HAROLD
BRIGHAM
PROVO. UTAH
^
, .3
;^LOGAN«-i
^emple^C^Qtares
A Series of Lectures Delivered Before the Temple School of Science During the Years 1885-6.
•15Y-
MO.^ES THATiJHEU, J AS. A. LEI SUM AN, C. W. NJBLEY,
./AS. Z. STEWART, II'. H. APPERLE Y, JOII.W E CARLISLE.
LOGAN CITY. UTAH: THE UTAH JOURNAL COMPANY,
PUBLISHERS.
HAROLD B. LEE LIBRARY
BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY
PROVO. UTAH
INTEODUCTIOH.
The Logan Temple Lectures, treating upon Theology, Civil Government, Political Economy, History, Literature, and Science, are of interest to tlie public. We therefore present them in a form tliat places them within the reach of all, thereby giving them a wide mission in the educa- tional field. They are published by authority of tlie Presidency of the Temple Association, and it is desired that tliey meet with a generous reception from the people.
The Publishers.
I
Logan Temple Lectures
th:^ology.
BY JAMES Z. STEWABT.
TK. Foundation o, a„ Co.ect Education-Faith- knowledge o, a God-Revelation-
Tradition-Reason-The Works of Nature evidence of a Designer.
IT Will be necessary to divide this subjeet and consider Jt
under appropriate headings, and even then treat he matter
in a very brief way, referring more particularly to it as the
^'^'wtle rarie'p. Pratt has given the best definition I h-tve o!er seen, to the term Theology, from which I will Ch,;, that we may have a clear conception ot its meaning. He says: ^ ,
...sx! T„eo,„«>. i«t.,e science of c, 'f-«-';-„r/:t:::r'r t:;^^:
reeled, and tl.e elements controlled ^^^^^^^ ^
THtKO. It is t„e -■-"-,,^,'';;»J " f .;; : ^i, o .aincd'.o tl,o treasures of :;^r ::;Sujr i::rlV::iX';n«ni.o. en.r.in. t,. ...t, t,. ,.res.
"Fo'cHxf ins'the science of life, endless and eternal, by which the Uvin« are "™:L::'ur:h:"d::^ of s„irltua, «ifts.hy whiC. t,. Umd sec the deaf
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^ LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
f
hear, the la.ue walk, the sick are healed, and demons are expclle.! from tlio human system.
Seventh. It is the science of all other sciences and useful arts bein- in f ut the very fountain from which they emanate. It includes philosophv,' astron- omy, history, mathematics, geography, languages, the science of Utters and blends the knowledge of all matters of fact, in every branch of art or of re- search. It includes also, all the scientific discoveries and inventions agricul- ture, the mechanical iirts, architecture, shipbuilding, the properties a'nd appli- cations of the mariner's compass, navigation and music. All that is useful greatandgood, all that is calculated to sustain, comfort, instruct udify purify' refine or exalt intelligences, originated by this science, and this science- alone all other sciences being but branches growing out of this, the root.
From the definition given, it will be seen that Theology is the foundation, the basis of all correct education, and should be considered first in importance^in all places of learning; and without some attention is given to what might be terin- ed the more spiritual part of the subject, ah education is ac- tually dangerous to its possessor.
In what I may say regarding its I shall confine myself more particularly to the principles of the Gospel as ancient- ly taught by our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, and revealed m this generation to the Prophet Joseph Smith, and as now taught by the Elders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Lat- ter-day Saints.
Now, the first principle of revealed religion is Faith. It is the first principle of the Gospel as taught by our Savior and afterward by His apostles and disciples. The Apostle Paul in his Epistle to the Hebrews gives us the definition of Faith. He says: "Now faith is the substance (assurance) of tilings hoped for: the evidence of things not seen."
We learn from the Bible that we must have faith in God, believe that He is (or exists) and that he is the rewarder of all those who diligently serve Him. It is evident, therefore, that faith in, or knowledge of the existence of a God is the basis, the foundation upon which the whole superstructure of Theology is built, and hence it becomes necessary to ex- amine at the onset the foundation of our faith, or the evi- dence we may have showing the existence of a God. The knoNvledge which we possess upon this subject has come to us from three different sources, the first of which is- Tradi- tion.
The dawn of intelligence in youth prompts this cpiestion: ''Who made the earth on which we live?" The mother or father answers: ''It was God who rules and reigns in the heavens above, who is our great Father, and he is the maker
THEOLOGY. 7
of all we see." This question and answer have heen repeat- ed again and again, even from the days of fatlier Adam down to tlie present, and thus this tradition is handed down from parents to cliihlren as one generation succeeds anotlier, and all the enliglitened world are thus taught by tradition that there is a God. This answer satisfies the minds of chil- dren, but as they grow older, they come in possession of far greater, and more satisfactory information upon this import- ant subject. They are told that men have been so greatly blessed as to be privileged to see Him and converse with Him face to face. We read in the third chapter of Genesis commencing at the eighth verse that God talked with Adam and Eve after they had partaken of the forbidden fruit. He chided them for having done so, and expelled them from the beautiful Garden of Eden in which He had placed them. In Gen. V. 24 we learn that Enoch, one of the sons of Jared, walked with God even for three hundred years and finally was translated, for God took him. We are told in Gen. vi. that Noah was a just man and perfect in his generations, and that he walked and talked with God, and God saved him and his household from a watery grave while he destroyed all the rest of the human family.
A little later there was another great and good man called Abram. It would appear that God loved this man for He appeared to him and spoke to him many times, and blessed him exceedingly. The twelfth chapter of Gen. commences as follows: ''Now the Lord said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's houge, unto a land that I will show thee. And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a blessing; and I will bless them that bless thee, and curse them that curseth thee; and in thee shall all the families of the earth be blessed."
In the seventeenth chapter of Genesis we are told that God talked to him again' and changed his name from Abram to Abraham, and promised him great blessings. Agdin in the next chapter we have a very interesting account of a visit of the Lord to this good man; it commences as follows:
And the Lord appeared unto him (Abraham) hi the plain of Mamre ; and he sat in the tent door in the heat of the chiy ; And he lifted up his eyes and looked, and lo, three men stood by him; and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed himself toward the ground, and said, My Lord, if now I have found favor in thy sight, pass not away, 1 pray thee, from thy servant.
^ LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
Tliis coiiveistition and all that took place at that time as recorded in that chapter are intensely interesting, hut I do not deem it best to copy further, yet I will state that He was seen by Sarah also, at this time, as well as upon several other occasions.
In Gen. xxvi. 2 we read: ''And the Lord appeared unto him, (Isaac) and said, Go not down into Egypt; dwell in the land which I shall tell thee of." From whicli reference we learn that Isaac saw the God of Israel, and heard His voice and received instructions from Him direct. In the twenty- fourth verse of the same chapter we are told that He appear- ed to him again and promised to bless and multiply him.
The twenty-fourth chapter of Exodus, the ninth and tenth verses, reads as follows: ''Then went up Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and seventy of the Elders of Israel, and they saw the God of Israel; and there was under His feet as it were a paved work of sapphire stone, and as it were the body of heaven in his clearness." Here we have an account of at least seventy-four persons having seen Him at once, and from the reading of the next verse it would appear that many more saw Him at the same time. The prophet Isaiah tells us (Is. vi.) that he saw Him. He says: "In the year that King Uzziah died I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up, and his train filled the Temple."
We might continue to enumerate instances from the Old Testament where the Almighty has shown himself to proph- ets and good men anciently, but we will now refer to a few instances recorded in the New Testament, and to some from the Book of Mormon. The first we will notice is recorded in Acts vii. 55, 56. The martyr Stephen, "being full of the Holy Ghost, looked up steadfastly into heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of (Jod, and said: "Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the .Son of man on the right hand of God." Again John the IJevelator, while upon the Isle of Patmos was permitted U) see Him. Hear his testimony as recorded in Rev. xx ^ 11, 12:
And I .'^uw a greot white tliroue, and Him that sat on it, from whose facr the earth and the heavens fled away; and there was found no phacc for them.
And I :«aw the dead, small and great, stand hef(.re God ; and the hooks were oi.ened; and anutlier hook was oi)ened. which is the hook of life, and the dead were judged out of ti.ose things whieh were written in the books, according to tlieir works.
The references I have given from the Bible will suffice
THEOLOGY. y
from that IIolv Book and we will now call your attention to 1 Nephi i. 4, 5, and also to Ether i. 8, recorded in the Book of Mormon. We are here informed that God showed him- self to Nephi and also to Mahouri Moriancumber, the brother of Jared, on account of their good works and great faith in Him.
In the present generation He has revealed himself to the Prophet Joseph Smith, and we are assured by as powerful testimony as men can give that others have heard His voice. The testimony here referred to is that of Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer and Martin Harris, who affirmed that they lioard the voice of God declare that the Book of Mormon had been trnislated by the gift and power of God. This testimony given by well to do, honest farmers can not pos- sibly be controverted. Such straightforward and positive testimony given by such reli^iblo men, against a human being, would criminate him before any tribunal on earth, and it will stand as a bright testimony at the last day against all who reject that sacred record.
From these references we see that He has shown Himself to many of His children and that He is willing to do so from time to time must be evident to all, as He is no re- specter of })ersons, and we are told to "seek and we shall find, to knock and it shall be opened unto us." Thus the Lord has placed it in our power to know for ourselves, and, to inspire faith in us sufficient to cause us to seek Him, He has made these things manifest. He lias not, therefore, left His children to grovel along in the darkness, for while He has not seen proper to show His face to all men, we have the strongest testimonies and assurances from the best men, who have ever lived, that they have seen Him and conversed with Him, and the testimony of these persona should have great weight with all men, and inspire them with faith and confidence in His existence. But there is still another revelation given to all the sons and daughters of Adam of the existence of a God, and that is made mani- fest in examining His works.
When we examine the works of nature we see such great wisdom displayed in all their ramifications- that we cannot but conclude that there must have been a designer, for where there is no designer, there is no order; all is chaos and confusion. AVhen we examine the works of intel- ligence, for example, those of a watch^ we find that harmony
10 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
exists throughout all its parts, and the most skeptical would not question for one moment that it had a designer and maker. No one would say that it is the work of chance. No one would examine the perfections of a steam engine and declare it to be the work of accident. And we must re- member that everything that has no designer, is the work of chance; and keeping this fact in view, let us examine a few of the works of nature.
Lot us make a brief survey of tlie eartli upon which we JVC, tirst with regard to its formation, to see whctlier it was uinigned for the habitation of animal life or not. Geologists tell us that the inside of the earth is extremely hot, even a mass of melted rocks, etc., and approaching the circumfer- ence it gradually becomes cooler until is found tlie hard granite globe enclosing the melted rocks of which we have spoken, and after that different formations and strata of rocks, until reaching the surface of rich soil adapted to the production of grains and fruits of all kinds and descriptions. Now if this formation were the work of chance, why were the rocky strata, the hard granite not given as the surface for the earth and the rich soil placed near the centre? The globe would then have been uninhabitable. Again if blind accident arranged this matter, why is it that the gold, the silver, the iron, and all other useful metals are placed near the surface of the earth, within the reach of man? Why is coal placed so near the surface of the earth?
The air we breathe is composed of seventy-nine parts of nitrogen to twenty-one parts of oxygen, and were it not mixed in just that porportion the consequences would be very serious upon us. If there were less oxygen there would not be sufficient to purify our blood, and warm our bodies and the result is evident. On the contrary if there wore more oxygen it w^ould be too much for our systems, and we would soon burn up. Can all these things be mere ac- cidents?
Again, where does this vegetation come from which covers the earth, and what is it for? Why is it not all of one kind, say the willow? Why should there be more than one kind, and that without fruit, flowers or leaves? If we attribute to blind accident all the wisdom and intelligence of a God, could these things have been more wisely designed and executed than they are?
We find the earth teeming with vegetation, of all forms
THEOLOGY. IX
conceivable, tlie lovely foliage, the green carpet of grass, clotted here and there with fragrant flowers, of never ending variation, and whose beauty excels by far all the efforts of mortals to imitate. Witness the great varietv of trees, varied in form, height, foliage, and fruit, but all bearing indisput- able evidence of a designer. Who has not been struck with astonishment at observing the grain-bearing plants, and the uses for which they are so wisely designed? How great is their number, and how perfectly^^re they suited for the uses aii(l the necessities of men and animals. Is there anything which man needs that is not abundantly supplied? Then blind accident guessed welh
Now with regard to the origin of these plants, trees, etc. Where did they come from? Who placed the seed in the earth? We must remember that science declares that the outside of this earth was once barren rock, so hot as to entirely destroy every vestige of seeds of any and every kind, had there been any upon the earth. Will wheat spring up where no seed is strewn? Will corn come up where none is planted?
We all know thaton natural principles we reap of the kind we sow, and when we do not sow we cannot expect to reap. Scjentific men have taken good soil and after subjecting it to sufficient heat to destroy the germs or seeds of plant life, which might chance to be in it, have then placed it in the most convenient condition to produce vegetable life, but they learned positively, what they suspected before, that is, that seed or germs must be put in the earth in order to produce plant life, thus establishing beyond a doul)t that this earth would have ever remained a bleak and barren waste had not some kindly hand strewed upon its surface seeds of every kind, from the majestic oak down to the lower orders of plants! And further, the same kindly hand devised most wisely what kinds of trees and plants would best serve the purposes of animal life, for had blind accident directed in the matter there might have been but few classes, and none of them fruit or gram bearing or eveiradapted for food for the lower grades of animal life.
We might examine in like manner the leaf arrangement of the plants to give them the benefit of the sunlight, for this purpose they are arranged with mathematical precision, but we will pass that by and notice briefly some peculiarities of animal life which most forcibly impress one as showing
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12 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
forth in a striking degree the wisdom, power and goodness of a creative being.
If we examine the higher order- of animal life, man, we find him a most wonderful creature. lie has feet upon which to walk, hands and arms to supply his wants, eyes to guide his footsteps, ears to warn him of approaching danger, lungs to purify his blood, liver to assist in digestion, heart to assist in the circulation of his blood, vocal organs to express his wants and communicate his ideas to his fellows, and reason to preside over and direct all his acts.
Now where these eyes made that man might see? Then blind accident had nothing to do with it. Were his lungs intended to purify the blood? Then blind accident had nothing to do with them. Were the feet intended to sup- port him in walking? Then blind accident haH nothing to do in forming them. Then what about the reasoning facul- ties and all Ihe other parts? Do not all declare in language that cannot be doubted, the existence, the power, the wisdom and goodness of a good, great and alwise Creator?
Most certainly if any one has been skeptical he surely can- not remain so after having examined the beautifully designed, and executed works of nature, and on comparing them with the disproportioned and deformed works of chance. While I might mention a thousand other unmistakable evidences of the existence of a God, I feel that it is unnecessary, that all the proof that is necessary has been adduced, and that the foundation for our faith is broad and deep, being visible to all the sons and daughters of Adam, and that the evidences thereof are sufficient to inspire a faith that should never be shaken. God lives, and rules in heaven above, and He de- signed and formed all things for the happiness of His chil- dren, and He requires of us perfect obedience to His laws and commandments, that by faith we may increase in knowledge until we shall see and know Him and understand His mighty works.
I
Lakguage and English Literature.
W. II. APPERLEY.
The First Division of Knowledge — Three Thousand and Sixty-Four Spoken Lan- guages—The English Language — Changes Undergone — The Bible — Shakespeare — Benefits Derived from Reading Biographies — Poetry, the Kinds.
When one, whose reasoning faculties have long been de- veloped, commences any new stud}^ he should first learn the relation it bears to kindred subjects, and the general head under wliich it would be most appropriately placed. What is known by any one individual, and may be known by oth- ers is knowledge — all else is mystery. The limits of each are being gradually extended. So the man with but few ideas meets but few difficulties; the philosopher many. The first division of knowledge is as follows: literature, the sciences and the arts. Literature is that grand division of knowledge which treats of* the mind and its communica- tions; also the history and government of man. The sciences comprise all those branches which treat of matter and quan- tity. The arts is that division of knowledge which treats of the improvement or embellishment of matter. Literature is divided into the following departments: Phrenics, Theotics, Chromics and Epistatics. Phrenics is divided into the fol- lowing branches: Psychology, Didactics, Grammar, Elocu- tion, Rhetoric and Logic.
You will see that I have given the departments and some of the branches of only the first division of knowledge. This outline can be completed by study and careful reference to proper authorities. A person who possesses much knowl- edge, which he has not systamatized, may be considered well read or intelligent. But another whose general knowledge is much less, but who has mastered the princii)les of one subject, and learned the relation it bears to other subjects, may justly be called scientific. Hoping that I have said
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14 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
enough on this to impress its importance, we will pass to the subject of to-day's lecture: Language and English Litera- ture.
Before the worlds rolled into existence the Gods sat in council and deliberation, before the great programme was adopted. But in what language they conversed we do not know. But we have reason to believe that it was as far supe- rior to any modern language as God is superior to man. The first sentence spoken by God in organizing this eartli was ''Let there be light." The first words spoken by Him to the first of our race was a blessing which has not been handed down to posterity. This was followed by a command which has been translated into English as follows: ''Be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.'* During the sixteen hundred years that followed this com- mand, the people upon all the face of the earth spoke a lan- [;uage that has been lost. At the dispersion of mankind from the Tower of Babel, the Lord confounded the language of all the earth. From tliat time to the present the blending and the confusion of languages have been steadily increas- iiij;; till to-day we have throe thousand and sixty-four s})(>ken :iii^;uag('s on this little planet. And since every dialect bo- onjiu;s a language when it is spoken by an educated })eople, this number must necessarily increase. The French, Italian and Spanish are now become languages with dialects of their own. A student who could learn each of these languages in two years, would have to study over one thousand years to learn them all. If father Adam had lived and studied till the present time, his task would not be completed. And while the good old man would be learning some modern language, especially if it were a difficult one like the Chi- nese, which requires a natural life-time to learn, he would forget all that he had learned in the days of his youth. But as we have most to do with the English speaking race, and the English language, we will do well for the present to con- fine ourselves to the study of the English language. The steps that lead to a true understanding and a just apprecia- tion of this beautiful study are grammar, rhetoric, elocution and logic.
The English language of to-day is the same, in all its es- sentials, as it was twelve generations ago, when it was spoken
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LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH LITERATURE. 15
by. the Anglo-Saxons. Though our hmguage has undergone many changes, and it has liad a wonderful growth, yet its identity still remains. From the dawn of our language till about 1100 A, D. mny be termed ''Anglo-Saxon," or ''Old English." The "Semi-Saxon" or "Middle English" was then spoken about four hundred years. From about 1500 A. D. to the present time "Modern English" has been spoken.
We will now briefly refer to the changes that our lan- guage has undergone. In the year 55 B. C. the Romans un- der Julius CiXiS'dY conquered Britain. During the four hun- dred years that followed, they gradually introduced their language, their customs and their civilization. But they did not add many words* to our language. A far greater number of Latin words were introduced int6 our language at a later pe- riod. Many years after the Romans had vacated the island, piratical adventurers crossed the North Sea from their bar- ren shores and gradually established themselves in the parts that the Romans had formerly occupied. As these invaders were morally and intellectually superior to the native races, they succeeded in firmly establishing their language, while the half Romanized tribes slowly dwindled away. The lan- guage of these Saxon invaders Vas powerful and imagina- tive. But the Saxons had hardly gained undisputed sway over the island before the Danes invaded it in great num- bers. M'duy a fierce conflict followed. But by the wisdom of the great and good Alfred these two powerful races were amal- gamated. As the Danes were originally of the same stock as the Saxons, tliis did not materially change the language of the country. But we wish to calf especial attention to the following. About the close of the eleventh century, Eng- land was again overrun by the Normans under William the Concpieror. These Normans were a mixed race, and their language was the result of the blending of the French and the Scandinavian tongues. The Normans were refined and cultivated and they spoke a polished language. But it was nearly three centuries before the Anglo-Saxons and the Nor- mans were united as one people in repelling invader.^*, who came from the French shores. About the same time these two languages became completely blended; and from then to the present time it has been slowly but gradually perfecting Itself. "To-day the readers of the English language, in their literary inheritance are the richest people the sun shines
I i; LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
|i(>ii. Their novelists paint the finest portraits of Ijuniaii 1 1. ".1 actor; their historians know the secrets of entrancing; ilnir critics have the keenest acumen; their philosophers probe far into the philosophy of the mind; their poets sing the sweetest songs." The English language is spoken to- day by millions of people, who do not live on English soil. American literature, then, is but a continuation or brancli of English literature. The history of English literature is the story of what great English men and women thought and felt, and then wrote down in good prose or beautiful poetry in the English language. The story is a long one, and it is still going on. English men and women have good reason to be proud of the work done by their forefath- ers in prose and poetry. Every one .who can write a good book or a song may say to himself I belong to a great com- pany, which has been teaching and delighting the world for more than a thousand years. ,
During these long, long years many illustrious names have been placed on record. And their memories will con- tinue to be revered and honored by unborn millions. How many of us have learned to love the authors wdiom we de- light to read? Every lesson of morality and virtue that we learn from their sacred pages is trasmitted from us to our children, and they in turn will pass them to theirs. And as age upon age rolls into existence will the reading portion of mankind be elevated to higher and still higher planes of thought and action by an acquaintance with the great masters of our language. The moral and the intellec- ^ tual truths they wrote in by-gone ages become to us a part of the living present. And may we not in this way, by some mysterious and hidden law, become re- lated or linked to the great and good of all ages? We think that when we shall see upon yonder shores, the ra- diant faces of those whose writings have made us wiser and better, that we shall know their countenances and wish to be* near them. This is partially true even in this life. Every one of us who has drunk deeply from any great author, has learned to think, to a certain degree, as he thought, and in this way we are brought nearer, nearer in thought. And wdien the vail that separates the living from the dead is re- moved, we shall be nearer in person. But there is not time in one short lecture to give even the names of those whose writings have helped to shape the destinies of mankind. So
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LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH LITERATURE. 17
I will give a lew suggestions on what and how to read, and then close with some brief remarks on English poetry.
As literature is our object, the first book that claims atten- tion is the one that contains the highest literary merit. The following ([uestion was once put to the teachers in this county. "What book that is now printed in the English language contains the highest literary merit?" They did not agree in their decision. But I think that one who was better qualified than they, or any of us, has justly decided this important (juestion. Thomas Carlyle gives the prefer- ence to the Bible. He says the book of Job is the finest pro- duction in the English language. We do not know whether the name was derived from the author or the hero of the book. Some think that Moses wrote it. If so he was the first and grandest poet of the world.
Nearly all that is contained in the Old Testament comes under the following: seventeen historical books, five poeti- cal books and seventeen prophetic books. The historical books should be read in connection with some good ancient history. This is of very great importance to the student, for nearly all that is known of the world's history during its first two thousand years is contained in the Bible.
Those who have poetry in their being, should read and carefully study the following books: Job, Psalms, Proverbs, and Solomon's Song. A careful reading of the above books will lead the imagination in the right direction, and their proper study will feed and fire the soul, and leave in our na- tures that 'deep spirituality which will live to the end of time. In studying the Prophetic books, the mind should be in a calm state. In order to understand them inspirational discernment is needed; and nothing but the spirit of God can give this. The student immediately before commencing the reading of any prophetic chapter should retire to his closet and offer a short prayer. If this is not coavenient, a silent prayer can be offered in any place — alone or in com- pany. This could precede any Bible reading to advantage, but it is especially needed in the study of Isaiah, Joel, Dan- iel, Malachi, or the writings of our Savior. I will say, in concluding this part of my subject, that the spirit and dic- tion of the Bible is adapted to the wants of the most uncul- tivated minds, and yet many of the best writers, in every age, have drawn their deepest inspirations from sacred writ.
The next book that claims the attention of reading and
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1^ LOGAN TfJMl'LE LECTURES.
thinking men is Shakspeare. Shakspoare was not the first great English poet- but he was the first and the h\st to use the English language with absolute control. Shakspeare wrote for all people and for all times. His works are true to nature, and they will live while language survives. Those who read him most admire him most. If there are any who have read nothing from Shakspeare, let me beg of you to read the following before this month closes: ''Julius Caesar" and ''The Rape of Luerece." In the former, the life of Ju- lius CVsar is being better revealed than in "Plutarch's Lives." In the latter you may learn what price a true wo- man sets upon her virtue, and what punishment follows the seducer.
^ few words now on the benefit derived from reading bi- ographies. The poet says:
"Lives of great men all remind iis We can make our lives sublime."
The reading of good biographies helps to form character in the young, and often prompts to noble action, as whispering angels prompt to golden dreams." The "Lives of the Presi- dents" is an excellent book for young men. They should also read the 'history of other great and noted characters, taking them up in the order in which they appeared in the world's history. To every young lady I suggest the reading of the following tliree books: Madame Roland, Marie An- toinette, and Josephine. These were the three French he- roines, who figured during the darkest period of French his- tory. And through all their trials, insults and persecution.^ these high born women were true to themselves, their.coun- try and their God, even unto death. At this particular pe- riod of Utah's history, these books will be read with great delight and much profit. Those who do not wish to go astray, and lose much valuable time in reading worthless matter should consult those w^ho have had a wider experi- ence in the literary field. ' A few remarks now on English poetry and I am done. It is well known that the silent forces in nature are the most powerful. The golden flood of light that streams from our solar orb has a greater ir-fluence upon the earth and its countless millions than the loudest thunder or the fiercest tempest. So the deep under current of human thought is guided more steadily by the song of the poet than by the eloquence of the orator or the laws of the statesman. Choice gems of poetry that we learned in
LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH LITERATURE:. 19
our earliest years are still fresh in our memory. And they are ever stealing upon us with a quiet and peaceful welcome, feeding and strengthening the hotter part of our nature. This is indeed the chief mission of poetry. Prose is mascu- line and matter-of-fact; it appeals to the intellect and prompts to action. But poetry is feminine and immortal; it has the stamp of Deity impressed upon it and in its mission it hrings us nearer to God and sacred things. The eye of the poet sees the inward beaqty of things, and in his imagi- nation he paints them in their most bewitching colors, until they become beautiful and finished pictures, which stream their gracious influence upon us in our loneliest hours. Poetry differs also from prose in its style and in its form. It selects words that are noted for their beauty of sound and association. And the transposed order is used much more frequently than in prose. Comparisons, Metaphors, Per- sonifications and Apostrophes are the colors that the poet uses in painting his beautiful pictures. In treating of the form of poetry I shall speak only of Rhythm and Metre. Rhythm is a division of lines into short portions. Metre is the quality of a poem determined by the number of feet in a regular verse. Verse is poetry, and a verse is a single line of poetry. Scansion is the reading of poetry so as to mark the rhythm. I will now present a few verses illustrat- ing some of the different kinds of, poetic measure.
ANAPESTIC FEET.
In my rage ( shall be seen
The revenge | of a queen. ^
DACTYLJC feet:
Flashed all their | sabers bare Flashed as they | turned in air Sabering the | gunners there. •
TROCHAIC feet:
In the I Spring a | deeper | iris | changes | on the ] burnished dove
In the I Spring a 1 young man's | fancy | lightly | turns to I thoughts of love.
MONOSYLLABIC FEET:
Toll! Toll! Toll! Thou bell by billows swung.
lAMRIC FEET.
J5ut this I was taught | me Ijy | the dove To die I and know | no sec | ond love.
We will now pass on to the kinds of poetry. That which lashes the vices and follies of men is satirical i)oetry. By- ron's ''English P>ards and Scotch Reviewers" is one of the best satires in the English language. The spirit of this kind
20 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
of poetry is cruel and destructive. Since Addison's day no great satire has been produced in English poetry, and we trust there will never be another. Prose is the most fitting dress for unkind thoughts and cruel retaliation. Epic po- etry deals with the life of some real or mythic hero. Mil- ton's Paradise Lost is a great epic poem. We have but few great epics in English Literature, and we are not likely to receive any addition for some time. Modern novels, so far as subject is concerned, have taken the place of epic poetry. Dramatic poetry is written to be acted and may be divided into tragic and comedy; the former is written to interest the earnest mind and the latter to produce amusement. The Old Testament contains instances of dramatic dialogue, but the drama, properly, originated in Greece, with the worship of Bacchus, the god of wine. Pastoral poetry is that which deals with objects in nature. It paints in beautiful colors the meadows, woods and plains. It describes rural life in all its changes. The pearly dewdrop, the flowers that bloom beneath our feet, the golden grain, the burning mountain, the roaring cataract, and the mighty ocean — all have been beautifully described in poetic language. The best Pastoral poem of ancient times is Solomon's Song. One of our finest modern productions is an "Elegy written in a country churchyard," by Thomas Gray. The fifth and the last di- vision of poetry that I shall mention is Lyric poetry. Through this species of poetry the poet gives expression to his own thoughts and emotions; generally in the form of song, which may be sacred, as hymns or psalms, or secular, as love songs and songs of war. Sir Andrew Fletcher says: "If a man were permitted to make all the ballads of a na- tion, he need not care who should make its laws." We who have listened so often to the sweet strains of the Logan clioir can appreciate the calm and holy intluence of lyric poetry. We can pursue this deeply interesting subject no further at present. I will close to-day's lecture with a sliort extract from Shaw's English Literature:
"Poetry is the earlier expression of every literature. The first writers whose works are preserved are the v/riters of verse. The rhythm of their song, the pictures of their ex- cited fancy, the stories they tell, catch and enchain the popular attention. But prose is now in the ascendant over poetry. Spencer, Milton and Bj^ron are not read as they once were. What has brought about the change? There
1
LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH LITERATURE. 21
is the same lofty theme, there is the same resounding line, there is the same poetic inspiration. Hut the taste and thought of the readers have changed. They are in sym- pathy with what is called the practical s})irit of the age. They lead to the instructive novel, to books of travel, to biogra- phy, to history. They compel readers to seek for informa- tion as well as entertainment and elegant culture in litera- ture. The virtues of this country are supplying what is de- manded by an increasing number of thoughtful readers. The chief external influence has come from Germany. Col- eridge introduced it and it has been followed by Carlyle. Our age doubtless will be regarded by the future historian as the age of German influence."
The following questions were asked at the close of the lecture. The answer to each is appended:
1. Did not Jared, his brothers and their relations retain the language of Adam?
Answer — We read in Genesis: ''The Lord did there con- found the language of all the earth." But the question must be answered in the aflirnuitive. Book of Ether, ''And it came to pass that the brother of Jared did cry unto the Lord, and the Lord had compassion upon their friends and their families also, that they were not confounded."
2. What language do j^ou consider the nearest to the original one?
Answer. — It is an open question. The claims of several languages have been advocated. The Hebrew is the favored one. Grotius has likely adopted the true view, namely: that the primitive language is not extant anywhere in a pure state. But that the remains exist in all languages.
3. AVhat is your opinion of modern novels and their effect on the reader?
Answer. — Although the novel has all the wealth of style lavished upon it, it should not be read to the neglect of more important branches of literature. Novels should be read as a relaxation. This produces a good effect upon the mind of the reader. The young need no encouragement in this direction.
4. What is the most useful kind of poetry — the most po- tent for good influence?
Answer. — Much depends upon the culture and taste of the reader. I think to the average mind, pastoral poetry is the
i
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23
LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
most popular and instructing; but that lyric poetry has a greater tendency to develop one's spirituality.
6. By what method did the Normans introduce their lan- guage among the Anglo-Saxons?
Answer.— When the Anglo-Saxons were subjugated they were allowed to remain and cultivate the soil. But their laws were changed and their proceedings in the courts were m the Norman language. In time the Anglo-Saxons aban- doned many words and adopted others from the conquerors. According to Hallam the change was brought about as fol- lows. First by modifying the orthography and pronuncia- tion of words; second, by omitting many inflections; third, by the introduction of Norman-French derivatives.
6. Of the three thousand and sixty-four languages now spoken, which is the most popular?
Answer.-— About a century ago the French was; to-day the I'.iiKlish is, and it is spreading and growing very rapidly, .' liilo other languages are passing away. The English lan- ^jTiage will soon be spoken by one hundred and fifty millions. Evidences are increasing of its becoming the universal lan- guage.
HISTORY.
JAMES A. LEISHMAN.
Ancient, Profane and Sacred history— The Great Dreann-Prophecy— Nebuchadnezzar —Daniel and his Interpretation of the Dreann— The Rise and Fall of the Golden, Silver, Brass and Iron Kingdoms— The Establishing of God's Kingdom, Its Glorious Future.
History is the means by which a knowledge of men who have lived, and events and circumstances which have tran- spired and no^Y transpire among mankind are transmitted to future generations. Embracing as it does all that affects the existence of man, it involves an extensive variety of topics, and to avoid confusion and give perspicuity to this important branch of literature, it is placed under specific heads, divisions, and branches. First, traditional history is the method by which a belief and knowledge of things are communicated from parent to child by means of narra- tive and conversation; written history, that which is written by the hand of man, angels, or the Almighty, irrespective of the language in which it is written. The divisions of his- tory are ancient, medieval, and modern.
Ancient history embraces a period of time from the flood until the dissolution of the Roman Empire, four hundred and seventy-six years after Christ, at wliich time Medieval history begins and continues to about the year 1450, when Modern history begins. The branches are Sacred, Profane, Ec- clesiastical, Political, Scientific and Natural history. Sacred history is contained in the Holy Scriptures, or the old and New Testaments, the Book of Mormon, Doctrine and Coven- ants, and the Pearl of Great Price, and other inspired works, uad treats upon the existence of God, His works and crea- tions; His revelations and dealings with His creatures; and reveals the Savior and Redeemer of the universe, together with the plan of redemption for the living and the dead, and
24 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
is usually regarded to commence about four thousand and four vears before Christ.
V
Profane history commenced about one thousand years be- fore Christ, and treats upon the rise and progress of civil so- ciety in different nations. Ecclesiastical history treats upon the tenets, creeds, rituals, organization, government and discipline of the various orders of religion, which have ex- isted and now exist throughout the world. Political history treats upon the constitutions, laws and government of na- tions, noting the changes that have taken place therein. Scientific history treats upon the rise and progress of the sciences, including the arts and a knowledge of mechanism in all its departments. Natural history is a description and classification of objects in nature, as minerals, plants, ani- mals, etc., and the pheuomena which exhibit to the senses, as distinguished from natural philosophy or natural science, which explains or accounts for these phenomena.
The branch of history which I have selected for this lec- ture is that of Sacred history, being in my judgment of the most importance; a lack of the knowledge which it imparts would render us indeed miserable, and subvert in a great measure the end of our being upon the earth. The subject which I have chosen, is that of the great dream-prophecy, which, with the interpretation thereof, maps out the political history of the nations of half of our globe, and indicates the consummation and the end of all nations of the earth and the establishment of a kingdom that will stand forever. The premises and peculiar circumstances under which this dream- prophecy were given, together with the interpretation, and its fulfillment so far, is irrefragable proof of the existence of the Almighty God, and of the divinity of the dream and its in- terpretation, and stands ever memorable in the annals of history as a beacon of light^ to guide the weary pilgrim to the haven of security and rest; insomuch as it points to the Creator and Redeemer of the world, who live and hold the destiny of men and nations in their hands. Away back in the dim past, when the wrath of God was incurred upon the antediluvians, and the deluge had only left Noah and his family, their posterity waxed numerous, a portion of whom settled upon the fertile plains of Shinar. About the year 2217 B. C. they began to build the Tower of Babel, which so offended the Heavens that confusion of languages ensued and deterred them in the prosecution of this undertaking.
HISTORY. 25
causing a dispersion to take place, by the inhabitants, tooth- er parts of the earth; some remaining in the vicinity of the tower, which formed a nucleus for the founding of the great city of Babylon. After the time of Nimrod and Ashur, little is known of the Babylonian or Nineveh-Assyrian Em- pire for more than one thousand three hundred years. How- ever, this much is known, that they were assidious rivals, one empire at times, through the fortunes of war, subduing the other, and vice versa, until we find the famous king Nebuchadnezzar, tlie ruling and reigning sovereign of the Babylonian Empire, in the year 570 before Christ. Through the consolidation of the Assyrian Empire with that of the Babylonian, which had taken place previous to the tjme of Nebuchadnezzar and the subsequent additions o^ conquered nations made to it by himself, he had become a king of kings and the soul master of an empire, for extent and grandeur, unsurpassed in the annals of history. The land of Palestine — the holy city Jerusalem and the sacred pre- cincts of the Temple, had succumbed to the ravages and vandalism of the mighty king and the advances of his ter- rible army, resulting in the captivity of the Hebrews, the carrying off of the golden and silver vessels and other para- phernalia of the holy house, to enrich his treasury, already replete with the trophies and tributes of other nations that had met a similar fate.
This illustrious king, having subdued the surrounding na- tions, being the sole monarch of the only kingdom then ex- isting, dwelt in regal state in the regal city of Babylon, the circuit of whose walls was sixty miles. They rose to the height of three hundred and fifty feet, with a thickness of eighty-five feet, enclosing an area of two hundred and twen- ty-five square miles. These stupendous walls contained more solid feet than the great wall of China. The moat outside the city from which the clay was obtained and burnt into brick, of which the w^alls were built, was also walled up with brick- work and filled up with water from the river Euphrates. It surrounded the city as another strong defense, and another wall arose within the outer one, of lesser dimensions and ex- tent, enclosing the more aristocratic part of the city in which the regal palace w^as situated, as also the hanging gardens, which in themselves were a marvel; they having been erect- ed by the king to gratify his Median spouse. The temple of Belus was also situated within this inner enclosure. The
^^ LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
wealth which It contained was prodigious; a golden image, lorty feet high, valued at seventeen million five hundred thousand dollars stood within it, and the whole of the sacred utensils were reckoned to be worth two hundred million dol- lars. In the midst of such splendor, together with the im- mense revenues accruing from the surrounding nations, and from the exceeding fertility of the vast plain in which the great city was situated, including untold treasures of miner- als deposited in the hills and mountains of the empire- while commerce had lent her people a prolific hand to au La- ment the business of this mighty city, for merchants of sur- rounding cities and countries came hither with their wares to se 1 and barter with the inhabitants of the great metropo- lis—this grftat king queried in the reveries of his medita- tions as he reflected upon his security, his glory and his dominion; what would be the end of it all. The thought startled him, his mind was disturbed with the idea that he who was the proudest and grandest monarch on the earth he who was entrenched within such fortifications as to bid 'de- fiance to the encroachments of an open or hidden foe he whom the tongue of inspiration had declared was a kinlr of kings, to whom the God of heaven had given the kingdom 1 Po^ver and the glory, and wherever the sons of men duxd , the beasts of the field, the fowls of the air were given into his hand to rule over them all, was by a power unknown to Himself, made to feel the uncertainty of the tenure of his position, and when he laid his head upon his regal couch ins dreams revealed to his anxious soul the index of his queries, and upon awakening he was conscious of having telt, in his sleeping moments, the impressions of an inex- plicable something that had brought dread and disquiet on his mind, and notwithstanding his effort to collect his thoughts that he might review in his memorv the object of his fears It was in vain. The thing had gJne from him and left him in the perplexity of disappointment. In this condition he called upon his wise men to assist him out of * the dilemma; he told them he had dreamed a dream of the utmost importance, but he had forgotten it, and demanded ot them to tell him the dream and to give the interpretation tliereof, and failing to do so, they should be put to death.
The precarious condition in which these men were thus placed may easily be comprehended. That men should be required to give a dream which another had dreamt and for-
HISTORY. 27
gotten, was in itself absurd, let alone the giving of the in- terpretation of it; but notwithstanding the expostulations of the wise men, the king was incorrigible and inflexible in his demand. The dream must be told him, and the interpreta- tion given, but who could do it? The wise men abandoned tlie task m despair, at which the king was wroth and com- manded that they should be destroyed.
A few years before this, which was 586 B. C, this great king, as before stated, had laid waste the holy city and car- ried vast numbers of the Hebrews to Babylon, among whom was a young man named Daniel, about fourteen years of age, of royal blood, born at Jerusalem in tlie days of Jere- miah the prophet. Of all the vouths transported, he was the foremost in every feature of body and mind, his lineage culture and preposessing qualities made him an object of admiration and envy, in consideration of which he was se- leoted by the king for his own particular service, who ob- serving in him the precocity of a superior character, placed him among his wise men as one of them. When Daniel heard of the king's matter and his decree in connection therewith, he immediately went before him, and asked him not to be in such haste to destroy his wise men, but to give them more time and he would declare the dream and give the interpretation also. Daniel, in connection with his fel- low-captives, being of the line of prophets who had dwelt among the Jews, and being trained and educated in the holy city, in the knowledge of the Almighty, their faith in Him remained undiminished. Notwithstanding the adverseness ot their position among a people who were idolaters, and averse to any system of religion different with their own and feeling keenly the precariousness of the situation, but trusting m the Lord, he beset himself to prayer with his brethren, that He would reveal unto him the dream of the king, and give him the interpretation thereof. How mar- velous indeed are the inscrutable purposes of the Almighty Man s extremity in this case, as in all others, was God's op- portunity. In His providences He had brought the proud king to a sense of his utter incompetence to grapple with the premonitions of his destiny; his wise men were non-plussed at the demand made at their hands, and exclaimed that there were none who could declare the dream, except the bods, whose dwelling was not in the flesh. The Lord in - whose hands were held the secrets of eternity, recognized
28 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
the prayer of His servant Daniel, and revealed to him the dream of the king with the interpretation thereof. Then Daniel, in the fullness of his heart, exclaimed, "Blessed he the name of God, from everlasting to everlasting. For wis- dom and might are His, and He it is whochangeththe times and the seasons. Who removeth kings and settetli u]) kings. Who giveth wisdom to the wise and knowledge to them tliat know understanding. He, revealeth the deep and sacred things; He knoweth what is in the darkness, and the light dwelleth with Him. Thou, 0 God of my fathers, do I thank and praise: For thou hast given me wisdom and might, and now thou hast made known unto me that which we sought of thee: For thou hast made known unto us the matter of the king."
Daniel made it known that he had the dream, and was thenceforth taken before the king, who asked if he was able to make known to him the dream and the interpretation thereof. He answered that he was. He narrated to the king the vision of his head upon his bed, and that he saw a great image stand before him, whose head was of fine gold, its breasts and arms of silver, its belly and thighs of brass, its legs of iron, its feet partly of iron and partly of clay. He saw a stone was cut out without hands and it smote the im- age upon its feet of iron and clay.and crushed them, and the stone became a mountain and filled the earth. This was the dream. The interpretation of it made known that Nebu- chadnezzar was the head of gold, insomuch that he was a king of kings, and was in possession of power, strength and glory, and that after him should arise another kingdom infe-, rior to him, typified by the breasts, and arms of silver; a third kingdom should rule over the earth typified by the bel- ly and thighs of brass; and a fourth kingdom would arise strong as iron, breaking in pieces and crushing everything, as typified by the legs of iron, the feet and toes partly of iron, and partly of clay, the kingdom should be partly strong and partly brittle; that they should mingle with the seed of men* but would not cleave one to another as iron doth not cleave to clay; and in the days of these kings represented by the toes, the God of heaven would set up a kingdom thai would crush all these kingdoms and stand forever. Daniel c'e- clared the dream to be certain, and the interpretation sure.
The prophetic dream and the interpretation bears the stamp of divinity and inspiration, and the annals of history must
HISTORY. 29
develop to us its fulfillment, which is verified by the current of events that have taken place from that period to the pres- ent time. The Babylonian-Assyrian kingdom, typified by the head of gold, continued until the year 538 B. C, fifty years after the captivity.
The kingdom which superseded the Babylonian was that of the one tyi)ified by the breast and arms of silver, which proved to be the allied powers of the Med- s and Persians under the generalship of Cyrus. These two nations, having gained strength and courage during the years of the disso- luteness and effeminacy of the Babylonian empire, threw off its yoke, and made war against it, after having reduced the nations that inhabited Asia Minor from the Aegean sea to the river Euphrates. From thence Cyrus proceeded to Syria and Arabia, which he also subjected, after which he turned his attention to Babylon, th« only city of the east that stood out against him. The seige of this great city was an arduous undertaking, surrounded by such prodigious walls as before mentioned, together with the moat outside the walls, filled with water from the Euphrates, the city was regarded as impregnable, without mentioning the immense number of people within it for its defense.
Besides, the city was stored with all sorts of provisions; enough to last the inhabitants twenty years. Cyrus was not daunted with these diflicultics, nor (liscouraged from pursu- ing his design, hut despairing of taking 'the place by storm or assault, he made them believe his design was to reduce them by famine. He caused a large and deep ditch to circumvallate the city and set his troops to guard the trenches. The besieged imagining them- selves safe, by reason of their ramparts and magazines, insulted Cyrus from the top of their walls, and derided his attempts as so mucli unprofitable labor. When Cyrus had finished the ditch he began seriously to consider the execu- ftion-of his purpose; he had been informed that a great festi- val was to be celebrated, and the Babylonians, on such occa- sions, were accustomed to j)ass the whole night in drinking and debauchery. Belshaz/ar, the king, was more engrossed in these festivities than any other and gave a magnificent banquet to the chief ofiicers of the kingdom and the ladies of the court.
When fiushod with wine, he ordered the gold and silver vessels which had beeu taken from the temple in Jerusalem
i
••^ LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
(0 be brought out, and, as an insult to the God of Israel, he aud'his whole court drank out of the sacred vessels. The Ahnighty, provoked at such insolence and impiety, caused the apparition of a hand-writing upon the wall, which ap- peared in the memorable words: "Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin," upon beholding which, the king was dismayed! He called for his wise men and magicians to unravel the malediction, but none of them could do it. The queen's mother advised the king to send for Daniel, with whose abilities she had became familiar, and he was accordingly sent for. Upon his arrival he expostulated with Belshazzar for his arrogance and abuse of power, reminding him of the manner in which God had punished his grandfather, Nebu- chadnezzar, for his pride, and that he, Belshazzar, had not liumbled his heart; therefore, the writing upon the wall, when interpreted, told the king that he was weighed in the balances and found wanting; that his kingdom was divided and given to the Modes and Persians.
That very night Cyrus gave orders to his army to open the great receptacles or ditches on both sides of the city, that the water of the river might flow into them. When this was accomplished, by a concerted movement, his arn^y marched into the city from both directions, in the channel of the river rendered fordable, and passing under the walls, the divisions of the army proceeded at once to, and met at, the royal palace, entered it and put the king and his courtiers to ileath. Cyrus immediately became master of the city, meet- iiig little opposition. The taking of Babylon put aii end to ilic Babylonian empire, which event transpired fifty years ./It r Nebuchadnezzar had destroyed Jerusalem and her
iiil>lo, five hundred and thirty-eight years after Christ.
rho Medo-Persian dynasty lasted for a period of about two hundred years, and was superseded by the kingdom typified by the belly and thighs of brass, under the auspices of Alex- ander the Great, than whom a more brilliant general and commander is not found upon the pages of history. He supplanted the kingdom and power of the Medes and Per- sians by his own, three hundred and thirty one years l)efore Christ. In the rapidity of his conquests, it is said, he re- sembled an army marching through a country, rather than encamping against it. After having subjugated the nations he proposed making his residence in Babylon, and while there projected vast and important improvements in and around
iiiSTeoiiY. 31
the great city as also in other parts of the empire. During an expedition he was conducting upon the malarial marshes ofShinar, through which the river Euphrates flowed, with a view of ascertaining the points of obstruction in the river, which caused it to overflow, and for the purpose of removing the impediments, "and cause the river to keep within its banks, thus draining the water from the marshes, he caught a cold, resulting in a fever, aggravated by a drunken revel which he participated in, in the city of Babylon, culmina- ting in his death, three hundred and twenty-three years be- fore Christ. Thus was brouglit to an end the kingdom ty})iiied by the belly and thighs of brass of tlie great image.
The end of this remarkable personage was compatible witli his career and character. From the time he came in I)ossessio.n of the sceptre of Macedonia, which was when a])out twenty years old, until his death, it was frequently marred by dissipation and voluptuousness, stained by all tlie vices and indulgences that obtained among the nations he conquered. His passions running with an unrestrained hand, coupled with his intemperance, sapped his constitution, and made him the easy prey to disease and death. His ambition knew no bounds. It is said tliat when but a youth, he com- plained that his father who was adding conquest to conquest would leave nothing for him to do when he became king, and after having conc^uered tlie world wept that there were no otlier countries and kingdoms for him to subdue. But ahis! he who was the master of the world, at whose feet kings iind nobles lay prostrate; to whom the homage of an obse- (piious royalty was paid, and the surrounding, nations his vassals, he who was esteemed the greatest and grandest general living, failed to master himself — thus losing the encomium of the wise man, that he who governs himself is greater than he who taketh a city.
Alexander, dying without an heir to his throne, his king- dom was divided among four of his generals. As the dis- position of the brass kingdom is not indicated in the dream- prophecy, we must pass o.n by simply stating that while the kingdoms, thus growing out of xVlexander's, struggled for supremacy over each other for a long period of years, the Roman power had been steadily gaining prestige and per- manency in Europe, extending its conquests over surround- ing nations, until finally it developed itself into that king- dom and power, indicated by the legs of iron of the great
I
32 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
image, becoming strong as iron, breaking in pieces and crushing everything before it, and becoming master and ruler of the eastern world, about thirty years before Christ, at which period the fourth kingdom took its place upon the earth in fulfiUn^ent of the words of Daniel. The rise of the Roman power, its growth and suprehiacy, mark an era in the history of the world of great prominence. First mention is made of it as a small kingdom in Italy, being founded seven hundred and fifty-two years before Christ; after passing through many changes it adopted a republican form of government in the year 509 B. C.
This form of government continued with some modifica- tions until about thirty years before Christ, when Augustus C.e.sar was declared emperor of the Roman empire. At I Ills period the iron power reached the climax of its destiny, in having subdued the nations upon the eastern continent. i'liat this power exemplified all the elements of iron, and every feature of harshness indicated in the idea of this metal, as compared with gold, silver and brass, is manifested in its whole career, in all its associations and connections with other nations. Whether in battle or in diplomacy, the same unrelenting invincible spirit characterized it. Under its auspices, aided by a tributary and conquered i)eople, the Jews, the son of God was crucified. Nearly forty years after this event, this same power, as the prophet Moses had pre- dicted fifteen hundred years before, that a nation of a fierce countenance would lay waste the fields, cities and country of the Jews, devastated the whole land of Palestine, reduc- ing to ashes no less than nineteen cities, including the holy city of Jerusalem, with its temple, killing one million three hundred and sixty-five thousand four hundred and sixty souls and carrying off as prisoners one hundred and seven thousand and seven hundred souls, and offered them for sale, but no man would buy them. This and similar instances that might be cited is sufficient to establish the fact that the Roman power was to all intents and purposes an iron kingdom.
It is a remarkable fact that after tlie destruction of the land of Palestine evidences began to appear of the decadence of the Romans, as the cup of their iniquity approached the full, which was completed in the persecution of the Saints, extending over a period of nearly three hundred years, when Constantine put a stop to these persecutions, and declared
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IIISTOKY. 33
Christianity to bo tlie religion of the state. As the arms and breast of the image liave a peculiar significance, indi- cating two powers, so have the two legs a significance equally prominent. It will be found that this kingdom became divided in the year o()4 A. D., having two distinct and separ- ate capitals: Byzantium or Constantinople, being the capi- tal of the eastern division or eastern empire; and Milan and Ravenna the capitals of the western division or western em- pire. These divisions were as distinct in themselves, as one leg was distinct from the other.
The work of disentegration liaving commenced in , the once powerful Roman Empire, its dissolution was effected by the onslaught of the Goths, Vandals, Huns, Alans, Sueves and Visigoths. The Goths and the Vandals, in particular l)eing the most terrific in their depredations. These people being styled the barbarian hosts of the north, stand out pre- eminently as the scourge of God upon the long, cruel and unrelenting power of the Romans, which had often treated the former with vindictive hatred and cruelty. The retribu- tive hand of the Almighty is manifest in the retaliation made by them. After a severe struggle on the part of the Romans against the combined forces mentioned, the fall of the western empire was accomplished by Odoacer, king of the Herculi, in the year 476 B. C.
Thus we have shown the fall of the golden, the rise hud fall of the silver, the brass and the iron kingdoms, as indi- cated by the words of Daniel. Respecting the career and fall of the eastern empire, or the eastern part of the Ro- man Empire, this does not properly come within the pur- view of our subject, it may be sufficient to state that it maintained its existence for many centuries through many severe struggles and changes, until it became merged into the Saracen Empire, in the year 1453 A. D. It now de- volves upon us to note the rise of the ten kingdoms, repre- sented by the toes of the image, in the days of which the God of heaven was to set up His kingdom which was to stand for- ever. Several historians hav^ given the names and dates of the existence of these ten kingdoms, and some have given the names without the dates. We herewitli present those given by Sir Isaac Newton, who is considered authentic, as follows: 1st, the Vandals and Alans in Spain and Africa; 2d, the Servians in Spain; 3rd, the Visogoths; 4th, the Alans in Gallia; 5th, the Burgundians; 6th, the Franks;
34
LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
7tli, the Britons; 8th, the Huns; 9th, the Lombards; 10th, tlie Ravennas.
Mr. Mede gives them differently, as follows, having com- menced their existence about 456 A. D.: 1st, the Britons; 2d, the Saxons in Britain; 3d, the Franks; 4th, Burgundians ill France; 5th, the Visigoths in the south of France and Spain; 6th, the Sueves and Alans in Galicia and Portugal; 7th, the Vandals in Africa; 8th, the Alemans in Germany; 9th, the Ostrogoths, succeeded by the Longobards; 10th, the Greeks, who obtained the residue of the empire.
Bishop Lloyd in his interpretation gives the following, and the date of their rise: 1st, the Huns, A. D. 356; 2d, the Ostrogoths, 377; 3d, the Visogoths, 378; 4th, the Franks, 407; 5th, the Vandals, 407; 6th, the Sueves and Alans, 407; 7th, the Burgundians, about 407; 8th, the Her- ules and Rugians, 476; 9th, the Saxons, about 476; 10th, iho Longobards commenced their reign in Hungary, 426, ajid eventually their kingdom in the northern part of Ger- many, about the year A. I). 483.
The historian Machiavel classifies tliese kingdoms as fol- lows: 1st, Ostrogoths in Misia, A. D. 377; 2d, the Visogoths m Panonia, 378; 3d, the Sueves and Alans in Gasgoigne and Spain, 407; 4th, the Vandals in Africa. 407; 5th, the Franks in France, 407; 6th, the Burgundians, 407; 7th, Heruli and Turingi in Italy, 476; 8th, the Saxons and Angles in Britain, 476; 9th, the Huns in Hungary, 356; 10th, the Lombards upon the Danube, afterward in Italy, 483 and 526.
The commentator Scott numbered them as existing in the e^ighth century, as follows: 1st, the Senate of Rome; 2d, the Greeks at Ravenna; 3d, the Lombards in Lombardy; 4th, the Huns in Hungary; 5th, the Alemans in Germany; 6th, the Franks in France; 7th, the Burgundians in Burgundy; 8th, the Goths in Spain; 9th, the Britons; 10th the Saxons in Britain.
There is no doubt but what these kingdoms may be placed differently, at different periods of time under other names* than those given here, but it is immaterial as to the chan- ges through which the ten kingdoms have passed; it is suf- ficient for our purpose to show that ten kingdoms arose after the fall of the iron kingdom, which the foregoing amply proves. It is certain that the Roman Empire wfis divided into ten kingdoms, and though there may have been at times more, and at times fewer; yet they are still
HISTORY. 35
known by the name of tlio ton toe kingdoms of the western empire.
We have now come to the most important feature in our lecture, that of the establishment of the kingdom of God, for in the "days of these kings" the God of heaven was to set up His kingdom, and it was to stand forever. At what pe- riod of the existence of these ten kingdoms the stone king- dom was to be set up, is not determined by the dream- ])rophecy, but that it was to be set up, was as sure of fulfill- ment as any portion of the dream. Our inquiries now shall be to ascertain when, at any period of the Christian era the stone, or God's kingdom, has been established. In the days when the ten kingdoms and these kings first made their ap- pearance, history fails to note such establishment. If such had been the fact, the kingdom of God would have endured amid all the mutations of these earth, man-made kingdoms, because it Avas to stand forever. At no period of the history of the world, from Christ until the year 1830, is there any mention made by any one that God has set up His kingdom. Indeed, none of the founders or occupants of any of the ten kingdoms, from their first appearance until the year 1830, or till the present day, have claimed that these kingdoms were established by the Almighty, much less that they would stand forever. But, to the contrary, they have been in constant fear of their discontinuance, in consequence of the aggressions of each other, which have written the history of each of these kingdoms in blood and frequently changed their position upon the map of the world, and transferred the rule of go\^rnraent from one power to another.
Joseph Smith, the Prophet, claims that he was the hon- ored instrument in the hands of the Almighty in establish- ing His kingdom, and upon the sixth day of April, 1830, the initial steps were taken according to law, when the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was organized with six members; in other words, this was the nucleus of that kingdom. An event of such infinite importance as the setting up of the kingdom of God upon the earth in the Ijist days, has been the theme of prophets and inspired men of all ages, some of whom have referred to it with such pro- phetic and mathematical precision as to indicate the time when it would be set up; not alone in the words, ''in the days of these kings," but in language that cannot be mis- taken. The Prophet Daniel and John the Revelator, being
i
36 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
animated by the Holy Ghost, foresaw the wearing out of the Saints, and tlie departure of the Priesthood from the earth, after the Apostolic age. In Daniel vii. 25, the Prophet in speaking of the aggressions of the eleventh horn upon the Saints at the time referred to, states: ''And he shall speak great words against the Most High, and shall wear out the Saints of the Most High, and think to change times and laws, and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of time."
In John's Revelations xii. 6, 14, in speaking upon the same subject, comparing the persecution of the church unto a woman, as in many cases in Holy Writ the church is likened unto a bride, we find the following: ''And the wo- man ilod into the wilderness, where she had a place pre- |»;ii'od of God, that they should feed her there a thousand two hundred and sixty days. And to the woman were given two wings of a great eagle, that she might fly into the wil- derness into her place, where she is nourished for a time and times, and half a time, from the face of the serpent." The declarations of both these Prophets doubtless refer to the same event, that of the extirpation of the church of Christ, and denoting its absence from the earth. A time and times and half a time is strictly prophetic and Scrip- tural language. A proper rendition of its duration will de- fine the length of time implied. This will necessitate nn inquiry into the modes of reckoning time among the Proph- ets and the Jews or Israelites. The words of the Prophet Daniel, in speaking concerning the captivity and return of the Jewa to Jerusalem, together with the rebuilding of their city and sanctuary, in setting the particular time for these events, he makes use of the term weeks, by which we find that the term ''iveek'' implied seven years, each day of the week being one year, thus we have deduced a datum by which we can determine the duration of the term, "time, times and half a time." .
We have previously given two quotations from John the Revelator, bearing upon the same point. In the first he tells us that the woman or the church was to be fed one thousand two hundred and sixty days, which means one thousand two hundred and sixty years. If the term "ime, times and half a time can be analj^zed to contain one thous- and two hundred and sixty years, then the proof will be complete. A time being one year, each year reckoned to
i
INSTOIiV. ;j7
contain three hundre.l and sixty days, each day represent- ing one year, we liave the Ibrnuihi: one time equalling three hundred and sixty years, times equalling seven hundred and twenty years, half a time one hundred and eighty years; in all one thousand two hundred and sixty years^
Thus we have shown that one thousand two" hundred and sixty years was to elapse hefore the implied return of the woman or the church, which event took place in the year 1830. History gives the year 570 A. D. as the date when the Christian church was totally overrun and destroy- ed, to^ which date, if we add the one thousand two hundred and sixty years that the church was to be absent, we have the astounding fact that the year 1830 was the set time when the kingdoni of God was to be established, which agrees pre- cisely with the declaration of the Prophet Joseph Smith at which date the following ten kingdoms were in existence, and 111 the days of whose kings this notable event transpired, namely: Italy, France, Belgium, England, Holland, Prussia, Austria-llungaria, Portugal, Spain and Greece, and the kings or rulers of these kingdoms may be regarded as those to whom the Prophet Daniel referred; because in their days and time the kingdom of God was set up, and at no other period of time m the days of the kings of the ten kingdoms that have arisen upon the ruins of the western empire of home, has that event taken place.
Having shown the rise and fall of the golden, silver, brass nnd iron kingdoms, the rise of the ten or toe kingdoms and t.ien- existence in the year 1830, in which year tlie kingdom ot God Nvas set up, there is but one thing remaining to a full 111 hllment of the dream-prophecy, and as certain as all the other terms of it have come to pass, just so certain will the last be verified in the never failing words of inspiration and prophecy, that it shall stand forever, and crush to pieces all other kingdoms, and no power can prevent it, while Christ the King shall reign over it for ever and ever, ot whom it is said:
His power iucreasiiif,' still shall spread,
His reign no end shall know, Justice shall guard his throne ahove.
And peace uhound helow.
POLITICAL ECONOMY.
C. W. NIBLEY.
:. n: Wr^t-rs and Tliinl ers-AI I Wealth the Result of Labor- -The Land Ques- , • . Ti e Condi:ion of the Masses— On the Latter day Scintsdevolves the labor of . 'leci'-itr tlie eviband wrongs oF Society.
Tin: subj(H;t of political economy has engaged the atten- i loll of many of the most eminent thinkers and writers, from the days of the philosopher Aristotle down to the present; and during all the ages of the past, many a system has been formulated by the best minds, put on paper, appearing quite beautiful in theory, but in practice all resulting in failure.
The English word economy is derived from the Greek, the primary meaning of which is a house and a law; especi- ally pertaining to the income of the household and the dis- bursement thereof. To the word economy is added the word political, which enlarges the meaning to embrace a com- munity—a body politic— a nation, or the whole world. Any system of political economy which allows the wealth of a country to be controlled and gathered in bv a few, and ihcreby gives them power to oppress their fellows, must be a wrong system. Tlie true system would be, that which will ^Mve society the most strength to perpetuate itself in con- tentment and peace.
It would take too much time to even give you the names of all those who have written on this subject, much less a synopsis of their theork«, but among the most prominent that tl|e last two liundred years have produced are Adam Smith, Malthus, John StuaH Mill and Henry George. Others, .^\:ho are far greater as thin'k^-rs and writers, like Herbert Spencer, Carlyle and Ruskin, ha^'i) very clearly pointed out i() us wh^rpin our present systengs q{ supply and demand,
POLITICAL ECONOMY. ^^
competition, usuary, rent and the like, are unjust, and, therefore wrung, but have failed to clearly define some line of practice that would remedy the great evils under which tlie whole world groans and suffers.
Perhaps the most prominent truth which Adam Sniith points out in his heavy volumes is this, "That all wealth is the result of labor." Labor alone produces wealth, ihis i think will be admitted without question; but for the most part of Smith's theories, new conditions of society have arisen which he never dreamed of, and which, as was to be expected, have upset many of his propositions. For who could anticipate tlie results and developments wrought out bv the coal and the iron, the raih'oad and the steamer, and the tele<rraph with its ocean cables? Who could have conceived the Industrial changes, the spinning mule and the power loom, the mower and self-binder, and the thousand and one labor-saving machines of recent invention would produce^ The doctrine of Malthus, or the -Malthusian theory, as it is called has given rise to endless, foolish speculation. Mal- thus declares that population has a tendency to increase faster than subsistence; that, in fact, we must put some pos- itive or preventive check to this multiplying of our species, or the food supply will not be equal to feed our members. On the other hand Henry George and others take the op- posite view, and say in effect, since labor produces wealth, the greater number of people you have on the earth, who will labor, the more food and wealth they will produce.
It. is true of political economy as it is of religions; all sys- tems have some fraction of trutli, otherwise they would not hano- together at all; but to say that any of these theorists have formulated, or can formulate, a complete science which will lit and govern all the relations of human life and regu- late with justice, all affairs between man and man is to ex- pect something which has not been, and never will be, real- ized For it is true as the Scripture has said: "It is not in man that walketh to direct his steps," and without the guid- ance of the Almighty, and the restraining influences which true religion brings, the world can never have a complete and successful system of political economy. No one who has eyes to see, will say that the wealth of the world is justly distributed.
In a country where one man can, from very small begin- nings, clear over a million dollars every year for twenty or
•10
LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
tliirty years, like Governor Stanford of California, and where another man, nay, thousands of men, are unable to earn bread sufficient for themselves and their families to live on; where under the very shadow of the gilded palaces in our great cities, live thousands of miserable human beings — of our own flesh and blood every one of them — eking out an almost intolerable existence, and they cannot sell their labor for sufficient to buy them food and warmth. In the great city of Chicago, where is at present stored some sev- enteen million bushels of wheat, there are half clad, bare- footed children by the hundreds begging for bread— famish- ing for even the bare necessities of life. I say where such a state of society exists something is radically wrong and needs changing, or it will change itself in a manner not pleasant to behold, nor very healthy to the capitalist.
Sucli a state of affairs was never intendtnl bv the benefi- iit Father of us all; for are we not all his children, of one ...liy, one flesh and blood? In the revelations to his Church 111 our day he has said: ''-For what man among you having nvelve sons, and is no respecter of them, and they serve him obediently, and he saith unto the one, be thou clothed in robes and sit thou here; and to the other, be thou clothed in rags and sit thou there; and looked upon his sons and saith I am just. Behold, I have given unto you a parable, and it IS even as I am." (Doctrine and Covenants, sec. 38, ver. 26, 27.)
It is even as I am! God is no respecter of persons, and requires only that his children serve Him obediently. To one He has given much intelligence in certain things, to another He has given but little; yet when these two serve Him obediently, with the full exercise of every faculty that each one has — then have they served Him equally, and are equally acceptable before Him.
And now when we see such wealth on the one hand, and des- titution and want on the other, we naturally ask, why such poverty amidst such abundance? Certainly something is wrong; not one thing, but many; and being wrong they will have to be set right.
But Where's the remedy ?— there's the rub !
A patient so sick as is this great world of society, and doctors without number prescribing for the sickness, one would think the poor patient must be benefited, but, alas! the sickness waxes worse and worse. The patient who is
i
POLITICAL ECONOMY. 41
dosed with so much medicine, like "the extension of the suf- frage," ''prohibition," ''i)opular education," "anti-monopoly," "trades unions," and the like, receives no permanent benefit; but coughs on with an incurable consumption, literally con- suming itself. Nay, does it not appear that the patient is rapidly going into spasms, and the activity of its seeming life is in reality its death throes? Certainly no wise doctor will expect to make a permanent cure, and build up a strong and healthy constitution of any patient who is so far gone. The most that can be done in such case, is to administer an opiate to alleviate the pain and suffering, not with any hope, however, of effecting a permanent cure. In such consump- tive condition stands what we call society.
But with the strong, healthy, young person — the young society like ours — if we can only have pointed out certain rules of life, certain laws of God (and these latter will al- ways be found to be the laws of nature and this universe) and will live according to them, we will then have discov- ered a system of political economy, which will evolve a new society and do away with wretchedness and want, and the cry of the hungry shall be heard in the land no more for- ever. "For behold, the beasts of the field, and the fowls of the air, and that which cometh.of the earth is ordained for the use of man, for food and for raiment, and that he might liave in abundance; but it is not given that one man should possess that which is above another; wherefore the whole world lieth in sin." (Doctrine and Covenants, 49. 19, 20.)
P<5rhaps the most important, and I may say the ground work of any system of political economy, is the question of land; and we will first proceed with the consideration of that subject, and in other lectures we will treat on competi- tion, labor and capital, and kindred subjects. To whom does the land belong? This is a most important question. If we can determine that, according to the laws of justice and equity, and arrange our ownership agreeable thereto, we will have taken a long stride in the right direction, and many of the evils which afflict society at present will be permanently cured. To whom should the land belong? I make the assertion, and I do not think it can be gainsaid, that every son and daughter of God born on this planet, has an equal right to the land. He has that right by virtue of liis birth on this planet, as much as he has equal rights in the air, the water, or the sunshine. For God, his Father,
I
I
I
12 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
; . . created or organized all these for his children, and it is
'': :!:ivon that one man should possess that which is ahove
i h'T. It would seem, therefore, if we are to have justice
<i(t.n!, that private ownership in land would have to he ahol-
ifhod.
Let us for a few minutes look into what Henry George has to say in his excellent book entitled: ''Progress and Poverty" regarding the injustice of our present land-owning system: "If we are all here by the equal permission of the Creator, we are all here with an equal title to enjoy his bounty — with an equal right to the use of all that nature so impar- tially offers. This is a right which is natural and inalien- able; it is a right which vests in every human being, and which, during his continuance in the world, can be limited only by the equal rights of others. There is in nature no such thing as a fee simple in land. There is on earth no power which can rightfully make a grant of exclusive own- ership in land.
*'If all existing men were to unite to grant away their equal rights, they could not grant away the right of those who follow them. For what are we but tenants for a day? Have we made the earth, that we should determine the rights of those who after us shall tenant it in their turn? The Almighty, who created the earth for man and man for the earth, has entailed it upon all the generations of the children of men by a decree written upon the constitution of all things — a decree which no human action can bar and no prescription determine. Let the parchments be ever so many, or possession ever so long, natural justice can rec- ognize no right in one man to the possession and enjoyment {){' land that is not equally the right of all his fellows. Though his titles 'have been acquiesced in by generation alter generation, to the landed estates of the Duke of West- luiiiister, the poorest child that is born in London to-day has ;.^^ much right as his eldest son. Though the sovereign peo- 1<I of the State of New York consent to the landed posses- ions of the Astors, the puniest infant that comes wailing imo the world in the squalidist room of the most miserable tenement house becomes at that moment seized of an equjil riujht with the millionaires. And it is robbed if the right is lU'uied.
"Our previous conclusions, irresistible in themselves, thus stand approved by the highest and final test. Translated
POLITICAL ECONOMY. 43
from terms of political economy into terms of ethics they show a wrc.g as the source of the evils which increase as ma ena prog-r.^ss goes on. The masses of men, who h'the mid. t of abundance suffer want; who, clothed w^th po tical freedom, are condemned to the wages of slavery to w oso
od labor-..avu;g inventions bring no' relief, but ra'tler seem toiob themol a privilege, instinctively feel that 'there is something M^rong.' And they are right
I tie wide-spreading social evils which everywhere od- press men amid an advancing civilization, spring from^a mooeru'Tf'"^ wrong-the appropriation, ^s \he fxelusTve piopertj' of some men, of the land on which and from which all must live. From this fundamental injustice flow a 1 the injustices which distort and endanger modern deve opment which condemn the producer of wetlth to poverty and pam-
hou elith'tr'r^'" '", '"•^\"--^'- ""^'^■•' -- "'° "--ent House with the palace, plant the brothel behind the church
and compel us to build prisons as we open new schools ' »fe IS nothing strange or inexplicable in the phenome- na that are now perplexing the w,.rld. It is not that imul
ed eSr b^i '"^'", 1'^*^'%^ ^'''■' '* '^ -* ^hat nalurThas" ca led into being children for whom she has failed to nro- vide; It IS not that the Creator has left on natural laws a
h'uni t'i'dt'' "' ?"''"'"^ "'^'^"-'- mind r vdts! o^h^^l^^n^'T ^""«' '"'^'^ '^'"'''- *■'■"''«• 'That amid
mm '^f^ "'KK'"-dl"H,ss of nature, but to the injustice of W invS ,Vsni '"'f"'-^' P'^^^'-ty/""' pauperism, are not the leve o mtnt ?"7u'' °^ PoP"'"""" and industrial
i du tiTl d;, r^'""'T/'"°"' ^"^'■'^"^^ °f population and o e V tt "'"P":? "* !«°«"«° laml is treate.l as private
v o""*^ onT? hV"' ""' '^r'' ;"!-l "«««««'''-y results of the Molation of the supreme law of justice, involved in givinsr
pif ":sr\irn::f '^^^'^ p°^-^^--'- ^'-^ ^^^^-^ '^
"Has the first comer at a banquet the riHit to turn back
i 1 hin^^ m! ; P^l'^^'^' '^r'" "« *l"^y ^'-^l^e terms oo o ffh« . ? ^''^ '"''" '"''" P'-^'^'^"'' " ticket at the
ight to shut tlie door.s and have the performance go on for iHni alone? Does the first passenger'who enters a^-aiCd c.r obtain the right to scatter his baggage aver all the seats
44
LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
and compel the passengers who come in after him to stand up?
''The cases are perfectly analogous. We arrive and we de- part, guests at a banquet continually spread, spectators and [)iirticipants in an entertainment where there is room for all svl.v> come; passengers from station to station, on an orl)tliat vJiirls through space— our rights to take and possess cannot I'c exclusive; they must be bounded everywhere by the equal rights of others. Just as the passenger in a railroad car may spread himself and his baggage over as many seats as he pleases, until other passengers come in, so may a settler take and use as much land as he chooses, until it'^is needed by others— a fact which is shown by the'land acquiring a value— when his right must be curtailed by the equal ricrhts of the others, and no priority of appropriation can give a right which will bar these equal rights of others. If this were not the case, then by priority of appropriation one man could acquire and could transmit to whom he pleased, not merely the exclusive right to one hundred and sixty acres or to SIX hundred and forty acres, but to a whole township a whole state, a whole continent. And to this manifest absur- dity does the recognition of individual right to land come when carried to its ultimate— that any one human bein^r' could he concentrate in himself the individual rights to the land of any country, could expel therefrom all the rest of Its inhabitants; and could he thus concentrate the individual rights to the whole surface of the globe, he alone of all the teeming population of the earth would have the right to live. ''And what upon this supposition would occur is, upon a smaller scale, realized in actual fact. The territorial lords of Great Britain, to whom grants of land have given the 'white parasols and elephants mad with pride,' have over again expelled from large districts the population, whose an- cestors had lived on the land from immemorial times— <|riven them off to emegrate, to become paupers or to starve. And on uncultivated tracts of land in the new state of Cali- lornia may be seen the blackened chimneys of homes, from which settlers have been driven by the force of laws which Ignore natural right, and great stretches of land which might 1"' j^opulous are desolate, because the recognition of exclu- ivi' ownership has put in the power of one human creature i'Mnrl)id his fellows from using it. The com])arative hand- lul ot proprietors who own the surface of the British Islands
POLITICAL ECONOMY. 45
would be only doing what the English law gives them full [xjwer to do, and what many of them have done on a smaller scale already, were they to exclude the millions of British people from their native islands. And such an exclusion, hy which a few hundred tliousand could at will banish thirty million people from their native country, wdiile it would be more striking, would not be a whit more repugnant to natural right than the spectacle now presented, of the vast body of the British i)eople being compelled to pay such enormous sums to a few of their number, for the privilege of • being permitted to live upon and use the land, which they so fondly call their own; which is endeared to them by memories so tender and so glorious, and for which they are held in duty bound, if need be, to spill their blood and lay down their lives.
''There is nothing strange in the fact that, in spite of the enormdus increase in productive i)')wcr which this century has witnessed, and wdiich is still goingon. the wages of labor in the lower and Avider strata of industry should everywhere tend to the w^ages of slavery — ^,just enough to keep the laborer in working condition. For the ownership of the hind on wliich and from wdiich a man must live, is virtually the ownersliip of the man himself, and in acknowledging the right of some individuals to the exclusive use and en- joyment of the cfirth, we condema other individuals to slav- ery as fully and as completely as though we had formally nnide them chattels.
"Thus the condition of the masses in every civilized coun- try is, or is tending to become, that of virtual slavery under the forms of freedom. And it is probable that of all kinds of slavery this is the most cruel and relentless. For the laborer is robbed of the produce of his labor and compelled to toil for a mere subsistence; but his taskmasters, instead of human beings, assume the form of imperius necessities. Those to whom his labor is rendered and from whom his wages are received are often driven in their turn — contact between tlie laborers and the ultimate beneficiaries of their labor is su.ndered, and individuality is lost. The direct responsi- bility of master to slave, a responsibility which exercises a softening influence upon the great majority of men, does not arise; it is not one human being who seems to drive another to unremitting and ill-re(iuited toil, but "the inevitable laws of supply and demand," for wdiicli no one in particular is
46 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
responsible. The maxims of Cato the Censor — maxims which were regarded with abhorrence even in an age of cruelty and universal slaveholding — that after as much work • as possible is obtained from a slave he should be turned out to die, become the common rule; and even the selfish interest which prompts the master to look after the comfort and well- being of the slave is lost. Labor has become a commodity, and the laborer a machine. There are no masters and slaves, no owners and owned, but only buyers and sellers. Tlio higgling of the market takes the place of every other ;-<'ntin"ient.
"When the slaveholders of the South, looking upon the m.dition of the free laboring poor in the most advanced ivilized countries, it is no wonder that they easily persuaded (lioniselves of the divine institution of slavery. That the Held hands of the South were as a class better fed, better lodged, better clothed^ thqtt they had less care and more of the amusements and enjoyments of life than the agricul- tural laborers of England there can be no doubt; and even in the northern cities, visiting slaveholders might see and hear of things impossible under what they called their or- ganization of labor. In the Southern States, during the days of slavery, the master who would have compelled his negroes to work and live as large classes of free white men and wo- men are compelled in free countries to work and live, would have been deemed infamous, and if public opinion had not restrained him, his own selfish interest in the maintenance of the health and strength of his chattels would. But in London, New York and Boston, among people who have given, and would give again, money and blood to free the slave, where no one could abuse a beast in public without arrest and pun- ishment, barefooted and ragged children may be seen run- ning around the streets even in the winter time, and in squalid garrets and noisome cellars women work away their lives for wages that fail to keep them in proper warmth and nourishment. Is it any wonder that to the slaveholders of the South the demand for the abolition of slavery seemed like the cant of hypocrisy? And now that slavery has been abolished, the planters of the South find they have sustained no loss. Their ownership of the land upon which the freed- men must live gives them practically as much command of h.- l.'or as before, while they are relieved of responsibility, some- limus very expensive. Our boasted freedom necessarily in-
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POLITICAL ECONOMY.
47
volves slavery, so long as we recognize private property in land. Until that is abolished, Declarations of Independence and Acts of Emancipation are in vain. So long as one man can claim the exclusive ownership of the land from which other men must live, slavery will exist, and as material pro- gress goes on, must grow and deepen.
But let us consider the injustice of the present system even in our own midst, without going out into the world for greater wrongs. Here, we will say is a brother who received the gospel years ago in his native land and soon ''gathered" to Zion. By arriving here among the first settlers he is en- abled to locate on a choice piece of land, say, near Salt Lake City. As population increases, his land grows in value. For his labor on the land he reaps, each year, an abundant harvest, and being close to the city finds a ready market for his produce.
These harvests are the result of his labor. But apart from any labor, that land which he located on and which cost him nothing, has grown to be worth from one to three hun- dred dollars per acre, simply because some tw^enty thou- sand people have built and are inhabiting a city adjacent to his land; and if another twenty or a hundred thousand peo- ple are added to that city, his land increases in value ac- cording to the increase in ])opulation. And all this increase of wealth comes without labor, for as I said he is more than paid for his labor by the abundant harvests. And now if some poor brother wishes to get an acre of said land to live on, he has to pay a yearly rent ecjual to a yearly interest on the market value of the land.
This brother who rents, first heard the gospel last year — rendered willing and prompt obedience to it — gathered with God's people and has in every way served our Father obe- diently, and yet because he came in last year, and the other brother came some years sooner, the one has to pay to the other usury or rent for the privilege of living on the earth that his Father has created. Here are two sons then, who have served their Father obediently in all things, and it is practically said to the one, ''be thou clothed in robes and sit thou here"^, and to the other, be thou clothed in rags and sit thou there."
This is reversing the rule. It is not justice, and there- fore cannot stand. For I can assure you, my friends, the just thing is the only permanent and lasting thing in this world.
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48 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
VWiio it not so, our case would indeed be a desperate one, <iiil(.n(liiig as we are, a handful of people, against the un- Mi -; prejudices of the wliole world. But we have supreme iiiith in the justice of our cause and we are very sure of victory. It is true God is on our side; but the reason He is there, is because our side has justice and truth to back it. Therefore when we see anything in our system so manifestly unjust as is our private ownership of land, we may be very sure it cannot long stand.
It will cill have to be changed to agree more nearly to the laws of equity, and that labor will devolve on the Latter- day Saints; for the young tree of Political Economy, in a young healthy society like ours, can be made to grow accord- ing to laws of justice, but with the old tree which has so long grown in the world until it is now almost rotten to the core and is well nigh ready to be hewn down and cast into the fire — you cannot put new life into it by any system that can be devised; therefore, I say on the Latter-day Saints devolves the labor of correcting the evils and wrongs of societ3^
Among the tribes of Indians on this continent I never yet have learned where a single case of private ownership of land was tolerated; (except, perhaps, in the last few years when some few have adopted the white man's modes), even to this day they hold their reservation as thecomnion prop- erty of the whole tribe. And also, among the Maoris — the natives of New Zealand — the same just rule obtains; for on one occasion the white settlers of that country found them- stdves unable to get from the Maoris what the latter consid- ered a complete title to land, because although a whole tribe might have consented to the sale, they would still claim, with every new chikl born among tlieni, an additional payment on the ground that they had only parted with their own rights and couM not sell those of the unborn. The Govern- ment was obliged to step in and settle the matter by buying land for a tribal annuity, in which every child that is born ;ii'i|uires a share.
When tlie Lord, through Moses, led the children of Israel III llie i»romised land, one of the first things done in arrang- \[\'^ tlieir excellent system of })olitical economy waste regu- late their land matters; and while each one was given his -t(^war<lship, yet the title to the land was really held by the iribe in common, and could never pass to an alien, nor in- deed to a brother, except for a limited number of years.
POLITICAL ECONOMY. 49
As {I i)(H)[)l(;, \v(i have inucli to coiigratulato ourselves on ill our system, but I am free to say that not only our land matters, but also many other things pertaining to our po- litical economy will have to be changed. How shall it be (lone? In regard to land, first of all I will say that it is my settled opinion that the land will not be mine nor yours alone, but will be the common property of the whole people — will belong to the Church. When the time comes (to use the words of revelation) ''When my servant will appoint unto this people their portion, every man equal according to their families, according to their circumstances and their wants and needs. And let every man deal honestly and be alike among this people, and receive alike, that you may be one even as I have commanded you." — Doctrine and Covenants, 51, 3-9. ''That you may be equal in the bands of heavenl}'- things, yea and earthly things also, for the ob- taining of heavenly things. For if ye are not equal in earthly things ye cannot be equal in obtaining heavenly things." — Doctrine and Covenants, 78, 5-6.
Now the equality here spoken of does not mean that each man should have an equal number of acres of land — equal house room and furnisliings — the same clothing, food, hours of sleep and the like with every other man — not that at all; for evervthing in nature indicates variety, change, no two things being exactly alike; and what might be a pleasing and suitable thing for you might be (piite the reverse for me. It was never intended there should be such an equali- ty— indeed there cannot be, for such a state of affairs would bring anything but happiness and contentment. But the equality referred to means the same equal right we have to the air we breathe, or the sunshine that gladdens and gives us all equal light and hea't.
Pertaining to the laws of the church also, the same equal- ity exists; as for instance the law of baptism, it is adminis- tered alike to each and all; no one can disregard it and be. saved. In that we are equal. So also at the sacrament table there is the same equality; so with regard to tithing, — the settlement of our difhculties and indeed all the general laws of God apply with equal force and effect to every one of His children. But we are not to suppose that each one is en- dowed with the same talent or faculty, for we know such is not the case. To one is given much, to another little, and where much is given much will be required. One may be
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LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
capable of wisely handling and directing tho labor of others- :tiHl there have never yet been wanting laborers who are more than glad to labor and be directed by the wiser, if only they are treated as brothers and with that equalitv and jus- tice that a righteous overseer would bestow.
It is plain therefore, that if the land were the property of the church, each member would be equal in ownership ^vith every other member, and the profits of it— over and above the cost of living comfortably, would pass into the gen- eral treasury, instead of into the hands of the few lucky ones who came first to the country and monoplized all the best land, to the exclusion of thousands just as wil- ling and obedient Latter-day Saints as ever joined the church. Do not think now that I blame any one for tak- ing upland and owning it, for under our present system there is no other way to do. Those who came first did ex- actly as we would have done had we been in their places- but I do say the whole is unjust and with all nations who adhere to it, will in the end bring revolution and ruin It must be changed.
I am aware that some argue that in order to call forth a man s best energies, in directing or managing any temporal concern, he must have some other incentive than the gen- eral good of the whole; but I think on examination this idea will be found to be utterly groundless. For have we not all seen how thousands of our elders go forth and labor in the ministry for the good of the whole Church and the ! lory of God s cause? Indeed, such labor has been the most > ariiost and zealous, and quite as hard as any labor that I I: MOW of. Nor is this because such labor is what we call of 1 i.intual nature, for there have been many elders engaged I- niporal duties, and are now, w^ho work wdth as much ■lion and solicitude for the success of their efforts as any I: vuUial enterprise could get out of them. riio true incentive for any man or woman to labor is, to i ..'1^' that It IS one's duty, and in the doing of that duty the 1. ure wlio are benefited by it, the more pleasure will it bring I . the <r«e worker, and the more zealous and excellent will l.is labor be. With the land as the common property of the '■ •liinch, much of the inequality in temporal things, which ai present exists, would be done away from among us and wo could receive of the fruits of the earth equally, accord- ' '■ to our needs and our wants, so long as our wants were
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61
jiibt. One other objection arises to this idea of common property of Land, which I will briefly refer to and close. And that is the immense power it would give to the leaders of such a society, which would be dangerous if it were wielded unrighteously. Certainly such a system would place great power in some few hands, and I confess this is one of the chief reasons why I like it. I am for centralization of power in all things, when it can he centralized by the common ec^nsent of the whole people, and administered with justice and judgment.
Our God is a most beneficent Father — desires to see His children equal as far as they can possibly be, but He is a terrible monopolist withal; He is aggressive and jealous of His power; indeed He wants it all — He and His — and is de- termined to have it too, and will fight it out on that line un- til every opposing power is conquered and bound hand and feet. And yet He is so kind and just with His monopoly. We do not object to working for His cause for fear of giving Him too much power. No! we want Him to have power— the more the better, for He will use it justly. And therein is the touchstone of the whole matter; every man among us will say the more power our leaders have the better. For is not every true leader something of a God, who approaches the nearer to tliat likeness when he does ''justice and judg- ment?" We are told in the Book of Mormon of a certain people who '/had all things common among them," but we are also told that every man desili justly one with another.
The constitution of our society lays down the law of lead- ership in these words: "The rights of the priesthood are inseparably connected with the powers of heaven, and that the powers of heaven cannot be controlled nor handled only on the principles of righteousness. That they may be con- ferred upon us it is true, but when we undertake to cover our sins, or to gratify our pride, or to exercise control, or dominion or compulsion upon the souls of the children of men in any degree of unrighteousness, behold the heavens withdraw themselves; the spirit of the Lord is grieved, and when it is withdrawn. Amen to the Priesthood or the author- ity of that man." — Doctrine and Covenants, 121, 36-37. If that part of our constitution is strictly adhered to, we need never fear about placing too much power in the hands of our leaders.
SCIENCE.
JOHN E. CAHLISLE.
Science in the Field of Education — Practical Benefits Derived from a Knowledge of Natural Laws — Science a Developer of the Reasoning Faculties — Religion and Science not Antagonistic.
The age in which we live is termed a practical age. It is one in which the predominating educational influence favors knowledge of a practical character. The raj)id growth of the United States, with her vast business in terests, commercial and manufacturing, her literature and her arts, has no doubt been a potent factor in bringing about a desire among the people for that kind of knowl- edge which can be applied. Most of the distinguished citizens of this land are men of lowly birth, who have come up the steps of fame to positions of honor by their own untiring industry in the acquirement of know- ledge and the application of it in a serviceablemanner. Such men naturally view life from a practical standpoint. They look at the value of education differently from the English- ' iiittii nf hintid biilh mimI iMtltJi' cojiijo, nvIim Imkj b«'f>M nmliiiJ'd in wralln iind Hclioolod to huid a lil'o of culLure and idUMiuss, not depending upon the knowledge by which to earn a live- lihood or advance in the world financially. To America may be attributed a goodly portion of the honor of making the present a practical age. ,
In the advancement made during the past half century the Natural Sciences have received their share of nttention and study. A degree of knowledge has been attained regard- ing them, which leads some of their ablest votaries to pro- claim them of educational value in the development of the higher intellectual faculties. Their field of study is so large that it is divided into various specific departments, each receiving the earnest investigations of students searching
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SCIENCE. 53
after the hidden treasures of knowledge yet to be obtained. The sciences are rapidly assuming a position in education which was formerly held exclusively by literature. Pro- fessor Huxley recently said: ''It must be recognizee! that science, as intellectual discipline is, at least, as important as literature, and that a scientific student must no longer be handicapped by a linguistic (I will not call it literary bur- den), the equivalent of which is not imposed upon his classical compeer."
Science in the field of education fills a double purpose. It educates the intellectual faculties, while it stores the mind with knowledge whigh can be applied in everyday life. Prof. Baine, a noted scholar, says: ''From pliysics, from chem- istry; from physiology, flow innumerable streams of fertilliz- ing information in all the arts and conduct of life. Not only are they at the bases of many specific crafts, but they pro- vide guidance to every human being in endless variety of situations. For some kinds of knowledge we can trust to a skilled adviser but every denizen of the globe needs per- petually to apply physical, chemical, or physiological laws, in circumstances where no adviser can be near." The beauty and force of this statement are seen when it is re- membered that natural laws are applied to the relief of per- sons who have met with accidents. Natural laws are used in regulating household conveniences, in the ventilation of rooms, in the easy raising and lowering of windows; in the mechanism of furniture; in heating and lighting for com- fort and health; in obtaining water supply; in cooking and ])reserving articles of diet. Tlie farmer or mechanic with a knowlodjM^ of (h(Mi»M> (»r Mh' pMll.>v. lr\<M- or incliiHMl plfinc olliui JiikIh liuch kn(»\vK(lgt! »)l gruat advaulugo ti> him, wliilu those without it are frequently at a loss in accomplishing what they desire. A knowledge of chemistry makes the work of a cook or of a farmer more pleasant, and in many in- stances more profitable. One cannot go into a factory or shop of any pretentions to manufacturing importance without witnessing some of the laws of nature used to accomplish work under the direction of intelligent men. Railroads, telegraph lines, electric liglit and steamboats display, in a more magnificent manner, the same thing.
In contemplating the practical benefit to be derived from a knowledge of natural laws, we can readily understand that they have an educational value, but can we sense the neces-
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54 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
sity for the study of all the manifold works of creation which, go where we will, attract our attention? Let us glance under our feet and we will find evidences of a mighty work accomplished. Vast forests of trees have grown and decayed and mouldered into dust; animals have lived, thrived and died; mighty rocks have crumbled, and a multitude of changes have taken place to produce the soil upon which we so lightly tread. What a history would be revealed were a little atom to relate the experience it has passed through, during the ages which have gone. A library of books equal to the largest collection found anywhere in oiir great cities, could not contain a complete record of all of its trav- els and experiences. Look at the trees, and an interest- ing study is before you. A little seed in the ground grows, and after years of constant, patient working, as it wore, the end of its growth is reached, and it withers and (lies. The history of the tree is not complete here. Science leaches that no particle of matter can be annihilated. The elements which have been gradually brought together from a scattered condition into the form of a tree now fill a dif- ferent position from that previously occupied by them. The whole of plant life offers similar food for instructive and in- teresting study.
The various kinds of animals which move upon the face of the earth, breathing the breath of life are governed by laws suitable to their well-being. Among all these man occupies a pre-eminent position, for he is endowed with an intelligence evidently superior. The arrangement and work- ing of the organs of his system, the wonderful operations of the nerve centres, the circulation of the blood and the rela- tion of the brain to the body, show a mechanism beyond the power of human intelligence alone to fathom. We look above us, and sight — a wonderful and blessed gift — enables us to behold grand and majestic beauties in the firmament. What a field for study! The soul grows almost wild with delight in viewing the sublime picture of the heavens. The heart faints and the mind staggers in attempting to solve the problems there presented. Truly it may be said that the grandest achievements of finite mind have been in rhe field of astronomy. Yet there is much to learn which v/ill never be known, save it is revealed by inspiration from heaven. How vast is space; how solemn the thought of mil- lions and millions of miles in extent of space without a
SCIENCE.
55
human occupant. The best knowledge man has gained teaches that such is the situation between this earth and the nearest planet. This leads to the thought that there are many wonderful and beautiful things in creation, clothed in garments of the richest hues, which live and die without ever attracting tlie admiring glance of man. The countless orbs in space doubtless are inhabited by intelligences of whom we know nothing. An idea of the immensity of space may be conceived by the following from Richter: ''An an- gel pnce took a man and stripped him of his flesh, and lifted him up into space to show him the glory of the universe. When the flesh was taken away the man ceased to be cow- ardly, and was ready to fly with the angel past galaxy after galaxy, and infinity after infinity, and so man and angel pass- ed on, viewing the universe, until the sun was out of sight, un- til our solar system appeared as a speck of light against the black empyrean, and there was only darkness. And they look onward, and in the infinities of space before, a speck of light appeared, and suddenly tht3y were in the midst of rushing worlds. But they passed beyond that system, and beyond system after system, and infinity after infinity, until the human heart sank, and the man cried out: 'Eild is there none of the universe of God?' The angel strengthened the man by words pf counsel and courage, and they flew on again until worlds left behind them were out of sight, and specks of light in advance were transformed, as they ap- proached them, into rushing systems; they moved over architraves of eternities, over pillars of immensities, over architecture of galaxies, unspeakable in dimensions and duration, and the human heart sank again and called out: 'End is there none of the universe of God?' And all the stars echoed the question with amazement: 'End is -there none of the universe of God?' And the echo found no an- swer. They moved on again past immensities of immen- sities, and eternities of eternities, until in the dizziness of uncounted galaxies the human heart sank for the last time, and called out: 'End is there none of the universe of God?' And again all the stars repeated the question, and the^angel answered: 'End is there none of the universe of God.' So, also, there is no beginning."
In the work of education, science is valuable as a develop- er of the reasoning faculties, since demonstration is neces- sary to establish principles advanced. Since the sixteenth
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century great progress has been made in a knowledge of scientific truths. The present century has . witnessed the most rapid strides. The world has been startled with won- derful inventions, and a great many illustrious names have been recorded as workers in the investigations of natural laws. Steamboats have been introduced, railroads perfect- ed, electric telegraph made to convey intelligence from con- tinent to continent. The phonograph, audiphone, tele- phone and the electric light, are a few of the large number of useful inventions of the age. Machinery for manufac- turing and agricultural purposes has been greatly improved. In this great advancement the United States has gained a merited distinction through the brilliant and successful ef- forts of some of her worthy citizens.
Man may properly consider himself a blessed being. His organization is such, if cultivated, as will enable him to ap- preciate the works of nature. He is capable of growth, physical and intellectual. The study of the beautiful and uniform laws which control, actuate, and we may almost say, animate the various elements, is one that is of much interest to him. It is a study which, developing the intel- lectual powers, adds to his enjoyment of life. Great care, however, is needed in pursuing it, for much doubt has arisen and infidelity has taken root in the minds of some eminent scholars, as part of the fruit of their scientific studies; and it has caused some religionists to be prejudiced toward this important branch of education. This prejudice is due to various causes, among which ignorance may be classed as chief. The Darwinian theory, regarding the ori- gir^ of the race of man, has brought much ridicule upon its distinguished author, and upon science. A disbelief in false theories, however, should not lead to a condemnation of truth.
All learned men do not accept the theories of science which conflict with Bible teachings. When men denounce unqualifiedly the study of science, they make a gross error, and display ignorance regarding that study. In relation to true Theology, science does not occupy an antagonistic po- sition, for truth is its object, and all laws which it reveals, when demonstrated, will prove to be in accordance with true principles. They are perfect, and are understood by that Being, who is the author of true theology. Man may think that he has arrived at facts in the workings of nature
SCIENCE. •'*
wlieu such is not the case. Upon this kind of a foundation he may buikl an opposition to religion; but when confronted bv a superior intelligence it falls to the ground. When real laws are discovered governing the material creations, those laws will be found not conflicting with theological truths— they will harmonize. True theology may be said to be a system of divine laws instituted for the perfecting of human beings, and in a broad sense it embraces the laws or prin- ciples which govern all the creatures of God. A knowledge of natural science rather than prove antagonistic to rehgion, should inspire a greater belief in it, and create a nobler love for that being who. all-wise and powerful, understands all the laws of nature. ,
A study of the divine word teaches us that a knowledge of some of the latter (as claimed) principles of scientific truth were known by inspired men in the early days of the world. The Bible bears witness to that fact, for in that sacred rec- ord are passages whicfh teach important geological and me- teorological truths concerning the earth and the air around it Herschel says: ^'All human discoveries seem to be made only for the purpose of confirming more strongly the truths that come from on high, and are contained m the sa- cred writings." In scientific study it will he learned that there are certain fundamental laws, the action of which re- quires more than the knowledge man has gained to explain. Inspiration from heaven is needed to solve the question. To these laws man has given a name, and while some things pertaining to them are not understood, their results, when acting uniformly upon certain kinds of matter, can be dem- onstrated to be similar. Let a piece of steel or iron be brought within the power of a magnet and it is immediately drawn toward it, and from the action it is readily concluded that there is a property about the. magnet which acts with power and apparent intelligence. All magnets ])Ossess this pi-operty and the observance of it is exceedingly interesting. One is filled with wonder in seeing an apparently inanimate substance manifest life, as it were, by moving toward another object. And when it reaches the object the influence under which it has acted binds it there. I believe that there is a mighty power at work in all these things which at present is not understood by learned scientists.
The law of gravitation is called one of the grand laws o the universe, and upon it are based many of the beautilul
58 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
studies of science. By it bodies are said to be attracted toward the earth and in turn attract each other. The mag- nificent orbs wliich illumiaate and beautify the heavens are influenced by thi^ law. The grand moving cause of the law is not given in ordinary scientific books; neither is it explained how a particle of matter or body without life or intelligence can act upon a similar object. The lack of a knowledge of the intelligent acting, permeating fprce exist- ing in the creations is felt by some of the eminent scholars of the day. Professor Tyndall has said: "If you ask me whether science has solved, or is likely to solve, the problem of this universe I must shake my head in doubt. We have been talking of matter and force; but whence came matter and whence came force? Who made all these starry orbs? Science makes no attempt to answer. As far as I can see there is no quality in the human intellect which is fit to be applied to the solution of the problem. The phenomena of inuitor and force lie within our intellectual range, and as far AS they reach we will at all hazards push our inquiries. But behind, and above and around all, the real mysteries of this universe remain unsolved; and here the true philosopher will bow his head in humility, and admit that all he can do in this direction is no more than what is in the compass of an ordinary child."
"We habitually speak of the attraction arid repulsion of the affinity and non-affinity qf bodies," says Robert Hunt, "and write learnedly upon the laws of their forces. After all it woi]ld be more honest to admit that we know no more of the secret impulses which regulate the combinations of matter, than did those in days gone by, referring all phe- nomena of these kinds to sympathies and antipathies." The Duke of Argyle says: "The more we know of nature, the more certain it appears that a multiplicity of separate for- ces does not exist, but that all her forces pass into each other, and are but modifications of some old force which is the source and centre of the rest." The late Apostle Orson Pratt said: "All of the great laws of the universe are riot the laws of inert matter, but the laws of a self-moving intelli- gent and powerful being, possessing knowledge, goodness, love and every other attribute that is good and great and useful." It is evident from reason and from the teachings of the scriptures that there is everywhere present a spirit and power permeating all things. A revelation given
SCIENCE, 59
through Joseph the Prophet says: ''He governeth and exe- cuteth all things, and all things are hefore Him: and He is ahove all things, and in all things, and is through all things, and is around about all things; and all things are by Him even God forever and ever." This doubtless has reference to the Holy Spirit, and throws much light upon difficulties presented in studying the laws of nature. And as that pow- er is better understood more light may be expected, from being in accordance with laws governing the spiritual and temporal man.
The laws of nature being actuated by an intelligence of the character shown suggests to us the depth, beauty, gran- deur and sublimity of the study we are commencing. The great achievements of the present century lead the mind to contemplate the possibilities of the future. But here the weakness of finite mind is felt in the impossibility to grasp the future developments of science. Man has by earnest searching found many truths, unaided by that inspiration which comes through obedience to the Gospel of Christ as revealed from heaven. Witb the aid of the heavenly spirit his energies will be strengthened and the results of dilligent labors will be glorious successes. We can safely predict that there will be many new discoveries made which will aid man in the advancement to the position he should occupy in the fulness of times.
President George Q. Cannon has said: ''The last dispen- sation of which prophets have written and poets sung, when God would again make bare H;s arm- in the deliverence of His people, has been ushered in. To thoroughly dissemin- ate this knowledge, scientific truths were revealed and science assumed her proper position as handmaid to religion. It was necessary that this should be the case that the ac- complishment of the designs of the Almighty might be brought about with the requisite speed. In making and perfecting the discoveries, therefore, the scientific men of the age are but instruments in the hands of a superior power, that is operating with them for the accomplishment of His plans." From what has been said we understand that some important things are not comprehended by the most learned men of to-day, and when we treat physics, that* dei)artment of science allotted to us for study, we will do so having had a glimpse of some plain facts which present themselves to scientists. In this introductory lecture we have endeavored
60 LOGAN TEMl'LE LECTUKE8.
to briefly point out: the attractions and benefits of science as a study, its position in the work of education, its scope, its wonderful advancement, its relation to religion and the necessity of inspiration to the complete understand- ing of some of its principles. The statements presented from earnest workers and eminent scholars teach us that thero is much to be learned by the greatest among them regarding the universe. We, as Latter-day Saints, ac- knowledge the goodness and power of God in all the crea- tions around us. ^ We look forward with pleasure to that time when we, by diligent stud}^ and the blessings of God, shall be as far in advance of the world regarding a knowledge of science as we now are in a knowledge of religion.
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THEOLOGY-IL
JAMES Z. STEWART.
The Promised Messiah — Predictions made by the Prophets — Jesus Rejected by the Jews — Evidences in the Book of Mormon in favor of the Divine Mission of Christ and Corroborative of Bible Testimony.
The coming of Jesus Christ as the promised Messiah has been regarded by the more thoughtful of the human family with as much interest, probably, as any subject pertaining to the salvation and redemption of man. This is especially true from the fact that the sacred writings of the Old Tes- tament, teach that on account of sin it was decreed that all mankind should die; that there should be an eternal separa- tion of the spirit from the body; and that all would be shut out fprever from the presence of God; that this awful curse would remain upon them eternally, were it not that a Mes- siah or Redeemer of the world should come and give him- self a ransom to atone for the sin which brought about the fall; restoring to the children of men that which had been lost, and preparing a plan whereby all might regain the presence of their God. AVe read that this Messiah would bring about a resurrection whereby all shall come forth and be judged and rewarded according to their works. All the Prophets and inspired men of old relied upon him for the blessings which they expected to enjoy.
Now if Jesus Christ were not the promised Messiah, then He has not yet appeared and man is still under the curse referred to. All wdio have died since the days of Adam are still in their graves, and there lias been no resurrection, for the Messiah w^as to be the first fruits of the resurrection. The jews rejected Him, declaring that he was not the Messiah, but an impostor, and their descendants so claim even to this day, while the Christians claim that He ivas the true Mes-
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siah, and upon His teachings all the sects and denomina- tions pretend to have built up their organizations. The Lat- ter-day Saints also believe in Christ; they accept His teachings as divine; and acknowledge Him to be the true Messiah, the Savior of the world, and believe that in Him were fulfilled all the predictions of the Prophets, concerning the life, labors, death and resurrection of the Messiah; and through Him, or in His name, they expect salvation as well as all temporal blessings. To prove that He was not the promised Messiah, would prove that the Gospel is not upon the earth, and that it has never been upon the earth; even that all mankind are grovelling in darkness and supersti- tion.
Viewing the matter then in all its bearings, it most cer- tainly is important that we should study this subject with the greatest interest and care, and make ourselves familiar with the existing evidences regarding it, that we may be able to show to the unbelieving that our faith is not founded upon superstition, but that the Gospel is true, and that we are truly participants 'in all its gifts and blessings. Let us therefore proceed to inquire "svhat is said of Him by the prophets:
In Genesis, chapters xii, xviii and xxii, we learn that the i oL'd told Abraham that the Messiah should be of his lineage, iVir i^aid he: ''In thy seed shall all the kindreds of the earth be blessed." The Prophet Isaiah, Chap, vii, informs us that He would come upon the earth like unto man; that He would be born of a virgin, and Micah, Chap, v, tells us that He would be born in , Bethlehem of Judea. Psalms Ixxii and Isaiah Ix say that he would be worshiped by the wise men from the East; and Jeremiah, the Prophet, was shown that an effort would be made to destroy Him in his infancy. Jeremiah, xxxi. We read in Isaiah, xl, that a messenger would pre- pare the way before Him; but notwithstanding the plain predictions made by the prophets concerning Him, and the inestimable good that he would do for the Jews, and the importance of His mission to them, as well as to the whole human family, we are given to understand that he would be disregarded and rejected. Isaiah, viii: 14, 15. From Psalms, xli and Iv, we learn that the Messiah would be be- trayed by a friend, and Zechariah says that he would be sold or destroyed for thirty pieces of silver. Zeckariah xi, 12.
The Psalmist informs us that He would be accused by
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false witnesses; that He would be buffeted and abused; that He would be spit upon; that he would be pierced, and that they would give him gall and vinegar to drink, but that not a bone of his body would be broken, Isaiah 1; Pslamsxxxiv: 20 and 69; xxi.
Let us see how this prophetic history corresponds with the recorded history of Jesus Christ: We find the genealogy of Jesus in the first chapter of Matthew, from which we learn, as also from Luke iii, that He was of the lineage of Abra- ham, and that He was l)()rn of the virgin Mary, of whom a most interesting account is given in the first Chapter of Luke, in which we are told that He was born in Bethlehem of Jiulea. Matthew ii tells us that ''when Jesus was born in Beth- lehem of Judea, in the days of Herod the king, behold there came wise men from the East to Jerusalem, saying: ''Where is He that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen His star in the East, and are come to worship him." "And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search diligently for the young child; and when ye have found him, bring me word again, that I may come and worship him also. When they had heard the king, they departed; and lo! the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. When they saw the star tliey rejoiced with exceeding great joy. And when they were come into the house they saw the young child with Mary, his mother, an<l fell down and worshiped him."
By reading a little further we see why Herod asked the wise men to bring him word; that it was not that he de- sired to w^orship him, but that he desired to destroy him; and when Herod saw that the wise men did not return and inform him, he determined to make sure of the destruction of the child, for we learn in this same chapter that he "slew all the children that were in Bethlehem and in all the coast thereof, from two years old and under," but the angel of the Lord had directed that Jesus should previously be taken into Egypt, that his life might be preserved.
in Luke i and also Matthew iii we have an account of John the Baptist — preaching in the wilderness of Judea, saying: "Repent ye; for the kingdom of heaven is at hand, prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight," thus ful- fiUiag the prophecy that a messenger should prepare the way before him.
I need make no quotations to show that Jesus was rejected
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of the Jews, for that is a fact which is known of all, but by reading Matthew xxvi, we learn that He w^as betrayed by His friend, Judas Iscariot, one of the Twelve Apostles, and that His betrayal was for the paltry sum of thirty pieces of silver; that He w^as left to suffer alone, *'then did they spit in his face, and buffeted him; and others smote him with the palms of their hands/' Two false witnesses testified a^^ainst him, and upon their testimony was he condemned. When Judas saw that Jesus was condemned, he repented, ''and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priest and elders, saying: I have sinned in that I have be- trayed the innocent blood; And they said: What is that to us? See thou to that, And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged him- self."
In Matthew xxvii it is recorded that at this time there was a notable feast, and as it was their custom to liberate a prisoner on such occasions, Pilate, the Roman Governor, desired to release Jesus, for he knew that for envy he had been delivered to him, for when he sat upon "the judgment seat, his wife sent to him, saying: Have thou nothing to do with that just man, for I have suffered many things this day in a dream because of him." But the people demanded that he should be crucified, and "when Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing but that rather a tumult was made, he took water and washed his hands before the multitude,
lying: "lam innocent of the blood of this just person; liii; tfc to it." Then answered the people and said: "His blood be on us and on our children." He was then deliv- ered to them to be crucified. And they stripped him and put a crown of thorns upon his head, and a reed in his right hand, and mocked and spit upon him and smote him on the head, and then gave him gall and vinegar to drink, and crucified him between two thieves, and they parted his gar- ments casting lots; but they broke not a bone of his body."
In this comparison we find that every prediction which was made with regard to the Messiah was fulfilled in Jesus Christ, and as no other })ersonage has appeared, in whom those predictions were fulfilled, we must conclude tliat He is the promised Messiah, or the Messiah has not yet appeared upon the earth. But He having done the work which the prophets declared would be done by the Messiah, even to the laying down of His life, and taking it up again on the third
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day, would seem to be proof positive that He was the Re" deemer of the world. . . ^ .1 ^•
The Prophet Lehi was favored with a vision at the time ho was required of God to take his family and jo^^rney m the wilderness, and he was shown that Jesus Christ the promised Messiah would come upon the earth for he said that in six hundred years from the time that he '^eft Jeru- salem, a prophet would the Lord God raise up among the Jews; even a Messiah, or, in other words, a bavior of the world " He also spoke of the predictions of the prophets concerning the Messiah, and also of a proi)het who should come before the Messiah to prt^parethe way of the Lord; that this people -should go forth and cry in the wilderness, pre- pare ye the way of the Lord, and make His paths straight; for there standeth one among you whom ye know not; and He is mightier than I, whose shoe lachetl am not worthy to unloose." Lehi was shown many other things regarding His baptism, teachings to the people, and finally His death and resurrection. I Nephi, 10. xt i •
Shortly after thev had started into the wilderness, Mephi was favored with one of the greatest visions that was ever revealed to mortal man. In this vision which is recorded in first Nephi, he saw what should befall his people after thev should reach the promised land; even all the most im- portant events of the world's history. Among the great events which lie was privileged to behold was that Jesus Christ, the Messiah would manifest himself m the ilesh; He should be born of a virgin, and he heard the name ol the virgin that it was Mary; that Jesus should go forth among the people; that He should be baptized of Him who should prepare the way before Him; that the heavens should open and the Holy Ghost descend and rest upon Him m the form of a dove; and that He should go forth ministering among the people in power and great glory, and that multi- tudes would gather together to hear Him. He also saw the twelve apostle of Jesus following Him, and that the heav- ens were opened and that angels ministered unto the chil- dren of men. He saw manv were sick, and were possessed of unclean spirits and devils and all manner of diseases, and thev were healed by the power of the Lamb of God, and the devils and unclean spirits were cast out. He also saw that the Lamb of God was taken by the people, even the Son of God was judged of the world, and he saw and bore
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record that He was lifted upon a cross and was slain for the sms ol the world; and that after He Nvas slain that the mul- titudes of the earth gathered themselves together to ficrht against the Apostles of the Lamb.
Let us stop a moment and compare the predictions of these iwo prophets with the history of our Savior Jesus Christ In the hrst place Nephi says positively in I. Nephi; 10, ''Yea even in six hundred years from the time father left Jerusa- i iem, a prophet would the Lord God raise up among the '' Jews; even a Messiah; or, in other words, a Savior of the world, ' i
Now history tells us that in the year 599 B. C, Zedekiah began his reign over Judah and in the first chapter of Nephi ^ye learn that in that same year Lehi received his instruc- tions to depart into the wilderness. He undoubtedlv left the same year or soon after, for we find that he was warned ol the destruction of Jerusalem which was near at hand, and which did soon occur. History tells us that the Chal- deans in the year 588 B. C. destroyed Jerusalem, and the Jews were carried away into captivity, and with them Zedekiah, their king Now Jesus Christ was born within the period given by these two Prophets, and bv reference to his birth, lite,' ministry, death and resurrection, we find that in every particular their predictions were fulfilled in Him. And we also see that if He was not the Messiah, then they were false i rophets, for within that time, nor since, has any other 1 rophet, or person, arisen whose history would lead any- one to believe that he was the promised Messiah.
In the fourteenth chapter of Helaman, we find recorded the prohpecy of Samuel, the Lamanite, with regard to the signs of the first coming of the Messiah, he says: ''Behold 1 ^ive unto you a sign; for five years more cometh, and be- hold then cometh the Son of God to redeem all those who siiall boheve on His name, and behold this will I give unto '.«'U lor a sign at the time of His coming, and behold there ill l>o great lights in heaven,insomuch that the niglit before I ' <J« 'iiuith there shall be no darkness,insomuch that it will ap- ■ i- unto man as it was day. Therefore, there shall be one . V Mild a niglit, and a day, as if it were one day, and there ^^re no night; and this shall be unto you for a sign; for ve -sliall know of the rising of the sun, and also of its setting;
\ 1 u 1, ij* ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ *^^ "^S^*- t>efore He is born. And behold there shall a new star arise, such an one as ye
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never have beheld; and this also shall be a sign unto you. And behold this is not all, there shall be many signs and wonders in heaven."
By reading III. Nephi, i, we find that this prophecy was fulfilled in every particular, for within five years there were two days and a night as if it were but one day; great lights appeared in the heavens, and a new star was seen, and, in short, all the signs predicted concerning the birth of Christ, the Messiah, were witnessed by the people, and they com- menced, on this continent, to reckon their time from that date. Not only do we find this in the Book of Mormon, but when America was discovered by the Spaniards, they also learned that the inhabitants of this continent reckoned their time from the birth of Christ, which fact caused the Europeans no little surprise.
Upon examining this subject further, we learn that the signs of His crucifixion were also seen by the people on this continent, for Nephi informs us that in the vision to which we have referred, he saw a mist of darkness on the face of the land of promise, and he saw lightnings, and heard thun- derings and earthquakes, and all manner of tumultuous noises; and he saw the earth and the rocks that they rent; and he saw mountains tumbling to pieces, and the plains of the earth broken up, and many cities were sunk. Nephi, xii.
We turn again to the prophecy of Samuel the Lamanite, speaking of the coming of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, that all might know of the signs of His coming and believe on His name. He says; ''But, behold, as I said unto you concerning another sign, a sign of His death; behold, in that day that He shall suffer death the sun shall be darkened and refuse to give its light unto you; and also the moon, and the stars; and there shall be no light upon the face of this land, even from the time that He shall suffer death for the space of throe days, to the time that He shall rise again from the dead. Yea, at the time that He shall yield up the Ghost, there shall be thunderings and lightnings for the space of many hours, and the earth shall shake and tremble, and the rocks which are upon the face of this earth; which are both above the earth and beneath, which ye know at this time are solid, or the more part of it is one sollid mass, shall be broken up; yea, they shall be rent in twain, and shall ever after be found in seams and cracks, and in broken fragments
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upon the face of the whole earth; yea, both above the earth and beneath. And behold there shall be great tempests, and there shall be many mountains laid low, like unto a valley, and there shall be many places, which are now called valleys, which shall become mountains, whose height there- of is great. And many highways shall be broken up, and many cities shall become desolate. And many graves shall be opened, and shall yield up many of their dead; and many Saints shall appear unto many." Helaman xiv, 20-25.
After reading sucli plain and positive predictions as the above, and studying carefully the history of what took place afterward on this continent, we are struck with astonishment in seeing how to completely all were fulfilled. We read ill ill Nephi viii that in the thirty -third year after having -L'on the sign of the birth of Christ, the people began I > look very earnestly for the signs, that had been spoken of ".• die Prophets, of His death and resurrection, and that on h J'uirth day of the first month of the thirty-fourth year, ihore arose a great storm, such a one as had never been Kiiown before in the land; that there was a great and terrible tempest, accompanied by such fierce thunder and lightning, that it seemed it would tear the earth asunder. The earth shook terribly, and many noted cities were sunk, some were burned with fire, and others were carried away by the terri- ble tempest that swept over the land, while others were sunk in the depths of the sea. The highways were broken up and the level roads spoiled, and many smooth places made rough, and the face of the whole earth became de- formed because of the tempest, the thunderings and the lightning and the quaking of the earth.
''And behold the rocks were rent in twain, they were broken up upon the face of the whole earth, insomuch that they were found in broken fragments, and in seams and in cracks, upon all the face of the land. And it came to pass that there was thick darkness upon all the face of the land, insomuch that the inhabitants thereof who had not fallen, could feel the vapor of darkness. And there was not any light seen, neither the sun, nor the moon, nor the stars, so great were the mists of darkness, which were upon the face of the land," and it lasted for three days.
In III Nephi, x, 18, we learn that near the close of the thirty-fourth year Jesus Christ appeared in his resurrected body to the remnant of the people, who had not been de-
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stroyed by" ibo great tempest which had passed over the Laii(i, and lie visited them for many days. He organized His Church among them, and taught them the Gospel; the same Gospel in all respects that He had taught on the east- ern continent before His crucifixion.
But this is not recorded alone in the Book of Mormon. While that book is to us divine and sufficient, yet, we have other evidences which tend to corroborate the mighty state- ments of that sacred ])ook. The first to which I wish to re- fer is found in Boturini's history of this continent. Before quoting from this author I wish to call attention to one point that we may be able to better understand the quotations. The person whom he calls St. Thomas the Indians called Quecalcoatl, and before reading all the extracts we shall be able to form a satisfactory conclusion as to who he was. I would add further tliat "^Boturini was one of the Catholic Pri<'sts who first went to Mexico with the Spaniards, and had an excellent opportunity to study their history; and with that object in view he lived and traveled among them for eight vears; and gathered together wagon loads of ancient writings of the Indians. On page 6 of Boturini's History we find the following: ''There is no Gentile nation that has re- corded primitive events with as much certainty as have the Indians. Tliey give us an account in their characters, of the specific year of the creation of the world, of the deluge, of the confusion of languages at the Tower of Babel and of all other important periods and ages of the world, and of the long journeyings of their people in Asia; and in the seven Conejos they remind us of the great eclipse that occurred at the death of Christ our Lord; and the first Christian Indians, who understood their chronology perfectly, and studied ours with great curiosity, left us an accountof the time which had passed since the creation of the world, down to the birth of Christ."
And on page 104 he says: ''I have not found, neither in pictures, songs, nor manuscripts, that any other nation has placed foot in the new world, except the blessed St. Thomas, who in both the kingdom of Peru and New Spain, preached the gospel, and whose history I have positive desires to write, from the great monuments which I have discovered."
Also on page 156: "In the valuable historical museum which I have collected are found, in pictures, as also in manuscripts, ancient monuments of the gospel preaching of
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the glorious Apostle St. Thomas, whom the Indians called (iuecalcoatl."
On pages 50, 51, and 52 he gives another account of his preaching and the great regard which the Indians had for him, saying, that there ''remained many evidences of the holy feet of said Apostle in different places in New Spain; and besides this it is recorded in their history, that a white man preached there a holy law J' I would ask if the above <piotiitions do not confirm the statements made in the Book Hi Mormon? Balboa asserts that the Peruvians had a tra- iliiioii that the graves were opened at the time Jesus rose ruin the tomb. The Toltecs have a similar account, and I I here was a great earthquake.
i.okI Kingsbury, in the eighth volume of his history, after liaving instituted a close comparison between the brief his- tory of Christ as contained in the New Testament and that of Quecalcoatl as recorded in the mythological traditions of the Mexicans, points out some of their paintings in which he claims that the accomplishment of the most famous prophecies relating to Christ are shadowed in a much clear- er manner than the types of the Old Testament foreshadow the Messiah.
Lord Kingsbury, in volume six, page 259, says: "Having adduced many arguments in the course of these notes in proof of Judaism having formerly been the established re- ligion of the New World, another mystery no less deserving of attention remains to be explained; namely, how it hap- pens that so many Christian rites could have been mixed up with the barbarous superstitions of the Mexicans, and such a wonderful knowledge of the facts recorded in the Gospel discovered among them. The solution of this great historical problem depends on the admission of the proba- bility that America was in very early ages colonized both by Jews and Christians, who for a length of time maintained an obstinate struggle with each other for supremacy, but at last the worshipers of Tezcalipoca, who were the Jews, came to a compromise with the disciples of Quecalcoatl, who were the Christians and inferiors in numbers to their op- l)onents, that if the latter would conform to the rites and ceremonies of the Mosaic law, thev in turn would acknov/1- edge Quecalcoatl to be the Messiah who was to redeem Is- rael. * * * Of the history of Quecalcoatl, or the first propagation of Christianity in America, we unfortunately
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know but little, owing to the exertions of the early Spanish missionaries to destroy and consign to oblivion all the monu- ments of American antiquity."
How clear the solution of the great mystery here referred to is to the readers of the Book of Mormon. The Nephites were Israelites who had been schooled in the law of Moses, and Jesus our Savior declared to them the Gospel plan, thus they were familiar with both, but they did not obtain this knowledge in the way the historian has supposed they did. But all this tends to establish what we wish to prove, that Jesus Christ was the promised Messiah, and it confirms the truth of the Book of Mormon and its teachings.
We find in Mexican history that Quecalcoatl was called by the same names as is the Messiah in the Old Testament, and that the Mexicans believed Him to be a king and a prophet. They assert that He was born of a virgin, and that on the road to Cholula He was attended by many de- formed and unfortunate persons.
Rosales in his History of Chili gives an interesting ac- count of information obtained in the city of Santiago. He says that one Valdivia desired to build a church in that place with a view to bringing the people to a knowledge of God. The people told him that they already knew that there was a God in heaven, for their forefathers had taught them that a marvelous man had been in that land, whose dress and appearance they described; and said that he did many mighty miracles, that He cured the sick immediately, gave sight to the blind and many other great works, telling them that thei'c was a God in the high heavens who created all things, and that there were many men and women who shone witli the splendor of the sun. (This is confirmed in the Book of Mormon, see iii Nephi.) Valdivia was astound- ed to hear such things and said he supposed that some Apostle had been there; for this person had preached the Gospel to that people, but that to a certain extent, a knowl- edge of it had been lost, on account of lapse of time. How- ever, to confirm their assertions that the Holy Gospel had been: preached there by this personage, there is a marvel, a stone which is preserved to this day in the valley of Taurau, whicli is one and a half yards wide by two yards in length, on which is impressed the mark of hi^ foot.
Lord Kingsbury affirms that it is difiicult to determine how the Indians could understand the things they did.
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without the mysteries of the evangelical law having been preached to them.
Remesal, in his history, states that when Don Bartholo- mew (ie las Casas proceeded to his field of labor as Bishop of Chiapas, in 1545, he commissioned an ecclesiastic, whom he found in Campeache, whose name was Frances Hernan- \K'z, and who was well acquainted with the language of the Indians. This man was sent among the Indians and after M inn- among them about a year, he wrote to Las Casas, that Iki.1 met a principal lord among them, who, on being ,iii iUnnod respecting the ancient religion which they pro- ("fl, told the ecclesiastic that thc}^ knew of and believed
III a God who was in heaven, and that this God was the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, and that the Father's name was Yzona, who created men, and that the Son was called Babcab, who was born of a virgin of the name of Chiribirias, and that the mother of Chiribirias was named Yxchel; that the Holy Ghost was called Echoah. .
He said that Babcab, (the Son) was scourged and crowned with thorns and put to death, being fastened to abeam with his arms extended; that he remained dead three days, and un the third day he came to life, and ascended into heaven, where he now is with the Father; that immediately after this, Echoah (the Holy Ghost) came and filled the earth with what- ever it stood in need. Cogoluddo in his History of Yuca- tan, states that other circumstances besides their religious creed induced the Dominicans to believe that Christianity had been preached to that people.
After having referred thus to the written histor}^ of the aborigines of America, we will now speak of their tradition- al history, a history which must certainly have great weight with us, from the fact that it is so general among nearly all the tribes of this continent, and a matter which no writer, regarding American antiquities, has failed to notice. It is their belief that their forefathers were favored with visits from a celestial being, or as Lossing's History of the United States has it "a white bearded mortal." The Apaches say that their forefathers a long time ago were visited by a fair God, who taught them a great many things, and that while he was with them, they were very greatly blessed in all things, .md that when he left them, he promised to come back again; I hat for a long time after he left them they used to pray to
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him, and he talked to them and blessed them, but for a very long time he has not talked to them.
The traditions of many other tribes are quite similar, and in fact there are but few if any tribes who do not have a tradition of the appearance of that important personage, and history asserts that it was on account of this tradition that the Aztec Emperor Montezuma and his people yielded so easily to the invading Spanish army; in fact the emperor spoke of it to C.ortez, and he and his men took advantage of it.
We see therefore that the history of the Messiah was writ- ten long before His birth, by the patriarchs and prophets, who ;vere inspired of God to do so, and that in examining the history of Jesus Christ and comparing it with the prophetic history of the Messiah it is event that the one is but a repe- tition of the other.
That if Jesus Christ was not the promised Messiah then the Messiah has never made His appearance, and all the pro- phets in all ages have been mistaken as to the time of His coming, and all mankind may, as do the Jews, still look forward for this important event. But it appears to us that after having instituted a careful comparison between the prophetic history of the Messiah and the history of Jesus Christ, there is no longer room for doubt; everything con- nected with the life and labors of our Savior, tends to stamp conviction upon the minds of all, that Jesus is the Christ, the promised Messiah.
The Jewish historian Josephus speaks of Christ with re- verence; expressing his doubts as to whether or not it is lawful to call him a man. The sound doctrine which Jesus taught forces the conviction upon the mind, that He was a teacher from God. He taught not as did the Scribes and Pharisees and His teachings have influenced the world more than those of any other being who has dwelt on the earth. The mighty niiracles which He wrought declared in terms not to be mistaken that He was sent of God. The power which He delegated to others, proclaims the divinity of His mission, and modern revelation has placed the truth of this question beyond a doubt, in the minds of all those who have been enlightened by the spirit of inspiration.
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CIVIL GOYERHMEKT.
MOSES THATCHEB.
Tde Rights of Individuals and their Relations to the State — Sovereignty Vested in the People — The Constitution of the United States — Local Self-Governrnent the chief Corner Stone of the American Systenn— Dangers Threatening the Republic.
Uiulor civil government may be defined the rights of Individuals and their relations to other citizens of the State. 1 1 pertains to organized society reduced to harmony, and sabject to control; and has reference to the exercise of authori- ty in regulating, directing and restraining.
As found grouped into families, where children are subject u> parents, society appears to be the natural state of man, in which, under pro})er regulations, he should enjoy all the rights that can be enjoyed in any state of nature. "The constitution of man in his entire nature, would seem to in- dicate, that it is the intention of his Maker that he shall live under government. History testifies that such has been the ease from the beginning. In every ago and in every part of the earth, men, whether savage or civilized, have lived to- gether in families, tribes and nations. Civil society would thus seem to be a universal fact."
I have nowhere found a more perfect expression of the »)l)jects of civil government than that announced in the en- ;Kting clause of our National C'onstitntion. It is as follows: "We the people of the United States, in order to form a [iiore perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- quility, provide for the common defence, promote the gen- eral welfare and secure the blessings of liberty for ourselves and our j)Osterity, do ordain and establish this Constitu- tion for the United States of America." Definite and exact
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ill expression, broad and extensive in purpose, we tind this not only embracing safet}^ justice, tranquility, iuid the gen- eral welfare ol' the Union and allits people, but the blessings of liberty for themselves and also for their posterity. Such were the express ends, to secure which the people of the United States ordained and established the National Consti- tution, which we may regard as the greatest known charter of human liberty, as well as the most ably formulated basis for civil government extant.
It was designed to be a government of the people, for the people and by the people; seeking ends that all govern- ments, whatever, are under moral obligations and divine requirement to seek. No government ought ever to be es- tal)lished for the good of the few to the hurt of the many. It should be established with the view of benefiting the ruled, rather than with the view of advancing the power of rulers, who, in all purely human governments, have, in every age, manifest- ed a disposition to centralize, become aggressive, and often to oppress. Because of this tendency it has been asserted that man surrenders his individual rights in order to form the basis for civil government. This is not true. It is an asser- tion, founded in selfishness. In society, and under the safe- guards of a generous and wisely-formed government, man should freely exercise and enjoy every natural a*nd indi- vidual right that could possibly be exercised and enjoyed by him in any natural state. The object of government should be to extend, not curtail men's rights.
Referring to our own government, Andrews, in his Man- ual of the Constitution says: "Civil authority is of divine origin, and it is lodged in the people. It is held in the nation as a whole, and not by them as individuals. Society is not a congress of sovereigns. The power of society does not come from the individual mem])ers, but it belongs to the nation, as such. The nation receives it from God, as a par- ent receives from God his right to govern His child. It may be thought that the theory of lodging the^ civil au- thority in the people as a whole, would lead to social despot- ism. As, in the other case, the rights claimed for the indi- vidual would make government an imposibility; so, here, the right claimed for the people, as a whole, would destroy all the rights of the individual citizen. But although the sovereignty is in the people collectively, they have no right to exercise any authority which God has not bestowed upon
(
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.*» LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
; .. .11. The parent has no right to govern his child, except I .. iho child's good; neither has the nation any right to do ;iii\ tiling which is not for the good of the people. Each lai laber of the community has inalienable rights with which ^o(dety has no right to interfere." Some rights come from I III' State, as such; many do not, but belong to man as man. • ITinnanly speaking the sovereignty of the nation is in the {H'ople collectively, but this sovereignty is not absolute; it must be exercised in subordination to a higher power which rocognizes the dignity, and worth of the human being."
Tlie United States, having no political superior, is sover- ( ign. But its sovereignty is in the State, and not in the government of the State. We hear much in these times iVom some who boast loudly of their loyalty, about the *'sov- I'leignty of the United States government." There is no such tiling as government sovereignty contemplated, or provided fur, in our National Constitution. Under our form of gov- ernment sovereignty is in the people collectively constitut- ing the State, and not the body of men who, for the time be- ing, lire invested by them, with civil authority.
T would have students of this school keep this important r..rL well in mind, because we hear so much lately about the sovereign will of the national government. Utah's pres- iiit executive is, I believe, largely given to the use of this erroneous assertion. Officials in whose selection the people have no voice, and to whom they are not amenable, usually tiitirtain exalted ideas of the powers of government, imagin- iiii; perhaps, that the people were made for governments,
«1 not governments for the people. Broad in scope and
:-i inching in intent, if there is one fact better established mother in this country, it is the fact that sovereignty ' I I'uitod States, is vested in the 2)eople, and not in those 1 1 111 tlicyhave placed temporary authority to govern. . nic hiw is supreme. We speak of it as "the Consti- • i the United States." It is not that; but is, as ex- 1 l»y its writers, a constitution "ordained and estab- . ill <l lor the United States of America," by the people. 'Ilius, while the government under the restrictions of the or- ii;:ini(; law may enact general measures, it has no authority t(» change the Constitution in the least degree; nor can it invalidate its least provision without endangering the safe- guards of liberty by treading on the reserved rights of the ]HOple. The distinction between the powers of the nation
77
CIVIL GOVERNMICNT. "
on the one hand, and those of the government, or agency of the people on theother,areof vast importance, and should, in toes of aggression, when powers trend to centra^^.za- tion and usurpation, be guarded with jealous care by all
^"TmentioTtheTe things with an earnest desire to impress them upon your minds, believing the time »"* distant, when a knowledge of tliem, accompanied by the di«Po«> ^"/"f ability to maintain the sacred provisions of our nation s su- preme law, will be exceedingly valuable. Not rnany y a a^o I heard a member of Congress, in open debate, declare that "necessity in this country knew no Constitu ion and never did!" The utterance might have been regarded as the expression of a fool whose sayings were entitled to no weiglit but when endorsed, as they were, by the rapturous ^VP^^^t! of the Republican side of the House, they indicated unmis- takablv the growing tendency to ignore the Constitution or trample unblushingly upon its inhibitions. ,K"\'^''f,f /^°. 7^ above assertion, of an oath-violating law-maker, is the state- ment said to have been made by a certain somewhat notor- ous United States senator from Vennont-whose Puritan piety is only equaled by his an li-" Mormon an.mosity-to the effect tliat "this country had known, during the past fiftv years, no Constitution other than that of public opimon- as interpreted, I presume, by himself and party. If the honorable senator made ^leh an assertion— and the pro- visions of certain unwarranted measures introduced in the Senate by him and bearing his name, would seem to ind - cate such to be his sentiments,-ho is i" e'-';^' *^^^"Sl» Poss>- bly viciously, rather than ignorantly so. If the honorable senator has the ability claimed for him as a Constitutiona lawyer, he should know, and undoubtedly does know, that "public opinion"— unexpressed by amendment provided for a id in the manner prescribed in the nationa o-ganic law its,.lf-is no more the Constitution of these United States, thin would be the opinion of South Sea islanders.
If the sovereign people of this country would pause long enough to reflect upon, and grasp the full meaning and revolutionary intent of such statements, they would unhesi- tatinglv, and promptly relegate to private life, those daring to utter th;m. The violation of constitutional Pro/isions on the plea of expediency must ever be attended with bad resul s. If in the opinion of the people, they be thought inadequate.
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78 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
h't them be altered or amended in the legitimate way, for W'n.shington declared the ignoring, violating or trampling iiiidcr foot of Constitutional law, to be the means used by iiaitors, to destroy free government. The right of the peo- \Ao, in the legitimate manner,to alter tlie Constitution, in or- iloi* to make it harmonize with public opinion, is recognized l»y all well informed people; but every lover of his country should deny and contest the right of statesmen and dema- gogues, to trample upon any of its provisions until so changed. It is supreme, and for the safety of the Union, must be so regarded by all. •
The government of the United States is a complex politi- cal science based on the broadest human comprehension of man's natural, inalienable and acquired rights. By pre- viously untried means, it seeks to secure and perpetuate just and wise rule. It is not, on the one hand, a consolidated re- public, nor on the other, a league of States. Occupying the ground between the two, the American people constitute a nation with a liberal form of government, the character of which, is clearly defined by the National Constitution; but tlie country is marked by divisions called States, each hav- ing a constitiition made by the people of that political divis- ion; while those of the entire nation — except residents of Ttnritories — enact the general Constitution. Beyond the limits of a State its organic law has no force. Within the State it is equally supreme with^the National Constitution, which operates throughout the Union. Between them there can be no conflict, because their origin is the same; nor is one, as some have supposed, intended as a check and balance on the other. The confederation of States, demonstrated by . vp^'rience, that a supreme national government could have iiu existence under a simple league. On the other hand, 11 ' constitutions preclude the idea of a consolidated re-
iiu well.' our government a simple democracy all laws
\\c enacted directly by the people; a thing perhaps
il)le, with a nation of our present magnitude and num-
1 . If, on the other hand, it were a simple republic, we
iM.uld have no laws except those enacted at the seat of gov-
t niint;nt. Thus in part, may be seen the complex intricacy
of our system. The National and State Constitutions are
puroly Democratic, because enacted directly by the people;
but the general laws of Congress are Republican because
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enacted by agents at the seat of government. While the national supreme law everywhere recognizes the existence of the States, with their separate constitutions and various departments, the late Civil War settled the fact that the American people form, by reason of their union, a nation. The relation of States to the Union, has been compared to the relationship existing between a State and its counties. The comparison, in almost every essential particular, is er- ^roneous. The people of a county have no constitution, nor have they authority to form one. They can do nothing poli- tically, except as authorized by the State from which they re- ceive all their powers. They can originate absolutely noth- ing. The government and control of a county is, therefore, in form, more Republican than Domocratic. A State, in con- tra-distinction, can do any and everything politically not contravened by national law^ because its powers, coming direct from the people, have original jurisdiction and law- making autliority. Thus, the State, in its relation to the na- tional government, is less Republican but more Democratic than is the county, in its relations to the State.
The nation, ns such, and the thirteen original States, be- gan their existence on the same day — neither preceding, neither following. Fathered by our patriot sires, their sim- ultaneous birth as independent States, and as a compact union, was consummated by the signing of the Declaration of American Independence. From that day, though grouped as States, they have existed as a nation, and the Constitution, adopted in 1789, defined the powers of each. The general and particular governments together, therefore, constitute the government of the United States. The care of the former extends to the whole Union, and under certain conditions, is bound to atford protection to each State. Every State in the Union has two constitutions — one local, the other general — but one as much the organic law of the State as the other.
Before this system was organized a perfect union of the States did not exist; hence the formation ''of a more per- fect Union" was declared to be one of the objects sought by the writers of the Constitution. Every student of our -na- tional history is aware that their efforts did not prove fruit- less, for harmony and good will prevailed, as between the States, for a number of years and would doubtless have con- tinued to the end of time, if all the provisions of the Supreme
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■SO LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
\a\v had been sacredly observed. Hud the suggestions — hu- iii.ine and generous — made by the Prophet Joseph Smith, lir( 11 adopted and followed, the problem of slavery could li iw been solved constitutionally, and without the sacrifice ~)\ hlood and untold treasure. But "puritanic regulators" whose happiness consists in disturbing, as far as they have ability, the peace of the world, preferred to trample beneath their feet the fundamental law in order to accomplish, by force, their inhuman and cruel ends.
Under the British colonial system, justice had failed to meet the requirements of equity; and, as administered, was a snare and cheat to the people. Such has, and always will be the case, where appointed autocrats rule, without the con- sent of the governed. Where common consent is ig- nored, the establishment of justice is impossible. So felt our fathers when they pledged their fortunes, their sacred honor and their lives to secure American indepen- dence and local self-government. Many writers of eminence, among them the profound reasonerantl modern philosopher, Herbert Spencer, h^ld the chief object to government to be, the common defense of its citizens; and passing beyond what is necessary to the accomplishment of that end, government enters an illegitimate sphere, thereby burdening the State with over legislation. The Constitution provides for the ''common defense," and under measures promoting "the gen- oral welfare," the nation has expanded marvelously. Hav- ing secured, at great sacrifice, the blessings of liberty for themselves, what shall be said of those, seeking, under any [•retext whatever, to thwart their expressed purpose, of ex- tending like blessings to their posterity? Are not such, wherever found, ingrates, false to the memory of tlie past, Mild dangerous to the hopes of the future?
In tlie space of a single lecture I shall not attempt even a I'liii' review of the power and authority of the legislative, iilive and judicial departments of our national govern- il: ]iut in this will refer only to the former. Clause ist, ' 1 1 Ht of the Constitution declares that: "All legisla- I ' powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of ilir Ihiited States, which shall consist of a Senate and House (•I Uepresentatives." I emphasize the words "herein granted" beciiuse Congress now claims authority to legislate on mat- ters over which the Constitution gives it no jurisdiction whatever. I am aware that so-called Statesmen of our day,
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 81
fr(M|U(jiitly assert it to be too late to question the ripjht of that national body to legislate, without restriction, for the government of tlie Territories; because Congress has for years, and still continues with impunity to so legislate. Any American citizens has the right, and is in duty bound, to question the exercise of unauthorized power, wdiether claimed by individuals or by a department of the general gov- ernment. And I assert, without fear of successful contra- diction, that the Constitution nowhere confers on Congress a>ehadow ef authority upon which to base its claim of legis- lative jurisdiction over the inhabitants of the Territories. Local self-government forms the chief corner stone of the American system, and if every citizen guarded human liberty with the same care and devotion as did the colonists, every attempt made in this country to exercise unauthorized pow- er would be regarded as usurpation, and be resisted accord- ingly.
Article X of the amendments to the Constitution reads: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Con- stitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." Thus, beyond question, v/e find all power not conferred by the Constitu- tion itself ''reserved to the States respectively or to the peo- ple." Now as States have no jurisdiction beyond their own limits does it not follow that the right to govern themselves is among the "reserved'' rights of the people of a Territory? If this be the case, upon what assumption has Congress leg- islated for the government of the Territories at all? As far as I have been able to learn, the assumption has been based upon Clause 16, Sec. 8, Article i: and Clause 2, Sec. 3, Article 4 of the Constitution and the Ordinance of 1787, passed by the Continental Congress for the government of the Territory west of the Ohio river.
Among other powers of Congress, Clause 16, Sec. 8, Article I conferred upon it authority to ''Exercise exclusive legis- lation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceed- ing ten miles square) as may by cession of particular States and acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the govern- ment of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State, in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards and other needful buildings."
^'^ LOGAN TEMl'LE LECTURES.
Clause 2, See. 3, Article IV reads: -The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful regulations respecting the Territory or other property belonging to the United btates: and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or ot any particular State."
So-called statesmen have claimed that these clauses taken together, or as bearing upon each other, give to Congress •xcJusive legislative jurisdiction— if it chose to exercise it— 'ver the Territories in all matters. Such a claim is simply !'i'c|>n..lcyi'ous. The clause first above quoted fullv explains ^'■11. Linder it Congress has unquestioned legislative iu- . i.-diclion over the District of Columbia and over all places u])on which the government has erected -forts, magazines arsenals, dock-yards and other needful buildino-s." In like manner it has control of the -territorv (lands) or other property belonging to the United States" and may -make all needful regulations respecting" the disposal thereof. Are the inhabitants of a Territory the property of the United fetates.'' Can Congress make regulations for the disposal of territorial citizens? That Congress has the power to make laws under which the territory, or lands, belonging to the United States maybe disposed of, no one will deny; but in- liabitants of a territory are not property. They are intelli- gent human beings, just such as made it possible for Con- gress to exist. The same class of people as those throuo-h whom Congress received constitutional legislative powers III every instance where Congress has legislated, directly or indirectly for the government of the territories it has acted without constitutional warrant and has thereby not onlv contravened the supreme law, but has invaded the rights Jf territorial citizeus.
But it is claimed by some that legislative authority over the lerritories comes from the ordinance of 1787 which ante-dates the Constitution two years. The articles of con- tederation also ante-date the Constitution but I have heard no one claim them to be authoritative by reason of their antiquity. That they were superceded by the national organic law is, I believe, generally conceded. Was not the ordinance of 1787 also in like manner annulled? The pres- ent territorial system differs but little from the government l-rovided for under that ordinance; and we may regard its ^'Hactmentas the origin, in this country of autocratic rule
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copied from European despotism. But it contained among it many un-American provisions and some generous ones. It required, for instance, "the extension of the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty as the basis of all laws, constitutions and governments ever to be formed or enacted in the said territory. And among the articles of compact between the original States and the people of the said territory, and which were forever to remain unalter- able unless by common consent, we find tHat "no person de- meaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or reli- gious sentiment in said territory." And it was understood and declared that "no law ought everto.be made or have force in the said territory, that shall in any manner what- ever interfere with, or affect private contracts or engage- ments bona fide and without fraud previously formed." These quotations are made in order to show how carefully the fathers guarded religious liberty and provided against the violation of private contracts, even while forming a tem- porary system of un-republican territorial government.
It is unnecessary to review the sufferings of the colonies under the grievous oppressions of King George and his wil- ling Parliament. They are matters of history strikingly paralleled by the wrongs inflicted on every Territory simi- larly governed. The English government being monarchial, had, at least, some pretext for attempts to stifle American liberty; but what can be urged in excuse for similar, studied, persistent, and even more cruel attempts in a nation like ours? Who, having an honest heart, and an unbiased mind, can contemplate the history of Utah without expe- riencing profound sorrow for her people, and contempt for most of her appointed rulers. How shamefully ignored have been every principle of Republicanism in this Terri- tory; where the government, as administered by irresponsi- ble appointees, has been contemptibly and meanly aristo- cratic— a forced government of the many by the few! The executive and judicial departments, being in no sense amen- able to the people, have persistently and shamelessly used legal forms for the purpose of oppression. With the tenure of their office, and the amount and payment of their salary, the people have nothing whatever to do. They have no voice in their selection or confirmation. As officers they are not amenable to the people or subject by them to remo-
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°'* LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
thin /ill' ^\% "^turally serve their masters rather than their slaves. Like the minions of King Georee of England, they use their autocratic power without ™d to the likes or dislikes of the people. ^
The chief executive of a Territory may be, indeed often is an uncompromising opponent and bitter enemy of the mas^ .OS where he rules; and may be a common drunkard mlal leper defaulter and cheat, a revolutionary, nuSrob s ructionist and yet for years, remain Governor. But.^t is said while the executive and judicial departments are nde- pondent of the people, the legislative is of their choice. True b. when they have expressed that choice by casting the'; -allots for nien in whom they have confidence, what^hen' ...notthe Governor with his absolute veto, render void t e l>l .rs of the people's representatives, however diligent v .1 al.ly performed? Thus, one man, in whose se ec on i' iH'oplo are voiceless, and for whom they may have .. confidence nor respect, is supreme; for if he cannot ....a la«s, he can play the part of a dog in the manger and .l.crcby prevent others from doing so This is the 'W ';;an power n unhappy Utah. Under the Engish system 01 monarch.al government, the Sovereign has absolute veto power, and yet it has not, I believe, been exercisedln asii^g e tance for two hundred years. How does that compS «ith the exercise of autocratic power, on the part of Utah's decapitated Governor, who vetoed and ignor^ed seventeen bills originating alone in the House branch of the recentTv adjourned Territorial Legislature. recently
But in noting these matters I desire 1o criticise moa« ures. not men. For to the vicious system of Territorial Got eminent is due most of Utah's afflictions. A moment's rl lection will, I am sure, convince you how utterly rTpugnant
IVrLlT^ ' l^'^^-'r'^ gentleman, by instinct ^and ed-
ucation a lover of popular rule, must be the thought of place aiKl PO^^■er. without the approval and hearty endorsement of ose among whom authority is to be exercised. I ara oily unable to beheve that a really true American, de- Noted to the principles upon which our government is founded, could ever be induced to accept office under such conditions. It ,s impossible to fit an' upright man to de- vious, inconsistent and crooked ways. Is it not, therefore
■^Zl^'^f? °!^ *° '■'V"'^ ™P''°^'^ t^'^ ways rather than
attempt to warp the man? And is it not equally clear that
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CIVIL CiOVERNMIiNT. *'''>
the vicious, uuroinibliciin Territorial system has attracted men iitteil by tlieir very natures to till its apponitive ofhces? What must he the humiliating reliections of these, when they know that not one in a hundred of them could hold ot- flee a single hour on the sulfrage of the people. Among the much despised and vilified Mormons you do not know of an individual holding among them an ecclesiastical othce, who would not promptly resign, on the slightest intimation from thes>eople that such action was desirable? I do not, and trust [ never shall, for I certainly would dislike to entertain feelings of contempt for any of my brethren.
I am a believer in majority rule as contemplated by our national svstem; and as contemplated by the "doctrine of common consent." I am also a believer m the rights ot vilnorUies, whether composed of Jews or Gentiles bond or _ free, white or black, Clhristian or Pagan. An lio"orable member of the late Territorial Legislature is accredited with liavinn- said: "The majority rules in this country, and tne minority must either obey, or rebel." If the gentleman meant to apply that assertion to political divisions he was eminentlv correct. But if he, on the other hand meant to convey the idea that the voters of the State, or those of all the states and other Territories combined were, by reason ot numbers, entitled to rule in Utah, he was grossly in error. In all the counties of a Territory one political party may be lar<Telv in the majority, and yet another party may elect niu- nic]i)al officers from among those who are territorially m the minority; and we would think strangely of, and regard with condemnation, any attempt on the part of the territorial or county majority to trench upon, or usurp, by reason ot great- er numbers, the citv government. Under our American sys- tem the power of majorities is restricted by political divis^ions. In future efforts I may have the satisfaction of amplytymg this subject; now, however, I desire, in conclusion, to touch upon a' matter fraught with untold vexation and evil; 1 mean muncipal, territorial, state and national "ovcr-legula- lion." In the midst of many blessings this curse to society broods over the people like a hideous, never-yielding night- mare-fretting and galling them by the restrictions of their
natural rights. , , . , ht „t
On thi.s subject, Spencer, the advanced thinker, says: bet
a neorde believe in government omnipotence and they will
be prettv certain to get up revolutions to achieve impossi-
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LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
ri-.IIIie
.machinery Tnot born v!?,h"'' '^f'^" P°^'<^' ^^ PoU^'^Hl l-u- are they tauit it' V""'/' ^"^ '"'? '^"g''' ''• ^"^
i.xHl. all ka,>ds of functions undertaken by government of-
w':;;;;. -ial stability is enXrTd C^^i^iSnl: -: >ti ,n. It ,s a very expensive system; the further it is car
■u-X'ti^nTst"" "7r; ^^^'"'-'^^ --' - ^"^' ow . taxation is inseparable from discontent Moreover
'ts nature essentially despotic. In govornin " pv'l
'unavoidably cramps; and, by diminish .g.^eh^
■" ■», angers them. It galls by its infirm t of or-
.between men and their pursuits. * * l^ v.;tue of his. so thoughrunpSlele? rrog^ir'^^Vh"
:;:;c.f:;t;dTVd;rcTi^nrer
;;;■;;;;. ,^TheJ. actually inTerTettke^i'l^ he^°'o:?'£.;:{^ tntm iigiit! It IS clear to them that social wants and
- . df vililanrn'r" ^° ''''f^f'' ^''--^''d forJhal w ' Mil inur Mgilant management all will go wrong
wifi, ti,.; 1 '^ ^ ^^'^^ f*''"^ '° ^ee these political schemes
f exi teT.:i "^tf «"f "- fying to si^persede the gTe^t
existence. The student no longer regarding the
II:- S'
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CIVIL <;()Vkun.mi:nt. 87
mere outside of things, luiving learned to look for the secret forces by which they are upheld, begins to discern the dim outlines of a gigantic plan, showing everywhere order and completeness. One by one excei)tions vanish, and all be- comes systematic. lie beholds with wonder mighty 'move- ments always towards perfection and a higher life. But now in the midst of admiration and awe, the student suddenly sees some/lippant red-tapist get up on his legs and tell the world how he is going to put a patcJi upon nature! Here is a man who, in the presence of all the wonders that encom- pass him, dares to announce that he, and certain of his col- leagues, have laid their heads together and found out a way to improve upon the Divine arrangement! Scarcely an idea have these meddlers got of what underlies the facts with which they propose to deal; and yet, could they carry out- their pretensions, we should see them self-appointed nurses to tlie Universe! They have no little faith in the laws of things, and so much faith in themselves, that, were it pos- sible, they would chain earth and sun together, lest centri- petal force should fail! Nothing but a Parliament-made agency can be depended upon; and only when this infinitely complex humanity of ours has been put under their ingeni- ous regulations, and })rovided for by their supreme intelli- gence, will the world become what it ought to be! As for any silent influences by which imperfections are in process of being removed, they do not believe in them. But by a commission, a staff of officers and a parliamentary grant, every deficiency shall be made good, and the errors of .Om- niscience be rectified. These creation-menders behold not the power that bears onward pcoi)les and governments re- gardless of their theories and schemes, and prejudices — a power which swcks the life out of their lauded institutions, shrivels up their state parchments with a breath, paralizes long-venerated authorities, obliterates the most deeply graven laws, makes statesmen recant and puts j)rophets to the blush; buries cherished customs, shelves presidents, and which, be- fore men are conscious of the fact, has wrought a revolution in all things, and fills the world with a higher life."
On my part, comment on these wise sayings is wholly u'lnecessary. The clear and clean cut truth of such state- ments is too obvious to require argument. Though un- pleasant, you will find the task of making their application, in our time, not difficult. The assumption, pride and auto-
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88 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
*
oratic (lis[)osition of many citizens of our common country are, I regret to say, very great. And the oft repeated asser- tion that ''fifty millions of people" demand this, or that, in- dicates how strongly the idea that ''might is right," has taken hold of the people. On this suhject I desire to quote hriefly from the writings of Ruskin, than whom our age has produced no sounder thinker, or more able exponent of what is just and right. He says: -'We are continually as- suming that nartions became strong according to their num- bers. They indeed become so, if those numbers can be made of one mind. Grant them unanimous, how know you tliey will be unanimous in right. If they are unanimous in wrong, the more they are, essentially the weaker they are. Suppose they are a mere helpless mob, tottering into pre- tipitato catastrophe, like a wagon load of stones when the ,v luH'l is off. Dangerous enough for their neighboi's, cer^ li ily, but not powerful. Neither does strength depend on
', lit of territory, any more than on number of population.
' ' up your maps when you go liome this evening — put lusierof British isles beside the mass of South America;
. Urn consider whether any race of men need care how iMK li ground they stand on. The strength is in the men, ml ill their unity and virtue, and not in their standing rt)om; a little group of wise hearts, is better than a wilder- ness full of fools; and only that nation gains true territory, which gains itself. Remember, no government is ultimate- ly strong, but in proportion to its kindness and justice; and that^ nation does not strengthen by merely multiplying and diffusing itself. It multiplies its strength only by in- creasing as one great family, in perfect fellowship and brotherhood."
Again: "No nation can last which has made a mob of it- self, however generous at heart. It must discipline its pas- sions, and direct them, or they will discipline it, one day, with scorpion whips. * * * y^^^ may talk a mob into anything; its feelings may be — usually are — on the whole generous and right; but it has no foundation for them, 110 hold of them; you may tease or tickle it into any, at your ])leasure; it thinks by infection, for most part, catching a passion like a cold; and there is nothing so little, that it will not roar itself wild about, when the fit is on; nothing so great but it will not forget in an hour, when the fit has past."
Who so blind as not to see dangers daily accumulating in
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CIVIL (JOVERNMKNT. 80
this fair land, that threaten, at no distant day, to over- whehn in ruin this government; onee strong Vjy reason of its justice and generosity! Blinded hy the ])eani in their own eyes, our statesmen are chitehing wihlly at tlie mote supposed to be in the eyes of tlieir brothers, in oppressed Utah; and they see not tlie ominous elements of organized destruction, gatliering thick and fast to shroud the land in woe! While the attention of the masses has been directed, by sjlecial Congressionah proscriptive acts, to asserted im- morality and sexual im])urity among the Mormons, under class legislation, the i)ublic domain has been squandered, and a system of land-lordism more despotic and extensive than prevails in P^urope, has been established! With the knife uplifted as if to cut from the body politic, the so-called ''loathsome polygamic ulcer," statesmen have carved the way for money kings to combine, and suck the life out of honest industry, b}-^ loading the nation with a bonded debt, the enormous interest on which is annually wrung from the sweat of the masses; while millionaires perjure themselves by swearing that they have no taxable property! Lulled by the cry of theocratic disloyalty resounding from sea to sea, the rich revel in luxury and worship the god of gold while organized labor announces himself ''king" and declares war against capital. Extravagance and show on one hand, mis- ery and want on the other, the bond of sympathy hitherto existing between employers and emi)lo3'ed, is fast being served; and as strand after strand gives way, ' the mutter- ings of revolution are heard all along the ranks of toiling millions!
Take warning ye statesmen, and repair the breaches daily growing wider. Take your feet from the necks of Utah's sons, look around you, relieve the strain and manfully pre- pare to meet the gathering storm; or chaos will come, and secret societies will combine and anarchy — Samson-like — will tear down the temple of Liberty. In the speech of men to-day, there is pride and bitterness! Poison is in tlieir words, the sting of asi)s is on their li}>s, the venom of ser- })ents in their hearts; they arc set against the oppressed, death is in their looks, and they are ready to slied blood. We here, are hedged ai)out as by a lion hungry and greedy for prey, and none but the God of Jacob can deliver. And yet in these mountains and among this people, shall the wolf lie down with the lamb, and the fatling with the lion, and a
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')0
^OGAN TKxMPLE LECTURES.
dSrust'ltS h! •'1"'^'? '"l^"^ "'^"»- While elsewhere,
1,1 nf thi /" ^^'i tl'oughts of men, whose hearts shal
(ail, as the mystery of the world, fast drawing to an end
grows o them darker and darker. But in Ziof there shall
cue the'c'onSir '^l P*^"!^ *° ^^^^' ^^''''l^ ^^ -- - "
To-day, in the midst of governments and peoples there i<. nrest misery, dread, infinitude of woe. From east to west the gathering clouds of war are tinged with a crimson hue and the baptism of fire swiftly appi?,aching .' 1 , bvTts deso: lations teach nations that "it is not out of the mouths of ed guns" and breach-loading rifles, but "out of the '-ns of babes and suckhngs tliat strength is ordained"'
:-iilI the enemy, and kill the oppressor.
i
Language and English Literature.
W. II. APPERLEY.
The Value of Speech — The Necessity for Reading the Best Authors — The Story of English Literature — Some Poets and other Writers — The Influence of the Bible in Fixing our Language.
Man knows but little of* his own soul or the laws that gov- ern it. But we know that this mysterious something, which cannot be seen or analyzed, is capable of receiving impres- sions and imparting instruction. It is the immortal part of our nature that thinks, acts and speaks, loves, fears, and obeys. B}' close study and observation, we may learn a little of our inner self. We have already learned that mind communi- cates with mind through the medium of speech; one of God's greatest gifts to man.
Without the gift of s})eech, reason would b(^ nearly value- less. Think for a moment of the condition of a man per- fect in proportions, in possession of great thoughts and strong emotions, without the gift of utterance! And what would be the wretched condition of the human family were we all so many mutes. Speech delivers the imprisoned soul and leads the emotions into light and liberty. But Avithout the use of letters the gift of speech would have no })ermanent value.
Think of a nation of great intellects endowed with reason and speech, but without the aid of letters. Their distinct and eloquent expression would die with the generation or be but feebly transmitted to posterity. God be thanked for letters and books! Let us cultivate within ourselves a de- sire for reading and encourage others to follow. This is the chief oV)ject I have in view in delivering these short lec- tures— encouragement to the young to read. We should become ac(iuainted with literature by reading the authors,
i
•'- LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
and not by reading of them. What little I mav ])e able to say to-day, may be considered an invitation, to all who are in- terested in our subject, to unite with me in the delightful garden of literature to cull and arrange the choicest flowers. As soon as we enter this deliglitful garden, or commence to interest ourselves in this study of studies, how anxious are we to have our friends and lovers with us. We do not like to wander alon<3 through the shady bowers of ease, lis- tening to silent sounds and feasting our eyes upon beautiful pictures that charm and entrance the mind. One thing is quite noticeable to all, .soon after commencing the study of English literature. We find that others who com- menced before are deeply interested with what we do not understand and cannot appreciate. The small and modest iiowers first attract our attention; but after culling them and examining their colors we soon learn to appreciate and love what, at first, we could not understand. One otherthing is also quite noticeable to one who has long been interested in this study. He sees new beauties, and learns deeper lessons from what he studied in earlier years. This teaches us that the study of the authors lifts us from what we are to what wo may be. Essays, or even well-written books on literature should not take the place of the authors. But books may greatly assist the student by pointing out the course of study In ])e pursued. -As there maybe some prjesent who have ivad Imt little, and others who may not have read systemati- « ;illy, It may be well to commence to-day with the story of i^ii^dish literature and trace its growth and influence upon
Let us now imagine ourselves carried back to the rude old iiiu's when Julius Ca-sar landed on the island of Great l>i']tain. As we see, in our mind's eye, the water in the straits of Dover colored with the blood of the barbarous tribes, who bravely fought to protect their native shores from foreign invaders, we cannot help sympathizing with them. Although Iheywere poor and degraded and knew not the true God, the soil was their own. As the Britons did not understand the art of writing, but little is known of their language. Scarcely one hundred \yords now found in our langunge cnn be traced directly to the ancient Britons. And what little is known of their manners and customs has been told by Roman writers. It was after the changes spoken of in our last lecture that English literature had its birth. As
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l..\N(il]A(iI': AND i:N«il>ISll LlTEllATUKIC.
<,)3
we ^lidc down the stream of time for hundreds of years we cannot see much on either bank that is of interest to the man of letters. But the historian may learn much of deep interest in reading of the wars and conquests of those early times. As English literature and English history are so closely connected, each helping to explain the other, I would suggest the study of the two together.
\^e may now imagine that we have glided do.wn the stream of time for about seven hundred years from Julms Ci€sar. At this point the stream enters the delightful gar- den of which we have been speaking, and brings us more properly to the commencement of our story, which begins with Cacdmon's poem, the subjects of which are taken from the Bible. English poetry thus begins in religion. The poem tells of the rebellion of Satan, the creation of the world and the downfall of man. Beda says: ^'Others after him tried to make religious poems, but none could vie with him, for he did not learn the art of poetry from man or of man but from God." In connection with Caedmon's work, we have a very interesting tradition: One evening he was seated with a company of rustics, who were passing their time in singing and recitation. His ignorance compelled him to be silent, when his turn came to amuse the com- pany. So in a sorrowful mood he retired to the stables to sleep with the beasts that he cared for. In the night a mes- senger appeared to him and commanded him to sing. But Caedmon replied, '^I cannot sing; for this cause I left the feast." But he was told that he must sing. "What shall I sing?" he replied. "Sing the beginning of created things, ' said the messenger. Caedmon sang praises to God and awoke, remembering what he had sung, and added more to what had been given in vision. He told his dream to the learned men who said the gift of song had been conferred on him by God. After completing his life's work, like Mil- ton, he passed away so quietly that his attendants did not know when he breathed his last.
It is said that his work exerted a great influence upon the modes of thought in England during five centuries. But we can see from the following couplet tliat I have taken from Caedmon that his poetry is not intelligible to modern readers, on account of the many changes which our lan- guage has undergone since his time.
"Us i« riht micle tliiiot we rodera weanl ^^ Wereda wolder-cining wordoui lierigen.
V)4 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
(For it is right that we should praise with our words the guardian of the heavens, the Glorious King of hosts.)
The next illustrious name that we find in the first period of English literature, is the honored one of Alfred, the ''fath- er of English prose." This great and good king, after he had freed his subjects from their Danish bondage, did all in his power to free them from the bondage of ignorance. Alfred was not only an author of great ability, but he was iho friend and patron of learning. He invited educated iiim to his court, established schools of learning, and by
lifse and other noble labors did much to elevate his suh- , ;l:-: to higher planes of thought and action. His writings
i i [>ron()unced "the purest specimens of Anglo-Saxon
losu." A great many inferior writers wrote and translated .luring the first period of English literature; their names anil labors are given in any good work that treats of our subject. No great literary light has ever appeared upon the horizon without attracting a number of satellites.
Having made these brief remarks on the first period of English literature, which commenced in 670 and closed with the Norman Conquest in 1066, we will pass on to wdiat is of deeper interest. The Norman Conquest with the changes that followed in our language, was referred to in our last lecture. And it should be remembered that the Conquest was a great turning point in English history, and that it gave birth to a higher form of literature.
The second period of our literature extends from the Con- quest to the death of Chaucer in 1400. As the history of England is closely connected with the development of her literature, a few historical items of the second period may not be out of place. The first great struggle between the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons was at the battle of Hast- ings. After the Normans had been repulsed a number of times with heavy slaughter they were victorious. About sundown, after a hard day's fighting, England's king was dead; an arrow having entered his eye and pierced his brain. The English were beaten, but they were hot conquered. Sev- eral years of strife and bitter conflict followed, during which time the Anglo-Saxon literature was languishing. At Irst tlie Conquest infused new life into our race and rescued our literature from falling into barbarism. Other important his- (ui'ical events followed; the indei)endence of Scotland was
1 t ured in 1328 by Wallace and Bruce. During the same
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LANUIJAGE AND EN(iLlSJI J.ITEKATURE. 95
century English was introduced into the law courts, and English instruction was given in the scliools.
The knights and churchmen, who came to England with William the Conqueror, were the founders of the numerous Ahbeys that dot the beautiful island of England. Many a happy day have I spent in visiting these solemn and impos- ing structures. If you will pardon me for a few moments we will leave our loved America and cross the wide Atlantic, and from "London's central roar" we will enter together the Abbey Church, tlie burying place of England's kings. This building forms a cross. Its extreme length is five hun- dred and eleven feet and its width across the trancepts is two hundred and three feet. The height of the roof is one hun- dred and two feet. The aisles are seventy-nine feet wide. The beauty and the grandeur of the interior excites the most enthusiastic admiration. Here we see altar-tombs of many of England's kings, also of her famous Queen, Elizabeth. Against the altar-screen stands the coronation chairs. One of these chairs encloses the stone brought from Scone, on which the kings of Scotland were crowned. But the most illustrious spot of all is the "Poets' Corner." Here lie the bones of many of the most eminent British poets. What silent thoughts well up from our heart's deej) center as we gaze spell bound on the monuments erected to the memory of Chaucer, Goldsmith, MiUon and Shakspeare. We can- not dwell longer upon tiiese pleasant scenes, ])ut must return to our sul)ject.
After the Normans came the missionary monks, who helped to infuse into the people a new religious life. The Norman nobles, the foreign monks and the English peasants were drawn together in their religious worship. Erom this arose a great desire for religious books that the demand soon created, marking the rise of religious literature, which was quite simple in its nature. Sonietliiug of the religious rigor of those times may be learned from the following quotation, which I take from Orms' Ideal of a Monk: "He is to be a very pure man and altogether without i)roperty, except sim- ple meat and clothes. He will have a hard and stiff and rough and heavy life to lead, and all his heart and desire ought to be aye, toward heaven and his Father well to serve."
About the same time that religious poetry and religious and-books were being written, story-telling poetry was
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96 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
becoming quite popular. English literature divides itself into these two main streams — religious poetry and stor}^- telling poetry — from the Conquest to 1362. But although iho story-telling poetry began in English, it became greatly iiithienced by the romantic poetry of Finance. The warfare i.f the English against the Normans finds a parallel in the iruggle of English poetry against foreign poetry. And iliough the contest was long and severe, England was tri- umphant in both struggles. England remained English .Li id won a national literature.
( Umterbury Tales present the best example of English • tory telling that we have in our language. Professor Shaw .says, that ''Chaucer is the first man who speaks to the hearts of all classes of the English people." Kellogg says, that "Chaucer was the first great poet wdio really loved outward nature as the source of conscious, pleasurable emotion. Chaucer took a rude delight in the new green of the trees and the return of singing birds. He himself sings more like a bird than any other poet, because it never occurred to him that he ought to do so. He pours himself out in .sincere joy and thankfulness. The pleasure which Chaucer takes in telling his stories makes us follow all the windings of his fancy with sympathetic interest. His best tales run iin like one of our inland rivers, sometimes hastening a lit- tle and turning upon itself in eddies that dimple without re- larding the current; sometimes loitering smoothly; while here and there a quiet thought, a tender feeling, a pleasant image or a golden-hearted verse opens quietly as a water- lilly to fioat on the surface, without breaking it into a rip- I'lc." I will close what I have to say of this sweet poet l)y tjuoting a few lines from the Canterbury Tales:
A good man was there of religion
And was a poure personn of a town
But riche he was in holy thought and werk.
He was also a learned man, a clerk
That Christen gospel trowley woulde i»e preathe
His parishens devoutly would he teache,
Beningene he was and wonder diligent
And in adverh>ite full patient
And such he was I proved ofte sithes
Full Utth were he to curse for his tytlies
But ratlicr woulde he given out of doute
l^nto hi> poure parishens aboute
Of his oireringsand eek of his sul)stan. e.
LANCiLIACili: AND ENCJLiSll UTEKATURi:. 97
Tli(i little that I have said and quoted of this great poet gives hut a taint idea of his literary productions. One can- not see and enjo}^ the heauties of a lovely landscape, where there are trees and fountains, birds and flowers and animals of endless variety grazing and frolicking ui)on earth's green carpet, by examining a few modest flowers. The landscape must be seen to be enjoyed. Chauoer must be read to be appreciated. In tliis short lecture we will not have time to dwell upon Langland and (lower and Wyclif and wandering gleemen who sang the English lyrics. These with the Nor- man-Chroniclers and other writers >dl belong to the second })eriod of English literature.
We have now briefly traced the English literary stream to the death of Chaucer in the year 1400. From this time to the heginning of Elizabeth's reign in 1558, is the third })eriod of English literature. The lirst one hundred years of this period is the most barren in our language. In the long interval between Chaucer and Si)enser, James the First, of Scotland, is the most worthy poet of notice. When he was but eleven years of age he was made a royal prisoner in England. During nineteen years of confinement he de- voted himself to study and literary pursuits. Ilis youthful trials and long imprisonment developed those noble traits of character, which made him in after life the most eminent king of the Stewart line. He was a deej) student of Chau- cer, but he did not imitate him closely. In the poetry of King James we find ncnv veins of thought, more color, and a deeper touch of spirituality.
At this time, we may glance at the work of William Cax- ton, the man who introduced printing into England. The art had been invented before by (luttenberg, but on account of his poverty many years elapsed before it was put into execution. A wealthy gentleman named John Faust assisted in bringing forth the first printed book — the Latin Bible — in 1455. But this work was not done in England. Caxton set up the i)'inting press at Westminister, and "The Game of the CUies.s," his first book, ay)peared in 1474. Caxton la- bored faithfully to the end of life, giving to the world sixty- four Ix.oks. Shaw says, ''Few English names of this cen- tury will live as long as that of William Caxton, To him England owes her early participation in the benefits arising from the art of printing, the great invention of modern times."
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98 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
Soon after Caxton's labors began to bear fruit, the inllu- once of the Italian revival was sensibly felt in the country. Through the encouragement of the Duke of Gloucester, Italian scholars came to England and translated the classics into the English tongue. A great number of Englishmen also went to Italy and studied successfully under eminent Grepk scholars, who were teaching in the schools of Flor- ence. On their return to England, the authors they had iiidied were rendered into English. English prose thus Lwoke from a long, deep sleep. The new learning that had been born in Italy, stirred the very life blood of English students.
The student of English literature should mark well this point, as it will enable him to understand the causes of the great literary outburst iu the reign of Queen Elizabeth. And as he follows down the stream of time he will plainly see how very much modern literature is indebted to the models furnished by Greece and Rome. The two men who did best in English prose were Sir Thos. Moore and William Tyndale. The fame of the former rests upon two works. The "Life of Edward the Fifth," pronounced by Hallam, on account of its literary merit, ''The first example of good English language;" and his best known work, ''Utopia," wliicli was written in Latin and translated by Burnett. This work gives a romantic description of an ideal country, where so- ciety is perfect under just laws. Tlie work is full of fancy and invention. Every house has its spacious garden, every citizen understands agriculture, and is expert at some trade; six hours of work; no more, no less, is allowed. There are no taverns in that happy land; no changes of fashions, b^rivolity, cruelty, and wars are unknow^n." Utopia, the name of the republic, signifies no land.
The fame of Tyndale rests upon the translation of the Bible from the Greek into English. In this work he did more than any other man for English literature. He firmly established our language once for all. Amid threats and persecutions, the frown of the king, and the curses of the
liurch this pious and learned man, with, the help of God I lid the assistance of one faithful friend, labored on until
!.'• work was nearly completed. At last he was betra3'ed
!i ! till.' hands of the officers of the law. Eighteen months I .j-iisonment followed. He was then tried on the charge
; iu ivTiy; found guilty, and burned at the stake. In his
<
LANGUAGE AND EN(JLI8l[ LITEUATUUE. 99
<lyin*i; agony h(3 prayed: "0 Lord, open the King of Eng- land's eyes!" The noble work that Tyndale did lived. The Bii>le found its way into the homes of the poor. It traveled north into Scotland; it was brought by the Pilgrim Fathers to New England. If Tyndale could have seen with the eye of inspiration the result of his hibors, how his heart would have bounded with joy! Millions on either continent have been blessed by bis labor of love. And unborn millions who will yet read God's blessed book, will revere the memory of the martyr Tyndale.
The world is certainly wiser and better to-day than it was in the times of Tyndale. And our language has become purer and stronger with the moral and intellectual develop- ment of our race. To prove the truth of this statement but one historical fact need be given. In Tyndale's time, dur- ing the reign of King Henry VIII, a period of thirty-eight yoars, two thousand, persons were executed in England an- nually. The corresponding number in our time, with the increased population, is but twelve.
As the Bible has had more to do with fixing our lan- guage than any other book, we will close to-day's lecture with some brief remarks on the sacred volume. The Bible has been translated into English before Tyndale's time, but on account of the many changes that the language had under- gone it had become unintelligible to English readers. And few in those early times could alford to purchase a copy of this book. In Wyclif's time a copy was worth over two hun- dred dollars. In this enlightened age, no family, however poor, need be without it. In the year 1525, Coverdale, the Bishop of Exeter, published tlie first printed copy of the whole Bible. But it lacked the simplicity of Tyndale's ver- sion. As Coverdale's translation was dedicated to king Ed- ward VI., it received royal sanction. And public sentiment had so greatly changed, that it was kindly received by the people. A few years before this, the Bishop of London had bought all the copies of the New Testament that could be- found and had them burned. But Coverdale's translation was suilered to be read in churches in connection with the Latin Bible. x\s the Reformation gained ground, other translations followed. The word of God was widely circu- lated and (^ai^erly read. But when bloody Mary ascended the throne in 1553, Bibles w^ere publicly committed to the flames, and many Bible-loving people were burned at the
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100 LOGAN TEMl'LE LECTURES.
stake. For a full account of the persecutions and burnings that Hible-loving Protestants endured under Roman Catho- lic bigotry, the reader is refered to the ''History of Roman- ism," by John Dowling.
The last instance of public Bible burning with which I am acquainted took place at Champlain in the State of New York, October 27th, 1842. But with all the burnings and drivings endured by patient Protestants, God's word has been marching steadily on among the nations. Since the date of King James' translation in IGll, the Bible has almost revo- lutionized the world. In our own country its growth has boon truly wonderful. The first edition printed in America was in the Indian tongue, the next was a German version. The first English Bible was printed in l^oston in 1752. The A iiu'.rican Bible Society was founded at New York in 1817. Over two thousand auxilliary societies in tbe United States are now connected with it, and for some time this society has issued over half a million Bibles and Testaments an- nually.
In ancient times the Hebrew could hear the law pro- pounded only once in seven years. During the Dark Ages the Christian could hear the word only from the lip of the priest or the wandering monk. But in this enlightened age the Bible, the civilizer of the world, has been brought to the door of every individual, in free America and in English speaking nations. , From ^whatever standpoint we view the world's greatest literary production, volumes could be writ- ten. But to attempt to analyze or give the contents of the Scriptures is beyond the reach of man. May God hasten the day when the world shall be willing to live by its divine precepts!
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History of the Holy Scriptures. .
JAMES A. LEISHMAN,
Bible Chronology— The New Testament— The Various Translations— The Earliest English one— Difficulties Encountered by the Translators.
The Holy Scriptures containing an account of God's deal- ings with h:'s ancient servants and people, it becomes im- portant that all men should be conversant with their history, and the circumstances that gave rise to the various books which they contain, as also the names and characters of the men that wrote them, and the period of time in which they lived. Nor is this all that should command one's attention towards the sacred volume; the many and peculiar circum- stances through which the Bible has been preserved, through the ages of the past until its universal publication through- out Christendom, are matters of deep interest to the student of history, replete with lessons that may be received with profit and benefit. From its hoary pages is derived the earliest history of mankind, and it presents to the reader many unique and interesting historical points of information that no other book furnishes; indeed it may be said that it is the root and foundation of all his- tory. From it we learn of the creation of this world and all that appertains unto it, together with the firmament around it, and the solar system, of which it forms a part; from it we learn that man and woman were made in the image of the Creator; that they were closely connected with the Almighty, and that there existed an intimacy between them that indi-
: LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
oates tlie high scale of being and intelligence that charac- lorize God, and the elevated character of the workmanship of His hands, as evinced in the being and the personages of Adam and Eve. From it we learn of the dealings and op- erations of the Lord with our first parents, in the Garden of Eden, wherein the lessons of obedience to Him were first given, and the grand principle of free agency in the creature was first developed upon this planet, the exercise of which has affected all the generations of mankind, and will do to the end of time.
• Moses is accredited as the author and writer of the first five books of the Old Testament, commonly called the Pen- tateuch. Moses was born of Hebrew parentage in the land of Egypt, in the year 1571 before Christ; his father's name was Amram and his mother's name Jochebed. Previous to Moses' birth Pharaoh king of that land issued a decree that all tlie male children of the Hebrews, born after the issue of the decree, were to be thrown into the river Nile, in order that the increase of the Israelites might be retarded and de- feated.
The mother of Moses, after hiding him up for three
months, made a cradle of rushes and pitched it to make it
impervious to water, garnitured it with suitable swadding,
placed her child Moses in it and launched him upon the
river Nile, with a solicitude only put forth by a mother, that
God might protect and save her child. In the inscrutable
purposes of Jehovah a way was provided -for the rescue and
[ttoservation of the child Moses. The daughters of the king,
IS was their custom, came to bathe in the waters of theNile.
i'pon their approach to the water, something in the river
iiitracted their attention, and upon securing the object of their
iiiosity, they found it to be a man child of comely counten-
. t- and form, alive and well. So great was the admiration
; at; daughters of the king, of the prize which they had
iliiiiined, that they adopted it as a member of the royal
M.iisehold. In the incidents which followed, pertaining to
ihis chrld, respecting its nursing during the period Avhen
Uutation was necessary, the mother of the child Moses, was^
unwittingly to those of the household of the king, engaged
loi' that purpose.
It may be imagined with a degree of certainty that tlie mother of the child knew her offspring, and bestowed all the care and affection upon him that was in the power of a moth-
HISTORY OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. 103
*
er to bestow, as is evinced by the fact that tlie child grew and prospered. And we are informed that Moses grew up among the nobility of the land of Eygpt, and was learned in all the learning of the land, such in short is the account of the first writer of the first books of the Holy Bible, and the same record affords us the information of the wondrous manifestations of the Almighty to him, in which he was assigned the task of becoming a prophet, leader, deliverer and lawgiver to the chosen people of the Lord.
The first of the live books of the Holy Scriptures is that of Genesis. This interesting book was written as a necessary introduction to the law which was given by him to the Is- raelites. It Commences with an account of the creation of the world, as its name intimates, and brings down the his- tory of the patriarchs to the death of Joseph, during a peri- od of two thousand three hundred and sixty-nine years, ac- cording to the Masoretic text. The investigation which is involved in this lecture will necessarily require a reference to the chronology of the Holy Scriptures, as also, in this connection, with the period which intervened from Adam to Christ, which period is usually divided b}'^ chronologists into six periods or ages. ''The first extending from Adam to the general deluge, is called the Antedeluvian age; the second from the deluge to the call of Abraham, the Past- del uvian age; the third from the call of Abraham to the Exodus, the Patriarchal age; the fourth from the Exodus to the foundation of Solomon's Temple, the Critarchal judge — ruling, age.; the fifth from the founding of the tem- ple to the Jewish aptivity the monarchal age; and the sixth from the captivity to the birth of Christ, the Hierarchal age. Each of these great periods has its own chronological diffi- culties, but those connected with the first three greatly ex- ceed in magnitude those attaching to the others."
Much study and research has been bestowed upon the sub- ject of Bible chronology, by many eminent authors and scholars in different ages and countries, but that which is generally accepted is that deduced by Archbishop Usher, and will be followed in our references to dates. It may be proper at this juncture to remark that great discrepancies exist among historians regarding the periods of time under consideration, and to somewhat account for the same, I copy from an excellent work on facts and dates by Alexander Mc- Kay, LL. D., as follows:
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104 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
''Willi the exception of the Book of Genesis, we possess no authentic record (tl' tliese events, and it so happens that even this invaluable document, full as it is of notes of time, conveys mui;h less satisfactory information regarding the two grand events, that of the creation of the world and of Adam, than we could wish. That book (Genesis) came down to us in three distinct forms— the original Hebrew, the Samaritan, and the Greek or Septuagint translation ; and these three, while closely agreeing in almost all other particulars, are amazing- ly divergent in everything connected with dates. According to the chronology of the Septuagint,,Adam was created five thousand four hundred and seventy- eight years before the Incarnation, and the Deluge occurred two thousand two hundred and sixty-two years thereafter. According to our present Hebrew text, the former event took place B. C. 4,004, and the latter one thousand six hundred and tifty-six years afterward. In other words, one edition of the r^iriptures assigns to the human race an anticjuity of more than one thousand f.jur hundred years greater than the other, while it rtiakes the period from Adam to tlie Hood six hundred years longer. These discrepancies are enor- iiions, and make it perfectly obvious that either the one or the other copy, or i.'itli have been seriously tampered with. Modern scholars are now generally 111' the opinion that the serious charge of falsifying the sacrftd record lies at the Idor of those intrusted with the custody of the Hebrew scriptures ; and that, in .•iiK'i- to refute their Christian opponents as to the predicted time of the appear- : HOC of the Messiah, they committed the fearful crime of changing the inspired it'ords. It was an ancient tradition among the Jews that the world wa^^ dec- lined to last a period of seven millenniums— the first six corresponding to the : i\' days of creation, and' the seventh to the Sabbath or day of rest; and that previous to the last millennium the Messiah should appear in great power and L;liiry. Traces of this tradition may be found in the vaticinations of the Sibyl- ine oracles, and in the writings of the Greek theogonists and cosmogonists ; and there can be little doubt that it found its way to the native country of the Magi, and i)repared them for the appearance of the Star in the east. We liave no doubt that the tradition had its tirm foundation in the Hebrew and (Jreek scriptures, which at the time of our Lord's advent were in exact harmony. The date of His birth perfectly agreed with the tradition, and thus a powerful argument was supplied to the Christians that 'the Desire of all nation^' had ac- tually come, and that it was He whom the Jewish rulers and priests had nui- ILciously crucified. Seeing they were capable of perpoirating that unparalleled crime, they would hardly shrink from any other, having already murdt red the Son of God they now resolved on mutilatine His inspired word, in order to make the world believe that Jesus of Nazareth was not the promised Savior, I'lit an imposter, who had appeared fourteen hundred years too soon."
Tlie second book of Moses is named Exodus, and is. thus luimed in the Greek because it records the going out of the I.sraelites from the land of Egypt. It contains the histor}^ tliat we have of them, from the death of Joseph till th(! tab- ernacle was reared, during the space of one hundred and I'orty-five years.
The third book of Moses, Leviticus, consists chiefly of the various laws that he received for the Israelites, after the erection of the tabernacle, at the time when the regular cele-
4
HISTORY OF THE HOLY SCRirTUUES. 105
bratioii of its ordinances commenced. They related princi- pally to religious offerings, priests, animals allowed to be eaten, different kinds of uncleanliness, puriffcations for the unclean, sacred festivals, vows and tithes.
The fourth book of Moses, Numbers, was completed by him in the plains of Moab during the last year of his minis- try. 'It contains the history of the Israelites, and the vari- ous additional laws that were given them from the begin- ning of the second month of the second year after they came out of Egypt, till the end of the tenth month of the fortieth year, during the space of thirty-eight years and nine months. ^
Deuteronomy, the fifth and last book of Moses, was writ- ten in the plains of Moab within two months of his death, and towards the end of the fortieth year after the deliver- ance of the Israelites from Egypt. It consists chieffy of a repetition of the law, for the benefit of the young genera- tion that had been raised in the wilderness, as its title inti- mates. The five books just referred to called the Penta- teuch, were written about 1452, B. C.
The book of Joshua, the sixth book of the* Holy Bible," is supposed to have been written partly by himself, and completed by Phineas about 1417 years B. C. Joshua was one of the faithful spies that was sent up to examine the l)romised land, and was a dutiful servant to Moses. He was abundantly qualified, and solemnly ordained to be his suc- cessor in conducting the Israelites. It is generally believed that he wrote tlie account of Moses' death, which is con- tained in the thirty-fourth chapter of Deuteronomy. He al-% so wrote this history of the people of God during the time of his own administration, wliich lasted about twenty years.
The seventh book — Judges — is supposed to have been written by Samuel the Prophet. It brings down the history of the Israelites from the death of Joshua to the days of Eli the Priest, during the space of about three hundred years, and was written about 1116 B. C. Samuel the Prophet was the son of Elkanah and Hannah. Peculiar, indeed, is the history connected with his birth, with wliich all Bible stu- dents are familiar, re([uiring no comment here, other than that he became a great and famed Prophet of the Lord.
The eighth book of the Holy Scriptures, named Ruth, a short book, may be viewed as an appendix to that of Judg-
100 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
iS, and supposed to have been written about 1100 years B. C. by the same author, as an introduction to that of Sam- uel.
The ninth and tenth books, the first and second of Samuel, in the Jewish canon, we are informed, were but one book, termed in Hebrew the book Samuel, probably because that book was written by the prophet whose history and career it relates; but from the twenty-ninth verse of the twenty-ninth chapter of Chronicles, it is inferred that the Pi'ophets Nathan and Gad assisted in writing these books; llie chnracter and lives of these two latter prophets are close- ly connected with Israel in the days of King David, mention being made of them as illustrious and prominent. The book in question was written about 1036 B. C.
The eleventh and twelfth books, that of the first and sec- ond book of Kings, in the ancient copies of the Hebrew Bible constituted one book, and doubtless from literary mo- tives the book was divided into the first and second parts, as is manifest from the subject matter of both. They con- tain the history of God's ancient people, from the old age of David till the Babylonian captivity, during the space of four hundred and "twenty-seven years. Concerning the writer or writers of the'se books the views of learned men areextreme- ;, divided. Some think that David, Solomon and Hezekiah ,r ' 1<; iVie history of their own reigns, others that Nathan, 1, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and other prophets who liourislied in iii-;d<)nis of Israel and Judah, were the; historio-graph- ;/Ui the most rational view that can be taken, in the ab- ; 111 e of positive information, is, (as the epoch of history i i.vered by these books comprise the most celebrated and hi'illiant in the history of that people, they having attained to a considerable degree a knowledge of letters and learning of the time, and as a result of their peculiar organization and experience necessarily requiring records to be kept), that men qualified to make faithful records, were appointed to of- ficially chronicle the events and transactions during that pe- riod of time. It is, however, historically clear that these books were written about five hundred and eighty-eiglit years B. C.
The thirteenth and fourteenth books, the first and second Chronicles, like the two preceding them were originally in one book, and from similar motives were divided. The Jews entitle these books ''The Words of Days," or "Annuals,"
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HISTORY OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. 107
probably from their being compiled out of diaries or annu- als, in which were recorded events related in these books. The appelations of Chronicles was given to the books by Je- rome, because they contained an abstract, in order of time, of the whole of the sacred history to the time when they were written. In the Greek version they are callo^l Paral-eip-o- menon, or things omitted. They consist of three parts viz: First, a collection of genealogical tables from Adam till the restoration of the Jews from Babylon; second, the history ot all Israel during the eighty years from the death of haul, under the reign of David and Solomon; third, the history o the kingdom of Judah from the revolt of the ten tribes till the captivitv. The Hebrews commonly attribute the writ- ing of the Chronicles to Ezra, whom they say composed them, after the return from captivity; while there are some historians who doubt this, and others who suppose they were written by the same author that wrote the books ot Kings, and were written about 580 years B.C. ^
The fifteenth book, Ezra, was composed by that eminent
scribe, whose name it bears, part of which was written in
the Chaldee language, he having learned that language
while in Babylon. lie was prominent, and took an active
part in the aifairs of the Jews on their return from captivity,
and was deei)ly impressed and mortified at the conduct ot
many of his Jewish brethren, who had intermarried with
straiigers, thus corrupting the Jewish race, and throwing
confusion upon their genealogies; but at his instance, these
errors were corrected, and through his instrumentalitjs civil
government was established throughout the land of Judea.
He was of priestly descent, and held in high favor ,at the
court of Persia, which invested him with full power to solicit
contributions, and make collections for the adornment ot
the national temple. This interesting book was written 45b
years B.C.
Nehemiah, the sixteenth book in the Jewish canon, was united with that of Ezra; yet it was written, as its begin- ning shows, by Nehemiah, who speaks uniformly, in the first person. He appears to have been a man of high rank, of the tribe of Judah; and he was honored above his breth- ren, with an office in the palace of Artaxerxes. Notwith- standing his own honorable station, he felt a deep interest in behalf of the Jews, who had returned to the land of their fathers, and the city of Jerusalem. In answer to his fervent
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ll'S LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
i/ei.; tu Almighty God, he was employed by the king of
I :; ill to visit them, and invested with authority as their iV'vernor, after the administration of Ezra; in which office III- acquitted himself with faithfulness and zeal, during about thirty-six years. His bo6k gives an account of his proceed- ings, and clones the Old Testament history, after bringing it down to about four hundred and thirty years before the Christian era, at which date doubtless the book was written.
Esther, the seventeenth book, records the various steps by which the Jewish captive, whose name it bears, was ad- vanced to be the queen of Persia; and show how the deliver- ance which she procured for her brethren, when they were in danger of being suddenly massacred, was brought about, which gave rise to the annual feast of Purim. The writer of it cannot be ascertained, nor the precise time be deter- mined, when the principal events detailed in it happened. The eighteenth book, Job, derives its title from that ven- erable partriarch, whose prosperity, afflictions, and restora- tions from the deepest adversity, are herein recorded. Res- pecting the indentity of Job, we are informed in that book that he dwelt in the land of Uz, that he was perfect and up- right, and one that feared God and eschewed evil. It is dif- ficult to determine the time at which he lived, there being much variety of opinion concerning that point; but this book is supposed to have been written about 1120 years B. C, as to its author, it remains an open question, as historians are ignorant of that fact. It, however, contains exalted ideas, and partakes largely of the sublime, and portrays in elo- quent language, the benignity of the Almighty, and upon the rilher hand, the utter helplessness of man when unaided and unsustained by the former.
The nineteenth book, the Psalms of David, from all that -111 be learned concerning them, were written for and used I y the Israelites in their worship and devotion before the i iitl; they form a very prominent part of the Holy Sciip-
II Hi. Concerning 'their author it is pretty generally con- <lt(l by historians that they were mostly written by King
.'avid. A close examination of the Psalms will prove them lo bo the compositions of various authors, in various ages, : nine more ancient than the time of David, some of a latter :igo, and others evidently composed during the Babylonian captivity. At what time and by whom the Psalms were compiled into one volume we nave no certain information.
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HISTORY OF THE HOLY SCllIPTL'RES. 100
It is said lliat ilie hearts of the pious in all ages have felt the value of the Psalms, as help to devotion, and many have lahored i'ov expressions in whieh to set forth their praise.
The twentiotli, twenty-tirst and twenty-second books, namely, Pi'uvcrljs, Ecclesiastes and the Song of Solomon, were written by King Solomon, who esteemed wisdom above all other gifts, ai)d the Lord honored his prayer l)y giving him a larger measure of it /than any of his contemporaries. He composed the greater })art of Proverbs to communicate a portion of what lie received, for the lasting benefit of others. He wrote Ecclesiastes in his old age, after he was brought to repentance for his aggravated iniquity in yielding to the seduction of idolatrous women. It contains the views which he then had of the vanity of hunuin life, and the best reme- dies for the same, or the doctrine of man's chief good and highest end. This book was mostly written about 1000 years R. C. Concerning liis Song it is said that few poems have excited more attention, or have found more translators and commentators tlian this song of songs. Origen and Jerome tell us that the Jews forbade it to be read by any until he was thirty years of age. It certainly needs a considerable knowledege of allegory to comprehend properly tlie aphor- isms it sets forth. This book is said to have been written 1014 years B. C.
Tlie twenty-third book, Isaiah, brings us to what is consid- ered the proplietic .book of tlie Bible. This prophet is denominated and styled the evangelical prophet, in conse- quence of this frequent allusion to the advent, character and career, as also the sufferings and death of the Messiah. The subject matter of this book coupled with the poetic and sublime manner in which it is couched, gives it a luster and elegance far superior to any of the productions of the ancient prophets. Respecting Isaiah nothing certain has been recorded, except of what he himself informs us, that he was the son of Amos. He flourished and wrote about 710 years B. C.
.The twenty-fourth book, Jeremiah, as also the twenty- fifth book, Lamentations, were written by this eminent propliet, who belonged to the Sacerdotal race. Against the idolatry, a})ostas3^ and other criminal enormities of the j)eople of Judah, the voice of the prophet was raised, pre- dicting that the judgments of the Lord would befall them, if they did not turn away from their evils. In his Lamenta-
no LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
tions the calamities spoken of in his prophecies are deplored, as having taken place; namely, the impositions of the false jirophets who had misguided the people by their false teach- ings, the destruction of the Holy City and temple, the over- throw of the state and the captivity of the people, the former book was written about 610 years, and the latter about 500 years B. C.
The twenty-sixth book, Ezekiel, was written by that emi- nent prophet, who was also of the Sacerdotal race, and was carried a captive to Babylon by King Nebuchadnezzar, and was contemporary with Daniel. Grotius states that he pos- M>si;d great erudition and genius; so that setting aside his rift of prophec}^ which is incomparable, he deserves to be nin[)ared with Homer, on account of his beautiful concep- lions, his illustrious comparisons, and his extensive know- I .»;.ie of various subjects. He wrote about 570 years B. C.
riio twenty-seventh book, Daniel, was written by him in 1 ;liylon about 540 years B, C. He was taken a captive to liaL city, but in consequence of his wisdom and intelligence iv.is raised from one rank to another in the management of ihu national affairs, until he reached the dignity of the sec- ond personage in the kingdom. He is styled the scholar pr(>[>het by some authors. Jesephus regards Daniel one of I hi! greatest of the prophets, and says that he conversed familarly with God, and not only predicted future events, as other prophets did, but also determined the time of their ac- complishment. His prophecies took a wide range, and in them may be found the delineation of the current of events that shall measure the limits of time, and place the sover- uignty of our planet under the personal supervision of the Almighty.
We now come to what is termed the minor prophets, ten ill number, beginning with Hosea, the twenty-eighth book, v.iio wrote it about 780 years B. C. His writings were di- i\'ctod for the reproof of, and conviction of the Jewish nation iieuerally, and the Israelites in particular of their heinous
iiis, especially of their gross idolatry, and spoke of their ut- tv!r rejection and final captivity by the Assyrians. Concern- iiig the famil^^ of Hosea we have little information other iliiiu tlnlt which he furnishes himself, that he was the son of Beeri. The twenty-ninth book, Joel, contains an account of his mission to forewarn the inhabitants of Judah of a most calamitous drought accompanied with multitudes of
HISTORY OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. Ill
dostructivo vermin — and 'call them to turn unto the Lord, with general fasting and supplication; this hook was written ahout 800 B. C. Concerning the family, condition and pur- suits of this prophet little is known. Amos, who wrote the thirtieth hook, 785 B. C, pro[>liecied among the ten trihes in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash. He spoke of the various judgments that befell the Syrians, Phillistines, Tyr- ians and others, including the Jews, on account of their heinous provocations; he described the wickedness of the Is- raelites, called them to repentance and foretold their ap- proaching captivity, nevertheless he did not claim to be a prophet, neither a prophet's son.
The short prophecy of Obadiah, who wrote the thirty-first book about 590 years B. C, was delivered soon after the des- truction of Jerusalem by the Chaldeans. He sharply re- proved the Edomitos, the posterity of Esau, for rejoicing in the sufferings of the Jews; he concluded by foretelling the happy restoration of the posterity of Jacob. The thirty- second book was written by Jonah in the year 860 B. C. This propliet succeeded Elisha as the messenger of God to the ten tribes; his book contains an account of his mission to the inhabitants of Ninevah, the capital of Assyria, and sets forth his flight by sea from the presence of the Lord, and the storm by which his design was frustrated, also the marvelous escape which the Lord wrought out for him, which saved him from a watery grave. The circumstances in which he involved himself, in consequence of his dis- obedience to the mandiite of the Almighty is an example and warning for mankind.
The thirty-third book was written in the year 735 B. C, by Micah the Prophet. He sharply reproved the wickedness of the Israelites and Jews, plainly announced the divine judgments against both, and lived to see his threats accom- plished on the former, by the destruction of Samaria, the capital of the ten trihes, and the captivity of its inhabitants. Nahum the Prophet wrote the tliirty-fourth book in the year 715 B. C, it was directed against Ninevah, the great and wealthy capital of the xVssyrian empire. Its inhabitants had- formerly obtained a temporary respite from impending des- truction in consequence of their repentance under the preaching of Jonah, but they afterwards returned tO; tl'i<eir wickedness. Nahum was raised up to remonstrate with that people and call them to repentance. The short
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112
LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
prophecy of Habakkuk which forms the tliirty-fifth book was written by that prophet about 615 years B. C. This i>ioi>liet expostulated against the abounding wickedness and (ho cahimitous diseases of his age — foretold the destructive
i.vasion of the Chaldeans with their subsequent punish- in, mU. Respecting the family and prestige of this prophet, liUlo is known.
The book of Zephaniah the son of Cushi, forms the thirty- ii book, and was written by that prophet 625 years B. C. i.i lutiniated the approaching wrath of the Almighty upon ilu' kingdom of Judah because of its iniquities, and called lip"!! the people to repent. His threats against the Jews were intermingled with promises that God would graciously l»reserve a remnant of them, punish their enemies, gather Miem together, and dwell in their midst, and rejoice over I hem to do them good in the latter days. The Prophet Hag- gai \vrote the thirty-seventh book about sixteen years after restoration from captivity, in the year 520 B. C. In the at- tempt of the Jews to rebuild Jerusalem and the temple, they u ere harrassed and interrupted by the envious Samaritans, in consequence of which they desisted in this effort for about fourteen years, and began to lose sight of this work, when this prophet was raised up to labor with that people] and through his exhortations they resumed the work . and <oiiipleted it in a few years. Zachariah the son of Barachiah • Khvered his prophecy contained in the thirty-eighth I look, 520 years B. C. He spoke more largely than Haggai .oiicerning the sins of the Jews and their fathers, which had involved them in many years of calamity, and then encour- a.i;ed them to rebuild the temple, etc. He predicted the joy- ful coming of the Messiah, and the punishmentof the inhab- itants of Jerusalem for rejecting Him.
^lalichi, the last of the minor prophets according to the Canonical decrees, wrote the thirty-ninth book 400 years B. C. This prophet was contemporary with Nehemiah. His com[)rehensive prophecy showed that the piety of the gener- ii iwii in w^hich ho lived was far inferior to that of their faili-
I ;. who restored the temple and worship of Jehovah. He
iply reproved priests and people for their gross ingrati-
M'llishness, negligence and profaneness. He foretold
!'!"'■ I'Jng of tlie Messiah as the messenger of the cove-
mil closes his prophecy in predicting the coming of
1 - m the last days to turn the hearts of the fathers to
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HISTOBY OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. 113
tho children, and the hearts of the children to tlieir fathers.
The New Testament is conspicuous for the four separate accounts of the ministry and sufferings of the Savior, writ- ten respectively by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, all of whom were His Apostles. Matthew and Luke set forth the genealogy of the Savior, and connects His descent with Abraham, establishing His line as that of polygamous, hav- ing descended through a lineage of those unto whom the Almighty showed special favor in different generations, who practiced plural marriage with His divine sanction and ap- proval. Respecting the time that Matthew wrote his book, which is the tii'st of the New Testament, the exact date can- not be ascertained, but it is supposed to be in the year 39 A. D. There was an early tradition that he composed his narrative in the Hebrew language, for the benefit of his brethren in Judea, about seven years after the resurrection of Jesus, and that it was afterward turned into Greek for the benefit of Christians in general, some years before the de- struction of Jerusalem. The prevailing tradition concern- ing the gospel by' Mark is that he wrote the second book under tho inspection of the Apostle Peter, about thirty years after the resurrection of Christ. It contains very little that is not found in the narratives of Matthew and Luke. Re- specting Luke, he was a physician, a man of cultivated mind and the companion of the Apostle Paul, with whose approval he wrote the third book, upwards of thirty years after the resurrection of Christ. It is far more comprehensive and methodical than any of the other three, and it contains a great number of important articles omitted by the others. It is generally supposed that John composed his gospel, the fourth book, about sixty-seven years after the resurrection of Christ.
The Acts of the Apostles, the fifth book, was written by Luke about the year A. D. 69. He did not undertake to detail the labors of all the Apostles, or write a general history of all the churches during that period, 'but merely to record such information respecting the early progress of Christianity, as might 1)0 conducive to faith and righteousness.
The sixth book, the Epistle of Paul to the Romans, was written by him in the years A. D. 57 or 58, and four years belore he was carried to Rome as a prisoner. There is no certain tradition by whom the gospel was first preached in that capital, but as the Apostle had heard a
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LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
good report of the faith of some of its inhabitants, he desired to visit them, for the advancement of their spiritual inter- ests; and while his journey was delayed he sent them this comprehensive epistle. The seventh and eighth books the first and second epistles to the Corinthians, were also written by Paul about the year A. D. 57.. It is said that he abored successfully among the opulent and licentious in- habitants of Corinth, during more than eighteen months and collected a flourishing branch of the Church. He wrote this epistle to correct various disorders that had been intro- duced among the Saints at Corinth during his absence, and sent It to them from Ephesus, by the hand of Titus, who soon returned with tidings* of the beneficial effects that it produced. Soon after he had written his first epistle he de- parted from Epl>esus to Troas, and from thence to Mace- donia, where he met with Titus, and obtained a gratifying account of the good effects which it had produced, whereupon he wrote his second epistle, vindicating his former instruc- tions, and counteracting the influence of certain seducers by whom he had been misrepresented. This epistle was writ- tun within one year after the first, and contains an excellent ' A7>ohition of the gifts and graces of the Gospel.
Respecting the ninth book, Paul's epistle to the Galatians, there is great diversity of opinion among learned men as to tlie time when it was written, some supposing that he wrote it (luring his first imprisonment at Rome, about the year 60, vrliile others contradict this opinion, yet it is historically clear that he wrote it. There is much in common between this epistle and that to the Romans. It is universally ad- mitted that the Apostle Paul wrote the tenth book, the epis- tle to the Ephesians, at Rome, during his early imprison- ment, probably about the year A. D. 61. The style of this epistle is redundant with animation, and is in keeping with the state of the Apostle's mind at the time he wrote it. He is accredited as the author of the eleventh book, the epistle to the Phillipians, This epistle was also WTitten by him during his imprisonment at Rome, in the close of the year 62 or the beginning of 63. The tenor of this epistle was to confirm the Phillipians in the faith of the Gospel, and to walk in a manner becoming their profession.
The twelfth book, the epistle to the Colossians, was also written by Paul at Rome, in prison, shortly after he had wxitteu tp the Phillipians in the year 62. Throughout this
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IIISTOllY OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. 115
epistlo, the spirit and genius of this great apostle is strik- ingly manifest in the lofty elaboration of the subject he di- lates upon, corresponding with his high conception of the Gospel. The thirteenth and fourteenth books, the first and second Epistles of Paul to the Thessalonians were written about the year A. D. 54, and are supposed to have been among the first epistles written by him to the Christian churches. The subject matter of the first epistle was encour- agement to the Saints there, lest they should be turned aside from their faith by the persecution of the unbelievers, and to induce them to adhere to their religion notwithstanding; the second epistle refers to the Man of sin, and the mystery of iniquity which became developed in the Papal church.
The fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth books, the first and second epistle to Timothy, the epistles of Paul to Titus and Philemon, form a distinct class by themselves, being in the nature of instruction from one in authority to those holding lesser offices in the Church; in those epistles the recipients are admonished to be valiant in the Gospel and to (lischarge their duties as the servants of God. The second epistle to Timothy was written in Komo in prison a short time before Paul was martyred, in the year A. D. (>5, the other a year or so previous.
The nineteenth book, the epistle to the Hebrews was writ- ten about A. D. 67. Respecting its authenticity there is much doubt in the minds of historians; however the Christian churches generally believed it to have been written by Paul, but further and recent search points to Appollos. It is an admirable exposition of the Gospel, and may be termed the climax of ethical teaching; it discusses freely of the validity and design of the Abrahamic and Mosaic law, and portrays the absorbing powers of the higher law couched in the Gospel of Jesus.
The Epistle of James forms the twentieth book and there is considerable doubt as to what James it was who wrote this epistle, as there were two of this name, one named James, and one James the less, probably on account of his diminu- tive stature; the former the son of Zebedee, and the latter the son of Alpheus, and was related to the Savior; it is sup- posed he wrote the epistle in question a short time before he was put to death, about the year A. D. 62; this excellent book elaborates upon faith and works; showing the futility of the former without the latter, and is replete with ideas of
^^^' IiP«AN TEMPLE LECTURES.
a practical jind tangible character. The first and second l^.istle of Peter, the twenty-first and twenty-second books were written by him a few months before his martyr- dom in the year A. D. 66. There are some doubts Ve- specting the authorship of the second epistle, still it is supposed to have been written by Peter. These elaborate epistles contain much in common with the other writ- lugs of the apostles, but show a vigor and depth of mind ne- culiar to the chief apostle, and take within their scope a hiU conception of the plan of salvation, and show him to be the shepherd of the flock. The three short epistles of John, and .that of Jude, bring us to the twenty-fifth book. The epistles 01 John are clear and perspicuous in their details of Chris- tianity and the elevating character of the operations of the spirit, and speak in glowing terms to the Saints to bestead- fast in the truth; that of Jude forming the twenty-sixth book forwearns them of the false teacher^ that had begun to spread their errors in their midst. ^
The twenty-seventh book, the Revelations of John con- taining the visions and prophecies seen and uttered by him outhe Island of Patmos, where he had been banished by he Emperor Dometian, -for the testimony of Jesus," finishes he Canonical books of the Holy Scriptures. It is generally believed he wrote this book, although doubted by some few about the year A.^ D. 96. It may be proper to remark thai quite a lew historians make mention of two Johns who lived .•onteinporary at the time in question, one mentioned in the •Itli verse o the thirteenth chapter of the Acts of the Apos- ^'-^^ 1:^ styled a minister. Eusebius calls him John the Pres- •1-1', and states that there were two monuments at Ephesus I .^.t bore the name of John. This has lead many to doubt 1 1. at John the Apostle wrote the Apocalypse, and this view IS streng hened it is claimed, in consequence of the differ- I'nce of the sty e and diction of the Gospel bySt. John! and hat of the book of Revelations. Kitto has an elaborate ar- ticle m his Cyclopa3dia of Biblical Literature in wl.ich all tliese questions are ably discussed, and while not concludincr positively that John the Apostle did not write the book in question, favors the belief that it was probable that he did iMisebius states that the John that reclined upon the breast ot Jesus (and he was the apostle) wrote the Apocalypse When It is remembered that at the time it is claimed this book was written, eleven of the apostles had been put to
HISTORY OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES.. 117
death, and that John the Apostle was the only surviving one, it is correctly presumable that he alone was eligible by virtue of his Priesthood and Apostleship to witness and hear the marvelous things therein recorded, and without doubt he was the writer. The testimony of Joseph Smith on this point is conclusive. This wonderful book foreshad- ows the decline and the final dissolution of the apostolic church, and intimates the rise of the mother of harlots, the abominable church; and foretells in sublime language the bringing fortli of the Gospel through the instrumentality of an holy angel, and closes its pages with a portrayal of the new Jerusalem that shall be built up in the latter days, pre- paratory to the reign of peace that shall be inaugurated un- der the personal supervision of the Lord Jesus Christ.
As may be seen by the foregoing tl\ere are sixty-six books in tlie Holy Scriptures. It will be remembered that the Old Testament was in existence in the days of the Savior, in the Hebrew and Greek, and some portions in the Samar- itan language. The confj)ilation of the new Testament was the work of later years and was not written originally in the same language.
It is now in order to note briefly a few of the most impor- tant translations that have taken place, until the publication of the authorized version of* King James. It is found that there were early Latin viirsions of the Bible of which the Vestas Itala was the most celebrated. In the fourth century it was revised by Jerome, but he was dissatisfied with the woik; lie therefore translated the Old Testament from the original Hebre^v, which translation is known as the Vulgate, so-called as being the only version used by the Roman Catho- lic church. But as it is our purpose to show briefly the trans- lation into the English language we shall not refer further to translations in other tongues.
The earliest English translation of a portion of the Bible was made by Caedmon, a benedictine monk, in the seventh century. The venerable Bede, who was born about the year 637, in the north of England, translated some portions of the Bible. He has the greatest name in the ancient litera- ture of England, and was probably the most distinguished scliolar of his age, on account of whicli great weight was placed upon his production. Adhelm Bishop of Sherborne, (who died in the year 700) and Guthlac, a hermit of Crow- land, near Peterborough, each inscribed a version of the
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Psaltor. Alfred the Great, who was born in the year S4{) I iia.le some excellent transLations, and, as they were made : <'iii( tune after the others, in consideration of the advancc- ! -iit and improvement of the language, he partook ■I tlio.so advantages, which gave liis works a su- jHaiority over the others. During the interim that elapsed Irom the death of Alfred to the birth of John Wyclif who u-as born in the year 1.320, the Roman Catholic church had grown to huge proportions, and had obtained the power not only of the church but of the states of Christendom' W hatever of learning and theology existed was under its iron hand. The Scriptures, which it monopolized, was in the Latin tongue, and all of its churchmen of whatever na- tionality were compelled to study Latin in order to read them. The rituals and masses were also rendered in that tongue, and the laity Vere forbidden to read the Scriptures and as a consequence measures were taken to keep them out ot their hands, on account of which the masses were sunk in Ignorance and barbarism. ♦
The great soul of Wyclif becoming awakened to the condi- tion of Christendom, especially among his countrymen con- ceived the idea of translating the Holv Scriptures into the Lnghsh language, and placing them in their hands as a means of lifting them up out of their degradation. He ac- cordingly began this godly work, being inspired by the Al- mighty so to do. No sooner had it become known that lie. was thus engaged, as also expounding them and in giving his views upon the abuses of the times, than the an- athemas of the church, with the weight of thp secular power was hurled against him. In the year 1377 he was summon- ed before convocation, at St. Pauls to answer charges for er- roneous teaching, and but for the interference of John of (.aunt and others of high position, he would in all proba- Mlity liave gone to the stake, as others of similar views did lie, liowever, finished his undertaking in 1384; but as there uere no printing presses in his time, there were but few who rouhl aftord to purchase a manuscript copv of his work' still mv;it good was done, as those who did obtain a copy cLlled 111 I heir neighbors, and some one was selected to read and Mills (he light of truth began to kindle in the hearts of men Hio benign influences of the Scriptures were soon manifest, .:;iying much alarm to the Roman church, showing in that instance, as in all others, that that which is of the greatest
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IILSTOllY OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. 110
good meets with the most opposition in all ages. The fame ol* Wyctlif became widespread; his views, which were drawn largely from the Scriptures, reached to other nations, and numbers of men imbibed his sentiments and championed liis cause. During the forty years after his death, Popedom was much perplexed at the state of affairs brought about by the labors of Wyclif and others in the path of reform, and the introduction of the Scriptures in the English language. A train of circumstances made it necessary to convene the Council of Constance for the adjudication of certain ques- tions affecting the permanency and stability of the Roman church. This august tribunal consisted of a German emper- or, twenty princes, one hundred and forty counts, a pope, more tl^^n twenty cardinals, seven patriarchs, twenty arch- bishops, ninety-one bishops, six hundred other prelates^ and about four thousand priests, in all about four thousand nine hundred i)ersons. Its deliberation extended from the year 1414 to 1418. Wyclif had the honor of being recognized by this august body as the source of all the influences, which had thus turned the world upside down. Among its earliest acts it condemned all his works, and wherever found they were committed to the flames. Not satisfied with these measures, it passed, before its close, a sentence that his body should be disinterred and burned to ashes; and ten years after, from beneath the humble chancel, where they had slept in peace more than forty years, his bones were dragged rudely forth to the light of day, and, being carried down the hill on which the church stood, to a little stream called the Swift, were there consumed by fire, and the ashes thrown into the river. That a man's remains should be exhumed from their last resting place, and of such a man as Wyclif, shows the intolerance that existed in his time, making lib- erty of conscience an impossibility. The animus and viru- lence of such an influence has not even down to our time, been eliminated from the hearts of thousands of mankind. Wyclif's Bible was followed byTynsdale, one hundred and forty-six years afterwards in the year 1530; by Coverdale, in 1535; Cranmar, in 1539, called the great Bible; Mathews, 1551; Traverners, which was little more than a revision of Tynsdale's, 1557. In 1558 the Geneva Bible made its ap- pearance, which was the work of English exiles who had taken refuge in Switzerland from the religious persecution in their own land. In 1508, under the supervision of Arch-
120 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
bishop Parker, by royal command, with the aid of numerous bishops, was produced a new version, called, for distinction, tlie Bishop's Bible. The Douay Bible was translated by sev- eral P]nglish Catholics; the New Testament in this version was published in 1582, and the Old Testament in 1610. In consequence of the singular rendering of some word or words of the text, certain Bibles have been oddly named. In Mathews' Bible the word ''terror," in Psalms xci, 5, is ren- dered "bugges," making the passage read: "Thou shalt not be afraid for the bugges by night;" this is called the Bug lUble. In the German Bible, published 1560, Adam and I'iVe are said <fcj have made themselves breeches of fig leaves Mislead of aprons; this is designated the Breeches Bible. In ilio liishop's Bible: "Is there no traycle in (lilead," is found ':i:steiid of balm; hence the name, The Traycle Bible. In 111- Douay version this word is rendered rosin, from which \ 0 have the Rosin Bible. The name Douay Bible arises IVom the city in France in wliich it was translated.
The translators of each of these different styled Bibles, en- countered difficulties and opposition to their undertakings, similar to those met by Wyclif, some of whom were put to death. After James I. came to the throne of England, in the year 1603, he called the conference of Hampton Court, in the year 1604, to which he invited certain episcopal and puritanical ministers for the purpose of discussing the meas- ures, having for their object the establishment of a conformi- ty of worship and faith; at the second session of wliich Dr. Reynolds, a puritan minister, moved the question of a new translation of the Scriptures. King James, although op- posed to puritanic views, favored the idea. A new transla- tion became necessary, in consequence of serious disparities that were found to exist in the translations already made, which often lead to unpleasant controversies among the people. It was thought if a new one could be made under legal sanction and approval, authorized by law, the same being done by competent Greek and Hebrew scholars, much ill-feeling and all doubt of a correct translation would be re- moved. King James became deeply interested in the sub- ject of a new translation, taking the matter into his own hands, and set on foot the necessary preliminaries without delay, and on a scale far surpassing anything that had been witnessed in England in connection with Bible translation. He, however, at once saw the necessity of enlisting the co-
HISTOIIV OF THE HOLY SCRIPTUllES. 121
0[)eratioii of iiinuontial and learned men in order to ac- complish tlic work contemplated. He called to his special aid Bancroft, Bishop of London, a man of reputed learning in the languages in which the Scriptures were originally written. The bishop was at first opposed to any further translation, as he was a true disciple of the old school, but the king w^on him over to his policy, and appointed him general overseer and final reviser of the work, and he pushed it forward witb vigor and efficiency. Before the end of July, 1604, fifty-four scholars were selected as translators, and arrang(;d into six companies, tw^o of which were to meet at Westminister and two at each of the universities, Oxford and Cambridge. To this arrangement the king directed the heads of the universities to add to the number such others as they might deem qualified, and the bishops were re- (juired to spare no pains for securing the suggestions and criticisms of the best scholars in their respective dioceses.
Tlie maintenance and remuneration of the translators was the king's next care, which was brought about by the reve- nues of certain i)retends and church funds being turned to that end. All the preliminaries were completed, in which were included fourteen rules drafted by the king for the guidance of the translators. The rules were quite elaborate. Rule eight being pertinent to our subject, which illustrates the manner of the work, we ([uote as follows: ^'Every par- ticular man of each company to take the same chapter or chapters and, having translated or amended them severally by himself, wdiere he thinks good, all to meet together, con- fer what they have done, and agree for their part what shall stand." The work of translation commenced sometime after May, 1005. The whole version being completed in the manner herein indicated. Three copies were made, one at each place, and delivered to a committee of twelve — six of whom were chosen by the translators from their own num- ber— two from each company — and six it is supposed were selected by the king, according to his first intention, from his bishops and other learned ecclesiastics not previously connected with the translation.
The work after passing its second revision passed into the hands of Bilson, bishop of Winchester, and Dr. Miles Smith (soon made bishop of Gloucester), who again revised the wdiole. Finally Bancfoft, bishop of London, received it in charge, and bestowed such finishing touches as were yet
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LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
needed to fit it for its destined position. It was at length published in 1611, with a dedication to the King. The title page proclaimed that it had been executed ''by His Majesty's special comraandment,'*^ and that it was ''appointed to be read in churches.'* Thus we have traced the origin of the Holy Scriptures, and noted some of the important trans- lations thereof, as also the origin of our common version, . ikI the principles and method observed in its preparation.
The Scriptures are now printed in upwards of two huii-
ii'i'd languages and dialects. During the last seventy-five
: iri, about one hundred and sixty millions of copies were
..irculated through the agencies of the Bible societies alone.
Political Egonomy.--Work and Wages.
C. W. NIB LEY.
9
New Conditions of Society, — Labor-Saving Machines. — The Necessity of Changing the Political Economy of the World.— The True Systena of Work and Wages.— Every Man a Worker.
The times we live in are peculiar in many respects. New conditions of societ}^ exist which never existed before in this world's history. They are really strange times. It is fash- ionable to meet such remarks with the observation that things always were in inuch the same condition as now; that there were always rich and poor, provident, and im- provident, workers and idlers among all peoples.
It is, and for many generations has been, profitable for the preachers, the soul overseers of men, to quote, by way of ex- planation, that passage of the Scriptures, which says, *'the poor you have alWays with you." The preachers have tried to make the people believe that such a condition of poverty was intended by tlie Master. And this doctrine has been especially pleasing to the riclier ones of the world, inasmuch as it tended to ease whatever pangs of conscience these rich- er ones might have in oppressing the poor, and they (the rich) being often pillars of the church, in a financial sense, have had such doctrine preached as they were willing to pay for. This class of workers, if we can dignify them by that name, have known always where the pay was coming from and preached accordingly. Let us be tliankful that their trade is well nigh gone. But has tlie world ever before seen such times as we now live in? When was the time that trans[)ortation in all senses was carried on as now? Has the world ever before seen the thresher, the self-binder, the steam plow, the iron horse, the ocean steamer, and the thou- sands of labor saving machines of recent invention in all de-
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juitiiicnts of manufacture and trade? Verily, no! Tlien we liiive new, strange conditions which are unlike all past ex- Iterience and which unsettle our political economy and are likely to break us to pieces.
Strange that with all these labor saving machines the la- borer should receive no benefit, but be compelled to work as hard or even harder than ever before. We take great credit and glory for our nineteenth century civilization, but we have hundreds of thousands of tramps abroad in the land, which is not so much of a credit to us. The rich have been made richer by these inventions, the poor are made poorer and more helpless. It is affirmed, by those who have taken much pains to investigate the question, that were the ma- chiner}'- for making boots and shoes, now in the factories of these United States, kept running for five months in each year, more boots and shoes would be produced than our population could use or find markets for export; and it seems reasonable to conclude that not only in the boot and shoe trade but in the cloth trade, in the hat trade, and in- deed in all kinds of trade or manufacture, there is made in a short time as much as can be used in perhaps double the pe- riod. By the aid of machinery, one man sitting on a self- binder for instance, and driving a pair of horses, does the work of ten or sixteen men of a few years back. And still the hours of the laborer are not lessened. ''It is question- able" says John Stuart Mill, ^'if all the mechanical inven- lions yet made, have lightened the day's toil of any human iM'ing." Now there is something wrong about all this. Sup- j,M)so we have an isolated community of one thousand men; tlioy are workers with primitive tools, and it requires ten hours work from each man, six days in the week to keep thorn and their families living comfortably; and now some iiiwintive genius introduces a combination of fire and water .nd iron — makes steam to do the great portion of the work, uduld it not seem that this blessing must shorten the hours .>[ labor? I know there are more luxuries in the world than ihore used to be, but are the poor any better off than form- erly? Let the armies of tramps answer. Let the miserable t<Miants of garrets and cellars in our great cities answer. The hungry and the naked are beginning to make answer in a voice audible and fierce. And even were we to con- cede that the poor enjoy some things that the comparatively
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well to do (lid not have centuries ago, is that an answer to the great ((uestion?
A Jay (lould })lanted alone in the wilds of Africa or America with land, water and air to make nione}' on, could perhaps, during his natural life, gather about him certain improvements of a few hundi-ed dollars in value; but put a Jay Gould in New York with fifty millions of people swarm- ing on the land; let your Jay Gould manipulate the labor of those people and he has in a few years accumulated a hundred millions of dollars. He, too, tells the poor: "Why you have great blessings — you have sugar sometimes! When did the poor in old times have sugar? You are free men, you have liberty, you are the sovereign rulers of this great nation. No man can make slaves of you." And yet at this very time thousands of the so-called "sovereign rulers" have no bread to eat, and no change of raiment, but go about the country looking, truly enough, like they were made out of the dust of the earth.
So the sovereign rulers having been told of all this for so many years, especially at election times, and on the Fourth of Jul}^; their greatest orators and statesmen continually holding up to them, in Congress and out, this, what they call "grand truth," that this is a people's government, a "govern- ment of the people, by the [)eople, and for the people," these same sovereign rulers are beginning to ask themselves: "If this is our countr}\and we govern it, why cannot we govern it in such a way that we shall at least be sure of bread enough to eat?
And let me liere remark that it is not simply bread and butter and good lodgings alone that can give me or any man contentment and peace. No, there is something more need- ed! "Man shall not live by bread alone but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God." If we live by that word we will live according to the laws of justice and truth. This feeling of injustice — that you have dealt un- justly by me and that I have no means of getting justice done, that I have been and am oppressed, me and mine, and that you are the oppressor — this feeling is unbearable, in- supportable and rankles in my heart, destroying every ves- tige of peace, it cankers my very soul, and if I do not smother it, it will drive me to desperation. What boots it that I am told by the editors and stump speakers that I am a free American citizen — "sovereign ruler," when I am
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every clay oppressed by the iron hand of capital? A nation of millions of men — not only this nation but many nations — are in these days asking themselves such questions. The answer is imperatively demanded; justice is demanded; something like an equal distribution of this world's goods is demanded; and no amount of sophistry — of "sovereign ruler" talk will put the great question off much longer.
"Gurth, born thrall, of Cedric, the Saxon/' says an emin- i-iit writer, ''has been greatly pitied in these days. Gurth, \\\[h the brass collar round his neck, tending Cedric's pigs 111 the glade of the wood, is not what I call an exemplar of liuman felicity; but Gurth, with the sk}' above him,Aviththe free air and tinted bocage and umbrage round him, and in him at least the certaint}^ of supper and social lodging when he came home; Gurth, to me, seems happy in comparison with many a man of these days, not born thrall of anybody; Gurth's brass collar did not gall him; Cedric deserved to be his master. The pigs were Cedric's, but Gurth too would get his pairings of them. Gurth had the inexpressible sat- isfaction of feeling himself related indissolubly, though in a rude brass collar way, to his fellow mortals on this earth. He had superiors, inferiors, equals. Gurth is now 'emanci- |)ated'long since; has what we call 'liberty.' Liberty, I am told, is a divine thing. Liberty, when it becomes the 'lib- ort}" to die by starvation' is not so divine."
Our rich men accumulating their thousands, their hun- th'cds of thousands, their millions, and the poor, not only suffering in body but in spirit also, and all the while being told thntthey have liberty and are free men — to me the end of such a state of society seems very near. And to make it worse the increased capacity for producing manufactured goods, so that for certain months in the year machinery must be stopped and men are out of employment, as our markets become glutted and our goods cannot be sold, what then is to become of the poor who are thus thrown out of employment? With our horses, after we have got a sum- mer's work out of them, we feed them and caro f)r ilicm during the winter months while there is no 'vork. A horse is too valuable to let die of starvation. But 1 luan, made in the image of God, after he has worked for I ' ihu'ing seasons of prosperity, now when dull times come
ii -charge him — turn him olf, caring little, it would seem,
n lIjol" he lives or dies. He has liberty, is emancipated —
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no brass collar now about his neck — he has the ''liberty to die by starvation." He wanders about the country seeking work, becomes a despised tramp. If he goes to the door of the rich and asks for bread it is fashionable to set the dogs on him. If he asks for work, nobody believes he wants work, and so cursing his fate and with curses both loud and deep against the rich and the existing state of things he is prepared to do anything desperate. He becomes an Ish- mael in the world, an outcast from society, every man's hand against him.
It is a pitiable sight to see an able bodied man begging for work and can get none: ,
"He bepTS liis brother of the earth. To give him leave to toil But see his lordly fellow worm The poor petition spurn Unmindful though a weeping wife And helpless off^ipring mourn!"
The Scriptures have foretold a time that should come when "the turning away of the simple shall slay them, and the prosperity of fools shall destroy them."
Surely it is a turning away of the simple to make them believe that they are the sovereign rulers of the land, when, in fact, they are manipulated in which ever way the cun- ning, the politician, the unscrupulous rich ones choose; and now they are brought to the condition we see, until one tires and sickens of the very report of strikes and other warfare between labor and soulless capital. And is not our much vaunted ''unexampled prosperity" simply "the prosperity of the fools," making myself wealthy at the expense of my poor brothers until they are ready, nay, anxious, to take my life from me, is that such prosperity as wisdom would build up? Hardly!
"What is the meaning of nobleness if this be noble?" ex- claims an irritated author. "In a valiant suffering for oth- ers, not in a slothful making others suffer for us, did noble- ness ever lie. The chief of men is he who stands in the van of man; fronting the peril which frightens back all oth- ers; which, if it be not vanquished will devour the others. Every noble crown is, and on earth will forever be, a crown of thorns. Why was our life given us if not that we should manfully give it? Descend, 0 Donothing Pomp; quit thy down cushions, expose thyself to learn what wretches feel and how to cure it. Descend thou! undertake
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this horrid living chaos of ignorance and hunger weltering around thy feet; say I will heal it, or hehold I will die foremost in it! Such is verily the law."
If it is noble to simply pile up your thousands, your mil- lions and gain thereby the hatred of your poof fellow mor- tals until they are anxious to make an end of you, then I for one do not wish to belong to that class of nobility. No true Latter-day Saint can belong to such a class. And yet we lire prone to worship money and the power of money. We loo often look after the successful man more than the wor- thy man, arid if he has only ''made money" we are somewhat iiixious to elevate him to the first seats in the synagogue, lime will come when this will be changed soiiiewhat. The ! .ii'stion must get to be, not "how much money have you made?" but "how much work have you done?" Ilavo you, according to the faculty, or talent, bestowed by the Creator, done your work? This will yet be the great question be- fore the Just Judge! Not, what is your family name? Nor whether you are Scandinavian, American or English; but, "What work hast thou done in my .cause? What heroic suf- fering have you endured in prison or out? Have you been valiant for the truth?" Happy are they, even though they be poorest in this world's goods, who can truthfully answer, Yes. Of them it shall be said, "well done, thou good and faithful servant. Thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many; enter thou into the joy of thy Lord!"
But while our chief desire is to make money — while the chief anxiet}^ we have is to succeed in piling up wealth, there is little to hope for from us, and when we come to be weighed in the iDalance we will be found wanting.
"The word hell," says Sauerteig, "is still frequently in use among the English f)eople, but I could not, without diffii- culty, ascertain what they meant by it. Hell, generally signifies the infinite terror, the thing a man is infinitely afraid of, and shudders at, and shrinks from, strug- gling with his whole soul to escape from it. There is a hell, therefore, if you will consider, which accompanies man in all stages of his history, and religious or other de- velopment; but the hells of men and peoples, differ notably. With Christians it is the infinite terror of being found guilty before the Just Judge. With Old Romans, I conjecture, it was the terror, not of Pluto, for whom they cared' little, but
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POLITICAL ECONOMY WORK AND WAGES. 129
of doing unworthily, unvirtuously, which wiis their word for unnianfiilly. And now, what is it if you pierce through his cants, his oft-repeated hearsays, what he calls his worships and so forth — what is it that the mod- ern English soul does, in very truth, dread infinitely, and contemplate with entire despair? What is hell; after all these reputable oft-repeated hearsays, what is it? With hesi- tation, with astonishment, I pronounce it to be, the terror of 'not succeeding,' not 'making money,' fame, or some other figure in the world, — chieily of not making money. Is not th{it a somewhat singular hell?"
Truly a singular hell, and yet it is verily the hell of to- day, the infinite terror, the thing most dreaded. Such a hell must have its corresponding heaven, and with such ideas of heaven and hell, what true nobleness or worth can be got out of a people that entertain such notions? Our ideas concerning such matter must change somewhat, and we must as a nation, begin to regard with infinite terror, something besides the failure to make money.
And, again, on this question of work and wages, we must learn that the mere payment of price agreed, does not end our obligations to the laborers we employ. Wages! If all I am to have for my work is the paltry dollar I get in this world, I fancy I shall be poorly paid. Is my brother sick, or in prison, and I visit him not, nor care in any way for his family, but content myself by saying: ''I paid him his wages full up, what more can be expected?" Alas, if our obliga- tions to one another, end here, we are doomed to certain de- struction, for no nation ever held together long after adopting such a creed.
And when we refiect on it, what money consideration would satisfy you to take your life in your hand and go, say, into tlie Southern States, and preach the doctrines of the Church? Would money satisfy you as wages for work like that? Our wages are as certain as death; but dolhirs will not entirely fill tlie bill. The wages, as computed by the best authorities of the time, for the highest, bravest, and best work ever done on this earth was crucifixion on the cross. The wages John Milton received for his "Paradise Lost," was ten pounds sterling. Wliat of the wages of Joseph, the head of this great dispensation? Why, the man did not often know which way to turn to get enough to live on, and final- ly he was shot down — ignominiously put to death. A braver
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nobler, or better than that same Joseph, this world has never seen for eighteen hundred years. In payment for work done he deceived the wages considered due!
0, my friends, we must have some other method of com- puting wages than supply and demand; for the obligations Itetween me and my poor over-labored brother are deep and fur reaching as eternity. He is driven to too many hours of Horo toil to support his family. The work he does is of the iiiirdest and it is poorest paid. Am I responsible for his . :iii(lition? Are you? Who is? Necessity compels him to li, we say, but is such necessity just?
The rights of man are well understood in these days. We have made much progress from the days of Cedric and Gurth. The days of what we call slavery are forever past. And these poor laborers, understanding so well the rights that free men should have, begin to feel that the injustice done them cannot be much longer endured. Upon the Lat- ter-day Saints devolves the labor of changing the political economy of the world. What have we done thus far to- wards making that change? Comparatively nothing. If I have to hire a man for a day or a month or a year I usually find out what such labor is worth in the market and make my bargain accordingly. And even if I wished to do other- wise; if I stopped to inquire concerning the man's family, whether it is large or small and try to be at least just in pay- ing wages, I am compelled by the very necessities of the case to purchase his work for the going figure, and for this rea- son: if I am making cheese, for instance, or lumber or any- thing else, I must compete with other manufacturers, other- wise I can find no market; if I do not find a market I and my laborers are alil^e ruined. This cut-throat competition exists in every department of the world's trade and manu- facture. It exists with us precisely as elsewhere. We are governed by it. It cannot be otherwise until our system of political economy is entirely changed. English men must work a little cheaper in order to compete with the Germans. The Germans, they say, work about fourteen hours daily and are paid just enough to enable them to keep on working. Here in our own country we have a Rock Springs massacre of innocent Chinese laborers simply because these Chinese can work for less and live on less than Americans. The oth- i r day there was presented in Congress a petition a mile and LL half long — the longest ever seen there before — signed by
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POLITICAL ECONOMY WOllK AND WAGES. 131
fifty tliousiunl Knights of Lal)or, {iskiiig for more stringent legislation on the Cliincse question. It requires no prophet to predict what all this is coming to. Fifty years ago, when everythiiig was prosperous and the nations were enjoying an era of what they called ''unexampled prosperity," it re- quired a groat Seer and Prophet to tell these nations that the day was soon at hand when revolution, riot, anarchy and, finally, destruction awaited them. Now, thinking men every- where see nothing hut trouhle ahead, and '-men's hearts fail them for fear of the things that are coming on the earth."
Poor, foolish mortals to think that legislation of any kind can avert the calamity. When you can legislate some soul into these soulless corporations; when you can legislate vir- tue, honor and truth into mankind, then, and also not till then, can your legislation he effective. That cannot he done; legislation can do much, hut it cannot do that. Virtue, honor, what we call soul, has got to groiv in the hearts of men, being first platited there by men who have themselves some of these noble (jualities. For like begets like, and it is soul that kindles soul. The re-training influences of a re- ligion which will make me and you and all, do the right thing and the just thing, that, and that only, will prove the corrective. Legislation never did nor can. And when a religion loses power to restrain men from dealing unjustly with one another, such a nation of men are doomed — their end is nigh. Such a religion too is good for nothing: it too, has lost its soul; "it cumbereth the ground" having lost its power over mankind, church members having no terror of excommunication or anything else that the church can do, having only an "infinite terror" of not making money. Such a religion should be "hewn down and cast into the fire." For without religion society cannot be made lasting and per- manent. These evils of which we have to complain, and which are in these days speaking "trumpet tongued" througli the throats of the oppressed millions, cannot be cured with- out the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
In the adoption of that, and living by its laws I can see a remedy for these ills, a time of blessedness and peace, which is surely coming; w'hen the cry of the hungry and the oppressed wdll be heard no more in the land forever. The nations will not hear, and therefore speedy destruction awaits them. Thus runs the indictment of the Scriptures against them: "Because I have called and ye have refused,
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132 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
I liave stetched out my hand, and no man regarded. But ye have set at naught all my counsel, and would none of my reproof. I also will laugh at your calamity; I will mock when your fear cometh; when your fear cometh as desola- tion; and your destruction cometh as a whirlwind; when dis- tress and anguish cometh upon you. Then shall they call upon me but I will not answer; they shall seek me early but they shall not lind me. For that they hated knowledge aiui did not choose the fear of the Lord; tliey would none of tiiy counsel; they despised all my reproof. Therefore shall Llioy eat of the fruit of their own way, audl)e filled with their own devices. For the turning away of the simple shall slay them, and the prosperity of fools shall destroy them. Bat whoso hearkeneth unto me shall dwell safely and shall be quiet from fear of evil." (Proverbs i, 24 to the last.) Set- ting at naught the counsel of God, despising His reproof, not having eyes to see when He stretches out His hand in so many marvelous and miraculous ways — all this, never fear, has a sure and certain reward, wdiich is ''destruction as a whirlwind." And the ''unexampled prosperity," of Avhich in these days we have heard so much — a prosperity which makes here a millionaire and there a million tramps, is surely enough the "prosperity of fools," and it ''shall destroy them."
"But whoso hearkeneth unto Me shall dwell safely and shall be quiet from fear of evil." Have we, my friends, altogether hearkened unto him? In our scramble for this world's goods have we dealt with one another strictly ac- cording to laws of justice? We have not, and until our sys- tem of work and wages is changed we can not. How to bring about this change is the grand question. There is one w^ay and only one that will be found in a system where laborers and masters have a common interest; where the profits on all the w^ork that is done shall inure not to one man or a corporation of ten or fifty, but to the society as i. ^ whole; where individual interest shall sink and one common brotherhood — each man having an equal interest in the work — will yet be found to be the true system of work and wages.
I know this will call forth many an "impossible!" "im- practicable!" but I tell you it is not impossible, but must become possible, and very soon, too, or we with our Jay (Joulds on a small scale, with the land all taken by the first settlers, and rent increasing each year, wall find poverty
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pressing more and more on the million, while the few will wax richer and richer. This feeling of looking out for num- ber one will have to give way to something broader and nobler. God so loved the world that He gave His Only Be- gotten Son — gave His life for all the seed of Adam. ''The wealth of a man," says C'arlyle, ''is the number of things he loves and blesses, whicli he is loved and blest l)y." And the man wlio is so narrow in his soul that in the broadest stretch of liis imagination, he can only reach to "me and my wife, my son John and his wife," is not iitted for such a new brotherhood, and [ fancy will be among the first to crv "im-
lK)...sibh;!"
With such a system I can see blessings, peace, stability in the government, pennanence in occupation, each one doing his utmost to make his stewardship a success, balancing up at tlie a[)pointe(l time, and saying "here is what we have made, let it go into the general treasury and be used for blessing, building up and strengthening the society." I can see God's blessing on tU-1 that. No tramps, no idlers. Every man a wx)rker, and the man who wished to husband his strength too much, who, in fact, is lazy, he should be labor- ed with, persuaded, and if he still i)ersisted in his idle course, he should be expelled, for the word of the Lord is, "Thou shalt not be idle, for he that is idle shall not eat the bread nor wear the garments of the laborer," Doctrine and Cove- nants, Sec. 42: 42. And again: "Let every man be diligent in all things. And the i(ller shall not have place in the Church except he repents and mends his ways." Doctrine and (Covenants, Sec. 75: 29. You shall expel him from the Church, from the society, except he mends his ways.
Then with the aid of labor-saving inventions I can see how the hours of labor would be shortened; for if enough food, clothes and other necessaries and even luxuries would be produced by each person laboring four hours in each day of the six working days, the balance of the time could be used for education, for recreation, for worship and enjoy- ment. Then our hell would cease to be the fear of not mak- ing money or getting on in the world, but we and our chil- dren would grow to have one "infinite term" which in the language of the old prophets is the "fear of God" — the fear of sinning against light and truth and justice. In such a well ordered self-sustaining community the arts and sciences would be encouraged and })romoted, all that is highest and
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.mioii^' mankind would iiiid place hero. No irian would
liny fear that when lie had passed away his i'aniily would
I'c eared for, employed, looked after; for they wiUi all
I li<? other memhers would have an equal interest in the wealth
i'l' the society. And yet there would of necessity he sui)e-
riors— governors, masters, in a word a priesthood wisely and
justly directing all labor, spiritual and temporal.
But do not run away with the impression that I recommend a long table for everybody to eat at and all to have the same kind of food, and so forth; we can all have equal riglits and interest in all the Church possesses, without all being com- pelled to eat brown bread or drink buttermilk. Nor would we all be treated exactly alike, so far as the distributing of this world's goods go, for he who should be most worthy"^ we should feel it a pleasure to see him living in the best house, dressed in the choicest apparel, and eating the fat of the land.
The loyal and loving heart can find no fitter way of ex- pression than by bounteously giving. So we, being loyal, would feel It our highest privilege to give; saying in the language of the Scriptures, Thou art worthy! Thou art worthy! Every man would find the place he was by nature best fitted to fill, and he would contentedly labor in his place. Such a state of society would be a millennium, and the prayer taught by the Master, more than eighteen hundred years ago: ^'Thy Kingdom come! Thy will be Jone./" would at length be realized.
SCIENCE.-II.
JOHN E. CARLISLE.
A Broad Field — The Student of Science — Matter — Change of Fornn — Properties of Matter — Disooveries of Recent Years. ,
In our previous lecture we treiited Science in a general way, referring to some of the incentives to its study. The field is so broad that we are led to continue somewhat in our former vein of thought, and bring to your attention the views of other thinkers than the ones formerly quoted. The study of science is fraught with much responsibility, bringing, as it does, to the one pursuing it, intense happiness or measure- less discontent. «< One should enter upon the study of science with a firm belief and determination that he will be made a better, brighter, happier and consequently a more contented man by acquiring the knowledge to be gained. He should never allow egotism or self-pride to cause him to lose sight of the grand fact that the evidence of a Deity is indelibly stamped upon all the works of nature. It is important to begin the study of natural laws, recognizing that their study will lead to a stronger faith in the Creator. Herein lies much responsibility, for the superficial and worldly minded in pursuit of their own whims have allowed themselves to be carried away with the false idea that there is no God. They evidently began with a wrong motive, studied with it, and allowed themselves to be carried away to the accepting of delusions. The student should ever remember that the bright minds which have added most to the world's knowl- edge and good, are those of men and women who have be- lieved in a supreme being.
It was properly claimed by a writer in the sixteenth cen- tury that "the consideration of the vastness, beauty, and regular motions of the heavenly bodies, the excellent struc-
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13G LOGAN TEMPLIO LECTURES.
lure of animals and plants, besides a multitude of other phenomena of nature, and the subserviency of most of these to man, may justl}^ induce him, as a rational creature, to conclude that this vast, beautiful, orderly, and, in a word, many ways admirable system of things, that we call the world, was framed by an author supremely powerful, wise and good, can scarce be denied by an intelligent and un- l)rejudiced considerer."
The deeper the study, and the more skillful the student the clearer the hand of a Divine Being is seen in the crea- tions of the universe. In entering from the ante-chambers of nature into the inner apartments, says Prof. Rod well: ''To prepare himself for such an entry the student of science must approach the portal of nature reverentally, and with his head bowed. He must throw off all pride of intellect at the very thresh hold. He must be patient, trustful, loving, earnest, full of a spirit of scrutiny, of research, of minute in- vestigation. He must educate his mind to a condition of quick inference combined with a steady balancing of op- posite causes. He must forbear to theorize hastily and with- out full warrant, and he must purge his mind from inherent fancies, from the influence of preconceived opinion, and from the fallacies which may belong to his own. peculiar at- titude of thought. He cannot too often bear in mind that the senses are finite in their capability of observation; that lliey are devoted solely to the well-being of the organism of which they form a part, and hence require careful usage 'A hen applied to the investigation of the external world. Ho must therefore examine and experiment with extreme scrupulosity before he admits it as absolute; his mind must be fortified by legitimate modes of operation suitable for such studies; and every influencing cause must be elimin- ated before the commencement of a precise deduction. He may use theory for marshaling troops of experimental re- sults, but it is to be remembered that a bad general may cause the best soldiers to lose a battle. The true studont of science is penetrated by an intense desire for truth, by a ferved spirit of inquiry. He knows not whither he is going, but he sees before him dimly and in the distance a clear and divine light. * * To attain this he directs all his efforts, devotes all his life. The reach for it induces the astrono- mer to *out-watch the Bear' to pass a lifetime in tracking stars through the boundless space; and the physicist to de-
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137
vise exquisite tortures to bend stubborn matter to his will, and compel it to disclose its inmost secrets. * * The old- er writers in physical science delighted in symbolical de- signs, in which the forces of nature were represented each at his ap})ointed work, and above all they placed a cloud from which issued the hand of God directing the several agents of the universe, and introducing harmony into their various "actions. Thus, too, the true son of science, while he is filled with awe and wonder at the glory and immensity of creation, should ever bethink him of the great first cause." These thoughts beautifully show forth the qualifications necessary for a student of nature. The more we study them the brighter they gleam to us with the rays of truth. Truly, no one should enter upon the portals of nature to study her wonderful and magnificent laws without being possessed of an earnest purpose to discover truth and to use the knowl- edge gained for the benefit of mankind and to the glory of that Being who understands all things. With these few thoughts we shall turn our attention to a few of the funda- mental principles of that branch of science denominated Physics.
It is not our purpostu neither is it our forte, to enter deep- ly into this instructive subject. Our aim is to call attention to a few things, and to use such selections from reputable authors within our reach as are suitable to our purpose. The substances we see around us in various shapes and forms, adapted to multifarious purposes, have been prepared among other things for the uses we see made of them. Some have been handled, changed in form and place to suit the require- ments of intelligent men. We realize readily that they OC' cupy space, and that they are made of something. That of which they are composed has been given the name, matter. In studying the arrangement of matter, it is classified into masses, molecules and atoms. Our observations have taught that matter undergoes numerous changes. We see it in a solid, liquid and vaporous state. We see different combina- tions in the solid state. These changes are classified under two general heads, physical and chemical, which are gov- erned by certain laws operating in a wonderfully marvelous manner. Ice changed to water illustrates the physical change, while water separated by heat into two gasses, oxy- gen and hydrogen, illustrates a chemical change. AVood burned may also be cited. The matter of which it is com-
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LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
posed is not destroyed in the burning, but it is changed. Water, various gasses and ashes are formed by the burning. Regarding matter. Prof. Warren says:
"We do not know that any new and higher forces have been added to matter since man's acquaintance with it. But it would be easy to add any number of them, or change any lower into higher. That is the meaning of the falling granite that becomes soil; of the pulverized lava that decks the vol- canoe's trembling sides with flowers, that is the meaning of the grass becoming flesh, and of all high forces constitution- ally arrayed for mastery over lower. Take the ore from the mountain. It is loose, friable, worthless in itself. Raise it 111 capacity to cast-iron, wrought iron, steel, it becomes a highway for the commerce of the nations, over the moun- tains and under them. It becomes bone, muscles, body for the inspiring soul of steam. It holds up the airy bridge over the deep chasm. It is obedient in your hand as blade, hammer, bar or spring. It is inspirable by electricity, and I Miars human hopes, fears, and loves in its own bosom. It lias been raised from valueless ore. Change it again to something as far above steel as that is above ore. Change ciU earthly ores to highest possibility; string them to finest tissues, and the new result may fit God's hand as tools, and thrill with His wisdom and creative processes, a body fitted for God's spirit as well as the steel is fitted for your hands." And by the way, the hand is an instrument with which God has blessed man that enables him to accomplish many things and to attain to a state of refinement and enlighten- ment which cannot be conceived of without it.
Prof. Adam Sedgwick says: *'If we commence our ex- amination of the natural w^orld with the small portions of matter which surround us, and, following our induction in a new direction, resolve them into their elements and un- ravel the laws of their combination, we see at every step new cause for wonder, new objects for admiration. EveKy por- tion of matter we tread beneath our feet, however insigaifi- cant as an object of sense, propagates its influence through all space, and is felt in the remotest regions of the universe. However small the particle of dust we trample upon, it may present traces of a mechanism subservient to the complica- ted functions of a living being, or it may be a compound in- organic body, possessing properties of indefinite complexity; and though it be what we call a simple substance, still it is
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held togotlit'i'l))' its own laws of cohesion; it is coniposod of elements not hrought together fortuitonsly, hut in ohedicnce to ti lixed hiw, hy which they are congregated in definite j)roportions and grouped in symmetry and order. Not only is every ])ortion of matter governed hy its own laws, hut its |)owers of action on other material things are governed also hy laws suhordinate to those hy which its parts are held to- gether. So that, in the countless changes of material things, and their countless actions on each other, we find no effect which jars with the mechanism of nature, hut all are the harmonious results of dominant laws."
While matter itself may he changed in form and utility to man, it cannot he destroyed or annihilated. Joseph Smith, the great })ro])het of the last days, enunciated this truth. Mat- ter always existed. Parley P. Pratt, after demonstrating that it is not in the power of any heing to originate matter, said: "Hence we conclude that matter as well as spirit, is eternal, uncreated, self-existing. However infinite the variety of its changes, forms and shapes; however vast and varying the liarts it has to act ip the great theatre of the universe — whatever sphere its several parts may he destined to fill in the houndless organization of infinite wisdom, yet it is there, durahle as the throne of Jehovah. And eternity is inscribed in indelihle characters on every particle. Revolution may succeed revolution, vegetation may hloom and flourish and fall again to decay in the revolving seasons; gen- eration upon generation may pass away and oth- ers still succeed; empires "may fall to ruin and moulder to the dust and he forgotten; the marble monu- ments of antiquity may crumble to atoms and mingle in the common ruin; the mightiest works of art, with all their glory may sink in oblivion and be rememl)ered no more; worlds may startle from their orbits, and, hurling from their sphere, run lawless on each other in inconceivable confu- sion; element may war with element in awful majesty, while thunders roll from sky to sky, and arrows of lightning lu'eak the mountains asunder, scatter the rocks like hailstones, set worlds on fire, and melt the elements with fervent heat, and yet not one grain can be lost, not one particle can be anni- hilated. All these revolutions and convulsions of nature will only serve to reline, purify, and linally restore and re- new the elements Uj)on which they act.'
What a grand field for ('ontem[)hition there is here! The
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140 LOGAN TEMPLE LECTUKES.
achievements accomplished b}'' mind over matter are indeed marvelous, but those accomplished by the master mind of all surpasseth human comprehension. We have seen tliat matter possesses certain qualities, or more properly s})eak- ing, properties. These are divided into two classes, general and specific. The general properties are those found pos- sessed by all bodies, and for this reason people pass them by in ordinary life without bestowing aily particular atten- tion upon them. When we see an object we are not apt to stop and reflect regarding its occupying space. Our senses tell us that it is there and that it takes up room. We are aware, too, that standards have been adopted for measuring the length, breadth and thickness of the object. This pro- perty of occupying space is termed , magnitude. No two bodies can occupy the same space at the same time, and hence we have a reason for naming another property of mat- ter— impenetrability. There are apparent contradictions to the claims made for this property. Instance— put sugar in wat- er and it seems that two things occupy the same space at the same time, but minute examination teaches that this is not the case.
. Divisibility is an interesting property of matter. It is that l^roperty which allows it to be separated into parts. . There is nothing so small which we have seen but what can ha di- vided. The extent to which matter can be divided is beyond the mind of man to grasp. Some idea, however, of the di- visibility of matter may be found from the following state- ments by Prof. Steele:
"The tiny nations of animalcula furnish most striking il- lustrations of the divisibility of matter and the minuteness of , atoms. This is a world of which our unaided senses furnish us no proof. The microscope alone reveals its wonders. In the drop of water that clings to the point of a cambric needle, the swarming millions of this miniature world live, grow and die. They swim in this their ocean full of life, frisking, preying upon each other, waging war and re-enacting the scenes of^ the great world we see about us. Myriads of them inhabit the pools of water standing along the roadside in summer. They go up in vapor and fly off in dust, and reappear wher- ever moisture and heat favor the development of life. Yet, minute as they are, they have been fossilized (turned to stone) and now form masses of chalk. Tripoli, or polishing slate, is composed of these remains, each skeleton weighing
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SCIENCE. 141
the 1-187,000,000 of a grain. If we examine whiting under a powerful microscope, we shall find that it is composed of tiny shells. Now let our imagination conceive the minute animals which formerly occupied them. Many of them had simple sack like bodies, but still they had one or more stomachs, and possessed the power of digesting and assimi- lating food. This food, coursing in infinitely minute chan- nels, must have been composed of solid as well as liquid matter; hnd finally, at the lowest extreme of this descend- ing series we come to the atoms of which this matter itself was composed."
HalVs Journal of Health states that it was formerly thought that mites of cheese were the smallest forms of animal ex- istence, but it is now considered that a mite is twenty-seven million times larger than some animalcula disclosed by the microscope, some of those discernible in certain water being so small that a thousand million of individuals, each with a distinct life of its own, occupy no more room than a grain of sand; but their number is sometimes so great that they give to the water they live in a red or yellow tinge. In this connection it is estimated that the milk of a codfish contains more minute animals than the whole human population of the world. Tlie mind is lost in contemplating these minute creatures and their relation to each other, and it is involved in deeper mystery when it endeavors to grasp the atoms of matter which compose these bodies. This leads to the con- sideration of a theory whiclKhas been adopted for conv^e- nience inthe investigation of science and called the Atomic Theory. It supposes that matter is divided into infinites- mally small particles called atoms. A number of these combined together constitute a molecule. In the arrange- ment of matter it is found that there is a space between molecules which gives a property to matter called porosity. It is found that gases, lic^uids and solids are porous and the study of matter in relation to this property develops some very peculiar facts. It is said that a hollow sphere of gold was filled with water and tightly closed, at Florence, Italy, in the 17th century. The ball was partly flattened by pres- sure applied to the outside and the size was diminished, and water forced through was found on the surface like drops of dew. The experiment proved that gold has pores and that they are larger than the molecules of water. It is well known by experienced artizans that stone pillars and arches
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LOGAN TEMPLE LECTURES.
are irequently compressed by the great weight which rests upon them. This property we are now considering enables us to use the process of filtering for tlic purification of liquids, especially water. Heated iron is expanded, the pores are enlarged. Cold causes the molecules to come nearer together and the iron con- tracts. A jar filled with one kind of gas can be filled with another, demonstrating that gas is porous. It is a curious fact that matter unanimated by what we term life will not of itself change its position. Were I to leave this room and on returning find this stand gone I would know at once that some power outside of that posessed by the stand itself had moved it. When a body is put into motion there is a ten- dency with it to continue in motion, which it would evidently do were it not stopped by some outside force. These pecu- har tendencies of matter give rise to the term designated among scientists. Inertia.
Perhaps one of the most pleasing properties of matter to reflect upon is its indestructibility. ''Indestructibility is that property," says Steele, ''which renders matter incapable of benig destroyed." The noted author of popular text books on physics, Avery, says: "Science teaches that the uni- verse, when first hurled into space from the hand of the Creator, contained the same amount of matter, anc} even the same quantity of each element, that it contains to-day. I his matter has doubtless existed in different forms, but during all the ages since not one atom has been gained or lost. Take carbon for instance. From geology we learn that in the Carboniferous Age, long before the advent of man upon the earth, the atmosphere was highly charged with carbonic acid gas, which, being absorbed by plants, pro- duced a vegetation rank and luxuriant beyond comparison uith any now known. The carbon thus changed from the gaseous to the solid form was, in time, buried deep in tlie oaith, where it has lain for untold centuries, not an atom lust. It is now mined as coal, burned as fuel, and thus !;-;ii.sh-:.rmed again to its original gaseous form. No'hrman • * Ml ILL.- can create or destroy a single atom of carbon or of iiiiy other element. Matter is indestructible. Water evap- orates and disappears only to be gathered in clouds and condense and fall as rain. Wood burns, but the ashes and smoke contain the identical atoms of which the wood was composed. In a different form the matter still exists and weighs as much as before the combustion."
SCIENCE. 143
There is great consolation in the thought that atoms of what our bodies are composed are destined never to be de- stroyed; that they are to remain tliroughout the endless ages of eternity. These earthly tabernacles may decay and die, 3^et the atoms of which they are composed will exist forever. Revived and animated by a higher intelligence they will perform a grand mission through the ages. The properties which we have now briefly treated pertain to all kinds of matter. There are properties termed specific which pertain to only certain kinds. Some substances being easily broken while others are equally as easily drawn into wire give rise to the terms, brittleness and ductility. It is said that brass wire is made so fine that when woven in- to gauze there are 67,000 meshes in a square inch. There are substances which can be hammered into sheets or other forms, and others which do not yield to pressure, hence we have malleability and hardness as properties. Gold is so malleable that by beating into leaves 360,000 of them may be made into a boojj: only an inch in thickness. Copper pos- sesses this property to so great an extent that a mechanic can beat a kettle out of a solid block of copper. It is found that certain substances when compressed and freed again re- sume their natural position and are consequently said to pos- sess the property of (elasticity. Gases and liquids possess this proj»ert3\ It is related that a sword was exhibited at the world's t'air in Loudon which could be bent into a circle and which would fly back to its straight position immediately upon being released.*' We have mentioned briefly a few of the properties of matter treated in text books upon physics. There are doubtless many subtle and powerful properties belonging to mtitter of which scientists know nothing. Dis- coveries of recent years have brought to light many things not known a half century ago. Tlie knowledge gained has accomplished wonders and has made man nearer his Crea- tor. It remains for him to continue his studies in faith and with sincere earnestness, for the bright era dawning upon thb world will witness many startling and grand discoveries.
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