Technical Report CERC-94-7 April 1994 US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors, Model Enhancement Program, Effects of Wind on Circulation in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors by William C. Seabergh, S. Rao Vemulakonda, Lucia W. Chou, David J. Mark Approved For Public Release; Distribution Is Unlimited ie Res IVED Be JUN 20 1994 THs | NT | ce Galera " Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. or Sa) PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER Technical Report CERC-94-7 April 1994 Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors, Model Enhancement Program, Effects of Wind on Circulation in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors by William C. Seabergh, S. Rao Vemulakonda, Lucia W. Chou, David J. Mark U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles Post Office Box 2711 Los Angeles, CA 90053-2325 Port of Los Angeles ~ San Pedro, CA 90733-0151 0030110001161 and Port of Long Beach Long Beach, CA 90801-0570 US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER ct . 4 Ec it! Qi} FOR INFORMATION CONTACT ENVIRONMENTAL SO |e A {le Y PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE LABORATORY %y y My 4 U. S. ARMY ENGINEER Mx (= / WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION 3909 HALLS FERRY ROAD VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI 39180-6199 PHONE : (601)634-2502 STRUCTURES LABORATORY 0 AREA OF RESERVATION = 2.7 sq km Waterways Experiment Station Cataloging-in-Publication Data Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors, Model Enhancement Program, ef- fects of wind on circulation in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors / by Wil- liam C. Seabergh ... [et al.] ; prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles, Port of Los Angeles, and Port of Long Beach. 217 p. :ill. ; 28 cm. — (Technical report ; CERC-94-7) Includes bibliographic references. 1. Hydrodynamics — Mathematical models. 2. Harbors — California — Hydrodynamics. 3. Wind waves. 4. Ocean circulation. |. Seabergh, William C. Il. United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. Los Angeles District. Ill WORLDPORT LA. IV. Port of Long Beach. V. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. VI. Title. VII. Series: Technical report (U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station) ; CERC-94-7. TA7 W34 no.CERC-94-7 Contents | OF (ye Olan St mea a a aphererl aR SORIA ME. Grete io SIREN, FRE Dns Gann peamen RE steiner ta iv Conversion Factors, Non-SI to SI Units of Measurement.......... vi Ta Fito cavalh Yeu tay n> igen eee Orv pe reeeer ee eters Acoma tebe ere, uel aerial 1 Background ®.c.)g et ie HS OUR ere Ale, Riera ania Ceres 1 OD jective <2 seer ery nr sce ere ates EMH SMergentoa Pac arronmen et eens 2 2 WindsiOverthe Harbors ae ene ce 4 INTC (ComaNiONS. oo po Sogo wel eo dor Geo dacgc0000005 4 Wind DatavExamined’ 255 BN es, Saeed ees ae 7 3—Selection of Wind and Tide Test Conditions ............... 16 4—The! Computational/Modelv. 5) or) ee) scien -tistio ole oc 18 INumericaltGrid > ieee ees sts eer PG ee eae cites 18 GCalibrationvand’Verification 4) ae cence 18 S=—=Model’Simulationss 2 eysro i cic ese ee ea ea eel a 20 Circulation for No Wind and Case l .................... 20 Case 1 versus Existing Condition ...................... 24 Case 2: Winds from the Southeast ..................... 25 Case 3: Winds from the Northwest..................... 29 Effect of Wind on Circulation in Ship Basins ............... 33 6=Summary-and! Conclusions". 4-1) taet- con eee emis 37 REFERENCES state es ree NS RNB SU er RED ooh eres lm dunn a, ater tes 38 Plates 1-157 Appendix A: Winds on San Pedro Breawater ................ Al SF 298 Preface This report was prepared by the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) and is a product of the Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors Model Enhancement (HME) Program. The HME Program has been conducted jointly by the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach (LA/LB); the U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles (SPL); and WES. The purpose of the HME Program has been to provide state-of-the-art engineering tools to aid in port development. In response to the expansion of oceanborne world commerce, the Ports of LA/LB are conducting planning studies for harbor development in coordination with SPL. Ports are a natural resource, and enhanced port capacity is vital to the Nation’s economic well-being. In a feasibility study being conducted by SPL, the Ports of LA/LB are proposing a well-defined and necessary expansion to accommodate needs predicted for the near future. The Corps of Engineers will be charged with responsibility for providing deeper channels and determining effects of this construction on the local environment. This includes changes in harbor resonance caused by expansion and channel deepening. The investigation was conducted during the period January 1990 through September 1991 by personnel of the Wave Processes Branch (WPB), Wave Dynamics Division (WDD), and the Research Division (RD), CERC. WPB was included in the study by Mr. William C. Seabergh, under the direct supervision of Mr. Douglas Outlaw, former Chief, WPB, and Mr. Dennis G. Markle, current Chief, WPB, and Mr. C. E. Chatham, Chief, WDD. RD personnel involved in the study were Dr. S. Rao Vemulakonda and Mr. David J. Mark, under the direct supervision of Dr. Martin C. Miller, Chief, Coastal Oceanography Branch, and Ms. Lucia W. Chou, under the direct supervision of Mr. Bruce A. Ebersole, Chief, Coastal Processes Branch. Mr. H. Lee Butler was Chief, RD. Mr. Seabergh and Dr. Vemulakonda, with the assistance of Mr. Mark and Ms. Chou, prepared the report. Ms. Debbie Fulcher, WPB, assisted in preparation of the final report. Overall CERC management of the HME Program was furnished by Messrs. Outlaw and Seabergh, and this study was conducted under the general supervision of Dr. James R. Houston, Director, CERC, and Mr. Charles C. Calhoun, Jr., Assistant Director, CERC. During the course of the study, significant liaison was maintained between WES, SPL, and the Ports. Mr. Dan Muslin, followed by Mr. Angel P. Fuertes, Mr. Mike Piszker, and then Ms. Jane Grandon were SPL points of contact. Mr. John Warwar, Mr. Dick Wittkop, and Ms. Lillian Kawasaki, Port of Los Angeles, and Mr. Michael Burke, followed by Mr. Angel Fuertes and Dr. Geraldine Knatz, Port of Long Beach, were Ports of LA/LB points of contact and provided invaluable assistance. Dr. Robert W. Whalin was Director of WES at the time of publication of this report. COL Bruce K. Howard, EN, was Commander. vi Conversion Factors, Non-Sl to SI Units of Measurement Non-SI units of measurement used in this report can be converted to SI units as follows: ee re eee miles per hour (mph) 0.4470 1 Introduction Background Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors (Figure 1) are located adjacent to each other in San Pedro Bay on the southern California coast. They share a common breakwater system. Ocean waters circulate into, out of, and between both harbors due to the action of tides and wind. Angel’s Gate and Queen’s Gate are the two major entrances to the harbors, in addition to an opening at the eastern end. As these ports respond to the expansion of oceanborne world commerce and propose plans to accommodate future needs (including deeper channels and landfills), environmental impacts (including impacts on circulation) must be examined. Approaches to examine plan impacts include modeling, and in the cases of Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors, there have been several numerical model studies of tidal circulation (Chiang and Lee 1982, Seabergh and Outlaw 1984, Seabergh 1985). Most of the previous numerical circulation studies were performed using depth-averaged models such as WIFM (Butler 1980) and using only tides for forcing. Recently, the ports, together with the U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles and the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES), embarked on a Harbors Model Enhancement (HME) Program. The program is outlined in Table 1. As a part of HME, the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) of WES calibrated and verified a three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model with field data. The model was forced with tides and wind, using measured surface elevations at the offshore boundary. The results of these efforts are described in Vemulakonda and Butler (1989), and CERC (1990). As a follow-up to this work, the effects of different winds on circulation in the harbors were examined (using the same 3D numerical hydrodynamic model and the same 1987 harbor configuration). This report describes the results of these model simulations. Chapter 1 Introduction Table 1 Tasks of the Harbors Model Enhancement Program Objective This report is the second in Task B.4, “Wind-Driven Circulation Analysis," of the Model Enhancement Program. The first report (Smith 1989) examined a prototype data set gathered in the harbors by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the summer of 1983. That data set consisted of tidal current measurements, tidal elevations, and local wind measurements. The present report will summarize winds over the harbors and examine, with the aid of a calibrated numerical model, the effects of various wind conditions on circulation throughout the harbors. Chapter 2 discusses typical wind conditions, Chapter 3 describes selection of test conditions, Chapter 4 presents the numerical hydrodynamic model applied in this study, Chapter 5 examines tests and analysis performed, and Chapter 6 presents conclusions. For convenience, the abbreviations LA and LB will be used throughout this report to indicate Los Angeles and Long Beach, respectively. Chapter 1 Introduction SNOLLIGNOD ONILSIX] —————————————— 000y 0002 0002 4333 NI 31voS UALVADWV3YE HIV3E INO SSS alvS S.NG3 ar Ava 4% \lovazenvs tere pacific OCEA d¥WNOILVIO1 | d¥W ALINIOIA AVG Od&ddsd NVS iNoAe] ssoquey yYOeeg Buo7 pue sajabuy so7 “| asnbi4 % aiva sxgonv | N Chapter 1 Introduction 2 Winds Over the Harbors Typical Conditions The basic feature of the wind pattern for the harbors is a land-sea breeze regime caused primarily by differential heating of water and land. In summer, this pattern is characterized by onshore winds from west to southwest during the day, peaking at about 20 mph.' Onshore wind can persist throughout the night. From Figure 1 it can be seen that these onshore winds move along the wider axis of the outer harbor of both ports, i.e., from a westerly direction. Figure 2 shows onshore winds predominating from 1-19 July 1988. The direction shown is the direction from which wind is blowing, measured clockwise from true north. The 22 June - 20 July 1988 wind rose (Figure 3) illustrates this onshore predominance. Figure 3 shows a cumulative plot of measurements near Angel’s Gate indicating the predominant wind direction from 240-260 deg. Because wind measurements shown in Figures 2 and 3 were collected on the San Pedro breakwater, they are representative of winds over the harbors’ water surface. Typically the daily duration of onshore winds reduces as daily temperatures reduce in cooler seasons. The 16 October - 13 November 1985 wind rose (Figure 3) shows that even in fall/winter the onshore southwest winds are still an important component of the wind pattern. However, strong winds from the southeast and north-northwest, associated with approaching and passing frontal conditions, respectively, become important with regard to winter wind patterns and are the dominant winds in the October - November wind rose. Northwest winds are intensified for several days after passage of a front, with sustained winds of up to 25 mph being common. “Hurricane Gulch" is a commonly used term to describe the stronger westerly winds from Cabrillo to Seal Beach, due to the northwest winds whipping around Palos Verdes’. ' A table of factors for converting non-SI units of measurement to SI units is presented on page vi. 2 Personal Communication, August 1993, Jane Grandon, Civil Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA. Chapter 2 Winds Over the Harbors S86L AINF GL-L ‘sa2eMxeAIg O1Pay URS UO a}eD s,jabuy Je UONDaIIP pue peads pulp ‘7 auNBi4 uol~pasIg © peedspul\y, — sAep “aul | pene eceee ee ieunee Slee l at LL O| a 8 f 9 S v e ¢ oO Oo ou an [i= Lo ydui ‘peedspuij, = Qa Q x 0) Q fap O 0 Qa © © f) ) op) = Oo 3 0 OV 0 0 JOWeMyed1g UO a}e5 s jobuy 88 Aine 61-1 ‘uolsasIq pue pasdspul, Chapter 2 Winds Over the Harbors WIND VECTOR ROSE LEGEND PERCENTAGE OF SAMPLES 0-02% CJ 2-10% EZ) 10-20% > 20% =m sc LA/LB WIND STUDY aoa ae LA/LB WIND STUDY 22 JUN - 20 JUL 1988 16 OCT - 13 NOV 1985 MEAN WIND VELOCITY MEAN WIND VELOCITY Winds On San Pedro Breakwater Cumulative Years 1984-1988 Note: Total Number of Occurrences = 31954 Renae eae es ve Number of Occurrences SSN SN 120-140 160-180 200-220 40-260 280-300 320-340 100-120 140-160 180-200 220-240 260-280 300-320 340-360 Direction, degrees KW 0-5 mph fi 5-10 mph 10-15 mph FAFA 15-20 mph (77 20-25 mph Sky 25+ mph Figure 3. Seasonal wind roses and cumulative wind speed directional distribution measured at San Pedro breakwater near Angel's Gate Chapter 2 Winds Over the Harbors Wind Data Examined At the time of this study, there was not a truly comprehensive meteorological station being operated in the harbors, so that data sources were sometimes difficult to access, or data were in a format that was difficult to handle (e.g., strip chart records). Wind data examined included those from the Headquarters buildings of the Port of Los Angeles (POLA) and the Port of Long Beach (POLB), the Los Angeles Pilot Station and the Los Angeles breakwater, the Los Angeles International Airport, and the Long Beach Airport, as shown in Figures 4 and 5. Data from the airports are comprehensive but may not be truly representative of the wind conditions over the harbors as Figure 6 shows, which compares data at the breakwater and the Long Beach Airport. Figure 7 compares monthly average wind conditions at the Los Angeles and Long Beach Airports, which indicates lower average winds at Long Beach Airport, 5 miles inland. The Los Angeles Airport is adjacent to the ocean, but differences in wind direction exist between this airport and the harbors. This is due to change in shoreline orientation and existence of hilly terrain just west of the harbors (as can be noted in Figure 4), which are important factors affecting the daily shoreward winds. Data gathered by WES on the San Pedro breakwater near Angel’s Gate from July 1984 to November 1988 are probably the most representative of winds directly over harbor waters. The monthly summary roses are included as Plates 1 - 26. Bar charts summarizing the data by months are included in Appendix A. These data do not cover the entire period from July 1984 to November 1988, due to occasional equipment problems and logistical problems associated with funding constraints; however, they appear to represent seasonal variations in patterns. The anemometer was 30 ft above water and sampled data every one-half hour. Wind conditions selected for model testing described in this report were obtained from this data set. An analysis was performed to examine strong winds and gustiness using strip chart records of wind speed and direction recorded at the Los Angeles Harbor Pilots’ Station (Figure 4). Data from 27 September 1976 through 2 February 1983 were examined, and for maximum hourly gusts (where a gust is defined here as a rapid rise - a minute or less - in wind speed and a similar decline), the gust direction and the average hourly wind speed and direction were determined. A total of 438 events occurred, with most of the lower values reflecting afternoon onshore winds from the west and southwest. The higher wind speeds and gusts were from the east and southeast, associated with approaching fronts. The upper portion of Figure 8 shows maximum hourly gusts during high gust conditions (typically greater than 20 mph) versus average hourly wind speed. A linear relation between gust strength, G (in mph), as defined above, and average hourly wind speed, W (in mph), was determined to be G=1.1W+6.1 This type of information, though not critical to effects on circulation in the harbors, may be important to ship handling and the roll motion of moored Chapter 2 Winds Over the Harbors ships. It does, however, indicate that stronger, more turbulent, wind events approach from the east to southeast direction, as noted in the lower portion of Figure 8. Santa Ana winds describe the high sustained winds that can occur when a strong high pressure system is located over the western United States, typically centered on Nevada and Utah. This occurs after a front has moved inland through northern California and Nevada followed by a Pacific high. Generally winds approach from the northeast, but they can be locally affected by topography. Santa Anas typically occur from November through January. Favored courses of Santa Ana winds are shown in Figure 9, a Weather Service sketch (Kurtz 1977). Santa Ana winds of 64 mph did significant damage to the harbors in 1933 (Marine Advisers, Inc. 1965). Figure 10 shows winds with peak velocities of 24 mph that occurred on the breakwater when Santa Ana winds were 80 mph inland. These winds approached the harbors from the northeast, or 45 deg. Winds due to tropical storms or hurricanes have reached the harbors only a few times since weather records have been kept. Typically these form near the equator south of the Gulf of California in July, August, and September, moving west to northwest. Usually high pressure centers north of the hurricane keep it moving away from the coast of Mexico and Southern California. In 1921, 1929, and 1939 (in September in each case) hurricanes advanced to the Southern California coast, with only the 1939 hurricane reaching San Pedro Bay, causing significant damage in the vicinity of the harbors. Chapter 2 Winds Over the Harbors ulesJ9} [200] pue s}usWaJNsSeawW pulM Jo suOI}e907 ‘py ainBi4 ovt %e “Epi N " eee Ta Wwe | oy i /*— 206 4a HaLVMNVaHE V1 @- rE: eM RCP SE BLL ts ue apnoureerzeuy SSS ; x oun iva oS on? } (VEG pny ‘sea, %, ey ae Fowaaa Nvar NVS Z ~~ SNIGTINEG DH 10d @ ! Sa: CN y S$ oe WLyL 207 OF 14 -SNIGIINE OH 810d @ SH reeret Chapter 2 Winds Over the Harbors 10 Figure 5. Airport wind measurement location Chapter 2 Winds Over the Harbors WIND SPEED COMPARISON LB AIRPORT VS L4 BW WIND SPEED,MPH TIME,DATS—JULY 1985 at LB AIRPT SPEED LAB W SPEED WIND DIRECTION COMPARISON LB AIRPORT VS L4 BW WIND DIRECTION,DEG \7 18 19 TIME,DATS—JULY 1985 LB AIRPT DIR + LABW DIR Figure 6. Windspeed and wind direction comparisons between San Pedro Breakwater and Long Beach Airport Chapter 2 Winds Over the Harbors syodiiy yoseeg Guo] pue sajabuy so7q 3e uoNde1Ip pue paads puim aBesaay °*/ oaunBi4 s&- JIG V1 >< peeds gq --- peeds 1 —m- yJUOIN 90 des Bny ine unr Aew sdy sew gqe4 ue udwi ‘peeds Bay z iG = 5 a. =) 5 2. © re) => e) 3 syiodily yoeog Huo 9 sajabuy so7 }e U01}I91IGg 9 peeds pulj\ BHbeJOAY 12 Chapter 2 Winds Over the Harbors Wind Gust vs Max Hourly Average Sept 1976-Feb 1983 Max Gust, mph 438 DATA POINTS 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Max Hourly Average Windspeed, mph Wind Gust Speed vs Direction Sept 1976-Feb 1983 Max Gust, mph 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Wind Direction, degrees Figure 8. Wind gust speed versus hourly average wind speed and wind direction Chapter 2 Winds Over the Harbors Figure 9. Favored courses of Santa Ana Winds (from Kurtz (1977)) Chapter 2 Winds Over the Harbors = | 2. ” xe) @© © o. udu posdspul/\\ a 99uUaJIND00 eu eJUeS BuuNnp Jayemyee1g OIPeq UBS 1e PUIAA ‘OL BNBI4 uoHoeuIp PulA\ —— || Z} qe4 UO puejU! pulm YdW Og ‘puebe] e961 Aieniga4 ‘skeg St GZt Lt ( (wio1j saaiHap) UO01}994IG PUIAA 8861 Ge) FdUaIINDIO S,euy e}]UeS Buiing seyemyeoig W11e PUIAA 15 Chapter 2 Winds Over the Harbors 16 3 Selection of Wind and Tide Test Conditions Based on examination of wind data in Chapter 2, the most significant types of wind conditions with respect to harbor circulation were selected. The previous calibration and verification of the model considered only strong summer diurnal winds. In this report, four wind conditions are considered. The first is a summer condition characterized by the calibration period in which winds exhibit a typical diurnal cycle with strong afternoon onshore winds. This is called the "existing condition." It was of interest to contrast this condition with a "no-wind" condition to help understand the effect of winds on harbor circulation and provide information about circulation when winds are low, though the diurnal wind cycle is the dominant wind pattern. Next the calibration wind field was shifted in time by 10 hr so the maximum wind speeds coincide with the long ebb flow of higher high water to lower low water rather than the slower flood flow conditions of lower high water to higher high water used in calibration. This is identified as Case 1. Figure 11 shows this wind condition, with time measured from 0000 hr on 1 January 1987 (Pacific standard time). Note 5232 hr corresponds to 0000 hr on 7 August 1987. Direction shown, in degrees from north, i.e., 0 deg is from north, +90 deg is from east, and -90 deg is from west, etc., is the direction from which the wind was blowing. The measured water surface elevation at the offshore boundary used in the calibration is also shown in Figure 11. Following Case 1, two wind conditions (Cases 2 and 3) associated with strong frontal systems were investigated. Case 2 was for winds from the southeast and Case 3 for northwest winds. These selected events are described in detail in Chapter 5. Tidal conditions used for Cases 2 and 3 were the same as for Case 1 (and the model calibration) since no prototype boundary tidal conditions were available for these events. This was probably not significant for Case 2 since wind was from the southeast, from the ocean toward the harbors, as calibration winds were from ocean to harbors. For Case 3, winds were from the northwest, from the harbors to the ocean, so boundary effects may be present due to the significant change in wind-field orientation. However, the focus of the study was on harbor circulation behind the breakwaters, distant from the boundary, which should permit a reasonable Chapter 3 Selection of Wind and Tide Test Conditions understanding of the effects of northerly winds on harbor circulation until prototype tidal information can be collected during fall-winter events. Ocean Elevation ELEVATION, FT(MLLH) 2.0 cat i T T T T T ste = T T T TT 1 S230 S240 $250 S260 $270 $260 S290 $300 $310 $320 $330 $340 $380 $360 TIME (HRS) ; Wind Speed T T T T T 1 $230 5240 5250 5260 $270 5280 S290 S300 S31C $320 5330 5340 S350 S360 R irecti TIME (HRS) Wind Direction T S230 5240 5250 5260 5270 $29 S310 5320 5330 5340 $350 ac fou p= (an) es) (es) a wm (Ss) Zz = DIRECTION (OEG) Figure 11. Wind and ocean boundary conditions for Case 1 Chapter 3 Selection of Wind and Tide Test Conditions 17 4 The Computational Model The hydrodynamic model used was a modified version of the CH3D model developed originally by Sheng (1986), with many changes having been made by WES. The model can simulate time-varying 3D hydrodynamics due to tides, wind, river inflow, and density currents induced by salinity and temperature gradients. In the horizontal plane, computations can be made on Cartesian or boundary-fitted grids. In the vertical, the model employs sigma stretching, which permits the same number of layers in shallow and deep portions of the water body. As depths increase, the vertical extent of each layer increases proportionately. Johnson et al. (1989) give additional details. Numerical Grid In the horizontal, a variable, rectilinear grid, which has sufficient resolution and which was successfully used in previous WES studies of the harbors (Seabergh 1985), was used (Figure 12). The grid had a total of 12,032 horizontal cells (128 cells in the east-west direction and 94 cells in the north-south direction) and was aligned to coincide with the Inner Harbor entrance channels. Minimum cell width was 235 ft. The grid extended 4.2 miles seaward of the middle breakwater and covered an area of approximately 146 square miles. In the vertical, after some sensitivity testing, three sigma-stretched layers were used. Calibration and Verification After a careful review of the field data collected in 1987 (McGehee et al. 1989), the periods of 7-11 August and 19-23 August were selected for calibration and verification of the model. The earlier period represented a large spring tide condition, while the later period was near a mean tide. Measured surface elevations at an offshore tide gauge were used for the ocean boundary condition and already contained the effects of winds. Wind data (velocity, magnitude, and direction) measured north of the Los Angeles main channel entrance were used for model calibration and verification. On the basis of Sensitivity tests, the winds in the model were blocked off for inner harbor channel cells to account for protection due to structures in the surrounding area, which is highly industrialized. Winds over the rest of the study area were assumed to be spatially uniform but varying in time. On the basis of Chapter 4 The Computational Model several sensitivity runs, the following values were finally selected for model coefficients and parameters for calibration: Manning’s n=0.02, horizontal eddy coefficient A,=20,000 cm7/sec, and vertical eddy coefficient Ay=10 cm?/sec. A time-step of 60 sec was used for both external and internal modes. The wind drag coefficient was selected according to Garrat (1977). Additional details are given in CERC (1990). CM4 SAN PEDRO BAY CIFIC OCEAN Figure 12. Model grid and location of prototype current meters Chapter 4 The Computational Model 19 20 5 Model Simulations Circulation for No Wind and Case 1 To determine circulation patterns, velocity vectors were plotted at each vertical layer (surface, mid-depth, and bottom) at every third cell. Figure 13 shows model results at hr 5283 (lower-low water condition following the long ebb runout). In Figure 13, the top plots are for a no-wind condition and the bottom plots are for Case 1, with wind actively blowing over the harbors at hr 5283. The plots for no wind show a gyre in the outer harbor, set up by countering flows through Angel’s Gate and the West Basin (Ranges 1 and 3 respectively, Figure 14). The gyre becomes stronger from the bottom to the surface. This circulation was typical of previous two-dimensional (2D) studies. An apparent net eastward (left to right in Figure 13) movement is seen in the region behind the middle breakwater. Note the relatively low velocities. Even during times of maximum ebb and flood flow, currents in the harbors are generally less than 1 fps. Only currents through the entrances exceed that level during strength of tide. The “active wind field" (Case 1) snapshots indicate a strong easterly surface flow with increasing counterflow (westward) in the mid-depth and bottom layers. In the western and central regions of the harbor adjacent to the breakwaters, bottom currents toward the west are predominant. The net bidirectional flow pattern (Case 1, surface flow toward the east and bottom currents toward the west) demonstrated by the 3D model is seen in prototype data also. Two summer months of data collected in 1987 at two moored current meters (CM6 and CM7, locations shown in Figure 12) support the model result (Figure 15). Current meter CM6S just inside Queen’s Gate shows strong net easterly flow on the surface. The bottom currents (CM6B) exhibit more diversity in direction due to their proximity to the harbor entrance at Queen’s Gate. Gauge CM7S shows net easterly surface current and CM7B shows net westerly bottom current on the eastern side of the harbors. An interesting comparison can be made between results for net circulation obtained with the present 3D simulation with wind (existing condition) and the 2D, no-wind, tide-only simulations used in previous WES studies of the harbors (Table 2). 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Current vectors at hr 5283 No = UO}}0907 26UDY mmo suoieso) aBues aGseyosip Moly ‘py aunBbi4 z xX oS? b ca) MLIDII 22 Chapter 5 Model Simulations Surface Currents Station CM7S LEGeNO PERCENTAGE OF SAMPLES @-02% CC) 2-10% ZZ] 16-20% >20% GZ Bottom Currents a | ok Bottom Currents Station CM7B Py nS Station CM6B Vectors in Direction of Travel Figure 15. Prototype current vector roses at stations CM7 and CM6 Chapter 5 Model Simulations 23 breakwater gap. For the 3D case, net flow is smaller and from the ocean into the harbors through Angel’s Gate and out through Queen’s Gate and the east breakwater gap. Thus 2D model results, in terms of flow volumes at the three harbor entrances, indicate a stronger net circulation to the east than given by the 3D model. This is contrary to the normal expectation that the inclusion of net eastward-directed winds in the 3D model would promote a stronger net circulation to the east. This behavior may be explained by the fact that the relatively deep nature of the harbors permits the return flow of water to Angel’s Gate and Queen’s Gate, rather than major net movement toward the east breakwater gap, as would be true for a shallow harbor. Table 2 Distribution of Net Flow Into (+) or Out of (-) Harbor as a Percent of Total Flow Volume Into Harbor ei ie en ee aa ee rr cer Ser a es Prete eG Sea co Case 1 versus Existing Condition The Case 1 shift of 10 hr in the timing of wind (so that maximum winds occurred during strongest ebb flow) produced changes in discharges in the outer harbor (Range 5, Figure 16 and Plate 31) and at harbor gates (Ranges 1, 6, and 7, Plates 27, 32, and 33, respectively). Other discharge ranges in the inner harbor showed no change (Plates 28-30). Positive discharge is eastward at Ranges 4 and 5, and northward at the other ranges. Downward arrows in Figure 16 indicate when maximum wind was blowing for each condition. It is clear that at Range 5, whenever the wind velocity for a particular condition was at its peak, the discharge was greater than the discharge for the other condition. Comparing the two curves, one can estimate that the net effect over several days is close to zero; i.e. the occurrence of westerly winds relative to the phase of tidal currents has no significant effect except in the short term. When strong westerly winds occur during flood flows, discharges are increased slightly through Angel’s Gate and decreased at the east breakwater gap, enhancing eastward flow. When strong westerly winds occur during ebb flow, ebb discharge is decreased at Angel’s Gate and increased at the east breakwater gap, once again enhancing net eastward flow. Figure 17 shows locations where current magnitude and direction measurements were sampled for the three layers. Layers 1, 2, and 3 correspond to bottom, mid-depth, and surface currents, respectively. Examination of Plates 34-54 shows only small changes in velocities and direction. Plates 55-58 indicate no change in tidal elevations. The existing condition data plots directly on top of the Case 1 data. Plates 59-70 show the current vector snapshots for various tidal conditions Chapter 5 Model Simulations 20 RANGE NO. 5 MIOOLE HARBOR 15 10 0 SS) (oa) icp) SS oO oO oy Ow x | ol ious O @ =) & ——— > Time of max wind - EXISTING CONDITION B= Time of max wind - CASE 1 =3(0) -25 20) 215 10) aT [lst wae ol Gee ae aol) a hee a a | amma | ea | | 5230 5240 S250 $260 $270 $280 $290 5300 $310 $320 $330 $340 $350 TIME, HR Figure 16. Discharge through Range 5 for Case 1 for the three layers (or levels). Plates 59-61 at hr 5283 show currents at low water, plates 62-64 show mid-tide flood currents at hour 5298, plates 65-67 show slack highwater currents at hr 5301, and plates 68-70 show ebb currents at hr 5304. These current snapshots can be compared with results for Cases 2 and 3, as the patterns are very similar to those of the existing condition tests. Case 2: Winds from the Southeast The wind speed and direction for this case are based on a prototype event of 15-18 December 1987. Figure 18 shows the large pressure drop associated with this system. Figure 19 shows wind speed and direction derived from smoothing the actual data. The winds start at 5242 hr and build up over 18 hr from zero speed to a maximum of 31 mph, which remains constant for 6 hr from a direction of 115 deg. During the next 36 hr, wind speed drops to 12.5 mph and direction changes to 0 deg (from the north). Thereafter, the northerly winds continue at 10 mph. The timing of peak winds was selected to be in phase with the flood tide. For this case, discharges across major ranges were compared with those for existing conditions; that is, results for the model calibration with summer winds (Plates 71-77, see Figure 14 for locations). Comparisons show that the effects of winds predominate over those of tides. Over a 40- to 60-hr period from 5240 to 5300 hr, there is only net inflow up to 350,000 cfs through the east breakwater gap (Plate 77) and net outflow through Angel’s (Plate 71) and Queen’s Gates (Plate 76) with maximum flows of 280,000 and 165,000 cfs, respectively. In the outer harbor, flow is directed west during this period Chapter 5 Model Simulations suoijed0| a6neBb juan pue apn japoywy “21 eunbi4 z x < bh nD M.LLOLS 0O00r 00072 1334 NI 31VOS YALWMyW3YG HOV3E ONO) ¢®@ YOBYWH Y3LNO Chapter 5 Model Simulations 26 Z86| Jequeseq 1 ¢€-| Bulnp suoneuen ainssaid QWaydsouny “81 enbi4 sep ‘owi| O€ 8c 92 ve ce OC BIL OIL FL ct OL le 66 le Ge €e Ile GEL ZL Gt EF tL 6 ee ee ee eee ee ee eee ve ba hf fg ttt yodsiy yoveg Guoc7 Z8 99d LE-L :eunssalig duaYydsow}y BH seyoul ‘ainssald 27 Chapter 5 Model Simulations 28 WIND SPEED (MPH) $230 5240 5250 oO ea) j=) DIRECTION 5260 5270 LA-LB HARBOR CASE 2 5280 5290 TIME 5300 (HRS) S310 Tecan $230 5240 5250 Aller 5260 T $270 ee 5280 $290 TIME Figure 19. Wind conditions for Case 2 5300 (HRS) ee 5310 5320 $320 SEE) SEA Sse Sse) 5530) §S540) 15350) 5560 Chapter 5 Model Simulations with a maximum discharge of 220,000 cfs through Range 5 (Figure 20), and net flow volume during this event, through Range 5, about equal to that of the total harbor volume. Circulation in inner harbor channels is clockwise from Los Angeles to Long Beach, in contrast to counterclockwise circulation for existing conditions. Time series of velocity (Plates 78-98) indicate that at the harbor entrances, velocities at the surface layer are large (3.5 to 4 fps; Plates 92, 95, and 98). At the East breakwater (Gauge 5), currents in the bottom layer (Plate 90) are out of the harbors and currents in the mid-depth and surface layers (Plates 91, 92 and Figure 21) are into the harbors. At Angel’s and Queen’s Gates (Gauges 18 and 19), currents in the bottom and mid-depth layers (Plates 93-94 and 96-97) are out of the harbors. In the surface layer (Plates 95 and 98), currents may be either into or out of the harbors, depending on the phase of the tide. The tidal signature can be seen clearly in the plots for velocities and discharges. Generally, there is a transition in velocity magnitude and direction from top to bottom. Large changes in velocity magnitude, from 0.8 fps (existing) to 2.5 fps (Case 2), also are observed in the Long Beach Channel and near the entrance to Long Beach’s west basin (Gauges 4 and 3, respectively; see Figure 17 for locations). They may be attributed partly to the fact that the southeast winds are approximately aligned with the channel. A weak circulation gyre is noticeable at all three levels in the Long Beach West Basin. Tidal elevations (Plates 99-103) indicate only slight variations, primarily during maximum wind velocities (hr 5260-5266). Snapshots of velocity vectors (Plates 104-118) taken at hr 5257, 5263, 5272, 5296, and 5308 show the effect of the rising winds followed by falling winds. It is clear that a return to near normal circulation does not occur until hr 5308, about two days after peak winds. Case 3: Winds from the Northwest Wind speed and direction for Case 3 are based on a 22-26 December 1987 event (Figure 22) where the actual data have been smoothed. This event followed that examined in Case 2. Winds started at 5260 hr and built up over 18 hr to 31 mph (direction 0 deg). Speed remained constant for 6 hr and later dropped to 5 mph over 72 hr. Direction stayed the same throughout. Timing of the peak winds was chosen to be in phase with the ebb tide. In this case also, wind dominated the tide but, overall, this event does not have as much impact on harbor circulation as Case 2. As for the other cases, the results for this case are complicated by several factors, including the temporal variation of wind speed, direction, and phase of tide, the presence of three separate entrances, and vertical variation. Because discharges reflect the vertically integrated effects of the forcing, their variation is shown in Plates 119-125. In general, there are two different circulation regimes, with the transition occurring between 5280 and 5290 hr. In the early regime, there is net inflow through Angel’s and Queen’s Gates (Plates 119 and 124) and Chapter 5 Model Simulations 29 RANGE NO. 5 MIDDLE HARBOR OSs 2 EXISTING O jes) cp) SS i=) &) (S) (=) Xx CUBIC FT 0) <25). $20) ih 0 = Ga Pea (Saree (ieee a Paeeee Pee Sal (aaron a ll a PEE ee EL pa 5230 5240 5250 5260 5270 5280 5290 5300 5310 $320 5330 5340 5350 TIME, HR Figure 20. Discharge through Range 5 for Case 2 Chapter 5 Model Simulations VELOCITY REFERENCE LENGTH ae PAE gases t [X C72 ie “iy oy Sah ene > KC \\\ Lad AAA LA AI OE 7 i A Bottom Currents seek VELOCITY REFERENCE LENGTH NY ag dag rig aabaddy Sf Ff cganeettth, AA dL ot < £ 4 4 a 4 a 4 v v ° ~ ] , wotMdt tat 4+ Mid-depth Currents VELOCITY REFERENCE LENGTH eS S ms MAN Surface Currents Figure 21. Current vector snapshots for Case 2 at hr 5260 Chapter 5 Model Simulations _ 1 FT/S =" ¢ UA 1 FT/S —e \ SN Se 31 32 LA-LB HARBOR CASE 3 WIND SPEED (MPH) $230 5240 S250 S260 5270 5280 5230 5240 S250 S260 5270 5280 Figure 22. Wind conditions for Case 3 5290 TIME 5290 TIME 5300 (HRS } 5310 5320 55054 OMS SOMOS OU. 5300 (HRS) 5310 9320 9330 S340 5350 5360 Chapter 5 Model Simulations outflow through the east breakwater gap (Plate 125). Consequently, the flow at the Middle Harbor (Plate 123) is directed east. In the later regime, there is outflow through Angel’s and Queen’s Gates and inflow through the east breakwater gap, with the result that flow at the Middle Harbor is directed west. During peak winds, net flow through the Middle Harbor is four times the normal eastward flow and maximum ebb discharge at the east breakwater gap is doubled to 300,000 cfs. The longer term effect on discharges for Case 3, when compared to Case 2 (for example, Plate 125 compared to Plate 77), results because of the slower decline in wind speed and the steady wind direction for Case 3. Time series of velocity (Plates 126-140; plots for Gages 18 and 19 are not included) show that at all three entrances, velocity magnitude increases at all three layers. Strong surface currents (order of 3 to 4 ft/sec) are directed in. Dramatic velocity change is observed at the entrance to the West Basin (Gauge 3, Plates 132-134) also. Tidal elevation plots (Plates 141-145) show no significant change in surface elevation. Snapshots of velocity vectors (Plates 146-157) are included. Figure 24 shows the current pattern at all three levels at 5278 hr. In general, the snapshots show that during peak winds, surface currents in the Outer Harbor are southward whereas bottom and mid-depth currents are northward. In general, some minor effects due to reflections from the offshore boundary may be present in model results for the later part of the simulation. They do not change the main conclusions reported here. Effect of Wind on Circulation in Ship Basins As shown above, wind events can have significant effects on circulation in harbors. However, it is important to note that everyday wind conditions can contribute to improved circulation in closed-end ship basins. Figure 25 compares a no-wind condition with the calibration condition, which includes typical winds from the west-southwesterly direction. The example shown is for Scheme B, Phase 1 of the Operations, Facilities, and Infrastructure 2020 Requirements Study. Surface currents are aligned with the wind. Examining some of the closed slips, especially the one adjacent to Pier 300, surface currents are into the basin, while mid-depth and bottom currents are exiting the basin, indicating a turning over of the water mass. In contrast, for the no-wind situation, currents are slower and unidirectional. Chapter 5 Model Simulations 33 RANGE NO. 5 MIODLE HARBOR Se CiSEes O ea) ic) ~ (es) oO O Oo x CUBIC AT ssf) <2; <2) (15 iO) $230 S240 5250 5260 5270 $289 $230 5300 5310 $320 5330 $340 5350 TIME, HR Figure 23. Wind conditions for Case 3 Chapter 5 Model Simulations VELOCITY REFERENCE LENGTH 1 FT/S —e baa = y SS a Bottom current vectors. E VELOCITY REFERENCE LENGTH 1 FT/S _ 4 a 2 - 4 Ug Zi = Ya Mid-depth current vectors. f] VELOCITY REFERENCE LENGTH 1 FT/S —o Surface current vectors. Figure 24. Current vector snapshots for Case 3 at hr 5278 Chapter 5 Model Simulations 36 No Wind PPePrpeeErrry > 4A>4g4g 46d 9 IS I ISIS ddd A SRR AA AA A AAD Si AAA AAA AAD With Wind PR aaqad ai Surface Mid-depth Chapter 5 Model Simulations Figure 25. Effect of wind on ship basin circulation 6 Summary and Conclusions Simulations of harbor circulation with a 3-D hydrodynamic model indicate the following: a. For no-wind conditions, there is a gyre in the LA/LB outer harbor, which becomes stronger from bottom to top, and a net eastward flow through the harbors. . For typical summer winds from the southwest, the surface gyre in the outer harbor is eliminated when winds are actively blowing and reduced when winds are not; the gyre is present at mid-depth and increases in strength at the bottom when winds are actively blowing; net eastward flow through the harbors is not increased by typical winds from the southwest; phasing of winds with respect to tides (Case 1) does not significantly alter circulation patterns over the longer term (order of days). . For Case 2, corresponding to strong winds (31 mph) from the southeast, associated with an approaching front, the effects of winds predominate over those of tides; over a 40- to 60-hr period, there is only inflow through the east breakwater gap and outflow through Angel’s and Queen’s Gates, a dramatic change from existing conditions. . For Case 3, corresponding to strong winds (31 mph) from the northwest, winds dominate the tide, with velocities at the surface generally directed out of the harbors, and velocities at bottom and mid-depth directed in. Major changes are observed in net flow at Range 5 through the center of the outer harbor and the east breakwater gap as well as velocities at the entrances, compared with existing conditions. . In summary, effects of winds on harbor circulation can be significant, with circulation during storms (such as Cases 2 and 3) being dramatically different from that for normal summer winds. This should be duly taken into account in harbor design and operation. Chapter 6 Summary and Conclusions 37 38 References Butler, H. L. (1980). “Evolution of a numerical model for simulating long period wave behavior in ocean estuarine systems," Estuarine and Wetland Processes: With Emphasis on Modeling, Marine Science, Vol 11, Plenum Press, New York. Chiang, W. L. and Lee, J. J. (1982). “Simulation of large-scale circulation in harbors," Journal of the Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Division, ASCE, 108 (WW1) 17-31. Coastal Engineering Research Center. (1990). “Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors Model Enhancement Program: Three-dimensional numerical model testing of tidal circulation, " Technical Report CERC-90-16, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Garrat, J. R. (1977). "Review of drag coefficients over oceans and continents," Monthly Weather Review 105, 915-929. Johnson, B. H., et al. (1989). “Development of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of Chesapeake Bay." Proceedings of Estuarine and Coastal Modeling. ASCE, Newport, RI, 162-171. Kurtz, E.S. (1977). "Southern California weather for small boaters," Western Region Pamphlet, National Weather Service, Salt Lake City, UT. Marine Advisers, Inc. (1965). "Preliminary report on wind and waves at the proposed Cabrillo Marina, San Pedro, California," Technical Report to Port of Los Angeles, Marine Advisers, Inc., LaJolla, CA. McGehee, D. W., et al. (1989). "Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors Model Enhancement Program, tidal circulation prototype data collection effort, Volumes 1, 2, and 3," Technical Report CERC-89-17, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. References Seabergh, W. C. (1985). "Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors Model Study, deep-draft dry bulk export terminal, Alternative No. 6: Resonant response and tidal circulation studies," Miscellaneous Paper CERC-85-8, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Seabergh, W. C., and Outlaw, D. G. (1984). "Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors Model Study; Numerical analysis of tidal circulation for the 2020 Master Plan," Miscellaneous Paper CERC-84-5, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Sheng, Y. P. (1986). "A three-dimensional mathematical model of coastal, estuarine, and lake currents using boundary fitted grid," Report No. 585, A.R.A.P. Group of Titan Systems, Princeton, NJ. Smith, (1989). "Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors Model Enhancement Program; Current, Tide, and Wind Data Summary for 1983," Miscellaneous Paper CERC-89-4, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Vemulakonda, S.R., and Butler, H.L. (1989). “Modeling circulation In Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors." Proceedings of Estuarine and Coastal Modeling. ASCE, Newport, RI, 320-330. References 39 - . ns i non NK ALISOTSA GNIM NVA p86 ONY Sc- IN Le AGNLS GNIM 81/V¥1 %O0G x %0C-Ob %OL-e %c0-0 SAJ1dNVS 40 SJDVLNAOYAd HdiN 00°S GN3a941 43SOuW YOLOSA GNIM PLATE 1 ALIOOTSA GNIM NVAW v86l daS 9c - DNV OF AGNLS GNIM 981/V1 WOE x %OC-Ob *WOL-S %e0-0 SAIdNVS 40 SJDOVINSOYAd HdW 00°S GN3931 3SOW YOLOAA GNIM PLATE 2 ALISOTSA GNIM NVAW p86l LOO 92 - dAS 92 AGNLS GNIM 81/V¥1 *OG ~< %06-Ob hObL-S % 20-0 SA1dWVS 4O SDVLNAOUad HdWN 00°S GN49a41 3SOW YOLDSA GNIM PEATE 3 ALIOOTSA GNIM NVAW p86l DAG SI - AON SZ AGNLS GNIM 91/V1 Wt, = ‘ % 4 5 a v 4 a a 4 4 t] 4 SAIdNVS 40 AJOVLNAOYAd GN3931 3SOW YOLOSAA GNIM PLATE 4 ALIDSOTSA GNIM NVSW G8 NVf vl - p8 DAG SL AGNLS GNIM 81/V1 Mm %0¢ ~ LZA %0C-OL ZZA %WObl-~S Co] %20-0 SA1dNVS 40 SADVLNADYAd GN39431 3SOW YOLOSAA GNIM PLATE 5 ALIDOTAA GNIM NVSIN G86l €ad O02 - NVP Ob AGANLS GNIM 81/V71 ss KZA h0C-Ob %OL-S % 0-0 SATdNVS 40 JOVINAOYAd GN3937 3SOW YHOLDSA GNIM PLATE 6 ALIOOTSA GNIM NV4AIN S86L HV BL - 254d 02 AGNLS GNIM 91/V1 wOE ~< A %0C-OL HOL-~S %éE0-0 SST1dWVS JO SJOVLINADYSd GN4941 ’ 4 1 u v a a a a a a = CICS 43SOW YOLOSAA GNIM PLATE 7 ALIDOTAA GNIM NVA S86L DNV 6L - 1Nf SL AGNLS GNIM 981/71 WOE x w%O0E-Ob hWObL-S % 20-0 SA1TdWNVS 4O SJDSVLNAIYad HdlN 00°S GNa931 43SO¥W YOLOSA GNIM PLATE 8 ALIDOTSA GNIM NVA G86 daS ZL - SNV €2% AGNLS GNIM 81/V1 WOT ~x *0c-Ob hOlL-S 70-0 SAIdNVS 40 SDVLNA0Ydd HdW 0°02 HdW 0°SI HdW 00°S GN4941 3SO¥W YOLOSAA GNIM PLATE 9 ALISOTSA GNIM NVAW G86- LOO 91 - ddaS Zh AGNLS GNIM 81/V1 VOS ~ %06-OL wOl-S %c0-0 SAIdNVS 40 S9SVINSOYSad HdW 00°S GN43941 3SOH HOLOSA GNIM PLATE 10 ALIOOTSA GNIM NVAW S86L AON €L - iD0O OL AGNLS GNIM 81/71 SS SAIdNVS 4O SDVLINAOYAd Z AZ GN39a1 3SOW YOLOSA GNIM PLATE 11 ALIOOTSA GNIM NVAIW S86 DAG OL - AON &L AGNLS GNIM @1/V71_ |, SAIdNVS 4O SJOVLINADY3d GN39a41 3SOW YHOLODSA GNIM PLATE 12 ALIOOTSA GNIM NVAW 9861 dad cL - NVP tL AGNLS GNIM 81/V1 Yaa: SA1dNVS 40 SJOVLNA0Uad HdW 0°0 GN4941 3SOW YHOLOSAA GNIM PLATE 13 ALIDOTSA GNIM NVAWN 986+ HVIN LL - Gad ch AGNLS GNIM 81/V1 %O0E x 4 %0G-Ob WOL-S 70-0 Sad NWS 40 SJOVINADYSAd ASOW YHOLOSA GNIM PLATE 14 ALIDOTSA GNIM NVAW 986 AVIN Zl - UdV 8 AGNLS GNIM 987/V¥1 %OG < %06-Ob %OL-S %e0-0 SS1IdNVS 40 SOVLNAOYSd HdW 00°S GN4a9a31 43SOW YOLDSAA GNIM PLATE 15 ALIDOTSA GNIM NVGIN Z86- AINE VL AGNLS GNIM 981/V1 WOE x %0C-Ob WOL-e %e0-0 SAIdNVS JO SJOVLNA044ad HdW 00°S GN3931 43SOU YOLDAA GNIM PLATE 16 ALIDOTSA GNIM NVAW Z86L AON ZL - LOO UL AGNLS GNIM 981/V1 WOE ~ %0E-Ob WOL-e %c0-0 S3A1IdNVS 40 SSVINADYAd HdW 00°S GN439531 43SOW YOLOAA GNIM PLATE 17 ALIDOTSA GNIM NVAW Z86L DAG SI - AON ZI AGNLS GNIM 81/V1 E | 4 6 U 4 a t] i] v y i) u wOE J Nag p WEN WOL-S %e0-0 SA1IdWVS 4O JDVINA0Yad GN39431 3SOW YHOLOSAA GNIM PLATE 21 ALIDOTSA GNIM NVAW 886+ YVIN ZI - PL AGNLS GNIM 81/V1 VOE =z : ’ p ! 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EXISTING — CASE 1 - Oo = o WJ) > Cc oS) oO w e w w ye) Oo z & 6 oe Si Cee Orcas Sd4j “OYW T3A 10 s3 s280 «8300 TIME, HOURS N 930 ‘NOILOSYIO Sorters 0°06- TIME, HOURS PLATE 40 EXISTING CASE 1 ro) fo) z o i Pad c =: S 2 nm = fe) Te) a) R f=) z W o z& @ ork se oe s‘l Sd4d “SUN TWA ol s*o 0°70 TSR be eS SS ha aael” » HOURS 5308: sa TIME, HOURS $290 5300 TIME TH weueerevoeeceecceces 4 0°06 0°0 0°06- N 930 ‘NOI LOZYIO PLATE 41 3 EXISTING SO ) LAYER NO. — CASE 1 as w 3) m 9 ros) z Ww o € s2 oe sl Sdj “QUW TGA ol 0°06 0° N 930 ‘NI 0 O1LO3YT G PLATE 42 EXISTING GAGE NO. 4 (74 ,23 ) LAYER NO. 1 _—. CASE 1 eine O*b s*e or Sco Orce Gurl Sdj “SUN 139A ol s°o 0°0 5300 TIME, HOURS 8 0°06 o°0 0°06- N 930 ‘NOILOBYIO TIME, HOURS PLATE 43 EXISTING a EEVETURECT RES RRRC iC Tt — AARP APRPRAAAA $300 GSE NO. 4 (74 ,23 ) LAYER NO. 2 mE CASEM! as $280 TIME, HOURS Ob Sf Of S*2 oO S"l ol s‘o 070 H 0°06 0°o 0°06- Sdjd ‘OYUN TSA N 930 ‘NOILOBYIO PLATE 44 GAGE NO. 4 (74 ,23 ) LAYER NO. 3 —— CASE! EXISTING 2.5 3.0 VEL MAG, FPS 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.5 5290 5300 $310 TIME, HOURS & 8 OIRECTION, OEG N 0.0 eeceeeeucenccuaggrrigiigsssiies eee ttt, Qafoceeeer $290 5300 $310 $320 $330 TIME, HOURS PLATE 45 1 3 wencerererie, veceeee EXISTING 5320 $330 ,17 ) LAYER NO. $310 5300 ee CASE TIME, HOURS GAGE NO. S (101 Fe 22222 PPL WII 8 § O*b sc o's Ss‘2 O;cgeeGel o'l ‘ A A 0°06 o°o 0°06- Sd4d “SUN 139A N 9390 ‘NOILOBYIO , 17) LAYER NO. 2 veces EXISTING — CASE 1 = oO w ° So = W) & 1} Sicme Once Gul, Sdjd “SUN 139A orl s*o 0°0 TIME, HOURS eemnenaes, eee 1999995 0°06 O° 0 N 9390 ‘NOILOIYIO oy SUDPEN SASS seen 0°06- $300 TIME, HOURS S280 $290 PLATE 47 GAGE NO. S (101 ,17 ) LAYER NO. 3 ae CASE! EXISTING 3.0 2.5 VEL MAG, FPS 1.5 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.5 $290 5300 TIME, HOURS Corvy yy rae =z o w ao a z Oo e (=) uJ a (=) 5300 $310 $320 HOURS PLATE 48 eee ee SSS 1 22 ) LAYER NO. EXISTING ° 18 (25 CASE 1 STTTTT TTT ETT En hha ahha h Shah nn bhh hehehe a Rae Se Aka SE NO. 6A PocEVeVererereriittceeee tere rogy Ob S's of Se Of Sl OT SO O70 0°06- 0°08t- Sdj ‘OYUN 139A N 930 ‘NOILOBYIO PLATE 49 EXISTING — Cis fl N =) CS a w > Cc aa) N N a w N o = oO = 2 O*b s*e ore sz SdJ OFS! — Sr ¢ UW TSA orl s‘o 0°70 $320 48= $330 5300 $310 » HOURS TIME 5280 S290 rere I PIP IZIII IY 5300 : TIME, HOURS ‘szeg) sat: 4 OCLC IL LE 0°0 0°06- oO" oat- N 990 ‘NOILOGYIG PLATE 50 EXISTING GAGE NO. 18 (25 ,22 ) LAYER NO. 3 SE CASEM Sic Orcuee Gal Sd4 “9UW 9A orl so o°0 TIME, HOURS SN sannennnnsnnss ts SESSELUASSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS NIT EEEEEEEH Gy 7 Site A 7 > =! sso 5300 w a 2 So x= a 1] = — ad 8 § SELLALELAALAA SE 7 o°o “NOILOGYIO PLATE 5] 1 EXISTING 19 (80 ,20 ) LAYER NO. CASE 1 = oe 7 EIT TTTTTEIILIEEE LEAT) 3 z Ww © < .) TIME, HOURS TIME, HOURS Si Cee O Cerone Oft so oO 0°o 0°06- 0°O8I- Sdj “SUN 3A ‘NOI LOBYIO PLATE 52 EXISTING — CASE 1 n () z oc a > c =i ° nN . ° © o ; fs) z O°b sf oe s2 oz S‘l Sd4 ‘OYUN TGA s*o o°0 0°06 o'o 0°06- N 990 ‘NOILO3YIO PLATE 53 acs aan EXISTING “"? §320 SRRRRURRARARGAY ate S310 eS CASE) GAGE NO. 19 (80 ,20 ) LAYER NO. 3 HOURS 5300° TIME, HOURS 5 uJ a 8 =) = Ob Sy Sie; Sen Sycy OC eS ul Onl am ;OMO0 i 0°0 0°06- 0°08 - Sd4 ‘OUW 139A “NOI LIIYIG PLATE 54 OSES OES OstS a2zes ONILSIX3 ( @8 ° Oss I YH “SWIL 00&S 062S b esek) _ “ON 39d 082s 0422S og2S OS2S OveS OLes ™ aa 7 < 2D 43 ©: PE, 74 4 = ‘= Ct = } DS PLATI OSES OPES ofsS dees ONILSIX3 ( eb oes YH “SWIL OO£S 062S [RdS0D ee SI) ¢ “ON 39U9 082s 022S ages oses ObeS 02S m Cz ™ <= D Lar Oo Zz ~~ aa -j =x = (om = PLATE 56 OSES Obes OfsS a2ees 9NILSIX9 (oSme Oks YH “WIL OO£s 062S T gua SS) £ “ON 399 08eS 022S ages OS2S OveS Of£2s ™ (a3 ™ < =D) 4 oO Zz ~~ 74 Le = [= \G= ex PLATE 57 OSES OPS ossS d2ks ONILSIX3 (Gaal Oss TOT) YH “SWIL OO£S 062S [S3SU0 lee S “ON 3989 0gesS 0225 ages os2s OveS O£2s ™ Cm 7 <= DD 44 — oO az ~ a] r=] = = {iE es PLATE 58 > PrArLi kL La DR RP KY e {> AAAAA AA AD AAAAAAAAAA AA DY YP AAAANNAWAAAA AA’ YS PY rvav[paaaaasaaa >yr ry 7 4 rN A 4 q z 7 BA Y 7 7 7 ra ? > a Ss RN > 4 tN ansanansanaanens A sor IeAialeeontctnacie santa A b >> PN ene Bet Dee oe een A ath RAAAAAAA444444144.9 \ N44 PASAAAAA4444499 7 444AAAAAAAAGQY 4 7AAAAAAAAAAAAIAGVIE FT At 44AA4A4AhhhAAddaggyy A147444444AANAAIIG Gg ¥ ARVVAIIAAMAMNA NG 9 9 1444999444444 AN 494 IO 4 PVITIyryrI{4 y, a Prrr>r*rANIWdI44 4 ARR rRaALA PAAAAAA Be Brraraaya >>>Prray N>7>>AANadddarly wy VY AZZA AAA GG YIAAAAAD > > PyrRAAAAA > ala > QaqdddaqqdrAsraara>> y PVVVV ¥NXNNWWNWAdaarrra [PAS gaddaddaaraaara>> y S/L4 O'L 1 273A31 GIS Lv S3ILID013ZA A-/N | SSVD *SYOSYVH 81-V 1 . s VAFAFZHANNAIIA GY yve NVVV bb bb opp eee < A 47 NVVVVVNAN > ATAAZPHANNNINI AY Yv » zy VbbbbeVY NV aAqagrrANVINaY psFPeNgggq>NrVNINN S [ex Y778 VV NAT 00:00 €8ZS ANIL Ny R NVVV bY rey y rh *y aA N > >>>2>> VN > >>orr77 < Tee VVVVVVvyywid > AWAT77I7F7 7 A 7 S|>>>H>>>HvVVY qgqarar 4497977 AAAM4 9 14 IdIVITT 4499997 >>> y7>>yaar>ar a a a i aa PrrvrrrT 7 AH A Pr7777VvvV> 7 A A CO Frrrrrrr77z7 ry v4 PIFPPrrryrzr~rrwzrwys b raa_tzz>>z7>>> 7 bey “ynaz7ez>>> [+> 7 a VYVVNVN> Agger >>>e>r>rr7 < < [Pad arsa>srrasser77 < zl7 > &AAAXAAANS ZZ TTF APTS*AARARAANS III HF a te NANA N at} Ww > Ww a) =) ax oO E < n = Las (5) °o J Ww > > ' > ¢ e ire 2 uJ VY) xe UO LEVs mayyaraar aoa oy Wracaqaaqar v y iH Vv v v v v v VV WV CVV VINNY NNNSS i a ee ee ao er | Pryvrz7>>»>»>» ANAAVIF>RH RM > AA AAAATHRAXAN AAAAFFRAANN AAAAAZANANY AAAAAAANANN AAAAARASNNNN VAs PARR VV >qh* dann yevyy PAPA AA AAPA RQ eV VY pwFhbpBPdanny vy ARDR REE SINANA ARBRE ETT AbRttrTws <4 4> ARUVS<444444 ¢ > < >% > p> ow \yeeee FU ss eV SAAS wh 4 4 > pee eke ta 7A ay aan SINNSANASSASSAASTOYA wT 7 > AN AANA Aaa aaaaag | \ yo y4t+<<< < « TIME 5283;00;00 a TV RAAAAA A A 4 4 wSl>>>>>ryVNIirrway > eS Sy7> rar>qr N> < < 42s33>>7> >» & pe FY PR 4 > RSAAAIAAAAAA QA N\ *y DP DPA HP 1 A SVM! \ \ ev ehas147947 7 X=1 PLATE 60 BAAAAA AL AAAAAAAAA Aw) ft DARAAAARAAAR A I A ten m 5 WwW > Ww a) 2 x oO = < n ws [= 1S) 1°} a Ww > > 1 2 Wo vA Seagal er NNR 4 CSE a ae a LYS YA A U9 eer. _— n\\ \ WW VY) < O %) o& Oo aa) [a < a5 ao T < aa} x \ \ ‘ \ NaN Ro NG ON ay x SON UN x XK \ SN os FE —™. Sg =A CRAs PARRA RRA RA NAT A v4 x kX \ KRARRRRRE Ay x KARRARRRR KARA RERRRRARER NE peeseeeneannarpat tt Se BAAR RARARARARA NN i aN | hk hk NAN NNN KARRRERRR ARARRRRE RRERRRRRRRRRA ByyyyehRARAAARRAA AAT f AAAARKRRK NRERRR RR KRHARRRRR RRS PPRRRRRRRKK porated ee ‘ x x \\ NN TIME 526 3:00;00 eae f7 t2°0? 4 Ae a PoP PETTERRN ‘ siza>aayveh't saat br>>>>rre>t v te SN k A y WAI le Py vy vr wy >> o>sua aa a Cal kN A PANE ARSED 4 AAAALTN AS SENN w AW AAAALA A AAAATOA A A 7 AAANVTIAA A A | X=1 PLATE 61 = < ssbbsaaa tet & bbEbb44444 2 wow x Vebbessessseee sp pia bd Voebbybreesbsse2csrs VY bvVV[ berber see < rn 4 beevvrrvyvvvv[ WY AR A VY < byyvvvvVvVV bb bb beeee ec < < < yy bbssssssssssssttca > SY RIN SNAILS AAA LAAN by vy by \ Merce Ny y QhPrrrr>>>> A A YAAAPPPPYPYrHrryr yyy vy AA AAADEPPPPEPPrV IVI T FT > > AAA_ARSDPEPPHPVITITTIT 7 > > RADARDRDEPPPIPITIITI7I9I 7 ¥_> > >RRPDEPEPYHPTI7ZI7I 4? RBA 3777 7 VS S>AAD>>7 4 VANS Ne A SUSPRrrAAANyYyvyyreezd AAABRARD REESE V S/L4 O1 1 273A37 dldS Lv S3ILIDO01ZA A-N | 3SVD -SYOSYVH €1-V1 v UUW deeeeeun << F FF ADARREEEEEEAA ADPEREEEEDD ARPETTETESh RYUVIVITGCSSE Se>>>,7AMADARKREETS 4 00:00°862S ANIL ® Vittsbsssesseaea VVVVVy py bry bv V ecaeetc 4, bhteccec< < &sLssace 4 a2aittici £ 4 aaeecec ic ft > >> A4177>> 4 Aaq~~ 7447>=~> 7 777>> > 774~> >> Saad >vrl < =x 62 PLATE a4a4<4<¢ < 4AA444 4 & bsbphsssae ta “x Vbbsbssssadda 4 Ve 4b ess S KLE TY V LeVV[ be rree eee < r beebebbvyvevv| W Mot ZEVEELELLYVVVVVVVN GY, A N SY | ll A QYSAAARARAANNVYYVLL< vet v2 >>ss3iAVyYrse< N 3 Ww > Wd at i=} = oO kb < 2) a FE re) ° = Ww > > 1 > g AS w @ uJ Y < O ERT Sy APP o anes 4 SsasrabPPbenerrerpa BRPEPEETTERRAA ADPPTTTTTERAA REVVVESCSEETET VY SWIVI4<4<4e4<4 et TIME 5298: 00:00 A447" FP FY YF PF PPP P>>rrzvzIzITIIVIGAGVIGGIGT F > > bitésssuuwwrwe REARS S FV VVIIITE VY ¥ FFT wPanerrev Vv VY FY VY VVIVIIIVIIIVIVIIIIA> > DP yPVIIVTIIFIF FF FV Ve ere errr Fr F&F PP KP PK KKYVVIVIIVIVIVIIIVF > > > FVUVIITIFIF4A A PLATE 63 4a > LEV VE eLeeeLbebbbeeyv a, A Ly Voetsesssibb> >>> VvEe~ , AAAAT ee SS alk <<<<>> m 5 w > if) = =) iad oO - < a< n vrs ~ E (Ss) to} J wu > > I > ¢ Led wu g uJ VY) < O A777 PrPrrr> LETT TE EEE ES NV Lecce yyFERRRR < VARAAz7z> HA ADTIVE TERS S w ADaaRREDESey LA-LB HARBORS ASAE RoR REET Sl Seas yh Poe nerev< 4 <= Sarssr ph PPoeeerereca HPPPOEETTTERAA BDPVPVYVYVYTTEARA PUVITCSTSESCETSE F |>>>>>yyvVVV4 A nf __ JSVVVVS37 4 aqqaqeeed 2 hYNAs ae 2>> >> YH ~HHAA A H Ce ed A A a VY VCIIIITITIITIVAAAAID> 7 A A FXaRHHIAD TP AH HHA weep ovwry Fy FT vw wa wwvwwrw@AqWIAAAdddddy errs, ww wawwew9ad dt 4A AAA wee MH VT © © wrrvvor—rrtIdqdqddqIdIIIIIIG Se Se YP PLATE 64 NNN VYYNNN VVVVNNNN > 0 VVVVVYVNA ARR NYY YW VVNVNA vuvv[hvvavvsves VV VAdadayvvyy[ fs PAV VVAAAVVAaaaaara N v < N N [F VV AWaAdaaaaaaaaa Az|> > PaArsAaArAaAaAANNA FSV Srsaadraaraagaqis & « 4 Vuvvece < 5 Ww > iy = ) x oO re < nv i ie! = FE (s) ° = Ww > > 1 5 Sg NS wu 2 uw Y < UO LeWaynuvVvANNVV pAAAAZYNVVV Vy VSAAAAZNNVVV VY pYYA>7AAAAYVVVVV GY S>>>XaAnn ® BB > ® A AAAANANANNVVVVVNA Yas aan VV>Any b 2 < © ye PV VVVVVVYVVVVVVN yyy le < < < s Xa A N b a YAIR AS SS < < <4Zt44rva < < <<42e2<4 < £ VN Gg zyraA QAX > SF > BAANNNVVVVVVVVVVV Ya VY <<< v & VVVYV¥VVVVVNAN N VVVYVvvvVVV bby a ry > vyvv[ WvvvvVN VN 4 A4 > VVVAANAvvNNYV[ #3744 5 TT THEPHHHHHHHHHNHTTT T wT < < < < < < LS bbb T CUTVOTTTTTTTTTTTTTT eT CM a e¢ ¢ ¢ |e ce tse T TEP cv ecscvwéwyeywessgs << Le >LzAbrecvrrrprerrsss< 4 4 VV wb chevtssp7 q X >>> ARR E ESSE PF > PPPrLprvqzIqIqAqITITVT TE FPP PEreerPrrryryrvxyvIvvI—Vvv FY F FPPPDPSEPPrrvvIVvvI7gs SF F PPPyPyerrrrryvyv71147 9 App eeeerrrrr77I914144 > >Prrr7774414 2777444 L774 AAA az[S > Raaaaraaanaarrirs 4 >> PFrarararadaad PAV VVAAVVAAAAAAAAazer 47 ¥ [EF VVANAAaAaaaariitagz, 4 S/LJ O'1 Z *73A31 ONS Lv S3ILIDO13A A-N | SSVD *SYOSYVH 81-V1 AAAKAANNVVV Vy yy wwe & kd > > > = a v b z < < A A A A v 7X >A =A P| AN NN VN Vv vv Zp > Vv bh VVVVvyyph¥Y7 4A A A v v & a|> >>> PmyyVNir74 Al A bhbbhbv vp VVVWVVYV BYWAA N a N =x PLATE 66 6 =A h rrr? h » wrer7rrryr ¥ WICTTTrYTYyY<<« w CO weeterrrrrert + < v 4 wweweceAa > BRAAAAANANNDT A AR Ee F BAAAAAAANANY press é 4 TF» AA AAAAAANN V Zeccc Ze VNNVVVLLecece ec blitecceae 4Lt4aecig < a = > IS ADDDaRERE SLY Rhbaaprresby Lehhiecsgssecce Ah appereccsy V C4 4 a 2PBqqq7z7I7F7ANVer?t RRR eRe Eec esp S/L3 Ob = € °13A31 OIu9 Lv S3ILID013A A-N | SSVD_ *SYOSYVH €1-V1 aaze«zAssebe & FE & KSSED DH SD >» » 2b ABsshh 4 b bh » 2 pALDSD SD Bb t A A 4 4 A A dh a pbbbE DH b A AsSLEF Y v a@@ acts <«e«< a2ai> v < Vv v v 00:0030ES ANIL =x PLATE 67 mas aA ADE WAQAAKA Aaadqadaaaa Vartaqaaqqqaaaaa vavv[ Waaaaaaaa VVVaddaaaaaay[ fa SANNA ged aaaqqqaaaa LEX qaqaaaaaqaaad A7|> ~ WRAARAAAQAA YA s Wd > WwW 4 () a 1U) k < nn uy E 18) o a Ww > > ' =) uJ Y Slr NS w 2 OVW y ~AAXaRaRaRAAA A ADBBWABRAA “ShDDBwAwBW*®AAA Fa aeRRRRAAR beorrrrbvrbropop shbhbbrrvvvrvovy Zssbrvvvvvvvvyyy b > > & b > & & & & PAAAAAARRQA YY PAAAAAA NAY Y PAAAANM AMY Y Y pS AAANN TTY HASAN HH EY SPAN aaa VV VAz > Ad aaa any Vy PESOS GOO ty Gs > s2>> SANG araNaa yy y NNN a aaay SRRRERET REE VV VV Teel VVV VV Edda ay a Wiveveddaaa > 7 LA—-LB HARBORS yeas Aa 4 42 4 oh LaEbEEEEEEEEL TIME 5304:00;00 a orbbbeb vy vV Vv V VV VVVYVYVYOEEO PP YM ~~» VVVITTTTT a> 74 >|> >>> >atigarar7r z>qaaEdNX PSPPPSESyS SSE ae~aARAA y PSrPyaaacrr rrr aaarn anda eS Nia VWs FSS yr>Saaranr v v 44 4easse ae &@ we ey HrVYVV NAY VVVVUYYD DOr Oey ore yy | ya YN << <«aeeea4 4 y y yv ir away vv VV VV rb r rrr rr re y @ 4 4444444 «@ #+#<¢#44444 44 4 @<¢# 444444 4 4 AA, ’ 1 X= PLATE 68 Irom >rrVyr—rToro er vr A>>rrrrry>e Fy F AAAAALS Orr rw FH F AsSAAAAA~ALAASD ZT TF 7 VYNv[faaaasaae > Vv ySsaaaaaaav[ b> > 2 | | ANY WAP ParAaaaaaaaana> [EF Aa qaraaacaagaaarae A7Z|> > RRRRAAAKKAAAAA yp 7 > Parad dd dad agaaadar U-V VELOCITIES AT GRID LEVEL 1.0 FT/S ud VY) ~e O ° © 2 AS Baaqaayy > > PP>>>DaA SeeVVVVVVV VY SLEVVNANNIIV Vy > BP PP-PAAAAY Y >> PFPPrHrararidqy FPPYPBRAAAN TY TFT PPXAANYY Y DP ISS IIS LA-LB HARBORS ANAT 7 NANA LY VAAAAMANNI YY | y NAPAAPAN TY LY A> TAAA>HANN VV yy ey Saale ALA ASIN NIN WA YU VuY A> > P>>HrIAAR NW ANTEYVN I aay RII AUN NI NIATAENISNG Le ZlLbVVINAa ao > VVVVVVVNN Na > 7“ ee a TIME 5304:00;00 < a VVVNVVVVNN> 7 4 PPPP>>d>arvrer7 Vv >>>eawber> V >>>ARADA y AAAAN N>NNV <<<<< rR AAaAA RANNNNYVYV VV yy 8 a8 << < Ww a) S ax oO i= < n uw E (5) ° pal Ww > > | =) WW VY) < O ”Y) ag O (aa) ae < ae faa] i < =) TIME 5304;00;00 PLATE 70 Afar AAA fa fA santas, f Wasanneat fo iy ppraaananar td ff peherpansaeaaat tf vvythtsranannr et tf ft ayyyhbtssaasanaanag tf ft [parts tessa naan ad AR Fo paar tAAhdAdddadaad TS > oe! Pans ilies RARa aaa Qe KARR Raa ey LS So ea 4 A t i ‘ Rebbe e eee A k ln es ne ed A MNINININ RMA I RARRARARRDRA AHARRAAARAA 4 IO WHIT VT VT ex 4d awa SSF WA AHATH HF FF w& I rea —pi BRA AAA Ah aot tha >. A A HAHHAAVY © wp» Ng SS ao WA AATIT TT FF pee > — > — > — eee 1 X= os¢S OSES ONILSIX3 OPES ores O2ekS ¢@ JSvO 31¥9 S$. TAIN 1 “ON SONU OIgs YH “WIL OO£S 062S 022S og2S 0S2S Q’eS O&£2S J5S/(00001*) L4 IJIENd PLATE 71 YH “SWIL ages OSes ObsS ores OzeS O1fS 0085 0625 O82S 0427S a92S 0525 O2S Ofes . se TN Pa aa me areeeees (ame Tee ~ MVNA ‘haa TTL WN ae oe aaa LAT VV Wy ty © (= @ (=p) nS) 4 x — © oO Oo j=) SS Sp) © ep) INI LSIX3 ¢c 3Suo U1 - TENNUHO SOLIYYSO © “ON 3ONUY PLATE 72 og£s INI LSIX3 ossS OES OffS O2ES G leh) @1 - TSNNUHOD SOLIYYS9 & “ON SONY Oes YH “AWIL 00&£S 062S 082S 022S 092s Oe ee oer es OS2eS OveS O£2S ANIM. 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EXISTING C4680) CASE 2 GAGE NO. oc Gicpe One: sl Sdj3 ‘SUN TSA ol TIME, HOURS 0°06 N 93 o°0 0°06- O ‘NOILO3YIO o°ost- $290 © $310 $320 5300 TIME, HOURS PLATE 78 2 EXISTING 80 ) LAYER NO. (46 , 1 CASE 2 GAGE NO. CH 0S ru Sdj “SUN TWA orl 5300 TIME, HOURS $290 eee hee panna Vevaerreeeeetetiiiiiiite 0°06 o°o 0°06- N 990 ‘NOILOIYNIO o°o8t- S310 5300 wo a =) oO 25 a Ww x= =) te 8 8 PLATE 79 EXISTING (46 ,80 ) LAYER NO. 3 CASE 2 fo) z a} € 1) ove Or Oe Seu Sdj “SUN T3A HOURS TIME, tate veenen 0°06 0°0 0" 06- N 930 “NOILOBYIO 0°08I- PLATE 80 GAGE NO. 2 (15 ,42 ) LAYER NO. 1 ee CASER2 EXISTING 229) 560) VEL MAG, FPS 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.5 $240 S25t $270 "$300 $310 TIME, HOURS @ & OIRECTION, OEG N 0.0 iii 3E3222222222222222022222222 TIME, HOURS PLATE 81 EXISTING GAGE NO. 2 (15 ,42 ) LAYER NO. 2 CASE 2 2006000 seeevesasunnires 3 ey aa dadaddedddedddddddccaeda SEDO DED e HOt n eee eerarsncee 5 eta mene oth nnn a Seana? feaal Aaareeeesens PeppeensenDAnsceiTe AIPIEEPLELL EE EES, UELEL EEE EEE TIME, HOURS TIME, HOURS S280 $290 OSS Cem OrcuGnl orl % i A 0°06 o°0 Sdj ‘IU WGA N 930 ‘NOILOBYIG 0°06- PLATE 82 LAYER NO. 3 . EXISTING (1S ,42 ) 2 CASE 2 GAGE NO. orc 4 (4 sl Sdj “UW 3A » HOURS (Fo) = — e 0°06 N 930 ‘Ni 0 O1LO3YT 0°06- it) o°oel- PLATE 83 1 EXISTING CASE 2 fo) z o GQ) >= Cc J (=) wn . te) Te) m . (=) z Ww oO < s2@ o@ sl Sdj ‘9UW TGA ovr so 0°O $280 TIME HOURS , 930 ‘NOILOGYIO TIME, HOURS PLATE 84 EXISTING CASE 2 N oO = ao GQ) > Cc =) = oO w S w w ie) ° oO =z Q) Oo ¢€ S43 04 SP Sdj ‘9UW WGA ol TIME, HOURS nd 55S SUTETTEE TSS, sysvanurant IAM IOI III IIIS N 990 ‘NOILOSYIO veer 5308: TIME, HOURS s2ed Ww 4 2 a oO Ss < n i [= Vv °o J Ww > > ij =) g Fe wu 2. TIME 5257:00;00 — 104 atts AS fA fy 4 AA MGCL J Zo Zo Pez ZAPHPPPIDIY J AZ fx LEAL DDG 2 aM VAAIAAT SL / 7 t ALMMVIII 7 RA MMASLPMIITIIIID a2 DO. VILLE A BE [WW \YLEELLLLNTV ITZ s WI, ee SEEEZZ I A \ m) UE VN NAA Sid es SLD ASMSYITL PLLA] bedded >re? Az), wns MLL YEAS - Pee ae / Yy PPP >>oorevyt 7 ‘ Yj . Av f] Yad Ke 1 COS / pseaaarnyvrVI—IAAA aa 4 An] cane rr 7 7 7 7 Aa” A Dpiry cop ee) chts 4- > Ae 4A AALZZ Zea > > > a ae vy vy N aa Ww > WwW a (=) a Oo k < wn ~ [= 15) °o a Ww > > ! =) NS FF wu 2 — N re ) < O %) a Oo ra) a < eT oO T <£ 2) EEE EEE ESL YLY// Jp leveeeevitidldig {yo Ii LLL LEENA MMA TIME 5257:00;00 4 ‘ SI Lb OME YY AANA Whipp, Me WOT PLATE 105 & a) WwW EF No lo Y > {I > O 3 K ing Oo aa) ing x ae wo T 7 Be GAY Mi © > 7X YY, LO YY Gy * LOY rs yi 0 y Y TIT7T HT y Up A414 Wy y Whiff A A AAA WYER YW y ’ y A A AAA 4s hy 4 AASW ] yD PLATE 106 Jahh RR aaah A 2 asst shh Loa A Tia, fA vaatst th Php pp rr 72S aay A DAL ZZ S Via af 4 TAIN YL 7 AVOCENT ULE Ne eee Ge UGE VALE Gey MOY 5 Ww > Ww aa] i=} [a4 oO E < nv uy = rs) ° = Wd > > 1 > £ AS we 2 ANVNV OSS WW \\W Wa \ — \AAAN \ ia | Ww a ft ) A) x 3) 0 4 { ac a) T, a 6 = TIME 5263;00;00 AA Mall ff if 14 f/f od eee ree 7 VA A am tl YY, Na Aer | / / / y ae cAI NTN X= PLATE 107 CPR Ea ARN Sl Vy ’VvVVV prAAD 4 AA [ayaass7 tree >> 7 ¥ 44 f Fanos VFA a oh* » Ay eae | N gee 4A AAD 22a er has ULYLLLL S N my Ww > Ww aj ° x oO kb < n a E rs) ° ) WJ > > 1 > g Fe uw S “Ys x au n £ 3) D 32 2) D 34 Lt Ts D 1, ¢ aj TIME 526 3:00:00 Wace LLL EARLS LAA LA OLELLLLLLLALAIIAAAIEE xt A EK Oo Ph Ko OWN NN NNANWIUIDEDEN ED et PLATE 108 v — >>>> Ww 4 9 = oO k < n uy i= rs) ° a Ww > > 1 =) N WwW Y) < O %} a4 Oo ca) a < a6 a) 1. < = TIME 5272:00:00 USNS Wh Ss SS AAA AAAS A ARSE AL RRS SSSSERRRRSS SN SS AA NV AAMAAAAAA ADS \\ SN ss = | PLATE 110 al ao = \ ss4e,e2aecTrrr ber] ~~ \ ay ao 7 a hn Aad ee Se SS = > Fonilaqasss 4444 4 af 4 4 WE eI AAA LA he SR Rn IIE) EPH) : oe Ww ay ore tea Anarene AAAAN |A Cog 2 oN Ay eee ol A 3 a Wh Vise OS, a ee i Peer ested = = 2 ww cs > > E ESS NG =e SS 22 ms > nN ee Ry eee s a, Fir SX SSH mee S52 g YES ® TERS oy < STS FZ =] URN 2G mo Wa = a ANNE Vi < See \ \ ad Tile een v \ \ Bot 8 Y NUMAN Ge Mine eee elas \ \Y 7 8 Se Aa MRINAa rea erecs|Z _ \ \ ~~ A < brste yissarrrearesele. S We a ~ y : \ SS = \S Si < LZ VN =f SVS RO » ONY PLATE 111 Y, by h ga | t hs fi) (=) 14 oO < ”n Ww E ve Wg ai Os % (az O ao a4 Ww 4 S 14 oO kb < n us = 8 pa WJ > > U > g Fr w o - —_ tfhaaaalhasaa N WW ” eG (@) ” fad Oo ira) ad wracrcd wee» > > > ~~a~oo 1 X= PLATE 113 444 @& 4 ee ssshaaa <= y v4 +hppsesssitciang y “z sbhyyypsssca 44rN a yvre cee A YO oxoeaqqaully v Bo OS naae) WwW ea) S) a oO i < a NSS Ss UV °o pa Ww > > ! = ¢ re ire 2 VEVVN aver Ly wee Fs TY YA FT wm “a BANNN AS22322 53 N WW Y) < O SL4RdParvese pyre bb « BWM PY > > a & AARP RDd>, 4 aaadrarr a Venvr4747y7 4 4$ay>r4Avany!4 47>>r44avra AaVvaMfaangy LA-LB HARBORS TM AOE e v v v v v v ay a Aenceseryvyy, q beeZ AVIA vr wp TIME 5296:00;00 ‘ VVNAAAS5554 47 7 SY N N N v v v N N a 4 a 4 » AAV Ite 55 4qdeaqeerPPp <« Ree eee ht NS VU VOW EV XY A AVARC KH 2A aD Boe Red $45 CORAL TAAARA A AOA NS Y ee ee ee ee ASE he Ke we aeeee @ bb SB 4 +S eeeeeeeeeeeeeerry YY OV xX=1 PLATE 114 FN eee ee | SI S3 EES SSE NSS SSSSSSssss SOS SSS OSSs8 S65 SSS SSS WSS ot ek ee S = oe eas et a SS —_————-+> S=-= = LA EAL Sk Sk <= CR SR SS SS SSS So oS LL. SSS a = Se oS Sars arc ae ae > WS ~~ —_2>. —— > SS SSS 3 SS => ae ee a = = Ts aiticiin: > tn tar Os oe ckataialnd as a Za SS SS A a aa as oe ees >A = b , Va SAI a a 4I>> <= VV + aes RY be wey i 4 iN 13A37 G14d LW S31LID073A A-n Cc ASVD ‘SYOSYVH 8 1-V71 PLATE 115 AAA4 A AAAAABA A ARAREHER < ¥ AKAARKAEEEE x AAA ARHEE EEE aadat berrrert? q44bbepeeeeeR| ph FV SAA APY TY TVYVTPPEE La pa® vv ¥V¥VEPEREE RTP CEFF VVFVRRERK A Lae P¥¥¥RWERERRA CASE 2 U-V VELOCITIES AT GRID LEVEL: 1 aVIH ye Fw wT avIdd PPD 4F dd ® ® Ly 4 4 A h rk 4 Pnand? *. i RRA RRHeaRRAR Rhomek Rat hy Kheventhyhth ye LA-LB HARBORS RRR ERERRD AV RWREVEREVERED AT VVVBERREREEN FPP rHTAATYVYYEEEEERRR é A TEVEVTIVVVREEREDE fnee VUVVEREBRERRE TTVVRRREWRRAR TCUTVFVERRERER A DB 2 beer OIF Ow OO Oe OO OP rr>dd>r» AP VIVVIIITH TH SAN ITT Oe wo Tr rreernrarrar_»rvVIITT at 7 PLATE 116 CASE 2 U-V VELOCITIES AT GRID LEVEL: 2 1.0 FT/S LA-LB HARBORS TIME 5308:00:00 — Y= 94 4 4444 AAAAAAA AAFITITIAAA 4A yeaa >57444 47 Vv 444 A <>» aa< Nac 44441 g>dds hres < < 4444agg>X\Vobtl ke beAAAR YES > > > <2 444 < 4bARS A AAhy< vA ARETE t KREBS KV IbETEEe v WEG Ide AT breetd Alpereeed db AUy Ered d > TSEEEEES RY \< Ife BRrRAAA RAD A4Vaaqzz4I 4AM hard 47722277744 iN A RALT 7777744 b A RS nalaceiedel (NS A MARRAARR ES A ARDaR EE Kee eS A a So oe A Rheeectreect Abvywaeccecce APY TTT7A4 FP FFFTFHAATIVITITTITIGTCCTT A TUTE TITITTTITTITCTTT SR EUFPTTTFFEETT TT TUTTTPEPER AD STTTTUTERAADAS SCT TTTITTTT < < KARE SAS Sx Sy Ap v S > > whyAga 7 Ta a ae a + > > bh TT TVyY t AA A A DDR RW careeeEVPPEPD PY PY YD BReryy vb A 4 4 9 9 4 Neer PPrrr>rr>y,r > O Frr>dpaaroraann ay AA pee rerrane ry y A 77;/ |aaaaaamarn vy Y 4494 Fresnel eww ny VAM A mma aay yyyrnsvud ry \ DnB RAS 3 wae QRWN Y h PENN \ Dieu ssseeee saat CASE 2 U-V VELOCITIES AT GRID LEVEL: 3 10 FT/S Y) iad Oo (aa) Oe < ae a 1 < =) 4 >>> XAAAa Quay A>>>> > AAaquayy >>>>BRrArAaagayy \ > dBBHd>Rpraaayuray >> >>>>>Paaarnruy 22> >>>>Paeaariy TIME 5308;00;00 AS oa Pee ee SES y oy PP badbrerrrnrrna PLATE 118 os¢s SONI LSIX3 ossS §6ObfS OffS O2kS eee es | i e° | | : 1 . ° Ao § NE: Sd UR Al: A athe: Ah? ae OV AES 4p. H oe ‘ Pass 5 v rs “pa - oa: ae s ous s) oe st a : s : ¢ 3Svo 3L¥9 S. TINY T °ON JONUY OT£S MH “WIL 00&S 062S og2es 022S 0392S OS2SHe GRcSe0&cs rat Sis gs Seq ss Ol- c- J5S7 (O000 Leo ang PLATE 119 os¢s INI LSIX3 OSsS OFFS OffS O2kS £ So U1 - TENNUHO SOLITYYSO @ “ON JONUY Oks YH “WIL OO£s 062S 082s 0225 AVA 0392S ANVWV\n aT OS¢S THAR AANTHT OveS O£2S AAI \ Se- OL- Sele Sl SaOce 0 © Se Co ®) ny) 4 x — O S O CO “N Sp) 7 ap) PLATE 120 os¢s OSES ee OV ecu OSeSe a OceS INILSIX3 @1 - T3NNUHO SOLIYYgO £ *ON 3ONUY OIes ere litetl OO£S 062S 082s er 022S AA o92¢S vt 0S2S Mi OveS O£2S NINA, Mt TT bee! (3) IMSIAS AAS7 (OOo) PLATE 121 ossS }96oseS ) =OFfS Offs 8 O2kS INILISIX9 £ Sua YGINGI - TNNYHD SOLIYYII b *ON SONUY OT£S YH “SWIL 00£S 0625 082s 0225 092S 0S2S ObeS O£2S l= We Se fis OI- © = CO ee] ap) 7) 4 x — O O S O ~ Ww 7 (2) PLATE 122 OSES OSES SNILSIXS OPES OfeS O2fS O1fS YH “WIL 00S O62S ages 0225 ages 0S2S OveS 02S ¢ 3S YOSYBH J ICOIW G “ON JONUY Sco80S— St Of S O S- OI- SI- O2- £4 JPTENI 02 Sri OSmee SC x — O O O O SS Sp) 7 Ce) PLATE 123 ossS )§6ossS)=—ObSS)=OkES = OES ONILSIX4 (*XOYddd) J1¥9 S.NIINO 9 “ON SONU OIgsS ME) OSL OO£S 062S 082s 022S 0392S 0S2S OveS O£2S OSs sSCaOc St © Ss @ ap) 34) KY x — O O O CO “ (ep) 7) ep) PLATE 124 O9¢S OStS OFFS O£fS O2sS INILSIX3 dU YALUMMYSYE LSU3 Z “ON JONUY YH “WIL OO£S 062S 082S 0422S 0392S 0S2S OveS O£es ie) S CO ep) a) La | x —" O S O O SS Sp) 77 ip) PLATE 125 1 EXISTING (46 ,80 ) LAYER NO. 1 —— ES GAGE NO. Sree One, sl Sd4j “SUN TA orl w oe = oO <= x 1) = = e 0°06 o°o 0°06- N 930 ‘NOILO3YIO O°O8I- $290 © TIME, HOURS S320 0 8©= 8330 S310 $300 PLATE 126 . EXISTING 80 ) LAYER NO. 2 (CAGae, EICASERS 1 GAGE NO. ove Sica Oncemnorh Sdjd ‘SUW 13 ol Af $300 w a =) (=) eS . J = = e 070 ‘NOI LOGY 0°06- a o°oeI- PLATE 127 EXISTING (46 ,80 ) LAYER NO. 3 a= CASE S 1 (=) = w 2 i) se ove s‘2z o2 sl SdJ ‘SUH TGA $230 TIME, HOURS 0°06 o° N 930 ‘N i) O1LO3uI 0°06- G o°ost- TIME, HOURS PLATE 128 1 EXISTING GAGE NO. 2 (15 ,42 ) LAYER NO. CASE 3 ood ove sz oe s‘l Sdj “9UW 139A orl s*o 0°70 HOURS a, TIME perereea ait Sannnnna lence cceennee Cen ennenene of sesess Seeeeunasay 5320 =' S330 MANNS ssio | S: $290 TIME, HOURS 0°0 0°06- O08 - “NOI LOGYIO PLATE 129 GAGE NO. 2 (15 ,42 ) LAYER NO. 2 EXISTING See CASES O°b s‘¢ oc Gi CeeOxcmeanl Sdj “UW T3A orl $330 5320 5300 TIME, HOURS 5290 $280 o°ost seseseasant syenaty % - SNS ett oor seeeueenrenannriziziii> aes = 0°06 0°0 0°06- N 930 ‘NOI LOSYIO O°o8I- $320 $310 = S80 5200 5300! TIME, HOURS $270 Lo) 7 ¢ 4 PLAT! . EXISTING GAGE NO. 2 (15 ,42 ) LAYER NO. 3 SANICASERS ete ne O*b sc ove sz ooze SI Sdj “SUN TA HOURS TIME, eyesueanaaaaans tense careassersenees 5308 TIME, HOURS S230 0°06 0°0 0°06- 00a - N 930 ‘NOILO3YIO PLATE 131 1 EXISTING »90 ) LAYER NO. CASE 3 uw wn ie) ° j=] = a) o & O*b s°¢ ors sz Sd4 oe =6S'r “QUW 3A oO HOURS TIME, N 930 ‘NOILO3ZYIO TIME, HOURS PLATE 132 eben eee anne seen ney, ppproperegesssesz234 serniriecees EXISTING $300 — CASE 3 FFTUUERE ESS GAGE NO. 3 (55 ,50 ) LAYER NO. 2 s2ag" "S308! TIME, HOURS TIME, HOURS $230 TESTI seevsuvenvaanaany se oe sl o°o 0°06- O°O8I- Sdj ‘SUN 139A “NOILOBYIO PLATE 133 G@GE NO. 3 (55 ,50 ) LAYER NO. 3 EXISTING mee CASESS SiCi OrCeeSrl Sdj “9UW TA tt) § TIME, HOURS 0°06 0°0 0°06- N 930 ‘NOILO3YIO 5300 TIME, HOURS $290 PLATE 134 GAGE NO. 4 (74 ,23 ) LAYER NO. 1 EXISTING —— CASES se ove SE Cue OxcmenS al Sd4j “SUN TWA orl s°O 0°70 HOURS 5 WJ = = be weegereereceecerrercecceceree wt s ‘3 0°o 0°06- N 930 ‘NOILO3YNIO 5310 5360 TIME, HOURS ' s280° = $280 PLATE 135 EXISTING GAGE NO. 4 (74 ,23 ) LAYER NO. 2 =S CASE) sc ore sz Sd4 O;CeeSal e UW 139A 0 s‘o 0o°0 § TIME, HOURS TUCICUICORIECOCCSC OSS - eeeeeneverrerereoes 5300 TIME, HOURS $280 * $290 LEOLODLED CCPL ELE Lecce oneseesceeee 4 RESIS EE rs po 0°06- 0" 0aT- N 930 “NOI LO3YI0 PLATE 136 GAGE NO. 4 (74 ,23 ) LAYER NO. 3 _ CASE 3 EXISTING 3.0 2.0 2.5 VEL MAG, FPS 1.5 1.0 0.0 O.S 5290 5300 TIME, HOURS 5 ny DIRECTION, DEG N Gifereeeeee7 5280 290 5300 $310 5320 $330 5340 TIME, HOURS = ao PLATE 137 1 ,17 ) LAYER NO. EXISTING BESICASERS S te) 3 z W i) < .) Ob Ss‘ ove Che fe Pl Sdj “OYUN 139A ovr s*0 0°70 $310 5300 TIME, HOURS $290 0°06 o'o 0°06- N 930 ‘NOILODYIO $300 TIME, HOURS s2907~ PLATE 138 2 EXISTING ) LAYER NO. a7, GASE NO. 5S (101 SicuOscueeSul Sdj “SUN 139A orl 5300 TIME, HOURS s*o 00 8 Ww 222222 5isssepnrrey 0°06 0°0 0°06- N 930 ‘NOILOBYIO o°08!- 5300 $230 TIME, HOURS PLATE 139 GABE NO. S (101 ,17 ) LAYER NO. 3 _— CASE 3 EXISTING 2.0 2.5 VEL MAG, FPS 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.5 TIME, HOURS S & OIRECTION, OEG N 0.0 -90.0 ef $290 $300 S310 $320 $330 TIME, HOURS PLATE 140 OSES ONILSIX3 (oo Oves OP ) OseS azes S3SU0 ae IT °ON 399 oes YH “WIL dors O62S o8es 0225 ages OS2S OveS Of2s ™ c ™ < =D 4 oO ce 7 Le] = SE ( = PLATE 141 ossS OFfS [Rae INI LSIX3 O£eS 1 (er eeeSiinmsc € 3Su9 “ON 3989 Us Nile 062S ages 022S 092S oseS O%eS O£2S Ga = ™ < —D 4 Ss = » a] a =x = (— 25 PLATE 142 ossS Obes ONIISIX3 ( OS “ SS) ofeS Oz2fS O1£s YH “AWIL goss 0625 S35SU0 ee 2) ON) so9b9 ages 0225 0925 OS2S OveS O£2S m fs ™ < —D =| © CS 4) =] ats i <_ Gee = PLATE 143 YH “WIL osss ObfS offS OzsS OIfS oO0fS O62S oas2S O25 o92S5 0525 O¥eS OF2S l ! oe = —= ™ ™ (= ™ < =D — oO CE ~~ 7 4 = = {= = ONILSIX3 ¢ 3SU9 ~ “ $2) & °ON 39H9 PLATE 144 og¢S OSES Obes ( ONILSIX3 osesS OekS OILS ! ! Ae OMS sONT3au? YH “SWIL oo£s 062S ! oseS 022s og2S OS2S OvzS OL2S ™ (— ™ < =D HY — oO CE ~~ 7 = = Cm Cs = PLATE 145 BRRR KKK. Ww a i=} ie 4 oO -E < n w iE re) ° pa) WwW > > 1 > LO LAS — TIME 5284:00:00 PLATE 149 Aaa * AAMAR Poke NS N aa) WwW > WwW 4 (=) in oO = < n ty t= 15) fo} J WJ > > ' =) 1.0 FT/S — ea) uJ vy) < O % ag ie) oO o < eT a) 1 < a TIME 5284:00;00 PLATE 150 nm =!) WwW > iy 4 (= ind [U) % n us E rs) ° J wu > > f =) TOR FalZs' ——p m ud Y < O a a oO (aa) iad Wy 4 So x (C) = < n i [= U ° — ir} > > 1 > NS e- we 2 — oa) LJ VY) Ww a 2) is4 oO kK < n ey [= U io} J Ww > > 1 =) NS F uw 2 TIME 5296:00;00 ee 7 oe A fe ieee 77724 ag f WAIL a ar oe ~~ <_ PLATE 153 m 5 Ww > ire] a) ° x oO E < n uy E rs) ° pa} uw > > 1 i) 1.0 FT/S — a) WW ”) < O n ce oO o a4 < ae o T < i) TIME 5296;00;00 — 0G iy S/ PLATE 154 ¥ << _+—_ + —_ Pe ag W¥t Ww =I i=} x oO b < n ta [= rs) ° J) Ww > > 1 > 1.0 FT/S — a) lu Y) < oO %) a4 O ca) a < ac a 1, < =) TIME 5308:00;00 PLATE 155 pie NE A iS ay ya oe a MiG Ghee 2 Oe PRR SS Cie eR ee Oe Ba age PA Ww 4 ) is4 oO k < a) a Ee VU °o a Ww > > | =) 1.0 FT/S _ ™ lJ 7) < O VY) rag fe) va) a < aS aa) T < —) PAA yy yp Dd bees yzrrrd pp eb s4e< t= a SAb Ebb P