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Fewer se heer Hie ati 2431 a ae bik ati ali ea GOA ee ee | Vit) ra hyee YCLEaS / HLS, By b Wats) ee f A a ») wre ie ia ee ie a y i ad H ar “ae . . nm es ; : 7 Oe Ae . i re ; ag . 5 ’ ‘ a & aw a - sere J ay Nye ce, etree on “+ 4 a~ s * eS pay - » ’ x b PLATE I. AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. GEOLOGICAL C. N. pines two hundred years old growing with hardwoods on y Group of lobloll FRONTISPIECE. t of No. 1 and No. 2 grades of The hardwoods have been cut out. trees yield 55 per cen Such Quality I, lumber, / NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY Oy By. ’ / of f . Ee ail JOSEPH HYDE PRATT, State Geologist pane SP Ae BULLETIN No. 24 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE ty) we W? ASHE 7 Forest Inspector, U. S. Forest Service (and former Forester of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey) Prepared in Co-operation with the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester RALEIGH EDWARDS & BROUGHTON PRINTING COMPANY STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS 1915 GEOLOGICAL BOARD Governor Locke’Craig, ex officio chairman.......... eo Seat Raleigh. MU PACH EG. LO WOE as ee ee tctetareeere sinks aie det Mes relic th S602 3. ¢ ie sheet neat Asheville. BAUGH MACH AC scr cnarcete tee ae ies, Pee etonekor cae Skies 5 2 Bve whale La) mated Wilmington. redline ys Sine PIGS. ces < sare tice wait cos bore aie eid sgn bs. Ras eee Winston-Salem. Wr Fi. VAN AMON. Grits seg oun Oakes Re Sars ee a ee Raleigh. Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist... ao... iss cestee «icyercevrsts ete Chapel Hill. D. of D, AN & 1916 al : ' Sea Me | yw 14 ye Ts- LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Cuapet Hitz, N. C., October 1, 1914. To His Excellency, Hon. Locke Crate, Governor of North Carolina. Smr:—There has recently been prepared for the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey a report on the Loblolly or North Carolina Pine by Mr. W. W. Ashe. It is for the use of landowners and lumbermen alike and is designed to meet the needs of all our peo- ple who are in any way interested in timber. I submit this report for publication as Bulletin 24 of the bulletin series of the Survey. Yours respectfully, JosEpH Hype Prartv, State Geologist. CONTENTS PAGE REI pitt oe dec hee wn whris wate ee y ala a pide bre ante hse Pe eee ei XV HG. Cee. Bie, HOW Fa JUOMUTS (10.56. x wna « oc earee ea ei eee ee al A eg to i: De ey oe heen eee Seen SRE eS cost. NCEE Bee | 1 Distinguishing botanical characteristics................ccecccccccce 2 MO OUOMNG Matus CL IGMIOUy BING: .....3.2h.o.25scre... cceeeeite ce cesiele eterekere ecto tere ree 41 12: Hitfect.of fire jon diameter sero witllcr pet oletciele/ yet tet ters re relcpotete taints relents 48 13. Growth in height of trees in crown classes on quality sites......... 59 14° :Growth-im heizht-on ditlerent Sitesmurcscreccc etree rice ee eiereionetat 61 15. Relation between total height and diameter on quality sites......... 62 16, (Growth in diameter on) quality ‘SIGeSiioc mcafee ot crete easier eteioner tee 64 17. Relation between breast high diameter and stump limeton Snvetorestete 65 18. Growth in diameter of trees on different sites...................-- 66 19. Growth of average tree in height, diameter, and volume............ 67 20. Growth in cubic volume on different sites............... Mesh Moy Oe 68 21. Growth in volume; board feet on quality sitest< i.e. clei sini a 69 22. Growth in volume, board feet on different sites.................... 71 23. Volume of logs in board feet and cubic feet and mill factor......... 74 Zaa-, Log rule: for-foblolly pine@ss << «sates averercrmetehore aihererctiene Seen tenet 76 24. Volume of trees, band sawed, under 75 yearS............ceeeeeeeeess Tet 25. Volume of trees, band sawed, over 75 yearsS.............ceeeeeeeees 78 26. Volume of trees, circular sawed, under 75 years...............+s5.- 19 27. Volume of trees, circular sawed, over, 75 years... «0..--meee ern 80 28. Volume of trees scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule, under 75 years....... 81 29. Volume of trees scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule, over 75 years........ 81 30. Volume of trees scaled by Scribner Decimal C rule, under 75 years.. 82 30a. Volume of trees scaled by Scribner Decimal C rule, over 75 years... 82 31. Volume of trees scaled by Tiemann rule, under 75 years............ 83 3la. Volume of trees scaled by Tiemann rule, over 75 years.............. 83 32. Number of logs in trees of different diameters and heights.......... 84 33. Volume in cubic feet of merchantable stem wood, less than 75 years. 86 34. Volume of trees in cubic feet and cords, per cent of bark and number Of 'LYGeS tO a, COTE! .c%. 2.55.25 Meets Site MEI ee chereecieleneis oioie arts 87 35. Yield per acre in cubic feet to 3 inches, including tops and stumps... 89 36. Yield per acre in cubic feet to 6 inches, including tops and stumps... 90 37. Yield per acre cubic feet and cords without stumps and tops........ 91 oo, Yieldiperacre to.6 inches, bandesawedecmeentiereei nates ec cierto rete 92 39. Yield per acre to 6 inches, circular sawed............2.cee-ccaceees 93 40. Yield per acre, Doyle-Scribner rilemeeeeaiees cee ecco teeteaioete 93 LIST OF TABLES. 1x TABLE PAGE Ai eld: per acre’ COLO INCHES; DANG SRW OG cis alsa a ole stevslaiele isis ene,sre wien areie are 94 alg. wield persacre tol) InGhes, BANG tSAWEG. Sie 5 esere «eis as Seles erere'e were 94 42. Number of trees per acre, 6 inches and over............. Bee aereee aia 95 43. Number of trees per acre, 9 inches and OVer.............eeeececees 96 44, Number of trees, periacre; Ii-inches anduover. .° .2...24 06sce. cose ss 97 45. Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 1 logs..... 101 46. Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 2 logs..... 102 47. Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 3 logs..... 103 48. Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 4 logs..... 104 49. Per cent of different grades lumber sawed from red heart logs...... 105 50. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 1 logs............ 106 51. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 2 logs............ 107 52. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 3 logs............ 108 53. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 4 logs............ 109 54. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from red heart logs........... 110 55. Amounts and per cents of grades cut from butt, second and top logs, REy CLUIEr OU ECIEC a Wriacrs 5 oe idinlie nislisateip Sales Aim Sheus, ars Sia Slate Bye ekiane davaeeremas 113 55a. Amounts and per cents of grades cut from butt, second and top logs, Esty 0 Cred PED SUL Osco eg hea a at PAX cal al uitesed eyo da ave SPA C es heared thd ate ae Meer aretees 115 56. Per cent of grades of lumber in trees of different diameters—age See Sees UD CN oe neem mE Ath tree Sk Act wal ans cits diy.ut aitcraikteaeueie tage tore tone alah 57. Per cent of gfades of lumber in trees of different diameters—age GUNG OU LO CU et teite rita cc ee octet 2 cy bcviereid o's ie @hapacan ava apes oetoltoieetos 118 58. Value of lumber sawed from logs of different diameters............ 121 59. Stumpage value of trees, 45 year old stand, quality I............... 122 60. Stumpage value of trees, 45 year old stand, quality II.............. ala 61. Stumpage value of trees, 45 year old stand, quality III............. 124 62. Stumpage value of trees, 65 year old stand, quality I............... 125 63. Stumpage value of trees, 65 year old stand, quality II.............. 126 64. Stumpage value of trees, 65 year old stand, quality III.............. 127 65. Value per 1,000 board feet of lumber from stands at different ages... 129 66. Value per 1,000 board feet of stumpage in stands of different ages... 130 67. Stumpage value per cubic foot of wood in trees................0.0- 131 68. Increase in stumpage prices and in utilization since 1891........... 133 69. Per cent of increase in value of dominant and intermediate trees.... 136 70. Value of fully stocked stands, scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule......... 138 fies Value oL-tully stock stands, basis OL mngUl GWG s, otciee «cea la oie ej 0 ois 3108 ons 139 Rae COst Ob LCOW Ile COLE WOOK oan ans sens aie crea ea) a ene eho wana bar ella ana pat clio, Sia dled) 140 73. Time required for trees to grow one inch in diameter.............. 141 74. Crown space in per cent of acre required for growth of trees of MURR TRS SEI 1 IOS = asian ences Worest; Services) cso 6 sec ere ate arevecer = Seaislct es oi syare wnt wim) bins as 156 XXI. Condition in which loblolly pine and hardwood swamp forest was left after being logged by steam skidder in the manner of cutting which prevailed to 1905. In the present opera- tions cutting is closer and less small timber is left. Note the large amount of inflammable slash. (Photo, We 8: BGrest SOrViGGl)! ccccicls c.cists Wteis a laue ao ereqebetet latin lsteMh =: 2/scee rm eyehorac=is 156 XXII. Open mature stand of loblolly pine, Quality II. Establishment of pine seedlings prevented by fires. Heavy underwood of oak and other broadleaf trees growing beneath the pine, but periodically top killed by fire. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) 156 XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FACING PLATE XXIII. Stand similar to that in Plate XXII but unburned for 15 years. Tendency of scrubby hardwoods to replace pine. Note un- necessarily high stumps; and old fire scar on butt of log on rizht. (Photo, Us'S., HMorest/Services)c occ. aieleite ect ie XXIV. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine. Quality I stand, 70 years old. Its density is noteworthy. (Author’s illustration.)......... XXV. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine. Quality III stand in old field, age 50 years. The complete isolation of the crowns is char- acteristic. Groups of seedlings are beginning to establish themselves under such a canopy. (Author’s illustration.)... XXVI. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine, Quality II, age 35 years. Crowns well developed and symmetrical. Excellent condition for rapid individual growth. (Author’s illustration.)......... XXVII. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine, Quality II, age 35 years. Crowns FIG. small but stems clean. Stand crowded, in urgent need of thinning to develop large crowns. (Author’s illustration.).. TEXD | PIGUBES: Distribution of loblolly pine and shortleaf pine in the Southern SUieyietson CU Clopaohsnl lela lon? MACOS ano dodges noob oco.ooin hoo som adods+ Distribution of loblolly pine in North Carolina. (Prepared by FWY (E1110 9) GER ERR -C°cd OCR A iO RAE itn eA Nur RO a Gaaichicichn DOE . and b. Roots of mature loblolly pines on upland clays. (From 1A Le nA UNO NAS Sods an eo eae OOOO OC ORO M doa Boo bbido ccs dca . Two-year old loblolly pine seedling. (From Photo. by author.)... 4a. Roots of loblolly pine saplings on dry sandy upland soils. (Adapted Hy oped ed KOR lone agse le lhcb) on wawome occ moon odes Goce denanGoms . Roots of loblolly pine on moist but well drained sandy loam soils. Small deep seated roots extending to water table. (Adapted by author trom Photo by Von Schrenmkk.)) ic aettlaretteiereraistet-te a reters te . Roots of loblolly pine on wet soils. No deep seated roots, but a great mass of shallow roots. (From sketch made from nature.) Relation between loblolly pine quality sites and depth of water table in soils of different texture. (Author’s illustration.)..... PAGE 156 158 158 160 160 PAGE 39 39 39 56 PREFACE The loblolly or North Carolina pine is by far the most important tree now being cut for lumber in North Carolina. While distributed over only the eastern half of the state, yet this tree furnishes more than half of the annual lumber cut of the whole state. Most of the lands which many years ago were denuded of longleaf pine by the turpentine opera- tors and the lumbermen and then devastated by fires and hogs, later came up to loblolly pine and now 50 to 100 years later are furnishing another and a more remunerative crop of timber. Loblolly combines all the essentials for an ideal forest management tree. It seeds profusely and regenerates readily, is adapted to nearly all types of soil, grows rapidly, becomes marketable at an early age, grows densely, making large yields per acre, and produces material for which there is a general demand at a fair and increasing price. The study of the loblolly or North Carolina pine in eastern North Carolina, which formed the basis of this report, was made jointly by the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture and the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. The first field work was begun in 1898 and the entire study completed in 1913. The growth and volume figures apply only to eastern North Carolina. The mill studies were made in Gates, Wayne, Beaufort, and Pitt counties; and the sample plots and stem analyses were made in twelve additional counties: Chatham, Nash, Northampton, Washington, Bertie, Craven, Hyde, Harnett, Johnston, Wake, Pender, Lenoir, and Onslow. A considerable part of the original field data was collected under the immediate direction of the author by H. 8S. Curran and E. A. Cahoon of the North Carolina Geological Survey, and A. K. Mlodziansky, of the United States Forest Service. Some of the mill cut data were collected by Messrs. J. S. Holmes, Forester of the North Carolina Geological and Economie Survey, and W. D. Sterrett, of the Forest Service. In the process of the study many courtesies were extended by the Hines Bros. Lumber Company of Kinston, N. C., Short Lumber Company of Wash- ington, D. C., and Lyon & Dennis of Suffolk, Va., while information in regard to prices of certain grades at different periods was furnished by Mr. W. B. Roper, Secretary of the North Carolina Pine Association. This bulletin takes up the growth and proper forest management of loblolly pine in North Carolina. It deals with the occurrence and silvical requirements of the tree, its growth in height, diameter and volume on different soils and situations, and the yields which can be obtained under varying conditions. The amount of lumber of different grades which can be cut from timber of different ages and qualities is also shown in tabular form. xv1 PREFACE. Under forest management is taken up the determination of the best age at which to cut for saw timber or cordwood, in order to utilize most profitably the forest crop. The best methods of cutting in order that the forests may be perpetuated is discussed for the different types. Pro- tection from fire, especially for the young growth, is advocated and the advisability of artificial restocking by seeding or planting is considered. This report has been prepared for the use of landowners and lumber- men alike, and is designated to meet the needs of all of our people who are in any way interested in timber, but especially those in the eastern half of North Carolina. Two bulletins previously issued by the United States Department of Agriculture treat of this tree along somewhat different lies and will be found helpful to read in connection with this report. “The Loblolly Pine in Eastern Texas, With Special Reference to the Production of Cross-ties,” by Raphael Zon, Forest Service Bulletin 64, was published in 1905; while “Forest Management of Loblolly Pine in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia,” by W. D. Sterrett, Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture, No. 11 (new series), has only recently been published. The present report should have been issued at the same time, but the delay in publishing this has been much greater than was anticipated. JosEPH Hyper Prart, State Geologist. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE (Pinus teda, Linneus) ITS GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT By W. W. ASHE THE TREE AND ITS IDENTIFICATION. The loblolly or North Carolina pine grows under many diverse con- ditions which affect its form, size, and the character of its wood, and in consequence it is known by many names. The general use of the name “North Carolina pine” for the lumber cut from the tree commonly known as “shortleaf pine” through the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina would seem sufficient excuse for adopting the use of one or both these names in this report. The former name is used on the title page in order to clearly identify the tree, but its general acceptance is not recommended. This name is applied only to a very limited extent to the tree itself, while the name “loblolly pine,” though not often used locally in the Carolinas or Vir- ginia, either for the tree or its lumber, has a wide and ever-extending use, not only by foresters but by readers of the lumber journals and the public generally. For this reason and because it is the only name which is applied exclusively to this tree, the name loblolly is used throughout the body of this report, notwithstanding the strong arguments for continuing the local name of “shortleaf pine—of the coast,” or adopting the lumber ~ trade name of “North Carolina pine.” OTHER COMMON NAMES. Shortleaf pine and Short straw pine, names usually applied to the - growing tree in eastern North Carolina and farther south, are used to distinguish loblolly from longleaf pine. In the middle portion of North Carolina and in the hill section of the states farther south, the name shortleaf pine is applied to a different tree (P. echinata). This tree, however,occurs sparingly in the Coastal Plain, where it is known either as spruce pine or rosemary pine. In the former region where the loblolly pine occurs it is sometimes called “longleaf” pine. Old-field pine, a name applied to young growth of loblolly pine on land once under cultivation in eastern North Carolina and southward. Slash pine, a name common in Virginia, the Carolinas, and farther south, refers to large trees with thick heartwood which occur in swamps in mixture with hardwoods. Rosemary pine, a name infrequently applied to large trees growing with hardwoods in swamps; more generally used in the Coastal Plain ul 2 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. to designate large trees of Pinus echinata, the common shortleaf pine of the Piedmont Region. Swamp pine, a very common name for loblolly pine growing in swamps. Sap pine and black-bark pine are names applied by lumbermen to young growth possessing these characteristics. The latter name is ap- plied more frequently to pocoson pine. On the eastern shores of Maryland, in southeastern Virginia, and in Piedmont North Carolina, where associated with shortleaf, scrub and other pines having much shorter leaves, loblolly pine in some places is known as longleaf or foxtail pine. Botanically the tree is known as Pinus taeda, L,, an inappropriate term so far as the specific designation is concerned, as taeda means torch. The torch or lightwood pine is the longleaf pine. The latter furnishes the woed for light, its brands until recently being the chief source of light at night in thousands of homes in the Coastal Plain of the southern states. DISTINGUISHING BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS. There are three pines which are intimately associated -with the loblolly pine in different portions of the Coastal Plain region, and as two of them are apt to be confused with it, the following characteristics will be found of assistance in separating them: N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE TI. 2 3 4 . 5 5 _zinehes Branchlet of loblolly or North Carolina pine with old cones open after the dispersal of seed in early winter, and small cones which will develop next season, just below the terminal bud. Two-fifths natural size. (Author’s illustration.) ¢ ee eee aS we ee Nn LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 3 DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOBLOLLY AND ASSOCIATED PINES OF EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA. Bark and Branches of Ma- Leaves Cones Soil Preference ture Trees | ) Loblolly Pine Bark on large trees) Leaves in 3s, | Cones oblong. Grows nearly ev- Shortleaf Pine (of the generally more 3 to 7inches | 3to6incheslong, erywhere, except Coast.) than one inch long. opening soon on the wettest North Carolina Pine thick at stump; after maturing sandy and peaty (Pinus teda). bright red brown, and falling from | soils and on sand broken into large the tree. | hills. oblong plates; | branches ascend- ing except on large trees. i Pocoson Pine Bark on large Leaves in 3s, | Cones oval, Wet, sandy soils, Pond pine trees seldom one | 3 to 5 inches pointed, 2to4 | black peaty or Black bark pine inch thick at long. inches long; sel- | muck lands. (Pinus serotina). stump; dark dom opening, brown, broken persistent on the into square or tree. roundish plates; | branches nearly horizontal. | Longleaf pine Bark thin and | Leaves in 3s, | Cones 5to7inches) Sandhills and Pitch pine scaly, not ar- 5 to9inches | long, opening at | sandy or clayey (Pinus palustris.) ranged in plates,! long. maturity and at | soils that are bright, red-brown, once falling from) not too wet. the tree. } Shortleaf pine Bark broken into | Leaves usually, Cones about 2 / Well drained, Spruce pine oblong plates; in 2s, 2 to4 inches long, | loamy, clayey or Rosemary pine light red-brown, inches long. opening at ma- | gravelly uplands. (Pinus echinata). somewhat scaly; turity, persistent | | branches ascend- on the tree. ing except in old trees. Very young trees and seedlings of the pocoson pine when growing in dense stands in mixture with loblolly pine are not easily distinguished from the latter, as the crowding tends to cause the branches of both species to ascend and the bark of the young pines is dark and furrowed. The two pines, however, are very distinet; the pocoson pine is inferior in every respect to the loblolly pine. This is generally recognized by the lumbermen who know that the pocoson or black-bark pine, especially in large stocks, is apt to be defective; either very knotty, rotten or with redheart. The pocoson pine is found associated with the loblolly pine 4 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. on savannas and on all wet, sandy, coarse-grained soils, particularly below an elevation of 100 feet above sea level. The shortleaf pine occurs with the loblolly pine, chiefly on well- drained, loamy, gravelly or clayey uplands. In the coastal plain they are most frequently associated north of the Neuse River, but are seldom found together to the southward, except on hills along streams. They are found together on the oak uplands of the eastern portion of the Piedmont plateau region on well-drained, loamy or gravelly knolls and hills, where the shortleaf pine is the remnant of the old forest and the loblolly pine forms a portion of the second growth. Only in a few local- ities are all four pines found growing together. Near the coast the loblolly, pocoson, and longleaf pines are sometimes associated on sandy hummocks; the wettest places, however, are as a rule occupied by the pocoson pine; the pocoson and the loblolly pines are associated on savannas and slightly drier knolls; on better drained soils the long- leaf replaces the pocoson pine in the mixture and on thoroughly drained soils only the longleaf pine is found. ECONOMIC STATUS OF LOBLOLLY PINE. Loblolly pine is the most important timber tree in southeastern Vir- ginia, in eastern North Carolina, and in northeastern South Carolina north of Georgetown; while to the south of Georgetown not only in South Carolina but in Georgia and westward in the Gulf States its im- portance is yearly increasing with the decrease in the supply of longleaf pine. (See Map, Fig. 1.) Its value and its importance as a commercial tree are best indicated by the extent of the lumber industry which is dependent upon it and by the annual output of North Carolina pine lumber in southeastern Virginia, in North Carolina and in the adjacent portion of South Carolina. While no attempt is made in the census figures to separate the cuts of the various pines which are sawed in this region, all of them being grouped under the head of yellow pine, it is possible to approximate closely the cut of loblolly pine. The lumber cut of certain counties is entirely from loblolly pine (the shortleaf pine of the coast) and that of other counties is very largely from this species. In southeastern Virginia the cut of pine in 1912 in nine counties which are within the loblolly pine belt was 397,344,000 bd. ft. In North Caro- lina the cut of pine in 40 coastal plain pine counties was 1,079,061,000 bd. ft. In South Carolina in 15 counties the cut north of Georgetown was 548,138,000 bd. ft. A small amount of the pine cut in these nine counties in southeastern Virginia is from the shortleaf pine (of the Piedmont); in North Carolina small amounts of the pine cut in the coastal plain are from the shortleaf pine and from the longleaf or pitch pine; in South Carolina probably less than 10 per cent of the pine cut of the counties north of Georgetown is at present from long- LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. yum Tr ie gel pu nl nn By in an Hn raul aes ides a pt Cr % reel poked ek aI “i iG tos SS Oy Bee alae i eee eh Th ye oe eels er | airs Eran eat Seep ay] Sle ey oe eee ee ai es a ora Sed eee cic clm cs ENA ita es Oieaes ie Cugo) oe as ete a fant Balint rawness kG ASC (Azone: aoe aoe US Boat cena Cote Seer er aA ae PORE ACERS) Comey piekacenia SEES oe a ow IE] CRS oer tet Ea i Le aa ant Pan Ae ae eee ee aha whee fore om FATT, foxes eee SIS nT CO , eee: TT pant tea a Heel e053 | te gues | rare manele ne] v mere] N Gans COLT (cn bet | ork BAe sar EOI [of mee aged Sayin me eae beef el Pol IE te C PENS YTS erg Ae aes oe La PN Se TLIC it Kt = ff SE EC LCL ND q macdae aS moras re SLA EASE pI Ren OX : A eermia tistics, : beer eh Sk Leesa (res | Cs = Bede a : age Pape ord a Fain BEAC . 7 Fig. 1. Distribution of loblolly pine and of short-leaf pine in the Southern States. 6 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. leaf pine. the James River is as follows: Isle (Of Wikia. oo visser rer INOrfolke sc oc etes beheateas tate Nansemond ss. 2oene ae seis fea Prince George ................. Princess: ANNeGs* 6. =.daa cwersers «ae Southampton Skiseac «cu rdasrocitet SULITY “5.25 nGeeeeue tae ae SUSSEK1+ Adnteaee Soe Re eee Greenesville cos esses eee crete oS 06y0| ea 6 Be 60 BLP Ra) © eJe.6' a) .0).0 2) ese we.0 te) 4 8 mee « 0) B10 G)4)\m én6) 0 a ele 6 vee ares eo) ee) 0,6) 0,08 00a eel e see ae) S)6 B..ahe) wp tM e0 0)16 0.8 She Alas The cut by counties for nine counties* in Virginia south. of Board Feet. 12,500,000 100,683,000 62,726,000 5,600,000 5,500,000 98,425,000 58,385,000 13,525,000 40,000,000 297,344,000 The cut by counties for 40 counties in eastern North Carolina is as follows: Board Feet. Beaitlortlcn at eee 44,428,000 BETEHC* a ao. Chtoeeee ee 34,137,000 Bladens |. sb ooocn eee 29,125,000 STUN WAGE «octet eectciorerete 16,877,000 Camden: 4 nce eee 1,170,000 Carteret. viavcte eee 5,240,000 Chowan" — #i:c.scne oe eaane 25,824,000 Golumbisieee ace ase 67,970,000 Craven." /s 460 hee eres eae 107,209,000 Cumberland) 32402402 16,700,000 Duplin, soe nee oe 60,841,000 DAT!) viktcrte Ree eee 4,000,000 Haezecompens. se. eeteee 7,112,000 Gates: 8) Sesta Gare oiase 14,695,000 Greene o.2c Se. waco 2,600,000 FV ALITA were ces hike ee 41,290,000 Harnett: iy sca sees trae 32,360,000 Hlertiord. .ackt eee eee 17,980,000 HOKE? tes te Soe eee 1,700,000 FIV dey eee er eee 1,881,000 Johnstone .4 see 45,460,000 Board Feet. Canal Ss fom Ske 5h Ca erara rans ia. 20,790,000 Toe Olas Gt ital aae ee ee 20,136,000 MARCI Acporcistemcte ce ee 9,795,000 INGSh tote priate a eararee 31,778,000 New Hanover ©......-. 43,432,000 Northampton os ekiee 7,318,000 Onslow* asco ee ee 23,563,000 IPamilicoweae cd oe ee 22,109,000 Pasquotank neers 49,950,000 IPGHGEr twee so eae ee 58,700,000 Perquimans) cose ae 23,627,000 Putas eters tcretere eee tae a eee 8,510,000 FLODESONP Mas sree Ue Lae ete 43,761,000 SAMPSON sep ce oes 66,917,000 Scotland’ Wane cone 2,960,000 VETOES cer epaisetne oii ee 1,390,000 Washington r..ce-ce ease 23,046,000 Wiayae sicvs tect creas 20,810,000 WalSonh:t Jose ieee 21,870,000 TNotal-vitas-me Meee 1,079,061,000 The cut by counties for 15 counties in South Carolina north of George- town is as follows: Board Feet. Beaufort. si. etme oe ee ale hLDO Sale eos BRO aE Teor 8,527,000 Berkeley > is:c% 6 Sica beter oe OC 13,265,000 Charleston. ogi25-4 s.2 seis te woe tree oe eee 48,343,000 Colleton, 2 2 deka dieic. 2 ciocues tie Oe eer 64,384,000 Darlineton. sec Senco ise OE eee 82,373,000 Dillon's Peace ye he aoe ashe Oe Ree 6,075,000 Orchester ©. 3..4;06c dma Le Reta Oe eee 31,761,000 MIOTENCE! B25 33 sade carole weet toe te ee 21,310,000 Georgetowh 2356 Gio sc bce Wa cnucble Ge eee eee 129,948,000 FR AMptOM) Gears tss, hayes a aint sees Se ee 21,700,000 THOT IY. ieiie sete sab eeaheye. Soo 5le- Bee aig 6, Sere eee ee 28,472,000 TEGO S sieravts. crete hoo b tb RS1% OF, Ais oo Ae Oe EOE TERE eee 1,000,000 Marion Fs 38 sirdon see's sbi a oe ee a eee 54,235,000 MARUDOE OY tess cajciecs toes cat pee re ee 21,035,000 Williams pure sashes ote s aece se ee a eee 15,710,000 ADO GEL Soc, 2.855 acu, ove Sal a ve ane See ere, Oh OE 548,138,000 *The total cut of yellow pine in the 36 counties of eastern Virginia in which loblolly pine is the prevailing tree is about 1,200,000,000 board feet. loblolly pine. It is probable that three-fourths of this cut is from LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. i The pine industries of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina are so closely associated that it is impossible to separate them. A large portion of the logs cut in northeastern North Carolina is manu- factured in Virginia chiefly at or in the vicinity of Norfolk, Suffolk, Franklin, Emporia, and Whaleyville. It is estimated that 175,000,000 feet, or nearly half of the output of the mills in this section of Virginia, are from logs brought from North Carolina, the importations being dis- tributed approximately as follows: 50 per cent of the output of Nanse- mond County; 90 per cent of the output of Norfolk County and 60 per cent of the output of Southampton County. Some of the other counties which lie on or near the state line, such as Greenesville, also obtain small amounts of their timber from North Carolina. It is conservative there- fore to say that the cut of loblolly pine timber in North Carolina in 1912 exceeded 1,250,000,000 board feet. The timber from which this was cut had a stumpage value of not less than $4,000,000, while the value of the entire output of loblolly pine in North Carolina embracing both the lumber delivered on the cars and the round timber which was ent in the State, but manufactured outside, amounted to more than $16,000,000. The cut of North Carolina pine lumber in North Carolina has probably attained its maximum. Small operators still cut a large amount of North Carolina pine lumber. Of the total number of operations there were in 1912 only 22 in North Carolina that had an annual cut in excess of 10,000,000 board feet. These 22 had a combined cut of 384,000,000 board feet, compared with a cut of 695,061,000 board feet for the remaining 600 operations. At the same time in the counties north of Georgetown in South Caro- lina there were only six operations that had an output in excess of 10,- 000,000 board feet, and in the nine southeastern counties of Virginia only 12 operations had outputs of this volume. The largest single operation in the North Carolina pine field is at Georgetown, S. C., with.an estimated output of about 100,000,000 board feet a year. A wood alcohol plant is operated in connection with this sawmill to utilize the waste. The Norfolk District embracing the five counties of Norfolk, Nansemond, Princess Anne, Isle of Wight, and Southampton, with an output of more than 180,000,000 board feet a year, still maintains its supremacy not only as a distributing center but also as a producing center. 7 The amount of mature loblolly pine timber in North Carolina is about 15,000,000,000 board feet. This pine occupies in pure growth or asso- ciated with other species more than 8,000 square miles in North Caro- lina. Since the rate of growth of this species even under present un- favorable conditions is not less than 150 board feet per acre of commer- cial saw-timber a year replacement is at the rate of about 800,000,000 board feet a year and consequently is taking place at more than half of the rate of utilization for lumber. It is believed that if the forest lands of eastern North Carolina were being well managed the present cut could be maintained permanently. 8 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF COASTAL PLAIN AND PIEDMONT PLATEAU REGIONS. In order to understand the distribution of the loblolly pine in North Carolina, its growth under various conditions and the systems of man- agement best adapted to them, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the topography and other general physical characteristics of the Coastal Plain and of the.eastern portions of the Piedmont Plateau regions. THE COASTAL PLAIN REGION. The coastal plain region of North Carolina extends inland from the coast for a distance of one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles, and has an aggregate area approximating 24,000 square miles. Its sur- face is that of a gently undulating plain of slight elevation (10 to 50 feet above sea level) and nearly level eastward, becoming more elevated (300 to 500 feet) and rolling along its western border. In the neighbor- hood of the coast, where the drainage is insufficient to remove the rain- fall rapidly, there are extensive areas of lowland or swamp, with clear, slowly flowing, or stagnant water. These are mostly forest covered. Westward the fall permits a more thorough drainage and the swamps _ are largely restricted to narrow strips of alluvial land contiguous to the streams which have muddy, rapidly flowing water when the streams head beyond the costal plain, and clear, slow-flowing water when the streams head within the coastal plain. These swamps of the muddy streams extend in a northwesterly and southeasterly direction through the entire coastal plain. The total swamp area of the coastal plain region in North Carolina aggregates nearly 4,600 square miles. The upland soils of the coastal plain are unconsolidated sands, sandy loams, silts and loams, and over limited areas stiff clays. To the north of the Neuse River loams and heavier soils are the more widely distrib- uted upland soils; to the south of this river the soils are generally of a sandy type. The water table during the growing season is seldom as much as 20 feet below the surface, except in the tier of counties which lies just east of the Piedmont and in the sandy and hilly region of Moore, Cumberland, Richmond, and the adjoining counties. The soils in the swamps, except those of alluvial origin, are prevailingly of the same general textures as those of the uplands, but with a mucky or peaty top soil, or peaty throughout. The soils of the alluvial swamps border- ing the large streams, which have their headwaters beyond the coastal plain region, are silty with a varying admixture of vegetable matter. The soils of the coastal plain which are occupied by loblolly pine are practically all available for farming with the exception of the sand dunes on the banks and some of the river swamps which are subject to periodic and deep flooding. Many of the best loblolly pine soils require artificial drainage before they can be profitably farmed. There is little LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 9 doubt, however, that eventually the larger portion of all of the land now in loblolly pine will be cleared and placed in cultivation. In the Coastal Plain Region the average annual temperature is about 61° F., with a normal range of 36° F. The winters are com- paratively mild, the temperature seldom falling below 15° F. The average temperature during the five growing months is 74° F. The average annual rainfall is about fifty-five inches, the seasonal distribu- tion being heavier in the spring and summer than in the autumn and winter. The region of heaviest precipitation and greatest humidity les eastward of a north and south line through New Bern and Wilmington. The rainfall, while heavy, is irregular and concentrated, and the snow- fall scant, although sleet is frequent. The atmospheric humidity is high, especially during the summer. PIEDMONT PLATEAU REGION. The eastern portion of the Piedmont plateau region, which is the portion in which loblolly pine occurs most frequently, is more rugged and its topography rougher than that of the coastal plain. Its eleva- tion varies from 350 to 600 feet above sea level. In general its surface is rolling though along the streams and in some other places there are bold hills. On the uplands the predominating soils may be described as loams and clays, sandy and gravelly in some places, but generally with much stiffer red or yellow subsoil, formed by the decay in situ of slates, gneisses, (hornblende-bearing) schists, pegmatites, and other crystalline rocks; while over some limited areas sandy soils occur derived from sandstone and granite. Along the numerous small streams are narrow, alluvial deposits, moist, dark-colored loams, containing a variable proportion of organic matter. Along the larger streams these fluvial deposits are often clayey or silty. All soils oceupied by the loblolly pine in the Piedmont plateau region, except where too rough or steep are suitable for farming. The average annual temperature for the region is somewhat less than that of the coastal plain, being about 59° F.; the annual rainfall is only about fifty inches, and the humidity is lower. The water table is from 30 to 50 feet below the surface of the hill summits, while the surface drainage is far superior to that of the coastal plain, swamps being limited to the borders of the streams. The average temperature during the five growing months is 73° F. COMMERCIAL DISTRIBUTION. The commercial distribution of the loblolly pine in North Carolina is from Granville, Person, Orange, Chatham, and Union counties, some- what east of the center of the State, eastward and southeastward to the coast, where it occurs over a total area of not less than 30,000 square miles. As a commercial tree it is largely absent, however, from Cum- berland, Moore, Richmond, and Hoke counties in eastern North Caro- 10 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE, lina, which have prevailing dry sandy soils. There are also less ex- tensive areas of swamp in which it does not occur. But it is capable of growing as a commercial tree on 22,000 square miles of this area (See map, Fig. 2.) In Virginia it is the prevailing species south and east of Petersburg and Lunenburg, covering the southeastern portion of the state, while to the north of Petersburg it is common along and near Chesapeake Bay, on both the eastern and western shores. In South Carolina it is common south and east of Chester wherever the soil and moisture conditions are suitable for its growth. ORIGINAL FOREST. In the coastal plain the loblolly pine was originally largely confined to the following situations: (1) River swamps, where it occurred on the best drained portions, as single trees in mixture with hackberry, sweet gum, red maple, white and red oaks, deep swamp ash, and water gum} (2) shallow interior swamps with loamy soils where it grew in groups of a few trees, or more generally single trees, among maple, water oaks, and gums; (3) shallow swamps with stiff soils, where single trees occurred irregularly distributed among white oaks and red oaks, ash, elm, holly, white bay, beech, and gums; (4) deep swamps, in which it was not com- mon and where it occurred with cypress, water gum, and water ash; (5) hummocks and the edges of swamps, savannas, and pocosons, where on a wide range of moist soils of sand, silt, clay or peat, it grew sparingly with longleaf and pocoson pines; (6) best grade of loams, silts, clays (Portsmouth soil series) and peaty soils seldom subject to flooding, with the water table usually from five to eight feet below the surface where it formed compact groups or stands covering many acres; (7) on peaty soils where it occurred with yellow poplar, white cedar (juniper), white bay, sweet bay, and sweet gum. : Specimens of best development (Plate I, Frontispiece) are met with in shallow swamps on clayey or loamy soil growing with mixed hard- woods. The pure groves on well-drained peaty soil are mostly formed of comparatively young and small trees from 100 to 150 years old and in even-aged stands. There are traditions supported by other evidence, that these pure groves on the peaty lands have followed old fires. Under natural conditions it is probable that this species did not form extensive pure forests in North Carolina except in the extreme northeastern sec- tion. Loblolly pine was absent from the best drained soils which were occupied by the longleaf pine in the coastal plain and by mixed hard- woods and shortleaf pine in the Piedmont plateau region. In the Piedmont plateau the original growth of loblolly pine was chiefly confined to the forests of the narrow stream swamps of the east- ern portion of the plateau. It formed only a very small proportion of the timber in these forests which are distinctively of hardwoods. While most abundant in the Piedmont along its eastern edge, isolated trees 11 NORTH CAROLINA PINE. LOBLOLLY OR rn largely replaced by com pact stands of /oB O/ly PHT. Fig. 2. Distribution of lob!olly pine in North Carolina. : : : : : S SST TTT * e) mel | STOKES F roger newan Icasweiclrerson | SN IN i esse. eee LO es Eee ca ee ee 15 TO Te Ae ee ee ee ee ee 16 ZO: alte aS a | a Pe | ee ee 17 20,0 Ne SA ee er ee se a ee oe 18 W200 ee Se ee ee ee [es Se ee ae ee ee 19 BO | Sho ee eee ae i tet Pe ae ea 20 : |) nn ecm meena ein | SOS ae eR ek eel ee ee ee 21 Bo Ne cea Sn ee fie oe Mees lireee a reemerre Total above 8 | 126 2 4 1 After lumbering the land normally comes up to heavy young growth of pine seedlings. Areas cut over ten or twenty years ago are now covered with a dense stand of young pines. Interspersed among the young trees are the old suppressed trees which were left when the mature stand was cut and which have now recuperated, and many small hardwoods which have been overtopped. PLATE IV. N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. (UOLBAIJsSNIL S,10yyNyY ) SUIO}S JUSIBAYS ‘SUO, SULINSUL ‘UOTJIPUOD 9] qQvAlsad ‘soyouRAqd JO pouvalo [JOM 918 TOT *‘pjo savak Jysta 0} oAy ould AT[O;qO,] vand jo puvys osued ~~ we 7 a lain ts tO LL gpl ein LOTTI . LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 21 LOBLOLLY PINE ON LONGLEAF PINE FLAT LANDS. This type forms the great body of productive loblolly pine lands, occupying possibly one-half of the total loblolly pine area. Its yield, however, is not commensurate with the area it occupies on account of understocking. The soils are clayey, loamy, or sandy. The surface of the flat lands is nearly level or slightly rolling and well drained; these areas when stocked in longleaf pine were known as the flatwoods or piney woods. As the moisture in the soil becomes less subject to fluctuations they pass into hardwood flats and flat swamps. As they become more level and less thoroughly drained, they grade into savannas, pocosons, and bog swamps. As they become sandier and more thor- oughly drained and drier they approach in their forest characters the longleaf pine sand hills. TABLE 4.—ComposITION OF LOBLOLLY Prine STAND ON LONGLEAF PINE Fiat LANDs. AVERAGE NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE. Diameter breasthigh Tasha 1] ees |) Lecgleat | Rieck: | weet) ok: | Hickory | Maple | Dogwood Between 3-6 15.42 .05 4.13 3.01 6.01 1.50 2.40 42 6 5.77 . 63 1.03 .96 3.13 .58 .32 .07 7 4.89 22 2.13 .47 3.01 .41 .06 .02 8 4,27 .13 1.17 .32 2.11 17 01 .005 9 4.03 1.01 . 63 .40 2.36 7 Pia beens ikea [2b an AN 10 3.33 .76 .58 .16 a7 BIB feces! [ae Suen a8 ll 2.67 .98 54 .38 .09 71 Wall eee ee al Oey Sega 12 2.41 1:91 a3 22 13 eh Mot Peers S| [A Pe eet 13 2.18 .38 .12 .20 .03 ey, Pe oes pace ES 14 1.84 1.45 .07 12 .02 ET ool amas ae [is Fee 28S 15 1.45 1.03 .05 .03 .02 Uae | ee et ae a ee ee 16 1.29 . 64 .07 .08 Ay Gory Mee eee, (ieee Peter Se 17 1.18 .32 .02 01 Cre) | AS SN |S Ret (eee Ge 18 .94 43 01 .02 e(iy | Ra CL ie PS eae [et ee ayes 19 .83 Ay .01 ANE ee ae [ieee tes Eee Scr eae eee 20 .53 .18 .005 TQ uet meena eee ay oe See |e Fhe 21 .52 04 01 “1s lee ht [aid SE (Eee eee pa eg pene Sal ae 22 44 sill (1) ieale I se | Pe Pe | cee fein oot) ie Sh ee ee 23 .43 .07 [1 gd gl WEES ee ISR cee aera ae tof ae ee 24 31 OB Agere eee 21S. es es fae es rents 4] see ee | SERRE SABE 25 .21 H(i aaa bia a eee Lee LAA Celis IC cay eee [Soa eat GSW cok beat eee 26 Ab Re OL een EWES AeA sonceyy oe | EOE So ba oon 27 i | pan ee Aaset res Ree eee ee SE ee ete, £hee [Aaa ee ees 28 1 1; Hg (Rk it [ananassae 7 Ae Ot I Da ao ee 29 HOG ttt ERI (Oe NS», TEI es Se a Pie |e eden [sh es te 30 iV gaat = tees ete eee ens (eis SC, Re pee! eae SED PELE a ae 31 as © a seer 4 eee Bees EUS CEE dt we Oinal| S l Ee Rr eae 32 Lae |e eee] AEs ae ees! eer i BO Sh eel (SE SE [Site Bee! ee Peer eee 33 dail oars See cal [een etal rE! Pegs EE Sees ear ve RAE 34 a) ayy pee od RR est | Lae ee eee | Ee a vere Bae aae 1 Total 54.75 9.94 10.905 | 6.41 18.20 | 3.34 | 2.79 515 J bo bo LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. The original forest was formed of longleaf pine which, after lumber- ing, turpentining, and repeated fires has now nearly or entirely disap- peared. The loblolly pine is not uniformly distributed; it occurs as scattered dense groups varying from a few trees to several or many acres in extent. (Plate VI, A.) In the open spaces the ground is coy- ered with thick grass (chiefly wire grass) 1 to 2 feet high. The irreg- ularity of the stand and its open condition is due to periodic fires, which are particularly damaging where the growth of grass is heavy. Small trees of various kinds of hardwoods, especially black gum, roundleaf blackjack oak, southern red oak, and white and sand hickories occur with the pine in greater or less abundance. A few longleaf pines occur in places, especially south of the Neuse River. Table 4 shows the composition of this type based on measurements of nearly 700 acres, of both logged and unlogged forest. After logging loblolly pine, usually the same species restocks the ground and generally overtops the hardwoods. In many places, how- ever, the hardwoods by their dense cover tend to prevent the reproduc- tion of the pine after lumbering. (Plate VIII, A.) Under the best conditions the trees attain a height of from 120 to 125 feet and a diameter of 25 to 30 inches when 150 to 200 years old. Usu- ally, however, the height ranges from 95 to 110 feet, and the diameter from 18 to 25 inches. The rate of growth is that of Quality II (Tables 14 and 18, column 3.) The trees are generally sound, but the upper logs in those more than 150 years old are likely to be affected by red- heart. Groups of trees are found 200 years old, which possibly origi- nated in the first extensive breaks in the longleaf pine forests made by the early settlers, such as around old turpentine-distillery sites and upon tar-kilIn mounds. When the trees are solitary they are short bodied and yield only coarse lumber; in groups the stems are longer and clear. Logs are largely of Grades II and III. Under management these stands will produce about 600 board feet per acre a year. The lumber sawed from a 60-year old stand will grade 35 per cent No. 1 and No. 2. LOBLOLLY PINE WITH HARDWOODS IN SWAMPS CHIEFLY IN THE COASTAL PLAIN. This type is largely confined to the coastal plain and occurs in clear water swamps which are seldom flooded deeply or for a long period. The soils are silt clays, marls, or fine-grained, stiff loams or fine sands of the best quality, particularly of the Portsmouth series. These swamps are one of the most common habitats of the loblolly pine, affording the optimum conditions for the development of the individual tree. The pine is associated with water oak, swamp chestnut oak, deep swamp ash, yellow poplar, sweet gum, beech, red maple, holly, cypress, water gum and other less abundant species. The pine occurs either in groups of a few trees which are usually even-aged, or more generally as single trees N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE V. A. Characteristic stand of loblolly and pocoson pine on savanna. The scattered short-bodied trees are typical. Such a stand yields about 15 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 grades of lumber. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) B. Margin of pine, cypress and gum swamp. Old cypress in center; old pine on left. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 23 scattered among the hardwoods. While it constitutes less than five per cent of the number of trees in the virgin stand it may form 25 per cent of the merchantable saw timber. The old pine trees grow .on low mounds or hummocks, 5 to 10 feet wide and two or three feet high, which are largely formed by the trees themselves, by the gradual accu- mulation of bark, cones and leaves, which are yearly deposited about their bases. (Plate I.) Since the pine is very intolerant of shade it comes up only in open- ings. Consequently, young pines as a rule are infrequent except in windfalls or where the oaks were cut for staves. Such cuttings made often as long as 100 years ago, were favorable for the increase of the pine. TABLE 5.—ComposiTIon or LoBLouiy Pine Wits Harpwoops in Swamp, BEECHGROVE, BEAUFORT County, Nortu Carona. AVERAGE NUMBER OF TREES ON ONE ACRE. Diameter $283 ‘She GS) we Write eee aera | breasthigh | Loblolly | Water | Water Deep Yellow Sweet Pine Gum Oak pais os Poplar Gum Inches Under 10 1 “10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Total _ ONMNN Wr WD FE OD Ww be CO 61 The first general logging of the pine began about 1880; for a period of 15 or 20 years, up to 1900, the pine was cut but the hardwoods were generally left. in many of the stands. This has resulted in reducing the proportion of pine In later cuttings when it has become the prac- 24 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. tice to cut some of the best hardwoods, the proportion of pine in the restocking has again increased. Table 5 shows the composition of a loblolly pine stand in a virgin hardwood swamp. This area shows a larger proportion of pine by volume in board feet than occurs in most such swamps, but the distri- bution of the diameter classes is typical. Young pine is not abundant. Loblolly pine in these swamps attains a height of from 135 to 165 feet, a maximum stump diameter inside bark of 54 inches, and an age of over 240 years. The height of the associated broadleaf trees is from 100 to 130 feet, pines overtopping most of them, except possibly yellow poplar and sweet gum. (Plate V, B.) The rate of growth of the pine is rapid. For several years the rate of height growth of dominant trees excceds four feet a year, and even in old trees an excellent rate of height growth is well maintained. The rate of diameter growth of young trees is not rapid since the crowns of young trees are for many” years crowded by the surrounding hardwoods, and receive light only from above. The rate of diameter growth, however, is sustained and a large annual volume increment is produced by many of the oldest trees. (Tables 14 and 18, column 1.) On account of the rapid height growth and the small crowns, the stems are slender with clear boles from 80 to 110 feet in length. The wood is of the best quality, soft and even-grained. Even in the center of the butt logs, the summer bands are comparatively narrow. (Plate IX, B.) It consequently resembles in quality that of the short- leaf pine of the Piedmont, the so-called rosemary or forest pine. It is rich orange in color and rather more pitchy than that growing in other situations. The sapwood is comparatively thin for the species though it forms in trees even two hundred years old one-half of the total volume of the stem. Large trees often yield seferal logs of Grade 1, and cut 60 to 65 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 lumber. (Plate XII, C.) LOBLOLLY PINE WITH POCOSON PINE ON SAVANNAS. This type occurs on poorly drained sites saturated with water during most of the year. The stand for the most part is open. It consists of loblolly pines mixed with pocoson pines, occasional stunted longleaf pines, black gums, and white bays. Formerly there was a larger pro- portion of longleaf pine. There is usually a scant undergrowth of fet- terbush and other ericaceous shrubs, and a dense mat of grass, which withers in the autumn and consequently burns with a hot fire during winter and spring. (Plate V, A.) Probably one-thirtieth of the lob- lolly forest land of North Carolina belongs to this type. Its producing capacity, however, is low and it yields a relatively small amount of timber. The loblolly pine occurs in even-aged groups of a few trees, or singly, all ages being represented on a small area. Trees 150 years old are between 75 and 105 feet in height, 20 to 25 inches in diameter, and N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE VI. Groups of loblolly pine poles with old longleaf pine which it is re placing on grassy flat lands. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) B. Cut-over loblolly pine land, showing the undesirable character of the seed trees which are left by the present method of cutting. (Photo. by J. S. Holmes.) LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 25 the largest scale by Doyle-Scribner rule not more than 700 feet. The trees are short bodied and frequently crooked and yield logs largely of Grades [II and IV. The rate of growth is slow and irregular, yet the wood is tough and hard and the sapwood generally thick. (Plate X, B.) The wood is fine grained but except in the butt log the quality is not high. Table 6 shows the average condition of more than four hundred acres of savanna land measured by the chain method. TABLE 6.—CoMposITION OF LOBLOLLY PINE WiTH Pocoson PINE ON SAVANNAS. BASED on 422 ACRES. ’ AVERAGE NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE. Diameter breasthigh ; eR eee | ere | eee | eee || Mae | ams : | Between 3-6 Mate ee ek Se Se Po 16.15 14. 33 7.21 6 RLY (ty (Capqeenee ami i 41 8. 23 ole, 3.23 7 3.01 31 21 3.12 1.07 2.10 8 2.07 43 37 3.24 31 -95 9 1.53 .26 : 29 2.61 01 .02 10 1.21 46 1.03 FT mete ete ie Re 11 1.22 ma . 62 oT Gey) (Geers keer Cee em 12 84 ce!) .57 HY: | aah Ree Be PRRIRCERs Seeseer 1 13 ol 12 : 28 7 gat ee ees pte PEL en 14 ery 11 21 a: | na Ae st ey Rea ee 15 -26 H 10 23 C00.) Po ae eer oe 16 18 80 ted We IS ee Pe eae a hee see 17 he 80 Be Ne es oe ck ne eer ee 18 .16 10 SL. pe Ne AN SE ASE Deets OE ene Reman we Pe ce 19 ll 06 Sites ioe ee or Satis ees Col eee Ue ee 20 .14 09 AI ts LD Te ae Ae Rae eee 21 .09 0s A.) | et ee eae ee el 1 ae eee al eee ete os 22 .02 04 nl, ney, Rel ame a Lee ee fo cee ees 23 -O1 03 AU ANE S| ae tect Seat eS ce Us BER aetna ee ae 24 01 i RE ae ee Te A RE eee eee See Se" 25 - 005 Cy eh Oa, ora ties [9 iene a EE ee ee eee eee ca Total 28.095 4.26 4.69 39.48 17.89 | 13.51 LOBLOLLY PINE WITH CYPRESS IN DEEP SWAMPS. This type oceurs in non-alluvial as well as in alluvial swamps. These alluvial swamps border clear water streams within the Coastal Plain, and the lower reaches of the muddy streams which head beyond the Coastal Plain, where flooding is always shallgw but may last for several weeks. Around the Dismal Swamp in the Albemarle Sound section and elsewhere there are large areas of non-alluvial swamp, in which a considerable portion of the forest growth is cypress and lob- lolly pine with water gum. The proportion of pine decreases as the flooding becomes deeper. Its growth also becomes slower. The pine and cypress have nearly the same rate of growth. (Tables 14 and 18, column 6.) 26 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. The pine reaches a height of from 80 to 100 feet and a diameter of from 20 inches to 8 feet. The trees yield 3 and 4 logs. The wood is fine grained and the quality of the butt and second logs excellent. Big Bay in Brunswick County and the Lumber River Swamp yielded some excellent pine timber from this type. Plate XII, C shows a pile of No. 1 and No. 2 logs which were cut in Big Bay. The pine tends to reseed and maintain its position and proportion in the forest after lum- bering if it is not cut at too small a diameter. There is no danger of fires on this type. LOBLOLLY PINE IN HARDWOOD AND SHORTLEAF PINE FORESTS CHIEFLY ON THE PIEDMONT UPLANDS. Loblolly pine has appeared in these forests (particularly on the Dur- ham soil series, in Person, Wake and Durham counties and in the sandier phases of the Cecil soils in the eastern Piedmont counties and in Halifax, Northampton, and Nash counties) where the oaks and short- leaf pine have been cut, especially on slopes near streams. ‘The trees of loblolly pine are generally young, varying in age from the smallest seedling to 40 or 60 years old. They seldom form more than five per cent of the entire stand. The number of loblolly pines is increasing, however, as the breaks in the forest cover become larger, and as the number of seed-bearing pines of this species increases. The associated trees are white oak, southern red oak (Quercus digitata), black oak, scarlet or Spanish oak (Quercus coccinea), white hickory, red hickory, sand hickory, yellow poplar, and shortleaf pine. These species are more tolerant of shade than the loblolly pine which, however, makes rapid growth for the first two or three decades, though the rate usually de- creases rapidly after the thirtieth year. When the stand of hardwoods is open, the pines have large crowns, short stems, and knotty and coarse- grained wood. (Plate VII.) When 60 to 70 years old, which is about the age limit, the trees are 70 to 75 feet high and 14 to 18 inches in diameter, and the scale of the average log is about 55 feet. The logs grade as Nos. 3, 4, and 5. FOREST CHARACTERISTICS. FORM. Stem. In young trees the stem continues through the crown without divid- ing. In old forest trees the trunk, as a rule, divides into massive spread- ing branches. The division of the main stem into a number of branches usually takes place soon after the period of rapid height growth is well passed. In trees growing in open stands the division of the trunk into branches takes place earlier and lower on the stem than in crowded stands. As a rule the stems of young trees are nearly straight. Those of old trees, especially when grown in open stands or on poor soil, are C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. y bf ; eb ii Oe aan Loblolly pine with mixed oaks and shortleaf pine. Three-log tree, eighty years old, cutting 20 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 grades of lumber. (Photo. N. C. Geological Survey.) PLATE VII. = LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 2a often slightly curved or crooked, though never to the same extent as ' those of the pocoson pine. The stems are rarely forked except when the leading shoot is injured by a weevil or by sleet breaking it. The great- est amount of taper in the stem is in the top, consequently the mill cut of top logs of a given diameter inside the bark at the small end is greater than that of logs of the same diameter from the lower part of the stem measured in the same manner. (Table 23.) As the trees in the stand become older they are less tapering. Old trees of the same diameter breasthigh and of the same height as young trees have, therefore, a larger volume in cubic feet and produce more lumber. This is shown in Table 7. TABLE 7.—YIELD IN Boarp Ferer Per Linear Foor or MercHANTABLE LENGTH oF BOLE FROM TREES OF THE SAME DIAMETER AND HEIGHT AT DIFFERENT AGES. 1-7" Saw Kerr. Yield in Board Feet Per Linear Foot of Used Length Diameter breasthigh Stand Inches 45 years old 65 years old 8 8 85 9 9 95 10 Let 1.2 ll 1.3 1.5 12 1.7 1.9 13 2.1 2.3 14 2.4 2.6 15 2.9 3.1 16 3.5 3.7 ig 4.1 4.3 18 4.7 4.9 19 5.3 5.6 20 6.2 6.5 The larger trees in the 45 year stand are dominant and intermediate. Those of the same diameters in the 65 year old stand, which is on a somewhat poorer quality site, are largely intermediate and suppressed. The difference thus amounts to from 5 to 10 per cent of the contents in board feet. . Taper measurements of butts at intervals of 1 foot are given in Table 8. They are useful in converting stump measurements on cut-over land into breasthigh diameter measurements. This table is based on age class over 75 years, Quality II. The taper would be slightly more for younger trees of the same quality, and for Quality III of the same age class; but somewhat less for old trees of Quality I. On account of natu- ral individual variation such a table should only be used in considering a number of specimens. 28 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 8.—TAPER OF Butts oF LOBLOLLY PINE FOR USE IN CONVERTING StuMP INTO BREASTHIGH DIAMETERS. Height above ground—Feet Diameter | breasthigh 1 2 | u 4 5 Inches = Diameter outside bark—Inches 9 11.3 10.0 9.4 9.2 8.8 10 | 12.5 11.3 10.5 10.2 9.8 11 | 13.8 12.5 11.7 11.9 10.8 12 14.8 13.6 12.7 12.1 11.8 13 16.1 14.7 13.7 13.3 12.8 14 | 17.2 | 15.8 14.8 14.3 / 13.8 15 | 18.5 16.8 15.7 15.3 | 14.8 16 | 19.7 17.9 16.9 16.3 15.8 17 20.8 | 18.9 17.0 17.3 16.7 18 | 22.0 20.0 19.1 18.3 hard 19 | 23.2 21:3 20. 1 19.4 18.7 20 24.4 | 22.5 21.2 20.4 19.7 21 25.5 28:7 22.4 21.4 20.7 22 26.7 | 24.8 23.4 22.4 21.7 23 28.0 25.9 24.5 23.4 22.7 24 29.0 26.9 25.5 24.3 23.7 25 30.0 28.0 26.5 25.3 24.7 26 31.0 28.9 27.3 26.3 25.7 27 32.0 30.0 28. 2 27.2 26.7 28 33.0 31.0 29.1 28. 2 27.8 29 34.0 | 32.0 30.1 29.1 28.8 30 35.0 33.0 31.0 30. 1 29.7 Taper measurements inside of bark of stems of different diameters and heights for middle-aged and old trees are given in Tables 9 and 9a. The measurements can be used directly in scaling logs of any length which is a multiple of 8.15 feet or for ascertaining the number of ties or poles of a given size which can be obtained from trees of dif- ferent diameters. The height above the stump of any desired diameter can be fixed by interpolation. Tables 9 and 9a should be employed only in considering a number of specimens on account of. individual varia- tion. Age classes less than 50 years have considerably more taper than the table shows for trees under 75 years old; while trees more than 150 years old have less taper than shown for trees over 75 years old. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 29 TABLE 9.—TAPER MEASUREMENTS OF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. TREES UNDER 75 YEARS OLD. 40-foot trees Height above stump—Feet Ca | oral ‘ Py eats 16.30 | 24.45 | 32. 60 | 40.75 Inches : Diameter inside bark—Inches 1 | 4 2.8 2.5 rH ied iki hey Tk ee eee 5 3.7 3.3 Oe ( 1.9 Shy pet tee ee 6 4.5 4.1 | Se a TDi ae eee eae 7 5.3 4.8 | £200 2 35014 v4 ge Cn PAD ate ce 8 6.2 5.6 | 4.7 3.5 Lhe Al iMete sey emia 9 ; 7.0 633.0] 5.3 3.9 10: ht ee 10 7.8 TF ieee, PR 4.4 Bas uo Sees 11 8.6 7.8 0. 4.9 2) AW | sebe tee 12 9.5 8.6 25 il 5.4 HRY (8 Gi] peel, ened 50-foot trees 4 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.5 =8 5 3.8 3.5 ast 2.7 2.0 1.1 6 4.7 4.3 3.8 38 2.5 1.4 y 5.5 5.1 4.6 3.9 3.0 1.6 8 6.4 5.9 5.3 4.6 3.5 1.9 9 7.3 6.7 6.0 5.2 3.9 2.1 10 8.2 7.5 6.9 5.9 4.4 2.4 11 9.0 8.4 7.6 6.5 4.9 2.6 12 9.8 9.1 8.2 7.1 5.4 2.9 13 10.8 9.9 9.0 728 5.9 8:2 14 11.6 | 10.8 | 9.7 8.4 6.3 3.4 60-foot trees 4 5.1 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.1 1.6 5 | 3.9 3.7 3.4 2 OLY Dia! 6 | 4.8 4.5 4.2 3.8 3.3 2.6 7 . 5.7 5.3 4.9 4.5 3.9 at 8 6.5 6.1 5.6 5.1 4.5 3.6 9 | 7.4 7.0 6.4 5.8 | 5.1 4.1 10 | 8.3 7.8 wal 6.5 | 5.7 4.5 11 9.1 8.6 7.9 7B 6.2 5.0 12 10.1 9.4 8.6 7.8 6.7 5.3 13 10.9 10.3 9.3 8.4 723 5.9 14 11.8 tit 10.1 9.1 7.9 6.3 15 | 12.7 11.9 10.7 RyRy 8.4 6.8 16 ) 13.5 19,7 11.4 10.3 9.1 re) i Stump height 1 foot for trees 4 to 16 inches in diameter breasthigh, 1.5 feet for trees 17 to 22 inches. 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Branchlets are commonly borne in whorls of three. They develop not only at the tip of the leader, but also at intermediate points along the season’s growth, the growth of the leader being recrudescent. In young rapidly-growing trees there are usually three whorls and conse- quently three internodes on the leader in one season (Plate Il). Al- though the nodes may be close together in loblolly pine, the knots in the tree may be distant and irregularly distributed, as not all branchlets in a whorl develop into branches. The crown of the young thrifty growing tree is sharply conical, the rather slender arched branches ascending at an angle of 45 degrees or more. At middle age the crown becomes oval, and in old age broadly oval and flat-topped; the wide spreading branches become stout, irregu- larly distributed, and nearly horizontal, with tips slightly ascending. (Plate I.) Root System. The root of the one and two-year-old seedling pine is fibrous and diffuse; and, though the central slender taproot is very evident, it is essentially a fibrous root system. (Figure 3,c.) With age, the taproot, although it remains short, becomes proportionately more prominent, and many deeply seated lateral roots are developed. The taproot, which seldom descends to a depth of more than 4 or 5 feet, is often forked and blunted, and on hardpan and heavy clay soils, flattened or curved at the tip; it never assumes the proportion of that of the longleaf or shortleaf pines nor descends to such a depth as do the taproots of those trees. (Fig. 3, a. and b.) On loose, moist or sandy soils many of the lateral and central roots are deep-seated, descending 3 to 5 feet, but others lie near the surface of the ground. (Fig. 4, a and b.) On compact, and especially on dry, clay soils, the roots are much shallower and more spreading. On very wet soils where the water table is prevailingly close to the surface during the growing season there is in old trees no well developed tap root, but its place is taken by a number of central spread- ing roots. (Fig. 4, c.) The great development of.the lateral roots probably explains the rapid growth of the pine in old fields, where the loose, easily penetrable top soils form an excellent bed for the spread of such roots. The early culmination of the growth in old fields on the red clays of the Piedmont, especially on the poorer soils, may be due in part to the check in the development of the lateral root system, as the roots fail to descend into the hard subsoil, as well as to the limited supply of soil moisture available for the stand. In old trees on loose, moist soils, the lateral roots spread for a distance of from 25 to 30 feet from the tree, though the taproot is rarely more than three feet long. The taproot is much shorter on compact clay soils and where there is a hard pan than on loose soils. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. es Aw = BD sSce if fe Cw a Fig. 3. a and b. c: Roots of mature loblolly pines on upland clays. Two-year-old loblolly pine seedling. (Adapted from photo. by J. S. Roots of loblolly pine saplings on dry sandy upland soils. Fig. 4. a. Holmes. ) b. Roots of loblolly pine on moist but well drained sandy loam soils. Small deep-seated roots extending to water table. (Adapted by author from photo. by von Schrenk.) c. Roots of loblolly pine on wet soils. No deep-seated roots, but a great mass of shallow roots. (From sketch made from nature.) 40 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE, Bark. The bark of small trees forms about 30 per cent of their volume; that of large trees about 15 per cent. In large trees the bark near the base of the tree is 3 to 6 inches thick and forms a great protection against fire. Above 2 or 3 feet from the ground it becomes thinner, seldom exceeding 14 inch in thickness at the base of the crown. The outer bark as it falls from the stem forms a mound of debris at the base of the trunk, at times 2 feet high and 5 or 6 feet wide. Unless this is removed, the stumps are apt to be cut high. The bark is much thicker on young thrifty trees than on slower growing older trees of the same diameter and height. Table 10 gives the thickness of bark at breast height for trees of different diameters and heights, and is an average of both young and old. Below breasthigh the bark is much thicker as shown in Table 11. TABLE 10.—THICKNESS OF BARK AT BREASTHEIGHT AND DIAMETER OF STEM INSIDE OF BARK AT BREASTHEIGHT ON TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. Trees WiTH DiAMETERS BELOW 23 IncHES Are Less THAN 75 YEARS OLD. Trees 40 it. high Trees 70 ft. high Trees 100 tt. high Trees 140 ft. high eee c pera Double cette Double ee | Double reed Double high asia width of Baron’ width of enlace width of ene width of nee 4.5 ft. bark | 455 ft. bark 4.5it, | bark 4.5 ft. bark ; Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches 4 2.8 19 i eae Basle ces beak eae Bee ee eae Serie oe terstee feu) 27s 6 4.5+ 1.5 4.9 Le eee ee {> Sa Pe RE ed AE ate eee 8 6.2 1.8 6.7 1S toe (ae eee es eee (Re 10 7.8 2.2 ee 1.6 8.7 (fat, ieee SEB ne (Ce ok 12 9.5— 25 10.2 1.8 10.5+ 1.5) 0 oe eee ARS, We) eee ee cee ee 12.0 2.0 12.4 L062 | ate eee sly eee Eres Ae ee 13:7, 2.3 14.3 LSU | es ee ee TS iial nite See 15 .5— 2.5 16.0 20. 0 eee ee el Ce ee Die Wise a ek am eee ea ee Ne aoe ee ae ee eae a 17.8 Didi. | Saas eee |e eee PO a omen ee (2 A eee pe ee ed ee ee 19.6 2 Bee eee een | ee eee Daeg) eeeiee eee oe Se | ee 2h 1 2.9 22.1 1.9 PAN NLS Sse a he Se ee ee esl oer 22.9 3.1 23 .8 2.2 CARES 0 | se al Sl (a eee (eae ee oe eee 24.7 3.3 25 5+ 225 BUN eo Ne ae og a od Sl ee a eee oe eee 26 .56— 3.5. 27.2 2.8 Ce 0S sare Se Se it | ae ese ever pape oie a al Pe ee an 28.9 Sa CAO cae eee le ee See oe eee 30.7 BEB} Pi dige a |S SR A A eae Cet a ee eee | Ree aE Se 32.3 3.7 Table 11 shows the comparative average thickness of the bark on the stump of trees of the loblolly, longleaf, and white pines of different Sizes: é LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 41 TABLE 11.—TuickNEss or BARK ON STUMP. See et breast Loblolly pine Longleaf pine White pine 1g ’ Inches Measured on diameter—Inches 2 5 2 2 5 1.6 24 A 10 2.1 6 1.0 15 3.3 8 1.6 20 4.6 TQ)" A ee ee ees 25 5.5 Lede (+ . 9" eS ee eee eee LONGEVITY AND SIZE. The loblolly pine is comparatively a medium-lived tree. The oldest group which was measured, consisted of more than 20 trees that had an average age of 240 years. The oldest tree recorded was 245 years old; it was a perfectly sound tree, and one of the largest specimens seen, hay- ing a breasthigh diameter of 53 inches, a height of 150 feet, 88 feet of clear bole, and containing 4,109 board feet (Doyle-Scribner rule) of mer- chantable timber. The tallest tree measured was 164 feet high. The tree having the greatest diameter was 54 inches, and 139 feet in height. The usual age on good soils is about 200 years, with a height of from 110 to 130 feet, and a diameter of from 2 to 3 feet. On poor or dry soils the sizes are smaller and the trees do not reach so great an age. On the very dry upland soils of old fields mature trees do not attain as a rule a greater height than 90 feet, a diameter above 20 inches, and un age of over 100 years. SILVICAL REQUIREMENTS. CLIMATE, Although unfavorable soil conditions are the chief limiting factor to the western distribution of the loblolly pine in North Carolina, a minimum annual temperature of 55° F., a high atmospheric humidity and ample rainfall of 45 inches a year, or more, are essential condi- tions for its good development. SOIL AND MOISTURE. The loblolly pine is not exacting in regard to soil. It grows natu- rally on many soils, which differ widely in dryness, depth, compactness, and chemical composition. For its best development, however, it re- quires a uniform supply of moisture, and a deep, preferably porous, soil. On the light loams and the sandy loams of the coastal plain, with the water table seldom below 10 feet, it seems to be most thoroughly at home. On lower slopes bordering streams along the eastern edge of the Piedmont, loblolly pine grows especially well on the deep alluvial soils, which are uniformly moist throughout the growing season but are not subject to excessive flooding. In the large river swamps, subject to frequent and deep flooding by muddy water during the growing season, 49 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. loblolly pine is unable to maintain a foothold; on poorly drained soils it is capable of establishing itself, but the growth is slow. On the thoroughly drained rolling oak uplands, usually with clay soils, but sometimes with shallow or coarse gravelly soils, young pine growth is becoming common wherever the hardwoods have been cut. The light porous soils on fallow fields offer ideal conditions for the rapid develop- ment of the roots of the young pines, so that the rate of increment of young trees, even on dry, or sterile soils, if recently cultivated, is far more rapid than on any, except the best virgin forest soils. (Plate IV.) This is especially true of growth in diameter and of early growth in height. On the coarse, most siliceous, and extremely dry soils of the pine barrens, this pine occurs very rarely except on cultivated lands. The wet, peaty, and mossy soils of white cedar swamps (juniper bays), the fetter-bush swamps and peat bogs, the wet sour soils of briery bays and pocosons (raw, acid peat) and the wet savannas are unsuited to this tree. On such soils it seldom survives more than a few years.* On peaty soils, which are so well drained that the peat is de- composing and becoming humified, and so aérated that nitrification can take place, it reproduces freely and becomes a large tree. On the driest savannas and grassy flatwood lands, natural reproduction takes place very slowly, perhaps partly on account of the frequent fires. Other factors being the same, a uniformly moist or damp soil is pre- ferable to either a dry or wet one, or to one subject to great extremes of moisture or drought, while a porous loam or sandy loam is preferable to a clayey or compact soil or to a coarse siliceous one. (See Fig. 5.) LIGHT. The loblolly pine requires a full amount of direct sunlight for its best development. During the younger stages of growth, and until the period of rapid height-growth is passed, it will, however, endure much lateral compression of its crown, without being dwarfed or crowded out, but its capacity to endure shade and crowding is greatest on good sites and least on poor sites. Its greater tolerance of shade on good sites is due, at least in part, to the larger amount of available soil moisture. It will even bear overshading for several decades and still be able to make vigorous growth on the removal of the shade. This power of re- covering from overshading, however, is limited to the early life of the tree, and to favorable sites, though this limit varies much with the site. On moist soils trees 40 to 60 years old can be found beneath a partial shade growing slowly but remaining healthy. On medium dry soils few small suppressed trees more than 50 or 60 years old can be found growing beneath a partial cover, so that it seems probable that if trees on medium soils are not offered light within that limit, they die. On dry uplands soils, such as the red clays of the Piedmont, intolerance of *The symbiotic mycorrhiza, which occurs on the roots of the pocoson pine (P. serotina) and enables it to grow in the wet and unaerated soils of pocosons, briery bays, fetter-bush bays, reed swamps and peat bogs, does not occur on loblolly pine, which possibly explains the absence of this tree from such sites. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. - 43 ‘shade is acquired after the pole stage, and the most crowded trees in the intermediate crown class die rapidly after the thirty-fifth year. Young suppressed trees left in lumbering recover very slowly on me- dium sites, if the trees have passed the pole stage, and the crowding was of long duration. In fifty-two measurements made on 50-year-old suppressed trees which were growing on well-drained upland clay soils in the Piedmont, and which were left after lumbering seven years before, only nine showed any marked increase in the width of the last seven rings, as compared with the width of the preceding seven rings. They were selected as being typical suppressed trees, which were too small for saw logs at the time of the first cutting. The height growth of these same trees during the last seven years was only 22 inches, while that of the other trees which showed no signs of suppression was 39 inches during the same period, The revival of large overshaded trees, even if only moderately suppressed and growing on the drier soils, is slow or does not take place at all. The stem analyses fail to show that any large number of trees on such sites ever passed through any period of great or prolonged suppression, but rather that large old trees which were growing on drier quality sites invariably made good growth in their youth or that the period of suppression was short. On the other hand, the diameter growth of trees, which have not been subject to exces- sive overshading, is greatly accelerated when given growing space. This makes thinning by removing the smaller and crowded trees desirable, whenever it can be done without extra cost. Beneath a crown cover where about one-half of the light is excluded, young trees on the best sites will grow healthily till the high pole stage, though both the diameter and height growth are lessened, the diameter growth to a larger extent than the height growth; on the removal of the shade both make rapid response to the increased light. (Plate XIV.) The trees exhibit with age a progressive increase in their demands upon light. About the period when the rate of height growth becomes lessened, the crown spreads rapidly, tending to become round and flat- topped, and the branches nearly horizontal. At the beginning of this stage there is a rapid decrease in the number of trees to the acre, from the dying off of the weaker crowded trees. The decrease in number of trees may be as great as 35 to 40 per cent in 10 years. (Table 42.) Eventually, except on the very best sites, each tree stands isolated with a band of light between it and its nearest neighbors. (Plate XXV.) On the poorer sites, especially on the drier soils, this isolation takes place at an earlier age than on good sites. Table 2 shows the small number of trees in the suppressed and intermediate crown classes. On the very best sites groups 120 to 130 years old can be found with almost unbroken cover. As the crowns become isolated under these conditions, young pines appear, while gallberry and similar shrubs always form an abund- ant ground cover. In the old-field groves on good sites, the period of isolation begins rather late, after the fiftieth year; while on poor sites it begins at the thirtieth or fortieth year. On the slow-draining savanna land it also begins early and young trees less than 40 years old are very intolerant of shade. 44 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. When loblolly pine grows on good sites associated with hardwoods, well-developed old pines overtop the hardwoods, spreading their crowns above them and securing full light in that way. The sweet gum and yellow poplar are the only associated trees which are not overtopped. In such hardwood forests the young pines appearing as single stems in openings, endure much lateral compression to an age of about 120 years, when they generally overtop the hardwoods. In spite of its intolerance of shade the pine succeeds in forming a considerable element in forests of the most shade-tolerant species, seizing by its abundant seeding openings caused from windfall, fire, or lumbering, and by its rapid growth outstripping competitors that would otherwise overtop and sup- press it beneath their shade. (Plates XXIV to XXVILI.) REPRODUCTION. Loblolly pine reproduces itself prolifically because of its high per- centage of sound seed with excellent germinating power, the hardiness of the young seedling, and the varying degrees of light, moisture, and soil to which it is inured. Its ability to establish itself under adverse con- ditions is further aided by the early rapid development of a vigorous root system, accompanied by an extremely rapid height growth, which begins the second year and soon raises the crown above grass, weeds, and slower growing competitors, and by the thick bark which by the time it is a sapling affords excellent protection against fire. No other species can successfully compete with it, under existing conditions, over three-fourths of the coastal plain. Neglected by both cattle and hogs, it is subject neither to the browsings which suppress broadleaf species nor to the destruction to which the longleaf pine is exposed by having both its seed and roots eaten by hogs. SEEDING. Loblolly pine seeds abundantly nearly every year. From 60 to 70 per cent of the seed from large trees are viable. The seeds are light (about 17,000 to 20,000 cleaned seed to a pound) with large, tenacious wings, in consequence of which they are widely disseminated by the wind upon the maturing and opening of the cones after frost or late in autumn. The greater part of the seed is scattered during the months of November and December, but many cones do not open, or entirely open, until con- siderably later, so that some seed does not fall until spring. The dis- tance to which the seed is scattered varies with the height of the trees and the velocity of the wind. As a rule in two seasons an area will be fairly thickly seeded by wind-sown seed to a distance of 200 yards from an adjoining forest of tall, seed-bearing trees, if the prevailing winds during the season, when the cones are opening, are favorable. (Plate IV.) Seeding is progressive, and the stocking will not be uniform but denser near the seed trees. Near the coast the prevailing winds during the winter are from the east and northeast; farther inland they are from the northwest. PLATE VIII. N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. (‘SuOlPVASNYE S.coyjny) “sulyyNd puodves AAT}VALOUNMIII vB JO AZTIGIssod OU PUL sSvdI} PODS JO SSRID BIBS -9puyh ‘YS yooy U9} OF XIS OA Sued purys sunod’ ‘SuLyoo}soa auid osueq ‘savas AQuoAes ynoqe ose ‘TT Ayyenb ssuryyno z04yze savak xIs 10 dAG 4sa1oz oud AjO;qo, yO AyuodIa Jo sodsy, “YD pur (UOTFVAISNTE S,Loyyny ) ‘SyVO YIM PeXIUAOJUL JN AVF JUOTAYSYQVJsoot our ‘“sulyyno puo -093 OALPLIOUNWIOL VB TOF SISUG V POTAOF MOU OABT JJo[ O1OM TOTAL s001} possoiddns puv ojvtpauraojur jo aoquINU 9sIv[ OY, “Ost savok AJM} 0} Ude}TY poorjovad sv Surno Lavoy jo ojduirxe pooy “vy LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 45 Isolated trees begin to produce seed when about 15 years old. In crowded stands the age of cone production is later, between the twen- tieth and twenty-fifth year, and production is restricted to dominant trees. Seed production is relatively scant, however, until stands are 40 to 50 years old. In the regularity and frequency of its seeding the loblolly pine is in strong contrast to the longleaf pine, which bears seed abundantly only at intervals of several years, and often no seed at all over extensive areas during the intervening period. The pocoson pine produces some seed nearly every year, but never any large amount. Its cones often remain on the trees unopened for several years, which interferes with the propagation of that species and the general distribution of its seed. The loblolly pine is more regular and prolific in its seeding than the shortleaf. The loblolly pine produces its flowers about the tenth of April in the vicinity of Chapel Hill, N. C., near the western limits of its distribu- tion, and the last of March in the vicinity of Wilmington, N. C. This is too late in the season to be injured by late spring frosts which at times interfere with the setting of seed of the longleaf pine in the west- ern part of its range in North Carolina. The cones require two seasons in which to mature. GERMINATION AND PLANT ESTABLISHMENT. Most of the seed germinate the spring after maturing, ‘generally be- tween the first of March and middle of May, the time varying according to the warmth of the season, the distance from the coast and the amount of moisture in the seedbed. A few seed apparently lie over until mid- summer. South of latitude 35 and near the coast, some seed apparently germinate in the fall. Germination takes place either in the shade of old trees, or in the direct sunlight, on barely moist to very wet soils. Naked earth makes the best seedbed, as the roots striking at once into the soil do not dry out. This accounts for the thorough stocking of old fields notwithstanding the exposure of the seed to the sun. Seed will germinate and the young plants take root in soil covered with a heavy sod of coarse grass, such as broom grass which often grows two or three feet high. Though the seed will germinate on damp leaf mould of broadleaf species and on damp pine leaves (straw) and litter, the young seedlings on account of their superficial root system are liable to dry out. The seed will seldom germinate on thick beds of dry leaves or pine needles, and it is generally necessary to destroy a thick layer of litter or to bring the mineral soil to the surface before restocking can be secured in such situations.* Occasionally a mossy log or rotten stump in the damp shade of a deep swamp has young seedlings on it, but during the first drought of summer most of them perish. For the same reason the young seedlings secure a permanent foothold with difficulty on the coarse and dry sands of the pine barrens which are so porous *For full discussion of this see Proceedings Society American Foresters, 1910, page 90 and following. 46 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. and thoroughly drained that there is frequently insufficient moisture for sprouting, and if the seed germinate the young plants speedily succumb to drought. Fields which have been abandoned or left a few years to fallow, logged over areas, and burns all form suitable seedbeds. FUNGOUS DISEASES AND INSECTS. So far as known the older trees of loblolly pine are subject to few destructive fungous diseases. On some low, flat lands, especially where fires have burned around the collar of the trunk, the trees are attacked by a root rot caused by a species of Hydnum, which may gain entrance through fire scars. Only trees large enough to have heartwood are thus affected. The upper portions of the stems are also occasionally affected by redheart, produced by Trametes pini, which gains entrance chiefly at broken limbs and knot holes. Trees less than 75 years old are rarely affected by redheart, which is characteristically a disease of old age. Another fungus, Polyporus Schweinitzw, occasionally attacks the heartwood. Seedlings seem to be very free from diseases. They frequently turn an olive green or copper color in the spring, but this discoloration is not a disease. While comparatively free from fungous diseases, loblolly pine is sub- ject to the attacks of the pine bark beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis, Zimm.), which kills trees through girdling them by the galleries made beneath the bark chiefly in the middle part of the trunk. A few weeks after the attack the leaves begin to brown, generally at the top of the crown. Stands in which rapid natural thinning is taking place are par- ticularly subject to attack. Not only are the dying and weakened inter- mediate and suppressed trees thus attacked, but sometimes also the large and healthy dominant trees are killed. During summer lumbering many young trees which are left become infested by the beetle, which breeds freely in the green slash, particularly that lying in the shade, and spreads from it to living trees. Trees which are bruised by falling timber or in skidding are first attacked. Several broods of the beetle are produced each season. The broods, which develop early in the spring, emerge and attack sound’ near-by trees, and .as the different broods develop new centers of infection are established. In forests in which there is a large admixture of broadleaf species the damage to the pine by this insect is less than in pure stands, especially in the old-field stands. Many of the old-field stands are connected with farms ‘and where the distance is not too great to permit fuel to be hauled, all trees which show by the discoloration of their foliage any signs of being affected by the bark beetles should be promptly removed. If infested trees are located during the winter and are cut and removed before spring the brood will be destroyed. This will check the propagation of the insects and prevent them from increasing in number and passing to other trees. Wherever it is possible to remove such attacked trees without great cost they should be promptly cut. It is more difficult to check an epidemic during the spring and summer after the broods have + LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE, 47 begun to emerge. The Bureau of Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture gives the following method of control in the summer when a group of trees is infested and begins to die. Trees which are infested should be promptly eut and the bark peeled and burned. In addition, “if felled and girdled trees are provided at the proper time, so that the beetles will be attracted to them at the period of their greatest flight, they will attack such trees in preference to the living, uninjured ones; then, after they have entered the inner bark and the broods are partially developed, that is, before they have entered the outer bark, it will only be necessary to remove the bark to effectually destroy them and thus protect the healthy timber. If, however, the removal of the bark is neglected until the broods have entered the outer dry portion, it will be necessary to burn it as soon as it is removed.” A weevil occasionally destroys the terminal shoot of the young tree, causing a forked or crooked stem. : The wood of trees which are blown down in storms or which are killed by fires is quickly attacked and tunneled by sawyers, the larvae of longicorn and other beetles. In order to save such timber, if it can not be promptly used, it should be cut and put in water, or if this is impos- sible, cut and peeled of the bark. SENSITIVENESS TO FIRE, During the first few years of its life the delicate tissues of the young pine are entirely consumed by even a light grass fire. After the young trees, however, attain a diameter of several inches, the bark around their base thickens so rapidly that they are seldom seriously injured by winter fires. The inner bark or growing tissue becomes active several weeks later in the spring in the loblolly pine than in the longleaf pine, and for this reason also large loblolly pines are less injured by early spring fires than are longleaf pines. It is an exceptional case, there- fore, for old trees of loblolly pine to be severely injured by early spring fires unless they are crown fires. In winter or early spring before the sap is active, young trees may even have much of the foliage consumed without the fire killing the trees. Late spring and summer fires, after the growth of the tree has begun, are far more destructive. . The fact that loblolly pine generally grows on moister soils than the longleaf pine undoubtedly contributes to its greater freedom from fire injury; at times, however, even the wet lands and swamps, particularly those with peaty soils, are badly burned during dry periods in summer or in autumn. Such fires are extremely destructive when the humus is thick and undergrowth dense. To protect mature timber from the disastrous fires, it is customary to burn the underbrush during calm weather each winter, and in this way to prevent its accumulation. On loose, level, sandy soils having the water table near the surface, where the trees do not suffer from drought, the yearly destruction of a large portion of the litter probably affects but slightly the growth of the 48 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. trees. On drier, and especially on heavier soils, such as the Selma loams and Cecil loams and clays, the presence of the forest lhtter and humus is extremely desirable as a protection against excessive evapora- tion of soil moisture. The litter in pine forests on such soils, therefore, should never be burned. If such stands demand protection from fire it should be given by means of broad fire lanes, which can be annually cleaned, as discussed later. An attempt was made to ascertain the effect of a severe fire upon the growth of loblolly pine when the land was foul with the accumu- lated leaves and undergrowth of several years. Nearly all large areas, even the shallower swamps, unless free from underwood, have been burned at some time, and often several times, and traces of fire on charred logs and stumps are in general evidence, except in some of the old fields and fenced areas. A grove which had been severely burned by having all the undergrowth of gallberries and other shrubs destroyed in the early part of the summer seven years before the examination, and which the owner asserted had not been burned before or since that year, furnished some conclusive data. The grove was on a well-drained heavy-loam soil near Kinston, and had an average age of about 50 years. The result of the fire upon the accretion is shown in Table 12. TaBLe 12.—TuHe Errect oF A SEVERE BrusH FIRE UPON THE GROWTH IN DIAMETER or LoBLOLLY PINE. : F Width of 7 rings Width ot 7 rings Diameter breasthigh Number ot Bee preceding the fire after the fire measure Inches Inches Inches iz 2 3 ye 8 2 6 15 9 4 i) PS) 10 3 =f 3 11 5 ; Ia | 6 12 2 1.0 6 13 3 1 ie | 9 The trees without an exception show a sharp decrease in the width of the rings in the year following the burning, while their width gradu- ally increased each succeeding year as the trees recovered from the effects of the fire. CATTLE AND HOGS. The chief injury by cattle to loblolly pine is by trampling the seed- lings, although the shoot may be bitten off in grazing. Swine rarely dig up the seedling for its root. Just before restocking, the presence of swine in a stand is advantageous since they upturn the mineral soil. Squirrels and wild turkeys do not destroy the seed of loblolly as they do the mast of longleaf pine. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 49 SLEET AND SNOW. The leaders of loblolly pine are sometimes broken by sleet or wet snow, particularly in the northeastern counties. On shallow soils the trees are in exceptional cases overturned by the weight of wet snow. WIND-FIRMNESS. On deep mellow soils in which the roots descend to a depth of three feet or more, the loblolly pine is comparatively wind-firm. On dry and shallow soils the roots are not so deeply seated or so firm, and the trees are more subject to windfall. The danger is greatest on heavy upland clays and on shallow sandy soils underlaid by hardpan. In the old fields on the red clays many of the roots often fail to penetrate below the layers loosened in plowing. Stands on such sites, if at all exposed, are particularly liable to suffer severely after a heavy thinning or after culling. The number of windfalls, three years after lumbering on 110 acres of cut-over land having a dry, compact clay soil amounted to 100 trees, 8 inches and over in diameter, or about 4.5 per cent of the trees left. On the deep sandy soils, the loss from windfall after lumbering is negligible. THE WOOD AND ITS USES. QUALITIES. The wood of the loblolly or North Carolina pine is heavy, hard, strong, coarse grained, and decays rapidly in contact with the soil. It shrinks and checks considerably in drying. In kiln drying the shrink- age amounts to about 10 per cent of cross section (not length). From 3 to 4 per cent of the shrinkage is radial and 6 to 7 per cent is around the circumference. In air drying the shrinkage is less.* The shrink- age is greatest in the heavy sapwood from the base of young trees and least in the lighter heartwood from the tops of old trees. The wood, like that of all pine, swells again after commercial kiln-drying whenever exposed to dampness. The heartwood is yellowish to orange brown in color; the thick sapwood much paler. The soft spring wood in each annual layer is nearly white, while the very hard and tough summer band is dark brown, the contrast in color and hardness between these two layers being greatest near the stump and in the center of the log in young, thrifty trees which have formed no heartwood. Although the wood from the upper part of the stem is coarse grained, the summer band is very narrow. (Plate X, A.) Because of the great differ- ence in density between the spring and summer wood coarse-grained boards, when planed, do not readily dress to a perfectly flat surface. On the other hand there is great adhesion between the two layers which reduces the tendency to split and sliver, so common in many coniferous woods. Pe ah SH *Bul. 99, U. S. Forest Service. 4 50 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. As would be expected from the rapid growth of the tree the wood is mostly coarse grained. Thrifty young trees frequently have as few as two rings to the inch near the center (Plate IX, A), while the sapwood of trees more than 100 years of age may exhibit less than ten rings to the inch. Lumber from second growth trees generally has from 5 to 8 rings of annual growth to the inch; that from large old trees from 7 to 10. ‘Ten rings to the inch may be considered fine grained for this spe- cies. The green wood weighs about 45 pounds per cubic foot. The kiln- dried wood, average of the tree, weighs about 31 pounds to the cubic foot, the specific gravity being about .50. It is about five pounds per cubic foot lighter than that of the longleaf pine, five pounds heavier than that of white pine, and slightly heavier than that of the shortleaf pine of the Piedmont. But the wood varies considerably in weight. That from the lower part of the stem of trees which have hard, compact wood with wide summer wood in the annual ring (Plate IX, A) weighs more than 35 pounds per cubie foot; while that from the upper part of the stem of trees with narrow summer wood in the ring of annual growth. weighs less than the average (Plate X, A), commercial wood being largely from the lower part of the stem averages about 33 pounds to the cubic foot for kiln-dried material. The green wood has a shipping weight of 4,200 pounds for 1,000 feet of inch boards, while the kiln-dried wood weighs about 3,100 pounds per 1,000 feet of inch boards. Moisture forms 50 per cent of the weight of fresh sapwood and about 25 per cent of the weight of the heartwood. While the wood is weaker (in proportion to its weight) in tensile, shear- ing, and bending strength than that of either longleaf pine or white pine, it is relatively stronger than that of the shortleaf pine. On ac- count of its relative weakness it is not so desirable a wood as white pine for certain uses, such as doors and small packing boxes. Heartwood begins to form between the twentieth and thirtieth years, earlier on good soils and in rapidly growing trees than on poor soils and in slowly growing intermediate or suppressed trees. The number of rings of sapwood does not remain the same throughout the life of the trees, but increases with age. A tree thirty years old is practically all sapwood, seldom having more than a small core of heartwood in the butt log. Trees one hundred years old have from 60 to 65 rings of sapwood, while trees 200 years old commonly have from 90 to 95 rings. Less than one-third of the volume of trees between seventy and one hun- dred years old is heartwood; and less than one-half of the volume of trees between 100 and 150 years old. Since the sapwood of this pine, on account of its clearness of knots, uniformly bright color, and freedom from pitch is esteemed for interior woodwork fully as highly as the heartwood, the large proportion of sapwood is considered advantageous rather than otherwise. (Plate XII, B.) The wood is considerably less resinous than that of the longleaf pine, but more so than that of the shortleaf or white pine. Dr. Chas. H. Herty, the well-known authority on turpentine, says that the oleoresin N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE IX. ¥ 4incA A. Type of wood from lower part of stem in old-field stand. The coarse-grained center indicates large knots. This tree became codominant or intermediate when about three inches on the radius. The diameter growth was slow on account of the crowding and the stem cleaned of branches. It was isolated by thinning when three and one-half inches on the radius. The stem at that time resembled that of one of the isolated trees shown on Plate XVI. As a result of this thinning the growth during the past ten years has been at the rate of one inch in diameter every three years. While the wood formed since thinning is coarse grained, it is clear and free from knots. The large amount of hard summerwood is characteristic for flatwoods soils. (Author's illustration.) B. Characteristic wood from lower logs of trees in mixed stands, medium fine and even grained. The crown of this tree overtopped the hardwoods when it was about sixty years old (at 3.3 inches on the radius). Since this period the diameter growth has been at the rate of one inch every four years (seven and one-half rings to the inch of radius). This stem is practically free of knots for sixty feet and the wood is of high quality. Nearly the same result can be obtained by the method of cutting which is recommended for the best sites which seeks to develop the codominant and intermediate trees to form the mature stand, and by gradual cutting eventually to develop the best of the suppressed trees. Author’s illustration.) TYPES OF LOBLOLLY PINE WOOD. N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE X. - a [5 tach A. Characteristic wood from middle and upper section of rapidly growing tree. The relatively small amount of hard summerwood in this portion of the stem is typical. (Author's illustration.) B. Wood from tree growing on very wet soil, showing characteristic irregularity of grain. (Author’s illustration.) TYPES OF LOBLOLLY PINE WOOD, LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Bil (crude turpentine) of loblolly pine is closely allied in all of its proper- ties to that of the longleaf pine, but the volatile oil evaporates from it very rapidly and consequently it is difficult to collect the material, as much of it remains in the solid condition on the scarified face of the tree. The relative proportions of volatile oil and resin are practically the same in this material as in that of the longleaf pine, but the total yield per season is much less from the loblolly or North Carolina pine. The commercial value of this tree for turpentine is discussed on page 53. DEFECTS. The most common defects in the wood are extreme coarseness of grain, lack of uniformity of texture, and large knots; pitch streaks and small pitch pockets, which, however, affect the grade of less than one-half of one per cent of the boards and are largely limited to butt logs; while in second growth trees, especially those from the open stands in old fields, there are large resinous, but tight knots. The wood is seldom affected by windshake or hollows. Redheart occurs in less than five per cent of the larger logs* and affects less than one per cent of the lumber which is sawed from second growth trees less than 50 years old. The propor- tion of redheart gradually increases with the age of the tree and is higher in trees grown on poor than on good quality sites. The wood decays rapidly on exposure or in contact with the soil. When kiln-dried or even thoroughly air-dried, the coarse grained and more porous sapwood is readily impregnated with preservatives. The two most common methods are creosoting under pressure and impreg- nating with bichloride of zinc. The wood is attacked by several species of wood-destroying fungi when it is exposed to suitable moisture condi- tions, the sapwood being especially susceptible to such attacks. The most prevalent and destructive of these fungi are Schizophyllum com- mune, and the brown root, Lenzites sepiaria, which causes the rapid decay of damp undried wood and is particularly destructive to ties, piling, ete. Merulius lacrimans and Coniophora cerebella are reported as being destructive to large factory timbers, and Polyporus vaporius to sills and flooring near the ground. Various species of T’helephoracee, by attacking the sugar and starch in the cells of the sapwood, cause bluing of undried lumber. While bluing does not affect the strength of the wood, it lessens the value of sap lumber, which otherwise could be used for finish in natural grain. Immersion of the lumber in a solution of bicarbonate of soda in water prevent bluing, but it has been aban- doned commercially where tried in favor of kiln drying. *The large proportion of redheart logs which are cut in certain swamps is from the pocoson or black bark pine. on bo LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. USES. Loblolly pine lumber under the trade name of North Carolina pine is used for finishing, packing boxes and construction purposes. If sawn into boards the lumber is generally kiln dried and graded, a large part being reworked at the mills into finished products. The clearer grades are used for flooring, especially when rift sawn (6 to 12 annual layers to the inch particularly suitable) for which use it is especially adapted on account of the fact that it slivers less than most of the pines, for ceiling, interior woodwork, styles and panels of doors, for blinds, sashes, weather boarding and trimmings, and the lower grades for box stock, framing and scantling, bridge, factory,* and heavy construction work. It has extensively taken the place of white pine or has supple- mented it for structural uses, being found in all markets from Pittsburg and North Tonawanda to Boston and certain ports in Maine. The ex- ports have likewise been steadily increasing, going chiefly to English and German ports. It enters extensively into car construction, particularly for siding and roofing, and into ship, boat and barge construction. A large amount of medium and low grade stock is used for box-making, slack cooperage, and headings, and it is now one of the best recognized woods in the box and slack cooperage trades. Slabs are resawn into lath and copper sticks for smelter use, and cut on a horizontal band saw into heading and crate stock. A small though constantly increasing amount is used both treated and untreated for mine timbers, chiefly in the anthracite fields of eastern Pennsylvania. Mine timber is sold by the ton, from 4 to 5 tons of green timber being required to produce 1,000 board feet log scale. The price per ton, green at Norfolk, depending upon the size of the timber, varies from $1.50 to $3. It is also cut into veneers, the lower grades being used for fruit and vegetable crates, barrel and keg stock, drawer bottoms, and the backs of cheap furniture. It is be- ing used to a limited extent for chemical paper pulp stock, and this is doubtless one of the most important undeveloped uses for the wood. On account of the resin it cannot be used for ground fiber pulp and for this reason cannot compete successfully with spruce in the manufacture of newspaper and cheap book paper. On account of its great weight, however, unbleached papers can be successfully made. The wood fibers are very long, strong, thickwalled and tough which permits the manufac- ture of very superior wrapping, kraft and imitation Manila papers which are stronger than the real Manilas. The wood can be treated by *Dense wood to meet the proposed yellow pine grading rules for factory structural timber must have between the third and fourth inches from the pith one-fourth of the volume summer wood if there are eight rings to the inch; one-third if there are six or seven rings to the inch; and one-half if the wood averages four rings to the inch. The wood shown in Plate VII, A and B meets these specifications. Such wood is produced on the best class of flatwoods soils. (See Loblolly pine on long- leaf pine flat lands). The Panama Canal requires only six rings to the inch between the third and fourth inches. The Georgia-Florida Sawmill Association requires a minimum of six rings to the inch between the third and fourth inches and one-third summer wood. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 53 the soda or sulphate processes to effect the destruction or partial destruc- tion of the resin and disintegration of the fiber; or after being chipped the resin can be distilled off. There is a loss in weight by these processes of about 50 per cent; consequently a cord (128 feet) of peeled wood weighing about 3,000 pounds will make only about 1,500 pounds of paper. At present comparative prices of kraft paper and No. 4 lum- ber, low grade timber is more profitably converted into paper than into » lumber since the very knotty tops can be utilized by the chemical pulp processes. A mill at Roanoke Rapids is now employing such a process in the manufacture of kraft paper for wrapping purposes. While the wood of loblolly pine is less suitable than that of spruce for the manufacture of composition board on account of the great loss in weight resulting from the necessity of using a chemical process to disintegrate the fibers, it is, on account of its cheapness and great weight, being successfully employed for this purpose. Al iin an et it i Ra I AB OE OE Seagate per omnn si Si sit iat RIERA , in old field on upland of (Author’s illustration.) nfo I oa nme —— en tacen ns Hi & S oe >) Cs sity is The den the stand would be much benefited by a thinning. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMI Fully-stocked stand thirty-five years old, Qualit hickory and shortleaf pine. N. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. ‘ 57 amount of hygroscopic water held by heavy clays which is not available for plant growth. Old Field Stands. The old field stands on very sandy uplands and on clay uplands, particularly those on the Piedmont red clays (Cecil soil series) when young fall for the most part into Quality I or Quality I, but their rate of growth declines rapidly after a few decades, some- times before the end of the second decade, and they eventually fall into Quality III. The chief cause for this is that the demands of the stand upon soil moisture soon reach the limits of available supply. Moreover, on the upland clays the top soil in the old cul- tivated fields is at first loose, permitting the roots freely to pene- trate it, and has a high moisture carrying capacity. In a few years this soil becomes more compact and its water carrying capacity declines. This checks the growth of the lateral roots and as the taproot descends deeper into the unbroken layer which has never been disturbed by the plow, the rate of growth of the tree declines. DETERMINATION OF QUALITY SITES. The rate of height growth or the height of dominant trees at a given age in fully stocked groups is the most ready method of ascertaining the quality site when there is growing timber (Table 13). It is de- sirable in the case of middle-aged or old stands to correlate height with volume and basal area per acre (Table 35), relative height, relation of . diameter to total height (Table 15). In the case of young stands espe- cially on dry upland sites all of these are unreliable factors for predict- ing the capacity of the soil to sustain old stands and they should be sup- plemented by ascertaining the texture of the soil and depth of water table. The original forest type where indications of it remain should be examined to determine the undershrubs and to compare with Table 1. Abundance of particular undershrubs is a general guide to this extent; a rank growth of gallberry (Ilex glabra) indicates a site highly favor- able for the rapid growth of the pine; wire grass (Aristida stricta) and low bush black huckleberry (Vacciniwm tenellum) indicates sites which are becoming too dry; sphagnam mosses and evergreen fetter bush (Andromeda or Pieris nitida) sites which are becoming too wet. The approximate relation of the height of the water table in different kinds of soil to the quality site for loblolly pine is shown in Figure 3 which gives the results of a preliminary study of these important problems. The impossibility of depending solely upon height at younger ages for interpreting quality site is illustrated in the stand which is presented in Tables 14, 18 and 20, column 4. The rapid diameter and height growth of this stand during the early decades is followed during the fifth decade by an abrupt decline which ‘is reflected by an equally abrupt cul- mination in the volume of the stand. On the other hand, the growth of the trees in column 1 in the same tables shows a slower but sustained rate of height growth, while the decline does not begin until a much later period. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Or Oo Since loblolly pine normally grows in a large part of its range in pure even-aged stands or groups, there is given not only the rate of growth of trees as individual specimens but also the growth and development of the average tree in even-aged stands, and the growth of the average tree of each of the different crown classes, dominant, intermediate, and sup- pressed.* GROWTH IN HEIGHT. Loblolly pine attains on an average a height of about only two feet during the first two to four years. After that it at once begins to grow rapidly in height. The stage of rapid growth lasts until the thirtieth or fortieth year on best sites and until the fiftieth or even sixtieth year on inferior sites. Table 13 gives the heights of the different crown classes in fully stocked unthinned stands at different ages on different quality sites and the periodic annual growth. The periodic annual growth which is the annual growth during five-year periods shows that after the fiftieth year the growth in height is less than one foot a year. *The dominant trees in a stand are such as overtop, even slightly, all others and whose large crowns are in full sunlight; intermediate trees are lower in height than the dominant and have slender stems and narrow, compressed crowns which receive only a scant amount of direct sunlight; suppressed trees are entirely overtopped and receive only such sunlight as filters through the foliage of the taller trees. Dominant trees are making most rapid growth both in height and diameter; intermediate trees are yet making rapid height growth, but their diameter growth has fallen behind; suppressed trees are making very little growth either in height or diameter. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. | Sr Tae) lew BRD peel fee eral oe i en El (Cee ihRiaet | Eo va eee 16 901 aa ost Caw pe ae incon | Deals ern See i ee ae ane oe Na Life ie ale INP len iow Ne Git lan Saeed 16 SOT Tel Sol Rieecreen ay Mal ae hr eed a |e eal ie a age i ag ae AES ceca 08 %6 FOL 16 SOT Cat rat prea Gee ER ee ies IG em ke ae 08 66 01 16 SOT 611 STI RS ATS Se Aa, ee ara Soe | ae 4 [Oe aes ie lf RMD) (eae OS 08 +6 £01 16 FOL SIT OI es | PS a ee Se ON cane ee ae Giee ae esa Pe pakae 08 ¥6 £0T 16, F01 SIT GOT ne wll Se pete haan a, 69 68 06 6L £6 601 06 £01 at 00T Sek GS ee eee 69 18 68 6L 66 TOT 06 £01 9IT 6 Fe ites |e age Sacco te oe 89 08 88 6L 66 00T 68 ZO SIT 06 aa Stak ca, Aap all pe eae eae 19 6L 18 8L 16 66 68 ZO FIT G8 Me Aa TES Al ek ee stele ie Mente 99 8L 98 LL 06 86 88 TO I 08 lee ee eter LP sai Nek $9 9L $8 9L 68 16 18 TOT raat cL PAS Sie SECS LD ee 4 ee *9 bL £8 SL 18 96 98 toto Ort OL Sod keene ea) Coke (eee eRe £9 Ll 18 tL $8 46 #8 86 801 ¢9 Ga Seal 8 aba ee ae ages Sp Were Ce eae 19 OL LL GL £8 16 18 16 901 09 a eke pee oe ne ae aes 8g 19 PL OL 08 88 08 6 £01 c¢ OT OT OT sg £9 OL 19 9L #8 8 16 66 os GT OT Dat 6g 6¢ 99 £9 GL 6L GL 18 ¥6 cP ant iat PT St #S 6¢ 6¢ 19 PL OL 18 68 OF raat rT a &F 6F es 5 19 89 +9 GL 68 SE rT 9T 8'T 8& &F ly 8h gS 19 8¢ 89 7 08 9°T ST 0% of 9€ OF 187 L¥ £¢ 1g 6¢ 99 & 9T 6% 8% 9% 62 & 8 68 tf &F 1S 9g 02 909,J—94 510 ; III II I ee possoad oqRIpour queu possoid oy eIpour queu possoid ayetpour queu r, 7 . wh -dng | -10qUT -1U10(] ~dng -10jUuy -1m10 | -dng -194UT -1H10q] pues AqyEnd | jo ony MON ceaeD In iAcaH neds eTieie a TIT Aarend TT Aaend | T Aayend ‘SUGUT, LNVNINOG JO HLMOUW IVANNY O1GOINTY INV ‘SALIG ALITVO) INAUTIAIG: NO ANIG ATTOIMOT JO SANVLG ATHOOLY ATIOG NI UALAWVIC] NI YAAQ ANV SAHONT XIG SAAN, AISsaMddAG ANV ‘ALVIGAWUALN]T ‘LNVNIWO(, TTY JO SLHDIAT[—¢] ATAVT, 60 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Table 14 gives the height of trees in fully stocked stands for differ- ent diameters on different site classes. On best sites in pure stands height growth reaches its maximum rate between the seventh and fifteenth years. Dominant trees in such groups during this period will often make a growth of four feet a year for several years, while the average rate of height growth during this period on all sites of the first quality is nearly three and one-half feet a year. During the second decade the growth averages three feet a year. On poorer sites the rate of height growth culminates later. On sites of Quality III, culmination does not take place until between the eighteenth and this tieth years. Single trees and small groups of trees grow ing among hardwoods on stiff clay soils attain the maximum rate of growth very late, between the thirtieth and fortieth years, and the same is true of some groups growing on the most unfavorable sites (Table 14, columns 1 and 6). The growth on old fields on the uplands is rapid at first but decreases after the fortieth year; such old field stands, therefore, if old, have an average rate of growth characteristic of slow growing stands. This is well illustrated by the growth of loblolly pine on cultivated soil on a very sandy, well drained knoll in the midst of a longleaf pine forest (Table 14, column 4). Thus, the average annual growth in height during the first decade was 2.1 feet, during the second decade 2.7 feet, the third decade 2.4 feet, the fourth decade 1.0 feet, and the fifth decade 3 feet. The growth on very wet sites, as may be seen from the growth of the loblolly pine in mixture with cypress and black gum of the same age, is slow. (Table 14, column 6.) The pine, however, had slightly out- grown in height the black gum and the cypress. The soil is a loamy sand, covered with one or two feet of flowing water during most of the winter and spring and often for a few days at a time during the growing season. The growth of the pine on the best alluvial soil in even-aged eroups where the competition for the light is keen is TESTE rapid (Table 14, column 2). The growth given in Table 14 is the average growth of suppressed, in- termediate and dominant trees. Single dominant trees therefore havea much better growth, while intermediate and suppressed trees have a much slower growth than that of the average tree. Table 15 gives the relation of diameter to height, the merchantable length of trees of different diameters on different quality sites, and the per cent of merchantable length to total height. Top diameters of mer- chantable length are given in Tables 24 to 31. Age of stand Years 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 61 TasBue 14.—HertcHt GrowTH or LoBLOLLY PINE ON DIFFERENT SITES. Quality I I Ill II Ill II |- te (1) (2) 3 (4) (5) (6) Mixed with | Best moist, Longleaf | = Oldfield Dry silt Mixed with hardwoods. | loamy, al- | and pocoson| on a long- sand flats cypress Moist, stiff | luvial soil. pine flat leaf pine Stand in deep clay soil. Stand | lands. sandhill. | fairly open swamps. Stand fairly open | ‘Stand Stand Stand crowded | fairly open crowded crowded Feet 7 20 ll 21 7 9 20 47 26 48 ll 29 38 68 45 72 17 43 60 85 62 82 25 56 () 99 71 85 32 67 85 109 (nf. Qe) Soa ee € | 37 78 93 116 Oo n+ Oe Pesos Se . et eee fl 88 | ee ee nee ey EE Se cee |S ee 95 LOU eee ee of (hag a (re ae eee eee re Doles Pe 101 it i a SF aS eee SoS Ae are ae ee eee ale Oe Wet) aie A be ae eee pL te AR ies oo Sk SEA Bl [Se ae cas, Sty fe RL EES 1 1: MS Re Us A gl Faces ene te Rak Ree a Sy eee OY Peale Oe Pegi od i Sl Sy See eB ia tay bioste Ses 2 [cssh ich ie Nye ae tae eet sae Re Sp ee et Atal | PUL a eae Ne tee OA ae ee SY gh gall Cee MOR eNanen eo acdcnes |b wes saan [ae ae eto oe WEDD ial Diet FRE PRY | pe Sse eee Se ee del bene Sale ra | | ae ek ed a 4 99 eg a3 86 69 Lb Sh at 0) 16 eg 8zI 8% 99 @g i 86 69 LL og rat I 06 9g Lzl “z 99 eg op 86 89 92 1g II ra 06 8g cal 9% 99 #9 Ly 16~ 89 ob a Om Pa) 68 09 Fal Gz 19 79 Sh 96 69 CL eg 601 ra) 88 29 eal 74 19 +9 0g 6 69 ¥L 9g 801 ra) 18 €9 Ir 8% 99 £9 zg 66 89 2 8g LOT ZL 98 69 611 rad ’ 19 £9 ¥S 16 69 zl 09 Cor L 6g 19 LI 12 B 19 29 9g £6 89 IL 29 701 ra) e | 69 cr 02 5 99 19 sg 26 69 OL *9 ZOl el 28 I aa 61 99 09 19 16 69 69 19 001 ed 0g ed at SI 3 99 6g £9 68 89 19 69 86 €d 8L 91 LOT MN A go> i) aie 69 18 89 9. I C6 L GL 82 P01 91 8 79 ¥S 19 18 19 29 PL 26 OL 0) 18 101 or 5S 19 og 02 28 cg 8g 9L 68 89 99 &8 16 iI O 6g oF zh 82 29 eg 82 eg eg 09 98 £6 a by eg Ip PL iL 1g > Lb 28 28 19 *g 68 68 a 1¢ 9g 92 OL eg 1p #8 UL _ gg oF 26 #8 I Lb Ig 6L 99 Lb 7 98 zd 6F 6g 66 6L or Zi eh 9% 08 09 ra} 8% 68 19 a2 es lz. 6 2 6 a 9g 02 £8 eg Pe 1% 16 19 98 ¥% 101 19 8 3 ee 91 zg Sh og or £6 #9 4 Lt £01 09 L be ¥% Or 8 ah Iz Ir 6 Ly 6r a1 901 €g 9 a ga a Reb a #8 pied ats oul ane es 96 Cai. Ser San: op ¢ 3 #8 8% 96 ze 801 9g b Paha © eS aed ac aaa ¥8 Tee Wed [ere oer carne 96 ieee eee ee ere eee 801 18 € Cue ee oe #8 1 Neal epee hse a hes aan 96 Gi eg aee ring cere PII 61 z q33u9] ee qys18y eae Yau] ae sey WO qysu9] ge sasiey oe uBy aqeqyueyo 07 0 io) ueyo BYO “Tow jo) wot | gan Jo. | “Tour jo wmauoy | soyomenp gon jo | “Eyour Jo Wau | Syoump eon 9 soyouy BRIDES ee ain Pek eee ince fal cen SOFOTHO [BIOL 90 Pd | qsueyqosoyy | JO CPU 120, qaryysverq | —— ae: E 2 L : = JOPUIVICT TIL Aqen® TI Aang I Aqryeng Q “ANI ATIOTMO'T 40 HLONDT GIAVINVHOUTWL “SALIG ALITVAY LINaUaaaIC NO HDIHISVAU ASLAWVIC] GNV LHDIGH IVLOY, HL NGGMLAG NOILVIGYy—s¢y] a1Avy, LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 63 GROWTH IN DIAMETER. Table 16 shows the average growth in diameter at breast height of all trees (6 inches and over), the diameter growth of dominant trees in fully stocked unthinned stands, the diameter growth of dominant trees in open stands, and the number of years required to grow one inch in _ diameter. All the diameter measurements of standing trees, unless otherwise stated, were taken at a uniform height of 4 feet 6 inches from the ground called “breastheight.” Breasthigh measurements made outside of the bark are a better guide for determining the growth in diameter than stump measurements, as in this way the variations due to the height of the stump and butt swellings are eliminated. It is often desirable to convert diameter at stump height inside of bark to diameter at breastheight outside of bark. This relation is shown in Table 17. It can be used in obtaining the breasthigh diameter from stumps on cut-over land. (Also, see Table 8.) The culmination of the diameter growth often takes place as early as during the first decade and seldom later than in the fourth decade, Table 18 shows the diameter growth on stumps by decades for typical groups on different sites. Column 1 shows the diameter growth of a crowded group of loblolly pines mixed with hardwoods on moist stiff clay soil. The growth in diameter does not culminate until between the thirtieth and fortieth years; the growth is so persistent that at the ave of 130 years it amounts to nearly 1.5 inches for the decade. The rate of diameter growth, however, is much less than that of the open stand given in column 2, which shows a group of trees on loose loamy soil on the edge of a pond, near Howard, Bertie County. It is an excellent example of persistent and rapid diameter growth, the increase between the eightieth and ninetieth years amounting to nearly 1.8 inches on the stump. Similar, if not better, results can probably be obtained from all stands of Quality I, provided they are properly thinned. (Plate IX, B.) 64 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Tasie 16 —GRowTH IN DIAMETER, ON DIFFERENT QuaALity Sires, or Att TrReEs Six INcHES AND Over, AND OF DoMINANT TREES Srx IN°HES AND OVER IN DIAMETER IN FuLLy StrockEep STANDS; oF DoMINANT TREES IN OPEN STANDS; AND THE NUMBER OF YEARS REQUIRED TO GROW AN INCH. Fully stocked stands Open stands - Dominant trees Age of All trees Dominant trees stand e “a Years Diameter | No. of years| Diameter | No. of years Diameter | No. of years to grow an to grow an | to grow an Inches inch Inches inch Inches | inch Quality I 20 fe ome (| eA a ae 8 7.6 [zeae ee ee 10:8) Wes ee en 25 BaD 4 9.1 | 3 12.7 3 30 9.3 5 10.4 4 14.2 3 40 11.4 5 13.2 4 16.9 4 50 13.2 6 aay 5 19.2 4 60 14.8 6 17.4 6 21.0 5 70 16.1 7 18.8 6 22.6 6 80 17.3 8 20.0 hg 24.0 6 90 18.3 10 21.2 8 25.3 ff 100 19.1 11 22.3 | Db “or | ee Quality IT 20 Osa oy ae eee (ete) agli’ A ack ae a 8320. oe ee 25 (65) 5 7.8 4 9.4 3 30 8.5 5 8.8 4 10.6 3 40 10.3 6 10.8 5 13.0 4 50 11.9 6 12.8 5 Gy 5 60 13.2 ii 14.5 7 16.9 6 70 14.3 9 15.9 8 18.4 7 80 15.3 10 17.0 9 19.7 8 90 16.2 11 18.1 9 20.8 9 100 17.0 12 19.1 10) Veoh s2 Se ee ee Quality III 20 G3ls fae nee G38, hy | las2 aoe 6x9 4 IV gees: ee ee 25 6.8 6 7.2 5 8.0 4 30 7.6 6 8.2 5 9.1 5 40 9.1 i 10.0 6 1 in 50 10.5 8 end, 6 12.8 5 60 17 9 13.1 7 14.3 7 70 12.7 10 14.3 8 15S7. 7 80 13.6 il 15.4 9 17.0 8 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 65 TasBLe 17.—D1AMETER BReEASTHIGH OUTSIDE THE BARK OF LOBLOLLY PINE AND THE CORRESPOND- InG Stump DIAMETER INSIDE THE BARK. 2 2 : Difference between the iat brsetigh eis ee of shar erg tae stump and breasthigh diameter Inches Feet Inches Inches aren 8 1 1 8.2 2 9 1 1 9.0 0 10 1 2 9.9 = re 1 3 10.9 =f 12 1 4 11.8 2 13 1 5 12.7 3 14 1 6 13.6 4 15 1 7 ) 14.4 6 16 1 8 15.3 oN 17 / 1 9 16.2 8 18 1 10 17.1 .9 19 1 ll 18.0 1.0 20 2 0 18.9 1.1 21 2 1 19.8 12 22 2 2 20.7 1.3 23 2 3 21.6 1.4 24 2 4 | 22.4 1.6 25 2 5 23.3 ee 26 2 6 24.2 1.8 27 2 7 25.1 1.9 28 a | 26.0 2.0 29 2 9 26.9 2.1 30 a 10 | 27.9 24 Column 4, Table 18, shows the diameter growth of a pure stand in an old field on soil quite similar to that on which the group in column 3 was growing, except that the soil was previously cultivated. The culmi- nation in diameter took place at the end of the first decade, with a growth for the decade of nearly 8 inches; but the subsequent decrease in growth is so rapid, that between the fifth and sixth decades it is only .4 of an inch. This manner of growth is characteristic of the dry old fields. The rate of diameter growth of trees on longleaf and pocoson pine flat lands (column 3), like the height growth of these species on the same site, is slow but persistent. As the trees stand well apart, the crowns are well developed and the diameter growth is at a maximum for this condition. 66 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Tas Le 18.—D1AMETER GrowTH OF LOBLOLLY PINE ON DiFFERENT SiTEs INSIDE THE BARK ON Srumps Asout Two Freer Hiau. Quality I I | III II III II (a (2 | 3 4 pee sree In borde | On cea on jee old deld | On ee silt Mixed with wooijson /|moist,loamy, leaf and on a long- | sand flats cypress ears moist, stiff soilon | pocoson pine leaf pine following in deep clay soils. edge of flat land. sand hill. longleaf swamps. Stand pond. Stand | Stand | Stand pine. Stand Stand crowded | fairly open | fairly open | crowded open crowded | | | Inches 10 158 Fae) 2.8 7.8 Lit) |e 20 4.3 10.7 4.9 10.9 330° |e 2 eee 30 8.0 15.2 6.6 12.6 4:5) S22) ee 40 11.4 19.1 8.6 13.6 5.9 10.0 50 14.3 22.0 10.2 14,2 2 11,53 60 16.8 24.4 11.0 14.6 8.2 _ 13.0 70 19.3 26.5 ANSE Pe” al ee A Pe 9.0 14.4 80 PARES 28.3 TANG) < AiO os, oo ee ee 16.2 90 Dade 30.0 AGSOR © | Aceh Sea a SD eee ee 1 BGs) 100 PAA Ae ae | eee ekg AGieoh) |S ee ee Bese ee |S eee ee en 120 28r OW.” teylek seat ae Se LOA ee on er ee een SS eae | eee 140 BLO. | sateen ea. See 20.7 eS ae eee ee eee ae ar fs See eel 160 B35 pe ee eee ee D2 "ees ae ee ae ee ee eee el ee ee 180 SoOgM yeas eee 2810) | mesa eee e eee aaa Sen oe | 200 31s bo | Sec Bee ee PAO: 2 |s252 kei -|2 e e | 240 SloQ Mscsaaensenshea|pe ck oe be. SeSs|e oben ia seesen|t ace ee ‘GROWTH IN VOLUME. Cubic Feet. As both height and diameter growth of loblolly pine are most .rapid in early youth, the greatest per cent of volume increment is made during this period. The contents in cubic feet of the stem of a tree without bark or branches, at different ages, is the best index of the rate of growth in total volume. The growth of the stem of the trees of loblolly pine in cubic feet in different quality classes is given in Table 19. The growth in cubic feet of trees in stands on different sites is given in Table 20. Board Feet. The volume in board feet increasés at a more rapid rate than the volume in cubic feet on account of the greater proportion of convertible material in timber of large diameter than in small. The volume in board feet of the dominant trees in stands at different ages is given in Table 21 by Doyle-Scribner rule, and on the basis of actual mill cut 1-7 inch saw kerf band-sawed. The volume of trees on different sites at given ages is given in Table 22. It is probable that the rapid increase LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 67 in merchantable volume shown by the fairly open stand on the best, moist, alluvial soil can be secured from a large portion of stands of Quality I by proper thinning. TaBLe 19.—GrowrTH or LOBLOLLY PINE IN CuBic Fret (MERCHANTABLE STEMWOOD PEELED) AND IN Corps (StrMwoop PEELED AND Spuit) AVERAGE oF ALL TREES Srx INcHES AND OVER IN DIAMETER IN FULLY SrocKED STANDS ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES. 7 [eee l Height Diameter breast- | Age of stand h Volume Volume igh Years Feet Inches Cubic feet Long cords Quality I 20 56 icp 5.0 .05 25 66 8.2 8.8 .08 30 75 9.3 13.2 12 40 90 11.4 23.7 Ayal 50 99 13.2 34.8 31 60 106 14.8 46.7 41 70 110 16.1 57.8 -51 80 112 17.3 68.2 . 60 90 114 18.3 77.4 . 69 100 115 19.1 85.0 75 Quality II 20 44 6.4 3.1 .03 25 53 7.5 5.3 -05 30 61 8.5 8.3 -075 40 74 10.3 16.1 .14 50 84 11.9 24,2 21 60 90 13.2 32.0 .29 70 95 14.3 39.6 .3D 80 98 15.3 47.2 42 90 100 16.2 54.4 48 100 101 17.0 60.5 .54 Quality III 20 32 6.1 2.0 -02 25 39 6.8 3.0 . 03 30 46 7.6 4.5 .04 40 59 9.1 9.1 . 083 50 69 10.5 15.5 14 60 76 11.7 21.9 19 70 82 12.7 27.3 24 80 85 13.6 32.2 29 68 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 20.—GrowTs OF LOBLOLLY PINE ON DIFFERENT SITES IN VOLUME (CuBIC FEET) ExcLusiIvE or Stump, Top, anp BARK. Quality I I III int III III (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Age of stand | Groups of | Qnloose | Onlong- | Oldfield | ,.O7 STV | Mixed with Y h pee see g moist, loamy| leaf and on long foll aoe cypress in RMI on ociet soil on pocoson pine| leaf pine Todet free 3 deep swamps, stiff clay. edge of flat lands. sand hill. pis. always wet. il (Steel pond. Stand! Stand Stand Stand Stand ékowded open fairly open crowded fairly open fairly open Cubic feet 10 2.0 820%. | |Suveieces-c-s|b eee | eee eee 20 2.8 16.0 3.5 820i» | oe eL eae 1.0 30 5.2 42.0 6.0 22.0 1.7 3.0 40 11.5 68.0 12.0 33.0 2.5 8.0 50 23.0 96.0 20.0 40.0 5.3 16.0 60 44.0 133.0 29.0 45.0 11.0 29.0 70 69.0 ale fre(0) 40500 ()| Sacre sear 17.4 44.0 80 97.0 217.0 USO 4 IW ss 22 ae eee eee eee 59.0 90 126.0 257.0 G20 + © hee ae es ee eee See ee 76.0 100 1570)" | etess see CCU eres eases ee eR eT 120 21820) yee eee 96:0) ‘\ucc Sis =| ee eee 140 2iiO! Wess eee 12080: *| cae ee See ee es 160 3030)" |She ee ee 145.0" j|-2522-222 33 4S eee eee 180 590.0) © 3 Saat 1: 5 en) eee ere eee Napa eR Se Sf oe 200 427:0° See a0) a Pepe oxetiry Se WEE See Hie EM cee sk 69 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 02P 90S TG Uae i ae ae | eae a ee LS ct9 StL £°3S SI oot OLE CLP £°81 068 116 £°S3 ggg OF9 6 1G Fil 06 Ors 90% elt 092 98 0 FS SOP 69¢ 0°02 raat 08 SIZ STE 1 i) § G6S FIL 9°3S Ose Och 88ST Ort 02 LST $96 8 FT 8LP #9S 01% 016 898 FLT 901 09 Oot FST ane ChE 9EP o'61 O8T GL1E Lot 66 0g €¢ Sol i! 802 962 6°9T 06 99T acl | 06 OF 8T €L £°6 06 6ST aa 08 68 FOL GL 08 L SP o'8 og F01 LO at gg 16 99 G T ag TL 8T 09 8°0T a lz 9°L 9¢ 02 5 I Aqyen® q00,7 prvog qo0,7 prvog qooq prvog soqouy 3 soqouy soqouy qTUqIog oy JT rouqiaog a é 1IUqIog 10 4 400.7 -a]A0q. i ‘ soqoureIq] -aA0q yoy ,,L-T oaUIRIG -oA0d j10y ,,l-T roqouretq] oar S189 Feat aa Se queurulo0(y puvys jo aay smmn{oOA . suNnjoOA ouIn[oOA jo 44 sop spueyg uedQ—seeL], Iv spueys usdQ—se0L], queuru10(y spueyg pepAo1j—seeL], queur1o0(dy ‘\NIDDO'T NIGOVAVAUG YO ALSVM ‘LoadA AOE GONVMOTTY ON ‘SALTS ALITVAY INGUAIIIG, NO SANVLG NddQ NI SHdU], TIY JO ADVUGAY ANY ‘SGNVLG NadO NI SaayL INVNINO( 40 {SANVLG GIaMOUD NI UTAO INV SAHONT XIg SATU, INVNIWO( #0 ‘AINY AANAIMOG-aTAOd NO GNV suay HON] J-[ HLM LOO TH TVALOy No aasvg ‘aWAIOA LOOT auVvOg NI HLMOUD— TZ TIAVL LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 70 £6 TI 9°ET 002 082 O°LT SFI G66 ¥ST $8 08 OL 8&1 LOI SFT 81Z “st SOT I8T eas 68 OL lt 60T Lit 6 POT £1 OL Sel Te 91 09 9% C8 $°Or cg eIl 8°GI 68 6 L1t 69 0g Or &F 16 £% 69 Tit ia’ 9¢ pwn 6g OF g oT 9° g 8% 16 € 1% 68 9F 0& on eas Sean L 8°9 (4 ai 0°8 ewer: “es 6 GL 6¢ SZ ea Te ae? £ POY a iy cee a “| Crom liane ene ae & 69 (oe 03 III Aven ; Sos PPE 0°LT © calc Be CA Sahay | eras ree ana ae 096 TSP T 6 TOL 0oT 022 808 GOT 09F ; 8FS 8°06 S08 S68 181 oor 06 Ost £93 €°ST S8E TLP L°6t SHS CEE O°LzT 86 08 Sat 1Ié £°F1 20 08€ Pst 6LT | Tz 6°ST 96 OL 06 991 o&t 802 962 6°91 SCL $06 i a 8 06 09 9g Let 6 TT 9&1 602 6ST 174 laa’ 8°GT 8 0g 13 98 £01 9 821 0°&T £8 ¥6 8 ‘OT tL OF L WwW $°8 02 49 9°OT 8 &P 8°8 19 0& g £% GL 6 OF 46 £ 93 8h €¢ SB Sie CP 8 49 g 8 68 ae ke ee 6 9 vy 02 II Aqyen® 4007 pavog 400.7 prvog 400.7 prvog youquog | oy ,,J-1 ei! gouquogs | joy ,,2-1 peal qouquog =| Oy ,,L-T ke 9201 “Aleekt r9joUIBICT aj Git I9jyOULBIC, Ise Gr 19}9UBIC, sor], phe queurmo0cd puvyg jo oy ouIn[OA euINnjoOA auIn[oOA jo FY4SIEF7 spuvyg uedQ—seely, [[V spuryg uedQ—sealy, yuBUTUIOG SpuByg popMOID—sed01], JUBUIUIOG “panuyuog—{e aA, i. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. “ST PUL FT SO[QUL, UI UAT sv sdnoisd jo si9jOWUIVIP PUB SYSOP, ch mas Senne | eer tot Ae lebea eee a ble OS ey os¢ G9 Para oe par oa es ae 020° Gres panes eerie 09T Se es SS ei |e Sse Seley ee ne Os Weg lps ke oh eae eure second (Mame OSD AD OFL‘T OFT pene MIRC nM ienderei He ks at Te lee eee She ORVie ba poppies nee cae | ene Oe 8ge'T Oct irr heel eer a eeen MN react OCRO a ote cn Pad Ste ea 08% Org Pe ate ae a hl ee ees O16 $86 oot 086 COSMEe aR fl ao es een ee Ser ee oF OLT Ski hy Us dl eee SOL 96 06 $06 (stg ne acne Oe ae nce nen ai een eerie a OZ 002 082 ‘T 182 'T org 96S 08 ras L61 ai Ol Smt henge 2 cael ae ca 08 OST S20 'T 161‘ LEE LIP OL TZ 6&1 4 CS i en ae eae LE POT O82 698 cor GLE 09 (a3 LOR ARE eae re ras hay L01 S8T FG 6L stg 66S £6 TOT 0g 1 J es Me Es aaeree 2 | ee aera 88 cor 8 (a7 G83 068 16 oL 7 Se ee ce cc oe cee |e ee LS OI 1 RS | ae a 16 8ST é II 08 Cit eo ae | aoa Ph aaa 61 oF Fame | | ae ae ai oF ip maar fcc ate 03 4o2j prvog ee BOLT: | oka? || PBEaich | Gedbce | PRLaEt | ookeae | PEMD |e carteg i Pete coer a | Mees ne ee SEES uado Apres puvyg pepaoro puvyg uodo Ayrrey puryg uedo puryg pepMor19 pueyg aay *10J8M SUIMOP u99jo ‘gam sABMye ‘dures deep ut sseid Ao qytM pextur sdnoiy (9) ; II A972nO ‘outd jyeo,suo] Sur -MO][OJ S}8y pues 41s Arp uo sdnoiry (¢) III AVTeNH “DNIDDOT NI GDVUVAUG UO ALSVAA ‘LOMA: HOM AONVMOTIV ON -udddIq NO ANIG ATIOIOT JO SANVLG UO SdNOU) NI SAUMUT, AIONIG JO ‘ATOY WANAINOG-aATAOG AM GAIVOG ANV ‘4uay ,,J-[| ‘ANQOTIOA LOOJ-GUVOG— ZZ ATAV], Ta eS ould jeo[suo] & uO PISR PIS Ut Peer (¥) II Aqyend® Bee suid uosovod pue jeo]suo] uo pueyg (¢) IIT Aden ‘TOs [eranyye Aureoy ‘yStour 4s0q oa, ie pueyg & I Aqyend *[1os Avy gus” ‘4sI0ll 10 SpooMpiBy ul seed} Jo sdnoir) (1) I Append ‘SGDV INGUAIMIG LV SNOILIGNO) TVOIdAT, HOT—SALIG INA (2 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. VOLUME TABLES. Table 23 gives the volumes of both upper and lower logs of different diameters, measured inside the bark at the small end of the log, in (1) cubic feet; (2) by Doyle-Scribner rule; (3) band-sawed 1-7 inch kerf; (4) circular-sawed 1-4 inch kerf; and (5) the number of board feet ob- tainable per cubic foot of solid wood, mill factor. The saw gain of logs from the upper part of the tree over logs from the lower part of the tree is noteworthy. This is due to the greater actual volume in cubic feet of the top logs on account of their taper, the volume being calculated on the basis of the average diameter at the small end. The number of board feet per cubic foot shows that even in converting a tree 14 inches in diameter breasthigh with a band saw 1-7 inch kerf, more than one-half of the volume of wood in the logs is lost in kerf, shrinkage, and slabs. Even in a tree with a diameter of 30 inches, the average diameter of logs being 18 inches, this loss exceeds one-third of the volume of the cubic contents of the logs. Tables 24 to 31 give the merchantable volumes in board feet of trees of different diameters and heights in actual mill tallies and in Scribner Decimal C, Doyle-Scribner, and Tiemann log rules. The volume tables based on the actual mill cut are both for logs band-sawed with seven cuts to the inch and for logs sawed with a circular saw with four cuts to the inch. Trees less than 50 years old will yield less than the volumes given in Tables 24, 26, 28 and 30; in stands 40 to 45 years old about 10 per cent less; in stands 30 to 40 years old about 15 per cent less. The actual volume of trees in a 45 year old stand is shown in a footnote to Table 26. This is the actual cut at the mill. The volume as given in Tables 24 to 31, inclusive of Table 30a, is based on straight logs or crooked logs in which the crook amounts to less than 2 inches in a 16-foot log. The rule is to scale down into an inch lower diameter class logs which have about this degree of crooked- ness. In about 30 per cent of the logs cut, the crook amounts to more than 2 inches. There is little loss in the cut from. crook, however, until the crook amounts to more than one-fourth of the diameter of the log, which will seldom occur in trees more than 12 inches in diameter. No allowance is made in these tables, or in the tables based thereon, for crooks which exceed 2 inches, for waste, which is often 5 per cent (see footnote to Table 26), or for breakage. In ordinary calculation of volume, estimating, or of yield a deduction, which will vary with the class of timber and the locality, should be made for losses from these sources. On poor sites the deduction for crook may amount to 6 per cent (Plate XII); on good sites it may not exceed 2 per cent. With careful felling and cutting the loss from breakage should be less than one-half of one per cent. A comparison of Table 26 with the table in the footnote shows that in an average operation a deduction of 25 per cent should be allowed from the mill cut volumes given for 6, 7, and 8- LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 73 inch trees, 15 per cent for 9, 10 and 11-inch trees, and 5 per cent for 12- inch trees to cover excessive crook, waste and breakage. No allowance is required for trees of larger diameters. An average deduction of 10 per cent consequently is sufficient for all except very young stands. In practice this loss is covered by the deductions made in the woods’ scale for crook and breakage. It should be allowed however in estimating and volume appraisal. Table 32 gives the number of logs 16 feet long, and the diameter at the small end of the top log for trees of different diameters and heights on which the volume tables of the trees are based. Table 33 gives the volume in cubic feet of merchantable stemwood (without bark) in trees of different diameters and heights, less than 75 years old. Table 34 gives the comparative volumes with and without bark, in cubic feet and cords, number of trees to a cord and per cent of bark, in trees of different diameters and heights in stands 35 to 45 years old, Quality II, which may be assumed to be an average site and average age for cordwood stock. The volumes would be less for younger stands in which the trees have the same diameters and heights. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Wi ode et en ee Terma, ami | OE eet se tra nee ae | ei A ae in a re iad Oe ea a poset 9T¢ 689 Seg Lee © pe ae ak es ea ee ok en ae one ge ae in irae Kero woe sie Sail c¥ C8P os¢ i (ah), eee Pig aoe Sige et we ae Fe acs eae *i (Gag F0¢ 6FP €1S rae Wee oahe | ieee ena as he Mug eee oe (ae ee g ea 60F GOP OTF GLY — fn ae al in Oe ae f— eon ee RI an | cfg 8Lé 8oP F8E S&F eo 9¢ om 9° GL A 16& OSé 00F CS LE Ora 9°. GL ST LS¢ 61 POE Gee LE |e 9°2 FL 982 VCE 98% LOE SEO] 8& 0 GL PL 996 666 9&6 666 I+ 8& 0 GL ek 0&3 69% 866 69% t+ 68 (4 GL &L £06 PE - 106 0&6 ¢+ 68 (4 PL iL I8T L0G LLY 60Z s+ OF (4 VL TL 6ST I8T SST LLY oI+ OF ¥ VL 0°L 881 8ST eet GST sI+ WF £ el 6°9 sit SET SIT TEI sI+ &P ¥ GL 19 oor FIT 96 OIT ¢e+- bP ¢ OL ¢°9 8 96 08 16 ee+ 9F L 8°9 €°9 69 6L $9 7 Ly+ 8P L 9°9 0°9 9g *9 €¢ 09 9¢+ Tg 9T a9 OLS cy os 68 SP c6+ +g 1% 8°¢ og 8é a7 08 ve ogt+ 6¢ && €¢ Ly 8% as 1% FG 00e+ 9 = 7A § Or7 TP ZT 1% 9T 8I ures) TL 0€ 0'F ce II &1 6 Or (21) 099) (01) (6) (8) (2) (9) (9) (¥) queo 10g qooy puvog Sree HOF ,,L-T POH Lal HOD ,,S-T TE | AO ,,9T-T T | FATT ,,8-1 T | HOT ,,9I-T T reuqiuog | [s3o] jz0y ,,L-T sso] addy | sso], 19MOT spiBvo0q spiBo0q sp1Bo0q sprvoq ~9]AOC] 10A0 T9407 OT 830] “Hey, F-1 *J19¥ 1-1 ‘HOY, F-1 ‘JOY ,,L-T ‘MBS BTN peziyn JOMOT JOAO | ( 1040] Te02) — «| MBS IBMT | AMVs puvg | MBS IBMT | Mes puv_ -119 ‘sd0] | yOu poom yo | sZOy s9ddn , J00y o1qno I@MOT JO wor10dorg Ulery) sad 42ay parvo SSO] 10 urery jo roquinyy {sZo0] soddq, 4S50T IOMO'T 689 08g PSP TP 00F 696 VEE 686 996 GGG 96T 69T lias Tet OOT 400.7 apni reuqii9g -ejA0q Aq ouIN[O A «x 4F 1D S50] JIMOT JO euInj[oA 7 soyouy pue Tews 48 S50] JO rayouleiIp ODBIOAVY ‘SUMLANVIC] LNAUAIGIC] AO DNO'T LAG NAGLXIG ANIG ATIOIMOT {0 SNOT JO LAG OIANH ANV Lady AuvOg NI SaWOIOA—¢Z AIAVL 75 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. *J1O¥ YOU F-] YIM YOUL g-] PUw ‘J19y TOUT J-] YIM SpIvVOd YOUT-] OJ SSoUOIY} UT OUT QT-T ST aSVYULIYS 1OJ POUBMO]LE OY], “OFBYUYS pu’ Sqvys ‘Joy MVS UL 4so'T | | “sO] Jo][VUIS 94} 10} JeBIv] YUE Jed g 04 ¢ WOT} OIG JOJOUIEIP BUTS OY} jo SZ0] Joddn jo a0} 01ND UI SOWUNIO A x» ‘UNIIOAO OU IO 9]}9T] SI O19} SOYOUT YT SEAOG’ SIOJOUILIP 951V] 10F {sBO] JOOJ-9] 10} UdATS yey 2AOq” 4ued Jed GT OF JUNOWIE ABU BSBIIOUT ay} 8}]0q J0OJ-F U] “(SeYOUT g OF F) SISJOUIVIP [[BUIS 10F Aypewedsa ‘poom jo yoo} o1qno Jed sequin] pees jo PPPs so rv] AYYZYs B st a1aqy sso] 1oWOYs TIM “CHET T St 1G WOuUr 9T-[ [ sprvoq oy} ‘Joy YOUT J-] Jequiny pades-pueq oF ‘HOIY} YOu g-T T Sprvoq J103] YOUL F-[ ‘IOQUIN] POMVS-IB[NOITO UIOIJ UOTSIBAMOD IOJ 10JOV} aut ‘aB1v] ‘Aves oy} UO BuLIeNbs Aq ured) “5O] sad soyout Z UBY} GIO SO] JO][BUIS JO Jode yy *]jeuls ‘Mes ay} UO Surenbs Aq urey) “SO] iod sayour Z UvYy Ssoy AT[ENSN Soyour 6] ULY} SSO] SZO] JO JOJoUIeIp UI Joduy, S8¢ 899 1g9 os ie me 0& 6S 169 (10) ele |S mais ae 62 76 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 23a—Loc RULE FoR LoBLOLLY Pine. Actuat Mitu Cut, Crrcuntar Saw, 4-Inco Kerr, Logs Wit Less THAN Two INcHES CROOK. Average Length of log—Feet diameter Z inside bark at 8 10 12 | 14 16 small end are! Inches Volume in board feet 5 5 6 7 8 10 6 8 10 12 ee 16 7 12 15 18 21 25 8 18 22 26 30 35 9 22 20 32 38 44 10 28 35 42 49 56 ll 34 42 51 59 68 12 40 50 61 71 82 13 48 60 72 85 98 14 58 72 86 101 116 15 68 85 102 119 136 16 78 98 118 138 158 17 90 112 134 157 180 18 100 125 151 176 202 19 - 114 142 171 199 228 20 128 160 192 224 256 21 142 178 214 250 286 22 158 197 236 274 316 23 174 217 261 304 348 24 190 237 285 332 380 25 206 257 309 360 412 26 222 277 333 389 - 445 27 240 300 361 421 482 28 258 322 387 451 516 29 274 342 411 480 549 30 292 365 439 511 585 ’ Table 23a gives a proposed log rule for loblolly pine. It is based on actual mill cut, circular saw, 14 inch saw kerf. This may be used for calculating the amount of lumber which may be cut from logs of differ- ent diameters and lengths. Tables 24 to 31, inclusive, were made from taper curves by scaling the merchantable length in log lengths to the top diameters shown. Logs were 16.3 feet long whenever possible, with some 14.3 feet, 12.3 feet, and 10.3 feet long to avoid waste. The assumed stump height was 1 foot for trees 6 to 16 inches in diameter breasthigh, and 1.5 feet for trees 17 to 25 inches. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 17 TABLE 24.—VoLUME IN Boarp Fret, BAND-sAWED 1-7 INcH Kerr, oF TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE oF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND HerGHTts. No ALLOWANCE FOR BREAKAGE, EXCESSIVE CROOK OR Waste, WuicH Amount To 25 Per CENT FoR 7 AND 8 INcH TREES; 15 Per CENT FoR 9 AND 10 IncH TREES; AND 5 PeR CENT FoR 12 Incu TREBEs. Trees Less THAN 75 YEARS OLD. Height of tree—Feet 2 Diameter Diameter breast- ais a fol sean a inside high 40 50 | 60 | 70 / 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 120 ea Inches Volume—Board feet Inches 7 8 16 25 | Ree eee eeeererane |e fot Remon ye 5 8 13 23 35 48 BON i seeceue mee an, en nee oe SN 5 9 19 33 42 61 75 Pep fe ren Note ae - a a ee 6 10 25 41 58 74 90 100 BAO) eee 2 6 ll 30 50 70 89 110 120 130 AU es fee ce 6 12 38 58 80 100 120 140 150 160 170 7 15s ey ee oe eee 67 93 120 140 160 | 180 190 | 200 ii Le es eee 78 120 140 170 190 | 210 230 240 7 Ua eee eee ee 130 160 190 220 250 270 280 8 UO mem Anges eee ee 140 180 220 260 290 310 330 8 DY Ts | Stem oi SS Pere eS eee ee 210 260 300 =| 330 360 380 9 TOE | eee Sees eee ee 240 290 340 380 410 440 9 CT ee a es at ae oe ee ed ee ae 330 390 430 460 500 9 BOR” 9s Ae eec Aes ee Re pew ote 2 380 440 480 520 560 10 + | Pier Soe ems SS Ey |e ee) Cee emer 490 540 580 620 10 7 Naa (ree hed eg || eS a ol Pope ae 550 600 640 680 11 -I ioe) TABLE 25.—VOLUME IN BOARD FEET, BAND-SAWED 1-7 INcH KmRF, OF TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND Hercuts. No ALLOWANCE FOR BREAKAGE, EXCESSIVE LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. CROOK OR WASTE. TREES Over 75 YEARS OLD. Height of tree—Feet i Diamet press dee high 90 100 110 120 130 140 bark of top TEEDes Volume—Board feet in tens Inches 14 20 22 24 27 [ie es, a Os tee cee 7 15. 23 26 29 SP Mle (ate Rt aes ie NES a Te 8 16 26 30 33 Oi) © Nios 6 oe | eee ee 8 17 30 34 38 AB See ee el ee eee 8 18 35 39 43 49) (io gie= 4ae et eR ee eee 9 19 39 44 49 GOR Nin Roe eee SE ee eee 9 20 44 50 55 GL, Ane eee | ee eee ae 9 21 51 56 60 66 Ta OP 2 SS ares 10 22 56 62 68 74 Si” 7 ces eee ee 10 23 63 69 75 82 S0iy | Saese eee 10 24 69 76 83 91 102 114 11 DO! mpi | Saree fae 84 92 100 110 123 ll POMmeS eas eet. oe 91 100 109 120 131 ll Zrii Hlfecous ote el 99 108 118 130 142 12 23) ie Gali se 2 ee 106 117 128 140 152 12 Dt) ge ik Chea age 114 126 138 151 163 13 S10) ey eon Se ee 122 136 150 162 174 13 5 eee epee ee eel 146 161 173 185 13 Coes wp eee see er eee See 157 172 185 195 14 Boe SE ec eee ee See’ eee 169 183 196 208 14 eh ee ee eee | SPER meee Se 181 195 208 221 15 Oh} 9 2) ee eeer ee ae a 207 221 235 15 Lite gla” fa eee ee ee |------------|-------===--- 218 235 250 15 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 79 TABLE 26.—* VOLUME IN BoarD FrxEt (CrRcULAR-SAWED 1-4 INcH KeRF) or TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE oF DirreRENT DIAMETERS AND Herguts. No ALLOWANCE FOR BREAKAGE, EXcEssIVE CROOK OR Waste Wuich Amount To 25 Per Cent FrorR7 AND 8 IncH TreEEs; 15 Per Cent For 9 anp 10 IncH; AND 5 Per Cent For 12 IncuH. Trees UNDpR 75 YEARS OLD. Height of tree—Feet 5 Diameter Diameter breast- P| | inside high 40 50 60 70 80 | 90 100 110 120 ge ances Volume—Board feet Inches 7 7 14 22 EoD rede ete (eect ie | ee etek al PO Chae [n,n 5 8 11 20 31 42 (if en Poe i ane [eee at IO Renal CE 5 9 17 29 37 54 66 (jilted [eae See he! See [eee 6 10 22 36 51 65 79 88 ST a See eet 6 11 26 44 62 79 97 106 114 ibe Sey ee aL 6 12 33 51 70 88 106 123 | 132 141 150 7 ey) aa (ee ee 59 82 106 | 121 141 158 167 176 7 1 | Saar 69 106 123 148 167 185 202 211 7 Tot 0 RSD eee 114 139 167 194 220 238 264 8 1G A Seca ed a ae | 123 157 194 220 255 273 290 8 TRACY 0a Se eel ids) eae | ee 185 229 264 290 S17 slnea4 9 Tish ¢/ Meg Pa fe HR ep Eade ea 210 255 299 334 361 | 387 |. 9 SOMMMNE Pe ere ics sen eo Tae 290 343 378 |. 405 440 9 20 ates as te Ragen el SAP eS ae 334 387 422 458 493 10 al | Pe el es eee vey Nes eee 431 493 510 548 10 Cpls Gal ee SSA Siac & Ear eres Senator. 484 528 563 598 11 ! *An operation in Gates County, North Carolina, yielded at the mill from two stands, one aver- aging 45 years old (Quality site I), and one averaging 60 years old (Quality site II to III), the following volumes in board feet (circular saw 1-4 inch kerf). As was to be expected, the younger trees, although taller, gave the lower yield. te ; Age 45 years Age 60 years lameter Top dia- ee a meter Height Used Erte Height Used best hiee anes of tree length : ihe Tosa of tree length ee Baris Inches Board Board Feet Feet feet Feet Feet fect 8 4.9 77 40 27 tLe) bed Eee Ae NE SENS spe "pS ay es SE Oe , 9 5.5 79 43 43 (hae Salar Se els = Stee SP | lee ene eee ear 10 5.9 81 46 49 23 77 57 54 15 ll 6.3 82 48 64 39 78 60 71 27 12 6.7 83 50 83 27 79 62 92 27 13 Wok 84 53 112 38 80 64 116 29 14 7.5 85 55 145 20 82 66 155 25 15 7.9 86 57 180 if 84 68 188 21 16 8.2 86 59 216 i 86 70 224 22 17 8.5 88 60 256 2 88 71 247 8 18 8.8 89 61 290 3 90 72 330 3 The mill loss in this case could have been considerably lessened by a better disposition of log lengths. Logs were chiefly cut in 16 foot lengths. By cutting more shorter logs fewer crooks would have been left in the middle of the logs and the loss in slabbing reduced. In this operation there was an average of 11 linear feet of sound stem, 5 inches and over in diameter at the small end left in the tops. This additional volume, entirely box and cull, amounted to about 7 board feet (circular- sawed) per tree. 80 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 27.—VoLUME IN BoarpD Fret (CiRcULAR-SAWED 1-4 IncH Kerr) oF TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. No ALLOWANCE FOR EXCESSIVE Crook, WASTE OR BREAKAGE. TREES OVER 75 YEARS OLD. Height of tree—Feet Diameter Ps reas high (90 100 410;,° |) 20 130 140 baat ae Volume—Board feet Inches 14 176 194 211 5 RM] Ripe A Pg caren Sein: 2 7 15 202 229 255 Cy pape ene A le 8 16 229 264 290 Bote @ || jaeeetsBen en |e aout eee, 8 17 264 299 334 S787 a ibe ty i | a 8 18 308 343 378 31s thi|. se ce S| see 9 19 343 387 431 AR4i 1 | SA 0 seed | eke 9 20 387 440 484 EY am (eter oes ce ein S| ¢ 21 449 493 528 581 Goh As Aa 10 29 493 548 598 651 i mee eee 2 10 23 | 554 607 660 722 790.) Wo ee 10 24 607 669 730 810 898 1,003 ll oF ae ee ee 739 820 880 968 1,082 11 Ye ae Nee eee 801 880 959 1,056 1,153 11 Seay pee eee 870 950 1,038 1,144 1,250 12 ag Sees 933 1,030 1,126 1,232 1,338 12 he | Sie ieee ee 1,003 1,109 1,214 1,329 1,434 13 se eae 1,074 1,197 1,320 1,426 1,531 13 PIM Petes otc ee eee OF 1,285 1,417 1,522 1,628 13 Gaye AO [atten dee Sa 1,382 1,514 1,628 1,716 14 Gate fey Seen Ske al es ee 1,482 1,610 1,725 1,830 14 yg | eae ere eee ek er 1,583 1,716 1,830 1,944 15 2 i | CE rd ES KB oe 1,822 1,944 2,068 15° Sie Motor si eee ee 1,918 2,068 2,200 15 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 81 TABLE 28.—VoLuME ScaALED BY DoyLE-ScRIBNER Rue or Trees oF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFER- ENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. Trees Less THAN 75 YEARS OLD. Diameter breast- high Inches Height of tree—Feet No ALLOWANCE FOR EXcESsSIVE CROOK. Diameter inside 40 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 90 | 100 | 110 120 bark of ' top Volume—Board feet Inches 2 3 4 6 Gi pe | eats eka See oe (ee a 5 3 7 9 13 GC | Ses ee ae awe eee oe 6 5 9 15 21 27 32 10” MN eR yee oe Stow Sr 6 8 15 23 32 39 45 Alp) a eeties eye) eens 6 12 23 34 45 55 63 71 79 88 7 ee eel. 30 45 60 73 84 95 110 120 7 a eke 40 59 77 94 110 120 130 150 7 ge Ful Ae 69 98 120 140 150 170 180 8 Peele 3 20 83 120 150 170 190 210 220 8 ich Vig. al gales PDs DENRA 150 180 210 240 260 270 9 WEE “NEO ol eee 170 220 250 280 310 330 9 Ua TE ee it ee el ee 260 300 330 360 390 9 2957 CARS eS eee 300 350 390 420 450 10 3 Sat a ee A ea ee 410 450 490 520 10 DREN Se a aR ee eer 470 520 560 600 11 TABLE 29.—VOLUME ScaLED BY DoyLe-ScripneER RULE OF TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE. or DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. Trees Over 75 YEARS OLD. Height of tree—Feet No ALLOWANCE FOR ExcrssIvVE CROOK. : Approxim ate Diameter diameter Beis 90 100 | 110 | 120 | 130 140 Ee top Inches Volume—Board feet in tens Inches 14 11 13 15 Wi eee oe octet aoe sae~ aS Se 8 15 3 14 17 20 PDAS aes | RSC 2 Serres [ee ee eee 8 16 18 21 24 (5) Mara | Waa eS | eee eee 8 17 22 25 29 Gah ilesqoesesasae|aoseeesese a 8 18 26 30 34 OT? tre wane aeee ESL eee 9 19 3! 35 39 Boe ee ae se 9 20 36 41 46 49 Doe paket a 9 PA 42 47 52 57 iy ® i See 10 22 47 54 60 64 QO, |e oe os 10 23 53 60 67 73 1 (7 eA ee eee eee 10 24 58 67 75 81 87 93 ll Dae) lecduseacesse 75 83 91 98 104 11 Dis) Sortlese fo oss see 83 92 101 108 115 11 Phe gael PBR 91 101 lil 119 127 12 OL Te U by Ae ge es ae 99 1l1 121 131 141 12 0st ofa Se Ste 108 121 132 143 154 13 BOG. yi ex ste S 116 131 143 155 166 13 Sh Oy ee eee ee (eee oe 141 155 167 178 13 OR hal Gee eee eee 153 167 179 190 14 Saree) tite ae OR ee Se ee ee 164 179 192 203 14 CS Malt ea (ae Ps ee eee 175 191 204 215 15 Sa een ee ee ee ee ee ieee 204 217 228 15 SG Oe | ea eee he eo | ot we Stent 216 229 241 15 $2 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 30.—VOLUME ScALED BY SCRIBNER Decimat C Rute or TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE oF DiF- FERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. No ALLOWANCE FOR EXCESSIVE CROOK. Trees Less THAN 75 YEARS OLD. Height of tree—Feet een . a ee ail | | inaide high 40 50 60 207 | S80 mean go) 100 | 110 | 120 bark of / | | / top iehes Volume—Board feet / Inches 8 5 13 21 PY Sea NR kd (Se eral Peal ite oe Bb 5 9 12 22 32 42 Bob Mice, See Oe ee Eee ae 6 10 18 30 42 55 (fer | Poe | ee 8 T. Fe eee y era) 6 rl 25 40 54 68 81 eee ea ae Peer hk | 6 12 32 50 66 83 | 99 110 130 140 150 7 13 40 60 81 100 | 120 140-160 170 180 7 14D eee ee Fo |e Ye 120 150 170 190 200 220 7 15c 0) hy [eee eee tee / 110 140 | 170 200 220 240 260 8 TI eae do) Pine aera Ree 120 160 | 200 | 230 260 280 300 8 LIN carl! eee eee od Mg 190 | 230 | 270 300 330 350 9 15 tel ay INCE See ee 220 270 310 350 380 410 9 TK hae «bl GON reer Ge bale Se altars 300 350 400 430 460 9 D0) | ae: ee fie Le 330 400 | 460 490 520 10 Oe |. 2 eee eee ES Eat EN Stl a 460 510 550 590 10 DOR oy) otek wueilil S TEE | Pett eel hine ERNE ok Sa A 520 570 620 660 11 TaBLE 30a.—VOLUME SCALED BY SCRIBNER DeEcIMAL C RULE OF TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE oF D1F- FERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. NO ALLOWANCE FOR EXCESSIVE CROOK. TREES OVER 75 YEARS OLD. Height of tree—Feet Diatine tee ee eh 90 100 110 | 120 130 140 ae of op eae Volume—Board feet in tens Inches 14 18 20 22 fh aes | See | ee ee 8 15 21 23 26 90) ig) |! eh tiene |e ae 8 16 24 97 30 S30) Mile ois ere (eee 8 17 27 31 35 384s vc bole SRR hi ee emeee 8 18 31 36 40 Ba erag’ | ae eee ae Sees Meme 9 19 36 41 46 50 5 Bi gee A a 9 20 41 47 52 57 61. | eee 9 21 46 53 59 | 64 60s eee eee 10 22 51 60 66 72 760° | |t eter 10 23 57 66 74 81 S72) Ue eee ees 10 24 62 73 82 90 96 102 11 it . een 81 91 | 99 106 113 11 TGR | fest oe 89 99 | 109 117 124 11 Dy Pas || Racer oa 97 109 119 128 135 12 oe Se eer ae 106 118 | 129 139 147 12 29 peers So 115 128 140 150 159 13 il ae Levee eS 124 138 151 162 171 13 GUE ("> eh ete Sac ied [Ra 150 | 163 175 186 13 aU Ltn ries Oath aeoeee eee 161 75 188 198 14 Bey (ire SEs. & On ee oe Pov 172 eo eksys 201 213 14 Gi.) oN RRO ES = i lif See cee 184 | 200 214 295 15 C5 ae | ame ae eee |S. et Ss Ao ee 213 227 238 15 Uh A fats Ea Sete ee, Me me ED | 227 240 251 15 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 83 TABLE 31.—VOLUME ScaLeD By TIEBMANN Loa Route (1-8 IncH Saw KeErRF) or TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. Diameter breast- high Inches Trees Less THAN 75 YEARS OLD. No ALLOWANCE FOR EXcessivE CRGOK. Height of tree—Feet Approximate diameter 40 50 60 70 80 0 | 100 | 10 | 120 Hees : top Volume—Board feet in tens Inches 5 1 (Ping! ee UA gia Se 7k an ie ee ety aN (Oe ay 5 1 2 2 3 | Sees 5, = | Sees) ee ee ee 5 2 3 4 5 ei (Rep eeen Sees l peenesd l (Rel eee 6 2 4 5 6 8 AN] eRe a ee Reed eee oe 6 3 5 ti 8 10 A Me a | ee SS 6 4 6 8 10 12 13 14 UTP a) ets ee 7 Ee ec 8 10 13 15 17 18 19 20 it eee 9 12 15 18 20 22 23 25 7 oes eee ae 14 18 21 24 26 28 30 8 Poe ee Peete sae toe 21 25 28 31 33 35 8 Ee ee ee ae 24 29 32 35 38 40 9 ee ee | eee eee ne 28 33 37 40 44 46 9 pes Eee see ae ees ee 37 42 46 50 53 9 5s hg 2 aa eee ase ee 48 53 57 60 10 =e eae Rae eee (Lee Se ci NE SESE eee ed tie 64 67 10 Peececke j= Ser Beas le PS Ee ne ee ene oe 67 72 76 11 TABLE 3la.—VOLUME SCALED BY TIEMANN Loa Rute (1-8 INcH Saw Kerr) or TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND H®&IGHTS. Diameter breast- high Inches 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 90 | TREES Over 75 YEARS OLp. No ALLOWANCE FOR ExcessIVE CROOK. Height of tree—Feet Approximate diameter 100 110 120 130 140 eae top Volume—Board feet in tens Inches 23 Pie Ae) see = oe ed ee S| ee ee eee 8 27 UG BF | ee SY [cae Se | ae ee ee 8 32 SHS Rae | Sea ae oo coe) (See ee PR] OP ae a 8 37 eI GN leh ee SO Sl PR ee |S | 8 43 47 DUP meme eto se aes | ee Deere 9 49 53 Ty Co eee eee 8c. eee ee 9 54 60 65 GU ey Rona 9 61 68 73 79 lee eee ee 10 - 68 76 82 SO Seee te 10 75 83 91 98 [Spee eee 10 83 92 100 107 115 il 91 101 109 118 126 11 99 109 119 128 } 137 il 108 118 129 139 148 12 117 129 140 150 159 12 125 138 150 161 171 13 134 147 161 173 185 13 eee ae a ed 157 171 185 198 13 Bets oe esta 168 183 197 210 14 eee ee 179 195 210 222 14 ea gate 190 208 222 235 15 [ARS ae oe et ba ee Ce 221 235 248 15 feted a Sore oe = ee 233 249 261 15 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 84 Dab So Poot lhe eee SAT ee ORO seer en OuOL an ale sOlibe leer eo er ONO el gett — ar ree SRG a Salle aS -------| gg | MP | 9°8 | KP | 68 ae ae Ba ae, | a enone RRND (aecone ake cee pave Siete | a | ree aaa LEE onl or Seal etek | eno om zs | Mb | vs | MP | P'S oc), Fe (OMe ae ee eee Tela Lara hte [a eae | [oy abe || a CORE CC CE CO- ite te sl ie tra os | “F | 08 | AP | 08 le gs VRIES Ra SER eral cere cota jane tee ae ra ea ee lea | ay meg oii be teal Wah Soe LL | KP | 62 y | GL 1-68 eG Reece. 5 ala. ema Pal ect ee eed inital became ety +m, i +o, — +o, _ +m, - +O, - +. = +O. - +m. - tM, - +20 | = D SEF | ES (ee | 2° SER) Eo SEY | oF Bee eS SEg| ES SEF) EF Bee Bo 820 SF be | oo Bee, oF 4 i mh eh eal > Daal eh Daal nal aed selga | ge|e2 | ge 22 | 22 | Fe | £8 /E2 | Fe | te ge\ga | ge\88 | ge/f2 | ge | E2 | 28) 22 re | to we | TO re | TS re | Se re | TO re | To rg | =O rs GC} re | TO mo | hoy re) To @ ES oa Be Su BE gu BE Si pe | O@ py | OB pe | OG ee | o8 pe | oD ob | os eed oo | oe 7 | aR 7 | 08 1 | 09 er +8 | R wn le ik all on | & +t | & a OFT Ost Ozr OIT oor 06 08 OL 09 0g 0F 400,7—S007} JO FYSIOH | seen manrne soqouy —ySstqysveiq Jezouerd “a1Q SUVA X 9 XIAO “panuywog—Ze ATAVL 86 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 33.—VOLUME IN CuBic Fret oF MERCHANTABLE STEM Woop* WiTHOUT Stump or BARK OF TreeEsS OF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS. Acer Less THAN 75 YEARS. Height—Feet Diameter ge 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 60 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | no | a Inches Merchantable cubic feet 6 1.3 1.8 2.4 3.2 4.2 3 6.3% (es soaen-leee aes ee eee 7 Lt7. 2.4 axe 4.2 5.2 7.2 8.7 9.7 tA OPY fin (ere es ee 8 2.0 3.0 4.2 5.6 dal 9.1 1h Bal 1201 137.6%) |22-22s—e SPAT of (Es rece el [rhe eS iss 7.0 9.0 11.5 13.0 15.0 gas) ee cee eh (hy HO? Bite es 6.9 9.4 11.9 14.4 16.4 | 18.4 19.9 A20eO) Niee eee Os iS ee |e ee 8.2 1.2 14.2 17.2 20 .2 22:2 Zant Ose i ee 1D AR fee ees 9.5 13.5 17.0 20.5 23 .5 26.0 28 .5 31.0 33 .0 Erie A || ee eS Ee ee ae el 16.0 20.0 24.0 28 .0 31.0 34.0 36.5 39.0 1 ee | ee ee | ee ee 18.0 23 .0 PY fais 32.0 36.0 39.5 42.5 45.5 NUS gain NRE ck wee RS Se ie a ae ee 26.0 Ol ep 36.5 41.5 46.0 49.5 53.0 GS pees eee od Fee A) ees ee ee 29.0 36.5 42.5 48 .0 53.0 57.0 61.0 LE ahh (estes Aa en eae (IE SR aE ee eee 41.0 48 .0 54.5 60.0 65 .0 69.0 1 St | oem pd a I | (ee cae led fb AR ga } 45.5 54.0 61.0 68 .0 73 .0 Ci i) eee ee ee ee Bea | 50.5 59.5 68 .5 foro 81.5 86.5 Oe | ee eS | el 2 eae | ae Ser DORD 66.5 76.0 83.5 90.5 96.5 PAN aA) eee FE EE PO ae Se a re 60.5 120 83.5 92.5 100.0 | 106.5 VT | eee = eek a (eee eee ek 3 rene ate Se en Oe eo Ee 66.0 79 .0 91.0 101.5 110.5 117 <5 PRS | ERR ee a te ee be os 9 Bel Le | ei ee | 85.5 | 100.0 | 113.5 | 125.0 | 135.5 2 WN See ct emai (ys a eC eee Saad [ee wed Ses ee 91.5 109.0 123.0 137.0 150.0 ae | te el em 2 AE ey ee | eee oe ee ee 98 .0 118.5 134.0 148.5 162.0 a, | ch) ees eh A en es SAL a ee Ne eee ane ara 127.5 145 .0 160.5 175.0 hg cee || en a Se | A em od) ee ee le eee Fors ree 156.0 172.0 188 .0 A Al eee ae oe ee A aT A 2a cee | ee ea | ee ee ge PEE ase 167.5 | 184.5 | 201.0 29 eR ere eee eae gt Ss Wem Wie ee eee el ph ee haber ee 2 et 179.5 | 197.5 | 214.5 BO) Wocteee He ep a Bend ee I eed 5 epee | eee 6 ae ge eee As 193.0 | 211.0 | 229.0 * Tops included to a diameter of 3 inches in small trees, and about 5 inches in trees 14 inches and over. If no knotty top-wood is to be included, a deduction, increasing with the diameter, of from 5 to 10 per cent should be made. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 87 TABLE 34.—VOLUME OF TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS, QUAL- iry II, Ace 35 to 45, 1n Gusic Fret, AND IN Corps, WiTH AND WITHOUT BARK; NUMBER OF TrexEs TO 4 Cord, AND PROPORTION OF BARK, WITHOUT Stump oR Top BeLow 3 INcHEs. (FoR RANGE OF HEIGHTS SEE TABLE 13.) Without bark With bark gooey ; Volume Volume ' high per tree Number per tree Number | Number SSS tgs Ag : | Pha eee pi ieee Inches Guate ate barat of “bark Cu. ft my oC ) cord ae ar 160 Sard uF pee ry 160 ft. esa ihn | 228 ft. ft. 160 ft. | . 6 tec 031 33 31 fy ee*s| 064 15.5 .051 19.5 7 Gat i) Moss) | 21 SOY niles e086) salt diLG .069 14.5 8 | 7.9 .08 12 29 1 In Tey Oi 133 7.5 -106 9.4 9 11.0 ll 9 28 15.3 172 5.8 | 138 7.4 10 14.8 14 7 27 20.3 | AO ON 4.4 .182 5.5 ll 19.0 18 5.3 26 ; 20.0 281 3.6 .225 4.5 12 23 .2 21 5 25 30.9 336 3. .269 3.8 13 28 .3 26 t 24 37.2 406 2.5 .325 3.1 14 33 .2 3 3.3 23 43.1 469 2.1 375 2.6 15 38.5 .35 2.9 22 49.3 .531 1.9 425 2.4 16 45.3 Al 2.5 21 57.3 .625 1.6 50 2 17 51.3 | 46 2:1 20 | 64.1 695 1.4 556 1.8 18 57.5 52 1.9 19 rai 778 1.3 .618 1.6 | ' | The per cent of solid wood to a cubic foot of piled cordwood varies with the diameter of the tree when the wood is cut in 4 or 5 foot lengths. With trees below 7 inches in diameter it is 63 per cent; trees 7 to 9 inches, it is 69 per cent; trees 10 inches and over, if the larger pieces are split, is is 72 per cent. By combining this with columns 8 and 9, Table 23, a factor is obtained showing the number of board feet per long cord of bolts. This gives a yield of 616 board feet from a cord of peeled wood from 7-inch trees cut in 4foot bolts; and about 750 board feet per cord of wood from trees 10 inches in diameter. When wood is in pieces longer than 5 feet the per cent of solid wood is somewhat less than 1s given and the number of board feet per cord somewhat smaller. YIELD OF PURE EVEN-AGED STANDS. Loblolly pine characteristically forms over large areas pure stands which are to a great extent even-aged. While it also grows in mixed stands and pure uneven-aged stands, its occurrence in pure even-aged stands is of chief importance on account of their large yield, the ease with which they are logged, and the simplicity of their management. On the basis of 90 plots laid off in stands of different ages and under different conditions of growth yield tables were constructed for even-aged stands of loblolly pine. The plots were fully stocked with normally de- veloped crowns and stems. Yield tables have a two-fold value. They show the approximate yield per acre which can be expected at any given age when the quality site is known or can be determined. They also show the time at which a stand produces the largest amount of wood, and by determining its quality or grade yield, the time when it has the greatest value. 88 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. In Cubic Feet and Cords. Table 35 gives the yield in cubic feet of all trees 3 inches and over in diameter in fully stocked unthinned stands of loblolly pine on different quality sites at different ages. This embraces only the volume of stem wood without bark to a diameter of 3 inches (see foot note to Table 33). The average annual increment for the entire period and for five year periods is given. The basal area, showing in square feet the sum of the cross sections of all trees inside the bark at breast height, is also given. The basal area of stands on very dry soils often declines after 30 years; and if the basal area is measured outside the bark it declines in all stands after they are 40 or 50 years old except those on the best sites.* Table 36 gives the yield of stem wood of trees 6 inches and over without bark. Table 37 gives the yield in cubic feet and cords of all merchantable trees 6 inches and over in diameter without stump, bark and top. *While the basal area af the wood only inside of bark increases in stands up to 100 years of age and more, the basal area measured outside of the bark soon begins to decline. This is due to the propor- tional greater thickness of the bask in small trees than in large ones. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. FOR Sara ag Re a ia i ae Sede ¢ ef caer ss sas TI Re Bec s: | ale ca Zor ane ale See | ee eee an 5 ET ag Penal Ree as Cee eee ee | one i Se OFT SSP ee) ep O9T ee git AS Py a? se o Gare ee oat Bee aoe ROLT wen eee eRe med | aes ere ZéT LoD SO - Sia © oes oe ao SENET Ne em | hae Oe eg ee SIT PREG. Esa eee ae Per ost mire rae Ray es Sree SEES: ee oe Bel €IT el aha ad |e a ee 661 ia se oe Wea ee ay ae Fl eae See 80r Be Pee saa, oe, Meee Fel TI Gea oe ae ogee pa pees Sa ee ite he GUE ES aaa Ir hae ee an a SIT Lt | inter creas gates «bis eoac ang ocak Or Te Ee ea al GP ahah pa a (ila gt Bal NTS Sees (Rss ame OLD. a> 2 ane ed OC tS A cra = Ae ie oo Al aa a eee Fee Pa pate a al Nae neatiaials Lae 2s wre epee Actas ie alee “Bees |) rer een nee tp ae aes Ce PMR eer ade RL se e108 rod yooy orsnbg—ysryyseoiq 4e ‘ATWO poom ‘Bore jeseg 029‘¢ (9€ 91484) IOAO puB soyOUT g 10} SB oUIES soFB JOpIO osh‘e 6g 6L Eo le al RE Sage oil See emi 09059 oP Sean =e ve ec ce Fe Cn a ae oe 022° 69 &8 060°F 99 OTT 082°¢ OL LPI og¢*s 0028 006‘Z 98 ¥8 0828 88 Ter i Cie aa or ae Ieee ea 000‘L 0822 Ost 'Z 86 88 ose’ 80T Sel o10*¢ GPT £9T os¢‘9 oge*Z 006‘T PIT LL 098° POT 821 OLF'F SLT 99T OF8‘¢ 008°9 098 ‘T oat 92 063 °% For Ger os9*¢ 06T GOT 066 'F 0¢0°9 oss aa £9 08¢‘T 002 LOT 0893 062 O9T 000‘ 008‘ LEAN 2a, Pr i is ek | [ng mr ae Ltt Pepe (Meir na cea Sa oe [OS Ma a Ie S'S ase i Ieee 3 oss‘ 000‘¢ SE HT gp has al Re ca aiicee ha ania etd emer atarcake ply cot SFA oss ome or ne <9 rere eu 008 ‘T 00L‘T e108 Jed 49} o1qnD sivok potsed srvoh poured sivod pored G 4seg orlqugy ¢ 4seg equa ¢ 4yseg oITqUny ; Bees pipe ee. Wo pre pres pyre pyre T®3°.L T2701 T®79.L [840.1 TeO.L queule10Ur qyueulei0ur queulei0ut TONUTUT A, jenuue jenuus [enuue UINUITX® J OBVIOAY ODBIOAY OSEIOAY Ill II I AqTENH 08 OL 09 0g OF GE 0€ GG 06 09 gg 0g SP OF cE 08 GS 02 ST Siva X pues jo o3V ‘vauy TYSVG ONV ‘INANGUONT IVONNY ‘SALIg ALITVOH INGUGAAIG] NO SADV INAUACIIC] LV ANIG XTIOIGO'T IO SANVLY AANNIHLNY ATMOOLG ATTA NI HOInISVaug UILANVIC NI UIAQ GNV SAHON] AGU], SAGUT, ITY 40 dO], GNV dWALG ONIGOION] GooM WALG 40 Lady 01ND NI GUOY ATG AIGIA—sGE aIAVY, 90 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TABLE 36.—YIELD Per AcRE IN Cusic Fret or Stem Woop, WitHout Bark, But INcLUDING Stumps AND Tops oF ALL TREES Six INCHES AND OVER BREASTHIGH IN FuLLY Stockep UNTHINNED Sranps or LoBLOLLY PINE aT DIFFERENT AGES ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES. Quality : I II III aoe Age Maximum | ) / Minimum oad Cu. ft. Annual Annual | | Annual | Cu. ft. per acre Per cent of | Per cent of | Percent of| per acre Cu. ft. | increase Cu. ft. increase Cu. ft. increase per acre , in volume | per acre | in volume | per acre | in volume | preceding preceding preceding 5 years 5 years 5 years | / 15 1,400 Tso: pee 600" |o224 5 BS ee 20 24560 lie eee 200) eae eee 1430 | oe ee 600. (eso ee Set 3 eee 25 4,350 3,600 8.3 2,400 8.9 1,270 12.7 650 30 5,790 4,900 2.8 3,360 Bee | 1,980 §.1 1,100 35 6,650 | 5,790 | 1:33 4,160 7; 2,700 2.2 1,700 40 7,300 6,430 7 4,830 19 3,260 ie 2,260 45 7,750 6,940 B3) 5,330 59 3,700 6 2,750 50 BA150) Ais 7 300g eae 57008 ease eee AXO%0 || se oe 3,100 i PR i A Ny Pe ba BONG ts. Set Pe Fe ae eee epee 2,360 60 | 85730. Te SVE SO aie eee eee GFZ a0 ete oke So eee ee cI gt Pape ees 3 eS 3,560 65 8,940 S040) 5 Sees ee i 1G 4100s | oe eee AZO Seine ee 3,730 =| OFLLO |) e8e240 pee eee Ge b40) ees aoe eee 4 [850) 4 eoe aes 3,850 75 9,250 Sea 00h Panes eee (OSGHO is 2 BGA |e alee oes | 3,950 80 9,380 Pa AD 8) parse eee eon is’ ( 100 | eee eee Se ay 4.990") | 22. sees 4,000 85 9,480 BiGUi ae eters Kar REO) ll gee a ce At a eee sos | 4,050 90; 7] 9yb70% Se eSken0ya eee 67870. \(t.3 eee = 54070 i paren ere 4,100 95 ul) 9660) Rj) 18s700" las = eee | 67920) j= - | No.8 | Bee eP | eat eee ees Inches (Sere ee eee ere oe (be eer hy of pipe ee Soke 26 100 Dn eulocaceee eee | eae 2 82) Sphere a eee 16 100 6 ae eel eg See 5 86 ele See 10 100 ded |, apes ee ee ee ee ee 5 8859 | Ree eee 7 100 eh ye A Ea ae 8 2 5 BSi gear eens ee 5 100 Os i Milseceeeeoeees| 2 5 89. Tee een 4 100 10), © pe 5) |2e eee 2 5 88 2 3 100 Lie | f) Pxissea.seeeeee 2 5 88 2 3 100 12 1 2 5 87 2 3 100 13 2 2 6 86 2 2 100 14 2 2 6 86 2 2 100 15 2 3 6 85 2 2, 100 16 2 3 6 85 2 2 100 17 3 3 6 84 3 1 100 18 3 4 6 82 4 1 100 19 3 4 tf 81 4 il 100 20 4 4 7 80 4 1 100 21 5 5 7 77 5 1 -100 22 5 5 7 77 5 1 100 Grade 5 logs, which are knotty top logs, yield at least 95 per cent of No. 4 lumber and cull. Cull logs, which are very knotty top logs from large trees and have coarse knots, yield at least 50 per cent cull lumber. (Note the log within the crown of tree in Plate VII.) p% Yet 4 bs PLATE XIII. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. N. PLATE XIII. Typical boards of important grades of North Carolina pine lumber 12 feet long. A to D, inclusive, are dressed boards; E and F are rough. (Photographs made under direction of author.) A. No. 1 grade board, 16 inches wide, from a large, old, fine-grained heart tree of the qual- ity known as “slash pine.’”’ A narrow margin of sapwood is shown on either edge of the board, B. No. 2 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a small pin knot and a narrow pitch streak in the upper one-half of the board. Board from an old growth, fine-grained tree, very largely heartwood. C. No. 3 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a pitch pocket in the lower one- fourth, two pin knots near the middle of the board, a pitch streak at the upper end of the board, and a sliver in the coarse flat grain of its center. Board is from a second-growth forest tree, coarse-grained in the center and medium-grained on the edges. : D. Box or No. 4 grade board, 12 inches wide. Very knotty and coarse-grained. This board is from a rapid growth tree of the old-field type and is all sapwood except a narrow ribbon of heart down the center. E. Merchantable red heart grade board, 10 inches wide. This board would have graded as a No. 3 but for the red heart which shows as the dark streaks in the heartwood. F. Box bark strip. The bark edge shows along the upper right-hand edge of the strip; the bark has been trimmed from the lower portion of the piece. Cir y+ LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 105 Tasie 49.—Prer Cent or DirreERENT GRADES OF NortTH CAROLINA PINE LUMBER SAWED FROM Rep Heart Logs or LoBLouiy PINE oF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS. | Diameter Red heart | Box bark inside bark, No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Box end cull Arie Total of log Santen Per cent of each grade 7 6.2 9.4 31.3 37.5 6.2 9.4 100 8 4.9 7.3 24.4 41.5 14.6 7.0 100 9 3.8 tek 19.2 46.2 17.3 5.8 100 10 3.1 6.3 17.2 48 .4 18.7 6.3 100 ll 3.8 6.3 13.9 48.1 22.8 5.1 100 12 4.2 5.2 12.5 48.9 24.0 6.2 100 13 5.3 5.3 11.4 48 .2 25.4 4.4 100 14 5.2 5.2 10.4 47.4 28.1 8:7 100 15 5.7 Bal 9.5 46.2 30.3 3.2 100 16 6.0 5.0 9.4 44.8 32.0 2.8 100 17 6.3 4.8 9.2 43.5 33.8 2.4 100 18 6.9 4.7 9.4 41.9 35.0 rye | 100 19 6.9 4.6 9.5 40.5 36.6 1.9 100 20 U2 4.5 9.6 39.0 38.0 1.7, 100 21 Meal 4.3 9.9 38.0 39.2 1.5 100 22 7.0 4.2 10.4 37.2 39.8 me lx! 100 23 6.6 4.1 10.5 36.8 40.7 1:3 100 24 6.5 3.7 10.8 36.7 41.1 1 P 100 25 6.2 Sey d 10.7 36.6 41.7 1 100 26 6.0 3.4 10.5 36.7 42.4 1.0 100 27 5.9 aed 10.3 Sree 42.6 9 100 28 oxo 2.9 10.0 37.8 42.9 9 100 29 aes PRE 9.5 38.5 43.3 8 100 30 5.0 2.6 9.3 39.1 43 .2 8 100 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 61 6T 899 £3" a $0 ST 269 £6" al 96° 9T 68¢ £" a #8" ST os¢ £o a 6L FT &1g £3" ai 69° &T GLP £@" él 69° SI SEP &o GI 19° TT 10P 1a" II £9" OT POE Te II 8t'6 Loe 61 Or 8t'8 663 Lv 6 os L 096 sv 8 £9°9 0&@ eT L 8L'¢ 60% er Z 66°F LLY Ir 9 LVt 6ST or LT go's I&T 80° P 16% Orr 80° ¥ 8&°% 16 90° £ L8°T PL 90° & SPT 09 90° £ LOT SP 90° tf 8h PE 90° £ rg" 6 90° £ Le 61 80° P 610 $ IT 90°0 $ £ VWepe | Shen “93 “PA onyBa - OL duno A Z pueyT 12990 sdiys ye £0" é 60° ZT £6°% OFT ¥0'9 S16 19°6 G86 0€ £0" j 9° ST CLS O&T 89°¢ 60% 616 99% 66 £0° 4 So" PI £o°% TG Tes 68T 19°8 196 8@ £0° G 6G" £1 GES IT 16°F LLY 90°8 GEG 1 £0" G £3" &1 Il'@ TOT ¥9'F GOT SoZ 066 9% £0" é 13° at 66 T 66 a EST 00°2 P06 9% £0° 6 6r II el T £8 96° § TP 8h'9 681 ve 60" I or 6 ELI! i724 89°¢ T&T 66° ¢ GLT &% 60" I! FIs 8 88° 99 ve & 6IT - brs 6ST 63 60" T ube 9 Ter 8¢ £0°€ 801 66 F PPL 1G G0" i 60° 4 L0°T Tg GL'G 16 Ith 661 06 60° T 20° F FG cy 9FS 88 88° FIT 61 60" I 10° P +8" OF 06°6 6L Le°¢ 66 8 60" i 20° P SL 9¢ S61 OL 98°S 8 ZT 60" T 20° ¥ 19° as bL 1 £9 88°C TZ 9T 60 I 10° P 09° 66 oo T 9g 98° T Lg ST 60° I 20° Ld oo SG se T og oot Ly FI SRN, kr lieve ea oe 20° P oF GG PIT &P Onar LE ‘ 1 rer Se emery Tigre 20° P 6e 61 96° 9¢ 06° 66 ai PS eras gas 6 aa 10° i? ce 9T 82° 08 v9" 1 IT Pa Meh tell ad a at 90° id 90° &T 6g" & ge ZT Or inet oa, toe ee ce Shs, 90° P 06° lj a! ey ZT ce IT 6 ES S77 | eee ane 90° P Ce 8 86° II £6" 8 8 patie ol te eed 90° P or ¢ sv 9 1 9 Z rca ine, ee ON ¥ 80° Pp 10° iv 80° £ 9 j,i Os >) Petcae ta |e OLOGS P 90°0 $ £ 10°0 $ T ees Mike NE LAN “Pa enya “4 Pa COTE i Pa EM IN ‘45 Pa onyeA “5 Pa ROMO, BO] Jo pue yIno pue qaeoy pox xog € ‘ON 6 ON TON HLYON FO SAdVUY) INAUAIATC( AHL AO SISVET OTM UGIN ‘MTOWNON AHL AAVET HOIH AA SLNIOg LV (E16 ‘Matava’ LST) BANIVA “G ‘'O “YW ANV SINDOWY—'(¢ ATAV YT, “SUALANVIC] LNAUATAIC] 4O SAAN], ANT ATIOTAO'T AO SSO [ Advur) WOUd GAMVYG UAANOT ANIG VNIIONVA [eus 7e yreq OpIsUr IeyOUTeIC] 107 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 9L° ST oss & al c0° g 19° $1 e1¢ £0" él ¢0° g 9&1 GLP &o él co" g L¥ OL S&F £0" raf ¢0° g 88 IT TOF ia II c0" € 0° OT F9E 1a II ¢0° g £26 LOE 60 Or ¢0° g G68 26 Wye 6 cor e 90 L 09% cr 8 co" e 68°9 0&% ev L c0" g go G02 ae ys £0° 4 68 F LLT WV 9 Z0° I 90°F GST or c Z0" I GPS T&T 80" fp z0° I G8 S Orr 80° i 20° T Tes 16 90° g ZO" I €8'T FL 90° (Te hese aE BRS aed | 09 90° ed odie eae Baiea|ssaeeaee FO Gh 90° ¢ ------ Sembee none 91 tE 90° fa ronnie ees Baas ete cv 0S | F 900%) §& -------- g \-------- ~ “43 “Pa anyeA “3 PA anyeA “43 -“Pa onyBa TOL | oumyoa Z pus | \]jno pue 1?79.L sdiuys ye q1vay Pery Cr FZ 92°S 80I 49°? COT 918 883 16 OF £% IVs 10r eh $ST Gok 026 92 Le" 1% 96° T ¥6 G0’ F faa £6°9 G06 G ee 61 81 88 TL’ & GET Te'9 #81 ¥G (am 81 69°T 18 eh é ras 89°¢ 99T &% 86° 9T Lo T GL 60° € OI (0) eT 6FT (46 co" tI GFT 89 18°% Oot tm 7 GET 1% 1 as of T 69 Arg 06 16°& OTT 06 6. II /} tg | 9¢ 08° 3 68 OFS OOT 61 it) 6 L0°T Tg 90°% %L 66% 98 81 iAM 8 $6" GP 98° T 19 8h Ss el LT wT 8 cs" IP 99° T 09 $0°S 19 9T av L cL 9¢ LYT ¥S 09'T 6P ST or 9 19° (9 oe T 6P 92° T 68 sas or 9 9g" 16 ort GP 6 08 &1 60° ¢ LY &% 96° 98 TL £% ai 10° ¥ oF 0@ 8L 08 (Oe LT II 90° ¥ oe 9T 19° ¥ 6 &I Or 90° F £o° ai cr LT 96° 6 6 90° P 6r OT 83 Il 1h We 9 8 90°0 $ ¥ e1'0 $ L cro $ 9 cro $ ¥ L onqea | ‘ay"pa | omreA | ‘Pa | OMIPA | “PA | OMIPA | “HPA soyouy BO] Jo puo xog ¢ ‘ON Z ‘ON 1 ON Matamcd sees OpIsur 199 UBT HLYON 40 SIAVAD INGUTIAIG IHL 40 SISVE TOU, “VA “AIOTNO ‘SUALANVIC, INAUAAAICT 40 SAINT ANT ATIOTHOT JO SNOT ZG aavury) N GHL GAVH HOIH MA SENIOd LV ( WOUd GHMVG UAAWA'T ANI VNITOUV,) 1G] ‘AALUVAY LST) SHNIVA “A ‘O “A INV SLNDOWY—TS ATAV LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 108 69° 9T 6¢9 or ¢ 09o'T c6 9L°T OOT 88°S Sel 19°C 6 89° 2 966 0€ 09° ST 619 i) ¢ SPT 88 PLT 66 CLS O&T 69° 66 16°9 0% 62 IG’ 1 O8¢ or ¢ 98° T 18 GL T 86 L9°3 £61 LES 88 66° 9 G8T 8@ €¢9° 1 CHG or ¢ 90° T GL ol T 86 Crs LIT 98°C #8 $9'G 99T 16 GP ZI 0G or ¢ 1 ta L9 EZ 16 83% 601 $2 08 96°F OFT 9% 9¢° TT COP or ¢ OT 09 69° T 96 IV's TOL OV] GL cer 821 c “Ge OT 83P or ¢ 16° $¢ goT ¥6 96° T $6 96° T OL LL Ill ¥ 62°6 16€ or ¢ 82° LP 09 T 16 68 T 18 611 #9 08° € 16 & 6h 8 Lg¢ or ¢ 89° 162 Lg T 68 L9°T 08 go T 6¢ 68° €8 ae £9°L HCE or ¢ 09° 9¢ Ig t 98 og T GL Ig T #¢ Its TZ 1a 689 662 or ¢ og 0€ 9F'T €8 8e° 1 99 PET SP 0° 09 0Z 40°9 69Z or ¢ Cr GZ 6E° 1 62 GOT 09 8T'T (7 Glen Tg 61 1e°¢ FES or ¢ ce’ 1G oe T GL rele | § $G FO'T LE &P I CP 81 19°F L0% or ¢ 83° LI €2'T OL 00'T SF 68° GE {NE yt GE AL 10°? IST or g £3" tI ort $9 06° ef tL’ 1X6 66" 8Z 9T ere 8cT or ¢ 8st Il £0°T 6¢ 61° 8& 69° £% VA GG cI 68°3 cel 80° ¥ €l 8 66" €¢ Wen téE 1¢° 61 ey LI tI Irs FIT 80° ¥ or 9 61° oF 09° 66 er 9T It’ €T €1 86° T 96 90° € 90° P OL If to" ‘92 re €1 8B" 6 rae TILT 62 : 90° € co" € s¢° ce sg" GG 96° Or 8 9 II oT $9 90° § €0° z LY 6é 8s 61 1a 8 60° c OT 86° 6g 90° ta 10° I 8° ¥G oe" 9T cr’ 9 90° G 6 17 162 90° € 10° I 1g 03 90° €I or P teas os |e ee 8 9¢° (a 90° € 10° IT co" 9T his eas Or co" Gre eae lik ee read L 9¢° 1G 90° € es SPL eal eg pa jie II er Z , cargos 9 wl Pye mere Eo rare Tas ae 9 1a" oL 90° € Ce ete eles oo cr’ OR Sol serena eacee = ole = ee ee Rieke at| (Kote i ae ay a a g a Sly a eae oe pete LT aa as 9 2a ee sages Solgar ane ehyles i eaten Tul RES ra ar oe |S ro Chl aeke se «| coer oe Sia poe cant cae lteter cia PF “4 Pa ony{vA “Pa onTvA f 93 ‘Pa on[vA “HW Pa on{vA “45 “Pa on[eA “4 Pa ony[eA “45 “Pa seqouy pet se = Boy jo pu BUIS 4B Ya1e Regen oe rca Been ea xOg € ‘ON 2 ‘ON TON Spree METESTIEE ‘SUALANVIG] LNAUATAIG] LO SAMA], ANIG AVIOIAO'T LO SNOT g AAVUH WOU GUMVG UAAWAT ANIG VNITOUVA) HLUON JO SIGVUH LNAUGI4IG( JO ‘sISvVg BUG “VA ‘WIOTUON AHL AAV]T HOIHMA SLNIOG LV (E[6T ‘UALUVAY LST) SAOIVA “Ef °O “7 INV SLNOOWY— ZG aATav T, for) Ss i OE ee ee ee ee a Se ee ee 19°9 198 £0" g 66° 8I 61°F G16 SF 8% 8T (44 919° ¥08 £0° g 96° 91 eh F 08a i . 8% 9T 1Z 8F'¢ 266 £0" g sI° II IF cored or 0% II 03 . 18°F 69% £0" g Te Or cue e1Z 18° 81 8 61 B ve F PES Z0° (4 SI 6 12g Z61 he: ST L 81 Fe 8° 108 20° (4 or 9 80° GLI 98° aI 9 LT 0g" IST £0° g 90° 7 89° est £0" II 7 91 eo 98° 8g1 £0° g ¢0" g oe iat 6r° 6 g GT fe OFZ ca £0° g ¢0° g 86° 1 CIT uv 8 g #1 e) 66° 1 PII £0" g £0" z eL'T Oot or g z €1 a cot 96 £0° g £0° z I¥'t €8 or g I aI Oo eT 6L 20" z £0° z PIT 69 60° etal bak Reed ie eR emer ee bey ach 2 | Ir ty 90°T #9 z0° (4 10° if 36" 1g 80° Ghote al e0 tn cheesy | aPae an eee raaeey 01 u #8" a= z0" z 10° i! ol" oF 90° 1 Fs PRN sain; Se oe eee 6 a 99° If 20" a gal BESS ROM Bee ees ug" 98 40° ee OE Sac eal elms ec taleccr Sada liege a 8 A or (49 60" Bot Ae a eee 2 8% 50" Meat pean a een gorrEser abe oe L 12 18° 1Z 20° Rake Gas so Lee 16° 81 z0° Te ee as a ee | ae 9 ° 6 €I 0" aa Li gs =) aa eT sv O01 Z0° 1 at een sei lear char eee SLRS a aoe c by oros|] 2£ AUG Siia Go ora. hea ee TOK Selim de ee RS ae at Beene eae eal eee GU ey f fs ; e a ‘ay-pq | angen | ‘ay‘pa | onreA. | “s‘Pa | OMIBA | “FPA | MIVA ‘4ypa | ongea | “93'Pa | OMTPA | “33 ‘PA soyouy 2 OL : so] jo pus i suinyjo ue no pu®e ae | edie sabe voy pou mod ee 5 ON bon opisuy 19}oUrNIC] oe Ne ADs i a ee ee ree ‘SUALAWVI(] LNANAKIIC, LO SAAAT, ANIG ATIOTAO'T AO Sp0'] f AAVAH KOU GAMVG UTAWA'T ANT VNITOUVO HINON 410 sadavuy INduddaId 40 ‘sisvg doug “VA ‘H1OdUON AHL GTAVA HOIHM, SENIOg LY ‘(EI6T ‘aacuvagd LST) SIAIVA “A ‘O ‘A INV SINDOWY— "EG TAY T, LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 110 96° 1 ¢¢9 90° g OL P £86 oo F 9&6 oil 819 90° ¢ Os F 196 61 F 88 28°01 989 90° g Shay 182 $8" (aaa Ler org 90° g 06° € GEG 20° ¢ £06 £9" 6 FOS 90° g 09°& PIG 96° € S8T £3°8 GOF 90° g 90°§ FOr 66°% OLT #8 86P 90° g 96°36 9LT 91s LST PHL 16 90° g 99°S 6ST &S°S PPT 18°9 196 90° g LE aa PES eT 819 ikea 90° g 61s Lol 91% tara 8° ¢ 666 90° g G8 T IIT 10°% FIT 00°¢ 696 90° g 09'T 96 18° T 90T OF PES 90° ¢ LET 68 GL’ T 86 £6°§ L0G 90° ¢ 9 T OL 69° T 06 GFE IST 90° S 96° 8¢ ert 18 ¥6°S SST 90° ¢ 62° 8P Lo &L 6G SE 90° g oo 8& ITT $9 0) PIT 90° g Ly 66 s6° gg GL 96 90° ¢ Le & 0s" LY oF T 62 F0° i 8o° 81 £9" 8é Ord +9 40° b sr GI os 1 06° Gg £0" £ el 6 88 ¥G ol IP £0" & 80° 9 Le 21 170 $ (a £0°0 $ £ £0°0 $ (a 810 $ at 43 °PA | onyeA ae Pa | eNnieA 43 °PH | SNTeA ke skal an[wa e a [BIOL auInjoA Z pue yy Imo pue xog WOOL sdiys yaeg qavoy pay 8h ZT 8 ZT 8P ZT 8P ZT 8F LT 8F ZT cy 9T hie 9T (om ST 68° a! 9° &T e as 1g It 86° Or So 6 (ce 8 60 Z oT 9 val g el i Or P or if 80° £ 80°0 $ & a aaa && 60°T GE 60°T (a5 60°T 6& 60'T 0€ 66° 66 sé 86 88° 96 ss GG 8L &@ TL 16 19° 8I ise 9T Lia &1 98° II 66° 6 (ce L 60 9 ta F 60° £ 90° G 90° G 90° G 90 $ G Lo 19 £61 6g Te" 6g LVT 9g ite &¢ SOT og 96° OF 98° ly Zi || LE 29° (a6 69° 86 oo GG oF 66 OF 61 9s" ZT If ST ioe PI 10 1 Ge a 66° II (ce II 06° OT Cee 610 $ Or enieiN 43 PA ENYISAN ay Pa € “ON TAN “45 Pa GON T ‘ON soqouy SO] JO pua y[eus ye yreq Opisul JoyaUIvICy SUALAWVIC] LNIMAIAT LO SAU], ANIG ATVIOTAO'T 1O SPOT LAVAL] aay Wout GAMVEG NAAWaAT ANIG VNITOUVO HINON 4O Sdavuyy INGUGIAIG 40 ‘SISVE GAG “VA ‘MIOAYON GHL GAVY HOIH\\ SLNIOd LV ‘(E161 ‘HALAVAD IS]) SHNIVA “g ‘CO “A ANV SINQDOWY—'fG ATAV LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 111 Tables 55 and 55a give the per cent and amounts of the different grades of lumber sawed with a circular saw with 14-inch kerf in logs from different parts of the trunk of trees in fully stocked stands of lob- lolly pine 45 years old, Quality I, and 65 years old between Qualities II and III, respectively. These measurements were made at a mill in Gates County, N. C. They show the small per cent of upper grades in top logs and indicate the necessity of forcing the length of clear stem of trees in young stands since, at a given age, with equal diameters, the longer the stem the greater is the proportion of upper grades. (Plates IIT, XIV and XVII, also I and VII.) The larger proportion of upper grades of lumber in the logs of the older stand is noteworthy as well as the rapid increase in the amounts of these grades with diameter. This also applies to Tables 56 and 57. Table 56 gives the per cent of different grades of lumber in trees of different diameters in fully stocked stands 40 to 50 years old on dif- ferent quality sites, and Table 57, the same for stands 60 to 70 years old. These tables show the per cent of grades which trees in stands on dif- ferent quality sites can be expected to yield at 45 and 65 years.* By interpolation the proportion can be ascertained for trees in stands of intermediate ages, and the proportion can be approximated for trees in younger and older stands. Few commercial stands will be produced, however, beyond the age of 60 years. This table used in connection with value table (Table 58) enables the probable future value of a stand *The average tree which was being cut in the 60-70 years old stand in Gates County had a mill volume of 142 board feet, and a corresponding breast-high diameter of 13.6 inches. The grade yield of such a tree (between quality classes II and III) is obtained from Table 57 as consisting of: Grade Per cent of grade pers ee Value Li we a 13 $ 29.80 $ 3.87 OE ae ee 10 25 .50 2750 WU 2s Ses a eee 20 19.20 3.84 lg le bor 50 15.00 7.50 ivand 2. Bark Strip..:-......- 4 19.00 76 inex bark Strip. --2-.--.2:..- 2 11.00 22 OL Ol a 1 13.00 A Value per 1,000 feet of IimiGmEnr a verare sree? | ea ana oo cae Pe aoe e sea c| eae ee eae ae eae $ 18.87 = This gives an f. o. b. Norfolk value of $18.87 per 1,000 bd. ft., which is within a few cents of the figure obtainable from Tables 63 and 64. Since cutting in this stand was only to 8 inches in diameter breasthigh, the average diameter is .6 inch larger than that obtained from Table 16. The 45 year old stand, Quality I, also in Gates County, has an average diameter of 12.8 inches, a volume of 106 board feet, and an average value per 1,000 board feet of its lumber of $16.72. The avérage of these figures, $17.80, corresponds very closely to the Norfolk price that the output of this operation brought when cut in the winter of 1912. The average tree cut in this operation was 13.7 inches in diameter breasthigh. 112 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE, to be determined and the financial results of thinnings to be forecast. The values of trees in these stands are given in Tables 59 to 64. For a discussion of the factors influencing grades see pages 119 and follow- ing. Tables 55, 56, and 57 apply only to fully stocked stands on forest soils. They will not apply to younger or open stands, formed of short- bodied trees or to stands on dry upland old fields, in which the wood is coarse grained and knotty and which will largely yield No. 4 lumber. fan) EEE Sonn ho xq gor ee eel ee ack Gels z z 9L 8L Or a 9 9 9 9 el 18 SUVAX Gf SANVLYG (SAHON] OM] NVH, SSa'] HOOUD) ANIG ATIOTAOT 40 SHOT doy, ANV ‘aad, ‘LLOgG WOUd LAD SAAVUD AO SINAD UIT INV SINDOWY—"G¢ ATV, LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 114 {Ino puw JVOY por JO ued Jod ¢ ynoqu pux ‘soyour g Mojaq SIsJOUI UIP UT dias yareq xoq jo yueo aed Z ynoqu 4ydaoxa ‘apis F ‘ON Aleuique soery po#Zo] ¢ pue ‘F ‘g ur s#0] doy, TST ean ray wel aces tees g Ose a Be hale 9 oer G8 86 61 PL Soll Recah ata &I 16 £ ote eaeoate Sr clle aga ces 98 £8 II aa es a 8 a 68 & SP vio eee mtg | ee een 88 tL 6 Pe Oy Nae ge ee Wl 89 & (4 I I 06 19 9 TA ge ae get or one en P G I I 16 che | iv G inated 6 1 Ay ieppaner spear Sui ain g é é I 16 LE td Da oc Paak kn 8 PEG ree pay ran a Z dl z I 16 BURR Gest sellers gate wh oes l Oe i fon eo =a a a Or G & I 18 i) ee eee ce tial Pheer se Fe eine 7 (areas Pe a 9 8901} pesso] ¢ puv F Ur Bo] doy ayy Mojaq ssorT “ny * ames “qr ° | seyouy PA | 3490 Jeg | 43 "pq | queo 1d | “HPA | ue 19g | 43 ‘pg | queo z9g ‘45 PH | ya90 Jog | “4} PA | Jued Jog | 4F "pq | queds9g | 4; ‘pq = BO| HO] jo 70.04 eunio yawoy por sdiys yreq sdiiys yreq xog 10 j 0 ‘0 Te ENS (ear, pur [no xog Z pur | ON ae hg aeyoureiq *panuyuUog—eg ATAV J, = b Ye) Se eS SS na ee Ce a en = 4 (hye aie cereal aan le eigeeettis Ses etre aaa g 7 ¥g ¢9 11 02 ia! LI aI ia #1 Lh eae Slee ag le a a ae é ¢ 9¢ 8¢ LI 81 eI &I II II 81 CG EE a Sasi re se & if 8g og 91 ial rat II 01 6 rai CMa Ga ier al Geka ah I I 7 g 6g (ag ST al ral 8 6 9 i Roee oR eet leeceet S| I I 7 3 19 98 gT 6 Ir 9 8 g Or cle Pie aan Reman |e ay 3 I 7 (4 29 0g GI L Or g L g 6 Gemma peer ses cle tee 1 (4 I ¢ z #9 ¥6 ST ¢ 8 g 9 z 8 Jide Blt eee ee See g I 9 (4 99 LT gt if L z 17 I i cf it lea ae iene Yee 17 I 6 z ¢9 ral 9T z 7 if z eames 9 % fi — a [coer in i ete eae g I aI I 99 L cI z Chinen areca {-—e es g &y ae ta tel Se ee > Bol puoveg y _ we Oe SS ee ne eee La! iB ROTA acter Tere tell k tala ae ae z g 8 rat 1g 1g 4 88 8% & 91 a PoUme tea mmaclae se os jini atieas Hikes haw z & or ial 1g 6h 2 iia Ké 18 ST 3) | PE | a CRANE (SAPO 3 z sI SI 1g ¥F 8% K 3 4 08 #1 bf SMR cece Stealers fe ee No wR ae om £ 8 oT 91 98 1g 1Z 1% ¥% 4 &I a Re ae a ee ee ee ee b g 81 91 98 18 02 LI (44 61 (a 3 ZL I I 7 e 1% gI 98 9% 8I eI 02 tI II z 8g I I 9 g ¥% #1 18 1Z ST 6 LI or OL 3 oF z if 8 g 9% ral 98 91 €I 9 ST L 6 1) ind (4 I or g 62 or 88 #1 Or g Il g 8 by G g I rat g ze L 68 Or f) z L z L | LT 17 I €1 4 18 9 OF L g ¢0 g g0 9 ° a sso] FING ° Je Se eS SS eS eee eee 4 soyouy a -pa | queo seq | “a3 ‘pa | queo seg | “33 ‘pa | 9ue0 seq | “43 ‘Pa | 9ue0 sed | “4y "Pa | 3490 Jeg | “45 "PA | 309 wed | 4 Pal quso weg | “J “Pa 30 a d d 2 don 4189 ol Sails 18 satis 18 xoq 10 ps bs . ye yIeq eumjos | buw ho 20d cpu Ty y ON + eee oo Sy et Te30.L ayouvIq, rie a ge ee ey ee et a eee ‘auady HONJ F-1 da MVS-UuV TOOT a ‘ ‘TIT ANY J] SAILTIVOY NaTMLag ‘10 SUVA OL OL 09 SANVLG ‘(SHHONT OMI, NVA, S8A'T HOOUD) ANIG ATIOIAOT AO SHOT JO] INV ‘q1ddIf ‘ILOgG WOU LAD SAavAapH 40 SINAD AI NV SENDOWY—'DgGg AIAV yoy Por Jo yueo Jod g ynoqe pue ‘soyouT J Mojaq sioJoULeIP UT dis YIVq xoq Jo yuo I0d Z qnoqe ydoaoxe ‘opis F “SOqOUL J PAO" SIOJOWIIP UI Aperyo ‘TN pus ‘ON Ajedtyue se014 posZo] g pus ‘Ff ‘g ur sso] doy, LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. ing ars are be dedeti 4 Go fpronnzaseefeeneasoe= 16 v1 b yy CS lel Recap orc tat ete ees z | een eerie oats hee cr aoe 66 69 if or eg 0 |----------|---------- ¢ (AN Don TIES SRC ee 26 6P & 6 ee 2 eet le ni aeeae oo eel eee Fas) Soe ge g : 1 I lnteteteteteetatatel ieteteiateieeae 9 GT I ¢ 06 86 (4 ee ee Z Z ¢ 88 61 g Ripat eee eee iI I fo. elie 8 a I a 8901} posso] ¢ pue F ur Boy doy 04} Mojoq sZoryT | soqou ‘WPA | 700 Og | “9F "PA | ued JoqT | “9 ‘PA | eo s9g | “43 pa | yueoseg | 4y‘pq | quooseg| 43 ‘pq | qua0 Ted | “3 “PA | Jue0 Jog | “43 ‘pg a = bio) | HOT 30 qreay por sdiys yreq | sdtys yreq xog 10 a eck 7 . F Ie out * ee gee | ue ON € ‘ON Z ON TON apsat OULBrcy 116 *‘panuyuogjg—vce aIAV J, LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 11% TaBLeE 56.—PeR Cent or GRADES oF LUMBER IN TREES OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS GROWING IN Futiy Stockep Stranps or Dirrprent AGES AND ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES. Sranps 40 To 50 Years Oxp. Quality I Bark strips ; ; ieiistet Height | No.1 | No.2 | No.3 ne. 4 Bere Total reast- of tree sted: heart high 1 and 2 Box Inches Feet aig 75 407A) SaaS Per cent 7 (Aiea ENS RS Sat | ema] 5 76 11 Sod eee 100 8 LEDS ke eee eee 8 75 10 7 hee tape AOS 100 9 80 1 1 9 74 9 eg (eae ea 100 10 84 2 3 8 73 7 6 1 100 11 FY 88 3 4 9 73 5 5 1 100 12 91 3 5 10 74 4 3 1 100 13 93 4 6 11 73 3 2 1 100 14 94 5 7 11 72 2 2 1 100 15 95 6 7 12 71 2 1 1 100 16 96 7 8 12 69 2 1 1 100 17 97 8 9 12 68 faa Wak aes 1 100 18 98 9 9 12 67 pel BR ae 1 100 19 99 10 10 12 65 7AM RE Rs ee 1 100 20 99 11 11 12 63 Dia Pi Seer 1 100 Quality II z BS) oye Sales UY 2 79 10 Be Gee ale 100 ; 8 Gh Le SS Be 6 78 9 7 \s)| ese 100 9 GRAM slocoeeoee tees 7 78 8 6 1 100 , 10 oe) kets 1 8 78 6 6 1 100 ‘ 11 7 De gp, || eres 2 8 79 5 5 1 100 12 79 1 3 8 79 4 4 1 00°) ) 6; 13 81 2 4 9 79 3 2 1 100% af 14 83 3 5 9 78 2 2 1 100 % 15 84 4 6 10 76 2 1 1 100 16 85 5 7 10 74 2 1 1 100 17 85 6 8 10 72 2 1 1 100 18 85 ri 8 10 72 ? lel ieee pa 1 100 ; ' 19 84 8 9 10 70 Ce ee 1 100 Quality III , 7 Fae Vahaient ea sey We Oe 82 9 Ce Bete 100 ( 8 Fy go eee emer 3 81 8 Soy 2 tee! 100 9 (ii gl (cece Dept 4 6 80 7 Veoh) eet 100 a 4 10 YER ee al Sa en 8 80 5 6 1 100 11 (iyi eee 2 8 80 4 5 1 100 i 12 69 1 2 8 81 3 4 1 100 q 13 70 1 3 8 82 2 3 1 100 14 71 2 5 8 79 2 3 1 100 15 71 3 5 9 78 2 2 1 100 16 71 4 5 9 vise 2 ae 1 100 17 71 4 6 9 77 2 1 1 100 ‘ 18 70 5 6 9 76 2 1 1 100 118 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. TaBLeE 57.—PpeR CENT oF GRADES OF LUMBER IN TREES OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS, IN FULLY Srockep STANDs OF DIFFERENT AGES AND ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITEs. Sranps 60 to 70 Years OLp. Quality I ee | Bark strips | Cull aaa Height No.1 | No.2 | No.3| 5 r ao | | ana Fed Total high 1 and 2 Box | ! | Inches Feet Per cent ll 87 ll 9 25 45 7 oe eee 100 12 92 | 15 12 26 38 6 2 1 100 13 96 18 13 26 36 5 ; 1 1 100 14 100 20 13 27 34 4 1 1 | 100 15 103 21 14 28 31 4 1 1 100 16 105 22 14 28 31 3 1 1 100 17 106 23 15 28 30 al Rapes eee 1 100 18 107 23 16 28 29 Sn, Pele eee eee 1 100 19 108 24 16 29 28 pe fess = ee 1 100 20 109 24 17 29 27 Pay | eee eae 1 100 21 110 25 17 29 26 Bete ae ee 1 100 22 110 25 19 29 25 1 le eee Eas 2 1 } 100 23 110 26 20 30 22 Ta |e 1 100 24 111 26 21 30 21 Ds | Saas ee 1 100 25 111 26 21 30 21 Tie |e aa 1 100 Quality II OPO oes eee 1 6 22 56 8 Hg | ee ee Ae 100 10 74 5 6 21 54 7 6 1 100 il 78 9 s 21 51 6 4 1 100 12 82 12 9 21 49 5 3 1 100 13 85 14 10 21 48 4 2 1 100 14 86 15 ll 21 47 4 1 1 100 15 90 16 13 21 44 4 1 1 100 16 92 18 13 21 43 3 1 1 100 ug 93 19 14 al 41 3 1 1 100 18 94 20 14 21 41 5 a el (EO Bae a a 1 100 19 95 21 14 21 40 Os bal tee meee 1 100 20 95 21 15 21 39 jee oe Pe eee 1 100 21 95 22 15 21 38 Oi tel Pee eesee 1 100 22 95 22 15 22 38 Zit) | See a 1 100 Quality III 9 i Rn ee eer 5 20 58 ia 9 i 100 10 67 3 4 20 58 6 8 1 100 11 71 6 5 19 59 5 5 ul 100 12 74 9 7 18 57 4 4 1 100 13 76 11 8 18 55 4 3 1 100 14 78 12 9 18 55 3 2 1 100 15 80 13 10 18 753 3 2 1 100 16 81 14 11 18 51 3 2 1 100 17 81 16 12 18 49 3 1 1 100 18 81 17 12 18 48 3 1 1 100 19 82 18 12 18 48 2 1 1 100 20 82 18 13 17 48 2 1 1 100 21 82 19 13 17 47 2 1 1 100 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 119 INCREASE IN VALUE OF TREES. A tree increases in value by: (1) Increase in volume; (2) increase in the width of the boards which are cut from the tree, since the wider the board the greater its price even in the same grade; (3) increase in the proportion of the higher priced grades, which are free from knots and other defects; (4) increase in the price of stumpage; and (5) closer utilization or lowering the specifications of grades of lumber. In a fully stocked stand the effects of these factors progressively increase with the age of the stand and the size of the trees except in the case of price change in specifications and utilization, which increase irregularly. Increase in volume (page 66) and increase in the proportion of the higher priced grades (page 101) have already been discussed. The other factors which influence value will be considered below. INCREASE IN QUALITY OF SAW TIMBER. The prices which have been used for the different grades and widths of lumber are figures based on actual sales (Weekly Sales Reports, N. C. Pine Association), f. 0. b. Norfolk, Virginia, during the first quarter of 1913. They are shown in the following table: Grades of rough, kiln-dried lumber and price per 1,000 board feet, 4-4 stock Width of boards No. 4 or Red heart and Inches Box mill cull Edge* $ 29.00 $ 25.00 $ 15.00 $ 13.25 6 29 .50 25.50 16.00 14.25 8 31.00 26.00 16.50 15.75 10 32.00 27.00 17.50 16.75 12 36.00 29 .00 18 .00 17.25 : Over 12 41.00 Si ls ee ee Oe ee a | er ee eer PRP lentrtrse NOL ANG as se ae ke ee pee ee See a $19.00 per 1,000 board feet. PPRMPMICTRD EL aa aoe et ee oe ee aren ca eace ona secoasacagesens = 11.00 per 1,000 board feet. *See page 100. 120 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. The average price of North Carolina pine lumber f. o. b. Norfolk, Va., for first quarter 1913 was about $18 per 1,000 board feet. In June, 1914, this average price had declined to about $16.50 per 1,000 board feet as shown by the following record of weekly sales, issued June 19, 1914: Grades of rough lumber and price per 1,000 board feet, kiln Width of dried, 4-4 stock, f. 0. b. Norfolk, Va. boards Inches No. 4 or Red heart and No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 box mill cull | * Edge* $ 25.81 $ 23 .23 $ 16.06 $ 13.30 $ 11.55 Gt A ebisecs le ee ee | ee ee (4410). 22 ee 8 S100) leew: Ser 18.13 14.99 13.47 10. #e, eee sea se ae Se ae ee eee 16.31 14.13 12 45009 SEs eee 20 .93 16.99 14.00 Bark strips Noss Dera 56 oe I tae 2 RE ee ee oe ee ae $18 .07 Box bark strips:+ - 2-22-52 o 28 ee Oe ee re re ee 10.10 This decline, which is probably only temporary, should be considered in connection with all tables of average lumber prices or stumpage values based thereon. Table 58 shows the increase in value of boards of the same grade with the increase in the diameter of the log from which they were cut. This is due to a wide board having a higher price than a narrow board of the same grade. These data were computed for upper as well as for lower logs, and as the greatest difference in the value of any one grade was found to be less than two per cent, the two sets of figures were combined. By multiplying the amounts of different grades obtained from logs and trees of different diameters (Tables 55, 56 and 57) by the respective values of these grades (Table 58) the values of trees of different diameters were obtained (Tables 59 to 64). It is possible to obtain from this the value per 1,000 board feet of logs of different diameters of each grade. Table 56 was obtained from data in Table 55, which is derived from the mill cut. The stands of the future, which will be managed for the production of sawtimber, will as a rule be cut between the ages of 40 and 70 years. On some of the best sites where thinnings are possible cutting may be as early as 25 years. It is consequently necessary to give full informa- tion in regard to composition, volume and value of such stands only. This is contained in Tables 55, 56, 57 which have already been given and in Tables 59 to 64. Tables 59 to 61 give the comparative volumes on different quality sites of trees of different diameters in 40 to 50-year old stands, band- *See page 100. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 121 sawed 1-7-inch kerf, circular sawed 14-inch kerf and scaled by Doyle- Scribner rule; the value f. 0. b. Norfolk, Virginia, of lumber sawed from trees, and the stumpage value per tree under different costs of operation calculated on the basis of actual contents and Doyle-Scribner rule. Tables 62 to 64 give the same data for trees in stands 60 to 70 years old. The salient feature in these tables is the value per 1,000 board feet of the lumber from different sized trees and the value of their stumpage as derived from the value of the lumber. Under a high cost of opera- tion the stumpage value per 1,000 board feet more than doubles when the diameter doubles. For a discussion of the three costs of operation ($11, $13, and $15), and the import of stumpage value under Doyle- Scribner scale and mill cut see page 137. TasLe 58.—Tue F. O. B. Vatvue (Ist QuarTER, 1913) Per 1,000 Boarp Fret, at Points WHicH Have THE NorFOLK Price Basis, OF DIFFERENT GRADES OF LUMBER SAWED FROM Loas or Dir- FERENT DIAMETERS. age Coed No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 | Box | peer sce bark at small end of log Pashin Value per 1,000 board feet 5 $ 29.00 $ 25.00 $ 19.00 $ 15.00 $ 13.00 6 29.00 25 .00 19.00 15 .00 13 .00 7 29 .00 25 .00 19.00 15.00 13 .00 8 29.10 25 .10 19.20 15.20 13 .20 9 29 .40 25 .30 19.50 15 .50 13 .60 10 29 .80 25 .50 19.80 15.80 14.20 ll 30.50 25 .90 20.20 16.30 15.00 12 31.00 26 .60 20.50 17.00 16.00 13 31.40 26 .60 20.80 17.10 16.20 14 32.30 27.00 . 20.80 17.20 16.20 15 32.70 27 .20 20.80 17.30 16.40 16 33 .50 7 27 .60 20.80 17.40 16.60 17 34.00 27 .80 20.80 17.50 16.70 18 34.00 | 27.90 20.90 17.50 16.70 19 34.00 28 .00 20.90 17.50 16.70 20 34.20 28 .00 20.90 17.60 16.80 21 34.20 28 .10 20.90 17.60 16.80 22 34.20 28.10 20.90 17.60 16.80 23 34.20 28.10 20.90 17.60 16.80 24 34.30 28.10 . 20.90 17.60 16.80 25 34.30 28.10 20.90 17.60 16.80 26 34.30 28 .10 20.90 17 .60 16.80 27 34.30 28 .10 20.90 17 .60 16.80 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 122 op | og | og | coz | tee | geo | exe | cee | seo | goz | ose | gear] geez we | soe | cee | ore | ose | ceo | ergo | ove | Ise | s¢9 | ere | oF mt] oFze cre | ese | 20% | ooz | soe | 19% | se¢ | coe | soe | exe | oF9 | oo'IT| ooze ove | soc | ove | zero | zee | uve | ore | ues | see | se | eve | zror| zeiz eer | zee | core | seo | osc | gre | toe | oes | gee | eee | ese | cee | soz wr | est | soz | srg | ooz | soz | osz | srz | gee | gee | oe | ste | stoz zor | zer | oot | ae | srt | eer | ove | ero | sor |.t9e | oee | ces | aper 19° se | art | ove | gor | mt | wr | og | cet | go | ees | oe | on'st er yaaa Ge) See pak il wt | ort | soe | 66° est | 1st | soz | gost 82° w | eg | 2 | og eg | ge | ge | out ot | zet | wo | Farzt ir oe | se | zoe | ¥e eg | go | zoe | og BRP Or De hmv ez a or Qn | see selon | ae ie Wee eae |) cae | oe fone | nor 90° coed fat lime Acres 9 lage ws =| te =| ore | - ee" er | or | ore | oror £0" 90 6| zo | tr | (eo i | ee are. | er gz | ze | og | oror 20" ro «8©| 70 | 26" G0" Te = rete || eee Ras gis | 21a) Woden a zara 10° zo | zor] sae" 20" zo | go | cee | 0° er | a | eee | eerer ceege agac=G hed Ped (toa Lat ame | ne eacirts ipa SRR Ge ta | ok cae so | co | wee | leet seas $| 10°08} 10°08 | ¥9°0$ |--------$ | eo'08 | go'0$ | ¥9°z8 |--------$ | gov0s | go'0$ | 49°58] Fo°TS i} 19 Id oma | fed | Hox omz | Jat | HO% amr | pat | Hox TIUqLog pomes OMS 4 TOU IIOG pomMes OARS 4 pig cae bese pemes OMe “J TD ey pueg | oor | 4d ees pueg | oot | ea es pug | 0007 ; : 10g : 10g : 19d eA IOHON eal} 19g 9o1} dod 901} Iq saad patoq 000'T 40d 4095 000'T 40d gTg 4093 Q00'T sod g1g 4093 000'T 40d 11g race IE jo 4800 Suryeiedo Japun onjea osvdunyg 08¢ oTg OSF 08€ O&€ 086 08% O8T OFT Orr “4 “Pa eyni reuqiog -3[A0q 9UIN][O A 9F9 FEL $LS 699 GIg 68S ccP 61g GOP OOF 9S§ FOF Org atts 992 G0E GGG 992 PST 602 OFT 991 rage Ler 08 16 gg 69 8& &? 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LOP 801 61 a STG 69°% 66S LS) a4 GSLs GEE LL’é ST6 cee $0 F 69°F ST IT ST 008 £98 GIP 201 81 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 137 cover the freight differential to establish Norfolk parity in price. The elements of costs per 1,000 board feet in an actual operation are as follows: Logging, felling, bucking and swamping.................. $3.55 aI Gad = GONStEUCTLON Ss. wi. s\s1:esarc.cracen elle’ oranauatersighers « sretete ants 40 Hanlin= to mill } evs" : vate et N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE XXII. AVY He pine, but periodically top-killed by s prevented by fires. ing ine seedli stablishment of p 0 lity II. E and other broad-leaf trees growing beneath the y pine, Qu: (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) To" ° re te o's S _ ow ° Ss ac az 3° ~~ Oo a» = Om ~ 2 Ba 2s Sse - ~~ = = =) = ) = = a1 ats wing ew f ~~ ’ . <= “ bd ‘ ‘ 1. ‘eae ; ‘ 7 " : D 9 . q ” - x ¢ - ‘ af IM p . co - i] y 1 $ . ¢ ‘ie “te * st : : rie ot on ; sz : - » hte Ay “ - : eae Di. ia’ os f 1” a S dias 3 at * ce . . ! ~ ae ‘ vr. a 5 ht eg 4 e “6 me “7 i) » }p. ‘ t4 ‘ tL > N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE XXIII. (Photo. by U. 8. Tendency of scrubby hardwoods to replace ar on butt of log on right. € Note unnecessarily high stumps; and old fire s¢ ~_o- 3) oc ® n ~ . 2 oS gu Ae i; a Stand similar to that in Plate XXII, but unburned for 15 years. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. sys sought should be loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, yellow poplar, and south- ern red oak. In order to obtain restocking, it is necessary to bring the mineral soil to the surface, to cut heavily, and afford plenty of light. PROTECTION FROM FIRES. The greatest destruction of young timber in the loblolly pineries is caused by forest fires. The tendency of the pine is to seek open places where it secures full sunlight; these places are generally grassy, and if a ground fire occurs before the pine is large enough to withstand it the young growth is injured or destroyed. The frequent fires on the heavy sod on the longleaf pine flat land and the pocoson pine savannas are responsible to a large extent for the open stands on such lands. (Plates V,A; V, B; VI, A; XX and XXII.) The same is true of the grassy, peaty lands, and the logged-over swamp lands in which grass and short- lived shrubs have secured a foothold and which dry out sufficiently to burn. ; The difficulties of checking a forest fire in this region during a dry season, when it is under headway before a wind, are evident. The avail- able force for fighting fire is limited; the areas are large and often difficult of access on account of undergrowth in the swamps. The most satisfactory way of reducing loss from forest fire is to prevent the fires from starting or from getting under headway. While some fires undoubtedly originate from lightning, which can not be prevented, the greater number start from one or another of the fol- lowing sources: (1) Locomotives, especially logging locomotives. (2) Logging crews or from logging camps. (3) Farm laborers, especially in the spring when new ground is being cleared, brush burned, or fence lines cleaned. (4) Burning dead grass on grazing land, from which the fire spreads to woodland, or burning the woodland for pasturage. (5) Hunters and fishermen. (6) Carelessness on the part of other persons. The fires from all these causes can be prevented or reduced in number through using greater care in handling fire in the forest, posting notices, and general education of the people to the losses from fires. The law of North Carolina in regard to setting fire to woodland, brush land or grass land, reads as follows: Section 8 of Chanter 243, Public Laws of 1915——If any person shall inten- tionally set fire to any grass land, brush land, or woodland, except it be his own property, or in that case without first giving notice to all persons own- ing or in charge of lands adjoining the land intended to be fired, and also taking care to watch such fire while burning and taking effectual care to extinguish such fire before it shall reach any lands near to or adjoining the lands so fired, he shall for every such offense be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not less than ten dollars, nor more than fifty dollars, or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. This shall not prevent action for damages sustained by the owner of any property from such fires. 158 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. In the portions of the State where this law has been publicly posted and arrests and prosecutions made under its provisions, it has had the effect of greatly lessening the number of fires from cerelestueee (7) In addition, owners should require persons wishing to hunt, especially to hunt at night with torch, to obtain a permit, with the understanding that the services of the holder of the permit shall be available for tone fire without pay. (8) No grazing should be permitted on land which was burned that season. The most satisfactory way to protect forest land from outside fires is to burn in the fall, as soon as the leaves have fallen and are sufficiently dry, a strip 100 feet wide around the area to be protected. Sometimes it is sufficient to plow only several furrows around the area or two furrows 100 feet apart and burn the intervening strip. (Plate XVIII.) It is essential to protect all young pine trees from fire until they are from 20 to 30 feet high and their stems are well cleaned for 10 or 15 feet. (Plate IV.) This means a period of from 10 to 15 years after lumbering and restocking. Areas containing young growth should be surrounded by fire lines, kept clear by annual burning during damp weather. During very dry weather it is advisable to patrol large bodies of well established young growth, if at all exposed to fire. Neighborhood associations should be formed in sections of counties where the damage from fire is great, and these associations assume the responsibility of protection. The members can issue permits for grazing and night hunt- ing on their lands, prohibiting during the year the use of areas which have been burned for these purposes, appoint patrols during dry, windy seasons and organize forces for fighting fires in case one starts. BRUSH LOPPING. Wherever clean cutting is practiced and seed trees left, or where cut- ting is done to a diameter limit and only small trees are left, it is desir- able that the branches be lopped from the tops im order to reduce the danger from fire. The lopped branches lie close to the earth and soon decay. Tops which are unlopped may remain a fire menace for many years. (Plate XIX.) Lopping is not necessary on very wet lands or where pine is mixed with hardwoods, unless cutting is clean and the amount of slash is large. Lopping without burning is generally suf- ficient; only in exceptional cases is it necessary to burn the slash. Whether it should be piled before burning depends upon the conditions, but piling is generally advisable. No slash should be left touching seed trees or groups of young trees. Damp weather without wind should be selected for burning. There should always be an ample force on hand to look after the fire. N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE XXIV. Crown cover of loblolly pine. Quality I stand, 70 years old. Its density is noteworthy. (Author’s illustration.) N. GC. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE XXV. Crown cover of loblolly pine. Quality III stand in old field, age 50 years. The complete isolation of the crowns is characteristic. Groups of seedlings are beginning to estab- lish themselves under such a canopy. (Author’s illustration.) LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 159 THINNINGS. Thinnings are made in crowded even-aged stands in order to concen- trate the productive power of the soil in a few best trees, accelerate their growth, and in this way shorten the time necessary for them to reach maturity. Since only the smaller or defective large trees are removed, the mature stand eventually consists of large well-developed trees. In the natural process of thinning the elimination of the weaker specimens takes place too slowly for the best development of the stand. (Plates IV; XVII; XXVII.) In the struggle for light and food both the sup- pressed and dominant trees suffer. A certain amount of crowding, how- ever, is ‘necessary, particularly during the period of rapid height growth, to develop long straight stems reasonably free from knots in the lower logs. (Plate XVII.) Thinnings, therefore, should be light during the period of rapid growth in height, and should be largely limited to removing the knottiest trees. After the clear length of stem, however, has been developed (see Table 15) thinnings should be heavy in order to favor the rapid development in diameter of individual stems, the diame- ter of the tree has an important influence; not only on the amount of material in it but also on the high value of the lumber which is ob- tained from it. (See page 120, and Tables 59 to 64, and 71.) It is commonly held that when the larger trees are removed as they come to merchantable size, the smaller trees left will begin to grow fast. Such a thinning may be of benefit to the stand, but not to the same extent as thinnings of the small trees; by thinning the small trees not only a larger amount, but a higher quality is secured. It has already been noted (page 42) that loblolly pine exhibits with age a progressive increase in its light requirements and a corresponding decline in its capacity to endure crown compression. (Plates IV; XI.) This decline is especially marked on the dryer sites. (Plates III, and XXYV.) On good sites one effect of this characteristic is that in middle- aged stands, 50 to 75 years, the suppressed and intermediate trees and even such codominant trees as have endured prolonged crown compres- sion lose their capacity to recover rapidly or even at all after their crowns are freed; on dry sites this inertness of the dominated classes extends to much younger trees. The relative tolerance which the domi- nant trees of different diameters and on different quality sites exhibit as expressed by the demands of the crown for light, is shown numeri- cally by the index of tolerance (Table 78) which is the ratio of the sur- face of the crown space to the area of the surface of the stem of the tree inside the bark. (Plates XXIV; XXV; XXVI; XXVII.) On account of its comparative intolerance of shade the natural thin- 160 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. ning which takes place in stands is rapid as is shown by the decrease in the number of trees per acre (Table 42). (Plates IV; XI; XV.) Stands of loblolly pine consequently are less benefited by artificial thin- ning than those of such species as endure more crowding and in which the struggle of the individual trees for supremacy is more prolonged. Stands of this species on good sites (moist soil) are most responsive to thinning (Plate IV); those on dry sites are less responsive (Plate IIT). On very wet soils thinnings increase but little the growth of the remain- ing trees and for this reason are hardly justifiable. Since the power of recuperation of the intermediate and suppressed trees decreases with the age of the stands and with the length of the period of overcrowding, thinnings in old stands which have never been previously thinned, must be entirely limited to the subordinate classes. In young stands which are thinned when not more than 25 or 30 years old, many dominant trees can be removed, since the codominant and intermediate trees of these ages still retain great recuperative power (Plate IX, A), have approximately the same height as dominant trees, and straighter, clearer, and better formed stems (Plate XVII). Such a thinning constitutes a combined thinning and improvement cutting. A thinning of the dominant trees at this age will remove stems with coarse knots which would saw out a large amount of low grade lumber, even after they attained large diameters. (Plate XVI.) It also has the advantage of yielding some sawlog timber, thus making cutting at an early age remunerative. On the poorer, and particularly, on the drier, sites, subsequent thinnings should be made only with the object of fore- ing the development in diameter of the largest and choicest of the trees in the stand. The smaller trees which are crowding the better trees, ~ which are to form the final stand, should be removed. Thinnings should be repeated, dependent upon their severity, at intervals of from 5 to 15 years. Frequent and light thinnings are preferable to heavy ones made at long intervals. The number of trees per acre on the different quality sites decreases in natural stands at different rates in accordance with the age of the stand (Table 42). This rate may serve as a guide in making thinnings at any age. Thinnings are less effective when the first one is deferred until the stand is 40 or more years old. Artificial thinnings should be heavier than natural thinnings, but never so heavy as to leave large openings on all sides of the best trees selected for the final stand. The trees which are removed in older stands should be in the intermediate and codominant crown classes. The openings which are made by removals should be closed before the time of the next thinning in order to secure some lateral crowding and the clearing of the stems of-branches before they become too stout and horizontal. Since the development of knots 114 inches in diameter causes a reduction in grade, N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE XXVI. Te is ys it al * Crown cover of loblolly pine, Quality II, age 35 years. Crowns small but stems clean. Stand crowded, in urgent need of thinning to develop larger crowns. (Author’s illustration. ) é wn er . - ap ab eae a i)! 25.4 aoa oe aie, © y ' ~ —_— Be te ee 6k | Tie ec ee Wee. Aras N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. PLATE XXVII. Crown cover of loblolly pine, Quality II, age 35 years. Crowns well developed and sym- metrical, Excellent condition for rapid individual growth. (Author’s illustration. ) LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 161 sufficient density should be maintained to prevent the development of limbs which would make knots of this size on the lower three logs on Quality I and the lower two logs on Qualities II and III. The sup- pressed trees need not be removed. They make small demand upon soil moisture, yet serve a very useful purpose on account of their low crowns in shading the soil and lessening drying winds. This is particularly applicable to very dry clay sites; less so to very sandy sites. When the mature stand is fully developed, it can be removed in one cutting or in several cuttings made at short intervals. Notwithstanding that the pure even-aged stands of loblolly pine offer unexcelled inducements for thinnings made for the purpose of acceler- ating the growth of the individual tree, no adequate data are available, either as the result of experience in commercial forests or in experi- mental plots which show the preferable manner in which thinnings should be executed, their cost or their effects upon the yield of the stand. It is believed that by proper thinning the rate of diameter growth of all trees in a stand can be stimulated well beyond that given in Table 71 for dominant trees. There would not be as many trees per acre on such thinned stands as there are in the dominant class of crowded stands (Table 42), but the larger volume per tree and the larger amount of saw timber would more than compensate for the smaller number of trees. A stand containing 6,000 cubic feet per acre in 60 trees, each of which will yield 560 board feet (Tables 19 and 21) or 36,000 feet per acre is far more valuable than one containing 6,000 cubic feet formed of 100 trees, each containing 300 board feet and yielding 31,000 feet per acre. Not only is the cost of operation less, there being 50 per cent more logs to handle in the stand containing the larger number of trees, but in addition to the larger yield per acre the stumpage of the larger trees is intrinsically more valuable per unit on account of the larger proportion of wide stock and high grades it will yield. (Pages 119 to 127.) It is possible however to determine approximately the results upon yield of very intensive thinnings by means of data obtained from fully stocked unthinned stands. Certain trees in such stands on account of the fact that they are less crowded and have more growing space have outstripped all others both in height and diameter. These are the pre- dominant trees which constitute in the normal unthinned fully stocked stand from one-fifth to one-fourth of the number of dominant trees. Not only have they larger diameters than the other dominant trees but they are also taller. The wide range of diameters of trees in interme- diate and dominant crown classes which enter into the crown cover is shown in Table 1. Had the density of the more crowded portions of the stand been reduced so that the spacing of all the trees equaled that of those of the favored predominant class there would have been fewer 11 162 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. trees in the stand but their individual growth should have equaled that of the predominant trees. Careful measurements have been made to determine the area of the optimum crown space required for the growth of dominant trees of different diameters (at different ages) on different quality sites. Table 78 gives the crown space of dominant trees and the distance between trees, while in Table 79 is given the number of such trees of different diameters which would occupy an acre without retarding accretion. TasBLe 78.—CrRown Space, DistaNncE BETWEEN TREES AND INDEX OF TOLERANCE OF DOMINANT TREES OF LOBLOLLY PINE OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS ON DIFFERENT QUALITY SITES. Quality Dia- meter I AE Til beat te 1g Crown | Distance Crown | Distan Crown ist Inches space between taser anes atrese inex space pee ea pe trees toler- trees toler- trees toler- Sq. Sq. Sq. feet Feet de feet Feet ance feet Feet BEE Bae 82 10 ee, 102 11 8.6 115 12 La 9 108 12 er? 137 13 8.7 152 14 11.3 10 137 13 Thess 170 15 8.9 194 16 11.4 11 167 15 7.4 210 16 9.1 242 18 AG LE ( 12 200 16 7.5 240 17 9.3 296 19 11.9 13 235 17 7.6 296 19 9.5 355 21 12.2 14 279 19 7.8 345 21 9.8 415 23 12.6 15 329 20 Teneo 396 22 10.2 474 25 13.0 16 366 22 8.1 450 24 10.6 532 26 13.4 17 409 23 8.4 506 25 utile 590 20 13.9 18 453 24 8.7 563 27 11.6 648 29 14.4 19 501 25 9.0 622 28 ihe 710 30 15.0 20 553 27 9.4 680 200) 12.7 780 32 15.6 21 605 28 9.9 742 31 13:30", E at ee eee 22 659 29 10.4 802 32 1329: 7" | See ei Pe ic eae 23 733 31 ADO. | en oe 32) oe a ee ee re ee 24 920 34 Pb Nee: oh Aboot Sek le ee a a eS ee ee 2 The trees which enter into the crown cover can be so thinned as to give each tree the optimum crown space required for that diameter: if the crown space is less than the optimum (Plate XXVIT), although there are more trees per acre, the accretion of the individual tree is retarded; if it exceeds the optimum the stand is understocked. (Plate VI, A.) Table 79, to show yield of thinned stand and yield of thinnings, gives the average diameter of the predominant trees in stands of different ages on different quality sites; the number of such trees which could occupy an acre as determined by the areas of their crown spaces; the total yield of such stands, and the yield of the trees removed in thin- ning; the full value of the entire stand at different ages, and the value of LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 163 the trees removed in thinnings. In fixing stumpage values for the trees in the younger stands a deduction has been made from the values given in Tables 59 to 64 to allow for the difference in age. It is believed, how- ever, that the stumpage in thinned stands at all ages after the first thin- ning will be more valuable than that in unthinned stands of the same age if, as recommended, the roughest dominant trees are removed in the preliminary thinning and improvement cutting leaving as the basis for the ultimate mature stand the clean stemmed intermediate and codomi- nant trees. (Plates XVI; XVII.) On account of the high cost of making thinnings the stumpage value of the trees removed in making them has been placed at $2 per 1,000 board feet less than the stumpage value of the timber in the entire stand. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 164 *IB][OP ySoreou 94} 04 YO popunod ov o10e od son[e A (2) “4yoad qnoyj}IM pouuryy Ayyuonbesuoo st ‘TTT Aqeny ‘puvys plo 1v9A-0¢ oy, “03¥ OUIVS 4B PUGS JO UY} UB} sso] JooF puUBSNoYyy rad 00'Z¢ onyBA osvduINys pournssy(Pp) “9TqBy UT UOTPB[OdseyuL Ag(9) “*(eyT o[qe,y,) FUBUIMIOpP 04} JO adBIOAB oY} PoddxO ATAYSYS seer} yuvurmopeid jo szyys1oy oy,T,(q) “yons om} A[qissod puv Zuruuryy pu’ Zuy4no yuowoaosdur Arwuruyoid & esoddnsaid sduruuryy ysay oy.p(®) OORRU nn | ise ibe tat ee ea eat seaon e 00° 821 GL 008°36 838 89 LL 08 00° 601 00° LT 00g‘ 00° TOT gs 008 °LT O61 66 0° ST 09 00° 2g 00°¢ 002° 00° $$ OL é 009 ‘FI Er OTT v El 0g 00° 6& 00°€ 00g‘ 00° 68 00°€ 006 ‘31 6L O9T GIT OF COORG een | zaceeeer ear 00+‘ 00° 61 00°% 00¢°6 8& OSG 9°6 08 IIT Adeno COULD bl btaa eat met oe acer an 00° 298 00° OT 00L‘SE 0s9 gg 8° 1G- 00r 00° €2& 00° 6F 008°L 00° 89% GL8 002 ‘08 96F 6L 8°8T 08 00° 982 00° 3& 006° 00° £0 V4 00T ‘22 $66 66 g OT 09 00° 9IT 00°@T 008 °F 00° OT i 2 00F ‘82 606 SII Lt 0g 00°38 00°6 008° 00° &2 09° € 00602 961 GOT 9° GT OF 00° 0F 00°S 000‘ 00° 0F 09'S 006 ‘9T 89 8&6 FOL 0& IL Aven} OOP SEL re en eg os |e er eed 00° L6F OS TT 006 ‘8% OF6 9F £° G6 00T 00° a9 00° #6 00F ‘OT 00° 884 00° TT O0F ‘FF OFL 09 0° &% 08 00° SP 00°92 002 ‘OT 00° ¢2é Go 6 009 ‘OF 80g 08 8°61 09 00° $66 00° S& 00F'L 00° 18¢ GL'9 002° LE GLE Oot 9° LT 0g 00° FLT 00° &6 008 ‘8 00° 9ST 00°¢ 002 ‘TS 0&@ DCU 0° ST OF 00° 16 00° FI 0096 00°28 0g’ § 000‘S2 SIT LIG 0°GT 08 00°39 $ 00°F $ 000'¢ 00°39 $ G1 $ 00F ‘Zz 08 086 g OT S I Aq78NO (0) yowo ‘43 Pa ae 400} pavog soyouy aaa oon piles PEROT, €P) eee Ae ess a e10% sod (q) 8002} eee ae jo onyea ; wary zod onjeA - QOOT 19d onyea suruuryy $901} JO qyuevurmopoid purys oyeso1ga Vy UdAIS PUBS esedunyg eseduinyg yowe a10joq (2) 9013 10d roquin Ny jo 10j0U1GIp jo osy jo o3% 48 pugs jo e108 ouInjoO A ODVIOAW Opvul ssuTUUTYT, rod plory * (8) SDNINNIHY, NI GUAONAY AAANL]T, 40 TAIVA ANV INOOWY AHL ANV SaDy LNAUaTATCT LY NIG ATIOTAO'T 10 SGNVLG GANNIH], dO ADIVA GNV GIGI X—'6, ATAV], LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 165 By comparing the values of the thinned stands in Table 79 with those given for unthinned stands in Table 71 it is seen that thinnings increase the value of the stands on Qualities I and II. The values of Quality IIL stands, however, are reduced. This shows as has been pointed out in a previous paper* that “the chief value of the thinnings in the older stands on dry soils is'to save the tree which would be lost by dying. There would be comparatively little accelerated growth on this quality for natural thinning takes place so rapidly that there is no prolonged crowding to retard the diameter increment of the dominant trees.” Thinnings, however, add greatly to the value of the stands on good sites, and if the value of the material saved in the thinnings is taken into con- sideration they are probably profitable on all sites except the very wet. (Table 79, last column.) It should be understood, however, that the theoretical yields for thinned stands which are given in Table 79 are obtainable only under ideal conditions of equal spacing which could not be realized in practice. The crown space for each tree can not be progressively increased to meet its requirements; some trees or some sides of certain trees will at times invariably be crowded ; while on account of the removal of large interven- ing crowns some other trees will have too much space. In practice it is possible to be guided only in a general way by the distance between adja- cent trees, or by the number of trees per acre. The real guide at all times of what trees to remove and how heavily to thin must be the interference of crowns (Plates XI, XIV, XV, XVI, X XVII) and the less promis- ing trees must be removed here and there where the conditions allow it to be done without making extremely large openings in the crown cover. (Plate X XIT.) Mere thinnings can seldom be made on large tracts which are managed for the production of sawmill timber and require the building of rail- roads for profitable logging. (Page 137.) Loblolly pine occupies, how- ever, in pure, even-aged stands a large area of farm forest in thickly settled communities, either near towns or near factories which assure a continuous market for cordwood. Such conditions not only render thin- nings possible and profitable for their influence upon the development of the mature stand, but in many cases will be financially profitable by themselves. The farmer, however, can profitably apply intensive meth- ods of management, which are impossible on large tracts. Under certain conditions thinnings can undoubtedly also be made in stands managed for the production of timber for pulp, stave, crate, and heading stock; or for the production of timber for these uses in connection with the pro- duction of large sized timber for saw logs. The gradual felling of the larger trees in the even aged loblolly pine stands which has been recommended (pages 151 and following) as a *Management of Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines, Proc. Soc. Am. Foresters, 1910, Page 97. 166 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. tentative method of cutting, that will result in larger yields than clean cutting, is not thinning. It has the effect of freeing the smaller trees which on certain sites are stimulated into accelerated growth, but the ultimate results are very different from those obtained by thinning. Under gradual felling the merchantable trees are removed while yet of medium diameter in order to obtain early cuttings. The object of thin- nings is to obtain timber of large diameters; the removal of the main stand consequently is deferred. ARTIFICIAL RESTOCKING. Gathering of Seed. Seed should be collected in September or early in October before heavy frosts have opened the cones. (Plate II.) The cones are fre- quently still green in September but if the seed are firm they will germi- nate. Cones can be secured from trees which are being cut where lum- bering is in progress, and should be taken from dominant, thrifty, mid- dle-aged, or older trees rather than from young trees or from codominant or suppressed ones, since not only is the percentage of sound seed higher from such trees but it is genetically undesirable that the specimens of poorest growth should be the source of seed. Not less than 50 per cent of fresh seed from such trees should be germinable. The cones after sunning until they begin to open should be placed in sacks or loose barrels in a dry but well ventilated building until they are fully open, when the seed can be flailed out. To prevent the seed from mildewing, the sacks or barrels should be occasionally turned, or the cones can be stored in shallow trays with bottoms of slats or wire net- ting, the trays being on racks in an airy chamber so as to secure ven- tilation. The seed are flattened, about 14 inch long, nearly black, and are attached to a shining brown wing 34 inch long. There are about 20,000 cleaned seed to a pound. The price per pound usually varies from $1.50 when bought directly from collectors, to $2.50 if bought from dealers. The collection of seed should be profitable. It is estimated that two bushels of unopened cones will yield a pound of seed. Seedbeds. Seedbeds should be prepared in fertile, loamy, or mellow soil, prefer- ably on a rather moist site. The soil is best prepared by cultivating several times during the year preceding planting. The weed seed can be killed by burning the soil as is done in preparing tobacco beds. Beds are usually made 4 or 5 feet wide, the rows being located across the bed. The seed should be planted in February or March, or, near the coast, early in autumn, about 14 inch deep in thin rows about 8 inches LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 167 apart. A pound of seed is sufficient to plant 300 feet of drill. The seeds sprout,in a few weeks and the seedlings should be from 8 to 12 inches high by the end of the first season, when they should be perma- nently planted. If the bed is located on moist soil or where it receives partial shade, as in a’small clearing in the forest, no shading will be required. On very dry soil it will be desirable to snade lightly by a screen made of slats or boughs on a frame 2 or 3 feet above the seedbed. If the bed is located in the forest a deep trench should be dug around it to prevent the roots of nearby trees from draining it of moisture. A liberal application of ashes to the seedbed two or three weeks before planting and well worked in makes the plants more thrifty and stockier and gives a more compact and better developed root system. The soil of the seedbed must not be wet, since this may lead to “damping off” of the plants when very young. This is a disease caused by a fungus which may attack and destroy the stem if plants are over-crowded in seedbeds although so far it has not been known to attack loblolly pine. Planting. Loblolly pine reproduces only from seed. Plantations can be started either by young plants or by direct seeding. Direct seeding is cheaper and under most conditions is more satisfactory on account of the diffi- culty of transplanting the young pines. It is desirable to use plants only on land which is very foul and on which young seedlings might be smothered. One-year-old wild seedling plants can be used in place of nursery grown stock. Planting should be done during late winter or early in the spring. Fall planting, except on wet soils, is not advisable. Planting is most quickly done by two persons, one making the holes with a mattock, the other carrying the plants in a box strapped over the left shoulder. The plant is held upright in the hole with one hand; the roots are spread out with the other; the earth is drawn up to the plant with the foot and firmly pressed around it on both sides with the feet. Every precaution must be taken to prevent the roots of the plants in the box from drying out; they should, therefore, be kept all the time covered with a thick wet cloth. It is preferable to puddle the roots on lifting the plants from the seedbed by dipping them in a thick mud, so as to coat them thoroughly. On the better soils planting can well be made 6 by 6 feet; on the poorer, 5 by 5 feet. When the condition of the surface will permit it, furrows can be laid off with a plow the desired distance apart, and one man can plant in these furrows without assistance. On account of the rapidity of its growth it would seldom be necessary to cultivate a plantation unless on dry and heavy clay soils. Direct Seeding. On account of the large proportion of sound seed, the ease of germina- tion and the hardiness and rapidity of growth of the young plant, direct seeding succeeds remarkably well. This can be either broadcast sowing or by seed spot planting. 168 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Broadcast sowing should be made early in March. If the surface is very foul with weeds or brush, the larger brush should be cut with axes or brush hooks in strips early in winter and piled in windrows against living brush. In early spring, when thoroughly dry, it should be burned clean and the seed sown after the first rain. From three to four pounds of seed per acre are required for direct seeding without covering. If there is a heavy sod, it can be burnt and the ground harrowed with a disk or tooth harrow before seeding and the seed covered with a weeder after seeding two or three pounds of seed per acre. On plowed ground seed should be broadcast at the rate of 144 to 2 pounds to the acre and covered with a weeder. It is desirable to mix the seed with one-half bushel of slacked ashes or earth, as is done with turnip seed, in order to secure a uniform distribution. Seed spot sowing requires less seed than broadcast. Droppings can be done either like corn or peas at places 4 by 4 feet, or furrows can be laid off four feet apart, the seed dropped at distances of 4 feet in the furrows and lightly covered 14 to 44 inch with earth. The soil can be elther plowed or unplowed. Plowing is seldom justified. On smooth, clean, sandy land where there are few bushes, stumps, or little sod, it is possible to plant with a horse corn or pea-planter, such as the Cole com- bination planter. A plate with one small hole can be used: which will drop several seed every 4 feet. The seed should be thoroughly mixed with dry ashes. It is necessary to adjust plow point and coverer so that the seed are covered the necessary depth. On rough soil a hand corn- planter can be used, adjusted for the small pine seed. If planting is done by hand the soil should be loosened with a mattock for 6 inches square and to a depth of 3 to 5 inches and from 10 to 15 seed should be dropped in each spot and covered not more than one-half inch. From one to two pounds of seed is ample for seed spot planting. On most portions of the sandy longleaf pine lands the conditions permit the use of a planter. Since from 8 to 6 acres of land can be planted in a day by this means, the planting of these lands in loblolly pine, at a total cost of planting of $2 to $3 an acre, would be, with adequate pro- tection from fire, advisable from an investment standpoint. It is nec- essary in all plantations to furnish absolute protection against fire. Advisability of Loblolly Pine Planting. At the present prices of pine stumpage it is possible to grow loblolly pine in plantations profitably in places where land of good growing capacity can be purchased cheaply. Plantations should never be made on land which naturally stocks in pine, since in such a, case the cost of planting adds unnecessary expense. Neither should it be undertaken on land which has a value greater than $10 an acre. If the land has a value of $10 an acre and a producing capacity equal to that of upland old fields of good quality, about Quality Site IT, and the cost of seed spot LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 169 planting, including seed and labor, does not exceed $3 an acre, the cost of growing 1,000 board feet of timber under an interest rate of 6 per cent a year, in an unthinned stand, is as shown in Table 80. Tas LE 80.—Cost Per 1,000 Boarp Feet or Grow1ne LoBLoLty PINE IN PLANTATIONS. Qvauiry II. inet Accumulated costs on an Value (Jan. 1913) per oe ae initial investment of $13 : ; Cost of growing 1,000 feet B. M., of an acre, interest at 6 per | Yield of stand in | stumpage per 1,000| stumpage based on €-¥enrs cent a year, less the board feet board feet Quality II, operating value of the land cost $13 per 1,000 30 $ 64.62 16,000 $ 4.04 $ 2.50 35 89 .84 21, 850 4.10 2.60 40 123.77 26, 850 4.58 2.85 45 168 .88 30, 850 5.45 3.20 Plantations can be made consequently with an initial investment of $13 an acre with the expectation of netting at least 5 per cent, com- pounded, provided there is an increase of $1.50 per 1,000 feet in the price of stumpage in a stand at 35 years; an increase of $1.75 in a stand at 40 years old, and an increase of $2.25 in a stand at 45 years. The increase of $1.50 in 35 years is less than 34 of one per cent a year on the present value of stumpage per 1,000 feet. The cost of growing on other quality sites can be easily calculated by means of Table 38. The present value of stumpage can be approximated from Tables 59 to 64. In case stands are thinned the cost of growing is affected as shown in Table 79. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY BULLETINS. 1. Iron Ores of North Carolina, by Henry B. C. Nitze, 1893. 8°, 239 pp., 20 pl., and map. Out of print. 2. Building and Ornamental Stones in North Carolina, by T. L. Watson and F. B. Laney in collaboration with George P. Merrill, 1906. 8°, 283 pp., 32 pl., 2 figs. Postage 25 cents. Cloth-bound copy 80 cents extra. 3. Gold Deposits in North Carolina, by Henry B. C. Nitze and George B. Hanna, 1896. 8°, 196 pp., 14 pl., and map. Out of print. 4. Road Material and Road Construction in North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes and William Cain, 1893. 8°, 88 pp. Out of print. 5. The Forests, Forest Lands and Forest Products of Eastern North Caro- lina, by W. W. Ashe, 1894. 8°, 128 pp., 5 pl. Postage 5 cents. 6. The Timber Trees of North Carolina, by Gifford Pinchot and W. W. Ashe, 1897. 8°, 227 pp., 22 pl. Out of print. 7. Forest Fires: Their Destructive Work, Causes and Prevention, by W. W. Ashe, 1895. 8°, 66 pp., 1 pl. Postage 5 cents. 8. Water-powers in North Carolina, by George F. Swain, Joseph A. Holmes and E. W. Myers, 1899. 8°, 362 pp., 16 pl. Postage 16 cents. 9. Monazite and Monazite Deposits in North Carolina, by Henry B. C. Nitze, 1895. 8°, 47 pp.,5 pl. Ouwt of print. 10. Gold Mining in North Carolina and other Appalachian States, by Henry B. C. Nitze and A. J. Wilkins, 1897. 8°, 164 pp., 10 pl. Owt of print. 11. Corundum and the Basic Magnesian Rocks of Western North Carolina, by J. Volney Lewis, 1895. 8°, 107 pp., 6 pl. Out of print. 12. History of the Gems Found in North Carolina, by George Frederick Kunz, 1907. 8°, 60 pp., 15 pl. Postage 8 cents. Cloth-bound copy 30 cents extra. 13. Clay Deposits and Clay Industries in North Carolina, by Heinrich Ries, 1897. 8°, 157 pp., 12 pl. Postage 10 cents. 14. The Cultivation of the Diamond-back Terrapin, by R. E. Coker, 1906. 8°, 67 pp., 23 pl., 2 figs. Out of print. 15. Experiments in Oyster Culture in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, by Robert E. Coker, 1907. 8°, 74 pp., 17 pl., 11 figs. Postage 6 cents. 16. Shade Trees for North Carolina, by W. W. Ashe, 1908. 8°, 74 pp., 10 pl., 16 figs. Postage 6 cents. 17. Terracing of Farm Lands, by W. W. Ashe, 1908. 8°, 38 pp., 6 pl., 2 figs. Postage 4 cents. 18. Bibliography of North Carolina Geology, Mineralogy and Geography, with a list of Maps, by Francis Baker Laney and Katherine Hill Wood, 1909. 8°, 428 pp. Postage 25 cents. Cloth-bound copy 80 cents extra. 19. The Tin Deposits of the Carolinas, by Joseph Hyde Pratt and Douglas B. Sterrett, 1905. 8°, 64 pp., 8 figs. Postage 4 cents. 20. Water-powers of North Carolina: An Appendix to Bulletin 8, 1910. 8°, 383 pp. Postage 25 cents. 21. The Gold Hill Mining District of North Carolina, by Francis Baker Laney, 1910. 8°, 137 pp., 23 pl., 5 figs. Postage 15 cents. 22. A Report on the Cid Mining District, Davidson County, N. C., by J. E. Pogue, Jr., 1911. 8°, 144 pp., 22 pl., 5 figs. Postage 15 cents. __ 28, Forest Conditions in Western North Carolina, by J. S. Holmes 1911. 8°, 115 pp., 8 pl. Postage 15 cents. 172 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 24. Loblolly or North Carolina Pine, by W. W. Ashe, Forest Inspector, U. S. Forest Service (and former Forester of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey). Pepared in Codperation with the Forest Servicé, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1914. 8°, 176 pp., 27 plates, 5 figs. Postage 10 cents. ECONOMIC PAPERS. 1. The Maplesugar Industry in Western North Carolina, by W. W. Ashe, 1897. 8°, 34 pp. Postage 2 cents. 2. Recent Road Legislation in North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes. Out of print. 3. Tale and Pyrophyllite Deposits in North Carolina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1900. 8°, 29 pp., 2 maps. Postage 2 cents. 4. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1900, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1901. 8°, 36 pp., and map. Postage 2 cents. Takes up in some detail Occurrences of Goll, Silver, Lead and Zinc, Copper, Iron Mangan- ese, Corundum, Granite, Mica, Talc, Pyrophyllite, Graphite, Kaolin, Gem Minerals, Monazite, Tungsten, Building Stones, and Coal in North Carolina. 5. Road Laws of North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes. Owt of print. 6. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1901, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1902. 8°, 102 pp. Postage 4 cents. Gives a List of Minerals found in North Carolina; describes the Treatment of Sulphuret Gold Ores, giving localities; takes up the Occurrence of Copper in the Virgilina, Gold Hill, and Ore Knob districts; gives Occurrence and Uses of Corundum; a List of Garnets. describ- ing Localities; the Occurrence, Associated Minerals, Uses and Localities of Mica; the Occur- rence of North Carolina Feldspar, with Analyses; an extended description of North Carolina Gems and,Gem Minerafs; Occurrences of Monazite, Barytes, Ocher; describes and gives Oc- currences of Graphite and Coal; describes and gives Occurrences of Building Stones, including Limestone; describes and gives Uses for the various forms of Clay; and under the head of “Other Economic Minerals,”’ describes and gives Occurrences of Chromite, Asbestos and Zircon. 7. Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1902, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1908. 8°, 27 pp. Out of print. 8. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1903, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1904. 8°, 74 pp. Postage 4 cents. Gives descriptions of Mines worked for Gold in 1903; descriptions of Properties worked for Copper during 1903, together with assay of ore from Twin-Edwards Mine; Analyses of Limon- ite ore from Wilson Mine; the Occurrence of Tin; in some detail the Occurrences of Abrasives; Occurrences of Monazite and Zircon; Occurrences and Varieties of Graphite, giving Methods of Cleaning; Occurrences of Marble and other forms of Limestone; Analyses of Kaolin from Barber Creek, Jackson County, North Carolina. 9. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1904, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1905. 8°, 95 pp. Postage 4 cents. Gives Mines Producing Gold and Silver during 1903 and 1904 and Sources of the Gold Produced during 1904; describes the mineral Chromite, giving Analyses of Selected Samples of Chromite from Mines in Yancey County; describes Commercial Varieties of Mica, giving the manner in which it occurs in North Carolina, Percentage of Mica in the Dikes, Methods of Mining, Associated Minerals, Localities, Uses; describes the mineral Barytes, giving Method of Cleaning and Preparing Barytes for Market; describes the use of Monazite as used in connec- tion with the Preparation of the Bunsen Burner, and goes into the use of Zircon in connection with the Nernst Lamp, giving a List of the Principal Yttrium Minerals; describes the minerals containing Corundum Gems, Hiddenite and Other Gem Minerals, and gives New Occurrences of these Gems; describes the mineral Graphite and gives new Uses for same. 10. Oyster Culture in North Carolina, by Robert E. Coker, 1905. 8°, 39 pp. Out of print. 11. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1905, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1906. 8°, 95 pp. Postage 4 cents. Describes the mineral Cobalt and the principal minerals that contain Cobalt; Corundum Localities; Monazite and Zircon in considerable detail, giving Analyses of Thorianite; describes Tantalum Minerals and gives description of the Tantalum Lamp; gives brief description of Peat Deposits; the manufacture of Sand-lime Brick; Operations of Concentrating Plant in Black Sand Investigations; gives Laws Relating to Mines, Coal Mines, Mining, Mineral Inter- est in Land, Phosphate Rock, Marl Beds. 12. Investigations Relative to the Shad Fisheries of North Carolina, by John N. Cobb, 1906. 8°, 74 pp., 8 maps. Postage 6 cents. 13. Report of Committee on Fisheries in North Carolina. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1906. 8°, 78 pp. Owt of print. 14. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1906, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1907. 8°, 144 pp., 20 pl., and 5 figs. Postage 10 cents. Under the head of ‘Recent Changes in Gold Mining in North Carolina,” gives methods of mining, describing Log Washers, Square Sets, Cyanide Plants, etc., and detailed descriptions LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Lis of Gold Deposits and Mines are given; Copper Deposits of Swain County are described; Mica Deposits of western North Carolina are described, giving distribution and General Character, General Geology, Occurrence, Associated Minerals, Mining and Treatment of Mica, Origin, together with a description of many of the mines; Monazite is taken up in considerable detail as to Location and Occurrence, Geology, including classes of Rocks, Age, Associations, Weath- ering, method of Mining and Cleaning, description of Monazite in Original Matrix. 15. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1907, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1908. 8°, 176 pp., 13 pl., and 4 figs. Postage 15 cents. Takes up in detail the Copper of the Gold Hill Copper District; a description of the Uses of Monazite and its Associated Minerals; descriptions of Ruby, Emerald, Beryl, Hiddenite, and Amethyst Localities; a detailed description with Analyses of the Principal Mineral Springs of North Carolina; a description of the Peat Formations in North Carolina, together with a de- tailed account of the Uses of Peat and the Results of an Experiment Conducted by the United States Geological Survey on Peat from Elizabeth City, North Carolina. 16. Report of Convention called by Governor R. B. Glenn to Investigate the Fishing Industries in North Carolina, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1908. 8°, 45 pp. Out of print. 17. Proceedings of Drainage Convention held at New Bern, North Carolina, September 9, 1908. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1908. 8°, 94 pp. Out of print. 18. Proceedings of Second Annual Drainage Convention held at New Bern, North Carolina, November 11 and 12, 1909, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, and containing North Carolina Drainage Law, 1909. 8°, 50 pp. Out of print. 19. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1909, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1910. 8°, 52 pp., 9 pl. Out of print. 20. Wood-using Industries of North Carolina, by Roger E. Simmons, under the direction of J. S. Holmes and H. S. Sackett, 1910. 8°, 74 pp., 6 pl. Postage 7 cents. 21. Proceedings of the Third Annual Drainage Convention, held under Auspices of the North Carolina Drainage Association; and the North Carolina Drainage Law (codified). Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1911. 8°, 67 pp., 3 pl. Out of print. 22. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1910, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1911. 8°, 48 pp. Out of print. 23. Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1908, ’09, and ’10, by Joseph Hyde Pratt and Miss H. M. Berry, 1911. 8°, 134 pp., 1 pl., 27 figs. Postage 10 cents. Gives report on Virgilina Copper District of North Carolina and Virginia, by F. B. Laney; Detailed report on Mica Deposits of North Carolina, by Douglas B. Sterrett; Detailed report on Monazite, by Douglas B. Sterrett; Reports on various Gem Minerals, by Douglas B. Ster- rett; Information and Analyses concerning certain Mineral Springs; Extract from Chance Report of the Dan River and Deep River Coal Fields; Some notes on the Peat Industry, by Professor Charles A. Davis; Extract from report of Arthur Keith on the Nantahala Marble; Description of the manufacture of Sand-lime Brick. 24. Fishing Industry of North Carolina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1911. 8°, 44 pp. Out of print. 25. Proceedings of Second Annual Convention of the North Carolina For- estry Association, held at Raleigh, North Carolina, February 21, 1912. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1911. Suggested Forestry Legislation. Com- piled by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1912. 8°, 71 pp. Postage 5 cents. 26. Proceedings of Fourth Annual Drainage Convention, held at Elizabeth City, North Carolina, November 15 and 16, 1911, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1912. 8°, 45 pp. Postage 3 cents. 27. Highway Work in North Carolina, containing a Statistical Report of Road Work during 1911 by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary, 1912. 8°, 145 pp., 11 figs. Postage 10 cents. 28. Culverts and Small Bridges for Country Roads in North Carolina, by C. R. Thomas and T. F. Hickerson, 1912. 8°, 56 pp., 14 figs., 20 pl. Postage 10 cents. 29. Report of the Fisheries Convention held at New Bern, N. C., December 18, 1911, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, together with a Compendium of the Stenographic Notes of the Meetings Held on the Two trips taken by the Legislative Fish Committee Appointed by the General As- 174 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. sembly of 1909, and the Legislation Recommended by this Committee, 1912. 8°, 302 pp. Postage 15 cents. 30. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the North Carolina Good Roads Association held at Charlotte, N. C., August 1 and 2, 1912, in Codpera- tion with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary, 1912. 8°,109 pp. Postage 10 cents. 31. Proceedings of Fifth Annual Drainage Convention held at Raleigh, N. C., November 26 and 27, 1912. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist. 8°, 56 pp., 6 pl. Postage 5 cents. 32. Public Roads are Public Necessities, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1918. 8°, 62 pp. Postage 5 cents. 33. Forest Fires in North Carolina during 1912 and National and Associa- tion Codperative Fire Control, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1913. 8°, 63 pp. Postage 5 cents. 34. Mining Industry in North Carolina during 1911-12, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1914. 8°, 314 pp., 23 pl., 12 figs. Postage 30 cents. Gives detailed report on Gold Mining in various counties with special report on Metal- lurgical Processes used at the Iola Mine, by Claud Hafer; description of a Cyanide Mill, by Percy Barbour; The new Milling Process for treating North Carolina Siliceous Gold Ores at the Montgomery Mine, including a description of the Uwarrie Mining Company’s Plant; notes on the Carter Mine, Montgomery County, by Claud Hafer; also a description of the Howie Mine and its mill; a detailed report on the Coggins (Appalachian) Gold Mine, by Joseph Hyde Pratt; a list. of gems and gem minerals occurring in the United States; special descriptions of Localities where the Amethyst, Beryl, Emerald, and Quartz Gems Occur as taken from United States Geological Survey Report by Douglas B. Sterrett; a report on the Dan River Coal Field, by R. W. Stone, as reprinted from Bulletin 471-B of the United States Geological Survey; a ‘special report on Graphite, by Edson S. Bastin and reprinted from Min- eral Resources of United States for 1912; a special report on Asbestos describing both the Amphibole and Chrysotile varieties; a report on the Mount Airy Granite Quarry; special report on Sand and Gravel, giving Uses, Definitions of Various Sands, ete.; the portion of a Bulletin on Feldspar and Kaolin of the United States Bureau of Mines, which relates to North Carolina, and which takes up in detail Occurrences, Methods of Mining, and Descriptions of Localities of Feldspar and Kaolin mines in North Carolina, prepared by Mr. A. S. Watts. In this Eco- nomic Paper are also given the names and addresses of Producers of the various minerals during the years covered by the report. 35. Good Roads Days, November 5th and 6th, 1913, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary. 8°, 102 pp., 11 pl. Postage 10 cents. 36. Proceedings of the North Carolina Good Roads Association, held at Morehead City, N. C., July 31st and August Ist, 1913. In Codperation with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey.—Statistical Report of Highway Work in North Carolina during 1912. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary. 8°, 127 pp., 7 figs. Postage 10 cents. 37. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1913 and a Summary of State Forest Fire Prevention in the United States, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1914. 8°, 82 pp. Postage 8 cents. 38. Forms covering the Organization of Drainage Districts under the North Carolina Drainage Law, Chapter 442, Public Laws of 1909, and Amendments. And Forms for Minutes of Board of Drainage Commissioners covering the Organization of the Board up to and Including the Issuing of the Drainage Bonds. Compiled by Geo. R. Boyd, Drainage Engineer, 1914. 8°, 133 pp. Postage 10 cents. 39. Proceedings of the Good Roads Institute held at the University of North Carolina, March 17-19, 1914. Held under the auspices of the Departments of Civil and Highway Engineering of the University of North Carolina and The North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, 1914. 8°, 117 pp., 15 figs., 4 pl. Postage 10 cents. VOLUMES. Vol. I. Corundum and the Basic Magnesian Rocks in Western North Caro- lina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt and J. Volney Lewis, 1905. 8°, 464 pp., 44 pl., 35 figs. Postage 32 cents. Cloth-bound copy 30 cents extra. Vol. II. Fishes of North Carolina, by H. M. Smith, 1907. 8°, 453 pp., 21 pl., 188 figs. Postage 80 cents. LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 175 Vol. III. The Coastal Plain Deposits of North Carolina, by William Bullock Clark, Benjamin L. Miller, L. W. Stephenson, B. L. Johnson and Horatio N. Parker, 1912. 8°, 509 pp., 62 pl., 21 figs. Postage 35 cents. Pt. I.—The Physiography and Geology of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, by Wm. Bullock Clark, Benjamin L. Miller, and L. W. Stephenson. Pt. II.—The Water Resources of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, by L. W. Steph- enson and B. L. Johnson. Vol. IV. Birds of North Carolina. In press. BIENNIAL REPORTS. First Biennial Report, 1891-1892, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1893. 8°, 111 pp., 12 pl., 2 figs. Postage 6 cents. : Administrative report, giving Object and Organization of the Survey; Investigations of Iron Ores, Building Stone, Geological Work in Coastal Plain Region, including supplies of drinking waters in eastern counties, Report on Forests and Forest Products, Coal and Marble, Investigations of Diamond Drill Biennial Report 1893-1894, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1894. 8° 15 pp. Postage 1 cent. Administrative report. : Biennial Report, 1895-1896, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1896. 8°, 17 pp. Postage 1 cent. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1897-1898, J. A. Holmes, State Geologst, 1898. 8°, 28 pp. Postage 2 cents. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1899-1900, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1900. 8°, 20 pp. Postage 2 cents. Administrative report. Biennial Report 1901-1902, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1902. 8°, 15 pp. Postage 1 cent. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1903-1904, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1905. 8°, 32 pp. Postage 2 cents. Administrative report. Biennial Report, 1905-1906, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1907. 8°, 60 pp. Postage 8 cents. Administrative report; report on certain swamp lands belonging to the State, by W. W. Ashe; it also gives certain magnetic observations at North Carolina stations. Biennial Report, 1907-1908, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1908. 8°, 60 pp., 2 pl. Postage 5 cents. Administrative report. Contains Special Report on an examination of the Sand Banks along the North Carolina Coast, by Jay F. Bond, Forest Assistant, United States Forest Serv- ice; certain magnetic observations at North Carolina stations; Results of an Investigation Relating to Clam Cultivation, by Howard E. Enders of Purdue University. Biennial Report 1909-1910, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1911. 8°, 152 pp. Postage 10 cents. Administrative report, and contains Agreements for Codperation in Statistical Work, and Topographical and Traverse Mapping Work with the United States Geological Survey; Forest Work with the United States Department of Agriculture (Forest Service); List of Topo- graphic maps of North Carolina and counties partly or wholly topographically mapped; de- scription of special Highways in North Carolina; suggested Road Legislation; list of Drainage Districts and Results of Third Annual Drainage Convention; Forestry reports relating to Connolly Tract, Buncombe County and Transylvania County State Farms; certain Watersheds; Reforestation of Cut-over and Abandoned Farm Lands on the Woodlands of the Salem Acad- emy and College; Recommendations for the Artificial Regeneration of Longleaf Pine at Pine- hurst; Act regulating the use of and for the Protection of Meridian Monuments and Standards of Measure at the several county seats of North Carolina; list of Magnetic Declinations at the county seats, January 1, 1910; letter of Fish Commissioner of the United States Bureau of Fisheries relating to the conditions of the North Carolina fish industries; report of the Survey for the North Carolina Fish Commission referring to dutch or pound-net fishing in Albemarle and Croatan sounds and Chowan River, by Gilbert T. Rude, of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; Historical Sketch of the several North Carolina Geological Surveys, with list of publications of each. : Biennial Report, 1911-1912, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1913. 8°, 118 pp. Postage 7 cents. Administrative report, and contains reports on method of construction and estimate of cost of road improvement in Stantonsburg Township, Wilson County; report on road conditions in Lee County; report on preliminary location of section of Spartanburg-Hendersonville Highway 176 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. between Tryon and Tuxedo; report of road work done by U. S. Office of Public Roads during biennial period; experiments with glutrin on the sand-clay road; report on Central Highway, giving Act establishing and report of trip over this Highway; suggested road legislation; report on the Asheville City watershed; report on the Struan property at Arden, Buncombe County; report on the woodlands on the farm of Dr. J. W. Kilgore, Iredell County; report on examination of the woodlands on the Berry place, Orange County; report on the forest prop- erty of Miss Julia A. Thorne, Asheboro, Randolph County; report on the examination of the forest lands of the Butters Lumber Company, Columbus County; proposed forestry legislation ; swamp lands and drainage, giving drainage districts; suggested drainage legislation; proposed Fisheries Commission bill. Biennial Report, 1913-1914, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1915. 8°, 190 pp. Postage 14 cents. Samples of any mineral found in the State may be sent to the office of the Geological and Economic Survey for identification, and the same will be clas- sified free of charge. It must be understood, however, that NO ASSAYS OR QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATIONS WILL BE MADE. Samples should be in a lump form if possible, and marked plainly on outside of package with name of sender, postoffice address, etc.; a letter should accompany sample and stamp should be enclosed for reply. These publications are mailed to libraries and to individuals who may desire information on any of the special subjects named, free of charge, except that in each case applicants for the reports should forward the amount of postage needed, as indicated above, for mailing the bulletins desired, to the State Geologist, Chapel Hill, N. C. a= DUNN NL 00008813097