LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO I'l.ATF. 1. Mojrruruc*. Group o( loblolly pint* two hundred years old growing with hardwoods on Quality I. Such tree* yWd 55 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 grades of lumber. The hardwood* have been cut out. NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL ECONOMIC SURVEY JOSEPH HYDE PRATT. State Geologist BULLETIN No. 24 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE W. W. ASHE Forest Inspector, U. 5. Forest Service (and former Forester of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey) Prepared in Co-operation with the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture HENRY 5. GRAVES, Forester RALEIGH EDWARDS & BROUGHTON I'RIXTIXC COMI-AXY STATK PRINTKRS AND HINDERS 1915 GEOLOGICAL BOARD Governor Locke Craig, ex officio chairman Raleigh. Prank R. Hewitt Asheville. Hugh &UcRae . Wilmington. Henry E. Fries Winston-Salem. W H. Williamson. . Raleigh. Joseph Hyde Pratt. State Geologist Chapel Hill. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL CHAPEL HILL, N. C., October 1, 1914. To His Excellency, HON. LOCKE CRAIG, Governor of North Carolina. SIR: — There has recently been prepared for the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey a report on the Loblolly or North Carolina Pine by Mr. "W. "W. Ashe. It is for the use of landowners and lumbermen alike and is designed to meet the needs of all our peo- ple who are in any way interested in timber. I submit this report for publication as Bulletin 24 of the bulletin series of the Survey. Yours respectfully, JOSEPH HYDE PRATT, State Geologist. CONTENTS PAGE Preface xv The Tree and how to identify it 1 Common names 1 Distinguishing botanical characteristics 2 Economic status of loblolly pine 4 Physiography of Coastal Plain and Piedmont Plateau regions 8 Coastal Plain region 8 Piedmont Plateau region 9 Commercial distribution 9 Original forest 10 Present forest 12 Associated species 13 Forest types 14 Old field growth on dry sites 17 Loblolly pine in pure stands on porous loams and peaty soils 19 Loblolly pine on longleaf pine flat lands 21 Loblolly pine with hardwoods in swamps chiefly in Coastal Plain... 22 Loblolly pine with pocoson pine on savannas 24 Loblolly pine with cypress in deep swamps '. 25 Loblolly pine in hardwood and shortleaf pine forests on the Pied- mont uplands 26 Forest characteristics 26 Form 26 Stem 26 Crown 38 Root system 38 Bark 40 Longevity and size 41 Silvical requirements 41 Climate 41 Soil and moisture 41 Light 42 Reproduction 44 Seeding 44 Germination and plant establishment 45 Fungus diseases and insects 46 Sensitiveness to fire 47 Cattle and hogs 48 Sleet and snow 49 Wind-firmness 49 Wood and its uses 49 Qualities : 49 Defects 50 Uses . 52 CONTENTS. PAGE use tor turpentine ........................................ Growth .... ..... ..... ...... .......................................... Quality- claw I. . . * ................. Quality, class II .............................................. 56 Quality, claw III ............................................. Old nHd stands .............................................. 57 Determination of Quality Sites 57 Growth In height Growth In diameter. Growth In volunn- :>ic feet 58 63 66 66 Board feet ................................................... 66 Volume table* ....................................................... 72 Yield of pure even-aged stands . . . .TN^r*^^— i-r-.-m-T^ ............... 87 In cubic feet and cords ........................................ 88 In board feet ................................................. 90 Graded rolume tables ....................... * ......................... 98 9 ,radlng of logs .................................................. 98 Grade 1 ......................................... • ............ 98 Grade 2 ..................................................... 98 Grade 3 ..................................................... 99 Grade 4 ..................................................... 99 Grade 5 ..................................................... 99 Red heart logs ............................................... 99 Grading of lumber ................................................ 100 No. 1 grade ........... ....................................... 100 No. 2 grade .................................... .............. 100 No. 3 grade .................................................. 100 No. 4 grade .................................................. 100 No. 5 grade .................................................. 100 Firm redheart ............................................... 101 Bark strips .................................................. 101 Increase In value of trees ............................................. 119 Density of stand .................................................. 128 Quality site ..................................................... 128 Rate of growth and age of stand ................................... 128 Management ................................................. : ....... 134 Moat profitable age and size at which to cut ........................ 135 Mixed stands ................................................ 135 Pure even-aged stands for saw timber ......................... 136 Pure even-aged stands for cordwood ........................... 140 Open pure uneven-aged stands ................................ 142 Increasing the revenue from timber land ........................... 143 Reducing waste In logging .................................... 143 Rules to govern logging ....................................... 146 Increase In cost of handling small timber ...................... 146 Relative value of trees for different uses ........................... 147 SllvU ultural systems of cutting in different types .................. 148 < 1 ) Upland old field .................................. " ........ 149 (2) Permanent of "natural" loblolly pine type ............ .151 \ T8. Vll Silvicultural systems of cutting — Continufil: (3) Longleaf pine flat lands I'-l (4) Mixed with hardwoods in flat swamps (5) Loblolly pine with cypress in deep swamps (6) Loblolly pine with pocoson pine on savannas 156 (7) Loblolly pine with shortleaf pine and hardwoods on uplands 156 Protection from flres 157 Brush lopping 158 Thinnings 1 "•" Artificial restocking 166 Gathering of seed 166 Seedbeds 166 Planting 167 Direct seeding 167 Broadcast sowing 168 Seed spot sowing 168 Advisability of loblolly pine planting 168 LIST OF TABLES . PAGE 1. Forest types of Eastern North Carolina 14 J. Composition of loblolly pine stands on upland old fields 18 8. Composition of loblolly pine stands on peaty soil 20 4. Composition of loblolly pine stands on longleaf pine flat land 21 5. Composition of loblolly pine with hardwoods 23 6. Composition of loblolly pine with pocoson pine 25 7 Yield of different ages in board feet per linear foot of stem 27 8. Butt taper measurements 28 9. Taper measurements of stems — age less than 75 years 29 9o. Taper measurements of stems — age more than 75; years 34 10. Thickness of bark at breast high for trees of different diameters and heights 40 11. Thickness of bark on stump 41 :ffect of fire on diameter growth 48 13. Growth in height of trees in crown classes on quality sites 59 14. Growth in height on different sites 61 15. Relation between total height and diameter on quality sites 62 16. Growth in diameter on quality sites 64 17. Relation between breast high diameter and stump diameter 65 18. Growth in diameter of trees on different sites 66 19. Growth of average tree in height, diameter, and volume 67 20. Growth in cubic volume on different sites 68 21. Growth in volume, board feet on quality sites 69 22. Growth in volume, board feet on different sites 71 23. Volume of logs in board feet and cubic feet and mill factor 74 23a. Log rule for loblolly pine 76 24. Volume of trees, band sawed, under 75 years 77 olunie of trees, band sawed, over 75 years 78 26. Volume of trees, circular sawed, under 75 years 79 27. Volume of trees, circular sawed, over 75 years 80 28. Volume of trees scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule, under 75 years 81 29. Volume of trees scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule, over 75 years 81 30. Volume of trees scaled by Scribner Decimal C rule, under 75 years. . 82 30a. Volume of trees scaled by Scribner Decimal C rule, over 75 years. . . 82 31. Volume of trees scaled by Tiemann rule, under 75 years 83 31a. Volume of trees scaled by Tiemann rule, over 75 years 83 32. Number of logs in trees of different diameters and heights 84 33. Volume in cubic feet of merchantable stem wood, less than 75 years. 86 34. Volume of trees in cubic feet and cords, per cent of bark and number of trees to a cord 87 Yield per acre in cubic feet to 3 inches, including tops and stumps. . . 89 36. Yield per acre in cubic feet to 6 inches, including tops and stumps. . . 90 Yield per acre cubic feet and cords without stumps and tops 91 38. Yield per acre to 6 inches, band sawed 92 39. Yield per acre to 6 inches, circular sawed 93 40. Yield per acre, Doyle-Scribner rule 93 LIST OF TABLES. IX TAKII 41. Yield per acre to 9 inches, band sawed . 94 4ld. Yield per acre to 11 inches, band sawed .94 42. Number of trees per acre, 6 inches and over .96 43. Number of trees per acre, 9 inches and over .96 44. Number of trees per acre, 11 inches and over .97 45. Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 1 logs 101 46. Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 2 log* 102 47. Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 3 logs 103 48. Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 4 logs 1"4 49. Per cent of different grades lumber sawed from red heart logs 105 50. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 1 logs 106 51. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 2 logs. . . 107 52. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 3 logs 108 53. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 4 logs 54. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from red heart logs llu 55. Amounts and per cents of grades cut from butt, second and top logs. 45 year old stand 113 55a. Amounts and per cents of grades cut from butt, second and top logs. 65 year old stand 115 56. Per cent of grades of lumber in trees of different diameters — age class 40 to 50 117 57. Per cent of grades of lumber in trees of different diameters — age class 60 to 70 -. 118 58. Value of lumber sawed from logs of different diameters 59. Stumpage value of trees, 45 year old stand, quality 1 122 60. Stumpage value of trees, 45 year old stand, quality II 123 61. Stumpage value of trees, 45 year old stand, quality III l:.'4 62. Stumpage value of trees, 65 year old stand, quality 1 1 :.'."• 63. Stumpage value of trees, 65 year old stand, quality II l->' 64. Stumpage value of trees, 65 year old stand, quality III 127 65. Value per 1,000 board feet of lumber from stands at different ages. . . 129 66. Value per 1,000 board feet of Stumpage in stands of different ages. . . 130 67. Stumpage value per cubic foot of wood in trees 131 68. Increase in Stumpage prices and in utilization since 1891 133 69. Per cent of increase in value of dominant and intermediate trees 136 70. Value of fully stocked stands, scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule 138 71. Value of fully stock stands, basis of mill cut 139 72. Cost of growing cordwood 140 73. Time required for trees to grow one inch in diameter 141 74. Crown syace in per cent of acre required for growth of trees of different sizes 1 •* :; 75. Value of lumber in stumps .144 76. Increase in cost of manufacturing lumber with decrease in sire of log 147 77. Comparative value of trees of different sizes . 148 78. Area of crown space and index of tolerance. . 79. Yield of thinned stands and yield of thinnings .164 80. Cost per 1,000 board feet of growing loblolly pine . . 169 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PUITK I. Group of loblolly pines 200 years old growing with hardwoods on Quality I. Such trees yield 55 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 grades of lumber. The hardwoods have been cut out. Frontispiece 11. Branchlet of loblolly or North Carolina pine with old cones open after the dispersal of seed in early winter, and small cones which will develop next season just below the termi- nal bud. Two-fifths natural size. (Author's illustration.) 2 III. Stand of loblolly pine about 12 years old on dry sandy soil in old field. Stand is too open. The stems consequently are short and crooked, set with many branches, and the wood is knotty. An undesirable condition due to open stocking on dry soil. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) .............. 18 IV. Dense stand of pure loblolly pine, 5 to 8 years old. Desirable condition insuring long straight stems which are well cleaned of branches. (Author's illustration.) ............ 20 V. A. Characteristic stand of loblolly and pocoson pine on sa- vanna. The scattered short-bodied trees are typical. Such a stand yields about 15 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 grades of lumber. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) ....... 22 B. Margin of pine, cypress and gum swamp. Old cypress in center; old pine on left. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) VI. A. Groups of loblolly pine poles with old longleaf pine which it is replacing on grassy flat lands. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) ............................................. " 24 B. Cut-over loblolly pine land showing the undesirable char- acter of the seed trees which are left by the present method of cutting. (Photo, by J. S. Holmes.) VII. Loblolly pine with mixed oaks and shortleaf pine. Three log tree 80 years old cutting 20 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 grades of lumber. (Photo. N. C. Geological Survey.) ..... 26 VIII. A. Good example of heavy culling as practiced 15 to 20 years ago. The large number of intermediate and suppressed trees which were left have now formed a basis for a re- munerative second cutting. Pine reestablishment fair but intermixed with oaks. (Author's illustration.) ..... 44 B. and C. Types of recently cut loblolly pine forest, 5 or 6 years after cutting; quality II, age about 70 years. Dense pine restocking, young stand being from 6 to 10 feet high. Undesirable class of seed trees and no possibility of a remunerative second cutting. (Author's illustra- tions.) ....... 44 LIST OF ILLU8TK.MI. XI fit PLATE IX. Types of Loblolly Pine Wood 50 A. Type of wood from lower part of BUMU in <>M nVId stunt!. The coarse grained center indicates large knots. This tree became codominant or intermediate when ab« inches on the radius. The diameter growth waa slow on account of the crowding and the stem cleaned of branches. It was isolated by thinning wlu-n 3^ inches on the radius. The stem at that time resembled that of one of the isolated trees shown on Plate XVI. As a result of this thinning the growth during the past ten years has been at the rate of one inch in diameter every three years. While the wood formed since thinning is coarse grained, it is clear and free from knots. The large amount of hard summerwood is characteristic for flat- woods soils. (Author's illustration.) B. Characteristic wood from lower logs of trees in mixed stands, medium fine and even grained. The crown of this tree overtopped the hardwoods when it was about 60 years old (at 3.3 inches on the radius). Since this period the diameter growth has been at the rate of one inch every four years (7% rings to the inch of radius). This stem is practically free of knots for 60 feet and the wood is of high quality. Nearly the same result can be obtained by the method of cutting which is recommended for the best sites which seeks to develop the codominant and intermediate trees to form the mature stand, and by gradual cutting eventually to develop the best of the sup- pressed trees. (Author's illustration.) X. Types of Loblolly Pine Wood 50 A. Characteristic wood from middle and upper section of rapidly growing tree. The relatively small amount of hard summerwood in this portion of the stem is typical. (Author's illustration.) B. Wood from tree growing on very wet soil showing charac- teristic irregularity of grain. (Author's illustration.) XI. Fully stocked stand 35 years old, Quality II, in old field on upland of good quality following oak, hickory and short- leaf pine. The density is good; the growth, however. is beginning to decline and the stand would be much bene- fited by a thinning. (Author's illustration.) 56 XII. Logs of Different Grades A. Logs chiefly of Grades 3 and 4. diameters 5 to 16 inches. These are the prevailing grades and sizes now coming to the mills. Average log about 38 feet, D.-S. (Author's illustration.) B. Logs chiefly of Grades 2 and 3, diameters 10 to 24 Inches. These are the prevailing grades and sizes which were cut by the mills between 1895 and 1910. Average log xii LIST OF II I KM DTfl PAGE about 90 feet, D.-S. The small size of the heartwood is nou'worthy. t Author's illustration.) Logs chiefly of Grades 1 and 2, diameters 12 to 36 inches. These were the prevailing grades and sizes which were sawed until 1895. Average log about 200 feet, D.-S. XIII. Typical boards of Important grades of North Carolina pine lumber 12 feet long. A to D, inclusive, are dressed boards; E and F are rough. (Photographs made under direction of author. ) 100 A. No. 1 grade board, 16 inches wide, from a large, old, fine- grained heart tree of the quality known as "slash pine." A narrow margin of sapwood is shown on either edge of the board. B. No. 2 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a small pin knot and a narrow pitch streak in the upper one-half of the board. Board from an old growth, fine grained tree, very largely heartwood. C. No. 3 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a pitch pocket in the lower one-fourth, two pin knots near the middle of the board, a pitch streak at the upper end of the board, and a sliver in the coarse, flat grain of its center. Board is from a second growth forest tree, coarse grained in the center and medium grained on the edges. Two-thirds of surface sapwood. D. Box or No. 4 grade board, 12 inches wide. Very knotty and coarse grained. This board is from a rapid growth tree of the old-field type and is all sapwood except a narrow ribbon of heart down the center. E. Merchantable red heart grade board, 10 inches wide. This board would have graded as a No. 3 but for the red heart which shows as the dark streaks in the heartwoooT F. Box bark strip. The bark edge shows along the upper right-hand edge of the strip; the bark has been trimmed from the lower portion of the piece. XIV. Stand fifty to sixty years old, Quality II, on permanent loblolly pine site, which was culled of the dominant trees fifteen years ago. This stand, consequently, is formed of the intermediate and suppressed trees of the original stand which accounts for the very clean and slender stems. Under a better method of cutting, this stand would have produced at this time 35,000 board feet to the acre, the average log being 45 feet D.-S., and yielding more than 60 per cent No. 3 grade lumber and better. Desirable type of seed trees marked "S." (Au- thor's illustration. ) 136 XV. Unthinned stand 80 years old, Quality II, on permanent loblolly pine site, in process of lumbering. Although of good size, the upper logs are prevailingly knotty. This stand would have been benefited by the removal of the dominant trees' 25 to 30 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii Kv PLATE PAOE years ago. Scale of average log about 50 feet D.-8. Such a stand will yield 30 per cent of lumber of Grades No. 1 and No. 2. Desirable type of seed trees marked "S." (Author's illustration. ) 136 XVI. Stand 25 to 30 years old, Quality II, before being thinned. The large knots on the dominant trees are noteworthy. Trees to be removed in first improvement thinning mark (Au- thor's illustration.) 148 XVII. Stand shown in Plate XVI after a combined first cutting and improvement thinning. Most of the knotty dominant trees have been cut, leaving the stand formed entirely of slender, clean-stemmed codominant and intermediate trees. These, with increased diameters, will yield from 3 to 3»Xi nearly clear logs, which will saw out approximately the same type of wood as that shown in Plate IX-B. More than 3.000 feet D.-S. per acre were removed from the stand in this cutting. The average log, however, scaled less than 12 feet. ( Au- thor's illustration. ) 148 XVIII. Fire Protection. Surface fire in pine forest stopped by plowing two double furrows 156 XIX. Unused top containing a sound 16-foot log, 10 inches in diame- ter at large and 5 inches at small end, but yielding only cull lumber on account of large knots. Such a top is forming a serious fire menace. (Author's illustration.) 156 XX. A loblolly pine stand, Quality II, cut to a 12-inch diameter, a large number of slender, clean-stemmed, intermediate trees being uncut. Characteristic condition in which such a stand was left after it was logged by means of wheels in the decade preceding 1905. Compare Plates VI-B and VIII. The lum- ber from these small trees at the date of the cutting would have had a Norfolk value of $13.60 per M, with a high cost of operation on account of the small size of the logs, less than 15 feet b. m. Doyle-Scribner, and a stumpage value of only a few cents per M. After holding 15 years these trees have a stumpage value of about $2.40 per M, while the aver- age log scales between 40 and 50 board feet. This is an increase in value of practically 1,000 per cent. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) 156 XXI. Condition in which loblolly pine and hardwood swamp forest was left after being logged by steam skldder in the manner of cutting which prevailed to 1905. In the present opera- tions cutting is closer and less small timber is left. Note the large amount of inflammable slash. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service. ) XXII. Open mature stand of loblolly pine, Quality II. Establishment of pine seedlings prevented by fires. Heavy underwood of oak and other broadleaf trees growing beneath the pine, but periodically top killed by fire. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) 156 l 1111 >TKATH^ FACING PLATE PAGE XXIII. Stand similar to that in Plate XXII but unburned for 15 years. Tendency of scrubby hardwoods to replace pine. Note un- necessarily high stumps; and old fire scar on butt of log on right. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) 156 XXIV. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine. Quality I stand, 70 years old. Its density is noteworthy. (Author's illustration.) 158 XXV. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine. Quality III stand in old field, age 50 years. The complete isolation of the crowns is char- acteristic. Groups of seedlings are beginning to establish themselves under such a canopy. (Author's illustration.) . . . 158 XXVI. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine, Quality II, age 35 years. Crowns well developed and symmetrical. Excellent condition for rapid individual growth. (Author's illustration.) 160 XXVII. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine, Quality II, age 35 years. Crowns small but stems clean. Stand crowded, in urgent need of thinning to develop large crowns. (Author's illustration.) . . 160 TEXT FIGURES FIG. PAGE 1. Distribution of loblolly pine and shortleaf pine in the Southern States. (Compiled by author.) 5 2. Distribution of loblolly pine in North Carolina. (Prepared by author. ) 11 a. and b. Roots of mature loblolly pines on upland clays. (From Photo, by author. ) ?T 39 c. Two-year old loblolly pine seedling. (From Photo, by author.) ... 39 4a. Roots of loblolly pine saplings on dry sandy upland soils. (Adapted from Photo, by J. S. Holmes. ) 39 6. Roots of loblolly pine on moist but well drained sandy loam soils. Small deep seated roots extending to water table. (Adapted by author from Photo by Von Schrenk. ) 39 c. Roots of loblolly pine on wet soils. No deep seated roots, but a great mass of shallow roots. (From sketch made from nature.) 39 5. Relation between loblolly pine quality sites and depth of water table in soils of different texture. (Author's illustration.) 56 PREFACE Tin- loblolly or Norili Carolina pine i- by far tin- iu"-t important tree no\\ being cut for lumber in North Carolina. \Yhile di-tributey tires and hog-, later came up to lob-lolly pine and now ."•(> to li»d year- later an- furni-hini: another ;;nd a more lenninerat i\ e ciop ••!' timl»er. Loblolly combine* all the e--entials for an ideal fon-t management It -eeds profusely and regenerate- readily, i- adapted to nearly all types of soil, grows rapidly, becomes marketable at an early age, grows densely, making large yields per ane. ami produces material for which there is a general demand at a fair and increasing price. The study of the loblolly or Xorth Carolina pine in eastern North Carolina, which formed the basis of this report, was made jointly by the Forest Service of the United States Department of Airriculture and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. Tho first field work was begun in 1898 and the entire study completed in 1013. The growth and volume figures apply only to eastern Xorth Carolina. The mill studies were made in Gates, Wayne, Beaufort, and Pitt counties; and the sample plots and stem analyses were made in twelve additional counties: Chatham, Xash. Northampton, Wa>hington, Bertie, Craven, Hyde, Harnett, Johnston, Wake. IVnder, Lenoir, and On-low. A considerable part of the original field data was collected under the immediate direction of the author by H. S. ('urran and K. A. < 'ahoon of the North Carolina Geological Survey, and A. K. Mlodziansky. of the United States Forest Service. Some of the mill cut data were collected by Messrs. J. S. Holmes, Forester of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, and W. D. Sterrett. of the Fon-t Si-rvic.-. In tin- process of the study many courtesies wen- extended by the Iline* Bros. Lumber Company of Kinston, N. CM Short Lumber Company of Wa-h- ington, D. C., and Lyon & Dennis of Suffolk, Va., while information in regard to prices of certain grades at different periods was furnished by Mr. W. B. Roper, Secretary of the North Carolina Pine A — .ciatiou. This bulletin takes up the growth and proper forest management of loblolly pine in Xorth Carolina. It deals with the occurrence and silvical requirements of the tree, its growth in height, diameter and volume on different soils and situations, and the yield-; which can In- obtained under varying conditions. The amount of lumber of different grades which can be cut from timber of different ages and qualities i- also shown in tabular form. xvi >'i;1 : I'luK-r forr-t manngeiiient is taken up the determination of the best t \vhich to out tor >a\v timber or cordwood, iu order to utili/.e most .il.lv tin- I'oiv-t crop. The be-t methods of cutting iu order that the forests may l>e perpetuated is dis-ussed for the different types. Pro- n from fil i;illy for the young growth, is advocated and the • artificial reMoekiug by seeding or planting is considered. Thi< report has been prepared for the use of landowners and lumber- like, and is designated to meet the needs of all of our people who ;ire in any way interested in timber, but especially those in the eastern half "f North Carolina. • bullet ins previously issued by the Knifed States Department of allure treat of this tree along somewhat different lines and will ,nd helpful to read in connection with this report. "The Loblolly Pine in Kastern Texas, With Special Reference to the Production of Cross-ties" by Raphael Zou, Forest Service Bulletin 64, was published in HHI.'I; while "Forest Management of Loblolly Pine in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia," by W. D. Sterrett, Bulletin of the United - Department of Agriculture, Xo. 11 (new series), has only recently published. The present report should have been issued at the same time, but the delay in publishing this has been much greater than ua> anticipated. JOSEPH HYDE PRATT, State Geologist. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE (IMnus tffida, Linnaus) ITS GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT BY W. W. ASHE THE TKKI \M> I Is IIH N HIM \ llo>. The loblolly or Xorth Carolina pine grows under many diverse con- ditions which affect its form, size, and the character of its wood, and in consequence it is known by many names. The general use of the name "\<>rth Carolina pine" for the lumber cut from the tree commonly known as "shortleaf pine" through the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina would seem sufficient excuse for adopting the use of one or both these names in this report. The former name is used on the title page in order to clearly identify the tree, but its general acceptance is not recommended. This name is applied only to a very limited extent to the tree itself, while the name "loblolly pine," though not often used locally in the Carolinas or Vir- ginia, either for the tree or its lumber, has a wide and ever-<-xten• Carolina and in the hill section of the states farther south, the name shortleaf pine is applied to a different tree (P. echinata). This tree, however, occurs sparingly in the Coastal Plain, when- it i< known either as spruce pine or rosemary pine. In the former mrion whore the loblolly pine occurs it is sometimes called "longleaf pine. Old-field pine, a name applied to young growth of loblolly pine on land once under cultivation in eastern \ortli Carolina and southward. Slash pine, a name common in Virginia, the C:m»linns, and farther south, refers to large trees with thick hrartwnod which occur in swamps in mixture with hardwoods. Rosemary pine, a name infrequently applied to large trees gro\\in-_c with hardwoods in swamps; more generally used in th<« Coastal Plain 1 LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA 1M tchiii'itii, the common short lea I' pine ion. •ny pint-, a very common name for loblolly jiinc growing in l>inf iiml hlack-l>ark ]>inf are name- applied by lumbermen to nig growth possessing these characteristics. The latter name is ap- plied mofe flV<|ll«-ntly lo |iocoson JlillC. On the eastern >ln»n- ot' .Maryland, in southeastern Virginia, and in imont North Carolina, where associated with shortleaf, 'scrub and other pines having much shorter leaves, loblolly pine in some places is known a- •<<./•/<;// ]>in<'. ,nically the tree is known as I'inns taeda, L., an inappropriate term so-fur us the specific designation is concerned, as taeda means torch. The torch or lightwood pine is the longleaf pine. The latter furnishes the wood for light, its brands until recently being the chief source of light ut night in thousands of homes in the Coastal Plain of the southern DISTIMillsHING BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS. There are three pines which are intimately associated with the loblolly pine in different portions of the Coastal Plain region, and as two of them are apt to he confused with it, the following characteristics will be found of assistance in separating them : N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SUI; PI.ATK II. .- '"-> «/i 1 1 Branchlet of loblolly or North Carolina pine with old cones open after the dispersal of seed in early winter, and small cones which will develop next season, just below the terminal bud. Two-fifths natural size. (Author's illustration.) LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. DI>IIM,l IsilINi; ( 1I.VRACTERISTIC8 OF LOBLOLLY AND ASSOCIATED PINES OF EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA. Bark and Branches of Ma- Leaves CODM Soil Preference ture Trees I.., hi. .11'. Bark on larR' Leaves in 3s, Cones oblong. Grows nearly ov- Sh..nl.-:ii I'inc (of the generally more 3. to 7 inches 3 to 6 inches long, ery where, except Co:i than one inrli long. opening soon on the wettest N..rtli Carolina Pine thick at stump; after maturing -•iii. ly and peaty (I'inua tada). bright red brown, and falling from soils and on sand broken into large the tree. hills. oblong plates; branches ascend- ing except on large • Pocoson Pine Bark on large Leaves in 3s, Cones oval, \Vi-t, sandy soils, Pond pine trees seldom one 3 to 5 inches pointed, 2 to 4 black peaty or Black bark pine inch thick at long. inches long; sel- muck lands. (Pinu» terotina). stump; dark dom opening, brown, broken persistent on the into square or tree. roundish plates; branches nearly horizontal. Longleaf pine Bark thin and Leaves in 3s, Cones 5 to 7 inches Sandhills and Pitch pine scaly, not ar- 5 to 9 inches long, opening at j sandy or clayey (Pinus palustris.) ranged in plates, long. maturity and at soils that are bright, red-brown once falling from not too wet. the tree. Shortleaf pine Bark broken into Leaves usually Cones about 2 \Yell drained, Spruce pine oblong plates; in 2s, 2 to 4 inches long, loamy, clayey or Rosemary pine light red-brown, inches long. opening at ma- gravelly uplands. (Pinus echinata). somewhat scaly; turity, persistent branches ascend- on the tree. ing except in old trees. Very young trees and seedlings of the pocoson pine when growing in dense stands in mixture with loblolly pine are not easily distinguished from the latter, as the crowding tends to cause the branches of both species to ascend and the bark of the young pines is dark and furrowed. The two pines, however, are very distinct ; the pocoson pine is inferior in every respect to the loblolly pine. This is generally recognized by the lumbermen who know that the pocoson or black-bark pine, especially in large stocks, is apt to be defective; either very knotty, rotten or with redheart. The pocoson pine is found associated with the loblolly pine 4 LOU I N i. Kill CAROLINA T! on savannas and on all AVI-;, sandy, coarse-grained soils, particularly bell- 'ii of 100 feet above sea lev. 1. OCCUn with tin- loldolly pine, chiefly on well- drained. 1 ; chiyey uplands. In the coastal plain they are nio-t frequently as-oeiated north of the Xeuse River, but are seldom found Miutlnvard, exce])t on hills along streams. They are found together on the oak uplands of the eastern portion of the plateau region on well-drained, loamy or gravelly knolls and \here the >hi>rtleaf pine is the remnant of the old forest and the loldolly pine forms a portion of the second growth. Only in a few local- ire all four pines found growing together. Near the coast tfte loblolly, poroson, and longleaf pines are sometimes associated on sandy hummock-; the wettest places, however, are as a rule occupied by the pocoson pine; the pocoson and the loblolly pines are associated on savannas and slightly drier knolls; on better drained soils the long- leaf replaces the pocoson pine in the mixture and on thoroughly drained - only the longleaf pine is found. I ( o \OMIC STATUS OF LOBLOLLY PIXE. Loblolly pine is the most important timber tree in southeastern Vir- ginia, in eastern Xorth Carolina, and in northeastern South Carolina north of Georgetown; while to the south of Georgetown not only in South Carolina but in Georgia and westward in the Gulf States its im- portance is yearly increasing with the decrease in the supply of longleaf pine. (See Map, Fig. 1.) Its value and its importance as a commercial tree are best indicated by the extent of the lumber industry which is dependent upon it and by the annual output of North Carolina pine lumber in southeastern Virginia, in Xorth Carolina and in the adjacent portion of South Carolina. While no attempt is made in the census figures to separate the cuts of the various pines which are sawed in this region, all of them being grouped under the head of yellow pine, it is possible to approximate closely the cut of loblolly pine. The lumber cut of certain counties is entirely from loblolly pine (the shortleaf pine of the coast) and that of other counties is very largely from this species. In southeastern Virginia the cut of pine in 1912 in nine counties which are within the loblolly pine belt was 397,344,000 bd. ft. In Xorth Caro- lina the cut of pine in 40 coastal plain pine counties was 1,079,061,000 bd. ft. In South Carolina in 15 counties the cut north of Georgetown was 548,138,000 bd. ft. A small amount of the pine cut in these nine 'n southeastern Virginia i- from the shortleaf pine (of the Piedmont i ; in Xorth Carolina small amounts of the pine cut in the coastal plain are from the .-hortleat' pine ami from the longleaf or pin-h pi nr-: in South Carolina probably le^s than 10 per cent of the •unties north of Georgetown i< at present from long- LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA ri.NK. leaf pine. Tin- cut l>y counties for nine counties* in Virginia south of the Janu il as follows: Board Feet. Isle of Wight 'oik ..................................... 100,683,000 62,726,000 5,600,000 5,500,000 98,425,000 58,385,000 13,525,000 40,000,000 Total 397,344,000 The out by counties for 40 counties in eastern North Carolina is as follow-: Board Feet. Board Feet. Nansemond . . . l'r lure George . Princess Anne Southampton . Surry . . . . Greenesville . . Beaufort 44,428,000 Bertie 34,137,000 Bladen 29,125,000 Brunswick 16,877,000 Camden 1,170,000 Carteret 6,240,000 Chowan 25,824,000 Columbus 67,970,000 Craven 107,209,000 Cumberland 16,700,000 Duplin 60,841,000 Dare 4,000,000 Edgecombe 7,112,000 Gates 14,695,000 Greene 2,600,000 Halifax 41,290,000 Harnett 32,360,000 Hertford 17,980,000 Hoke 1,700,000 Hyde 1,881,000 Johnston 45,460,000 The cut by counties for 15 counties in South Carolina north of George- town is as follows: Jones 20,790,000 Lenoir 20,136,000 Martin 9,795,000 Nash 31,778,000 New Hanover 43,432,000 Northampton 7,318,000 Onslow 23,563,000 Pamlico 22,109,000 Pasquotank 49,950,000 Fender 58,700,000 Perquimans 23,627,000 Pitt 8,510,000 Robeson 43,761,000 Sampson 66,917,000 Scotland 2,960,000 Tyrrell 1,390,000 Washington 23,046,000 Wayne 20,810,000 Wilson 21,870,000 Total . . . ^ 1,079,061,000 Board Feet. 8,527,000 13,265,000 48,343,000 64,384,000 82,373,000 6,075,000 Beaufort Berkeley < 'harleston Colleton Darlington Dillon Dorchester 31,761,000 Florence 21,310,000 Georgetown 129,948,000 I lainpton 21,700,000 Horry 28,472,000 Lee 1,000,000 Marion 54,235,000 Marlboro 21,035,000 Willtamsburg 15,710,000 Total 548,138,000 U toul cut of yellow pine in the 34 countic* of eastern Virginia in which loblolly pine is the prrrailim Uw U about 1.300.000,000 board feet. It U probable that three-fourths of this cut is from MIoBjr pit*. LOBLOLLY OB XOKMI x 11M. • The pine industries of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina arc so closely a*-ociated that it is impo-.sibie i,, •••paraii- them. A large portion of the logs cut in northeastern North Carolina i> manu- factured in Virginia chiefly at or in the vicinity of Norfolk, Suffolk, Franklin, Emporia, and \Vlial.-vvillc. It i- climated that 175,000,000 feet, or nearly half of the output of the mills in this section of Virginia, are from logs brought from North Carolina, the importation* I "-ing dis- tributed approximately as follow-: :.o per cent of the output of Nanse- mond County; 90 per cent of the output of Norfolk County and 60 per cent of the output of Southampton County. Some of the other counties which lie on or near the state line, such as (ireenesville, also obtain small amounts of their timber from North Carolina. It is conservative there- fore to say that the cut of loblolly pine timber in North Carolina in 1912 exceeded 1,250,000,000 board feet. The timber from which tin* was cut had a stumpage value of not less than $4,000,000, while the value of the entire output of loblolly pine in North Carolina embracing both the lumber delivered on the cars and the round timber which was cut in the State, but manufactured outside, amounted to more than $16,000,000. The cut of North Carolina pine lumber in North Carolina has probably attained its maximum. Small operators still cut a large amount of Xorth Carolina pine lumber. Of the total number of operations there were in 1912 only ~2'2 in North Carolina that had an annual cut in excess of 10,000,000 board feet. These 22 had a combined cut of 384,000,000 board feet, compared with a cut of 695,061,000 board feet for the remaining 600 operations. At the same time in the counties north of Georgetown in South Caro- lina there were only six operations that had an output in excess of 10,- 000,000 board feet, and in the nine southeastern counties of Virginia only 12 operations had outputs of this volume. The largest single operation in the North Carolina pine field is at Georgetown, S. C., with an estimated output of about 100,000,000 board feet a year. A wood alcohol plant is operated in connection with this sawmill to utilize the Avaste. The Norfolk District embracing tin- five counties of Norfolk, Nansemond, Princess Anne, Isle of Wight, and Southampton, with an output of more than 180,000,000 board feet a year, still maintains its supremacy not only as a distributing center but also as a producing center. The amount of mature loblolly pine timber in North Carolina is about 15,000,000,000 board feet. This pine occupies in pure growth or asso- ciated with other species more than 8,000 square miles in North Caro- lina. Since the rate of growth of this species even under present un- favorable conditions is not less than 150 board feet per acre of commer- cial saw-timber a year replacement is at the rate of about 800,000,000 board feet a year and consequently is taking place at more than half of the rate of utilization for lumber. It is hcli. \ed that if the forest lands of eastern North Carolina were being well managed the present cut could be maintained permanently. LOBLOLLY OB NoKllI » AKol.IN.V PINE. PIIYSIOtilUrilY OF COAST \ I. I'!.VI> AM> PIEDMONT PLATEAU BBCB0VB, In order to understand tin- distribution of the loblolly pine in North Carolina, its growth under various conditions and the systems of man- nt l*>st adapted to them, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the topography and other general physical characteristics of the Coastal IMniii and of the eastern portions of the Piedmont Plateau regions. THE COASTAL PLAIN REGION. The coastal plain region of Xorth . Carolina extends inland from 'list for a distance of one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles, and has an aggregate area approximating 24,000 square miles. Its sur- face is that of a gently undulating plain of slight elevation (10 to 50 feet above sea level) and nearly level eastward, becoming more elevated (300 to 500 feet) and rolling along its western border. In the neighbor- hood of the coast, where the drainage is insufficient to remove the rain- fall rapidly, there are extensive areas of lowland or swamp, with clear, slowly flowing, or stagnant water. These are mostly forest covered. Westward the fall permits a more thorough drainage and the swamps are largely restricted to narrow strips of alluvial land contiguous to the streams which have muddy, rapidly flowing water when the streams head beyond the costal plain, and clear, slow-flowing water when the streams head within the coastal plain. These swamps of the muddy streams extend in a northwesterly and southeasterly direction through the entire coastal plain. The total swamp area of the coastal plain region in Xorth Carolina aggregates nearly 4,600 square miles. The upland soils of the coastal plain are uncons^olidated sands, sandy loams, silts and loams, and over limited areas stiff clays. To the north of the Xeuse River loams and heavier soils are the more widely distrib- uted upland soils; to the south of this river the soils are generally of a sandy type. The water table during the growing season is seldom as much as 20 feet below the surface, except in the tier of counties which lies just east of the Piedmont and in the sandy and hilly region of Moore, Cumberland, Richmond, and the adjoining counties. The soils in the swamps, except those of alluvial origin, are prevailingly of the same general textures as those of the uplands, but with a mucky or peaty top soil, or peaty throughout. The soils of the alluvial swamps border- ing the large streams, which have their headwaters beyond the coastal plain region, are silty with a varying admixture of vegetable matter. The soils of the coastal plain which are occupied by loblolly pine are practically all available for farming with the exception of the sand dunes on the banks and some of the river swamps which are subject to periodic and deep flooding. Many of the best loblolly pine soils require artificial drainage before they can be profitably farmed. - There is little LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA 1'IXE. 9 doubt, however, that eventually the larger portion of all of the land now in loblolly pine will be cleared and placed in cultivation. In the Coastal Plain fusion the average annual temperature is about 61° F., with a normal range of 36° F. The winters are com- paratively mild, the temperature seldom fulling |M.l,,w i;, ]• . Tin- average temperature during the five growing months is 74 I-'. Tin- average annual rainfall is about fifty-five inches, the seasonal distribu- tion being heavier in the spring and summer than in tin- autumn and winter. The region of heaviest precipitation and irreate^t humidity lies eastward of a north and south line through New P.ern and Wilmington. The rainfall, while heavy, is irregular and concentrated, and the snow- fall scant, although sleet is frequent. The atmospheric humiditv is high, especially during the summer. PIEDMONT PLATEAU REGI< The eastern portion of the Piedmont plateau region, which is the portion in which loblolly pine occurs most frequently, is more rugged and its topography rougher than that of the coastal plain. Its eleva- tion varies from 350 to 600 feet above sea level. In general its surface is rolling though along the streams and in some other places there are bold hills. On the uplands the predominating soils may be described as loams and clays, sandy and gravelly in some places, but generally with much stiffer red or yellow subsoil, formed by the decay in situ of slates, gneisses, (hornblende-bearing) schists, pegmatites, and other crystalline rocks; while over some limited areas sandy soils occur derived from sand-ton.- and granite. Along the numerous small streams are narrow, alluvial deposits, moist, dark-colored loams, containing a variable proportion of organic matter. Along the larger streams these fluvial deposits are often clayey or silty. All soils occupied by the loblolly pine in the Piedmont plateau region, except where too rough or steep are suitable for farming. The average annual temperature for the region is somewhat less than that of the coastal plain, being about 59° F. ; the annual rainfall is only about fifty inches, and the humidity is lower. The water table is from 30 to 50 feet below the surface of the hill summits, while the surface drainage is far superior to that of the coastal plain, swamps being limited to the borders of the streams. The average temperature during the five growing months is 73° F. COMMERCIAL DISTKIIU TIOV. The commercial distribution of the loblolly pine in Xorth Carolina is from Granville, Person, Orange, Chatham, and Union counties, some- what east of the center of the State, eastward and southeastward to the coast, where it occurs over a total area of not less than 30.000 square miles. As a commercial tree it is largely absent, however, from ' berland, Moore, Richmond, and Hoke counties in eastern North Caro- JO LOBI.oi.i.Y OK N(H;ril r.VKoi.lXA PINE. linn, whirh h ndy soils. There are also less ex- amp in which it does not occur. But it is capable owing as a commercial tree on ^2,000 square miles of this area (See map. Da Virginia it is the prevailing species south and and I.unenburg, covering the southeastern portion • •f tin- -tate. while to the nortli of Petersburg it is common along and near Chesape; . on both the eastern and western shores. In 1 i-oiina it U eouunon south and east of Chester wherever the soil and moisture condition"; are suitable for its growth. ORIGINAL FOREST. In the I'M mst al plain the loblolly pine was originally largely confined to the following situations: (1) River swamps, where it occurred on the best drained portions as single trees in mixture with hackberry, sweet film, red maple, white and red oaks, deep swamp ash, and water gum; (2) shallow interior swamps with loamy soils where it grew in groups of trees, or more generally single trees, among maple, water oaks, and gums; (3) shallow swamps with stiff soils, where single trees occurred larly distributed among white oaks and red oaks, ash, elm, holly, white bay, beech, and gums; (4) deep swamps, in which it was not com- mon and where it occurred with cypress, water gum, and water ash; < ."• i hummocks and the edges of swamps, savannas, and pocosons, where on a wide range of moist soils of sand, silt, clay or peat, it grew sparingly with longleaf and pocoson pines; (6) best grade of loams, silts, clays -mouth soil series) and peaty soils seldom subject to flooding, with iti-r table usually from five to eight feet below the surface where it forme. 1 compact groups or stands covering many acres; (7) on peaty soils where it occurred with yellow poplar, white cedar (juniper), white bay, and sweet gum. •imens of best development (Plate I, Frontispiece) are met with in shallow swamps on clayey or loamy soil growing with mixed hard- woods. The pure groves on well-drained peaty soil are mostly formed of comparatively young and small trees from 100 to 150 years old and in even-aged stands. There are traditions supported by other evidence, that these pure groves on the peaty lands have followed old fires. Under natural conditions it is probable that this species did not form extensive pure forests in Xorth Carolina except in the extreme northeastern sec- ' I»l!y pine was absent from the best drained soils which were occupied by the longleaf pine in the coastal plain and by mixed hard- woods and short leaf pine in the Piedmont plateau region. In the Piedmont plateau the original growth of loblolly pine was chiefly confined to the forests of the narrow stream swamps of the east- ern portion of the plateau. It formed only a very small proportion of the timber in ' -t* which are distinctively of hardwoods. While most abundant in the Piedmont along its eastern edge, isolated trees l.oltl.ol.l.y UK \i:«l IN \ I'lNK. 11 -4 \ < '• r " 1 • o ' ? j l i s ! ! t : ! t x i * x5" — •{- LOBLOLLY OB NOBTII CABOLINA PINE. have been found on alluvial lands as far west as the eastern end of Surry County and at an altitude of about Tun (Vet, although 500 feet is the prevailing altitudinal limit in North Carolina. PBESKXT FOREST. Accidental influences largely circumstances incidental to the settling and development oi' tlu- country, and other influences which have fol- , . have maided tin- tree, by means of its prolific and early seed- ing and rapid growth, to become locally far more widely distributed and more abundant than in the original forest. The most important of these influences which have facilitated the reproduction and distribu- tion of this species have been the abandonment of farming lands, fires, InmU'riiifr, and live stock, especially hogs. On account of its adaptabil- ity, loblolly pine has increased in abundance in wet situations as well as on dry sites. In swamps it has often followed cypress, when cypress was cut. wheivver standing water during the growing season did not prevent the pine from establishing itself. When hardwoods on the coastal plain were culled, or severely burned, loblolly pine became more abun- dant in the hardwood forests, until its young growth is now common, both on the uplands and in the swamps. It has extensively replaced the long- leaf pine, except on the dryost or sandiest soils. When the longleaf pine died after being exhausted by turpentine or was broken down by the wind, or where it was burned or thinned by lumbering, the loblolly pine succeeded it on all moist, loamy, or clay soils. At the same time hogs destroyed the seeds and seedlings of the longleaf pine, while both seed and seedlings of loblolly were largely neglected, the former because of their small size and the latter because the roots are tough and fibrous. The loblolly pine now occupies in nearly pure forests, much of it more than 100 years old, practically all of the cutover longleal pine lands north of • • Neiise River, and a great proportion of the longleaf pine lands south of the Xeuse River and east of Fayetteville and Laurinburg, and is gradually invading the sandhills of Moore, Cumberland, and Richmond eountie*. Worn-out farming lands exhausted of humus, which have been turned to fallow, and lands which have been found too poor or often too wet to cultivate, or which were abandoned on account of scarcity of labor, have been stocked with loblolly pine by means of self-sown seed whenever seed-bearing tree- were near by. Thus this pine has become extensively distributed, and while 100 years ago the longleaf pine was the characteristic forest tree in the Coastal Plain Region of Xorth Caro- lina, at present the loblolly pine is the prevailing tree; and its relative abundance and importance are steadily increasing. The distribution of the loblolly pine has also been extended in the Piedmont plateau, though not to the same extent as in the coastal plain. In the eastern part of the Piedmont plateau it has established itself in old field*, often in association with shortleaf pine, and in stands of hard- woods which have been culled. It is now abundant in the second growth LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 13 stands on the hills near tin- rivers and is gradually extending away from the streams, in spite of the in<-rea>inur -> <.t' the soil. The growth in the old fields along the eastern edge of the Piedmont plateau in many places is nearly pure loblolly pine. Where young trees of the ahortleaf pine appear they an- often overtopped and suppressed, being outnumbered and overgrown l.y the loblolly pine. 'l'« ward, however, there are fewer seed trees, and where then- i- competition between the two spec-it--;, the shortleuf pine has the advantage, except on moist or sandy soils. ASSOCI \1KII Xl'l ills. With such a wide range of soil adaptability loblolly pine is associated with many species and is a component of many forest types. In the mixed stands in the swamps and on poorly drained sites some of the associated species are fully as valuable as the pine and are well adapted to silvicultural purposes. Other species are less valuable than the lob- lolly. The following list gives the most important associated species. LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SPKCIKS ASSOCIATKH WITH LOBI.OM.Y PINE IN ORDER OF THKIK KKI.ATIVK IMPORTANCE. TREES. Longleaf pine Pinus palustris. Shortleaf, spruce or rosemary pine Pinus echinata. Sweet or red gum Liquidambar styraciflua. Water gum Xyssa aqvat i< -sl>-i i. Runner oak Quercut Margaretta. Black gum Xyita *ylr Tupelo gum *V**a «nl< Cottonwood PopM/iw deltotdct. SHRUBS. Gallberry Tall gallberry ^'^ '" Fetterbush Andromeda, several species. 14 : i \ «.u NOKTII r.vKoi.i.NA ri.M . . >, i-i s. Wh« uiilar soil ami moisture conditions prevail there is a definite a»>> ••(' -pecies. Thi- ii->»<-iation which is called a fort--: type remain-; practically constant until the natural conditions are tubed b\ •!«•, lumbering, or other causes. The type is formed those specit-s which are best -uited to soil and moisture conditions, but this does not necessarily mean that the natural mixture of species would lw» the most profitable one or the most desirable one economically for that rite. 'Ill' rate »f growth of the different species which form a typ.- i- practically always the same in that type, and the yield of the n age is constant. Table 1 shows the composition of the important commercial forest M of the ctia^tal plain of North Carolina and their relation to soil and drainage. The great number of forest types in which loblolly pine occurs is noteworthy as showing the virility and aggressiveness of this species. TABLE I— CHA«ACTEHISTIC FOREST TTPES or EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA ACCORDING TO SOIL AND DRAINAGE. When drained ' Drainage Beat Clay Soils, Fine-grained Stiff Loams or Marls Good Agricultural Soils, Loams, Sandy Loams, Sands, Coarse or Medium-grained Peaty Soils, Mucks Medium to Fine- G rained (1) (2) (3) Very dry and well Hardwoods, small Shortleaf pine with Sand hills with drained; rolling or red, post and small oaks, espe- longleaf pine and hilly, (as stream roundleaf black cially Q. margar- sand blackjack bluff*); water- jack oaks, hickories etta and hirknrii-s. oak. Loblolly table below 20 ft. with some short- Occasionally long- pine is infrequent Botk rurface and leaf pine. (Young leaf pine inter- even in old fields. mbooil drainafft loblolly pine ap- mixed. (Young Longleaf pine pood. pearing in open- loblolly pine in sand hills. ings.) Oak and openings.) pine upland*. (4) (5) (6) "-J-rV Longleaf pine of Longlcaf pine of Longlcaf pine, wood* and flat- fine quality pass- best quality, with pure. Pine bar- woods; moist sub- ing with poon-r dogwood and post rent. Mite water-table drainage into hard- oak. The longlcaf •rldom below 20 ft. woods; pine and largi-ly replaced Sitr/aet drainaoi post oak flalu" by loblolly pin'-. food. S*t>*ril drain- « liirh now forms tfttUftf. extensive forests; or when wnt.-r vilil- is stable near surface, pure lob- lolly pirn-. Flut- LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE I — Continued. 15 When drained Drainage Beet CUy Soil,.. Fine-grained Stiff i IB orlhu Good Agricultural Soils, Loanu, Sandy Loam*. Medium to Fine Sand*, Coarse or Medium-grained Peaty Soils. Mucks grained (7) (7») (7b) <7e) Loblolly pine (short- Loblolly pine in I.nblully i Loblolly pine in Loblolly pin* leaf pine of the large pure groups : good quality. pure groups in pun coast) forest. Very :il, prrma- groups on moist subsoil. nent or rr producing ;• ,.• . Water table seldom ' pine lands. site*. below 12 ft. Surface drainage poor. (8) (9) (10) (11) Clear or discolored Oaks, beech, hick- Water oaks, cypress. Loblolly pine. Sour peaU, water, shallow ory, red maple, red maple, water . pure, pawing into white cedar. swamps; slow deep swamp ash, gum; loblolly pine, white cedar, ma- poplar, red drainage, standing water gum, sweet The pine less fre- pie, bay, small maple and water during part gum, white bay, { quent and smaller, water gum. bay*. Water of the year. Sub- cypress, loblolly as the drainage Crdar or juniper table stable. ject to slight over- ; pine, singly or in becomes poorer ttramps. ' • flow. Surface groups. The pine and cypress and •tramp*. drainage very poor less frequent and water gum more bays. even in summer. smaller as the abundant. Flat drainage becomes swamps. poorer. Flat swamps, hardwood flats. (12) (13) (13a) CM) Clear or discolored Large cypress, water Large cypress, water Same aa No. 13 Mucks, large water, deep and tupelo gums, and tupelo gums, but trws much cypress, wa- swamps, ponds, deep swamp ash j deep swamp, water smaller. Much ter and tupelo and slow flowing and red maple, j ashes and red ma- water ash. gums, red streams. Wafer sel- occasional loblolly pie, occasional lob- maple, occa- dom below the sur- pines where drain- lolly pines. sional loblolly /ace. age be-st. Cypress Cypress siramps. pine*. swamps. (15) (16) (17) (18) Nearly saturated Small pocoson pine Pocoson pine and Pocoson pine and Raw peaU, level lands; the and bays. Bays. bays. Pocotont. longlraf pine; I' pocosons or briary Pocosons. Where Where best drained, loblolly pin* . bays, and reedy be-t drained, satannas. scantily rrplac- Mmiif* bogs. Water table savanruu. »»« them on tiM fluctuating. Aera- . fl»nmni_ tion deficient. PlKOISIM. ;. »HTH CAK : IM . tbc muddy ri\vr«- . . • The character of the growth much the same as that on clear water, shadow swamp* (g and 9). but conifers and evergreen trees are infrequent, prob- ably on account of the destruction of their foliage by its being covered with awl often deep— 4 a coating of mud. Silvi-r nmple, hackberry, sycamore, green ash, < 1m, to 30 feet. oaiu and gums. In sloughs \vh--r.- there is much standing water, tupelo. Water curfaoe widely The pine barren ponds which may be deeply flooded during winter and spring fluctuating. \o tur- or after rains but in which the water table may sink to 10 feet during fact dratnage. droughts, have a growth limited to the pond cypress (Taxodium dis- tichum imbricarium) water gum and black gum. optimum conditions for the development of individual trees of loblolly jiinc are offered by sites 8 and 9, on which occur trees of large size either in small groups or scattered singly among the hardwoods. I'timum conditions for the development of pure stands are offered 0 sit os there is less competition from the hard- woods and loblolly pine is truly gregarious, dominating to the practical 'usion of other trees. .veen the typical conditions there are gradations of all kinds. When the forest is lumbered or severely burned, its distinctive char- acters are often almost obliterated, though the constant tendency, when natural forces are permitted to re-assert themselves, is for the reestab- li-hnient of the original forest type. Near the coast, a number of these conditions will sometimes be represented on an area of less than an acre. In addition to the above original or permanent types there are four important temporary types: (1) mixed oak and hickory, which have followed pine on loams and clays; (2) Quercus Margaretta and round- leaf blackjack oak, which have followed pine on dry sandy loams; (3) sand blackjack oak which has followed longleaf pine on sand hills ; (4) loblolly pine in old fields and on cut-over longjleaf pine land. pure stands of loblolly in old fields and on cut-over longleaf pine ;nc very extensive, jmd occupy all classes of soils; they are of all ages and are in every condition of thrift and density, and constitute an important source of pine timber. The conditions under which the loblolly pine occurs, as shown in 1. may be grouped for convenience under seven heads as follows: Old field growth on dry si (2) Loblolly pine in pure stands on porous loams ;ind peaty soils (TaMc 1. numbers 7 and 10, in part) ; Loblolly pine on longleaf pine flat lands (Table 1, numbers 4 to 6); Loblolly pine with hardwoods in swamps chiefly in the coital plain (Table 1, numbers 8 an< 'oily pine with pocoson pine on -av;mna< (Table 1, numbers 15 to 16); LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINK. 17 (6) Loblolly pine with cypress in deep swamps (Table 1, numbers 12 to 14); (7) Loblolly pine in hardwood and shortleaf pine forests chiefly on the Piedmont, uplands (Table 1, numbers 1, 2). OLD FIELD GROWTH ON DRY SITES. These sites were originally occupied by longleaf pine or by shortleaf pine mixed with upland oaks .and hickories. The longleaf pine sites, which are confined to the coastal plain, are for the most part heavy upland clays and coarse upland sands (largely Norfolk sand) ; tlu-y are of the greatest extent south of Neuse River. The shortleaf pine sites are largely restricted to the eastern tier of Piedmont counties-, but ex- tend into the coastal plain in Halifax, Northampton, and Nash coun- ties. The soils for the most part are loams or heavier soils of the Cecil and Durham series, the water table as a rule lying between 20 and 45 feet beneath the surface. These lands have been cultivated, but after the exhaustion of the scant humus they were found too poor and were aban- doned; later they were stocked by wind-sowed seed of loblolly pine. Some stands on sites on which longleaf pine formed the original forest contain an admixture of longleaf pine; and on sites which were origi- nally occupied by shortleaf pine and upland hardwoods, an admixture of shortleaf pine. Table 2 shows the range of diameters and the composition of charac- teristic stands of loblolly pine in upland old fields. LOBLOLLY OB P I -N A 1'I.M . a-i I H - t Ji 4 • ; • - - - • - fc a' i j •i ' 1 1 ] • i^- _ - i «* ec O o co e^ gt i] 1 l\ i - • i M ..9 • s= J-> — i s i N — 9 B c o i- N b» "* OO B - § ? - 1 « is ' . -I,. 1, , — — - i - • - . x 1 | i 2 k- -"- | o ? S-S ^ I i ^ - .2 5 " g ! *^ JS 4* § C £ 0 r' — * S 5 § Q M |l „ m — 00 tO M 2 || f |2 1 ' ]< - - - •n OC S 2 *• -r = -a • -- ij »«»o»«|» !J - .- •- • - r .- S S 2 | i 6 • •- 1 « *Q 00 00 ^ 1 1; ! i »- • • • a a H = i 5 a a • S • H * £ a £ ' •= N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE III. LOBLOLLY OE NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 19 Loblolly pine attains <»n the upland old field sites a height of from 60 to SO feet, a range of diameters of from 12 to 22 inches, and an age of 75 years. Tin- rate of growth is extremely rapid for several decades, far more rapid than on similar uncultivated soils, after which there is an abrupt decline in the rate of height as well as diameter growth. (Table 14, Column 4, and Table 18, Column 4.) The total volume of the stand culminates between the fortieth and sixtieth years, according to the site. At the time of culmination not only has the growth in height practically ceased and the rate of diameter growth declined to about an inch a decade, but the stand has begun to disintegrate by the dying of the dominant trees. The growth of such a stand may be Quality I for the first two decades; Quality II for the third decade; after which it may decline to Quality III. (See p. 57.) On account of the open crown cover, oaks and other upland hard- woods gradually enter "the stand. In stands more than 40 years old these species often form a moderately dense lower story beneath the pines. When the loblolly pine is cut, they partly replace the loblolly pine, being supplemented either by longleaf or shortleaf pine. These species largely form the succeeding stands unless special means are taken to secure loblolly pine. The forest thus tends to revert to the original or permanent types. On account of the rapid thinning out of the stand, the trees are short bodied and scrubby. (Plate III, A.) The trees yield two or three logs mostly of third and fourth grades. The wood is coarse grained and knotty, making largely box lumber. (Plate XII.) Unthinned stands will seldom yield more than 20 per cent lumber of No. 3 grade and better. (For description of log grades, see page 98 ; of lumber grades, page 100.) LOBLOLLY PINE IN PURE STANDS ON POROUS LOAMS AND PEATY SOILS. This type comprises a very large portion of the productive loblolly pine forests of North Carolina. It occurs on small flats or basins which are comparatively well-drained and seldom flooded for a long period or for more than a few inches, or it occupies extensive areas of upland which are mostly near the coast. The soils are largely sandy loams, clayey, or silty (Portsmouth soil series), or they are peaty, humified, with some silt or clay intermixed, or with marl subsoil. The water table seldom sinks below twelve feet. These are the so-called "permanent, natural or reproducing" pine lands. These sites furnish the optimum conditions for the development of pure stands. There is situated within this type a large area of poorly drained old fields on which loblolly pine has the same rate of growth as on forest soils of the same class. A great portion of the soil occupied by this type of forest has been place.] under cultivation, and such areas as are suitahle for tillage are still IKMU-,' drained and cleared as rapidly as they are logged. It is best suited to the growing of corn. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. In their typical comlitimi tin- tWc-ts on these lands are in pure even- aged - f groups, or th«- pint- is associated with occasional gums, ,s, and yellow poplars, but it is always the predominating spe- :i the stand. Although the Inuiius is deep the soil is sufficiently moist f'-r yuiinir growth t«> c«>mr up freely and young trees appear in large even-aged group- where old trees have died or have been cut. Beneath the pint4 there is generally a dense undergrowth of gall berries and ericaeeous shrubs. The age of the pine seldom exceeds 200 years and individual trees are not so large as in the hardwood swamps. The height of mature trees ranges from 115 to 130 feet and the diameter from 24 to 36 inches. The wood is moderately fine and even-grained. The logs largely grade I and II. The best yield is obtained in this type. It is l>elie\etl that l>y thinning stands an increment of from 900 to 1,000 board feet a year can be obtained, including thinnings. Even in old groups the crown cover maintains a complete canopy. The rate of growth i- excellent and stands can generally be classed in Quality I. Table 3 shows the composition of this type on peaty soil, measured in a stand two miles northeast of Leechville, N". C. The average age of :ees is about 100 years, the height of the dominant trees is from 11" to 120 feet. The stand consists of about 120 merchantable trees per acre and will yield about 30,000 feet, B. M. of pine. TABU 3. — COMPOSITION OF A PDRE LOBLOLLY PINE STAND ON PEATY SOIL, HUMIFIED, NEAR LEECHVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA. : •. .• • •• - •• :• .-•- : :.-:. AVERAGE NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE. Inche* Loblolly Pine Sweet Gum Black Gum Other Species Under 9 2 13 9 11 • 4 1 2 10 4 1 11 4 1 12 0 1 U 4 14 20 1 IS 10 10 20 17 20 18 12 19 10 M 10 21 2 Total above 8 IM * 4 * After lumbering the land normally comes up to heavy yoi of pine seedlings. Areas cut over ten or twenty years a covered with r 'ense stand of young pines. Interspersed young trees are the old suppressed trees which were left . mature stand was cut and which have now recuperated, and iactny sman hardwoods which have been overtopped. N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 10 - PLATE IV. LOBLOLLY OB NOBTH CAROLINA PINE. 21 LOBLOLLY PINE ON LONGLEAF PINE FLAT LANDS. This type forms the great body of productive loblolly pine lands, occupying possibly one-half of the total loblolly pine area. Its yield, lm\\r\cr. is not commensurate with the urea it occupies on account of understocking. The soils are clayey, loamy, or sandy. The surface of the flat lands is nearly level or slightly rolling and well drained; these areas when stocked in longleaf pine were known as the flatwoods or piney woods. As the moisture in the soil becomes less subject to fluctuations they pass into hardwood flats and flat swamps. As they ie more level and less thoroughly drained, they grade into savannas, pocosons, and bog swamps. As they become sandier and more thor- oughly drained and drier they approach in their forest characters the longleaf pine sand hills. TABLE 4.— COMPOSITION or LOBLOLLY PINE STAND ON LONOLEAF PINE FLAT LANDS. Diameter breasthigh Inches AVERAGE NUMBER or TREES PER ACRE. Loblolly Pine Longleaf Pine Black Gum Bmri Gum Oak Hickory M :,;.:•• Dogwood Between 3-6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Total 15.42 5.77 4.89 4.27 4.03 3.33 2.67 2.41 2.18 1.84 1.45 1.29 1.18 .94 .83 .53 .52 .44 .43 .31 .21 .21 .19 .13 .06 .07 .04 .05 .04 .01 .05 .63 .22 .13 1.01 .76 .98 1.21 .38 1.45 1.03 .64 .32 .43 .17 .18 .04 .11 .07 .05 .06 .02 4.13 1.03 2.13 1.17 .63 .58 .54 .31 .12 .07 .05 .07 .02 .01 .01 .005 .01 .01 .01 3.01 .M .47 .32 .40 .16 .38 .22 .20 .12 .03 .08 .01 .02 .01 .01 .01 6.01 3.13 3.01 2.11 2.36 1.27 .09 .12 .03 .02 .02 .01 .01 .01 1.50 .58 .41 .17 .22 .15 .08 .11 .00 .02 .01 2.40 .32 .06 .01 .42 .07 .02 .005 54.75 9.94 10.905 6.41 18.20 3.34 2.7« .515 • lOli: 1C XOKTH CAROLINA PINE. Tl» original forest was formed of longlmf pine which, after lumber- ing, turpentining, and repented liivs has now nearly or entirely disap- peared The lol'K'lly pint- is nut uniformly distributed; it occurs as scattered dense groups varying from a few trees to several or many acre* in extent. ( I'latt- V I. A. i In the open spaces the ground is cov- «-iv stand and its open condition is due to periodic fires, which .trtirularly dninnging whore the growth of grass is heavy. Small .ui"iH kinds of hardwoods, especially black gum, roundleaf blackjack oak, southern ivd oak, and white and sand hickories occur with the pine in greater or less abundance. A few longleaf pines occur in places, especially south of the Neuse River. Table 4 shows the composition of this type based on measurements of nearly 700 acres, of both logged and unlogged forest. After logging loblolly pine, usually the same species restocks the ground and generally overtops the hardwoods. In many places, how- «-vcr. the hardwoods by their dense cover tend to prevent the reproduc- tion of the pine after lumbering. (Plate VIII, A.) Under the best conditions the trees attain a height of from 120 to 125 feet and a diameter of 25 to 30 inches when 150 to 200 years old. Usu- ally, however, the height ranges from 95 to 110 feet, and the diameter from 18 to 25 inches. The rate of growth is that of Quality II (Tables 14 and 18, column 3.) The trees are generally sound, but the upper logs in those more than 150 years old are likely to be affected by red- heart. Groups of trees are found 200 years old, which possibly origi- nated in the first extensive breaks in the longleaf pine forests made by the early settlers, such as around old turpentine-distillery sites and upon tar-kiln mounds. When the trees are solitary they are short bodied and yield only coarse lumber; in groups the stems are longer and clear. Logs are largely of Grades II and III. Under management these stands will produce about 600 board feet per acre a year. The lumber sawed from a 60-year old stand will grade 35 per cent No. 1 and BTo. 2. LOBLOLLY PINK WITH HARDWOODS IN SWAMPS CHIEFLY IN THE COASTAL PLAIN. This type is largely confined to the coastal plain and occurs in clear water swamps which are seldom flooded deeply or for a long period. The soils are silt clays, marls, or fine-grained, stiff loams or fine sands of the best quality, particularly of the Portsmouth series. These swamps are one of the most common habitats of the loblolly pine, affording the optimum conditions for the development of the individual tree. The pine is associated with water oak, swamp chestnut oak, deep swamp ash, yellow poplar, sweet gum, beech, red maple, holly, cypress, water gum and other less abundant species. The pine occurs either in- groups of a few trees which are usually even-aged, or more generally as single trees N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECOXoMlr SURVEY. PLATE V. A. Characteristic stand of lob'olly and pocoson pine on savanna. The scattered short-bodied trees are typical. Such a stand yields about 15 per cent of Xo. 1 and No. 2 grades of lumber. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) Margin of pine, cypress and gum swamp. Old cypress in center; o'.d pine on left. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) LOBLOU.Y MUM II (. \Kol.I.\A PINE. 23 scattered am»nir the h;irdwoods. While it constitutes less than five per cent of the nnniU'r of trees in the virgin stand it may form 25 per cent of the mei-cli:int:ible saw timber. The old pine trees grow on low mounds or hummocks, 5 to 10 feet wide and two or three feet high, which are largely formed l>y the trees themselves, by the gradual accu- mulation of bark, cones and leaves, whi<-h are yearly deposited about their bases. (Plate I.) Since the pine is very intolerant of shade it conies up only in open- ings. Consequently, young pines as a rule are infrequent except in windfalls or where the oaks were cut for staves. Such cuttings made often as long as 100 years ago, were favorable for the increase of the pine. TABLE 5.— COMPOSITION or LOBLOLLY PINE WITH HARDWOODS IN SWAMP, BEECHOROVE, BEAUFORT CODNTT, NORTH CAROLINA. Diameter AVERAGE NUMBER or TREES ON ONE ACRE. bre as thigh Inches Loblolly Pine Water Gum Water Oak Deep nrunp Ash Swamp Chestnut Oak Yellow Poplar Sweet Gum Re.l Maple Under 10 t 18 14 51 1 57 13 10 4 2 4 3 5 11 2 1 7 2 12 2 1 13 6 1 14 4 1 2 15 2 1 16 3 6 1 1 17 1 1 18 3 1 19 2 2 1 1 20 2 1 21 2 22 3 23 1 24 1 25 1 26 27 2 28 1 1 29 1 30 2 1 31 32 1 1 33 34 1 35 36 1 1 1 Total 7 61 23 69 2 3 67 21 The first general logging of the pine began about 1880; for a period of 15 or 20 years, up to 1900, the pine was cut but the hardwoods were generally left. This has resulted in reducing the proportion of pine in many of the stands. In later cuttings when it has become the prac- 24 LOBLOLLY OE NORTH CAROLINA PINE. tice to cut some of the best hardwoods, the proportion of pine in the restocking has again increased. Table 5 shows the composition of a loblolly pine stand in a virgin hardwood swamp. This area shows a larger proportion of pine by volume in boanl feet than occurs in most such swamps, but the distri- bution of the tliamoter classes is typical. Young pine is not abundant. Loblolly pine in these swamps attains a height of from 135 to 165 feet, a maximum stump diameter inside bark of 54 inches, and an age of over i'40 years. The height of the associated broadleaf trees is from 100 to 130 feet, pines overtopping most of them, except possibly yellow poplar and sweet gum. (Plate V, B.) The rate of growth of the pine is rapid. For several years the rate of height growth of dominant trees exceeds four feet a year, and even in old trees an excellent rate of height growth is well maintained. The rate of diameter growth of young trees is not rapid since the crowns of young trees are for many years crowded by the surrounding hardwoods, and receive light only from above. The rate of diameter growth, however, is sustained and a large annual volume increment is produced by many of the oldest trees. (Tables 14 and 18, column 1.) On account of the rapid height growth and the small crowns, the stems are slender with clear boles from 80 to 110 feet in length. The wood is of the best quality, soft and even-grained. Even in the center of the butt logs, the summer bands are comparatively narrow. (Plate IX, B.) It consequently resembles in quality that of the short- leaf pine of the Piedmont, the so-called rosemary or forest pine. It is rich orange in color and rather more pitchy than that growing in other situations. The sapwood is comparatively thin for the species though it forms in trees even two hundred years old one-half of the total volume of the stem. Large trees often yield several logs of Grade 1, and cut 60 to 65 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 lumber. (Plate XII, C.) LOBLOLLY PINE WITH POCOSON PINE ON SAVANNAS. This type occurs on poorly drained sites saturated with water during most of the year. The stand for the most part is open. It consists of loblolly pines mixed with pocoson pines, occasional stunted longleaf pines, black gums, and white bays. Formerly there was a larger pro- portion of longleaf pine. There is usually a scant undergrowth of fet- terbush and other ericaceous shrubs, and a dense mat of grass, which withers in the autumn and consequently burns with a hot fire during winter and spring. (Plate V, A.) Probably one-thirtieth of the lob- lolly forest land of North Carolina belongs to this type. Its producing capacity, however, is low and it yields a relatively small amount of timber. The loblolly pine occurs in even-aged groups of a few trees, or singly, all ages being represented on a small area. Trees 150 years old are between 75 and 105 feet in height, 20 to 25 inches in diameter, and N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE VI A. Groups of loblolly pine po'.cs with old lonelenf pine which it is replacing on grassy flat lands. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) B Cut-over loblolly pine land, showing the undesirab'.e character of the seed trees which are left bjr the present method of cutting. (Photo, by J. S. Holmes.) LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 25 the largest scale by Doyle-Scribner rule not more than 700 feet. The trees are short bodied and frequently crooked and yield logs largely of Grades III and IV. The rate of growth is slow and irregular, yet the wood is tough and hard and the sapwood generally thick. (Plate X, B.) The wood is fine grained but except in the butt log the quality is not high. Table 6 shows the average condition of more than four hundred acres of savanna land measured by the chain method. TABLE 6.— COMPOSITION or LOBLOLLT PINE WITH POCOSON PINE ON SAVANNAS. BASED ox 422 .V ni - Diameter breasthigh Inches AVERAGE NUMBER or TREES PER ACRE. Loblolly Pine Poooeon Pine Lndbd Pine Black Gum White Bay Maple Between 3-6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total 10.81 5.67 3.01 2.07 1.53 1.21 1.22 .84 .31 .27 .26 .18 .17 .16 .11 .14 .09 .02 .01 .01 .005 16.15 8.23 3.12 3.24 2.61 2.13 2.33 1.07 .41 .13 .06 14.33 3.17 1.07 .31 .01 7.21 3.23 2.10 .« .02 .41 .21 .37 .29 1.03 .62 .57 .28 .21 .23 .11 .14 .08 .07 .02 .03 .01 .01 .31 .43 .26 .46 .13 .31 .12 .11 .10 .80 .80 .10 .06 .09 .08 .04 .03 .02 .01 28.095 4.26 4.69 39.48 17.89 13.51 LOBLOLLY PINE WITH CYPRESS IN DEEP SWAMPS. This type occurs in non-alluvial as well as in alluvial swamps. These alluvial swamps border clear water streams within the Coastal Plain, and the lower reaches of the muddy streams which head beyond the Coastal Plain, where flooding is always shallow but may last for several weeks. Around the Dismal Swamp in the Albemarle Sound section and elsewhere there are large areas of non-alluvial swamp, in which a considerable portion of the forest growth is cypress and lob- lolly pine with water gum. The proportion of pine decreases as the flooding becomes deeper. Its growth also becomes slower. The pine and cypress have nearly the same rate of growth. (Tables 14 and 18, column 6.) 2l' from 80 to 100 feet and a diameter of from -0 inches to 3 tV»-t. The trees yield 3 and 4 logs. The wood is fine Drained and the quality of the butt and second logs excellent. Big in Brunswick County and the Lumber River Swamp yielded SOUK- .-'.lent pirn- timber from this typo. Plate XII, C shows a pile of 1 ami Nr. •> logs which were cut in Big Bay. The pine tends to reseed and maintain its position and proportion in the forest after lum- bering if it is not cut at too small a diameter. There is no danger of fires on this type. LOBI.oi.I.Y ri.NK IX 1IAKPW001) AXD SHORTLEAF PINE FORESTS CHIEFLY ON THE PIEDMONT UPLANDS. Loblolly pine has appeared in these forests (particularly on the Dur- ham soil series, in Person, Wake and Durhain counties and in the sandier phases of the Cecil soils in the eastern Piedmont counties and in Halifax. Northampton, and Nash counties) where the oaks and short- leaf pine have been cut, especially on slopes near streams. The trees of loblolly pine are generally young, varying in age from the smallest seedling to 40 or 60 years old. They seldom form more than five per cent of the entire stand. The number of loblolly pines is increasing, however, as the breaks in the forest cover become larger, and as the number of seed-bearing pines of this species increases. The associated trees are white oak, southern red oak (Quercus digitata), black oak, scarlet or Spanish oak (Quercus coccinea), white hickory, red hickory, sand hickory, yellow poplar, and shortleaf pine. These species are more tolerant of shade than the loblolly pine which, however, makes rapid growth for the first two or three decades, though the rate usually de- creases rapidly after the thirtieth year. When the stand of Hardwoods is open, the pines have large crowns, short stems, and knotty and coarse- grained wood. (Plate VII.) When 60 to 70 years old, which is about the age limit, the trees are 70 to 75 feet high and 14 to 18 inches in diameter, and the scale of the average log is about 55 feet. The logs grade as Nos. 3, 4, and 5. FOREST CHARACTERISTICS. FORM. Stem. In young trees the stem continues through the crown without divid- ing. In old forest trees the trunk, as a rule, divides into massive spread- ing branches. The division of the main stem into a number of branches usually takes place soon after the period of rapid height growth is well passed. In trees growing in open stands the division of the trunk into branches takes place earlier and lower on the stem than in crowded stands. As a rule the stems of young trees are nearly straight. Those of old trees, especially when grown in open stands or on poor soil, are N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SfKVKY. PLATK VII Loblolly pine with mixed oaks and shortlcaf pine. Tliivr l«^' tiv.-. rii;lit\ \ cars o'.d, cutting 20 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 grades of lumlx-r. (Photo. N. C. Geo'ocioal Sin LOBLOLLY OE NORTH CAKOMNA PINK. 27 often slightly curved or crooked, though never to the same extent as those of the pocoson pine, The stems are rarely forked except when the leading shoot is injured l>y a weevil or by sleet breaking it. The great- eM amount of taper in the stem i.> in the top, consequently the mill cut of top logs of a given diameter inside the bark at the small end is jrreater than that of logs of the same diameter from the lower part of the stem measured in the same manner. (Table 23.) A- t lie tree! in the stand become older they are less tapering. Old of the same diameter breasthigh and of the same height as young trees have, therefore, a larger volume in cubic feet and produce more lumber. This is shown in Table 7. TABLE 7.— YIELD IN BOARD FEET PER LINEAR FOOT OP MERCHANTABLE LENGTH OF BOLE FROM TREES or THE SAME DIAMETER AND HEIGHT AT DIFFERENT AOEB. 1-7" SAW KERF. Yield in Board Feet Per Linear Foot of Used Length Diameter breasthigh Stand Inches 45 yean old 05 years old 8 .8 .85 9 .9 .95 10 1.1 1.2 11 1.3 1.5 12 1.7 1.0 13 2.1 2.3 14 2.4 2.0 15 2.9 3.1 16 3.5 3.7 17 4.1 4.3 18 4.7 4.9 19 5.3 5.0 20 6.2 0.5 The larger trees in the 45 year stand are dominant and intermediate. Those of the same diameters in the 65 year old stand, which is on a somewhat poorer quality site, are largely intermediate and suppressed. The difference thus amounts to from 5 to 10 per cent of the contents in board feet. Taper measurements of butts at intervals of 1 foot are given in Table 8. They are useful in converting stump measurements on cut-over land into breasthigh diameter measurements. This table is based on age class over 75 years, Quality II. The taper would be slightly more for younger trees of the same quality, and for Quality III of the same age class ; but somewhat less for old trees of Quality I. On account of natu- ral individual variation such a table should only be used in considering a number of specimens. - LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA J'IM. TABLB 8.— TAPE* or BUTT* or LOBLOLLY PINE FOR USE IN CONVERTING STUMP INTO BREABTHIQH DIAMETERS. Diameter . Inches lit above ground — Feet 1 2 3 4 5 Diameter outside bark— Inches 0 11.3 10.0 9.4 9.2 8.8 10 12.5 11.3 10.5 10.2 9.8 11 13.8 12.5 11.7 11.2 10.8 12 14.8 13.6 12.7 12.1 11.8 13 16.1 14.7 13.7 13.3 12.8 14 17.2 15.8 14.8 14.3 13.8 15 18.5 16.8 15.7 15.3 14.8 16 19.7 17.9 16.9 16.3 15.8 17 20.8 18.9 17.0 17.3 16.7 18 22.0 20.0 19.1 18.3 17.7 19 23.2 21.2 20.1 19.4 18.7 20 24.4 22.5 21.2 20.4 19.7 H 25.5 23.7 22.4 21.4 20.7 26.7 24.8 23.4 22.4 21.7 23 28.0 25.9 24.5 23.4 22.7 M 29.0 26.9 25.5 24.3 23.7 25 30.0 28.0 26.5 25.3 24.7 26 31.0 28.9 27.3 26.3 25.7 27 32.0 30.0 28.2 27.2 26.7 28 33.0 31.0 29.1 28.2 27.8 29 34.0 32.0 30.1 29.1 28.8 30 35.0 33.0 31.0 30.1 29.7 Taper measurements inside of bark of stems of different diameters and heights for middle-aged and old trees are given in Tables 9 and 9a. The measurements can be used directly in scaling logs of any length which is a multiple of 8.15 feet or for ascertaining the number of ties or poles of a given size which can be obtained from trees of dif- ferent diameters. The height above the stump of any desired diameter can be fixed by interpolation. Tables 9 and 9o. should be employed only in considering a number of specimens on account of individual varia- tion. Age classes less than 50 years have considerably more taper than the table shows for trees under 75 years old; while trees more than 150 years old have less taper than shown for trees over 75 years old. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 1".. TABLE 9.— TAPBK MEASUREMENT* or LOBLOLLT PINE or DIFFERENT DIAMETER* AND HEIGHT*. TREES UNDER 75 YEARS OLD. 40-foot tree* Diameter breaa thigh Inche* At breaat- height Height above Hump— Feet 8.15 16.30 24.45 40.75 Diameter inside bark-Inches 4 5 « 7 8 g 10 11 12 2.8 3.7 4.5 5.3 6.2 7.0 7.8 8.0 9.5 2.5 3.3 4.1 4.8 5.« 8.3 7.1 7.8 8.6 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.0 4.7 5.3 0.0 6.0 7.2 1.5 1.9 2.5 3.0 3.6 3.9 4.4 4.9 5.4 .7 .9 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 50-foot trees 4 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.5 .8 5 3.8 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.0 1.1 6 4.7 4.3 3.8 3.3 2.5 1.4 7 5.5 5.1 4.6 3.9 3.0 1.6 8 6.4 5.9 5.3 4.6 3.5 1.9 9 7.3 6.7 6.0 5.2 3.9 9.1 10 8.2 7.5 6.9 5.9 4.4 2.4 11 9.0 8.4 7.6 6.5 4.9 2.0 12 9.8 9.1 8.2 7.1 5.4 2.9 13 10.8 9.9 9.0 7.8 5.9 3.2 14 11.6 10.8 9.7 8.4 0.3 3.4 60-foot trees 4 5.1 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.1 1.6 5 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.1 6 4.8 4.5 4.2 3.8 3.3 2.6 7 5.7 5.3 4.9 4.5 3.9 3.1 8 6.5 6.1 5.6 5.1 4.5 3.0 9 7.4 7.0 6.4 5.8 5.1 4.1 10 8.3 7.8 7.1 6.5 5.7 4.5 11 9.1 8.6 7.9 7.2 0.2 5.0 12 10.1 9.4 8.6 7.8 0.7 5.3 13 10.9 10.3 9.3 8.4 7.3 5.0 14 11.8 11.1 10.1 9.1 7.9 6.3 15 12.7 11.9 10.7 9.7 8.4 6.8 16 13.5 12.7 11.4 10.3 9.1 7.2 Stump height 1 foot for trees 4 to 16 inches in diameter breasthigh, 1.5 feet for tree* 17 to 22 inches. LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. h 1 - 5 11 1 II - us o us -« r- USOO — ^t^ US US «' t-C t-J oo' OO' O3 O t- I- 3C ci c; O — ^« us us cd t~i t~ 00° a» c> o — e-i *: us* o> o ~< cd i^ oo at a> d — ' ri «' 5C I- «.•! -)• SC ?•> — C! * CD »-: 06 o> o ~ «•» fi n LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 31 o n oo oo ao 06 t- * — r- -i - s •- -- — _.-; o C-. t- v; •* •*' US «o us •» •-' •-;' r- t^ GO G6 O — — _ T, «o«5»t^t^ao'oio>OO — ri o ^o R i l_- } I «.«^«»^-««=,«. 2 W • 0 Q *• •* OT •• ^p • •• ^g odc>c>O"cic^coV»o«3«d C 5 1 * 2 "I LOBLOLLY OB NOBTH CAROLINA PINE. 1.1 ; I ; ; ; ill I I & 3 8 wt-o^ooo^oo CO M •*•*'•»' uj uj uj g £ «cieocO'd«wt^^ ^•^iujujcoidt^t-l S «4*okioou3*-'OOio~4c0e*t« ^»a>oa> iot^t^odo> 8 M O 1^5 - "t-^fiOiO — t^cOOSUS NCOiO — t»COCO«»l 1 8 ^«^«*OOOt^COOOC5CiOO^ to t-I oo oo o> o> c> ; S i n /- i- — .<: 10 c-i t- •* •-< r^. .«! o OCOCOO9COC40OIO - *- U5>O«Ot^t~OOOO>O-<>^NM WI--OOOOOOO — [ o 1 S i CSOMOOO^MOOXSCIOIOM U3COOt^lO<-IOO>O 2> •S «O«Ot~OOOOO»OO-HddcO'» | t-OOO>0>0— ->(M 1 1 "o S S «5«Ooou5eo-oe«ot^^)< 1 i-IO>CO'«C^CX>IO'4< $ 8 > oo>O — '•INPS^fOtO OOOSO-H — c->«-«" $ «OCO^HOQOiO1-l c«o>oo«o^it^iom~4Ooo 0-*-C-l — Clt^O-f 0 cc oo o o — < NiNw^ustot^r^ a>o — MIMCO^US N^wt^to^eo—i ooo»O'"«oe»5-<<«o0«0-*'*MM-HOO>OOt-.<0 r«-w»^e<5oi»-ooo o— «?in^ O-* I 1-1 LOJILOI.LY OK NORTH CAROLINA 1'I.NK. 33 oo oo s ta j •» — CstOSOpcOM' — t-. •> s i .H 00 00 O O — -• 3 «OC»--aptO'»l< — Ot~ S ! I - I i 2 t-. tO 10 1^ 00 0> 114 "I.I.Y OK NOKTM (\KiH.I.\A 1'INE. !!] : : : 8 i : i i i | ; ; ; 8 i i i Ml - - ' S »c«>oio''comi~- N«0~(M«0. OJCCI- — -^ S NNe^dwe^eiweoc'SM T-J->C"OiOU50Ot^t^ 3 •«^iooocotoocoO>O A OS«OOC»h-~coO^»'O^< CJt^-<9osoo t^t>-OOOOO>OO—i — «CM S coao**o>ia«Ht~.e4f>'* «00««Ot>-«lO5»«QO J | t- t>-l--OOOOOJOO— >-C^(M ooooosoo — -HC^JCOCO 1 i S i S C •T 1fOt~OCq • 1- cc ^l 1- .r: -I c-. i. — - jj >• | a - b »O>C — (NIM«Tl>T).IOCO 9 CiO-^^-C^'cCCC^J-lOCO f 5 i 1 • S § 3 1 * s S cs«5«o~a>O'*c'iO5toT)< i CCOOO^MCSh-iOCCOl 1 «< OO^^C^CiCOTftO»O«Ot^ o— • — c* m m •*• us 1 9 l>-TffOOOJ>O« o«"i--o>5Cio«or— s C^^dC-ICC^iCOfOr^OO C — IMrtCO^iOIOt-^. 1 = -HO>aou9ec»at^como «5 — Ot^tOmctt— »~U5 • — — ^M-»l«iOtOt~000» — C^W«-»-10«5t^l^OO . r-«^>M'— o> or->nccco>-'OO>t^^<' — etccT^mcot^ooaa .C^ i ~- i : — •e«i-«-«c««;«co— >o> W-^G5OOI>-»O*Ctf5COO £•: f «>inc*:^>u>tor-a>QO Mec«^r«5o 23 I i ~- t J - -g 222S228e5^: 222C;22S?;e3?3 • a - J I.oltl.nl.I.Y OR NORTH C \K< .1.1 .\ A TIM. • 1 • •^ OO 00 00 O» O» O s 2C = 2 2 2 2 «t.oooo»»oe- — 222222222I:E: 1 s 1 c« r? to ^* 10 «o to •--••2 = = 22222222t:l:2222 M 1 | ^« «5 «ft e>, f .- ^- ' - r - <• r - | § gssaaasaaa'ssaaasBaflBBji 1 J3 i «^.-01^w5-.o«o->«o^«sc.a.««ooo-> = <^C4C|in>«>io««r~aca>ss — »Mm^>^>>q •* 1 » o coo « « c. e»t- * c« ot- « « oo r~ « s GO OS O O — i C* ro 8MNaassaM 0 2 § § c3 S §3 S 88~sassac,e, <0 I 2 o — S S M ^ 2 *3JSj!2'S-'D*(vaas1Sls1llIIJIsl]|litSli i f* ; ass s a B s s s s ?s s s 1 1 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. I I ! -• I $ I * «o«ot-t~ooa>o»oo — t»»t*»OOO»O»O»— 1»— tCHC3CO^*^>Q>fttOfr^t*»OOOOOS R -r, I •= :-: 9 Q s a -- o oo • p "? I ^ I.OHLOI.I.Y OR NORTH CAICi>U.\.\ I'IM. 37 „ -, « « -, « r, o « . » c, « . ^ - T v * ** 222 ===2222222 ! -«>--je«»ae«^e«t--*o-joi* o « o. - « e» r oo n « « M K. 1 oogoo>o»OOO — -««e^ » r-. K o » i- ei ac N e> n e. n e> -, c T« «f--» p»««^ i i o c «o p •«; w ^; « « • o^e^p^oo.,,,*.^.,^ •o -. K) p «e — »~ — i-- « i>- « r- r.*-^«s-r>«o-S-r-«o,*-« «e.*o.«jot- - ^t^ooooooo — — cj?5ns : { • - A i •^^wor-^ooa..*©-. — NTOWJJ-* 9 r^oooooJoo — «ei«-»-*« ~ r- „ » « a. .e M « ^ „ o t- « o « e, o. •«o>o-'N-viqu7 oooio'dg — «««-^-»«oo ~ \ s >« T-I >4 s *4 K 8 s -M a a x x a a a 2288sasasaa8s; \ i . . - 22-22SSSSS?3SSSS5E5 2SMSwS8SSSpic'JS ^ - : i sssssRsnansasssftfl sasaaasaassaa : i »«oor-«*«o»^«cowo<»«o^ «««l-,o»r.^«oo^«. 2 s 2 2 s 5 a a a s s s s s R a s 8sssassassas?58 1 OCOOOO^tOiOCOC^ — CSOt-lflWIN — -c.»,,«5C. «oo.r>e. ^« - -S2ss8sas8s8s8sss8 aaasassssasss ;- ....,.,«.«.„„.. sas&aaasssasas I...; m M'lM'Il fAUol I \ A 1'INE. Crown. Bram-hl. »nnnonly borne in whorls of three. They develop not only at tin- tip of tin- leader, but also at intermediate points along the sea- uli, tin- irn.uib of the leader being recrudescent. In young rapidly-growing trees there are usually three whorls and conse- quently three intern. > per cent. In large trees the bark near the base of ti to «'• inches thick and forms a great protection again- !,el t'rniii the ground it becomes thinner, :nir ' •_• inch in thickness nt the base of the crown. The i falls from the stem forms a mound of debris at .the base of the trunk, at times 2 feet high and 5 or 6 feet wide. Unless this is •nmps are apt t<> hr cut high. The bark is much thicker -ing thrifty trees than on slower growing older trees of the same rliameter and height. Table 10 gives the thickness of bark at breast hrinht for trees of different diameters and heights, and is an average i.f l.Mth young and old.. Below breasthigh the bark is much thicker as shown in Table 11. TABLE 10.— THICKNESS OF BARK AT BREASTHEIGHT AND DIAMETER OF STEM INSIDE OF BARK AT BREASTHEIOHT ON TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. TREES WITH DIAMETERS BELOW 23 INCHES ARE LESS THAN 75 YEARS OLD. I >: ,:•., •• - i n i-'- high 1 : ': . ' - Trees 40 It. high Trees 70 it. high Trees 100 It. high Trees 140 ft. high Diameter taridfl bark at 4 .5 ft. Inches Double width of bark Inches Diameter inside bark at 4 .5 ft. Inches Double width of bark Inches Diameter insid(> bark at 4.5 It. Inches Double width of bark Inches Diameter inside bark at 4.5ft. Inches Double width of bark Inches 4 0 8 10 12 14 u 18 90 -•-' M M 38 SO 32 34 M 2.8 4.5+ 6.2 7.8 9.5— 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.5 4.9 6.7 8.4 10.2 12.0 13.7 15.5— 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 ... 10.5+ 12.4 14.3 16.0 17.8 19.6 21.1 22.9 24.7 26.5— 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 22.1 23.8 25.5+ 27.2 28.9 30.7 32.3 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.7 Table 11 shows the comparative average thickness of the bark on the stump of trees of the loblolly, longleaf, and white pines of different sizes : LOBI.ol I V 01: NORTH CAROLINA IMM TABLE 11.— TRICKNEM or BARK ON STUMP. 41 Diameter breast* high Loblolly pin* Longleaf pine White pine Inch* lf« wured on diameter — Inc a .5 1 .3 l 14 .4 .4 10 2.1 .0 1.0 15 30 3.3 4.0 .8 1.0 1.6 35 5.5 1 .1 I n.M.I.VlTY AND SI/I.. Tlu- lolildlly pine is comparat ively a medium-lived tree. The oldest group which was measured, rnn-i-trd of more than :.'<» tree- that hud an average age of 240 years. The oldest tree recorded was 245 years old; it was a perfectly sound tree, and one of the largest specimens seen, hav- ing a breasthigh diameter of 53 inches, a height of 150 feet, 88 feet of clear bole, and containing 4,109 "board feet (Doyle-Scribner rule) of mer- chantable timber. The tallest tree measured was 164 feet high. The tree having the greatest diameter was 54 inches, and 139 feet in height. The usual age on good soils is about 200 years, with a height of from 110 to 130 feet, and a diameter of from 2 to 3 feet. On poor or dry soils the sizes are smaller and the trees do not reach so great an age. On the very dry upland soils of old fields mature trees do not attain as a rule a greater height than 90 feet, a diameter above 20 inches, and an age of over 100 years. SILVICAL KEQl IHKMKNTS. CLIMATE. Although unfavorable soil conditions are the chief limiting factor to the western distribution of the loblolly pine in Xorth Carolina, a minimum annual temperature of 55° F., a high atmospheric humidity and ample rainfall of 45 inches a year, or more, are essential condi- tions for its good development. SOIL AND MOISTURE. The loblolly pine is not exacting in regard to soil. It grows natu- rally on many soils, which differ widely in dryness, depth, compact ne— , and chemical composition. For its best development, however, it re- quires a uniform supply of moisture, and a deep. pret'eraldy porous, soil. On the light loams and the sandy loams of the coastal plain, with tin- water table seldom below 10 feet, it seems to be most thoroughly at home. On lower slopes bordering streams along the eastern edge of the Piedmont, loblolly pine grows especially well on the deep alluvial soils, which are uniformly moist throughout the growing season but are not subject to excessive flooding. In the large river swamps, subject to t're.|ucnt and deep flooding by muddy water during the growing season, 42 1 olil.ol.l.Y OK NoKlli < \i;ol.I.\A I'IM. loblolly pine is umihle to inaintain a foothold; on poorly drained soils it i* capal -ablishing itself, but tin- growth is sl<.\v. On the thoroughly drained rolling oak uplands, usually with day soils, but \\ith shallow or coarse gravelly soils, young pine growth is becoming common wherever the hardwoods have been cut. The light )Himus soils on fallow tields offer ideal conditions for the rapid develop- ment of the roots of the young pines, so that the rate of increment of •ing trees, even on dry. or sterile soils, if recently cultivated, is far more rapid than on any. exeept the best virgin forest soils. (Plate IV.) This i- (specially true of growth in diameter and of early growth in height. On the coarse, most siliceous, and extremely dry soils of the pine barrens, this pine occurs very rarely except on cultivated lands. The wet, peaty, and mossy soils of white cedar swamps (juniper bays), the fetter-bush swamps and peat bogs, the wet sour soils of briery bays and pocosons (raw, acid peat) and the wet savannas are unsuited to this tree. On such soils it seldom survives more than a few years.* On peaty soils, which are so well drained that the peat is de- composing and becoming humified, and eo aerated that nitrification can take place, it reproduces freely and becomes a large tree. On the driest savannas and grassy flatwood lands, natural reproduction takes place very slowly, perhaps partly on account of the frequent fires. Other factors being the same, a uniformly moist or damp soil is pre- ferable to either a dry or wet one, or to one subject to great extremes of moisture or drought, while a porous loam or sandy loam is preferable to a clayey or compact soil or to a coarse siliceous one. (See Fig. 5.) LIGHT. The loblolly pine requires a full amount of direct sunlight for its best development. During the younger stages of growth, and until the period of rapid height-growth is passed, it will, however, endure much lateral compression of its crown, without being dwarfed or crowded out. but its capacity to endure shade and crowding is greatest on good sites and least on poor sites. Its greater tolerance of shade on good sites is due, at least in part, to the larger amount of available soil moisture. It will even bear overshading for several decades and still be able to make vigorous growth on the removal of the shade. This power of re- c.ivering from overshading, however, is limited to the early life of the tree, and to favorable sites, though this limit varies much with the site, n moist soils trees 40 to 60 years old can be found beneath a partial -hade growing slowly but remaining healthy. On medium dry soils few -mull suppressed trees more than 50 or 60 years old can be found growing beneath a partial cover, so that it seems probable that if trees on medium soils are not offered light within that limit, they die. On dry uplands soils, such as the red clays of the Piedmont, intolerance of •The (vmbiolir myeorrhUa, which occur* on the roots of the pocoson pine (P. terotina) and vnabto it to rrow in the wet and unaerated soilo of pocoRonn, briery bays, fetter-bush bays, reed *wamp* and peat bogs, doe* not occur on loblolly pirn-, whirl, possibly expfains the absrn. ••• of thi» tree from such sites. i OBLOLLY 01 ILDTA PI ^:- -hade i- acquired after tin- polo Stage, and the most crowded In-.-- in tin- intermediate crown cla- pidly after tin- thirty fifth ;, V"Hi:i: -uppiv— ed tree- left in lumbering recover very slowly <>n me- diuin -ites. if tlic trees have passed the pole stap-, and the crowding was of long duration. In fifty- two measurements made on ~>0-\var-old .-uppre--.-d tree- which were growing on well-drained upland clay soils in the Piedmont, and which were left after lumbering -even year- I.e' only nine -bowed any marked increase in the width of the hist seven rings, as cumjijircil with the width «>f the preceding seven rings. They were -elected a< being typical suppressed trees \vliich were too small for saw logs at the time of the first cutting. The height growth of these same trees during the la-t -even year- was only '22 inches, while that <>f the other trees which showed no signs of suppression was 39 inches during the same period. The revival of large overshaded trees, even if only moderately suppressed and growing on the drier soils, is slow or does not take place at all. The stem analyses fail to show that any large number of trees on such sites ever passed through any period of great or prolonged suppression, hut rather that large old trees which were growing on drier quality* sites invariably made good growth in their youth or that the period of suppression was short. On the other hand, the diameter growth of trees, which have not been subject to exces- -ive overshading, is greatly accelerated when given growing space. This / makes thinning bv removing the smaller and crowded trees desirable, Vhenever it can be done without extra cost. Beneath a crown cover where about one-half of the light is excluded, young trees on the best sites Avill grow healthily till the high pole stage, though both the diameter and height growtli are lessened, the diameter growth to a larger extent than the height growth; on the removal of the shade both make rapid response to the increased light. (Plate XIV.) The trees exhibit with age a progre— ive increase in their demands 'upon light. About the period when the rate of height growth becomes Hessened, the crown spreads rapidly, tending to become round and flat- topped, and the branches nearly horizontal. At the 1 eginning of thi- -lage there is a rapid decrease in the number of tree- to the acre, from the dying off of the weaker crowded trees. The decrease in number of trees may be as great as 35 to 40 per cent in 10 years. (Table 4~2. > Eventually, except on the very best sites, each tree stands i-olated with a band of light between it and its nearest neighbors. ( Plate X XV. < On the poorer sites, especially on the drier soils, this isolation takes phi. • an earlier age than on good sites. Table '2 shows the small number of tree- in the suppressed and intermediate crmvu c On the very best sites groups 120 to 130 years old can be found with almost unbroken cover. A< the crowns become isolated under these conditions, young pines appeal1, while gall berry and similar shrubs always form an abund- ant ground cover. In the old-field groves on good sites, the period of isolation begins rather late, after the fiftieth vear; while on poor sites it begins at the thirtieth or fortieth year. On the slow-draining savanna land it also begins early and young trees less than 40 years old are ?( intolerant of shade. 44 01 \oi: MI < \K"i I \ \ PIN I-.. \Yhen loblolly pine urow- on good sites associated with hardwoods, we! -op the hardw ..... Is, spreading their crown" leeuring full light in that way. The sweet gum and \elle.\\ poplar are the only as-o.-iaied tree" which are not overtopped. In Mich hardwood font's the young pines appearing as single stem- in • lure much lateral compression to an age of ahont li'o years, \\hen tlit-v generally overtop the hardw ..... Is. In s|iite of its intolerance -Made the pine SUCOeedfl in forming a considerahle element in for. ide-toleraiit species, .-ei/ing hy its ahundaiit -ceding .in-- can-ed fiom windfall, lire, or hnnhering, and hy its rapid .'.th outstripping competitor- that would otherwise overtop and sup- .eneath their sha a rule in two seasons ;m nrea will be fairly thickly seeded by wind-.-own seed to a distance of HH) yards from mi adjoining forest of tall, seed-hearing tree-, if the prevailing winds during the season, when the cone- are opening, are favorable. (Plate IV. i Seeding is progres.-ive. and the -locking will not be uniform but den-er near the out 15 years old. In crowded stand- tin- age of cone product inn i> later, between tin- twen- tieth and t\vcnty-Ht'tli year, and production i- restricted to dominant Seed production is relatively scant, however, until stands are 40 to ."><) years old. In the regularity and frequency of its seeding the loblolly pine is in strong cnntrast to the longleaf pine. which bears seed abundantly only at interval^ of several years, and often uo seed at all over extensive during the intervening period. The pocoson pine produces some Mi-d nearly every year, hut never any large amount. ITS cones often remain on the trees unopened for several years, which interferes with the propagation of tbat species and the general distribution of its seed. The loblolly pine i> more regular aud prolific iu its seeding than the shortleaf. The loblolly pine produces its flowers about the tenth of April in the vicinity of Chapel Hill. X. ('.. near the we-tern limits of its distribu- tion, and the last of March in the vicinity of Wilmington, X. ('. This is too late in the season to be injured by late spring frosts which at times interfere with the setting of seed of the longleaf pine in the west- ern part of its range in Xortli Carolina. The coues require two seasons in which to mature. GKRMIXAT10N A.NH IM.A.NT KST A HI. IS II M KNT. Most of the seed germinate the >pring after maturing, generally be- tween the first of March and middle of May, the time varying according to the warmth of the season, the distance from the coast and the amount of moisture in the seedbed. A few seed apparently lie over until mid- summer. South of latitude 35 and near the coast, some seed apparently germinate in the fall. Germination takes place either in the shade of old trees, or in the direct sunlight, on barely moist to very wet soils. Xaked earth makes the best seedbed, as the roots striking at once into the soil do not dry out. This accounts for the thorough stocking of old fields notwithstanding the exposure of the seed to the sun. Seed will germinate and the young plants take root in soil covered with a heavy sod of coarse grass, such as broom grass which often grows two or three feet high. Though the seed will germinate on damp leaf mould of broadleaf species and on damp pine leaves (straw) and litter, the young seedlings on account of their superficial root system are liable to dry out. The seed will seldom germinate on thick beds of dry leaves or pine needles, and it is generally necessary to destroy a thick layer of litter or to bring the mineral soil to the surface before restocking can be secured in such situations.* Occasionally a mossy log or rotten stump in the damp shade of a deep swamp lias young seedlings on it, but during the first drought of summer most of them perish. For the same reason the young seedlings s,.,-ure a permanent foothold with difficulty on the coarse and dry sands of the pine barrens which are so porous *For full diftcimion of thi* ne»> ProrrriliiiKs Sorirt) .*mrrir«ii Fori-slt-rc, 1910, page 90 and following 46 nun oi I \ in: vi'iciii i AKOI I.\A PINK. and thoroughly drained that there i- frequently insufficient moisture for .-prouting. and it' the seed germinate the young plants speedily succumh to drought. Fields which have 1 em abandoned or left a 1V\\- years to fallow, logged over ana-, and hums all form suitable seedbeds. \<,ol > \<]>\ \>\ * \.\li INSKCTS. :>r as known the older trees of loblolly pine are subject to few -•ruetive fungous diseases. On some low, flat lands, especially where fires have burned around the collar of the trunk, the trees are attacked by a root rot caused by a species of H i/dnum. which may gain entrance through fire scars. Only trees large enough to have heartwood are thus atTected. The upper portions of the stems are also occasionally affet-ted by redheart, produced by Trametes pini, which gains entrance chiefly at broken limbs and knot holes. Trees less than 75 years old rarely affected by redheart, which is characteristically a disease of old age. Another fungus, Polyporus Schweinitzii, occasionally attacks the heartwood. Seedlings seem to be very free from diseases. They frequently turn an olive green or copper color in the spring, but this discoloration is not a disease. While comparatively free from fungous diseases, loblolly pine is sub- ject to the attacks of the pine bark beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis, /num.). which kills trees through girdling them by the galleries made beneath the bark chiefly in the middle part of the trunk. .V few weeks after the attack the leaves begin to brown, generally at the top of the crown. Stands in which rapid natural thinning is taking place are par- ticularly subject to attack. Not only are the dying and weakened inter- mediate and suppressed trees thus attacked, but sometimes also the large and healthy dominant trees are killed. During summer lumbering many young trees which are left become infested by the beetle, which breeds freely in the green slash, particularly that lying in the shade, and spreads from it to living trees. Trees which are bruised by falling timber or in skidding are first attacked. Several broods of the beetle are produced each season. The broods, which develop early in the spring, emerge and attack sound near-by trees, and as the different broods develop new centers of infection are established. In forests in which there is a large admixture of broadleaf species the damage to the pine by this insect is less than in pure stands, especially in the old-field stands. Many of the old-field stands are connected with farms and where the distance is not too great to permit fuel to 1..- hauled, all tree- which show by the discoloration of their foliage any signs of being affected by the bark beetles should be promptly removed. If infested trees are located during the winter and are cut and removed before spring the brood will be destroyed. This will check the propagation of the insects and prevent them from increasing in number and passing to other trees. Wherever it is possible to remove such attacked trees without great cost they should be promptly cut. It is more difficult to check an epidemic during the spring and summer after the broods have l.olll.ol.l.Y (US .NolCMI r.UCOI.l.NA IMM.. 47 begun i<> emerge. Tin- linn-aii of Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture gives the following method of control in the summer when a group of trees is infested and hegins to die. Trees which arc infested should In- promptly cut and the hark pe<-led and burned. In addition, "it" felled and girdled trees are provided at the proper time. ><> that the let-tics will he attracted to them at the period of their gieatest flight, they will attack such trees in preference to tin- living, uninjured ..ne>; then, after they have entered the inner bark and ;he hri'od> are partially de\ eloped, that is, hefore they have entered the outer hark, it will only he necessary to remove the bark to effectually \ them and thus protect the healthy timber. If, however, the removal of' the hark is neglected until the broods have entered the outer dry portion, it will he necessary to burn it as soon as it is removed." A weevil occasionally destroys the terminal shoot of the young tree, causing a forked or crooked stem. The wood of trees which are blown down in storms or which are killed by fires is quickly attacked and tunneled by sawyers, the larvae of longicorn and other beetles. In order to save such timber, if it can not be promptly used, it should be cut and put in water, or if this is impos- sible, cut and peeled of the bark. SENSITIVENESS TO FIRE. During the first few years of its life the delicate tissues of the young pine are entirely consumed by even a light grass fire. After the young trees, however, attain a diameter of several inches, the bark around their base thickens so rapidly that they are seldom seriously injured by winter fires. The inner bark or growing tissue becomes active several weeks later in the spring in the loblolly pine than in the longleaf pine, and for this reason also large loblolly pines are less injured by early spring fires than are longleaf pines. It is an exceptional case, there- fore, for old trees of loblolly pine to be severely injured by early spring fires unless they are crown fires. In winter or early spring before the sap is active, young trees may even have much of the foliage consumed without the fire killing the trees. Late spring and summer fires, after the growth of the tree has begun, are far more destructive. The fact that loblolly pine generally grows on moister soils than the longleaf pine undoubtedly contributes to its greater freedom from fire injury; at times, however, even the wet lands and swamps, particularly those with peaty, soils, are badly burned during dry periods in summer or in autumn. Such fires are extremely destructive when the humus is thick and undergrowth dense. To protect mature timber from the disastrous fires, it is customary to burn the underbrush during calm weather each winter, and in this way to prevent its accumulation. On loose, level, sandy soils having the water table near the surface, where the trees do not suffer from drought, the yearly destruction of a large portion of the litter probably affects but slightly the growth of the 4$ l.OIU.OI.I.Y OK XOKT11 fAKOLIXA PINE. trees. On drier, and especially on heavier soils, such as the Selma loam< and Cecil loams and clays, the presence of the forest litter and hui :remely desirahle as a protection against excessive evapora- tion of soil moisture. The litter in pine forests on such soils, therefore, .-hould never he hurned. If such stands demand protection from tire it -hould he given l>y means of broad fire lanes, which can be annually cleaned, as discussed later. An attempt was made to ascertain the effect of a severe fire upon the growth of loblolly pine when the land was foul with the accumu- lated leaves and undergrowth of several years. Nearly all large areas, even the shallower swamps, unless free from underwood, have been burned at some time, and often several times, and traces of fire on charred logs and stumps are in general evidence, except in some of the old fields and fenced areas. A grove which had been severely burned by having all the undergrowth of gallberries and other shrubs destroyed in the early part of the summer seven years before the examination, arid which the owner asserted had not been burned before or since that : . furnished some conclusive data. The grove was on a well-drained heavy-loam soil near Kinston, and had an average age of about 50 years. The result of the fire upon the accretion is shown in Table 12. TABLE 12. — THE EFFECT OF A SEVERE BRUSH FIRE UPON THE GROWTH IN DIAMETER OF LOBLOLLY PINE. Diameter breasthigh Inches Number ot trees measured Width of 7 rings preceding the fire Inches Width ot 7 lings alter the fire Inches 7 2 .3 .2 8 2 .3 .15 1 4 .5 .3 10 3 .7 .3 11 5 1.1 .6 12 2 1.0 .6 13 3 1.1 .9 The trees without an exception show a sharp decrease in the width of the rings in the year following the burning, while their width gradu- ally increased each succeeding year as the trees recovered from the effects of the fire. CATTLE AND HOGS. The chief injury by cattle to loblolly pine is by trampling the seed- lings, although the shoot may le l.itten off in grazing. Swine rarely dig up the seedling for its root, Just before restocking, the presence of swine in a stand is advantageous since they upturn the mineral soil. Squirrels and wild turkeys do not destroy the seed of loblolly as they do the mast of longleaf pine. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 49 SLEET AND SNOW. The leaders of loblolly pine are sometimes broken by sleet or wet sii<.\\. particularly in the northeastern counties. On shallow soils the :ire in exceptional cases overturned by the weight of wet snow. \VIMi-l IK MX ESS. On per cent of the tree? left. On the deep sandy soils, the loss from windfall after lumbering is negligible. THE >VOOD AMI ITS USES. QUALITIES. The wood of the loblolly or North Carolina pine is heavy, hard, strong, coarse grained, and decays rapidly in contact with the soil. It shrinks and checks considerably in drying. In kiln drying the shrink- age amounts to about 10 per cent of cross section (not length). From 3 to 4 per cent of the shrinkage is radial and 6 to 7 per cent is around the circumference. In air drying the shrinkage is less.* The shrink- age is greatest in the heavy sapwood from the base of young trees and least in the lighter heartwood from the tops of old trees. The wood, like that of all pine, swells again after commercial kiln-drying whenever exposed to dampness. The heartwood is yellowish to orange brown in 'color; the thick sapwood much paler. The soft spring wood in each annual layer is nearly white, while the very hard and tough summer band is dark brown, the contrast in color and hardness between these two layers being greatest near the stump and in the center of the log in young, thrifty trees which have formed no heartwood. Although the wood from the upper part of the stem is coarse grained, the summer band is very narrow. (Plate X, A.) Because of the great differ- ence in density between the spring and summer wood coarse-grained boards, when plane.d, do not readily dress to a perfectly flat surface. On the other hand there is great adhesion between the two layers which reduces the tendency to split and sliver, so common in many coniferous woods. •Bui. 99. U. S. Forest Service. 4 . N oK I' II < \Koll.\.\ 1'INK. i t'nnn tin rnpi'l growth of the tree the wood is coarse grained. Thrifty young trees frequently have as few as rings to the inch near tin Plate I X. A ), while the sapwood re than 1' - of age may exhibit less than ten rings to l.uiiilei- from second growth trees generally has from 5 to 8 rings of annual growth to the inch; that from large old trees from 7 to to tin1 inch may lie considered fine grained for this spe- wood weighs ahoti! l.'i pounds per cubic foot. The kiln- dried wood, average of the tree, weighs ahout 31 pounds to the cubic foot, the -|.ecitic gravity Icing ahout .50. It is ahout five pounds per Jitcr than that of the longleaf pine, five pounds heavier than that of white jiine. and slightly heavier than that of the shortleaf pine of ;lu» ricdmont. But the wood varies considerably in weight. That from the lower part of the stem of trees which have hard, compact wood with wide summer wood in the annual rinsr (Plate i \- \ -i • « "luch.as 4CL_ , ,. £ f1., ,, iX. A i weighs anare_J]i;att=Sifr pounds per cubic foot; while that ;i the upper part of the stem of treea. with narrow summer wood i . ' ' . . , . , , *s "yie as £6 pounds /T11 in the ring 01 annual growth weighs mas .tutu* n±u_ji¥«r&#ei (Plate X. A.), commercial wood being largely from the lower part of the averages about 33 pounds to the cubic foot for kiln-dried material. The green wood has a shipping Aveight of 4,2CO pounds for 1,000 feet of inch boards, while the kiln-dried wood weighs about 3,100 pounds per l.i < (i feet of inch boards. Moisture forms 50 per cent of the weight of •i sapwood and about 25 per cent of the weight of the heartwood. "While the wood is weaker (in proportion to its weight) in tensile, shear- ing, and bonding strength than that of either longleaf pine or white pine, it is relatively stronger than that of the shortleaf pine. On ac- cotin! «.f \\< relative weakness it is not s4*desirable a wood as Avhite pine for certain uses, such as doors and small packing boxes. :iwi;od levins to form between the twentieth and thirtieth y< earlier on good soils and in rapidly growing tree- than on poor soiU and in slowly growing intermediate or suppre--ed tree-;. The number of rings of sapwood does not remain the <:\MIC throughout the life of the -. 1 nt increases with age. A tree thirty years old is practically all -apwood. -el-loin having more than a small core of heartwood in the 1 utt log. Trees one hundred years old have from 60 to 65 rings of •tem in old field -tnixl The coar»r rrsirn-d renter indicate* large knoli. This tree became codominant or intermediate when about three inches on the radius. The diameter growth «a» »)Ow on account of the crowding and the stem cleaned of branches. It was i»olat\ thr method of cutting which ia recommended for the beat sitea which ceeka to develop the codominant and intermediate trees to form the mature stand, and by gradual cutting eventually to develop the beat of the aupprwMd tree*. Author's illustration.) TYPM or LOBLOLLY I-IXK WOOD. N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC 81'i: PLATE X. A. Characteristic wood from middle and upper section of rapidly growing tree. The relatively •mail amount of hard summerwood in thii portion of the ttem U typical. (Author'* illustration.) B. Wood from tree growing on very wet soil, thowing characteristic irregularity of grain. (Author's illustration.) TYPKS or LOBLOLLY PIN* WOOD. LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 51 i crude turpentine) of lul.li.lly pine is closely allied in all of its proper- tin- longleaf pine, l>ut the volatile oil evaporates from it r;i|.i«lly ami consequently it is dillienlt to collect the material, as much mains in the solid condition on the scarified 1'aco of the !.iti\e projiurtions ..f volatile oil and resin are practically .line in this material as in that of the longleaf pine, l.ut the total yield per season is much less from the loblolly or Xurth Carolina pine. ;d value of this tree for turpentine i- discussed on page 53. DEFECTS. The most common defect- in the wond are extreme coarseness of grain, laok of uniformity of texture, and large knots; pitch streaks and small pitch pockets, which, however, affect the grade of less than one-half of per cent of the boards and are largely limited to butt lot's; while nd growth trees, especially those from the open stands in old fields, there are large resinous, but tight knots. The wood is seldom affected I iy windsliake or hollows. Redheart occurs in less than five per cent of the larger logs* and affects less than one per cent of the lumber which is sawed from second growth trees less than f>0 years old. The propor- tion of redheart gradually increases with the age of the tree and is higher in trees grown on poor than on good qua! The wood decays rapidly on exposure or in contact with the soil. When kiln-dried or even thoroughly air-dried, the coarse grained ami more porous sapwood is readily impregnated with preservative-. The two most common methods are creosoting under pressure and impreg- nating with bichloride of zinc. The wood is attacked by several species of Avood-destroying fungi when it is exposed to suitable moisture condi- tions, the sapwood being especially susceptible to such attacks. The most prevalent and destructive of these fungi are Schizophyllum com- . and the brown root, Lenzites scpiaria, which causes the rapid of damp undried wood and is particularly destructive to ties, piling, etc. Me mint* lacrimans and Coniophora cerebella are rep as being destructive to large factory timbers, and Folyporus vaporius to sills and flooring near the ground. Various species of Thelephoi l.v attacking the sugar and starch in the cells of the sapwood, cause bluing of undried lumber. While bluing does not affect the strength of the wood, it lessens the value of sap lumber, which other Id In- used for finish in natural grain. Immersion of the lumber in a solution of bicarbonate of soda in water prevent bluing, but it lias been aban- doned commercially where tried in favor of kiln drying. The large proportion of redheart logs which are cut in certain nramp* i» from U»« poecwoa or black bark ; 52 "in CAROLINA ri USES. Loblolly pine lumber under the trade name of X.irth Ciirulina pine is i finishing, packing boxes and construction purposes. If ii into hoards the lumber is generally kiln dried and graded, a lariii- part being reworked at the mills into finished products. The clearer grades are used for flooring, especially when rift sawn (6 to 12 annual layers to the inch particularly suitable) for which use it is especially adapted on account of the fact that it slivers less than most of the pines, for ceiling, interior woodwork, st\ les ;md panels of doors, for blinds, sashes, \\eatlier boarding and I rimmings, and the lower grades for box stock, framing and scantling, bridge, factory,* and heavy construction work. It lias extensively taken the place of white pine or has supple- mented it for structural uses, being found in all markets from Pittsburg and Xorth Tonawanda to Boston and certain ports in Maine. The ex- ports have likewise been steadily increasing, going chiefly to English and (ierman ports. It enters extensively into car construction, particularly for siding and roofing, and into ship, boat and barge construction. A large amount of medium and low grade stock is used for box-making, slack cooperagi-, and headings, and it is now one of the best recognized woods in the box and slack cooperage trades. Slabs are resawn into lath and copper sticks for smelter use, and cut on a horizontal band saw into heading and crate stock. A small though constantly increasing amount is used both treated and untreated for mine timbers, chiefly in the anthracite fields of eastern Pennsylvania. Mine timber is sold by the ton, from 4 to 5 tons of green timber being required to produce 1,000 board feet log scale. The price per ton, green at Norfolk, defending upon the size of 'the timber, varies from $1.50 to $3. It is also cut into veneers, the lower grades being used for fruit and vegetable crates, barrel and keg stock, drawer bottoms, and the backs of cheap furniture. It is be- ing used to a limited extent for chemical paper pulp stock, and this is doubtless one of the most important undeveloped uses for the wood. On account of the resin it cannot be used for ground fiber pulp and for this reason cannot compete successfully with spruce in the manufacture of newspaper and cheap book paper. On account of its great weight, however, unbleached papers can be successfully made. The wood fibers are very long, strong, thickwalled and tough which permits the manufac- ture of very superior wrapping, kraft and imitation Manila papers which are stronger than the real Manilas. The wood can be treated by •Dense wood to meet the proposed yellow pine grading rules for factory structural timber must have between the third and fourth inches from the pith one-fourth of the volume summer wo->'l if there are eight rings to the inch; one-third if there are six or seven rings to the inch: :mr partial aper for wrapping purpose*. While the w«»od «>f loblolly pine is less suitable than that of spruce fur the manufacture of composition hoard on account of the great loss ,ltin^ from the nece-sity of using a chemical pn.ee-- to te the fil'ei-, it i-. on account of it- chea|>need for piling; sticks of timber exceeding 100 feet in length being occasionally required for this use. Treated with prose rvatives it is used for street paving blocks, the heavy types of wood with not an S rings to the inch being required. It • .rensivcly used throughout the coastal plain for fuel for manufacturing as well as domestic use, and to some extent for charcoal. Xear towns such mill waste as is otherwise unusable is converted into fuel billets and kindling v. ..... 1. VAU K KOK Tl HI'KMINE.' lohlolly pine exudes an oleoresin when wounded, which is occa- sionally in fairly remunerative quantities, but as a rule the yield of crude turpentine is so much less than from the longleaf and Cuban pines (the common < ..... imercial sources of crude turpentine i that no general tapping of thi- tree is practiced. The oleoresin exudes from the wounded tree as clear limpid drops. tallization of the dissolved acids take- place very rapidly, so that much of the material remains sticking upon the scarified surface •Thin iwctioo bM bera prepared by Dr. Cha*. II. Herty. of the Unirenity of North Carolina. LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. of the tree as "scrape." This unusually rapid crystallization of the mass leads to the con-fluent rapid evaporation of its content of spirits of turpentine. Analy.-is (>i' the perfectly fresh oleoresin shows a normal amount of spirits of turpentine, but the collected gum, after standing several wn-ks in the receptacles, as in ordinary practice, shows a much lo\\ .i;t of volatile oil. For this reason it seems quite probable that if this pine is ever to be utilized on any large scale as a source of cnule turpentine tin- usual methods employed in gathering must be materially modified. An analysis of the crude turpentine from the first four weeks of chip- ping in July showed 17.58 per cent of spirits of turpentine, the collec- tion at the end of four more weeks of chipping showed only 14.11 per pent. The spirits of turpentine thus obtained was found to have proper- ties identical with those of commercial spirits of turpentine. The oleo- resin is characterized by an unusually small amount, 4.2 per cent, of unsaponifiable matter. The rosin left after distillation of the spirits of turpentine resembles closely commercial rosin and has an acid number of 172. GROWTH. N The growth of loblolly varies considerably with the character of soil. In accordance with the rapidity of growth there may be recognized three quality classes which are determined by the character of the soil or .site. The maximum* figures of growth and yield are those for better condi- tions than Quality Site I, and the minimum for poorer conditions than Quality Site III. Both the maximum and minimum figures, however, are averages of stands both better and poorer ^faan the figures indicate. The figures of growth which are given for any quality site are averages which embrace stands having a considerable range both above and below these figures, the limit of range being approximately one-half the in- terval between a given Quality class and those next to it.f Quality Class I. This class includes stands of loblolly pine that make rapid growth and produce very heavy yields per acre. These are found on loams, sandy loams, and clay loams (particularly those desig- •Details of several of the beat stands are given below: One-fourth acre had a stand 120 years old the yield of which was at the rate of 12,760 cubic feet ot item wood without bark, and 71,600 board feet mill cut \ inch kerf. The total number of trees per acre was at the rat^ of 216; basal area including bark, 284 square feet; average diameter of the trees 15.5 inch; and average height of dominant trees 115 feet. (Lenoir County.) Another excellent stand which had an ave;age age of not more than 69 years, had a cubic volume of 9,900 feet of stem wood without bark per acre, 51,200 board feet mill cut, 1 inch kerf; basal area out- side of bark of 233 square feet; and contained 180 trees 6 inches and over, which had an average diameter of 16.6 inches. The dominant trees were 120 feet high. (Washington County.) The best young stand, 29 years old, was in an old field stand on a moist sit^ in Pitt County. The total cubic volume per acre was 7,480 feet of stem wood without bark; the board measure volume 1 inch kerf, 37,277 feet; and basal area outside of the bark 249 square feet. There were 320 trees per acre having an average diameter of 11.9 inches. The average height of dominant trees was nearly 80 feet. tThe figures which are given for number of trees per :KT<-, hi-iuht of stand of dominant trees, vol- ume in board feet or cubic feet, and basal area per acre for stands on different quality sites at differ- ent ages, are averages which would embrace stands having a considerable range both above and be- LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINK. tinted a- the I'.irt-imouth soil M-ri, - .,f tin- Ihireau of Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture) in which tin- water table seldom sinks more than li' tV«-t !.»•!. .\v the surface during tlio growing season which on account of -ni-facr drainage or porosity are never flooded for prolonged periods; alluvial land-*, particularly those with loamy soils l»w t!n, awragi*. The wide limit* of - MI below in r> • !, of different age*, which w- .Quality II A ' in li-aK* »tandi« w forked: a (t) stand* which seemed to b- pxenMvcly crowd -d; ManiU which have b—n thioi tied by (t). Basal area refer* to th» area of tin crow »• . or ouUide of bark) at brranlhifb of all treea on an acre. I! STAND*. SHOWING KANOE or VARIATION IN AVERAGE DIAMETER, IN VOLOME. BA*AL AREA AND NUMBER or TREE* PER ACRE. An of •land Jfi n Height of dominant ••, , . Feet Average breaatt.ieh , : V.: and over Inches Volume per acre rfoaal • over Per acre Baaal arc* per acre Square fee fuliir ftfl. wood only Board f'-.-t. Urf -.' 45 5.7 2.247 5.120 836 tI46 n 50 4.4 2.437 2.536 ; 1.364 146 • 50 4.9 2.367 2.526 1.076 Ml 26 50 4.9 M 6.211 1.173 156 30 54 6.3 3,128 10,600 800 in 30 • : 6.4 I,M 12.362 559 •128 32 62 7.3 14.923 544 156 34 69 9.1 .926 23.240 410 JI88 35 78 7.4 ,538 U M 519 152 35 68 10.9 ,553 21,905 :• •168 35 72 10.0 ,310 .'• ,1 H ti88 35 74 8.7 ,554 24.432 400 IN 37 70 9.1 .241 20.330 161 38 74 1 t 5,918 29.550 440 ttu 38 71 7.7 4,299 19.680 480 154 43 85 9.0 4,619 24.730 319 *U.' 44 10.0 5.096 M m 292 *15< 44 85 10.4 5,732 27.374 310 183 45 87 11.2 6,610 34.100 .•• 51 90 15.7 6,575 33.813 140 187 52 87 9.5 6,544 32.290 410 : - 55 85 10.3 5,617 H.7N 176 60 89 10.7 6.348 32.400 103 60 90 12.8 6.277 32.203 tlM •-• 92 10.1 6,353 ,: 08 1«3 M n 13.5 7.581 39.715 210 75 M 15.5 7.182 .. ,-„ 141 1M 80 110 15.8 9.748 too 80 113 15.7 7,896 43.745 ! | 176 88 109 124 7,329 39.513 :in 100 98 17.2 6,910 39.037 110 '177 110 105 15.5 7.633 41.181 151 197 The relation of number of trees, and average diameter to \i> M in hoard i.-«-t U shown by a com- parison of the two 22-year old stands and the 00 and 62 year old stand*. Some of the stand* given aa Quality II approach Quality I, others approach Quality III. The second Si-year old stand closely approaches Quality III. The 80-year old stands approach Quality 1. LOBLOLLY OB NOK1H < \UoM.\\ 1': __ are subject to flooding for only a few days at a time; moist peaty A here the peat is in pn-eess of humih'cation and along the margin of swamps. Norm. i HI Quality H I daring growing- ZOfT • 3Oft. •• Fig. 5. Kelation between loblolly pine quality site> and depth of water table in soils of different texture. (Author's ilhutratlon.) Quality Class II. This class embraces the stands of medium growth on the great body of the upland soils of eastern Xorth Carolina. The soils of this quality class include the greater portion of the flat woods (consisting of the more level tracts of Xorfollfc fine sands, loams, and silts, as designated by the Bureau of Soils) the Selma silt and Selma loam, with the water table usually about 20 feet below the surface, formerly largely occupied by the longleaf pine; compact clays occupied by hardwood swamps; the rolling loams and clay loams of the Xorfolk scries, largely north of the Roanoke River and in Chowan, Gates, and Northampton counties, formerly partly occupied by shortleaf pine. The usual depth of the water table in these soils is from 20 to 25 feet below the surface. It is lowest for this quality in the fine grained sands and loams. (J unlit >/ Class III. This includes loblolly pine stands of very slow growth. The soils characteristic of these are the better drained parts of the flat woods, particularly the areas with compact clay soils (char- acterized by roundleaf blackjack oak and post oak) ; the rolling piney lands and the Piedmont uplands; the savannas, edges of pocosons, sand hills, and swamps subject to prolonged overflow, or difficult to drain. The upland soils as a rule have the water table during the growing season from 20 to 45 feet below the surface. The soils of some of the poorly drained areas (very level clays, silts and peats are frequently satu- rated for long periods during the growing season, alternating in the case of clays with periods of semi-drought on account of the large GEOLOGICAL AM> *""»VOm.' I'LAl Full} storked Mand thirty-five yearn old. Quality II, in old field on upland of rood quality, following „ • hickory and nhortleaf pin The density i» good; tin- growth, however, i» beginning to derline. and the stand ' much benefited by a thinning. (Author's illustration.) LfQLLl "i: NOKIII CAK..I.I.VA l-IXB. 57 amount <>f hjgVOMOpifl water held l>y heavy day- which is not available for plant growth. Old Field .S7«n<. /.v. 'I'lic old field -tand- -andy uplands ami on rlay uplands, particularly those on the Piedmont red clays (Cecil soil :.<-n young fall tor the mo-t part into (Duality I or Qualit\ II. hut their rate of growth declines rapidly after a fe\v decade-, some- times l.efore the end of the second decade, and they eventually fall into Quality III. The chief c;m-e for thi< i- that the demands of the stand upon soil moisture soon reach the limits of available supply. Moreover, "ii the upland days the top soil in the old cul- tivated fields is at first loose, permitting the roots freely to pem-- :t, and lias a high moisture earn, in.ir capacity. In a •- thi- soil I nore compact and its water carrying capacity decline-. This checks the growth of the lateral routs and as the taproot de- i- into the unbroken layer which ha- never been disturbod by the plow, tlie rate of growth of the tree decl PKTKICMI.N \ l«.\ ol ^\ AI.ITV SITES. The rate of height growth or the height of dominant trees at a given fully stocked Croups is the most ready method of ascertaining the quality site when there is growing timber (Table 13). It is de- sirable in the case of middle-aged or old stands to correlate height with volume and basal area per acre (Tahie 35), relative height, relation of diameter to total height (Table 15). In the case of young stands espe- cially on dry upland sites all of these are unreliable factors for predict- ing the capacity of the soil to sustain old stands and they should be sup- plemented by ascertaining the texture of the soil and depth of table. The original forest type where indications of it remain should !>»• examined to determine the undcrshruhs aMd to compare with Table 1. Abundance of particular undershrubs is a general guide to this extent : a rank growth of gallberry (Ilex glabra) indicates a site highly favor- aide for the rapid growth of the pine; wire grass ( Arittitla stricfa') and low bush black huckleberry (Varclninm ti'iit'lhim) indicates sites which are becoming too dry; sphagnam mosses and BB fetter hu-h (Andromeda or Pieris nitida) sites which are becoming too wet. Tile- approximate relation of the height of the water table in different kinds of soil to the quality site for loblolly pine is shown in Figure 3 which the results of a preliminary study of these important problems. The impossibility of depending solely upon height at younger ages for interpreting quality site is illustrated in the stand which is presented in Tables 14, 18 and 20, column 4. The rapid diameter ami height growth of this stand during the early decades i- followed during the fifth decade by an abrupt decline which is reflected by an equally abrupt cul- mination in the volume of the stand. On the other hand, the growth of the trees in column 1 in the same tables show- a slower but su-' rate of height growth, while the declin- does not begin until a much later period. LOBLOLLY OE NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Since loblolly jiine normally grows in a large part of its range in pure ;-aged stands or groups, there is given not only the rate of growth of trees as individual specimens but also the growth and development of the :ige tree in even-aged stands, and the growth of the average tree of each of the different crown classes, dominant, intermediate, and sup- pressed.* GROWTH IN HEIGHT. Loblolly pine attains on an average a height of about only two feet during the first two to four years. After that it at once begins to grow rapidly in height. The stage of rapid growth lasts until the thirtietlTor fortieth year on best sites and until the fiftieth or even sixtieth year on inferior sites. Table 13 gives the heights of the different crown classes in fully stocked unthinned stands at different ages on different quality sites and the periodic annual growth. The periodic annual growth which is the annual growth during five-year periods shows that after the fiftieth year the growth in height is less than one foot a year. •The dominant trees in a stand are such as overtop, even slightly, all others and whose large crowns are in full sunlight; intermediate trees are lower in height than the dominant and have slender stems and narrow, compressed crowns which receive only a scant amount of direct sunlight; suppressed trees are entirely overtopped and receive only such sunlight as filters through the foliage of the taller trte*. Dominant trees are making most rapid growth both in height and diameter; inte mediate trees are yet making rapid height growth, but their diameter growth has fallen behind; suppressed trees are making very little growth either in height or diameter. LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAKOIIN \ IM.NK. 58 TABLE 13.— HEIGHT* OF ALL ])<.\i:s VM . IM i ,n\n m \ n, AND Si PIMU>SI,I> TIH.KS Six Is, in , am < UI.H iv DMMI n u iv 1 . i.i.r STOCKED .STANDS or LOBLOLLI PINK ON DirrERK.M (ji MIM Sin>; \vi> I'KKI,.: m <» DC. \nv\vi TKEES. 1 •O'S • ; li •?* i "r: 3 o* 1-4 1— 1 -~_ = .3335333 " llriKht-Fect M 00 0 •» Cl O O • j i ! 1 i 1 ..,„...,***» J 8fl '! Q I ^3*^«S?St2?'^r*"^5r?^S & at? 1 ^ • • • • ! asssS8S88B8SBI!B ,--. ,--. > 7 ; ; II C o> SSSS6BS888S,8S - :-• | 7 S SS "- ** Q§ 3 SS S ?: S 3 S SXf tf • i S S S S 5 - i 4 l! — = SS5SRS5SSSS §S S S sssssssss • « r> an t " - Q^ ,tBB^«888S99a •OTJ ^ 1 8S1S333S383SS238S8S22 1 S CO LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA 1'INE. Table 14 gives the height of trees in fully stocked stands for differ- ent diameters on different site classes. On best sites in pure stands height growth reaches its maximum rate between die seventh ;md fifteenth years. Dominant trees in such groups during this period will often make a growth of four feet a year for several y»ars. \vhile the average rate of height growth during this period on all sites of the first quality is nearly three and one-half feet a year. During the second decade the growth averages three feet ar. On poorer sites the rate of height growth culminates later. On - of Quality III, culmination does not take place until between the eighteenth and thirtieth years. Single trees and small groups of trees growing among hardwoods on stiff day soils attain the maximum rate of growth very late, between the thirtieth and fortieth years, and the same is true of some groups growing on the most unfavorable sites (Table 14, columns 1 and 6). The growth on old fields on the uplands is rapid at first but decreases after the fortieth year; such old field stands, therefore, if old, have an average rate of growth characteristic of slow growing stands. This is well illustrated by the growth of loblolly pine on cultivated soil on a very sandy, well drained knoll in the midst of a longleaf pine forest (Table 14, column 4). Thus, the average annual growth in height during the first decade was 2.1 feet, during the second decade 2.7 feet, the third decade 2.4 feet, the fourth decade 1.0 feet, and the fifth decade .3 feet. The growth on very wet sites, as may be seen from the growth of the loblolly pine in mixture with cypress and black gum of the same age, is slow. (Table 14, column 6.) The pine, however, had slightly out- grown in height the black gum and the cypress. The soil is a loamy sand, covered with one or two feet of flowing water during most of the winter and spring and often for a few days at a time during the growing season. The growth of the pine on the best alluvial soil in even-aged groups where the competition for the light is keen is very rapid (Table 14, column 2). The growth given in Table 14 is the average growth of suppressed, in- termediate and dominant trees. Single dominant trees therefore have a much better growth, while intermediate and suppressed trees have a much slower growth than that of the average tree. Table 15 gives the relation of diameter to height, the merchantable length of trees of different diameters on different quality sites, and the per cent of merchantable length to total height. Top diameters of mer- chantable length are given in Tables 24 to 31. LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA I'INK. 61 TABLB 14.— HBIOHT GROWTH or LOBLOLLY PINE ON DirrKBKMT Hrrr*. Age of stntul "i . Qur, I 1 III II III II ' - . . •' *otl. i u • • m •• '. Bert moUt. V. al- luvial toil. fairly open Longltaf :i!i 1 |M,<-(«,)I| IIIIH- flat fairly open on a lone- leaf pUM MD-llllll •jnUd fio, Mod flaU fairly open Mixed 'with cypra* in deep •wamp*. crowded ,-, 10 20 30 40 50 00 70 SO 00 100 120 140 ICO 180 200 240 7 20 - 00 7J 85 03 101 107 111 110 IM 131 134 137 140 -••• 47 • 85 M 100 110 11 • 45 • 71 77 82 85 87 00 05 00 103 100 108 21 48 72 • 85 7 11 17 25 :.' 37 0 29 43 50 07 78 88 95 101 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA 1'I.NK. — .«..M...M«...;«. 4 • «M««"'«*««M..« Itiiii,. of • li.'iiiieter to total l,,:.|,i . — »•» — ««»• — . — • — — - <«— 5 is SaSSSSS&SfcSSaSSSSSSSSSSSSSS — ^ .asj55.3g8SsBBBRftf2CBf!eB5;i- jh|l i-i Merchant- able length Feet ««««M.«..M«-.M 5 S88888SS:S88588!SSB^8&88888S8 x=S* 111 j asjs^assssaas&ssssaa&sssjassiRsa Hi* . 1 fl - 1 ^ I.olll.oI.I.Y iHC NuKTIl I AKOI.I.NA T1XE. 63 (,l;o\Y Til IN 1)1 \Mi Table 10 -ho\v- the average growth in diameter at breast height of all .in -lies and over), the diameter growth of dominant trees in fully stocked untliiiiiied -land-, the diameter growth of dominant tree- in op. ii .-ian •!>. an. I the nnniher of years required to grow one inch in diameter. All the diameter mea-n:< Hiding tree-;, unless Otherwise stated, \\eie taken at a uniform height of 4 feet <» inches from the ground railed "breast height." Ilrea-thi^h mea-urements made outside of the bark are a letter guide for determining the growth in diameter than stuui|» measurement-, as in this way the variations due to the hi ight of the stump and butt swelling- are eliminated. It i- often desirable to convert diameter at stump height inside of bark to diameter at hivast height outside of bark. This relation is shown in Table 17. It ran be used in obtaining the breasthigh diameter from stumps on rut-over land. (Also, see Table 8.) The culmination of the diameter growth often .takes place as early as during the first decade and seldom later than in the fourth decade. Table 18 shows the diameter growth on stumps by decades for typical groups on different sites. Column 1 shows the diameter growth of a crowded group of loblolly pines mixed with hardwoods on moist stiff clay soil. The growth in diameter does not culminate until between the thirtieth and fortieth years; the growth is so persistent that at the age of 130 years it amounts to nearly 1.5 inches for the decade. The rate of diameter growth, however, is much less than that of the open stand given in column 2, which shows a group of trees on loose loamy soil on the edge of a pond, near Howard, Bertie County. It is an excellent example of persistent and rapid diameter growth, the increase between the eightieth and ninetieth years amounting to nearly 1.8 inches on the stump. Similar, if not better, results can probably be obtained from all stands of Quality I, provided they are properly thinned. (Plate IX, B.) 04 LOBLOLLY OE NORTH CAROLINA. 1'INK. TABLE 18— GROWTH IN DIAMETER. ON DIFFERENT QUALITT SITES, OF ALL TREES Six INCHF.S AND OVER. AND or DOMINANT TREES Six Is nn \si> OVKH is DIAMKTKK i\ FULLT STOCKED STANDS; OF DOMINANT THKE» is • Mi VSD TIIK NUMBER OF YEARS REQUIRED TO GROW AN Is< M. Af«of »t»n.i r< •• Fully stocked stands Open stands Dominant trees AlltreM Dominant trees Diameter Inches No. of yej.rn to KI-OW an inch Diameter Inches No. of years to grow an inch Diameter Inches No. of years to gjrow an ini-h Quality I 20 7.1 7.6 10.8 25 8.2 4 9.1 3 12.7 3 30 9.3 5 10.4 4 14.2 3 40 11.4 5 13.2 4 16.9 4 60 13.2 6 15.7 5 19.2 4 00 14.8 6 17.4 6 21.0 5 70 16.1 7 18.8 6 22.6 •5 80 17.3 8 20.0 7 24.0 6 00 18.3 10 21.2 8 25.3 7 100 19.1 11 22.3 Q Quality II 20 6.4 6.5 8.2 25 7.5 5 7.8 4 9.4 3 30 8.5 5 8.8 4 10.6 3 40 10.3 6 10.8 5 13.0 4 50 11.9 6 12.8 5 15.2 5 60 13.2 7 14.5 7 16.9 6 70 14.3 9 15.9 8 18.4 7 80 15.3 10 17.0 9 19.7 8 90 16.2 11 18.1 9 20.8 9 100 17.0 12 19.1 10 Quality III 20 6.1 6.2 6.9 25 6.8 6 7.2 5 8.0 4 30 7.6 6 8.2 5 9.1 5 40 9.1 7. 10.0 6 11.1 5 50 10.5 8 11.7 6 12.8 5 60 11.7 9 13.1 7 14.3 7 70 12.7 10 14.3 8 15.7 7 80 13.6 11 15.4 9 17.0 8 LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 65 TABLE 17.— DIAMETER BMUCTHIOI OUTWDB TBB BAKK or LOBLOLLY PIKB AND THE COUUMPOMD- tXQ Brmtr DIAMETER INBIDB T» BAM. DUmrtar brtuthkh ouui.le bark Inches Average height of •tump Fwt Inobe* Stump diameter inaitle Q( bark Incho* •tump and breartbich :. M M '• r Inches 1 1 8.1 0 1 9.0 10 .' 9.0 11 3 10.9 B :• 4 11.8 g 13 5 12.7 , 14 0 13. « , u 7 14.4 , 19 8 15.3 , 17 0 10.2 B 18 10 17.1 10 11 18.0 .0 20 2 0 18.9 .1 21 2 1 19.8 .2 23 1 2 20.7 .3 23 2 3 21.0 .4 24 2 4 22.4 .0 25 2 5 -•; ; .7 26 2 6 j» j .8 27 2 7 25.1 .9 28 2 8 20.0 3.0 M 2 9 20.9 2.1 30 2 10 27.9 2.1 Column 4, Table .18, shows the diameter growth of a pure stand in an old field on soil quite similar to that on which the group in column 3 was growing, except that the soil was previously cultivated. The culmi- nation in diametep took place at the end of the first decade, with a growth for the decade of nearly 8 inches; but the subsequent decrease in growth is so rapid, that between the fifth and sixth decades it is only .4 of an inch. This manner of growth is characteristic of the dry old fields. The rate of diameter growth of .trees on longleaf and pocoson pine flat lands (column 3), like the height growth of these species on the same site, is slow but persistent. As the trees stand \\vll apart, the crowns are well developed and the diameter growth is at a maximum for this condition. MY <>U NOIM'II ( A!tii|.I.\A l'l\ I.. TABLB 18.— DUMKTER GROWTH or Lom> • . - I\-H.I. mi BAHK ON ro ] MI. .11. \gf of stand ontheBtump Years Quality 1 I III II III 11 (1) In hard- is on MltT -oils. Stand A 1.- 1 (2) On loose mui.-t. Inamy >l>il oil •dfi IHIII i ~ !:iirly open (3) On IIIIIK- li-:if all 1 • ii pine tlat Ian 1. SIMM I fairly open (4) Old fiel 1 on a lonjj- leaf pine -.••.ii 1 hill. Stand crow lied (5) < In ilry sill 1 Hats following lull:1 ' pine. Stan-1 open (6) Mixed with cypress in deep swamps. Stand crowded Inches 10 20 30 40 50 00 70 80 'Ml 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 1.8 4.3 V" 11.4 14.3 16.8 19.3 21.5 23.7 25.7 28.9 31.5 33.7 35.0 36.1 37.0 5.2 10.7 1.V2 19.1 22.0 24.4 26.5 28.3 30.0 2.8 4.9 6.6 8. ti 10.2 11.0 13.2 14.6 16.0 17.2 7.8 10.9 12.6 13.6 14.2 14.6 1.4 3.0 4.5 5.9 7.2 8.2 9.0 10.0 11.3 13.0 14.4 16.2 17.5 19.2 20.7 22.0 23.3 24.0 GROWTH IN Vof.r.MK. Cubic Feet. A- both height and diameter growth of loblolly pine are most rapid in early youth, the greatest per cent of volume increment is made during tin- period. The contents in cubic feet of the stem of a tree without bark or branches, at different ages, is the best index of the rate of growth in total volume. The growth of the stem of the trees of loblolly pine in cubic feet in different quality classes is given in Table 19. The growth in cubic feet of trees in stands on different sites is given in Table 20. Board Feet. The volume iii board feet increases at a more rapid rate than the volume in cubic feet on account of the greater proportion of convertible ial in timber of large diameter than in small. The volume in ho;ird feet of the dominant trees in stands at different ages is given in Table '1 1 by I )oyle-Scribner rule, and on the ba-i< of actual mill cut 1-7 inch saw kerf band — awed. The volume of trees ,,n different sites at gn '-given in Table -1~1. It i- probable that the' rapid increase LOBLOLLY OK .\«HMII . \K«.||N.\ i'l.M. 67 in inrn-liaiitaM.- volnm.- sliown l.y tin- fairly ..p.-n Man. I on the best, . alluvial soil can !><• .-••••un-.l t'nmi a iti..n of stands of (Duality I l»y proper thinning. TABLE 19 -CHOWTH or LOBLOLLY Pi •. Firr (M KKTH ANTABLE HTKMWOOD PBELBD) AJTB n» COBM (Brunrooo FKKLKH AVEBAOB or ALL THEM Six ! •. M , - «ND OVER IM l>i\u».r>.it is ft i i i >i.. K; i. Si 4M., I.N DirrKKBWT QUAUTT HlTK*. \t-- ..: H M 1 Yean Height IM \ .. .:. . \.,lum« Lone cord* Quality I M 7.1 5.0 .05 25 M 8.2 8.8 .08 30 75 0.3 13.2 .12 40 00 11.4 23.7 .21 50 gn 13.2 34.8 .31 80 IN 14.8 4«.7 .41 70 no 16.1 57.8 .51 80 iu> 17.3 .60 00 114 18.3 77.4 .00 100 115 10.1 85.0 .75 Quality II 20 44 6.4 3.1 .03 25 53 7.5 5.3 .05 30 61 8.5 8.3 .075 40 74 10.3 16.1 .14 50 84 11.0 24.2 .21 60 00 13.2 32.0 .20 70 05 14. 3 30. 6 .35 80 08 15.3 47.2 .42 90 100 16.2 54.4 .48 100 101 17.0 60.5 .54 Quality III 20 32 6.1 2.0 .02 25 30 6.8 3.0 .03 30 46 7.6 4.5 .04 40 50 0. 1 0. 1 - 50 60 10.5 13.5 .14 00 76 11.7 21.0 .10 70 82 12.7 a -. .24 80 85 13.6 .29 LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 20.— GBOWTH or LOBLOLLT PINE ON DIFFERENT SITES IN VOLUME (CUBIC FEET) EXCLUSIVE OF STUMP, TOP, AND BARK. Age of stand Years Quality I I III II III III (1) Groups of trees in hardwoods on moist stiff clay soil. Stand crowded (2) On loose moist, loamy soil on edge of pond. Stand open (3) On long- leaf and pocoson pine flat lands. Stand fairly open (4) Old field on long leaf pine sand hill. Stand crowded (5) On dry sandy flats following longleaf pine. Stand fairly open (6) Mixed with cypress in deep swamps, always wet. Stand fairly open Cubic feet 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 2.0 2.8 5.2 • 11.5 23.0 44.0 69.0 97.0 126.0 157.0 218.0 277.0 338.0 383.0 427.0 3.0 16.0 42.0 68.0 96.0 133.0 177.0 217.0 257.0 3.5 6.0 12.0 20.0 29.0 40.0 51.0 62.0 74.0 8.0 22.0 33.0 40.0 45.0 1.0 3.0 8.0 16.0 29.0 44.0 59.0 76.0 1.7 2.5 5.3 11.0 17.4 96.0 120.0 145.0 168.0 190.0 LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA TINE. 69 £ o 03 !4S Q S; OF TES. i I 8S5S5S8SS88 l.oltl.ol I V 01C NORTH CAROLINA PINE. - o 3 - s •§ •X 2 b " sj >OQOu5 9 S fl • ^" ^^ C^ C4 _ CO O O QO CO ^•^(Oe^ooiopr^^ *-• w e^ co ^< 10 OOOOMiOCOOOCi i c*j r*» *?• o 5SSS3SSS8S — -y: « — ic i— t- «o «O »O Oi «i'« the nuinher of logs 16 feet long, and the diameter at the small end of the top log for trees of different diameters and heights on which the volume tahles of the trees are baaed. Table 33 gives the volume in cubic feet of merchantable stemwood (without bark) in trees of different diameters and heights, less than 75 years old. Table 34 gives the comparative volumes with and without bark, in cubic feet and cords, number of trees to a cord and per cent of bark, in trees of different diameters and heights in stands 35 to 45 years old, Quality II, which may be assumed to be an average site and average age for cordwood stock. The volumes would be less for younger stands in which the trees have the same diameters and heights. 7! LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Usin or loss ' '•: }|t i jnmm«««jmT 1 i ~ | :. of wood not utilised in lower i ..-• ' Per cent • '3 O ~-|^ I «•• S"-H Js 3» b; -•£• »r~ S3 ^-1 i] " | {? -r.ooao^ogagooooo-.oooo^.ooc 9 ri««u.irt¥mV.i ir %; -* = a i Circular saw 1-4" kerf, boards 1 1-8" thickt « .........a..B.i,m, • — -t • 3 ii I M , ssasssssssaKsassftsis M t- c S3 **** I-iS. . " — «« H«H.mi ^> — -t I 81 Pi i j, oSSgogogg-ggsggsgggs co^tfi^oooos^cotOoo^ *rj oo c^i «5 os co i-- c*i Hsl-g . s a '.' ? ft S li'S* • \ LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA IM.NK. .2 T ^ If =11 > s .* S S.s ~ *"• a — "S rt T -- SS 76 LOBLOLLY OE NOETH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 23a— Loo RCUB FOR LOBLOLLY PINE. ACTUAL MILL CUT, CIRCULAR SAW, Vi-Ixca KERF, Loos WITH LESS THAN Two INCHES CROOK. Average diameter inside b*rk at small end Inches Length of log— Feet 8 10 12 14 16 Volume in board feet 5 5 6 7 8 10 6 8 10 12 14 16 7 12 15 18 21 25 8 18 22 26 30 35 9 22 27 32 38 44 10 28 35 42 49 56 11 34 42 51 59 68 12 40 50 61 71 82 13 48 60 72 85 98 14 58 72 86 101 116 15 68 85 102 119 136 16 78 98 118 138 158 17 90 112 134 157 180 18 100 125 151 176 202 19 114 142 171 199 228 20 128 160 192 224 256 21 142 178 214 250 286 22 158 197 236 274 316 23 174 217 261 304 348 24 190 237 285 332 380 25 206 257 309 360 412 26 222 277 333 389 445 27 240 300 361 421 482 28 258 322 387 451 516 29 274 342 411 480 549 30 292 365 439 511 585 Table 23a gives a propose^ log rule for loblolly piiie. It is based on actual mill cut, circular saw, ^4 incn saw kerf. This may be used for calculating the amount of lumber which may be cut from logs of differ- ent diameters and lengths. Tables 24 to 31, inclusive, were made from taper curves by scaling the merchantable length in log lengths to the top diameters shown. Logs were 16.3 feet long whenever possible, with some 14.3 feet, 12.3 feet, and 10.3 feet long to avoid waste. The assumed stump height was 1 foot for trees 6 to 16 inches in diameter breasthigh, and 1.5 feet for trees 17 to 25 inches. LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA 1MNK. 77 TABLE 34.— VOLUME IN BOARD Fcrr, BAND-SAWED 1-7 INCH KERF, or TREES or LOBLOLLY PINE or DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. No ALLOWANCE FOR BREAKAGE, EXCKMIVE CmooK OR \\ \-.I-K. U HP M AMOUNT TO 25 PER CENT FOR 7 AND 8 INCH TREE*; 15 PER CENT FOR 9 AND 10 IMH THKIS; ANH 5 I'KK O.NT HJH 1.' Is. 11 TREES. TREES LEM THAN 75 YEARS OLD. Diameter breast- high Inches Height of tree— Feet Diameter ;•.-. - bark of top Inches 40 50 80 70 80 90 100 110 130 Volume— Board feet 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 - 21 22 8 13 19 25 30 38 10 23 33 41 50 58 67 78 25 35 42 58 70 80 93 120 130 140 34 48 61 74 89 100 120 140 160 180 210 240 5 5 6 6 6 7 ; 7 8 8 9 » 9 10 10 11 60 75 90 110 120 140 170 190 220 260 290 330 380 83 100 120 140 160 190 220 260 300 340 390 440 490 660 110 130 160 180 210 250 290 330 380 430 480 640 600 130 160 100 230 270 310 360 410 460 520 580 640 170 200 M • M . ••> 440 600 660 •- 680 I.MliMM.I.Y nit NOKTII CAKdl.INA IMNI-.. TABLE 25.— Von -\it i\ HOARI> FEET, HAND-SAW KU 1-7 I NTH KERF, OF TREES OF LOBLOLLY PIXF. OF DIFFERENT DIAMKTKH- \M> HKHJIITS. No ALLOWANCE FOR BREAKAGE, EXCESSIVE CROOK OR WASTE. TREES OVER 75 YEARS OLD. Diameter breast- high Inches Height of free— Feet Diameter inside bark of top Inches 00 100 110 120 130 140 Volume — Board feet in tens 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 20 23 26 30 35 39 44 51 M 63 69 22 26 30 34 39 44 50 56 62 n 76 84 91 09 106 114 122 24 29 33 38 43 49 55 60 68 75 83 92 100 108 117 126 136 146 157 169 181 27 32 37 43 49 55 61 66 74 82 91 100 109 118 128 138 150 161 172 183 195 207 218 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 ' 13 14 14 15 15 15 [ 72 81 90 102 110 120 130 140 151 162 173 185 196 208 221 235 114 123 131 142 152 163 174 185 195 208 221 235 250 LOUI.OI.I.Y OK XOKTII CAROLINA I'lXK. 79 TABLK 20.— *Voi.t-iir ix BOARD Frrr (CIBCUI.AR-«AWKD 1-4 INCH Henri or TREE* OP I.OBLOLLT PIXB OP DlFKKHKNT I >l \MCTKKM AND llfcKlHTM. No ALLOWANCE FOR BREAKAGE, EXCVWVK CROOK OB WA»T> u n TO 25 PER C»NT ro« 7 AND 8 INCH THKKM; 15 PER CENT rom 9 AND 10 K. M. \NU 5 PE» C«NT ro* 12 INC ii TREE* UNDER 75 YEAR* OLD. Diameter I!,,,''. • : |BM 1,,, DUflMter :k»t- !...-.• I 50 60 70 H 90 100 110 120 :• , .. i iri o< top Inches M— BOM •dfMt Inches 7 7 14 , g 11 M 31 42 53 9 17 29 37 54 00 71 10 d 30 51 05 79 88 97 11 M 44 02 79 97 100 114 114 12 13 • 51 59 70 82 88 100 100 121 123 141 132 158 141 107 150 170 7 7 14 09 100 123 148 107 185 211 7 15 114 139 107 194 I t 8 16 123 157 194 255 273 290 8 17 185 229 204 290 317 334 9 18 210 255 299 334 301 387 9 19 290 343 378 405 440 9 20 334 387 422 458 493 10 21 431 493 510 548 10 484 528 503 598 It •An operation in Gates County, North Carolina, yielded at the mill from two stands, one aver- aging 45 years old (Quality site I), and one averaging 60 years old (Quality site II to III), the following volumes in board feet (circular saw 1-4 inch kerf). As was to be expected, the younger tree*, although taller, gave the lower yield. Age 45 y« iars Age 00 y*»r« Diameter breast- high Inches meter Inches Height of tree Feet Use-l length Feet Actual mill cut Board feet Basis Height of tree Feet Used 1. •.,-:. i.,- Actual mill cut Bawd f«*t BUM 8 4.9 77 40 27 1 g 5.5 79 43 43 7 10 5.9 81 46 49 23 77 57 15 11 6.3 82 48 64 | 78 00 71 27 12 6.7 83 50 83 27 79 02 92 n 13 7.1 84 53 112 38 80 04 110 20 14 7.5 85 55 145 1 *. 00 155 • 15 7.9 86 57 180 7 84 08 188 21 16 8.2 M 59 216 7 80 : H i 22 17 8.5 88 ,,. 256 2 88 71 247 1 18 8.8 89 61 290 3 90 n 3 The mill IOSM in this case could have b-. i, <-.>n-i I r.iMy I -sttcned by a better disposition of log length*. •-1iii-Hy rut in 16 foot length*. My rutting IM»IV clmrirr I"K- ffw«-r crooks would have bwr, It-It in tin- middle of the Ion* uml the I'.-- in ^laliliint! r--dm-«-d. In • was an HV.T:IK>- nf 1 1 lin.-:ir fi-i-t of -uund M--IM, .'• in. !, - .ui'l DVT in diiinu-ti-r at thr small end !••(« in the tops. This additional volume, entirely box uud cull, amounted i,. about 7 board («t-t rircular- sawc-d) IHT tree. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 27. — VOLOMB i.v BOARD FBBT (CIRCOLAR-SAWED 1-4 INCH KERF) OF TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. No ALLOWANCE FOR EXCESSIVE CROOK, WASTE OR BREAKAGE. TREES OVER 75 YEARS OLD. Diameter breait- hi 161 173 185 197 210 M 249 115 126 137 148 159 171 18S 198 210 m m -• : M LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. E or DIFFEREN R 75 YEARS OLD. 2 ggqA! $ raw SB t« 3|«q apis s»oi jo -ON • do» )« JJJuq apis -ui ja^auiVTfT sssss: 0 - '. C i 4 *"3on2 ?o?l * i -: -1 '- '_ fj •« \ do» i« ^acq apis o M t- - « « „ o, - - • t - f c '^ > 8 -ui ja^auiBiQ * ~ •_ 1- 1- 1- /•. / 3 O - c •z s c «- > 4 sJSoi jo -o^i S X ^ ^ «? I' 9 I I do; 1« 3(»q apis ~ r^ — C-> 10 00 >0 C > f > « f > «• C » 1 -UT I*|auiBIQ •0 •^ *"- *- ^ °° ° . ~ c c I C »• ^ •3 | u eSoj jo •O£i - - -SSSSs 'n • c' ?a I • • P •„ i • \ > i )« y\iuc\ apis M « o W 0 « 0 -. C-. - • e > ^ e > c e > -UT javmreia U5 « • <0 0 = > c •- c — 2uoj ?aaj £ -91 s3oi jo -o^ ?; ^ «, «MMMMP a : r- - » •1 * •r • '1 • 1 t > )« 31-iBq apis „ « M 0, „ 00 - t- 0. *. •« ) C' > -ui j^aoreia * •0 '" 10 ID « r-f t-ooo, > e 1 auot*»aj£-9T » 3 s v« S-N« s- s-X •> • • M Tl M n Cl o w « N M e- ? ll'lj 1« 3jJBq apis r^ ^ • - n t-coo*.- -UT j»»9mBTa " 10 10 tf> W <0 t- 00 00 » Suoj »»aj £-91 »°I P "ON 2 .: £ « M M.MMMM dov 9« 1-ivq apis .,, ^ „ - N (.«•« -UT jaiarawQ "* « '" '"• <0 « l~t- 2uo| ^aaj £ '91 88O| JO 'O^sJ x * .:' J' ^» ^» V tKtKtK dO) l« 3(«q apis 00 •-; /• .-' B •-: • e« auoj )aaj £ -91 •*>i jo -ON X -r X - - - t* /- • 0 - e.co^.^or. r - 0 _ . H'UKH.I.Y OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 85 I a 1 s ? 2 {H ? B M 3 I H O dO) •'• §53 5P -M : • . ••::< t, | »<>l jo -ox -; :- s ,o -0 •noj 1»»J £ 91 •rfo, jo -oN «q a pit »aoj »o 35$ opii -at j»)aui«iQ oi jo -OM -UI JOJ3UJUIQ Suoj ?aaj £ •{ S8O] JO 'OJ »« jjasq apis oi jo -oN • I'M •}« ^jcq apis gaoj jo - do* ?« 3jj«q apis 8 )aaj £-91 oi jo -OM 3o| »aoj ?a»j £ -91 saoj jo -OM (Inj »« J^req apts -UI J.il->'i|i:l( [ 8001 iaaj £-91 s*oj jo -OM : : : . ! « « 0 O O — — wqoni LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE ».— VOLUME i.v CUBIC FEET or MERCHANTABLE STEM WOOD* WITHOUT STUMP OB BARK or TREES or LOBLOLLY PINE or DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. AGE LESS THAN 75 YEARS. Diameter : -. ,-•- hich Inches Height— Feet 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Merchantable cubic feet 6 7 8 « 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 10 20 21 H B 24 25 M B 28 29 30 IJ 1.7 2.0 1.8 2.4 3.0 2.4 3.3 4.2 5.3 6.9 8.2 9.5 3.2 4.2 5.6 7.0 9.4 11.2 13.5 16.0 18.0 4.2 5.2 7.1 9.0 11.9 14.2 17.0 20.0 23.0 26.0 29.0 5.3 7.2 9.1 11.5 14.4 17.2 20.5 24.0 27.5 31.5 36.5 41.0 45.5 '50 .5 55.5 60.5 66.0 6.3 8.7 11.1 13.0 16.4 20.2 23.5 28.0 32.0 36.5 42.5 48.0 54.0 59.5 66.5 72.5 79.0 85.5 91.5 98.0 9.7 12.1 15.0 18.4 22.2 26.0 31.0 36.0 41.5 48.0 54.5 61.0 68.5 76.0 83.5 91.0 100.0 109.0 118.5 127.5 10.7 13.6 16.5 19.9 23.7 28.5 34.0 39.5 46.0 53.0 60.0 68.0 75.5 83.5 92.5 101.5 113.5 123.0 134.0 145.0 156.0 167.5 179.5 193.0 20.9 25.2 31.0 36.5 42.5 49.5 57.0 65.0 73.0 81.5 90.5 100.0 110.5 125.0 137.0 148.5 160.5 172.0 184.5 197.5 211.0 33.0 39.0 45.5 53.0 61.0 69.0 77.5 86.5 96.5 106.5 117.5 135.5 150.0 162.0 175.0 188.0 201.0 214.5 229.0 * Tops included to a diameter of 3 inches in small trees, and about 5 inches in trees 14 inches and over. If no knotty top-wood is to be included, a deduction, increasing with the diameter, of from 5 to 10 per cent should be made. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA I'INK. 87 TABLE 34.— VOLUMB or TREE* or LOBLOLLY PINE or DIFFERENT DIAMETER* AND HEIUHT- ITT II. ACIE 35 TO 45, IN CUBIC FEET, AND IN COMM, WITH AND WITHOUT BARK; NUMBER or TREE* TO A CORD. AND PROPORTION or BABK. WITHOUT STUMP OB Tor Be LOW 3 IKCHU. (FOB RANOB or HEIGHT* SBB TABLE 13.) Diameter breact- hi«h Inches \\ithout bark With bark Volume per tree Number ft !:..•- to a cord of 160ft. Per • :.t tt bark Volu.n.- I- r IBM Number .•! '-. . • torn m i - • HI •• 1 IMM • ordi ft. Number to » . ..r 1 at 160ft. Cu. ft. Cord* ,,! I'- ll. Cu. ft. Oar* ,,i at ft. | IJ .031 33 31 5.2 .0*4 15. A .061 19.5 7 5.1 .048 21 30 7.0 m 11.6 .060 14.5 8 7.9 .08 12 29 11.1 .133 7.6 .106 0.4 0 11.0 .11 0 28 15.3 .172 5.8 .138 7.4 10 14.8 .14 7 n 20.3 .227 4.4 .182 55 11 10 .0 .18 5.3 26 25.7 .281 3.6 -'. 4.5 12 23.2 .21 5 25 30.9 .336 3. 3.8 13 28.3 .26 4 24 37.2 .406 2.5 .325 3.1 14 33.2 .3 3.3 23 43.1 .460 2.1 .375 1.6 15 38 .5 .35 2.9 H 49.3 .531 1.9 I-'", 3.4 16 45.3 .41 2.5 21 87.3 .625 1 .6 .50 1 17 51.3 .46 2.1 30 64.1 .695 1.4 .556 1.8 18 57.5 .52 1.9 19 71.0 .773 1.3 .618 1.6 The per cent of solid wood to a cubic foot of piled cordwood varies with the diameter of the tree when the wood is cut in 4 or 5 foot lengths. With trees below 7 inches in diameter it is 63 per cent; trees 7 to 9 inches, it is 69 per cent ; trees 10 inches and over, if the larger pieces are split, is is 72 per cent. By combining this with columns 8 and 9, Table 23, a factor is obtained showing the number of board feet per long cord of bolts. This gives a yield of 616 board feet from a cord of peeled wood from 7-inch trees cut in 4-foot bolts; and about 750 board feet per cord of wood from trees 10 inches in diameter. When wood is in pieces longer than 5 feet the per cent of solid wood is somewhat less than is given and the number of board feet per cord somewhat smaller. YIELD OF PURE EVKN-A(iKI> STANDS. Loblolly pine characteristically forms over large areas pure stand* which are to a great extent even-aged. While it also grow.-* in mixe.l Mauds and pure uneven-aged stands, its occurrence in purr even-aged stands is of chief importance on account of their large yield, tin with which they are logged, and the simplicity of their management. On the basis of 90 plots laid off in stands of different ages and under different conditions of growth yield tables were constructed fur even-aged stands of loblolly pine. The plots were fully stocked with normally de- veloped crowns and stems. Yield tables have a two-fold value. They show the approximate yield per acre which can be expected at any . age when the quality site is known or can be determined. They also show the time at which a >tan to" «o >o years Standard cords, 128 cubic feet, with bark 20 37 1.8 24 .2 25 58 2.3 .. 40 .0 22 .9 „ 30 75 2.5 3.8 53 .8 2.9 1.1 2.2 40 96 2.4 1.9 72 .8 1.9 50 1.3 1.7 M 105 2.1 .8 83 .7 1.1 00 1.2 1. 60 — — -- -- — -- 00 1.1 .0 Long cords, 160 cubic feet, without bark 20 21 13 .7 25 33 .5 .. 22 .9 .. 5 .. 30 43 .45 2.3 30 1. 1.7 18 .« 1.2 40 57 .4 1.4 42 1.1 1.2 28 .7 .1 50 64 .3 .7 1" 1. .8 35 .7 .0 M -- -- -- -- -- -- ' .05 .5 for breakage. Table 39 is the same as Tabl, !>t that the yield is given circular sawed, y± inch kerf. Table 4<» jri\r< ih«- yit>M of all tnt-s »; inches mid over in diameter scaled by Doyh-S.-ril.ner rule and also the average annual increment. The largest average annual increment in board feet is obtained on Quality I by cutting tin- staml \\hen ."•() years old; on (Duality II when between ."><) and 11 inches in diameter "five-; tho yield of all trees large enough for crate veneer stock. (Plate XIV shows a Quality II stand, culled, 60 years old, yielding about 30,000 feet per acre; Plate XV an unthinned stand about 80 years old, yielding about 40,000 feet per acre.) le \~2 Drives tho total number of trees 6 inches and over, the average diameter of all trees and the annual rate of decrease in the number of trees with the increase in the age of the stand. This table is of value in showing which portion of the yield is contributed by the trees in the dominant crown class. It shows the approximate number of trees which would he removed in thinning unthinned stands by deducting the num- ber of dominant trees from the total number of trees. (See page 159.) Tables 43 and 44 show the number of trees 9 inches and over and 11 inches and over per acre respectively and their average diameters at different ages in fully stocked stands. By combining Table 42 with Tables 43 and 44 the number of trees over 6 inches in diameter left per acre after cutting to 9 and 11 inches in diameter breasthigh can be obtained. TABLE 38.— YIELD PER ACRE IN BOARD FEET OF A»,L TREES Six INCHES AND OVER IN DIAMETER BREASTHIGH TO TOP DIAMETER GIVEN IN TABLE 32, IN FULLY STOCKED UNTHINNED STANDS OK LOBLOLLY PINE AT DIFFERENT AGES ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES. No ALLOWANCE FOR EXCES- SIVE CROOK, WASTE OR BREAKAGE. BOARDS 1 1-16 INCH THICK, BAND-SAWED, KERF 1-7 INCH. Quality I II III A »» mr Years Bd. ft. per acre Bd. ft. Annual Per cent of increase Bd. ft. Annual Per cent of increase Bd. ft. Annual Per cent of increase Bd. ft. per acre per acre in volume per acre in volume per acre in volume preceding decade preceding decade preceding decade 20 19.700 14.500 25 28,600 22,300 8,800 30 35.100 28,850 7.1 16,000 7,170 35 40.100 34,000 21.850 12,700 2,600 40 44,200 38,150 2.8 26,850 5.3 17,000 9.0 12,050 45 47,500 41.600 30,850 20,400 15,400 50 50.300 44.500 1.6 33,900 2.4 23,000 3.1 18,050 55 52,650 46.850 36,300 25 200 20,150 60. 54,600 48.750 .9 38,200 1.2 26,850 1.6 21,900 05 56.250 50,300 39,700 28,200 23 200 70 57,650 51 .550 .6 40,900 .7 29,250 : .9 24,250 58,900 52,650 41,850 30,150 25,000 80 60.000 53,600 .4 42,650 .4 30,750 .5 25,650 85 61,000 54.400 43.200 31,000 26,100 M 62,000 55,200 .3 43,700 .2 31,650 - .3 26,500 ' 62,900 H • 1 . 14,100 100 63,750 -• :<•• .3 44,500 .2 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 93 TABLE 39.— YIELD Pen Acme IN BOARD FEET or ALL TBEES OP LOBLOLLY PINK, Six INCHES AND OVER IN DIAMETER BREAM-HIGH TO TOP DIAMETER GIVEN IN TABLE 83 IN FOLLY STOCKED i INN ED STAND* AT DIPPEBBNT AGES ON DIPPERENT Qt- AI.ITT SITES. No ALLOWANCE FOB EXCESSIVE CROOK, WASTE OR BREAKAGE. BOARDS i 1-3 INCHES THICK. CIRCULAR SAWED, KEEP i{ INCH. • Quality A«of stand I II III Board feet per acre 12,700 30 25.200 14,000 0,300 40 33,300 23.500 14.900 50 38.000 30.000 20.100 60 42.600 33.400 23.500 70 45,100 35.800 25,600 80 46.900 37.300 26.900 TABLE 40.— YIELD PER ACRE IN BOARD FEET (DOYLE-SCRIBNEB) OP ALL TREES Six INCHES AND OVEB IN DIAMETER IN FCLLT STOCKED STANDS op LOBLOLLT PINE AT DIPPERENT AGES ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES. TOP DIAMETERS AS IN TABLE 32. No ALLOWANCE FOR EXCESSIVE CROOK, WASTE OR BREAKAGE. Quality Age Years I II III Volume Average annual increment Volume Average annual increment Volume Average annual increment Board feet per acre 25 30 7,368 16.143 295 535 1,310 6.824 52 227 . 652 • 23 40 28,365 709 16,419 410 6.024 150 50 36.689 734 23,716 474 12.391 347 60 70 80 41,811 43.601 44,868 697 28.130 30.568 32.201 469 436 16.228 :- • • M.MI 370 370 :••-' 90 45.180 33.205 20.827 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABUE 41.— YIELD Pen Acme IN BOARD FEET or ALL TREES NINE INCHES AND OVER IN DIAMKTER B*SA*THIGH IN Fri.i.r STIM-KKD STANDS or LOBLOLLY PINE AT DIFFERENT AGES AND ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES. No ALLOWANCE FOK EXCESSIVE CROOK, WASTE OR BREAKAGE. ROAHDS 1 1-16 INCH THICK. BAND-SAWED, 1-7 INCH KERF. (To reduce to circular-sawed 1-4 inch kerf, divide by 1.144.) Ace Yews Maximum Quality Minimum I II III Volume— Board feet -'" 95 30 35 40 45 50 55 00 05 70 75 80 85 10,500 34,500 • 40,000 44,100 47,500 50,300 16,200 26,600 32,200 37,800 41,400 44,500 12,700 20,650 25,900 29,800 32,800 35,200 37,000 38,700 7,700 13,800 18,250 21,350 23,700 25,400 26,850 28,150 29,200 30,100 30,800 1,500 8,000 12,500 15,600 17,750 19,400 20,800 22,000 23,000 23,800 24,650 TABLE 41a. — YIELD PER ACRE IN BOARD FEET OP ALL TREES 11 INCHES AND OVER IN DIAMETER BREASTHIOH IN FULLY STOCKED STANDS OF LOBLOLLY PINE AT DIFFERENT AGES AND ON DIF- FERENT QUALITY SITES. No ALLOWANCE FOR EXCESSIVE CROOK, WASTE OR BREAKAGE. BOARDS 1 1-16 INCHES THICK, BAND-SAWED, 1-7 INCH KERF. (To reduce to circular-sawed, 1-1 inch kerf, divide by 1.144.) Quality Ace i II III Yean Volume— Board feet 25 5,450 30 16,500 2,200 35 25,300 12,250 1,400 40 31,800 19,400 7,750 45 36,650 24,400 12,700 50 40,350 28,300 16,650 55 43.500 31,400 19,800 00 46,200 34,150 22,300 05 48,000 36,450 24,650 70 50,500 38,500 26,650 75 52,100 40,200 28,350 80 53,350 41,600 29,800 85 54.350 42.700 30,900 go 55,200 43,500 31,700 44,200 100 50,700 44,700 LOBLOLLY OK M'KTII i AIMI.IXA 1'1\). TABLE 43.— TOTAL NUMBER or LOBLOLLY PINK TREES or ALL CBOWN CLASSES PER ACRE Six IXCHM AND OVER IN DIAMETER, THEIR AVERAGE DIAMETER AND PER CENT Or DECREASE IX NUMBER, TOTAL NUMBER or DOMINANT TREES Six INCHCJI AND OVER, AND THEIR AVERAGE DIAMETER AT DirrsRENT AOE« ON DIFFERENT QCAUTT SITES. Age Years Tree* of all crown classes 0 inches and over Dominant trees • inches and over Number of trees per acre P.T M 1.' of decrease in number of trees Average diameter Inches Number of trees per acre Average diameter Inches Quality I 25 4H 8.2 280 0.1 30 440 7.« 0.3 248 10.4 40 273 30.2 11.4 179 13.2 50 190 27.1 13.2 125 15.7 60 100 15.1 14.8 100 17.4 70 150 10 .« 16.1 80 18.8 80 134 17.3 77 H 90 120 18.3 71 21.2 100 108 10.1 64 JJ , Quality II 25 . 476 7.5 262 TA 30 40 50 60 70 80 469 342 244 187 160 142 1.5 27.8 28.3 21.8 12.4 8.5 10.3 11.0 13.2 14.3 15.3 273 217 151 118 101 86 8.8 10.8 12.8 14.5 15.7 17.0 90 129 16.2 77 18.1 100 118 17.0 70 10.1 Quality III 30 482 7.6 263 SJ 40 50 60 70 80 357 256 100 167 150 17.0 28.3 17.0 12.6 0.1 10.5 11.7 12.7 13.6 204 157 121 102 88 10.0 11.7 13.1 14.3 15.4 ••• LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLB 43.— TOTAL NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE NINE INCHES AND OVER IN DIAMETER BREAST- HIOB AND THEIR AVERAGE DIAMETER IN DENSE, UNTHINNED STANDS OF LOBLOLLY PINE AT DIFFERENT Acts ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES. A«eo< §Und Years Number of trees 9 inches in diameter and over Average diameter Quality I 25 234 10.3 30 254 11.4 40 204 13.2 50 173 14.6 00 154 15.6 70 140 16.4 80 130 17.1 90 121 17.6 100 115 18.0 110 109 18.4 120 105 18.6 Quality II 25 68 9.4 30 153 9.9 40 197 11.2 50 179 12.6 60 161 13.9 70 145 14.9 80 135 15.6 90 126 16.2 100 118 16.7 110 112 17.0 120 108 17.4 Quality III 30 46 9.1 40 234 9.7 50 173 11.0 00 146 12.5 70 126 13.6 80 113 14.4 90 102 15.1 100 94 15.6 . l.oltl.t.l.l.Y «>K MilCTII .\Ki.I.I.\A I-INK. 97 TABLE 44.— TOTAL NUMBER or TREE* PER ACRE ELEVEN INCBM AND OVER IN DIAMETER BREA*TBIOB AND THEIR AVERAGE DIAMETER IN DENSE, UNTHINNED STAND* or LOBLOLLT PINE AT DIFFER- ENT Aura ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITE*. A«e of rtand Yean Number of tree. 11 iocbM in diameter and over Average diameter Quality I 25 156 UJ 30 173 12.0 40 103 14.2 SO 150 15.4 CO 135 10.4 70 125 17 J 80 117 17.8 90 109 18.3 100 104 18.7 110 101 18.0 120 - 19. 1 Quality II 30 50 11.5 40 120 12.8 50 131 14.1 60 127 15.2 70 120 10.0 80 114 10.7 90 107 17.3 100 102 17.7 110 98 18.0 120 95 ItJ Quality III 40 80 11.7 50 N 13.0 60 '•i 14 J 70 90 15.1 80 85 15.8 . 90 81 10.3 100 78 10.7 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. UltADKD Mill Ml- I VHI.KS. Tal-les •!."> to 54 give the actual amounts, values, and percentages of the ditto rent grades of lumber sawed from logs of different grades and h..iu logs from different parts of the stem. The results wore secured by a large number of measurements of the logs in the woods and their cut at the mill. The logs were carefully ;::. -a-ured as to diametor and length, and marked, those in each tree being given a specific designation, which showed not only that they were from the same tm>, luit indicated the relative position of each log in tin- trunk of the tree, whether butt, second, third, or top. About 1,000 logs were sawed at a mill with a daily cut of 30,000 board feet by a circular saw taking a ^4-inch kerf. An exact tally was kept not only of the number of feet but of the grade of each board which was sawed from each log. These logs ranging in diameter at the small end from 5 inches to 20 inches were largely from second-growth stands between 40 and 70 years old. The utilization was close and the amount of mill waste small; somewhat closer utilization would have been possible in the tops, but at the expense of reducing the grades. About 1,000 other logs ranging in diameter at the small end from 7 to 30 inches were marked and numbered in the woods and were carefully graded. These were sawed at three different mills and, with the exception of a small number, were band-sawed. An exact tally was kept of the number of board feet and the amount of each grade of lumber which was sawed from the logs of different diameters in each grade of logs. These logs were from trees in stands which varied in age between 45 and 250 years. The cut of all logs was brought to a uniform basis as regards saw thick- ness and allowance for shrinkage by the use of converting factors (see note to table 23). GRADING OF LOGS. Six grades of logs were recognized as follows : Grade 1. Logs smooth-barked, the centers not coarse-grained, and entirely free from such surface indications of defects as knot signs or red heart. While they are chiefly butt logs, second and even third logs from large 5 and 6-logged trees, particularly those from intermediate and suppressed trees, were included in this grade. Even butt logs of this grade if less than 10 inches in diameter must as a rule come from intermediate and suppressed trees. They have less taper than any other grade of logs and consequently saw out less lumber above the log scale. The f. o. b. value (first quarter 1913) of the lumber which is sawed from Grade 1 logs at points which have the Norfolk, Virginia, price basis is from $22.46 per 1,000 board feet for lumber from 7-inch logs to $30 per 1,000 board feet for lumber from 30-inch logs. (Plate XII, C.) Grade 2. Logs free from indications of red heart, smooth barked, but showing slight signs of knots on one side or quarter of tne log. N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC 8UH\ I V 9f- PLATE XII. UMM <>r DIFFERENT DRAPES. A. Logs chiefly of Grades 3 and 4, diameter* 5 to 16 inches. The** are the prevailing grade* ,nj now coming to the mills. Average log about 38 feet, D.-8. (Author's illuttration.) B. Logs chiefly of Grades 2 and 3, diameters 10 to 24 inches. These are the prevailing grade* and siies which were cut by the mills between 1895 and 1910. Average log about 90 feet, D.-S. The small size of the heart wood is noteworthy. (Author's illustration ) O. Logs chiefly of Grades 1 and 2. diameters 12 to 36 inches. These were the prevailing grade* and sues which were sawed until 1895. Average log about 200 feet, D.-S. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA ri.NE. ' ' Such logs are largely second logs in Quality 1 1 1 stands; some third and e\t -11 i'.. ui-ili logs from large trees in first and second quality stands may, >i. li<> of tliis grade, or they may be butt logs from trees in young or .'M ti.-ltl stands which were not suHiciently crowded and have coarse- grained renter-. Tin- f. <>. b. value at Norfolk of lumber which i* sawed from Grade 2 logs is from $21.60 per 1,000 board feet for lumber from 7-inch logs to $28.64 per 1,000 feet for lumber from 27-inch logs. violent from a comparison of the value of the lumber cut from this grade an«l (inule 1 loijs that small defects have little influence upon the value of large logs. (Hate X 1 1, B.) Grade S. Logs surface sound and free from large knots, but having small knots on one side or at one end of the log. In forest-grown timber logs of this grade are chiefly cut from just below the base of the crown, or in open stands they may come from a lower portion of the stem. The f. o. b. value of lumber which is sawed from Grade 3 logs is from *17.r>0 per 1.000 board feet for lumber from 6-inch logs to $25 for lumber from :!<»-inch logs. (Plate XII, A and B.) Grade 4' Logs partly from the crown and partly from the stem below it. One end or one side of the log free from very large knots and red heart. The f. o. b. value at Norfolk of lumber from Grade 4 logs is $15 per 1,000 board feet for lumber from 6-inch logs to $19 per 1,000 feot board measure for lumber from 22-inch logs. (Plate XII. Grade 5. Logs sound but having coarse knots (1 to 2 inches in diameter) throughout. They lie entirely within the crown or come from extremely knotty trees which have grown in open stands. The f. o. b. value at Norfolk of lumber from Grade 5 logs is from $14 to $17 per 1,000 board feet, according to the diameter of the log. No. 5 grade logs cut 95 per cent and over No. 4 grade and cull lumber and less than 5 per cent all other grades. Top logs of trees under 25 inches in diameter breasthigh are usually of this grade (see Table 55). Such logs on account of the knots yield no bark strips. Red heart logs. — These come chiefly from the middle and upper parts of the stems of trees more than 100 years old, occasionally the lower end of butt logs is affected with red heart. The average f. o. b. value at Norfolk of lumber from red heart logs is about $18 per 1,000 board feet, the value varying but little with the diameter because of the larger proportion of redheart in large logs than in small logs. The average f. o. b. value for logs of all grades is based on the price at Norfolk. Cull logs were not taken. These come chiefly from the tops of trees 25 inches or more in diameter which have very large knots 3 inches and more in diameter, and cut out 50 per cent or more cull lumber. They would add about 5 per cent to the volume of these trees. (The logs in the crown of tree in Plate VII would be cull logs; also, see Plate XI X i The amount and per cent of grades sawed- from butt, second, third and top logs of trees in two different stands are given in Tables 55 and 56. 100 LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PJM . GRADING OF LUMBER. All lumber was graded according to the 1911 standard for the inspec- tion of North Carolina pine. The basis of inspection is the best' or face sidt . St«'i-k sizes below 12-inch are 6-inch, 8-inch and 10-inch widths. Other widths are grouped as edge. A pin knot is not over % inch; a standard knot not over iV-j inches; a large knot is over l1/^ inches. Standard lengths of lumber are 8 to 16 feet, not to exceed 5 per cent 8 feet lengths; widths, other than bark strips 3 inches and over. The following is a brief description of the grades of kiln-dried lumber. Air dried lumber admits more stain than kiln-dried; 25 per cent in No. 2 ; 50 per cent in No. 3 ; 75 per cent in No. 4. By stain is meant blued sap wood. This does not affect the strength of the wood. -Vo. 1 Grade. This grade includes boards 8 inches and under in width having one side clear of all defects, except 2 small defects such as pitch streaks, and the other side grading up to a No. 2 board. Lum- ber over 8 inches wide may have in addition one small pitch pocket, sound pin knot, or other slight defect for each additional 2 inches of width. (Plate XIII, A.) No. 2 Grade. — This grade consists of boards with small tight knots on the best side and less than one-sixth of the area of pitch streaks ; the other side grades up to No. 3 or better. Pieces 8 inches in width or under may have 3 pin knots, or 3 small pitch pockets; pieces over 8 inches wide may have for each additional 2 inches of width one stand- ard knot, 3 pin knots or 3 pitch pockets or small pitch streaks. (Plate XIII, B.) No. 8 Grade. — This grade consists of tight knotted boards below No. 2, one edge No. 2 or better on the best face, and not to exceed 15 per cent of stain. Pieces 6 inches and over admit sound knots to a diameter of not over %. of the width of the piece, or other defects such as pin knots, pitch pockets, or pitch streaks; pitchy boards which would otherwise grade No. 1 or No. 2. No. 1 and No. 2 boards which are pitchy, No. 2, allowing 33 per cent. No. 1, 50 per cent of pitch; No. 1 and No. 2 boards having 50 per cent stained surface or firm redheart not to exceed 20 per cent are admitted to this grade. (Plate XIII, C.) No. 4 Grade (Box). — Box* consists of sound lumber below the grade of No. 3, containing pin, standard, and large reasonably sound knots, and will admit other knots which do not seriously affect the strength of the pieces; a larger amount of pitchy, stained, or redheart surface than No. 3, or a greater aggregate of knots or pitch pockets than is ad- missible in No. 3 boards. (Plate XIII, D.) No. 5 Grade (Culls). — Culls consist of lumber lower than No. 4 (excepting redheart or box strips), either knottier or with more pitch, which can be used without a waste exceeding 25 per cent- and may con- tain 50 per cent of firm redheart. OOIOAL ANI> KroNt.Mir sruvKY. I'LATK XIII . ]) E * F PLATE XIII. Typical board* of important trade* Of \orth Carolina pine lumber 12 feet long. A to D, inclusive, arc dressed board*; E and F are rough. (Photograph* made under direction of author.) A. No. 1 grade board, 16 inches wide, from a large, old, fine-grained heart tree of the Qual- ity known a* "slash pine." A narrow margin of capwood i* shown on either edge of the board. B. No. 2 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defect* are a tmall pin knot and a narrow pitch streak in the upper one-half of the board. Board from an old growth, fine-grained tree, very largely heartwood. 0. No. 3 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defect* are a pitch pocket in the lower one- fourth, two pin knots near the middle of the board, a pitch streak at the upper end of the board, and a sliver in the coarse flat (train of its center. Board is from a second-growth forest tree, coarse-grained in the center and medium-grained on the edges. D. Box or No. 4 grade board, 12 inches wide. Very knotty and coarse-grained. This board is from a rapid growth tree of the old-field type and is all *apwood except a narrow ribbon of heart down the center. E. Merchantable red heart grade board, 10 inches wide. This board would hare graded a* a No. 3 but for the red heart which shows as the dark streaks in the heartwood. F. Box bark strip. The bark edge shows along the upper right-hand edge of the strip; the bark has been trimmed from the lower portion of the [• LOBLOLLY OR NOBTH fARi)I.I.\\ I'INK. 101 Uicart admits pieces containing any amount of firm redhcart whirl, ran not be classed as No. 1, 2, 3, or 4. (Plate XIII, £.) Nos. 1 and 2 bark strips consist of edging lumber faced with bark on • •in •!•• UBTK afc •mall end of log Inches No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Bos Red heart and cull Bark strips Noa. landJ Total 7 25.0 35.0 20.8 16.7 12.5 100 8 23.5 32.4 23.5 11.8 8.8 100 g 24.4 37.8 22.2 8.9 6.7 100 10 28.3 38.3 21.7 6.7 5.0 100 11 28.4 40.5 21.6 5.4 4.1 100 12 31.9 39.6 20.8 4.4 3.3 100 13 33.6 39.1 20.1 3.6 3.6 100 14 35.9 38.2 19.1 3.0 J 3.0 100 15 37.5 36.8 19.1 2.6 .7 IJ 100 16 40.1 35.6 18.0 2.3 .6 3.4 100 17 41.6 34.7 17.7 2.0 .5 u 100 18 43.0 34.3 17.6 1.7 .4 3.0 100 19 43.8 33.8 17.4 1.5 .4 .1 100 20 44.2 33.2 17.5 1.7 1 .1 100 21 44.0 33.0 17.8 1.8 .3 .1 100 22 43.7 32.7 18.1 2.2 .3 .0 100 23 43.6 32.7 18.6 BJ .2 .7 100 24 43.2 32.2 18.9 2.5 .5 2.7 100 25 42.9 32.2 19.5 2.5 .4 34 100 26 42.9 32.2 19.7 2.5 .4 IJ too 27 42.7 32.2 20.1 2.4 .4 IJ 100 28 42.6 32.1 20.6 2.4 .3 3.0 100 29 42.4 32.2 20.8 2.4 .3 • 1.9 100 30 42.2 32.2 21.0 2.5 * 1.8 100 102 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 46.— P«H CENT or DIFFERENT GRADES or NORTH CAROLINA PINE LUMBER SAWED FROM GRADE Two Loos OF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS. Log* 10-3 feet long, slightly knotty, sound, usually from the lower part of stem, with smooth bark, and moderately fine-grained centers. Boards 1 1-16 inch thick, band-sawed, kerf 1-7 inch. Diameter ;•.--. it- bark at small end of log Inches Per cent of each grade No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Box Red heart and cull Bark strips Nos. 1 and 2 Total 7 8 0 10 11 12 16.6 17.8 20.0 21.7 23.0 25.3 25.0 32.4 37.8 39.9 40.5 39.6 29.3 29.4 26.6 26.7 27.0 25.2 16.8 11.8 8.9 6.7 5.4 5.5 12.5 8.8 6.7 5.0 4.1 3.3 100 100 100 100 100 100 1.1 13 27.3 38.2 24.5 5.5 .9 3.6 100 14 29.8 37.4 24.3 4.6 .8 3.1 100 15 32.2 35.5 23.7 4.6 .7 3.3 100 16 34.5 33.9 23.1 4.5 .6 3.4 100 17 36.1 33.2 22.2 4.0 1.0 3.5 100 18 37.4 32.2 22.2 3.9 1.3 3.0 100 19 38.5 31.5 21.5 4.2 1.2 3.1 100 20 39.7 30.8 21.3 4.1 1.0 3.1 100 21 40.4 30.6 20.7 4.3 .9 3.1 100 22 40.9 30.2 20.7 4.4 .8 3.0 100 23 41.4 30.4 20.3 4.5 .7 2.7 100 24 42.0 30.1 20.2 4.3 .7 2.7 100 25 42.5 30.1 19.9 .4 .6 2.5 100 26 42.9 30.0 19.7 .5 .6 2.3 100 27 43.3 30.0 19.6 .4 .5 2.2 100 28 43.3 30.1 19.5 .4 .7 2.0 100 20 43.7 30.0 19.5 .3 .6 1.9 100 30 43.7 29.9 19.6 .3 .7 1.8 100 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA IMXK. 103 TABLE 47.— PER. CENT or DIFFERENT GRADE* or NORTH CAROLINA PIXR LUMBER SAWED FROM GRADE THREE Loos or LOBLOLLY PINE or DIFFERENT DIAMETER*. Logs 10.3 feet long, slightly knotty, chiefly from the middle part of the item. Board* 1 1-16 inch thick. band-wired, kerf 1-7 inch. natal Karlr *t IVr Ml of each grad 1 U&rK AV •mall end of log Inches No. 1 No. 9 No. 3 Bos Red heart and cull Bark •trip* NOB. land) Total 5 77.0 23.0 100 0 33.3 52.4 14.3 100 7 6.3 81.2 50.0 3.1 9.4 100 8 9.8 31.7 48.8 2.4 7 J 100 0 3.8 11.5 30.8 46.2 1.9 |J 100 10 4.7 12.5 29.7 45.3 3.1 4.7 100 11 7.6 12.7 27.8 44.3 3.8 IJ 100 12 9.4 13.5 27.1 42.7 4.3 3.1 100 13 11.4 14.0 25.4 40.4 5.3 3.3 100 14 12.6 14.1 25.2 39.2 5.9 3.0 100 15 13.9 14.6 24.0 37.3 7.0 IJ 100 16 15.5 14.9 23.8 35.4 7.7 2.7 100 17 16.9 15.5 23.2 33.8 IJ 2.4 100 18 18.0 15.8 23.1 32.0 9.0 2.1 100 19 19.5 16.0 22.9 30.2 •J 1.0 100 20 20.5 16.4 22.6 28.5 10.3 1.7 100 21 21.9 16.7 22.2 26.5 il.l 1.6 100 22 23.2 16.5 22.4 25.0 11.5 1.4 100 23 24.8 16.4 22.2 23.3 12.0 1.3 100 •24 25.9 16.3 22.0 22.0 12.0 1.2 100 25 27.6 16.1 21.7 20.6 12.9 1.1 100 26 29.0 15.9 21.5 19.3 13.3 1.0 100 27 30.5 15.4 21.4 18.0 13.8 .9 100 28 31.9 15.2 21.2 16.9 13.9 .9 100 29 33.1 14.9 21.0 16.0 14 .2 .8 100 30 34.3 14.4 20.9 15.2 14.4 .8 100 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 48. — PER CENT or DIFFERENT GRADES OF NORTH CAROLINA PINE LUMBER SAWED FROM GRADE 4 Loo* or LOBLOLLT PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS. THESE ARE Loos FROM BELOW THE TOP Loo. Diameter inside bark at small end of Log Inches No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Box or No. 4 Cull Box bark strip Total 4 74 26 100 5 2 82 16 100 6 5 85 10 100 7 5 88 7 100 8 2 5 88 5 100 9 2 5 89 4 100 10 2 5 88 2 3 100 H 2 5 88 2 3 100 12 1 2 5 87 2 3 100 13 2 2 6 86 2 2 100 14 2 2 6 86 2 2 100 15 2 3 6 85 2 2 100 16 2 3 6 85 2 2 100 17 3 3 6 84 3 100 18 3 4 6 82 4 100 19 3 4 7 81 4 100 20 4 4 7 80 4 100 21 5 5 7 77 5 .100 22 5 5 7 77 5 100 Grade 5 logs, which are knotty top logs, yield at least 95 per cent of No. 4 lumber and cull. Cull logs, which are very knotty top logs from large trees and have coarse knots, yield at least 50 per cent cull lumber. (Note the log within the crown of tree in Plate VII.) LOBLOLLY OB NOBTH CAROLINA PI5K. L06 TAIL* 49.— Put CENT or I)irrc«c.\T GKADU or NOKTH CAROUXA PIKB LUMBEB SAWXD FmoM KED HEART Loo* or LOBLOLLY PINK or DirrtBExr DIAMBTBM. Diameter inside bark At small end of lot Inchee No. 1 No. 3 No. 3 »._ Red heart and cull Bos bark •trip Total Per cent of each trade 7 6.2 9.4 31.3 374 •J 9.4 100 8 4.9 7.3 24.4 41.5 14.6 74 100 9 3.8 7.7 19 .1 46.1 17 J IJ 100 10 3.1 6.3 17.2 48 .4 18.7 64 100 11 3.8 6.3 13.9 48.1 U •< A.I 100 12 4.2 5.2 12.5 4S.9 24.0 IJ too 13 5.3 5.3 11.4 i> : 25.4 4.4 100 14 5.2 5.2 10.4 47.4 28.1 ».7 100 15 5.7 5.1 9.5 46.3 30.3 IJ 100 16 6.0 5.0 9.4 44.8 33.0 24 100 17 6.3 4.8 9.2 43.5 3.4 100 18 6.9 4.7 9.4 41.9 35.0 2.1 100 19 6.9 4.6 9.5 40.5 36.6 1.9 100 20 7.2 4.5 9.6 39.0 38.0 17 100 21 7.1 4.3 9.9 38.0 39.2 1.5 100 22 7.0 4.2 10.4 37.2 39.8 1.4 too 23 6.6 4.1 10.5 36.8 40.7 IJ 100 24 6.5 3.7 10.8 36.7 41.1 14 100 25 6.2 3.7 10.7 36.6 41.7 1.1 100 26 6.0 3.4 10.5 36.7 43.4 1.0 100 27 5.9 3.1 10.3 37.3 43.6 .9 100 5.5 2.9 10.0 37.8 42.9 .9 100 5.2 2.7 9.5 38.5 43.3 4 100 30 5.0 2.6 9.3 39.1 43.3 4 100 ;.„, LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Ofc£*^(ooh-oott'-ao^«Pt— C>oo«9wooopc3"-^o*o»**to*9« • *t*?'^*?S**i*?'S"l*i1'?^*?™™™^^'?^*5lR § • |§ d a Jl i fca i- 2 -- I1 s§ j- 55 = I - : - = = = = = = = = S S S S S S 5 S S Jl ' 3 a coocococoot^-is-h-t^-b-^-t^*t^i^oi'-*-^«oos'-* ^ pppppppppppp- * I ______ i \l ^ H " K IJ I ^ » 3 *«— ic^eo«Tti-b_ote>i>.f-66<»«5 i? s 55 I w 5 •?: i .- 9 II V OK NORTH CAROLINA PIXE. 107 11 1! fa'O Q - - <:a 5] * >. « -. £ — h Ii n 2=2222 2 = = 2 222 SSSSS333338.S8833 0 R - LOG 1 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PIM . I £ - __«riC'in^>^ • il B 49 S ^««pje<>iMe<5'>1'^<«"5ot^r~t^.ooooooSSo><3!O»ooo j :- s 22§SS?SSSl=g§g2SS§S5Sg?§ = iSS5SS F CO 1 - CO •• 4J -2222?5§g5S?i3SS§§S§&SS§^S5gS ,-. 1 2 S S rfg Sit 1 §22SSS3SgS§S255SgS§2SS5S5 J « > w II a B s .*..«,„„„,„„,««„,„ S 2 1 I828SSKS2SS3S58SCSSSg£S 6 1 - «» 2 - c,W«o,Sj=goo^5!So-g£-cc«ggSg§ 5 •o 0) 1 3 1 Diameter inside bark at small end of loir 1 :..^..«.««.«-.««M.M LOBLOLLY OB NORTH « AK«.II.\ \ ri\». 109 I :5SS3833S22 =232aas 88SSS3. 8 = SE: 11U LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. s — ^-^wc^eiww^'*oiOtotor-.aQaoc»-*o~ & — : L< o re, > II « J2 ^61fC^oF*c:^Me&o6---iof;-- Is h £ ; - H P 5 _ •< >" ^ «rtrt«rt«-H^1(M?l n o *s - ?,r •i 13 4> ^o .3 oo2222|2SSJSi5?5Sc§«??5!5555*?5 o •~ eoco-««ij^- — «-<« — ««~«Cl(NC4S5SISMc5c4SS K.J 3 55 3 H i OBLO1 i \ N..ICI 11 , \KMI.IN \ ri\i . Ill Tables .">.'• :in-i f>5a give the per cout ami amount* of the different grades of lumber sawed with a circular saw with ' i-im-h kerf in logs from different parts of the trunk of trees in fully stocked stands of 1«>I>- It.lly pint- i:> years old. Quality I, and 65 yean old b< ) utlitiea II and 111. re>p.vti\ely. These measurements were made at a mill in Gates County, X. < '. They show the small per cent of upper grades in top logs and indi-M'.' tin- necessity of forcing the length of clear stem of trees in young stands since, at a given age, with equal diamctt-rs, the longer the stem the greater is the proportion of upper grades. (Plate* III. XIV ajid XVII, also I and VII.) The larger proportion of upper jrrades of lumber in the logs of the older stand is noteworthy as well as •:pid increase in the amounts of these grades with diameter. This applies to Tables 56 and 5 Table fi<> -rives the per cent of different grades of lumber in trees of different diameters in fully stocked stands 40 to 50 years old on dif- ferent quality sites, and Table 57, the same for stands 60 to 70 years old. The-,' tables show the per cent of grades which trees in stands on dif- ferent quality sites can be expected to yield at 45 and 65 years.* By interpolation the proportion can be ascertained for trees in stands of intermediate ages, and the proportion can be approximated for trees in younger and older stands. Few commercial stands will be produce,]. however, beyond the age of 60 years. This table used in connection with value table (Table 58) enables the probable future value of a stand The average tn-o which was being cut in the 60-70 years old stand in Gat** County had a mill volume of 143 board feet, and a corresponding breast-high diameUr of 13.0 inches. The grade yield of such a tree (between quality classes II and III) is obtained from Table 57 a« consisting of: Grade Per cent of grade Price per 1000 ft. of grade 1912- 13 Value No. 1 13 $ 29.80 » i P No. 2 10 25.50 tM No. 3 20 19.20 3.S4 No. 4 50 15.00 7.50 1 and 2 Bark Strip 4 19.00 .76 Box Bark Strip 2 11.00 M Cull 1 13.00 .13 Value per 1,000 feet of lumber in average tree i 18.87 This gives an f. o. b. Norfolk value of 118.87 per 1.000 bd. ft., which U within a few ceau of UM figure obtainable from Tables 61 and 64. Since cutting in this stand was only to 8 inches in diameUr breasthigh, the average diameter is .6 inch larger than that obtained from Table 16, The 45 year old stand, Quality I, also in Gates County, has aa average diameter of 11.8 Inch**. a volume of 106 board feet, and an average value per 1.000 board feet of iu lumber of 116.7). The average of these figures, $17.80, corresponds very closely to the Norfolk price that the output of this operation brought when out in the winter of 1912. The average tree cut in this operation was 13.7 inches in diameter breasthigh. 112 LOBLOLLY OB NOBTH CABOLINA PINE. to be determined and the financial results of thinnings to be forecast. The values of trees in these stands are given in Tables 59 to 64. For a discussion of the factors influencing grades see pages 119 and follow- ing. Tables 55, 56, and 57 apply only to fully stocked stands on forest soils. They will not apply to younger or open stands, formed of short- bodied trees or to stands on dry upland old fields, in which the wood is coarse grained and knotty and which will largely yield No. 4 lumber. LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA TINE. 11:5 0 ^1 ^T r -1 1 z s 3 222 rSRRSSR 58 Mill n JJ e 0> «--- 2S ....-«. - = -«.«,« ., e — « •» •» ., •» — CO LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA TIM. 11.-. 8 1 ; .,....«,», -18 1 § — «• 1 : : : : : : : : i : I HiiHi X o 2 I1 3-a og i i •• i i i i i : 1 ! 1 i I 1 i i i ; : ! i i 3 H 2 Hi!!!! j & k M s* - j ; £ i 3 a o a li - * j » 1 C * S nlj * 0 IVr ••,.,,! ! 55888SS2222- I 3333SSS2S3 E j ^s d A I s" i 2 1 : * *>< CO I'rr c, -nt S888S8S»SSS 222222225:: h P - 1 S - 2 S 2 « « „ w 5 S S O I ^.939.».,, M 0 1 s IO • ft. o < 4* »**.,...... 8fl S~ K d •9 s -2 = 2a8!53 i 1 J1*"8' ?J •i|s- •1 116 LOBLOLLY OB NOBTH CAROLINA PINE. $ * S3S78SS 1 1 "o i! i £ 1 & K CO Og *: 1 - 3 ,1 1 «^ OO oo oo o> e-j •*»" § I M 41 H CO ! 2 o J ! »H c» W O> CO •*< ^< rcept abou 2 i O O O »-.' > |J 2 ,« 1O «5 «5 ss S O O O i-l N £ '" *" £ "8 o X I and 5 logg ameters al 1 3 O O ~« •- ^ •Sw B-S !& I •o so r^ oo o o -H Toplo and cull, c LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA IMNK. 117 TABLE M.— PEE CBKT or GBADM or Ltnuva IN Turn or DtrrcMurr DIAMBTUU GBOWIMO m FULLY STOCKED STAND* or DtrruxMT Aon AMD ON l)irrt»«*T QCAUTT 8m*. STAMM 40 TO 50 YBAM OLD. Qu.l DUm«t«r v- t Vo t MA I 1-..-. •trip* £"L T..I.I breaM- hicb Hrijjlit : •.:. , • !.. t Iftodl Bos Inebw !'. • • .- 7 H 76 M | 100 8 n 7i 10 7 100 g 80 74 100 10 n i-' 13 14 15 16 17 84 88 91 • 94 95 N 97 7 8 10 11 11 12 U 12 78 78 74 78 n 71 W 08 too 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 18 98 9 12 07 100 19 99 10 10 12 U 100 20 99 11 11 12 03 100 Quality II 7 59 79 10 9 100 8 04 78 7 100 9 08 78 0 100 10 72 78 6 100 11 76 79 5 100 12 79 1 79 4 100 13 81 2 79 2 100 14 83 3 78 2 100 15 84 4 10 70 1 too 16 85 5 7 10 74 1 100 17 85 6 8 10 72 1 100 18 85 7 8 10 72 100 19 84 8 9 10 70 100 Quality III 7 52 H 9 100 8 57 3 81 8 100 9 01 0 80 7 100 10 04 8 80 5 100 11 07 8 80 4 100 U 09 1 8 81 3 100 13 70 1 8 H 1 100 14 71 2 8 79 I 100 15 71 3 9 78 2 100 10 71 4 9 M -1 100 17 71 4 9 77 2 100 18 70 5 9 70 > 100 118 LOBLOLLY OB NOBTH CABOLINA PINE. TABLE 57.— Pern Cesr or GRADES or LUMBER IN TREES or DirrERENT DIAMETERS, IN FCLLT STOCKED STANDS or DIFFERENT AGES AND ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES. STANDS 60 TO 70 YEARS OLD. Quality I Diameter bremat- high Inches Height of tree Feet No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 or box Bark strips Cull and red heart Total land 2 Box Per cent 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 87 92 90 100 103 105 106 107 108 109 110 110 110 111 111 11 15 18 20 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 9 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 17 19 20 21 21 25 26 26 27 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 45 38 36 34 31 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 22 21 21 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Quality II 9 1 6 22 '56 8 7 100 10 74 5 6 21 54 7 6 1 100 11 78 9 8 21 51 6 4 1 100 12 82 12 9 21 49 5 3 1 100 13 85 14 10 21 48 4 2 1 100 14 86 15 11 21 47 4 1 1 100 15 90 16 13 21 44 4 1 1 100 16 92 18 13 21 43 3 1 1 100 17 93 19 14 21 41 3 1 1 100 18 94 20 14 21 41 3 1 100 19 95 21 14 21 40 3 1 100 20 95 21 15 21 39 3 1 100 21 95 22 15 21 38 3 1 100 22 95 22 15 22 38 2 1 100 Quality III 9 63 5 20 58 7 g 1 100 10 67 3 4 20 58 6 8 1 100 11 71 6 5 19 59 5 • 5 1 100 12 74 9 7 18 57 4 4 1 100 13 76 11 8 18 55 4 3 1 100 14 78 12 9 18 55 3 2 1 100 15 80 13 10 18 53 3 2 1 100 18 81 14 11 18 51 3 2 1 100 17 81 16 12 18 49 3 1 1 100 18 81 17 12 18 48 3 1 1 100 19 82 18 12 18 48 2 1 1 100 • 82 18 13 17 48 2 1 1 100 21 82 19 13 17 47 2 1 ' 1 100 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 119 IM 1:1 VM IN \\iii ui ici i s. A tree in.-n a-, s in value by: (1) Increase in volume; (2) increase in the width of the boards which an- cut from the tree, since the wider the hoard the greater its pric. . \, n in th< same grade; (3)" increase in tin- proportion of the higher priced grades, which are free from knots and other defects; (4) increase in the price «.f stumpage; and (5) closer Utilisation or lowering the specifications of grades of lumber. In a fully stocked stand the effects of these factors progressively increase with the age of the stand and the size of the trees except in the case of price change in specifications and utili/ation, which increase irregularly. Increase in volume (page 66) and increase in the proportion of the higher priced grades (page 101) have already been discussed. The other factors which intluem-e value will be considered below. IXCKKASK IX QUALITY OF SAW TIMBER. The prices which have been used for the different grades and widths of lumber are figures based on actual sales (Weekly Sales Reports, N. C. Pine Association), f. o. b. Norfolk, Virginia, during the first quarter of 1913. They are shown in the following table: Width of boards Inches Grades of rough, kiln-dried lumber and price per 1.000 board feet, 4-4 stock No. 1 No. 2 No. S No. 4 or Box Red heart and mill cull Edge* 0 $29.00 29.50 S 25.00 25.50 S 19.00 20.00 f 15.00 10.00 t 13.25 14 .» 8 31.00 26.00 20.25 16.50 15.75 10 32.00 27.00 21.00 17 JO 16.75 12 Over 12 36.00 41.00 29.00 35.00 21.00 18.00 UM Bark strips Nos. 1 and 2. Box bark strips .119.00 per 1.000 board feet. . 11 .00 per 1.000 board feet. •See page 100. .-" LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. The average price of North Carolina pine lumber f. o. b. Norfolk, for lirst quarter 1913 was about $18 per 1,000 board feet. In .him-. H'14. this average price had declined to about $16.50 per 1,000 |..,;tnl t'n-t as shown by the following record of weekly sales, issued June 19, 1914: \vi.lth of boards Inches Grades of rough lumber and price per 1,000 board feet, kiln dried, 4-4 stock, f. o. b. Norfolk, Va. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 or box Red heart and mill cull Edge* 0 8 10 12 $25.81 $ 23.23 $ 16.06 $ 13.30 14.10 14.99 16.31 16.99 $ 11 .55 31.00 18.13 13.47 14.13 14.00 34.00 20.93 Bark strips Nos. 1 and 2 $18.07 Box bark strips 10.10 This decline, which is probably only temporary, should be considered in connection with all tables of average lumber prices or stumpage values based thereon. Table 58 shows the increase in value of boards of the same grade with the increase in the diameter of the log from which they were cut. This is due to a wide board having a higher price than a narrow board of the same grade. These data were computed for upper as well as for lower logs, and as the greatest difference in the value of any one grade was found to be less than two per cent, the two sets of figures were combined. By multiplying the amounts of different grades obtained from logs and trees of different diameters (Tables 55, 56 and 57) by the respective values of these grades (Table 58) the values of trees of different diameters were obtained (Tables 59 to 64). It is possible to obtain from this the value per 1,000 board feet of logs of different diameters of each grade. Table 56 was obtained from data in Table 55, which is derived from the mill cut. The stands of the future, which will be managed for the production of sawtimber, will as a rule be cut between the ages of 40 and 70 years. On some of the best sites where thinnings are possible cutting may be as early as 25. years. It is consequently necessary to give full informa- tion in regard to composition, volume and value of such stands only. This is contained in Tables 55, 56, 57 which have already been given and in Tables 59 to 64. Tables 59 to 61 give the comparative volumes on different quality sites of trees of different diameters in 40 to 50-year old stands, band- 's* p«*elOO. l.olil.ol l.V OB NORTH CABOU N \ IMNK. llM sawed 1-7-inch kerf, circular sawed ' , im-h kerf and scaled by 1' Scrihner rule; tin- value f. <». 1». Norfolk, Virginia. of lumber sawed from trees, and the stumpap- value per tree under different costs of oper. calculated mi tin- l>a-i> «i actual contents and Doyle-Scribner rule. Tables 62 to 64 give the same data for trees in stands 60 to 70 years old. The salient tVatun- in these tables is the value per 1,000 board feet of tlu> lumber from different sized trees and the value of their stumpage us derived from the value of the lumber. I'nder a high cost of opera- tion the stumpage value per 1,000 board feet more than doubles when the diameter doubles. For a discussion of the three costs of operation *!.'!, and $15), and the import of stumpage value under Doyle- Serilmer scale and mill cut see page l.'l". TABLE 58.— THE F. O. B. VALUE (In QUARTER. 1013) PER 1.000 BOARD PERT, AT POINT* WRIT* HAVE THE NORFOLK PRICE BAHIS, or DIFFERENT GRADE* OF LVMRER SAWED FROM Loos OF DIF- FERENT DIAMETER*. Diameter inside of bark at small end of log Inches No. 1 No. 1 No. 3 Boi Red heart and cull Value par 1.000 board feet 5 S 29.00 1 25.00 f 19.00 f 15.00 t 1J.OO 6 29.00 25.00 19.00 15.00 13.00 7 29.00 25.00 19.00 15.00 13.00 8 29.10 25.10 19.20 15.90 13.20 9 29.40 25.30 19.50 15 JO 13.00 10 29.80 25.50 19.80 15 JO 14.20 11 30.50 25.90 I . 10.30 16.00 12 31.00 26.60 20.50 17.00 10.00 13 31.40 26.60 20.80 17.10 10.20 14 32.30 27.00 20.80 17 JO 10 JO 15 32.70 27.20 20.80 17.30 10.40 16 33.50 27.60 20.80 17.40 10.00 17 34.00 27.80 MJJ 17 JO 10.70 18 34.00 27.90 20.90 17.50 10.70 19 34.00 28.00 20.90 17.50 10.70 20 34.20 28.00 20.90 17.60 10.80 21 34.20 28.10 20.90 17.00 10 .SO 22 34.20 28.10 20.90 17.00 10 JO 23 34.20 28.10 20.90 17.00 10 JO 24 34.30 28.10 20.90 17.60 10 .SO 25 34.30 28.10 20.90 17.00 10.80 26 34.30 28.10 90.90 17.00 10 .SO 27 34.30 28.10 17.00 10 SO •:".. LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. | J>§j PL,^.— 0)J2 . O .J ^et^d-E^ 3 >u:-g •35'cS iijljl gi- Q ~* N N «•*"<»< 1O O K500COO100CO'*O>OO5«^U5a>00«'«Jo o to M as r- to us as 8 8 S S ^H^H^HC^WCOCOTt*M5 Hill LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PIWE. S. ? S S 2 ^ ^ ^ R 8 a = 2S.SS32SSSt= _ _ _ c* ei « •«• SSSRS?!: 5RS82SJS.S8 fcg. d a 8« 5 IM ifJiii ISfP •< fe- *^s i 22R8B88388I25I3 III 2 — 22222 — 228 124 LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. z & - * | S 1 2 a Q feet is Ha , i Hi D « W ft 2* u i- J §1.9 -g e! E.C c a* v*MC9tAO)*OC OOOOOi-jC^W^io — ?i-fcocc — — co oooo — o)«^ i - -.; t - -- S T i i - -r i - — cr. — •-: >ooo oo o c — LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA IMM * - 126 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA Q S S g x 3 — il. 8 llu IS. S-.-S3 C o A ffiS SiOOt^OOC^ o^--"OO«>IMOO 1 -2 LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA 1MNE. li'T 2 " » =3 = i *> il S 8 8 ? a q i( ^ 8 s; a t; 8 8 s =; * c s s 8 a a 5 s s R s ^ s s a s s? a 2 s g —-. — «««««•»•» B BS-- ance age, na !ll|8f ^r^S^^ 1l2-s§-8 Z 3S« A (F 5SS8SSS2^S=2g2|| mi LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. The increase in the proportion of the higher grades in the tree with increased diameter is influenced by several conditions, the most impor- tant «>f which are (1) the density of the stand, (2) the quality site, and (3) the rate of growth and the age of stand. Influence of Density of Stand. The proportion of different grades in trees of different diameters as given iu Tables 55, 56 and 57 applies only to fully stocked stands on forest soils or at least not to upland old fields. As the stands be- come more open, more limbs and larger knots develop tin the trees with consequent increase in the proportion of lower grades in them. (Plates III and IV.) Influence of Quality Site. The wood of trees of loblolly pine grown on poorer quality sites gen- erally is worth more per 1,000 board feet than that from younger domi- nant trees of the same diameter and height on a good quality site. This is due to the more thorough cleaning of the stem, the smaller size of the knots, and less taper; knots, however, are more numerous in the upper logs and there are fewer clear logs in the tree, since the length of mer- chantable stem is shorter. This is shown by Table 65, which gives the value per 1,000 board feet of the stumpage of trees growing on different quality sites at different ages. By referring to Table 16 it is seen that at the age of the same average diameter the stumpage of the stand on the poorer quality site is more valuable. With a marked difference in the heights of the trees of the same diameter, -however, the shorter bodied tree will have a larger proportion of crown and consequently a higher proportion of the common grades and a lower average value for the lumber. (Plates X, A and X, B.) Influence of Rate of Growth and Age of Stand. The clean bodied and slow growing intermediate and suppressed trees of a given diameter in an old stand yield a larger proportion of the higher grades of lumber than dominant trees of the same diameter and height in younger stands on this same site. (Plates IX, A, and IX, B, also Plates XVI and XVII.) Tables 59 to 64 show the value of lumber sawed from trees of the same diameter and approximately the same height on an average in 45 and 65-year old stands. The trees above 14 inches in diameter in the 45-year old age stand (Quality I) are dominant. Trees from 14 to 18 inches in diameter in the 65-year old age stand (Quality I) are intermediate. There is a difference of about $2 per 1,000 board feet in the value of the lumber at Norfolk. Since the cost of operation is the same for producing lumber from trees <>f the same size, this difference results in a higher stumpage for the older LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 129 stand (Tables 62, 63, and (it). These tables also show a greater value of the wood from old trees, tin- diamrtrr- and heights of the tree* being the same. In old field stands on dry soils tin- trees are of very rapid ^growth, contain coarse knots, and most of them are dominant. < 1'lat.- III.) For these reasons the yield of lower grades of lumber is also larger than in the more crowded and usually somewhat slower growing stands on forest soils. Eightv-tivr j>rr i-rnt "f tin- lumlx-r which is cut from stands 35 to 50 years old growing on the poorer old field site* is of box grade; ten per cent, No. 3 ; and the balance, largely bark strips, cull, and No. 2. This does not apply, however, to dense old field stands on moist sites. TABLE 65.— APPROXIMATE VALUE PER 1,000 BOARD FEET F. O. B. NORFOLK. VA.. OP KILN-DRIED* LUMBER SAWED PROM WELL STOCKED STANDS or LOBLOLLY PINE OP DIFFERENT AGE* GROWING ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES; BAND-HAWED 1-7 INCH KERF; FIRST QUARTER, 1913, PRICES. t Age of Value per 1,000 board feet, f. o. b., Norfolk, Vs., of lumber from quality site stand Yean I II III 20 $ 15.50 f t 30 15.00 15.50 40 16.05 15.85 15.50 50 17.30 16.55 15.90 60 18.80 17.85 17.00 70 20.70 19.75 18.45 80 22.05 21.10 19.80 The average tree being cut in the Norfolk district is about 14 inches in diameter, Quality Site II, cutting to 7-inch breasthigh diameter. Such a tree (in the present open stands) would be about 55 years old and in first quarter 1913 would have had a stumpage value under an operating cost of $14 per 1,000 board feet, of about $3.05 per 1,000 board feet mill cut or allowing for over run of 30 per cent above log scale, a stumpage value of $3.85 based on the Doyle-Scribner scale, which was close to the general price for average sturapage in the Norfolk dis- trict in the latter part of 1912 and first half of 1913. *Air dried circular-sawed lumber would be about $1.00 per 1,000 board feet lower. tJuly 1914 prices are about $1.50 per 1,000 board feet lower. 130 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. .— ArmoxiMATB VALUE PER 1.000 BOARD FEET or STCMPAGE or LOBLOLLY PINE IN STANDS or DirrKBBNT AGE* AND ON DIFKKEEXT QUALITY SITES, BASED ON THE F. O. B., NORFOLK, VA., >j» or I.i wiu.u r.ivtN IN TABLE 65 AND VALUED ON MILL CUT BAND-SAWED 1-7 INCH SAW KK*r (FiB»r QOABTU. 1913). Quality site I Quality site II Quality site III Ate of • <• of stumpage per 1,000 board feet under operating costs of til sis S15 Sll S13 S15 sn S13 S15 JO $4.50 S 2.50 S 0.50 $ S $ $ S $ » 4.60 2.60 .60 4.50 2.50 .50 4.50 2.50 .50 40 5.05 3.05 1.05 4.85 2.85 .85 4.50 2.50 .50 50 6.30 4.30 2.30 5.65 3.55 1.55 4.90 2.90 .90 60 7.80 5.80 3.80 6.85 4.85 2.85 6.00 4.00 2.00 ' 9.70 7.70 5.70 8.75 6.75 4.75 7.45 5.45 3.45 80 11.05 9.05 7.05 10.10 8.10 ' 6.10 8.80 6.80 4.80 "While the stumpage values given in Table 66 for stands above 60 is old, especially those on Quality Site I seem high, it is to be remem- bered that they are for timber in fully stocked stands which at such ages contain many long-bodied trees more than 25 inches in diameter, and which yield a much larger proportion of upper grades than average stands now being operated. These stumpage values are based on mill-cut, band-sawed 1-7-inch kerf. Stumpage is bought, however, on the basis of Doyle-Scribner log soale. Consequently the value of commercial stumpage for any one age class would be greater than that given by the amount of the mill overrun above the Doyle-Scribner scale for the average tree in this age class. The mill overrun declines from about 40 per cent for stands in which the average tree has a breasthigh diameter of 8 inches to 10 per cent when the average tree becomes 17 inches in diameter breasthigh. Since there has been a decline of more than $1.50 per 1,000 board feet, mill run, in the value of lumber (July 1, 1914) after these computations \vcre made in the first quarter of 1913, their stumpage values must be correspondingly reduced §to adapt them to current lumber prices. With the same cost of operation if lumber is cut with a circular saw J/4-inch kerf the value of stumpage would be 15 per cent less than that jrivcn in Table 66 if the cost of operation and the selling price of the land were the same. The figures in Table 66 show that at a certain stage in the develop- ment of a stand there is a very rapid increase in the value of its stump- age, preceded by a period of slow increase and followed by a period of slow increase. So long as a number of sound trees in the stand con- tinuo to pass from nonmerchantable to merchantable diameters (Table the rate of incn-iiso in ]>ric" <>f stumpage is retarded. As soon, hou nil tho trees have entered merchantable size, rapid increase in average diameter begins to take place through the elimination of the LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 131 smallest trees by overcrowding, and this is accompanied by a rapid increase in price which continues until all widths of boards and all grades df lumber are represented in tbe stand, after which the rate of increase in price rapidly declines, although snme. increase in price con- tinues so long as diameter growth takes place and the trees remain sound. Table 67 gives the value per cubic foot of the wood of trees of loblolly pine of different diameters under different costs of operation in stands 45 to 65 years old. By the time the tree has attained a diameter of 21 inches the period of most rapid increase in value has been passed. TABLE 67.— STUMPAOB VALUE PER CUBIC FOOT or STEM-WOOD or TREE* or LOBLOLLY PINE or Dir- rcRENT DIAMETERS IN STANDS 45 TO 65 YEARS OLD BASED ON VALUE ton SAWTIMBER Dian H roast- high Inches Operating expenses per 1,000 board feet 111 113 $15 Quality 11- 8 $0.015 SO .01 $0.003 9 .02 .011 .003 10 .021 .012 .004 11 .022 .013 .005 12 .OM .016 .007 13 .026 .017 .008 14 .031 .021 .012 15 .038 .027 .016 18 .056 .045 .031 21 .07 .058 .054 25 .079 .068 .055 •The wood of trees of Quality I except of small diameters has a slightly higher value than that of Quality II, and that of trees of Quality HI a slightly lower value. The subsequent rate of increase in value is much slower. Younger stands have less values per cubic foot than those given. In stands 20 years old, an 8-inch tree under a $13 cost of operation, would have a value of about $.002 per cubic foot; in a 30-year old stand a value of about $.005 per cubic foot. Larger trees would increase in value pro- portionately with the value given. INCREASE IN 8TUMPAOK 1'i: Increase in volume and grade take place in a uniform manner with growth. Increase in utilization is dependent upon trade demand. The lowering of grades likewise meets trade conditions and can not be used as an investment factor. The increase in price of stumpage while fixed by supply and demand and subject to temporary fluctuations, is <_rcnerally constant although at a progressively declining rate. Table 71 shows the rate of increase in the value of stumpage as purchased by mills dur- ing the past two decades, and the probable increase in value during the .- LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. next two decades. While the table shows the actual increase in the value of commercial stuuipage, it by no means shows the increase in the value of stumpage held as an investment, for the reason that the log- ging standards have decreased. In 1898 lumber from the present commercial tree was worth $11.45 per 1,000 board feet. In 1913, on the basis of the same utilization, it was worth $20.81 per 1,000 board feet. With an operating cost of $11 in 1893, stumpage was worth 45 cents; with an operating cost of $13.7."» in 1013, stumpage of the same kind is worth $7.06 per 1,000 board f« The following list prices of the North Carolina Pine Association for 1899 to 1911 inclusive, and actual reported sales to the Association for April and May, 1912, June, 1913, and June, 1914, of different grades 4/4 edge below 12 inches, f.o.b. Norfolk, Va., show the general tendency towards higher prices of North Carolina Pine lumber during the past 25 years: Year Prices f. o. b., Norfolk, Va., of No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 or box 1889 $ 15.00 $ 13.00 $ 9.50 $ 7.50 1890 15.00 13.00 9.50 7.50 1891 15 .25 ' 13.00 9.50 7.75 1892 15.75 13.25 9.50 8.25 1893 15.50 13.50 9.50 8.50 1894 14.50 13.00 9.50 8.50 1895 13.75 12.25 9.25 8.25 1896 13.75 12.00 9.00 7.75 1897 13.65 11.75 9.00 7.75 1898 14.60 13.00 10.00 8.25 1899 18.00 16.25 12.75 11.00 1900 20.00 18.00 14.00 12.00 1901 20.00 18.00 13.25 11.25 1902 20.00 18.00 13.00 11.50 1903 20.00 18.00 13.50 12.25 1904 22.00 18.50 14.50 12.50 1905 27.50 24.00 19.50 14.75 1900 30.00 28.00 21.50 16.50 1907 27.50- 25.50 17.50 14.75 1908 27.00 24.00 17.50 13.50 1909 27.00 24.00 17.50 13.50 1910 27.00 24.00 17.50 13.50 1911 27.00 24.00 17.50 14.00 1912 25.99 23.57 17.67 15.75 1913 28.45 25.60 19.17 15.89 1914 25.81 23.23 16.06 13.30 Price list prices generally were from $0.50 to $1.50 higher than actual sales, consequently the increase has actually been greater than the upward trend of the figures would seem to indicate. LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA TINK. 133 TABLE 68.— Pen CENT or INCREASE IN UTILIZATION AND PEK CENT or INCBEABE IN THE VALUE or STCMPAOE BT DECADE* 1803 TO 1003 AND 1013, or LOBLOLLY PINE TIMBER, Nourouc DUTKICT.* (South of the Roanoke River the average lof and tree are larger but freight rate* are hither.) Grades-Kiln-drUd Norfolk, Va.. price. laoi-ian 1901-1903 1911-1913 Price per um bd. ft. Per cent of psjisj Price per 1,000 bd. ft. Per cent of IMH Price per ON bd. ft. Per cent of k-r JSJSJ No. 1 Edge under 12 inches $ 15.95 13.15 0.00 8.00 9.00t S.OOf 0.00 • M IB 17 2 1 B $20.00 18.00 13.25 11.75 ll.OOf S.OOf 8. 50f 18 18 21 33 3 3 4 $29.00 23.00 17.50 16.50 19.00 11.00 14.50 7.5 7.5 17.0 01.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 No. 2 Edge under 12 inches No. 3 Edge under 12 inches No. 4 Edge under 12 inches NOII. 1 and 2 bark strips Box bark strips! - Cull and red heart! (a) Value mill run f. o. b. Norfolk, per 1,000 board feet S 11.45 S 14.32 $ 17.77 (b) Diameter of average tree 20 inches 18 inches 14 inches (c) Volume Doyle-Scribner according to present 250 bd. ft. 100 bd. ft. 230 bd. ft. 90 .4 per cent 54 per cent 70 bd. ft. $14.32 10 100 bd. ft. 100 per cent 58 per cent 32 bd. ft. $17.77 25 45 .39 $12.10 2.22 2.03 $13.75 4.02 4.02 utilisation 420 bd. ft. Volume as actually utilised (common logs not utilized) 360 bd. ft. Per cent of past utilization on basis of present utilization (d-*-c) 85.7 per cent Per cent of length of tree utilized 50 per cent Volume of average log 110 bd. ft. Value f. o. b., Norfolk, per 1,000 board feet $11.45 Per cent of increase in operating costs over 1892 Operating costs per 1,000 board feet, including profits and freight to establish Norfolk price parity $11.00 Stumpage value of utilized timber per 1,000 board feet (a — i) Stumpage value based on total content of tree (JXe) Annual rate Increase in Stumpage value based on used portion of tree (j) 1892 to 190S 17 per cent; 1902 ty> 1912 0.3 per cent (m) Annual rate of increase in stumpage value based on total content of tree (10 1892 to 1902 18.4 percent; 1902 to 1912 7 per cent Decline in rate of increase between 1902 and 1912 (total content) 200 per cent Probable rate of increase in stumpage value for the next 20 years Z.7 per cent a year. (p) Stumpage value 14-inch trees in 1923 based on this rate of increase $5.19 per 1,000 board feet (q) Stumpage value 14-inch trees in 1933 based on this rate of increase $0.78 per 1,000 board feet However, if the current rate of increase during the past decade (7 per oent) shall continue for the next 10 years, the price of sturapago in 1923 will be $7.65 per 1,000 board feet. •Groups of three years taken to avoid abnormal fluctuations in prices. * Approximate prices furnished by Mr. W. B. Roper, Secretary North Carolina Pine Association, IBark strips were rarely saved prior to 1900. {There wan a large proportion of red heart and cull in the early period on account of many of the very large trees being very defective. Small trees now being cut are seldom old enough to have a large proportion of red heart, and have few large knots. A large proportion of the red heart output of some mills comes from the pocoson pine. (d) (e) (f) (g) (a) (h) (i) (k) 0) (n) (o) J34 LOBI.ol.I.Y OR NOBTH CAROLINA IT INCREASE IN UTILIZATION. Table 68 shows (e) the per cent of increase in the utilization of the tree during the past twenty \. ;n -. There is still some additional utiliza- tion possible, but largely at the expense of further reduction in grade. Small trees are used vrry closely in the tops. The heavy limbed top log of large trees is seldom used, however, on account of the numerous and very large knots more than 2 inches in diameter and the high cost of cutting off the large limbs. The use of clear slabs at the mills for laths is general. There is the possibility of using knotty slabs by resaw- intr on a horizontal band saw and cutting out between the knots for heading or crate stock and such uses. There is also the possibility of uMiij; very knotty tops and limbs for chemical wood pulp, but this can be effected only at large, expensive and centrally located plants. Since 1906, when Mr. George W. Koper called the attention of the North Carolina Pine Association to the waste in cutting all lumber in even lengths 12 feet or over, there has been a beneficial change in this respect, even lengths of 8 feet or more now being cut. It will be necessary, how- ever, both to take odd lengths and to use pieces shorter than 8 feet in order to secure complete woods' utilization of the stem and to further reduce the mill waste. MANAGEMENT. So long as there was an unlimited supply of virgin forests, the pro- tection of young or old timber and close utilization of forest were not essential. At present, when approximately three-fourths of the annual cut of loblolly pine is obtained from cut-over land and is either the product of young growth or of small trees which were left at the pre- vious cutting, there is need for a change in the methods of handling the forest. In its present condition a great portion of the timberland is producing less than one-half of the amount of timber that it should, and much less than one-half °f the net income of which it is capable. The stands are not fully stocked. Much of the timber, moreover, is short-bodied and knotty, and yields inferior grades of logs. With a lower yield per acre, the cost of logging is increased. If railroad construction amounts to 50 cents per thousand board feet with a stand of 3,000 feet per acre, its cost will be only 25 cents per thousand by doubling the cut per acre, while the costs of milling, felling, and loading decrease progres- sively as the contents of the logs increase. Well stocked loblolly pine stands are capable of producing annually more than 300 board feet per acre. On the best soils the production on large tracts should "be 500 board feet per acre a year, and on the poorest soils, not less than 150 feet. The maintenance costs, taxes, and interest are practically as high on half-stocked woodland as on fully stocked, while the net earning capacity is more than twice as great in the LOBLOLLY OB NOBTH CAROLINA PINE. 135 case of the fully storked land. Moreover, the earning capacity of the soil can be largely increased, though not to the full possibilities, with slight additional cost. It is largely a question of (1) regulating cutting, 1,1' i adequate protection for young growth from fires for fifteen years after luml>ering. and I .'! ) cl<>-er utili/ation. Few eastern American trees offer better and quicker returns under management and protection than the loblolly pine. It has the following advantages: (a) It is a tree of rapid growth, especially in its youth. (b) It attains nierehantaltle dimensions at an early age, making pos- sible the realization of early financial returns. (c) It seeds abundantly ami at an early age; with proper protection there is no difficulty in securing on most soils thorough regeneration after logging. (d) On account of the large use of small timber for fuel and for cross ties, when logging with steam railroads, there is an excellent opportunity on large tracts for occasional improvement cutting at no cost, for better- ing the condition of the forest and placing it on a higher earning basis. It is also possible in many places and in many types of forest to make thinnings economically, since logs even of the smallest sizes, from 5 to 6 inches in diameter at the small end, can be profitably used when the cost of operation is not too high. (e) This pine forms in many places pure even-aged forests, which make logging and administration inexpensive. Under this caption the management of loblolly will be discussed as to the most profitable age and size at which to cut, the reduction of waste in logging, the methods of cutting to secure natural restocking and thin- ning. MOST PROFITABLE AGE AND SIZE AT WHICH TO CUT. Mixed Stands. In mixed stands of loblolly pine and hardwoods, in which culling or cutting to a diameter limit can be practiced, the most profitable trees to cut can be determined by the rate with which they increase in value. When the rate of increase in value declines to six per cent, the tree can be considered financially mature. This is not, however, a six per cent investment as the rate is not reckoned on the investment value of the property as a whole but merely on the current value of the tree. Since the rate of increase in value during the earlier part of its life is much higher than six per cent, and since in addition there is a constant appreciation in the value of stumpage through the increase in the price of lumber, the average rate of increase in value during the two decades preceding cutting is higher than six per cent. From this rate, however, are to be deducted taxes, the cost of protection and admin- istration charges. Table 69 gives the rate per cent of increase in value of trees of loblolly pine on Quality I sites in culled hardwood swamps. '• LOBLOI.l.Y tilt MUMH r.\Kl>l.l.\ A 1'IN'K. .— RATI Pirn CENT or INCREASE IN VALUE or DOMINANT AND INTERMEDIATE TREES or LOBLOLLY Pixe IN MIXED CVLLED STANDS ON GOOD SITES. (VALUE BASED ON LUMBER BAND- I ' . • •• hicb . Approximate time rf|uiird to grow an inrh in diameter. breMthi KCOXOMO SUCVKY. / PLATE XV. I'nthinned fctand 80 years old, Quality II, on permanent loblolly pine site, in process of lumbering. Although of good size, the upper logs are prevailingly knotty. This stand would have been benefited by the removal of the dominant trees 25 to 30 years ago. Scale of average log about 50 feet, D.-S. Such a stand will yield 30 per cent of lumber of Grades No. 1 and No. 2. Desirable type of seed trees marked "S." (Author's illustration.) LOBLOLLY OE NORTH CAROLINA 1 I 137 cover the freight differential to establish Norfolk parity in price. The elements of costs per 1,000 board feet in an actual operation are as follow- : Logging, felling, bucking and swamping $3.55 Railroad construction 40 Hauling to mill on railroad or towage 60 Milling, drying, stacking, and grading 1.95 Selling and discount 35 Overhead charges (interest, insurance, salaries, taxes, sink- ing fund, and profits) 3.60 Freight differential to establish Norfolk price parity 2.40 Total cost of operation per 1,000 feet $12.85 Some of these items are paid for on the basis of the wood's scale and this must be converted to the mill cut; while there is a credit in the excess of the mill cut above the Doyle-Scribner wood's scale which in the case of very small timber may materially affect the apparent cost of the operations. When all woods' work is paid for by the day the stumpage and other costs are based on the direct output of the mill using the band saw or circular saw table as the case may require. The cost of operation in this case would be regarded, in round figures, as $13 and stumpage values figured accordingly. To provide for a wide range of conditions three costs of operation have been used: a low cost at $11 per 1,000 feet; a medium cost at $13; and a high cost at $15. The one must be selected which most nearly suits the conditions of each individual case. Since some of the important factors of expense which enter into the cost of growing timber are variable, it is impossible to make any one set of calculations which will accurately determine the cost and profit in producing loblolly pine timber on cut-over lands, at all places within North Carolina where there is no cost of stocking. Consequently the cal- culations are made on the basis of what are assumed to be average con- ditions. A soil value of $5 an acre is used, and a rate of interest of six per cent compounded is allowed on the soil value. The increase in the soil value and the increase in stumpage price will in part cover the cost of protection and taxes. A deduction of one per cent from the rate of profit added to the increase in stumpage and soil values will undoubtedly more than cover taxes, protection, and administration charges within a growing period of fifty years. Since there is no cost of stocking other than protection and leaving seed trees, the initial investment is practi- cally limited to the soil value. The growth of the seed trees, if they are carefully selected, should approximately cover the interest on their initial value. Table 70 shows on the basis of Doyle-Scribner rule the rate of interest yielded by fully stocked unthinned stands of loblolly pine with a soil value of $5 an acre, at different ages on different quality sites, and LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 70.— VALUE or FCLLT STOCKED STANDS or LOBLOLLY PINE, AS SCALED BY DOYLE-SCRIBNER ROL*. AT DirntmBNT AOE« ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES AND UNDER DIFFERENT COSTS or OPMATION; AND TH« PER CB.VT or INTEREST ON AN INITIAL INVESTMENT or $5 AN ACRE lUnUMBNTKD BY THIS VALUE. Quality I R»te of Rate of Rate of compound compound compound interest interest interest -•. u ; Years Operating expense* 111 on an investment of $5 an acre Operating expenses $13 on an investment of $5 an acre Operating expenses $15 on an investment of $5 an acre Per cent Per cent Per cent 25 $ 33 g 1 18 6.1 $ 4 30 74 1 42 7.0 10 4.0 40 143 8 87 8.0 30 5.0 SO 231 7 158 7.0 84 6.0 60 326 7 243 6.5 159 6.0 70 423 336 6.1 249 4.5 80 406 406 316 Quality II 25 $ ft 0.8 $ 3 $ 1 30 31 6.0 17 5 0 3 40 M 60 70 80 132 193 267 7.0 ' 6.5 6.3 47 84 136 206 6.0 6.0 5.5 14 37 80 145 3.0 4.5 5.0 5.0 80 325 261 196 4.5 Quality III 25 30 40 S 27 4 0 1 15 $ 3 50 61 5.0 36 4.0 11 60 70 97 141 4.5 65 103 4.5 4.5 32 65 3.5 4.0 80 177 137 4.0 97 4.0 with different costs of operation. The less favorable the quality site, the later is the age at which the maximum interest rate is attained. Like- wise, as the cost of operating increases and stumpage value decreases, the period at which the stand attains its maximum interest rate is post- poned and the rate of interest yielded is lower. On Quality I site with operating costs of $11 per 1,000 feet, the maxi- mum rate, 9 per cent, is obtained on the soil value of $5 an acre when the stand is 30 years old; with costs of $13 per 1,000 feet, a maximum* rate of 8 per cent is obtained when the stand is 40 years old ; with costs of $15 per 1,000 feet, the maximum rate is 6 per cent and is attained when the stand is 50 years old. On Quality II site the maximum interest rate on the soil value of $5 LOBLOLLY OB NOETH CAROLINA PINE. 139 TABLE 71. — STCMPAOE VALUE PEK ACHE OP FULLY STOCKED STAND* op LOBLOLLY PINE AT DIP- PERENT AOM OX DIFFERENT QUALITY SlTES AND UNDER VARIOUS COSTS OP OPERATION; AND THE RATE* OP COMPOUND INTEREST YIELDED 9N AN INITIAL SOIL VALUE op IS AN ACRE. BASED ON MILL CUT 1-7 INCH SAW KEMP. Quality I Operating expenses per 1.000 board feet at Am (11 t 13 (15 Yean Value of •taad GroK- of compound im-trest yielded on $5 Value of •taw] Gross rate "f ;•;;;::;;::;""' rSES onSS Value of stand Gross rate of compound interest yielded on $J Percent Per cent Percent 20 $ 05 14 138 11 S 7 4.5 30 133 11 75 9 17 .0 '40 193 8 110 Q 40 .0 50 280 7 191 7 102 .0 60 380 6 283 6 185 .0 70 500 5 397 5 294 .0 80 592 5 485 4 378 5.0 Quality II 30 72 9 40 8 8 3 40 130 8 77 7 23 3 50 188 7 120 6 53 3 60 262 6 185 5 109 3 70 358 6 276 5 194 3 80 431 5 345 5 260 4 Quality III 30 32 7 18 5 4 2 40 76 7 ' 42 6 8 2 50 113 5 67 5 21 2 60 161 4 107 4 54 2 70 218 4 159 4 101 3 80 271 4 209 4 148 3 an acre is 7 per cent obtained from a stand 40 years old with operating expenses of $11 per 1,000 feet; 6 per cent from a stand 50 years old with operating expenses of $13 per 1,000 feet; and 5 per cent from a stand 60 years old when the operating expenses are $15 per 1,000 feet. On Quality III site the maximum interest rate on the soil value of $5 an acre is 5 per cent obtained from a stand 50 years old when the operating expenses are $11 per 1,000 feet; 4.5 per cent from a stand 60 years old when the operating expenses are $13 per 1,000 feet; and 4 per cent from a stand 70 years old when the operating expenses are $15 per 1,000 feet. Table 71 is similar to Table 70, but is on the basis of actual mill cut (1-7-inch saw kerf). 140 LOBLOI.I V «'U NMUTII r.vuol.INA PINE. Pure Even-aged Stands for Cordwood. Cordwood t itlu'r with <>r without hark is chiefly used for fuel, pulp- wood, crate, stave and heading stock. There is little, if any, increase in pritv with iiu-rca-r in si/c. if small trees less than 6 inches in diam- reasthigh are excluded. In fixing, therefore, the most profitable age for cutting cordwood only the volume of the stands and the cost of producing it need be considered. Table 72 gives the age at which cord- wood is most cheaply produced, assuming the value of the land at $5 an acre and an interest rate of six per cent with no expense for re- stocking or protection. The cheapest cost of production on all quality sites is when the stand is between 25 and 30 years old. The yields at this age are given in Table 37. If cutting is done to a larger diameter in the top or if knotty tops are excluded, as shown in discussing this table, a deduction must be made from the volume given in Table 37 and a corresponding increase made in the cost of growing. TABLE 72. — COST or GROWING CORDWOOD IN FULLY STOCKED STANDS OF LOBLOLLY PINE AT DIF- FERENT AGES ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES ON LAND VALUED AT $5 AN ACRE AND INTEREST AT Six PER CENT. STEM WOOD ONLY FROM TREES Six INCHES AND OVER IN DIAMETER. Ace of •Und Yean Value of 15 compounded at 6% for the period, leas the initial investment Cost of growing a cord of 160 cubic feet, peeled Cost of growing a standard cord of 128 cubic feet, bark included Quality Quality I II III I II III 25 80 40 60 $ 10.45 23.65 56.40 87.10 $ 0.50 .55 .97 $0.74 .79 1.34 $ 1.37 1.31 2.02 2.49 $0.26 .31 .59 .83 $0.41 .44 .78 1.05 $ .75 .71 1.13 1.45 If reasonably clear wood only is used the yields of the stands would be reduced about 15 per cent and there would be an increase of about 15 per cent in the cost of growing the wood. LOBLOLLY OH NoKTlI r.VKii|.|\ A I'l.NK. 141 a flip Fnlll &II efp Sj.d 8 •!P ^ 22 SqSSRSSS s --w S25SSSSS2 jj • -«« S. HJ LO11I.«'I.I V i.K NOKTII CAROLINA PINE. Open Pure Uneven-aged Stands. The per cent of increase in the value of the individual tree can also be applied in fixing a diameter limit for cutting in open pure or slightly mixed uneven-aged stands or groups in which the openness is caused l-y fires and unregulated cutting. Table 73 gives the rate per cent of increase in value for one inch increase in diameter of the dominant trees in irregular open stands on different quality sites. The diameters which correspond to a six per cent rate of increase are 18 inches on Quality 1.17 inches on Quality II, and 16 inches on Quality III. DETERMINATION OF YIELD. One of the most important problems in connection with the proper management of loblolly pine lands is the determination of the yield which could be secured from a tract within a definite period; or in the case of larger tracts, it might be desirable to know the amount of timber which could be felled yearly to supply a mill without lessening the producing capacity of the forest during a subsequent period. In the case of 'small tracts which are fully stocked, the quality site can be ascertained and the yield determined from the yield tables for the class of timber desired, and the age at which it would be necessary to fell. In the case of large tracts, not only will it be necessary to map and determine the areas of the different forest types and quality sites, but to indicate the age and condition of each stand. Waste and unproductive land and young stands from which no yield can be expected within the period to be considered should be eliminated. The productive lands should be grouped according to their growing capacity, and the quantity of the material into : 1. Very open, pure, even-aged stands in which the trees are somewhat short-bodied. The yield of these stands can be obtained by means of Table 73. 2. Pure, even-aged sapling and pole stands of good density. The yields of these can be secured direct from the yield tables. (Tables 35 to 41.) 3. Pure and mixed old stands. Growth is practically stationary in such stands, such increment as takes place in young trees being bal- anced by the death or decay of old ones. 4. Mixed young and middle-aged stands; and pure, uneven-aged stands, which usually have been culled, but the trees in which have stems of nearly normal length. By means of Table 73 it is possible to determine approximately the smallest sized dominant trees of loblolly pine which will attain merchantable diameter by a designated year. Trees of this diameter and larger can be tallied on a known percentage LOli LOLLY OK MUCTII ; \I;f small hardwood, owners of tim- berland should specify in their sale contracts, or in logging contracts, that all cross-ties and bridge timbers are to be cut from the cheaper class of hardwoods; black gum, oaks, and maples. Where there is an insufficient supply of hard\vood timber, the best portion of the tops of medium grade pines which are cut for saw logs should be used, or short bodied or defective pines which will not make good milling trees by the next cutting, or trees thinned from dense groups of pine. There is also some waste of timber in skidding, a considerable portion of which should be avoided, by using for skidways and loading tables, logs of a poor class of hardwoods, defective pines or trees from thick groups of pines which need thinning. The same applies to the use of timber for the construction of corduroy roads, small bridges, cribbing, and trusses. Another item in which there is great waste of young timber is fuel for logging locomotives. The contractors or cutters, who supply fuel, generally take out the clearest and straightest young trees on account of the ease with which they can be sj>lit. Defective trees, whenever pos- sible, should be used for such fuel, and where the locomotive boiler furnace is large enough to take round wood, the knotty part of the tops which can not be split, should be utilized in that way, together with the limbs. Where all the fuel for the logging locomotives can not be supplied in this way, the rest of it should be cut from groups of young trees which require thinning. In fact this offers, together with tin- u-e of young trees for cross-ties, the best means of making. :it no expen-e. thinning* which will be of great benefit to the forest and largely improve its condition, and increase, instead of decreasing, the yield at the time of the next cutting. In logging over a large tract 20,000 to 50,000 acres. nearly one cord of fuel is required for moving 10,000 feet of logs from the forest to the sawmill. If even one-half of this is young timber, it means the removal of four 8-inch trees, or their equivalent, per acre for 10 146 LOBl.ol.l.Y OU NUU I II . AltuI.lN A IM.NK. locon:'»ti\e t'nel. If these trees an- > inches in diameter, there is a loss i he next cutting in ten years of 160 feet, board measure, per acre. Large munhers of small trees are also needlessly broken down by saw- . i-an-less I'ellinir, <>r are cut for bed trees. Jtitl<'s to Govern Logyimj. Owners nt' timherland who wish to (1) prevent waste of their timber and ('2) cut to the most advantageous size for securing the greatest pre.-ent yields from the forest and maintain it on a producing basis should require of loggers the observance of the following regulations: (1) Rigid protection from fires must be afforded all cut-over lands during re-stocking, since probably one-fifth of all the young timber, e\.-ept on wet soil, is destroyed or injured by fires. Sound young pines unless suppressed, must not be used for tram- road cross-ties, for fuel for locomotives, corduroy roads, skidways, etc., unless it is impossible to obtain other timber. (3) When no other timber is available for the above uses young pines in dense groups and crooked, limby, short-bodied, or oppressed trees which will not make clear merchantable logs of good size by the next cutting must be used in preference to other trees. (4) Large trees must not be thrown in clumps of young trees. (5) No dominant or codorninant trees less than 16 inches in diameter breast high must be cut unless taken from a dense group. (6) In case of clean cutting seed trees must be left. (7) Stumps must not be higher than the diameter in the case of trees under 18 inches in diameter on the stump, and not more than 18 inches in larger trees. (8) Sound merchantable logs 6 inches or more in diameter used for skidways and loading platforms must not be left in the woods. Increase in Cost of Handling Small Timber. The increase in the cost of handling and converting was found to be about 3.3 per cent for each- decrease of 10 board feet in the Doyle-Scrib- ' ner scale of the log in the smaller diameters. The size of the mill-run log between the years 1895 and 1900 was more than 80 feet. It is now between 30 and 40 feet, Doyle-Scribner, in many of the larger mills operating in the Norfolk district. If the cost of logging and milling a 13-inch log, scaling 81 feet by the Doyle-Scribner rule, is regarded as 100 per rent, then the increase in the cost of logging and milling smaller logs can be shown by the per cent of increase over the cost for this size log. Table 76 shows the cost of logging and manufacture of logs of different sizes allowing a 3.3 per cent increase in cost for every decrease of 10 feet in the scale of the log. OE NORTH CAIMl.IN A 1'INK. 147 TABLE 70 — INCKEACB IN THB COST or UANorAcruBiNo LCMBER WITH DECBEAM: IN THE SUB or THE Loo. Diameter of log ScaUoflog Cost of 1/nytng and milling Inch*. FMt b. m. Pwroeot 13 81 100 12 N 105 11 40 110 10 M 115 9 25 120 It would cost 15 per cent more to manufacture lumber from 10-inch logs than from 13-inch logs, consequently, disregarding the overrun, the larger logs might be regarded as 15 per cent more valuable than the small ones even if the value of the lumber per 1,000 feet were the same from logs of both sizes. RELATIVE VALUE OF TREES FOR nil I KHKNT USES. The wood of loblolly pine is commonly measured either as logs, scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule, or as cords of 128 cubic feet with the bark on, or as cords of 160 cubic feet with the bark peeled. Piling is now usually purchased on the same basis as logs for lumber — the diam- eter of the log being taken in the middle (the average of the two ends) and the volume of the log scaled by a log rule. Since only tjje straightest and longest bodied trees are used for piling, the stumpage value of tim- ber selected for this use should be higher than that of the same size sold for milling purposes. Veneer is generally cut from logs 16 inches and over in diameter. In smaller logs there is too large a proportion of waste in the wood which is left in the core. Small coarse grained and somewhat knotty stock can be used for crate veneers, but for panel veneer fine grained timber, either free from knots or with only a few knots, is desired. Pine veneer stock is purchased entirely by log scale, and its value, consequently, is that of the appropriate grades and sizes of logs which are purchased. (Tables 50 to 54.) (Plato XI 1, (J shows excel- lent veneer logs.) Only small timber is purchased by the cord. Bolts for boxes and crates, staves and headings are purchased by the cord with the bark on. Pulpwood stock is purchased by the cord generally with the hark re- moved or rossed. (For proportion of bark see Table 34.) The relative value of small trees of different sizes for cordwood, both rossed and with the hark on and for sawtimber is shown in Table 77. Stumpage values in the table are placed at $1.00 per thousand feet for lumber; at $1.00 a long cord for wood measured after it is rossed, dried and racked : and at $1.00 a cord for wood measured with the bark on. To use this table it is necessary to multiply the volumes which are given in the table for trees of each diameter by the relation of the stumpage at $1.00 to the LOBLOLLY OB NOKTU CAROLINA PINE. Actual stumpage pricv which is offered, using as a basal diameter the diameter breasthigh of the average sized tree on the tract. For ex- ample: If board measure stumpage were worth $1.50 per thousand feet, the volume which is given for the average tree in the board measure iinn should In- multiplied by 1.50. If the cordwood stumpage meas- ured after peeling were worth 50 cents a cord, the value given of the rage sized tree which is under this head should 'be multiplied by j-arisou of the two resultant figures will show in which form the timber could be marketed most profitably. Cords of 128 cubic feet with bark on can be converted to cords of 160 cubic feet with bark on by deducting one-fifth from the value per cord of 128 feet. The table is based on all trees in stands 6 inches and over in diameter breasthigh. Cordwood is cut to 3 inches inside the bark at the top for small trees and 6 inches for large trees. If knotty tops are not used the values of the trees must be reduced about one-tenth. TABLE 77.— COMPARATIVE VALUE OP TREES OF DIFFERENT Si7ES FOR CORDWOOD WITH THE BARK OK, COHDWOOD PEELED, AND FOR LUMBER (SCALED BY DOYLE-SCRIBNER RULE). (Based on the average tree, Quality II) Diameter Breasthigh Inchea Cordwood. 128 cubic feet, with the bark on at $1 a cord Cordwood, 160 cubic feet, measured after peeling, at $1 a cord Saw logs scaled by Doyle- Scribner rule, at $1 a 1,000 board feet e $ .065 $ .036 $ .01 7 .08 .045 .013 8 > .126 .07 .023 9 .174 .95 .04 10 .225 .12 .056 11 .28 .17 .076 1-' .325 .205 .10 13 .40 .25 .122 14 .475 .29 .156 15 .54 .34 .18 18 .625 .40 .22 17 .71 .46 .25 18 .79 .51 .29 8ILVICULTUBAL SYSTEMS OF CUTTING IN DIFFERENT TYPES. The widely different conditions under which loblolly pine grows re- quire different methods of cutting in order to obtain the most thorough restocking. At times, however, it is not possible to adopt what is re- garded as the most suitable system of restocking on account of the method of logging which is employed, and there must be a compromise in order to meet the logging requirements. There are in common use three different methods of logging loblolly pine. On wet land logging railroads are used with cable skidding, gen- erally with overhead cable; or sometimes skidding is done by cable dm-ot from the streams or canals dug for the purpose. On uplands log- ping railroads are used, particularly on large tracts in .extensive opera- tions with slack cable skidding or drag skidding. This is frequently N. C. GEOLOGICAL AM> Kt <»\<>MIC STKVKY PLATE XVI. Stand 25 to 30 years old, Quality II, before being thinned. The large knots on the dominant tr«e» are noteworthy. Trees to be removed in first improvement thinning marked "X." (Author's illustration.) N. O. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC 3* PLATE XVII. Stand shown in Plate XVI after a combined first cutting and improvement thinning. MOM of the knotty dominant trees have been cut, leaving the stand formed entirely of slender, clean -stemmed codomi- nant and intermediate trees. These, with increased diameter*, will yield from 3 to 3 Hi nearly clear logs, which will saw out approximately the came type of wood a« that shown in Plate IX-B. More than 3,000 feet D.-S. per acre were removed from the stand in this rutting. The average log. however, scaled less than 12 feet. (Author's illustration.) LOBLOLLY OE NORTH CAROLINA IM 149 supplemented with wheel logging. Wheels alone are used by farmers in logging woodlots. They are also often n-.ed exclusively in logging such tructs as are near floating water, in which cax- tin- timber i- logged by wheels to the water and then rafted t<. the mill. Logging with railroad and overhead cable on \vet land necessitates either clear cutting or cutting in strips since the hn-akage of small trees is very large. The cost of construction is comparatively heavy. Man- airement consequently can not he inten-ive since relatively long intervals must elap-e hetuecn cultinir periods. Logging with railroad on upland with ground cable skidding is not so expensive as swamp logging and the breakage of small timber is not so great; consequently it can be re- peated at more frequent intervals. (Plate XXI.) Logging with wheels permits cutting at short intervals in very intensive operations. (Plates XIV and XX.) In deciding on the method of cutting it is necessary to take into consideration the method of logging. The object is to afford the most frequent cutting periods, which are consistent with high earn- ing power. The following methods of cutting on different types of forests are recommended. (1) Upland Old Fields. On dry soils loblolly pine forms pure stands only on old fields or on longleaf pine or shortleaf pine land, which have been cut clean and burned, and where the naked soil conditions resemble those of old fields. The small intermediate and suppressed trees in such stands recuperate slowly after logging. Since the suppressed trees are invariably short- bodied, a second cutting must be deferred for a long time. This results in the crowns of these trees becoming large and interfering with the growth of the young stand which appears in the openings after the first cut. For this reason clean cutting is preferable on all such sites. (Plate III.) The mature stand should be removed in one or two cuttings. In case two cuttings are made, the smaller and less promising trees, as well as the knottiest trees, should be removed at the first cutting. The scat- tered seed tree system of reproduction should be used ; from 3 to 6 trees should be left per acre, unless there are near-by dominant trees in mature stands which can be relied upon. The best formed trees should be re- served for seed trees. If the trees are wind-firm, isolated seed trees of the dominant class may be left. If, as is frequently the case, on dry, heavy clays of the Piedmont, or when sand in the Coastal Plain is under- lain by hardpan, the trees are not wind-firm (Fig. 3, a and 6), seed trees should be left only in groups. If these seed trees have slender, clean stems, they can be carried over until the succeeding stand is cut, when their large diameters and clear timber will render them extremely valu- able. 150 LOB1.«'J! V <>U MiKTH rAUOI.IXA 1'IXK. On the dry sandhills or Piedmont uplands loblolly pine reproduces thoroughly only when its seed come in direct contact with mineral soil. Stands on very sandy soil arc frequently destitute of undergrowth, and the leaf litter is extremely thin. (Plate III.) When 50 years old the cover in -uch stands will often be so open that if the mineral soil is exposed, dense mats of seedlings appear during wet periods. In the Piedmont, where the undergrowth is heavy it may be necessary to cut the small broadleaf trees which have appeared. (Plate VIII, A.) In open stands the undergrowth is desirable for lessening the evaporation of soil moisture both by sun and wind. When logging is carried on during wet weather, particularly during the winter, enough mineral soil may be brought to the surface to make a suitable mineral seed- bed. On small tracts, a proper seedbed may be prepared by raking up the leaf litter and using it for farm purposes, such as compost, stable absorbent or mulch. This is frequently done, and while it is not intended for securing restocking, the latter follows as a natural consequence. On such sites, where a suitable mineral seedbed is found, reproduction of loblolly pine begins to take place by the time the stands are forty or fifty years old, although most of the seedlings die after a few years, since the shade of the old trees is still too dense. On the other hand, where the leaf litter is deep and has not been disturbed, young growth comes in slowly. This is well shown by stands at Grimes- land, Pitt County, North Carolina, examined in the spring of 1909. Loblolly pine had partially replaced longleaf pine on sandy-loam upland (Xorfolk loam). The tract, which was near a dwelling, had been pro- tected from fire, and hogs had been excluded from it for more than twenty years. The leaf litter had accumulated to a depth of from six to eight inches. Although there were large openings, and the surround- ing loblolly pines bore seed abundantly, the stocking was not complete on account of the dryness of the thick leaf litter. On the other hand near-by open lands, on which the deep humus and litter had been de- stroyed by fire and hogs, were well stocked. It may be desirable in the case of farm forests to cut clean, cultivate the soil a few years until the humus is partially exhausted, and then restock. In such a case if there are no near-by seed trees it will be necessary to plant. While the destruction of litter on this type is desirable for securing restocking, it is not necessary as a protective measure for old timber. The Around cover rarely becomes sufficiently dense for a spring fire to endanger the stand. It is undesirable to destroy the humus on the clay soils of the Piedmont region for the reason that the water table is 30 to 45 feet from the surface during dry periods. During the autumn the amount of available soil moisture in the fine-grained clay soils is small on account of their high hygroscopicity. The humus covering, there- fore, acts as a protection against evaporation of soil moisture and should never be destroyed except when necessary to obtain natural reproduction. l.oliLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA I'INB. 151 (2) J'rrmuni-nt Of ".\ntnral" Lul>lnll,j i'im- Type. On the 80-called ••natunil" or permanent loblolly soils which occupy Quality I sites and some of the best Quality II sites, loblolly pine forms pure even-aged groups or Mauds. On such sites the pine is very tolerant of shade (Plate IV) and has a greater power of recuperation from suppression (Plat. VI 1 1. U), ami a thrifty young stand is easily obtained in the partial shade resulting from the successive removal of trees in the old stand. The stand, therefore, lends itself to a diameter limit cutting. By such cutting the waste in cutting the slender inter- mediate trees (Plate XVI I i is prevented and a greater profit in holding them for additional diameter growth is assured. On "natural" sites the mature stand may be removed by gradual cutting in two or more succes- sive fellings. The first removes the larger trees to a minimum diameter of from 14 to 16 ihches, according to the quality site. The second, made from 10 to 20 years later, should remove the remaining timber, unless the small trees will still show sufficient increment to justify holding them for a third cut, which will often be the case. If the stand is more than 45 years old when the first felling is made, the intermediate and suppressed trees, since by that time they have passed the stage of most rapid height growth, can gain very little in height after lumbering. With logging operations costing $13 per 1,000 feet the maximum rate of interest (8 per cent) is obtained on Quality I site by clean cutting when the stand is 40 years old. The number of trees per acre 6 inches and over in diameter breasthigh in a stand at this age is 273, the aver- age diameter 11.4 inches, the average volume 98 board feet, and total yield 26,754 feet per acre by Doyle-Scribner rule; the average stumpage value per tree, 35 cents, or the total stumpage value per acre $94.05. In a normal stand at this age the average number of dominant trees is about 123, having an average diameter breasthigh of 13.2 inches, an average volume of 191 board feet, and an average log scale of 59 feet. If instead of cutting clean only the dominant trees are cut, the yield would be 23,400 board feet, having a Norfolk, Va., value of $17.16 per 1,000 feet, or a stumpage value of $77.49 per acre, under an operating cost of $13 per 1,000 feet. The remaining portion of the stand above six inches in diameter, including the intermediate and suppressed trees, have an approximate stumpage value of $18.06 per acre. This value is made up of 150 trees, with an average volume of 54 board feet, an average diameter breasthigh of 9.1 inches, and a stumpage value of about 12 cents per tree. The examination of old cuttings indicates that in stands of Quality I the intermediate and suppressed trees, because of the improved light conditions and greater amount of soil moisture. made available by the removal of the dominant tree-, will make almost as rapid growth in diameter as dominant trees of the same inrhes. an average volume of 128 board feet, or a total yield per acre of 19.200 board i\ « t. Since, how, vn-. the value of the timber of the intemiedian ill lie greater than that of the dominant trees of the same diameter, they will have an approximate value of $17.50 or 118.00 per 1,000 board feet ai Norfolk, and a stumpage value of 55 cents each, under an operating cost of $13, or a total stumpage value of $82."'" per acre. This amount represents the accumulated compound in- r 15 years on the trees left for growth, plus the original invest- ment in these trees of $18.06. The original investment has thus yielded 10.7 ;>er e» nt compound interest as against 8.6 which would have been obtained by cutting clear at 40 years. Moreover, the average size log under gradual felling is much larger. By cutting clean at 40 years the average log is 34 feet. By making two fellings the average log of the first cutting is 89 feet; that of the second felling 40 feet. The average annual yield per acre by clean felling at 40 years is 669 board feet; by removing the timber in two cuts it is 775 board feet. In this calculation only the trees which were 6 inches and over in diameter at the time of the first cutting are considered. In addition there are many suppressed trees, which were less than 6 inches in diameter at the time of the first cutting. Many of these will have diameters of from 7 to 9 inches at the time of the second cut and will be merchantable in a third cutting. Since the crown cover of the stand will be only about one-half complete, even up to the time when the second felling is made, a thorough re- stocking will have taken place. Within 15 years after the felling the young stand which will have appeared should be from 30 to 50 feet in height, the two age-classes resembling a two-storied stand. In the sec- ond felling it is often possible to remove some of the largest trees in the young stand — those with coarse knots. The second felling in the old stand will have the same effect upon the young growth as that of a heavy irregular thinning and improvement cutting. The successive removal of the larger trees was in vogue in cutting loblolly pine in eastern Virginia and North Carolina until after 1900. It was customary up to that date to cut to a stump diameter of from 14 to 16 inches, which removed in the first cutting chiefly the dominant trees. After 1900 this method was superseded either by clean cutting, where the conditions justified it, or by reducing the diameter limit to 8 or 10 inch on the stump. Gradual felling under present market con- ditions and methods of logging, seems best suited to pure stands of loblolly pine on good sites. In place, however, of merely cutting to a diameter limit or of removing only the dominant trees as was the custom and as was the method used in the example, only large trees, whose increment has begun to decline, should be removed in the first cutting. The amount of the first cut should be so adjusted as to equalize the two cuts, either in volume or in value, taking interest into consid- eration. It should be possible to obtain at the second cutting a large LOIH.ol IV <>K \'>i;ni (. \Kt)I.I.\A !•! 153 number of trees of relatively high grade. By uniform spacing to secure the fullest individual growth, tre<^ of large diameters ;ui«l yielding a valuable product could be obtained. i Table 78.) While not without drawbacks, \\\\- method of cutting ha> many advantaged in its favor. Tlu- advantages and disadvantage! «'f tliis method arc as foil.. 1. The cut per urn- which can he made at one time hy u logging crew is le-s \\ith two rutting* than \\ith clean cutting. This howe fully compensated for hy the hii^ of the loir-, resulting in cheaper logging and cheaper millwork. 2. Logging the < Id trees iii young -land- i- somewhat more costly than clean cutting. This, however, is again compensated for by the cleaning and thinning of the young growth. 3. Some of the young trees are hrokeii down hy felling the larger trees. With careful felling the damage is small, since the old sup- pressed and intermediate trees have very long, rather than wide-spread- ing, heavy crowns. 4. The reduction in the volume which is cut per acre a No increases the cost of railroad construction per 1,000 feet cut. This, however, is far more than met by the enhanced value of the product. In practice it should be easy to determine whether the increased value per 1,000 feet of the stand will be greater or less than the increased cost of production per 1,000 feet. Since too many trees in the old stand will retard the height growth of near-by groups of young trees, the first cutting must be moderately heavy. The retarding of the dominant trees in the young stand, how- ever, is desirable since the trunk is freer of knots, the knots are smaller, and the proportion of high grade lumber is greater in dominant trees, particularly in the lower logs, when they are crowded. This system of cutting is one which has been satisfactory to the lumbermen for many years, and which helped to maintain the supply of loblolly pine in the Norfolk (Va.), Albemarle Sound, Plymouth (X. C.), and Washing- ton (N. C.) sections. It has further the advantage of affording heavy cuttings at intervals of not more than twenty years and, therefore, should be practiced in place of clear cutting, which makes logging pos- sible only at from 40 to 50 year intervals, and yields a lower grade of logs. In following gradual felling, however, the suppressed trees which are left for additional growth should not be relied upon for seed trees, but these should be reserved from the dominant part of the stand. These should be trees with the choicest stems and should bo carried to large diameters, if their rate of growth is satisfactory, to furnish high grade veneer stock, or large size piling, or choice sawlog< which will yield 70 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 lumber. The form of forest sought should be large even-aged blocks. In log- ging with railroad it is possible to thin one Mock when the adjoining block is being cut for larger timlnM-. This makes thinnings possible and yet maintains the cut. 154 LOBl.ol.l.Y OR NORTH CAROLINA PINK. (S) /."/u//<-iral«le. In the event of conversion into even-aired -lands the next cutting would In- deferred until the young age class was large enough to \*> cut, at which time all trn* except select seed trees would be cut. These seed trees, three to four to the acre, could remain uncut until tin next 1'dling period, when, it' well select, d, they would have attained large diameters and In- extremely valunhle. Large areas of even-aged stands, however, do n< t a*. These stands of mixed cypress, pine, and black gum (Plate V, B) are logged either from canals, from streams, or from logging railroads by means of steam skidders and overhead cable ways. Since then- i< a large breakage of small timber with this system of logging, it i< re< i- mended that clear cutting be practiced and that seed trees be left both of cypress and of pine. (Plate XXI.) The establishment of both species, LOIU.OI M "1C .N"ICI II < AICOI.INA Tl however, takes place only during tlie drier seasons, consequently there ::o assurance that they will form a large part of the stand. Their yield and value is so much greater than that of the gum and water ash with which they an- associated that management should look to eradi- cating or n-ducing tin -e •£ •- = — 2 o . N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC 8UKVI.Y. PLATE XX = - I:HJ 5. - tog* ri 1 f o J • - - - - •= - t _: * = £ 7 = "* '" r. -. - - - - *= ^ . .> -- ; : - = . = .-. * B - * i = = i <1 • .» - ;5 = • -• ' . — ^ t* = i- = a I F , | * 1 » * I tflj11 ^r-s K§:?ffi5: -. '- ': ~ .-- - - ' = a Hi: H:i *ij! 1 - -9 C 2 T e M c C P • « 1 N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC STKVKY. PLATE XXI : u = i « - : I I elf H- = ss N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE XXII. N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SUUVKY IM.ATK XXIII r * — = 2; n 0 o 1 L §! - a - 1 - : c s — ^-^ ill l LOBLOLLY OK .NoKTII ( AK< H.l.N A J'l.NK. l.">7 Bought should be loblolly pine, short leaf pine, yellow j»..|.l:ir. and south- ern red oak. In order to obtain restocking, it is necessary to bring the mineral soil to the surface, to cut heavily, and afford plenty of light. l-Ko'i MI KIN i I;..M i IRB8. The greatest destruction of young tiiiil>cr in the loblolly pineries is caused by forest fires. The tendency of the pine is to seek open places where it secures full sunlight ; these places are generally gra-sy. and if a ground fire occurs before the pine is large enough to withstand it the yuiiiig growth is injured or destroyed. The frequent tin- mi the heavy sod on the longlcaf pine flat land and the pocoson pine savannas are responsible to a large extent for the open stands on such lands. (Plates V. A ; V, B; VI, A : X X ami X X I L) The same is true of the grassy, peaty lands, and the logged-over swamp lands in which grass and short- lived shrubs have secured a foothold and which dry out sufficiently to burn. The difficulties of checking a forest fire in this region during a dry season, when it is under headway before a wind, are evident. The avail- able force for fighting fire is limited; the areas are large and often difficult of access on account of undergrowth in the swamps. The most satisfactory way of reducing loss from forest fire is to prevent the fires from starting or from getting under headway. While some fires undoubtedly originate from lightning, which can not be prevented, the greater number start from one or another of the fol- lowing sources : (1) Locomotives, especially logging locomotives. (2) Logging crews or from logging camps. (3) Farm laborers, especially in the spring when new ground is being cleared, brush burned, or fence lines cleaned. (4) Burning dead grass on grazing land, from which the fire spreads to woodland, or burning the woodland for pasturage. (5) Hunters and fishermen. (6) Carelessness on the part of other persons. The fires from all these causes can be prevented or reduced in number through using greater care in handling fire in the forest, posting notices, and general education of the people to the losses from fires. The law of North Carolina in regard to setting fire to woodland, brush land or grass land, reads as follows : Section 8 of Chapter 2}3, Public Laws of 1915. — If any person shall inten- tionally set fire to any grass land, brush land, or woodland, except it be his own property, or in that case without first giving notice to all persons own- ing or in charge of lands adjoining the land intended to be fired, and also taking care to watch such fire while burning and taking effectual care to extinguish such fire before it shall reach any lands near to or adjoining the lands so fired, he shall for every such offense be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not less than ten dollars, nor more than fifty dollars, or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. This shall not prevent action for damages sustained by the owner of any property from such flres. 153 LOBLOJ.I Y <>K XtiKTii . .\K Keen publicly | • and arrests and pro*. made under its provisions, it has h;id the i.'ivatly lessening tin1 number of iir>-s fnun oarelessn In addition, owners should require persons wishing to hunt. ly to hunt at niirht with torch, to obtain a permit, with the miderstandini: that the >.-rvi«-t-s (,f tlie holder of the permit shall be available for fighting tire without pay. (8) Xo grazing should IM- permitted on land which was burned that season. :ii'»t satisfactory way to protect forest land from outside fires is to burn in tin- fall, as soon a> tho leaves have fallen and are sufficiently dry. a strip 100 feet wide around tlie area to be protected. Sometimes it is sufficient to plow only several furrows around the area or two furrows 100 foot apart and burn the intervening strip. (Plate XVIII.) - i-SM-ntial to protect all young pine trees from fire until they are from 20 to 30 feet high and their stems are well cleaned for 10 or 15 feet. (Plate IV.) This means a period of from 10 to 15 years after lumbering and restocking. Areas containing young growth should be surrounded by fire lines, kept clear by annual burning during damp weather. During very dry weather it is advisable to patrol large bodies of well established young growth, if at all exposed to fire. Neighborhood associations should be formed in sections of counties where the damage from fire is great, and these associations assume the responsibility of protection. The members can issue permits for grazing and night hunt- ing on their lands, prohibiting during the year the use of areas which have been burned for these purposes, appoint patrols during dry, windy seasons and organize forces for fighting fires in case one starts. BRUSH LOPPING. Wherever clean cutting is practiced and seed trees left, or where cut- ting is done to a diameter limit and only small trees are left, it is desir- able that the branches be lopped from the tops in order to reduce the danger from fire. The lopped branchas lie close to the earth and soon decay. Tops which are unlopped may remain a fire menace for many years. (Plate XIX.) Lopping is not necessary on very wet lands or where pine is mixed with hardwoods, unless cutting is clean and the amount of slash is large. Lopping Avithout burning is generally suf- ficient : only in exceptional cases is it necessary to burn the slash. WnfMh.-r it should be piled before burning depends upon the conditions, but piling is generally advisable. No slash should be left touching seed trees or groups of young trees. Damp weather without wind should be selected for burning. There should always be an ample force on hand to look after the fire. N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC 8t !: PLA' XXIV. f loblolly pine. Quality I stand. TO years old. IU driiftity is noteworthy. (Author's illustration. ) N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE XXV. Crown cover of loblolly pine. Quality III Maud in old field, uge 50 year*. The complete isolation of the crowns is characteristic, (iroupi of Keedlingt are beginning to estab- lish themselves under such a canopy. (Author's illustration ) |o|;|o||.Y nil .\.>K||| .\Uol.l\\ 1'IXE. ].",:• Till Thinnings arc made in crowded even -aged >tand> in order to eonccn- trato the productive |M,\\, i .if the soil in a few best trees, accelerate their growtli, and in this way shorten the time necessary for them to reach maturity. Since only the smaller or defective large trees are n-n the mature stand eventually consists of large well -developed trees. In the natural process of thinning the elimination of the weaker specimen* takes place too slowly for the hest development of the stand. ( I IV; XVI I ; X XVI 1. 1 In the struggle for light and food both the sup- pressed and dominant trees suffer. A certain amount of crowding, how- ever, is necessary, particularly during the period of rapid height growth, to develop long straight stems reasonably free from knots in the lower logs. (Plate XVII.i Thinnings, therefore, should be light during the period of rapid growth in height, and -honld he largely limi1 removing the knottiest trees. After the clear length of stem, ho\ has been developed (see Table 15) thinnings should bo heavy in order to favor the rapid development in diameter of individual stems, the diame- ter of the tree has an important influence; not only on the amount of material in it but also on the high value of the lumber which is ob- tained from it. (See page 120, and Tables 59 to 64. and 71.) It is commonly held that when the larger trees are removed as they come to merchantable size, the smaller trees left will begin to grow f;i a thinning may be of benefit to the stand, but not to the same extent .as thinnings of the small trees; by thinning the small trees not only a • larger amount, but a higher quality is secured. *lt has already been noted (page 42) that loblolly pine exhibits with age a progressive increase in its light requirements and a corresponding decline in its capacity to endure crown compression, i 1'lates IV; X I. • This decline is especially marked on the dr\ Mate- III XXV.) On good sites one effect of this characteristic is that in middle- aged stands, 50 to 75 years, the suppressed and intermediate trees and even such codominant trees as have endured prolonged crown compres- sion lose their capacity to recover rapidly or even at all after their crowns are freed; on dry sites this inertness of the dominated classes extends to much younger trees. The relative tolerance which the domi- nant trees of different diameters and on different quality sites exhibit as expn -M. ; those on dry sites are less respotasive (Plate III). On very \\et s< iN thinnings increase but little the growth of the remain- ing treos :m«l for this reason arc hardly justifiable. Since the power of recuperation of the intermediate and suppressed trees decreases with tin- age of the stands and with the length of the period of overcrowding, thinnings in old stands which have never been previously thinned, must be entirely limited to the subordinate classes. In young stands which are thinned when not more than 25 or 30 years old, many dominant trees can be removed, since the codominant and intermediate trees of these ages still retain great recuperative power (Plate IX, A), have approximately the same height as dominant trees, and straighter, clearer, and better formed stems (Plate XVII). Such a thinning constitutes a combined thinning and improvement cutting. A thinning of the dominant trees at this age will remove stems with coarse knots which would saw out a large amount of low grade lumber, even after they attained large diameters. (Plate XVI.) It also has the advantage of yielding some sawlog timber, thus making cutting at an early age remunerative. On the poorer, and particularly, on the drier, sites, subsequent thinnings should be made only with the object of forc- ing the development in diameter of the largest and choicest of the trees in the stand. The smaller trees which are crowding the better trees, which are to form the final stand, should be removed. Thinnings should be repeated, dependent upon their severity, at intervals of from 5 to 15 years. Frequent and light thinnings are preferable to heavy ones made at long intervals. The number of trees per acre on the different quality sites decreases in natural stands at different rates in accordance with the age of the stand (Table 42). This rate may serve as a guide in making thinnings at any age. Thinnings are les^ effective when the first one is deferred until the stand is 40 or more years old. Artificial thinnings should be heavier than natural thinnings, but never so heavy as to leave large openings on all sides of the best trees selected for the final stand. The trees which are removed in older stands should be in the intermediate and codominant crown classes. The openings which are made by removals should be closed before the time of the next thinning in order to secure some lateral crowding and the clearing of the stems of branches before they become too stout and horizontal. Since the development of knots l^i inches in diameter causes a reduction in grade, N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC 8UHVKV PLATE XXI Crown cover of loblolly pine, Quality II, age :».'• years. Crowni email but »lem» clean. Stand crowded, in uri:<-iit ::.-.. I of thinning to develop larger crown.. (Author • illustration.) N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC 8URVKY. PLATK XXVII Crown cover of loblolly pine, Quality II, age 3."> yearn. Crown* wrll drvrloiwd and »ym- metrical. Excellent condition for rapid individual growth. (Author'* illuttration.) LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAKollNA I'l.NB. 161 sufficient density should be maintained to prevent the development of limbs which would make knots of this size on the lower thro*- log* on Quality I and the lower two logs on Qualities II and III. The sup- pressed trees need not be removed. They make small demand upon soil moisture, yet serve a very useful purpose on account of their low crowns in shading the soil and lesM-ninir drying winds. This is particularly applicable to very dry clay sites; less so to very sandy sites. When the mature stand is fully developed, it can be removed in one cutting or in several cuttings made at short intervals. Notwithstanding that the pure even-aged stands of loblolly pine offer unexcelled inducements for thinnings made for the purpose of acceler- ating the growth of the individual tree, no adequate data are available, either as the result of experience in commercial forests or in experi- mental plots which show the preferable manner in which thinnings should be executed, their cost or their effects upon the yield of the stand. It is believed that by proper thinning the rate of diameter growth of all trees in a stand can be stimulated well beyond that given in Table 71 for dominant trees. There would not be as many trees per acre or thinned stands as there are in the dominant class of crowded stands (Table 42), but the larger volume per tree and the larger amount of saw timber would more than compensate for the smaller number of trees., A stand containing 6,000 cubic feet per acre in 60 trees, each of which will yield 560 board feet (Tables 19 and 21) or 36,000 feet per acre is far more valuable than one containing 6,000 cubic feet formed of 100 trees, each containing 300 board feet and yielding 31,000 feet per acre. Not only is the cost of operation less, there being 50 per cent more logs to handle in the stand containing the larger number of trees, but in addition to the larger yield per acre the stumpage of the larger trees is intrinsically more valuable per unit on account of the larger proportion of wide stock and high grades it will yield. (Pages 11!) to 127.) It is possible however to determine approximately the results upon yield of very intensive, thinnings by means of data obtained from fully stocked unthinned stands. Certain trees in such stands on account of the fact that they are less crowded and have more growing space have outstripped all others both in height and diameter. These are the pre- dominant trees which constitute in the normal unthinned fully stocked stand from one-fifth to one-fourth of the number of dominant trees. Not only have they larger diameters than the other dominant trees but they are also taller. The wide range of diameters of trees in interme- diate and dominant crown classes which enter into the crown < is shown in Table 1. Had the density of the more crowded portions of the Stand been reduced so that the spacing of all the treos equaled that of those of the favored predominant class there would have heeti fewer 11 . LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. trees in tin- stand but tlu-ir individual growth should have equaled that of the predominant tnt-s. Careful incasiiivmrnts have been made to deUrmiiir tin- an -a of the i»iitiniuin crown space required for the growth i.iiiiinani tr.t-s of different diameters (at different ages) on different qualitv sites. Table 78 give.s the crown space of dominant trees and the between trees, while in Table 79 is given the number of b tnvs of different diameters which would occupy an acre without retarding accretion. TABLE 7*.— CBOWW SPACE. DISTANCE BETWEEN TREES AND INDEX OF TOLERANCE OP DOMINANT TftBE* Or LOBLOLLT PlNE OT DIFFERENT DIAMETERS ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SlTEB. Quality Di*. • • • - breMt- I II III hi«h Ioeb« Crown ~1 ' !• •' St Distance MtWMB trees Feet Index of toler- ance Crown space Sq. feet Distance between trees Feet Index of toler- ance Crown space Sq. feet Distance between trees Feet Index of toler- ance 8 n 10 7.2 102 11 8.6 115 12 11.1 9 108 12 7.2 137 13 8.7 152 14 11.3 10 137 13 7.3 170 15 8.9 194 16 11.4 11 107 15 7.4 210 16 9.1 242 18 11.7 IS 300 16 7.5 240 17 9.3 296 19 11.9 IS HI 17 7.6 296 19 9.5 355 21 12.2 14 279 19 7.8 345 21 9.8 415 23 12.6 15 329 20 7.9 396 22 10.2 474 25 13.0 10 366 22 8.1 450 24 10.6 532 26 13.4 17 409 23 8.4 506 25 11.1 590 27 13.9 18 453 24 8.7 563 27 11.6 648 29 14.4 19 501 25 9.0 622 28 12.1 710 30 15.0 JO 21 553 005 27 28 9.4 g.fl 680 742 29 31 12.7 13.3 780 32 '15.6 a 059 29 10.4 802 32 13.9 u 733 31 11.0 34 920 34 11.5 The trees which enter into the crown cover can be so thinned as to give each tree the optimum crown space required for that diameter : if the crown space is less than the optimum (Plate XXVII), although there are more trees per acre, the accretion of the individual tree is retarded; if it exceeds the optimum the stand is understocked. (Plate VI. A., Table 79, to show yield of thinned stand and yield of thinnings, gives the average diameter of the predominant trees in stands of different ages on different quality sites; the number of guch trees which could occupy an acre as determined by the areas of their crown spaces; the total yield of such stands, and the yield of the trees removed in thin- ning ; the full value of the entire stand at different ages, and the value of LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINK. 1 >'.:'. the trees removed in thinnings. In fixing stumpage values for the trees in the younger stands a deduction haw been made from the values given in Tables 59 to 64 to allow for the difference in age. It is believed, how- ever, that the stumpage in thinned stands at all ages after the first thin- ning will be more valuable than that in unthinned stands of the same age if, as recommended, the roughest dominant trees are removed in the preliminary thinning and improvement cutting leaving as the basis for the ultimate mature stand the clean stemmed intermediate and codomi- nant trees. (Plates XVI; XVII.) On account of the high cost of making thinnings the stumpage value of the trees removed in making them has been placed at $2 per 1,000 board feet less than the stumpage value of the timber in the entire stand. LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. b oi 8888888 888888 * = ass s §§§§§§§ «N CO >O CO O> —< « CO CO -CK < •* OO O CM 00 O O ^^ CO t^ O -^* "^ •H M •• a *» a O r~ to o O O co * r; co o oo co •* C« CN »H «H « o o co oo o co 222^2 SS 888888 ••S8B! ggggg ,aa', §8888 gggggg O co *o co oo r^ *iJ4 t^. O O CO »O »H CM CN CO O O O O 10 O «O CO >O >O t^ O s h i CM CO •* t» 00 O CJ o o o o o o CO O CO h* O »O r-l CM CM CM CO CO OO CO CM ko CO O CO CM O Cft CM »O 00 CM UJ CM CM IO CO CO *~i O t^ to •* CO t>- 10 00 00 2 2 S 2 2 CM 8SSSSS Quality III ggggg 28!ogg = o CO M3 0 o O O O o o o •v a> CM CO CO CO o o >o V ggg gg »-( CO »O og §o o 0 t- 1C "5 t*- t*- 11111 rt « « CM OO 01 Tt< CO t~ CO ss «-l CO ,!: CM 00 O CO CO IO •<• e» —i co e 1-; 358 §Q 00 Q housand feet les he nearest doll g5 g'g II ^^ §•§<>> §•§ g 111 § g. o *• > t. a 1 .s a £ •3 a g a * 1*111 3-lls Jlflf JB ^ K 1 •§ H H pa LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. I",;, By comparing the values of the thinned stands in Table 79 with those given for unthinned stands in Table 71 it N -« .-n that thinnings increase the value of the stands on Qualities I and II. The values of (Duality III stands, however, are reduced. This shows as has been pointed out in a previous paper* that "the chief value of the thinnings in the older stands on dry soils is to save the tree which would be lost l.y ', M : ••• • j. ..-. • , •• : | Quality II. operating 53 PSpvi 30 $ 64.62 16,000 14.04 ISJI 35 80.84 21,850 4.10 J.60 40 123.77 26,850 4.58 tM 45 168.88 30,850 5.45 IJO Plantations can be made consequently with an initial investment of $13 an acre with the expectation of netting at least 5 per cent, com- pounded, provided there is an increase of $1.50 per 1,000 feet in the price of stumpage in a stand at 35 years; an increase of $1.75 in a stand at 40 years old, and an increase of $2.25 in a stand at 45 years. The increase of $1.50 in 35 years is less than % of one per cent a year on the present value of stumpage per 1,000 feet. The cost of growing on other quality sites can be easily calculated by means of Table 38. The present value of stumpage can be approximated from Tables 59 to 64. Tn case stands are thinned the cost of growing is affected as shown in Table 79. PUBLICATIONS or THE NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY BULLETINS. 1. Iron Ores of North Carolina, by Henry B. C. Nltze. 1893. 8°, 239 pp., 20 pi., and map. Out of print. 2. Building and Ornamental Stones in North Carolina, by T. L. Watson and F. B. Laney in collaboration with George P. Merrill, 1906. 8°, 283 pp., 32 pi., 2 figs. Postage 25 cents. Cloth-bound copy SO centt extra. 3. Gold Deposits in North Carolina, by Henry B. C. NlUe and George B. Hanna, 1896. 8°, 196 pp., 14 pi., and map. Out of print. 4. Road Material and Road Construction in North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes and William Cain, 1893. 8°, 88 pp. Out of print. 5. The Forests, Forest Lands and Forest Products of Eastern North Caro- lina, by W. W. Ashe, 1894. 8°, 128 pp., 6 pi. Postage 5 cents. 6. The Timber Trees of North Carolina, by Gifford Pinchot and W. W. Ashe, 1897. 8°, 227 pp., 22 pi. Out of print. 7. Forest Fires: Their Destructive Work, Causes and Prevention, by W. W. Ashe, 1895. 8°, 66 pp., 1 pi. Postage 5 cents. 8. Water-powers in North Carolina, by George F. Swain, Joseph A. Holmes and E. W. Myers, 1899. 8°, 362 pp., 16 pi. Postage 16 cents. ' 9. Monazite and Monazite Deposits in North Carolina, by Henry B. C. NiU«, 1895. 8°, 47 pp., 5 pi. Out of print. 10. Gold Mining in North Carolina and other Appalachian States, by Henry B. C. Nitze and A. J. Wilkins, 1897. 8°, 164 pp., 10 pi. Out of print. 11. Corundum and the Basic Magnesian Rocks of Western North Carolina, by J. Volney Lewis, 1895. 8°, 107 pp., 6 pi. Out of print. 12. History of the Gems Found in North Carolina, by George Frederick Kunz, 1907. 8°, 60 pp., 15 pi. Postage 8 cents. Cloth-bound copy 30 centt extra. 13. Clay Deposits and Clay Industries in North Carolina, by Heinrich Ries, 1897. 8°, 157 pp., 12 pi. Postage 10 cents. 14. The Cultivation of the Diamond-back Terrapin, by R. E. Coker, 1906. 8°, 67 pp., 23 pi., 2 figs. Out of print. 15. Experiments in Oyster Culture in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, by Robert E. Coker, 1907. 8°, 74 pp., 17 pi., 11 figs. Postage 6 cents. 16. Shade Trees for North Carolina, by W. W. Ashe, 1908. 8°, 74 pp., 10 pi., 16 figs. Postage 6 cents. 17. Terracing of Farm Lands, by W. W. Ashe, 1908. 8°, 38 pp., 6 pi.. 2 figs. Postage 4 cents. 18. Bibliography of North Carolina Geology, Mineralogy and Geography. with a list of Maps, by Francis Baker Laney and Katherine Hill Wood, 1909. 8°, 428 pp. Postage 25 cents. Cloth-bound copy SO cents extra. 19. The Tin Deposits of the Carolines, by Joseph Hyde Pratt and Douglas B. Sterrett, 1905. 8°, 64 pp., 8 figs. Postage 4 cents. 20. Water-powers of North Carolina: An Appendix to Bulletin 8, 1910. 8e, 383 pp. Postage 25 cents. 21. The Gold Hill Mining District of North Carolina, by Francis Baker Laney, 1910. 8°, 137 pp., 23 pi., 5 figs. Postage 15 cents. 22. A Report on the Cid Mining District, Davidson County. N. C., by J. E. Pogue, Jr., 1911. 8°, 144 pp., 22 pi., 5 figs. Postage 15 cents. 23. Forest Conditions in Western North Carolina, by J. S. Holmes 1911. 8°, 115 pp., 8 pi. Postage 15 cents. LOItl«'|I.Y «'K .\OUIH CAKOI.1NA 1'IXE. 24. Loblolly or North Carolina Pine, by W. W. Ashe, Forest Inspector, U. S. Forest Service (and former Forester of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey). Peparrd in Cooperation with the Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1914. 8°, 176 pp., 27 plates, 5 figs. Postage 10 centt. ECONOMIC PAPERS. I. The Maple «ugar Industry in Western North Carolina, by W. W. Ashe, 1897. 8°, 34 pp. Postage 2 cents. iv Recent Road Legislation in North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes. Out of print. 3. Talc and Pyrophyllite Deposits in North Carolina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1900. 8°, 29 pp., 2 maps. Postage 2 cents. 4. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1900, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1901. 8°, 36 pp., and map. Postage 2 cents. Take* up in some detail Occurrences of Goll, Silver, Lead and Zinc, Copper, Iron Mangan- •M. Corundum, Granite, Mica, Talc, Pyrophyllite, Graphite, Kaolin, Gem Minerals, Monazite, Tungsten, Building Stones, and Coal in North Carolina. 5. Road Laws of North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes. Out of print. 6. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1901, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1902. 8°, 102 pp. Postage 4 cents. Gives a List of Minerals found in North Carolina: describes the Treatment of Sulphuret Gold Ore*, (riving localities; takes up the Occurrence of Copper in the Virgilina, Gold Hill, and Ore Knob districts; gives Occurrence and Uses of Corundum; a List of Garnets, describ- ing Localities; the Occurrence, Associated Minerals, Uses and Localities of Mica; the Occur- rence of North Carolina Feldspar, with Analyses; an extended description of North Carolina Gems and Gem Minerals- Occurrences of Monazite, Barytes, Ocher; describes and gives Oc- currence* of Graphite and Coal ; describes and gives Occurrences of Building Stones, including Limestone; describes and gives Uses for the various forms of Clay; and under the head of "Other Economic Minerals," describes and gives Occurrences of Chromite, Asbestos and Zircon. 7. Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1902, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1903. 8°, 27 pp. Out of print. 8. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1903, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1904. 8°, 74 pp. Postage 4 cents. Give* descriptions of Mines worked for Gold in 1903; descriptions of Properties worked for Copper during 1903, together with assay of ore from Twin-Edwards Mine; Analyses of Limon- ite ore from Wilson Mine; the Occurrence of Tin; in some detail the Occurrences of Abrasives; Occurrences of Monazite and Zircon; Occurrences and Varieties of Graphite, giving Methods of Cleaning; Occurrences of Marble and other forms of Limestone; Analyses of Kaolin from Barber Creek, Jackson County, North Carolina. 9. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1904, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1905. 8°, 95 pp. Postage 4 cents. Gives Mines Producing Gold and Silver during 1903 and 1904 and Sources of the Gold Produced during 1904; describes the mineral Chromite, giving Analyses of Selected Samples of Chromite from Mines in Yancey County; describes Commercial Varieties of Mica, giving the manner in which it occurs in North Carolina, Percentage of Mica in the Dikes, Methods of Mining, Associated Minerals, Localities, Uses; describes the mineral Barytes, giving Method of Cleaning and Preparing Barytes for Market; describes the use of Monazite as used in connec- tion with the Preparation of the Bunsen Burner, and goes into the use of Zircon in connection with the Nernst Lamp, giving a List of the Principal Yttrium Minerals; describes the minerals containing Corundum Gems, Hiddenite and Other Gem Minerals, and gives New Occurrences of these Gems; describes the mineral Graphite and gives new Uses for same. 10. Oyster Culture in North Carolina, by Robert E. Coker, 1905. 8°, 39 pp. Out of print. II. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1905, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1906. 8°, 95 pp. Postage 4 cents. Describes the mineral Cobalt and the principal minerals that contain Cobalt; Corundum Localities; Monazite and Zircon in considerable detail, giving Analyses of Thonanite; describes in Land. Phosphate Rock, Marl Beds. 12. Investigations Relative to the Shad Fisheries of North Carolina, by John N. Cobb, 1906. 8°, 74 pp., 8 maps. Postage 6 cents. 13. Report of Committee on Fisheries in North Carolina. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1906. 8°, 78 pp. Out of print. 14. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1906, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1907. 88, 144 pp., 20 pi., and 5 figs. Postage 10 cents. Under the head of "Recent Changes in Gold Mining in North Carolina " gives methods of mining, describing Log Washers, Square Sets, Cyanide Plants, etc., and detailed descriptions LOBLOLLY OE NORTH CAKoil.vv I'lXE. 17:; of Gold Deposit* and Mines are given; Copper Deposit* of Swain County are described* Mica Deposits of western North Carolina are described, Divine distribution and General Character General Geology. Occurrence. Associated Minerals. Mining and Treatment of Mica. Origin! together with a description of many of the mines; Monatite i> taken up in considerable detail as to Location and Occurrence, Geology, including claues of Korku. Age, Associations. Weath- ering, method of Mining and Cleaning, description of Monaxite in Original Ma-.: 15. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1907, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1908. 8°, 176 pp., 13 pi., and 4 figs. Pottage 15 centt. Takes up in detail the Copper of the (.old Hill Copper District; a description of the UNO of Monazite and its Associated Minerals: descriptions of K . Amethyst Localities- a detailed description with Analyses of th>' North Carolina ; a description of the I'rat Formations in ' na. t...-.-il).r with • de- tailed account of the Uses of Peat and the Results of an I .. the United • ..•olok'iciil Survey on Peat from Elizabeth City. North Carolina. 16. Report of Convention called by Governor R. B. Glenn to Investigate the Fishing Industries in North Carolina, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1908. 8°, 45 pp. Out of print. 17. Proceedings of Drainage Convention held at New Bern. North Carolina, September 9, 1908. Compiled by Josepn Hyde Pratt, 1908. 8", 94 pp. Out of print. 18. Proceedings of Second Annual Drainage Convention held at New Bern, North Carolina, November 11 and 12, 1909, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, and containing North Carolina Drainage Law, 1909. 8°, 50 pp. Our of print. 19. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1909, by J. S. Holmes. Forester, 1910. 8°, 52 pp., 9 pi. Out of print. 20. Wood-using Industries of North Carolina, by Roger E. Simmons, under the direction of J. S. Holmes and H. S. Sackett, 1910. 8°, 74 pp., 6 pi. Postage 7 cents. 21. Proceedings of the Third Annual Drainage Convention, held under Auspices of the North Carolina Drainage Association; and the North Carolina Drainage Law (codified). Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1911. 8°, 67 pp., 3 pi. Out of print. 22. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1910, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1911. 8°, 48 pp. Out of print. 23. Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1908, '09, and '10, by Joseph Hyde Pratt and Miss H. M. Berry, 1911. 8°, 134 pp., 1 pi., 27 figs. Pottage 10 cents. Gives report on Virgilina Copper District of North Carolina and Virginia, by F. B. Laney; Detailed report on Mica Deposits of North Carolina, by Douglas B. Sterrett: Detailed report on Monazite, by Douglas B. Sterrett; Reports on various Gem Minerals, by Douglas B. flier- rett; Information and Analyses concerning certain Mineral Springs; Extract from Chance Report of the Dan River and Deep River Coal Fields; Some notes on the Peat Industry, by Professor Charles A. Davis; Extract from report of Arthur Keith on the Nantahala Marble; Description of the manufacture of Sand-lime Brick. 24. Fishing Industry of North Carolina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1911. 89, 44 pp. Out of print. 25. Proceedings of Second Annual Convention of the North Carolina For- estry Association, held at Raleigh, North Carolina, February 21, 1912. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1911. Suggested Forestry Legislation. Com- piled by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1912. 8°, 71 pp. Pottage 5 centt. 26. Proceedings of Fourth Annual Drainage Convention, held at Elizabeth City, North Carolina, November 15 and 16, 1911, compiled by Joseph Hyd* Pratt, State Geologist, 1912. 8°, 45 pp. Pottage S centt. 27. Highway Work in North Carolina, containing a Statistical Report of Road Work during 1911 by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary, 1912. 8°, 145 pp., 11 figs. Pottage 10 centt. 28. Culverts and Small Bridges for Country Roads in North Carolina, by C. R. Thomas and T. F. Hickerson, 1912. 8°, 56 pp., 14 flgs., 20 pi. Pottage 10 cents. 29. Report of the Fisheries Convention held at New Bern, N. C., December 13, 1911, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, together with a Compendium of the Stenographic Notes of the Meetings Held on the Two trips taken by the Legislative Fish Committee Appointed by the General A*- 174 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PIM . sembly of 1909, and the Legislation Recommended by this Committee, 1912. 8*. 302 pp. Pottage 15 cents. SO. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the North Carolina Good Roads Association held at Charlotte, N. C., August 1 and 2, 1912, in Coopera- tion with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary, 1912. 8°, 109 pp. Postage 10 cents. 31. Proceedings of Fifth Annual Drainage Convention held at Raleigh, N. C.. November 26 and 27, 1912. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist 8°, 66 pp., 6 pi. Postage 5 cents. 32. Public Roads are Public Necessities, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1913. 8°, 62 pp. Postage 5 cents. 33. Forest Fires in North Carolina during 1912 and National and Associa- tion Cooperative Fire Control, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1913. 8°, 63 pp. Postage 5 cents. 34. Mining Industry in North Carolina during 1911-12, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1914. 88, 314 pp., 23 pi., 12 figs. Postage 30 cents. Give* detailed report on Gold Mining in various counties with special report on Metal- lurgical Processes used at the Tola Mine, by Claud Hafer; description of a Cyanide Mill, by Fercy Barbour; The new Milling Process for treating North Carolina Siliceous Gold Ores at the Montgomery Mine, including a description of the Uwarrie Mining Company's Plant; note* on the Carter Mine, Montgomery County, by Claud Hafer; also a description of the Howie Mine and its mill; a detailed report on the Coggins (Appalachian) Gold Mine, by Joseph Hyde Pratt; a list of gems and gem minerals occurring in the United States; special descriptions of Localities where the Amethyst, Beryl, Emerald, and Quartz Gems Occur as taken from United States Geological Survey Report by Douglas B. Sterrett; a report on the Dan Hirer Coal Field, by R. W. Stone, as reprinted from Bulletin 471-B of the United States Geological Survey; a special report on Graphite, by Edson S. Bastin and reprinted from Min- eral Resources of United States for 1912; a special report on Asbestos describing both the Amphibole and Chrysotile varieties; a report on the Mount Airy Granite Quarry; special report on Sand and Gravel, giving Uses, Definitions of Various Sands, etc.; the portion of a Bulletin on Feldspar and Kaolin of the United States Bureau of Mines, which relates to North Carolina, and which takes up in detail Occurrences, Methods of Mining, and Descriptions of Localities of Feldspar and Kaolin mines in North Carolina, prepared by Mr. A. S. Watts. In this Eco- nomic Paper are also given the names and addresses of Producers of the various minerals during the years covered by the report. 35. Good Roads Days, November 5th and 6th, 1913, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary. 8°, 102 pp., 11 pi. Postage 10 cents. 36. Proceedings of the North Carolina Good Roads Association, held at Morehead City, N. C., July 31st and August 1st, 1913. In Cooperation with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. — Statistical Report of Highway Work in North Carolina during 1912. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary. 8°, 127 pp., 7 figs. Postage 10 cents. 37. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1913 and a Summary of State Forest Fire Prevention in the United States, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1914. 88, 82 pp. Postage 8 cents. 38. Forms covering the Organization of Drainage Districts under the North Carolina Drainage Law, Chapter 442, Public Laws of 1909, and Amendments. And Forms for Minutes of Board of Drainage Commissioners covering the Organization of the Board up to and Including the Issuing of the Drainage Bonds. Compiled by Geo. R. Boyd, Drainage Engineer, 1914. 8°, 133 pp. Postage 10 cents. 39. Proceedings of the Good Roads Institute held at the University of North Carolina, March 17-19, 1914. Held under the auspices of the Departments of Civil and Highway Engineering of the University of North Carolina and The North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, 1914. 8°, 117 pp., 15 figs., 4 pi. Postage 10 cents. VOLUMES. Vol. I. Corundum and the Basic Magnesian Rocks in Western North Caro- lina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt and J. Volney Lewis, 1905. 8°, 464 pp., 44 pi., 35 figs. Postage 32 cents. Cloth-bound copy 80 cents extra. Vol. II. Fishes of North Carolina, by H. M. Smith, 1907. 8°, 453 pp., 21 pl., 188 flgs. Postage SO cents. LOBLOLLY OE NORTH CAROLINA PIHE. 175 Vol. III. The Coastal Plain Deposits of North Carolina, by William Bullock Clark, Benjamin L. Miller, L. W. Stephenson, B. L. Johnson and Horatio N Parker, 1912. 8°, 509 pp., 62 pi., 21 figs. Pottage S5 centt. •R Pit- J 77Thi,e £h>'*io«T»PTny •n* Geology of the Coa.ul Plain of North Carolina, by Wm. Bullock Clark. Benjamin L. Miller, and L. W. Stephennori Vol. IV. Birds of North Carolina, In prett. BIENNIAL REPORTS. First Biennial Report, 1891-1892, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1893. 8', 111 pp., 12 pi., 2 figs. Postage 6 centt. Administrative report, Riving Object and Organization of the Survey; Investigations of Iron Ores, Building Stone, Geological Work in Coastal Plain Region. Including supplle* of drinking waters in eastern counties, Report on Foreits and Forest Product*. Coal and Marble. Investigations of Diamond Drill Biennial Report 1893-1894, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1894. 8» 15 pp. Postage 1 cent. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1895-1896, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1896. 8°, 17 pp. Postage 1 cent. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1897-1898, J. A. Holmes, State Geologst, 1898. 8", 28 pp. Postage 2 cents. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1899-1900, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1900. 8°, 20 pp. Postage 2 cents. Administrative report. Biennial Report 1901-1902, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1902. 8°, 15 pp. Postage 1 cent. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1903-1904, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1905. 8°, 32 pp. Postage 2 cents. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1905-1906, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1907. 8", 60 pp. Postage S cents. Administrative report; report on certain swamp lands belonging to the State, by W. W. Ashe; it also gives certain magnetic observations at North Carolina stations. Biennial Report, 1907-1908, Joseph Hyde Pratt. State Geologist, 1908. 8°. 60 pp., 2 pi. Postage 5 centt. Administrative report. Contains Special Report on an examination of the Sand Banks along the North Carolina Coast, by Jay F. Bond, Forest Assistant, United States Fores* Serv- ice; certain magnetic observations at North Carolina stations; Results of an Investigation Relating to Clam Cultivation, by Howard E. Enders of Purdue University. Biennial Report 1909-1910, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1911. 8°. 152 pp. Postage 10 cents. Administrative report, and contains Agreements for Cooperation in Statiitiral Work, and Topographical and Traverse Mapping Work with the United States Geological Surrey; Fore>t Work with the United States Department of Agriculture (Forest Service): List of Topo graphic maps of North Carolina and counties partly or wholly topographically mnp|>«--! scription of special Highways in North Carolina; suggested Road Legislation; li»t of Drainage Districts and Results of Third Annual Drainage Convention: Fore»try report* relating to Connolly Tract, Buncombe County and Transylvania County State Farms; certain Watersheds; Reforestation of Cut-over and Abandoned Farm Lands on the Woodlands of the Salem Acad- emy and College; Recommendations for the Artificial Regeneration of Longleaf Pine at Pine- hurst; Act regulating the use of and for the Protection of Meridian Monuments and Standards of Measure at the several county seats of North Carolina; list of Magnetic Declinations at the county seats, January 1, 1910; letter of Fish Commissioner of the United States Bureau of Fisheries relating to the conditions of the North Carolina fish industries; report of the K . for the North Carolina Fish Commission referring to dutch or pound-net fishing in Albemarle and Croatan sounds and Chownn River, by (Hllx-rt T. Rude, of the l'nit«d States Coast and Geodetic Survey; Historical Sketch of the several North Carolina Geological Surrey*, with list of publications of each. Biennial Report, 1911-1912, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1913. 8*, 118 pp. Postage 7 cents. Administrative report, and contains reports on method of construction and estimate of cost of road improvement in Stantonsburg Township, Wilson County; report on road conditions in Lee County; report on preliminary location of section of Spartanburg-HendersonrUle Highway LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Tr>on and Tuxedo: report of road work done by U. 8. Office of Public Roads during biennial period: experiment* with glutrin on the sand-clay road; report on Central Highway, glfinc Act MUbliuiinir ami report of trip over this Highway; suggested road legislation; report on the A»hevill« City watershed; report on the Struan property at Arden, Buncombe County; report on the woodlands on the farm of Or. J. W. Kilgore, Iredell County; report on examination of the woodlands on the Berry place, Orange County; report on the forest prop- erty of M'»» Julia A. Thome. Asheboro, Randolph County; report on the examination of the fur a«| land* of the Butters Lumber Company, Columbus County; proposed forestry legislation; kwamp landi and drainage, giving drainage districts: suggested drainage legislation; proposed FUhcriea Commission bill Biennial Report, 1913-1914, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1915. 8°, 190 pp. Postage 1) cents. Samples of any mineral found In the State may be sent to the office of the Geological and Economic Survey for identification, and the same will be clas- sified free of charge. It must be understood, however, that NO ASSAYS OB QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATIONS WILL BE MADE. Samples should be in a lump form if possible, and marked plainly on outside of package with name of sender, postoffice address, etc.; a letter should accompany sample and stamp should be enclosed for reply. These publications are mailed to libraries and to individuals who may desire information on any of the special subjects named, free of charge, except that in each case applicants for the reports should forward the amount of pottage needed, as indicated above, for mailing the bulletins desired, to the State Geologist, Chapel Hill, N. O. OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO SD Ashe, William Willard 397 Loblolly, or North P58A7 Carolina pine NOV - 1 1996