus Owen 1 844; and the cystoids Dictyocrinus Conrad 1 84 1 (= Dictuocrinites) and D. squamifer Hall 1859 (pp. 42-44, 65, 77). 1879. Catalogue of fossils found in the Hudson River, Utica Slate, and Trenton Groups, as exposed in the southeast part of Indiana, Southwest part of Ohio, and northern part of Kentucky. Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Annual Reports of the Geological Survey of Indiana, made during the years 1876-77-78. Geolog- ical Survey of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, pp. 22-56. Pasceolus Billings, P. claudei Miller, and P. dar- wini Miller are listed as rhizopods (p. 29). 1882. Observations on the unification of geo- logical nomenclature, with special reference to the Silurian formation of North America. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 267-293. Calathium from the Calciferous, Quebec, and Chazy Groups, Receptaculites from the Calcifer- 124 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY ous, Trenton, Hudson River, and Niagara Groups, and Pasceolus from the Trenton and Hudson Riv- er Groups are listed as protists (pp. 277, 284). 1883. The American Palaeozoic Fossils: A Cat- alogue of the Genera and Species, with Names of Authors, Dates, Places of Publication, Groups of Rocks in Which Found, and the Etymology and Signification of the Words, and an Introduction Devoted to the Strati- graphical Geology of the Palaeozoic Rocks, 2nd ed. Supplement, Published by the author, Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 245-334. The following are listed: Lepidolites Ulrich 1 879, L. dickhauti Ulrich 1879, L. elongatus, Receptac- ulites arcticus Etheridge 1878, R. circularis Em- mons 1856, R. devonicus Whitfield 1882, R. iowensis, R. sacculus Hall 1879, and R. tessellatus (= Ischadites tessellatus) Winchell and Marcy 1 865, all considered Protista (pp. 260-261). Anoma- loides Ulrich 1878 and A. reticulata Ulrich 1878 are listed as Echinodermata (p. 280). 1889. North American Geology and Palaeon- tology for the Use of Amateurs, Students, and Scientists. [Western Methodist Book Con- cern], Cincinnati, Ohio, 664 pp., 1194 text- figs. [Receptaculitid] sponges are assigned to the fol- lowing families: Calathium to Astylospongidae; Pasceolus to Pasceolidae; Cerionites and Recep- taculites to Receptaculitidae; Lepidolites to a fam- ily of uncertain taxonomic position (p. 153). Ca- lathium is described and the following species are listed: C. affine Billings 1865, C. anstedi Billings 1 865, C. canadense Billings 1 865 (fig. 93), Cfittoni Billings 1865, C.formosum Billings 1865 (fig. 94), C. infelix\J\rich and Everett (in MS), C pannosum Billings 1865, and C. paradoxicum Billings 1865 (= Nipterella paradoxica) (p. 1 55). Cerionites Meek and Worthen 1868 is described and C. dactyloides Owen 1 844 (formerly Lunulites) is figured (p. 1 56). Receptaculites infundibuliformis (= Coscinopora infundibuliformis Eaton 1 832 [non Goldfuss 1826]) and R. oweni (= C. sulcata Owen 1 844 [non Gold- fuss 1826]) are listed (pp. 157, 163-164). Ischa- dites tessellatus, I. canadensis, R. tessellatus Win- chell and Marcy 1865, and R. canadensis Billings 1863 (pp. 160, 163-164), Lepidolites Ulrich 1879 and L. dickhauti Ulrich 1879 (= L. elongatus Ul- rich 1879) are described (p. 160). The species cy- athiformis (genus undetermined by Hall, 1 847) is the same as Palaeospongia cyathiformis Hall 1 847 (p. 162). Pasceolus Billings 1857 is described (p. 1 62) and the following species are listed: P. claudii Miller 1874 (figured), P. darwini Miller 1874 (figs. 115-116), P. globosus Billings 1857, P. gregarius Billings 1866 and P. halli Billings 1857 (fig. 1 17). Receptaculites Defrance 1 827 (= Selenoides Owen 1822 = Dictyocrinus Conrad 1841 = Dictuocri- nites) is described (p. 1 63) and the following species are listed: R. arcticus Etheridge 1878, R. bursifor- mis Hall 1883, R. calciferus Billings 1865, R. can- adensis Billings 1863, R. circularis Emmons 1856, R. devonicus Whitfield 1882, R. eatoni [nomen nudum] Hall 1863 [sic], R. elegantulus Billings 1865, R. ellipticus Walcott 1885, R. elongatus Walcott 1885, R. formosus Meek and Worthen 1870, R. fungosus Hall 1861, R. globularis Hall 1861, R. hemisphericus Hall 1861, R. infundibu- liformis Eaton 1832, R. infundibulum Hall 1861, R. insularis Billings 1866,/?. iowensis Owen 1852, R. jonesi Billings 1865, R. mammillaris Walcott 1885,/?. monticulatus Hall 1883,/?. neptunei [sic] Defrance 1827, /?. occidentalis Salter 1859 (fig. 120), /?. ohioensis Hall and Whitfield 1875, /?. oweni Hall 1861, /?. reticulatus Owen 1844, /?. sacculus Hall 1879, /?. squamifer Hall 1859, /?. subturbinatus Hall 1863, and /?. tessellatus Win- chell and Marcy 1865. 1 892a. Palaeontology. Advance Sheets from the Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 18th Annual Report. W. B. Bur- ford, Contractor for State Printing and Bind- ing, Indianapolis, Indiana, 79 pp., 12 pis. Receptaculites elrodi n. sp. from the lower Mid- dle Devonian Upper Helderberg Group of Indiana is described and illustrated as a sponge of family Receptaculitidae and is compared to Ischadites (pp. 3-4; pi. 1, figs. 1-3). See also: Miller, S. A., 1894. 1892b. First appendix, 1892 [to S. A. Miller, 1 889, North American Geology and Palaeon- tology]. [Published by the author?], Cincin- nati, Ohio, pp. 665-7 1 8, text-figs. 1 1 95-1 265. The protozoan Receptaculites elrodi S. A. Miller 1892 is listed (p. 668). 1894. Palaeontology. Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources, 1 8th Annual Report, 1893, pp. 257-357, 12 pis. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 125 This is identical to Miller, S. A., 1892a, except for pagination. 1897. Second Appendix to [S. A. Miller, 1889] North American Geology and Palaeontology. [Published by the author?], Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 719-793, text-figs. 1266-1458. Anomalospongia (= Anomaloides Ulrich 1893), Receptaculites devonicus, R. dixonensis Miller and Gurley 1896 (text-figs. 1267-1268), R. eatoni (= nomen nudum), and R. monticulatus Hall (= R. infundibuliformis) are listed. Miller, Samuel Almond, and William F. E. Gurley 1896. New species of Palaeozoic invertebrates from Illinois and other states. Bulletin of the Illinois State Museum of Natural History, no. 1 1, 50 pp., 5 pis. Ordovician Receptaculites dixonensis n. sp., a sponge from the Galena Group near Dixon, Illi- nois, is figured and described and compared with R. globularis. Receptaculites ohioensis, R. subtur- binatus, and Ischadites koenigii are mentioned (pp. 47-50; pi. 5, figs. 21-22). Milne-Edwards, Henri 1 860. Histoire Naturelle des Corallines au Po- lypes Proprement Dits. Tome 3. Roret, Paris, 560 pp. Silurian [Ordovician] Cyclocrinites and C. spas- ki are described as Cnidaria (pp. 452-453). Milne-Edwards, Henri, and Jules Haime 1850. A monograph of the British fossil corals. First Part. Introduction: corals from Tertiary and Cretaceous formations. Palaeontograph- ical Society [Monographs] 48, lxxxv + 7 1 pp., 1 1 pis. Cyclocrinites Eichwald is described as Zoan- tharia incertae sedis (p. lxxiv). Mintz, Leigh W. 1977. Historical Geology. The Science of a Dy- namic Earth, 2nd ed. Charles E. Merrill Pub- lishing Co., Columbus, Ohio, 588 pp., nu- merous illus. Receptaculitids are dasycladaceous algae, com- mon during the Ordovician. Cyclocrinus, Ischa- dites, and Receptaculites are figured (pp. 109-1 10, 347-348, 350; figs. 7.18-7.19, 15.26). Mistiaen, Bruno 1980. Niveaux construits a Bryozoaires Fistu- liporides dans le Devonien de l'Hazarajat, Af- ghanistan central. Bulletin de la Societe Geo- logique de France. 7e ser., tome 22, no. 1, pp. 103-113, 2 text-figs. Receptaculites are present in the Devonian of Hazarajat, central Afghanistan; R. chardini is mentioned (pp. 107-109). Mitchell, George Hoole, Walter Mykura, W. Tul- loch, J. Knox, J. R. Earp, R. B. Wilson, and J. D. D. Smith 1962. Appendix 2. Table of fossils collected by the Geological Survey from mudstones and siltstones of the North Esk Silurian Inlier, 1 950-59. The Geology of the Neighbourhood of Edinburgh, 3rd ed. Memoirs of the Geo- logical Survey, Scotland, pp. 138-140. Amphispongia oblonga Salter is common in the North Esk Silurian inlier (p. 1 38). See also: Salter, J. W., 1861. Modzalevskaja, E. A. 1955. Kolonii mshahaok ordovika i zavisimost formy ot uslovii sushchestvovanja. Voprosy Paleontologii, [Leningrad], vol. 2, pp. 125— 135, 7 text-figs. The Ordovician alga Cyclocrinus, overgrown by bryozoan, is described and figured (pp. 132-133, text-fig. 6). Montenat, Christian See: Desparmet, R., and C. Montenat, 1972. Moore, L. R. See: Banks, H. P., K. I. M. Chesters, N. F. Hughes, G. A. L. Johnson, H. M. Johnson, and L. R. Moore, 1967. Moore, Raymond C. 1933. Historical Geology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New York, 673 pp., 413 text- figs. 126 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Ordovician Receptaculites and Silurian Ischa- dites are listed as sponges but may represent a distinct class of organisms (p. 1 98). See also: Moore, R. C, 1949 and 1958. 1949. Introduction to Historical Geology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New York, 582 pp., 364 text-figs. The section on receptaculitids is nearly identical to that in Moore, R. C, 1933. See also: Moore, R. C, 1933 and 1958. 1958. Introduction to Historical Geology, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New York, 656 pp., 591 text-figs. The sponges (?) Receptaculites (Ordovician) and Ischadites (Silurian) are important index fossils (p. 291). See also: Moore, R. C, 1933 and 1949. Moore, Raymond C, Cecil G. Lalicker, and Alfred G. Fischer 1952. Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New York, 766 pp., numer- ous text-figs. The following spongelike organisms of uncer- tain taxonomic position are described: Ordovician to Devonian Ischadites and Receptaculites and Devonian Sphaerospongia of class Receptaculiti- da; and Ordovician Nidulites, possibly a calcar- eous alga, but not a sponge, of class Nidulitida (pp. 89, 94-97). Middle Ordovician /. iowensis, R. ow- eni, and N. pyriformis and Middle Devonian 5. tesselata are figured (figs. 3-5, 3-12). Moret, Leon 1952. Embranchement des spongiaires (Porif- era, Spongiata); pp. 333-374, 22 text-figs. In Piveteau, Jean (ed.), Traite de Paleontologie. Tome 1. Masson et Cie, Paris, 782 pp. Receptaculitidae, aberrant sponges of uncertain position, are hexactinellids (p. 338). Receptaculites is described and illustrated. Receptaculites nepluni (related to the dictyosponges), Ischadites Murchi- son, Polygonosphaerites Roemer, and Leptoterion [sic] Ulrich are listed (pp. 356-358). 1 953. Manuel de Paleontologie Animale, 3rd ed. Masson et Cie, Paris, 759 pp., 277 text-figs. Receptaculites neptuni Defrance is mentioned. Morgan, George Dillon 1924. Geology of the Stonewall Quadrangle, Oklahoma. Bureau of Geology, Norman, Oklahoma, Bulletin no. 2, 248 pp., 53 pis., 1 text-fig., 14 tables, 1 map. Two species of Calathium in the Ordovician Arbuckle Limestone and Receptaculites n. sp. in the Ordovician Simpson Formation are listed from the Stonewall Quadrangle of Oklahoma (pp. 23, 27). Moritz, C. A. See: Sloss, L. L., and C. A. Moritz, 1951. M Hrk. Atle, and David Worsley 1980. The environmental significance of algae in the middle Llandovery succession of the central Oslo Region. Lethaia, vol. 1 3, pp. 339- 346, 6 text-figs. The dasycladacean alga Cyclocrinites is com- mon in the Silurian Solvik Formation but rare in the Rytteraaker Formation of the central Oslo Re- gion, Norway (pp. 340-344, figs. 2, 5-6). Masto- pora sp. and M. fava from the Silurian of this region are probable synonyms of Cyclocrinites (p. 341). The thallus-covering membrane of recent dasycladaceans is preserved in specimens of C. hull 'i and Anomaloides reticulatus. The modes of preservation and paleoecology of Cyclocrinites are discussed. Morningstar, Helen 1 924. Catalogue of type fossils in the Geological Museum at the Ohio State University. Ohio Journal of Science, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 31-64. A paratype of Silurian, Niagaran Receptaculites ohioensis Hall and Whitfield from Ohio is housed in the Geological Museum at Ohio State Univer- sity (p. 59). Morris, Hal Tryon 1957. General geology of the East Tintic Moun- tains, Utah. Guidebook to the Geology of NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 127 Utah. Number 12. Geology of the East Tintic Mountains and Ore Deposits of the Tintic Mining Districts. Utah Geological Society, Salt Lake City, Utah (distributed by Utah Geo- logical and Mineralogical Survey), pp. 1-56, 5 text-figs. "Receptaculites" is found in the Lower Ordo- vician Opohonga Limestone of the East Tintic Mountains south of Salt Lake City, Utah (p. 1 1). Morris, Hal Tryon, and Thomas Seward Lovering 1 96 1 . Stratigraphy of the East Tintic Mountains, Utah. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 361, 145 pp., 5 pis., 61 text-figs., 18 tables. The problematic sponge "Receptaculites" is re- ported from the upper part of the Lower Ordo- vician Opohonga Limestone in Black Rock Can- yon, near Eureka, Utah (p. 55). Morris, John 1854. A Catalog of British Fossils: Comprising the Genera and Species Hitherto Described; with References To Their Geological Distri- bution and to the Localities in Which They Have Been Found, 2nd ed. Published by the author, London, 372 pp. Nidulites Salter 1851, N. favus Salter from the Silurian of Ayrshire, Receptaculites Defrance, and R. neptuni (= Ischadites koenigi Murchison) of uncertain taxonomic position from the Devonian of Eifel and Belgium and the Silurian Ludlow are listed (pp. 362-363). Tetragonis Eichwald 1842, T. danbyi McCoy from the Silurian at Kendal, and Devonian Echinosphaerites tessellatus Phillips are listed as British echinoderms (pp. 79, 89-90). Morrow, D. W., and J. W. Kerr 1977. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Lower Paleozoic formations near Prince Alfred Bay, Devon Island. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 254, 122 pp., 20 pis., 29 text-figs., 6 tables, 1 map. Cyclocrinitids, probably green algae of the fam- ily Dasycladaceae, which resemble Cyclocrinites pyriformis (Bassler), occur in the Middle and Up- per Ordovician Thumb Mountain and Irene Bay Formations of the Cornwallis Group on Devon Island, Arctic Canada. Several zones contain abundant cyclocrinitids (pi. ID, p. 11). Large col- onies of an alga (?), Receptaculites, are listed from the upper Thumb Mountain Formation and the Irene Bay Formation (pp. 10, 17, 76, 105, 111, 115-116, 118). Moskalenko, T. A. 1952. Mutovchatie sifonnikovie vodorosli or- dovika pribaltiki i ikh stratigraficheskoye znachenie. Leningradskii Gosudarstvennyi Ordena Lenina Universitet Imeni A. A. Zhda- nova, Leningrad, 12 pp., 1 table. The following Ordovician Dasycladaceae are listed from various localities in the Baltic region, and their stratigraphy given: Coelosphaeridium cy- clocrinophilum Roem., C. conwentzianum Kie- sow, C. kohtlense Bekk., C. wesenbergense Stoll., C. excavatum Stoll., Cyclocrinus spasskii Eichw., C. jevensis n. sp., C. porosus Stoll., C. ornatus (Stoll.), C. roemeri Stoll., C. planus Stoll., C. sub- tilis Stoll., C. membranaceus Stoll., C. balticus Stoll., C. porosus var. kiesowi Stoll., C. oelandicus Stoll., C. vanhoeffeni Stoll., C. pyriformis Stoll., C. multicavus Stoll., C. mickwitzi Stoll., C. schmidti Stoll., Mastopora concava Eichw., M. odini Stoll., M. parva (Nich. and Ether.), M.fava (Salter), Apid- ium krausei (Kiesow), A. sorosis Stoll., A. pyg- maeum Stoll., and A. rotundum Hoeg. 1956. Deyaki Dasycladaceae z ordovika pri- baltiki. Naukovi zapiski chernivetskogo der- zhavnogo Universitetu. Seriya Geografichnih Nauk, Vip. 2, vol. 22, pp. 232-253, 18 figs., 4 tables. The following members of the Ordovician tribe Cyclocrineae of family Dasycladaceae from var- ious localities in the Baltic region are described and figured: Coelosphaeridium Roemer 1883, C cyclocrinophilum Roemer 1883, C. wesenbergense Stolley 1898, Cyclocrinus Eichwald 1840, C. jev- ensis n. sp., C ornatus (Stolley 1896), Mastopora Eichwald 1840, and M. concava Eichwald 1840 (pp. 232-247, figs. 1-13, tables 1-2). 1963. Semeistvo Dasydadacese (Siphoneae Ver- ticillatae) Stizenberger, 1 860; pp. 206-22 1 , pis. 14-17, text-figs. 13-58. In Orlov, Y. A. (ed.), Osnovy Paleontologii. Vodorosli, Mohoob- raznye, Isilofitovye, Planovidnye, Chlenisto- stevelnye, Paporotniki. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moskva, 698 pp. Cyclocrinus Eichwald 1840, Coelosphaeridium Roemer 1885, and Mastopora Eichwald 1840, are 128 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY described and illustrated and placed in tribe Cy- clocrineae. Ordovician Cyclocrinus sp. and Mas- topora concava from the Baltic Region are figured (pi. 14, figs. 2-4). Mueller, Arno Hermann 1958. Lehrbuch der Palaeozoologie. Band 2. In- vertebraten. Teil 1. Protozoa-Mollusca. Gus- tav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 566 pp., 652 text- figs. Receptaculites and Sphaerospongia tessellata are figured (figs. 148-149) and are described together with Ischadites. Receptaculitids are a group of sponges of uncertain taxonomic position (pp. 1 48- 150). 1967. Zur Morphologie von Receptaculites nep- tuni (Miscellanea). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geo- logie und Palaeontologie, Abhandlungen, Band 129, Heft 3, pp. 231-239, pis. 28-30, 2 text-figs. Upper Devonian Receptaculites neptuni from Saxonia is described and illustrated. A taxonomic relationship of R. neptuni to any known group of organisms cannot be made, but its similarities with archaeocyathids are discussed. 1968. Ueber Receptaculites (Miscellanea, Re- ceptaculitida N.) Freiberger Forschungshefte. Deutscher Verlag fur Grundstoffindustrie. Reihe C. Bergakademie Freiberg, no. 22 1 , pp. 5-13, 7 pis., text-figs. 6-7, 1 table. Receptaculitida n. ord. containing Receptacu- litidae Eichwald and Ischaditidae n. fam. may be related to Porifera and Archaeocyatha. The Re- ceptaculitidae and the Ischaditidae are described. Receptaculites neptuni is figured. Mueuerisepp, K. See! Aaloe, A., E. Mark, R. M. Maennil, K. Mueuerisepp, and K. Orviku, 1960. Muilenburg, Garrett A., and Jack A. James 1949. Guide to field study in southeastern Mis- souri between St. Louis and Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Guidebook for the Field Confer- ence Held in Connection with the 34th An- nual Convention of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Southeastern Mis- souri and Southwestern Illinois, March 1 8 and 19, 1 949. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 6-17, 8 text-figs. Receptaculites is listed from the Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone at Cape Girardeau, Mis- souri (p. 17). Muir, M. D. See: Walter, M. R., J. H. Shergold, M. D. Muir, and P. D. Kruse, 1979. Muir- Wood, Helen M. See: Oakley, K. P., and H. M. Muir- Wood, 1948. Mullens, Thomas E. (ed.) 1956. Upper Mississippi zinc-lead district. 20th Annual Tri-State Geological Field Confer- ence. Wisconsin Geological Survey, 22 pp., 6 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni forms a Receptaculites zone in the Stewartville and Prosser Members of the Ordovician Galena Formation in southwestern Wisconsin (pp. 2, 4, 6, 12, 20). Mullens, Thomas E. 1964. Geology of the Cuba City, New Diggings, and Shullsburg Quadrangles, Wisconsin and Illinois. Bulletin of the United States Geolog- ical Survey 1 123-H, pp. 437-531, pis. 25-32, text-figs. 51-66, 1 table. Receptaculites oweni Hall occurs in the Prosser, Stewartville, and Dubuque Members of the Or- dovician Galena Dolomite in the lead-zinc mining district of Wisconsin and Illinois (pp. 462-463). Muller, J. E. 1967. KJuane Lake map-area, Yukon Territory. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 340, 137 pp., 1 1 pis., 6 text-figs., 4 tables, 2 maps. Receptaculites sp. is reported from the Devo- nian Kaskawulsh Group in the southwest Yukon Territory (p. 29). Murchison, Roderick Impey 1839. The Silurian System, Founded on Geo- logical Researches in the Counties of Salop, Hereford, Radnor, Montgomery, Caermar- then, Brecon, Pembroke, Monmouth, Glou- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 129 cester, Worcester, and Stafford; with Descrip- tion of the Coalfields and Overlying Formations. 2 parts. John Murray, London, 768 pp., 53 pis., 4 maps, numerous text-figs. Ischadites n. gen. koenigii n. sp., of unknown affinities, is described and illustrated from the Si- lurian Lower Ludlow near Ludlow, Great Britain (pp. 697-698; pi. 26, fig. 11). 1854. Siluria. The History of the Oldest Known Rocks Containing Organic Remains, with a Brief Sketch of the Distribution of Gold Over the Earth. John Murray, London, 523 pp., 37 pis., numerous text-figs. Nidulites favus Salter is illustrated as a Lower Silurian [Ordovician] zoophyte (p. 1 78). Ischadites koenigii, a cystidean (?), is figured (p. 217; pi. 12, fig. 6). See also: Murchison, R. I., 1859, 1867, and 1872. 1859. Siluria. The History of the Oldest Fossil- iferous Rocks and their Foundations; With a Brief Sketch of the Distribution of Gold over the Earth, 3rd ed. John Murray, London, 592 pp., 41 pis., numerous text-figs., sections, and maps. A North American foraminifer, Receptaculites, is discussed. Nidulites favus is a problematic or- ganism and Sphaeronites tessellatus De la Beche may be a complex sponge. Ischadites koenigii is figured as a probable cystidean (pp. 203-204, 228, 298, 535-536, 542). See also: Murchison, R. I., 1854, 1867, and 1872. 1867. Siluria. A History of the Oldest Rocks in the British Isles and Other Countries. With Sketches of the Origin and Distribution of Native Gold, the General Succession of Geo- logical Formations, and Changes of the Earth's Surface, 4th ed. John Murray, London, 566 pp., 41 pis., 90 text-figs. The following are listed as amorphozoans: Am- phispongia oblonga Salter from the Ludlow, Is- chadites antiquus Salter from the Llandeilo, /. koe- nigii Murchison (pi. 12, fig. 4) from the Llandeilo, Wenlock, and Ludlow, /. tessellatus Salter MS and Sphaerospongia hospitalis Salter from the Cara- doc, and Tetragonisl danbyi McCoy from the Lud- low. Nidulites favus Salter (fig. 30.3 on p. 188) is listed as a polyzoan (p. 509). See also: Murchison, R. I., 1854, 1859, and 1872. 1872. Siluria. A History of the Oldest Rocks in the British Isles and Other Countries. With Sketches of the Origin and Distribution of Native Gold, and General Succession of Geo- logical Formations and Changes of the Earth's Surface, 5th ed. John Murray, London, 566 pp., 200 text-figs., map. Receptaculites, a strange fossil of North Amer- ica, and Nidulites favus are listed as amorpho- zoans. Other entries [on receptaculitids] are iden- tical to those in Murchison, R. I., 1867. See also: Murchison, R. I., 1854, 1859, and 1867. Murchison, Roderick Impey, Edouard de Verneuil, and Alexandre de Keyserling 1845. Geologie de la Russie d'Europe et des Montagnes de L'Oural. Volume 2, Part 3. Pa- leontologie. John Murray, London and Paris, 512 pp., 43 + 7 pis. Devonian crinoid Echinosphaerites [Sphaero- spongia] tessellatus from the area around River Jolva, near Bogoslofsk, and Altai, Russia, is fig- ured and described. It is compared with the De- vonian fossils from Plymouth, England. Silurian [Ordovician] crinoid Cyclocrinites spaskii is listed from Munelas and Dago (pp. XV, 381, 383, pi. 27, fig. 7). Myagkova, Ye. I. [Miagkova, Elizaveta I.] 1966. Soanites— a new group of organisms. In- ternational Geology Review, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 795-802, 2 pis., 3 text-figs. This is an English translation of Miagkova, E. I., 1965. Mykura, Walter See: Mitchell, G. H., and others, 1962. National Research Council (Ordovician Subcom- mittee of the Committee on Stratigraphy) See: Twenhofel, W. H., 1954. 130 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Neave, Sheffield Airey (ed.) 1939a. Nomenclator Zoologicus. A List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus 1758 to the End of 1935. Volume 1: A-C. Zoological Society of London, London, 957 pp. The original references are given for the follow- ing animals: Acanthochonia Hinde (p. 13), Am- phispongia Salter (p. 1 60), Anomaloides Ulrich (p. 211), Cerionites Meek and Worthen (p. 645), Cy- clocrinites Eichwald (p. 9 1 7). 1939b. Nomenclator Zoologicus. A List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus 1758 to the End of 1935. Volume 2: D-L. Zoological Society of London, London, 1025 pp. The original references are given for the follow- ing animals: Dictuocrinites (Conrad MS) Hall = Dictyocrinus (p. 78), Ischadites Lonsdale in Mur- chison (p. 786), Lepidolites Ulrich (p. 899). 1 940a. Nomenclator Zoologicus. A List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus 1758 to the End of 1935. Volume 3: M-P. Zoological Society of London, London, 1065 pp. The original reference for the animal Pasceolus Billings is given (p. 622). 1 940b. Nomenclator Zoologicus. A List of the Names of Genera and Subgenera in Zoology from the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus 1758 to the End of 1935. Volume 4: O-Z and Sup- plement. Zoological Society of London, Lon- don, 758 pp. The original references are given for the follow- ing animals: Receptacules Defrance (p. 17), Re- ceptaculites Blainville (p. 17), Sphaeronites Phil- lips (p. 241), Sphaerospongia Pengelly (p. 242), and Tettragonis (Tetragonis) Eichwald (p. 445). Neben, W., and H. H. Krueger 1971. Fossilien ordovicischer Geschiebe. Sta- ringia no. 1 . Herausgegeben von Nederlandse Geologische Vereniging, Drukkerij Twentsche Courant n. v. Oldenzaal, Holland, 6 pp., 50 pis. The following Ordovician fossils from the gla- cial erratics are figured and their depository given: Receptaculites orbis Eichwald 1860 from Vagi- natenkalk (pi. 1 9, figs. 16-17) and R. cassidiformis Patrunky 1919 from Orthocerenkalk (pi. 33, fig. 24). 1973. Fossilien ordovicischer und silurischer Geschiebe. Staringia no. 2. Herausgegeben von Nederlandse Geologische Vereniging. Druk- kerij Twentsche Courant b. v. Oldenzaal, Holland, 10 pp., pis. 51-109. The following Ordovician calcareous algae from the glacial erratics are figured and their depository given: from Backsteinkalk: Cyclocrinus spasskii Eichwald 1 840 (pi. 52, fig. 29), Mastopora concava Eichwald 1840 (pi. 52, figs. 31-32), Receptaculites damesi (Rauff 1892) (pi. 56, fig. 1), Receptaculites sp. (pi. 56, figs. 2-3, 10), R. orbis Eichwald 1840 (pi. 56, figs. 4, 17), R. eichwaldi Schmidt (pi. 56, figs. 5-6), R. aff. Ischadites koenigi Murchison 1 839 (pi. 56, fig. 15), Ischadites cf. murchisom 'Eichwald 1 842 (pi. 56, figs. 7-9), Ischadites sp. (pi. 56, figs. 1 1-1 3), /. koenigi Murchison 1 839 (pi. 56, fig. 1 6), Tettragonis murchisoni Eichwald 1842 (pi. 56, fig. 14), Mastopora concava (pi. 57, fig. 12), Cyclocri- nus sp. (pi. 57, figs. 14-15), C cf. porosus Stolley 1896 (pi. 57, fig. 13), Coelosphaeridium cyclocri- nophilum F. Roemer 1861 (pi. 57, figs. 16-17); from Macrouruskalk: Cyclocrinus sp. (pi. 65, fig. 1 6); from west Baltic: Cyclocrinus spasskii Stolley 1896 (pi. 66, fig. 34); from Ostseekalk: Coelo- sphaeridium wesenbergensis Stolley 1896 (pi. 73, fig. 22); from Sylt: Cyclocrinus porosus Stolley 1896 (pi. 87, figs. 1-5), C. porosus var. ornata Stolley 1896 (pi. 87, figs. 6-7), C. multicavus Stolley 1896 (pi. 87, fig. 8), C. pyriformis Stolley 1896 (pi. 87, figs. 9-1 1), C cf. pyriformis Stolley 1896 (pi. 87, fig. 12), C. cf. porosus Stolley 1896 (pi. 87, figs. 1 3-14), C. sp. (pi. 87, fig. 1 5), C. spasskii Eichwald 1840 (pi. 87, figs. 16-17), C. cf. spasskii Eichwald 1840 (pi. 87, fig. 18), C. subtilis Stolley 1896 (pi. 87, figs. 19-20), C. planus Stolley 1896 (pi. 87, fig. 21), Coelosphaeridium sp. (pi. 87, figs. 22-23). 1979. Fossilien kambrischer, ordovizischer und silurischer Geschiebe. Staringia no. 5. Her- ausgegeben von Nederlandse Geologische Vereniging. Dinkeldruk b. v. Oldenzaal, Hol- land, 6 pp., pis. 110-164. The following Ordovician calcareous algae from glacial erratics are figured and their depository giv- en: from East Prussia zone DII: Cyclocrinus sp. (pi. 125, fig. 24), C. vanhoeffeni Stolley 1896 (pi. 1 25, figs. 25-26), unidentified Cyclocrinus (pi. 1 25, NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 131 fig. 21); from Kaolinsand of Sylt: Receptaculites sp. (pi. 140, fig. 1), Coelosphaeridium cf. cyclocri- nophilum F. Roemer 1 86 1 (pi. 1 44, fig. 1 6), Coelo- sphaeridium sp. (pi. 145, fig. 1), Cyclocrinus mul- ticavus Stolley 1896 (pi. 145, fig. 2), C. cf. porosus Stolley 1896 (pi. 145, figs. 3, 6-8), Cyclocrinus ? (pi. 145, fig. 4), C. cf. spasskii (pi. 145, fig. 5), C. prorosus [sic] var. ornata Stolley 1896 (pi. 145, fig. 9), and M astopora concava Eichwald 1840 (pi. 145, fig. 10). Nelson, Robert B. 1966. Structural development of northernmost Snake Range, Kern Mountains, and Deep Creek Range, Nevada and Utah. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Ge- ologists, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 921-951, 12 text- figs., 2 tables. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Kanosh Shale of the Ordovician Pogonip Group in Deep Creek Range along the Nevada-Utah state line (p. 932). Nelson, Samuel J. 1959a. Arctic Ordovician fauna: an equatorial assemblage? Journal of the Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 45- 47, 53. The Middle (?) or Upper Ordovician Red River fauna contains Receptaculites. The lower Recep- taculites-bearing beds of the Beaverfoot Forma- tion of British Columbia may be contemporane- ous with the Red River (p. 45). acterized by Receptaculites, has both Middle and Late Ordovician affinities and is present in the Bad Cache Rapids Group, the Red River Formation of Manitoba, the Whitewood Formation of South Dakota, the Bighorn Formation of Wyoming, the Fremont Formation of Colorado, and the Fro- bisher Bay outlier of Baffin Island (pp. 21, 27). 1964. Ordovician stratigraphy of northern Hud- son Bay Lowland, Manitoba. Geological Sur- vey of Canada Bulletin, vol. 108, 36 pp., 7 pis., 4 text-figs., 1 table. Receptaculites sp. is found in the Ordovician, Red Riveran Portage Chute Formation at several localities in the Hudson Bay Lowland of Manitoba (pp. 8-9, 11, 13). Nelson, Samuel J., and R. D. Johnson 1966. Geology of Hudson Bay Basin. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, vol. 14, pp. 520-578, 16 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. is reported from the Late Or- dovician Portage Chute beds on the North Knife River near Churchill, Manitoba, and from equiv- alent beds on Southampton Island to the north (pp. 537, 543, 565-566). Nestor, H. E. See: Miagkova, E. I., H. E. Nestor, and R. F. Ei- nasto, 1977. 1 959b. Guide fossils of the Red River and Stony Mountain equivalents (Ordovician). Journal of the Alberta Society of Petroleum Geolo- gists, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 51-61, 4 pis. The sponge (?) Receptaculites, diagnostic of and restricted to the Middle or early Upper Ordovician Red River equivalents in western Canada, is fig- ured (pp. 51-52, 54; pi. 1, fig. 1). 1963. Ordovician paleontology of the northern Hudson Bay Lowland. Geological Society of America Memoir 90, 152 pp., 37 pis., 5 text- figs. Receptaculites sp. of uncertain taxonomic po- sition is listed from the Portage Chute Formation of the Middle or Late Ordovician Bad Cache Rap- ids Group in the northern Hudson Bay Lowland (pp. 9-12). The "Arctic" or "Boreal" fauna, char- Nestor, Viiu 1974. Paleontoloogiliste Kogude Kataloog. (Catalogue of the Paleontological Collec- tions.) Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia, Geo- loogia Instituut, Tallinn, 1 14 pp. The following Ordovician type specimens from Estonia are housed in the Geological Museum of the Estonian Academy of Sciences in Tallinn: Coe- losphaeridium kohtlenense Bekker 1 924, from the Kohtla in Jaerve; C. excavatum, C wesenbergense, Cyclocrinus mickwitzi, and C. roemeri Stolley 1 898 (pp. 13,26). Neuman, Robert B. 1951. St. Paul Group: a revision of the "Stones River" Group of Maryland and adjacent states. Bulletin of the Geological Society of 132 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY America, vol. 62, pp. 267-324, 10 pis., 6 text- figs., 4 tables. Nidulites pyriformis Bassler occurs in the Or- dovician Chambersburg (= Edinburg = Shippens- burg) Limestone of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania (pp. 300, 311,315-317). \ on ma> r. M. 1 889. Die staemme des thierreiches. Wirbellose Thiere. Erster band. Verlag Von F. Tempsky, Wien und Prag, 603 pp., 192 text-figs. Receptaculitids, genera Ischadites, Receptacu- lites, Acanthochonia, and Sphaerospongia are de- scribed and R. occidentalis is figured, as hexacti- nellid sponges. Amphispongia is listed as a lyssakine sponge (pp. 216, 228, 230-232, fig. 43). Newton, Edwin Tulley 1 878. A Catalogue of the Cambrian and Silurian Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology. George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, London, 90 pp. The following [Ordovician and] Silurian sponges are listed from numerous British localities: Is- chadites antiquus Salter, /. koenigii Murchison, /. grindrodi Salter, /. tessellatus (?) Salter, Ischadites n. sp., Ischadites sp., Sphaerospongia hospitalis Salter, Nidulites (?) variolata Edgell, N. favus Salt- er, Tetragonis danbyi McCoy, Tetragonis (?), and Amphispongia oblonga Salter (pp. 17, 31, 62, 69, 79,93, 115, 124, 128). Nicholson, Henry Alleyne 1872. A Manual of Palaeontology. For the Use of Students with a General Introduction on the Principles of Palaeontology. William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 601 pp., 401 text-figs. Upper Cambrian [Ordovician] Calathium and Silurian Amphispongia are described as sponges (pp. 68-69). Receptaculites is described and fig- ured as a Silurian [and Ordovician] fossil of doubt- ful affinities, probably related to sponges. Silurian [and Ordovician] Ischadites is allied with or iden- tical to Receptaculites (pp. 71-72, 517). See also: Nicholson, H. A., and R. Lyddeker, 1889a and 1889b. 1879. A Manual of Palaeontology for the Use of Students with a General Introduction of the Principles of Palaeontology, 2nd ed., Vol- ume 1. William Blackwood and Sons, Edin- burgh and London, 5 1 1 pp., 38 1 text-figs. The following are described (pp. 126-128, 135- 136, 140, 148, 297-299) and figured: the Silurian sponges Amphispongia, A. oblonga (figs. 33c-d) and [Ordovician] Calathium; and the organisms of uncertain zoological position, but possibly pro- tozoans: Receptaculites (fig. 28), R. neptuni (fig. 29), Ischadites (= Receptaculites), Tetragonis (= Receptaculites), Pasceolus, P. halli (fig. 176a), P. globosus (fig. 1 76b), Cyclocrinus, C. spaskii (figs. 176e-h), Nidulites, N. favus (fig. 176i), Sphaero- spongia, S. tesselatus, and S. mellijlua (figs. 1 76c- d). 1 882. The Ancient Life-History of the Earth. D. Appleton and Company, New York, New York, 407 pp., 270 text-figs. Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Receptaculites and Ischadites may be gigantic foraminifers. Upper Si- lurian Amphispongia is a sponge (?) and Ischadites a protozoan (pp. 98-99, 1 18). See also: White, C. A., and H. A. Nicholson, 1878 and 1879. Nicholson, Henry Alleyne, and Robert Etheridge, Jr. 1878-1880. A Monograph of the Silurian Fos- sils of the Girvan District in Ayrshire with Special Reference to those Contained in the "Gray Collection." Fasciculus 1. Rhizopoda, Actinozoa, Trilobita. William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh, 341 pp., 24 pis., 11 text- figs., 1 table. The Rhizopoda Pasceolus, Cyclocrinus, Sphae- rospongia, Nidulites, and Ischadites are congeneric and probably related to Receptaculites. Nidulites Salter, Ischadites Murchison, and /. koenigii are described. Nidulites favus Salter, Pasceolus halli, P. globosus, Sphaerospongia melliflua, and Cyclo- crinus spaskii are illustrated (pi. 9, figs. 15-22, text-fig. 1 ). Sphaeronites tesselatus, Receptaculites canadensis, Ischadites antiquus, I. grindrodi, I. mi- cropora, and /. tessellatus are listed (pp. 10-21). Nicholson, Henry Alleyne, and Richard Lydekker 1889a. A Manual of Palaeontology for the Use of Students with a General Introduction on NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 133 the Principles of Palaeontology, 3rd ed., Vol- ume 1 . William Blackwood and Sons, Edin- burgh and London, 885 pp., 812 text-figs. Silurian Amphispongia is described (pp. 176- 177) and figured (figs. 68c-d) as a hexactinellid sponge. Calathium, a lithistid sponge, occurs in the Calciferous of Canada. Related forms occur in the Durness Limestone of Britain (p. 166). The Ordovician to Devonian hexactinellid sponges of family Receptaculitidae, consisting of Receptac- ulites (fig. 62), R. neptuni (fig. 61), Ischadites, Acanthochonia, and Sphaerospongia, are described (pp. 170-173). Tetragonis belongs in part to Is- chadites and in part to Dictyophyton. Pasceolus, Cyclocrinus, and Nidulites (= Mastopora) are de- scribed (pp. 186-189) as of uncertain affinities, possibly calcareous algae (Siphoneae verticilatae). Ordovician Pasceolus halli, P. globosus, P. (?) mel- liflua, Cyclocrinus spaskii, C. (Nidulites) favus and Silurian Nidulites are figured (pp. 73-74). See also: Nicholson, H. A., 1872. 1889b. A Manual of Palaeontology for the Use of Students with a General Introduction on the Principles of Palaeontology, 3rd ed., Vol- ume 2. William Blackwood and Sons, Edin- burgh and London, pp. 889-1624, 607 text- figs. RaufFs (1888) observations about receptaculi- tids are summarized. Receptaculites, Ischadites (= Acanthochonia), and Polygonosphaerites (Sphae- rospongia) are in family Receptaculitidae of cal- careous sponges (pp. 1563-1564). Mastopora (Nidulites) and Cyclocrinus are unrelated to the Receptaculitidae but similar to the Polyzoa. See also: Nicholson, H. A., 1872. Nickles, John M. 1902. The geology of Cincinnati. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, vol. 20, no. 2, art. 3, pp. 49-100, 1 pi. Ordovician Pasceolus globosus of uncertain taxonomic position from the Utica, Lorraine and Richmond Groups, the sponges Lepidolites dick- hauti from the Lower Utica Beds of the Utica Group, and Anomalospongia reticulata from the Mt. Hope beds of the Lorraine Group are listed from the Cincinnati area (pp. 66, 69-70, 76-77, 90). Nicolas, Frank J. 1908. General Index to Reports. 1885-1906. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, On- tario, 1014 pp. References to [receptaculitids] in Canadian pub- lications from 1885 to 1906 are included (pp. 223, 451,694, 773, 876). 1 923. Index to Separate Reports 1 906-1 9 1 0 and Summary Reports 1905-1916. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 305 pp. References to [receptaculitids] in Canadian pub- lications from 1905 to 1916 are included (pp. 75, 138, 193, 206, 228, 257). 1925. Index to palaeontology; geological pub- lications 1847 to 1916. Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Series, 1, 383 pp. References to [receptaculitids] in Canadian pub- lications from 1847 to 1916 are included (pp. 42, 69, 76, 139, 183, 207, 227, 245-246, 260, 264, 292). 1930. Index to palaeontology; geological pub- lications 1917 to 1926. Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Series, 2, pp. 384-482. References to [receptaculitids] in Canadian pub- lications from 1 9 1 7 to 1 926 are included (pp. 4 1 7, 433, 443). Nikitin, I. F., M. B. Gnilovskaja, I. T. Zhuravleva, V. A. Luchinina, and E. I. Miagkova 1974. Anderkenskaja biogermnaja gryada i is- toria yeye obrazotrania; pp. 122-159, 8 pis., 34 text-figs., 2 tables. In Betekhtina, O. A., and I. T. Zhuravleva (eds.), Sreda i Zhizn v Geologicheskom Proshlom (Paleoekologi- cheskie Problemy). Environment and Life in the Geological Past (Palaeoecological Prob- lems). Nauka, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Novosi- birsk, 258 pp. The following Middle to Upper Ordovician Dasycladaceae of the tribe Cyclocrineae from Ka- zakhstan are described and illustrated: Cyclocri- nites nikitini Gnilovskaja, Mastopora reticulata Gnilovskaja, M. nana Gnilovskaja, and Apidium parvulum Gnilovskaja (pp. 153-157; pi. 26, figs. 134 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 2-4; pi. 27, figs. 1-2; pi. 28, figs. 1-3; pi. 29, figs. 1-5; pi. 30, figs. 1,4-5; text-fig. 34). Apidium Stol- ley and Coelosphaeridium are mentioned as Mid- dle to Upper Ordovician Dasycladales (pp. 127- 144). Niklas, Karl J. 1977. Ontogenetic constructions of some fossil plants. Review of Paleobotany and Palynol- ogy, vol. 23, pp. 337-357, 5 text-figs. The facets of the dasyclad alga Mastopora pyr- oformis [sic] Bassler are accreted in a whorl-like arrangement (pp. 340-343, 351-352). Niles, A. E. 1865. [Untitled minutes of the March 2, 1864 meeting.] Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 10, pp. 19-20. Pasceolus (= Cyclocrinites Eichwald) halli Bil- lings from Anticosti Island, Quebec, is probably a cystidean in the family Sphaeronitidae. Nitecki, Matthew H. 1965. Catalogue of type specimens in Chicago Natural History Museum. Porifera. Field- iana: Geology, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 477-509. The following [receptaculitid] types of uncertain taxonomic positions are in the Field Museum col- lections: Pasceolus claudei Miller 1874, P. darwini Miller 1874, P. globosus Billings 1857, Receptac- ulites cornutiformis Bradley 1930, R. dixonensis Miller and Gurley 1896, R. elrodi Miller 1894, R. Ofieldi Roy 1941, /f. bursiformis Hall 1883, R. monticulatus Hall 1883, Receptaculites sp., Sele- noides iowensis Owen 1852, Ischadites iowensis (Owen) and /. tessellatus Winchell and Marcy 1 866. 1967a. Receptaculites Deshayes, 1828 (Recep- taculitids): proposed validation under the ple- nary powers. Z.N.(S). 1787. Bulletin of Zoo- logical Nomenclature, vol. 24, part 2, pp. 1 1 9- 120. Application is made to the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature to validate the generic name Receptaculites Deshayes 1828 and to suppress the earlier name Receptacules Defrance 1827. See also: Melville, R. V., and W. E. China, 1970. 1967b. Systematic position of receptaculitids. Program with Abstracts. Annual Meetings. Geological Society of America, 1967, pp. 165— 166. Dasycladaceous receptaculitids include Cyclo- crinites, Calathium and the Receptaculites- Ischa- dites complex. See also: Nitecki, M. H., 1968d. 1968a. The nature and the systematic position of receptaculitids. Abstracts of the Papers Pre- sented at the Session of the International Pa- leontological Union. Prague, Czechoslovakia, August 20-27, 1968. International Paleon- tological Union, Prague, pp. 19-20. Receptaculitid algae are divided into two groups, one containing Cyclocrinites, Anomaloides, Lepid- olites, and Mastopora and a second consisting of Calathium, Ischadites, and Receptaculites. 1968b. Revision of North American cyclocri- nitids [abstr.]. Program. Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America, North- Central Section, 1968, p. 35. Cyclocrinitids, small Ordovician and Silurian marine calcareous algae, are represented in North America by Anomaloides (= Anomalospongia), Cyclocrinites (= Cyclocrinus, Lunulites, Cerio- nites, Pasceolus, Mastopora, and Nidulites), and Lepidolites. See also: Nitecki, M. H., 1969e. 1968c. On the nature of the holotype ofNipter- ella para doxica (Billings). Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 289-295, 4 text-figs. The holotype of Calathium paradoxicum Bil- lings 1865, which forms the basis of the genus Nipterella Hinde 1 889, is a cherty concretion, not a fossil. 1968d. Systematic position of receptaculitids. Geological Society of America Special Papers, no. 115, pp. 165-166. This is identical to Nitecki, M. H., 1967b. 1 969a. Nature and variations of Ischadites ko- enigi Murchison. Program with Abstracts. Annual Meetings of the Geological Society of NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 135 America, North-Central Section, 1969, part 6, pp. 33-34. The following are synonyms of the dasyclada- ceous alga Ischadites koenigi: I. tessellatus Win- chell and Marcy 1866, /. canadensis Billings 1863, Receptaculites formosus Meek and Worthen 1 870, R. elrodi Miller 1892, R. dixonensis Miller and Gurley 1896, R. pedunculatus Twenhofel 1938 and R. infundibulum Hall 1861. 1969b. Redescription of Ischadites koenigii Murchison, 1839. Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 16, no. 13, pp. 341-359, 15 text-figs., 1 table. Silurian Ischadites koenigii Murchison 1839 from England is described and illustrated as a das- ycladaceous alga. Ischadites Murchison 1839 is described in the new tribe Receptaculiteae. 1 969c. Surficial pattern of receptaculitids. Field- iana: Geology, vol. 16, no. 14, pp. 361-376, 1 1 text-figs. Receptaculitids, consisting of the tribes Cyclo- criniteae, Calathieae, and Receptaculiteae, are de- scribed. The following North American species are illustrated: Ordovician Cyclocrinites darwini (Mil- ler), C. pyriformis (Bassler), C. spaskii Eichwald, Ischadites iowensis (Owen), and Anomaloides re- ticulatus Ulrich; Silurian Calathium sp., Ischadites ohioensis (Hall), /. koenigii Murchison, and Cy- clocrinites dactioloides (Owen). 1969d. Algal nature of calathiids. Abstracts of the Papers Presented at the 1 1 th International Botanical Congress, August 24-September 2, 1 969 and the International Wood Chemistry Symposium, September 2-4, 1969. Seattle, Washington. [International Botanical Con- gress, Seattle, Washington], p. 159. Lower Ordovician to Silurian calathids found in Asia, Europe, and North America, consisting of Calathium Billings 1865, Soanitidae Miagkova 1965, and certain species of Receptaculites De- shayes 1828, are dasycladaceous receptaculitids. 1969e. Revision of North American cyclocri- nitids. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, no. 121, p. 667. This is identical to Nitecki, M. H., 1968b. 1970a. Redescription of Ischadites elrodi (S. A. Miller, 1892), a Lower Devonian receptacu- litid. Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 77-83, 3 text-figs. Lower Devonian Ischadites elrodi from Indiana is described and illustrated as a dasycladaceous alga closely related to Silurian Ischadites koenigii Murchison 1839. 1970b. North American cyclocrinitid algae. Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 21, 182 pp., 8 pis., 53 text- figs. North American Ordovician and Silurian das- ycladaceous cyclocrinitid algae are described as a basal receptaculitid stock. The following are de- scribed, illustrated, and their synonymies given: Anomaloides (= Anomalospongia), A. reticulatus Ulrich 1878, Cyclocrinites (= Cyclocrinus, Lunu- lites, Cerionites, Pasceolus, Mastopora and Nidu- lites), C. halli (Billings 1857), C. globosus (Billings 1857), C. gregarius (Billings 1866), C. welleri n. sp., C. dactioloides (Owen 1844), C. spasski Eich- wald 1840, C. darwini (Miller 1874), C. pyriformis (Bassler 1915), Cyclocrinites sp. and Lepidolites dickhauti Ulrich 1879. 1971a. Amphispongieae, a new tribe of Paleo- zoic dasycladaceous algae. Fieldiana: Geolo- gy, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1 1-22, 3 text-figs. Amphispongia oblonga Salter 1861 is a Silurian problematic organism from Scotland originally described as a sponge. It formed a base of the lyssakid family Amphispongiidae Rauff 1894. Finks' (1967) suggestion that it may be an alga is accepted, and Amphispongia is described as a das- ycladacean alga within the family Receptaculita- ceae Eichwald 1 860. A new tribe Amphispongieae comprising Amphispongia Salter 1861 and An- omaloides Ulrich 1878 is erected. Amphispongia is probably related to the Cambrian Pirania Wal- cott 1920. 1971b. Notes on the Siluro-Devonian Ischadites stellatus (Fagerstrom, 1961), a dasyclada- ceous alga. Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 23-30, 3 text-figs. Middle Devonian Ischadites stellatus (= Ehler- sospongia stellata Fagerstrom 1961) from Bruce County, Ontario, is described and illustrated as a dasycladaceous alga. Its stratigraphic range is ex- tended to the Silurian Niagaran. The ecology of Silurian receptaculitids and the position of gam- etangia on /. stellatus are discussed. 136 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 1971c. Algae are man's best friends. Field Mu- seum of Natural History Bulletin, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 6-9, 6 text-figs. Silurian Cyclocrinites dactioloides and Ordovi- cian Calathella anstedi are figured. 197 Id. Ischadites abbottae, a new North Amer- ican Silurian species (Dasycladales). Phyco- logia, vol. 10, nos. 2-3, pp. 263-275, 15 text- figs. Ischadites abbottae n. sp., a dasycladaceous alga from Silurian reefs in northeastern Illinois, south- eastern Wisconsin, and southwestern Ohio, is de- scribed and its stratigraphic position discussed. It is closely related to /. koenigii Murchison and /. hemisphericus (Hall). The family Dasycladaceae is divided into four tribes: Amphispongieae, Cyclo- criniteae, Calathieae, and Receptaculiteae. Rep- resentatives of each tribe are illustrated. 1972a. The paleogeographic significance of re- ceptaculitids. International Geological Con- gress, Twenty-fourth Session, Canada, 1972. Abstracts. International Geological Congress, Montreal, Quebec, p. 236. This is an abstract of Nitecki, M. H., 1972d. 1972b. Gametangia of Silurian Ischadites hem- isphericus (Receptaculitaceae, Dasycladales). Phycologia, vol. 1 1, no. 1, pp. 1-4, 2 text-figs. The presence of gametangia in the Silurian North American receptaculitid Ischadites hemisphericus (Hall 1861) strengthens the argument in favor of the algal nature of Receptaculitaceae. The position of gametangia is compared with possible positions in other receptaculitids and Pia's (1920) phylo- genetic interpretation is now unacceptable. 1972c. North American Silurian receptaculitid algae. Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 28, 108 pp., 45 text-figs., 1 table. The family Receptaculitaceae is a coherent group that possesses anatomical characters similar to modern Dasycladales. The geographic and strati- graphic distribution of Silurian receptaculitids is along the reef belt in a narrow zone from Iowa to Newfoundland. The ecological distribution of most Silurian species is within the reef complex; a few species are found in the carbonate interreef facies and a few in shaly rocks. The Silurian receptaculitids in North America are represented by three tribes, four genera, and twelve species. The tribe Cyclocriniteae is repre- sented by Cyclocrinites dactioloides and C. gre- garius; Calathiae by Calathium egerodae n. sp.; and Receptaculiteae by Receptaculites and Is- chadites. Receptaculites is represented by R. sac- culus and Receptaculites sp., and Ischadites by /. koenigii, I. stellatus, I. abbottae, I. hemisphericus, I. burntensis, I. subturbinatus, I. planoconvexus n. sp., /. prismaticus n. sp., and Ischadites (?) sp. These taxa are illustrated. 1972d. The paleogeographic significance of re- ceptaculitids. International Geological Con- gress, Twenty-Fourth Session, Canada, 1972. Section 7. Paleontology. International Geo- logical Congress, Montreal, Quebec, pp. 303- 309. Receptaculitaceae, a family within Dasyclada- les, inhabited warm, tropical, shallow seas, es- pecially reefs, and also muddy environments. Re- ceptaculitids are found on all continents except Antarctica, but are most common in North Amer- ica, Europe, and Australia. A few have been re- ported from the Arctic, Siberia, Afghanistan, Manchuria, southeast Asia, West Africa, and South America. Receptaculitids range from Or- dovician to Permian, are most common in the Ordovician, decline in the Devonian, and in the Carboniferous and Permian are known from single localities. Ordovician Cyclocrinites darwini (Mil- ler 1874) from Ohio is illustrated. See also: Nitecki, M. H„ 1972a. 1976a. The systematic position of cyclocrini- tids. Abstracts with Programs. Geological So- ciety of America, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 500-501. The cyclocrinitid and ischaditid similarities to the dasyclads warrant their assignment to the com- plex of siphonous green algae. The differences be- tween them, however, necessitate placing cyclo- crinitids and ischaditids in a separate order from Dasycladales. 1976b. Position of sexual organs on a receptac- ulitid thallus. Botanical Society of America Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Meetings of the Botanical Society of America at Tulane University, New Orleans, May 30-June 4, 1976, p. 28. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 137 Receptaculitid structures interpreted as repro- ductive organs are described. 1976c. Ordovician Batophoreae (Dasycladales) from Michigan. Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 29-40, 5 text-figs. Receptaculitids are siphonous green algae relat- ed to Dasycladales but forming an order indepen- dent from them. Cyclocrinitids are also distinct from the dasyclads. / See also: Finney, S. C, and M. H. Nitecki, 1979a and 1979b. Fisher, D. C, and M. H. Nitecki, 1977 and 1978. Rigby, J. K., and M. H. Nitecki, 1968 and 1975. Toomey, D. F., and M. H. Nitecki, 1979. Nitecki, Matthew H., and Charles C. Dapples 1975. Silurian Ischadites tenuis n. sp. (receptac- ulitids) from Indiana. Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1 1-20, 8 text-figs. Ischadites tenuis n. sp. shows well-preserved head elements illustrated with scanning electron micro- scope. These structures do not depart from the general dasycladaceous pattern, but show that re- ceptaculitids are not sponges. Nitecki, Matthew H., and Francoise Debrenne 1979. The nature of radiocyathids and their re- lationship to receptaculitids and archaeocy- athids. Geobios, no. 12, fasc. 1, pp. 5-27, 5 pis. Radiocyathids, previously considered aberrant archaeocyathids or unknown organisms, are small benthonic organisms found in the Lower Cam- brian of Africa, Australia, and the Soviet Union. Their anatomy implies a close relationship of ar- chaeocyathids to receptaculitids. Receptaculitids are described and compared with radiocyathids, archaeocyathids, sponges, and green algae. Or- dovician Ischadites iowensis (Owen 1852), Recep- taculites oweni Hall 1861 from Illinois and Wis- consin, Calathella sp. from Nevada, and Cambrian Radiocyathus minor (Bedford & Bedford 1934) from Australia are figured and described. Nitecki, Matthew H., and Gerald G. Forney 1 978. Ordovician Receptaculites camacho n. sp. from Argentina. Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 93-1 10, 4 text-figs., 1 table. Ordovician Receptaculites camacho n. sp. from the San Juan Formation in Talacasto Gorge, San Juan Province, Argentina, is described and illus- trated. It is a probable ancestor of/?, oweni from the Galena-Kimmswick (Caradocian) of North America. Devonian R. bolivianus from Bolivia is mentioned. The paleoecology of Lower Ordovi- cian calathids in western Texas, Ordovician re- ceptaculitids in the Appalachian region, and Or- dovician R. oweni are discussed. Nitecki, Matthew 11.. and Markes E. Johnson 1978. Internal structures of Cyclocrinites dac- tioloides, a receptaculitid alga from the Lower Silurian of Iowa. Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 9 text-figs. Cyclocrinites dactioloides, a receptaculitid alga from the Lower Silurian (Llandoverian) Hopkin- ton Dolomite in eastern Iowa and northwestern Illinois, is described and illustrated. It bridges the gap between ischaditids and extant dasyclads. Cy- clocrinites gregarius from the Silurian Gun River Formation on Anticosti Island, Quebec, and Is- chadites koenigii from the Silurian Racine Dolo- mite in Chicago are figured, and Cyclocrinites, C spaskii, C darwini, C. pyriformis, and C welleri are discussed. Nitecki, Matthew II .. and Albert F. de Lapparent 1976. Upper Devonian Receptaculites chardini n. sp. from Central Afghanistan. Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 41-82, 37 text- figs., 1 table. Upper Devonian, Frasnian Receptaculites char- dini n. sp. is described and illustrated from Central Afghanistan; it may occur in adjoining regions of Iran and Pakistan. It is a green alga of family Re- ceptaculitaceae Eichwald 1860 and order Recep- taculitales Sushkin 1962. Receptaculites chardini is compared with R. neptuni (Defrance 1827) and with modern Siphonales. Nitecki, Matthew II.. and Donald Francis Toomey 1979a. The nature and distribution of calathid algae; p. 132. In Deuxieme Symposium In- ternational sur les Algues Fossiles. Paris, Avril 1979. Resumes. Universite Pierre-et-Marie- Curie, Paris, 159 pp. The geographic and stratigraphic distribution of calathids is given. Calathium Billings 1865 and Soanites Miagkova 1965 are mentioned. 138 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 1979b. Nature and classification of receptacu- litids. In Oertli, H. J. (ed.), Deuxieme Sym- posium International sur les Algues Fossiles. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Explora- tion-Production Elf-Aquitaine, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 725-732. If receptaculitids were animals, they could only have been members of Parazoa. However, their anatomy, polar growth, presence or absence of body openings, and the interpretation of their pos- sible mode of life are consistent with algal mor- phology. Whether archaeocyathids, which appear related, were also algae is still unresolved. Recep- taculitids are a class of green algae that ranged throughout the Paleozoic. The class consists of three orders and ten families, and includes the Cambrian radiocyathids and certain Lower Paleo- zoic cyclocrinitids which were previously consid- ered dasyclads. The following classification of re- ceptaculitids is proposed: Division (phylum) Chlorophyta Class Receptaculitaphyceae Weiss 1954 Order Receptaculitales James 1885 Family Receptaculitaceae Eichwald 1860 Family Sphaerospongiaceae Rietschel 1 969 Family Tetragoneceae Rietschel 1969 Family Soanitaceae Miagkova 1965 Order Radiocyatales Debrenne, Termier & Termier 1971 Family Radiocyataceae Okulitch 1955 Family Uranosphaeraceae Bedford & Bed- ford 1936 Family Girvanovellaceae Debrenne, Ter- mier & Termier 1971 Order Cyclocrinitales nov. ord. Family Cyclocrinitaceae nov. fam. Family Pasceolaceae Miller 1 889 Family Amphispongiaceae nov. fam. Nolan, Thomas B., Charles W. Merriam, and James Steele Williams 1956. The stratigraphic section in the vicinity of Eureka, Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 276, 77 pp., 2 pis., 2 text-figs. A zone of abundant Receptaculites, including R. mammillaris and R. elongatus, occurs in the Or- dovician Antelope Valley Limestone of the Po- gonip Group near Eureka, Nevada (pp. 25, 29). The genus ranges to the Middle Devonian. Norford, B. S. 1 962. The Silurian fauna of the Sandpile Group of northern British Columbia. Geological Sur- vey of Canada Bulletin 78, 51 pp., 16 pis., 4 text- figs., 1 table. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the late Early or early Middle Silurian Sandpile Group in north- ern British Columbia (p. 7). 1966. Ordovician stratigraphic section at Daly River, northeast Ellesmere Island, District of Franklin. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 66-55, 12 pp., 2 text-figs. Receptaculites is listed from the Ordovician Caradoc on Ellesmere Island (pp. 4, 1 1-12). 1969. Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy of the southern Rocky Mountains. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 1 76, 90 pp., 1 9 pis., 16 text-figs. Receptaculites is listed from the lower Middle Ordovician Skoki Formation in the southern Ca- nadian Rocky Mountains (pp. 21, 38, 60). See also: Aitken, J. D., W. H. Fritz, and B. S. Norford, 1972. Norford, B. S., Thomas E. Bolton, M. J. Copeland, L. \ I . dimming, and G. Winston Sinclair 1970. Ordovician and Silurian faunas; pp. 601- 613, pis. 4-8, text-figs. 11-1, 2 tables. In Douglas, R. J. W. (ed.), Geology and Eco- nomic Minerals of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Economic Geology Report no. 1 , 838 pp. The sponge Receptaculites is listed from the Or- dovician Wilderness-age Chaumont and Rockland Formations and their equivalents in eastern Can- ada and from the Anomalorthis brachiopod zone of western and northern Canada (pp. 602, 604). Receptaculites occidentalis Salter from the Wil- derness Stage in Ontario is figured (pi. 4, fig. 4). Norris, A. W. 1963a. Devonian stratigraphy of northeastern Alberta and northwestern Saskatchewan. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 313, 168 pp., 12 text-figs. Sphaerospongia tessellata (Phillips) is diagnos- NITECKJ ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 139 tic of the Middle Devonian Methy Formation of the Elk Point Group on the Clearwater River in northeastern Alberta and northwestern Saskatch- ewan (pp. 1 7, 20, fig. 5). 1 963b. Northwest coast of Baffin Island between Fort Bowen and Sargent Point; pp. 150-155, columnar sects. 14-16. In Fortier, Yves Os- car, and others, Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Operation Franklin). Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 320, 67 1 pp. Receptaculites (?) is listed from the Upper Si- lurian Read Bay Formation on Baffin Island (p. 1 54, columnar sect. 1 5). 1963c. Upper Vendom Fiord; pp. 338-354, text- figs. 1 9-2 1 , columnar sects. 33-35. In Fortier, Yves Oscar, and others, Geology of the north- central part of the Arctic Archipelago, North- west Territories (Operation Franklin). Geo- logical Survey of Canada Memoir 320, 671 pp. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Ordovician Cornwallis Formation on southern Ellesmere Is- land (pp. 342-343, columnar sects. 33, 35). 1965a. Devonian biostratigraphy of Lake Man- itoba-Lake Winnipegosis area; p. 99. In Jen- ness, S. E., Report of Activities: Field, 1964. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 65- 1 , 166 pp. Sphaerospongia sp. occurs in the Devonian Winnipegosis Formation of Manitoba, Canada (p. 99). 1965b. Stratigraphy of Middle Devonian and older Palaeozoic rocks of the Great Slave Lake region, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 322, 180 pp., 9 text-figs., tables. The Middle Ordovician along the shores of Great Slave Lake contains Ischadites sp. in the La Martre Falls Formation and Ischadites"? sp. in the La Martre Falls and Chedabucto Lake Formations (pp. 20, 26, 109). 1967a. Descriptions of Devonian sections in northern Yukon Territory and northwestern District of MacKenzie. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 66-39, 298 pp. The Middle Devonian of the northern Yukon and northwestern District of MacKenzie, Canada, contains Sphaerospongia sp. in the Hume For- mation and Receptaculites sp. in the Michelle, Ogilvie, and Hume Formations (pp. 7-8, 112, 114, 116-117, 126, 128, 169). 1967b. Northern Yukon Territory and adjacent district of MacKenzie; pp. 753-780, 1 1 text- figs. In Oswald, D. H. (ed.), International Symposium on the Devonian System. Cal- gary, 1967. Volume 1. Alberta Society of Pe- troleum Geologists, Calgary, Alberta, 1055 pp. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Middle De- vonian, Eifelian Ogilvie Formation in the District of MacKenzie, Canada (p. 773). 1 968. Reconnaissance Devonian stratigraphy of northern Yukon Territory and northwestern District of MacKenzie. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 67-53, 287 pp., 17 pis., 9 text- figs. Receptaculites sp. occurs in the Lower to lower Middle Devonian Michelle Formation and in beds very low in the Middle Devonian Ogilvie For- mation. Receptaculites sp. and Sphaerospongia sp. are found in the upper Middle Devonian Hume Formation (pp. 17, 31, 34, 48, 91, 168-169). All are from the northern Yukon Territory and north- western District of MacKenzie. Norris, A. W., and T. T. Uyeno 1971. Stratigraphy and concodont faunas of De- vonian outcrop belts, Manitoba; pp. 209-223, 3 pis., 4 text-figs. In Turnock, A. C. (ed.), Geoscience studies in Manitoba. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, no. 9, 352 pp. Sphaerospongia tessellata (Phillips) is listed from the Middle Devonian Winnipegosis Formation near Lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba in Man- itoba, Canada (p. 2 1 3). North, Frank Kenneth, and Gerald Gordon Lewis Henderson 1954. Summary of the geology of the Southern Rocky Mountains of Canada, a review of the structure and Palaeozoic stratigraphy of Ca- nadian Rocky Mountains between latitudes 49° 30' and 52° 30'. Guide Book. Fourth An- nual Field Conference. Alberta Society of Pe- 140 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY troleum Geologists. Banff-Golden-Radium [Alberta-British Columbia]. August 26-28, 1954. Alberta Society of Petroleum Geolo- gists, Calgary, Alberta, pp. 15-81, 1 text-fig., 1 table. Calathium (?) sp. and Receptaculites (?) sp. are reported from the Ordovician Sarbach Formation in the Clearwater region of Alberta. Oakley, Kenneth P., and Helen M. Muir-Wood 1948. The Succession of Life Through Geolog- ical Time. British Museum (Natural History) Press, London, 92 pp., 12 pis., 4 maps, text- figs. Ordovician Receptaculites is listed as a sponge (P. ID- Odom, I. Edgar See: Wilson, G. M., and I. E. Odom, 1960. Odom, I. Edgar, and George M. Wilson 1962. Amboy Area. Lee County. Amboy, Men- dota, Rochelle, and Dixon Quadrangles. Guide Leaflet 1962D. Illinois State Geological Sur- vey, Geological Science Field Trip, 1 5 pp., 3 text-figs., maps, charts and pis. Ordovician Receptaculites [oweni] and Ischa- dites [iowensis] are figured (unnumbered pi.). 1963. Savanna Area. Carroll County. Savanna Quadrangle. Guide Leaflet 1963D. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 15 pp., maps and charts. Ordovician Ischadites [iowensis] and Receptac- ulites [oweni] from Illinois are figured (unnum- bered pi.). Odom, I. Edgar, George M. Wilson, and Guy Dow 1961a. Lena Area. Stephenson and Jo Daviess Counties. Lena, Elizabeth, and Galena Quad- rangles. Guide Leaflet 196 ID. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 15 pp., 2 pis., 4 maps, 2 tables. The sponge Receptaculites oweni forms promi- nent zones in the Prosser and Stewartville Members of the Ordovician Galena Formation in northern Illinois (p. 4). 1961b. Valmeyer Area. Monroe and St. Clair Counties. Kimmswick, Waterloo, and New Athens Quadrangles. Guide Leaflet 196 1 F. Il- linois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 1 1 pp., 2 pis., 4 maps, 2 tables. The sponge Receptaculites oweni is listed from the Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone (p. 3). Odom, I. Edgar, George M. Wilson, Guy Dow, Thomas C. Buschbach, William C. Smith, and Paul B. Du Montelle 1964. Rochelle Area. Ogle and Lee Counties. Amboy, Mendota, Rochelle, DeKalb, and Dixon Quadrangles. Guide Leaflet 1 964C. Il- linois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 14 pp., plates, text-figs., maps, and appendix. Ordovician Receptaculites [oweni] and Ischa- dites [iowensis] are figured. Odom, I. Edgar, George M. Wilson, Guy Dow, John Kempton, and Grover Emrich 1963. Belvidere Area. Boone, Winnebago, and McHenry Counties. Belvidere, Rockford, Kings, Kirkland, Genoa, and Harvard Quad- rangles. Guide Leaflet 1963C. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 1 1 pp., 2 pis., 4 maps, 2 tables. Receptaculites oweni from the Ordovician Ga- lena Group is listed as a sponge (p. 6). Oepik, A. 1925. Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Kukruse-(C2-) Stufe in Eesti. I. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Dorpatensis, vol. A8, no. 5, pp. 1-20, 2 pis. Ordovician Coelosphaeridium kohtlense Bekker in the Kukruse beds of Estonia is an alga attached to the bottom in the photic zone (p. 8). 1 926. Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Kukruse-(C2-) Stufe in Eesti. I. Tartu Uelikooli Geoloogia— Instituudi Toimetused (Publications of the Geological Institution of the University of Tartu), vol. 4, pp. 1-20. This is identical to Oepik, A., 1925. 1927a. Die Inseln Odensholm und Rogoe. Ein Beitrag zur Geologie von NW-Estland. Acta NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 141 et Commentationes Universitatis Dorpaten- sis, vol. A 12, no. 2, pp. 1-70, 1 pi., numerous text-figs, and maps. Ordovician Coelosphaeridium sp. from Ku- kruse, and Cyclocrinus spasskii probably from Johvi or Rakvere are listed from Estonian islands (pp. 31, 33). 1927b. Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Kukruse-(C2-) Stufe in Eesti. II. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Dorpatensis, vol. A 12, no. 3, pp. 1-35, 6 pis. Ordovician Coelosphaeridium kohtlense Bekker occurs in the Kukruse section in Estonia (pp. 10, 18). Okla, Saleh M. See: Shaver, R. H., and others, 1978. Okulitch, Vladimir J. 1935. Tetradidae— a revision of the genus Tet- radium. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd ser., vol. 29, sect. 4, pp. 49-74, 2 pis., 4 text-figs. Dana's (1846) view that the Ordovician Tetra- dium from North America is close to Receptacu- lites is untenable (pp. 51, 68). 1937a. Changes in nomenclature of Archaeo- cyathi (Cyathospongia). Proceedings of the Geological Society of America for 1936, p. 358. This is an abstract of Okulitch, V. J., 1937b. 1937b. Some changes in nomenclature of Ar- chaeocyathi (Cyathospongia). Journal of Pa- leontology, vol. 1 1, no. 3, pp. 251-252. The preoccupied name of pleosponge Hetero- cyathus (Heterocyathidae) Bedford is replaced with Radiocyathus. 1 939. The Ordovician section at Coboconk, On- tario. Transactions of the Royal Canadian In- stitute, vol. 22, part 2, pp. 319-339. Receptaculites occidentalis is present in the up- per Coboconk Formation of the Ordovician Tren- ton Group in Ontario (pp. 335, 337-338). 1943. North American Pleospongia. Geological Society of America Special Paper, no. 48, pp. 1-112, 18 pis., 19 text-figs. New subclass Uranocyatha with order Urano- sphaerina Bedford, family Uranosphaeridae Bed- ford, and Uranosphaera Bedford; and order He- tairacyathina Okulitch, family Hetairacyathidae Bedford, and Hetairacyathus (Bedford 1934) are described as pleosponges (pp. 47-50). 1955. Archaeocyatha; pp. 1-20. In Moore, Ray- mond C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Pa- laeontology. Part E. Archaeocyatha and Po- rifera. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press, pp. 1-20, 13 figs. Lower Cambrian order Hetairacyathida Oku- litch 1943, family Radiocyathidae Okulitch 1937, and Radiocyathus Okulitch 1937 are described, and R. minor (Bedford and Bedford) is figured, as aberrant archaeocyathids from Australia (p. 18, fig. 13-2). See also: Raymond, P. E., and V. J. Okulitch, 1940. Oliveira, Michael E. 1975. Geology of the Fish Springs mining dis- trict, Fish Springs Range, Utah. Brigham Young University. Geology Studies, vol. 22, part 1, pp. 69-104, 1 pi., 10 text-figs., 1 table. Calathium occurs in the Lower Ordovician Fill- more Limestone in the Fish Springs Range of Utah (p. 73). OUerenshaw, N. C, and R. W. MacQueen 1960. Ordovician and Silurian of the Lake Ti- miskaming area. Proceedings of the Geolog- ical Association of Canada, vol. 12, pp. 105- 115, 1 text-fig., 3 tables. The sponge Receptaculites sp. (probably R. ow- eni Hall) occurs in the Middle or Upper Ordovi- cian Liskeard Formation in the Timiskaming out- lier and in the Red River Formation, Silliman's Fossil Mount, the Nelson River Limestone, and the Stewartville Formation (p. 106). Olson, Everett C. 1965. Fossil: Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Volume 9. Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Inc., Chicago, Il- linois, pp. 649-651, 5 text-figs. 142 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Receptaculites sp. from Illinois is illustrated as a sponge. Opitz, Rudolf 1932. Bilder aus der Erdgeschichte des Nahe- Huensrueck-Landes Birkenfeld. Leipzig, 224 pp., 170 text-figs. A Lower Devonian holothurian (?) is described and illustrated from the Huensrueck Shale in Bun- denbach, Germany (pp. 114-117, text-figs. 112- 1 13). [This is a receptaculitid— see Seilacher, 1961a and 1961b.] Oraspold, A. L., and Arvo K. Ruumusoks (Roo- musoks] 1956. O vasalemmaskon gorizonte (D,„) v es- tonskoi SSR i v leningradskoi oblasti. Vasa- lemma lademest (D,„) Eesti NVS-S ja lenin- gradi oblastis. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Juures Loodusuurijate Seltsi Aastaraamat. Vol. 49, pp. 295-310. The Ordovician Cyclocrinites sp. from D, and D„ of Estonia and from the correlatives of the Johvi and Keila beds of Leningrad district, and Mastopora sp. from Keila to Vasalemma of Len- ingrad district are listed (p. 297). Orbigny, Alcide d' 1849 [1850]. Prodrome de Paleontologie Stra- tigraphique Universelle des Animaux Mol- lusques et Rayonnes Faisant Suite au Course Elementaire de Paleontologie et de Geologie Stratigraphiques. Tome 1. Victor Masson, Paris, 394 pp. The amorphozoan Palaeospongia d'Orb. 1848 is described; P. cyathiformis d'Orb. 1 848 = Pontes [sic] cyathiformis Hall 1 847, Echinosphaerites tes- sellatus from Russia and Great Britain are listed as Devonian crinoids (pp. 26, 102). Orviku, K. See: Aaloe, A., E. Mark, R. M. Maennil, K. Mueuerisepp, and K. Orviku, 1960. Osadchaja, D. V. See: Zhuravleva, I. T., N. M. Zadorozhnaja, D. V. Osadchaja, N. V. Pokrovskaja, N. M. Ro- dionova, and V. D. Fonin, 1967. Osgood, Richard G., Jr., and Alfred G. Fischer 1960. Structure and preservation of Mastopora pyriformis, an Ordovician dasycladacean alga. Journal of Palaeontology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 896-902, pis. 1 17-1 18, 2 text-figs. Mastopora (= Nidulites) pyriformis (Bassler), a close relative of Cyclocrinus Eichwald, is described and figured as an Ordovician dasycladacean alga from the Chambersburg Limestone of Virginia. The central vesicle and supposed gametocysts are figured. Mastopora, M. concava, M. favosa, Nid- ulites, N. favus, and Pasceolus are mentioned. Ostrom, Meredith E. 1967. Paleozoic stratigraphic nomenclature for Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and Natu- ral History Survey Information Circular, no. 8, 4 pp., 1 pi. Receptaculites occurs in the Middle Ordovician Galena Formation of Wisconsin. Ostrom, Meredith I •".. Richard A. Davis, Jr., and Lewis M. Cline 1970. Field trip guidebook for Cambrian-Or- dovician geology of western Wisconsin. Wis- consin Geological and Natural History Sur- vey Information Circular, no. 11, 131 pp., 1 pi., 33 text-figs., 1 table. Receptaculites occurs in the Middle Ordovician Galena Formation of Wisconsin (p. 7, text-fig. 4). Owen, David Dale 1840. Report of a geological exploration of part of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, made under instructions from the Secretary of the Trea- sury of the United States, in the autumn of the year 1839; pp. 9-161. In Message of the President of the United States Concerning the Mineral Lands of the United States. U.S. 26th Congress, 1st Session, House Executive Doc- ument no. 239. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Coscinopora sp. is listed from Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois (p. 67). See also: Owen, D. D., 1844 and 1845. 1 844. Report of a geological exploration of part of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, and made NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 143 under instructions from the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, in the autumn of the year 1839; with Charts and Illustra- tions; pp. 1 1-191. In U.S. 28th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Document no. 407. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 191 pp., numerous plates and maps. Lunulites (?) dactioloides n. sp. and Orbitulites (?) reticulata n. sp. from Iowa are described and illustrated (pp. 69-70; pi. 13, fig. 4; pi. 18, fig. 7). Orbitulites reticulata resembles Ischadites koeni- gii. Coscinopora sulcata Goldfuss from the [Or- dovician] lead-bearing beds is illustrated as a cor- alline (pp. 40, 67; pi. 7, fig. 5). See also: Owen, D. D., 1840 and 1845. 1845. Report of a geological exploration of part of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois made under instructions from the Secretary of the Trea- sury of the United States, in the autumn of the year 1839. Mineral Lands of the United States; pp. 9-161, plates, maps. In Message from the President of the United States in reply to a resolution of the House of Repre- sentatives of the 6th of February last [1839], concerning the mineral lands of the United States. U.S. 28th Congress, 2nd Session, House Executive Document no. 168, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. The text is identical to Owen, 1840. Plates of Lunulites dactioloides, Orbitulites reticulata, and Coscinopora sulcata are identical to Owen, 1 844 (pi. 13, fig. 4; pi. 18, fig. 7; pi. 7, fig. 5). 1852a. Report of a Geological Survey of Wis- consin, Iowa and Minnesota; and Incidentally of a Portion of Nebraska Territory. Made Under Instructions from the United States Treasury Department. Lippincott, Grambo & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 638 pp., 39 pis., numerous text-figs., and maps. [Ordovician] Selenoides n. gen. (?) and iowensis n. sp. are described and figured as foraminifers from the Upper Magnesian at Turkey River, Iowa (pp. 586-589; pi. 2B, fig. 13). Coscinopora sulcata is found in the Magnesian Limestone of the Du- buque and Mineral Point districts of Iowa and Wisconsin and the [Ordovician] Red River Lime- stone near Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba (pp. 41, 181, 633). The Coscinopora from Manitoba is the same as the coral characteristic of the lower beds of the Upper Magnesian Limestone of Wisconsin (p. 181). 1852b. Illustrations of the Geological Report of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. Lippincott, Grambo & Co., Philadelphia, 15 pis., maps and sections. Figure of Selenoides iowensis n. sp. (pi. 2B, fig. 13) is identical to Owen, D. D., 1852a. Paeckelmann, Werner 1913. Das Oberdevon des Bergischen Landes. Abhandlungen der Koeniglich Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge, Berlin, Heft 70, 356 pp., 4 text-figs., 5 tables. Upper Devonian Receptaculites neptuni De- france from the Dorper Kalk in Knoppertsbusch is described as a sponge (?) (pp. 49, 350). Paige, Sidney 1916. Description of the Silver City Quadrangle. United States Geological Survey, Geological Atlas, Silver City Folio, New Mexico, no. 1 99, 19 pp., 13 pis., 17 text-figs., 3 maps. Calathium anstedi is listed from the Lower Or- dovician El Paso Limestone in the Silver City Quadrangle of New Mexico. Pajchlowa, Maria 1972. Fauna of the Devonian; pp. 71-117. In Czerminski, Jan, and Maria Pajchlowa (eds.), Geology of Poland. Volume 2. Catalogue of Fossils. Part 1. Palaeozoic. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa, 292 pp. The sponge Receptaculites neptuni Defrance is listed from the Devonian of Poland. Palmer, Allison Ralph See: Barnes, V. E., P. E. Cloud, Jr., L. P. Dixon, R. L. Folk, E. C. Jones, A. R. Palmer, and E.J.Tynan, 1959. Cloud, P. E., Jr., and A. R. Palmer, 1959. Pampeyan, E. H. See: Longwell, C. R., E. H. Pampeyan, B. Bowyer, and R.J. Roberts, 1965. 144 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Parona, Carlo Fabrizio 1933. Le spugne della fauna Permiana di Pa- lazzo Adriano (Bacino del Sosio) in Sicilia. Memorie della Sociela Geologica Italiana, vol. 1, pp. 1-58, 12 pis., 7 text-figs. Sphaerospongia permotessellata n. sp. from the Permian of Pietra di Salomone is described and illustrated and is placed tentatively among lyssa- cine sponges. The new species is compared with Sphaerospongia tessellata (Phillips) and Scyphia cornucopia Goldfuss (pp. 28-30; pi. 1, figs. 9-11). Patrunky, H. 1909. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Receptaculiten. Zeitschrift. Naturwissenschaftliche Abtei- lung. Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Kunst und Wissenschaft der Provinz Posen, Band 16, Heft 1-5, pp. 69-74. Receptaculites orbis Eichwald and Receptacu- lites n. sp. [R. cassidiformis Patrunky 1927] from a glacial erratic of Ordovician Orthocerenkalk (which also contains Cyclocrinus spaskii) are de- scribed. 1927. Die Geschiebe der silurischen Orthocer- en-Kalke. II. Palaeontologischer Teil. Algen. Zeitschrift fur Geschiebeforschung, Band 3, Heft 4, pp. 192-196, pi. 1 1, 1 text-fig. Receptaculites bronni Eichwald and R. orbis Eichwald are described; R. cassidiformis n. sp. (= Receptaculites n. sp. Patrunky 1909) and R. po- cillum n. sp. are described and figured from Or- dovician glacial erratics in northern Germany. Paull. Rachel Krebs, and Richard A. Paull 1977. Geology of Wisconsin and Upper Mich- igan, Including Parts of Adjacent States. Ken- dall/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, Iowa, 232 pp., numerous illus. The spongelike Receptaculites common in the Middle Ordovician Galena Dolomite in Wiscon- sin may be a colonial alga (pp. 46, 177-178, 183, fig. 7-4). Paull, Richard A. See; Paull, R. K., and R. A. Paull, 1977. Pavlova, M. V. 1927. Paleozoologia. Chast pervaja. Bezpoz- vonochnye. Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo. Moskva, Leningrad, 316 pp., 577 figs. Receptaculida from around the Baltic area are described as calcareous sponges of phylum Coe- lenterata [sic]. Receptaculites, R. orbis, R. neptuni, Ischadites murchisoni, and Sphaerospongia tesel- lata are described. Receptaculites orbis and R. nep- tuni are figured (pp. 50-51, figs. 53A-B). Payne, J. Norman See: Willman, H. B., and J. N. Payne, 1 942, 1 943a, and 1943b. Peach, Benjamin Neeve 1907. Palaeontology of the Cambrian System in the North-west Highlands; pp. 372-387. In Geikie, Archibald (ed.), The Geological Struc- ture of the North- West Highlands of Scot- land. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain [no number]. Published by or- der of the Lords Commissioners of His Maj- esty's Treasury, Glasgow, 668 pp., 52 pis., 66 figs., 1 map. The siliceous sponge Calathium is found in the Calciferous of Newfoundland and Canada and in the two uppermost Cambrian [Ordovician] Croisaphuill groups in the North-west Highlands (pp. 380-381). See also: Peach, B. N., J. Home, W. Gunn, C. T. Clough, L. W. Hinxman, and J. J. H. Teall, 1907. Peach, Benjamin Neeve, and John Home 1899. The Silurian rocks of Britain. Volume 1. Scotland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of United Kingdom. Published for H.M. Sta- tionery Office by J. Hedderwick and Sons, Glasgow, 749 pp., 27 pis., 121 text-figs., 3 maps. The rhizopods Cyclocrinus sp. from the Cara- doc, and Nidulites favus from the Llandeilo, Car- adoc, and Llandovery; the sponges Amphispongia oblonga from the Wenlock-Ludlow, Ischadites an- tiquus from the Llandovery, /. koenigi from the Llandovery, Llandeilo, Wenlock-Ludlow, and Caradoc, and Ischadites sp. from the Caradoc and Llandovery are listed from Scotland (pp. 509-5 10, 543, 667-668, 686, 698, 700, 708). 1 930. Chapters on the Geology of Scotland. Ox- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 145 ford University Press, London, 232 pp., 18 pis., 27 text-figs. Four species of the sponge Calathium occur in the Cambrian [Ordovician] Durness Limestone in the Balnakiel and Croisaphuill Group in Scotland (P- 96). Peach, Benjamin Neeve, John Home, William Gunn, C. T. Clough, L. W. Hinxman, and J. J. H. Teall 1907. Appendix A. Palaeontological; pp. 626- 634. In Geikie, Archibald (ed.), The Geolog- ical Structure of the North- West Highlands of Scotland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain [no number]. Published by order of the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury, Glasgow, 668 pp., 52 pis., 66 figs., 1 map. The following Cambrian [Ordovician] fossils from above the Olenellus zone in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland are listed (p. 629): Cala- thium (Receptaculites) anstedti [sic] Billings from the Balnakiel Group and the Skye; C. (R.) calci- ferum Billings and C. (R.) elegantulum Billings from the Skye and Calciferous (Mingan Island, Canada); C. (R.) pannosum Billings from the Skye and the Quebec Group (Point Levis, Canada); and C. (R.) sp. from the Balnakiel and Croisaphuill Groups and the Skye. See also: Peach, B. N., 1907. Peck, Joseph H., Jr., and Herdis B. McFarland 1954. Whitfield collection types at the Univer- sity of California. Journal of Palaeontology, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 297-309, pi. 29. Holotypes of the sponges Receptaculites devon- icus Whitfield from the Devonian Upper Hel- derberg Group near Columbus, Ohio, and JR. ohioensis Hall and Whitfield from the Silurian Ni- agara Group of Yellow Springs, Ohio, are housed at the University of California (pp. 299-300). Type specimens of Cerionites dactyloides Owen and R. hemisphericus Hall, whose repository was to be the University of California (Whitfield, 1 899), were never received (p. 298). Peel, John S., Peter R. Dawes, and Johannes C. Troelsen 1974. Notes on some Lower Palaeozoic to Ter- tiary faunas from eastern North Greenland. Report of activities, 1973. Gronlands Geo- logiske Undersogelse, Rapport 65, pp. 18-23, text-fig. 3. Receptaculites occurs in the Ordovician Wandel Valley Limestone in North Greenland (p. 20). Peel, John S., and John M. Hurst 1980. Late Ordovician and early Silurian stra- tigraphy of Washington Land, western North Greenland. Gronlands Geologiske Underso- gelse, Rapport 100, pp. 18-24, figs. 4-5. Abundant Receptaculites are found in the Or- dovician Troedsson Cliff Formation (previously Receptaculites Limestone, p. 20) in Washington Land, western North Greenland (p. 22). Pelman, Y. L. See: Zhuravleva, I. T., N. P. Meshkova, V. A. Lu- chinina, and Y. L. Pelman, 1979. Peneau, Joseph 1929. Etudes stratigraphiques et paleontoloques dans le Sud-Est du Massif Armoricain (syn- clinal de Saint-Julien-de Vouvantes). Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, 4e ser., tome 8, pp. 1-300, 24 pis. Receptaculites neptuni is found in the Upper Devonian at d' Angers (Maine-et Loire), west cen- tral France (p. 103). Pengelly, William 1861. On the Devonian age of the world. Ge- ologist, vol. 4, pp. 322-347, pis. 5-8. Sphaerospongia tesselatus from Devonian lime- stones near Torquay and Newton is described and figured as a coral (?) (pp. 340-341, pi. 5). Percival, James Gates 1855. Annual Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Wisconsin. [D. Atwood, print- er?], Madison, Wisconsin, 101 pp., 1 map. [Ordovician] Coscinopora is found in the Upper Magnesian Limestone of Wisconsin (p. 1 3). 1856. [Second] Annual Report of the Geological Survey of the State of Wisconsin. [D. Atwood, printer?], Madison, Wisconsin, 1 1 1 pp. 146 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY The [Ordovician] Coscinopora is characteristic of the Upper Magnesian Limestone of Wisconsin (pp. 72, 75-76). Perdue, M. J. See: Grant, U. S., and M. J. Perdue, 1908. Petersen, Morris S., and J. Keith Rigby 1970. Interpreting Earth History. A Manual in Historical Geology. William C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa, 185 pp., illus., tables. Middle Ordovician to Devonian and Pennsyl- vanian Receptaculites is figured (p. 100). Petryk, Allen A. 1967. Some Silurian stromatoporoids from northwestern Baffin Island, District of Frank- lin. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 67-7, 5 1 pp., 4 pis., 2 text-figs. Receptaculites cf. arcticus Etheridge and Recep- taculites sp. are found in two Arctic Ordovician faunas (early Late Ordovician and slightly older) of the Brodeur Group, northwestern Baffin Island (P. 8). Pettyjohn, Wayne A. See: Hansman, R. H., F. C. Shaw, and W. A. Pet- tyjohn, 1962. Phillips, John 1 84 1 . Figures and Descriptions of the Palaeo- zoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset; Observed in the Course of the Ord- nance Geological Survey of that District. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, 23 1 pp., 60 pis. The echinoderm Sphaeronites tessellatus from south Devon, England, is described and figured, and is compared with Echinospherites Wahlenberg (Sphaeronites Hisinger), Hemicosmites Von Buch and Cryptocrinites Von Buch (pp. 1 35-1 36, pi. 59). Broderip suggests that it is related to the tunicate mollusc, Chelysoma macleayanum. Pia, Julius 1920. Die siphoneae verticillatae vom Karbon bis zur Kreide. Abhandlungen der (K.K.) Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Wien, Abhandlungen, Band 11, Teil 2, 263 pp., 8 pis., 27 text-figs., tables. The branches of dasycladaceous Coelosphaerid- ium and Cyclocrinus are of the phloiophore type. Coelosphaeridium, Cyclocrinus, Apidium, and Mastopora are Silurian [Ordovician to Silurian] forms that gave rise only to the Upper Carbonif- erous Mizzia. 1922 [1923]. Einige Ergebnisse neuerer Unter- suchungen ueber die Geschichte der Sipho- neae verticillatae. Zeitschrift fuer Inductive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre, Berlin, Band 30, Nrs. 1-2, pp. 63-98, pi. 1. The following Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Cy- clocrineae are figured as dasyclads: Coelosphae- ridium, Cyclocrinus, Apidium, Mastopora. Perm- ian Mizzia and Epimastopora are descendants of Coelosphaeridium and Mastopora (pp. 64-66). 1926. Pflanzen als Gesteinsbildner. Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 355 pp., 166 text-figs. Cyclocrinus, an Ordovician dasycladaceous alga, is described. Cyclocrinus porosus Stolley from [Or- dovician?] Upper Silurian glacial erratics in north- ern Germany is illustrated (fig. 44). 1927. Thallophyta; pp. 31-136, text-figs. 14- 129, tables. In Hirmer, Max (ed.), Handbuch der Palaeobotanik. Band I. Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta. Oldenbourg, Muenchen and Berlin. The following are described: Tribe Cyclocri- neae, Subtribe Cyclocrininae, Coelosphaeridium Roemer, Cyclocrinus Eichwald (= Pasceolus Bil- lings = Cerionites Meek and Worthen), Subtribe Mastoporinae, Mastopora Eichwald (= Nidulites Salter), and Apidium Stolley. The following species are listed: Coelosphaeridium cyclocrinophilum Roemer (fig. 41), C. excavatum Stolley, C. we- senbergense Stolley, Pasceolus shianensis Reed, Cyclocrinus spasskii Eichwald, C roemeri Stolley, C planus Stolley, C. subtilis Stolley, C. mem- branaceus Stolley, C. balticus Stolley, C. porosus Stolley (fig. 43), C. oelandicus Stolley, C van- hoeffeni Stolley, C. pyriformis Stolley, C. multi- cavus Stolley, C mickwitzi Stolley, C. schmidti Stolley, C. billingsii (Roemer), C. claudei (Miller), C. darwini (Miller), C. globosus (Billings), C hos- pitalis (Salter), C. mellifluus (Salter), C. camdensis [sic] (Foerste), C dactylioides (Owen), C. goughii NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 147 (Salter), C. gregarius (Billings), C. halli (Billings), C. intermedins (Billings), C. sedgwigki [sic] (Salt- er), Mastopora concava Eichwald, M. fava Salter, M. odini Stolley, M. parva (Nicholson and Eth- eridge), M. pyriformis (Bassler) (fig. 44), Apidium krausei (Kiesow), A. sororis Stolley, A. pygmaeum (Stolley), and A. indicum Reed. [Ordovician] Pogonip Group of the Arrow Canyon Range, Nevada. Piveteau, Jean See: Boule, M., and J. Piveteau, 1935. 1 928. Plantae fossiles. Neue Arbeiten ueber fos- sile Kalkalgen aus den Familien der Dasycla- daceae und Codiaceae. Neues Jahrbuch fuer Mineralogie, Geologie, und Palaeontologie. Referate Teil 3, pp. 227-240. Cyclocrinus is listed as a dasycladaceous alga (p. 230). 1931. Einige allgemeine an die Algen des Pa- laeozoikums anknuepfende Fragen. Palaeon- tologische Zeitschrift, Band 13, Nrs. 1-2, pp. 1-30. Cyclocrinus, Coelosphaeridium, Mastopora, and Apidium are mentioned as Ordovician members of family Dasycladaceae (pp. 11, 13). 1936. Algen als Leitfossilien; pp. 11-34, 2 ta- bles. In Problemy Paleontologii. Tom 1. [Problems of Paleontology. Volume 1 .] Pa- leontologicheskaja Laboratorija Moskovsko- go Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Moskva. [Publications of the Laboratory of Paleontol- ogy, Moscow University.] Coelosphaeridium, Cyclocrinus, Mastopora, and Apidium are listed as Ordovician green algae (p. 16). 1940. Das Klimazeugnis der Altpalaeozoischen Kalkalgen; pp. 153-155. In International Geological Congress. Report. 17th Session, USSR, 1937. Volume 6. Symposium on Pa- leozoic and Pre-Cambrian Climates. Cyclocrinitids are used as climatic indicators (p. 154). Pierce, R. W., R. W. Ely, R. D. Stieglitz, T. R. Courtright, and R. L. Langenheim, Jr. 1969. Upper Pogonip rock units in the Arrow Canyon Range, Clark County, Nevada. Ab- stracts with Programs. Geological Society of America, 1969, part 3, Cordilleran Section, pp. 53-54. Receptaculites and Calathium are found in the Plodowski, G. See: Durkoop, A., H. Mensink, and G. Plodowski, 1967. Pocta, Filip 1898. O zbytcich hub z ceske panve palaeo- zoicke. Rozpravy Ceske Akademie Cisare Frantiska Josefa pro Vedy, Slovesnost a Umeni, vol. 7, part 2, no. 24, pp. 1-8, 1 pi. Palaeozoic Receptaculitidae are poorly known organisms. Receptaculites and Ischadites are com- mon in Czechoslovakia (pp. 1-2). Poignant, Alain-Francois 1975. Mise a jour sur la phylogenie de quelques algues calcaires fossiles. Review of Paleo- botany and Palynology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 117-128, 7 text-figs. Cyclocrinites and Mastopora are mentioned (p. 121). See: Bassoullet, J.-P., P. Bernier, R. Deloffre, P. Genot, M. Jaffrezo, A.-F. Poignant, G. Se- gonzac, 1975 and 1977. Pokrovskaja, N. V. See: Zhuravleva, I. T., N. M. Zadorozhnaja, D. V. Osadchaja, N. V. Pokrovskaja, N. M. Ro- dionova, and V. D. Fonin, 1967. Polma, L., L. Sarv, and Linda Hints 1977. The subdivision of the Ordovician in the Berzini Boring (South-East Latvia). Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, vol. 26, Keemia, Geoloogia 1977, no. 2, pp. 1 13-121. Ordovician Mastopora concava is listed from the subsurface in Latvia (table facing p. 1 1 6). 148 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Poole, F. G. See: Byers, F. M., Jr., H. Barnes, F. G. Poole, and R.J. Ross, Jr., 1961. Poort, J. M. 1976. Historical Geology. Interpretations and Applications, 2nd ed. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota, 149 pp. Ordovician to Devonian Receptaculites and De- vonian Sphaerospongia are figured as sponges (p. 27). Pray, Lloyd C. 1 958. Stratigraphic section, Montoya Group and Fusselman Formation, Franklin Mountains, Texas. West Texas Geological Society Guide- book. 1958 Field Trip, Franklin and Hueco Mountains, Texas, pp. 30-42, 5 text-figs. Receptaculites is listed from the Upham For- mation of the Upper Ordovician (?) Montoya Group in the northern Franklin Mountains, Texas (P. 39). Prest, V. K. 1952. Notes on the geology of parts of Ellesmere and Devon Islands, Northwest Territories (Report and map). Geological Survey of Can- ada, Paper 52-32, 15 pp., 1 map. The sponge Receptaculites arcticus Etheridge is found in the Ordovician (Richmond) limestone in Maury Bay, along the eastern shore of Ellesmere Island (p. 7). Prezbindowski, Dennis R. See: Erdtmann, B.-D., and D. R. Prezbindowski, 1974. Pribyl, Alois 1944. Prispevek k poznani ceskych zastupcu rodu Ischadites Murch (with the English sum- mary: Contribution to the knowledge of the Bohemian representatives of the genus Is- chadites Murch.). Vestnik Kralovske Ceske Spolecnosti Nauk, Praha. Trida matemat-pri- rod, [for] 1944, 12 pp., 1 pi., 1 text-fig. Lower Devonian Ischadites ovatus n. sp. from Bohemia is described and illustrated. Ischadites (= Acanthochonia Hinde) is a sponge. Acantho- chonia barrandei Hinde is a lower portion of /. koenigii, the most common representative of the genus Ischadites in the Bohemian Silurian. Recep- taculites neptuni Defrance is found in the Lower Devonian of Bohemia. Ischadites cf. koenigii is figured. Prouty, Chilton E. 1 946. Lower Middle Ordovician of southwest Vir- ginia and northeast Tennessee. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geolo- gists, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 1140-1191, 9 text- figs. The Lower Middle Ordovician in the Appala- chian Valley of Virginia and Tennessee contains Nidulites pyriformis Bassler in the Nidulites beds of the Ward Cove and Athens Formations, Re- ceptaculites in the Benbolt Limestone, Receptac- ulites sp. in the Ward Cove Formation, and R. biconstrictus in the Receptaculites zone of the War- dell Limestone (pp. 1 146, 1 151-1 154, 1 156-1 158, 1163, 1167, 1169). 1948. Trenton and sub-Trenton stratigraphy of northwest belts of Virginia and Tennessee. Bulletin of the American Association of Pe- troleum Geologists, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1 596- 1626, 7 text-figs., 1 table. Receptaculites is reported from the Ordovician (Black River) Wardell Formation in Virginia and Tennessee and the Sevier Shale in Tennessee. The middle Sevier is characterized by numerous small Receptaculites, and the upper Sevier by large Re- ceptaculites (pp. 1598, 1613). See also: Cooper, B. N., and C. E. Prouty, 1943. Quenstedt, Friedrich August von 1852. Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde. Laupp'schen, Tuebingen, 792 pp., 62 pis. (in Atlas). [Zweite Auflage (2nd ed.), 1867, 982 pp., text-figs., 86 pis. (in Atlas); Dritte Auflage (3rded.), 1882-1885, 1239 pp., text-figs., 100 pis. (in Atlas).] Devonian Receptaculites neptuni Defrance from Belgium and Silesia (pi. 60, fig. 18) is described as a problematic sponge and compared with [Silu- rian] Ludlow Ischadites koenigii Murchison (pp. 670-671). NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 149 1876a. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands. 1. Abtheilung. 4. Band. Echinodermen (Asteri- den und Encriniden). Fues's Verlag, Leipzig, 742 pp. Cyclocrinus spaskii is described (p. 703) as a cystoid. See also: Quenstedt, F. A., 1876b. 1876b. Atlas zu den Asteriden und Encriniden. Fues's Verlag, Leipzig, pis. 90-1 14. Cyclocrinus spaskii from the Vaginaten-kalk is figured (pi. 114, fig. 49). See also: Quenstedt, F. A., 1876a. 1878. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands. 1. Ab- theilung. 5. Band. Korallen (Schwaemme). Fues's Verlag, Leipzig, 612 pp., with Atlas of 28 pis. The following are described and figured as sponges: Receptaculites; [Ordovician] R. jowensis [sic] (pi. 142, fig. 17) from the Galena of Du- buque, Iowa; Devonian R. neptuni from Chimay, Belgium; R. occidentalis, R. orbis, R. oweni; De- vonian R. scyphioides (pi. 1 42, fig. 1 5) from Ober- Kunzendorf; Receptaculites sp. (pi. 1 42, figs. 1 8- 19); Ischadites, and /. koenigii (pp. 586-592). Raasch, Gilbert O. 1948. Apple River Canyon Area. Jo Daviess County. Elizabeth and Galena Quadrangles. Guide Leaflet 1 948C. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 7 pp., 1 table, 2 pis., 2 maps. Two zones of the sponge Receptaculites oweni are present in the Prosser Member of the Ordo- vician Galena Dolomite in Jo Daviess County, Illinois (p. 5). 1949. Rockford Area. Guide Leaflet 1949D. Il- linois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 8 pp., 2 tables, 2 pis., 1 map. Receptaculites oweni is listed as a sponge from the Prosser Member of the Ordovician Galena Limestone in northern Illinois (p. 1). 1951. Downers Grove Area. DuPage and Will Counties. Wheaton, Joliet, and Wilmington Quadrangles. Guide Leaflet 195 IE. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 13 pp., pis., map. Ordovician Ischadites [iowensis] and Receptac- ulites [oweni] are figured (unnumbered pi.). Radugin, K. V. 1936. Nekotorye celenteraty iz nizhnego silura Gornoi Shorii. [Some coelenterates from the Lower Silurian of Gornoya Shoria.] Materialy po geologii zapadnosibirskogo kraja. [Rec- ords of the Geology of the West Siberian Re- gion.] No. 35, pp. 89-105, 2 pis. Receptaculites (?) radiatus n. sp. is described and illustrated as a coelenterate from the basin of the Amzass River in the mountainous district of Gor- noya Shoria, West Siberia (pp. 90-91, 102, 105; pi. 2, fig. 15). Rauff, Hermann 1888. Ueber die Organisation der Receptacu- liten und erlaeuterte an Modellen den eigen- thuemlichen Wandbau derselben. Protokoll der Sitzung vom 14 August. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Band 40, Heft 3, pp. 606-609. Receptaculitids {Receptaculites, Ischadites, and Polygonosphaerites), calcareous organisms of un- certain systematic position, are described. Ischa- dites (= Acanthochonia), I. vichtensis (= Sphaero- spongia vichtensis Schlueter), Polygonosphaerites (= Sphaerospongia), and P. tesselatus (= Dictyo- phyton gerolsteinense) are discussed. Archaeocy- athids and the bryozoans Mastopora, Cyclocrinus, and Coelosphaeridium are not related to the re- ceptaculitids. 1892a. Kalkalgen und Receptaculiten. Nieder- rheinischen Gesellschaft fuer Natur- und Heilkunde zu Bonn, Sitzungsberichte, 1892, pp. 74-90, 7 text-figs. Receptaculitids are described and compared with recent dasyclads. Ischadites, I. koenigi, I. mur- chisoni, Polygonosphaerites, Receptaculites, R. oc- cidentalis, and R. crassiparies are described. 1892b. Untersuchungen ueber die Organisation und systematische Stellung der Receptaculi- tiden. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Phy- sikalischen Klasse der Koeniglich Bayerisch- 150 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY en Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 17, Abt. 3, pp. 645-722, 7 pis., 12 text-figs. Receptaculitids are described as calcareous or- ganisms of uncertain systematic position. The fol- lowing are illustrated: Receptaculites neptuni De- france, R. crassiparies Rauff, R. orbis Eichwald, R. damesi Rauff, Ischadites koenigi Murchison, /. rectus Rauff, /. murchisoni Eichwald, /. cf. mur- chisoni Eichwald, /. vichtensis Schlueter, and Po- lygonosphaerites tesselatus Phillips. See also: Anonymous, 1892b. 1893. Ueber Polygonosphaerites. Neues Jahr- buch fur Mineralogie, Geologie, und Palaeon- tologie, Band 1 , Heft 1 , pp. 43-49, 8 text-figs. Whiteave's (1892) study of Sphaerospongia tes- selata, and RaufTs ( 1 892b) study of Receptaculites, Ischadites, and Polygonosphaerites (= Sphaero- spongia) are summarized. The following are the synonyms of S. tesselata: S. cornu copiae Goldf, 5. cf. cornu copiae, S. rathi Kayser, S. cf. rathi, S. sculpta Schlueter, S. megaraphis Schlueter, (?) S. cf. gerolsteinensis, and Sphaerospongia spp. Sphaerospongia vichtensis Schlueter and Acantho- chonia devonica Schlueter are transferred to Is- chadites. Receptaculites eifeliensis Schlueter is the same as R. neptuni Defrance. All are algae. 1894. Palaeospongiologie. Specieller Theil. A. Spongien des Palaeozoicum. Palaeontograph- ica, Band 40, pp. 233-346, 17 pis., text-figs. 49-75. Amphispongia Salter, A. oblonga Salter, Cala- thium (?) (Calathella) anstedi Billings, C. formo- sum Billings, Nipterella Hinde (a tetractinellid sponge), and N. paradoxica (Billings) are described or illustrated (pp. 241, 275-278; pi. 1, figs. 1 1-16; pi. 7, figs. 1-4; text-figs. 56-57). A text [never published ?] to accompany the Calathium illus- trations was to be included in Palaeontographica, volume 41. The family Amphispongidae Rauff is erected for the aberrant lyssacine hexactinellid sponge, Amphispongia Salter 1861. Subgenus Cal- athella Rauff is erected for Calathium anstedi. Raymond, Percy E. 1912. II. Invertebrate. Geological Survey of Canada, Department of Mines. Summary Re- port, 1911, pp. 351-357. Nidulites sp. from the Ordovician Quebec City Formation of Quebec is identical to that of the Chambersburg Limestone in eastern Pennsylvania (p. 356). 1 9 1 3a. Quebec and vicinity. Excursion in East- ern Quebec and the Maritime Provinces. (Ex- cursion A 1.) Part 1. Guide Book No. 1. Twelfth International Geological Congress. Toronto, 1913. Issued by the Canadian Geo- logical Survey. Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 25-48, text-figs., maps. Nidulites occurs in an Ordovician lower Trenton fauna in Quebec City, Canada (p. 43). 1913b. Ordovician of Montreal and Ottawa. Excursions in the Neighbourhood of Mon- treal and Ottawa. (Excursion All.) Guide Book No. 3. Twelfth International Geological Congress. Toronto, 1913. Issued by the Ca- nadian Geological Survey. Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 137— 160. Ordovician upper Trenton beds at Ottawa, On- tario, contain a fauna similar to the Black River, including Ischadites iowaensis [sic] (p. 1 59). 1914. The Trenton Group in Ontario and Que- bec. Geological Survey of Canada, Summary Report, 1912, pp. 342-350. Receptaculites orientalis [occidentalis ?] is listed from the Ordovician Trenton Group in the Que- bec City area of Canada (pp. 342-343). 1916. Expedition to the Baltic provinces of Russia and Scandinavia. Part I. The corre- lation of the Ordovician strata of the Baltic Basin with those of eastern North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo- ology, Harvard College, vol. 56, no. 3, (Geo- logical Series, vol. 10), pp. 177-286, 8 pis. The following Ordovician fossils are listed: Cy- clocrinites spasski from the Kegel, Jewe, and We- senberg Formations of the Baltic provinces of Rus- sia and from Norway; C balticus, C schmidti, C. mickwitzi, and C. roemeri from the Baltic prov- inces; Receptaculites from the Chambersburg Limestone of Pennsylvania and the Ottosee Lime- stone of Virginia; R. occidentalis from the Rock- land Formation of Ontario and the Black River Formation of Pennsylvania; Nidulites favus from Chambersburg Limestone of Pennsylvania; Mas- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 151 topora concava, Coelosphaeridium, and C. cyclo- crinophilum from the Baltic provinces and Chris- tiania [Oslo], Norway (pp. 200-201, 203-205, 211, 238-239, 241, 244-245, 255). 1 922a. Trenton of central Tennessee and Ken- tucky. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 33, pp. 571-586. Receptaculites occidentalis is listed from the Curdsville of the Ordovician Trenton in Ken- tucky, which is sometimes correlated with the Le- ray of New York (p. 573). 1922b. The Ceratopyge fauna in Western North America. American Journal of Science, vol. 3, pp. 204-210. Receptaculites appears about midway in the Po- gonip [Ordovician] of the Eureka District, Nevada (p. 205). Raymond, Percy I ., and Vladimir J. Okulitch 1940. Some Chazyan sponges. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 195-214, 7 pis., 4 text-figs. The sponge genus Exochopora is erected for Or- dovician Calathium canadensis Billings and C. in- felix Ulrich and Everett (p. 208). Read, J. F. 1980. Carbonate ramp-to-basin transitions and foreland basin evolution, Middle Ordovician, Virginia Appalachians. Bulletin of the Amer- ican Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 64, no. 10, pp. 1575-1612, 19 text-figs., 2 tables. Receptaculitids and (alga?) Nidulites are listed from sub-wave base deep ramp and deep flank downslope buildups (p. 1587); Nidulites is listed from deep ramp facies and from slope and basin facies in the Middle Ordovician Lantz Mills and Liberty Hall/Rich Valley beds in Virginia (pp. 1597, 1600). Reed, F. R. Cowper 1902. Woodwardian Museum notes: Salter's undescribed species. Geological Magazine, Dec. 4, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 337-342, pi. 18. Pasceolus (?) hospitalis (Salter) of uncertain taxonomic position is described and illustrated (pp. 338-339; pi. 18, figs. 6-7). Sphaerospongia and S. tessellata are mentioned. 1908. II.— Sedgwick Museum notes: new fossils from Girvan. Geological Magazine, n. ser., Dec. 5, vol. 5, pp. 291-296, pi. 12. Silurian Ischadites antiquus Salter, /. koenigi Murchison, /. lindstroemi Hinde, and Ischadites sp. from Great Britain are discussed (pp. 291— 292). Silurian, Middle Llandovery Receptaculites grayi n. sp. from Scotland is described and illus- trated and compared with R. occidentalis Salter, R. orbis Eichwald, R. neptuni, Ischadites sp., and /. koenigi (pp. 292-294; pi. 12, figs. 1-2). Recep- taculites girvanensis n. sp. from the [Ordovician] starfish bed of Thraive Glen is described and il- lustrated and compared with R. occidentalis Salter and R. orbis Eichwald (pp. 294-295; pi. 12, figs. 3-6). 1912. Ordovician and Silurian fossils from the Central Himalayas. Memoirs of the Geolog- ical Survey of India. Palaeontologia Indica, ser. 15, vol. 7, no. 2, 168 pp., 20 pis. Pasceolus mellijluus (Salter), P. (?) shianensis n. sp., and Apidium indicum n. sp. from Ordovician and Silurian localities in the Central Himalayas are described and figured. All are of uncertain taxonomic position. Ischadites (?) inosculans (Salt- er) is described, and Sphaerospongia, S. tessellata (= Sphaeronites tessellatus), Ischadites, Receptac- ulites, Cyclocrinus, C. porosus, Mastopora, Pas- ceolus, Apidium, A. krausei, and A. pygmaeum are mentioned (pp. 117-121, 144, 146, 149-151, 153- 154; pi. 16, figs. 13-20). Reeds, Chester Albert 1 907. Geologic features; pp. 1 8-28. In Bowman, Isaiah, and Chester Albert Reeds, Water Re- sources of the East St. Louis district. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin, 5, 128 pp. Receptaculities [sic] is found in the Ordovician Kimmswick (Trenton) Limestone between Kimmswick and Glen Park, Missouri (p. 20). See also: Bowman, I., and C. A. Reeds, 1907. Reeves, Corwin C, Jr. 1958. Stratigraphy of northwestern Wind River Basin and Range, Dubois area, Fremont 152 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY County, Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 2399-2423, 10 text-figs. Receptaculites is found in the Ordovician Big- horn Dolomite in the Dubois area of Wyoming (p. 2404). Regnell, Gerhard 1945. Non-crinoid pelmatozoa from the Paleo- zoic of Sweden. Meddelanden fraan Lunds Geologisk-Mineralogiska Institution, no. 108, 255 pp., 15 pis., 30 text-figs. Ordovician algae Coelosphaeridium, C. cyclo- crinophilum, Cyclocrinites, Cyclocrinus and Mas- topora have in the past been confused with the cystoidean Sphaeronites (p. 1 1 ). Reichenbach, Renst Freiherr Stromer V. 1 909. Lehrbuch der Palaeozoologie. I Teil; Wir- bellose Tierre. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig und Berlin, 398 figs., 342 pp. Silurian [Lower Ordovician] to Carboniferous Receptaculida is described and placed together with Archaeocyathida in class Ctenophora. The De- vonian Sphaerospongia tesselata Phillips from Winnipegosis, Middle Devonian Receptaculites neptuni Defr. from Eifel, and Middle Devonian Polygonosphaerites tesselatus Phillips from Nas- sau are described and figured (pp. 95,98, 1 03, 1 05; figs. 125-127). Reinertsen, David L. See: Cote, W. E., D. L. Reinertsen, and M. M. Killey, 1968, 1970, and 1971. Cote, W. E., D. L. Reinertsen, and G. M. Wilson, 1966, 1967a, 1967b, and 1968. Cote, W. E., D. L. Reinertsen, G. M. Wilson, and M. M. Killey, 1969 and 1970. Wilson, G. M., D. L. Reinertsen, and W. E. Cote, 1965. Reinertsen, David L., Dwain J. Berggren, and Myrna M. Killey 1972. Stockton area. Jo Daviess County. Eliz- abeth and Lena Quadrangles. Guide Leaflet 1972D. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geo- logical Science Field Trip, 24 pp., 1 2 text-figs., 1 map, appendix, pis. Receptaculites zones occur in the Ordovician Wise Lake and Dunleith Formations in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Receptaculites [oweni] and Is- chadites [iowensis] are illustrated (pp. 2, 8, 22-23). See also: Reinertsen, D. L., D. J. Berggren, and M. M. Killey, 1973a. 1973a. Stockton area. Jo Daviess County. Eliz- abeth and Lena Quadrangles. Guide Leaflet 1973C. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geo- logical Science Field Trip, 24 pp., 1 pi., 12 text-figs., 1 map. This is identical to Reinertsen, D. L., D. J. Berg- gren, and M. M. Killey, 1972. 1973b. Rockton area. Winnebago County. Rockford Quadrangle. Guide Leaflet 1973D. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 24 pp., pis., 5 text-figs., maps. Ordovician Ischadites [iowensis] and Receptac- ulites [oweni] are figured (unnumbered plate). See also: Reinertsen, D. L., D. J. Berggren, and M. M. Killey, 1974. 1 974. Rockton area. Winnebago County. Rock- ford Quadrangle. Guide Leaflet 1974B. Illi- nois State Geological Survey, Geological Sci- ence Field Trip, 24 pp., 5 text-figs., pis., maps. This is identical to Reinertsen, D. L., D. J. Berg- gren, and M. M. Killey, 1973b. Reinertsen, David L., and Myrna M. Killey 1972. La Salle area. La Salle, Bureau, and Put- nam Counties. La Salle and Ottawa Quad- rangles. Guide Leaflet 197 ID. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 28 pp., 8 text-figs., pis., maps. Ordovician Receptaculites [oweni] and Ischa- dites [iowensis] are figured (unnumbered plate). Renaud, Alzine 1942a. Le Devonien du synclinorium median Brest-Laval. Memoires de la Societe Geolo- gique et Mineralogique de Bretagne, tome 7, partie 1: Stratigraphie, 184 pp., text-figs. Receptaculites sp., R. seunesi, and R. eifeliensis NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 153 are found in the Middle Devonian Couvinien of the "synclinorium median Brest-Laval" in Brit- tany (pp. 123, 128, 147, 149-151). 1942b. Le Devonien du synclinorium median Brest-Laval. Memoires de la Societe Geolo- gique et Mineralogique de Bretagne, tome 7, partie 2: Paleontologie, 439 pp., 14 pis. The sponges (?) Receptaculites seunesi, R. nep- tuni, and R. eifeliensis are present in the Middle Devonian Couvinien of the "synclinorium median Brest-Laval" in Brittany (pp. 307, 384-385). Re- ceptaculites eifeliensis is figured (pi. 12, fig. 1). Reso, Anthony 1963. Composite columnar section of exposed Paleozoic and Cenozoic rocks in the Pahran- agat Range, Lincoln County, Nevada. Bulle- tin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 74, pp. 901-918, 2 pis., 1 text-fig. Receptaculites is abundant and widespread in the Upper Limestone Formation of the Ordovi- cian Pogonip Group in the Pahranagat Range, Ne- vada (p. 906). Reynolds, Robert Ramon See: Willman, H. B., and R. R. Reynolds, 1947. Willman, H. B., R. R. Reynolds, and P. Her- bert, Jr., 1946. Rexroad, Carl B. See: Shaver, R. H., and others, 1978. Rezak, Richard 1 959. Paleozoic evolution of the Dasycladaceae. Proceedings of the IX International Botanical Congress. Montreal, August 19-29, 1959. Volume II. Abstracts. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, p. 325. The Ordovician Dasycladaceae Cyclocrinites and Coelosphaeridium exhibit verticillate rays that have an orderly arrangement in whorls. Rezvoi, P. D., Inessa T. Zhuravleva, and V. M. Koltun 1962. Tip Porifera; pp. 17-74, pis. 1-8, text- figs. 1-107. In Orlov, Yury Aleksandrovich (ed.), Osnovy Paleontologii: Gubki, Arkheot- siaty, Kishechnopolostnye, Chervi [vol. 2]. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moskva, 485 pp. Amphispongiidae is a family of lyssacine sponges (P. 41). Rhodes, Frank H. T., and Paul S. Wingard 1957. Chemical composition, microstructure, and affinities of the Neurodontiformes. Jour- nal of Paleontology, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 448- 454, 2 text-figs. Receptaculites occurs in association with Neu- rodontiformes (p. 449). Rhodes, Frank H. T., Herbert S. Zim, and Paul R. Shaffer 1962a. Fossils— A Guide to Prehistoric Life. Golden Press, New York, New York, 1 60 pp., illus. Ordovician to Devonian Receptaculites [oweni] of uncertain taxonomic position is figured as a sponge (p. 76). 1962b. Fossiles. Hachette, Paris, 156 pp., illus. This is a translation of Rhodes, F. H. T., et ah, 1962. 1965[?]a. Fakta om forsteninger, [Oslo?], 163 pp., numerous text-figs. This is a translation of Rhodes, F. H. T., et ah, 1962. 1965[?]b. Fossili. Traduzione di Giorgio Tom- masini. Mondadori, Milano, 159 pp., illus. This is a translation of Rhodes, F. H. T., et ai, 1962. 1970. Fosiles. Ediciones Daimon, Barcelona, 160 pp., illus. This is a translation of Rhodes, F. H. T., et ai, 1962. Richards, Paul W. 1957. Geology of the area east and southeast of Livingston, Park County, Montana. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 1021- L, pp. 385-438, pis. 34-36, text-figs. 58-66. Receptaculites is characteristic of the Ordovi- 154 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY cian Bighorn Dolomite near Livingston Peak in southwestern Montana (p. 403). Richardson, Eugene v. Jr. 1948. Fossil facts and fancy: some carpenters' tools simulated in nature. Chicago Natural History Museum [now Field Museum of Natural History] Bulletin, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 7-8, 10 text-figs. Ordovician Ischadites is described and figured as a sponge (fig. 10). Richardson, George B. 1 908. Paleozoic formations in trans-Pecos, Tex- as. American Journal of Science, 4th sen, vol. 25, no. 150, art. 49, pp. 474-484. Ordovician Calathium n. sp., a coral-like sponge from the El Paso Limestone, and Receptaculites oweni from the Galena beds of the Montoya Lime- stone in the trans-Pecos region of Texas are listed (pp. 478-479). 1 909. Description of the El Paso district. United States Geological Survey, Geologic Atlas, El Paso Folio, Texas, no. 166, 11 pp., 8 text- figs., 2 maps, 15 illus. Receptaculites oweni Hall is found in the Middle to Upper Ordovician Montoya Limestone in the Franklin Mountains near El Paso, Texas. 1913. The Paleozoic section in northern Utah. American Journal of Science, 4th ser., vol. 36, pp. 406-416. The Ordovician Garden City Limestone in the Bear River Range of northern Utah contains Re- ceptaculites sp. (p. 409). Richardson, James 1858. Report for the year 1857 of Mr. James Richardson, Explorer, addressed to Sir Wil- liam E. Logan, F.R.S., Director of the Geo- logical Survey of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Report of Progress, 1857, pp. 29- 93, 4 maps. Receptaculites neptuni occurs in the Lower Si- lurian [Ordovician] on Lake St. John, Gaspe Pen- insula (pp. 85, 87). Richardson, John 1851. Arctic Searching Expedition: Journal of Boat-voyage Through Rupert's Land and the Arctic Sea, in Search of the Discovery Ships Under the Command of Sir John Franklin. With an Appendix on the Physical Geography of North America. Volume 1. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, 413 pp., pis., maps. Receptaculites neptunii found in the Silurian [Ordovician?] near Pine Island Lake [Manitoba?] is compared with Uphantenia chemungiensis, Re- ceptaculites neptuni, and Eschadites [sic] konigi (pp. 75-76). See also: Richardson, John, 1852. 1852. Arctic Searching Expedition: Journal of Boat- voyage Through Rupert's Land and the Arctic Sea, in Search of the Discovery Ships Under the Command of Sir John Franklin. With an Appendix on the Physical Geography of North America. Harper & Brothers, New York, 516 pp., figs., and tables. The section on [receptaculitids] (p. 54) is iden- tical to that in Richardson, J., 1851. Riding, Robert 1977. Problems of affinity in Palaeozoic calcar- eous algae; pp. 202-2 11,2 tables. In Fluegel, Erik (ed.), Fossil Algae. Springer- Verlag, Ber- lin, Heidelberg, 375 pp. Receptaculitid morphology and previous views on their classification are discussed. Receptaculi- tids are green algae but not dasyclads (pp. 205, 208-209). 1 9 79a. Devonian calcareous algae; pp. 1 4 1 - 1 44, 1 text-fig. In House, M. R., C. T. Scrutton, and M. G. Bassett (eds.), The Devonian sys- tem. A Palaeontological Association Inter- national Symposium. Special Papers in Pa- laeontology, vol. 23, 353 pp. The Receptaculitaceae may be chlorophytes re- lated to dasycladaceans (pp. 141-142); they occur in the Devonian open shelf facies (p. 143, text-fig. 1). 1979b. Algae; pp. 13-20, 11 text-figs. In Fair- bridge, Rhodes W., and David Jablonski (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Paleontology. The En- cyclopedia of Earth Sciences. Volume 7. Dow- den, Hutchinson, and Ross, Inc., Strouds- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 155 burg, Pennsylvania, 886 pp., numerous text- figs. Coelosphaeridium, a Paleozoic dasycladaceous alga, and the Receptaculitaceae, previously re- garded as sponges, are described. Cyclocrineae and Receptaculitaceae are dasyclad-like groups (pp. 1 5- 16,20). Riding, Robert, and Donald Francis Toomey 1972. The sedimentological role of Epiphyton and Renalcis in Lower Ordovician mounds, southern Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontol- ogy, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 509-5 19, 2 pis., 3 text- figs. The problematic spongelike Calathium Billings is found in Lower Ordovician organic mounds in Texas and Oklahoma (pp. 509, 5 1 1-5 1 2, 5 1 8, fig. 3). The sponge/algal mounds in the principal Ca- lathium zone of the lower Kindblade Limestone in the Wichita Mountains are illustrated (p. 511, fig. 2). Rietschel, Siegfried 1 966. Scribroporella, eine Dasycladacee aus dem Mitteldevon des Bergischen Landes (Rhen- isches Schiefergebirge). Senckenbergiana Le- thaea, Band 47, Heft 3, pp. 193-213, pis. 21- 23, 3 text-figs. Cyclocrinus Eichwald is a Paleozoic dasycla- dacean (p. 203). 1967. Gefaelschte fossilien. Natur und Mu- seum. Natur-Museum und Forschungs-Insti- tut Senckenberg, Band 97, Heft 3, pp. 96-100, 6 text-figs. Devonian "Receptaculites?" and R. neptuni, and Ordovician R. orbis and Ischadites biconstrictus are figured. 1968. Die Octactinellida und ihnen verwandte Palaeozoische Kalkschwaemme (Porifera, Calcarea). Palaeontologische Zeitschrift. Or- gan der Deutschen Palaeontologischen Ge- sellschaft, Band 42, Hefte 1-2, pp. 13-32, 1 pi., 4 text-figs. The Lower Cambrian heteractinellid sponge family Uranosphaeridae Bedford and Bedford from South Australia consists of Uranosphaera Bedford and Bedford, U. polyaster Bedford and Bedford, and U. hexaster (pp. 25-27). Leptopoterion Ulrich and Receptaculitida Rauffare listed. 1969. Die Receptaculiten. Eine Studie zur Mor- phologic, Organisation, Oekologie und Ueberlieferung einer problematischen Fossil- Gruppe und die Deutung ihrer Stellung im System. Senckenbergiana Lethaea. Wissen- schaftliche Mitteilungen der Senckenber- gischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Band 50, Hefte 5-6, pp. 465-517, 4 pis., 14 text- figs. Morphology, growth pattern, stratigraphic dis- tribution, and systematics of receptaculitids are described. Receptaculitids are an order of algae. Receptaculites sp., R. neptuni, R. aff. orbis, R. aus- tralis, R. (?) hemisphericus, R. crassiparies, R. (?) occidentalis, Acanthochonia barrandei, Ischadites sp., /. jonesi, I. koenigi, I. lindstroemi, Lepidolites dickhauti, Tettragonis sp., T. murchisoni, T. cf. murchisoni, T. sulcata, and Rebutia marsoneri are figured. 1970. Rekonstrucktionen als Hilfsmittel bei der Untersuchung von Receptaculiten (Receptac- ulitales, Thallophyta). Senckenbergiana Le- thaea. Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesell- schaft, Band 51, Hefte 5-6, pp. 429-447, 3 pis., 7 text-figs. Receptaculites neptuni, R. (?) biconstrictus Bas- sler, Tettragonis aff. orbis, and Ischadites koenigi are figured, and the anatomy and growth pattern of receptaculitids are discussed. 1977. Receptaculitids are calcareous algae but not dasyclads; pp. 212-214. In Fluegel, Erik (ed.), Fossil Algae. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 375 pp. The plant features of receptaculitids are de- scribed, and it is concluded that receptaculitids are calcareous algae, but not dasyclads. See also: Ziegler, B., and S. Rietschel, 1970. Rigby, J. Keith 1958. Geology of the Stansbury Mountains, eastern Tooele County, Utah; pp. 1-134, pis. 1-9, text-figs. 1-20, table 1. In Guidebook to the Geology of Utah. Number 13. Geology of the Stansbury Mountains, Tooele County, 156 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Utah. Utah Geological Society, Salt Lake City, Utah (distributed by Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey), 175 pp. Receptaculites elongatus is found in the Ordo- vician Garden City Formation in the Stansbury Mountains south of Great Salt Lake, Utah (p. 30). 1 959. Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian sponges in North America [abstr.]. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 70, no. 12, p. 1743. Receptaculites is a long-lived sponge. 1962. Canadian and Chazyan receptaculitids from Utah and Nevada [abstr.]. Geological Society of America Special Papers, no. 68, pp. 51-52. Canadian [Ordovician] receptaculitids occur in the Pogonip Group in western Utah and eastern Nevada. 1965a. Evolution of Lower and Middle Ordo- vician sponge reefs in western Utah. Abstracts with Programs. Annual Meetings, 1965. Geo- logical Society of America, p. 1 34. Calathium occurs in reefs in the Ordovician Fillmore Limestone of western Utah. See also: Rigby, J. K., 1966. 1965b. Stratigraphy and Porifera of Ordovician rocks near Columbia Icefields, Jasper Nation- al Park, Alberta, Canada. Brigham Young University. Geology Studies, vol. 1 2, pp. 1 65- 184, 6 pis., 2 text-figs. The sponges (?) Receptaculites (?) sp. and Ca- lathium (?) sp. are listed from the Ordovician, Ca- nadian Sarbach Formation in the Clearwater Can- yon region of western Canada (p. 172). 1966. Evolution of Lower and Middle Ordo- vician sponge reefs in western Utah. Geolog- ical Society of America Special Paper, no. 87, p. 137. This is identical to Rigby, J. K., 1965a. 1971. Sponges and reef and related facies through time; pp. 1374-1388, 9 text-figs. In Yochel- son, Ellis L. (ed.), Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Sep- tember 5-7, 1969. Volume 2, Part J. Reef organisms through time. Allen Press, Law- rence, Kansas, pp. 1271-1482. Calathium, probably a receptaculitid rather than a sponge, occurs in mounded structures in many parts of the world, including the Ordovician of Texas, Oklahoma, Utah, Nevada, and California (p. 1378). See also: Petersen, M. S., and J. K. Rigby, 1970. Rigby, J. Keith, and Raymond C. Gutschick 1976. Two new Lower Paleozoic hexactinellid sponges from Utah and Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 79-85, 1 Pi. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter 1859 and Is- chadites iowensis Hall 1861 from the Middle Or- dovician Bromide Formation in the Criner Hills of Oklahoma may be dasycladaceous algae rather than sponges (p. 79). Rigby, J. Keith, and Matthew H. Nitecki 1968. Annotated bibliography of Lower Paleo- zoic sponges of North America. Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-146. References to Ordovician and Silurian recep- taculitids are included, although receptaculitids are not related to sponges. 1975. An unusually well preserved heteractinid sponge from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois and a possible classification and evolutionary scheme for the Heteractinida. Journal of Pa- leontology, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 329-339, 1 pi., 3 text-figs. Cambrian Uranosphaera Bedford and Bedford is closely related to the primitive chancellorid sponges (pp. 333, 336). Rigby, J. Keith, and Donald Francis Toomey 1978. A distinctive sponge spicule assemblage from organic buildups in the Lower Ordovi- cian of southern Oklahoma. Journal of Pa- leontology, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 501-506, 3 text- figs. The receptaculitid alga Calathium Billings is found in organic buildups in the Lower Ordovi- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 157 cian Kindblade Formation of the Arbuckle and Wichita Mountains in southern Oklahoma (pp. 501-502). Riley, G. C. 1962. Stephenville Map-area, Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 323, 72 pp., 1 pi., 1 text-fig., 1 map. The sponges Calathium anstedi Billings and C. fittoni Billings are listed from the Ordovician St. George Group in the Stephenville area of New- foundland (pp. 19, 22, 64). Riva, John See: Bergstroem, S. M., J. Riva, and G. M. Kay, 1974. Roberts, R. J. See: Longwell, C. R., E. H. Pampeyan, B. Bowyer, and R. J. Roberts, 1965. Roberts, T. See: Marr, J. E., and T. Roberts, 1885. Robertson, David See: Armstrong, J., J. Young, and D. Robertson, 1876. Robertson, Forbes, and F. C. Marshall 1975. Historical Geology— Manual of Labora- tory Exercises. Burgess Publishing Co., Min- neapolis, Minnesota, 1 70 pp. Ordovician to Devonian and Mississippian [?] Receptaculities [sic] is figured and described (pp. 130, 148; pi. 1, fig. E2). It is placed with Porifera, although its classification is uncertain. Robinson, Charles S. 1961. Pre-Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of the Monarch district, Chaffee County, Colorado; pp. 1 19-124, 3 text-figs. In Berg, Robert R., and John W. Rold (eds.). Symposium on Low- er and Middle Paleozoic Rocks of Colorado. Twelfth Field Conference. South Central Col- orado. Rocky Mountain Association of Ge- ologists. Denver, Colorado, 236 pp. Receptaculites oweni Hall is found in the upper Middle Ordovician Fremont Dolomite in the Monarch district of Colorado (p. 122). See also: Dings, M. G., and C. S. Robinson, 1957. Roddick, J. A. See: Gabrielse, H., S. L. Blusson, and J. A. Rod- dick, 1973. Rodionova, N. M. See: Zhuravleva, I. T., N. M. Zadorozhnaja, D. V. Osadchaja, N. V. Pokrovskaja, N. M. Ro- dionova, and V. D. Fonin, 1967. Roemer, [Carl] Ferdinand von 1844. Das Rheinische Uebergangsgebirge. Hahn'schen Hofbuchhandlung Hannover, 96 pp., 6 pis. The coral Receptaculites neptuni and the cri- noids Sphaeronites sp. and S. tesselatus Phillips are found in the Middle Devonian of Germany (pp. 59-60, 64). 1852-1854. Erste Periode. Kohlen-Gebirge. Erster Band, 2 Thiel, 788 pp. In Bronn, Hein- rich G., and [Carl] Ferdinand Roemer, 1850- 1 856. H. G. Bronn's Lethaea Geognostica oder Abbildung und Beschriebung der fuer die Ge- birgs-Formationen Bezeichnendsten Verstei- nerungen. E. Schweizerbart'schen Verlags- buchhandlung, Stuttgart. The following Silurian [Ordovician] to Devo- nian amorphozoans are described as Receptacu- lites: Receptaculites neptuni Defrance from Swit- zerland, the Ober Kunzendorf in Silesia, and the Devonian in Chimay (Belgium), Belgium (un- specified locality), Eifel, Aachen, Rheinland (two Eifel-age shales), and Germany; [Ordovician] Re- ceptaculites orbis Eichwald (= Escharites formic- ulosus Schlotheim) from Reval; [Ordovician] Re- ceptaculites sp. from Galena, Illinois; [Ordovician] Receptaculites bronnii Eichwald from Reval, and a similar form from the Silurian [Ordovician] in Galena, Illinois; and Scyphia cornucopiae Gold- fuss from Eifel. Ischadites koenigi Murchison from 158 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY England and Tetragonis murchisoni Eichwald (lo- cality unknown) are listed (pp. 157-159). See also: Bronn, H. G., and F. Roemer, 1850-1856. 1862. Ueber die Diluvial-Geschiebe von nor- dischen Sedimentaergesteinen in der nord- deutschen Ebene und im Besonderen ueber die verschieden durch dieselben vertretenen Stockwerke oder geognostischen Niveaus der palaeozoischen Formation. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, 1 4 Band, 1 table, pp. 575-637. Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Cyclocrinites spas- kii from the glacial erratics of northern Germany is listed, described, and compared with the C. spaskii from the [Ordovician] Munnelas Lime- stone of Estonia. Receptaculites from the same German area is listed (pp. 587-588, 59 1-592, 614, and table facing p. 6 1 8). 1872. Ueber die Auffindung eines Jurassichen Diluvial-Geschiebes bei Strehlen suedlich von Breslau. Jahres-Bericht der Schlesischen Ge- sellschaft fuer vaterlaendische Cultur, Band 49, pp. 41-43. Receptaculites is a common Silurian [Ordovi- cian] to Devonian genus. In Germany it is found in erratic boulders. Receptaculites carbonarius n. sp. from the Carboniferous Limestone in County Glatz is described and compared with R. neptuni (P. 42). 1876. Lethaea Geognostica. 1. Theil. Lethaea Palaeozoica. Atlas, Stuttgart, 62 pis. Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Cyclocrinus spaskii Eichwald from Wesenberg, Estonia, and Upper Devonian Receptaculites neptuni Defrance from Chimay, Belgium, are illustrated (pi. 3, figs. 21a- e; pi. 35, figs. 7a-c). 1878. Protokoll der April-Sitzung. [Ueber Ar- chaeocyathus marianus. ] Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Band 30, pp. 369-370. Receptaculites is related to Archaeocyathus. 1880. Lethaea Geognostica, oder Beschreibung und Abbildung der fuer die Gebirgs-Forma- tionen bezeichnendsten Versteinerungen. Herausgegeben von einer Vereinigung von Palaeontologen. 1. Theil. Lethaea Palaeozo- ica. 1 . Band, Text. E. Schweizerbart'sche Ver- lagsbuchhandlung (F. Koch), Stuttgart, 688 pp., 2 pis., 266 text-figs. The family Receptaculitidae, placed provision- ally with the Foraminifera, contains the following: Receptaculites calciferous Billings, R. (?) elegan- tulus Billings, R. occidentalis Salter, R. fungosus Hall, R. globularis Hall, R. jowensis [sic] Owen, R. oweni Hall, R. bronnii Eichwald, R. orbis Eich- wald, R. insularis Billings, R. canadensis Billings, R. dactyloides Miller, R.formosus Meek and Wor- then, R. hemisphaericus Hall, R. ohioensis Hall and Whitfield, R. reticulatus Miller, R. subturbi- natus Hall, R. australis Salter, R. jonesi Billings, R. neptuni Defrance, R. carbonarius Roemer, Re- ceptaculites sp. Salter, Receptaculites sp. Brady, Ischadites koenigii Murchison, /. antiquus Salter, /. grindrodi Bigsby, /. micropora, I. tessellatus, Cy- clocrinus spaskii Eichwald, Pasceolus halli Bil- lings, P. globosus Billings, P. gregarius Billings, P. intermedius Billings, P. darwinii Miller, P. claudii Miller, P. goughii Salter, P. sedgwicki Salter, Po- lygonosphaerites (= Sphaeronites) tessellatus Phil- lips, P. rathi Kayser, P. rhombifer Roemer, Poly- gonosphaerites sp. Murchison, de Verneuil, and Keyserling, Tetragonis murchisonii Eichwald, T. danbyi M'Coy, T. eifeliensis n. sp., and five species of Archaeocyathus Billings. Stratigraphic and geo- graphic ranges are given. Receptaculites sp., R. car- bonarius Roemer, Polygonosphaerites tessellatus Phillips, and Tetragonis eifeliensis n. sp. are fig- ured. Receptaculites, Ischadites, Cyclocrinus, Tet- ragonis, Polygonosphaerites, and Archaeocyathus are redefined and placed in a single sponge family Receptaculitiden (pp. 17, 285-298, 303-305). 1883. Notiz ueber die Gattung Dictyophyton. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Ge- sellschaft, Band 35, pp. 704-708, 2 text-figs. Dictyophyton gerolsteinense of uncertain sys- tematic position is described and illustrated from the Gerolstein Limestone in Gerolstein, Rhenish Prussia, and is compared with Tetragonis mur- chisoni from Russia. [D. gerolsteinense may be the interior of Sphaerospongia tessellata (Hinde, 1 887, p. 38).] 1885. Lethaea erratica, oder Aufzaehlung und Beschreibung der in der Norddeutschen Ebene vorkommenden Diluvial-Geschiebe nor- discher Sedimentaer-Gesteine; pp. 248-420. In Dames, Wilhelm, and Emanuel Kayser NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 159 (eds.), Palaeontologische Abhandlungen, Band 2, Heft 5, Berlin and Jena. Ordovician Cyclocrinus spaskii Eichwald and Coelosphaeridium n. gen. cyclocrinophilum n. sp. (= Echinosphaerites pomum) from erratic boul- ders in eastern and central Europe are described and figured. Mastopora concava and Receptacu- lites are mentioned. 1888. Ueber die Gattungen Pasceolus und Cy- clocrinus. Neues Jahrbuch fuer Mineralogie, Geologie, und Palaeontologie, Band 1 , pp. 74- 75. Pasceolus Billings is a synonym of Cyclocrinus Eichwald. Pasceolus billingsii is similar to C. spas- kii. F. von Roemer, 1850- See also: Bronn, H. G., and C. 1856. Roemer, Friedrich Adolf 1854. Beitraege zur geologischen Kenntniss des nortwestlichen Harzgebirges. Palaeonto- graphica, Band 3, pp. 1-67, 8 pis. Receptaculites (Sphaeronitesl) rhombifer n. sp. from the Devonian Iberger Kalk in the north- western Harz Mountains of Germany is described and illustrated (p. 30; pi. 4, fig. 21). Receptaculites neptuni is found in the Devonian "Receptaculiten Schiefer" (p. VI). Rogers, Wiley S., Margie Jackson, and [Frank] Kenneth McKinney 1 964. A new genus of sponge from the Middle Ordovician. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 135-137, 5 text-figs. A Calathium-like sponge occurs in the Middle Ordovician Odenville Limestone in Alabama (p. 136). Rolfe, Deette 1929. The Rock River country of northern Il- linois. Illinois State Geological Survey Edu- cational Series, no. 2, 60 pp., numerous illus. Receptaculites is illustrated (p. 43). Romanenko, Elena Vasilevna 1968. Kembriiskie gubki otrjada Heteractinel- lida Altaja. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, no. 2, 1968, pp. 134-137, 3 figs. Lower Cambrian [radiocyathid?] Kuraya n. gen. sphaerica n. sp. is described and figured as a sponge of family Octactinellidae, order Heteractinellida from the Lenna zone of Upper Altai, river Balhash (pp. 134-137, figs. 1-2). Romanovskaya, L. V. See: Malchevskaya, T. M., L. V. Romanovskaya, and P. N. Varfolomeev, 1966. Running, Knut 1978. Kambrosilur-sedimentene; pp. 23-33. In Bering, Birger, and Ragnar Olsen (eds.), Geo- logisk Forer for Grenlend. Skien. The spherical calcareous algae Coelosphaerid- ium and Mastopora are characteristic fossils of the Middle Ordovician shale unit 4b. Roomusoks, Arvo | k.| 1956. Varia; pp. 53-54. In Kaljo, D., A. Oras- pold, A. Roomusoks, L. Sarv, and H. Stum- bur. Eesti NSV Ordoviitsiumi fauna minest- ik. II. Keskordoviitsium. [List of the Ordovician fauna of the Estonian SSR. II. Middle Ordovician.] Tartu: Eesti NSV Tea- duste Akadeemia, 64 pp. Coelosphaeridium, C cyclocrinophilum, C. kohtlensis, Cyclocrinus, C. porosus, C. spasskii, Is- chadites, I. murchinsoni (= Tetragonis murchi- soni), Mastopora, M. concava, Receptaculites, and R. orbis are listed from various Estonian Ordo- vician localities as Varia [= undetermined?]. See also: Ruumusoks, A., 1970. Rose, J. N. 1967. The fossils and rocks of eastern Iowa. Iowa Geological Survey Educational Series 1 , 147 pp., 20 pis., 63 text-figs. Receptaculites, a spongelike index fossil from the Prosser and Stewartville Members of the Or- dovician Galena Formation in Iowa, is figured (pp. 7-8, 35-36, 39, 43, 114-115; pi. 4, fig. 3). Ross, Donald C. 1966. Stratigraphy of some Paleozoic forma- tions in the Independence Quadrangle, Inyo County, California. United States Geological 160 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Survey, Professional Paper 396, 64 pp., 5 pis., 19 text-figs. A receptaculitid is listed from the Ordovician, Trentonian Johnson Spring Formation in Inyo County, California (p. 23). Ross, Reuben James, Jr. 1951. Stratigraphy of the Garden City Forma- tion in northeastern Utah, and its trilobite faunas. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 6, 161 pp., 36 pis., 4 text- figs. Receptaculites is abundant in the Ordovician Garden City Formation in northeastern Utah (pp. 20, 23). 1957. Ordovician fossils from wells in the Wil- liston Basin, eastern Montana. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 1021-M, pp. 439-510, pis. 37-44, text-figs. 67-69. Upper Ordovician Receptaculites sp., R. cf. ow- eni, Cyclocrinites sp., and C. cf. inter medius are present in the Red River Formation or Bighorn Dolomite of the Bighorn Group in the Williston Basin, eastern Montana (pp. 451-453, 457, 459, 462, 468-469). Middle to Upper Ordovician Cy- clocrinites is described (p. 488). 1959. Brachiopod fauna of Saturday Mountain Formation, southern Lemhi Range, Idaho. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 294-L, pp. 441-461, pis. 54-56, 2 ta- bles. Ordovician Receptaculites characterizes the Red River and lower Bighorn Formations and the Whitewood Dolomite (p. 443). 1964. Middle and Lower Ordovician forma- tions in southernmost Nevada and adjacent California. Bulletin of the United States Geo- logical Survey, 1 180-C, 101 pp., 1 pi., 12 text- figs., 1 table. Ordovician Receptaculites from the Antelope Valley Limestone, the Pogonip Group, and the Badger Flat Limestone of the Mazourka Group and R. oweni from the Ely Springs Dolomite are present in southernmost Nevada and adjacent Cal- ifornia (pp. 10-12, 19, 38, 50-53, 55, 60, 66). 1 967. Some Middle Ordovician brachiopods and trilobites from the Basin Ranges, western United States. United States Geological Sur- vey Professional Paper 523-D, 43 pp., 1 1 pis. Receptaculites oweni is found in dolomite of the Middle Ordovician Eureka Quartzite in the Arrow Canyon Range, Nevada (pi. 1 1). See also: Barnes, H., 1967. 1970. Ordovician brachiopods, trilobites, and stratigraphy in eastern and central Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 639, 103 pp., 22 pis., 2 text-figs. Receptaculites is abundant at some horizons in the Antelope Valley Limestone of the Ordovician Pogonip Group in the Groom Range and the Lone Mountain section of Nevada. Receptaculites sp. is found in the Copenhagen Formation south of Water Canyon in Horse Heaven Mountain quad- rangle, Nevada, and in the Antelope Valley Lime- stone at the Lone Mountain section (pp. 12, 30, 34, 37). 1 976a. Ordovician sedimentation in the western United States; pp. 73-105, 11 text-figs. In Bassett, M. G. (ed.), The Ordovician System: Proceedings of a Palaeontological Association Symposium, Birmingham, September 1974. University of Wales Press and National Mu- seum of Wales, Cardiff, 696 pp. The alga (?) Receptaculites is found in Ordovi- cian, Cincinnatian, Middle Caradoc to Ashgill for- mations in the western United States (p. 91). See also: Ross, R. J., Jr., 1976b. 1976b. Ordovician sedimentation in the west- ern United States; pp. 109-134, 11 text-figs. In Hill, J. Gilmore (ed.), Geology of The Cordilleran Hingeline. Rocky Mountain As- sociation of Geologists— 1976 Symposium [Guidebook for the 27th Field Conference]. Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Denver, Colorado, 432 pp. This is identical to Ross, R. J., Jr., 1 976a, except for pagination. See also: Byers, F. M., Jr., H. Barnes, F. G. Poole, and R.J. Ross, Jr., 1961. NITECKJ ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 161 Ross, Reuben James, Jr., and J. Keith Ingham 1970. Distribution of the Toquima-Table Head (Middle Ordovician Whiterock) fau- nal realm in the northern hemisphere. Bul- letin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 81, pp. 393-408, 5 text-figs., 2 tables. Receptaculites is found in the Ordovician Ka- nosh Shale of the Ibex area in Utah (table 1). Ross, Reuben James, Jr., and Frederick C. Shaw 1972. Distribution of the Middle Ordovician Copenhagen Formation and its trilobites in Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 749, 33 pp., 8 pis., 3 text- figs., 1 table. Ordovician Receptaculites sp. from the Copen- hagen Formation at Antelope Valley, Nevada, and from the dolomite unit of the Eureka Quartzite (Burns Creek sequence) in the Independence Mountains of Nevada is listed as a sponge (pp. 4, 9). Ross, Wayne Alexander See: Langenheim, R. L., Jr., J. A. Barnes, K. C. Delise, W. A. Ross, and J. M. Stanton, 1 956. Rowley, Robert Roswell 1908. The geology of Pike County. Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines Report, 2nd ser., vol. 8, 122 pp., 20 pis., 13 text-figs. The protozoans Receptaculites globularis and R. oweni are listed from the Ordovician Trenton Limestone of Pike County, Missouri. The Trenton is equated with the Kimmswick Limestone be- cause of the occurrence of Receptaculites (pp. 12, 14-16). Roy, Sharat Kumar 1932. Upper Canadian (Beekmantown) drift fossils from Labrador. Field Museum of Nat- ural History, Geological Series, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 29-59, 2 pis., table. The following Ordovician fossils are listed: Re- ceptaculites (pp. 42-43) and R. mammillaris (p. 43) from the Pogonip of White Pine district, Ne- vada; and R. oweni Hall (p. 50) from the Trenton of King William Land. 1 94 1 . The Upper Ordovician fauna of Frobi- sher Bay, Baffin Land. Field Museum of Nat- ural History, Geology Memoirs, vol. 2, 212 pp., 146 text-figs. Receptaculites Defrance of uncertain taxonomic position is described, and a relationship between Receptaculitidae and Archaeocyathinae is sug- gested. Receptaculites spp. (resembling R. arcticus and Ischadites murchisoni) and R. (?) fieldi n. sp. are described and illustrated from the Ordovician, Richmondian Silliman's Fossil Mount on Fro- bisher Bay, Baffin Land (p. 66, fig. 32). Receptac- ulites (?) fieldi resembles Ischadites koenigii and R.jonesi. Receptaculites, R. occidentalis, R. oweni, R. pearyi, and Ischadites are discussed. Nidulites gregarius is listed from the Ordovician Red River Formation in southern Manitoba. Receptaculites sp. and /. iowensis are figured (pp. 59-68, 177, 182, 185, 193-195; text-figs. 29-33). Rozanov, Alexei Yu. See: Zhuravleva, I. T., K. N. Konjuschkov, and A. Yu. Rozanov, 1964. Ruddy, Thomas 1885. List of Caradoc or Bala fossils found in the neighbourhood of Bala, Corwen and Glyn Ceiriog. Proceedings Chester Natural History Society, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 1 13-124, 1 text-fig. A very rare sponge Ischadites tessellatus Salter MS; and an actinozoan Nebulipora lens McCoy [= Coelosphaeridium sphaericuml] are listed from [Ordovician] Caradoc or Bala Series, south of Llangollen, Bala District, in North Wales, U.K. (P- H7). Ruedemann, Paul 1939. Geology of the southern central lowlands and Ouachita provinces; pp. 463-5 18, 6 text- figs., 1 table, 1 chart. In Ruedemann, Rudolf, and Robert Balk (eds.), Geologie der Erde. Volume 1 . Geology of North America. Ge- brueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 643 pp., 14 pis., 53 text-figs. A sponge, Calathium sp. (p. 485), from the Low- er Ordovician (Canadian) Ellenburger Limestone in the Ouachita province, and Ischadites iowensis from the Simpson Group of the Arbuckle Moun- tains are listed (p. 489). 162 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Ruedemann, Rudolf Receptaculidae may be calcareous algae (p. 2). 1 90 1 . Hudson River beds near Albany and their taxonomic equivalents. Bulletin of the New York State Museum (of Natural History), 42, pp. 489-596, 2 pis., 5 text-figs., 1 map. Receptaculites is listed from the Trenton [Or- dovician] near Albany, New York (p. 501). See also: Ruedemann, R., 1902. 1 902. Hudson River beds near Albany and their taxonomic equivalents. New York State Mu- seum, Annual Report 54 (for 1900), vol. 3, pp. 485-596, 2 pis., 1 map. This is identical to Ruedemann, R., 1901. 1916. Paleontologic contributions from the New York State Museum. Bulletin of the New York State Museum (of Natural History), 189, 225 pp., 36 pis., 46 text-figs. Ischadites squamifer Hall is illustrated and com- pared with Ischadites murchisoni Eichwald (pp. 9- 10, text-fig. 1). 1925. The Utica and Lorraine Formations of New York. Part 2. Systematic paleontology. No. 1. Plants, sponges, corals, graptolites, crinoids, worms, bryozoans, brachiopods. Bulletin of the New York State Museum (of Natural History), 262, 171 pp., 13 pis., 75 text-figs. Ischadites circularis (Emmons), a problematic member of the Receptaculitidae from the Lorraine Shale, is described and compared with /. iowensis (P. 40). 1930. Geology of the Capital district (Albany, Cohoes, Troy and Schenectady Quadrangles) with a chapter on glacial geology by John H. Cook. Bulletin of the New York State Mu- seum (of Natural History), 285, 218 pp., 77 text-figs., map and sections. The calcareous algae Ischadites and Receptac- ulites are found in the Devonian New Scotland beds of New York State (p. 51). 1933. Camptostroma, a Lower Cambrian float- ing hydrozoan. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 82, art. 13, pp. 1-8, pis. 1-4, 2 text-figs. See: Clarke, J. M., and R. Ruedemann, 1903 and 1904. Ruumusoks [Roomusoks], Arvo K. 1956. Biostratigraficheskoe razchlenenie or- doovika Estonskoi SSR. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia. Geologia Instituudi Uurimused I. (Akademia Nauk Estonskoi SSR, Trudy In- stituta Geologii I), pp. 9-29, 3 tables. Mastopora concava Eichwald is listed from the Middle Ordovician Idavere horizon in Estonia (p. 23). 1957. Stratigrafija Kukruseskogo gorizonta (C„) Estonskoi SSR. Kukruse lademe (C„) strati- graafia Eesti NSV-S. Tartu Riikliku Ulikooli Toimetised, vol. 46, pp. 101-129. Ordovician Coelosphaeridium is listed from bed VIII in the type Kukruse section in Estonia (p. 104). 1970. Stratigrafija viruskoi i harjuskoi serii (Or- dovik) severnoi Estonii. I. Tartuskii gosudar- stvennyi universitet. Valgus, Tallinn, 346 pp., 17 tables, 55 figs. The following Ordovician algae are listed from various Estonian localities: Coelosphaeridium ex- cavatum Stolley possibly in three zones of Aseri stage (p. 45), Receptaculites orbis (p. 67), and Re- ceptaculites sp. (pp. 51, 55-56) in Kallaste (= Phosphorit-Kalkstein) subhorizon of Lasnamagi (= Lasnamae) stage; in the Lasnamagi stage: Coe- losphaeridium excavatum Stolley, Mastopora odi- ni Stolley, and Receptaculites orbis Eichwald (p. 79); and in the Ubari zone, Coelosphaeridium (p. 110), and Coelosphaeridium sp. (p. 125). In the Kukruse (= Kukerski = Kuckerssche) stage the following are listed: Coelosphaeridium (p. 1 28), C. kohtlense (p. 157), C. kohtlense Bekker and Is- chadites sp. (p. 183). The following are listed in the Kurna subseries: Idavere (= Itfersche) horizon: Mastopora concava (pp. 1 86, 1 90), Ischadites mur- chisoni and M. concava (p. 193), Coelosphaerid- ium sp., Ischadites sp. (p. 194), /. murchisoni (p. 212), Coelosphaeridium sp., /. murchisoni (Eich- wald), and M. concava Eichwald (p. 221); in Oja- maa (= Ojma) subhorizon: Coelosphaeridium sp. and /. murchisoni (p. 203); in Johvi (= Jewe'sche = Ihvicki): Mastopora concava (pp. 225, 23 1 , 249), NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 163 /. murchisoni (pp. 230-231, 249), Ischadites n. sp. (p. 249), Ischadites sp. (pp. 231, 249), Coelo- sphaeridium cyclocrinophilum Roemer (p. 249), Cyclocrinus porosus Stolley (p. 249), Cyclocrinus n. sp. (p. 249), and Receptaculites damesi Rauff (p. 249); in Keila (= Kegelsche = Keilaskii): Cy- clocrinus sp. (pp. 255, 257-258, 260, 262, 281, 298), Mastopora concava (pp. 264, 270, 273, 298), Cyclocrinus porosus (p. 273), and Ischadites sp. (p. 298); and in the Oandu (= Oandiskii) horizon Is- chadites sp. (pp. 302-303, 324, 332). See also: Oraspold, A. L., and A. K. Ruumusoks, 1956. Sabina, A. P. 1972. Rocks and minerals for the collector. La Ronge-Creighton, Saskatchewan; Flin Flon- Thompson, Manitoba. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 71-27, 100 pp., 16 pis., 1 text- fig., 1 table, 12 maps. Receptaculites is present in the Ordovician south of Tramping Lake, Manitoba (p. 51). St. Clair, Stuart See: Weller, S., and S. St. Clair, 1928. Salisbury, Rollin D. See: Chamberlin, T. C, and R. D. Salisbury, 1905 [1907] and 1909. Salter, John William 1851. List and description of the Silurian fossils of Ayrshire [or List of some of the Silurian fossils of Ayrshire]. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. 7, part 1 , Proceedings of the Geological Society, pp. 170-178, pis. 8-10. Silurian [Ordovician] Nidulitesfavus Salter from Llandeilo flags of Pembrokeshire and from Hav- erfordwest is described (pp. 174-175) as possibly a bryozoan or as eggs of gastropods. Specimens from the shaly sandstones in Mulloch Quarry, Dalquharran, are figured (pi. 9, figs. 16-1 7b). 1852. Note on the fossils above mentioned, from the Ottawa River. Report of the twenty-first meeting of the British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science; held at Ipswich in July 1851. London, pp. 63-65. Receptaculites, different from R. neptuni of Eu- rope, is described from the Lower Silurian [Or- dovician], probably Trenton, of Allumette Island on the Ottawa River (p. 64). 1 859a. Figures and descriptions of Canadian or- ganic remains. Decade I. (Fossils from the Calciferous, Chazy, and Trenton Formations at Paquette Rapids and Allumette Island, Ot- tawa River, Pontiac County; and Beauhar- nois, Beauharnois County, Quebec.) Geolog- ical Survey of Canada, Separate Report 423, 47 pp., 10 pis. The foraminifers Receptaculites occidentalis n. sp. from Paquette Rapids, Quebec, and R. aus- tralis n. sp. from the Upper Silurian of Yarra- dong, New South Wales, are described and illus- trated (pp. 45-47; pi. 1 0, figs. 1-10). Receptaculites and R. neptuni are discussed. See also: Salter, J. W., 1859b. 1859b. Figures and Descriptions of Canadian Organic Remains. Decade I. Geological Sur- vey of Canada. John Lowell, Montreal, 47 pp., 10 pis. This is identical to Salter, J. W., 1859a. 1861. Appendix. Descriptions and lists of fos- sils; pp. 1 32-15 1 , pi. 2, text-fig. 26. In Howell, Henry Hyatt, and Archibald Geikie, The ge- ology of the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and the Museum of Practical Geol- ogy, 32, 151 pp. The calcareous sponge Amp hispongia n. gen. ob- longa n. sp. is described and illustrated and com- pared with recent Grantia. Sphaerospongia n. gen. is proposed for the Devonian Sphaeronites pomum. Amphispongia, Ischadites, Favospongia, Stroma- topora, Tetragonis, and Receptaculites belong to the same family and illustrate the relationship be- tween sponges and foraminifers (pp. 135-136). See also: Mitchell, G. H., and others, 1962. 1864. On some new fossils from the Lingula- flags of Wales. Quarterly Journal of the Geo- 164 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY logical Society [London], vol. 20, pp. 233- 241, pi. 13, 3 text-figs. Amphispongia, a Silurian sponge from the Pent- land Hills of Edinburgh, Ischadites, and Tetra- gonis are mentioned (pp. 238-239). 1866. Appendix. On the fossils of North Wales. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and the Museum of Practical Geol- ogy, vol. 3, pp. 239-363, 19 text-figs., 26 pis. The sponge Ischadites sp. from Upper Llandeilo rocks (Llandeilo flag proper) in Gam, east of Ar- enig in North Wales, and a similar form from the Caradoc of Sweden are listed. Ischadites antiquus n. sp. from Upper Llandeilo in the Arenig Moun- tains is described and figured as an amorphozoan (pp. 258-259, 282, fig. 4). 1873. A Catalogue of the Collection of Cam- brian and Silurian Fossils Contained in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 204 pp., numerous text-figs. Upper Cambrian [Ordovician] Sphaerospongia, Ischadites, and Nidulites (?) and Silurian Ischa- dites, Pasceolus, and Tetragonis are listed as Amorphozoa (p. xli). The following are listed: Sphaerospongia hospitalis, Ischadites (?) micro- pora n. sp., and Ischadites (?) sp. from the [Or- dovician] Middle Bala Group; Nidulites from the [Ordovician] Llandovery Group; N.favus from the [Ordovician] Upper Bala Group; Ischadites ko- enigi from the Silurian Wenlock Shale; and Pas- ceolus goughii and Tetragonis danbyi from the Si- lurian Upper Ludlow. A representative of each genus is figured (pp. 40, 72, 100, 175-176). Salter, John William, and Henry Francis Blanford 1865. Palaeontology of Niti in the Northern Himalaya: Being Descriptions and Figures of the Palaeozoic and Secondary Fossils Col- lected by Colonel Richard Strachey, R.E. O. T. Cutter, Military Orphan Press, Calcutta, 112 pp., 23 pis., 1 text-fig. The sponges Sphaerospongia n. gen., S. melli- flua (pi. 5, figs. 4-6), and S. inosculans (pi. 5, figs. 7-9) are described from the Lower Silurian [Or- dovician] of Niti, Northern India. Ischadites, Re- ceptaculites, Amphispongia, Nidulites, and Sphae- ronites pomum Phillips are mentioned as sponges (pp. 47-49). [From the text it appears certain that Salter is sole author of these descriptions.] Sandberg, Philip A. 1967. Stereogram Book of Fossils. Photographs of Invertebrate Fossils in Three Dimensions, for Stereoscope Viewing in Geology, Paleon- tology, Biology. T. N. Hubbard Scientific Co., Northbrook, Illinois, 1 12 pp., 296 text-figs. Ordovician Receptaculites sp. from Missouri and Heiskellites [nom. nud.] nitidus [nom. nud.] from Virginia are illustrated as Porifera (pp. 14-15). Sandberger, Fridoiin See: Sandberger, G., and F. Sandberger, 1850- 1856. Sandberger, Guido, and Fridoiin Sandberger 1850-1856. Systematische Beschreibung und Abbildung der Versteinerungen des Reinisch- en Schichtensystemes in Nassau. Wiesbaden, 546 pp., 1 map; Atlas, 38 pi. The Middle Devonian "proboscis of a crinoid" [Sphaerospongia tessellata Whiteaves 1 892, p. 259] from Germany is described, figured, and com- pared with Sphaerospongia tessellata (pp. 384-385, 2 figs.). Sanford, John T. 1978. The stratigraphy of the Manitoulin Island area. Geology of the Manitoulin Area, in- cluding the Road Log to the Michigan Basin Geological Society Field Trip, September 29, 30, and October 1, 1978. Michigan Basin Geological Society Special Paper, no. 3, pp. 31-41, 8 text-figs. Receptaculites, of uncertain taxonomic position, is a common fossil in the Ordovician Bobcaygeon Formation, Cloche Island beds, on Manitoulin Is- land, Ontario (p. 34). Sardeson, Frederick W. 1891. The Lower Silurian formations of Wis- consin and Minnesota compared. Bulletin of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 319-326. Receptaculites occurs in the upper limit of the Zygospira bed in the [Ordovician] Trenton shales at St. Paul, Minnesota (p. 323). 1 896. The fauna of the Magnesian Series. Bul- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 165 letin of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 92-105, pis. 5-6. A Receptaculites-like structure from the Ordo- vician Shakopee Dolomite of Minnesota is figured (pi. 6, fig. 13). 1897. The Galena and Maquoketa series. The American Geologist; a Monthly Journal of Geology and Allied Sciences, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 21-35. The Ordovician Galena Dolomite is character- ized by a Receptaculites oweni zone (pp. 23, 35). Ischadites is present in the Ordovician Maquoketa series in northeastern Iowa, Minnesota, and Illi- nois (p. 22). 1907. Galena series. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 18, pp. 179-194, 2 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni Hall, which resembles Coscinopora sulcata Goldfuss, is a common index fossil for the Ordovician Galena Formation of Il- linois and Wisconsin (pp. 185-186, 188). 1916. Description of the Minneapolis and St. Paul district. Geologic Atlas of the United States, United States Geological Survey, Min- neapolis-St. Paul folio, Minnesota, no. 201, 14 pp., 22 pis., 14 text-figs., 8 maps. Receptaculites oweni Hall is a characteristic fos- sil in the Ordovician Galena Dolomite of the Min- neapolis-St. Paul district. See also: Hall, C. W., and F. W. Sardeson, 1892. Sarv, L. See: Polma, L., L. Sarv, and L. Hints, 1977. Savage, Thomas Edmund 1905. Geology of Fayette County. Iowa Geo- logical Survey. Volume 15. Annual Report, 1 904, with Accompanying Papers. Iowa Geo- logical Survey, Des Moines, Iowa, pp. 433- 546, text-figs. 33-51, 2 maps. Receptaculites oweni Hall and Ischadites iowen- sis Owen are found in the Ordovician Galena- Trenton stage in Fayette County, Iowa (p. 462). 1906. Geology of Jackson County. Iowa Geo- logical Survey. Volume 16. Annual Report, 1905, with Accompanying Papers. Iowa Geo- logical Survey, Des Moines, Iowa, pp. 563- 648, text-figs. 64-78, 2 maps. Receptaculites oweni is characteristic of the Or- dovician Galena Dolomite in Jackson County, Iowa (pp. 595-596). Cerionites dactylioides is found in the Silurian Niagara Limestone in Jackson County (pp. 615-616, 618). 1 908a. Lower Paleozoic stratigraphy of south- western Illinois. Illinois State Geological Sur- vey Bulletin 8, Yearbook for 1907, pp. 103- 116. Receptaculites oweni is common throughout the Ordovician Galena Limestone in southwestern Il- linois (p. 109). See also: Savage, T. E., 1908b. 1 908b. On the Lower Paleozoic stratigraphy of southwestern Illinois. American Journal of Science, 4th ser., vol. 25, no. 149, pp. 431- 443. Receptaculites oweni is abundant in the Ordo- vician Galena Formation of southwestern Illinois (pp. 432, 443). See also: Savage, T. E., 1908a. 1909. The Ordovician and Silurian forma- tions in Alexander County, Illinois. American Journal of Science, 4th ser., vol. 28, pp. 509- 519. Receptaculites oweni is found in the Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone of southwestern Illinois (p. 511). See also: Foerste, A. F., and T. E. Savage, 1927. Savage, Thomas Edmund, and Francis M. Van Tuyl 1919. Geology and stratigraphy of the area of Paleozoic rocks in the vicinity of Hudson and James Bays. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 30, pp. 339-378, pis. 1 1-13. Receptaculites oweni is common in the Middle 166 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Ordovician Nelson River Limestone along the Nelson River near the Upper Limestone Rapids, the Galena Limestone of the Upper Mississippi Valley, and the Trenton Limestone of the Lake Winnipeg region (pp. 344, 347-349). Cerionites sp. is found in the [Upper] Ordovician Sham- mattawa Limestone along the Shammattawa Riv- er (p. 350). Schaeffer, Frederick E. 1960. Stratigraphy of the Silver Island Moun- tains; pp. 15-113, text-figs. 2-15. In Schaeffer, Frederick E. (ed.), Geology of the Silver Island Mountains, Box Elder and Tooele Counties, Utah, and Elko County, Nevada. Utah Geo- logical Society, Guidebook, no. 15, 192 pp. Receptaculites sp. is found in the Kanosh Shale of the Ordovician Pogonip Group in the Silver Island Range of northwestern Utah (pp. 42, 45). Schei, Per 1904. Appendix I. Preliminary account of the geological investigations made during the sec- ond Norwegian Polar Expedition in the 'Fram'; pp. 455-466, map. In Sverdrup, Otto, New Land. Four Years in the Arctic Regions (translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn). Volume 2. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, 504 pp., numerous text-figs., 2 maps. [Original version not seen.] Receptaculites sp. occurs in the Devonian Series Db of Ellesmere Land (p. 459). Schlotheim, Ernst Friedrich von 1820. Die Petrefactenkunde auf ihrem jetzigen Standpunkte durch die Beschreibung seiner Sammlung versteinerter und fossiler Ueber- reste des Thier- und Pflanzenreichs der Vor- welt erlaeutert. Gotha, 437 pp., Atlas, pis. 15- 29. Escharites forniculosus (= Eschara forniculosa Pall.) from the Ordovician of Reval, Estonia, is described (p. 343). [Escharites is a bryozoan genus, but E. forniculosus is identical to Receptaculites orbis Eichwald (Roemer, 1854, p. 158; Patrunky, 1927, p. 183).] Schlueter, Clemens August Joseph 1 887a. Ueber Scyphia oder Receptaculites cornu copieae Goldf. sp. und einige verwandte For- men. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Band 39, pp. 1-26, pis. 1-2. Receptaculitids are non-sessile sponges. Scyphia cornu copiae Goldfuss contains two taxa of which one is a receptaculitid. Sphaerospongia is a recep- taculitid distinct from Receptaculites. Sphaero- spongia cornu copiae (= Scyphia cornu copiae Goldfuss 1832 and 1848 = Receptaculites cornu copiae Goldfuss(?) and Bronn and Roemer 1856), 5. sculpta n. sp., S. vichtensis n. sp., S. mega- rhaphis n. sp., and Receptaculites eifeliensis n. sp. are described and illustrated. S. rathi (= Pasceolus rat hi Kayser 1875 = Polygonosphaerites rathi Roemer 1880 = Sphaerospongia tessellata Hinde 1884 = Dictyophyton gerolsteinense Roemer 1883), S. cf. gerolsteinensis (= Dictyophyton gerolstein- ense Roemer 1883), and Acanthochonia devonica n. sp. are described. Pasceolus, P. halli, Sphae- rospongia, Sphaeronites tesselatus, Ischadites, Re- ceptaculites, R. neptuni, Acanthochonia, A. bar- randei, Tetragonis, and T. eifeliensis are mentioned. 1887b. Ueber ein neues Exemplar von Acan- thochonia barrandei. Niederrheinischen Ge- sellschaft fuer Natur- und Heilkunde zu Bonn. Sitzungsberichte. Bonn, Band 6, p. 128. A pear-shaped Acanthochonia barrandei is de- scribed. Schmidt, Friedrich 1 857. Untersuchungen ueber die Silurische For- mation von Ehstland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Erste Abteilung. I. Historischer Teil. II. Geognostische Uebersicht nebst einem Anhange ueber neuere Bildungen im Silur- ischen Gebiete. Dorpat, 94 pp. This is the first part of Schmidt, F., 1858a. 1858a. Untersuchungen ueber die Silurische Formation von Ehstland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Archiv fuer die Naturkunde Liv-, Ehst- und Kurlands. Erste Serie, Bd. II, pp. 1-248, 1 map. The following are listed from various Estonian Ordovician horizons: Receptaculites Eichwald (p. 49); Cyclocrinites spasskii Eichw. (pp. 50, 99-101, 103, 106-107, 118, 120, 123, 128, 136);/?. infun- dibulum Schrenk (p. 233); Receptaculites orbis (pp. 93, 125-126, 129); R. Eichwaldi (pp. 98-99, 101, 104-106, 108); and Receptaculites sp. (pp. 121, 144). The following Estonian Ordovician corals NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 167 are described: Receptaculites orbis Eichw. Zone 1 (4 localities); R. ? eichwaldi n. sp. from Jewe stage (9 localities); Receptaculites sp. from Jewe stage ( 1 locality); Cyclocrinites spasskii Eich. from Brand- schiefer stage (2 localities), from Jewe (6 localities); zone 2 (4 localities), and from Lyckholm stage (2 localities) (pp. 232-233). 1858b. Untersuchungen ueber die Silurische Formation von Ehstland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Archiv fuer die Naturkunde Liv-, Ehst- und Kurlands. Erste Serie, Mineralogie, Chemie, Physik. Dorpat, Band 2, 247 pp., 1 map. Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Receptaculites or- bis Eichwald, R. (?) eichwaldi n. sp. (= Ischadites koenigi Eichwald 1855b) and Cyclocrinites spaskii Eichwald are described from the Baltic area. Nid- ulitesfavus Salter and Mastopora concava are list- ed from the same region (pp. 232-233). 1858c. Untersuchungen ueber die Silurische Formation von Ehstland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Heinrich Laakmann, Dorpat, 250 pp., 1 map. This is identical to Schmidt, F., 1858a, except for pagination. 1858d. Untersuchungen ueber die Silurische Formation von Ehstland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Dorpat, 250 pp. This is identical to Schmidt, F., 1858a. 1 858e. Results of an examination of the Silurian rocks of Esthonia, Northern Livonia, and the Isle of Oesel, made in the years from 1853 to 1856. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. 14, pp. 43-49. The Silurian [Ordovician] Receptaculites orbis Eichw. is listed from calcareous flagstones or "Ple- ta," and Cyclocrinites Spaskii Eichw. from the Sec- ond Limestone in Estonia (p. 46). 1881. Revision der Ostbaltischen Silurischen Trilobiten nebst geognostischer Uebersicht des Ostbaltischen Silurgebiets. Abtheilung I. Phacopiden, Cheiruriden und Encrinuriden. Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sci- ences de St. Petersbourg, VII Series, vol. 30, no. 1, 238 pp., 16 pis. Receptaculites orbis, R. eichwaldi, Mastopora concava, and Cyclocrinus spaskii are listed from various [Ordovician] localities in the Baltic region (pp. 26, 31-35). Schmitt, Joseph 1 904. Monographic de file Anticosti (Golfe Saint Laurent). Librairie Scientifique A. Hermann, Paris, 370 pp. Receptaculites insularis Billings, an Ordovician protozoan, is listed from Anticosti Island. Scholten, G. H. 1935. Over Algen en silurische Kalksteen. Na- ture, Groningen, Jahrbuch 1935, no. 1 (436), pp. 18-19. The algae Coelosphaeridium cyclocrinophilum and C spaskii are listed from Silurian [Ordovi- cian] limestones of the Twenthe region, Nether- lands. Schrenk, Alexander Gustav See: Anonymous, 1854. Schuchert, Charles 1900a. Lower Devonic aspect of the Lower Helderberg and Oriskany Formations. Bul- letin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 1 1, pp. 241-332, numerous tables. Receptaculites n. sp., R. infundibuliformis (Ea- ton), and Ischadites squamifer (Hall) are sponges from the Devonian New Scotland beds of New York (p. 278). Ischadites squamifer is also found in Tennessee. 1900b. On the Lower Silurian (Trenton) fauna of Baffin Land. Proceedings of the United States Museum, vol. 22, no. 1192, pp. 143— 177, pis. 12-14. Receptaculites arcticus Etheridge, R. occiden- tal Salter (= (?) R. oweni), and R. oweni from Baffin Land are Lower Silurian [Ordovician] ho- rizon markers (pp. 147-151). Lower Silurian [Or- dovician] R. oweni Hall and Ischadites iowaensis [sic] (Owen) are described. Receptaculites n. sp. (= (?) R. oweni) and Silurian R. neptuni Defrance and R. oweni from Baffin Land are listed (pp. 147, 149, 151-153). 1905. Receptaculites neptuni Defrance, 1827. 168 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Palaeontologia Universalis, Centuria I, ser. 2, fasc. 1, pp. 91, 91a [103]. Congres Geolo- gique International, Laval. The types [lost during World War II] of Recep- tacules (= Receptaculites) neptuni Defrance 1827 are described and figured. The original diagnoses of Defrance 1827 and Blainville [1830] are repro- duced. 1943. Stratigraphy of the Eastern and Central United States. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 1013 pp., 78 charts. [Receptaculitids] listed by state, age, and for- mation include: Receptaculites, R. occidentalis, R. biconstrictus, R. brevistriatus (Raymond MS), R. oweni, R. arcticus (?), Nidulites, N. pyriformis, Pas- ceolus claudei, P. darwini, Ischadites iowensis, and Calathium. All are Middle Ordovician, except for Upper Ordovician Pasceolus claudei and P. dar- wini, and Lower Ordovician Calathium (pp. 47, 140-141, 195, 214-215, 250, 252, 318, 323, 358, 476-477, 508, 554, 598, 625, 669, 724-726, 746, 775,846, 874,909-911). See also: Winchell, N. H., and C. Schuchert, 1893 and 1895. Schuchert, Charles, William Healey Dall, Timo- thy W. Stanton, and Ray S. Bassler 1905. Catalogue of the type specimens of fossil invertebrates in the Department of Geology, United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 53, part I, 704 pp. The following Ordovician type specimens are housed in the U.S. National Museum: Anoma- loides reticulatus Ulrich (= Anomalospongia retic- ulata) from the Lorraine Formation and Lepido- lites elongatus Ulrich (= L. dickhauti) from the Utica Formation, both at Covington, Kentucky; Receptaculites ellipticus Walcott, R. elongatus Walcott, and R. mammillaris (Newberry) Walcott from the Upper Pogonip Group of Nevada (pp. 50, 350, 565). Schuchert, Charles, and Carl O. Dunbar 1934. Stratigraphy of western Newfoundland. Geological Society of America Memoir, 1, 123 pp., 1 1 pis., 8 text-figs. Receptaculites from the Lower Ordovician St. George series and Calathium fittoni from the Mid- dle Ordovician Table Head series in western New- foundland are listed (pp. 54, 68). Schuchert, Charles, and William H. Twenhofel 1910. Ordovicic-Siluric section of the Mingan and Anticosti Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 21, pp. 677-716. Pasceolus from the Silurian Gun River For- mation, P. halli Billings and Pasceolus sp. from the Ordovician Ellis Bay Formation, and Ischa- dites from the Ordovician Mingan Formation are found on the Mingan and Anticosti Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (p. 692, 702-703, 709-710). Schulze, Franz I .. Willy Kuekenthal, Karl Heider, and Richard Hesse 1926-1954. Nomenclator Animalium Gener- um et Subgenerum. 5 Volumes [vol. 1 (1926), vol. 2 ( 1 929), vol. 3 ( 1 932), vol. 4 ( 1 935), vol. 5 (1954)], (Kuhlgatz, Theodore, ed.). Preus- sischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Ber- lin, 3716 pp. Original references to the following are listed: Amphispongia Salter (vol. l,p. l4S),Anomaloides Ulrich (vol. 1, p. 194), Acanthoconia Sollas pro Acanthochonia Hinde (vol. 1, p. 12), Cerionites Meek and Worthen (vol. 2, p. 608), Coelosphae- ridium Roemer (vol. 2, p. 750), Cyclocrinites Eich- wald (vol. 2, p. 872), Dictuocrinites (Conrad MS) Hall (vol. 2, p. 988), Dictyocrinus Hall (vol. 2, p. 989), Ischadites Lonsdale in Murchison (vol. 3, p. 1688), Lepidolites Ulrich (vol. 3, p. 1798), Mas- topora Eichwald (vol. 3, p. 1982), Nipterella Hinde (vol. 4, p. 226 1), Pasceolus Billings (vol. 4, p. 2542), Receptacules Defrance (vol. 5, p. 3005), Recep- taculites Blainville (vol. 5, p. 3005), Sphaerospon- gia Pengelly (vol. 5, p. 323 1), Sphaeronites Phillips (vol. 5, p. 3230), Tetragonis Eichwald (vol. 5, p. 3426), Tettragonis Eichwald (vol. 5, p. 3434). Schwartz, George M. 1936. The geology of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. Minnesota Geological Survey Bulletin 27, 267 pp., 7 pis., 45 text- figs., maps, tables, appendix. An Ordovician sponge (?) Receptaculites oweni, is listed from the Decorah Shale and Galena (Pros- ser) Limestone in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minne- sota (pp. 55-56). NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 169 Schwartz, George M., and George A. Thiel 1954. Minnesota's rocks and waters. A geolog- ical story. Minnesota Geological Survey Bul- letin, vol. 37, 366 pp., 161 illus., tables, glos- sary. Receptaculites is figured from the Middle Or- dovician Galena Limestone (pp. 131-132). Scott, Harold W. See: Hansman, R. H., and H. W. Scott, 1967. Scott, William Berryman 1927. An Introduction to Geology, 2nd ed. The Macmillan Co., New York, New York, 816 pp., 17 pis., 310 text-figs. [1st and 3rd (1932) editions not seen.] Receptaculites fungosus Hall is illustrated as an Ordovician sponge (pi. 4, fig. 4). The holothurian (?) of Opitz (1932) is a recep- taculitid to be redescribed in the future (p. 66). Sellards, Elias Howard 1932. The pre-Paleozoic and Paleozoic systems in Texas. University of Texas Bulletin, no. 3232, part 1, pp. 15-238, 6 pis., 12 text-figs. The sponges Calathium sp. from the Lower Or- dovician El Paso Formation and the Jefferson City equivalent (?) of the Ellenburger Group and Re- ceptaculites from the Upper Ordovician Montoya Formation are found in Texas (pp. 72, 74-75). Selwyn, Alfred R. C. 1885. Summary reports of operations for 1883. Geological Survey of Canada Report of Prog- ress, 1882-1883-1884, part 1, pp. 1-24. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter occurs in the Trenton Limestone of Ottawa, Ontario (p. 1 9). Scudder, Samuel H. 1882. Nomenclator Zoologicus. An alphabetical list of all generic names that have been em- ployed by naturalists for Recent and fossil animals from the earliest times to the close of the year 1 879. Bulletin of the United States Museum, 19; Part 1, Supplemental List, 376 pp.; Part 2, Universal Index, 340 pp. This is an alphabetical list of known generic names in zoology and paleontology to 1879 [in- cluding receptaculitids]. Segonzac, Genevieve See: Bassoullet, J.-P., P. Bernier, R. Deloffre, P. Genot, M. Jaffrezo, A.-F. Poignant, and G. Segonzac, 1975 and 1977. Seilacher, Adolf 1961a. Echte und falsche Holothurien aus dem Hunrueckschiefer [abstr.]. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift, Band 35, nos. 1-2, pp. 5-6. The "holothurian" of Opitz (1932) is Receptac- ulites (p. 5). 1961b. Holothurien im Hunsrueckschiefer (Un- ter-Devon). Notizblatt des Hessischen Lan- desamtes fur Bodenforschung zu Wiesbaden, Band 89, pp. 66-72, pis. 10-11,1 text-fig. Semeniuk, Vic 1970. The Lower-Middle Palaeozoic stratigra- phy of the Bowan Park Area, Central- Western New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings, Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 103, pp. 15-30, 5 text-figs., 2 pis. The Ordovician algae Ischadites, and /. cf. lind- stroemi are listed (pp. 16, 18-20) and figured (pi. 1, figs. 2-3; pi. 2, fig. 2) from the "Ischadites unit" of the Daylesford Formation, Bowan Park Group in the Bowan Park Area in Central- Western New South Wales, Australia. 1 972. The stratigraphy of the Bowan Park Group, New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings, Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. 105, pp. 77-85, 2 text-figs., 2 tables. The large dasycladacean alga Ischadites is listed in the Ordovician, Bowan Park Group, Daylesford Formation in the Bowan Park area in New South Wales, Australia (pp. 79-80, 82). 1973. Nearshore to offshore facies and deposi- tional history of the Ordovician Daylesford Limestone, New South Wales. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, vol. 20, part 4, pp. 449-463, 20 text-figs. The dasycladacean alga Ischadites occurs in the Manooka Limestone member of the Ordovician 170 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Daylesford Limestone in central western New South Wales (p. 459). Semeniuk, Vic, and John G. Byrnes 1971. Occurrence and significance of Ischadites Murchison in Ordovician limestones at Bow- an Park, New South Wales. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, vol. 18, part 3, pp. 235-241, pis. 9-10, text-figs. 1-2. Ischadites lindstroemi Hinde 1 884 from the Or- dovician Daylesford Formation of central western New South Wales is described and illustrated. It inhabited a shallow, off-shore, lime-mud environ- ment; it is compared to /. lindstroemi from the Silurian of Gotland and to /. koenigi, I. struszi, I. mammillaris, and /. iowensis. Ischadites belongs to the "problematical" family Receptaculitaceae, which is related to the dasycladaceous algae. al, and inventory. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, vol. 83 (for 1973), pp. 301-315. Middle Silurian Receptaculites sp. is present in the interreef facies of the Salamonie Dolomite and in the reef facies of the Liston Creek Member of the Wabash Formation in Indiana (p. 309). 1974b. Silurian reefs of northern Indiana: reef and interreef macrofaunas. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geolo- gists, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 934-956, 10 text-figs. Receptaculitids are present in Silurian, Niaga- ran reef and nonreef facies in northern Indiana (figs. 5, 8). See also: Shaver, R. H., 1975. Sepkoski, J. John, Jr. 1979. A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxo- nomic diversity. II. Early Phanerozoic fami- lies and multiple equilibria. Paleobiology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 222-251, 1 1 text-figs., 2 appen- dices. Receptaculitids, which may have affinities to algae, and Archaeata are mentioned (p. 230). Seward, Albert Charles 1931. Plant Life Through the Ages. A Geological and Botanical Retrospect. The Macmillan Co., New York, New York; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 601 pp., 140 text-figs. The Ordovician alga Cyclocrinus is discussed (p. 107). Shaffer, Paul R. See: Rhodes, F. H. T., H. S. Zim, and P. R. Shaffer, 1962a, 1962b, 1965a, 1965b, and 1970. 1975. Silurian reefs of northern Indiana: reef and interreef macrofaunas. Silurian reefs of Great Lakes region of North America. Amer- ican Association of Petroleum Geologists. Reprint Series, no. 14, pp. 221-243, 10 text- figs. This is identical to Shaver, R. H., 1974b. Shaver, Robert H., Curtis H. Ault, William I. Au- sich, John B. Droste, Alan S. Horowitz, W. Calvin James, Saleh M. Okla, Carl B. Rexroad, Diane M. Suchomel, and James R. Welch 1978. The search for a Silurian reef model: Great Lakes area. Indiana Geological Survey, Spe- cial Report 15, 36 pp., 23 text-figs. Receptaculitids are part of the reef fauna in the Silurian Liston Creek and Mississinewa Members of the Wabash Formation in northern Indiana (p. 9, fig. 9). Cyclocrinites beds occur in a reef in the Early Silurian Llandoverian Hopkinton Dolomite of Dubuque County, Iowa (p. 12, fig. 1 1). Shank, S. E. >3CC. Langenheim, R. L., Jr., F. T. Barr, S. E. Shank, L. J. Stensaas, and E. C. Wilson, 1960. Shaver, Robert H. 1974a. The Niagaran (Middle Silurian) mac- ro fauna of northern Indiana: review, apprais- Shaw, Eugene Wesley See: Trowbridge, A. C, and E. W. Shaw, 1916. Shaw, Eugene Wesley, and Arthur C. Trowbridge 1916. Description of the Galena and Elizabeth Quadrangles. United States Geological Sur- vey Atlas, Galena-Elizabeth Folio, Illinois- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 171 Iowa, no. 200, 13 pp., 13 pis., 9 text-figs., 4 maps. Receptaculites oweni is figured from upper and lower Receptaculites zones in the Ordovician Ga- lena Limestone of northwestern Illinois (pp. 4-5, pi. 12). Shaw, Frederick C. See: Hansman, R. H., F. C. Shaw, and W. A. Pet- tyjohn, 1962. Ross, R. J., Jr., and F. C. Shaw, 1972. Shaw, James 1873a. Geology of northwestern Illinois. Geo- logical Survey of Illinois. Volume 5. Geology and Palaeontology. Published by the author- ity of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 1-24. Receptaculites sulcata is a characteristic coral of the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Galena Lime- stone of northwestern Illinois (p. 1 7). 1873b. Geology of Jo Daviess County. Geolog- ical Survey of Illinois. Volume 5. Geology and Palaeontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 25-56. Receptaculites oweni, a characteristic Lower Si- lurian [Ordovician] fossil, is less abundant in Jo Daviess County than in adjacent counties of northern Illinois (p. 37). 1 873c. Geology of Stephenson County. Geolog- ical Survey of Illinois. Volume 5. Geology and Palaeontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 57-74. Receptaculites sulcata and R. orbicularis are found in the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Galena Limestone in Stephenson County, Illinois (p. 69). 1873d. Geology of Carroll County. Geological Survey of Illinois. Volume 5. Geology and Palaeontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 75-81. Receptaculites sulcata is characteristic of the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Galena Limestone in Carroll County, Illinois (p. 77). 1873e. Geology of Winnebago County. Geo- logical Survey of Illinois. Volume 5. Geology and Palaeontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 82-94. Receptaculites sulcata is the only abundant fossil in the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Galena Lime- stone Member of the Trenton Formation in Win- nebago County, Illinois (p. 88). 1873f. Geology of Boone County. Geological Survey of Illinois. Volume 5. Geology and Palaeontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 95-103. Receptaculites sulcata is characteristic of the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Galena Limestone Member of the Trenton Formation in Boone County, Illinois (p. 99). 1873g. Geology of Lee County. Geological Sur- vey of Illinois. Volume 5. Geology and Pa- laeontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 124-139. Receptaculites oweni (= Coscinopora sulcata) and R. globularis occur in the Galena Limestone Mem- ber of the [Ordovician] Trenton Limestone in Lee County, Illinois (p. 133). 1873h. Geology of Whiteside County. Geolog- ical Survey of Illinois. Volume 5. Geology and Palaeontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 140-166. Receptaculites orbicularis is mentioned from the [Ordovician] Galena Limestone of Whiteside County, Illinois (p. 155). Shearsby, A. J. 1912. The geology of the Yass district. Report of the Thirteenth Meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. Held at Sydney, 1 9 1 1 . W. E. Smith, Ltd., Syd- ney, pp. 106-119, pis. 3-8. Receptaculites australis Salter (?) and Ischadites lindstroemi Hinde occur in the Silurian Barran- della shales (Hume beds) of the Yass district, Aus- tralia (p. 1 1 5). 172 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Shergold, J. H. See: Walter, M. R., J. H. Shergold, M. D. Muir, and P. D. Kruse, 1979. Shimanskii, V. N. See: Drushchits, V. V., G. G. Astrova, R. L. Merk- lin, and V. N. Shimanskii, 1962. Shimer, Hervey W. See: Grabau, A. W., and H. W. Shimer, 1906a, 1906b, 1909, and 1910. Shimer, Hervey W., and Robert R. Shrock 1 944. Index Fossils of North America. John Wi- ley and Sons, New York, New York, 837 pp., 303 pis. Receptaculites Blainville, R. occidentalis Salter, R. oweni Hall, Ischadites Lonsdale [sic], /. iowensis (Owen), Nidulites Salter, and N. pyriformis Bassler are described and illustrated as sponges of uncer- tain taxonomic position (p. 57; pi. 1 7, figs. 2 1 , 24- 28). Cyclocrinites Eichwald (= Pasceolus Billings) "of probable organic origin" is described and C. globosus (Billings) is figured (p. 719; pi. 303, fig. 22). Shirley, Jack 1938. The fauna of the Baton River beds (De- vonian), New Zealand. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society [London], vol. 94, part 4, pp. 459-506, pis. 40-44. Devonian Receptaculites australis Salter from the Baton River area in New Zealand is described and illustrated (pp. 46 1-463; pi. 40, figs. 1-4), and Receptaculites sp. is mentioned. Shrock, Robert R. See: Cumings, E. R., and R. R. Shrock, 1928. Shimer, H. W., and R. R. Shrock, 1944. Twenhofel, W. H., and R. R. Shrock, 1935. Shrock, Robert R., and William H. Twenhofel 1939. Silurian fossils from northern Newfound- land. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 1 3, no. 3, pp. 241-266, pis. 27-30, 3 text-figs. A calcareous red alga, Goldsonia n. gen. burn- tensis n. sp. [Ischadites burntensis] is described and illustrated from the Silurian Pike Arm Formation of northern Newfoundland (pp. 245, 247; pi. 27, figs. 2-4). 1953. Principles of Invertebrate Paleontology, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New York, 816 pp., numerous text-figs. Receptaculites and Ischadites, problematic or- ganisms related to the Porifera, are characteristic of the lower and middle Paleozoic (pp. 92-95). Receptaculites, R. oweni, and Ischadites iowensis are illustrated (p. 93, figs. 3-13-3-14). Shumard, Benjamin Franklin 1 860. Observations on the geology of the Coun- ty of Ste. Genevieve, being an extract from a report made to the Missouri Geological Sur- vey, in 1859. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, vol. 1, pp. 404-415, pi. 11. Receptaculites is found in the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Receptaculite Limestone of Ste. Ge- nevieve County, Missouri (p. 410). Siemiradzki, Josef von 1906. Die Palaeozoischen Gebilde Podoliens. Beitrage zur Palaeontologie und Geologie Oesterreich-Ungarns und des Orients, Band 19, pp. 173-286, 7 pis. Sphaerospongia podolica n. sp. from the Polish Podolia is described and illustrated (p. 278; pi. 2 1 , fig. 35). The species, based upon a single Silurian [?] specimen of unknown stratigraphic position, is compared with S. tesselata Phillips. Silver, Caswell See: Kelley, V. C, and C. Silver, 1952. Simon, Jack A. See: Willman, H. B., J. A. Simon, B. M. Lynch, and V. A. Langenheim, 1968. Simpson, George B. See: Hall, J., and G. B. Simpson, 1887. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 173 Sinclair, G. Winston 1945. An Ordovician faunule from Quebec. Ca- nadian Field Naturalist, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 71-74, pi. 2. Receptaculites occidentalis is abundant in basal Trenton (?) beds at Pont Rouge, Quebec, Canada. Its occurrence suggests correlation with the Ottawa Valley Rockland (pp. 7 1 , 74). 1954. The age of the Ordovician Kirkfield For- mation in Ontario. Ohio Journal of Science, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 31-41, 3 text-figs. The sponge Receptaculites occidentalis Salter occurs in the Middle Ordovician Kirkfield For- mation in central Ontario and in the Rockland and Hull Formations in the Ottawa Valley of Can- ada. Receptaculites occidentalis is rare in the Hull, but is abundant in the lower beds (pp. 34-35, 37). 1956. Notes on some Ordovician sponges and their names. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 760-761. Nomenclatural and stratigraphical errors in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (Part E. Po- rifera, Laubenfels, M. W. de, 1955) involving Re- ceptaculites neptuni, Dictyocrinus, Lepidolites dickhauti, and Anomaloides reticulatus are cor- rected. 1963. Observations on the Ordovician lime- stone; pp. 15-20. In Kranck, S. H., and G. Winston Sinclair, Clearwater Lake, New Que- bec. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 100, 25 pp. The presence of Receptaculites sp. near Clear- water Lake, New Quebec, indicates a Middle or Upper Ordovician (Edenian or Maysvillian) age (pp. 15-18). 1964. Some Middle Ordovician fossils from central Ontario. Geology of Central Ontario, Canada. American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleon- tologists and Mineralogists. Guidebook. May 1964. Toronto, Canada. Geological Associa- tion of Canada [Toronto, Ontario?], pp. 37- 42, pis. 3-4. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter from the "Le- ray beds" at Paquette Rapids, Ontario, is figured (pp. 40-41; pi. 4, fig. 2). See also: Sinclair, G. W., 1965. 1965. Some Middle Ordovician fossils from central Ontario. Geology of Central Ontario, Canada. Michigan Basin Geological Society, Annual Field Excursion, 1965. Guidebook. [Michigan Geological Survey Division, Lan- sing, Michigan?], pp. 37-42, pis. 3-4. This is identical to Sinclair, G. W., 1964. See also: Norford, B. S., T. E. Bolton, M. J. Copeland, L. M. Cumming, and G. W. Sinclair, 1970. Steele, H. M., and G. W. Sinclair, 1971. Singleton, F. A. 1945. A catalogue of type and figured specimens of fossils in the Melbourne University Geol- ogy Department. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, n. ser., vol. 56, pp. 229- 284. Two hypotypes of the sponge Receptaculites australis Salter from the Lower Devonian of Aus- tralia are housed in the Geological Museum of Melbourne University (p. 232). Skjeseth, Steinar 1963. Contributions to the geology of the Mjosa districts and the classical sparagmite area in southern Norway. Norges Geologiske Under- sokelse, no. 220, 126 pp., 2 pis., 65 text-figs. Coelosphaeridium cyclocrinophilum and Mas- topora sp. are found in the Coelosphaeridium shale. Cyclocrinus is found in the Cyclocrinus shale and limestone (pp. 65, 74). The Cyclocrinus and Coe- losphaeridium beds in the Mjosa district are zone 4b [Chasmops series] or Middle Ordovician, Car- adocian (p. 61). Sloan, Robert E. See: Agnew, A. F., and R. E. Sloan, 1956. Sloan, Robert E., and Malcolm P. Weiss 1956. The Ordovician rocks of southeastern Minnesota; pp. 96-1 10. In Schwartz, George M. (ed.), Guidebook for Field Trips. Minne- apolis meeting, 1956. Field trip no. 2. Lower Paleozoic Geology of the Upper Mississippi 174 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Valley. Geological Society of America, New York, New York, 1 10 pp. Receptaculites oweni from the Stewartville, Prosser, and Cummingsville Members and Is- chadites and Receptaculites from the Cummings- ville Member of the Galena Formation in south- eastern Minnesota are listed (pp. 99-100, 105, 108). Sloss, Laurence L., and C. A. Moritz 1951. Paleozoic stratigraphy of southwestern Montana. Bulletin of the American Associa- tion of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 2135-2169, 12 text-figs. The Ordovician Bighorn Dolomite east of the Madison range in Montana contains Receptacu- lites (p. 2148). Smith, AUyn G., and Donald Francis Toomey 1964. Chitons from the Kindblade Formation (Lower Ordovician), Arbuckle Mountains, southern Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 66, 41 pp., 8 pis., 2 text-figs. A zone of abundant Calathium Billings, a quasi- sponge, occurs in the Lower Ordovician Kind- blade Limestone in the Arbuckle Mountains of southern Oklahoma (pp. 5-9, 15, 24-25, 29, 41). Smith, J. D. D. See: Mitchell, G. H., and others, 1962. Smith, Stanley See: Lang, W. D., S. Smith, and H. D. Thomas, 1940. Smith, W. D. See: Campbell, K. S. W., D. J. Holloway, and W. D. Smith, 1974. Smith, William C. See: Odom, I. E., G. M. Wilson, G. Dow, T. C. Buschbach, W. C. Smith, and P. B. Du Montelle, 1964. Sollas, Igerna B. J. 1906. Porifera (Sponges); pp. 163-242, text-figs. 63-123. In Harmer, Sidney Frederic, and Ar- thur Everett Shipley (eds.), The Cambridge Natural History. Volume 1. Protozoa, Porif- era (Sponges), Coelenterata and Ctenophora, Echinodermata. Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London; The Macmillan Co., New York, New York, 671 pp. The Receptaculitidae are believed to be early lyssacine hexactinellid sponges abundant in the Silurian and Devonian. The morphologies of Is- chadites and Receptaculites are discussed and Acanthoconia barrandei is figured (pp. 207-208, fig. 102). Solms-Laubach, Hermann 1891. Fossil Botany, Being an Introduction to Palaeophytology From the Standpoint of the Botanist. Translated and revised by Henry E. F. Garnsey and Isaac Bayley Balbour. Clar- endon Press, Oxford, 401 pp., 49 text-figs. Cyclocrinus, Receptaculites, and allied forms may be Dasycladeae (p. 43). Sougy, Jean 1964. Les formations paleozoiques du Zem- mour Noir (Mauritanie septentrionale). Etude stratigraphique, petrographique et paleonto- logique. Annales de la Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Dakar, tome 1 5, Serie: Sciences de la terre no. 1, 695 pp., 50 pis., 77 text-figs., 2 maps. A Middle Devonian Receptaculites cf. neptuni Defrance from West Africa is described and illus- trated as a sponge (pp. 391, 400, 402, 448, 466; pi. 41, fig. 4). Spencer, Joseph William Winthrop 1 876. Report on the country between the upper Assineboine River and Lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba. Geological Survey of Canada Report of Progress, 1874-1875, pp. 57-70. Receptaculites (?) is found in a Devonian lime- stone along Dawson Bay in Lake Winnipegosis (p. 68). Spjeldnaes, Nils 1955. Coelosphaeridium (Chlorophyta Dasycla- daceae) from the Caradocian beds of N. Wales. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Bind 35, pp. 151-153, text-figs. A-B. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 175 The dasycladaceus alga Coelosphaeridium sphaericum (?) from the Ordovician of Gelli Grin in the Bala District of N. Wales and in Norway is compared to C. excavatum and C. wesenbergense. Coelosphaeridium sphaericum is a guide fossil for the shallow-water facies of the middle Caradocian. 1960. Road log; pp. 13-29, figs. 2-7. In Hen- ningsmoen, Gunnar, and Nils Spjeldnaes, Pa- laeozoic Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the Oslo Region, Eocambrian Stratigraphy of the Sparagmite Region, Southern Norway. Inter- national Geological Congress, XXI Session, Guide to excursions no. A14 and no. CI 2, 30 pp., 7 figs., 1 pi. Calcareous algae Coelosphaeridium from the Middle Ordovician (p. 20) and Mastopora from Middle Ordovician and Silurian Lower Llando- very (pp. 1 7, 27) are listed as calcareous algae from the Oslo region. Sprinkle, James, and Bruce M. Bell 1978. Paedomorphosis in edrioasteroid echi- noderms. Paleobiology, vol. 4, no. 1 , pp. 82- 88, 3 text-figs., 1 table. Receptaculitids are reported from the Middle Ordovician Bromide Formation in the Arbuckle Mountains of southern Oklahoma (p. 87). Sproule, John Campbell 1936. A study of the Cobourg Formation. Con- tributions to the study of the Ordovician of Ontario and Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir, 202, pp. 93-118, pis. 7-9, 1 text-fig. The sponge Ischadites sp. is present in the Co- bourg Formation of the Ordovician Trenton Group in Ontario and New York (pp. 98, 104). Squires, Donald F., and Edward J. Hawkins 1958. Type specimens of invertebrate fossils in the collections of the Department of Geology and Paleontology. 1 . Porifera. American Mu- seum Novitates, no. 1913, 22 pp. The following types are in the collections of the American Museum in New York: holotypes: genus undetermined cyathiformis Hall 1843, Receptac- ulitesfungosum Hall 1861,/?. globulare Hall 1861, R. pearyi Whitfield 1900, and R. subturbinatus Hall 1 863; syntypes: R. hemisphericum Hall 1861, R. infundibulum Hall 1 86 1 , /?. ohioensis Hall and Whitfield 1875, and R. oweni Hall 1861; figured specimens: R. infundibuliformis (Goldfuss), R. neptunii (?) Defrance (pp. 8, 11, 13, 15-17, 21). Stainbrook, Merrill A. 1948. Age and correlation of the Devonian Sly Gap beds near Alamogordo, New Mexico. American Journal of Science, vol. 246, no. 12, pp. 765-790, pis. 1-2. Receptaculites neptuni Defrance is found in the Devonian Sly Gap Formation of New Mexico (pp. 785, 788) and in the Frasnian Limestone of Belgium (p. 786). Receptaculites sp. also occurs in the Sly Gap Formation. Stanton, J. M. See: Langenheim, R. L., Jr., J. A. Barnes, K. C. Delise, W. A. Ross, and J. M. Stanton, 1956. Stanton, Timothy W. See: Schuchert, C, W. H. Dall, T. W. Stanton, and R. S. Bassler, 1905. Stauffer, Clinton R. 1909. The Middle Devonian of Ohio. Geolog- ical Survey of Ohio Bulletin, 10, 4th ser., 204 pp., 17 pis. The rare Receptaculites devonicus is the only sponge in the Middle Devonian of Ohio (p. 187). 1915. The Devonian of southwestern Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 34, 34 1 pp., 20 pis., 1 map, tables. Receptaculites neptuni Defrance from the De- vonian Hamilton beds of Ontario is listed as a sponge (p. 229). See also: Thiel, G. A., and C. R. Stauffer, 1947. Stauffer, Clinton R., and George A. Thiel 1933. The limestones and marls of Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey Bulletin 23, 1 93 pp., 93 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni from the Ordovician Ga- lena Limestone of Minnesota is listed (p. 66). 176 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 1 94 1 . The Paleozoic and related rocks of south- eastern Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey Bulletin 29, 261 pp., 62 text-figs. The following Ordovician sponges from south- eastern Minnesota are listed: Ischadites iowensis (or /. cf. iowensis) and Receptaculites oweni from the Stewartville, Prosser, and Decorah Shale Members of the Galena Formation; and /. iowensis and Receptaculites sp. from the Wykoff Member of the Maquoketa Formation (pp. 72, 85, 87-90, 92-93, 152-154, 160, 185, 198, 229, 231, 235). Steele, H. Miriam, and G. Winston Sinclair 1971. A Middle Ordovician fauna from Brae- side, Ottawa Valley, Ontario. Geological Sur- vey of Canada Bulletin 211, 97 pp., 23 pis., 3 text-figs. Ordovician Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is listed from Paquette Rapids in the Ottawa River, Ontario (pp. 4, 6). Steinmann, Gustav 1880. Zur Kenntnis fossiler Kalkalgen (Sipho- neen). Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geo- logic und Palaeontologie, Band 2, pp. HO- MO, pi. 5. Cyclocrinus and Receptaculites are algae without Tertiary or Recent analogues (p. 1 38). Cyclocrinus has characteristic sterile branches (p. 139). 1903. Tetraploporella Remesi, eine neue Das- ycladaceae aus dem Tithon von Stramberg. Beitrage zur Palaeontologie und Geologie Oesterreich-Ungarns und des Orients, Band 1 5, Hefte 2-3, pp. 45-54, 1 1 text-figs. The Mastoporidae, including Cyclocrinus and receptaculitids, are separate from the Dasyclada- ceae. 1907. Einfuehrung in die Palaeontologie, 2nd ed. Engelmann, Leipzig, 542 pp., 902 text- figs. [1st ed., 1903 not seen.] The systematic position of Receptaculitidae is uncertain, but the organisms may be coelenterates. The anatomy and orientation of radials [meroms] are described. Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Is- chadites murchisoni Eichwald, Silurian /. koenigi Murchison from Bohemia (figs. 214A-D), Middle Devonian Receptaculites neptuni Defrance from Eifel (fig. 214E) and Upper Silurian [Ordovician?] R. occidentalis Salter (= R. orbis Eichwald) are listed. Stelck, Charles Richard See: Warren, P. S., and C. R. Stelck, 1950 and 1956. Stensaas, L. J. See: Langenheim, R. L., Jr., F. T. Barr, S. E. Shank, L. J. Stensaas, and E. C. Wilson, 1960. Stephenson, John P. 1973. Depositional environments of the Middle Ordovician Lenoir Limestone of southern Knox County, Tennessee. Abstracts with Pro- grams. Geological Society of America, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 437-438. An Ordovician ajacicyathid (?) pleosponge [a receptaculitid] is found in the Lenoir Limestone in Knox County, Tennessee. Stephenson, John P., Kenneth R. Walker, and R. E. McLaughlin 1973. The Lenoir Formation— back reef supra- tidal, intertidal, and subtidal shelf lagoon fa- des. Geology of Knox County, Tennessee. Tennessee Division of Geology Bulletin, 70, pp. 122-126. An archaeocyathid-like pleosponge [Calathium sp.], which is described and figured, and Recep- taculites sp. are found in the Middle Ordovician Lenoir Limestone in Knox County, Tennessee (p. 123, figs. 6F-G). Stevens, Richard P. 1863. Report on the geological and mineralog- ical specimens collected by Mr. C. F. Hall in Frobisher Bay. American Journal of Science, ser. 2, vol. 35, no. 104, pp. 293-294. A new species of Receptaculites unlike R. occi- dentalis Salter or the species from the Galena Limestone is present in Lower Silurian [Ordovi- cian] rocks at Frobisher Bay in the Canadian Arc- tic. See also: Stevens, R. P., 1865. 1865. Appendix 10. Mineralogical and geolog- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 177 ical specimens; p. 594. In Hall, Charles Fran- cis, Arctic Researches and Life Among the Esquimaux: Being the Narrative of an Expe- dition in Search of Sir John Franklin, in the Years 1860, 1861, and 1862. Harper and Brothers, New York, 595 pp. This is identical to Stevens, R. P., 1863, except for pagination. Stevenson, Frank V. 1945. Devonian of New Mexico. Journal of Ge- ology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 217-245, 13 text- figs. Receptaculites n. sp. is tentatively identified from the Devonian Sly Gap Formation near Hot Springs, New Mexico (p. 237). Stieglitz, R. D. See: Pierce, R. W., R. W. Ely, R. D. Stieglitz, T. R. Courtright, and R. L. Langenheim, Jr., 1969. Stirton, Ruben Arthur 1959. Time, Life and Man. The Fossil Record. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, 558 pp., 291 text-figs. Ordovician to Devonian Receptaculitida are spongelike fossils of uncertain systematic status (p. 1 22). Late Ordovician Receptaculites oweni is figured (fig. 98h on p. 1 77). See also: Stirton, R. A., 1963. 1963. Time, Life, and Man, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, 558 pp., 291 text-figs. This is identical to Stirton, R. A., 1959. Stoecklin, Jovan, J. Eftekhar-Nezhad, and A. Hushmand-Zadeh 1 965. Geology of the Shotori Range (Tabas area, East Iran). Geological Survey of Iran, Report no. 3, 69 pp., 2 pis., 33 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. and R. neptuni are listed from the Lower Upper Devonian Shistu Formation and the "Cephalopod Beds" of East Iran (pp. 12-13). Stolley, Ernst 1895. Die Cambrischen und Silurischen Ge- schiebe Schleswig-Holsteins und ihre Bra- chiopodenfauns. I. Geologischer Theil. Lip- sius & Tischer, Kiel und Leipzig, 104 pp. The following are listed from various [Ordovi- cian] stratigraphic erratics from Schleswig-Hol- stein: Coelosphaeridium, C. conwentzianum, C. cyclocrinophylum, Cyclocrinus, C. aff. spasskii, Is- chadites, Mastopora, M. concava, M. sp., Pasceo- lus, P. krausei and Receptaculites (pp. 25-27, 33- 35, 37-38, 46, 100-101). 1896a. Ueber gesteinsbildende Algen und die Mitwirkung solcher bei der Bildung der skan- dinavisch-baltischen Silurablagerungen. Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift, Band XI, no. 15 (12 April 1896), pp. 173-178. The Silurian [Siluro-Ordovician] dasycladacean algae Coelosphaeridium, Cyclocrinus and Masto- pora are described from Estonia and from the er- ratic boulders of the southern shores of the Baltic Sea (pp. 175-177). 1896b. Untersuchungen ueber Coelosphaerid- ium, Cyclocrinus, Mastopora, und verwandte Genera des Silur. Archiv fur Anthropologic und Geologie Schleswig-Holsteins und der Benachbarten Gebiete, Band 1, Theil 2, pp. 177-282, 105 text-figs. The following are described and illustrated as siphonous algae: Coelosphaeridium, C cyclocri- nophilum, C cyclocrinophilum var. conwentziana, Coelosphaeridium sp., Cyclocrinus, C. porosus n. sp., C. porosus n. var. kiesowi, C. porosus n. var. ornata, C spasskii Eichwald, C. planus n. sp., C. subtilis n. sp., C. membranaceus n. sp., C. pyri- formis n. sp., C roemeri n. sp., C multicavus n. sp., Cyclocrinus sp., Mastopora, M. concava Eich- wald, Apidium krausei, A. sororis n. sp., and A. pygmaeum n. sp. The following are mentioned: Pasceolus, P. krausei, P. tesselatus, P. rathi, Cy- clocrinites, C spasskii Eichwald, Nidulites, N. fa- vus, Cyclocrinus exilis, Cyclocrinus {Pasceolus) halli, C (P.) globosus, C. (P.) billingsii, C. (P.) dactylioides, C (P.) sedwigki [sic], C. (P.) goughii, C. (P.) claudii, C (P.) gregarius, C (P.) interme- din, C. (P.) darwini, Receptaculites, Mastopora (Nidulites) fava, M. (TV.) parva, Sphaerospongia (Polygonosphaerites), S. hospitalis, S. melliflua, S. rathi, and S. tesselata. 1897. Die silurische Algenfacies und ihre Ver- 178 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY breitung im skandinavisch-baltischen Silur- gebiet. Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins fur Schleswig-Holstein, Band 9, Heft l,pp. 109-131. The distribution of Ordovician and Silurian al- gal limestones in the Baltic Sea region, including those containing Cyclocrinus, Coelosphaeridium, and Mastopora, is discussed (pp. 110-114). 1 898. Neue Siphoneen aus baltischem Silur. Ar- chiv fur Anthropologic und Geologie Schles- wig-Holsteins und der Benachbarten Gebiete, Band 3, Theil 1, pp. 40-65, 4 text-figs., 2 ta- bles. Coelosphaeridium cyclocrinophilum Roemer, C. excavatum n. sp., C. wesenbergense n. sp., Cyclo- crinus balticus n. sp., C. schmidti n. sp., C mick- witzi n. sp., C. roemeri Stolley, C. spasskii Eich- wald, C. porosus Stolley, C. oelandicus n. sp., C. vanhoeffeni n. sp., and Mastopora odini n. sp. are described, and all but Cyclocrinus porosus are fig- ured. The following are mentioned: Cyclocrinus sp., C planus, C. pyriformis, C. multicavus, C. subtilis, C. aff. spasskii, C membranaceus, C. po- rosus var. kiesowi, C. porosus var. ornata, Mas- topora sp., M. concava, M.fava, Apidium krausei, A. sororis, A. pygmaeum, Coelosphaeridium sp., and C cyclocrinophilum var. conwentziana. Stoneley, Hilda M. M. 1 958. The Upper Permian flora of England. Bul- letin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 293-337, pis. 36- 40, 1 5 text-figs. Calathella dictyonemoides n. sp., an alga from the Upper Permian Magnesian Limestone series in northern England is described. C krauseli Flor- in from the Permian Upper Zechstein at Franken- bergand Saxony, Germany, is listed and compared with C. dictyonemoides (pp. 301, 305, 307-310, text-figs. 1-2, pi. 36, fig. 4). [This is not Calathella, nor a receptaculitid.] Stermer, Leif 1945. Remarks on the Tretaspis (Trinucleus) shales of Hadeland. Norsk Geologisk Tid- sskrift, Bind 25, pp. 379-425, 4 pis., 5 text- figs. The following Norwegian calcareous algae are listed from the [Middle Ordovician] Chasmops shale (4b): Cyclocrinus from Hadeland and Mjosa, Coelosphaeridium from Hadeland, and Mastopora concava (pp. 390, 392-394). 1953. The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo re- gion, Norway. 1 . Introduction to stratigraphy. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Bind 3 1 , pp. 37- 141, 6 pis., 16 text-figs. The following Middle Ordovician calcareous al- gae are found in the Mastopora-Coelosphaeridium or Coelosphaeridium-Cyclocrinus zones, Oslo Re- gion, Norway: Cyclocrinus sp., C schmidti, Mas- topora sp., M. concava, Coelosphaeridium sp., and C. cyclocrinophilum (pp. 74-75, 8 1 , 90-92, 95-97, 103-104, 110-111, 125-126, 136). Coelosphae- ridium sp. is figured (text-fig. 9). 1955. Kambro-siluren (leirskifer-kalksteins-og sandsteins-lagene); pp. 16-32, text-figs. 2-1 1. In Holtedahl, Olaf, and Johannes A. Dons (eds.), Geologisk Forer for Oslo-Trakten. Dybwad, Oslo, 122 pp., 39 text-figs. Coelosphaeridium cyclocrinophylum and Mas- topora concava are figured from the Middle Or- dovician Zone 4b (p. 26, figs. 7.8, 7.14). See also: Stormer, L., 1957. 1957. Cambro-Silurian sequence; pp. 11-23, text-figs. 2-10. In Holtedahl, Olaf, and Jo- hannes A. Dons (eds.), Geological Guide to Oslo and district. Text to "Geologisk Kart over Oslo og Omegn" (scale 1:50,000), pub- lished 1952. Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Vi- denskaps-Akademi i Oslo, I: Matematisk-Na- turvidenskapelig Klasse, 1957, no. 3, 86 pp., 42 text-figs. This is an English version of Stormer, L., 1955. See: Heintz, A., and L. Stormer, [1937?]. Stose, George W. 1 908. The Cambro-Ordovician limestones of the Appalachian Valley in southern Pennsylva- nia. Journal of Geology, vol. 1 6, pp. 698-7 1 4. The following occur in the Chambersburg Quadrangle of southern Pennsylvania: Ordovician Calathium sp. from the lower Beekmantown Limestone, and Receptaculitescf. occidentalis Salter NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 179 and Nidulites cf. favus from the Chambersburg Limestone (pp. 707, 71 1-712). 1909. Description of Mercersburg-Chambers- burg district. Geologic Atlas of the United States. U.S. Geological Survey, Mercersburg- Chambersburg Folio, Pennsylvania, no. 1 70, 19 pp., 5 text-figs., 1 table, 6 maps, 18 illus. The following occur in the Ordovician of the Chambersburg Quadrangle of Pennsylvania: Nidulites favus from the Nidulites bed, Recepta- culites cf. occidentalis from the Chambersburg Limestone, and Calathium sp. from the Beek- mantown Limestone. Stovall, John W., and Howard E. Brown 1954. The Principles of Historical Geology. Ginn and Co., Boston, 472 pp., illus. Receptaculites oweni Hall is illustrated as a sponge. Commissioners of Public Printing, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 643-752, pis. 26-32, 21 text- figs. The "lead coral" Receptaculites oweni is char- acteristic of the [Ordovician] Galena Limestone in the lead region of Wisconsin (pp. 684-685). 1882. Geology of the Mississippi region north of the Wisconsin River. Geology of Wiscon- sin. Survey of 1873-1879. Volume 4. Pub- lished by the Commissioners of Public Print- ing, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 3-193, 2 pis., 1 1 text-figs. The "lead coral" Receptaculites is found along the Little Kickapoo River in Wisconsin (pp. 76, 81). Suchomel, Diane M. See: Shaver, R. H, and others, 1978. Strieker, Gary Dale, and Albert V. Carozzi 1973. Carbonate microfacies of the Pogonip Group (Lower Ordovician), Arrow Canyon Range, Clark County, Nevada, U.S.A. Bul- letin du Centre de Recherches de Pau, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 499-54 1 , 2 pis., 1 6 text-figs., 1 table. Receptaculites sp. and a Calathium bioherm are present in the Ordovician Pogonip Group of the Arrow Canyon Range in Nevada (pp. 505, 51 1). Stromer, Ernst Freiherr von Reichenbach 1909. Lehrbuch der Palaeozoolgie. I. Theil. Wirbellase Tiere. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig und Berlin, 342 pp., 398 text-figs., tables. Lower Silurian [Ordovician] to Carboniferous Receptaculida from Europe and North America, although considered problematic coelenterates or calcareous algae, are described and placed among ctenophorans (pp. 95, 98, 105). Devonian Sphae- rospongia tesselata Phillips from Winnipegosis, Canada, Middle Devonian Receptaculites neptuni Defr. from Eifel [Germany], and Middle Devonian Polygonosphaerites tesselatus Phillips from Nas- sau [Germany] are figured (text-figs. 125-127). Strong, Moses 1878. Geology and topography of the lead re- gion. Geology of Wisconsin. Survey of 1873— 1877. Volume 2. 2nd ed. Published by the Sushkin, M. A. 1958. Novye dannye o receptakulitah Silura i Devona. [New data on Silurian and Devonian receptaculitids.] Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-Issle- dovatel'skii Geologorazvedochnyi Neftyanoi Institut (VNIGNI), Trudy, Tom 9, pp. 3-18, 6 pis., 3 text-figs. The morphology, skeletal reconstruction, and systematics of receptaculitids are discussed. Re- ceptaculitidae Eichwald 1860 is placed in the new class Squamiferida of Porifera incertae sedis. Re- ceptaculites Defrance and Ischadites Murchison are discussed. Devonian R. neptuni Defrance, R. kuk- kulensis n. sp., Receptaculites sp., /. sukurensis n. sp., /. uralica n. sp., and Ischadites sp. from Ural are described and illustrated. Ordovician /. rectus Rauff from Estonia is figured. 1962. Class Squamiferida (Skvamiferidy. Re- ceptaculida); pp. 81-83; pi. 9, figs. 9-10; text- figs. 121-124. In Orlov, Y. A. (ed.), Osnovy Paleontologii. [Volume 2.] Gubki, Arheotsia- ty, Kishechnopolostnye, Chervi. Receptaculites Defrance and Ischadites Mur- chison are described (p. 83). The following are placed in phylum Porifera incertae sedis, class Squamiferida, new order Receptaculitida, family Receptaculitidae: Receptaculites Defrance 1827, Ischadites Murchison 1 839 (ITetragonis Eichwald 1842), Acanthochonia Hinde 1884, Sphaerospon- 180 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY gia Pengelly 1861 (= Sphaeronites Phillips 1841), Cerionites Meek and Worthen 1868, Dictyocrinus Hall 1 859 (= Dictyocrinites Hall 1859), Lepidolites Ulrich 1889, Nidulites Salter 1851, Anomaloides Ulrich 1878, and Pasceolus Billings 1857. Recep- taculites neptuni Defrance, R. kukkulensis Sush- kin, and Ischadites sukurensis Sushkin are illus- trated (figs. 121-124; pi. 9, figs. 9-10). See also: Sushkin, M. A., 1971. 1971. Class Squamiferida (Receptaculida); pp. 107-110; pi. 9, figs. 9-10; figs. 121-124. In Orlov, Y. A., and B. S. Sokolov (eds.), Fun- damentals of Paleontology. A Manual for Pa- leontologists and Geologists of the USSR. Volume 2. Porifera, Archaeocyatha, Coelen- terata, Vermes. Published for the Smithson- ian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusa- lem, 900 pp. This is an English translation of Sushkin, M. A., 1962. Swann, D. H. See: Collinson, C. W., D. H. Swann, and H. B. Willman, 1954. Swartz, Frank M. 1 948. Trenton and sub-Trenton of outcrop areas in New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. Bulletin of the American Association of Pe- troleum Geologists, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1493- 1595, 26 text-figs., 3 tables. The alga or sponge Nidulites is present in the Ordovician, Black River Chambersburg Lime- stone in the Hagerstown-Chambersburg region of Maryland and Pennsylvania (p. 1578). Sweet, Walter C. 1954. Harding and Fremont Formations, Col- orado. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 284-305, 4 text-figs., 2 tables. Receptaculites cf. arcticus Etheridge is wide- spread in the Ordovician Fremont Formation of central Colorado (pp. 294-295, 300-301). 1955. Cephalopods from the Fremont Forma- tion of central Colorado. Journal of Paleon- tology, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 71-82, pis. 16-18, 1 text-fig. Receptaculites is found in the Ordovician Fre- mont Formation in central Colorado (p. 72). 1 96 1 . Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks, cen- tral Colorado; pp. 1 7-24, 4 text-figs. In Berg, Robert R., and John W. Rold (eds.), Sym- posium on Lower and Middle Paleozoic Rocks of Colorado. Twelfth Field Conference. South Central Colorado. Rocky Mountain Associ- ation of Geologists. Denver, Colorado, 236 PP. Receptaculites is found in the lower Massive Do- lomite Member of the Middle to Upper Ordovi- cian Fremont Formation in Fremont County, Col- orado (p. 1 9). Sweet, Walter C, and Arthur K. Miller 1958. Ordovician cephalopods from Cornwallis and Little Cornwallis Islands, District of Franklin, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 38, 86 pp., 8 pis., 12 text-figs., 2 tables. Concentrations of Receptaculites arcticus Eth- eridge are found in the Middle or Upper Ordo- vician Cornwallis Formation on southwestern Cornwallis Island (p. 7). Szulczewski, Michai See: Matyja, B. A., H. Matyja, and M. Szulczew- ski, 1973. Taff, Joseph A. 1903. Description of the Tishomingo Quadran- gle. Geologic Atlas of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Tishomingo Folio, Indian Territory, no. 98, 8 pp., 3 maps. Two Calathium spp. undet. from the Ordovi- cian Arbuckle Limestone and Receptaculites n. sp. from the upper part of the Ordovician Simpson Formation are reported from the Indian Territory [Oklahoma]. 1904. Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita Mountains in Indian Territory and Oklahoma. United States Geo- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 181 logical Survey Professional Paper 31, 97 pp., 8 pis., 1 text-fig. Two Calathium spp. from the Cambro-Ordo- vician upper Arbuckle Limestone and Receptac- ulites n. sp. from the Ordovician upper Simpson Formation are found in the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma (pp. 22, 25). Talent, John A. 1963. The Devonian of the Mitchell and Went- worth Rivers. Memoirs of the Geological Sur- vey of Victoria, 24, 1 18 pp., 78 pis., 33 text- figs., 10 tables, 2 maps. An unnamed new genus of the family Recep- taculitidae from the Devonian (?) Wentworth Group in eastern Victoria, Australia, is described and illustrated. The genus is distinct from Recep- taculites and Sphaerospongia. Receptaculites aus- tralis Salter is mentioned. Family Receptaculiti- dae is part of an uncertain class of sponges (pp. 37-38; pi. 10, figs. 7-9). Tappan, Helen 1980. The Paleobiology of Plant Protists. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, Cal- ifornia, 1028 pp., numerous figs. The Receptaculitales, a problematic order of green algae, are described (pp. 852-859) and their classification given (pp. 891-892). The following taxa are described (pp. 852-859) and figured (figs. 10.41-10.47): Ischadites sp. and Receptaculites sp.; Ordovician Tettragonis orbis Eichwald, Ischadites murchisoni Eichwald, and Cyclocrinus porosus Stolley from Germany; Silurian Acanthochonia barrandei Hinde from Czechoslovakia, Calathium egerodae Nitecki from Illinois, Amphispongia ob- longa Salter from Scotland, and Ischadites hem- isphericus from Ohio; and Devonian Receptacu- lites neptuni Defrance from Germany. Taylor, Alfred R. 1964. Geology of the Rewey and Mifflin Quad- rangles, Wisconsin. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 1123-F, pp. 279- 360, pis. 20-21, text-figs. 43-46. Ischadites, Receptaculites, and R. oweni Hall are found in the Prosser Member of the Ordovician Galena Dolomite. Receptaculites oweni is com- mon in the Stewartville Member (pp. 301-302, pi. 21). Teall, J. J. H. See: Peach, B. N., and others, 1907. Teichert, Curt 1937a. A new Ordovician fauna from Wash- ington Land, North Greenland. Meddelelser om Gronland, Bind 1 19, Nr. 1, 65 pp., 7 pis. Receptaculites occurs in the Ordovician Recep- taculites limestone of Koch ( 1 929) in Washington Land, North Greenland (p. 25). 1937b. Ordovician and Silurian faunas from Arctic Canada. Report of the Fifth Thule Ex- pedition 1921-1924. Volume 1, No. 5. Gyl- dendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag, Co- penhagen, 169 pp., 24 pis., 1 map. Ordovician Receptaculites sp. and R. cf. occi- dentalis Salter from Melville Peninsula (pp. 14- 15, 17, 34, 36), R. cf. occidentalis from Iglulik Island (pp. 13, 18, 34, 36), R. neptuni, R. oweni Hall, R. cf. oweni, and Receptaculites sp. from King William Land (pp. 23, 26), and Receptacu- lites sp. from Cockburn Land (p. 21) are listed. Ordovician R. cf. occidentalis Salter from Melville Peninsula is described and illustrated as a sponge and is compared with R. arcticus. Receptaculites oweni, R. occidentale [sic], and R. occidentalis are mentioned (pp. 48-49; pi. 1 , figs. 1 , 4-5). Silurian Receptaculites sp. from King William Land is de- scribed and illustrated as a sponge (pp. 122-123; pi. 1, figs. 2, 3, 6). 1943. The Devonian of Western Australia: a preliminary review. Parts 1 and 2. American Journal of Science, vol. 241, nos. 2-3, pp. 69- 94, 167-184. Receptaculites and Sphaerospongia cf. tessellata are found in Middle Devonian reef formations in western Australia (pp. 78, 81, 92, 170). Sphaero- spongia was previously known only from the up- per Middle Devonian Stringocephalus limestone of Germany and Manitoba. Receptaculites also oc- curs in the Upper Devonian of western Australia (pp. 84, 86). Teller, Edgar E. 1 9 1 1 . A synopsis of the type specimens of fossils from the Paleozoic formations of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Natural History Society, Bulletin, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 170-271. 182 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY The types of Receptaculites fungosus Hall, R. globularis Hall, R. hemisphericus Hall, R. infun- dibulum Hall, and R. oweni Hall are from Wis- consin. The latter three sponges are in the Amer- ican Museum of Natural History (p. 187). 1 em pic ton. Justus Stevens, Jr. 1942. Appendix G— fossil lists. Table 1— Or- dovician fossils; pp. 364-365. In Willman, H. B., and J. Norman Payne, Geology and min- eral resources of the Marseilles, Ottawa, and Streator Quadrangles. Illinois State Geologi- cal Survey Bulletin 66, 388 pp. A sponge, Receptaculites oweni Hall, is listed from the Prosser and Stewartville [members] of the Galena Formation in LaSalle and Morris Quadrangles. 1 em plcton. Justus Stevens, Jr., and Harold Bowen Willman 1 952. Guidebook for the Sixteenth Annual Field Conference of the Tri-State Geological Soci- ety. Central Northern Illinois, October 1 1 and 12, 1952. Illinois Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois, 47 pp., numerous figs. Receptaculites is found in the Ordovician Ga- lena Group in central northern Illinois (pp. 10, 22, 24, 32, 36). Receptaculites oweni is abundant in the basal Sherwood and Rivoli Members of the Dunleith Formation in the type section at East Dubuque. 1 963. Champlainian series (Middle Ordovician) in Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 89, 260 pp., 41 text-figs. The sponge Receptaculites oweni is ubiquitous in the Ordovician Dunleith and Wise Lake (= Ion, Prosser, and Stewartville) Formations of the Kimmswick subgroup (Galena Group) of the up- per Mississippi Valley; it also occurs in the Gut- tenberg and Cobourg Formations of Minnesota and New York, respectively. Receptaculites zones occur in the Fairplay, Rivoli, and Sherwood Mem- bers of the Dunleith Formation and in the Stew- artville Member of the Wise Lake Formation, Is- chadites iowensis occurs below the Wise Lake- Dubuque and Steuben-Hillier contacts (pp. 40, 97- 98, 156-157,238-240). Termier, Genevieve See: Termier, H., and G. Termier, 1968a and 1968b. Debrenne, F., H. Termier, and G. Termier, 1970 and 1971. Termier, Genevieve, and Henri Termier 1950. Paleontologie Marocaine. II. Invertebres de l'Ere Primaire. Fasc. I. Foraminiferes, spongiaires et coelenteres. Service Geolo- gique du Maroc, Mines Carte Notes et Me- moires no. 73, 218 pp., 51 pis. Receptaculites sp. from an unknown level at Re- hamna, Morocco, is listed and illustrated as a si- liceous sponge. The specimen is similar to Recep- taculites oweni Hall from the Trenton Limestone (pp. 53, 124; pi. 7, fig. 19). 1979. Hypothese environnementale et symbio- tique sur l'origine des spongiaires; pp. 513- 520, 5 text-figs., and 2 tables. In Levi, Claude, and Nicole Boury-Esnault (eds.), Biologie des Spongiaires. Sponge Biology. Colloques In- ternationaux de Centre National de la Re- cherche Scientifique. No. 291. Paris, 18-22 Decembre 1978. C.N.R.S., Paris, 533 pp. Radiocyathids, which have developed from pro- karyotes, and receptaculitids, which are placed with stromatolites, are sponges (pp. 5 1 5-5 1 7, tables 1- 2). Termier, Henri See: Termier, G., and H. Termier, 1950 and 1979. Debrenne, F., H. Termier, and G. Termier, 1970 and 1971. Termier, Henri, and Genevieve Termier 1968a. Evolution et Biocinese. Masson et Cie, Paris, 241 pp., 13 pis., 433 text-figs. The Ordovician archaeocyathid (?) Soanites bi- muralis Miagkova (p. 26) from Siberia and Re- ceptaculites occidentalis from Montreal are figured (figs. 34-35, 41). Receptaculitids are described, and Ischadites and Receptaculites are mentioned. 1968b. Biologie et Ecologie des Premiers Fos- siles. Monographic 8. Les Grands Problemes de la Biologie. Collection publiee sous la di- rection du Professeur P.-P. Grasse. Masson et Cie, Paris, 213 pp., 20 text-figs. Receptaculites is a monoblastic organism from the Ordovician Lower Trenton (Ordovicien XII) NITECKJ ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 183 in Canada near Montreal and in southern Quebec (pp.99, 110). Terry, Owen W., and Francis C. Lincoln 1948. Investigation of the Skene zinc mine, Jo Daviess County, Illinois. United States Bu- reau of Mines Report of Investigation 4320, 5 pp., 3 text-figs. A "lower Receptaculites zone" occurs [in the Middle Ordovician Galena Formation] in the Wis- consin zinc-lead district (fig. 2). Thein, Myint Lwin 1973. The Lower Paleozoic stratigraphy of west- ern part of the Southern Shan State, Burma. Regional Conference on the Geology of Southeast Asia. Proceedings. Geological So- ciety of Malaysia Bulletin 6, pp. 143-163, 2 text-figs., 4 tables. Receptaculites is a typical Ordovician fossil in the Wunbye Formation of the Pindaya Group in the Southern Shan State, Burma (pp. 149, 155). Thiel, George A. See: Schwartz, G. M., and G. A. Thiel, 1954. Stauffer, C. R., and G. A. Thiel, 1933 and 1941. Thiel, George A., and Clinton R. Stauffer 1947. The high calcium limestones of Minne- sota. Minnesota Geological Survey Summary Report no. 1,13 pp. Ordovician Receptaculites oweni is listed from the Prosser Member of the Galena Limestone in Minnesota. Thomas, Abram Owen 1923. Some new Paleozoic glass-sponges from Iowa. Proceedings, Iowa Academy of Science, 1922, vol. 29, pp. 85-91, 1 pi. Cerionites dactyloides [sic] occurs in the Silurian of Iowa. Receptaculites oweni Hall and Ischadites iowensis (Owen) are found in the Ordovician Ga- lena Dolomite of Iowa (p. 85). Fragments resem- bling R. occidentalis Salter are found in the Silu- rian (p. 85). Thomas, Henry Dighton See: Lang, W. D., S. Smith, and H. D. Thomas, 1940. Thompson, Marcus Luther See: Kottlowski, F. E., R. H. Flower, M. L. Thompson, and R. W. Foster, 1956. Thorslund, Per 1936. Siljansomraadets braennkalkstenar och kalkindustri. Sveriges Geologiska Under- soekning, serie C, number 398, aarsbok 30, no. 5, 64 pp., 2 pis., 2 maps, 29 text-figs. & tables. The following are listed from Siljan, central Sweden: calcareous algae Mastopora concava Eichw. from the Ordovician Kullsbergkalk, Apid- ium sororis Stoll. from Ordovicio-Silurian Boda- kalk, and Cyclocrinites-like fossil from both lime- stones; and the sponge Receptaculites from the Ordovicio-Silurian Bodakalk (p. 25). Thorsteinsson, Raymond 1 958a. Cornwallis and Little Cornwallis Islands, District of Franklin, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 294, 1 34 pp., 8 pis., 5 text-figs., 7 tables, 1 map. Receptaculites sp. on Little Cornwallis Island and R. arcticus Etheridge on Cornwallis Island are components of the Arctic Ordovician fauna, which characterizes the upper 500 ft. of the Middle Or- dovician (Edenian and/or Maysvillian) Cornwallis Formation. Receptaculites arcticus is also found in the Ordovician of Silliman's Mount on Baffin Island and in the Cape Calhoun Formation of Greenland (pp. 36, 39, 41-42). Ischadites sp. is present in member A of the Silurian Read Bay Formation on Cornwallis Island (p. 49). 1958b. Summary of the geology of Cornwallis and Little Cornwallis Islands; pp. 3-11. In Sweet, Walter C, and Arthur K. Miller, Or- dovician cephalopods from Cornwallis and Little Cornwallis Islands, District of Frank- lin, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 38, 86 pp. Receptaculites arcticus Etheridge is found in the Late Ordovician to Middle Silurian Allen Bay For- 184 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY mation of southern Cornwallis Island in the Northwest Territories (p. 7). 1963a. Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy; pp. 31-50, table 1. In Fortier, Yves Oscar (ed.), Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Opera- tion Franklin). Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 320, 671 pp. Receptaculites from the Arctic Ordovician fauna is found in the Middle Ordovician Crocker Bay Formation at Dundas Harbour on Devon Island, Northwest Territories, and in the upper Cornwal- lis Formation of Cornwallis Island (pp. 33, 39). 1963b. Northern Grinnell Peninsula around Lyall River; pp. 250-256, text-fig. 12, colum- nar-sect. 27. In Fortier, Yves Oscar (ed.), Ge- ology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Opera- tion Franklin). Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 320, 671 pp. A receptaculitid sponge is found in the Ordo- vician Cornwallis Formation of the northern Grin- nell Peninsula, Devon Island (p. 253). 1963c. Copes Bay; pp. 386-395, text-fig. 25, co- lumnar sect. 45. In Fortier, Yves Oscar (ed.), Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Opera- tion Franklin). Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 320, 671 pp. Receptaculites sp. occurs in the Arctic Ordovi- cian fauna of the upper part of the Middle Or- dovician Cornwallis Formation at Parrish Glacier on southern Ellesmere Island, Northwest Terri- tories (p. 393). See: Glenister, B. F., and R. Thorsteinsson, 1963. Thorsteinsson, Raymond, and Edward T. Tozer 1962. Banks, Victoria and Stefansson Islands, Arctic Archipelago. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 330, 85 pp., 27 pis., 2 text- figs., 1 map. Receptaculites sp. is part of the Arctic Ordovi- cian fauna along the east coast of Victoria Island in the Canadian Arctic (pp. 42, 44). 1963. Geology of northern Prince of Wales Is- land and northwestern Somerset Island; pp. 117-129. In Fortier, Yves Oscar (ed.), Ge- ology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Opera- tion Franklin). Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 320, 67 1 pp. Receptaculites is part of the Arctic Ordovician fauna, possibly from the Cornwallis Formation on Somerset Island in Arctic Canada (p. 1 1 8). 1970. Geology of the Arctic Archipelago; pp. 548-590, 8 pis., 13 text-figs. In Douglas, R. J. W. (ed.), Geology and economic minerals of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Eco- nomic Geology Report no. 1 (5th ed.), vol. 1 , text, 838 pp.; vol. 2, maps and charts. Barneveld Ordovician Receptaculites is listed from the Thumb Mountain Formation of the Cornwallis Group in the Canadian Arctic (p. 557). Ting, T. H. 1937. Revision der Archaeocyathinen. Neues Jahrbuch fuer Mineralogie, Geologie und Pa- laeontologie. Beilage-Baende 78. Abteilung B: Geologie und Palaeontologie, pp. 327-379, pis. 9-14, 12 text-figs. The Calciferous sponge Calathium Billings from Newfoundland is described and compared with archaeocyathids (p. 351). Thorsteinsson, Raymond, and Brian F. Glenister Toghill, Peter 1 963. Driftwood Bay; pp. 585-596, text-fig. 50, See: 1 table, columnar sect. 79. In Fortier, Yves Oscar (ed.), Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Terri- tories (Operation Franklin). Geological Sur- vey of Canada, Memoir 320, 671 pp. Receptaculites is found in the upper 100 feet of the Ordovician Cornwallis Formation on the east central coast of Bathurst Island (p. 588). Cocks, L. R. M., and P. Toghill, 1973. Tolmachoff, Innokentii Pavlovich 1926. On the fossil faunas from Per Schei's Se- ries D from Ellesmere Land with exception of brachiopods, corals, and cephalopods. Re- port of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expe- dition in the "Fram" 1 898-1 902, no. 38. Pub- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 185 lished by Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademii Oslo (Videnskapsselskapet i Kristiania). A. W. Broggers Boktrykkeri A/S, Oslo, Kristiania, 106 pp., 8 pis. Ischadites polaris n. sp. from the Devonian Db horizon of Ostre Borgen, Ellesmere Land, is de- scribed and illustrated. It consists of one fragment and is compared with Receptaculites neptuni (pp. 12, 16, 83-84, 91, 106; pi. 8, figs. 15-16). Tomlinson, Charles Weldon 1917. The Middle Paleozoic stratigraphy of the central Rocky Mountain region. Part 1 . Jour- nal of Geology, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 112-134, 5 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni Hall is listed from the Mid- dle Ordovician Bighorn Formation in Montana and Wyoming (p. 1 30). Toomey, Donald Francis 1964. Ellenburger (Lower Ordovician) sponge beds of central Texas. Tulsa Geological So- ciety Digest, vol. 32, pp. 98-1 11,3 pis., 2 text- figs. The distribution of Calathium in the Ellenbur- ger Group in central Texas is documented (pp. 99- 102, 104-106). Calathium is probably more closely allied to the archaeocyathids or receptaculitids than to the true sponges, perhaps representing a con- necting link between these two groups. 1967. Additional occurrences and extension of stratigraphic range of the problematical mi- cro-organism Nuia. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1457-1460, pi. 185. Spongelike Receptaculites Blainville is abundant in biostromal layers of the Middle Ordovician Bromide Formation in southern Oklahoma (p. 1458). Calathium is common in North American Lower Ordovician carbonate mounds (p. 1457). 1 970. An unhurried look at a Lower Ordovician mound horizon, southern Franklin Moun- tains, West Texas. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 1318-1334, 15 text-figs., 2 tables. Calathium, a quasi-sponge, is a dominant framebuilder of the biotic mounds in the Lower Ordovician El Paso Group of the southern Frank- lin Mountains, West Texas (pp. 1321-1326, 1329— 1330, 1332, figs. 6, 10). 1 978. Geologic Fieldtrip Guide to Selected Areas in West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico. Guidebook No. 1, 188 pp., 137 figs. Cities Service Company. Energy Resources Group, Southwest Region, Midland, Texas. A silicified receptaculitid alga, Calathium, is listed (pp. 49-50, 52, 60 and in fig. 27) from the Lower Ordovician Jose Formation and Mc- Kelligon Canyon Formation in the Franklin Mountains of West Texas, and is figured from McKelligon Canyon in West Texas (figs. 3 1C, 33B, 38K). 1980. Distribution of Lower Ordovician Cera- topea (gastropod opercula) in the Kindblade Formation, Wichita Mountains, southwest- ern Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geology Notes, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 19-29, 4 text-figs. The receptaculitid alga Calathium occurs in the Lower Ordovician Kindblade Formation in the Wichita Mountains of southwestern Oklahoma (pp. 24, 27-28). See also: Ham, W. E., and D. F. Toomey, 1966 and 1968. Nitecki, M. H., and D. F. Toomey, 1979a and 1979b. Riding, R., and D. F. Toomey, 1972. Rigby, J. K, and D. F. Toomey, 1978. Smith, A. G., and D. F. Toomey, 1964. Toomey, Donald Francis, and William E. Ham 1 967. Pulchrilamina, a. new mound-building or- ganism from Lower Ordovician rocks of West Texas and southern Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 981-987, pis. 127-128, 2 text-figs. The quasi-sponge Calathium, together with Ar- chaeoscyphia and Pulchrilamina form reef-like mounds in the Lower Ordovician El Paso Group of Texas and in the Arbuckle Group of Okla- homa. Toomey, Donald Francis, and Jerome J. C. Ingels 1964. Reported Silurian occurrence of Cala- thium from the Thornton Reef, Illinois: a cor- 186 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY rection. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1102-1104, pi. 171. Calathium (?) sp., previously reported by Ingels (1963) from flank-reef deposits in Thornton Quar- ry and by Bretz ( 1 939), is probably a tabulate coral. Calathium sp., a quasi-sponge, possibly an ar- chaeocyathid, is figured from the Kindblade For- mation of the Arbuckle Group (Lower Ordovi- cian) in the Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma. Toomey, Donald Francis, and Karl W. Klement 1 966. A problematical micro-organism from the El Paso Group (Lower Ordovician) of West Texas. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1304-1311, pis. 159-160, 1 text-fig. The quasi-sponge Calathium sp. is a primary mound builder in the Lower Ordovician El Paso Group of West Texas (p. 1310). Toomey, Donald Francis, and David V. LeMone 1977. Some Ordovician and Silurian algae from selected areas of the southwestern United States; pp. 351-359, 4 text-figs. In Fluegel, Erik (ed.), Fossil Algae. Springer- Verlag, Ber- lin and Heidelberg, 375 pp., 32 pis., 1 19 text- figs. Calathium Billings, a problematical organism that may be a dasycladaceous alga, is one of three dominant framework builders in carbonate mounds of Lower Ordovician horizons in south- ern Oklahoma, West Texas, and southern New Mexico. These horizons include the El Paso Group (McKelligon Canyon Formation) and Arbuckle Group (pp. 352, 356). The Upper Ordovician Upham Dolomite of the Montoya Group in West Texas contains abundant Receptaculites, also a possible dasycladaceous alga (p. 358). Toomey, Donald Francis, and Matthew H. Nitecki 1979. Organic buildups in the Lower Ordovi- cian (Canadian) of Texas and Oklahoma. Fieldiana: Geology, n. ser., no. 2, 181 pp. The receptaculitid alga Calathium is figured from numerous Texas and Oklahoma localities. Al- though Calathium Billings 1856 from Newfound- land differs from Calathium in the Ordovician buildups in Texas and Oklahoma, the name Cal- athium is tentatively retained for both. Tozer, Edward T. 1963. Trold Fiord; pp. 370-380, text-fig. 24, columnar sects. 42, 43. In Fortier, Yves Oscar (ed.), Geology of the north-central part of the Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories (Operation Franklin). Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 320, 671 pp. Receptaculites cf. arcticus Etheridge is listed from the upper part of the Ordovician Cornwallis For- mation on western Ellesmere Island (p. 374, co- lumnar sect. 42). See also: Thorsteinsson, R., and E. T. Tozer, 1962, 1963, and 1970. Trertin, Hans Peter 1965a. Lower Palaeozoic sediments of north- western Baffin Island, District of Franklin. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 64-47, 28 pp., 10 text-figs., 1 table. Early Late Ordovician or slightly older Recep- taculites cf. arcticus Etheridge is listed from north- ern Baffin Island (p. 1 7). 1965b. Middle Ordovician to Middle Silurian carbonate cycle, Brodeur Peninsula, north- western Baffin Island. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1 55— 180, 3 pis., 2 text-figs., 2 tables. Receptaculites occurs in zone lb and R. cf. arc- ticus Etheridge in zone Ic of the Ordovician Bro- deur Group on northwestern Baffin Island (pp. 164-165). 1969a. Lower Paleozoic sediments of north- western Baffin Island, District of Franklin. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 1 57, 70 pp., 30 text-figs., 3 tables. Receptaculites and R. cf. arcticus Etheridge from the Arctic Ordovician fauna are found in member B of the early Late Ordovician and slightly older Baillarge Formation of the Brodeur Group, north- western Baffin Island (pp. 29, 35, 50). 1 969b. Geology of Ordovician to Pennsylva- nian rocks, M'Clintock Inlet, north coast of Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Archipel- ago. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 1 83, 93 pp., 2 pis., 15 text-figs., 8 tables. Receptaculites sp. from the Richmond Ordo- vician Zebra Cliffs Formation and Receptaculites (?) sp. from the Silurian or Ordovician (?) Marvin Formation are listed (pp. 32, 41-42). NITECKJ ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 187 1975. Investigations of Lower Paleozoic geol- ogy of Foxe Basin, northeastern Melville Pen- insula, and parts of northwestern and central Baffin Island. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 251, 177 pp., 63 pis., 16 text-figs., 2 maps, tables. Receptaculites, R. cf. arcticus Etheridge, and cy- clocrinitids are reported as algae from the upper Middle and/or Upper Ordovician on the Melville Peninsula and Baffin Island (pp. 20, 23, 39, 43, 49, 51, 53, 56-58, 63, 69, 78, 83; text-figs. 13-15; table 1, pp. 131-136; table 2, pp. 137-141). Cy- clocrinitids are figured (pis. 33-35). Trice, E. L. See: Kottlowski, F. E., and E. L. Trice, 1958. Troedsson, Gustaf T. 1926a. On the Middle and Upper Ordovician faunas of northern Greenland. I. Cephalo- pods. Meddelelser om Gronland, Bind 7 1 , pp. 1-157, 65 pis., 17 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni Hall and R. pearyi Whit- field are listed from the Ordovician of the Arctic Archipelago (pp. 9-10). Receptaculites is men- tioned from the Gonioceras Bay Formation ("Re- ceptaculites limestone") (p. 12). See also: Troedsson, G. T., 1926b. 1 926b. On the Middle and Upper Ordovician faunas of northern Greenland. I. Cephalo- pods. Communications Paleontologiques. Museum de Mineralogie et de Geologie de l'Universite de Copenhague, no. 25, 157 pp., 65 pis., 17 text-figs. This is identical to Troedsson, G. T., 1926a. 1928a [1929]. On the Middle and Upper Or- dovician faunas of northern Greenland. Part II. Meddelelser om Gronland, Bind 72, pp. 1-197, 56 pis., 12 text-figs. The morphology, systematic position, and Arc- tic distribution of Receptaculites are discussed (pp. 140-143, 151, 155, 157-160, 162-163, 165, 167, 169, 171). Receptaculites, Ischadites, Leptopoter- ion, and Polygonosphaerites are sponges of uncer- tain taxonomic position. Receptaculites arcticus, R. pearyi, R. occidentalis, and R. oweni from Grin- nell Land are tentatively assigned to R. arcticus Etheridge, which is described and figured (pp. 1 43- 145; pi. 48; pi. 49, figs. 1-5; pi. 50, figs. 1-3). Ischadites sp. and the calcareous algae Cyclocri- nites Eichwald (= Pasceolus Billings), C. cf. dar- wini Miller, and C. cf. claudei Miller are described and figured from the Ordovician Cape Calhoun beds of northern Greenland (pp. 145-147; pi. 50, figs. 4-5; pi. 51, figs. 1-4). Receptaculites neptuni, R. occidentale, R. orbis, Cyclocrinites schmidti, C. oelandicus, C. spasski, C. pyriformis, Pasceolus halli, P. darwini, P. globosus, P. claudei, P. tu- midus, P. camdenensis, and the Receptaculites limestone (or Gonioceras Bay Series) are discussed (pp. 140-145, 156-157). See also: Troedsson, G. T., 1928b. 1928b. On the Middle and Upper Ordovician faunas of northern Greenland. Part II. Com- munications Paleontologiques. Museum de Mineralogie et de Geologie de l'Universite de Copenhague, no. 30, 197 pp., 56 pis., 12 text- figs. This is identical to Troedsson, G. T., 1928a. Troelsen, Johannes Christian 1950. Contributions to the geology of northwest Greenland, Ellesmere Island and Axel Hei- berg Island. Meddelelser om Gronland, Bind 149, nr. 7, 85 pp., 17 text-figs., 1 map. Receptaculites arcticus Etheridge from the head of Bay Fjord in central Ellesmere Island and Re- ceptaculites from the Gonioceras Bay Formation (= Receptaculites Limestone of Koch) and from the Ordovician Cape Calhoun Formation of northwest Greenland are listed (pp. 53-55, 58). 1956. Groenland-Greenland. Congres Geolo- gique International-Commission de Stratigra- phie. Lexique Stratigraphique International, Europe. Fascicule la. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1 1 6 pp. Receptaculites in Greenland is common in the Ordovician Cape Calhoun Limestone (p. 1 5) and in Middle-?Upper Ordovician Troedsson Cliff Formation (p. 88); R. arcticus Etheridge is com- mon in Middle Ordovician Gonioceras Bay Lime- stone (p. 38). Receptaculites Limestone is now di- vided into Cape Calhoun Limestone (p. 15), 188 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Gonioceras Bay Limestone (pp. 38, 76), and Troedsson Cliff Formation (pp. 1 5, 76). See also: Peel, J. S., P. R. Dawes, and J. C. Troelsen, 1974. Trowbridge, Arthur C. (ed.) 1935. Guidebook. Ninth Annual Field Confer- ence. The Kansas Geological Society. Upper Mississippi Valley. Iowa City, Iowa, to Du- luth, Minnesota. August 25th to September 1st, 1935. Kansas Geological Society, Wich- ita, Kansas, 47 1 pp., 26 1 text-figs., plates, sec- tions, and maps. Zones of Receptaculites oweni Hall occur in the Prosser Limestone and basal Stewartville Dolo- mite of the Ordovician, Trenton Galena Group throughout the upper Mississippi Valley (pp. 59- 60, 72, 78, 428, 456). Trowbridge, Arthur C. See: Shaw, E. W., and A. C. Trowbridge, 1916. Trowbridge, Arthur C, and Eugene Wesley Shaw 1916. Geology and geography of the Galena and Elizabeth Quadrangles [Illinois]. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 26, 233 pp., 25 pis., 50 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni, a supposed sponge, is il- lustrated (pi. 5, figs. 8-9). Zones of/?, oweni are good horizon markers for the Ordovician Galena Formation (pp. 40-41, 48-49, 51-52, 55, 71). Tschernyschew, Thomas See: Chernuishev, T. N., 1893. Tufford, Sarah, and Rudolph Hogberg 1965. Guide to fossil collecting in Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey, Education Se- ries 1, 30 pp., numerous text-figs. Problematic sponges Ischadites and Receptac- ulites from the Ordovician Galena Formation of southeastern Minnesota are illustrated (pp. 4, 7- 8). Tulloch, W. See: Mitchell, G. H., and others, 1962. Twenhofel, William Henry 1914. The Anticosti Island faunas. Geological Survey of Canada, Museum Bulletin no. 3 (Geol. ser. no. 19), 39 pp., 1 pi. The following are from Anticosti Island, Que- bec: Cyclocrinites halli and Ischadites (?) insularis from the Ordovician Ellis Bay Formation, Cyclo- crinites halli from the Silurian Becscie River For- mation and Cyclocrinitis [sic] gregarius, C. inter- medin, and Ischadites koenigi from the Silurian Gun River Formation (pp. 9, 12-13). 1916. The Silurian and high Ordovician strata of Esthonia, Russia and their faunas. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har- vard College, vol. 56, no. 4, part 2, pp. 287- 340, 5 pis. Cyclocrinites spasski (?) Eichwald is listed from the Ordovician Lyckholm Formation of Estonia (pp. 299, 305-306). 1928. Geology of Anticosti Island. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 154, 481 pp., 60 pis., 1 text-fig., tables. The siphonous algae (?) Cyclocrinites Eichwald, Ordovician C. halli (Billings), and Silurian C. gre- garius (Billings) and C. intermedius (Billings) are described, and C intermedius is figured (pp. 1 00- 102; pi. 1, fig. 10). Ischadites (?) insularis (Billings) and /. cf. koenigi Murchison are described as sponges, and the former is figured (pp. 102-103; pi. 1 , fig. 9). All are from Anticosti Island, Quebec. 1 938a. Geology and paleontology of the Mingan Islands, Quebec. Geological Society of Amer- ica Special Paper, no. 11, 132 pp., 24 pis., 1 text-fig., 1 table. Ischadites rhomboideus n. sp. is described and figured (pp. 36-37; pi. 6, fig. 4). The original de- scriptions of Nipterella paradoxica (Billings), Re- ceptaculites calciferus Billings, and Receptaculites (?) elegantulus (Billings) are given (pp. 37-38). Hinde's assignment of Nipterella to sponges is questioned. All are sponges from the Mingan and Romaine Formations of the Mingan Islands, Que- bec (p. 30). 1938b. A new species of Receptaculites (R. pe- dunculatus) from the Silurian strata of eastern Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, vol. 31, pp. 545-546, 1 pi., 2 text-figs. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 189 Receptaculites pedunculatus n. sp. from the Si- lurian Racine Formation or coral beds of eastern Wisconsin is described and figured. Receptaculites hemisphericus Hall and R. tesselatus Winchell and Marcy are known from the Silurian of Wisconsin. Twenhofel, William Henry (Chairman, Ordovi- cian Subcommittee of the Committee on Stra- tigraphy, National Research Council) 1954. Correlation of the Ordovician formations of North America. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 247- 298, 1 pi., 2 text-figs. The following Ordovician fossils are listed and their distributions given: Nidulites pyriformis, Calathium, Receptaculites, R. arcticus, R. mam- millaris, R. biconstrictus, R. oweni, and Nidulites (pp. 265, 270, 272, 276-277, 286). Twenhofel, William Henry See: Schuchert, C, and W. H. Twenhofel, 1910. Shrock, R. R., and W. H. Twenhofel, 1939 and 1953. Twenhofel, William Henry, and Robert R. Shrock 1935. Invertebrate Paleontology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, New York, 511 pp., 175 text-figs. Lower and Middle Paleozoic Receptaculites and Ischadites are sponges (?) of uncertain biologic af- finities (pp. 66, 70). Middle Ordovician R. oweni from Illinois and /. iowensis from Iowa are figured (p. 67, text-fig. 67). Paleozoic Cyclocrinites, Nid- ulites, and Pasceolus are probably algae rather than sponges (p. 68). gia tessellata Phillips, found along Dawson Bay and Lake Manitoba, is characteristic of the Strin- gocephalus zone of the Winnipegosan Formation (pp. 173-175, 179-180, 185-186, 197, 205). 1896. Report on the country between Athabasca Lake and Churchill River with notes on two routes travelled between the Churchill and Saskatchewan Rivers. Geological Survey of Canada Annual Report, n. ser., vol. 8, 1895, Rep. D, 120 pp., pis., maps. Receptaculites oweni Hall from Cambro-Silu- rian boulders on the banks of the Big River in Canada is listed (p. 1 9). 1897. Report on the Doobaunt, Kazan and Fer- guson Rivers and the northwest coast of Hud- son Bay and on two overland routes from Hudson Bay to Lake Winnipeg. Geological Survey of Canada Annual Report, n. ser., vol. 9, 1896, Rep. F, 218 pp., 1 1 pis., maps. Receptaculites oweni Hall is listed from Tren- ton-age [Ordovician] boulders along the eastern shore of Sturgeon Lake on the northwest coast of Hudson Bay (p. 101). 1902. Report on explorations in the northeast- ern portion of the District of Saskatchewan and adjacent parts of the District of Kee- watin. Geological Survey of Canada Annual Report, n. ser., vol. 13, 1900, Rep. F, 48 pp., lpl. Receptaculites oweni Hall is found along Lake Winnipeg, Sturgeon Lake, and Wekusko Lake in the Districts of Saskatchewan and Keewatin, Can- ada (pp. 15, 37,43). Tynan, Eugene J. See: Barnes, V. E., P. E. Cloud, Jr., L. P. Dixon, R. L. Folk, E. C. Jones, A. R. Palmer, and E.J.Tynan, 1959. Tyrrell, Joseph Burr 1892. Report on north-western Manitoba with portions of the adjacent districts of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. Geological Survey of Can- ada Annual Report, n. ser., vol. 5, part 1, Rep. E, 224 pp., pis., text-figs., tables, maps. The Middle Devonian protozoan Sphaerospon- Ulrich, Edward O. 1878. Descriptions of some new species of fos- sils, from the Cincinnati Group. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 92-100, pi. 4. Anomaloides n. gen. reticulatus n. sp. from the [Ordovician] Cincinnati Group at Covington, Kentucky, is described and illustrated as an echi- noderm of uncertain taxonomic position (pp. 92- 93; pi. 4, figs. 6, 6a, and 6b). 1879. Descriptions of new genera and species of fossils from the Lower Silurian about Cin- 190 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY cinnati. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 8-30, pi. 7. Lepidolites n. gen., L. dickhauti n. sp., and L. elongatus n. sp. are described and illustrated from the [Upper Ordovician] Hudson River Group near Covington, Kentucky (pp. 20-22; pi. 7, figs. 16- 1 7). Lepidolites, although similar to Pasceolus, be- longs to a new family or order. 1880. Catalogue of Fossils occurring in the Cin- cinnati Group of Ohio, Indiana, and Ken- tucky. James Barclay, Cincinnati, Ohio, 31 PP. Astylospongia tumida James and Calathium ob- liquum Ulrich [nomen nudum] are listed as sponges. Anomaloides reticulatus Ulrich, Lepi- dolites dickhauti Ulrich, L. elongatus Ulrich, Pas- ceolus claudei Miller, P. darwini Miller, and P. globosus Billings are of uncertain taxonomic po- sition. These are from the Lower Silurian [Ordo- vician] Cincinnati Group of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky (pp. 3, 30). 1889. Preliminary description of new Lower Si- lurian sponges. The American Geologist, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 233-248. Leptopoterion n. gen. mammiferum n. sp. [a re- ceptaculitid] is described from the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Cincinnati Group (p. 239). 1890a. American Palaeozoic sponges. Geolog- ical Survey of Illinois. Volume 8. Geology and Paleontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 209-241, 10 text-figs. Lepidolites dickhauti and L. elongatus Ulrich belong to the Receptaculitidae (p. 239). Calathium (?) is listed from the Calciferous and Quebec Groups of the "Cambrian" [Ordovician] System (p. 2 1 6). The following sponges are listed: Calathium, C. affine Billings, C anstedi Billings, C. (?) canadense Billings, C. fittoni Billings, C. (?) formosum Bil- lings, C. pannosum Billings, C. paradoxicum Bil- lings, C. (?) infelix Ulrich and Everett, Receptac- ulites, and Lepidolites (pp. 217, 235, 238). 1890b. Sponges of the Devonian and Carbon- iferous Systems. Geological Survey of Illinois. Volume 8. Geology and Paleontology. Pub- lished by authority of the Legislature of Illi- nois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 243-25 1 . Calathium canadense Billings and C. infelix Ul- rich and Everett may be the nearest relatives of a new sponge genus, Syringophyllum (p. 250). 1 893. Anomalospongia, nov. nom. On the struc- ture and systematic position of "Anoma- loides" and a proposal to change the name to Anomalospongia; pp. 68-74; pi. F, figs. 13- 15; 1 text-fig. In Winchell, Newton H., and Charles Schuchert, Sponges, graptolites and corals from the Lower Silurian of Minnesota [advance printing of Ulrich, E. O., 1895]. Anomalospongia n. gen. (= Anomaloides) retic- ulata from Covington, Kentucky, is described and illustrated as a sponge. A new, unnamed order is proposed to include Anomalospongia, Amphi- spongia, and Receptaculitidae. 1895. Anomalospongia, nov. nom. On the structure and systematic position of "An- omaloides" and a proposal to change the name to Anomalospongia; pp. 68-74; pi. F, figs. 13- 15; 1 text-fig. In Winchell, Newton H., and Charles Schuchert, Sponges, graptolites and corals from the Lower Silurian of Minnesota. The Geology of Minnesota. Volume 3, Part 1, of the Final Report. Paleontology. Geolog- ical and Natural History Survey of Minne- sota. Harrison and Smith, State Printers, Min- neapolis, Minnesota, pp. 55-95, pis. F-G, 7 text-figs. This is identical to Ulrich, E. O., 1893. 1911. Revision of the Paleozoic systems. Bul- letin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 22, pp. 281-680, pis. 25-29. The following are listed: Receptaculites oweni from the Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone in the vicinity of Thebes, Illinois, and Cape Gi- rardeau, Missouri (pp. 309-3 1 0); Calathium from the Ceratopea zone in the Wichita Mountain sec- tion of southwestern Oklahoma (p. 667); and Nid- ulites favus from Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Kentucky (pp. 327, 329, 5 1 5). Nidulites zones are stratigraphic markers in the Chambersburg Lime- stone of southern Pennsylvania (pp. 322, 324-328). See also: Anonymous, 1888c. Winchell, N. H., and E. O. Ulrich, 1895 and 1897. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 191 Ulrich, Edward O., and Oliver Everett 1 890. Descriptions of Lower Silurian sponges. Geological Survey of Illinois. Volume 8. Ge- ology and Paleontology. Published by au- thority of the Legislature of Illinois, Spring- field, Illinois (pp. 253-282, pis. 1-8). Calathium (?) (? Zittelella) infelix Ulrich and Everett [sponge] from the Trenton Limestone of Dixon, Illinois, is described and figured (pp. 274- 275; pi. 5, figs. 1, la). Unfer, Louis, Jr., and George H. Fraunfelter (eds.) 1973. Guidebook to the Cambro-Ordovician rocks of the eastern Ozarks. Illinois Geolog- ical Society. Field Conference, June 8 and 9, 1973. Southeast Missouri State University- Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Il- linois, 48 pp., 12 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni from the Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone in southeastern Missouri is listed (pp. 13, 18). Unklesbay, Athel Glyde 1955. The common fossils of Missouri. Mis- souri Handbook Series, University of Mis- souri Press, no. 4, 98 pp., 17 pis., 15 text-figs. Receptaculites, an index fossil for the Ordovi- cian Kimmswick Formation in Missouri, is listed and illustrated as a sponge (?) (pp. 30-31; pi. 1, fig. 2). Upham, Warren 1884. The geology of Cottonwood and Jackson Counties; pp. 491-516. In Winchell, Newton H., and Warren Upham, The Geology of Min- nesota. Volume 1, of the Final Report. Geo- logical and Natural History Survey of Min- nesota. Published by authority of the State of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 697 pp. Receptaculites is found in the glacial drift in Cottonwood County, Minnesota (p. 5 1 0). Uyeno, T. T. See: Norris, A. W., and T. T. Uyeno, 1971. Vachard, Daniel See: Bassoullet, J.-P., P. Bernier, R. Deloffre, P. Genot, M. Jaffrezo, and D. Vachard, 1979. Van Cleve, John W. 1 849. [On the fossil zoophytes of western Ohio.] Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, vol. 1 , pp. 1 9- 24. A description and illustration of the coral Cos- cinopora sulcata Goldfuss from the lead region in Iowa is claimed to be ready for publication in Van Cleve's "Fossil zoophytes of western Ohio, with a few additions from other western localities" [never published]. Van Lieu, J. A. See: Keefer, W. R., and J. A. Van Lieu, 1966. Van Tuyl, Francis M. See: Savage, T. E., and F. M. Van Tuyl, 1919. Varfolomeev, P. N. See: Malchevskaya, T. M., L. V. Romanovskaya, and P. N. Varfolomeev, 1966. Verneuil, Edouard de [Phillippe Edouard Poul- letier de Verneuil] See: Archiac, [E. J. A. D.], and E. de Verneuil, 1842. Murchison, R. I., E. de Verneuil, and A. de Keyserling, 1845. Verniory, Rene 1970. Atlas de Paleontologie des Invertebres. Librairie de l'Universite Georg., Geneve, 222 pp., 84 pis. Receptaculitids are dictyonine hexactinellid sponges (p. 36). Verrill, Addison Emory 1865. [Untitled minutes of the March 2, 1864 meeting.] Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 10, p. 19. Pasceolus halli Billings from Anticosti Island, Quebec, is a cystidean, rather than an ascidian as suggested by Billings. 192 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Vigrass, Laurence W. 1971. Depositional framework of the Winnipeg Formation in Manitoba and eastern Saskatch- ewan; pp. 225-234, 8 text-figs. In Turnock, Allan C. (ed.), Geoscience studies in Mani- toba. Geological Association of Canada, Spe- cial Paper 9, 352 pp. Receptaculites is found in the basin margin fa- des of the Middle Ordovician Winnipeg Forma- tion in Manitoba and Saskatchewan (p. 232). Vlasov, A. N. 1 965. Tip Porifera, Klass Receptaculitida; p. 407, fig. 19. In Beznosov, G. A., and F. A. Zhu- ravlev (eds.), Paleontologicheskii Slovar. Nauka, Moskva, 615 pp., 164 figs. Class Receptaculitida is described, and Sush- kin's 1955 figure is reproduced. Vogeltanz, Rudolf 1969. Receptaculites neptuni (Defrance) from Devonian of Owir An, Chitral, West Pakistan. Record of the Geological Survey of Pakistan, vol. 19, 4 pp., 2 pis. Receptaculites neptuni (Defrance) from a De- vonian oolitic limestone in Owir An, West Paki- stan, is described and illustrated. ologic affinities is figured from the Middle Ordo- vician Chambersburg Limestone of Maryland (pp. 78, 194; pi. 2, figs. 7-8, after Bassler, 1919). Vologdin, Aleksandr Grigorevich 1962. Drevneishne vodorosli SSSR. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moskva, 656 pp., 126 pis., 135 text-figs., 18 tables. Coelosphaeridium, Cyclocrinus, Mastopora, and Apidium are listed as Paleozoic Dasycladacea (p. 58). Vologdin, Aleksandr Grigorevich, and A. B. Mas- lov 1 960. O novoy gruppe iskopayemykh organiz- mov iz nizov yudomskoy svity sibirskoy plat- formy. [A new group of fossil organisms from the bottom of the Yudoma Series of the Si- berian Platform.] Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 134, no. 3, pp. 691-693, 2 text- figs. Suvorovellidae n. fam. and Suvorovella n. gen. and Majaella n. gen. of uncertain taxonomic po- sition may have given rise to certain receptaculi- tids. See also: Vologdin, A. G., and A. B. Maslov, 1961. Vogeltanz, Rudolf, and M . A. Diemberger-Sironi 1 968. Receptaculites neptuni Defrance in Devon des Hindukusch. Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematische-Natur- wissenschaftliche Klasse, Anzeiger, Nr. 5, pp. 100-101. Receptaculites neptuni from the Upper Devo- nian of the Chitral region of Pakistan is men- tioned. Voigt, Ehrhard See: Hucke, K., and E. Voigt, 1967. Vokes, Harold E. 1957. Geography and geology of Maryland. Maryland Department of Geology, Mines, and Water Resources Bulletin 19, 243 pp., 28 pis., 32 text-figs., 12 tables. Spongelike Nidulites pyriformis of uncertain bi- 1 96 1 . A new group of fossil organisms from the bottom of the Yudoma series of the Siberian platform. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Earth Science Sect., vol. 134,nos. 1-6. English Translation. American Geological Institute, pp. 1031-1034, figs. 1-2. This is an English translation of Vologdin, A. G., and A. B. Maslov, 1960. Vosmaer, G. C. J. 1887. Dr. H. G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnun- gen der Spongien (Porifera) Wissenschaflich Dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Winter'sche Verlags-handlung, Leipzig und Heidelberg, 496 pp., 34 pis., 53 text- figs. The family Receptaculitidae (suborder Lyssak- ina) consists of: Ischadites Murchison (= Tetra- gonis Eichwald = Zamia), Sphaerospongia Pen- gelly (= Sphaeronites Phillips = Pasceolus Kayser = Polygonosphaerites Roemer = Protocrinites = Echinosphaerites), Acanthochonia Hinde, and Re- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 193 ceptaculites Defrance (pp. 275, 405). Ischadites ko- enigii Murchison is figured (pi. 25, figs. 4-5) and Sphaerospongia is redescribed (pp. 228, 23 1). The following are listed: Cyclocrinites Eichwald, Cy- clocrinus Eichwald, Amphispongia Salter, Calath- ium Billings, and Pasceolus Billings (pp. 258, 393, 400). Waines, R. H. See: Langenheim, R. L., Jr., B. W. Carss, J. B. Kennerly, V. A. McCutcheon, and R. H. Waines, 1962. Walcott, Charles D. 1884. Paleontology of the Eureka District. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, vol. 8, 298 pp., 24 pis., 7 text-figs., tables. Receptaculites mammillaris n. sp. Newberry MS (pi. 1 1 , fig. 1 1), jR. elongatus n. sp. and R. ellipticus n. sp. (pi. 1 1, fig. 12) from the upper part of the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Pogonip Group in the Eureka district and other parts of Nevada are de- scribed. Receptaculites fungosum, R. infundibulus, R. insularis, R. jonesi, R. neptuni, and Ischadites tessellatus are rhizopods (pp. 4, 65-67). 1891. Correlation papers; Cambrian. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 81, 447 pp., 3 pis., 5 text-figs. Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Receptaculites, in- cluding R. mammillaris, are found in the Upper Cambrian [Ordovician] Pogonip Limestone of the Eureka district, Nevada (pp. 316-317). 1 892a. Appendix A. Systematic list of fossils found at Eureka, Nevada. Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, vol. 20, pp. 319-333. Ordovician rhizopods Receptaculites ellipticus Walcott, R. elongatus Walcott, and R. mammil- laris Newberry from the Upper Eureka, and R. mammillaris from the Upper White Pine of Ne- vada are listed (p. 322). 1892b. Preliminary notes on the discovery of a vertebrate fauna in Silurian strata. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 3, pp. 153-172, pis. 3-5. The protozoans Receptaculites sp. and R. oweni Hall are found in the Silurian [Ordovician] Fre- mont Limestone near Canon City, Colorado (p. 159). 1924. Geological formations of Beaverfoot- Brisco-Stanford Range, British Columbia, Canada. Cambrian geology and paleontology, V. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 75, no. 1,51 pp., 8 pis., 1 1 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. occurs in the Silurian [Or- dovician] Beaverfoot Formation and the Ordo- vician Sarbach (?) Formation (Sinclair Canyon Section) of the Beaverfoot-Brisco-Stanford Range, British Columbia (pp. 13, 16, 35). 1928. Pre-Devonian Paleozoic formations of the Cordilleran provinces of Canada. Cambrian geology and paleontology, V. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 175-368, pis. 26-108, text-figs. 24-35. Canadian [Ordovician] Calathium (?) sp., a re- ceptaculitid but not Receptaculites, and Receptac- ulites (?) sp. occur in the lower and middle part of the Sarbach Formation in Clearwater Canyon north of Lake Louise, Alberta (p. 330). Receptaculites sp. from the Silurian [Ordovician] Beaverfoot For- mation of the Beaverfoot-Brisco-Stanford Range in British Columbia is listed (p. 2 1 5). Wales, Donald B. See: Kurtz, V. E., A. H. McNair, and D. B. Wales, 1952. Walker, Kenneth R. 1974. Reefs through time; a synoptic review; pp. 8.1-8.20, 19 text-figs. In Ziegler, Alfred M., Kenneth R. Walker, E. J. Anderson, E. Kauffman, Robert N. Ginsburg, and N. P. James, Sedimenta IV. Principles of Benthic Community Analysis. Comparative Sedi- mentology Laboratory, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. A pleosponge [Calathium] is present in the Or- dovician Carters reef (p. 8.7). See also: Alberstadt, L. P., and K. R. Walker, 1975 and 1976. Alberstadt, L. P., K. R. Walker, and R. P. Zurawski, 1974. 194 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Stephenson, J. P., K. R. Walker, and R. E. McLaughlin, 1973. Walker, Kenneth R .. and Leonard P. Alberstadt 1975. Ecological succession as an aspect of structure in fossil communities. Paleobiology, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 238-257, 7 text-figs., 5 tables. Calathid sponges are found in the colonization stage of a community succession within the Mid- dle Ordovician Carters Formation of Tennessee (p. 241). Wallace, Robert Charles 1925. The geological formations of Manitoba. Natural History Society of Manitoba, Win- nipeg, Manitoba, 58 pp., 8 pis., 1 map. Receptaculites oweni (Hall) from the Ordovician Lower and Upper Mottled Limestones on Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, is listed and figured (pp. 16, 18; pi. 4, fig. 1). Walossek, Charles 1962. Ein Massenvorkommen von Receptacu- lites neptuni Defr. in den Freilinger Schichten der Prumer Mulde bei Bruehlborn (Mittel- devon, Eifel). Decheniana, Band 1 14, Heft 2, pp. 210-212. Receptaculites neptuni is abundant in the Mid- dle Devonian near Bruehlborn, Germany. Walter, M. R., J. H. Shergold, M. D. Muir, and Peter D. Kruse 1979. Early Cambrian and latest Proterozoic stratigraphy, Desert Syncline, southern Geor- gina Basin. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, vol. 26, pp. 305-312. Radiocyathus minor (Bedford and Bedford) is listed (p. 308). Walton, E. K. 1965. Lower Palaeozoic rocks— stratigraphy; pp. 161-220, 16 text-figs. In Craig, Gordon Y. (ed.), The Geology of Scotland. Archon Books, Hamden, Connecticut, 556 pp. Nidulites favus occurs in the Silurian Mulloch Hill Formation of the Newlands Group in the Craighead inlier of Scotland (p. 192). Walton, John 1940. An Introduction to the Study of Fossil Plants. Adam and Charles Black, London, 1 88 pp., 139 text-figs. Ordovician Cyclocrinus is related to living Das- ycladaceae (p. 1 8). See also: Walton, J., 1953. 1953. An Introduction to the Study of Fossil Plants. Adam and Charles Black, London, 20 1 pp., 138 text-figs., 3 tables. The entry on Cyclocrinus (p. 1 8) is identical to Walton, J., 1940. Warren, Percival Sidney 1944. The role of Sphaerospongia tessellata in the MacKenzie River Devonian. Canadian Field Naturalist, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 28-29, lpl. Sphaerospongia tessellata (Phillips) from the Middle Devonian Stringocephalus zone of the Ramparts Limestone in the Lower MacKenzie Valley, Canada, is discussed and figured. 1949. Fossil zones of Devonian of Alberta. Bul- letin of the American Association of Petro- leum Geologists, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 564-571, 1 text-fig. The Middle Devonian sponge Sphaerospongia tessellata (Phillips) is present in the Stringo- cephalus zone along the Red River in Manitoba and on Great Slave Lake (p. 571). Warren, Percival Sidney, and Charles Richard Stelck 1 950. Succession of Devonian faunas in western Canada. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, ser. 3, vol. 44, sect. 4, pp. 61-78, 1 text-fig. Devonian Sphaerospongia sp. and S. tessellata (Phillips) from the Hare Indian River Shale of the MacKenzie Valley, Arctic Canada, and Sphaero- spongia sp. from the Winnipegosan Dolomite of Manitoba are listed (pp. 74-76). 1956. Devonian faunas of western Canada. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper no. 1, 15 pp., 29 pis. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 195 Sphaerospongia sp. and S. tessellata (Phillips) from the Devonian Hare Indian Shale of the Northwest Territories are figured (pi. 1 , fig. 9; pi. 2, fig. 11; pi. 3, fig. 1). Washburn, Albert Lincoln 1947. Reconnaissance geology of portions of Victoria Island and adjacent regions, Arctic Canada. Geological Society of America, Memoir 22, 142 pp., 32 pis., 4 text-figs. Receptaculites manitobensis [nom. nud.] is pres- ent in Terror Bay, King William Island, in Upper Ordovician rocks correlated with the Bighorn Limestone or Selkirk Formation (p. 24). Washburn, Robert H. 1970. Paleozoic of Toiyabe Range, southern Lander County, Nevada. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geolo- gists, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 275-284, 7 text-figs. Receptaculites is found in the Ordovician An- telope Valley Limestone at Toiyabe Peak, Nevada (p. 281). Waterlot, Gerard 1932. Structure et position systematique de Re- ceptaculites neptuni Defrance. Annales de la Societe Geologique du Nord, Tome 57, pp. 2-21, pi. 1, text-figs. 1-10. Devonian Receptaculites neptuni Defrance from France and Belgium is described and illustrated. Systematic interpretations are discussed and re- ceptaculitids are considered calcareous sponges re- lated to lyssaccine siliceous sponges. Waterlot, Gerard, Alphonse Beugnies, Antoine Bonte, Jean-Marie Charlet, and Paul Corsin 1973. Ardenne; pp. 1-134. In Pomerol, Ch. (ed.), Guides geologique regionaux. Ardenne [et] Luxemborg. Masson et Cie, Paris, 206 pp. Devonian Frasnian Receptaculites neptuni is listed from three localities (pp. 22, 68, 79) and figured (pi. 4, fig. 7) from Ardennes. Webb, Gregory W. 1956. Middle Ordovician detailed stratigraphic sections for western Utah and eastern Neva- da. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Sur- vey Bulletin 57, 77 pp., 12 text-figs. Receptaculites sp. and R. mammillaris Walcott are found in the Middle Ordovician of western Utah and eastern Nevada: the Pogonip Group (un- divided), the Kanosh Shale of the Pogonip Group, and the Swan Peak Formation. Receptaculites mammillaris also characterizes trilobite zone M (pp. 40, 48-49, 51, 53-55, 59, 61, 68). 1958. Middle Ordovician stratigraphy in east- ern Nevada and western Utah. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geolo- gists, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 2335-2377, 13 text- figs. Ordovician Receptaculites sp. is found in the Lehman and Copenhagen Formations and the Po- gonip Group in eastern Nevada, and the Kanosh Shale in Utah. Receptaculites elongatus occurs in the Garden City Limestone in Utah. Webers, Gerald F. 1972. Paleoecology of the Cambrian and Or- dovician strata of Minnesota; pp. 474-484, 10 text-figs., 1 table. In Sims, P. K., and G. B. Morey (eds.), Geology of Minnesota: A Centennial Volume. Minnesota Geological Survey, St. Paul, Minnesota, 632 pp. The Middle Ordovician Galena Formation of southeastern Minnesota contains problematic Re- ceptaculites oweni in the Cummingsville Member, Ischadites iowensis in the Prosser Member, and Receptaculites in the Stewartville Member (pp. 477, 479-480). See also: Webers, G. F., 1979. 1979. Paleoecology of the Cambrian and Ordovician strata of Minnesota; pp. 1 8-3 1 , numerous text-figs. In Darby, David, and Gerald F. Webers (eds.), Cambrian and Or- dovician Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Southeastern Minnesota. Field Trip No. 6. Geological Society of America. North-Central Section, 1 3th Annual Meeting, and the Insti- tute of Lake Superior Geology, 25th Meeting. Duluth, Minnesota. This is identical to Webers, G. F., 1972. Weeks, Fred Boughton 1902. North American geologic formation names: bibliography, synonymy and distri- 196 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY bution. Bulletin of the United States Geolog- ical Survey, 191, 448 pp. The Silurian [Ordovician] Receptaculites lime- stone of Shumard (1857) was referred to as the Receptaculite limestone in subsequent Missouri Geological Survey reports (p. 345). Weeks, R. A. See: West, W. S., and R. A. Weeks, 1 976 and 1 977. Weiss, Malcolm P. 1954. Notes on some Middle Ordovician fossils from Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 427-429, pi. 41. Ischadites iowensis (Owen) from the Ordovician Prosser Member of the Galena Formation is de- scribed and figured (pi. 4 1 , figs. 1-2) and compared with /. ottawaensis Wilson and Receptaculites ow- eni. Ischadites sp. is present in the uppermost Stewartville Member of the Galena Formation, and R. oweni in the basal and top parts of the Ischadites zone. The class Receptaculitida is placed in the phylum Porifera. 1 955. Some Ordovician brachiopods from Min- nesota and their stratigraphic relations. Jour- nal of Paleontology, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 759- 774. Receptaculites oweni, which defines the lower Receptaculites zone, occurs throughout the Cum- mingsville Member (new name) of the Ordovician Galena Formation in southeastern Minnesota (pp. 764-766). 1 957. Upper Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of Fillmore County, Minnesota. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 1027-1062, 5 pis., 2 text-figs., 2 tables. The distribution of the sponges Receptaculites oweni Hall, Ischadites iowensis (Owen), and Is- chadites sp. in the upper Middle Ordovician Ga- lena Formation in Fillmore County, Minnesota, and adjacent areas is discussed. The New York and Minnesota distributions of Receptaculites sp. are compared (pp. 1037-1039, 1042, 1044, 1048, 1054-1056, 1058-1059, pi. 5, tables 1-2). See also: Sloan, R. E., and M. P. Weiss, 1956. Weiss, Malcolm P., and W. Charles Bell 1956. Middle Ordovician rocks of Minnesota and their lateral relations; pp. 55-73, text-figs. 1 1-15, 1 table. In Schwartz, George M. (ed.), Guidebook for Field Trips. Minneapolis Meeting, 1956. Field Trip no. 2, Lower Pa- leozoic Geology of the Upper Mississippi Val- ley. Geological Society of America, New York, New York, 110 pp. Receptaculites oweni Hall from the Cummings- ville, Prosser, and Stewartville Members and Is- chadites iowensis from the Prosser Member of the Galena Formation in Minnesota are listed (pp. 66- 67, 69). Upper and lower Receptaculites zones contain R. oweni. Welch, James R. See: Shaver, R. H., and others, 1978. Weller, J. Marvin 1969. The Course of Evolution. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New York, 696 pp., numerous text-figs., 46 tables. Receptaculites and Ischadites of uncertain taxo- nomic position are illustrated and described (pp. 582-583, fig. 583). See also: Leighton, M. M., and J. M. Weller, 1939. Weller, Stuart 1903. The Palaeozoic Faunas. Report on Pa- leontology. Volume 3. Geological Survey of New Jersey, Trenton, New Jersey, 462 pp., 53 pis. The Ordovician sponge Receptaculites occiden- tal Salter from the Trenton of New Jersey is de- scribed and figured (pp. 40-41, 45-47, 135-136; pi. 6, figs. 2-4). 1 907a. Notes on the geology of southern Cal- houn County. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 4, Yearbook for 1906, pp. 219-233. Receptaculites, probably R. oweni, is abundant in the Ordovician Kimmswick ("Receptaculite") Limestone of Calhoun County, Illinois (p. 223). 1 907b. The pre-Richmond unconformity in the NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 197 Mississippi Valley. Journal of Geology, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 519-525, 1 text-fig. Receptaculites is abundant in the Ordovician Kimmswick Limestone of Jefferson County, Mis- souri (p. 524). 1911. Are the fossils of the dolomites indicative of shallow, highly saline and warm water seas? Conference on the faunal criteria in Paleozoic paleogeography. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 22, pp. 227-231. Receptaculites oweni and Receptaculites spp. are found in the Ordovician Galena Formation in Il- linois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, the Tren- ton Limestone of the eastern U.S., and the upper Kimmswick Limestone (= Receptaculite Lime- stone) of Missouri (p. 228). See also: Kuemmel, H. B., and S. Weller, 1901. Weller, Stuart, and Stuart St. Clair 1928. Geology of Ste. Genevieve County, Mis- souri. Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines Report, 2nd ser., vol. 22, 352 pp., 15 pis., 5 text-figs. Receptaculites oweni is common in the Ordo- vician Kimmswick Limestone (Receptaculite Limestone) in Missouri (pp. 112-113, 115). Re- ceptaculites sp. and R. oweni from the Kimmswick Limestone at Glen Park and Calathium sp. [?] from the Jefferson City Formation are listed (pp. 80, 116). Wells, Jack S. See: Martin, J. A., and J. S. Wells, 1966. Wells, John W. 1940. Sphaerospongia in the Tully Formation. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 502-504, 2 text-figs., 1 table. A receptaculitid sponge, Sphaerospongia cf. tes- sellata (Phillips) from the Middle Devonian (?) Tully Limestone in Onondaga County, New York, is described and illustrated. It also occurs in the Givetian Stringocephalus zone of Devonshire and Manitoba. Sphaerospongia cornucopiae (Gold- fuss) occurs in the Middle Devonian of the Eifel region. 1956. Receptaculites in the Upper Devonian of New York. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 747-748; pi. 82, figs. 1-2. The problematic sponge-like Receptaculites aff. monticulatus from the Upper Devonian Sher- burne Formation of New York is described and figured. Lower Devonian Receptaculites and Is- chadites from the Helderberg Group are discussed. The name Receptaculites is [for the first time cor- rectly] credited to Deshayes, 1828, rather than Blainville, 1830. 1963. Early investigations of the Devonian sys- tem in New York, 1656-1836. Geological So- ciety of America, Special Papers no. 74, 74 pp., 1 1 pis., 8 text-figs. The following species, listed by Eaton (1832) as Upper Cretaceous or Jurassic, are now known to be Devonian: New Scotland Coscinopora (= Re- ceptaculites) macropora Goldfuss and Helderber- gian C. infundibuliformis Goldfuss (= R. monti- culatus Hall) and C. (= Receptaculites) sulcata Goldfuss (p. 54). West, P. W. See: Kruse, P. D., and P. W. West, 1980. West, Walter S. See: Heyl, A. V., Jr., W. A. Broughton, and W. S. West, 1970. Klemic, H., and W. S. West, 1964. Whitlow, J. W., and W. S. West, 1966a, 1966b, and 1966c. West, Walter S., and Philip M. Blacet 1971. Geologic map of the Lancaster Quadran- gle, Grant County, Wisconsin. United States Geological Survey Quadrangle Map GQ-949. Receptaculites oweni in Receptaculites zones are common in the Prosser and Stewartville Members of the Ordovician Galena Group in Grant County, Wisconsin. West, Walter S., and R. A. Weeks 1976. Zinc and lead. Mineral and Water Re- sources of Wisconsin. Report prepared by the United States Geological Survey in collabo- ration with the Wisconsin Geological and 198 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Natural History Survey. Printed for the use of the Committee on Interior and Insular Af- fairs, U.S. Senate, 94th Congress, 2nd Ses- sion. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 132-145. Receptaculites occurs in the Prosser and Stew- artville Members of the Middle Ordovician Ga- lena Dolomite in Wisconsin (pp. 138-139). 1977. Zinc and lead resources of Wisconsin. UIR/Research Newsletter, University-Indus- try Research Program, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 10- 11,1 text-fig. Receptaculites occurs in two units of the Middle Ordovician Galena Dolomite in Wisconsin. West, Walter S., Jesse W. Whitlow, C. Ervin Brown, and Allen V. Heyl, Jr. 1971. Geologic map of the Ellenboro Quadran- gle, Grant County, Wisconsin. United States Geological Survey Quadrangle Map GQ-959. Receptaculites oweni occurs in Receptaculites zones in the Prosser and Stewartville Members of the Ordovician Galena Group in Grant County, Wisconsin. Westgate, Lewis G., and Adolph Knopf 1932. Geology and ore deposits of the Pioche district, Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 171, 79 pp., 8 pis., 1 3 text-figs. Calathium sp. from the Ordovician Beekman- townian Yellow Hill Limestone, and Receptacu- lites ellipticus and R. mammillaris from the Or- dovician Chazyan Tank Hill Limestone are found in the Ely Springs Range, Nevada (pp. 14-15). Wetherby, Albert Gallatin 1880. Remarks on the Trenton Limestone of Kentucky, with descriptions of new fossils from that formation and the Kaskaskia (Ches- ter) Group, Sub-Carboniferous. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, vol. 3, pp. 144-160, pi. 5. Receptaculites sp. is listed from the Orthis bed of the [Ordovician] Trenton Limestone south of High Bridge, Kentucky (p. 147). See also: Mickleborough, J., and A. G. Wetherby, 1 878. Weyland, Hermann See: Gothan, W., and H. Weyland, 1954. Wheeler, Harry E., and Dwight M . Lemmon 1939. Cambrian formations of the Eureka and Pioche districts, Nevada. University of Ne- vada Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 3, 60 pp., 1 1 text- figs. Ordovician Receptaculites ellipticus Walcott, R. elongatus Walcott, and R. mammillaris Newberry are present in the "Pogonip" Limestone in the Eureka district of Nevada (p. 28). White, Charles A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils col- lected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the Expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. Report upon United States Geographical Sur- veys west of the 100th meridian in charge of First Lieutenant George M. Wheeler, Volume 4. Paleontology. Part I. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 219 pp., 21 pis. An [Ordovician] foraminifer, Receptaculites sp. (?), is described from Utah (p. 50). White, Charles A., and Henry Alleyne Nicholson 1878. Bibliography of North American inver- tebrate paleontology, being a report upon the publications that have hitherto been made upon the invertebrate paleontology of North America, including the West Indies and Greenland. Miscellaneous Publications no. 10. United States Geological Survey of the Ter- ritories. F. V. Hayden, U.S. Geologist in charge, 132 pp. Selected references to receptaculitids are includ- ed. See also: White, C. A., and H. A. Nicholson, 1879. 1879. Supplement to the bibliography of North American invertebrate paleontology. United States Geological (and Geographical) Survey of the Territories, Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 143-152. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 199 This is a supplement to White, C. A., and H. A. Nicholson, 1878. Whiteaves, Joseph Frederick 1880. On some Silurian and Devonian fossils from Manitoba and the valleys of the Nelson and Churchill Rivers, for the most part col- lected by Dr. R. Bell in the summer of 1879; pp. 45-51. In Bell, Robert, Report on explo- rations on the Churchill and Nelson Rivers and around God's and Island Lakes, 1879. Geological Survey of Canada Report of Prog- ress, 1878-1879. Receptaculites oweni Hall (= Coscinopora sul- cata Owen) is found along the Red and Nelson Rivers of Canada (pp. 45, 47). 1881. List of fossils collected by Dr. R. Bell in Manitoba during the season of 1 880; pp. 57c- 58c. In Bell, Robert, Report on Hudson's Bay and some of the lakes and rivers lying to the west of it, 1879-80. Geological Survey of Canada Report of Progress, 1 879-80, Appen- dix 1. Receptaculites oweni Hall is found in the "Ga- lena Limestone" of Manitoba. 1889. On some fossils from the Hamilton For- mation of Ontario, with a list of the species at present known from that formation and Province. Contributions to Canadian Paleon- tology, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 91-125, pis. 12-16. The sponge Receptaculites neptuni Defrance is present in the Middle Devonian Hamilton For- mation of Ontario (p. 1 20). 1891. Descriptions of some new or previously unrecorded species of fossils from the De- vonian rocks of Manitoba. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 1 890, vol. 8, pp. 93-110, pis. 4-10. Sphaerospongia tessellata Phillips is found in the Devonian of Lakes Manitoba and Winnipe- gosis, Canada (p. 95). 1892. The fossils of the Devonian rocks of the islands, shores of immediate vicinity of Lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis. Contributions to Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1 , part 4, pp. 251-359, pis. 33-47. Devonian Sphaerospongia tessellata Phillips, of the family Receptaculitidae, from Dawson Bay, Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, is described and illustrated. Polygonosphaerites Roemer is a syn- onym of Sphaerospongia Pengelly and Scyphia cornucopiae is a synonym of Sphaerospongia tes- sellata. Sphaerospongia megarhaphis is men- tioned (pp. 259-263; pi. 33, figs. 1-10). 1897. The fossils of the Galena-Trenton and Black River Formations of Lake Winnipeg and its vicinity. Palaeozoic Fossils. Volume 3, Part 3. Geological Survey of Canada, pp. 129-242, pis. 16-22, text-figs. 5-19. The Receptaculitidae Receptaculites oweni, Is- chadites iowensis, and Pasceolus gregarius (?) from the Ordovician Galena-Trenton and Black River Formations of the Lake Winnipeg area are re- ported and their synonyms are given (pp. 131- 133, 142-145). Receptaculites oweni is found in the Winnipeg and Red River Limestones (p. 1 36). Pasceolus gregarius (?) Billings (= (?) Cyclocrinites spaskii) is found in the "Silurian" of Anticosti Island (pp. 144-145). 1898. On some additional or imperfectly under- stood fossils from the Hamilton Formation of Ontario, with a revised list of the species therefrom. Contributions to Canadian Pa- leontology, Geological (and Natural History) Survey of Canada, vol. 1, part 5, pp. 359- 436, pis. 48-50. Receptaculites neptuni Defrance from the [De- vonian] Hamilton Formation near Widder, On- tario, is listed as a sponge (p. 4 1 2). 1 899a. The Devonian system in Canada. II. Sci- ence, n. ser., vol. 10, no. 248, pp. 430-438. Sphaerospongia tesselata Phillips is present in the Stringocephalus zone of the Middle Devonian of Manitoba. Receptaculitidae are considered sponges (pp. 433-434). 1899b. Recent discovery of rocks of the age of the Trenton Formation at Akpatok Island, Ungava Bay, Ungava. American Journal of Science, ser. 4, vol. 7, no. 42, pp. 433-434. Receptaculites oweni Hall is found in the Tren- ton Formation of Akpatok Island, Ungava [North- west Territories]. 1 906. The fossils of the Silurian (Upper Silurian) rocks of Keewatin, Manitoba, the north east- 200 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY ern shore of Lake Winnipegosis and the lower Saskatchewan River. Palaeozoic Fossils. Vol- ume 3, Part 4. Geological Survey of Canada, pp. 243-298, pis. 23-35, 41-42. A sponge, Receptaculites sp. (= Sphaerospongia tessellata Whiteaves, 1892, p. 259), is compared with Sphaerospongia tessellata (p. 276). 1908. Paleontology and zoology. Geological Survey of Canada, Summary Report, 1907, pp. 105-109. Receptaculites oweni is found in the Winnipeg Limestone near Winnipeg, Manitoba (p. 108). Whitfield, Robert Parr 1882a. Descriptions of new species of fossils from Ohio, with remarks on some of the geo- logical formations in which they occur. An- nals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 2, art. 13, pp. 193-244. A protozoan, Receptaculites devonicus, from the Devonian Upper Helderberg Group near Colum- bus, Ohio, is described and compared to R. oweni Hall. Silurian R. infundibuliformis (= Coscinium infundibuliformis Eaton) from the Lower Hel- derberg Group of New York and R. dactyloides (= Dictyocrinus dactyloides Conrad) are men- tioned (pp. 198-199). See also: Whitfield, R. P., 1891 and 1893. 1882b. Palaeontology: Geology of Wisconsin, Survey of 1873-1879. Volume 4. Commis- sioners of Public Printing, Madison, Wiscon- sin, pp. 161-363, 27 pis. Receptaculites oweni from the [Ordovician] Ga- lena Limestone and R. hemisphericum and Ce- rionites dactyloides from the [Silurian] Niagara Group are described and illustrated (pp. 239-24 1 , 267-270; pi. 10, fig. 7; pi. 13, figs. 1-4). Cerionites is compared to Pasceolus, R. globulare, and R. hemispherica. R. globularis and R. iowensis from the Galena Limestone and R. infundibuliformis from the Niagara Group are listed as Wisconsin foraminifers (p. 350). 1883. List of Wisconsin fossils. Geology of Wisconsin, Survey of 1873-1879. Volume 1. Commissioners of Public Printing, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 362-375. The following are listed as foraminifers: Recep- taculites globularis Hall, R. iowensis Owen, and R. oweni Hall from the [Ordovician] Galena For- mation; R. hemisphericus Hall, R. infundibulifor- mis Hall, and Ceryonites [sic] dactyloides Owen from the [Silurian] Niagara Formation (p. 362). 1891. Contributions to invertebrate palaeon- tology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 5, art. 8, pp. 505-620, pis. 5- 16. Whitfield's 1882a description of Receptaculites devonicus is supplemented by an illustration (pp. 519-520, 538; pi. 6, fig. 10). See also: Whitfield, R. P., 1893. 1892. Visitor's Guide to the Geological and Pa- laeontological Collections in the American Museum of Natural History. American Mu- seum of Natural History Press, New York, New York, 66 pp., 49 text-figs. Receptaculites is listed as a foraminifer of Trenton and Galena [Ordovician] age (p. 25). 1 893. Contributions to the paleontology of Ohio. Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio. Vol- ume 7, Part 2. Published by authority of the Legislature of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 407- 494, pis. 1-12. This is identical to Whitfield, R. P., 1891. 1895. Republication of descriptions of fossils from the Hall collection in the American Mu- seum of Natural History, from the Report of Progress for 1861 of the Geological Survey of Wisconsin, by James Hall, with illustrations from the original type specimens not here- tofore figured. Memoirs of the American Mu- seum of Natural History, vol. 1 , part 2, pp. 39-74, pis. 4-12. Hall's [1861a] descriptions of Receptaculites Defrance, R. oweni, R. globularis, R. fungosus, R. infundibulum, and R. hemisphericus are given, and specimens are figured (pp. 43-47; pi. 5, figs. 1-8). 1899. List of fossils, types and figured speci- mens, used in the palaeontological work of R. P. Whitfield, showing where they are probably to be found at the present time. Annals of the NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 201 New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1 2, no. 8, pp. 139-186. The following protozoa are listed: Receptaculites devonicus Whitfield from the [Devonian] Upper Helderberg Limestone of Ohio; R. oweni Hall from the [Ordovician] Galena Formation; R. ohioensis from the [Silurian] Niagara Formation of Ohio; and R. hemisphericus Hall and Cerionites dacty- loides from the Niagara Formation of Wisconsin (pp. 144-145). 1900. Observations on and descriptions of Arc- tic fossils. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 13, art. 2, pp. 19-22, pis. 1-2. [Ordovician] Receptaculites pearyi n. sp. from Cope's Bay, Princess Marie Bay, in the North American Arctic is described, figured, and com- pared with R. oweni Hall of the Galena Limestone. See also: Hall, J., and R. P. Whitfield, 1 875a and 1 875b. Whitfield, Robert Parr, and Edmund O. Hovey 1898. Catalogue of the types and figured spec- imens in the palaeontological collection of the Geological Department, American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 1 1 , part 1 , 72 pp. The following [Ordovician] Trenton types or fig- ured specimens are housed at the American Mu- seum in New York: Receptaculites cyathiformis Hall and R. neptunei [sic] (Defrance) Hall from Pennsylvania; R. fungosus Hall and R. globularis Hall from Illinois; R. oweni Hall from Illinois and Wisconsin; and genus (?) cyathiformis Hall (pp. 16-17). 1899. Catalogue of the types and figured spec- imens in the paleontological collection of the Geological Department, American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 1 1 , part 2, pp. 73-188. Types or figured specimens of the following Ple- thospongiae are housed at the American Museum in New York: Receptaculites hemisphericus Hall and R. infundibulum Hall from Wisconsin; R. in- fundibuliformis (Eaton) Hall from New York; R. ohioensis Hall and Whitfield from Ohio; and R. subturbinatus Hall from Indiana. Receptaculites infundibuliformis is [Devonian] Lower Helder- berg; the others are [Silurian] Niagaran (pp. 78- 79). 1 900. Catalogue of the types and figured spec- imens in the paleontological collection of the Geological Department, American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 1 1 , part 3, pp. 189-356. The type of Niagaran (?) [Ordovician] Recep- taculites pearyi Whitfield from Princess Marie Bay is housed at the American Museum in New York (p. 350). Whitlow, Jesse W. See: Brown, C. E., and J. W. Whitlow, 1960. Brown, C. E., J. W. Whitlow, and P. Crosby, 1957. West, W. S., J. W. Whitlow, C. E. Brown, and A. V. Heyl, Jr., 1971. Whitlow, Jesse W., and C. Ervin Brown 1963. Geology of the Dubuque North Quad- rangle, Iowa- Wisconsin-Illinois. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 1 123-C, pp. 139-168, pis. 10-11, text-figs. 22-24. Receptaculites zones occur in the Prosser and Stewartville Members of the Ordovician Galena Dolomite in the lead-zinc mining district. Recep- taculites oweni is common in the middle and upper Receptaculites zones (pp. 151-153, pi. 11). Whitlow, Jesse W., and Walter S. West 1966a. Geologic map of the Kieler Quadrangle, Grant County, Wisconsin and Jo Daviess County, Illinois. United States Geological Survey Geological Quadrangle Map CQ-487. Receptaculites oweni is common in Receptacu- lites zones in the Prosser and Stewartville Mem- bers of the Middle Ordovician Galena Group in the Kieler Quadrangle, Wisconsin and Illinois. 1966b. Geologic map of the Dickeyville Quad- rangle, Grant County, Wisconsin. United States Geological Survey Geological Quad- rangle Map CQ-488. Receptaculites oweni is common in Receptacu- 202 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY lites zones in the Prosser and Stewartville Mem- bers of the Middle Ordovician Galena Group in Grant County, Wisconsin. 1 966c. Geology of the Potosi Quadrangle, Grant County, Wisconsin and Dubuque County, Iowa. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 1123-1, pp. 533-571, pis. 33-36, text- fig. 67. Receptaculites oweni Hall is common in Recep- taculites zones in the Prosser and Stewartville Members of the Galena Dolomite in the lead-zinc mining district of Wisconsin and Iowa (pp. 551- 553, pi. 34). Whitney, Josiah Dwight 1858a. County geology— continued; pp. 259- 323, text-figs. 38-42. In Hall, James, and Jo- siah Dwight Whitney (eds.), Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Iowa, Em- bracing the Results of Investigations Made During Portions of the Years 1855, 56 & 57. Volume 1, Part 1. Geology. Published by au- thority of the Legislature of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa, 472 pp. Receptaculites is characteristic of the [Ordovi- cian] Trenton Galena Limestone in Iowa. Recep- taculites (= Selenoides) iowensis Owen occurs in the Galena of Iowa (pp. 300, 313-314). 1858b. Chemistry and economical geology; pp. 324-472, text-figs. 43-52. In Hall, James, and Josiah Dwight Whitney (eds.), Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Iowa, Em- bracing the Results of Investigations Made During Portions of the Years 1855, 56 & 57. Volume 1 , Part 1 . Geology. Published by au- thority of the Legislature of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa, 472 pp. The "sunflower coral" Coscinopora, considered a Receptaculites by James Hall, is a characteristic fossil of the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Galena Limestone in the lead region of Iowa and adjoin- ing states (p. 355). 1862a. Stratigraphical geology; pp. 140-192. In Hall, James, and Josiah Dwight Whitney (eds.), Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Wisconsin. Volume 1 . Printed by au- thority of the Legislature of Wisconsin, Al- bany, New York, 455 pp. Receptaculites, a foraminifer(?), is characteristic of the [Ordovician] Galena Limestone in the Up- per Mississippi Valley lead region (pp. 176-177). See also: Whitney, J. D., 1862b. 1862b. Report on the Geological Survey of the Upper Mississippi Lead Region. Albany, New York, 424 pp. This is identical to Whitney, J. D., 1862a. 1866. Geology of the lead region. Geological Survey of Illinois. Volume 1 . Geology. Pub- lished by authority of the Legislature of Illi- nois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 1 53-207, 2 maps. The foraminifer Receptaculites (= Coscinopora) is abundant in the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Galena Limestone of the lead region of Illinois (p. 1 72). Selenoides, a close relative of Receptaculites, is rare in the Galena. Willard, Bradford See: Johnson, M. E., and B. Willard, 1957. Williams, Harold 1963. Twillingate Map-area, Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 63-36, 30 pp., 1 table, 1 map. Goldsonia burntensis [Ischadites burntensis (Shrock and Twenhofel)] is found in argillites of the Silurian Goldson Formation on Burnt Island in Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland. Williams, James Steele See: Nolan, T. B., C. W. Merriam, and J. S. Wil- liams, 1956. Williams, James Stewart See: Cooper, G. A., and J. S. Williams, 1935. Williams, Merton Yarwood 1915. The Ordovician rocks of Lake Timiska- ming. Geological Survey of Canada Museum Bulletin 1 7 (Geological Series 27), 9 pp., 1 pi., 1 text-fig. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 203 Receptaculites occidentalis and R. oweni occur along Lake Timiskaming, Canada. The stratigra- phy and correlation of the rocks in which they occur are discussed (pp. 4, 6, 8). 1919. The Silurian geology and faunas of On- tario Peninsula, and Manitoulin and adjacent islands. Geological Survey of Canada, Mem- oir 111, 195 pp., 34 pis., 6 text-figs., 2 maps. The holotype of the sponge Receptaculites can- adensis Billings from the Silurian Cabot Head Shale at Limehouse, Ontario, is figured (p. 35; pi. 5, fig. 1). 1 960. Evolution of Palaeozoic life: Ordovician to Permian; pp. 22-44. In Cameron, Thomas Wright Moir (ed.), Evolution: Its Science and Doctrine. Symposium Presented to the Royal Society of Canada in 1959. University of To- ronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, 242 pp. The sponge Receptaculites is restricted to the Ordovician (p. 26). Willis, Bailey 1912. Index to the stratigraphy of North Amer- ica. United States Geological Survey Profes- sional Paper 71, 894 pp., 1 pi., 19 text-figs. The following Ordovician fossils are reported: the coral-like sponge Calathium n. sp. and Recep- taculites oweni Hall from the El Paso and Montoya Limestones, respectively, in Texas; R. oweni from Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba; and R. occidentalis Salter and Pasceolus globosus Billings from the Black River and Trenton Formations, respective- ly, at Ottawa, Ontario (pp. 77,158,1 99-200, 2 1 8). Silurian Receptaculites sp. from Ellesmere Land is listed (p. 267). Willman, Harold Bowen See: Collinson, C. W., D. H. Swann, and H. B. Willman, 1954. Templeton, J. S., Jr., and H. B. Willman, 1952 and 1963. Willman, Harold Bowen, and Thomas C. Busch- bach 1975. Ordovician system; pp. 47-87, 27 text- figs. In Willman, Harold Bowen, and others, Handbook of Illinois Stratigraphy. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 95. The alga Receptaculites is figured as a typical Ordovician fossil (pp. 54, 74). Lower and middle Receptaculites zones of the Fairplay, Rivoli, and Sherwood Members of the Dunleith Formation and the upper Receptaculites zone of the Stewart- ville Member of the Wise Lake Formation (all of the Ordovician Galena Group) are characterized by abundant R. oweni (pp. 77-80). Willman, Harold Bowen, and Dennis R. Kolata 1978. The Platte ville and Galena Groups in northern Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 502, 75 pp., 17 text-figs., 1 table. Receptaculites oweni occurs throughout the Dunleith and Wise Lake Formations of the Or- dovician Galena Group in northern Illinois; Is- chadites iowensis is common in the Dunleith For- mation in northwestern Illinois and the northern Mississippi Valley (pp. 34, 47-48, 52, fig. 1 1). Re- ceptaculites oweni and /. iowensis are figured (figs. 1 7M-N, T). Receptaculites is present in the Dun- leith and Wise Lake Formations in northern Illi- nois and southern Wisconsin (pp. 57, 60-61, 63- 66, 68, 70-72). Widespread "blooms" of Recep- taculites during Dunleith and Wise Lake time is probably due to cyclic environmental effects (p. 40). Willman, Harold Bowen, and J. Norman Payne 1942. Geology and mineral resources of the Marseilles, Ottawa, and Streator Quadran- gles. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 66, 388 pp., 30 pis., 127 text-figs. The sponge Receptaculites oweni Hall is present in the Prosser and Stewartville Members of the Ordovician Galena Formation in north-central Il- linois (p. 364). 1 943a. Early Ordovician strata along Fox River in northern Illinois. Journal of Geology, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 531-541, 4 text-figs. Receptaculites is common in the Ordovician Galena Formation of the Fox River Valley in northern Illinois (p. 539). See also: Willman, H. B., and J. N. Payne, 1943b. 1 943b. Early Ordovician strata along Fox River 204 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY in northern Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 100, pp. 531-541, 4 text-figs. This is identical to Willman, H. B., and J. N. Payne, 1943a. Willman, Harold Bowen, and Robert Ramon Reynolds 1947. Geological structure of the zinc-lead dis- trict of northwestern Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigation 124, 15 pp., 7 pis. Zones of the sponge Receptaculites in the Stew- artville and Prosser Members of the Ordovician Galena Formation are discussed (pp. 9-10, pis. 1- 2). Willman, Harold Bowen, Robert Ramon Reynolds, and Paul Herbert, Jr. 1 946. Geological aspects of prospecting and areas for prospecting in the zinc-lead district of northwestern Illinois. Illinois State Geologi- cal Survey Report of Investigation 116, 48 pp., 2 pis., 7 text-figs. Upper and lower Receptaculites zones are pres- ent in the Stewartville and Prosser Members, re- spectively, of the Ordovician Galena Formation in the zinc-lead district of northwestern Illinois (p. 12). Willman, Harold Bowen, Jack A. Simon, Betty M. Lynch, and Virginia A. Langenheim 1968. Bibliography and index of Illinois geol- ogy through 1965. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 92, 373 pp. References to Illinois receptaculitids are includ- ed. Willman, Harold Bowen, Lewis Edwin Workman, and Alfred Hannam Bell 1949. Guide to field study in southwestern Il- linois between Cape Girardeau and St. Louis, Missouri. Guidebook for the Field Confer- ence Held in Connection with the 34th An- nual Convention of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Southeastern Mis- souri and Southwestern Illinois. March 1 8 and 19, 1949. American Association of Petrole- um Geologists, pp. 1 8-30. Receptaculites oweni is a characteristic fossil in the upper Kimmswick Limestone in southwestern Illinois (pp. 27-28). Willmarth, M. Grace 1938. Lexicon of geologic names of the United States (including Alaska). Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 896, 2396 PP. Receptaculites oweni is mentioned in definitions of the Middle Ordovician Kimmswick and Prosser Limestones (pp. 1095, 1736). "Receptaculites limestone" is a paleontologic term applied in early Missouri reports to the Kimmswick limestone of present nomenclature (p. 1781). Wilson, Alice E. 1921. The range of certain Lower Ordovician faunas of the Ottawa Valley with descriptions of some new species. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 33 (Geol. Ser. 40), pp. 19- 57, pis. 2—4, 7 text-figs. [Ordovician] Receptaculites occidentalis Salter of uncertain taxonomic position is found in the Leray and Rockland Members of the Black River and Trenton Formations, respectively (pp. 30, 4 1 ). Receptaculites from the Trenton Limestone at Rockland, Ontario, is listed (pp. 26, 30). 1928. Fossils from Baffin Island, collected by J. Dewey Soper; pp. 124-129. In Soper, J. Dew- ey, A faunal investigation of southern Baffin Island. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 53, (Biol. Ser. 15), chap. 3. Ordovician Receptaculites sp. A and R. cf. oc- cidentalis of uncertain taxonomic position are list- ed from Baffin Island (p. 1 24). 1931. Notes on the Baffinland fossils collected by J. Dewey Soper during 1925 and 1929. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd ser., vol. 25, sect. 4, pp. 285-308, 5 pis. Ordovician Receptaculites cf. arcticus Etheridge and R. occidentalis Salter of uncertain taxonomic position are described and illustrated from Baffin- land, and are compared with R. arcticus, R. orbis, and R. oweni (pp. 288-292; pi. 1, figs. 1-4). 1948. Miscellaneous classes of fossils, Ottawa Formation, Ottawa-St. Lawrence Valley. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 11, 116 pp., 28 pis., 4 text-figs., 2 tables. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 205 Ischadites Murchison, Pasceolus Billings, Re- ceptaculites Defrance, R. oweni Hall, R. arcticus Etheridge, /. iowensis (Owen), /. ottawaensis n. sp., /. jonesi Billings, P. globosus Billings, P. halli Bil- lings, and R. occidentalis Salter from various for- mations, particularly the Ottawa Formation in the Ottawa-St. Lawrence Valley, are described and fig- ured as sponges of uncertain taxonomic position (pp. 4, 24-29; pi. 12, figs. 5-6; pis. 13-14; text-fig. 2). Cyclocrinus is compared with Pasceolus. Is- chadites koenigi and R. neptuni are mentioned. 1957. A guide to the geology of the Ottawa dis- trict. Canadian Field Naturalist, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 1-68, 5 pis., numerous text-figs., 1 map. Ordovician Receptaculites from the Black River Leray-Rockland beds and Pasceolus and Ischa- dites from the Trenton Cobourg beds are "near- sponges." Receptaculites oweni is figured and de- scribed (pp. 38, 49; pi. 2, fig. 1). Wilson, Alice E., and Kirtley F. Mather 1916. Synopsis of the common fossils of the Kingston area. Ontario Bureau of Mines, An- nual Report, vol. 25, part 3, pp. 1 1-33, 3 pis., 1 table. Ordovician Trenton Receptaculites and R. oc- cidentalis Salter are described as Porifera (pp. 20, 24). Receptaculites occidentalis is found at Mar- ysville, Wolfe Island, Ontario (p. 19). Wilson, Andrew Gordon 1 895. The Upper Silurian in northeastern Iowa. American Geologist, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 275- 281. Cerionites dactylioides Owen is abundant in the Upper Silurian Pentamerus beds of northeastern Iowa (pp. 278-279). Wilson, E. C. See: Langenheim, R. L., Jr., F. T. Barr, S. E. Shank, L. J. Stensaas, and E. C. Wilson, 1960. Wilson, George M. 1956. Pecatonica Area. Guide Leaflet 1956F. Illinois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 6 pp., 2 pis. Receptaculites is present in the Ordovician Ga- lena Dolomite near Pecatonica in northern Illinois (p. 2). See also: Wilson, G. M., 1963. 1958. Elgin Area. McHenry, Kane, and Cook Counties. Elgin, Barrington, Genoa, and Har- vard Quadrangles. Guide Leaflet 1958C. Il- linois State Geological Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 8 pp., pis., map. Ordovician Ischadites [iowensis] and Receptac- ulites [oweni] are figured (unnumbered plate). 1963. Pecatonica Area. Guide Leaflet 1956F. Revised edition. Illinois State Geological Sur- vey, Geological Science Field Trip, 6 pp., 2 pis. This is almost identical to Wilson, G. M., 1 956. See also: Cote, W. E., D. L. Reinertsen, and G. M. Wilson, 1966, 1967a, 1967b, and 1968. Cote, W. E., D. L. Reinertsen, G. M. Wilson, and M. M. Killey, 1969 and 1970. Odom, I. E., and G. M. Wilson, 1962 and 1963. Odom, I. E., G. M. Wilson, and G. Dow, 1961a and 1961b. Odom, I. E., G. M. Wilson, G. Dow, T. C. Buschbach, W. C. Smith, and P. B. Du Montelle, 1964. Odom, I. E., G. M. Wilson, G. Dow, J. Kemp- ton, and G. Emrich, 1963. Wilson, George M., and I. Edgar Odom 1 960. Grafton Area. Jersey County. Jersey ville, Hardin, St. Charles, and Brussels Quadran- gles. Guide Leaflet 1960B. Illinois State Geo- logical Survey, Geological Science Field Trip, 12 pp., pis., text-figs., maps. Ordovician Receptaculites [oweni] and Ischa- dites [iowensis] are figured (unnumbered plate). Wilson, George M., David L. Reinertsen, and Wil- liam E. Cote 1965. Galena Area. Guide Leaflet 1965D. Illi- nois State Geological Survey, Geological Sci- ence Field Trip, 9 pp., 2 pis., 1 text-fig., 2 maps. Zones of the sponge (?) Receptaculites oweni oc- 206 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY cur in the Wise Lake and Dunleith Formations of the Ordovician Galena Group in northwestern Il- linois (pp. 2, 9). Wilson, James L. 1954. Ordovician stratigraphy in Marathon folded belt, West Texas. Bulletin of the Amer- ican Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 2455-2475, 12 text-figs. Ordovician Calathium is listed from zones Bl and B2 of the El Paso Formation in the Franklin Mountains of West Texas and from the Monu- ment Springs Member of the Marathon Formation at Marathon, West Texas (p. 2458). Wilson, Morley Evans 1924. Arnprior-Quyon and Maniwaki areas, Ontario and Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 136, 152 pp., 12 pis., 17 text-figs., 4 maps. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter is found in the Ordovician Trenton Limestone in Torbolton and Fitzroy Townships, Ontario (pp. 53, 56). Wilson, R. B. See: Mitchell, G. H., and others, 1962. Wiman, Carl 1893. Ueber das Silurgebiet des Bottnischen Meeres. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 65-75. The Silurian [Lower Ordovician] Tetragonis murchisoni Eichw. is listed from the "variety C" of the Baltic Limestone of the Uppsala region (p. 73). 1905. Studien ueber das Nordbaltische Silur- gebiet. I. Olenellussandstein, Obolussand- stein und Ceratopygeschiefer. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, vol. 6 ( 1 902-1 903), pp. 1 2-76, 2 maps, 4 pis., charts. The Silurian [Ordovician] Coelosphaeridium wesenbergense Stoll., and Cyclocrinus schmidti Stoll., are reported from the Wesenberger Lime- stone and the Baltic Limestone, and Mastopora concava Eichw. from the North Baltic area and zones C3 and Dl in Estonia (p. 23). 1908. Studien ueber das Nordbaltische Silur- gebiet. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, vol. 8 (1906- 1907), pp. 73-168, pis. 5-8, 8 tables, 4 text- figs. The algae Cyclocrinus sp., C. balticus, C. schmidti, C. cf. spaskii, Coelosphaeridium we- senbergense, Mastopora aff. odini and problema- ticum Tetragonis murchisoni are listed from var- ious Ordovician localities in Norway and in the North Baltic region (pp. 122, 128, 148-149, 155- 156, tables 6, 8). Winchell, Alexander, and Oliver Marcy 1866. Enumeration of fossils collected in the Niagara Limestone at Chicago, Illinois; with descriptions of several new species. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1 , pp. 81-1 13, pis. 2-3; 3 text-figs. Ischadites tessellatus n. sp. is described and il- lustrated as a foraminifer from the Silurian of Chi- cago, Illinois (pp. 85-86; pi. 2, fig. 3). It is com- pared to /. koenigi Murchison, /. canadensis Billings, Dictyocrinus Conrad, Tetragonys [sic] Eichwald, and Receptaculites. Winchell, Newton H. 1 884. The geology of Fillmore County; pp. 268- 324. In Winchell, Newton H., and Warren Upham, The Geology of Minnesota. Volume 1 , of the Final Report. Geological and Natural History Survey of St. Paul, Minnesota, 697 pp. In Fillmore County, Minnesota, the "lead fos- sil" Receptaculites occurs as low as the green shale of the "Upper Trenton" limestone, but is consid- ered characteristic of the Lower Silurian [Ordo- vician] Galena Limestone (pp. 297-299). 1895. The age of the Galena Limestone. Amer- ican Geologist, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 33-39. Ischadites iowensis, the sunflower coral of the lead region, occurs in the Lower Silurian [Ordo- vician] Galena Limestone (p. 37). Winchell, Newton H., and Charles Schuchert 1893. Sponges, graptolites and corals from the Lower Silurian of Minnesota. Pp. 55-95, pis. F-G, 7 text-figs. [Advance printing of Win- chell, N. H., and C. Schuchert, 1895.] NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 207 Receptaculitidae Roemer (sub-order Lyssakina Zittel, order Hexactinellidae Schmidt) consists of the following: Receptaculites Defrance, R. oweni Hall, R. arcticus Etheridge, R. calciferous Billings, R. mammillaris Walcott, R. elongatus Walcott, R. ellipticus Walcott, R. occidentalis Salter, R. infun- dibuliformis Eaton [non Goldfuss 1826], R. bur- siformis Hall, R. (?) sacculus Hall, R. (?) insularis Billings, R. (?) elegantulus Billings, R. (?) devonicus Whitfield, Ischadites Murchison emend. Hinde, /. iowensis Owen, /. cyathiformis Hall, /. circularis Emmons, /. jonesi Billings, /. squamifer Hall, /. tessellatus Winchell and Marcy, /. canadensis Bil- lings, /. subturbinatus Hall, /. hemisphericus Hall, Lepidolites Ulrich, L. dickhauti Ulrich, Cerionites Meek & Worthen, and C. dactylioides Owen. The following are described: Receptaculitidae, Recep- taculites, R. oweni, Ischadites, I. iowensis, and Le- pidolites. Receptaculites oweni, Ischadites iowen- sis, I. koenigii, and Lepidolites dickhauti are illustrated. Pasceolus Billings may belong to Re- ceptaculitidae. See also: Winchell, N. S., and C. Schuchert, 1895. Ulrich, E. O., 1893 and 1895. 1895. Sponges, graptolites and corals from the Lower Silurian of Minnesota. The Geology of Minnesota. Volume 3, Part 1, of the Final Report. Paleontology. Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. Harrison and Smith, State Printers, Minneapolis, Minne- sota, 476 pp. This is identical to Winchell, N. S., and C. Schu- chert, 1893. See also: Ulrich, E. O., 1893 and 1895. Winchell, Newton H., and Edward O. Ulrich 1 895. Historical sketch of investigation of the Lower Silurian in the Upper Mississippi Val- ley. The Geology of Minnesota. Volume 3, Part 1, of the Final Report. 1885-1892. Pa- leontology. Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. Harrison and Smith, State Printers, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp. IX-LIII. A bibliography from 1 823 to 1892 of the Lower Silurian [Ordovician] of the Upper Mississippi Valley includes references to receptaculitids. 1897. Introduction to volume III, part II. The Lower Silurian deposits of the Upper Missis- sippi Province: a correlation of the strata with those in the Cincinnati, Tennessee, New York, and Canadian Provinces, and the stratigraph- ic and geographic distribution of the fossils. The Geology of Minnesota. Volume 3, Part 2, of the Final Report. Paleontology. Min- nesota Geological Survey, Minneapolis, Min- nesota, pp. LXXXIII-CXXIX. The following Lower Silurian [Ordovician] sponges are listed from Minnesota: Receptaculites sp. and Calathium (?) hexagonalis Ulrich from the Richmond Group; and Receptaculites oweni Hall, Ischadites iowensis Owen, and Calathium (?) cla- vatum Ulrich from the Trenton Group (pp. 87, 95, 99, 101, and 111 of the introduction). Winder, Charles Gordon 1954. Burleigh Falls and Peterborough Map- areas, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 53-27, 10 pp., 2 maps. The highest of three zones in the Ordovician Black River Leray beds in southern Ontario con- tains Receptaculites. This zone was previously considered lowest Trenton or "transitional" (pp. 6-7). 1955. Campbellford Map-area, Ontario. Geo- logical Survey of Canada, Paper 54- 17,12 pp., 1 map. The sponge Receptaculites is present in the Or- dovician Black River Leray beds at Healey Falls, southern Ontario (p. 8). Wingard, Paul S. See: Rhodes, F. H. T., and P. S. Wingard, 1957. Winkler, Henry von 1922. Eestimaa geologia. I. Ladelugu. Uergaeg- kond-devoon. [Translated from German manuscript by J. Kalkun.] G. Pihlakas, Tal- linn, 182 pp., 67 figs., 2 tables. The following [receptaculitids] are listed: Re- ceptaculites orbis Eichwald as a sponge from Up- per Oolitic beds, Echinosphaerites stage of Lower Ordovician (p. 64); Mastopora odini Stolley from Tallinn and Coelosphaeridium excavatum Stolley from Jaegala as sponges from Lowermost Middle 208 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Ordovician from Echinosphaerites beds (p. 66); plant Mastopora odini Stolley from ESSU and sponge Ischadites murchisoni Eichwald from Tal- linn listed from Kukruse stage, middle of Middle Ordovician (p. 79); plants Mastopora (Nidulites) odini Stolley from Idavere and M. concava Eich- wald from Johvi stage, Middle Ordovician (p. 96); problematic Receptaculites eichwaldi Schmidt = Styloliidid Schmidt from Keila stage [Johvi] of Devonian [Middle Ordovician] (p. 99, fig. 43); sponge Ischadites murchisoni Eichwald from Tal- linn, Receptaculites damesi Rauff from Kukruse, Keila [Johvi] stage Devonian [Middle Ordovician] (p. 99); crinoid Cyclocrinites spasskii Eichwald from Keila from Wasalema [Keila] stage, Devonian [Middle Ordovician] (p. 101); crinoid Cyclocri- nites spasskii Eichwald from Rakwere [Wasalema] stage, Devonian [Upper Middle Ordovician] (p. 103); crinoid Cyclocrinus spasskii Eichwald from Luekholm stage, Devonian [Upper Ordovician] (p. Ill); sponge Ischadites rectus Rauff from Luek- holm stage in Luekholm, Devonian [Upper Or- dovician] (p. 1 1 2); sponge Receptaculites infun- dibulum Schrenk from Vaendra stage from Estoonus [Adavere] stage, Silurian (p. 129); an- thozoans Coelosphaeridium wesenbergense Stolley from Riste, Cyclocrinus balticus Stolley from Seals, C. mickwitzi Stolley from Kobila; and C roemeri Stolley, C. schmidtii Stolley, and C spasskii (Eich.) Stolley, from Rakwere stage (p. 105). Winsnes, Thore S. 1955. Part I. A preliminary description of the Hecla Hoeg rocks and its Cambrian and Or- dovician faunas; pp. 7-28, pis. I — III, 7 text- figs., 2 tables. In Major, H., and T. Winsnes, Cambrian and Ordovician fossils from Sor- kapp Land, Spitsbergen. Norsk Polarinstitutt, Skrifter no. 106. A sponge Receptaculites sp. is described and fig- ured from the Ordovician Rasstupet Limestone in Sorkapp Land, Spitsbergen (p. 24, pi. Ill, fig. 10). Witzke, Brian J. See: Heckel, P. H., and B. J. Witzke, 1979. Wood, Alan 1943. The algal nature of the genus Konincko- pora Lee; its occurrence in Canada and west- ern Europe. Quarterly Journal of the Geolog- ical Society of London, vol. 98, pp. 205-222, pis. 8-10, 3 text-figs. Mastopora (= Nidulites Salter), Apidium, and Koninckopora constitute the Mastoporinae, a well- marked tribe of the subfamily Cyclocrineae, a somewhat isolated and rather precocious group of Dasycladaceae. Woods, Henry 1891. Catalogue of the Type Fossils in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. Cam- bridge University Press, Cambridge [Eng- land], 180 pp. The following fossils of uncertain taxonomic po- sition are housed in the Woodwardian Museum in Cambridge: Ischadites (?) micropora from the Middle Bala at Llansaintffraid; Pasceolus goughi from the Upper Ludlow at Benson Knot; and Sphaerospongia hospitalis from the Bala Beds at Onny River. Ischadites koenigi is listed as a sponge from the Wenlock Limestone at Dudley (pp. 1-2, 8). 1893. Elementary Palaeontology for Geological Students. Cambridge Natural Science Man- uals, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge [England], 222 pp., 56 text-figs. Ischadites, Receptaculites, and Sphaerospongia may not be sponges (p. 33). See also: Woods, H., 1896, 1926, 1937, and 1947. 1896. Elementary Palaeontology: Invertebrate. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge [En- gland], 295 pp., 122 text-figs. This is similar to Woods, H., 1893. See also: Woods, H., 1926, 1937, and 1947. 1926. Palaeontology: Invertebrate, 6th ed. Cam- bridge University Press, Cambridge [En- gland], 424 pp., 198 text-figs. The sponge Ischadites, which appeared in the Ordovician Llandeilo, is abundant in the Silurian. Ischadites, Receptaculites, and Sphaerospongia may not be Hexactinellida (p. 49). See also: Woods, H., 1893, 1896, 1937, and 1947. 1937. Palaeontology: Invertebrate, 7th ed. Cam- NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 209 bridge University Press, Cambridge [Eng- land], 475 pp., 221 text-figs. This is similar to Woods, H., 1926. See also: Woods, H., 1893, 1896, and 1947. 1 947. Palaeontology: Invertebrate, 8th ed. Cam- bridge University Press, Cambridge [Eng- land], 447 pp., 22 text-figs. Ischadites, Sphaerospongia, and Receptaculites, if sponges, are Calcarea (p. 49). See also: Woods, H., 1893, 1896, 1926, and 1937. Woodward, Anthony 1 886. The bibliography of the Foraminifera Re- cent and fossil, including Eozoon and Recep- taculites, 1865-Jan. 1, 1886. The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. The Fourteenth Annual Report for the Year 1885. Published by authority of the Legisla- ture of the State of Minnesota, St. Paul, Min- nesota, pp. 167-31 1. The bibliography of Foraminifera through 1885 includes references to receptaculitids. Woodward, Henry 1897. A Guide to the Fossil Invertebrates and Plants in the Department of Geology and Pa- laeontology in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum of Natural History, London, 158 pp., 182 text-figs. The problematic sponges Amphispongia oblon- ga from the Silurian of England and Receptacu- lites, Ischadites, and Sphaerospongia from the Si- lurian and Devonian of Belgium, North America, and England, are in the British Museum (Natural History) (pp. 121, 123). Woodward, Herbert P. 1951. Ordovician System of West Virginia. West Virginia Geological Survey [Reports], vol. 21, 627 pp., 38 pis., 43 text-figs. Stratigraphic and locality data are given for the following Ordovician sponges of West Virginia: Receptaculites sp., R. biconstr ictus, R. cf. elegan- tulus, R. occidentalis, Ischadites cyathiformis, Nid- ulites sp., N. ovoides, and N. pyriformis (pp. 149, 151-152, 160, 163, 179, 181, 205, 256-257, 268, 270, 273, 277, 279, 286, 291, 293-299, 304, 371, 414, 419, 424-425). Worcester, Philip George See: Crawford, R. D., and P. G. Worcester, 1916. Workman, Lewis Edwin See: Willman, H. B., L. E. Workman, and A. H. Bell, 1949. Workum, Robert H., Thomas E. Christopher R. Barnes Bolton, and 1976. Ordovician geology of Akpatok Island, Ungava Bay, District of Franklin. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 157-178, 4 pis., 3 text-figs., 2 tables. Receptaculites sp., R. arcticus Etheridge and R. oweni Hall are present in the Ordovician of Ak- patok Island, Northwest Territories (pp. 161, 163). A Receptaculites-Maclurites-Hormotoma assem- blage is typical of the Red River Arctic fauna of North America (p. 1 64). Worsley, David See: Lauritzen, 0., and D. Worsley, 1974. Mork, A., and D. Worsley, 1980. Worthen, Amos Henry 1866. Devonian and Silurian systems. Geolog- ical Survey of Illinois. Volume 1 . Geology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 119-152. The Lower Silurian [Ordovician] Trenton Group of Illinois contains Receptaculites sp. near Rock- ford and R. sulcatus (?) in Alexander County (pp. 145, 149). 1873. Geology of Monroe County. Geological Survey of Illinois. Volume 5. Geology and Palaeontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 266-285. Receptaculites owenana [sic] is characteristic of the [Ordovician] Trenton Limestone (p. 280). 210 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY See also: Meek, F. B., and A. H. Worthen, 1868 and 1870. Worthen, Amos Henry, and Fielding Bradford Meek 1875. Descriptions of in vertebrates. Geological Survey of Illinois. Volume 6. Geology and Palaeontology. Published by authority of the Legislature of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 489-532, pis. 22-33, 3 text-figs. The Meek and Worthen (1870) description of Silurian, Niagaran Receptaculites formosus is giv- en, and the species is illustrated (pi. 24, fig. 1). Wray, John L. 1977. Calcareous Algae. Developments in Pa- laeontology and Stratigraphy. Volume 4. El- sevier, Amsterdam, 185 pp., 170 text-figs., 8 tables. Receptaculitids are described and their affinities are discussed. A reconstruction of Receptaculites sacculus (after Nitecki, 1972c) is given (pp. 102- 103, fig. 1 19). Dasycladacean Cyclocrinites (tribe Cyclocriniteae) is described and illustrated (pp. 95- 97, 103, fig. 101). 1978. Calcareous algae; pp. 171-187, 27 text- figs., 1 table. In Hag, Bilal U., and A. Boersma (eds.), Introduction to Micropaleontology. El- sevier, New York. The green dasycladacean alga Cyclocrinus is fig- ured (fig. 27). Wyatt, D. H., and J. S. Jell 1967. Devonian of the Townsville Hinterland, Queensland, Australia; pp. 99-105, 1 text-fig., 2 tables. In Oswald, D. H. (ed.), International Symposium on the Devonian System; Cal- gary, Alberta, 1967 [Proc.]. Volume 2. Al- berta Society of Petroleum Geologists, Cal- gary, Alberta, 1377 pp. Devonian Receptaculites australis from the Martin's Well Limestone Member in the Towns- ville Hinterland of Queensland, Australia, is listed as a shallow water marine sponge (p. 101 ). Wynne, Michael J. See: Bold, H. C, and M. J. Wynne, 1978. Yakovlev, N. N. 1957. Nahodka predstavitelya Machaeridia s Novoi Zemli. [Finding of representative of Machaeridia from Novaya Zemlya.] Isvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya geologiches- kaya, 7, 1957, pp. 106-107, 1 text-fig. Machaeridia [Sphaerospongia], a genus of un- known organisms [receptaculitids], is described and figured from rocks ranging from Ordovician to Devonian in Novaya Zemlya. Ordovician Ma- chaeridia is listed from the Eastern Urals. Ma- chaeridia is compared with cirripedes and echi- noderms. Yochelson, Ellis L. See: Lewis, R. D., and E. L. Yochelson, 1978. Young, George E. 1973. An Ordovician (Arenigian) trilobite fau- nule of great diversity from the Ibex area, western Utah. Brigham Young Geology Stud- ies, vol. 20, part 4, pp. 91-1 15, 7 pis., 3 text- figs., 2 tables. The sponge Calathium occurs in two members of the Lower Ordovician Fillmore Limestone of Utah, including the Calathium -Presbynileus member, in which it forms a reef (p. 94). Young, J. (John?] See: Gray, R., [and J. Young], 1869. Etheridge, R., [J.?] Young, and R. Etheridge, Jr., 1873. Young, John See: Armstrong, J., J. Young, and D. Robertson, 1876. Youngquist, Walter See: Miller, A. K., W. Youngquist, and C. W. Col- linson, 1954. Zadorozhnaja, N. M. See: Zhuravleva, I. T., N. M. Zadorozhnaja, D. V. Osadchaja, N. V. Pokrovskaja, N. M. Ro- dionova, and V. D. Fonin, 1967. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 211 Zhuravleva, Inessa T. 1970. Porifera, Sphinctozoa, Archaeocyathi— their connections; pp. 41-59, 8 text-figs., 1 table. In Fry, William G. (ed.), The Biology of the Porifera. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, no. 25, 512 pp. Receptaculitida (= Squamiferida Sushkin 1962) and Soanitidae Miagkova 1965 are similar to ar- chaeocyathids (Dokidocyathidae). The Receptac- ulitida, Soanitidae, archaeocyathids, and certain other minor forms could be included in Archaeo- zoa, a subdivision of Metazoa (pp. 56-57). Zhuravleva, Inessa T. (ed.) 1974a. Katalog rodov arheotsiat. Chast 1. [Cat- alog of archeocyathid genera. Part 1 .] Aka- demia Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Institut Geologii i Geofiziki. Nauka, Novo- sibirsk, 228 pp., 69 figs. Hetairocyathus Bedford, and Heterocyathus Bedford and Bedford, and H. minor are described as archeocyathids from Lower Cambrian of South Australia (pp. 169-170). 1974b. Katalog rodov arheotsiat. Chast 2. [Cat- alog of archeocyathid genera. Part 2.] Aka- demia Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Institut Geologii i Geofiziki. Nauka, Novo- sibirsk, 215 pp., 48 figs. Radiocyathus Okulitch and R. minor (Bedford) from Lower Cambrian in South Australia are de- scribed as archeocyathids (p. 58). Zhuravleva, Inessa T. See: Nikitin, I. F., M. B. Gnilovskaja, I. T. Zhu- ravleva, V. A. Luchinina, and E. I. Miag- kova, 1974. Rezvoi, P. D., I. T. Zhuravleva, and V. M. Koltun, 1962. Zhuravleva, Inessa T., and V. A. Luchinina 1977. Role des algues dans l'establissement de constructions organogenes. Second sympo- sium international sur les coraux et recifs co- ralliens fossiles. Bureau de Recherches Geo- logiques et Miniers, Memoir no. 89, pp. 535- 542. Mastopora is an Ordovician and Silurian reef- building green alga (p. 536). Zhuravleva, Inessa T., Konstantin N. Konjusch- kov, and Alexei Yu. Rozanov 1964. Arheotsiaty Sibiri. Dvustennye arheotsia- ty. [Siberian Archaeocyathids. Double-walled archeocyathids.] Akademia Nauk SSSR, Si- birskoe Otdelenie, Institut Geologii i Geofi- ziki. Nauka, Moskva, 1 32 pp., 1 6 pis., 75 text- figs. [Radiocyathid] IDokidocyathina georgensis Rozanov n. sp. is figured and described from the Lower Cambrian of Tuva (pp. 100-101; pi. 16, fig. 8; text-fig. 59). [Radiocyathid] Alphacyathus macdonelli [sic] (Bedford and Bedford 1936) is described and figured from Lower Cambrian of southern Australia (p. 91, text-fig. 55). Zhuravleva, Inessa T., N. P. Meshkova, V. A. Lu- chinina, and Y. L. Pelman 1979. Etapnost v razvitii organicheskogo mira v nachale faneroja; pp. 3-24, 2 text-figs. In Zhuravleva, Inessa T., and N. P. Meshkova (eds.), Biostratigrafija i Paleontologia Nish- nego Kembrija Sibiri. Akademia Nauk SSSR. Sibirskoe Otdelenie. Nauka, Novosibirsk. Radiocyathids are probably a group of sponges restricted to the middle early Cambrian (p. 1 9). Zhuravleva, Inessa T., and Elizaveta I. Miagkova 1970. Vyshii razdel Archaeata (Higher group Archaeata); p. 2. In Rozanov, A. Y. (ed.), Ma- terialy k sh Kollokviumu po Archeociatam. Ordena trudovogo krasnogo znameni Geo- logicheskii Institut AN SSSR. Institut Geo- logii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR. Moskva, 52 pp. Archaeocyathi, Aphrosalpingoida, Squamiferi- da, and Soanitida are united into a group Archaea- ta. 1971. Sravnitelnaja harakteristika Archaeata i Stromatoporoidea. (The comparative char- acteristics of Archaeata and Stromatoporoi- dea.) Mezhdunarodnyi Paleontologicheskii Simposium po Korallam (Coelenterata). Te- zisy Dokladov. International Paleontological Symposium on Corals (Coelenterata). Ab- stracts. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Novosibirsk, pp. 30-31. This is an abstract of Zhuravleva, I. T., and E. I. Miagkova, 1974b. 212 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY 1972. Archaeata— novaja gruppa organizmov Paleozoja. (Archaeata— a new group of Pa- leozoic organisms.) Paleontologija. Mezh- dunarodny Geologicheskii Kongress. 24 Ses- sija. Problema 7. (International Geological Congress. 24th Session. Paleontology. Prob- lem 7.) Nauka, Moskva, pp. 7-14, 1 text-fig., 2 tables. Lower Cambrian archaeocyathids, Ordovician Soanitidae, Ordovician to Carboniferous (?) Squamiferida, and Silurian Aphrosalpingidea are placed in a new kingdom (?) Archaeata. Archaeata, family Soanitidae consisting of Soanites and Ca- lathium, and class Squamiferida (Receptaculitida) consisting of Receptaculites, Ischadites, and Sphaerospongia are described. 1974a. Osobennosti biotopov v nekotoryh or- ganogennych postroikah. (Specific features of biotypes in some organogenous structures— archaeocyathi, soanitids, aphrosalpingids, and sphinctozoa.) Sreda i zhizn v geologicheskom proshlom (paleoekologicheskie problemy). [Environment and Life in the Geological Past. Palaeoecological Problems.] Nauka, Sibir- skoe Otdelenie, Novosibirsk, pp. 1 17-122, 1 pi., 2 text-figs., 1 table. The role of soanitids in organic buildups is dis- cussed (p. 1 1 8). Lower Ordovician Soanites bi- muralis from eastern Siberia is figured (pi. 14, fig. 4; pi. 15, figs. 1-2). 1974b. Sravnitelnaja harakteristika Archaeata i Stromatoporoidea. (The comparative char- acteristics of Archaeata and Stromatoporoi- dea.) In Sokolov, B. S. (ed.), Drevnie Cni- daria. (Ancient Cnidaria.) Tom 1. Akademia Nauk SSSR. Nauka, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, No- vosibirsk, pp. 63-70, 2 pis., 10 text-figs. Receptaculites, Soanites, Soanitidae, Squami- ferida, Tetragonis murchisoni and Soanites bi- muralis are figured and their relationship to Ar- chaeata is discussed. Archaeata is a kingdom which includes Ordovician Soanitidae, Ordovician to Carboniferous Squamiferida, Cambrian archaeo- cyathids, and Silurian Aphrosalpingida. 1977. Morphology of fossil elementary organ- ogenous buildings [organic buildups]. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, vol. 20 (for 1975), pp. 89-96, 10 text-figs. Soanitidae are mentioned in the discussion of the formation of organic buildups. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 1979. Comparaison entre les Archaeata et les Porifera. Colloques international de C.N.R.S. no. 291; pp. 521-526, 4 text-figs. In Levi, Claude, and Nicole Boury-Esnault (eds.), Biologie des spongiaires. Archaeata is described as an independent king- dom consisting of Radiocyatha, Receptaculitida, Soanitida, Aphrosalpingata, and Archaeocyatha. Skeletal morphology of these groups is compared with that of sponges and the algae Cyclocrinitida. Soanites and Receptaculites are described, and Or- dovician S. bimuralis Miagkova from Siberia and Receptaculites sp. from Estonia are figured (figs. 2B, 4B). Zhuravleva, Inessa T., N. M. Zadorozhnaja, D. V. Osadchaja, N. V. Pokrovskaja, N. M. Ro- dionova, and Victor D. Fonin 1967. Fauna Nishnego Kembrija Tuvy (opornyi razrez r. Shivelit-Hem) [Fauna of the Lower Cambrian of Tuva— the reference section of Shivelit-Hem River.] Akademia Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Institut Geologii i Geo- fiziki. Nauka, Moskva, 181 pp., 70 pis., 39 text-figs. [Radiocyathid] Girphanovella girphanovae Zhu- ravleva n. gen. and n. sp. is described and figured (pp. 107-108, pi. 59, figs. 1-5) as a heteractinellid sponge from the lower Cambrian in Tuva, USSR. Ziegler, Bernhard, and Siegfried Rietschel 1970. Phylogenetic relationships of fossil cal- cisponges; pp. 23-40, 4 text-figs. In Fry, Wil- liam G. (ed.), The biology of the Porifera. Symposia of Zoological Society of London, no. 25. Receptaculitids are probably calcareous algae, and their spongelike appearance is due to preser- vation; meroms are not comparable with sponge spicules (p. 35). /.i ni. Herbert S. See: Rhodes, F. H. T„ H. S. Zim, and P. R. Shaffer, 1962a, 1962b, 1965a, 1965b, and 1970. Zittel, Karl A. von 1877a. Beitrage zur Systematik der fossilen Spongien. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, 213 Geologie, und Palaeontologie, 1877, pp. 337- 378, pis. 2-5. Calathium is a Silurian [Ordovician] hexacti- nellid sponge from the Quebec Group of Canada (p. 373). 1877b. Studien ueber fossile Spongien. I. Ab- teilung, I. Hexactinellidae. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Koeniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wis- senschaften, vol. 13, 63 pp., 4 pis. The hexactinellid sponges Calathium from the Silurian [Ordovician] Quebec Group and Am- phispongia (?) are listed. Coscinopora is described as a hexactinellid sponge; C. infundibuliformis [non Goldfuss 1826], and C. macropora [non Goldfuss 1826] are listed from the Cretaceous. 1877c. Studies on fossil sponges. I. Hexactinel- lida. Annals and Magazine of Natural His- tory, 4th ser., vol. 20, pp. 257-273, 405-424, 501-517. This is an English translation of Zittel, 1877b, by W. S. Dallas. 1878-1880. Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Band. Palaeozoologie. I. Abteilung. Protozoa, Coelenterata, Echinodermata und Molluscoi- dea. R. Oldenbourg, Muenchen und Leipzig, 765 pp., 558 text- figs. Receptaculites Defrance (= Ischadites Murchi- : son = Tetragonis Eichwald) is an imperforate cal- careous foraminifer of family Dactyloporidae with 1 shell of complicated structure. Cyclocrinus Eich- wald (= Nidulites Salter = Mastopora Eichwald), Polygonosphaerites Roemer (= Sphaeronites Phil- lips = Pasceolus Kayser = Sphaerospongia Salter), Dictyocrinus Hall, Pasceolus Billings, and Sphae- rospongia Pengelly may also be Dactyloporidae, but Cyclocrinus, Dictyocrinus, and Pasceolus (Bil- lings) may belong with Cystoidea. Calathium Bil- „ lings and Amphispongia Salter are not well known and are probably hexactinellid sponges of the fam- ily Euretidae. In a postscript Receptaculites and its allies are considered to be of uncertain taxo- nomic position. 1883. Traite de Paleontologie. Tome 1. Paleo- zoologie. Partie 1. Protozoa, Coelenterata, Echinodermata et Molluscoidea. Avec la col- laboration V. Ph. Schimper & A. Schenk, translated by Charles Barrois with collabo- ration of C. M. Duponchelle & A. Six. Paris, Munich, und Leipzig, 764 pp., 563 text-figs. The following organisms of unknown affinities are described and their distributions are given: Receptaculites Defrance (= Ischadites Murchison [partim]), Tetragonis Eichwald [partim], Ischa- dites Murchison, /. koenigii Salter, Cyclocrinus Eichwald (= Nidulites Salter), C. spaskii Eichwald, Pasceolus Billings, P. halli Billings, Polygono- sphaerites Roemer (= Sphaeronites Phillips, Sphaerospongia Salter, Pasceolus Kayser), P. (Sphaeronites) tesselatus Phillips, Dictyocrinus Hall (= ? Mastopora Eichwald), ? Sphaerospongia Pen- gelly, and Tetragonis Eichwald (pp. 105, 106). Re- ceptaculites neptuni is figured (fig. 46). Calathium Billings and Amphispongia Salter are sponges of the family Euretidae (p. 179). 1896-1900. Text-book of Paleontology. Trans- lated and edited by Charles R. Eastman. Vol- umes 1 and 2. Macmillan and Co., New York, New York, 706 pp., 1476 text-figs. The Receptaculitidae Receptaculites, Leptopo- terion, Pasceolus, Ischadites, and Polygonosphae- rites, a group of unknown systematic position, are included in a footnote to the section on sponges (P. 67). See also: Zittel, K. A. von, 1913. 1910. Grundzuege der Palaeontologie (Palaeo- zoologie). Volume 1 . Invertebrata. (Edited by Ferdinand Brolli.) R. Oldenbourg, Muenchen und Berlin, 607 pp., 1414 text-figs., tables. Silurian [Ordovician] to Carboniferous recep- taculitids of uncertain systematic position are de- scribed. They consist of Receptaculites Defrance, Leptopoterion Ulrich, Ischadites Murchison, and Polygonosphaerites Romer. Middle Devonian R. neptuni Defrance from Eifel, Lower Silurian [Or- dovician] /. murchisoni Eichwald from Reval, and Middle Devonian P. tesselatus are figured. The Silurian lyssacine sponge Amphispongia is listed from England (pp. 58, 69-70; figs. 102-104). See also: Zittel, K. A. von, 1896-1900, 1924, 1934. 1913. Text-book of Paleontology, 2nd ed. Vol- ume 1 . Eastman, Charles R. (ed.). Macmillan and Co., London, 838 pp., 1594 text-figs. 214 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY The Ordovician to Carboniferous family Re- ceptaculitidae of uncertain affinities includes: Re- ceptaculites Defrance, Ischadites Murchison (= Dictyocrinites Conrad = Dictyocrinus Hall), Cy- clocrinus Eichwald, Pasceolus Billings, Polygono- sphaerites Roemer, Cerionites Meek and Worthen, Lepidolites, and Anomalospongia (— Anoma- loides) Ulrich. Cambrian Nipterella is a lithistid genus. Silurian Amphispongia is a lyssacine sponge. See also: Zittel, K. A. von, 1896-1900. 1924. Grandzuege der Palaeontologie (Palaeo- zoologie). Volume 1 . Invertebrata. (Edited by Ferdinand Brolli.) R. Oldenbourg, Muenchen und Berlin, 733 pp., 1467 text-figs. References to receptaculitids are almost iden- tical to Zittel, K. A. von, 1910 (pp. 67, 73, 87-88, text-figs. 115-117). 1934. Osnovy Paleontologii. Moskva, 1056 pp., 2001 text-figs. This is a Russian translation of Zittel, 1 924. See also: Zittel, K. A. von, 1910. Zurawski, Ronald P. 1973. Organic and textural diversity in a Middle Ordovician (Chazyan) reef of central Tennes- see. Abstracts with Programs, Geological So- ciety of America, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 453-454. The Dasycladaceous alga Mastopora (?) is pres- ent in a reef in the Middle Ordovician Carters Limestone of central Tennessee. See also: Alberstadt, L. P., K. R. Walker, and R. P. Zurawski, 1974. NITECKI ET AL.: RECEPTACULITID ALGAE 215 Field Museum of Natural History Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 Telephone: (312) 922-9410 foVJNDs^ 6-92-.