BV 2060 Mullens , .M85 1869 Joseph , 1820-1879 . London and Calcutta comparec in their heathenism, the Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/londoncalcuttacoOOmull LONDON AND CALCUTTA, COMPARED IN THEIR HEATHENISM, THEIR PRIVILEGES, AND THEIR PROSPECTS. EDINBUHOH : PBINTED BY BALLAlfTFiJE AKD COMPAJIT, PAUL’S WORK. / LONDON AND CALCUTTA, COMPARED IN THEIR HEATHENISM, THEIR PRIVILEGES AND THEIR PROSPECTS: SHOWING THE GREAT CLAIMS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS UPON THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. JOSEPH AIULLENS, D.D., FOKEIGN SECRETARY OF THE LONDON MISSIONARY SOCTEtY, AND FOR TWENTY-TWO YEARS MISSIONARY OF THE SOCIETY IN CALCUTTA. feiptl) (arbou^anl). LONDON : JAMES NISBET & CO., 21 BERNERS STREET. MDCCCLXIX, OOlSTENTS INTRODUCTION. Missionary work natural to Christianity, page xi. ; The earliest Missions of the Church, xii. ; Missions during the Middle Ages, xii. ; Modern Missions, xiii. ; Their increasing difficul- ties, how produced, xiv. ; Criticisms upon them, xiv. ; Im- portance of their work, and their strong claims, xv. ; Object of this Essay, xv. CHAPTER I. LONDON. — lEKELIGION AND HEATHENISM AT HOME. Description of London, page 3 ; Its size and beauty, 4; The West End, 5 ; The City, 6 ; The East End, 6 ; The suburbs, 7 ; Neat- ness and finish of its buildings, 8 ; Causes of its wealth, 9 ; Vast supplies of food, 10 ; Sources of this supply, 11 ; Ap- pearance of the streets, 12, 13; Crowds of people, 14; Popula- tion of London, 15 ; Its religious condition, 16 ; Number of its Churches, 17 ; Observance of the Sabbath, 18; Religious sta- tistics— Ministers, churches, and sittings, 19 ; The darker districts, 21 ; Their appalling heathenism, 22, 23. England in general, its beauty and prosperity, 24 ; Increase of the population and of wealth, 25, 26 ; Progress of literature, 27, 28 ; Progress of true religion, 28 ; Religious statistics, 29 ; Dark districts in towns and in the country, 30, 31. Pp. 1-32. A,\ V' VI CONTENTS. CHAPTER ir. CALCCTTA. — HEATHENISM AND IKKELIGION ABROAD. Description of Calcutta, 35; Its position and size, 36; The English quarter, 37 ; The native town, 38, 39 ; Appearance of the city and its people, 40 ; The river, 41 ; The population, 43; Europeans and their religious institutions, 43, 44, 45; The llahommedans, 46, 47 ; The Hindoos, 48, 49 ; Hindooism in the olden time, 50, 51 ; Its immorality, 52, 53, 55 ; Missionary labours in Calcutta, 56, 57 ; Christian education and its gene- ral influence, 58 ; Converts, 59 ; Paucity of labourers and of efforts, 60. The World at large. India, 61, 62; China, 62; Europe, 63; Variety of evil-doers, 63 ; Depths of wickedness, 64 ; Cruelties in Fiji, 64, 65 ; Prophecy fulfilled, 66. Pp. 33-67. CHAPTER III. HOME MISSIONS. — THEIR AGENCIES AND RESULTS. Unconscious influence of the Church of Christ, 71 ; Quiet mould- ing of public opinion, 72, 73 ; This power makes converts, 74 ; Its many forms of usefulness, 75 ; Charitable and humane in- stitutions in London, 76, 77 ; Classified list of them, 78, 80 ; Humane spirit in the community, 81 ; Christian love of edu- cation and of literature, 82, 83 ; Humane treatment of crimi- nals, 84 ; The Temperance movement, 84 ; Efibrts to prevent overcrowding, 85, 86 ; Usefulness of these subsidiary agencies, 87 ; Direct mission work in London greatly needed, 88 ; The Southern districts and their condition, 89 ; The East of London, 90 ; Stepney and St George’s, 91 ; Spitalfields and Bethnal Green, 92, 93 ; The Northern and Central districts, 94 ; Lack of church accommodation, 95, 96 ; Want of sittings not the sole proof of spiritual need, 97, 98. The evangelistic work done, 99, 100 ; List of public Societies and statement of their work, 100, 102; Work of individual churches, 103 ; Work in Southwark and Lambeth, 104. 105 ; CONTENTS. VU Mission tvork in St Giles’s, 105 ; In the north districts, 106 ; In the East of London, 107, 108 ; Summary of these labours, 109 ; Their fruits, 110-112 ; Home mission work in England generally, in Scotland, and in Ireland, 114, 115. Pp. 69-116. CHAPTER lY. FOKEIGN MISSIONS. — THEIR AGENCIES AND LABOURS. The earliest modern Missions in Greenland and Tranquebar, 121 ; Missionary spirit which produced the present numerous Socie- ties, 122 ; Obstacles to Missions, 123 ; Fields first occupied, 124, 125; Early struggles and sufferings, 126 ; General survey. Missions in Europe, 128; In Turkey and Armenia, 129 ; In Persia, 130 ; In India, 131 ; History and present position of Missions in India, 132, 137 ; lu Burmah, 137 ; In China, 138, 140 ; In Japan and the Eastern Islands, 141 ; In West Africa, 142; In South Africa, 143; In Madagascar, 144; In Green- land, 145; Among the Indian tribes, 146; In the West Indies, 147 ; In South America, 148 ; In the South Seas, 148, 149. Variety of agencies in Foreign Missions, 149, 150 ; The entire sum of these agencies very small, 151 ; List of Missionary Societies and of their Missionaries, statement of their expenditure, 152, 153, 154; Source of their power, 155. Pp. 117-156. CHAPTER Y. foreign missions. — THEIR RESULTS ABROAD. General evidence of these results, 159 ; What Mission work is and what it does. Illustration in the South Seas, 160, 161 ; Work- ing and effects of the Polynesian Missions, 162 ; Testimony of Admiral Fitzroy, 163 ;_ Of Admiral AVilkes, 164-166 ; Visits of whalers, 167 ; Time must be allowed, 168 ; Kind of re- sults to be looked for, 169 ; Special protection granted, 170; Results to the labourer, 171 ; Real converts, 172 ; Their num- bers and their growth in character, 173, 174 ; Law of ordinary via CONTENTS. success, 175 ; The New Testameut Churches reproduced in the Mission Churches, 177; Happy deaths of converts, 178; Martyrs, 178, 179 ; Benefits to Englishmen, 180, 181 ; Testi- mony against their wrong doing, 182 ; General victories, over slavery, 183; over Suttee, human sacrifices, and idolatry, 184, 185; General enlightenment, 185; Healthy public opinion produced, 186; Summary of these results, 188; Gun-fire in India, the herald of the dawn, 189, 190. Pp. 157-190 CHAPTER VI. FOREIGN MISSIONS.— RESULTS TO THE CHURCH AT HOME. Inexperience of the Church when modern Missions began, 193; Training of the Church to duty and to trial, 194, 195 : En- larged sympathies and simpler doctrinal teaching, 196, 197 ; Compassion felt and efforts put forth for the ignorant at home, 198 ; Confident expectations as to the future, 198, 199: Im- portance of individual consecration, 200, 202 ; Special expe- rience respecting the work itself, 203 ; Necessity of training the native Church to manliness, 204 ; The system of depend- ence to be resisted, 205 ; System of annual appropriations, 207; The imperfect morality of the native churches is natural, 207, 208 ; The churches very free from doctrinal error, 210 ; Government of these churches, 211, 212 ; Bigotry to be avoided, 213 ; Adaptation of plans, 213, 214; The position of the missionary, 215 ; The position of native pastors, 217 ; Great- ness of all these results, 218. Pp. 191-219. CHAPTER VII. FOREIGN MISSIONS. — THEIR PRESENT INADEQUATE SUPPORT. Effect of Foreign Missions on the home Church, 223 ; Varieties of effort put forth at home, 224; The growth spontaneous; Home schemes improved, 225, 226 ; Large amount of funds and agents absorbed by them, 227 ; Funds diverted from Mis- sionary Societies, 228 ; Interest in Missionary labours lessened, 228, 229. CONTENTS. IX Proofs and illustrations. Expenditure of London churches des- cribed in the Noncovformist, 229, 230, 231 ; Expenditure on home and foreign schemes in the Free Church of Scotland, 232 ; The same in eighty Congregational Churches in London and the country, 234, 236 ; Deductions from these tables, 236, 237. Pp. 220-238. CHAPTER VIII. CONCLUSION. — THE GREAT CLAIMS OP FOREIGN MISSIONS. Effect of the numerous home schemes on foreign missions, 241 ; They carry off funds, 242 ; They divert attention and interest from them, 244; Missions spring from faith, and foreign work stimulates home work, 245 ; Home work does not necessarily promote foreign missions, 245 ; Degrees of Christian compas- sion, 246 ; Is this increased devotion to home missions wise, 247 ; Varieties and degrees of claims for help, 248, 249; We need reform, larger gifts, and a wise appropriation, 250; Giving should be on S3’stem, 251 ; Claims should be weighed, 252 ; Foreign missions should be sustained by all churches 252 ; Funds should be appropriated with care, 253 ; Foreign missions should have a fair share, say one third, 253, 254. .kppeal for increased aid to foreign missions, 255 ; Our missionary societies deserve it, 256 ; The work deserves it, 257 ; Great blessings have followed it, 259; The field deserves and needs it, 260 ; Strength of these claims, 261; The work remaining to be done, 262. 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