SD 557 BS r > = is "|. i i {\ As r iW 4 4, ca eeu 4 j : he Ma N i jae ol ih ie wae oat F rt id i i . pr 7 I if ih ’ 1h ee 9 [LUMBERMAN’S A MMM ne MM MMM Mn UMM Lumberman’s and € .. Logger’s Guide .’. ars Merits and Uses of cs_. Douglas Fir, California Redwood and the Leading Commercial Woods of «+ the Pacific Coast - Rapid Methods of Computing Specifications, Contents and Weight of Squared and Tapering Lumber Octagon Spars and Logs LOG TABLES Log Scaling and Grading Rules THE METRIC SYSTEM Includes Conversion Tables and Informatian Relative to Foreign Export Cargo Shipments TABLE OF DISTANCES From Pacific Coast Ports to Foreign Ports also Inland Waters of Puget Sound Columbia River and British Columbia BERNARD BRERETON Author and Publisher P. O. Box 1158 Tacoma, Wash., U. S. A. ~<2 PRICE ONE DOLLAR c=» Se ee OULU UL UUM WW UL CUUETTEOTTEOOA TEETER AAR ARCH EtAeUAdEUnEACUReMeUGeOCOGHneNAOdNetUe G4eUUUUqUCUUUUUUULUEEUGOEOUUUUALAQUUUUOEOAUQEEEOUUROUUAREOUGUOAEUUQEOAUGERUOUOEESOECULOEEUOUURUUOEEUUAEOEE OF UUEOEUHEEEDERDOELLE. Udvidet etter ee ee AAU Anes AntenAsEU een ntot td vAsCt 4nd cdeutneuneteeenuugeeuevenenvetangeueeteqcuseeevgeterveeyeneeagnvetgeynnenvennainsqeresnnerarnaterien 3 COPYRIGHT 1919 BY pe if . rhs BERNARD BRERETON Dimbinl nvanLSh gy Bes SRMETE 08 ae DAN starlet ae : “Oc. s5 09620 ros : UR LR oe et E BA nk Bl sesisi ical diiinisass nied ene COMMERGIAL BINDERY. & PRINTING CO., Incorporated 756-8 Commerce Street - Tacoma, Wash... .. . 2. -. Sekt a se a Ne ot PREFACE The object of the author in presenting this book to the public is to furnish reliable data pertaining to the merits and uses of Douglas Fir, Cal- ifornia Redwood and Pacific Coast Forest Products. The various subjects treated will save the Lumberman and Logger many hours of research, as the numerous problems covered cannot be solved with- out the practical and technical knowledge that can only be gained by a long - and varied experience in both the Lumber and Shipping industries. As Belgium, France Italy and Countries using the ‘“‘Metric System” re- quire lumber and specifications to conform to their standard, the writer has specialized on this subject, so as to enable shipowners and lumbermen to successfully cater to this trade, which will increase to vast proportions if the demands of the Foreign buyer are satisfactorily complied with. Owing to the destruction of Railroads, Bridges, Docks and Buildings of every description in the European Countries, devastated as a result of the “Great war,’ enormous: quantities of lumber and especially long timbers will be required for repair work and permanent constructional purposes. The eyes of the “World” will naturally turn to the Pacific Coast in quest of information relative to Douglas Fir, California Redwood and the methods of handling these shipments, and to those requiring this knowledge, the Lumberman’s and Logger’s Guide will furnish the answer. Shipowners, Captains and officers of vessels, or any one connected with the operation of cargo carriers, will appreciate the information regarding the system for. computing the lumber carrying capacity of steamers also the Table of Distances which will enable the reader to ascertain the distance from the leading ports of the World to any Douglas Fir or Redwood Cargo Mill on the Pacific Coast. _ In the section. of this book devoted to logs will be found the log tables in general use in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California, the methods for computing same, also the log grading rules and a special table computed by the author showing the actual or solid contents in board feet of logs. ranging from six. ‘to forty-eight inches in. diameter. To the Foreign or prospective. lumber buyer who is desirous of obtaining reliable data concerning Douglas Fir or California Redwood, the information in this book can be absolutely. relied upon as I have personally supervised the manufacture, inspection or shipment of upwards of fifty million board feet of Pacific Coast Lumber annually for a period of over twenty-five years.. In conclusion, I wish to express my appreciation to the officials of The United States Forest Service, the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, the Lumber Trade Journals and my friends in the Lumber and Shipping In- dustries who have so ahead furnished me with much valuable material for this work. = BERNARD BRERETON, Author and Publisher. DOUGLAS FIR (Tsuga Taxifolia) DOUGLAS FIR Pseudotsuga T axifolia Douglas Fir, widely known as Oregon Pine, reaches its best development for commercial purposes on the Pacific Coast, from the head of the Skeena River, in British Columbia, and southward through the States of Washington and Oregon to Central California. | The wood is comparatively light but very strong,; it is the strongest wood in the world for its weight that is obtainable in commercial sizes and quantities. With the exception of Spruce, Douglas Fir is in greater demand for Airplane construction than any other wood, and material of excellent quality for this purpose can be furnished in unlimited amounts. THE CORRECT NAME Douglas Fir is named after David Douglas, botanist, who explored British Columbia (then called New Caledonia) in 1825-30. It is the most important timber tree on the North American Continent, and is known by a great variety of names, such as Oregon Pine, Oregon Fir, Washington Fir, Yellow Fir, Red Fir, Douglas Spruce, Red Spruce, Puget Sound Pine, and British Columbia Pine. The employment of so large a number of names for one class of tree: is very confusing, detrimental and often misleading, and for these reasons. the United States Forest Service some years ago took a lumber census which resulted in their adopting the name Douglas Fir, as it was used more than all others combined. . MERITS AND USES The stand of timber in Oregon and Washington alone, it is estimated, comprises 25% of the remaining stand of timber in the United States, and in British Columbia is estimated to comprise one-third ‘of the total timber supply of Canada. It is considered the strongest softwood in the world. (See United States Forest Service Bulletin No. 108.) Douglas Fir is moder- ately hard but easy to work, straight grained, resilient, tough and durable. 6 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE DOUGLAS FIR Merits and Uses - Continued Combining these qualities of great strength, light weight, ease of working and handling more than any other commercial timber, Douglas Fir is the ideal wood for practically all building and structural purposes. Owing to the great size of the trees Douglas Fir timber can be furnished in the largest dimensions required in modern heavy construction. As complying with quali- ties essential in a wood acceptable for general building purposes, Douglas Fir is practically impervious to water, holds nails firmly, takes stain well in any shade or color, and combines beauty, utility and durability. It is superior wood for bridge and wharf building, heavy joists where great strength is required, studding—in fact, all ordinary framing material, ship plank, ship decking, spars, derricks, car sills, car siding, car roofing, car lining, flooring, ceiling, silo stock, sash and doors, interior finish. The lower grades are also used in large quantities for under-ground mining purposes. The United States Forest Service Bulletin No. 88, says: “Douglas Fir may, perhaps, be considered the most important of American woods. * * # It is manufactured into every form of lumber known to the saw mill operator. For house construction Douglas Fir is manufactured into all forms of dimension stock, and is used particularly for general building and construction purposes. Its strength and comparative lightness fit it for joists, floor beams, rafters, and other timbers which must carry loads. “The comparative hardness of the wood fits it for flooring and it meets a large demand. Douglas Fir edge-grain flooring is considered superior to that made from any other softwood. “Clear lumber, sawed flat grain, shows pleasing figures, and the contrast between the spring and summer wood has been considered as attractive as the grain of quarter-sawn oak. It takes stain well, and by staining, the beauty of the grain may be more strongly brought out and a number of rare woods can be successfully imitated.” The durability of the wood, and the fact that it resists saturation by water cause it to be used in large quantities for wooden piping, for continu- ous stave and jointed conduits used in power and irrigation works, for silos and tanks. It makes first-class railway ties, whether treated with preserva- tives or not. Street pavement of creosoted Douglas Fir blocks properly laid is noiseless, dustless, economical in upkeep, and is durable and long wearing even under heavy traffic such as that of freight and dock yards. The unusual valuable combination of qualities possessed by Douglas Fir adapt it to such a variety of uses that a complete list of them would cover nearly all the uses to which wood can be put. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 7 AVERAGE STRENGTH VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBERS Taken from U. S. Forest Service Bulletin 108 GREEN | 4 | cou ine & pee part De s | #23 | Es 5 mM | ‘a » Cas c . 4 ® 2 ~ a Bah pie Se | $4 [as |g [nal sogs| Bobs Las Pa n a Oo Gey oe od | cme 2 cep Ors ce) Cee = De o ® oe FO 192 | aes | mou, O854, OS. A ne. | & | a BiOh eh h emo Ss ee Aseens 25, 1 ie Oo we a aso|% |G: | go | Ma |ebe | SEs | soa) eose | soSw Nod 4 as ede o>: On - oO 2, mn . Saree ry “2s BAS ro) ae os ee 23 u O58 Osun VBin 2 36,0 Bae |. tee ot ec 2 |\—6S |Sea |Sa2|*Mos| sma | | | | | Dei feck (aa Lau eae rises | Fir 8x16 134 : 10.9 | SS : 28.9 ) 4282 | 6605 1611 | 100.0 | 100.0 Western | Hemlock 8x16 20 | Ge Neo Bees 3 Toe SS 2a L489 88.1 92.4 | » PU 2et2 | | | Long- 10x16 leaf 8x16 %3 | L436 29.2 35.4 3855 6437 1466 97.4 91.0 Pine 6x16 6x10 ee ar Gri oeiaiy a (a Seill oo) soot ghn fon) Hooinsde edn |p aoc Short- 8x16 leaf 8x14 33 2 48.4 31.4 3376 5948 1546 90.0 96.0 Pine 8x12 : | | ie Loblolly 5x12 Pine 8x16 78 6.2) 58.0 Silas, 3266 5568 1467 84.4 = Na aa b | a | | Le ah: Western 8x16 | | Larch 8x12 | 43 | 23.9 50.5 Pap yt A 3677 5562 1364 84.2 84.6 | | | | | | | | 8x16 | | | Redwood | 78 | 30 | 19-5 | S022) Ze 4323 | 5327 | 1202 80.6 74.6 x | | | | | NOTE:—Care was taken in selecting Douglas Fir material to secure a large number of stringers of low grade. Douglas Fir contained more Knots than its nearest competitor in strength. 'Even with this handicap it shows greater strength values than other species. AVERAGE STRENGTH VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBERS Established by the U. S. Government Air-Seasoned Green Stringers Stringers SPECIES Breaking Strength Breaking Strength Lbs. Lbs. sq.in. Percent sq.in. Percent DOWIE OSL s 's's, Spee ech eases og © 5, ov elaneyeeebeoe nope 6605 100.0 7142 100.9 Moenllene: PING 2 Me woke ern oh acks ciscmicc ok ee eee 6437 97.4 5957 83.6 SHOGELGAL CPM Te td Fee ee enc ole eels wi iegencele 5948 90.0 7033 98.5 Western Flemidek is .J98 i .64 Aes aes 5821 88.1 7109 99.6 Daebilolly,” Pime . «fine 5 ahreeieies «2c «9 ete thabocteee 5568 84.4 6259 Sia WESEGITNGEZITEDA © anc 6 ite ctele Bie bees © SR oa Hee & 5562 84.2, 6534 91.5 FR GAIWIOD Giese ciate ats hae cate cle Gerais. ola awe: Maun sree taco 5327 80.6 4573 64.1 WTTara EO ee eee cliche tee oa iye ooo: Mista ol dere etitiee « 4984 75.5 5865 82.3 INGE WAT EP IMOWC rE. .ais Fhe Oele eee soins elaeteaen 3767 57.0 5255 THT Note that Douglas Fir is unequaled in strength by any other species. It is 25 percent. lighter in weight than its nearest competitor /in strength. 8 LUMBERMAN’S AND. LOGGER’S GUIDE WEIGHT OF FRESHLY SAWN DOUGLAS FIR 1000 BOARD FEET EQUALS 3333 POUNDS To quickly ascertain the weight in pounds of “green” Douglas Fir: Add — one cipher to the board feet, and divide by 3. Example: Find the weight in pounds of 672 board feet Douglas Fir.. Process: 672 « 10 equals 6720, divided by 3 equals 2240 pounds. 3)6720 2240 pounds The above is a very close estimate for all practical purposes, and has proved correct in thousands of instances. Lumber for export shipments can be reckoned at the rate of 1,000 board — feet to 1% tons of 2240 pounds. Example: Find the weight in long fone of 120,000 board feet Douglas Fir. Operation 120 «1% equals 180 long tons. ° KILN DRIED LUMBER Kiln dried lumber of one inch in thickness loses about one third of its weight in the process of drying. Weights of kiln dried rough and finished stock can be obtained from any Local Price List or by applying to the West Coast Lumber Manufacturers Association, Seattle, Wash., U. S. A. ' METRIC WEIGHT Weight of Douglas Fir in kilograms and metric tons is given in the Metric. Section. SPECIFIC GRAVITY The weight of wood is sometimes expressed by a comparison of the oan of a given volume of wood with that of an equal volume of water, or by what is known as “specific gravity.” If the specific gravity of a certain kind of wood is stated as .300, it means that a given volume of this wood weighs .300 times as much as an equal volume of water. Since a cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 pounds, or 1000 ounces, a cubic foot of wood of specific gravity of .300 weighs .300 * 62.5—18.75 pounds. A cubic foot of green Douglas Fir whose specific gravity is .640, weighs 640 << 62.5==40 pounds per cubic foot. Hence the weight per cubic foot of any kind of wood can be quickly ascertained when the specific gravity is known. The specific gravity of a body or substance divided by 16 will give the weight of a cubic foot of it in pounds. Example: The specific gravity of a cubic foot of green Douglas Fir is 640; what is the weight of it? Process: 640 divided by 16 equals 40, the weight of a cubic foot in pounds. When the weight of a cubic foot of lumber is known, the specific gravity . can be ascertained by multiplying the number of pounds by 16. Example: Find the specific gravity of Dry Redwood weighing 26 pounds per cubic foot. Process: 26 x 16 equals 416, the specific gravity. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 9 LATH The standard for California and West Coast of South America is %4x1% in —4 ft., tied in bundles of 100 pieces. The Australian standard is as follows: %xl in—4¥% ft., tied in bundles of. 90 pieces. 144x1% in—4% ft., tied in bundles of 90 pieces. 4%x1% in—4% ft., tied in bundles of 90 pieces MEASUREMENTS, CONTENTS AND WEIGHTS %x1l% in.—4 ft.— 1000 Pes. contain 166% ft. B. M. 6000 Pes. equal 1000 ft. B. M. 1000 Pes. Kiln Dried, weigh 500 lbs. 1000 Pes. Green, weigh 700 lbs. %x1 in—4% ft.— 1000 Pes. contain 125 ft. B. M. 8000 Pes. equal 1000 ft. B. M. 1000 Pes. Kiln Dried, weigh 375 lbs. Rs 1000 Pes. Green, weigh 530 lbs. 1gx1% in—4% ft.— 1000 Pes. contain 156% ft. B. M. 6400 Pes. equal 1000 ft. B. M. 1000 Pes. Kiln Dried, weigh 470 lbs. 1000 Pes. Green, weigh 660 lbs. 144x1% in —4% ft—and 3%x1% in.—4 ft. 1000 Pes. contain 187% ft. B. M. 5333 Pes. equal 1000 ft. B. M. 1000 Pes. Kiln Dried, weigh 560 Ibs. 1000 Pes. Green, weigh 800 lbs. When lath are made % of an inch in thickness, the contents and weight can be computed by adding to the measurements given in the preceding table Y%of the corresponding amount.. 1000 Pes. 14%4x1144—4 ft. lath will cover 70 yards of surface. FREIGHT When figuring lath of any of the foregoing sizes and length for cargo ‘freight, the prevailing custom formerly was to reckon six pieces as being the equivalent of one foot board measure, but the correct way is to figure them at actual contents. TO FIND THE NUMBER OF 1!'4.IN.X4.FT. LATH REQUIRED FOR A ROOM Find the number of square yards in the walls and ceiling and multiply by 16, the number estimated to a square yard. The result will be the number of lath necessary to cover the room. At 16 lath to the square yard, 1,000 lath will cover 63 yards of surface, and 11 pounds of lath nails will nail them on. STAVES. ACCORDING TO EXPORT “H” LIST No. 1 Staves 1x4 in. x 4 ft. Sawn full size clear. If seasoned will allow % of an inch scant in width. , No. 2 Staves 1x3 in. x 4 ft. Will allow variations in size of % of an inch -in thickness and % of an inch in width. Sap and two sound hard knots not over % of an inch in diameter allowed. Weight same as pickets. See page 10. 10 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE _PICKETS ROUGH The standard size, 1x8—4 feet and 4 feet 6 inches long, are tied in bundles of 10 pieces each; they are in great demand for the Australian market, and are used for fences, and occasionally are sawn into inch lath; they are also extensively utilized as staves for mutton-tallow barrels. GRADE ACCORDING TO EXPORT “H” LIST Pickets 1x3 in.—4 ft—4 ft. 6 in—5 ft. Will allow variations in size of % of an inch in thickness and % of an inch in width. Sap, pitch pockets, and two sound hard knots not over 1 inch in diameter allowed. MANUFACTURE Strict attention should be paid to their manufacture, and it is essential that they be uniform in thickness. They can be made from air or kiln dried stock and many mills rip 2x3 to 154, of an inch to make them. In most cases pickets are subject to rigid inspection, and it is useless to make them from anything but the best material. DISCOLORATION Unless there are prospects of shipping pickets within a short time after they are manufactured, they should be piled on their edge in bundles, and crossed in alternate courses with an air space between each bundle of about 4 inches. This prevents discoloration, and is the method employed by a num- ber of mills who aim to ship their stock in a satisfactory condition. MEASUREMENT, CONTENTS AND WEIGHT 1000 pes. 1x8—4 feet contain 1000 feet Board Measure, and average 3500 Ibs. in weight. 1000 pes. 1x8—4% feet contain 1125 feet Board Measure, and average 4000 lbs. in weight. The above weight is for green stock; when seasoned Kamae is used, due allowance must be made for difference in material. CORD MEASURE Firewood, small pulp wood, and material cut into short sticks for excelsior, etc., is usually measured by the cord. A cord is 128 cubic feet of stacked wood. The wood is usually cut into 4-foot lengths, in which case a cord is.a stack 4 feet high and wide, and 8 feet long. Sometimes, however, pulp wood is cut 5 feet long, and a stack of it 4 feet high, 5 feet wide and 8 feet long is con- sidered 1 cord. In this case the cord contains 160 cubic feet of stacked wood. Where firewood is cut in 5-foot lengths a cord is a stack 4 feet high and 6% feet long, and contains 130 cubic feet of stacked wood. Where it is desirable to use shorter lengths for special purposes, the sticks are often cut 1%, 2, or 3 feet long. A stack of such wood, 4 feet high and 8 feet long, is considered 1 cord, but the price is always made to conform to the shortness of the measure. A cord foot is one-eighth of a cord and equivalent to a stack of 4-foot wood 4 feet high and 1 foot wide. Farmers frequently speak of a foot of cord wood, meaning a cord foot. By the expression “surface foot” is meant the number of square feet measured on the side of a stack. In some localities, particularly in New England, cord wood is measured by means of calipers. Instead of stacking the wood and computing the cords in the ordinary way, the average diameter of each log is determined with calipers and the number of cords obtained by cosulting a table which gives the amount of wood in logs of different diameters and lengths. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 11 RELATION BETWEEN BOARD MEASURE, CUBIC MEASURE AND CORD MEASURE In order to determine the number of feet in a standard cord of stacked wood (4 feet x 4 feet x 8 feet), and also to ascertain the number of. solid cubic feet of wood in a cord, the class in forest mensuration of the Montana Forest School has just completed a study on this phase of the subject. A number of 16-foot softwood logs (Douglas fir, western larch and western yellow pine), averaging about 12 inches in diameter at the small end, were first scaled with Scribner Decimal “C” Rule. The logs were next cut into 4.foot lengths and the number of cubic feet in each piece accurately determined. The 4-foot lengths were next split into the usually convenient cordwood stick and stacked into a pile 4 feet high and 8 feet long. The following’ were the results obtained: A standard cord (128 cubic feet) of stacked wood (Douglas fir, western larch, western yellow pine) contains: 517 board feet (Scribner Dec. “C” Scale). 963 board feet (62.7 percent) of actual wood. 80.25 cubic feet of actual wood. 37.3 percent of a stacked coard is air space. A similar study carried out by the forestry students of the University of Wisconsin (1914), in the university oak woodlot near Madison, Wis., gave 73 cubic feet (57 percent) of actual wood per cord. This was nearly all red and black oak, and the 73 cubic feet represented the average for 23 cords of wood, used by the university as fuel—R. R. Fenska, acting dean, University of Montana, Missoula, Mont. It is generally agreed that the conifers pile closer in cordwood than do the hardwoods and this explains the difference in the two sets of university figures referred to in the foregoing. METRICAL EQUIVALENT I Stere (Cubic Meter) equals 0.2759 of a cord. I Cord equals 3.624 Steres. Note: 1 Stere or cubic _—— equals 35. 314 cubic feet. AMOUNT OF PULP WOOD IN A CORD A cord of wood ordinarily yields about one ton of mechanical pulp or about one-half ton of chemical pulp. AMOUNT OF HEMLOCK BARK FOR TANNING PURPOSES IN A CORD Although the cord is used as a standard of measure for bark, it is usually sold by weight in order to avoid variation due to loose piling. Throughout the East 2,240 pounds are usually called a cord, although in some places 2,000 pounds are accepted. A long cord of 2,240 pounds equals about 77 cubic feet, a short cord of 2,000 pounds equals about 66% cubic feet. It is highly important to keep Hemlock bark intended for tanning purposes well protected from the rain, for it leaches out easily and is soon ruined. For the same reason bark from logs which have been towed or driven is of little value. Salt water ruins it entirely. > ee 12 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE HOW WOOD PULP IS MADE Wood pulp is usually made; by either one or two general processes, mechanical or chemical. In the mechanical process the wood, after being cut into suitable sizes and barked, is held against revolving grindstones in a stream of water and thus reduced to pulp. In the chemical process the barked wood is reduced to chips and cooked in large digesters with chemicals which destroy the cementing material of the fibers and leave practically pure cellulose. This is then washed and screened to render it suitable for paper- making. The chemicals ordinarily used are either bi-sulphite of lime or caustic soda. A little over half of the pulp manufactured is made by the soda process. Much of the mechanical pulp, or ground wood as it is commonly called, is used in the making of newspaper. It is never used alone in making white paper, but always mixed with some sulphite fiber to give the paper strength. A cord of wood ordinarily yields about one ton of mechanical pulp or about one-half ton of chemical pulp. BURNED OVER TIMBER FOR PULPWOOD It is a common error to regard burned over timber as being suitable for the manufacture of wood pulp. Young green timber gives the best results for this class of work, as dead wood breaks up when put through the process of manufacture. There is also a great waste on account of the charred surface of some parts of the timber, none of which must get into the pulp. If this should occur the whole batch would be valueless. \ LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 13 HOW TO FIGURE LUMBER BOARD MEASURE Lumber is usually reckoned by Board Measures, the unit being a square foot one inch thick. Lumber less than one inch thick is usually figured as of one inch. The ordinary way of finding the contents of squared lumber is to multiply together the length in feet, the width and thickness in inches and divide the product by 12. Figuring lumber by the above rule is a slow process, and the following system is adopted by experts whose business makes rapid calculation essential to their success. Multiply together the thickness and width in inches, divide the product by 12 and multiply result by the length; the answer is Board Measure contents. EXAMPLES A few examples will show the system for finding the contents of standard sizes in a few seconds, and many of them without a moment’s hesitation. Example: Find the Board Measure contents of the following sizes: Pes. Size. Length. B.M. 1 2x 8 inches 30 feet 40 1 4x10 inches 18 feet 60 1 10x10 inches 36 feet 300 1 20x20 inches 60 feet 2000 Operation 2x8 equals 16 divided by 12 equals 165 or 144. When this is multiplied by the length the answer is 40 feet; in other words, add one-third to the length and you have the Board Measure contents. Operation 4x10 equals 40 divided by 12 equals 314 or19. In this instance a cipher is: added to the length and when this is divided by three the result is 60 feet. Board Measure contents. 10x10 equals 100; this divided by 12 equals 8%, or 10%5. It is easier to multiply by 100 and divide by 12 than to multiply by 81%, therefore add two ciphers to the length and divide by 12; the result is 300 feet Board Measure contents. 20x20 equals 400, divided by 12 equals 33%, or 100/3. All that is + nolstond is to add two ciphers to the ah Se and divide by 3; the result is 2000 ‘feet, Board Measure contents. After a short reflection on the above method, it will be apparent to every- one that when this system is used I have made good my statement that the contents of any ordinary stick of eg can be figured inside of a. few seconds.' The ‘following standard sizes and multiples for same will serve as a basis for practice, and when memorized will benefit those who wish to become rapid in figuring lumber, and at the same ‘time may prove a stepping stone to a better position and successful career. 14 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE STANDARD SIZES AND MULTIPLES Divide lineal feet by 4. Divide lineal feet by 3. Divide.lineal feet by 2. Multiply lineal feet by 2 and divide by 3 Multiply lineal feet by 10 and divide by 12. Lineal feet and Board Measure the same. _ Divide lineal feet by 2. .Multiply lineal feet by 2 and divide by 3. Add to lineal feet 4% of amount. Multiply lineal feet by 10 and divide by 6. ‘Multiply lineal feet by 2. Multiply lineal feet by 3 and divide by 4. Lineal feet and Board Measure the same. Add to lineal feet 4% the amount. Multiply lineal feet by 2. . x10 Multiply lineal feet by 10 and divide by 4. x12 Multiply lineal feet by 3. x 4 Add to lineal feet 144 of amount. x 6 Multiply lineal feet by 2. x 8 Multiply lineal feet by 3 and subtract 14 lineal feet from amewnt. x10 Multiply lineal feet by 10 and divide by 3. x12 Multiply lineal feet by 4. x 8 Multiply lineal feet by 5%. 10x10 Multiply lineal feet by 100 and divide by 12. 12x12 Multiply lineal feet by 12. 14x14 Multiply lineal feet by 1614. 16x16 Multiply lineal feet by 2114. 18x18 Multiply lineal feet by 27. 20x20 Multiply lineal feet by 100 and divide by 3. 22x22 Multiply lineal feet by 4014. 24x24 Multiply lineal feet by 48. aae' et be bo S00. POO Dd Dd Bd bd bd Bt Dd Be bd Dd Bd toe CO > OO DS O COM 60 ORR PRR WWWWHOWNHDNYND DHE eee ANOTHER METHOD A handy method for computing Board Measure contents, preterm by a number of lumbermen, is as follows: For all 12 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness. For all 14 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness, and add %. For all 16 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness, and add 14. For all 18 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness, and add %&. For all 20 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness, and add %. For all 22 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness, and add %. For all 24 ft. lengths, multiply width by thickness, and double. Some objection may be taken to the use of % and 5%, but often by trans- position you can substitute %, 14, or %, as in the following: Examples: 10 pes. 1x18—22 changed to 10 pcs. 1x22—18. 16 pes. 1x22—20 changed to 20 pcs. 1x22—16. In the first example, instead of multiplying 10x18 and adding % to the result, multiply 10x22 and add one-half to the result, which will give 330 ft. Board Measure. In the second item, instead of multiplying 16x22 and adding %, multiply 20x22 and add 14%, which gives 586% ft. Board Measure. The above ‘system is very handy, when figuring lumber from 12 to 24 feet in length, and also where odd widths and thicknesses frequently occur. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 15 MULTIPLICATION In computing contents of lumber it is often necessary to multiply by the figures from 13 to 19. A simple process is to multiply by the unit of the multiplier, set down the product under, and one place to the right of, and then add to the multiplicand. \ Example: Multiply 238 by 15. 238 1190 3570 Answer To multiply any number by 101 to 109. Example: Multiply 24356 by 103. 24356 73068 2508668 Answer Multiply by the unit of the multiplier, placing the product two figures to the right as in above example. To multiply by 21-31-41-51-61-71-81-91. Set the product by the tens under the multiplicand in proper position and add, thus: Fxample: Multiply 76432 by 61. Operation: = 76432x61 458592 4662352 If ciphers occur between the two digits of the multiplier, the same method can be used by placing the figures in the correct position, thus: Example: Multiply 76432 by 6001. Operation: 76432x6001 458592 458668432 FRACTIONAL SIZES To find the Board Measure contents of lumber 1% and 1% inches in thick- ness, proceed as if the lumber were of one inch and to the amount obtained add one-quarter or one-half, as the case may be. To bring the lineal feet of fractional lumber to board measure when your time is limited, and you are not familiar with the correct multiple, multiply the lineal feet by the thickness, width and length and divide result by twelve. ADDITION OF FRACTIONS Find the sum of % and \,; 39 40 3 -+ 5 ery fh) 8 13 104 hie Explanation: Multiply the denominator (8) of the first fraction by the numerator (5) of the second fraction, which gives 40. Next multiply the numer- ator (3) of the first fraction by the denominator (13) of the second fraction, which gives, 39. Now unite these products (40+39=79), which gives the numer- ator of the answer. The denominator of the answer is the product of the denominators (813104). 16 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS When both the whole numbers are the same, and the sum of the fractions is a unit. Examples: Multiply 44%x44% Answer 204 Multiply 73gx7% Answer 56156, Multiply 944x944 Answer 902 Operation: 4x 4+4—20+%x«x%=20% 7X T+7=56+ % x 52 —56 156, IX9+9=90+% x %—90 % When the whole numbers are alike and the fractions are one-half, such as 1Y%x1lh, 24%2x2l%, 124%x12%%, add one to one of the whole numbers, then multiply the whole numbers together and to the result add the multiplication of the halves, which always equals one-quarter. The following examples are self-explanatory: As Common Fractions: 14x 1% equals 1 2 plus &% or 2% Answer 2%x< 2% equals 2x 38 plus &% or 64% . Answer. 34% 3% equals 38x 4 plus &% or 12% Answer. 12% x 12% equals 12% 13 plus 4% or 156% Answer. 109% «109% equals 109110 plus 4% or 11990% Answer. AS DECIMAL FRACTIONS 15x 1.5 equals 1 2 plus 25/100 or 2.25 2.5 2.5 equals 2x 3 plus 25/100 or 6.25 3.5 3.5 equals 3 4 plus 25/100 or 12.25 12.5% 12.5 equals 12 13 plus 25/100 or 156.25 109.5 109.5 equals 109110 plus 25/100 or 11990.25 MULTIPLICATION OF MIXED NUMBERS Multiply 4624 by 21%. Operation: 322) 46% 42) 21% 966.14 40.6 14.0 1020206, Explanation: Find the product of the whole numbers (966) and to the right put down the product of the numerators of the fractions (2x7—14). Now multiply the numerator (7) of the lower fraction by the upper whole number (46), which gives 322. Write this on the left of the upper number. Now divide the product thus obtained by the denominator (8) of the lower fraction, which gives 40 and a remainder of 2. Write the 40 in the whole number column and the remainder (2) we multiply by the upper denominator (8), which gives a product of 6 and is written under 14 in the fraction column. Now multiply the lower whole number (21) by the numerator (2) of the upper fraction, which gives 42, Write it on the left. Now divide 42 by the denominator (3) of the upper fraction, which gives 14 and no remainder. Write a cipher in the fraction column. Now add the partial product and ‘the product is complete. In cases where the partial products of the fractions amount to more than 1, carry the excess to the whole nuntbers. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 17 DIVISION OF MIXED NUMBERS Divide 46% by 7. Operation: 7) 465% 63766 Explanation: In cases where the divisor is a whole number, the foregoing example does away with the usual method of reducing dividend and divisor to the same denomination. Proceed as follows: 7 is contained 6 times in 46, with a remainder of 4. Write down 6 to produce the fraction of the quotient we multiply the remainder (4) by the denominator (8), which gives 32; to this is added the numerator (5) and we have the 37, the numerator of the quotient. The product of the divisor by the denominator is the denominator (56) of the. answer. SHORT RULES 3-inch Plank: One-half the width multiplied by half the length, gives the Board Measure contents. 12-foot Lengths: The Board Measure contents of any piece of lumber 12 feet long is equal to the thickness and width multiplied together. Lumber 6 inches in Thickness: Half the width multiplied by the length gives the Board Measure contents. To find Board Measure contents of 4x8in. multiply lineal feet by 2 and add one-third to the product. Exampie: How many feet board measure are there in a piece of 4x8-in. 30 feet long? Operation: 30 Multiplied by 2 60 % of 60—20 80 ft. B. M. Answer. To find board measure contents of 8x8in. divide lineal feet by 2, add one cipher to the result and to this amount add one-third of the lineal feet. This system requires no mental effort in even lengths up to 26 feet long. Example: Find board measure contents of 1 piece 8x8in.—18 and 26 ft. long respectively. Oyseration: 18 divided by 2 equals 9. 18 divided by 3 equals 6. Place the 6 to the right of 9 and you have the answer, 96 ft. B. M. 26 divided by 2 equals 13. 26 divided by 3 equals 8%. Place the 8% to the right of 13 and you have the answer, 138% ft. B. M. 18 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE To Convert Board Measure to Lineal Feet, simply reverse the multiple used to bring lineal feet to Board Measure; in other words, multiply Board feet ~ by 12 and divide by thickness and width. Example: How many lineal feet are there in 1000 feet Board Measure of 2x8? Process: 1000 12 2) 12000 8) 6000 750 Ineal feet.. Answer. Car orders frequently call for a specified amount of sizes containing special lengths. Before proceeding to load, it is necessary to find the number of pieces required. Find the number of pieces in the following order: 1000 ft. B. M. 2x4-14. 1000 ft. B. M. 2x4-16. 1000 ft. B. M. 2x4-20. Bring the Board Measure to lineal feet as shown in previous example, then divide the length into lineal feet. The result will be the number of pieces. Process: 1000 12 2) 12000 4) 6000 1500 lineal feet. The lineal feet given is now divided by the respective lengths and the following answer is obtained: 107 Pes. 2x4—14 containing 998 ft. 8 in. B. M. 94 Pes. 2x4—16 containing 1002 ft. 8 in. B. M. 75 Pes. 2x4—20 containing 1000 ft. B. M. 276 3001 ft. 4 in. B. M. FIGURING SQUARE TIMBERS This method of computing the Board Measure contents of square or rec- tangular timbers that exceed 12 inches one or both ways, is known to but very few, if any, lumbermen. It is a rapid way of figuring the majority of sizes, and on account of its simplicity the system is easily committed to memory. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 19 FIGURING RECTANGULAR TIMBERS Rule: Multiply length by width, and to the result add one-twelfth of the thickness for eacn inch that exceeds twelve. Example: Find the Board Measure contents of a timber 13-in x 17-in.— 48 feet long. Operation: 48 336 48 multiplied by 17 equals 816 816 divided by 12 equals 68 844 Ans. in B. M. Contents. Explanation: Multiply the length (48 ft.) by the width (17in.), which equals 816. Now as the thickness (13) exceeds 12 inches by one inch, con- sider this as one-twelfth, which is divided into 816 and equals 68. This amount is added to the 816 and the result is 884 ft. Board Measure contents. The following multiples will be of assistance to those who wish to practice this system of finding Board Measure contents of timbers by the preceding rule. 12x13 Multiply length by 13 13x14 Multiply length by 14 and add 42 of result 14x14 Multiply length by 14 and add % of result 14x15 Multiply length by 15andadd % of result 15x15 Multiply length by 15 and add % of result 15x16 Multiply length by 16 and add % of result 16x16 Multiply length by 16 and add % of result 16x17 Multiply length by 17 and add % of result 16x18 Multiply length by 18 and add % of result 18x18 Multiply length by 18 and add % of result 24x24 Multiply length by 24 and 2 26x26 Multiply length by 26 and 2% 28x28 Multiply length by 28 and 2% 30x30 Multiply length by 30 and 2% 36x36 Multiply length by 36 and 3 20 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE TAPERING LUMBER How to Figure Trapezoids, or Boards With Only Two Parallel Sides Find the Board Measure contents of a board one inch thick, whose parallel sides are 16 feet and 20 feet in length and 8 inches wide. Add together the two parrellel sides, and divide their sum by 2, multiply the result by the inches in width and divide by 12. The answer is 12 feet Board Measure contents. _ Operation: 16 20 2) 36 18 8 12)144 12 ft. Board Measure. ‘Find the Board Measure contents of a board one inch thick, 24 feet long whose parallel ends are 10 inches and 18 inches respectively. Operation: 10 18 2) 28 14 24 12)336 28 ft. Board Measure. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 21 HOW TO FIGURE THE FRUSTUM OF A PYRAMID, OR LS lagidal ig TIMBER As it frequently occurs there is a difference of opinion as to the correct way of ascertaining the Board Measure contents of tapering timber, the fol- lowing method is both simple and correct, and will enable anyone to figure the exact contents without diving into square root. Find the contents of a timber 40 feet high, 12x12 inches at the bottom and 6x6 inches at the top. Square both ends separately, then multiply the top by the bottom side, add the sum together, and multiply this by the height and in all cases divide by 36. Operation: 12x12 144 bottom 6x 6 36 top 6x12 72 top and bottom 252 40 ft. high 36) 10080 ( 280 ft. B. M.—dAns. f2 288 288 0 The common error that would be made in figuring a timber of this dimen-— siom would be to call it 9x9 the supposed size at the middle; the contents in that case would be 270 feet, or a difference of 10 feet. This is an important item that should be taken into consideration when figuring on contracts or freight. I will now prove the method I use is correct by figuring a square timher on the same principal as a tapering stick. Find the Board Measure contents of a timber 12 inches square and 40 feet long. Operation: 12x12 144 bottom 12x12 144 top 12x12 144 top and bottom 432 40 ft. long. 36) 17280 (480 ft. B. M. contents. 144 288 288 ————— 0 | 22 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE CO SSS SS SSS CONTENTS BY PROGRESSIVE ADDITION at rule is of great advantage when there is a range of odd and even engths. ’ Example 1: Find the number of lineal feet in the following: Ft. Long. Pieces. Lin. Ft. 10 0 480 iRE 8 48 12 6 40 13 4 34 14 fh 30 15 23 23 48 655 Explanation: First put down the pieces of the longest length (23 Pes.) to this, add the pieces of the next longest length (7 Pecs.), which makes 30, put this down over the 23; now add to this the next number of pieces (4), which makes 34; add the next number (6), which makes 40; to this add the 8, which makes 48. The last item, in this case 48, if correct, will correspond with the total number of pieces. This number (48) is multiplied by the shortest length, minus one, which in this case is ten. Now 4810 equals 480; add this amount to the figures already obtained and the grand total is the number of lineal feet (655), not board feet. When there are missing lengths repeat the number of pieces as shown by the following example: Example 2: Ft. Long. Pieces. Lin. Ft. 12 0 924 13 15 foe 14 0 62 15) 19 62 16 0 43 ie 43 43 Lar 1211 Explanation: In the foregoing example there are no pieces 14 or 16 feet long, so the amounts are repeated when there is a blank length. As in Example No. 1, the total pieces are multiplied by the shortest length, minus one. In this instance the 77 pieces are multiplied by 12, which gives 924, and the total addition shows 1211, the lineal feet. FOR EVEN LENGTHS ONLY Find the number of lineal feet in the following: Ft. Long. Pieces. Lins Et, 12 46 287 14 a4 241 16 . 62 187 18 58 125 20 67 67 287 907 907 2870 4684 Explanation: This system is the same as the preceding examples, with the exception that the addition (907) is repeated or doubled, and to this is added the number of pieces (287) multiplied by the next shortest even length (10). These items are now added together and the result shows the lineal feet (4684). LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 23 CARGO SPECIFICATIONS As there does not seem to be any fixed rule for making up specifications in a uniform manner, reference to this subject will not be out of place. Some mills adopt the system of making all Domestic and Foreign Export Specifica- tions out in feet Board Measure for each size and length, while others make out their specifications in lineal feet for each length and then add up their total and bring same to Board Measure. The latter system of making out the extensions in lineal feet should be universally adopted, as everyone who is familiar with this class of work knows that a specification with the extensions in lineal feet, and showing the totals in Board Measure, can be finished in a quarter the time of a specification that shows the feet Board Measure for each length. Steam schooners often arrive at San Francisco before the cargo manifest reaches consignee; this inconvenience and delay could often be avoided by the time gained in making up specifications with the extensions in lineal feet instead of Board Measure. f Foreign buyers, especially in the British trade, use the lineal measure more extensively than any other, and when they receive specifications in feet Board Measure they are put to the unnecessary inconvenience of converting them to lineal feet to correspond with their tables and price lists. SHORT METHOD OF FIGURING SPECIFICATIONS A very easy and short method of obtaining the Board Measure contents of each size and length, when required, is to halve the length and double the thickness. Simple as this rule seems, it is unknown to many experts. Example: Find the Board Measure contents of each length in the follow- ing size: Pieces. Size. Length. B. M. Feet Eig ies bo be 2x10 12 1060 AR 2x10 14 980 S605. 2H 2x10 16 960 oe: 5: eee Ye 2x10 10 1440 S67...25 9% 2x10 20 1200 SOF ont Pex) 22 1100 dies wareee ae 2x10 24 480 257 7220 In the above example, instead of saying twelve times fifty-three, halve the length and say six times fifty-three is three hundred and eighteen (318); now by doubling the thickness, we have the equal of 4x10 stead of 2x10; there- fore, by adding a cipher to the 318 and dividing py 3, we have the Board Measure contents of the first length. The same rule applies to the remainder of lengths. ; When it is only necessary to find the total feet Board Measure in a size containing a range of lengths, halve the lengths or pieces, and multiply the total result by the multiple of double the thickness of the size. Example: Find the total feet Board Mesure contained in the following: Pieces. Size. Length Contents. EE eg 3x6 16 1792 it At ae ae 3x6 18 1008 ee ae BD. ae 20 5680 Ce ae 3x6 22 495 , 1.) Oren 3x6 24 1440 1069 10415 3 Feet B. M. 31245: 24 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE HOW TO DECREASE OR INCREASE ORDERS The method of decreasing or increasing orders will now be explained. Reduce the following order by 44,000 feet Board Measure: 240,000 feet 12x12—40 to 60 280,000 feet 14x14—40 to 60 420,000 feet 16x16—40 to 60 160,000 feet 18x18—40 to 60 1,100,000 The first step necessary is to find the required percentage to reduce order in proportion. This is done by adding two ciphers to the amount that the order is to be reduced by and dividing the result by the amount of order. In this case it is 4 per cent. Each item must now be reduced separately by the percentage obtained, as follows: Original Reduced Amt. of Decrease. Order. Order. 9,600 ft. or 4% from 240,000 ft. leaves 230;400 11,200 ft. or 4.6 from 280,000 ft. leaves 268,800 16,800 ft. or 4% from 420,000 ft. leaves 403,200 6,400 ft. or 4% from 160,000 ft. leaves 153,600 . 44,000 1,100,000 1,056,000 If the above order of 1,100,000 feet had to be increased by 44,000 feet, 4% would be added to each item, and the total would show the amount of order when increased. ‘ FIGURING PERCENTAGES ‘Cargo orders for California usually call for stipulated percentages of Nos. 1 and 2 in the merchantable grades and clear and select in the uppers. During progress of loading, it is essential to keep posted on the proportion of the percentage so as to avoid over-running or falling short on a grade. Presume an order calls for 800,000 feet Nos. 1 and 2 Mcht., 25% No.2 al- lowed, and in figuing up to see how your percentage is, you find your order stands thus: 306,600 ft. No. 1 113,400 ft. No. 2 420,000 ft. Total on board. The following is the way to find your percentage: Cut off the two right hand figures in your total (420,000) and divide the remaining amount (4200) into the Nos. 1 and 2 respectively. If your answer is correct your combined percentages will add to 100. Operation: No. 1 Mcht. - No. 2 Mcht. 4200) 306600(73% 4200) 113400(27% 29400 8400 12600 29400 12600 29400 “Amount of Percentage 306,600 No. 1.or 73% of 420,000 113,400 No. 2 or 27% of 420,000 420,000 Total. 100%: As your No. 2 in this instance exceeds the 25 % allowed, notify the proper authorities of the fact, so that arrangements can be made to bring grade up to the required percentage. TE RS LG SR TO Nat TA IR ea EE AI ee 0m RI PR a NN al I aR OT ph rae rir ec aero arpa oan neon emerge memee eet te _<*. = LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 25 STANDARDS The “St. Petersburg Standard” is used in Great Britain, almost to the entire exclusion of all other standards. The wholesale trade as a rule sells boards, battens, deals, planks, etc., by the Standard. The Standard (St. Petersburg) deal contains 1 piece 3x11—6 feet and 120 pieces of this dimension make one Standard. COMPOSITION OF STANDARDS Pes. Size. Length. B. M Cu. Ft. Inches. Feet. Contents. St. Petersburg ....120 11%x11 12 1980 165 Irish or London ..120 3 ax 12 3240 270 Horgis ath: a oe 120- 14x 9 11 1237% 103% Drammen |... .... «+ 120 24%x 6% Y 1462% 121% FUE ea eee 100 2%xil1 12 2750 229% The Drontheim Standard varies for different kinds of lumber. It contains: 2376 feet B. M. of Sawn Deals. 2160 feet B. M. of Square Timber. 1728 feet B. M. of Round Timber. The Wyburg Standard contains: 2160 feet B. M. of Sawn Deals. 196324 feet B. M. of Square Timber. 1560 feet B. M. of Round Timber. 100 St. Petersburg Stadard Deals equal 60 Quebec Deals. The Riga “‘Last” contains 960 feet B. M. of Sawn Deals or Square Timber. A Cubic Fathom of Lathwood is 6 ft. x 6 ft. and contains 216 cubic feet or 2592 feet B. M. A Gross Hundred (120) pieces) makes a Standard Hundred. FIGURING OF STANDARDS Bring the following specification to Standard Measurement: 24 Pieces 3%4x5% 24 20 Pieces 1 x6 16 20 Pieces 1 x12 20 40 Pieces 2 x10 24 10 Pieces 2 x12 22 Reduce each item as follows by multiplying the number of Pieces and all their dimensions together. 24x34x51%4x24 20x1x6—16 20x1x12—20 % 1 . 18 20 20 5% 6 12 99 120 240 24 16 20 2376 1920 4800 | When the products are obtained, then add together the totad number of inches as shown in the specification below, which totals: 24 Pieces %x5% 24— 2376 inches. 20 Pieces 1x6 16— 1920 inches. 20 Pieces 1x12 20— 4800 inches. ? 40 Pieces 2x10 24—19200 inches. 10 Pieces 2x12 22— 5280 inches. S 33576 inches. 26 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE Always divide the total (in this instance 33576) by the following figures, which are standing divisors and never vary; thus: 11)33576 18) 3052 30) 169104. 4)5.19104. Std. Quarters. Deals. Parts. 1.1.19 1%, equals, 1 1 19 1049 FREIGHT MEASUREMENT OF TIMBER AS USED IN ENGLAND A St. Petersburg Standard Hundred contains 120 pieces of 12 feet x 1% inches & 11 inches—165 cubic feet, or 1,980 superficial feet of 1 inch. Deals, battens, scantings, rough boards, and sawn pitch pine timber, pay freight per St. Petersburg Standard Hundred. Planed boards pay freight on actual measure when dressed, not by the specification of nominal sizes from which they are manufactured. Squared timber pays freight per load of 50 cubic feet, Queen’s ecalliper measure delivered. Mahogany and cedar from Cuba pay freight per load of 50 cubic feet, Queen’s calliper measure, the captain paying the measuring charge. Most furniture woods pay freight per ton weight delivered. 1 shipping ton equals 42 cubic feet of Timbers. 100 Superficial feet of planking equal 1 square 120 Deals equal 1 hundred 50 Cubic feet of squared timbers equal 1 load 40 Cubic feet of unhewn timbers equal 1 load 600 Superficial feet of inch boards equal 1 load 216 Cubic feet of lathwood equal 1 fathom 108 Cubic feet of wood equal 1 stack 128 Cubic feet of wood equal 1 cord Timber at 50 cube feet to one ton. Pitchpine, Spruce, Whitewood, Redwood, Elm, Walnut, Maple, Pine, Baltic, Dantzig, Riga, and Memel Fir Timber are computed as weighing 50 cubic feet to the ton. Timber at 40 cube feet to one ton Birch, Oak, Ash, Elm, Mahogany, Teak, Beech, Green Heart, Hickory, and Round Timber generally are computed as weighing 40 cubic feet to the ton. TO FIGURE CAPACITY OF FREIGHT CARS LUMBER To find the amount of Rough Green Lumber any car will carry, cut off a cipher from the marked capacity in pounds, add 10 per cent. and multiply by 3; the result will be the limit of feet Board Measure the car is allowed to carry. Example: What is the limit in feet Board Measure allowed a car of 80,000 pounds capacity? * 3 8000 pounds. 800 10 per cent. ee 8800x383 equals 26,400 ft. Board Measure.—Answer. SHINGLES To find approximate number of 16-inch Shingles that can be loaded in a oO ; cue Ascewtalny cubical capacity of the car, and to the number of cubic feet add two ciphers; the result will be the number of Shingles. : When loading Shingles or Lumber in furniture cars, precautions should be taken against exceeding the weight limit. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 27 OCTAGON SPARS .As the custom is now becoming general to order Octagon Spars, both Sawn and Hewn, the information on this subject will be appreciated by those who make a specialty of this line. ; An Octagon can be made out of a Square timber by the following rule: 7 di From diagonal deduct one side of timber, and that will give one side of the ctagon. To find the length of the side of the triangle to be taken off the corner of the timber at right angles to the diagonal, deduct half the diagonal from one side of the timber. One side of a square timber dividid by .707 gives the diagonal. Example: Find the length of one side of an Octagon that can be made out of a timber 35 inches square. Diagonal of 35x35=—49.50 inches. One side of 35x35==35.00 inches. One side of Octagon—14.50 inches. Example: ; What is the length of the side of a triangle to be taken off the corner of a timber 35. inches square to make an Octagon? Process: ; 2)49.50 Dagonal 24.75 Half the Diagonal. 35.00 Inches one side of timber. 24.75 Inches, half the diagonal. 10.25 Inches length of one side of triangle. f tray find one side of an Octagon inscribed in a circle, multiply diameter by ae 2 To find area of an Octagon multiply square of side by 4.82843. When one side of a square is given. to find one side of an Octagon. that can be made out of it—multiply one side of square by .41421. When one side of an Octagon is given, to find the diameter of the circumscribed circle, multiply one side of the Octagon by 2.613. TO COMPUTE THE BOARD FEET CONTENTS OF AN OCTAGON To compute the board feet contents of an octagon multiply the square of one . on Bg the Octagon by 4.82843; then multiply the result by the length and divide by 3 Example: : : Find the board feet contents of an Octagon, one side of which is 4 inches and the length 60 feet. Process: 4.82843 decimal term Multiplied by 16 the square of 4 .717.25488 Multiplied by 60 the length Divided by 12)4635.29280 386.2744 Board Feet Contents. ANOTHER METHOD To compute the board feet contents of an Octagon manufactured out of a square timber. First find the contents of the square timber in the usual way, then square one side of the Octagon; multiply it by the length and divide by 12; subtract this amount from the contents of the square timber and the result will give the board feet contents of the Octagon. Example: ; Find the board feet contents of an Octagon the side of which is 14% inches, made of a timber 35 inches square and 60 feet long. Process: 35” x35” —69 ft. equals 6125 Board Feet. 14%4x141%4—60 ft. equals 1051% Board Feet. ‘ Contents of the Octagon 5073% Board Feet. Note: The exact side of a square from which an Octagon of 14% inches could be made, would be 35.0065 inches. In the foregoing example the figures past the decimal point, namely .0064 are discarded as being unnecessary for practical purposes. 28 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE EXPLANATION OF OCTAGON TABLE See Table on page 29. First Column shows the size of the timber to be made into an Octagon, Second Column shows the diagonal or the length of a line joining the opposite ‘angles of the timber. ‘Third Column shows the length of one side of the Octagon that can be made ‘from the timber in First Column. Fourth Column shows the length of one side of the triangle to be cut off each corner of the timber at right angles to the diagonal to make the Octagon. |<___—__—_—_——- 35, inches ——____—_——+>| The above diagram illustrates the system used in determining the contents of an Octagon. Note that one side of the square (35) deducted from the diagonal (491%) gives one side of the Octagon, and that the side of the small inner square equals one side of the Octagon. You will also observe that the area of the small square or combinel areas of the four sections of the small square is the equivalent to the total area of:the four corners taken off the large square to make the Octagon. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 29 USEFUL TABLE FOR MAKING OCTAGONS OUT OF SQUARE TIMBER duets One Side One Side Square - One Side gan Side Timber Diagonal of Octagon of Corner Timber Diagonal of Octagon of Corner First Second Third Fourth First Second Third Fourth ad Seluran Column Column Column Column Column Column GxrnG tot 8.48 2.48 1.76 22EG0 6 wy lode 9.12 6.44 ABCE ER. was 500 2.90 2.05 ASA «Bs ee eee OS 9.53 ar Ge ue SK Bima CL Lest Seo 2.35 Ame dive oe Sooo 9.95 7.02 Sx Qoaese es M273 oote 2.63 ZORA ted. IS oeeo 10.36 7.32 iY eee (ky BF Stine nAwiled, 2.93 AORAG eg... BETS 10.78 7.61 PST Tier 15.56 4.56 382.2 BURA cs Ants OULD ha Pk) 7.90 PASS: 16.97 4.97 Seyi! ASK AS: ids of SOOO 11.60 8.20 Ls ai LS eee 18.39 5.39 3.81 29x29 es 3) AlO2 12.02 8.49 waxy: 19.80 5.80 4.10 SO SON pas a a eae 12.43 8.78 1259 FRA 21.22 6.22 4.39 SiS d de. ASeSD 12.85 9.07 16x16. 22.63 6.63 4.69 AEA poe aD ene 13.26 9.37 eal ae 24.05 7.05 4.97 Baa as san Ou 13.36 9.66 hex 1S; 25.46 7.46 5.27 a4x34 .... 48.09 14.09 9.95 Tox 1 Sy. 26.87 > 7.87 5.56 SOKO) oe a BO 14.50 10.25 20x20 . 28.29 8.29 5.85 MOMS OL eee e DOLaO 14. Oe 10.54 21x21 29.70 8.70 6.15 TO COMPUTE THE AREA OF A REGULAR POLYGON When length of a side only is given. BRuie: Multiply square of the side by multiplier opposite to term of polygon in the following table: No. of Sides Polygon Multiplier 3 Trigon .43301 4 Tetragon 105 5 Pentagon 1.72048 6 Hexagon 2.59808 7 Heptagon 3.63391 8 Octagon 4.82843 9 Nonagon 6.18182 10 Decagon 7.69421 if! Undecagon 9.36564 12 Dodecagon 11.19615 ae ze COMPUTE THE BOARD FEET CONTENTS OF A REGULAR POLYGON ule: Multiply square of the side by multiplier opposite to the term of polygon in the foregoing table; then multiply the result by the length and divide by 12. Example: Find the board measure contents of a Nonagon (9 equal sides) one side of which is 6 inches and the length is 30 feet. Process: 6.18182 Decimal Term Multiplied by 36 the square of 6 inches 37.09092 185.4546 , ie 222.54552 es Multiplied by 30 the length Divided by 12)6676.36560 Weer eee 556.36380 Board Feet Contents. TO COMPUTE CONTENTS OF A TAPERING OCTAGON OR FRUSTUM OF A PYRAMID A Rule: To the sums of the areas of the two ends of the tapering octagon or frustum add the square root of their product. Multiply the sum,.by the height and take one-third of the product. Example: Find the cubic contents of a frustum of a pyramid whose hé¢ight is 15 feet. The area of one end is 18 square teat and the other 98 square feet. Operation: 18+98—116 (area of the two ends). 98 X 181764 square root of 1764=—42. 116+ 42—158 15 (height)x158—2370, which divided by 3 gives 790 cubic feet. Remark: This rule also applies to frustums of cones. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 30 v9 | 519 | 98S | 99 | EC | 209 | Sh | SF | 8c OF | oZ8 | sh& | CE | rbd | 892] FS | +1S | sSL}] OL | v€T | sOT | 8 | CE GG | o16F | eLp | oSh | 8h | zlh-) GE | o19E | shE | 9o& | +0 686 YZ oz | slg | v6 | eZT | 2€T | €T {oT | & | 99 | 92 ve | 22h | OF | oSE | xOe | orbe | EE | zTS | +6Z | 92% | 8GS | o1€% | SS | 20% | +8 | o9T | shT joist | IT | 2 | v2 9¢ OG OF | 8E | s9E | GE] Eo | sIE | OF | +83 | 89% | GB} 8S] BIS} OG} ST | vOT | ST | EL | sll | OT | +8 | 2G G | 02 RIEU & (Laqa GUVOd) SLNALNOO ¥2| 82 | 22 | Iz | oz | 6t| st| 2t| 9t| et | et] et lar} imi|or| 6|s|2/9/ 841 % | 8 | wmsueT (SHHONI) GUVOE AO HLGIM — “SUYOM LT pue ja0q Plvog UI USATH SUIPIM pue syIsuUeT jUIIEyIG JO Splvog YIUI-] Jo S}ua}TOD— LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 31 TO COMPUTE SIZES NOT GIVEN IN THE BOARD MEASURE TABLE A great variety of sizes can be computed or checked by the aid of the foregoing - table. If you wish to figure the contents of fractional lumber. plank. square or rectangular timbers the table can be used for that purpose. For lumber 1% inches in thickness add 4% to the amount given in the table for a board of corresponding width and length. For lumber 1% inches in thickness you would add half the amount to the contents. For lumber 2 inches in thickness double the amount of contents. In other words when the thickness exceeds one inch multiply the board feet amounts given in the table by the thickness. EXAMPLES Fractional Sizes—Find the contents of 1 piece 1%,x17. 20 feet long. By referring to the table you wil] find 1 piece 1x17, 20 feet long. contains 28 feet and 4 inches. to this is added one quarter (7 ft. 1 in.) which gives 35 feet 5 inches, the board feet contents of 1 piece 14%,x17, 20 feet long. If the board were 1% inches in thickness you would add to the contents of 1x17, half the amount. Square timbers—Find the contents of 1 piece 18x18. 20 feet long. According to the table. 1 piece 1x18 29 contains 30 board feet. the amount multiplied by one side of the Square (18) gives 540, the board feet contents. Rectangular Timbers—Find the contents of 1 piece 15x24 32 feet long. In this case you can multiply the contents of 1x15 32 (40 feet contents) by 24, or 1x24 32 (64 feet contents) by 15, the result will be the same, namely 960 board feet contents. Totals—In the table the fractions are given in twelfths (small figures) making adding easier. Thus the following 1 inch lumber would be added: 1 piece 1x 7—10 ft. equals 5 ft. 10 ins. 1 piece 1x10—12 ft. equals 10 ft. 0 ins. 1 piece 1x16—12 ft. equals 16 ft. 0 ins. 1 piece 1x13—14 ft. equals 15 ft. 2 ins. 1 piece 1x20—16 ft. equals 26 ft. 8 ins. Total equals 72 and 20/12 ft., or 73% board ft. To find the total contents of lumber thicker than 1 inch, proceed as if the lumber were 1 inch and multiply the total by the thickness. in the foregoing example, if it were 3-inch lumber the total would be multiplied by 3, or a total of 221 board feet. j 52 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE TO COMPUTE AN AVERAGE RANGE OF LENGTHS When an order such as 8x8 and wider calls for an average length, use the fol- lowing system to compute it: Rule: _Add together the total pieces of each length, and multiply the pieces by the:r respective lengths; then add separately the pieces and lengths, and divide the grand total of pieces into the grand total of lengths. The result will be the average length. Example: Find the average length of a range of widths such as 3x8 and wider. Process: Pieces Length Lain, Ft. 23 multiplied by 16 ft. equal 368 9 multiplied by 18 ft. equal 162 34 multiplied by 20 ft. equal 680 79 multiplied by 22 ft. equal 1738 12 multiplied by 24 ft. equal 288 11 multiplied by 26 ft. equal 286 8 multiplied by 28 ft. equal 224 7 multiplied by 30 ft. equal 2190 7 multiplied by 32 ft. equal 224 190 Pieces, divided into 4180 gives 22 feet, the average length. TO COMPUTE AVERAGE WIDTHS Orders from Hlurope frequently call for an average in width of a specified thickness, such as 3x8 and wider. 4x10 and wider. 6x12 and wider. The following is the system for striking an average: Rule: Multiply the total pieces of each width separately; then add totals separately, and divide total of pieces into total of widths. The result will be the average width. Example: An item on an order calls for a specified amount of 4x10 and wider, to average 15 inches or over in width. The following pieces and widths have heen sawn on this item; what is the present average? Process: Totals of Pieces Total Each and Width’s Pieces Width Multiplied 16 x 10 equals 160 24 De 11 equals 264 20 x 12 equals 240 42 x 13 equals 546 30 XK 14 equals 420 40 x 15 equals 600 50 x 16 equals 800 20 x 18 equals 360 48 x 20 equals ~ 960 290 Pieces, divided into 4350 ) equals 15 inches, the average width required. " LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE ew (5%) BOARD MEASUREMENT OF LOGS Board measure is designed primarily for the measurement of sawed lumber. The unit is the board foot, which is a board 1 inch thick and 1 foot square, so that with inch boards the content in board measure is thé same as the number of square feet of surface; with lumber of other thicknesses the content is expressed in terms of inch boards. In recent years board measure has been used as a unit of volume for logs. When so applied the measure does not show the entire content of the log, but the quantity of lumber which, it is estimated, may be manufactured from it. The number of board feet in any given log is determined from a table that shows the estimated number which. can be taken out from logs of different diameters and lengths. Such a table is called a log scale or log rule, and is compiled by reducing the dimensions of perfect logs of different sizes, to allow for waste in manufacture, and then calculating the number of inch boards which remain. The amount of lumber which can be cut from logs of a given size is not uni- form, because the factors which determine the amount of waste vary under different circumstances, such as the thickness of the saw, the thickness of the boards, the width of the smallest board which may be utilized, the skill of the sawyer, the efficiency of the machinery, the defects in the log, the amount of taper, and the shrinkage. This lack of uniformity has led to wide differences of opinion as to how log rules should be constructed. There have been many attempts to devise a log rule which can be used as a standard, but none of them will meet all con- ditions. The rules in existence have been so unsatisfactory that constant attempts have been made to improve upon them. As a result there are now actually in use © in the United States 40 or 50 different log rules, whose results differ in some cases as much as 120 per cent for 20-inch to 30-inch logs, and 609 per cent for 6-inch logs. Some of these are constructed from mathematical formulae; ‘some by pre- paring diagrams that represent the top of:.a log and then determining the amount of waste in sawdust and slabs; some are based on actual averages of logs cut at the mill; while still others are the result of making corrections in an existing rule to meet special local conditions. oh The large number of log rules, the differences in their values, and the variation in the methods of their application have led to much confusion and inconvenience. Efforts to reach an agreement among lumbermen on a single standard log rule have failed so far. A number of States have given official sanction to specific rules, but this has only added to the confusion, because the States have not chosen the same rule, so there are six different state log rules, and, in addition, three different official log rules in Canada. It is probable that a standard method of measuring logs will not be worked out satisfactorily until a single unit of volume, like the cubic or board foot, is adopted for the measurement of logs.—uU. S. Forest Service Bulletin 36. The Brereton Solid Log Table shows the exact or solid contents in board feet of logs or round timbers, which will be found invaluable in a large number of instances as enumerated in the following pages, and also for comparison with the Pacific Coast and other numerous log scales now in use. It is only a question of time when both buyer and seller will recognize the absolute fairness and benefit to be derived from making sales on the exact contents of a log, as the variation in ane lies can then be adjusted by the variation in price. It is unreasonable to measure pulp wood logs in terms of manufactured lum- ber, as the entire log is used in making pulp. Therefore a solid measure is more appropriate than the usual log scale making allowance for slab and saw kerf. ADVANTAGES AND USES OF THE BRERETON SOLID LOG TABLE SHOWING EXACT BOARD MEASURE CONTENTS OF LOGS Situations arise where it is essential to arrive at a close estimate for freight purposes of the exact or solid contents of logs or piling which are often shipped by vessel to Foreign or Domestic ports or when it is necessary to compute their weight prior to shipping by rail, with a view of ordering cars that will stand the strain of heavy and long logs, spars or timbers. It is also indispensable for 'ship’s officers and stevedores to know the contents and weight of large logs and spars to enable them to judge ag to the advisability of adjusting or doubling up their gear to avoid smashing derricks and winches or otherwise breaking down machinery. POUNDS PER DEADWEIGHT TON When computing deadweight of lumber, coal, or general cargo carried. by British vessels, it is customary to use the long ton of 2240 pounds. 34 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE WEIGHT OF DOUGLAS FIR LOGS OR PILING Rafted logs or piling on account of being partly submerged in salt or fresh water, or freshly felled in the early summer months, will naturally weigh more than those felled in winter, or shipped direct on cars from forest to destination. To compute the approximate weight in pounds of rafted logs or piling, take average diameter including bark, then ascertain board measure contents by referring to the Brereton Solid Log Table and multiply the amount by 3.5. For logs and piling shipped on cars multiply board measure contents by 3.4, WEIGHT OF CREOSOTED DOUGLAS FIR PILES, POLES AND TIES To compute weight in pounds of creosoted piles or poles, take average diam- eter, then ascertain board measure contents according to the Brereton Solid Log Table and multiply the amount by 3.5. Butt treated or butt and top treated telephone, telegraph or electric light poles weigh about 3.4 pounds per board foot, exact contents. Creosoted ties (sleepers) or lumber of small dimensions weigh about 3.6 pounds per board foot. Creosoted timbers weigh about 3.5 pounds per board foot. POINTER FOR CHARTERER OR OWNERS OF VESSELS—TAINT FROM CREOSOTE In making charters for vessels to carry creosoted piling or lumber, if possible arrange to carry this material on deck. If carried under deck it will taint perish- able cargo in same compartment, or perishable cargo carried on the return voyage. EFFECT OF CREOSOTE ON CARRYING CAPACITY The difference in weight between creosoted and untreated ties must also be taken into consideration as this affects the carrying capacity to a considerable extent; for instance, a steamer with a deadweight cargo carrying capacity of 5400 long tons that would ordinarily carry 3,620,000 board feet of untreated fir ties would only carry 3,360,000 board feet of creosoted ties, a difference of 260, saa board feet. GROWTH OF TREES Since there is a marked tendency among timberland owners to cut their timber with an eye to the future, some knowledge of the growth of forest trees becomes important. Trees grow by adding each year a layer of wood underneath the bark. Since each year contains only one growing season and the spring and summer part of this layer are not alike, each year’s growth. layer, or ‘annual ring’ usually is distinguishable. The central fact of tree growth is that each ring means a year. The exceptions to this are not important enough to merit notice here. Trees growing in the heart of the forest are generally straight and tall as it is necessary for their leaves to receive sunlight and air sufficient for vitalizing the sap; the lower branches of theSe trees only last a few years when they die and fall off. On the edges of the forest the lower branches of the trees remain alive and active so that timber cut from such places is knotty and occasionally cross-grained, while that cut from the inside trees is straight-grained and contains a larger percentage of clear lumber. ANNUAL RINGS Annual rings denote the spring and summer growth of the tree; the spring ring is distinguished by its light color; it is invariably wider than the summer ring on account of its more rapid growth which produces a softer fiber. The summer ring is darker in color. is harder and has a much more solid appearance than the spring ring. The line of separation in annual rings is caused by the suspension of the growth of the stem during winter. The annual rings are not always uniform as they are generally thicker on that ‘side of the tree which has the longest exposure to the sun. For this reason the distance from pith to bark will often vary several inches; for instance, the measurement of a log from heart center to bark would be, say 15 inches on one side and 20 inches on the other. The widest rings are found around the heart centre from whence they grad- ually diminish in thickness as they radiate towards the sap, where their growth is so compact that it is almost impossible to count them without the aid of a microscope. In determining the strength of lumber which is the principal point when in- specting the merchantable grades generally used for high class constructional purposes, the width, uniformity and compactness of the growth of the annual rings should be carefully noted. When the summer ring is narrow and the Spring ring wide or porous, weakness is the result. When the spring and summer rings are nearly equal in width and uniformly close, it denotes natural strength so requisite in the quality of lumber used for ship and bridge work, masts, spars, dredger spuds, derricks or similar purposes for which Douglas Fir is unequalled. In small trees the annual rings are proportionately closer and more uniform from heart centre to bark than the larger species, though there are occasional exceptions. The annual rings are larger at the top than at the base of tree. Small and medium sized logs which range from 17 to 86 inches in diameter, as a rule produce excellent timbers and a good grade of merchantable lumber. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE ew ol ‘ ANNUAL RINGS DENSITY AND DECAY Specific gravity or density of lumber materially influences resistance to decay of the heart-wood; the more dense the wood the more durable it is. Specific gravity is a property which can not be determined from inspection, but it can be estimated by recourse to the proportion of summerwood to springwood in the annual growth rings which proves to be a safe criterion of the durability of heartwood; i.e., an increase in Summer wood results in an increase in spécific gravity. The specific gravity of Douglas Fir when freshly sawn is 640. The width of the growth rings furnishes a further index of durability; the summer wood, which is of greater density and contains more pitch, shows more resistance to fungus attack than the spring rings of porous growth. The resisting qualities of pitch to decay is principally through its water- proofing effect on wood, and thus its influence on the absorption of moisture by wood containing it; that is, the power of wood to absorb moisture is very im- portant in its decay. It is well known that below a certain maximum of moisture in weod, fungi will not grow. Any property of the wood which will influence this balance of moisture is of importance in decay resistance. Thus, if the wood contains enough pitch to have a material waterproofing effect, it must play a role in durability. DURABILITY OF WOOD Timber cut in spring or in summer is not so durable as that cut in winter, when the life processes of trees are less active. Scientific investigations sustain this statement. The durability depends not only upon the greater or less dens:ty but also upon the presence of certain chemical constituents in the wood. Thus a large proportion of resinous matter increases the durability, while the presence of easily soluble carbohydrates diminishes it considerably. During the growing season the wood of trees contains sulphuric acid and pot- assium,*both of which are solvents of carbohydrates, starch, resins and gums; they are known to soften also the ligneous tissue to a considerable degree. During the summer months the wood of living trees contain's eight times as much sulphuric acid and five times as much potassium as it does during the winter months. The presence of these two chemical substances during the growing season constitutes the chief factor in dissolving the natural preservatives within the wood and in preparing the wood for the different kinds of wood-destroying fungi, such as polyporus and agaricus. The fungi can thus penetrate more quickly and easily into the interior of the wood when these wood gums are already partly dissolved and available for their own immediate use. From this standpoint it seems that the best time to cut down the tree is in the winter, when ‘sulphuric acid and potassium are present to a much smaller degree, and the fungi will not be assisted in dissolving the natural preservatives in the wood. The amount of wood gum is always less and more easily soluble in sap- wood than in heartwood.—Scientific American, OLD GROWTH LOGS In reference to lumber manufactured from “old growth” logs, it means that the trees from which they.were logged are mature, of large diameter and grown in a virgin forest, and not from trees in a process of decay through age. Old growth Douglas Fir furnishes excellent lumber for high grade wide clears, in either edge or slash grain. DIAMETER GROWTH Some trees grow so slowly that a hand lens is necessary to clearly distinguish the rings, others may have rings a half inch in width. In any case, a little prac- tice improves the ability to note all the rings. To find the age of a felled tree at any section, then, requires only the accurate counting of the rings. The total age of the tree is shown by the total number of rings at the ground; or the total number of rings on the stump plus the number of years required to grow as high as the stump. An examination of a number of small trees would give an idea of the time required to grow up to stump height. This varies from one year in treeS coming up as stump sprouts to as high as twenty years or more in some Rocky Mountain, conifers, for heights of 1 to 3 feet. Since trees often grow faster on one side than another, the average growth is gotten only by finding the average radius and counting and measuring the rings along it. Thus the radius of the tree may be found at ten, twenty, thirty years. etc., and by doubling these the diameters are found at these ages. 36 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE DIFFERENTIAL TABLE Table showing difference in board feet between actual contents of logs, 40 feet in length, 12 to 40 inches in diameter, and the Pacific Coast Log Seale’s; also their respective allowances for slabs and saw Kerf. Allowance Allowance Allowance for Slabs for Slabs for Slabs 12-in. and Saw 14-in. and Saw 16-in. and Saw Diam. Kerf. Diam. Kerf. Diam. Kerf. Actual Contents ............ 5389 eee 757 erate 945 TOE Scribner Scale .............. 196 393 286 471 396 549 Spaulding Scale ............ 192 397 : 286 471 402 543 British Columbia Scale ...... 210 379 297 460 400 545 Allowance Allowance Allowance for Slabs for Slabs for Slabs 18-in. and Saw 20-in. and Saw 22-in. and Saw Diam. Kerf. Diam. Kerf. Diam. Kerf. Actual Contents ............ 1155 Ee 1385 bteas 1636 ss dca Scribner Scale .............. 534 621 700 685 836 800 Spaulding Scale ............ 540 615 6990 695 853 734 British Columbia Scale ...... 618 637 652 733 800 836 Allowance Allowance Allowance for Slabs for Slabs for Slabs 24-in. and Saw 26-in. and Saw 28-in. and Saw Diam. Kerf. Diam. Kerf. Diam.” Kerf. Actual Contents .........:.. 1909 $2 ete 2202 Yeah Be 2516 ase Scribner Scale ............%0. 1010 899 1250 952 1456 1060 Spaulding Scale ............ 1030 879 1220 982 1422 1094 British Columbia Scale ...... 964 945 1145 1057 1337 1179 Allowance Allowance Allowance for Slabs for Slabs for Slabs 30-in. and Saw 32-in. and Saw 34-in. and Saw Diam. Kerf. Diam. Kerf. Diam. Kerf. Actual Contents ............. 23851 evar 3207 BIN. 3584 bos ee Scribner Scale .............. 1642 1209 1840 1367 2000 1584 Spaulding Scale ............ 1640 1211 1870 1337 2112 1472 British Columbia Scale ...... 1546 1305 1771 1436 2011 1573 Allowance Allowance Allowance for Slabs for Slabs for Slabs 36-in. and Saw 88-in. and Saw 40-in. and Saw Diam, Kerf. Diam. Kerf. Diam, Kerf. Actual Contents ............ 3982 Sereee Eo ON Rape aaa Te 4841 py tae Scribner Scale .............. 2304 1678 2670 1731 3010 1831 Spaulding Scale . .2376 1606 2660 1741 2962 }&#£«1879 Briitsh Columbia Scale ......2266 1716 2536 1865 2322 2019 TAPER OF DOUGLAS FIR LOGS The foregoing table is computed on the assumption that the 4)-foot logs used as an example have an increase in taper of 6 inches, which is a fair average for this length of log. To gauge the correct actual contents of a log, it is necessary to take the mean diameter, not the diameter at the small end, which is the usual method of scaling Douglas Fir logs; therefore to arrive at the actual contents given in the table, an increase of three inches over the diameter at the small end is allowed to give the correct mean diameter upon which the actual contents given in this table are based. \ To display that the increase of 6 inches in taper is not excessive or used for the purpose of creating a disparity between the actual contents of logs as shown in the “Differential Table’ and the scale according to log rules; carefully note in the following table the increase in taper of Douglas Fir logs from records kept by the United States Forest Service Department. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 37 TAPER OF DOUGLAS FIR LOGS Total Log Lengths ” Length Butt Second Third Top Feet Log Log Log Log: SO Bs 29’ 26’ oe 26’ Increase 7” ae } ye ae ed Ga aes 28’ 28’ es 26’ Increase 7” sh: tas. 0” Sti os £84 23’ 28’ Fy 23’ Increase 8” 5” ie Oo” Bee el. 30’ 23’ NR 23’ Increase 8” 5” we Oo” 22 Jia Bea 30’ ' 30’ 23’ 1 Increase 8” 5” 0” OOe aca: 30’ 30’ 30’ Inerease 8” 6” ae 0” Sew enol 32’ 30’ on 30’ Increase 8” i 6” oe 0” DS sul ke 32’ 32’ 30’ Increase 8” 6” sien 6” SG in, siectea:- 32’ 32’ ea 32’ Increase 9” 6” ek (4 148 ; OSE and he ot 26’ 24+’ 24’ 24’ > Increase 9” 8” 674 : 0” BOO? Vil” 26’ 26’ 24’ 24’ Increase 10” 8” 5” 0” This table is intended to be used simply as a guide; the allowances for taper shown should be varied to conform to the actual taper. These figures are based on the actual taper of 110 Douglas Fir trees of average height measured in Washing- ton and Oregon. AVERAGE CONTENTS OF LOGS To enable loggers and lumbermen to arrive at the average board feet in Douglas Fir and other species of Pacific Coast logs, with a view of comparing the difference between the solid or actual contents of logs, and the amounts according to the log rules in general use, the following table covers a record of the number of logs scaled and their contents, during the years 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916 and 1917, by the Puget Sound Log Scaling and Grading Bureau, Everett, Wash. In the five years mentioned this Bureau scaled 4.604.000 logs containing 3,353,631,600 board feet. If the foregoing had been scaled according to their solid contents; i. e., without allowance for saw kerf and slab, the result would be about double the amount stated. A fact that should not be lost sight of when comparing the difference between the solid contents and the amounts given in the standard log tables, is that the present method of scaling logs is invariably to take the diameter at the small end of the log. whereas in computing the solid contents, the mean or diameter at center of log is taken. Table showing contents in board feet of an_average log of Douglas Fir, Hem- lock, Spruce, Cedar and miscellaneous species. Scaled by Puget Sound Log Sealing and Grading Bureau. Number of Logs. Board Feet Scale. Log Average. Pete. iG. MOUS IAG Far noose iss 9 92,671 256,496,830 2768 13 No. 2 Douglas Fir ........... 1,044,589 1,123,440,220 1074 55 nc BOUtIne Fir 2. .i.. 5 jl. . 1,184,594 659,725,000 556 32 Total Douglas Fir........ 2,321,854 2,039,662,050 878 61 Western Hemlock ............ 635,838 303,023,270 * 476 09 PEER IESTTCE | oi cade ofo deaapslans sin a 100,973 104,959,880 1039 03 Western Cedar ................ 1,457,906 ‘856,888,890 588 26 *Miscellaneous ..........-..-- 87,429 49,097,510 564 01 EOS ce 8 ws te omen oe 4,604,000 3,353,631,600 728 BR *Miscellaneous includes the following: White Pine, White Fir, Maple, Cotton- wood and Boomsticks. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 38 BRERETON SOLID LOG TABLE ACTUAL CONTENTS OF LOGS OR ROUND TIMBERS IN BOARD FEET Average Diameter in Inches (os) ts | w o a © o o © i=) iy] Ld =) < i len! 3 8 ri w fo] a w» o © (=) ive) ye) © ° ‘ iN (=) © is y) SX ea i> | i] & © g wt w w) 8 uw) © © © & & & ive] & 4 8 5 4 re o nm 8 + n oe oe | 2 oO bX o © H wH- iT) © ror) a rts) 8 ri > oO 8 & (es) ci ¢ 5 (Y) © o h 3 es & Q is} iv) 3 iy) wy x DI ie) uw) uy) its] © 5 & i iss bX 8 w ci a (oe) A (op) Tp) ei © a i (se) a Si 2 © ei Ss iy] © o ° (se) Te) (ce) (a) Te) (ee) ri ae) wo ct y) ei s o Oo el = Cs is} aN Qi 8 ise] oO 3 w + v g is) iT) » ) [) ss 60 ror) r=) Q i) s ive) iS °o ci q Su ie) oO S ei | oi < 2 rt o ri nN | a a a a & is) 0 o>) i) ros) oe) ) ro) a SS eee a cn a ge re Ww) uw) © - bX (oe) Oo So } eel ei Q ise) iy] bb u) © © bX La fo) o (cs) o (=) ei ro 8 st 0 & [o) o (=) Pad N ise) + w © i ie) 7) o ro ei rl a ei ei A ei ei Pa a a] Qi a nN a | N nN a © ) | Ht) bid Q ri (=>) in © s q et Oo ioe) © boi © ei fo) © © ) a ri (oe) © i (ee) o>) °o o ei Q ae) bs uy) uw) ie) X- © Oo & oS an is] © 3 wn) rei et ei ret ei ei a re ri aI ei a a ro | Q q a eee | eg ee ee eee ge ge a NE SS a a —_——= ——— rr el ri [oe] bu ei - iy] o © ise) Oo itp) a © uf) rm st f=] | iy] f=] © is Te) us) © S bX roe) ro) oO °o So el a a (>) Ht g ite) © o & i) () S et ei ed ei ei ei rt et ri a 4 i 4 ei a a ee | amuse, a a a SS a ee —— eee, SEN es ee 0 a iS | J ol © ei its) fo) itp) f=) i o ie) ie) je) bX S| Sa eo (op) (=?) foal ri aN ¢9 @ © 09 bi DJ Tp) iT) © © i X © (e's) Oo E S Ps Lz a — 2 pi = nea Gea CR aie crane erent bee io ee ei Gee ON oe ee ee ay ae SO BoP gee SS oie a eR aS Cee a5 bo @ A Py foe) ce] © nN © (ee) (=) a s © 00 ° a s © ° P| rl Se a ro) a a Oo rs) 0 9 i) ro) v So Ss t + ts) 8 % Ye) 8 8 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 39 BRERETON SOLID LOG TABLE—Continued ACTUAL CONTENTS OF LOGS OR ROUND TIMBERS IN BOARD FEET Average Diameter in Inches Pape 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | ee Fe a Nee eee | 303 4 339 | 378 | 419 | 462 507 | 554 cal 655 708 | 763 chs rey Pea | 340 382 | 425 | 471 | 520 | 570 | 623 679 | 736 | 796 859 Wer eo es | 378 | 424 | 473 | 524 ) 577 | 634 | 692 754 | 818 885 954 22 AG ‘| 416 | 467 520 | 576 | 635 | 697 | 762 | 829 900 973 | 1050 as oe 454 | 509 567 628 693 | 700 | 831 | 905 982 | 1062 | 1145 bes. | KE Re | 492 | 551 | 614 | 681 | 750 824 900 | 980 | 1064 | 1150 | 1241 “Oe a | 530 594 | 662 | 733 | 808 | 887 | 969 | 1056 | 1145 | 1239 | 1336 ere aie | 567 n't si 785 | 866] 950 | 1039 | 1131 | 1227 | 1327 | 1431 | | eae “pas Be Vr 605 | 679 : 756 | 838 | 924 | 1014 : 1108 | 1206 | 1309 | 1416 ag OE Se 643 | 721 | af 890 981 1077 | 1177 | 1282 | 1391 | 1504 | 1622 ban : | RM J is ke ae | 681 | 763 | 851 942 | 1039 | 1140 | 1246 ) 1357 ) 1473 | 1593 | 1718 Se ee 719 | hal ve 995 | 1097 | 1204 | 1316 | 1433 | 1554 | 1681 | 1813 Sp ep | cUSS Ss Ge | 757 | 848 ae 1047 1155 | 1267 | 1385 : 15038 ) 1636 | 1770 | 1909 : ad ~_ eS Woe | aS, 932 | 1100 | 1212 | 1330 | 1454 : 1583 | 1718 | 1858 | 2004 eS Fa | 832 933 | 1040 1152 : 1270 | 1394 | 1523 | 1659 | 1800 | 1947 | 2099 bres | ~ en Oe | 870 | 975 1087 1204 me 1487 | 1593 | 1734 | 1882 | 2035 | 2195 | “eS oe | 908 1018 | 1134 1257 1388 | 1521 | 1662 | 1810 | 1964 | 2124 | 2290 | ee Fe : 964 | 1060 | 1181 | 1309 1443 | 1584 | 1731 1885 | 2045 | 2212 | 2386 | | = Si ae 984 | 1103 | 1229 1361 | 1501 | 1647 | ae 1960 | 2127 | 2301 | 2481 “a a | “4g 4 1276 | 1559 1711 | 1870 | 2036 | 2209 | 2389 | 2577 | : BR iets ain a | 1059 | -) 1323 | 1466 1616 | 1774 | 1939 | 2111 | 2291 | 2478 | 2672 = heehee ae | 1097 1230 1370 | 1518 | 1674 1837 | 2008 | 2187 | 2373 | 2566 | 2767 NO sega estat: | 1135 1272 1418 | 1571 | 1732 | 1901 2077 | 2262 2454 2655 | 2863 40 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE BRERETON SOLID LOG TABLE—Continued ACTUAL CONTENTS OF LOGS OR ROUND TIMBERS IN BOARD FEET Average Diameter in Inches Length In Feet za | a9 | oo | a | oa | a2 | a | a5 | a6 | ov | | mame feet oe Box : an sine wees T Ginko | 82@1 | ssl ! 942 : 1006 | 1072 | 1140 | 1211 | 1283 | 1357 | 1434 | 1512 | a: One | 924 | 991 | 1060 | 1132 | 1206 : 1283 | 1362 | 1443 | 1527 | 1613 | 1701 BO) ihsl as 1026 | 1101 1178 | 1956 | 1340 | 1426 | 1513 1604 1696 | 1792 | 1890 | | is TWAT) BO | 1129 | 1211 | 1296 | 1384 | 1474 1568 | 1665 | 1764 | 1866 | 1971 | 2079 | | | 24 ......| 1232 1321 | 1414 | 1510 | 1608 | 1711 | 1816 | 1924 | 2036 | 2150 | 2268 wl ye piles us une ¢ 264, sails | 1334 | 1431 | 1532 | 1635 | 1743 | 1853 | 1967 | 2085 | 2205 eet 2457 : rea Beh | 1437 | 1541 | 1649 | 1761 | 1877 | 1996 2118 | 2245 | 2375 | 2509 | 2646 : pea ae | sods | BOn ei hie | 1539 | 1651 | 1767 | ue 2011 | 2138 | 2270 | 2405 | 2545 | 2688 | 2835 ma pals Be aid 2 | 1642 | 1761 | 1885 | 2013 | 2145 | 2281 | 2421 | 2566 | 2714 | 2867 | 3024 4 ee We | 1745 | 1871 | 2003 | 2139 | 2279 | 2423 | 2572 | 2726 | 2884 | 3046 | 3213 | | BG. lend. | 1847 | 1982 | 2121 | 2264 | 2413 | 2566 | 2724 | 2886 | 3054 3226 | 3402 ) | oe, BB. Ad. | 1950 | 2092 | 2238 | 2390 | 2547 | 2708 | 2875 | 3047 | 3223 {| 3405 | 3591 pale y BO 6 ih a, 2053 | 2202 | 2356 | 2516 | 2681 | 2851 | 3026 | 3207 | 3393 | 3584 | 3780 : Ce Ae | 2155 | 2312 | 2474 | 2642 | 2815 | 2994 | 3178 | 3367 | 3563 | 3763 | 3969 BA Nk te | 2258 | 2422 | 2592 | 2767 | 2949 | 3136 | 3329 | 3528 | 3732 | 3942 | 4158 enn ae | 2360 | 2532 | 2710 | 2893 7 3083 | 3279 | 3480 | 3688 | 3902 | 4122 | 4347 a Sh | 2463 | 2642 | 9827 | 3019 | 3217 | 3421 | 3632 | 3848 | 4072 | 4301 , 4536 7 Ne | 2566 | 2752 | 2945 | 3145 | 3351 | 3564 | 3783 : 4009 | 4241 | 4480 | 4725 Lae ee Ae | 2668 | 2862 | 3063 | 3271 3485 3706 : 3934 4169 4411 4659 | 4915 RAS | 2771 | 2972 | 3181'| 3396 | 3619 | 3849 | 4086, | 4330 | 4580 | 4838 | 5104 | | BS sia tis | 2874 | 3082 | 3299 | 3522 | 3753 | 3991 | 4237 | 4490 | 4750 | 5018 | 5293 | | Be i aes, | 2976 ] 3193 | 3416 | 3648 | 3887 | 4134 | 4388 | 4650 | 4920 | 5197 | 5482 60. Lb | 3079 3303 | 3534 3774 | 4021 4277 | asd 4811 | 5089 5376 | 5671 41 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE BRERETON SOLID LOG TABLE—Continued ACTUAL CONTENTS OF LOGS OR ROUND TIMBERS IN BOARD PEET Average Diameter in Inches 2313 2216 | ..| 1593 | 1676 | | ; \ | | | | | | 3002 | 2723 2861 2513 | 2641 | ...| 2889 4222 4048 3878 3711 3388 | 3548 | 3233 7238 6940 | 3 6362 | 6648 6336 | 6627 | 6925 | 7229 7540 6051 5773 7518 | 7841 7202 6892 6589 6293 — | 6004 721 6535 | 6842 | 7157 | 7479 7807 | 8143 6235 8096 | 8445 7422 | 7756 7096 6777 6465 | 8746 803 7687 7349 7019 6696 8310 9048 8675 7603 | 7952 7261 6927 5941 5864 6161 6381 6074 5774 58 f ...| 5973 6601 42 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE TO COMPUTE CONTENTS OF A LOG, ROUND TAPERING TIMBEEB OR FRUSTUM OF A CONE To compute the board feet contents of a log, round tapering timber or frustum of a cone. Bule:: Add together squares of the diameters of the smaller and larger ends and product of the two diameters; multiply their sum respectively by .7854, and this product by length (height); then divide result by 12 and 3. 38" 4s/ Tnvches, y Ay Fy Diam Mean: Diarm. Diaz Example: : Find the board feet contents of a log 38 inches diameter at the small end, and 44 inches diameter at the large end, 40 feet in length. Process: (Small diam) 38 x 38 equals 1444 (Large diam) 44 x 44 equals 1936 (Both diam’s) 38 x 44 equals 1672 5052 Sum of diameters by 1854 20208 25260 40416 35364 3967.8408 Multiplied by 40 Divided by 12) 158713.6320 Divided by 3) 13226.1360 4408.7120 Board Feet, Contents The exact mean diameter of the log in the foregoing example is 41.1 inches, not 41 inches as would be generally supposed. The difference is due to the con- verging slant height of a tapering body which gives a very slight increase in mean diameter over the approximate diameter which is computed by adding the top and bottom diameter together and dividing by 2. When the diameter of a round timber is given or the mean diameter of a log is known the board feet contents can be obtained by referennce to the Actual Contents Table, or using the following rule. Bule: Multiply the square of the diameter by .7854, and the product by the length, then divide by 12. To com aie epoiiaane a of yourrdd as Example: Find the board measure contents of a round timber 20 inches diameter and 50 feet in length. Process: Z Square of diam. 20 x 20 equals 400. 400 multiplied by .7854 equals 314.16 314.16 multiplied by length 50 ft., equals 15708 15708 divided by 12 equals 1309, Board Feet. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 43 COMPUTING CONTENTS OF LOGS BY CIRCUMFERENCE When the mean circumference of a log’or round timber is known, the follow- ing rule gives the actual board measure contents. Rule: : Multiply the square of the circumference by twice the length and divide by 300. Example: Find the actual board measure contents of a log 60 inches mean circumference and 50 feet in length. Process = 60 x 60 equals 3600, the square of the circumference. 3600 x 100, (twice 50, the length,) equals 360,000. 360,000 divided by 300 equals 1200, the board measure contents. Note: The foregoing rule gives five feet more lumber in every thousand feet a log contains than if computed by the long and tedious rule of geometry and is suffi- ciently correct for all practical purposes. The circumference of a log orcircle multiplied by 0.31831 will give the diameter. The diameter multiplied by 3—1/7 or for greater ‘‘accuracy” by 3.1416 will give the circumference of a log or circle. HOW TO SAW TIMBERS Diagram [llustrating Correct Method of Making Two Timbers Out of a Log When it is necessary to make two sound timbers out of a large log, splitting through the heart should always be avoided, and if the following system is adopted better timbers will be produced, and the danger of exposing heart shakes will be greatly minimized. p d Presume it is necessary to make two 12x12 timbers out of a log 32 inches in diameter. Square up a 12x28% (the % inch allows for two cuts 4 inch Kerf), then cut the first timber, and if free from heart shakes, turn cant over and saw off 4 inches, and you will then have the second timber on the carriage. If after the first cut, shakey heart or other defects are exposed, without turning cant make another cut of 4 inches, which leaves a 12x12 on the carriage, and a glance will show whether it is suitable or not for required order. me ee ne ee eee LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE THE INSCRIBED SQUARE To find the diameter of a log to make a square timber, divide one side of square by .707, or for practical purposes add a cipher to one side of square and divide by 7. To find the largest size square timber that can be made out of a log, multiply diameter by 7 and divide by 10. Examples: What is the diameter of a log that will make a timber 21 inches square. Process: 21 10 7)210 30 inches, diameter. Answer. What size timber can be made out of a log 40 inches in diameter? 40 7 10) 280 28 inches square. TABLE SHOWING THE DIAMETER OF A LOG NECESSARY TO Answer. SQUARE TIMBER Diameter Size of of log.. Timber. SA Boye tater thirs. so.10: ssh ve RS che ee 10x19 UA ea a ee Rae Sy are, oa ae oS 11x11 hy oe a A We ee RR ars A 12x12 BUG: vocet, anesists ce Ba tie eee 13x13 QO is ek piste Be eee eee 14x14 SAAB AMD. LYRA DOLE ee 15x15 eh itl RY A wecek, og seteute We eee atin clin: +e teen ee 16x16 De etacssroctar Si Ute re uc ianlasieg ae 17x17 DVI pc Ras eh ar Say Se aeee aT at gee) ckeuc Ret Le 18x18 ie) ais eaten, Sete ear Shaped Ra eS St ae 19x19 DOR: )\" Dattanah Suter RELY Goh BE ace Deg teh ce See 20x20 yp aie ere ne evs Suape a RUMtthe ORE RENE? eas 21x21 a a A eo a a Rath HR OE 22x22 3; RDS Seip ea S) Ren ecaa SPR G sie cB 23x23 MAKE A Diameter Size of of log. Timber OA te eer, > soko be ee 24x24 OD UG PermPe eet) eo [as aha eae 25x25 BT SP peewee ae eh. 6 cree whale eee ee 26x26 SRO EES 6 RRM ARR ee one aneeey 27x27 40) oP ROE le Sa 28x28 AT UES EIS OD. ES ee 29x29 BOY OES ds sik a i OR ee 30x30 BA iii. 5 eMilie ce cow els optta Sree cps hat eh eee RRA 31x31 AD Voy Ts is eye « pieelh sap temeteeeae oe es 32x32 MYT AES. Fe erie. aries eyexd Ss SRST ohett ee eRe 33x33 DB ul Mone Sb fare 6 haben eeED Ee Ghee ee 34x34 OIG ares — stave lank 0 Sea aisighitp « cite we 35x35 50% ph epvet is Bic anie Sfeea Sire > 86x36 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 45 KNOTS AND HOW THEY ARE CLASSIFIED DOUGLAS FIR A Pin Knot does not exceed half inch in diameter. across the face being considered the diameter: 0% ‘Re Average measurement lengthwise “direction. its are i same, and mean that the knot is sawn in a soso ay cy aris Sn RES aaa ta SPA tas eared knowledge of knots is essentially of the utmost importance when ste ages eras. arom the heart in the same direction as the spokes do from The above illustration shows a 6 x 12 that has been sawn through the heart, the knots shown are classified as spike or slash. Z The majority of knots are black at outside point, and encased about one-third the distance from outside point to the heart center. 1 2 The encased knots that penetrate lumber of one inch in thickness are liable to come out when seasoned and then surfaced; the damage is mostly caused by the force of the knife striking and loosening some of the knots as the board passes through the planer. In lumber two inches and over in thickness, and of number 1 and 2 Merchantable grade, it is only in very rare instances that the knots come out. Special attention should be paid to the grain surrounding the knots, and the direction it takes, as this indicates more than anything else the strength of the piece. THE DOYLE RULE The Doyle Rule is variously known as the Connecticut River Rule, the St. Croix Rule, the Thurber Rule, the Moore and Beeman Rule, and the Scribner Rule—the last name due to the fact that it is now printed in Scribner’s Lumber and Log Book. It is used throughout the entire country, and is more widely employed than any other rule. It is constructed by deducting 4 inches from the small diameter of the log as an allowance for slab, squaring one-quarter of the remainder, and multiplying the result by the length of the log in feet. The important feature of the formula is that the width of slab is always uniform, regardless of the size of the log. This waste allowance is altogether too small for large logs and is excessive for small ones. The principal is mathe- matically incorrect, for the product of perfect logs of different sizes follows an entirely different mathematical law, and it is, therefore, astonishing that this incorrect rule, which gives wrong results for both large and small logs, should have so general a use. ; Where the loss by defects in the timber and waste in milling have accidentally about balanced the inaccuracies of the rule, fairly accurate results have been obtained. Frequently, however, mill men recognize the shortcomings of the rule and make corrections to meet their special requirements. In general, the mill cut overruns the Doyle log scale by about 25 per cent. for 'short logs 12 to 20 inches sn diameter; and for long logs with a small top diameter the overrun is very much higher. E 46. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE DESCRIPTION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA LOG SCALE AS AUTHORIZED BY THE BRITISH COLUMBIA GOVERNMENT Deduct one and a half inches from the mean’ diameter in inches at the small end of the log. Square the result and multiply by .7854 to find area. Deduct three elevenths. Divide by 12 to bring to board measure and multiply by the length of the log in feet. The above is intended to apply to all logs whose length is not greater than 40 feet. It is further provided that in cases of. logs over 40 feet in length an allow- ance on half the length 'of the log is made, in order to compensate for the increase in diameter; this allowance consists of an increase in the mean diameter at the small end of one inch for each additional 10 feet in length over 40 feet. In other words, in cases of logs from 42 to 50 feet long the contents of half the length of the log are to be computed according to the mean diameter at the small] end, the contents of the other half of the log according to a diameter one inch greater than the mean diameter at the small end; in cases of logs from 52 to 60 feet long, the contents of half the log according to the mean diameter at the small end, and those of the other half according to a diameter two inches greater than the mean at the small end, and so on; the contents of the second half to be computed according to a diameter one inch greater than that of the mean at the small end for each additional .10 feet in length after 40 feet. It was not, however, considered necessary to extend the table for a length of log greater than 4) feet, as the contents of such a log of given diameter may be obtained with sufficient accuracy by adding the tabular contents of half the length of the log at the given diameter to the tabular contents of a similar log at a diameter increased one inch for each additional 10 feet in length beyond 40 feet. AS PROVIDED UNDER SECTION 6 OF THE “ROYALTY ACT.” Cedar No. 1.—Logs 16 feet and over in length, 20 inches and over in diameter, that will cut out 50 per cent. or over of their scaled contents in clear inch lumber: Provided that in cases of split timber the foregoing diameter shal] not apply as the minimum -diameter for this grade. No. 2.—Shingle grade. Logs not less than 16 inches in diameter and not less than 16 feet in length that are better than No. 3 grade, but not grade No. 1. No. 3.—Rough logs or tops suitable only for shiplap or dimension. Culls.—Logs lower in grade than No. 3 ‘shall be classed as culls. Douglas Fir No. 1.—Logs suitable for flooring, reasonably straight, not less than 20 feet long, not less than 30 inches in diameter, clear, free from such defects as would impair the value for clear lumber. No. 2.—Logs not less than 14 inches in diameter, not over 24 feet long or not less than 12 inches in diameter, and over 24 feet, sound, reasonably straight, free from rotten knots or bunch-knots, and the grain straight enough to ensure strength. : No. 3.—Logs having visible defects, such as bad crooks, bad knots, or other defects that would impair the value and lower the grade of lumber below merchantable. Culls.—Logs lower in grade than No. 3 will be classed as culls. Spruce, Pine, and Cottonwood No. 1.—Logs 12 feet and over in length, 30 inches in diameter and over up to 32 feet long, 24 inches if over 32 feet long, reasonably straight, clear, free from such defects as would impair the value of clear lumber. No. 2.—Logs not less than 14 inches in diameter and not over 24 feet, or not less than 12 inches in diameter and over 24 feet long, sound, reasonably straight, free from rotten knots or bunch-knots, and the grain straight enough to ensure strength. ; Np.. 3.—Logs having visible defects, such as bad crooks, bad knots, or other defects that would lower the grade of lumber below merchantable. ‘Culls.—Logs lower in grade than No. 3 will be classed as culls. - Diameter measurements, wherever referred to in this Schedule, shall be taken at the small end of the log. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 47 BRITISH COLUMBIA LOG TABLE CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET . | Diameter in Inches Length | | | | fo ae In Ft. 11 12 13 14. 15 16 Lé 18 a9 | 20 | | | | Perak s is0's; wpimagie: aed +), : 43 | 52 63 74 87 100 | 114 | 130 | 146 | 163 a ee 52 63 76 89 104 120 137 156 | 175 195 ee: Bere L, GO 73 88 104 121 140 160 181 204 | 228 MO oe & peut Kih seg | 69 | 84 | 101 119 139 160 183 207 233 | 261 =: ee ee 77 | 94 113 134 156 180 206 233 262 : 293 eee Bee 86 | 105 | 126 149 174 200. 229 259 292 326 Mire «5 ee ~ ee =) 8 o 6 6 8 (= Jaa > es > eet =| 3 o 6 6 = [=] ri 0 a at & OS of Aa Oo rm & oOo © Oo iT) omoo wt qd nwonoo© © © KR BF BF OO o 0D HDA O ° ° 0 ~ + Of @ g - YH vw Bs fxHkt> + oe Be YH FH Ot HF OO HF FH OC Hf el oon tf B& a 0 © Oo O0© OH Ft OO HON HT B a 0 oOo 6&6 © aawoo oo +qddédnpwHb HH © © © OO KK BF BR 8 oo on i a ») © n Ort O nwt be OO HR OM HOH O OH o oA ri Oo no & 3 a ft & OO ri ¥ ononrtwgoehoon’dwiiwnoR © A Py © 0 A aagwWwonoaonm#nooa w# ¢~ Rte Fs ie | 1026 | 1129 1269 | 1363 | 1547 | 1687 | 1847 | 1966 2055 | 2217 “Fee PE en ae omen | 1064 | 1170 | 1316 | 1414 | 1604 | 1750 | 1915 2038 2131 | 2299 "eG Sein ae | 1102 ] 1212 | 1363 | 1464 | 1662 | 1812 | 1984 | 2111 | 2207 2381 oe ree eal iene | 1140 | 1254 | 1410 | 1515 | 1719 1875 2052 | 2184 | 2283 | 2463 RA Re ee 1178 | 1296 | 1457 | 1565 1776 | 1937 | 2120 | 2257 2359 | 2545 "ears EO | 1216 | 1338 | 1504 | 1616 | 1834 | 2000 | 2189 | 2330 | 2435 : 2627 CS eee SRA ese | 1254 | 1379 | 1551 | 1666 1891 | 2062 | 2257 | 2402 | 2511 | 2709 RES Appa Feet | 1292 | 1421 | 1598 | 1717 1948 | 2125 2326 -| 2475 | 2587 | 2791 MO! afte fe os ae ae | 1330 | 1463 | 1645 | 1767 | 2005 | 2187 2394 | 2548 | 2663 | 2873 52 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE SCRIBNER LOG TABLE—Continued CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET Diameter in Inches Length } In Ft. ‘Pia | 32 | 33 | g4°}° 35'|.” 36 | 37 | 38| 39 | 40 | ean Ri seake anes 888 | 920 | 980 . 1204 | 1267 | 1416 | | gery ee oe | 977 | 1012 | 1078 | 1100 | | 1655 Fl Me acl | 1066 | 1104 | 1176 | 1200 | 1314 | 1382 | 1544 | 1806 Gin cate Rt Sd 1154 | 1196 | 1274 | 1300 | 1428 | 1498 | 1673 1956 aes, Po, Maer | 1243 | 1288 1372 | 1400 | 1533 | 1613 | 1802 | 2107 Ee Modes i 1332 | 1380 1470 | 1500 | 1642 | 1728 | 1930 2957 re) ae ean | 1421 | 1472 | 1568 ) 1600 | 1752 | 1843 2059 2408 FY a Gods Bx seat te 1510 | 1564 | 1666 | 1700 | 1861 | 1958 | 2188 | a558 SS phigmeat Gti eal. | 1598 | 1656 | ‘1764 | 1800 | 1971 | 2074 | 2317 | 2709 Fa hata Malad ah | 1687 | 1748 | 1862 | 1900 | 2080 | 2189 2445 2859 PY aaah Mh ligt | 1776 | 1840 | 1960 | 2000 | 2190 | 2304 | 2574 3010 ae S| Pe ee | 1865 | isaff mage 2100 | 2299 | 2419 | 2703 3160 Paes Nauade pe | 1954 | 2024 | 2156 | 2200 | 2409 | 2534 | 2831 3311 Ev dana Oi Ge Bi | 2042 | 2116 | 2254 | 2300 | 2518 | 2650 | 2960 3461 Picea Mba oe Ci | 2131 | 2208 2352 | 2400 aeas | 2765 | 3089 3612 ef ine eva Att { 2220 | 2300 2450 | 2500 | 2737 2880 3217 3762 heal Me gusinip toe | 2309 | 2392 neas et 600 | 2847 | e905 | saa6 3913 Ss: putt Labeda ics | 2398 | bast 2646 | 2700 | 2956 | s110 3475 | 3604 | 3780 | 4063 gail Saal Ph | bast) 2576 | 2744 lo eo | s06e | sage | seo4 | 57se | sono | 4an4 aa ae eee | 2575 | 2668 | 2842 | as00 | 3175 | 3841 | s7s2 | se71 | 4060 | 4364 ONT ee ess | 2664 | 2760 | 2940 | 3000 | 3285 | 3456 | 3861 | 4005 | 4200 | 4515 ene Uae eee | 2753 | 2852 | 3038 | s100 | 394 | 3571 | 3990 4138 | 4340 | 4665 Pa nah | 2842 | 2944 | 3136 | 3200 | 3504 | 3686 | 4118 | 4272 | 4480 | 4816 | | | (2) SEPA re | 2930 | 3036 | 3234 3300 | 3613 | 3802 | 4247 | 4405 | 4620 | 4966 See ih ose rade nie 3019 | 3128 | 3332 | 3400 | 3723 | 3917 | 4376 | 4538 | 4760 | 5117 | 70 See Aik. ats 3108 | 3220 | 3430 | 3500 | 3832 | 4032 | 4504 | 4672 | 4900 | 5267 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 53 SCRIBNER LOG TABLE—Continued CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET Diameter in Inches Length | In Ft. : 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 7| 48 | 4s | : : . | meee. 2 OSes | 1590 | 1679 | 1745 | 1850 | 1898 | 1983 2070 | 2160 | 2246 | 2340 Sete. 5. t002.... | 1749 | 1847 | 1919 | 2035 | 2088 | 2181 2277 2376 | 2471 | 2574 ~] © © SO pet aes ee ee ee ees 3 a a ia < tt 0 og G6 =o te aat “Ss w co rd Sl &X [=] i) © o N Sb uN -6: ~o “wo Oo '0 ot “6 "+o “ee “> aS gag 9 age A, a © ° a © tH i 0 - © ° © a <¢ - o — ah a oe g Ps or So O77 S32 <6 eh Oe eee 4e° 55 ee oe eS ee ee EE ee. eee ao a a aa oOo o + ¢ t+ © co a © oo oo a © 3 ese a a les ei pe a ae ee ee ee ee ees ee ees SS ee o nm ao o a + 3 0 -0 rs) 09 6 N ice] oS vt o Si is) N ice} + © st wy ~ 0 (=) ri a st w - ei Qn a is] i] is] isa] 09 is) 03 0 ise] 8 8 wv i a ee eee 2 See eee a er re ee ee ee ee ° a st © ioe) © i] tH uw © an o rei N © a sco] | ad o o i=] S a g uw) Q Nn N N MN is) @ N Nn 0 ise) © Las] is] i ee, Cee ee a a a st sp} N N N Nn N rei o ioe) | o op) ° ei Q © t A uw) © NS 8 qo ret oi Ql a) ro) nN a na i) Nn a Nn a a a ee ee ee x ..-S” ln cer ——— re a a ee) ; \ i .! © 0 o N © {e) f=] ON © o o &8 So ay 2 ae 8S SS SB ak & B 3 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 56 ° o 0 o a ee o ; E ee ee ee ae ee ee ee ee iS o ° ei a © i) ¢ no ro) ro) a a : . . ei rd r ei et i ri ri et pee] pa ei a a I : . . ——-— ee ee ers ee eer ee et ee en re ne nt Cn ray a 9 19 rt © ° o ¢ © © a ° © a a os o pat o ao g: Bog RS gape Se ege ge eB Boe. BE ge. Be ag ec ei we we tn | [on | (| Ls | [| re re a] re a a aN ts | 0 o ro] a aa rT) o © ° a a i) © 0 © ro) ° a a aq wo 4 rt oO h a o o 2 2 eee o:.8. 2: of: 8. Be gee 8 Bs ee ee S et ie on) ei ri Lo | ln re (an | ret ei Co | ri ci Ls | ts | > fw ad © + a) © o B.: Sie a bh o.6hlU o e.. @: 8 o wt © a a o o Ba S. 8° 8: 2S Phe Be. 8b ee Bee eo Ra ee ~ fil “4 Cn | ce et rei ei et et [oe | re re | ei rei ei ri ° o © (>) ° a! a Qa Te) © © (s) © =) ei a J i of! ot © © fee) ° (>) 8 a re) a = i re) oO » g | A Ber Po of OB Re Oe a a ae i. GO Bice: epee g ri et ri a | ea et et rt et rei ei tn | ei Ln yA! g re a w re by A ° © ov co ° © a i) st ce) 3 ° © wu ee] s ] o ri bX ms | ® S 8 e 8 € @ Be BB ees Se as @ 2 & 8 8 qt q ri qi ei ei ri a ri rt re q qd ri ri — n wt me a i re Fr en re rare Per ee i re ec a ce te ca te weg we ee ee ee ee i ee ee ee ee eee et 6o | A a a o9 n © © $9 ° st Sy st i) i) 8 st © 2 00 8 ° Sy i) o et o eso ae Oo go ge g? S's? EA~Tg Bo a" ss g> a+ oo 8+ Be fe 8° S$? at 3 Oo | ei ri ei a ei ri al ei ei ri ei i Py Se ie ee ad ee, i ee ce a ne ee ee ee a er ee ee, ee Otte ce een en ef ee ro) he co 9 ° be bd a] (oe) 0 © a © Wd ° © dH =} &% o AY io) th ee 9s eo Boge gage SoBe Bx ge ge fo g° oo 8s aS ee a ee Zz a el ei | et et red ei ri el — i a | Sei ee SS ee ee ea eee ae oe ee ee eee ee Q a el tH © o a o | dH (oe) ° a o ° dH Te) ei a iio) ° Bi a < OS StSa har ee a o aA Sa Re Bo 4-8 C2 8+ &* 8* © 0 EB 8 Du et w » i © 8 i b (a) re 0 ro) a ° ° rt vi ma a a < & ey a a ed er crepes te ste ce ea ce i en ptt ce er — me ee te cr ee tr ct ot ee ee —— cq ne) © rp) (se) a o o oH a ° ° 0 © ei d Pal ° $9 © 7 a Ay a =) Bi co © 8 63 > ri 0) 2) © st a oa > qt ba wm 03 A) a ¢ CS a ee ee ee age aoe, eg ess 8 ee a a en I en ca ce a a Rg a a Pe eee one hoe Gee = v r| : Ete ; q © (oe) =) H © fe) o o © [+e] ArH 4 a q RY a a rs] & 8 o 8 9 g $ t SS Es re) 8 iS a) wn 8 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE SPAULDING LOG TABLE—Continued CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET | Diameter in Inches Tength | | 31 | 32 33 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 : | ! | ' | | | \ | gy eee i | 701 | 748 | 796 | 845 | 897 | 950 1006 | 1064 } 1124 | 1185 18 nO Bnicietacpees 789 | 841 | 895 | 951 | 1009 | 1069 1132 | 1197 | 1264 | 1333 Se PN ....-| 876 | 935 | 995 | 1056 | 1121 | 1188 | 1258 | 1330 | 1405 | 1481 BR tae Note ia te | 964 | 1028 1094 | 1162 1233 1307 | 1384 | 1463 | 1545 | 1629 - SS aan ie | 1052 | 1122 1194 1268 | 1346 | 1426 t 1510 | 1596 | 1686 | 1778 MESS eee tae | 1139 | 1214 | 1292 | I372 | 1458 | 1544 | 1634 | 1728 | 1826 | 1926 “ee Receee te ! 1226 | 1308 ' 1392 1478 | 1570 | 1662 1760 | 1862 | 1966 | 2074 Se oR Rr 1314 1402 | 1492 1584 1682 | 1782 | 1886 | 1994 | 2106 | 2222 SR a | 1402 | 1496 | 1592 | 1690 | 1794 | 1900 | 2012 | 2128 | 2248 | 2370 NRE cope hee Ona ! 1490 | 1588 1690 1796 | 1906 | 2020 , aise | 2261 | 2388 | 2518 "ee renee tae | and 1682 | 1790 1902 | 2018 | 2138 tg 2264 | 2394 | 2528 | 2666 EE Acar as dus’s ; 1664 | 1776 | 1890 | 2006 | 2130 | 2256 | 2390 | 2526 | 2668 | 2814 eh Pe ie 1752 1870 1990 2112 | 2242 2376 | 2516 2660 | 2810 2962 a, eee ae | 1840 | 1963 | seed 2218 | 2354 | 2495 | 2642 | 2793 | 2950 | 3110 ee eee ae | 1928 | 2056 | 2188 | 2324 | 2466 1 2614 | 2768 | 2926 | 3090 | 3258 a Bee | 2016 | 2150 | 2288 | 2430 2579 | 2732 | 2894 | 3059 | 3230 | 3407 2 ORES APR ae | 2104 | 2244 | 2388 | 2536 | 2692 | 2852 | 3020 | 3192 | 3372 | 3556 Bieta siet.'./4- 5: 2190 2337 | 2486 2640 | 2804 2970 3144 oa 3512 ) 3704 | Diameter in Inches Length ' 41 42 43 44 45 | 4 : 47} 48 | 49) 50 In Ft. | | WG Sietia. sates . a 1248 | 1312 | 1377 1448 | 1512 1581 | 1652 | 1724 | 1797 1872 oe ere eee | 1404 | 1476 | 1549 | 1629 1701 [tage 1858 | 1939 | 2022 | 2106 WO a pthae i athasti | 1560 | 1640 | 1721|| 1810 | 1890 | 1976 | 2065 | 2155 | 2246 | 2340 - — IRE eg Re 1716 | 1804 1893 1991 2079 2174 2271 | 2370 | 2470 | 2574 ae AA ETE Leek 1872 | 1968 | 2066 | 2172 | 2268 | 2372 | 2478 | 2586 2696 | 2808 Ad teh apy dale. oh | 2028 | 2132 2238 | 2352 | 2456 2568 | 2684 | 2800 2920 3044 Pt et BO 2 2184 | 2296 2410 ! 2534 | 2646 | 2766 | 2890 | 3016 | 3144 | 3276 ee 2340 | 2460 2582 | 2714 2834 | 2964 3096 | 3232 } 3370 | 3510 oo ORR SE TEL | 2496 | 2624 | 2754 | 2896 3024 3162 | 3304 3448 | 3594 | 3744 Ba ie Se | 2652 | 2788 | 2926 | 3076 | 3212 3360 | 3510 | 3663 | 3819 | 3978 eo he moka Se | 2808 | 2952 | 3098 : 3258 | 3402 | 35 sat 3716 | 3879 | 4043 | 4212 Ee iy mruia.o Siete aes | 2964 | 3116 3270 3439 | 3590 3755 | 3923 4094 4268 | 4446 MEAT 2 215 a eee | 3120 | 3280 | 3442 | 3620 | 3780 | 3952 4130 | 4310 | 4492 | 4680 58 LUMBERMAN'S AND, LOGGER’S GUIDE ‘SPAULDING LOG TABLE—Continued CONTENTS OF LOGS IN BOARD FEET Diameter in Inches Tee. 3 | 51 | eee) jee) el ae | ie | | | , | : ian i | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 ADAP eons Tee 1GGeL. | KONE | Ve 1948 | 2025 | 2104 | 2184 | 2266 | 2350 | 2436 | 2524 | 2613 | 2704 Neg ove em YT) | TBROL | HAGE | Me | by 2278 2367 | 2457 | 2550 | 2644 2740 | 2839 | 2940 | 3042 ey a | : fi | | | | 2GRhE 1 BROS) OP | 2435 | 2531 [ 2630 | 2730 2833 | 2938 3045 | 3155 | 3266 | 3380 me ba ae a a Vee Pe ta saa Beacon Mi | 2678 H 2784 | 2893 | 3003 3116 ig 3349 3470 | 3592 3718 | | | ; | vi | | BELCS | BAUS: \ FF 2922 | 3038 | 3156 | 3276 | 3400 |! 3526 3654 3786 3920 4056 pee and ng Bo hg I ae 26° 8S) | Boom 7" 2164 | 3290 | 3418 | 3548 3682 3818 | 3958 | 4100 | 4246 | 4394 | | | | | | 28 Mad Waite Se | 3408 | 3544 | 3682 | 3822 ! 3966 : 4112 | 4262 | 4416 | 4572 | 4732 Oe ene ae ale eee Fo dt Neda fag 3652 | 3796 | 3944 : 4094 | 4250 | 4406 4566 | 4732 | 4900 | 5070 | | | | | | | | | lied arte sh Atl 3896 4050 4203 4368 | 4532 ! 4700 | 4872 5048 | 5226 | 5408 SCALING AND GRADING RULES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER LOG SCALING AND GRADING BUREAU No. 1 Logs shall be 30 inches and over in diameter inside the bark at the small end and not less than 16 or more than 40 feet in length, and shall, in the judgment .of the scaler, be practically suitable for the manufacture of upper grates of lumber. No. 2 Logs shall be 16 inches and over in diameter inside the bark at the small end and not less than 16 or more than 40 feet in length, and shall, in the judgment of the scaler, be practically suitable for the manufacture of merchantible lumber. No. 3 Logs shall be 12 inches and over in diameter inside the bark at the small end and not less than 16 or more than 40 feet in length, and shall, in the judgment of the scaler, be practically suitable for the manufacture of inferior grades of lumber. Cull Logs shall be any logs which in, the judgment of the scaler are not practically suitable for manufacture. All logs to be scaled by the Spaulding Rule, THE SPAULDING RULE The Spaulding is the statute rule of California, adopted by an act of the legislature in 1878. It is used also in Oregon, Washington, Utah, and Nevada. It was computed from carefully drawn diagram's of logs from 10 to 96 inches in diameter at the small end. Mill men seem to be well satisfied with its results. It is very similar to the Scribner Rule. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 59 — Ae eS Lem ean ee ar ee THE INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM SYNOPSIS OF THE SYSTEM The fundamental unit of the metric system is the Meter—the unit of length. From this the units of capacity (Liter) and of weight (Gram). were derived. Al}I other units are the decimal sub-divisions or multiples of these. These three units are simply related; e. g., for all practical purposes one Cubic Decimeter equals one Liter and one Liter of water weighs one Kilogram. The metrie tables are formed by combining the words ‘Meter,’ “Gram,” and ‘Liter’ with the six numerical prefixes, as in the following tables: - PREFIXES MEANING UNITS milli- == one thousandth 1/1000 .001 centi- = one hundredth 1/100 .01 “meter” for length deci- == one tenth 1/10 xk ; Unit =—= one 1 “sram” for weight or mass deka- == ten 10/1 LOe 5 hecto- == one hundred 100/1 100 ‘liter’ for capacity kilo- == one thousand 1000/1 1009 UNITS OF LENGTH milli-meter — .001 meter centi-meter — .O1 meter deci-meter — .1 # £4meter al METER — HE meter deka-meter == 10 . meter a : hecto-meter = 100 | meter kilo-meter — 1000 meter Where miles are used in England and the United States for measuring distances, the kilometer (1,000 meters) is used in metric countries. The kilometer is about 5 furlongs. There are about 1,600 meters in a statute mile, 20 meters in a chain, and 5 meters in a rod. The meter is used for dry goods, merchandise, engineering construction, build- ing, and other purposes where the yard and foot are used. The meter is about a tenth longer than the yard. The centimeter and millimeter are used instead of the inch and its fractions in machine construction and similar work. The centimeter, as its name shows, is the hundredth of a meter. It is used in cabinet work, in expressing sizes of paper, books, and many cases where the inch is used. The centimeter is about two-fifths of an inch and the millimeter about one twenty-fifth of an inch. The millimeter is divided for finer work into tenths, hundredths, and thou'sandths. If a number of distances in millimeters, meters, and kilometers are to be added, reduction is’ unnecessary. They are added as dollars, dimes, and cents are now added: .For example, “1,050.25 meters” is not read ‘1 kilometer, 5 dekameters, 2 decimeters, and 5 centimeters,’’ but ‘“‘one thousand and fifty meters, twenty-five centimeters,’ just as ‘$1,050.25” is read “one thousand and fifty dollars and twenty-five cents.” 60 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE Peete dom seal obec) olsen ade «| Jul paki Open genes By eahigin v5 eaohigl tri gnldons ot 0 aan 8) 1 2 3 4 in. | caida cal tu gerne i ‘télahlas(iih ena Fia. 1. COMPARISON SCALE: 10 CENTIMETERS AND 4 INCHES. (ACTUAL SIZE.) ABEA . The table of areas is formed by squaring the length measures, as in our common system. For land measure 10 meters ‘square is called an “Are” (meaning “area’”’.) The side of one are is about 33 feet. The Hectare is 100 meters square, and, as its name indicates, is 100 areas, or about 2% acres. An acre is about 0.4 hectare. A standard United States quarter section contains almost exactly 64 hectares. A square kilometer contains 100 hectares. For smaller measures of surface the square meter is used. The square meter is about 20 per cent larger than the square yard. For still smaller surfaces the square centimeter is used. A square inch contains about 6% square centimeters, VOLUME The cubic measures are the cubes of the linear units. The cubic meter (sometimes called the stere, meaning ‘“‘solid’) is the unit of volume. A cubic meter of water weighs a metric ton and is equal to 1 kiloliter. The cubic meter is used in place of the cubic yard and is about 30 per cent larger. This is used for “cuts and fills’ in grading land, measuring timber, expressing contents of tanks and reservoirs, flow of rivers, dimensions of stone, tonnage of ships, and other places where the cubic yard and foot are used. The thousandth part of the cubic meter (1 cubic decimeter) is called the Liter. For very small volumes the cubic centimeter (cc or cm3) is used. This volume of water weighs a gram, which is the unit of weight or mass. There are about 16 cubic centimeters in a cubic inch. The cubic centimeter is the unit of volume used by chemists as well as in pharmacy, medicine, surgery, and other technical work. One thousand cubic centimeters make 1 liter. LUMBERMAN’S. AND LOGGER’S GUIDE UNITS OF CAPACITY milli-liter = .001 liter centi-liter — _.01. liter _ deci-liter — .1 liter LITER —. /gdpa-euliter deka-liter == 10 iiter hecto-liter — 100 liter kilo-liter — 1000 liter ONE CUBIC DECIMETER ~ ONE LITER UNIT OF CAPACITY ONE KILOGRAM OF WATER Fia. 2, CuBic DECIMETER. (ACTUAL SIZE.) The hectoliter (100 liters) serves the same purposes as the United States bushel (2,150.42 cubic inches), and is equal to about 3 bushels, or a barrel. peck is about 9 liters. The liter is used for measurements commonly given in the gallon, the liquid and dry quarts, a liter being 5 per cent larger than our liquid quart and 10 per cent smaller than the dry quart. A liter of water weighs exactly a kilogram, i. e., 1,000 grams. 12, Short Tons. -822857 Avoirdupois. Pounds. oooorH . 20462 Avoirdupois Pounds. UNITED STATES 1 Avoirdupois Pound Equals ~21528 Troy. Pounds: -45359 Kilograms. .0005 © Short Tons?’ .00044643 Long Tons. WUE Oe ae ODS a Short Ton Equals 2430.56 Troy Pounds. 2000 Avoirdupois Pounds, 907.18 Kilograms. 0.89287 Long Tons. — 0.90715 ieee mors] ie Ss 1 Metric Ton Equals 2679.23 Troy Pounds. 2204.62 Avoirdupois Pounds. 1900 Kilograms. *1.10231° Short Tons. 1.01605 Metric Tons. 0.98421 Long Tons. ‘Note: A cubic meter of water weighs a metric ton and is equal to one kiloliter. The cubic meter is used in the place of the cubic yard and is about 30 per cent larger. THE METRIC UNIT OF LUMBER MEASURE The unit of lumber measure is called the Stere, and-is equal to the cubic meter. 1 Stere (cubic meter) equals 35.314 Cubic Feet 1 Cubic foot equals 0:028317 Cubic Steres 1 Stere equals 0.2759 Cords ; 1 Cord (128 cubic feet) equals 3.624 Steres The term Stere is from’ the Greek stereos, meaning solid. WEIGHT One Stere or cubic meter of Green Douglas Fir contains 423.7734 Board Feet and weighs approximately 1413 pounds or 636 kilograms: 1 Metric Ton equals 0.984206 Long. Tons 1 Metric Ton equals 1.102311 Short Tons 1 Metric Ton equals 1000. Kilograms- 1 Metric Ton equals 2204.62234 Pounds 1000 Board Feet Green Douglas Fir weighs 3333 Pounds 1000 Board Feet Green Douglas Fir weigh's 1512 Kilograms METHOD USED FOR COMPUTING APPROXIMATE. WEIGHT OF FOREIGN “EXPORT CARGO SHIPMENTS OF DOUGLAS FIR 1000 Board Feet weighs 1% Long Tons 1000 Board Feet weighs 1% Metric Tons 1 Board. Foot weighs 1% Kilograms One St. Petersburg Standard of 165 cubic feet (1980 board feet) weighs 6593 pounds or 2970 kilograms. . i LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 65 HOW TO CUT METRIC LENGTHS Orders from France and Belgium usually call for lengths of lumber to be eut to the metric foot, which represents the third part of a meter. The required length is equivalent to 13% inches. The thickness and width usually correspond to English measure. French orders contain large amounts of 3x9 of number 1 and 2 Clear grade. HOW TO FIGURE METRIC ORDERS To convert Metric to English lengths, multiply by 35 and divide "= 32, or to the Metric Feet add one-twelfth and one-eighth of one-twelfth. How many feet, Board Measure, are contained in the following iterms of 3x9 eut to Metric Feet? Process: eae es Pes. Size Met. Ft. Extensions 60 3x9 12 720 114 3x9 14 1,596 112 3x9 16 1,792 40 3x9 18 720 60 3x9 20°. 1,200 386 6,028 Metric Lineal Feet , 592.33 62.79 6,593.12 English Lineal Feet. % 13,186.24 1,648.28 14,834.52 Feet Board Measure. The addition of the extensions shows the number of Metric Lineal Feet, the line below shows that amount divided by 12. and this in turn is divided by 8. The total thus obtained shows the English Lineal Feet. This is brought to Board Measure in the usual way by multiplying by 2%. 66 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE TO COMPUTE METRIC DRAFT French and a number of foreign ships use the metric system, and the draft is painted on the forward and after end of vessel in meters and twentieth parts of a meter, as follows: The height of figures and distance between figures is uniform, i. e.: each figure is one-tenth of a meter (3.937. inches) in height, and the blank distance between’ figures is also one-tenth of a meter. Each advancing meter is indicated by the letter ‘‘M’’ to the right of the numeral. For example: Presume the draft water line is at the bottom of 60, and the first figure representing the meters above the water line is 4M, the draft would be 3.60 meters If the water line was level with the top of the figure 60, the draft would then be 3.70 meters or 12.139 feet eer ft. 1% faa or 11.811 feet (11 ft. 9% in.)y. TO CONVERT METRIC TO ENGLISH DRAFT Bule: Example: - To convert the metric draft to English ee)" multiply the meters by 3. 281. ‘Find the number of English Feet when the draft is 7.20 meters? Operation: 7.20 X 3.281 equals 23.6232 feet (23 ft. 74% in.) and dividing by 32 gives the same result. TO CONVERT ENGLISH TO METRIC DRAFT Bule: To convert English to Metric draft, multiply the Beet by 3.048. Example: Find the mer of Meters, when the English draft in feet is 23 ft. 1% inches (23.6232 feet). Operation: 23.6232 X 3.048 equals 7.20035136 Meters. The same state wk is obtained By sas Aang the English Feet by 32 and dividing by 105. Example: Find the numbers of meters, where the English draft is 21 feet. Operation: Multiplying the meters by 105 21 multiplied by 32. equals.672; 672 dividea by 105 equals 6.40 meters. USEFUL TABLES FOR CONVERTING DRAFT EQUIVALENTS OF DECIMAL AND BINARY FRACTIONS OF AN INCH IN MILLIMETERS Fractions ofan Inch. 1/64 1/32 equals 25.4001 2 equals - 50.8001 3 equals 76.2002 4 equals 101.6002 5 equals 127.0003 6 equals 152.4003 7 equals 177.8004 8 equals 203.2004 9 equals 228.6005 10 equals 254.0006 11 equals 279.4006 12 equals 304.8006 Millimeters. equals 0.397 * equals “794 equals 1.588 equals 3.175 equals 6.350 equals 12.700 equals 0.254 Decimals ‘of an Inch. = 0.015625 .03125 .0625 .1250 .2500 5 Millimeters to equals equals equals equals equals equals equals equals equals equals equals eS SOOWM OTP CO DOH et Noe 0 0 0 0 0 equals 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 CONVERSION OF FEET TO METERS Feet Meters 1 - we. -0.30489 eae 60960 3. 91440 4, 1.21920 5. 1.52400 GO: 1.82880 7 2.13360 ert 2.43840 9. 2.74321 10. 3.048u1 De 3.35281 ee 0s 3.65761 is 3.96241 i ae 4.26721 1. 4.57201 16 4.87681 1 by eta 5.18161 18 .. 5.48641 19: 4 5.79121 20. 6.039601 21. 6.49081 Bes 6.70561 23 24, 2.01041 Ze os b.OLD21 25 .. 7.62002 SGne) (T8248 2Z Zt is 8.22962 aes 8.53442 29 8.83922 30°... °° F-14402 5? ae 9.44882 Sf 6. 9.15362 33 10.05842 34 10.36322 35 10.66802 36 .. 10.97282 37 11.27762 38 .. 11.58242 39 .. 11.88722 40 .. 12.19292 41 ., 12.49682 42 .. 12.80163 43 .. 13.10643 44 .. 13.41123 45 .. 13.71603 °46 .. 14.02083 47 .. 14.32563 48 .. 14.62043 49 .. 14.93523 50 .. 15.24003 U. S. Miles to _ SOCAMORM WD . Kilometers 1.6093 3.2187 4.8280 6.4374 . 9.6561 .- 11.2654 .. 12.8748 -. 14.4841 - 16.0935 LUMBERMAN’S ‘AND LOGGER’S GUIDE Feet CONVERSION TABLES Meters .54483 .84963°" 5.15443 5.45923 - 76403 .06883 .31363 .67844 -98324 ~ 28804 .59284 .89764 .20244 .50724 .81204 .11684 -42164 . 72644 .03124 .33604 64084 -94564 . 25044 .55525 . 86005 .16485 .46965 .77445 .07925 .38405 | . 68885 .99365 .29845 .60325 -90805 21285 .51765 .82245 .12725 ~42205 . T3686 .04166 .384646 .65126 .956%6 246086 9 ,FE566 87046 ~17526 48006 Kilometers to U.S. Miles 8.0467 - a COWOOAMOI-F OOD Hoe wm CON HO 62137 24274 86411 48548 10685 72822 84959 97096 (59233 21370 CONVERSION OF METERS TO FEET Meters Feet Je 3.28083 Z b.vovivi 3 9.84Za0 4 ASILZ2553 a) 16.4041/ o 19.68900 i 22.90083 © 8 20.24b00/ 9 29.52750 10 32.80833 11 36.08917 12 39.37090 13 42.65083 14 45.93167 a5 49.21250 16 52.49333 17 55.77417 18 59.,05500 19 62.33583 20 65.61667 21 68.89750 22 72.17833 23 75.45917 24 78.74000 25 82.02083 26 85.30167 Pare 88 .58250 28 91.86333 29. 95.14417 30 98 .42509 31 101.70583 32 104.98667 33 108.26750 34 111 .54833 35 114.82917 36 118.11000 Sirf 121.39083 38 124.67167 39 127.95250 40 Tbs UBVARI6 583s 41 134.51417 42 137.79500 43 141.07588 44 144 .35667 45 147 .63759 46 150.918383 47 154.19917 48 157.48000 49 160.76083 50 164.04167 Nautical Miles to Kilometers —_ OO CONDO CODE - 8532 7065 -5597 1 3 5 - J» (he A130: » 9.2662 11 12 .1195 .972 7, 14.826 . 16.6792 » 18.5325 Meters Feet 51 167.32250 52 170.6uU833 53 173 .88417 64 177.16500 55 180.44583 56 183.72667 57 187.90750 58 190.28833 59 193.56917 60 196.85000 61 200.13083 62 203.41167 63 206.69250 64 209.97333 65 213.25417 66 216.53500 67 219.81583 68 223 .09667 69 226.37750 70 229 .65833 71 232.93917 72 236.22900 73 239.50083 74 242.78167 75 246.06250 76 249 .34333 4 252 .62417 78 255.90500 79 259.18583 80 262 .46667 81 265.74750 82 269.02833 83 272.30917 84 275.59000 85 278 .87083 86 282.15167: 87 285..43250 88 288.71333 89 291.99417 90 295.27500 91 298.55583 92 301.83867 93 395.117590 94 308.39833 95 311.67917 96 314.98#N0N0 97 318 .240883 98 821.521467 99 2IA_ RAAAN 100 328 .08333 Kilometers to Nautical Miles 1 - 0.53959 2 . 1.07919 3 . 1.61878 4. .. 2.15837 5 . 2.69796 6 ~« °8,23756 {! eka Le 8 . 4.31674 9 . 4.85634 10 > 5.39593 67 68 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE METRIC MEASUREMENTS USED IN ITALIAN LUMBER MARKET . Phe collowing is an excerpt from The American Lumberman, Chicago, Novem- er ; : The few cargoes of Spruce from Canada which before the war arrived at Genoa were almost without exception composed entirely of deals in various sizes, as 2x7-inch, — 3xT-ineh, — 3x8-inch, — 3x9-inch, — and in various lengths from 10 feet and longer, * * * - The measurements of spruce boards, planks and beams, etc., used in Italy, ac- cording to a leading house of lumber importers in Genoa, are as follows: Small Boards—Thickness, 9 mm. Width, from 120 mm. to 400 mm. (graded), average width being about 250 mm. Length, 4, 4.25, 4.50, 4.75, 5:90 meters. Boards—Thickness, 14, 18, 24, 28, 34, 44, 48, 54 mm., the greater part in de- mand averaging 14, 18 and 24 mm. Width and length: As in the foregoing. Planks—Thickness, 68, 75, 85, 100 mm. Width, 170, 195, 225 mm. Length, 3.50, 3.75, 4.00, 4.50 meters (the greater part averaging 4.50 meters), and up to 10 meters in length, in grades of 25 cm. Beams, Sawn—Thickness, 150 mm. up to about 400 mm. Length, from 6 meters to 15 meters in grades of 50 ein. ; Small Beams, Sawn—Thickness and width, 38x38, 48x48, 58x58, 68x68, 78x78, 88x88, 98x98 mm. Length, 4.00, 4.50, 5.09, 5.50, 6.00 meters, in greater part aver- aging 4.00, 4.50 and 5.00 meters. Lath—Thickness and width, 8x25, 28x28, 34x34 mm. JTength, 4.00, 4.50 meters. : To generalize, the boards and planks mostly used in Italy are of the following sizes: Thickness—Boards of 14, 18, 24 mm.; to smaller extent boards of 28, 34, 38 and 48 mm., and to a still smaller extent planks of 54, 68, 75, 85 and 100 mm. Width's—Classified as follows: (1) sottomisure, which contains boards from 100 mm. to 180 mm.; (2) regular widths, which refer to boards and planks from 190 to 409 mm. and up. The average width of boards asked for is 250 mm. ~— Lengths—The greatest quantity of boards and planks used in Italy are 4 meters to 4.50 meters in length. The Interpretation of Grades Mercantile Quality—For the boards of 12, 18, 24, 28 mm. in thickness there is required lumber of what is called in the trade a mercantile quality, by which is understood boards and planks which tho perfectly sound may contain knots, pro- vided they are neither too numerous nor too large nor loose. First Quality—A more choice quality of lumber (first quality) is required for greater thicknesses; that is, for boards and planks of 34, 38, 48, 54, 75, 80 and 106 mm. By first quality lumber is understood boards and planks which are perfectly healthy and which contain only few and small knots. Large and numerous knots are not allowable. ' It is also understood that the boards and planks should have the parallel form and should be worked square edged. Railroad Ties According to the Government specifications the ties cut from the Italian forests to be accepted must have the following minimum measurements: Length, 2.60 meters; widths, 0.24 meters, and thickness, 0.14 meter. These measurements must be verified at point of delivery and the supplying firm must therefore allow for natural contraction. As the price of the cross ties is based on number and not on contents no allowance is made the supplier for any extra inherent quantity of lumber over the indicated measurements of the speciti- cations. However, a second dimension is also allowed, as follows: Length, 2.51 meters; width, 0.23 meters, and thickness, 0.135 meters. But the number of cross ties falling short of the measurements of the first specification must not be more than 20 per cent. of the total number of ties accepted. EXPORTERS SHOULD USE METRIC SYSTEM Dimension should, so far as possible, be given according to the metric system when. negotiating with Italian merchants. In fact, the question of making boards and planks in the sizes required by the Italian market could be advisedly studied. According to some importers, it is more important to conform to the standard measurements of the country than to ‘supply the kinds of lumber known and already used; as the Italian consumers eventually would be fully satisfied with the American woods. The Italians do not understand North American. technical phraseology. Quotations for running feet are unintelligible and if thse metric system is not used at least quotations should be made in cubic feet, which can without difficulty be translated into cubic meters. Adapting oneself to the market with which one is trading, however, is a thing American lumber manufacturers ghomie learn, and the sooner they accustom themselves to the metric systetn the etter. : Italian lumber importers would, it is understood, be ready to pay cash against documents, on the condition, however, that prices are convenient and provided they have at least a clear idea of the quality of timber which they are to receive. Another practice sometimes adopted is 80 per cent. payment on delivery of docu- ment and the balance on actual receipt of parcel or cargo. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 69 PACIFIC LUMBER INSPECTION BUREAU, INC. } ) HEAD OFFICE 4011. 1014 WHITE BUILDING, SEATTLE, WASH, U. ‘s. A. F. W. ALEXANDER, MANAGER ae LOGS LAURSEN, CHIEF SUPERVISOR ~ DISTRICT SUPERVISORS Bett UI ESSE Fis RROn Baneh isla. Yi irae ot, Aberdeen, Wash. me, GeiCrakanthorp'.3.%0% ..9138 Metropolitan Bldg...... Vancouver, B. C. Pe RV IOS iia nie wk tity 101d White (Bldg). Jaca. fe. Seattle; Wash. — Se PN) MANES a 12 SECS ee LS Aue late de ate Meas doe e b's Bie ela teen's North Bend, Ore. els SM oa solo 09 OF I ee ae 216 Commercial St.,....... Raymond, Wash. Fred Wy Hinyleyes. veges oo 2 Purcell, Bldgs sj. nns. Gases Everett, Wash. Ma) Poe adrwvings P08. . 8 PROT sBox Tse. Feu Se ee teva San Pedro, Calif. ee ES OMe are bcs a a TG. IUEWLS). BAS: See ccmsnaedegere Portland, Ore. Pi, ae tChardSon.. <4 sitsers os 1223 National Realty Blidg..Tacoma, Wash. PACIFIC COAST GRADING RULES Owing to the demand for grading rules by the public the Pacific Lumber In- spection Bureau, Inc., find it necessary to make the following charges as specified below. The “ists” can be obtained from any of the district supervisors, or by addressing the head office at Seattle, direct. Price List Atlantic Coast List “A” Douglas Fir—Western Hemlock—Sitka Spruce and Western Red Cedar ereeltmne.” Feet PICO PGISE ele a ou US os kiwi d we Besie ds oncpgyeseiBre ayaa ofa ie © oo faeelapene te 40 cents PaNMEN EN RETRO CERIN aise pais es, os ay. osc Sv ee ins Sw: Siw asacala. Mhavioip. aleiharazacavanelite ste wed bie 20 cents Domestic List Number “7” Douglas Fir—Western Hemlock—Sitka Spruce iwed been Red Cedar and Port Orford Cedar. Beene: tales ash Paice Iuist i. 3a.e es OW URIS CUE LOSE PO aN. FES a 40 cents 0 Se BE ELS 9 Ca RE SE eS ed ee or Ee a VE nen ce ne ee 20 cents Export List “H” Douglas Fir—Western Hemlock—Sitka Spruce. Der ERTIES AT Pri) MASE 6 occ case tone Coad ote eau «: gunkiie ein ern, mph SM pe 9 sah apeye toe 40 cents ERENT one ere Se ee oe cote Gag ec bre Se ea) mim Sean rtim hes esa wigehel § 20 cents Grading and dressing rules including diagrams and patterns of the finished sizes of dressed lumber which are recognized as the standard for rail ship- ments, can be obtained from the following association at 50 cents per copy. WEST COAST LUMBERMEN’S ASSOCIATION Henry Blidg., Seattle, Wash., U. S. A. Lewis Bidg., Portland, Oregon, U. S. A. LUMBER & SHINGLE MANUFACTURERS, LTD. Metropolitan Bidg., Vancouver, B. C. DOUGLAS FIR CAR MATERIAL Standard specification, grading and dressing rules can be purchased at 10 cents per copy from the WEST COAST LUMBERMEN’S ASSOCIATION, Seattle, Washington, U. S. A. Portland, Oregon, U. S. A. Gumbermen engaged in the shipment of Foreign Cargoez, should send for MISCELILAREOUE SEBIES—NO. 67 : THE EXPORT LUMBER TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES Price, 20 contsz Sold by the Superintendent of Poenments, Government erate fice, Washington, D. C. 79 .., LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S-GUIDE,.. .. EXCERPT, FROM MISCELLANEOUS SERIES—NO. 67 THE EXPORT LUMBER TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES “By Edward Ewing Pratt. Formerly Chief, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington, District of .Columbia It can not be said in general that the American exporters have succeeded in having their grading rules universally ‘recognized abroad. Disputes as to grades are the most serious obstacle to the selling of American lumber in foreign countries, It is generally considered that the Douglas Fir inspection and grading rules concerning export shipments are the most satisfactory.. Some years. ago a bureau. of inspection was formed, called the Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau (Inc.), which is a separate establishment from the lumber associations. This bureau employs licensed inspectors and undertakes at a fixed charge per 1,000 feet to inspect cargoes for export. When the cargo has been found “up to grade’’ the bureau issues an inspection certificate, sworn to before a notary public and coun- tersigned by one of the supervisors of the bureau, certifying to the quantity, char- acter, and condition of the shipment. This certificate is always accepted as proof of the character and condition of ‘the cargo at port of shipment and relieves the shipping mill from any responsibility for impairment of condition during transit. When the exporter has loaded the cargo he presents the inspection certificate to the bank, together with the draft, bill of lading, insurance policy, and other shipping | documents. It is understood that these certificates are of the greatest importance in facilitating the discounting of drafts, because the bank’s main security is the value of the cargo. This bureau has been in existence for fifteen years, and its services are con- sidered very valuable and impartial to both importers and exporters. At present the bureau inspects practically all export shipments of Douglas Fir lumber from the Pacific Coast. Last year’s report (1916) states that 13,696 inspection certificates were issued and only four complaints were received——two from Europe, one from South America;-and one from Australia. One of these complaints was not con- cerned with grade. ; < ad With grades comparatively unknown in many markets, no general eapeein of branding. and terms often cash before the cargo leaves port, the American lumber trade needs the services.of an Inspection Bureau of the highest standard. The Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau has been a very important factor. in bringing the West Coast lumber trade into foreign markets.. A certificate’ of laa ‘is issued by the Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau in the following form: ' PACIFIC LUMBER INSPECTION BUREAU, INC. LUMBER INSPECTOR’S CERTIFICATE 7 ehoie celia weeneaette are negene Cote siete sla troAese "sien, > rohenel 191.. t We a Fa Oe aie ce , RT LS = regularly ‘approved Lumber Inspector...,.” seeaeed erg pecles Seber ime Bureau (Inc.), Association, the cargo of lumber shipped on board “tHe ...+......+... CARs toncraae EAN ees See thee Mhecenah She cmee ONS OUNE FOr se. SUN RR teen s's.s,0 0+ 50% pleased : ‘and the said cargo has been shipped in good order and condition and consists of ..... Lace eisie ie _ hg : ey SM aes eee’ sb ale « ake ofs ove ie: ei ate deePer esas ve 0 lene We etiecelenatats! steene eee eee eee ec alide eave ve de e's we 8 & ee ee i ‘ rg 2g oe ae ° ¢ Pot OO4m Ore @ eum . de oe Ope eer ele ale Inspector. sade sq." and sworn to before me, the undersigned, a notary public in and for the: . 2% .-Giey cesta teeue pete bette gs nica as , by ‘the above-named party, personally known oS aah hora EE Nes eae ae ts Tallis ta'e elaine sis (0y(0 fa Stee gg Public. Countersigned: 2.65.00 uj. Pes ‘2 Budérvisor." Dated: ......-.0+ eee ph [This Certificate is not valid iataus bearing. the seal of the Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau (Inc.), countersigned by one of its supervisors and free from alterations. ] : LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 71 CALIFORNIA REDWOOD (Sequoia Sempervirens) DESCRIPTION Redwood is lumber from the “big trees” of California—the Highth Wonder of the World. Scientists call them Sequoia sempervirens, which, when translated into our every-day tongue, means ‘Sequoia ever-living.’” Sequoia is an Indian name; the name of a chief of great power and influence among his people. It was natural, therefore, for the Indians to name the giant trees after their most powerful chief. ‘They are wonderful trees. Their living power is without peer among perish- able and animal life. The secret of their great age is resistance to rot and fire, and practical immunity to the attack of insect life and fungus growth so destruc- tive to most other kinds of wood.’ In the forests, the Redwoods have fought decay and fire down the sweep of many centuries—they lived on sturdy and strong while other forest trees matured and died in successive crops. RANGE By a freak of nature the Redwoods grow nowhere else in the world but in California... Their range is confined to a strip along the Pacific Coast north of San Francisco Bay to the Oregon State line, and extending inland not more than 10 to 20 miles.. The principal stand of commercial lumber today is in the three north coast counties of Mendocino, Humboldt and Del Norte. Their growth ranges from the sea level to an altitude of 2500 feet. YIELD The Redwoods grow in what is known as the “fog belt,” and thrive only in excessive moisture. There are millions of trees, and estimated by the Government to contain between 50,000,000,000 and 60,000,900,000-board measure feet of lumber —more than enough to keep all the saw-mills now cutting Redwood busy day and night for 100 years. The Redwoods grow big and dense, yielding” on the average from 75,000 to 100,000 board feet of commercial lumber per acre. There are quite a number of {nstances where the Redwoods grow so dense and so big that a single acre has yielded more than 1,000,900 board feet of lumber. 72 LUMBERMAN’S: AND, LOGGER’S ;GUIDE CALIFORNIA REDWOOD-— Continued HEIGHT The Redwood forest is one of the sublimities of nature. The massive trees, with their straight trunks covered with cinnamon-colored bark and fluted from the base to the apex of the tree like a Corinthian column, are as impressive as the cold, silent walls of an ancient cathedral. They grow from 5 to 25 feet in diameter, and from 75 to 300 feet in height. The great size and height of these trees can best be appreciated when it is known that, if hollowed out, one of the large Red- woods would’ make'an /elevator shaft for the famous Flatiron Building in New York; in height it would tower 50 feet’ above the’torch of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor! They are so large that a single tree has produced enough lumber to build a church at Santa Rosa, California, that will seat 500 people. The enormous logs make ‘t necessary. to use the most powerful and expensive logging machinery. Many of the large, logs. must be split with gun-powder before they can be handled on the saw carriage at the mill. It is not uncommon for a butt log (the first cut above the ground) to weigh from 390 to 50 tons, according to the diameter of the tree. The butt cut is usually 16 feet in length. ROOT FORMATION ‘One of the ‘strange things about the Redwoods is the root formation, whicn is slight in comparison with the size of the tree. Redwood actually has an insecure footing. There is no tap root to push straight down into the earth to give the tree stability. The roots radiate a few feet below the surface of the soil. It is supposed they protect themselves by dense growth. The floor of the forest is : covered with a luxuriant growth of magnificent ferns and beautiful rhododendrons, THE BIG TREES OF CALIFORNIA DESCRIPTION The Sequoia gigantea, or Sequoia washingtonia, as the United States Forest Service refer to them, are the “big trees” of the tourist. They are first cousins of the Redwoods. Geologists assert that they are the lone living survivors of all plant and animal life that existed before the glacial age. The few remaining trees are confined to an area of about 50 ‘square miles on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, in central California, and of which the Yosemite Valley is a part. Many of these trees are 4000 years of age—and some bold scientists have estimated one to be from 8000 to 10,900 years old! They are located in an altitude of from 4000 to 7000 feet above sea-level, and bear evidence of having passed maturity and are in their decline. If the decline lasts propor- tionately as long as it took the trees to reach maturity, they are still good for untold centuries, Thes “big trees’ are found only in protected valleys and spots in the mountains, indicating the cause of their survival of the glacial upheaval. THE GRIZZLY GIANT The “Grizzly Giant” in Mariposa Grove, Yosemite Park, is 91 feet in circumference at the ground, and its first branch, which is 125 feet from the ground, is 20 feet in circumference. The “General Sherman” is 280 feet high, 103 feet circumference at the ground, which means a diameter of 36% feet, and at a point 100 feet from the ground it is 17.7 feet in diameter. These are two of the most noted of the “big trees.” The “big trees” of California afford an inexhaustible reservoir of information for the scientist who reads this story of the past by the study of the annular growth. By means of this he is able to determine the season and locate with a degree of definiteness climatic conditions and changes on the Pacific Coast as far back as 4009 years ago! A 2) io) 5 A eal 4 < ke a aS e) Fy Le | x oO ) 1rens ia Semperv 1a (Sequo 74 LUMBERMAN’S ANN LOGGER’S GUIDE > SAP Sap is always white. Some manufacturers make a specialty of turning out a “sappy clear” grade. Lumber of this description shows a streak of white along one edge and presents a most beautiful contrast between the red and white in the wood. This “‘sappy clear’ is highly prized for interior finish. COLOR AND GRAIN In color Redwood shades from light cherry to dark mahogany; its grain is straight, fine and even. The color and grain present in combination a handsome appearance. It runs strong to upper grades, and phenomenal widths, sometimes as wide as 86 inches, entirely free from check or other defects. PAINTING AND POLISHING Redwood is easily worked, and when properly seasoned it neither swells, shrinks, nor warps—it “stays put,’ and being free from pitch takes paint well and absorbs it readily. The dark color of the wood makes three coat work necessary, since the priming coat must be mixed extremely thin to fully satisfy the surface. It also takes a beautiful polish, especially if given two coats of shellac and then a wax finish on top. INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR, FINISH For doors, windows, pattern or panel work, wainscoting, ceiling, casing, shelv- ing, moulding, and every description of interior or exterior finish the finest results can be obtained. For interior finish Redwood should not be painted any more than you would cover oak or mahogany. Redwood’s beauty for interior finish lies in its individuality, its soft, warm tone and color possibilities. QUALITY Redwood is the most durable of the coniferous woods of California and possesses lasting qualities scarcely equalled by any other timber. Although very light and porous, it has antiseptic properties, which prevent the growth of decay producing . fungi. So far as is known, none of the ordinary wood rotting fungi grow in Redwood timber. This is an exceedingly valuable property. which should extend the use of this wood for all kinds of construction purposes. DURABILITY For tanks, stave water pipe, poles, posts, paving blocks or foundations, it will last almost indefinitely under the trying conditions of being placed in contact with the ground and subject to alternate wet and dry conditions. For exterior boarding, finish and shingling, whether painted or not, it's dura- bility in thousands of instances has been demonstrated to be very great. PATTERN WORE Leading engineering and shipbuilding works in California have ‘been using Redwood for pattern work during the past twenty-five years, as it works easily and time has proved that it retains it shape as well as any other wood used for this purpose. CAR MATERIAL Redwood is in great demand for all kinds of finish for car material. Its special recommendations for this class of work are its durability and well known fire resisting qualities. Examinations of car siding in use for twenty years have failed to show traces of dry rot or any other form of decay. . The hardest ‘service to which wood can be subjected is the railway tie. It is not only in constant contact with the ground, but it must stand the strain and stresses of swiftly-moving heavy trains. In his report on “Timber, An Elementary Discussion of the Characteristics and Properties of Wood,” to the Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Filbert Roth, special agent in charge of timber physics, gives the following table on LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 75 THE RANGE OF DURABILITY IN RAILROAD TIES PN ON 5 oi aw che falc) wi scene nies Sinton Seb ereibrs 12 UT emg, NT as at a ee A 6 to 7 pT ee EGO GUSEN Sete es oe lt es oie 10 TONS TeSAE Pie he oe oe Dee co i iti be 6 Oak (white and chestnut) ......... 8 ELEMEOCU gate: Sab Oh acdtal«hekuccy VR: cewek 4 to 6 SEMOSENUC far. ee bc co is 8 SUR Se ciel oe 8 SPRUCE: fri ody erty: 33 wae ede = sanets AB es ST) | ae ik Are fo in AU 7 to 8 Red and Black Oaks :...........4 to § Cherry, Black Walnut Locust ...... 7 pick, Beech OWlaple so. sec ew ok 4 To get best service out of the Redwood tie under heavy equipment, tie plates should be used. Redwood ties are in big demand in South America, England and the continent Australia and the Orient, because of its resistance to decay and resistance to attack of destructive insects so common in the tropical countries. HOLDING OF SPIKES Respecting the “holding of spikes” Redwood ties compare favorably with all other ties ordinarily classed as soft wood. REDWOOD AND THE TEREDO The Teredo will attack and destroy Redwood piles or timber as quickly as any other wood. REDWOOD AND THE WHITE ANT Owing to its immunity from the ravages of the White Ant, this wood is almost exclusively used in the Philippine Islands for cabinets and boxes to hold important documents. FIRE RESISTING QUALITIES Redwood, owing to its freedom from pitch, will not ignite easily nor make a hot fire when burning and is very easily extinguished. It is an actual fact that fires have been extinguished in Redwood buildings with comparatively slight damage, when the same fire would have made practically a total loss had the buildings been constructed of pine or cedar. The reason is plain. Redwood is not slow in combustion, but absorbs moisture readily and when moistened, resists fire wonderfully. REDWOOD SHINGLES Redwood shingles as a roof or side wall covering give long life and fire protection. No other shingle, or substitute roof covering gives the ideal combination of rot resistance and fire retardance, with the additional merit of being rust proof and free from tar, gum or any other substance to melt in the sun and fill gutters, water pipes or drains. Always lay Redwood shingles with zinc-coated cut iron nails. This will prolong the life of your roof many years. The ordinary steel shingle nail will rust out while the shingle itself is still in first-class condition. A Redwood shingled roof, laid with the right kind of nails, will give satisfactory service from 30 to 50 years. You can buy Redwood shingles in two grades, No. 1 Clear and Star A. Star. The former is a carefully selected vertical grain ‘shingle, free from all defects, and is used invariably on coverings where service demands first consideration. The latter is a 10-inch clear butt shingle, “slash” grain being no defect, and it is recommended for side walls rather than for roofing. In 1893 Redwood shingles were taken from the roof of General U. S. Grant’s headquarters, at Fort Humboldt, California, where they had been for 40 years. The wood was absolutely sound and without a trace of rot, although the shingles were worn thin by wind-driven sand. 7% . ._. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE Foie whale . 4 A : ' y £ 7 on ‘ 8 Bs 47 a ae | 7 oe i 3 ““REDWOOD LaTH _ Redwood lath have given most. satisfactory service for many years, the fire- retarding property of Redwood giving lath of this material a decided advantage over the ordinary kinds. For best results the rough coat’ of plaster should. be allowed to dry thoroughly before applying the finish coat. | GROWS STRONGER WITH AGE ; Redwood actually grows stronger with age! This has been demonstrated by tests made at the University of California. Timbers taken from a house built 37 years ago, on the Campus of the University, at Berkeley, were tested and found to be actually stronger than the day when the building, was erected. There wasn’t the slightest trace of decay in these timbers, and when sawn the wood was virile and healthy in color and texture. Air seasoning had taken place under the most favorable conditions. _ _The 37-year Redwood had a longitudinal crushing strength one-quarte greater than Redwood which had been air seasoned two years. WEIGHT OF REDWOOD LOGS Butt logs absorb so much moisture that the first and second cuts usually sink in water. Left in the sun they require three to four years to dry. A STRONG WOOD FOR ITS WEIGHT poompesy AIq ‘}USIOM S}I 1OJ SPOOM 4SeSu01}]S Vy} JO 9UO ST pooMpoY pauUOSBES weighs 26.2 pounds per cubic foot—slightly less than Cypress, which weighs 27.6. It is equal in strength to Cypress, and its breaking strength, according to U. S., Government figures, is 62 per cent of that of White Oak, which is one of the strongest and toughest of American woods. The standard of lumber -weight and’ measure is based on a ‘“‘board-measure” foot. A board-measure foot means a piece one inch thick and 12 inches square. One-inch boards, in the rough, dry, weigh 2400 pounds per 1000 board-measure feet. The same boards dressed smooth on two sides would weigh 2000 pounds, and if dressed four ‘sides will weigh 1800 pounds. WEIGHT OF REDWOOD FOR EXPORT CARGO SHIPMENTS “Green” Redwood for cargo shipment weighs about 5 pounds per board foot. A simple method for computing the shipping weight is to multiply the board feet by 2.2 per thousand, this gives the weight in tons of 224) pounds. The weight in tons of 2240‘ pounds of Seasoned redwood boards is computed by multiplying the board feet by 1.1 per thousand. © Redwood is frequently shipped to Foreign Ports in conjunction with Douglas. Fir cargoes. In steamer shipments it is customary to stow “green” Redwood first in lower hold and dry Redwood in the Bridge space, Shelter deck or ’T’ween decks. Douglas Fir is loaded last in the balance of space under deck and on deck. The object of combining Redwood and Douglas Fir cargoes is to balance the weight so as to carry the maximum amount of cargo with a minimum of water ballast. Under ordinary circumstances a .combined cargo with weight of lumber correctly balanced and stowed should only require one third the amount of water ballast that would be necessary with a straight cargo of Douglas Fir. Redwood immersed in salt water or otherwise exposed to its action will gradually blacken on the surface and for this reason it should not be shipped on deck unless precautions are taken to protect it from the elements. The exact proportion of green and seasoned redwood and Douglas Fir to obtain the best results cannot be given-as so much depends on the specifications type of vessel and intelligent stowage. The following proportions will give good results under usual circumstances. for an ordinary tramp steamer. 20% of cargo Green Redwood 15% ‘7 Dry Redwood 65 % 4 Douglas Fir If pickets or lath are not availzhle for stowage, about 5% of cargo in Red-. wood doorstock would be a good substitute. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 77 CALIFORNIA REDWOOD GRADES Adopted April 5, 1917 by California Redwood Association San Francisco, California Copyright 1917 SPECIAL NOTES 1. All worked lumber shall be measured and invoiced for contents before working. 2. All rough lumber unseasoned shall allow an occasional variation equivalent to 1/16 gf an inch in thickness per inch and 1/32 of an inch in width per inch. 8. 'b Lape eM RCIA ence hee els aad aac cae ae oe 5G Spars, in ithe TOUS yi. 5 bine ass ee rusin lo 6 6s iu een or eRe. Inked ales s bbe thee tear cheaters 5% Timber, bent or cut into shape, dressed or partly dressed, n. e. i. ............ 30% Picture and ‘room mouldings! ee 8 So. UTR Ae Sek ee poche vtec soe biarcheoe ch 0 bhehe wane 35% Broom stocks, being square timber rough-sawn into sizes suitable for the manufacture’ of broom handles’ ....:.:...-..4-- D ehGh esa aria in talents ete cedar eaten 20% Laths, for blinds «2.60005 60254 heated © leiome ieee as Sa anita. ek all ee ar Br : LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 91 DUTIES ON LUMBER—Continued AUSTRALIA—Continued Per 1000 . Pcs. Ts ata ap aN ai tye item IN 2p RNR He. At ne en SPP ne TCE ie) eg 10s. 0d ee edt, OU teens IORN CRIS a he Rian Sage GC weit wank ce Sietgn le ate al aoals hack gavernb eu 15s. 0d PEE Ee Sree SRE ate store a tabclg hee eee aha amps aia a so oF oops areas eG ELS comcaaatle sis 5s. Od. Per 100 ‘ Pcs. PTAMERSE SOMUITIC DES SAG are ne, ota haba Bore ates shotetic ate ther elarats late wie "eo" Sid elas eldtaacstgheretztal ss 3s. 6d. i ant OE ak SS OL kA eat hs wk oa Bik lel Slap utoad obo ao adaraee 7s, 0d. SE TRES EAR EGU CUTE Ly SB I Tage te St ail ARE AR UR AER I bo gm 1s. Od. “aves, Gressed Or partly dressed, but not Shaped |... co... vo.. outs eke cels mee bi we 4s. Od. Per 100 ! Lineal Ft. Architraves, moldings, n. e. i., and skirtings of any material .............. 6s. 0d. In the foregoing table the import duties are the same for the General Tariff, and Preferential Tariff on lumber the produce or manufacture of the United King- dom, with the exception that on “Picture and room moldings.” the Preferential Tariff is 30% Ad Valorum. “N. e. i.’ means “not elsewhere included.’ ' BERMUDA Box material] for export use, Barrels, Cooperage Stock .........:......2.0000. Free Pe Geer WOOG) ang tin ber NG aAlOTUIM «2 acs oe} ds eB Te OS cle oe 8 ae Dyer che ge dl epee’ 10% i Ad Val. ls | ORS BEES 7 SSB a a ie ot a age et aaa TE DO eee LS mL 216 % Firewood; racks for the withering of tea-leaf; also tea-chests, made up or not 21%4% a IAG ANT CIMT GM eet ces e atacc'e Soe © ohne’ e sn Genk oO Se ine of Rigcarhnereh s GAS T%% BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA Wood, unmanufactured; ceiling and flooring boards, planed, tongued, and grooved; material's for use in construction of telegraph and telephone lines; posts, gates, hurdles, and other materials ordinarily used for agricultural or railway fencing; railway or tramway sleepers; permanent or fixed railway signals; staves, not further worked than roughly fashioned. Under British Preferential Tariff MS ook NCI M CMT PoC aA MES OR DEGAS SIE CMRI Ec PARE = aie Free Ad. Val. islaeaaal CONTR CPN a Tee U Ta fe ected coke soca paite ce ue se doje velhernakauey (A CPRIRICOR, OS apr Lh REM eRe Ra, ahs ha SA Lees See 3% All other wood and timber:. ; eager rigs PreLcencn tials Parity cette ee eens 5 ete ise aos ekcicd sh actcte es 12% Meader aGceneed sla Pitt va 2 aie late a pie cae enn a oe eb ook ae 1.66 1.09 Painted, varnished, or lacquered in a uniform color ...... 3.93 2.63 Carved or with raised or sunken ornaments, gilded, or dave with designs in imitation of the grain of the wood, or other 6.57 4.38 * Applies to imports originating in the United States or Porto Rico.. If not otherwise indicated imports originating in the United States and Porto Rico are dutiable under the general tariff. / LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 93 DUTIES ON LUMBER—Continued JAMAICA All materials for use exclusively in the construction and equipment of railways ETE GNM Cea: ure Ie aceh deaf aha whan dhe bie" 0 ahvov'e) 64 al. pialay ONG a eaNy ea Maer oh case, ees To anc Bras eel hile Free Wood for hoops and tru'ss-hoops; staves and. headings: shooks ‘for tierces, pun- cheons, barrels. hogsheads, and casks; shooks for boxes or crates to be used in packing native agricultural produce EAs SERGI e Nes oiheller da ois ce 8 ee anny Manav e Free Pitch pine, white pine, and other lumber: Rouen. or sawn, per 1.000.sup. ft. (4. ine thick). 2 ee ise cb ele eels 9s Planed, smoothed, grooved and tongued, ceiling and flooring boards; clinker. or beaded boards. not otherwise manufactured, per 1.900 sup. ft. (Gl ims Te a a Bar afin gy ahaa umuntal ® as@eehieheceeac ae ats Os Pea ahrahe aes 14s Shingles, cypress, more than 12) in..in length, per 1,000 .,.06.62.% 2% IGNORE RA Ig a eh aica 6s See Me PACE ECU cia sa resins vi as erage teeeaduecede Qats BO Sf RNa cee ee SFU ei ite dle aslo 6s RMRURMER NES See OUTLET le tiers Cue omc ade 8 atainy Gane Weis eR Wad aroctetee aera) oiretauer cial ercmeenemre ee cnciace e andee Ad. Val. 48 JAPAN . Wood, cut, sawn or split, simply: Pine, Douglas Fir, or Cedar:— Cedar not exceeding 20 cm. in length. 7 cm, in width and 17 mm. in UTTORCIE SS cone foe nana sees epsma telat dt (og aise chisel doth alee s Me enn eeeeeee ie wae Free Not exceeding 65 mm. in thickness ..............4% ». per cubie metre 38.10 yen DY LGN eal By culty fal AE Ie Ra a ad et EMR IO a ayo 4 ee per cubic metre 1.80 yen 1 LSU SWAPS SV aMO Bini Vif 0) 235 ane ee RIS Co Re de davon misc ve seme Ad Val. 25% Pulp for Paper making:— pees te ACT AEE MEY) he 'a: aiial’'s,'n, ho) wiial sue Vel We Eu eee Smenahe wi Sinem xe) Aeie el Roose per 100 kin 0.22 yen OEE TG. hate Eee bie aia Gea. ote: oy Dc haueen oes RNan pe Re « RCRNR MER. fle a lanes per 100 kin 0.27 yen The Japanese Yen equals 100 sen and is the equivalent to $0.498 U. S. money. The Kin equals 1.32277 pounds. Tariff on NEW ZEALAND Goods from any parts of Gen. Tariff Brit. Doms. minher. NaAlines. (Spt. Der. 1 OO mises e vise cuenals token. edeeekee eeaens BOD os 2s 2s TELE SCES TA Sy OU Ih aoe y Oe ogre WCE Uae eee ane mr cM a lal at op es ai aera 8s 8s eS STOLE! ICT UO ecco wce shee eae 6 ere te go! se tees Aree Ghy gine SNe ERE SOs 4S 48 Sanwa sGreSseds Per LOO SUPEI tbe oie cucic cis euerdicers oie muse aaah a levered © Tacs 4s 4s Sami sous: per 190 Super Lt. 2 aki < scolaire ieege a MLSS Spek nena dlPal corals Rote 2S 2s Smineiesyandelaths,- per A, OOO sae Ce SR eee eecsiceiaei es: Seca aeduete 2s 2s Doors and sashes, either plain or glazed, with ornamental glass SDSL \Wike gars ee etn ane et RRM esl esi SE de TR tg Agee 30% 20% Woodenware and turnery, n. o. e. and veneers, ......... Ad Val 30% 20% PERU SICCHEES OL CCOMLM ON: Wi0O Gn «els eee ie cupyareia diol evesel aes acess gue eneyay cha; Osan fb pave oete’ of Keer ae ae Free RAS ES Ot ll Kama Se UT NOUS I bec secucreiey ot cee eeeetene) eect cp ao ie Sys Gy asi du sncdiseauTiedeus sae eters op ecokelaes Free Sawn in boards, joists, beams, girders and other unenumerated shapes, per 0:023 m. in thickness:— Pines asunel larch, Arid: SimiMlarie steve voles tere eaters ate eee ree er etalce sa wleite aye sie ie iene. s Free The same, planed, tongued or grooved, or Coe aig in any manner, per CUbDIGC MELE” joes soles ake LAV te UNS” MRE MSIONS RINE ce SRR TCT te Ns fale ve 1s 00s of eieberel dey ai aiidie e009 14¢c TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Articles imported specially for the furnishing, decoration, construction, and repair of churches used for public worship, on the signed declaration of the head of the denomination for which they are intended .......... Free Timber, unmanufactured: ; Sawn or Newhe. undressed, periinO0 0 mttaer. fs ee Aen te. abs aaa. Se 8s 4d Sawn or hewn, wholly or partly dressed, per 1,000 ft. ............... 12s 6d MILE Se ET TO OO os, cin 6. beige wie. «suet eee DIT SUE oleh o lede: \cienePadeey G) C1 ieee at eta a ae 1s 6d AIWotier wood and tintber’ './..% oui lots peitarierels 2S oleleh Wilateuieiar. Oeavne Ad Val. 10% UNITED STATES Paving posts, railroad ties, and telephone, trolley, electric light ,and telegraph NOLESLOLM Cedar ULROLICLE WOOUS on cre hot oto ithe ona tie wae Cidie, Uperdic oary, ae Ad Val. 10% Casks, barrels; and hogsheads (empty) sugar-box shooks and packing boxes (empty) and packing-box shooks, of Wood, N.S. D., ..sese sees eees Ad Val. 15% Wien cersvol WOON: fe) 8 2, FU Os SR Ca Se aR Ad Val. 15% Wood: Logs, timber, round unmanufactured, hewn or sawed, sided or squared; pulp woods, kindling wood, firewood, hop poles, hoop poles, fence posts, handle bolts, shingle bolts, gun blocks for gunstocks, rough hewn or sawed, or planed on one side; hubs for wheels, posts, heading bolts,’ stave bolts, last block's, wagon blocks, oar blocks, heading blocks, and all like blocks, or sticks, rough hewn, sawed or bored; sawed boards, planks, deals, and other lumber, not further manufactured than sawed, planed, and tongued end grooved; clapboards, laths, pickets, palings, staves, shingles, ship timber, ship planking, broom handles, sawdust. and wood flour; all the POL CROSS! THE ISN De eal ee he FR ARROYO ANE, ea at Mable ME de teil weass Free N. B.—Beaded ceiling and mouldings have been held to be free of duty. 94 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE NAUTICAL MEASURES 6 feet equals 1 fathom 3 nautical miles equals 1 league Sea or Nautical Mile—one-sixtieth of. a degree of latitude, and varies from 6,046 ft. on the Equator to 6,092 ft. in lat. 60°. Nautical Mile for speed trials. generally called the Admiralty Measured Mile = _, 6,080 feet; 1.151 statute miles;-1,853 meters, - Cable’s length—the tenth of a Sree eet or approximately, 100 fathoms or yards. ; fre A Knot=—a nautical mile an hour, is a measure of speed, but is’ not infrequently, though erroneously, used as synonymous with a nautical mile. Length of European Measures of Distances compared with the Nautical Mile of 6,080 feet: “' 12 inches equals 1 foot 3 feet equals 1 yard..... Length in Length in Nautical Nautical Miles Miles Nautical WET eis cee es Bans oes 1.000 German Ruthen ........ a sis.) OG British Statute Land Mile ... 0.868 Pealians Mile se ee ee eee -« 1.000 Austrian Mile ............... 4.094 Norwegian’: Milé *. 2: <3 co steps 6.097 Danish Mile a piss Woh hes fotte \RBRELS RATER 4.064 Russian: UVWersit? i.e. ee “ede Wow” French Kilometer ........... 0.539 Swedish) Malet tye aicaetesanels ohana 5.769 German Geographical Mile ... 4.090 “ss WATER MEASURE Weight of Fresh Water 1 cubie inch .03617 pound. 12 cubic inches .484 pound. 1 cubic foot 62.5 pounds. 1 cubic foot 7.48052 U. S. gallons. 1.8 cubic feet 112.0 pounds. 5 1 35.84 cubic feet 2240.0 pounds. cylindrical inch .02842 pound. 12 cylindrical inches..341 pound. 1 cylindrical foot 49.10 pounds. 1 cylindrical foot 6.0 U. S. gallons. 2.282 cylindrical feet 112.9 pounds. 45.64 cylindrical feet 2240.0 pounds. 1 imperial gallon 10.0 pounds. 11.2 imperial gallons 112.0 pounds. : 224 imperial gallons 2240.0 pounds. 1 U.S. gallon 8.355 pounds. 13.44 U.S. gallons 112.0 pounds. 268.8 U.S. gallons 2240.0 pounds. ‘ ¢ f NOTE—tThe centre of pressure of water against the side of the containing vessel er reservoir is at two-thirds the depth from the surface. WEIGHT OF SALT WATER At 62° Fahrenheit cubic inch 259 ers. cubic foot 64.11 pounds. imperial gallon 10.27 pounds. U. S. gallon 8.558 pounds. ; long ton (2240 pounds) 385 cubic feet. long ton (2240 pounds) 218.11 imperial gallons. long ton (2240 pounds) 240 U.S. gallons. short ton (2009 pounds) 31.2 cubic feet. short ton (2000 pounds) 194.74 imperial gallons. short ton (2000 pounds) 2338.7 U. S. gallons. Pee eee ee ee DENSITY OF WATER AND COAL CONSUMPTION g f water; When figuring on a vessel’s draft allowance must be made for density of V ; that is, the Aigesence in weight between fresh and salt water, also consumpie coal on inland waters. The usual method employed is to add to draft at load one or two inches according to circumstances. IMMERSION IN SALT AND FRESH WATER i j i : If from To find the difference of immersion or draft in salt and fresh water: salt to fresh, multiply the draft of ‘salt water by 36, and divide the bree Ly Pk If from fresh to salt, multiply the draft of fresh water by 35 and divide the pro by 36. le: . } } ai eet the draft of a vessel in fresh water when drawing 20 ft. in salt water: 20 ft. X 36 = 720 + 35 = 20ft. 7 in. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 95 BARBELS To find the number of gallons in a cask or barrel. Rule: Take all the dimensiens in inches. Add the head and bung diameters and divide by 2 for the approximate mean diameter. Square the mean diameter and multiply by the depth. Multiply the result by .0034 for gallons. Example: How many gallons are contained in a cask the bung diameter of which is 24 inches, the head diameter, 22 inches, and the depth 39 inches? Operation: : 22+ 24—46=—2—23 (mean diameter). Square of 23==529xX30 (depth)==15870. 15870 X .0034— 53.9 gallons, MEASURING TANKS To find the number of gallons contained in a tank. Rule: Multiply the cubic capacity in feet by 7.48. Example: How many gallons in a tank 6x6x4 feet? Explanation: 6X3 xX4=-72 cubic feet. 7.48 X72==-538.56 gallons. 538.56+31%—17.10—. bbl. CISTERNS To find the capacity of a cistern. Rule: Multiply the square of the diameter by the depth; this will give the cylindrical feet; multiply the cylindrical feet by 5% for gallons; .1865 for barrels, or .09325 for hogsheads. Example: How many gallons in a cistern 42 feet in diameter, 12 feet deep? Operation: 42 X 42=1764; 1764 KX 12=—21168; Sis ee ae ee gallons-—Answer. How many barrels ?—Answer, 394 EXPLANATION OF TONNAGE AND DISPLACEMENT Many different tonnage units are employed in the overseas export trade. Tonnage is of two general kinds: cargo tonnage, which expresses the quantity of cargo being shipped, and vessel tonnage, which expresses the size or capacity of the ship. CARGO TONNAGE Cargo tonnage may be stated in four ways: (1) Long tons of 2,240 pounds each, (2) metric tons of 2,204 pounds, (3) short tons of 2,000 pounds, or (4) meas- urement tons—usually of 40 cubic feet. Long tons and measurement tons are most commonly used in the overseas export trade of the United States, the former usually in connection with cargoes shipped in terms of their weight, and the latter in connection with light freight or general cargoes which are frequently shipped on the basis of the space which they occupy. VESSEL TONNAGE Vessel tonnage is expressed in four ways: (1) Displacement tonnage, (2) dead- weight tonnage, (3) gross tonnage, (4) net tonnage. Displacement tonnage indi- cates the weight of the vessel or of the water displaced by it and in the United States is expressed in terms of the avoirdupois ton of 2,240 pounds. It may be either ‘light displacement,’ which represents the vessel’s weight when its crew and ‘supplies are on board, but before any fuel, cargo or passengers have been loaded; or, it may be “maximum” or “full load displacement,” which represents the vessel’s weight when fully loaded to its deep load line. 96 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE DEADWEIGHT TONNAGE A vessel’s deadweight tonnage represents the maximum weight of cargo and fuel which it is able to carry when loaded to its deep load line. It is the differenée between its light and maximum displacement tonnage, and is, in case of the United States, usually expressed in terms of the long ton. GROSS TONNAGE i The gross register tonnage of a vessel is its total inclosed content expressed in tons of 100 cubic feet, as ascertained by the measurement authorities of the vessel’s home country. NET TONNAGE A vessel’s net tonnage, theoretically, should represent the cubical contents of the space available for cargoes and passengers expressed in tons of 100 cubic feet. In practice, however, it understates the real net capacity of a vessel and varies according to the particular national measurement rules which are applied. Net tonnage is ascertained by making certain deductions from the vessel’s gross tonnage as prescribed by the measurement rules of various countries. DOUGLAS FIR SHIPMENTS POINTERS FOR SHIPOWNERS ON LUMBER CARRYING CAPACITY OF STEAMERS When figuring on the lumber carrying capacity of steamers, allowance must be made for bunker coal, stores, provisions, boiler and feed water, water ballast, type of vessel, and height of deckload she will safely carry, also proportion of sizes and lengths in the lumber specifications suitable for stowage on deck and in the various compartments under deck, the number of timbers to be carried, and whether short lumber, pickets and or lath will be supplied for broken stowage. In a large number of instances specifications contain every requisite for making good stowage, but it is of no avail if the lengths and sizes are not piled on the dock prior to shipment so as to be available at the right time and place to fill the various compartments. If the lumber for shipment is not placed on the dock right, poor stowage and a great decrease in the amount of cargo the vessel should carry will be the result and the time of loading will often be increased several days. Poor stowage under deck results in vessel becoming top heavy, and conse- quently the usual height of deckload cannot. be carried, as extra ballast tanks have to be filled to stiffen vessel and keep her upright. This seriously affects the cargo carrying capacity of a vessel; for instance, filling a ballast tank of 300 toms would decrease the amount of cargo carried by 200,000 board feet of lumber. When a steamer lists before she has a reasonable deckload, the cause should be investigated. There are instances where the fuel for main or donkey boilers is taken from one ‘side of the upper portion of bunkers, emptying or filling a boiler, feeding water in boilers from one side of an engine tank with a central division, filling or emptying ballast tanks, or slack water in ballast tanks; the latter being the principal cause. TO COMPUTE LUMBER CARRYING CAPACITY UNDER DECK To compute lumber carrying capacity of a steamer, ascertain from the builder’s plan the cubical capacity (bale space) of the various compartments, add together and multiply the total by 8%; the result will be the capacity in board feet. Example: How much lumber in board feet will a steamer carry under deck with a total cargo carrying capacity of 300,000 cubic feet (bale space) ° MERTON 7 Operation: 300,090 X 842,500,000, the amount in board feet. Note: To multiply by 8% add two ciphers and divide by 12. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 97 TO COMPUTE DEADWEIGHT LUMBER CARRYING CAPACTY OF A STEAMER To ascertain the deadweight lumber carrying capacity of a steamer, the fol- lowing particulars should be obtained: Distance between sailing and discharging port. Speed of vessel, and daily coal consumption, Weight of ship’s stores and provisions. Estimate of water ballast required. Bunker coal necessary for voyage. The first thing to do is to find out from the builder’s plan, owners or officers of vessel, the speed in knots per hour and daily coal consumption; then compute the bunker coal required for the voyage as follows: Example: How much bunker coal will a steamer consume on a voyage from Seattle, Wash., U. S. A., to Sydney, N. S. W., Australia, the distance being 6829 nautical miles, speed 8 knots (nautical miles) per hour, and the daily consumption 29 tons of coal? Multiply the knets (8) by 24; this gives the distance traveled per day. Then divide the result (192) into the distance between loading and discharging port. In this case it is 6829 nautical miles; the answer will be the number of dayss occupied on voyage. Now multiply the number of days by the coal consumption (29) and you will have the bunker coal required for the voyage. Operation: K 8X 24—192, the daily speed. 6829~192=—35.57, the number of days on voyage. 35.57 X 29==1031. 53, the amount of bunker coal in tons required for the voyage. Note: It is customary to allow a few days reserve coal so that if steamer meets with an accident or bad weather the extra coal should enable her to reach port in’ ‘safety. In this case an allowance of three days reserve coal should suffice. METHOD OF ESTIMATING DEADWEIGHT TOTALS BEFORE OR AFTER LOADING Capacity of vessel 7200 tons deadweight. Tons RS ANN ean twice AF os) olla. Gwe GO pe A Meeatebala Awan ENe Saas edhe sBehere, syste S AIS oie: eye Mviewlels « 1931 EIGER ANT CSCIMV GC! la. Sidi: J cla SPOMabs oletalcen c- OTSIOe lal Siar eae a abebte les, See ROARS wereld etleeteye cove 87 eI ES ch agate ca pid sw ei sve hea teita, MepeMed che elena cM oped al tah ets a) oo ola! al Mele, a phe hteM Et cde vets 400 eee aC EE ESI i. WRQECT) e's, a'r. aticeee reyTre stele Get che te ole ane cbelte charee a alee o are auelle oleae ible ue 182 Ree PL OV AS LOUIS op c.5i 5, ce cise ciate Ste aucl crepe eile east Sie ais aisle sts) beds a.e56 eye Gnsacue ese 75 ORS eeDr LIMGNTE ES” ANAL OE 5 oe.) Sree, Sal a spteheMe sls ote sitere nbehiis Ut aue-c.«, s\lbRbere ce euehebele oc aculieacp igts wie « 25 1800 rT ee te COS CE LOQO EC. sc ware tae elated lasdaic< wikis » ee elena anne deo one alg 5400 7200 The ordinary tramp steamer with coal for bunker fuel will not stand up with a high deckload without water ballast, therefore in the foregoing estimate a fair allowance has been made. TO COMPUTE LUMBER CARRYING CAPACITY OF A STEAMER ON DECK This is practically impossible, aS so much depends on the stowage of cargo under deck, and also the height at which the bunker coal is stowed, whether it is winter or summer loading, the type and beam of vessel and amount of water ballast required. When estimating on the amount of deckload always take the possible height into consideration, and remember that a steamer cannot carry more than her dead- weight according to displacement scale. The trick in loading steamers with lumber is to load them with the minimum of water ballast, and that can only be done by having an expert supervise the assembling or piling of the cargo beforehand, and taking advantage of every point during loading. This will greatly assist the stevedore, the mill company and ship’s officers, and be of immense benefit to all concerned. 98 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE NEWSPRINT PAPER CARGO SHIPMENTS OF PAPER IN CONJUNCTION WITH DOUGLAS FIRE AND REDWOOD As the shipment of print paper in rolls from British Columbia and the Pacific ports of the United States to Australia, New Zealand and other countries will sup- plant this trade which formerly was held by Germany, the following information will be of considerable assistance to those interested in this particular line. The ordinary tramp steamer of about 7009 tons deadweight can carry a full cargo of paper under deck, with Redwood doorstock and/or dry lath or pickets for stowage, also a deckload of lumber equal in capacity and height to the amount that the steamer would ordinarily carry with a straight cargo of Douglas Fir, pro- vided that good stowage is made both under and on deck. DIMENSIONS OF PAPER ROLLS Paper rolls vary according to orders of foreign buyers, though they usually run from 21% inches to 84 inches in height, with a preponderance of 39-inch rolls. The diameter of rolls vary, but 34 to 36 inches could be considered a fair average. The height of roll is the net size (the width of paper) and an allowance of three inches extra in height should be made for wrapping paper. In some cases the ends of rolls are wooded, which means that the top and / or bottom ends are protected by boards about three-quarters of an inch in thickness and shaped to conform to the circular area of the end of the roll. The length and gross weight in pounds is Stencilled on the side of each roll. Rolls about 21 inches in height are called cheese rolls at point of shipment. This is on account of their resembling a roll of cheese. These rolls are a very valuable aid to stowage. They can be used on their bilge or flat side to great advantage in the wings, between the top course of paper and beams, or any place where a larger roll would not go. The following is an original specification of a shipment of paper rolls for Sydney, Australia, which gives a very fair idea of the dimensions and weight of the average paper roll: SPECIFICATIONS GIVING DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT OF NEWSPAPER ROLLS FOR FOREIGN SHIPMENT Number Average Gross Tare Net of Height Diam. Weight Wetight Weight Weight Rolls Inches Inches in Pounds in Pounds in Pounds in Pounds GAINS, Petre ca Eis 39 34 710 454,972 13,621 441,351 D80: . hotetadeire ecm inne 35 34 659 117,107 3,600 113,507 GOO: eiteicie s)2 6 oe 39 34 650 390,348 12,750 377,598 TRAE i ioe boone wee 84 36 1,700 3,126,236 95,888 3,030,348 iS wise ee ese 42 36 836 1,526,682 39,280 1,487,402 LI ODS Se cee 21% 36 435 445,386 14,322 431,064 6,115 6,060,731 179,461 5,881,270 HOW TO DUNNAGE AND STOW PAPER ROLLS IN A SHIP’S HOLD Stanchions, pillars. frames or any section of compartment composed of steel or iron should be covered with burlap or otherwise dunnaged so as to prevent paper from being damaged through coming in contact with or chafing against the steel or iron parts mentioned. Before loading, the floors of the various holds should be dunnaged with lumber to prevent damage and levelled to make a solid foundation for the paper rolls. The after holds and especially the aftermost hold where the rise of the floor is very acute, should be filled with cargo other than paper if available to about the top of the shaft tunnel. Paper rolls must be stowed on end on a practically level floor; if stowed on bilge (side) they would be crushed out of shape by the upper courses and ren- dered useless fer the purpose for which they are intended as they would not then revolve evenly on the newspaper machine cylinder. Cargo hooks must not be used to handle paper rolls, and extreme care must be used to guard against the rolls striking against side of vessel, hatch coamings or other obstructions during process of loading. If order of loading permits, the longest rolls should be stowed first in the hold; then the next to the longest length in rotation, reserving the shorter rolls to be used where a long roll cannot be stowed. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 99 NEWSPRINT PAPER —Continued SHORT STOWAGE REQUIRED Short ‘stowage which must be dry is required to fill spaces between paper rolls; also in wings (sides), against iron bulkheads and in vacant spaces between the top course of rolls and beams of vessel. One hundred thousand board feet of dry doorstock, box shooks, dry lath or dry pickets is required to stow one thousand gross long tons of paper. If lumber or stowage is loaded on steamer prior to taking paper cargo, it should be stowed in one end of:each compartment only, preferably the narrow end. If spread over the entire floor space it would have to be rehandled and thus delay the work of loading. When stowed in one end of a compartment, work of loading can commence in the vacant end immediately vessel arrives at paper mill, eo stowage in the other end can be used when required without retarding the work. — It is a cardinal rule never to use a short roll except for an emergency, as they are easily handled and if they are not all utilized during loading they will come in very handy to finish off with. CUBIC STOWAGE PER TON OF PAPER ROLLS Under favorable conditions such as a vessel with large compartments or when the orders contain a large quantity of medium sized rolls or of a length that will stow from floor to beams without loss of space, about ninety-one cubic feet bale space ‘should be allowed for one gross long ton of paper. When there is a great variety of sizes, or the lengths are such that good stowage cannot be made owing to build of vessel or for any reason that results in a loss of space between the upper course and beams an allowance of at least ninety- five cubic feet bale space should be made. BUNKER SPACE All available 'space under deck should be reserved for cargo, and only enough bunker capacity allowed to cover the run on the longest leg of the voyage. For instance, a steamer from British Columbia or the U. S. North Pacific Coast, with a cargo destined for Sydney, Australia, should not take coal for the entire voyage, but should replenish her bunkers at Honolulu, Hawaii, taking sufficient coal there to safely carry her to Sydney. By referring to the following distances the benefit of replenishing bunkers at Honolulu wil] be apparent: Distance from Victoria, B. C., to Honolulu, 2349 nautical miles. Distance from Port Townsend, Wash., to Honolulu, 2366 nautical miles. Distance from Honolulu to Sydney, Australia, 4420 nautical miles. A vessel making nine knots per hour on a daily consumption of 28 tons of coal would be 20% days on the voyage from Honolulu to Sydney, and would require a minimum of 574 tons of coal. To this amount should be added about four days’ extra supply of coal or 112 tons as a reserve against accident or bad weather. STABILITY Contrary to a general supposition a steamer with a full cargo of paper under deck, and broken spaces well filled with short stowage, and a full and complete deckload of about 800,000 board feet of Douglas Fir and averaging about eleven — in height, will stand up as well at the finish as if the entire cargo was Douglas ‘ir, The reason for this is, that with a paper cargo under deck all bottom ballast tanks would be full, and with a straight cargo of Douglas Fir about half of the bottom ballast tanks of a capacity of say 600 tons would be empty. Therefore the extra weight of ballast required for a paper cargo would be in the bottom of ihe vessel and offset the heavier weight of Douglas Fir at a higher elevation in the hold. DEADWEIGHT The ordinary tramp steamer loaded under foregoing conditions would prob- ably be six to ten inches off her summer marks with all bottom ballast tanks full. Therefore if it is possible to obtain as cargo about 500 tons deadweight of iron, lead, ‘steel, tin, canned salmon or any commodity of a specific gravity several times heavier than water that can safely be stowed in bottom of vessel it would be an aid to stability and add to freight profits by replacing a large portion of water ballast with profitable cargo. POINTERS ON FILLING BALLAST TANKS In loading steamer with a combination of paper and lumber it is good policy to regulate the weight of cargo and stowage in such a manner that the vessel can be loaded to her marks with one or more small double bottom ballast tanks empty, so that in event of vessel becoming tender towards the end of the voyage, through burning the coal stowed in the lower part of bunkers, the bottqgm tanks could be filled and the steamer would retain her stability by substituting the water ballast for coal. If possible leave tanks of small capacity empty, as they are only filled during voyage in case of emergency, it being considered a hazardous undertaking for a steamer with a high deckload to fill a large tank at sea, as the rolling of vessel would cause the slack water to rush to one side of the tank which would probably result in the steamer taking a very dangerous list. 100 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE CONVERSION OF U.S. AND ENGLISH MONEY According to Act of Congress, March 8, 1873, the Pound Sterling of Great Britain equals $4.8665; the value of one shilling equals $0.24 14; the value of one penny equals $0.02. Table of Sterling Money 4 Farthings (far) equal 1 penny (d.). 12 Pence equal 1 shilling (s.). 20 Shillings equal 1 pound (£). A Simple Process to Change Pounds, Shillings and Pence to Dollars and Cents Reduce pounds to shillings, add in the shillings, if any, and multiply the sum by .2444; if any pence are given, increase the product by TWICE as many cents. Reduce £185, 17s. and 9d. to U. S. money: 185 20—3700 17 Shillings, 3717 3717 .24144—904.47 jd ==. i .d8 Ans. $904.65 Another Simple Method to Reduce Pounds to Dollars, and Vice Versa Exchange Being at $4.8665 Multiply the number of pounds by 73, and divide the product by 15; the result will express its equivalent in dollars and cents. Or, Multiply dollars by 15 and dividing the product by 73, will give its equivalent in Pounds and decimals of a Pound. How many dollars.in £96? £96 734-—$467.20. Ans. How many pounds in $839.50? $839.50 154.— £172.5. Ans. TO COMPUTE LUMBER SHIPMENTS IN POUNDS, SHILLINGS AND PENCE In making up Bills of Lading for British countries, the rate per thousand is invariably figured in Hnglish mnoey. The following method explain's the usual way of computing the freight in pounds, shillings and pence. : Example No. 1: What will the total freight amount to in sterling money on a shipment of lumber containing 220,024 board feet at £3 10s. 0d. per thousand. Operation: 220,024 X £3% (£3 10s.) equals tie Shillings 1.680 12 Pence 8.160 Answer: £770 1s. 8d. Explanation: As the rate of freight is per thousand feet, point off three figures and multiply by £3%, which is the equivalent of £3 10s. 0d. This gives £770 and decimal .084 of a pound. Multiply .084 by 20 to obtain the shillings and .680 by 12 to obtain the pence, LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 101 TO COMPUTE LUMBER SHI?MENTS— Continued Example No. 2: What will the total freight amount to in.sterling money on a shipment of lum- ber containing 86,976 board feet at £2 6s. 9d. per thousand? In this instance it is advisable to bring the pounds and shillings to pence, which in this case amounts to 561 pence. Operation: 86.976 Board Feet 561 Pence 86976 521856 434880 12)48793 .536 20)4066.128 (Multiply .128 by 12 to obtain the pence which is 1.536 or 1%44d.) 203.6 Answer: £203 6s. 1%d Explanation: As the rate of freight is per thousand, point off three figures and multiply hy 561 (the pence). Divide the product by 12 which gives 4066 shillings and: decimal point 128 of a shilling. Now divide 4066 shillings by 20, to.obtain the pounds. This gives 203 pounds and six shillings. To obtain the pence multiply .128 by 12; this Sives 1.536 or 1% pence. TO MAKE A WATCH ANSWER FOR A COMPASS If the watch is on time, turn it around so that the hour hand will point te the sun. Then just mid-way between where the hour hand points on the dial and 12 o’clock on the dial, is SOUTH. It is of no consequence what time of day, or what time of year it is—the rule applies at all times any place north of the equator. Absolute exactness is not claimed for this rule, but it is always near enougn for practical purposes. Note—Pay no attention to the minute hand. LONGITUDE AND TIME Since the earth revolves around its axis in 24 hours, and its circumference is divided into 360 degrees, the sun apparently passes over 15 degrees in 1 hour (360 = 24=-15); and consequently over 1 degree in 4 minutes (60 + 15=—4). Hence, these simple Rules: Rule—Multiplying the Longitude, expressed in GeereGe: by 4 gives the equiva- lent Time expressed in minutes. Rule—Dividing the Time, expressed in minutes, by 4 gives the equivalent Longitude expressed in degrees. _ The difference in Longitude between Boston and San Francisco is nearly 51% degrees; what is the difference in Time? Answer—51%X 4 == 205 mines'or: 3h. 125) niin: The difference in Time between London and New York is nearly 4 h. and 51% min.; what is the difference in Longitude? Answer—4 h. 55% min.=295% min. 2954%+4=—73% deg. Notes—A degree of Longitude at the equator is 69.16 miles; at ten degrees of Latitude, 68 miles; at twenty degrees, 65 miles; at thirty degrees, 60 miles; at forty degrees, 53 miles; at fifty degrees, 44.5 miles; at sixty degrees, 34.6 miles, etc. Thus longitude gradually diminishes with each degree of latitude, till at the poles it runs to nothing, as all the meridians converge from the equator to a point at the poles. The degrees of Latitude run parallel, and would be equally distant apart were the earth:a perfect sphere, but owing to its polar diameter being 26% miles shorter than its equatorial diameter, the first degree being 68.8 miles; th forty-fifth, 69 miles, and the ninetieth, 69.4 miles. The earth’s equatorial diameter is 7925.6 miles. Its polar diameter, 7899.1 miles. 102 LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE _ BENEFIT OF TABLE OF DISTANCES AND DIFFERENCE IN TIME TABLE The table of distances and difference in time table included in this work will prove a valuable aid to shipowners and lumbermen engaged in the export cargo trade, aS it will enable them to quickly arrive at the distance between loading and discharging ports, and the time that vessel would be due to arrive at destination. Steamers on long voyages do not always go direct to destination, but invariably stop at one or more coaling ports for bunkers. The distances in this book are arranged with this object in view, thereby enabling the reader to ascertain the distance from the principal ports of the world to any Douglas Fir or Redwood cargo mill on the Pacific Coast. Vessels destined for British Columbia ports usually stop first at Victoria, Van- couver Island; for Puget Sound ports at Port Townsend, Wash.; for Portland and Columbia River ports at Astoria, Ore. This stop is made for any of the following reasons: To call for orders, pass quarantine, fumigate, enter, or take a local pilot if proceeding to inland waters. To ascertain the distance between ports it is often necessary to refer to one , or more route ports. _AsS an illustration, presume you wish to find the distance from Seattle, Wash., to Liverpool, England, you would trace the distance by following the nearest navigable route, which is as follows: Seattle;; Washs to’ Port.Tomnsende. 30a. One. a2. ee ues 39 Nautical Miles Rort ;Lownsendsto) Ramana) Cataie, tawiws SP. Wu eas ae ee 3985 Nautical Miles Rana ay (CooZig bot COlOM NC Zi. Vow sek Hee eh Ll, GA oie ae eee 43 Nautical Miles Colon,.€. Z to? Liverpool, -via- Mona Passage «0 ..4n0 se ae 4548 Nautical Miles Race e Sra eos 18 AANCGEaY ean: ST ete ere eR Svan a ceaie ne ga 8615 Nautical Miles To trace the distance to the Mediterranean Sea ports,.such as Barcelona, Spain; Marseilles, France; Genoa and Naples, Italy, and Alexandria and Port Said, Egypt, use the following route ports: Panama, Colon and Gibraltar. Total distance LENGTH OF PANAMA CANAL The distance from Panama Roads, Canal Zone, to Colon, Canal Zone, is 43 nautical ,or 50 statute, miles. TO COMPUTE TIME OCCUPIED ON VOYAGE To compute the number of days that a full powered steamer would occupy on a voyage, the following data is, necessary. Difference in time between port of departure and port of destination. Distance between ports, and the speed of steamer in Knots (nautical miles) per hour. Example: A steamer averaging 10 knots per hour leaves Sydney, New South Wales, Eastern Australia, at 6 a. m., January 2nd (Australian time), bound for Portland, Oregon. When is she due at destination? Process: By referring to the “Difference in Time Table,” you will note the difference in time between Eastern Australia and the U. S. Pacific Coast is 18 hours. Therefore the first thing to do is to adjust the Australian time to correspond to that of the U. S. Pacific Coast, which in this case will be noon, January 1st. The number of nautical miles from port to port is found by reference to the Honolulu “Distance Table,’ which gives the distance to both Sydney and Portland, the total being 6,752 nautical miles. The number of knots per hour (10) is multiplied by (24) the hours per day, which equals 240 knots, or nautical miles, and is divided into 6752, the number of nautical miles covered by steamer on voyage, which gives 28.133 days, or the equivalent of 23 days 3 hours. This is added to the Pacific Coast time of steamer’s departure from Sydney, making January 29th three p. m. as the time vessel is due at Portland, Oregon, without allowing for stoppages. Mote: It is customary for a steamer destined for Portland, Oregon, to proceed to the SNe of the Columbia River, and there pick up a bar pilot, who takes the vessel to Astoria. The services of the bar pilot are dispensed with at Astoria, where a Columbia River pilot is engaged to take the vessel to Portland. LUMBERMAN’S AND LOGGER’S GUIDE 103 DIFFERENCE IN TIME TABLE When it is noon today from Vancouver, B. C.. to San Diego. California: In Washington and Boston ............. it is 3:00 p.m. today In New York and Philadelphia ......... it is 3:00 p.m. today In Chicago, St. Louis and New Orleans..it is 2:90 p.m. today in ;}Cheyenne and Denver ......06..00.08% it is 1:00 p.m. today Bae Nea an Amt ied tanec fe Oe eth sole duswBh a) elebictars it is 11:00 a.m. today MTT PETC E OM TRMCO NR fade choke sos Cisiivia tes da ot Ske Be it is 4:00 p.m. today PnePanama acCanal AONE . .\. |. byes & sewers sic eave it is 3:00. p.m. today In Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands ......... it is 9:30 a.m. today Be TREE eS TOA el. Biche ole Se es GA's cuae fees it is 8:30 a.m. tomorrow ry Glmaey ead GS jek cet. 6 cect oe ee oe ees it is 5:30 a.m. tomorrow meMenila aehilippine Tslands . -@. ..i¢8. it is 4:00 a.m. tomorrow Be APO CMe ere BS ooh ck MD bo eR it is 3:43 a.m. tomorrow MPM UIS Raa OV VCSEGIM 0% o scout v © aieh. sala 3.8 it is 4:00 a.m. tomorrow Hit PANISEG Lay DO OMEMa TSS eiiG bo leon oe it is 5:30 a.m. tomorrow PAS ANtal ) PRASTECIM « cl"als ec crecstocstemte cree it is 6:00 a.m. tomorrow An LASIStria-EUN Bary snd. jcerefe o< SANE ale, gues it is 9:00 p.m. today TE, - SEVEN ESN Ga a hal oS ee Ee ES en it is 8:00 p.m. today In Borneo (British North) and Labuan ..it is 4:00 a.m. tomorrow Pai Pp Pazil! GRiO \detJaneiro) tts. joke eo ees it is 5:00 p.m. today 52a SI ae se ee ee RR 0 9 Aug peg es it is 3:30 p.m. today ee Hadas GELOTLESE ON) wae bce epee eae ols Ooo ekele it is 4:00 a.m. tomorrow ities GNP GS aE ONL) gore apovasciatss 4. psigheuegecevaveen ame it is 3:00 a.m. tomorrow Mv AC OLOM Da a CBOLOta) | Pi kute tein o accuse oeece it is 38:00 p.m. today ECO SCAG ERICA Stn. te Mela tre ous hee eects ciaie eter « it is 3:00 p.m. today 1 Tt O14 Cae Sa ee ee? ee ee ae 8 aS ltiaS.k os O0.p.m. today PETAR MEATYVEAB ISL oh SARs choc sc ob atebthe AeeOe ane Wrieeees it is 9:00 p.m. today Pe TOT A CORD EL te cis ke cd SAS cle Shore Cate fae it is 2:45 p.m. today RT GE PU ee ste Sage os mere se creeps auae Oecerets it is 10:00 p.m. today Ba ETD Peau) ieee Mayon a0 ils) opie Op eiay weno Ric eeap ee ee oes it is 8:00 p.m. today ii EN herbs lag ss--C Sia) ie ea ng tie a ©) allele ene it is 8:00 a.m. tomorrow Litly LTRS G1 © 2 Rigby Gi = | Sieh Aas gs RE Sec Be Bon Sf it is 8:00 p.m. today PR GOCTIMAIV © oF. cia as Pic wc oOo eters UE Oe eee it is 9:00 p.m. today Mil GARDAI AL , 6 ayoels fo ce Acts: od htthe tome it is 8:00 p.m. today PP GReeceine rt. s OE. OAS. et eel. Wet! coe it is 9:30 p.m. today AE LOMPAT Gees oi Stes Saye Se ecules ou eS 6 ..-it is 8:00 p.m. today DERE REN ONINAUT Teed Ser. ciara? Ae siyasten Shale Tecan owe! Oye Meee anes it is 2:00 p.m. today Pre Arnica CVE AT AS Ys sik con aha steteenecace ta leiaveteteee 3 it is 1:30 a.m. tomorrow “del = UNSER O76 laiae SR ig a eRe ee eR Be are ee SES oA it is 7:30 p.m. today BTCA 1. RetaNe «loa onal vo Sotto a sonales tothe: at UMN: 5. foc ameers it is 9:00 p.m. today Mmrwamaicas (Kingston) !t .. Ber sof. Re it is 3:00 p.m. today in pak ee BO. os eS es CTE le it is 5:00 a.m. tomorrow BID ge WS Squt Ss) thane ols Cues ie ehe aris eave swage vay eeame it is 3:00 a.m. tomorrow PRP PSSIEEIS ali /etchal ex op Pats anaes a2ation ob site rau tees ...-it is 5:00 a.m. tomorrow in Madagascar (Tananarivo)” ..s.: eer ce. it is 11:00 p.m. today MAN EN TAL 2 arc vas ocens tere veils ai tronahasfehate ots, 0) 6 ieee clegater it is 9:00 p.m. today Ma VEU LCE 5 AR 0 ee WN 6,0 a areeuts, J atlas ole cic it is midnight tonight Ara VEE COEDS... Seok. d othe ees Atte ed, olav tele it is 1:30 p.m. today i iNew Lonmilande . 56250... RE she. «tes it is 4:30 p.m. today Bary Nes CAAT) Civerais: 5 ais oe ese aueqane "a uate we sie gore it is 7:30 a.m. tomorrow PERN RE PD LULA teak nhc vale étia a epepeus) oc oe & Be ekone it is 2:15 p.m. today Pe eVome: VOUteh THArDOM.-. cise... aig. s chelee oleae. it is 3:00 a.m. tomorrow POEMS Sis HCE UI OVA) is elcces ce cc ese occa it is 10:00 p.m. today in, Russia. “OVAAGIVOStOK) | sfse oid 2 ats od. ¢ dees it is 5:00 a.m. tomorrow EY ue OE 6 te muerte cand Gicteks spicules s Sa it is 3:00 a.m. tomorrow TAGS SS PNT y cower e aie auatrot aie) ouwo abe fekenee ots) entvay el suai eae it is 8:00 p.m. today ETE PSCC COM a atx cetede sare tets| ere tare oo v) +s cenialavecwean Ute it is 9:00 p.m. today TR SEZ anh anon teres So ge Sania) eye:,d). 6) dajsi,o'sl druruiens it is 9:00 p.m. today WN, PLUGS - cnc do etetere ~ SCR he SORT ey Dn HELD it is 8:00 p.m. today Were, RT OC Waele neh ie ei locariiiine a: © d.wi'es)ajeneiaselalepe it is 10:00 p.m. today nit © CYT UY eect ee craven es Sikhs, cere see a poe arete it is 4:15 p.m. today. In Valdez, Wairbanks, Tanana ......%...> it is 10:00 a.m. today AI” “Wi EMeZUCl a cher cie a otk te oie sls calor gel er epere che it is. 3:30 p.m. today Courtesy of “North Pacific Ports” 104 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS INLAND WATERS PUGET SOUND, WASHINGTON AND BRITISH COLUMBIA POBTS Nautical Miles | | } | | | | * | | gene o b igi g|s | aj || 2 2) 9 a I) ee | ~ < Q et Prom undermentioned ports to | on | fy i z $ S | 4 a & ld} al 3 a | 3 | -e le] ¢ | oA, =] > q heh cme a) | per < nive ohe i ° | 0. 5. | Aw. # |) Rea ee } ' H POPE hu ae? BP! Ue } ee & das | yaa fle Anacortes = 05°22 2 eee | 15 96 | 126 107 | 62 | 75 | 43 67 45 Bellingham * ..:cwc- ser peeks doe |... .] 111 | 130 | 122 {) 977 [60 | Se) oa ee Wiaine 3.5.7). ee?': lec Balen oke | 86 |110|105|1382| 88| 54{|{ 62] 93| 75 Bremerton 2 Vie ae ee | 84 |129|194| 39| 35|127| 73| 1lo| 39 Cape Flattery ...:.....-+---.-| 111 ]...; | 190 | 155 [117] 4415(9 Se ae Comox; HB, (Creek oe ~+..-|.180 [ 190 |... | 208 | 4370 |” 53 | 3aeq) ame eae Duugeiess | sists ws sees | 44{ 72|136| s4{| 46| 88[ 15] SI | 3a Departure Bay ..........+-.++: [ 75.[ 141 | 62 | 165 | 127 [| 7 | 9) ta aa Dupont 20). Ve Ma Be | 122°| 155 | 208 | ... |. 56 | 165) 9984) saps ee” Everett ....c ccc edeenccscvcsen| 9% 4 117) 170 | -66)[.... 1 1270) SG Baeqnimalt, BO. ...ot ena ek | 50 | 59 | 182 | 102 | 64{ 90/ 19 { @9 | 50. Friday Harbor...........5-.-..|. 68 | 80 [110 | ‘95)| (57 \Jc9@p | 420 ome James Island ........-ss+2.--s|,.02 1 78 | 114 | 105 | 67 {7970 | 26a) eee Mukilteo... vatvs) Ween ee BE | 73 | 113 | 165 | 52| 4{ 120 | 53 | @3] 22 Manaimo, B. C.-).....::55--.-+-|..60,[ 141] 53 | 165 | 127 | 3. eee Weah Bay ...... eee eens Tee | 97! 7 | 183 | 148 | 110 | 134 | 50 | 115 | 97 Olympic ee EP eee _.|.133 [168 | 221 | 16 | 76 | 178 | 111 { 49 | 82. Port Angeles .¢.......:....-.»|., 58 | 56 [143 | 98 | 6O.\) 92 |.) ee Point Atkinson ................| 64 | 133 | 74 | 159 121 | 28 | 88 | 126 | 108 Port Blakeley_...........--.-s-|.. 82 ; 121 | 175 | 35 | 28 | 182 | ,GBi) gas me Port Crescent ..... Jevactsseecces| G8 |. 44.|°146 | 108 {i721 | 88) 0 Em 00 09 rh o> w) Hf 09 O nme CPPP BRD RECEP CPA PLE EPL EPeL | vavnre vonor 2388288938325 SE QR SE 28929 Rees | is fae J is 1 0 pe oJ ld i, = pt <> APA eee eee mt pucssumoy 10g 8 we ° 2 S eat dale dee 0 aa lisa ie zP8° a? 88 | ig J FIG WS pag a FE Bel ta aes ae ae MOTPU'T 4104 TASB BASBAT GB AO sO oe ib BOS BSA Sm aiva@l *) elpt.iel @ ol ale] 21. plese Bhs . . oleae) al ae “ese ee eee el . . . see ese ee eeeeeee . see eee ew nee . - . . . oe ce. . 2 Spe eS Port Gamble Port Ludlow Vancouver, B. C. Possession Point SiR PEE Port Townsend — Port Crescent From undermentioned ports te— Port Angeles ... Point Atkinson Port Blakeley Union Bay, B.C. . Miles 372 410 130 Nautical Ocean Falls, Vancouver Island, B. C., to Seattle, Wash. .. Port Alberni, Vancouver Island, B. C., to Victoria, B. C. ............ Ocean Falls, Vancouver Island, B. C., to Port Townsend ... 106 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS TABLE OF DISTANCES ACAPULCO Acapulco, Mexico, to— Nautical BRoute— Miles Antofagasta, Chile’ iii) ik ie ei Skee aie, Ee nical ova ae PS alice athe 2.984 Arica; CHide yee GOR ree a edaels are wooo She bee, Ola tetite Taare et cca na cio ay st 2,768 Caldera, (Cid: oi. ie ie, a cdaeeiigaines tg itn elles. atau ie BH a alucaie b's Rete hau aeRO At cheat a a 3,130 Callao, . Peru techie ssn eG tomar) airtel aie stars teens ore ate eee ee Ung terete, ea rc 2,198 Coquim'bo, ' CHINE ons keeles bah ot 6 octet Rs ee a ae SBT ei re a ce 3,259 SGFINCO pp NUCANA SUA \6 srateders ie ace) oibialn Weds Bae MEG as il seein at coy vei ce Rn 792 Esmeraldas, “Deuador: 7.4.6 6.05 Set) nh tin. Sete Stew eoehs ide ee elt ts. cliche 2c eee (1,527 Gay aquil EUaAGOns Marcas .lc is) dos. « (8s. Bs Ae Sedo coche & eae siigee Gee ote ene eo ea 1,708 Fon OU, Ea Wadd ogyche siya ace care tie Bale oon Sey elo ebale SIMMaNe oan SARE. RS fr 293,289 Iqmique? Chile: a ices hs. Mens oie bm Be ak aR Ve pee eNO Te pa Paes, «is ee 2,834 PWG. Cole pee: aah age dicey sere) 6 ais Mlle: ues a peed SHOE sro, cers tare eue i eeu! 0), Ae Os a 3,573 Magdalena Bay, JM@xiCo: gos siiciers tec Bee Be ae: ois ay a ee 2 eee 853 Mollend@,” Peg esas iets tb eccials Rituisl she Ss cow aa ct pstcsh mene pan gues cee ieee 2,643 PACASMAYO,, PCr uy fia He Giese ie BR ects se total Seale pave denesekkeud) ote MeNouee ete ela tes ST ae ee 1,895 Fag 0 os A Sal) QD TSR SO sme eat ey WG ee a I SP ONS RT A EEL A 1,725 psgz Dat: lio oii Cohn’ MEaPR emer Pa ee ane CP rm eater are are ne RR Dec oI ORME EE 1,426 Pichilinque Harbor (U.S. coal depot) ............. ate aie! SR EA” ie 778 Mexico. Pisco) Pert. Vesey hai. A cb taremey ola GPAs s SoSRANY 0) ahora) or cin oosben omre yal UploMiou cain: eh tal eee ar 2,309 Punta’ ArenasesChilet whe: sf nf. Bild Oh 7. ree jo wetlands caReS: ee ce Cee eee .. 4,582 Punta “Arenas? Costa ‘Rica... iegisane oss SSR OR 2 Se ee 1/011 Salina Graz; (MexiG@oy, i o.2, oo 3 tcceeem te hep ieveae Teapot bode fea le PRUE 2 Cnn en 314 San JOSe; Guatemala i Hs ec} Sic we. osetia, apne a iiede gal eoberhonse, iorcde' a mabies ate eh ic ge eee che ie a 574 Tahiti, (Papeete) Society. Tse yk ce bow ee tnt hh iciek etl tel tala EAS A tr rr BO DOD Talcahwanol “CRile Mis hc Sete, CUM Ue NRT Rie ere ok ON wee enn ers a ea Pe 3,558 Valdivia (Port Corral), Chile Se oar yee og ile) Sn, conceal oie 3,712 Valparaiso, Chitle. 6... 860)0. kh ee: © ROE Le Peh ene. oe: ahr alin, alae 8 uaa erat eine: an ane 3,406 ASTORIA Nautical Astoria to— Miles COTM DIG RAV BAI cio este ter alesse ae Rrra ae sere aa NR ret T SO ClBAL ati core ues recs St INO fe 10 DuteH. Elar bor. (ALAS Ra iy outta mistage ice iota ts ere uoka acca Siete ee state tei tot Aken ee 1688 Grays Harbor* Bar yi sie eet ad ete ie elk oes olal store weMeu ca oRichoMame ON Sok pte aa 53 Port. TOWNSERG, ‘Walsit.. |. RAE! ORR. RE SR Ee a op sp an ah os oe ahypasatlree te eter AT turcaaey samen 214 San. MramncisS coy se: 620 B. ee eis bob dec Pe OPOne eae os Pag 2s ois Bales wslee Seg abe! gjss) cs Crates eel heer 555 Seattle Shih. be coke: Sette fe BRR evoke elite: Sroteweties tke. wus, a aeade pcan abe mete 0. ee 252 Macoma, ¢ WaShs oo kis. oie sen cee ane eta Mes © cocked Gra citueth aie oui, coe Se peo 279 TA LOOST, PONV Soo iy sel iS Spiess oS 8 sede wr Sferegape ca lgbiny eel Rater he ial otU crate te Tatlene ene a 126 YA BIE fe iis 24 cated Me eaeabestieaney me pra Mi tala Ra er eds Witt SO MAME ba ue A ate ee cle + ayia ee 38 INLAND WATERS ASTORIA DISTANCES FROM ASTORIA, ORE., TO COLUMBIA RIVER AND WILLAMETTE RIVER LOADING POINTS The distances are from Astoria at a point known as the Mack Dock, where all bearings are taken. The Portland distance terminates at the Steel Bridge. Statute Miles Kina ppton, “Wasa. riers: cre, ie eorls ake ee ee lel eho lade. Wye veldateuabtelcicea elcaMmie tare meteor) re einchn cowee le ae a 12 Qa VA eOT Gio ici ahs oe ehlaeisinal eval: biatbaearaene thee eee nate aS ay audit ees panne Sel i ne 28 WEREDOTE, OPCs ie 05'S eis tereunsl le) Shae wasp udeees courant oh Smeeiel ute Meg wu MoLNUieiautas le uscel ele, CRE ae re —6-30 Oak: Point, Wasi. 3s Sk5 ce ie sttelene Se lneg ec Fo: Bi Newer taney slot Pc Teena ig os fie 0) cule ca, i ee 40 Stella. VW we oMsierts abenoiesels Ye opto yeu unre ee ee eT By: a es ee ee 421% FLAIMIEr, “OPS aera he. Soren tase loin onlay Aire Ieeerine Cea teh Oho AL hepa ee Behiehiouetielaile ie cvs ies SMe Me prt ee ae 54144 Rrescott, Ores -o ete ies oic.c ous 04 0.0 0: Spiny RRs och iipandeh > gases) cil) ciate «Pe dwead ay" > @ogcnb ponoian wits 57 GODIE,.” OT. oie ge ase elie ele win Oc bee dalton ive cr SEN ede Rha ese raea ee eater 6 loka eee CO OT Ea nT 60 Kaadama, Wastin’ jo cio sided oslo 6 tye ofits camalen enya = Gut < legis eh Ugg Acta, molitely bay hate" «eile 60 Saint Helens Ore. sack. eee < aueiate eek 2 etal ot elle chelate puma aie kaa Age Cunt c een 73 Tinnton, Ores ee. ec vas cle un nie ce eeereaninls | aakverele eae 1 Se arMaB lin ie nan Sireecor Wee wheat co npc g Hey ae ea 921% Vancouver, Wash. rts cies bciele lec ive iba-vietal aceiedopb imate iouc tealete ices ret en eee ane re 94 Saint Johns, ‘Ores. ois sieis clay ob sera sire ecbi cic erate Mouptaumurebe mel int a eOecete! oy sue netfee ee anne ce 95 Portland, Ore” sive ia ses sia yore vevntoisc fo toud pate estieee si vite cle TOR ENE ROME NES Oke Je nessltefeiae o ROK OGL EM Ceea a an ote na 100° / To facilitate the loading and unloading of vessels the Port of Astoria has a 50-ton movable crane and bunkers that hold 20,000 tons of coal. TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 107 BORDEAUX Nautical Bordeaux, France, to— Route— Miles PTRUNIGO,, WMOSIGO. sk sch ca eek es Wiad Panama Canale viiiesawencace iene clea ee aee 6,067 MORRIE si ois) Nea ee RRR shea citi ehicckele wavs Wis, Magellan: Strauiity scnedersarheoatteeetan, oats Bip MCE EAT UL. Sieh Geen See scale ee es Wie, SUZ “Canale icc .veysesvcscwaucne, shove seembaee, ant 4,351 SUS Cpa Ee a ae a ee eee ae Via, Panama: Canals iccitiecscistanors eerste. « 5,987 PNRM e Chic ot ar ch out MOR eee eco ae RR sare b we Via. Magellan: Strait! “het eae, Tee 9,749 MaCALONER: CS, “125s alallan wieneunenye CS Cone Cone Sana Viaw Monae PassSaee, oss ice cieounmea ee 4,598 Seen Gst 2 Cun tr kere aS Nia e tise k wetn ae Vila; Panama: «Canals. hour otters 7,463 WERMBee Her yeh creer eters hs cin, ohana ie keels e's os Via Macellan«Stratt, .1. Sent’ aoe ese 8,262 Guayaquil (Puna), Ecuador......... Viay Panama, Canal J.2 3 ctr ks Se Ke 5,434 MG CHE ME ere olee silt vidwvietet eee 8 NES Via) Magellan -oStraite tai%. She ans tes aa 10,342 Prenainer + Culinaire. sw gesle oa oe hose he Via NE. Providence Channel ......... 4,188 Honolulu, EPO bra ckthete sqaieds eee ts arkgadee Via sPanamaysCariats (2200 y walt ss 9,326 Meera reer cacicie sty. cS ae ag 68 Sele eS Vian dMigeellan Strartrry ho. tuyere saws te 13,439 POPMIIIE OMMLG © oe arilese cut Ma et e s Saat eee Viay PananrasCanall "5-4 22sec craps oaks 6,628 NOEs a eee ee Tk eee Se Sse hee Via Marelian Strait, tots oh ces. oe 9,270 LESH @iid thn Grell alee soe ee eee Vias MonaPassates esi erences: coer 4,641 Pernambuco, PER TRA ZA eater hccakes «: cetinie Pate A MCh ce ARN en MTN ee meee ee Gere teeta cis aq lebane iar eyererang 3,823 EPorulana, Ores Ui S: Ale cso. ales os ae Via Panama Canal and San Francisco 8,536 LOO eee BMY SA tans, Sus, Aver ay ccs tamara? Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 13,912 Son Townsend, Wash., U. S. A...... Via Panama Canal and San Francisco 8,656 Becerra SPANO a, act a “ste Ta) wis, eiia ve coud Bese tnd Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 14,032 Punta PPO WO NC «aisha 56 a aateed Gee HAS OLmsSOUbi: ATMeriGa’. os ec sc co steue< 7.074 RENO asec LORS Neca, sue) caahc co 0 Aisw tannins Via Panama Canal .......... Y JAD . 8,584 Sig asp DIES TO CE UIE |S es ee ee, ee Re rye MOR essere ate. oleae ck oat CeeBee auch ae cenas 7,484 ROMS ot eeh vc Pena ta en she's shee din Adm Giteraeaks Via Magellan) Strate.” ier..0) . athe he tose 12,870 Sate rancisco,, Gal. U.S: A. sacs. oss Wie Paria mies Cartas Cea re wscrorete te, oe ela ehe Awe 7,886 OE Sleeper ha as% ot hots ei wale chs, Seep dx taxv Wilts Ala mellam Shab. 5 os o's wits srclete were 13,262 San prose, Guratemala.. S.J bx disease ce Via -Pananva. Canal)... 2 Rete eense? 2 5,526 Sy swears. cw iekernitenats Kae Ge Rae. F2, Mia Marellan sStrait: 0 pe... shes, SS 6h Sitka, PASC, Sek Poke SA. RE: Via Panama Canal and San Francisco 9,188 Eee artate apes 5 ie es waeleraereore ea> 2 Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 14,564 anatase, COTE A RAPES is cya acts ae !a B Via. Panama Canals... 208 SP eS ee 7,257 res Seta es USS Se, bd dite MOE Oak Wie)" Mavellan- Strait «+s... cee 6 te da 8,507 Weteouvers esi OoL PePOOT LUE Le Wie Panamar Canal. ois estes treme: 8,673 i sees oS). eR OM HSA AOMOU LAS oe, Vide iviarcelian. Strait. 5 oa. sss + <'eid seacveiens 14,047 BREST Nautical Brest, France, to— F Route— Miles COPD Te OLR i b A a cs ee a Wid. Mona’ “PASSA C Ve witbis-cueua db «ave oh eee 4,420 SCC ari td aC. ci ye ne art ee Me Oe no ge none scare lopohethe tee go: dle) ot avid we spate 392 Sen raat) tay, CO alnitanera).” Cuba yess cise ck sites oc aves a edhsckde Cb s onueel’s gm 3,791 oy yas Cihes Battery), INA OY SW inten:s swWestDOuUnd. oof le cx. ores bein scours 2,994 Oe A ts ae eee ie Sg ae A av eke Bd SUmMMNIeErs; WeEStDOUMG? fi gs jee bee» eteemnaees oe 3,072 eC Ce NUCH Om Es techie. jefe cheers a ae citer acetate ete le c's We cimvel slate ees © yeh ieidtche. ona 4,841 Sanakranciscee: Cal. UW. S. Alon as wcansh Via Rio de Janeiro and Meola Strait 13,271 EG RCN SEMEN eS kava elslieic, © niche ne 'e 3pa.8 bs Via Mona Passage and Panama ...... 7.708 BUENOS AIRES Nautical Buenos Aires, Argentina, to— Boute— Miles PRSMINCLOTY SEPA SAY fects ole in saci slens, 3 XE Mee ERE siatth sks o'ele-p Oe vane Cae 827 erste COA Tis al ete cal sac elses. aes abe North of South America i ove Chobe Derby 5,450 va he ne Hbr: (san, Pedro), Cal, Vie, Panama Canal. os. Sonut es aett 8,406 mupra: Arenas (CHV. is5 ccc dae seus eaten a ate Sree the ak: ghia oh gg aw ahaa Se. MO RE 1,383 ES Ce EAD GN, PAE PAINE LEL EA at abebene oleh a eG sy ewig: gal eg laialadare pce PUR lag wa) ecg SMO ER aM. oer 210 EGERDCOn, MBSIANE oy 29.1. scree. ME OLY 6 soc bor eles cates v ov DOM BAM. 1 5,762 -—_-- 108 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS CALLAO Nautical Callao, Peru, to— BRoute— Miles Anrtofaeasta,; UCHMSs Hi Pek Ot es Re a SNS Sah ge 0 ak 813 Aspica, CRUG oie gc enw ie en Wie wile do din) 5 cM EURO eS (cSt ane a 593 Caldera. “Chile iene fae RL ei oh lest ote Gila eee DAR toy 2) CI Leah a 980 Chimbote, Per io wie lie EBs BED BR ees eats ie) ay ok do 3 ee 206 Coquimbo, | CHU oie ja a a ANE PR ea ater? a 1,136 EVOL hn eee Wy ed a so: cé scan ee ese RP APE OP Mtoe ll en cumiriy isk ic ve ace es oc eee 5,161 PQUIGU ES} | CHM as oh. oss 5ihoio sales SLANT oN DR a es > athe ara eae RE Noah hk a 659 los; Angeler Harbor (San. Pedro): Gallina te see 2 6 e Sia dle sc cider a ey 3,655 VW aiS: nA: Lota ‘Chilecci.. ecilatow ky. 8 Pickete eh be cers MERtAMNe Bae OAs 7s celievstiaitoreee a ses wv aoa ate 1,530 Magdalena’ Bays Mexico: sider thd «eth OR ee alana sil ales a oa a oun Sa 3,008 Mollendo; Peru Yah soe he yale tekeee ete Steen eae ORE io os elles eT cok eC er 468 PAN aI: VCO GO hl sc chess nine te Meuctelwe a poh uC aaah elMierso ERTS). eer eens 08 lene ee 1,346 BPiscor (Peru io8 o o ic ben sqiescemshin nuereney by dite ei ed May apes GoTiay bs \ar sae eR Sie: ek sa 128 Punta sAPTENAS, (CHM! eRe 8 oe cop sel op eae ke Pe se EN a 5 cal Sete tT toaedsnauet alla ts: 2d eer 2,671 Taleahuano, ERT ee Mie hui teen y oaige Pama fea, cgi eie ae) NSU er et as Gk See curcv ah ee ae 1,508 Valdivia (P. Corrad; (CHAM! ese fopyey wae oye ayste is hte Sac care ee Ream chic Rete od Oncaea 1,691 Valparaiso; Cine re ee ep ae ten RE as eget cose ia ci ah aul UA rae En fot) cet cul ot 1,306 COLON Nautical Colon, Canal Zone, to— Boute— Miles Apalachicola, Mla. U. .S.° Ag hiv pis). vee ele SSE ols een) 2 oo in eit oes dt 1,287 Bal DOA wiGy iZoecche rei eihiiene elie We. jelie. 5 BURLY fio bay tah Ramale Be me SUAE E.G al apler Susellcwres-anlek MIO MOMS EAS Gee et ee 38 Baltimore, Mir ie Se cAS stench yeeros Via Windward and Geeoned I. Passages 1,901 Barbados (Bridgetown), WY oe io!) s ae PtP, LE da ty oy cite oy w 01 0) w ellen dhol « UIT ROLE ea 1,237 Bishops Rock, Eingland ............. Via \Anegada Passage : oi.) ists. woncte fotos 4,395 Bishops Rock, DY Weel Fe oko Ure eo CMa ome A 2 Via Mona Passage. ...cc ete ww nv 0 dee 4,356 Bluetields; ANiCaras way. seis ig dabei puis Cevebe Rts oueeb ean Aeelepies asso) enves outaucelen eileeraneleetenal Sect Remon eae 276 Bocas del Toro, Panama ............+. BO) ee odie) OE a ae Oa ods a sR AS oe SAE 144 Bordeaux, Brance eyes cieiel- eyelets. ekoyee Via oma: PaSSage: .., sd. <:s0m «+ acon oy ee 4,598 Boston, Mass: Uae AL. @ <1 fawn bis eels Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages; 2,157 »_.outside Nantucket Lightvessel. Brunswick; ‘Gai, U. SovAv ews... 0 55s. Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,550 Buenos Aires, Argentina ........... North of South America .............. 5,450 Campeche... WRERGIGO) | Pirie: Giiws bacon 0475's. +) , “eyeibeubpleie dey miyn d folo ye co abe ce de ona veney ete eee arene ene 1,167 Cape Eaten eRyaten: oie sets ini ease: ie: dhcayco sy See Via MUCRLARAAEMAMTE! ". 0.4.3. es ime ee 1,003 Halifax) INGVaAMmSCOUIE Wi0. ii.leleiccs wielspeisye's Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 2,317 Hamburg, Germany ........+...e005- Via, Moma. (Passage a: so s:cle v.45 seteoereane 5,070 Pranipron toads; Vas, S) Aw 6a. Via Windward and Crooked I, Passages’ 1,768 Hav Ret) WP PamGe oc sito siete ciieyslsie © cleter sie Via MonaiPassaee wir a oe eae 4,614 Horn I. Arch., Gur of Mexico ....... North oumdiiiicts als/s.uio 5 “oh ks nein ba 1,373 Hull, England . Mirae We ee BL iss ¢o3 Vda-MongsPassaee (Uo ket soe ee sa ee 4,884 Iriona, Honduras 3:2) Bea, Ae ee TTR ears Cae ss ala 9 ae WR 566 Jacksonville, Fila., U. SicAce se. 58 Via Yucatan Channel; northbound ..... 1,535 Key West, Fla., Th MA HEL Uh ain ag a ee 1,065 Kingston, Jamaica, Wi aes a aaah a WS TIWI RS arcahe ob atlantat Ao lge Ss Pelt te falne % % sal feuke 0 pecaat ten dems mremisers 551 La Guaira, Venezuela! \ cin ween RO ee ocr ie Nae My HED Gate dear eth Stich 841 Liverpool, "England OME eae PP cc Semen 1 ‘Via Mona Passagernire. uae, aor een 4,548 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 109 COLON—Continued Nautical Colon, C. Z., to— Route— Miles PeNONPPECS COTY GIR TIEN: ese, oh nik sl giiue wim noo 0 pete elie wus) esta eileiiss) 6 fo eiel/s) Selon B] yeh Spiers) =! sije be whe ed ya Ebr. | CSan. Pedro) ; “Cale s.c «ceerares iene =) safe agemehaesye whats ieganet shaped Na ore" % (ole 2,956 Margarita I. (Lia Mar Bay), Vene-..-. 1 - sees cece ee eee eee eee eee eee 1,012 zuela. . Matagorda Bay area ni hs. al BRS SD Ce es A Ce hore a REE I Che Pk oC ae aR ae 1,515 Mississippi River (S outh Pass; nee INO TL OULU Sieiseign oS oie cet Se ln ede sev oleter '<)c 1,308 28° 59’ N., long. 89° 07’ W.): Mississippi River (S. W. Pass; (lat.........% GOMES i's Ree cate to iene Reo Briel on sho 1,309 28° 53’ N., long. ae yy Gdn (OP PUL ES AECL OS S00. as ee are er ae = ee RS Ow os Soe a ens 1,393 Mona Passage “dat” ERROR” ONT Girt ea Pete 1 ek ak UR area eal RN 880 rie. fr . . Wis) 5). WV Z Monkey Pt. Hbr., eat oe 0s th Sirians Ria A Reape RR a ie Add OS Rn A 259 New Orleans, La., TPR E CRIA io Sit 95 0a) ae Northbound: swia South) PASS ~...2..:..- 1,403 COS MS YE 2 ea a ea Pee oe Raa A NGLHTNOMNG: VaasSt Wee aSS: Bio c-Si oo Aa New York (The Battery), N. Y., U.Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,974 ST Ac Newport, R. L., [ig SN MS eS RMR NEN i a ois in as iad Lace aorta Senta 2,028 Newport News, Mere iCT. SS aA hoe.) a eis seer CLOT ee Seat Cia tepanss sean are 2 adres 1,776 Norfolk, Va., U. S. TA | agit ct hon eee) aang eas CLI Ras te ee ar eg ae Biren aie Te Are ere et le ooo eals, wics’ asd es vi'es nl es ee Via Yucatan Channel; northbound ..... 2,006 Panama LENCE Se Ot ARS Gan AT i eae ht Vice anamacOamal 25 s.ck.c% mere sete gists 43 Pomcemin- ia. UW. S.A. oii os ow eek ING EGO ELIING an seie she ci ewe ceae ooe tee coe Brena 1,369 Philadelphia, Pa., eg: PAN aac) 5 sys Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,946 Plymouth, England 5 Ee eters Some a. WARIS R, Sei ey 224 OU a1 O 0 gs fa ee a a A re RA PUI ve 4,500 Mer a ee as Mita VEO AR ASSES ons, 6s cue cus aie elles os sEike 4,455 EN Pe eh ee ert ns Rok eee Via -Anecada: Passage s..s6. tae es cece 4,494 ET UEDLE AEC N sce oo ck nel a eee ee aye Se See boe 8 SES Seles TS S3 8 Se 1,485 Port Castries, SET TASER VO RD EPI, eek eet ie erie aS eer weet oy’ Sy Seeeay se ace 3 baie tue aes eal ee 1,160 Port Limon, Misc ak Paice) fares oo ee ee me em Sy SEER oe 192 Port Morelos, PVGURG veut) ce eI eee ecko cc aes RE OMe ele Be. 55S Rh ayle SR Bis Ghermcmtel rene a 828 Port of Spain, Misia Ay VO Rat oe agri ae A eo ke och Aa PSOE. Pee 1,159 Port Royal, Jamaica, MURR he FOr rs oe a Marek EN, Ske ORME 546 Port Tampa, mia si S eA ae tine Se Miata ee Pas is st Seeks G4 eos Pee ee ge Be eR AS 1 Suresmouch. N: EH USS! (ACS Sa Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 2,174 outside Nantucket Lightvessel. Erovincetown, Mass, U.S. Ago. o.! Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 2,126 PLEO SedT TiGS, Clatemdid’ So oe ye Cire hes bk cha ee eRe Tea e Eee ee eae 780 Reenter: URE OW CIC ZVI Be oo Rand eR MOC OE eg ra aia) ohpy ate a) vrs Jel enaial WAR 6: ohcaia FS’, eusckibs 802 Puerto Cortes, Honduras ....... RE IER RUN Re seas eos 5 c56 5 3 arb. ays, opareuece ayers, wheres icle its le Rarer a: Pe ICO, NPCTICO- 44 Sots See Mctiree Mae Cleat od ab S18 aos oho ee SA eee en Ce as UeR AL Perris canelr Or cS raZkb ces sc ee eile noe Ds Sse aud ee aye ds Suk, ord Boa BE we SMe bela e se 4,348 pe Ie CTEM) as Me a de ee Od OR le cx cae nie « Soe eyacaid Suscd BVO S Rie ae 1,484 Restram tsiand (oxen. EOli eres. « fost. Pee lees aN Sg aa eee ee bate nie gy ae 641 eee eK Pele ree eas te ene SOE cg ca ape oa oe oe Whom Oe AE Ly ae 1,47 ee eae VL. LL OPM SOMITE NL bt rash saa eee Yok SO oes 1,029 Se URPe NUL ART ea scak, RCE P MI ee acs id SE ite fa, ir cc toh MeIC clo sei 0! Sade Yn, 6 wane ps oe NG ap ehoneibade ys $93 Siete, ETOOK. IN. Si, le 5. Acie eee ces Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,964 Savannah, Ga., | App a SRO aay Detegale gga ‘Via Yucatan Channel! northbound ..... 1,607 Southport, IN MEE EE SAe Bees Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,592 Tampico, Siem gito ce Ran Ue ALOR PER EE osc ac Sa ae ne cd ee ob 1,485 Tela, eM reddar eet ae PT i EG ee ee eee bia he ans bo ees be ee 706 Tamir Cp racons: + MWowehns> > kat > 1002 he de-i a Fea ee 2 bee oss 8 3s Slats whee eke ae eaters 1,142 43’ N., long. 61°. 45’ -W.); -W. 1. Prujilio,-HONGuUras: 2.68 -t42 28684 Feta bese Sle Wy ge eS ak eG bk ag Se ae et Bg Pao ch 622 SREP) LIND fC CO lay ad ane tne eee SON NS gS a kg bled g Se Byabaleteiapaies Bevete gh Oe slice chats 1,455 Rete CU AOC Oe ren eae gate ate Sica he: 808 SLE a4 Supe Ss als OVE ESS Bd a e's Hate 1,420 Virgin Passage Clea eee VEIT tee ens Stele oe ope ieie ae els wie cva'e ele eeicie obs 1,021 65> OT W2), Wor Wilmington, N. oa BS SM ee ee Via Yucatan Channel; northbound ..... 1,730 Windward Passage soe PA MR IN SnetPataey RO, Mon dtavs. angie eta ar beak 5) taht sg os He OR ee 734 long. 74° 90’ W.), W. Yucatan Channel ak. PEPE EN, Me pi eA ALLE Oe oe Lae LAR ay Sis GPa aa stich 812 long. 85° 03’ W.). 110 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS EUREKA Eureka, Humboldt Bay, California, Nautical Uv. Ss. A. to— Route— Miles ASTOTIa, OTSS OM: ie io eS Rkos ware hee eee ee eee es Ro oe fe SIS ec 343 Bellingham, Wasi sii. b's ois edaece ao eca en re one Mehersicelie. Sucicwenc/ Se ane: ee 594 Cape *Plattery;:/ Wasiy. ¢ ane cccecatogtc sharers eon ce to cee Ie ince oss os eee 464 Coos’ Bay, Oregon . + ssa i eta eaelh fs pele OA Rb eo Re Bh RIE Oe © 0 c.6, ale vo 159 Grays Harbor, Wash., ‘‘Whistle 1 S100 pena Se MRC) Evia iy Nee iets tn CUR SMeuce RAN tay) he AMMEN A a 371 Fonelulay, Piawali ae 28 sae a fe Gat coe ed ee adds. ERS os Cea 2,139 Bes Angeles Harbor” (San! Pedra); sisssikieie o ahecrerato enue sceuelso)> ceils gale see 584 a jie CU LL 2 il ea Pega toe a Ee PC Re Ne Via? Honolulu wees. 22). eee 6,906 Panama “Roads; Canal “AGne 25:6 oee' oie ae kee cee Ces ae ee 3,461 Port, Townsend; Wash: (0.20. 080 Ve ees cee a ee ee ces yeh. one er “548 San. Kranciseo, “Gad irs oi. six a g:dualbig die onc 2 SOR ete ce Oe a REID Tei ee ae 216 Sabin DIiCgo,. CAL Mee Set BSEy G8 hay Mee See) 20 eel ek 9 Oe eee ee nny © 2 ae are oo 668 Seattle: WAS hice yi Wee cg na ely Se oS SRS Sk I ee em ee 588 BaGomga, i Wreats ayes ts: RII We o.c7 «online Rib ok to! Seka eamg tial 9 fe eae TT aU se 610 Ution. ‘Bays By Co. oie ach Salt Le ee ee Ah ia ah ane a 45 ee Cee er 659 Maucauvenr, «(B.. Cfo eh. aeieneee ane PSR tas ee ee ee 1 617 Victoria, Be Cy ses a ecopeacutgn en cafahs Sieet ie mallee re TeRe ys Soh ee rake aus 2 Rn Einicee ieteee 534 Willapa Harbor, Wiaish,, .“WihiStlest: ncsecclec ce ce ocd Oe Tae aout eines ae en 355 Buoy.” GIBRALTAR Nautical Gibraltar to— Route— : Miles ee ae Mexieo ln eidek Ba ante: ete Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 5,801 ela ietaecls sewens Tete omeneieme stata tethe) oewereu ie Via Magellan’ Strait ........ 1.36. )..26 ee Aiden, Xi 20 6) 2 RR Re oR CLA URE APRON SS oS A RGIS amy) PM 3,021 Alexandria, TV DG ac site ise. proto ee Gs aloe! Seth, counts es | AG REPELS 5 Sea ic aefoys0, Gee ate (ue a een te. 1,810 PIT SVOTS ALPS RI A ooo ciao tee sal ale Sele Ga bole abe) a coreelV or iieaR nate y NR oom SOR Ge re reg arcane 425 Barcelona, =) C25 04 aaa ee a Leer ELT RMT ye Tb Tk eM eee eee Sea 516 Calloa, Borate ae Gee ee Via Anegada Pa'ssage and Panama Canal 5,721 1X0 Me ends EERE ie, " om packer 8,579 Iuisbon) Pontiac. ee avs Sat yan eee et oe ni hae Wiles) SARC odellavets Riles. s)tehae ack anagem 304 Liverpool, Bneland ees. vas 25s 0'5 ewe leraie & ene ce 6 etRSl| ofall ea Raitt ~ i atoms ene 1,294 Livorno, Cueshorn), Ttaily sc ik Se cdels S ce ci clecotole, oe aS ean See cay ae ee 875 Loomd one sin Sa | oie io a She 0s bene cab en orm lating I ed aes ee) eee see eR eeae a Mt eevee mC Soi heen Tepe Malta (Valetta cs i CA ca ae eR ae a ss Mahe heels SMa Ran Se S085 Che Sea IONS Scns SS 990 Ji G21 ol Fe raphe 2 Sea Cae a A Cada I EAA Se Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal, 13,745 and San Bernardino Strait. IDO ya ate ceate Ie ace Ms ee 2 cre ee ee Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal 13,722 and Balintang Channel. EROS Reals aS atone ET cs ee Via Suez, Aden, Colombo, Singapore... 8,372 : S. of Sokotra I. Marseille, Wraneé: eo Aes 5b oe a eres tet © deat ay o eakee ree eee 693 Naples; Dtalay” b.. Cscie ie aaeers Snore 44% Ree chose oie a EEO cM hat oir ne eRe ote ree ee 982 Say Pos (The Battery); .N, Y¥ooU. Winter: westbpowma@ry. . ince ages se ele oe 3,201 WON Cagis Se Be Pept ete oe legsic a aretha an CRC Summer: WeStbouad cicis. Secrets bem ice 3,207 pie cen Russia oy. Pt hae sae ee ee Via Messina Strait and Corinth Canal 2,170 DAS Vy CANT EC e he v em e ee Via South of Sicily and Cervi and Duro 2,171 Channels. TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 111 GIBRALTAR—Continued Nautical Gibraltar to— Route— Miles SPRREEVI eet ias eile coe earns p a se 8 p's wR Vis Aneseda Geassaeien. Aro cus cieet rh eas 4,375 Plymouth, mapiana PORES 2 et ae ave Pie ee eRe ema Acainiieto nel wi e)ansr eth Nuveemecarahane. al Mccsnceens 1,060 CTE CTS eur ores wccle i. als 'p Scciace eu erleMwishejarwlarel slelle aise: a.ehe siete, ee qere tel Seadu Se, ots 1.925 Port Townsend, Wash., U. S. A. .....Via Anegada Passage, Panama.Canal. $3,390 and San Francisco. 2 Ade elon dee Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 13,341 PEI OTe Ul a A Pe ce ns eee ss Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal _ 8,270 and San Francisco. SUP ace de ee eee Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 13,221 I UNE TD PSO TNT ee Fe occ aoc ane 1a os Whe? wiley a e\Ts Wei al 91 6) ay'e) logos ie 4 aieice) 6. able) be area a) ye: wi oars 6,383 Sh Ee Ob) ee eae Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal _ 7,218 COVE oct Se SG ine Via Magellan Strait CFs Sweat eters teil eeaoNe Ts 12,179 San peeueseos NGeal ate ate eS Sec a een Sk Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal _ 7,620 of 7 CARS A Bi, 5 Care Visitas clini (Strait. tcc sees creas en GL San as SUR ea I a a Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 5,261 NNR EIEN ae I erate cae car che l a le eo cee ead Vit VES ean SUGTELE, tists six c)see ete cienens & 10,674 pemetsee CE TARTS. Seo 5cc crs Beas. 2 lst cuieetnia love imal, Se eon cae eSNG) o cen aie ie clsr wei Goal o/h oh araeeee aie 1,069 Suis vd GS a in. Sees Stary! hs .Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal, 8,922 and San Francisco. LON oo Een a pean a ae a Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 13,873 on PRRIP ORG gah Sy Ps Cove atahsyors bey exs Via Messina Strait and Corinth Canal 1,672 Se ee Ea oe en ne ee ee Via South of Sicily and Cervi and Duro 1,676 Channels. mie ie PEST EU TUED otic see: (cx cto) oh awa dx ov SLohehe Vi banana sand Paniti= <3 2 4.3.5 yee, 12 169 NE re Rea Pa a NS me) oy aM Wish Sitez Waar ns «oso sis rowoemuere ee SLOP aan Talon. rept ef eee ts es) os Ce ree EEN cuetePeieRer cease he em! coe Sra eae as 6 0 swe se creaye ace su 705 Trieste, AWStria-HuneSeay os. saws se Sr or Sater eater ccc ssc W cy aba vat see casueush oa. co ee cena Cotome & 1,693 RRM Ar UTM EVE oe a orcs occce) a) oy send av oe eR GN PEED oe: Viey'als) o terellop ote o a oleee Rina apeieie 'e aifelore o's vi ehesar tes. « isa tal bs} Paap ais, CRMC Nr or ois ci ees ns . Via Anageda Passage and Panama Canal 6,991 epeyes Paice ro) a a) via Sa woe st hate dete es Reakes Miata cellany Sitrant 2 i-- thine «cbs ae 7,816 + Sandie Be sr ss chee ane Siatat «shave bea’ a' sas Via Anegada Passageand Panama Canal _ 8,407 ee ee ae AA CS ee ee nee ne ViarsMacciian Straits tri s.clcis s sites ¢/ane os oe 13,356 Wellington, New Zealand ........... Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal, 11,209 and Tahiti. WO tcc sho dy0, dere -0 56 Su enihawh ponte (Gee hew eras Malar Suez, Canale st. c.tis « Ltt bie oaiener’e aie 11,156 POOLED TA AUISEE, AUD AM, eieta iss lets eneww ine oie 6's hare Via Anegada Passage and Panama Canal 12,957 MPRA ies ee Shao B Scs win os 0p area ake ls She tah Via Anegada Passage, Panama Canal, 12,156 and San Francisco. Ua te, f AEs oz abet eed ate uve sdhe ereke lata so, M's Via Suez, Hongkong, Shanghai, and Van 10,302 Diemen Strait. re Sica e SG dee a aks GK alatee « oleS Via Suez, Aden, Colombo, and Singapore 9,907 I. EES A ne ee ee ee ee ec Vala Suez Gamal art.. o as Saabs See aaa ate s 9,859 GRAYS HARBOR Grays Harbor, Wash., ‘‘Whistle Nautical Buoy,” to— Route— ‘ Miles Pee aA CRTC IR an soto) sg oh kaa ds ad a AA A a thd operas ONS El Nal ee ate © alow shale e's cea 53 Maeeeeaeeniet ie SUIT) DOLGLG PESZEN GIL ate ters, a hose ae wa) les, Mihop ah anne i GR ere anesthe web aaa be eS Baaxs 371 ce DEED US SE 1 2 eT eee = © fat By ng ea Aa eke aD ion = 1 Sau gee eee at ee AMR een ee ge 2 nae Ne Ime 2,281 a pareies Barber). (sate BeOroOye., < « os) ths ace ae tara ec eee eLe | Sed ak eee 972 al. ee EE ath So Satie. o aw RAR AD eel Oio-o oe Vita; Honioludul .cawaaaee 2a rake ote s 7.084 PEE OWVRSCTIC, ANUALSIDS aud eo ciate a om 6s LO be a wk oc pS RS Slaw « cee Dog 179 RMT ACLS COs SCs SoS aw aia Ach od Ot ad's wa) of of aa Bat Beran Gl ortie cav sumtens Sete Ws ag 604 Ree ee It ON CRCHED 2x, eyiek oi atthe SALarcR OM oe al ch en hc jat Gh ew ahibh Gu aGPRD ok Se cides comveqel sivei'e. ARE DEAR BHA IOL PR AE area 3 218 SRR a ERIN VN CRSSIN SF 5 Sg dy Aten Aah MEL GR wy GA Gh dase dy oh ce hh en abled a Scr eile ell oa) waveve Zsa! oh Mineo cae 243 Vancouver, ae SAAN EN LS GV oy Pay SUP ATN Oty Ook CN aion rsa a. ers wm ww bayle aew 232 Victoria, a AS le AIS ah ass a hcg he id ods A EE Lo RB PA: 155 Willapa Harbor, Wash., PWV SENG. +4. cpobes metered eke ate attra. ofa Reha es 15% Buoy” 112 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS HONOLULU Nautical Honolulu, Hawaii, to— Route— Miles Astoria, ‘Ore. vB eA i eee a oe icnile, as ete tere den chieixe el sy siyel =) cho kollel iacicikekeMee Woot soie tenant ee 2,246 Auckland, New Zealand ..... Fe ie sca US et emetter cl ata lioh ulate! aopelre tamed tours cniewle icine te ean 3,820 Brisbane. Roads: “Australia. Weare is aici ede teia verte ps ’=. levee chose eee Reel ee eee et em 4,169 (OFT reo MAN os) 9) Get ieee eI Cre oe AS u en RR ENS Har A. oA em Ena gnisy Gite) ciceek Gad. 2 ac a 3S 5,161 Cape Horn, South ‘America BSN adhe 8 SSA BI See ES und od) @, ob herre hee enae ae 6,472 Chimbote, POE fe cs coh Re EE) st cog artnet ck: A rrr 5,015 Christmas Ps IN Pa Citie @ Cea’ are ie) | enaia soeictm ere) Muetaueliay ent) aihee cecer wh econ lao aca elk aoe eee 1,161 Duteh Harbor;.Unalaska 2, Adaska” * 2.55.66 2555 Says oo eis es eyes ole) ene) eke teenie te eee a 2,046 HP AMMIN Sy TSTAMG Yack ea avesctde chs secsae chee eel ee tka air ire aah bis easUA ee Et elle) Gay ieihosy 6 anid “(Stes ae aie is oa 1g che deavausy elle a eiuera cuese ae 3,014 James Bay). hay! a ee (The Battery)... N. Y.,0 Ui VaaliiMaigellan. Strait” 2. po. 2. 2 .iceneene 13,312 DO ies ee nels elation eee OI: Via Panama Canal, and Windward and 6,702 Crooked I. Passages. Nonu tie Gill ber tivDs.2\o ic 5 oceaeiie vega sleds Renee oe ee ltc dire vans: s). cuss doulstisueteticion Sia ete ae. acne ena 2,100 Noumea, New «Caledonian: 5.3, csie eee de ae etre Row ebae/ie ie acs «abuse Ruasu alaate cunts eee anne 3.373 MNukuin On OM eT HOM US ie eG Me ek Nie a ar oye a lasses 6) Gale) lie oo ire Lan Lae) i aie ee 2,909 Paseo‘ PagoHSamoawlet ett e., Ale eI Ss F Ge che iand, de: ieaumeive ala’ lepres ea /ece lal ae en 2,276 Panama, [CS Zi c's stoye S50 oie, Sue ew SERN brow, dashes Manes 8. ale ous GUE ten Lorene nua sea ee eae 4,685 Pelew Is. CIS GEL OLED oe ee REVERE SR vlvaine! ice taal siete, ae Uk ante ohh er 3,997 Petropaviovsk, ‘Kamehatka’ ite ss Ghee ae ede Ek draco ieee ciel e. cveveieaie is cael ten een 2,762 Point -Comeeptiony Cals. Wanita ol eer Ge Wie: Whe es iarcl asa alle falls sotaha taal) alata 2,126 Ponape; Caroline, Ts eee So ee ls ole 8 cele le teine tenehee id die’ ¢n) SIN Cetecie lier eee ra 2,685 Port tloy dO Sasa war ar ls vcscse ss i aw otis si ecars aralitol a tro tes var olde goto PORES eters eee eel 3,283 Port Townsend, Yas ee Se Aaa tice dis S sucgene ite ener altel alleges ole elect aetel, Oana te eee an 2,3.66 Portland, Ore., U.S. SEN nat Uk eeu ctsllh rene vetiguens a leh om tier arleiter tore (ance reMeareite me bie bce hice ee ean 2,332 Punta Arenas, CALE sci sseveue elon susealeend Rex oBe OM MeL phtehea WaUBUG Fes Wire petramte decleite Re abalteh orate) s(oitene one een 6,370 Raoul Is., Kermadec NESTA ry ah cm eaea ia Pea 3 Soyo go malin tol b getecie Yodie pene yre ver ores yates Sus hollwaer at Tay eee aera 3,246 Rarotonga, COOK. TS,» s.0'sc:ais brs dis Oe ETM ae aie NCUA ove couih ochre iy 0s 6 ee 2,553 SalinavCruz, Mexieo os shai aeee ae wets ndie te ude tachi taxes te; ously relahelanutstnenie o TORa ne tenet an 3,580 San Bernardino Strait Nae De Dye Wawel auwond ies eres ate Ohana ete ves, eo oie ate ee ete 4,457 San.Diego; \Cal.,: UstS, As Pee aoe era eels eyes 6 eats etre eet In ree Ges. ct aca Gn 2,278 San Francisco, ‘Cal., uo S. BAG Me Laiiate ib) Gab late le lalio volte aba Lu al epee) we ceR ene aide folie AC ONT rig oto aaa nn 2,091 Sandakan, Borneo Serie: love a Ver alteutetto Met iia cots oe tices Mee Pe ie Bie is laellehecellette eters 'e Ueheirel dele st\etee iain 5,044 Seattle, Wash., TU MS As a0 6s epee et bina Sie vate suseede alate ie 2 Ral ASE O20 9 oe a) oy en 2,409 Sry es PO. WE Toh cee en eon ivienr BICC G OOS BAe GRMN EMRE ERSD ane e ner 2,386 Sydney, AUS CT Da 5105 61 E wie Ss otceichas ol mem akech ota haunt waremeremanuic tata pes ones ehcrves core Ut UREmeec cheer ane naan 4,420 Tahiti: (Papeete),,..\Socilety: Is. fei. ec Gane cic dere Gisueuatadencholther ul ece sce: catetebe staan aan 2,381 Tarawa, Island, Gilbert \Is.c eases Gilche atewerebonieete cna emeMe tates: ARENIO ke.) Sng ete an 2,190 Tongatabu (Nukualofa), TOME Ts. is. ansie dene hie eh eceaeneeselle tee ee len atk Ghee tte Aaa 2,749 Ugi Is. (Selwyn Bay), Solomon TE SS ARE Chis te Mp ermetneeo) susie we cuss. Chase oles elagea apa cone UE ey oucaeae 8,047 Val paraiso, CHIE wise ccevevesaielasevoes- oe er eViolcccucdele Romie te Te te Dieueieite end oft aay uct eae nat ee 5,919 WATICOUV CT EB Corse b Wie elcicay 0. be duaes ewcey OUR AS TERS LAR URE Re ce No staaicy cncar ohare claus sits aie ire enna aenna 2,423 Victoria, Britigh \Coluaibi, 00... soci ok os uca MRA etsy aul ahh Onin ea ee 2,349 Vladivostok, oC: Gi: eee aera eS ee, Teeter tae EN Cy Bee 3,725 Wake Island: pe. sat pane ie BAe) PP are Pen RCM eG poi ateeG OO coc 2,004 Wellington; New (Zealand eei. isis vlevede lyse ten taete ee Laue a Beals oie eileen ie ucnOu satan eana 4,113 Bape (Tomill: Hbr,), ‘Caroline Is) i... ssh ald < ae ke Mlle cae ct aoe se Meee 3,757 Yokohama’: ADAM cen wet ieee eee RINT es aipereceke scien ne. Syste oe ie, Siete tene Dene shatise se cee 3,445 1 0 RA eer ata Pas, Sar tn Gia es eb ae rie cert ed Ninn Great Circle we ne oe els See ae one cee 3,394 ‘ TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 113 IQUIQUE Nautical Iquique, Chile, to— Route— Miles EES 1 MPOMMMME EE SoM e cles Paks EVE » sracpya, ua) MS Stu iape a are wl eNeee Ce alot atie/ at oh dliatansr anode Weyl daars 224 RARE PMMA CONT TIL Pet eT WE hrs ka fa, i's mye: ah ye. + osgec era) e ray Siena See aes ear ol ela 0! ot Shaken tA ap ates ov entdWeay eh one 420 Raa MRR TIEN RMS COLT es RISE RCE eo fy cite 6 ey gira: gic sb. aye a ap eaaes jeharatlse ue ee aNlelle are eel chsh oftet cial atiay-ahredehleien stsice 602 RE ORT EE TaN Sw Seo 5G a5 Salis,» oon. d] 5 PMP eRER NNO UNM Mag owe) apelihy ete aig ioe a's 1,033 Tah EOC EIA HO VIRERHOE Gees eo een sl se leg auei or Sahay eaten woh dl MN) a ehotGl Spas e re "seis 9,026 LIVERPOOL Nautical Liverpool, England, to— Route— Miles See tM amcrns lesa aks Ohsate pea 50 Mia Panama Canals 7.20. oP ae oe 6,017 Saya oan RRP eRS Taree state sini’ © sure «Ss Vile Wa tea gSEradiies wee aes o «see ates cee oe 1S SoH Riolaiae. WATE rata s Lot o's wepraviea. » » Via-Panama, Tahiti, Sydney, and Mel- 13,478 bourne. PR wa ans As 50 6 Ta a ae sae let ie es Via Suez Canal, Aden, Colombo, and 11,108 : __ King Gepree Sound. i TW Be phe ahs oir ous WAITED; MVESEDOURG) =. sp. 5. nt satt ede acaneidid 3,373 pe a Silo rejageubon is... 4), «Puen eyovedaiia, Summer; gud Vitehsha ta atte sec Nciae eet 3,454 MURS SecA, o) sreae eye et nisin Winter? Westbound ss Fe) — Wives ss sks ae 2,895 pe” ae Bee eRe g vale) ol oi iay eral alia or eTaike SUMMIMNE VWiESEDOUME trr. faces te wre terers aoe was g 3,010 Meieaor ieee odode acrit Via Panama Canal en ulninesine . ome. 5,937 Callao, : ait POHL: pt fetta Farin she, slay wich gis “Saas Via eee SEPAED kd ctahntede. vat ORAIOR 9,980 ie RW Aas syste Suahakals Shere is = lac ee Vitae Momar sPaSSasey- Ki oe desma sevens soe econ wee 4,548 Eeeadet, 7 ALR, pe yere da ai'es <: a ieyouei thai eices Vitae Patria Carraroe, ck o e os abe athe sic 7,413 ya SSR ee ea cao a noha ae Magellan pera Bahaeetaks ee he ae 8,502 2 eves Ue sae cores cickes OCaml aie Winter; westbound; via EK. Provi- 4,749 ae” dence Channel and south of Dry Tortugas. RMR er city xc ret R sink gg ecegeis3s,* “Pe OREN ates F Summer; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,766 dence Channel and south of Dry Tortugas. GADEANEAT. ons on. oR in Seo wo ayepei spel e gems Bee OMS ACCT LACE RIS RPC e a ye ne ae 1,294 il (Puna), Ecuador .......-. Vid.» Panama: Carmalhy-.t dca Pate e eS See Oe a8 5,384 eee Mie chee eed mae ANT Vid Maceliaty eS erat! 3 crekarcusbaves rarssapauarane 19,582 LE bor Sie re ee een eee ee en Via, Pankima and direct > 505.212). alee 13,764 a an .. Beh Ae ake eRe Soh NCES Vk oy ty. #) 0 m0) 8 Vie Panama, San Francisco, and Yoko- 13,957 ama. ara ee RA HSIN w sreka yal tidiche © ececs a! Via Suez Canal; Aden, Colombo, and _ 9,743 Singapore. ER ee Pe Paes teed aee tetera lls , © We Panama Canal and San Bermarding 13,961 trait. MOPRIM oe detcy sites =i 2x <5 aye oped Se or Shale sy” Poi ncisa¥ ays Via Panama, San Francisco, and Yoko- 14,129 hama. Bae Britons: 3 ati SEIS US he! Sebewat’s oon sin Via Suez Canal, Aden, Colombo, and 9,659 Singapore. 3 oe Ber haat Teen ee Pat ee ee aT Pee Via Suez Canal, Colombo, and Singa- 9,649 pore. 114 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS LIVERPOOL—Continued 7 Nautical Liverpool, England, to— Route— Miles Melbourne, Australia ............. .Via Cape of Good Hope ............ Paes Ae bal TDA G saa a a OMA reac BNSA STS Aah 216th Beale Via) Caper TOW) ch. 3 2ccsts oe wee eee 12,157 DOM oes a erecta tee ale eo 8 RRO eRe Aas aceke Via Panama Canal ..... sc. skies wee 12,519 DO oF sapede hss cnaye aaa Teucyegeioraae eeateanaeas bin’ ae Via. Suez Camal oi0 so <=, siaker= sistema ~ LL Oee DB) Olee ales. oi Ree les Wai ae caro yale bis eA RON een means Ce Via Panama, Tahiti, and Sydney.:... 12,966 HOO Soil ae POOP A Soe Gace HU cores eke sca ucaate ee Via Suez Canal, Aden, Colombo, King 11,620 George Sound, and Adelaide. Mobile. Ades Tai SoA ode neni alnancne ose Winter; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,520 dence Channel and south of Dry Tortugas. Og iG: Fa ies ee aed cee ge Jaton insers Repeal ie cies Summer; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,537 dence Channel and south of Dry Tortugas. New Orleans mle ns Ss eas. alacant Winter westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,589 dence Channel, south of Dry Tortu- gas, and SW. Pass. DOs) Bhs Sake ait Oo oe ae ee ie meee Summer; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,606 dence Channel, south of Dry Tortu- gas, and S.W. Pass. New ..York (Dhe” Battery)? oN-) 8 winters. “westbound =...) eee 3,073 WeS. AY TORS ie a taiov is volte nein eaters Mae Gant sate peg une emis iets Summer; westbound Js iiccs . oer 3,171 Newport News, Va., U. S. A......... Winter; westboumd: 92. abe ss. c0cs eee 3,249 HDD Se eascnes 5! eeideinsratcas 0 ame OMe ease Setertate Summer: westbound em. «a on acces RS 3,330 Palnaymniay aC. Bike one egeacse ae rele ig aera nants Via Mona Passage -. 222 0 ' 4,591 Pensacola, asa We SAA ce: oly ce eae teil iets Winter; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,480 dence Channel and south of Dry Tortugas- i TBD XG yaa Peet RON pati neh all UK on eae penne Re a Summer; westbound; via NE. Provi- 4,497 dence Channel and south of Dry Tortugas. Pernampbuco;, Brazil ins. ooo slice susedanie ID TRE GCE, diz yous eels ie) eye ououuns oni, Sus aoe Oe 4,062 BOY eee et eres ete es eet inen me 6 MRL GL acevo Via Scilly Is. (St. Marys Anch.)...... 4,078 Philadelphia, Rar, 2UR MSY Aso Gclssiokp acy. Wantersw westbound) £22.26 cient eee 3,226 [DX OLE Ga eRT Ss ee seaie NGICHOR CRE Monti & Come Summer; westbound ..............0..- 3,324 Port Nelson, Saskatchewan, Canaes SE te Ce EEO RS cierto. 3,009 Port Townsend, Wasa We Sa As re wien: Via Panama and San Francisco...... 8,606 8 ECC) We iar a eerie ote’ ac cH SSL ete ace Sa eee ea RE Wy Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 14,272 Portland, MOM Wagan Aik: six topers ateys Seon Via Panama and San Francisco...... 8,486 DO. See egeneuctenG alerts letsns toliee oye % kevedabee ceteeees Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 14,152 Punta. Arenas, (Chiller yi. ss. 6 c-siegelenas AB) helaicl Cet) eRe AIRE apna ee Mey Ek 7,314 | DG MR Se eee TERNS eT rch ite es Rene rey ona htc Via Scilly Is. (St. Marys Anch.)...... 7,329 Sits WHO mass EW. 5 Teena sso dere ai ssi sbuaviartel's lonspanede depe@e even ouscere oul eiciaNebe neon echniate (Cueeaen a 3,574 San Diego Cal. We Si PA aed bie pe teeaidegen « Via “Ranama ’ Canal: 3.) aie. ose eee 7,434 PDO ES ee. eels se eid “srmnieupe meee Nia. Marellan Strait) 17.) ei... 13,110 San’ Hrancisco; (Cals Uris As. Co. cite one Via. Panama. Canale. os.4 0 ie int ast 7,836 DOig oct a Wears anata Canons a tetean cleoeh uc\cnapevvoreby sone te Via_Suez Canal, Colombo, and Singa- 11,282 pore. Wellington, New Zealand ........... Via «Cape Town .\.).) oN eee Ee ee 13,353 DO} te syasl.c. Serena isda ala heG oieets leteeaieriate tote Via Panama Canal and direct ...... 11,096 TDG Fos SRS ARES, 282 alohie By vt ake thie cettattOv>: ations Nia wPanama anid Mahiti ie. <1. chee 11,425 RLV G: b Lag A ARE OE CIR DRIEST SES rele cave yet Via Suez Canal, Aden, Colombo, King 12,955 George Sound, and Melbourne. Dov Cees baa eptuo eee keds wemetoneic isos Via Suez Canal and direct .......... 12,462 Yokahamayy Japa kiki bite eee es, ol pe Via Magellan Strait and Pago Pago.. 16,584 DVO) Fis Ha he aha BRE Oe SiS RRC EE UR Retn ts Paso a hens Via Panama Canal and direct........ 12,273 ID Oli, jaca see Bark. eet eeiite se soso. Via Panama and San Francisco ...... 12,372 DUDE ais. sis lasses ashe! Gel a ae ka RRC heal Rees Peles Co Via Suez Canal, Aden, Colombo, Singa- 11,636 pore, Hongkong, and Shanghai. \ TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS | 115 LONDON Nautical London, England, to— Route— Miles PeeIOne. NEG! WSs eA. ok eee ee cas Winters) "westbound (os... 2022. RAC RRE Eye 3,610 LES) py Hens Sats 5 tk lee ara er SUMMers* WesthbQunid: + 42 ssa ates ey eee 3,681 Ons eEtOere. Cite a nO? ING LOT rear ia ae ai's Tel'ol ais, ofa ava abe eva taken e Tara orooa.& 407 eine Ue) : Ten S803 igh ES pi) 9 OS as i ee ee VWiinterso west bDOUmde: 9h eee. one esta eeu o,lod OEM Mee Peney Oreo 5 0c okie jens on'ous ersivorsis yale Summers westbound! ss wee. .e eee ge ete 3,200 ee CIE ON NTNU ACE Tad erase ee Se a toc, Sredehenetamamenetotae oh ahah evatohe sana tnteM nar selene Outen 6,139 RAE SSESP SET PAP NICD TOUTING Ske ooops ejare wifet & Sekktun OL ISS ew a eee econo rens tere nualava erace ay ere tecan ts 658 EET CREST ERE VCTITIN ALAS «acs tim, 5 (F008 pcysce Sani eane wD URS ECan ha dees wee Beee eae bad anaes 704 Res mPOME SO CNRS ee aN Re roe atc Sis by ty G cual Sy 5 MORIA RTT ok Otero ee RRS LOE Tey Sea od ohaues ehawen eo: Dale SPE CIBER SE, ca aks Site yet aa rs ae UP 9k te igo ah sk WAS reek) he te i OR ea 203 TELS ERC ake? N05 Sto tieie See ae Wildy SAO AMO AIT bs ever siactehe ce chs eae cua cushare 9,749 LOT STT NEL) LE DS SOUSA Se oe ae ae ae eR OP ASP PEPYS ca PRR a eg OR Le See 1,062 MSPRONTHe. fF AUSEFANA. ol. ch cero se WMilaee antaiiays . te lcisueeseerere! emake. ts eens one os 12,734 ay pe Cine ebaccery). Ns Ysa U Winters WeStbOund! vs aucun frhsc sc he Wem « aaa it) PeeMNCEe, cikis, aie ee t.: wisi. cers pe cley aaa un ieleeeiene GLO Shel ete ae ses say hia alte «ee 2,28 (© (ai Os Mee Sed DAS Ss eS eA Pe heey eae Via Verde I. and Jintotolo Passages 391 Colombo, Ceylon bar Bubltbcweeerbiwllo ta, eaeehe db ou tayo ies 0 UoSGOnee alts ba. Saye eM Mop Uae = ITs iy akroUeel Aalst a et or 2,952 Friederich Wilhelmshafen, Pa yua ...Via San Bernardino Strait ............ 2,011 Guam (Port Apa). Marianas ......... Via north end of Luzon, P. I. ......... 1,742 DGG gh eke erate ea ee Detach tone c tetera te rene ailoneueeea Via San Bernardino Strait ............ 1,501 Eromlo line sltaswrabliley soc) 5 ceatelepsast eleiete feria Via north end of Luzon, P. I. ......... 4,869 Dc Phe ete este geri plots dar te ae, so detertl potatoe: Via San Bernardino Strait ............ 4,767 TD Oe iste kee eee Scie ete re agtel picts erste pede pate Via north end of Luzon, P. I. and Guam _ = 5,079 BVOWEON SBME so Bec csucusiehs, sepa ee nshormeks te Via Verde I. and Jintotolo Passages ... 361 Jolo, Polos Ee V piee Auta te eee Via West: Apo Channel oxcis22 2. . seinem 550 Limay, Luzon, Pe ee Se OR rc raline vac Rete sal ena eaten estado yeitsds Laie Rates leh MAI Wc act ean 22 Liverpool” Eimear, seis seu srst aie iere tte Via Singapore, Colombo, and Suez Canal 9,649 DOT f EP PRES Ce eat es ene eee ee vag ora, Pago Pago, and Magellan 17,111 d rait. London: Hnislanigh W.iiy.ciecse-psud:-ieuspaieusiole Willa Suez (Canal a siiiteceteliavey sve oo 6 oes eae eee 9,656 Manzarin;: Mind@oro;) PPwk. ol eee ee aoe ala te onettel ooses ae laile vaste os feltey ule eelte ge Ae teihc i phashe Cothe he eee 170 Melbourne, Australia ............... Via Mindoro and Torres Straits and in- 4,528 Side route Miah apa Oy) sag cg PR ee ane a a0 0 aS ae, Sante Ue be geots Ne tertar tects, ld gies tastes elke te tetas e Me Ae Todas oR oe Se aa 1,436 Newcastle, : Australias 3 st oles tatone le Via Mondoro and Torres Straits and in- 3,917 Side route Olongapa, TuwZON,- Pale oat aie eT Eas Sate oir peel pe lteore ves so'ovll pfolledelle fais a ile sehige iss ee 64 Pago’ Paco; Samoan suse hi) sehen Via San Bernardino Strait ............ 4,505 PA WAIN, COZ A. SMe ut ee he aa Rta ce teak ve Balintang Channel and Cape San _ 9,347 ucas. TO. dis siele blac once Roe abides alas atk 8 eg oe eee Be TM ar all OFS irate © ee 9,370 Pelew Is. (Korror Hbr.) ......... ...Via Verde I. Passage and between Ma- 1,044 ranjos Gr. and Copul I. Port ‘Darwin; Avistraltan sk... sis. bape Via Mindoro, Basilan, Banka, and Mani- 1,834 pa Straits. Port) Townsend, Wash,, U..S. A. ..... Composite Great Circle ©). +9. 1a@eeme 5,931 Rabaul, Neu POUIMErM Gis Paws . fa Via San Bernardino, Strait ....0.\ow. 2,281 Saigon, (Sxoyohah bak ©) oh hal: ee een AIRE Ear Sr) hain. is ee EAMES GoM ony Vey coc hoo Clas « 907 San age: Cal GS aAne ie ee osm Via Balintang Channel. 2.0.5 (Qa hiae €,221 Se cceMenERS shar custo mb rete ts Var eNlonk ho tains uc las Via San Bernardino Strait:.....6../¢25) sesame Seattle, Wash., U.S. AS Wi SN aR a a8 Vil YoOKOnWamMea ow ve. 2% te cre Ee ee 6,012 sagve be tos lekki ch eae ee a reney chau eal Via San Bernardino Strait, Guam, and _ 17,247 Honolulu. Singapore: (Straits S@ttlemvemtsiyes sites s cern ois cpete ele lacel ene. a ancei@iepneicio nie ie eo a DAS Sy (el Southampton, England .............. Via Singapore and Suez Canal .......:. 9,488 SVANES Ys ASE ral Tay ee aise ate talked’ eaeits Via Mindoro and Torres Straits and in- 3,967 side route. Torres Strait (Thursday Island) «Mid MING OTO! SULATEGS ci alesis stersece eee 2,227 Townsville; AUStralia sc isms ayemia apenciercenlts Via Mindoro and Torres Straits and in- 2,881 side route. Wikia Si sari ase ire Wate. 4 clad Seema meatices Vea teks Via, San’ ‘Bernardino Siralt... « ... osjectee 2,002 Wyndham), -Awstra lian... us aves elaeaieeets Via Mindoro, Basilan, Banka, and Mani- 1,982 : pa Straits. Yap I. (Tomill Hbr.), Caroline Is. ...Via San Bernardino Strait ............ 1,154 YokoHhamas: TADAN. Fevers levela cath eeave ke opel Via Balintang Channel ............... LD DD OY oe seer aniavishrorrane dorcelieroecuenhe Ramen reeks Leaeehionels Via Hongkong, Shanghai, Nagasaki, In- 2,683 ' land Sea, and Kobe. Zamboanga, Mindanao, P. I. ........ Via Hast Apo Channel iia, ic: (6 a ee 532 NEWPORT NEWS, VA., U.S. A. As the distance between Newport News, Va., and Norfolk, Va., is only three miles, use the Norfolk table as it is close enough for all practical purposes. TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 117 NORFOLK Nautical Norfolk, Va., U. S. A., to— Route— Miles Brannicg.« Mexien a. oP A AS Mies “Panama: Carnal wii.) . fas MEY. - Renesas ot ae 3,248 Ore eee Leen BO et pil Aa ea Pa Gy coreg) pee a ee aaa) eee a 11,476 Adelaide, Australia ................. Via Panama, Tahiti, Sydney, and Mel- 10,709 bourne. LOG ES SS eee ae Via St. Vincent and Cape Town ....... 12,708 NE OS SR aS a er ere re ere ree ren oe Se cialh «05d'= stato ie Barcelona, Spain Bfaeas Cares ke OS. i Great Cirele C. Charles Light-vessel to 3,881 C. St. Vincent. Belize, British FlonGwras': ss 630i <.:. 8% Via Sitaite of Florida; south-bound; 1,503 outside. Boers. del Toro, Panama: .i) 262. 0.t Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,853 Boston, Mass., So bare Vineyard Sound and Pollock Rip 518 lue. Premen) GG CEMANY os s.'. Sh 6 a es ed be ane WAINEET HOA SEDOUNIG: eis, Moickane wee wile ais ns ote 2,193 Se See 2 Summen cast pouidy ike oo et ccksevtiee <6saces 3,877 Teh ig ACME AN GeGi iis earners eee ler a Ante ACs cant eG eee SiCacha oe rmen eer 5,824 (STL LE Se es Tee Mia we ananram Gana S235 6 fe ses eters (er pine seus 3,168 > RS See OR ee ee ViayMarellanw st radtt vow sircte. So Rie kas 9,565 Seber ena MOOLORMIDIA | oi. 6 ose eb bees wees Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages- 1,658 Colombo, Ceylon 5 te Bee eee ee ae Great Circle C. Charles Light-vessel to 8,769 C. St.. Vincent. Se ST CS ae ene ee Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages a DR Coronel, Chile .... .,.,. SN A ae cag ten. nt 2 Vian Maren Stra bits cota: a) x edecare sia eesie ec, wae 8,087 5) cot she chil Sheeler i a heal bel elaine Via’ Panama Canal es so rer. 22 Ne cee 4,644 SET FE, -LURTY ALA Great Circle, C. Charles Light-vessel to 4,222 C. St. Vincent. ETT Bb DUFUR LETS STEM GW RR let PS oe aR Eee ae ea 2,090 (Pb SEE LP eS hotGe 1G Sl i ele teat dei St eae ee Sa ee eee ae Se ae Ue A ee EE 388 OS) TIPE) be [i clases aN igi A eae aimed en pe eae Great Circle, C. Charles Light-vessel to 3,369 C. St: Vincent. Guam (Port Apra), Marianas ....... Via MAP ea rig SEGats occ. oteys le eis Ge hols ore ce 14,921 ME ere ne ete ae ete Via Panama Canals 5353) sparse asce: 9,810 Lil) Sead gO aie bee eSee ip abate LEAT ST fae Via Suez Canal and Sunda Strait ..... 13,234 Guayaquil (Puna), Ecuador ......... Wiad Pana Wika © Aniailoiees sraterc soc cs ts Sate absieee. + 2,615 LUNE spenatarten a eens ag abeteh etal Reales: 2 a fol Ma Vial. Magellan Strait :: 225225535. Pees 10,167 Reena fe ee ee. ee Southbound = -omtside™= }: ss a2 ee9aeeeo 8: 985 Hampton esas COM tet ye Wire OE SAE 8 Oe oa foie oes atic crate oa Se meee eee i 15 | : ES. a Bob TEATS? Gee Rae Oe mney An Pilate Via Panama, San Francisco, Yokohama, 11.496 and Shanghai. Laat oe «Settee ae ey eee ee een Via Panama, Honolulu, Yokohama, 11,794 and Shanghai. LETRAS sete th Maa cao ea aie Ae eR ea Honolulu, Guam, and Ma- 11,976 nila. Geer = Site eet my soe ws oe Rd eh Via Suez Canal, Colombo, and Singapore 11,808 Pernt, HAWAII Co ee. ee ee Vie Panama (Canal soo io oo 8s eee eRe aks 6,507 AL oe iat a ae ae Vis eved Veulane Serealive cc ck eae sees ae ere 13,264 DUET Eas 1 Ca GP ae aS i ie ee a Via Panama Canal ic. 2s. se Whe ie ae 3,809 Pe Set: Vee eR EG DER ty Wia’ Magellan Strait «.22c52. . Ae’ Eh 9,095 Key West, Fla. eae A en, SANE ae Outside? tsouthbounds: 523 fa ee6% ye eee: 927 Kingston, Jamaica ee. ee ae Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages’ 1,279 Liverpool, Hmeiands ces. . eee Sel Fo WViIntver® -CaSUpOUnG). Societe stoi ms 2 oe 3,272 OS ee US ie SWIM NTE) WGA DOT. pee case ae aciaactin whchoege 3,367 Livingston, Guatemala .............. gia tte of Florida; southbound; out- 1,595 side. Remon Ene laAnd (oo. eel. Gee. NVinter “eastbound: ...3...0% ce . son ime ae 3,506 CE SS ee ee re SUMIMEF, CASEDGUNGs hice des ais eos os es wes 3,590 ESTENES = PE 2002 Tk Sk hed ae es Vin, Panama, San Francisco, and Yoko- 11,366 ama. RI te oh Nee cs rau Sh ke Suk oe = hae we Via Panama, Honolulu, Yokohama, 12,425 Shanghai, and Hongkong. 2 LOE ae ee eee cares Via Panama, Honolulu, and Yokohama. 11,658 MAPOR Wn Pare set i are are aera tr oid Sacre «ceo e ace Via Panama, Honolulu, and Guam, .... 11,345 MO etme so ke ote sO ik he ee ..Wia Suez Canal, Colombo, and Singapore 11,724 Melbourne, Australia ............ .. Via Panama, Tahiti, and Sydney ...... 10,197 Ps rei. « Bt aes Fok os ie AR ee ihe Vincent, Cape Town, and Ade- ned Jok aide. nee Sink ie CEHeCeBALtere yz IV aed.) Clee «ln ececayeie >, Brie aera alee, el tha teeee sheave lathe bee he Ree 292 CAS NC Bh) oa Ce ee Oe ee Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,822 ESRC ESE Cad OR Te aah ik. Gyn ed SH Se ie WS in why waa ew tak wey ate erated 260 Fert Autonio; Jamaica’... ...2. Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,228 ene Pane COND. oS... Vi bow aa. iin Via, Crooked (1,5 Passage .i\...6 « edacecnte 1,018 Bose, Lime: Costa. Rica fe 26 oo. Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,852 Bar, Sar! Ge B22 cy oh RP RARE boat te cee Pian ae oe SOE Se a ee eh han ee ah. 5 28% 118 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS NORFOLK—Continued t Wautical Norfolk, Va., U. S. A., to— Boute— Miles ee Townsend, Wash., U. S. A...... Via Panama and San Francisco ....... 5,837 S) Puist at lah ae ih bic es Singh Tes (oO ae RS Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 13,857 pareend, OrewtW. :SkrAge. .ea, teeta Via Panama and San Francisco ...... 5,717 ADDO) Ar te An ac Sneak MeniCnte mer oan Ai siete LS Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 13,737 Preston, Cuba ......... PBN SAME ALOR Via Crooked I. Passage ...........-... 1,021 Providence, coe Oe] OMe aan: Crt eee a Cu ne eA ACAI Sa Se AS AS 398 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala ee iiicee eae aie Straits of Florida; southbound; out- 1,603 side. Puerto Cortes, (Honduras ta, 8-) to. eee Olas ctvenetevele a jm avanene ieee « fond SEER 1,568 Punta) Arenas) Chilee. ganuc. cis te meee East of South America ............ aes 6,900 DOG cS ME es Meek, ETN eine Nia! ‘Panama, ‘Canal’. vei eeenie ec ig beta hay 5,765 Rio: de: Janeiro; Brazivey oe eats Oe AN cae Sauce till aul desvsta al slieeaa) it ede het eer 4,723 Retterdam, Netherlands ........... IW inter! -CaStbOuiaG weiss «ci. ele sos cle ueeneeenane 3,552 QU EE RUS ERS MME lt CRN ee ee Summer, eastbound .............-+00- 3,636 St. Vincent (Porto Grande), CLEVE OLE ere INS uel gta oulah asta, 6 teiPs colar ay sige a 2,973 Islands. San Diego, Cal "WU. S.7A. soo ee as Via Panama (Canalis aes. «coe wesw 24,665 1D RURAL At i AMRIT nA ARRAN AT Niels be Nady ly 2 Via Magellan Strait ............65..-., 12,695 San Francisco, Cal., U. S. \. ........ Via Panama: Camaliy, sce): deli vie eens ~ atetd 5,067 ENO) eS eres. ee rcrevenet Cena Tete at a nen TN eRe Ean eT Via. Magellan Strait... 5.36 s+ «./6)seeeeenee - 13,087 San Jose, Guatemala ............... Via Panama -Camail)).,. Wivhs: cies «1 sayeth enamie 2,708 DOM Noe ae Sielio Roce et a Eee LR ates Via Magellan Strait ...........e.008- . 21,190: San Juan del Norte (Greytown),Via Crooked I. and Windward Passages 1,837 Nicaragua. DD On Rae ohed ee ARH he ee re aee BUS eco tote Re ee oe Straits of Florida, southboun; out- 1,846 side. Santa Marta, Colombia ...... 0.2% .Via Crooked I. and Win aae Passages 1,588 Savannah, Ga., Ry 3 GAL azirelsy cyt a, t20, LRP oy ae iWante inet dake fella iene LoMalte howe aroeitalen toftoneente tells 499 Shanghai, Chimaiterttet oars ee Via Panama, San Francisco, “and "Tsu- 10,454 garu Strait. WD Oie ois: 3 Suceseerso ates Grietaud atetanter ss A peer cae Via Panama, Honolulu, and Yokohama 10,942 DOPE i icc ns clinic feed wars Ee Roweuk ets syabcdigneiel deen Via Suez, Colombo, Singapore, and 12,660 Hongkong. SIMKAF ALASKA. os 53. tod wikis sche 8 See Via Panama and San Francisco ....... 6,369 MNO ode esol oss. setae quent oii ae Re eee Via Magellan Strait and San Francisco 14,339 Sydney, Australia RFID Skee AAR SA Pee aN Md Via Panama and Tahiti ............. 9,616 3 DD 5 AP MNP SH RMR Ne Ak abl Via St. Vincent, Cape Town, Adelaide, 18,862 : and Melbourne. VialparaisGg CRE? & we wie we Lact Bele Via Panama Canal .......... «oc o evake ce) h ame atc TD ©), $0 ve wetiarateyen ie pede aa ccre Vey Te alte Watican car neon Via Magellan Strait ............ 8,332 Washington: DiGi US'S.) Ay... dale Inside Tail of Horseshoe Light-vessel 173 DDO! $55: eg AP GEeat oh re peel thc! be eee iN Ss glee Outside Tail of Horseshoe Light-vessel 187 Wellington, New Zealand ........... Via Panama and, Tahiti... ... 0.0. sae 8,656 YO): fe i apirapemaaryhe tees Stake ue) SoeRait tata ucamth ction ty Se Mia, Maigellan “Strait. 2. 2) ss < sip + eynreienene - 11,296° EO: Ue aar te. 'e! b, o, bHdLm ath cel Sen a, com a uMekneN Ma wee Via St. Vincent, Cape Town, and Mel- 14500 bourne. Wilmington; No C.,. We BS. Aas Sigs ies sh rR ete ccna te ee ofc clic attene eee ae 358 Yokohama, ‘Japan Aa eee LAU ME ae, Ocsap Via Panama. and San Francisco ...... 9,603 IB) O yr iietapeites atev an avalaneens sh sy iio i a awadareuetat chakeas Via Panama and Honolulu ........... - 9,901 DO: ©. beetle Bare gard lr etlIhe, Ripa! 6 Buchime Via Suez, Colombo, Singapore, BES 13, 701 a and Shanghai. PAITA Nautical Paita, Peru, to— Route— Miles Antotasadsta: Chile 0.55 eek ee ne Ye Cbs nai cpt We dicLk fhe ictus tka ha lari uh age 1,299 Apta; Samoa Ts... US Tae Oh: tink” Bae oe oa en ae. 5,365 Aiea, Cer ee i. eh Se Ee. a ai eet re Mera yc ALti nd Pt 8 sar ler ee oo . 1,980 Caldera, Chile ue. ee aan Pe ARON ho ae OI. id Dede A RC ACRE A 1,461 Callao, ‘Perr hel, Se APs, SET nS eee Me ne eet Na iN, eae ee 595 Coquimibo, Chile’ es ee eae ie i TT Se ae Ci 6 oct oe ae 1,609 Flonoluliay) Tawa: erie er oa cnc e ns ep SEMURUSIND ctataes ctxtie sive] sMiehigtis| cto atch proeae eran 4,725 ¥quique, (Ghillie: skins io. ah abies Sartre Se Ai iirc ste ita Cy CuC MERRIER Cleve COTA ued cyt Premera spleen Lota, Chile ... aaa oh lak Whines Wa italia tetietis “olts ticle alaRUNGA a ae orion 0 iho!) ERG 2s ee Neae ea an 1,983 Mollendo, POPU yo. cies Sree SUS Gee Spots abe, FAO e EEE hehe Sorcha NIRR cian. Niet a 955 Pascasmayo,“Perw ea hee i les Gila tite octets’ ugane eemeieaa 201 Pisco, Pert nies Pee CR CM IC 3: Botnet Te HOT R aia MC CRE oRiaterh ence acer fe Ageia | 617 Punta Arenas, Chile’ ae etetieua egg MAR Sun eee wer ROR LAs. ee RS Tere eee eee oe SS a te 3,101 Tahiti (Papeete), SoclelyAls7 it Ake Ree ere eae Meena chat PRP RS iGo yao 4.982 Patcahuano, “Chie eee Te Os kere Pa eee SS Cee a oa aban he Poe he vivid oreo 1,963 Valdivia (Port ee CHDIO Soe Po ER re ate fone ae ot te eter cee eee ane Ds ee Valparaiso, “Chile fy ois \ a tdse, eine te, 3a Sue ge ae eT arene nh 1,774 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS PANAMA ROADS. 119 Nautical Panama Boads, Canal Zone, to— Route— Miles SY PGRN Rate eo ka kN eke Eee Cire wise Foe alas wv Sheena Ges olds pl Es clans 1,426 ET CIGD ee So pe CR REE TA ei EE UE Board Wie a So lerokls’ « Wi) comtee @ BU bge bre Ths 745 [OF STEEN fe aid © 0 0 ee ee Pree eeee eee eee ee 2,149 POEWEED, JAGIELUM cise be ae ak Vin Mona, -Passsigerte’s., (3 Gallien t 4,851 nuesis Crier oe Ces. AL. vt Rat ee ESS hee TERE Sew Cae Re RwaeY. obet 1,330 IC RETSGE VOM El, ea c.0 ss SR 8 AR TE AO EA Capes whist ne RADY BR. aan 5,710 PMRCrOEOL Yea tis nema ec tere et Swe Be kh soe Sad See BREW GUN Ree Sate oat bie p pes ace » comehs ageh aie 1,921 Bune. New mea tant: fos bs Skike kk eed ce scars OUCRREM Lethe Ok. . seks 6,512 Baltimore, Vide eee eet ft Sictelesds och Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,944 Barbados - (Bridgetown), We Sas sts a ea te a ee aye el die CPE ERENT a dots 1,280 DEIEI TAL IOMOUTAS, SEN es 8b So ese eee le SEE CTI SUED Stag 859 Bishops Rock (lat. 49° "50 Ne; lone: ViavAnegads Passage 2st ae ae necc ls eee 4,438 ga6" ott W. Lok Pee ME ass ks Via~Mona.-Passage'su. shea. Sahl. ik 4,399 net A eet ORITINOTIL 8, 8s stole gece eta Ske aig, Mk Scere eee Sie ale bes bate alee 7,807 Bluefields, Nicaragua ...... CisiSvetanave SPEAR ARS Ca 8 ey SS, AS i on ene Ee nd ED So 319 REST OP ONG) tA MATA 5 sc stele oe ees ae tel ee nl Oe Coed ww oS diate e)arsiG os plein sidig elle 6(phe 187 VE POL ETI aSg DIO IG Dae teri oe ae Via San Bernardino Straitvsik ci. .a3. a2 12,957 PIMA CHUNT, PUTANEE v5.4.5 Gace ce ewe ear as Via Mona Passage... ie tei.) wed of 4,641 Seeman. Mase, UW Sl) AY es foe See 855 Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 2,200 and outside Nantucket Lightvessel. Penswiek, Gas UO. SAL i ss ee es es Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,593 MORNE PO PETLG Lo. Giese Fon cle te neh ek eo batarees Vial san ssernardino Strartieecnisiists set 12,148 MAR oir eS 5S thc eels 5.5 cian eae Ras eee Pe Ok go te AAS EOC Miele wee 8 2,302 Moen eCisitena: OOVE) TOMUe ss sce cece e arate fee aiehaie ois Cin apices cece tise 6: Soemeeetes 1,977 OPE CTE cherelc a cha 6 cele cciergo% ee ae Co See erpe eens cc teeth st Scots, filo See 1,346 UENCE oe A OS Ch Sn ch Mele cea paras ch odes tsb dh abet tek ob wee te oe oye 1,210 ere TiePrT OMI TAO TIO bee Voth te eh sbers fe ousy Xho Ghersae's wees: ons lo ok oc ene ee age co's a te ee ele alee 8,965 PREG ee PEED SET G Leon oss ok ca edo ccc es Sccsutucin ise heats © Spe ieiels ses dw cleo » vicyelele adeye tees 860 LPR SET TDR GA ESS Ce RI ae er a fm a Se Be PM a PS 2,100 EOE EI). MEETS GP aia Seared Beals Mis 7 oe aera cn ari an RM a arash ER orate te 1,289 LE 5 1S SPEDE TOTN oh Cad 8 EE PO ee EE See nS ae a ne ea or RR Bisa 2 ee 324 Sea PE RST UTI R ES ae eee Rescate, ox gdp she ds- ches ci cyioad Hace belie e-0.e tied ack enced ab ach s abies ween 709 @upelestony S. C.; UU, SrA. 2... cece os Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages’ 14,607 CR CC PE CPU tee ss ois cs fa ek he te Pee CR eda ts wed eh Gateeet WALES ae 1,158 Ce taT Sean INS PE EGTIVG: © COAM "hie cia ssn coe aia hiss so Sele cue so ale dus cod. aae ss bce Be ola ee abe 4,752 See eaPEE REe COUT DY re vcs Sonya teed as ert tre ak Siskel Av ee ew ehehal ocetaye, wile avd ne wiles a 815 GNM MIDG Te ey ION 2 ooo. 8 Pc IS Le ee Via San Bernardino Strait and Iloilo 12,087 Camo: CHE eee eae. et ct Nil ST) cies 6 AO) SORE eo Ure oe NORE AOI oTMtire A ii de 451 SRR CRA CAT UA ree met A eo ia GTA aa a el ati s Siow ahd Seda ooo SHOR ld. SERPS 683 MRE a Ce wee DNC te, SSeS at IR eh eR MT RS eo Coat on Ree a atic gaa. d one ee x 0 6 bth SOR SE EE. ER 2,822 Retort tnta Ana EVarDOLR)i We les feds ce coos we dale date ce owted oe dO. ERS 742 Rene AE IOT PAN ASKA oye eras spelt 2 28k AE oe Ae oot oe o Clb ao.a.e dietellons obbhel eek, ahhape 5,245 PRACT DULY i ENOCNITX “Isl? ao Pee Se Sirois aitoncee Pe aca aro a Rithens ekiay oe iate Bae, ant Se 5,599 ea ADS SS CLEL LOL caster hs oa cic ea ais oS Tdi ae ee cee a cade TERM EAI RT. OB 474 Bona oe eM AMIOL WT TA Ten IDOTEZO | a. chemi ete bo sthe os 8 ccoid od Guvie wo oho oP teia bos aedtik obw oo 4,256 Fort De France, Martinique, Ww. PGR GRE cL TS GE Fa Tk Rial oP ais, ov bet Ee en 1,202 Funafuti L., DVR ae hg SAO oA rok gee YP HEEL ST Roo ab a0 3 6,217 Galapagos Is., SSUES Oa Me Ne oa cea sane anecy ee ay NETO BY Sod ado Wad eon aha 864 (Wreck Bay). AE SET EX Ste VAN Na SR es RMR eS Fos oa eid Sod eae Soot (HA, Gehan a, 1,536 Gibraltar. 2.3... REN f pee 8 pe ee Via Anegada Passage .... 0.0. .08UIIS o MASTS MT Meet cic, cco alaeear ees cic wis wes Widest.) Thomas, (Wiese? oar sae col cee eee 4,386 Gracias a Dios, Nicaragua ey A ER REL DE ae rene hy Ran I te fala Sok Lei ALA 442 Rents Tabasco fh ToeMexicn (600 loi. acd oe odo ee 1,323. Guam (Port Apra), RAS eg ee Ps ke tian piel hg he ee ee ore 7,988 Guantanamo Bay (Caimanera), CUD As 5 Stee eters tence tae eee, cee epee ee 739 ea CE NEL OPCML ON | 5. iste oa ROR De BOT ee en Pe 793 meet ONDER SS 6 io Ur See eo 7d Swit Pie adhe SOE DOD ch, of A. GE ASE 2,370 mememarty Missa D2 GS. As 3 eee eS occ Northbound’ sic i00y FOS AA eae, 1,431 RT AUP re Pe Wee Pe ee Ear bog SERS OE SO DRS APS ROLE 2 ED 2 PS, aS 1,946 Hakodate, SEA oe ea ACS UNS EY he Ohi Sik faye a ial Se Moke RE Slee oe 7,418 PAIN | St ir a ae te es Se eee Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 2,360 Hamburg, CHOTA ATE oR Se) Se TOL Via Mona Passage, direct ............ 52113 LL EN Ge cle mLe Srp ie a kee are a eee Via ONTaS Wet), wh t. coh eats ses Das ween Roads (off light), Va., U.Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,811 PEELE AP ARCe Ton. dats ok ake ck e's ie Via Mona Pdssage:.. fete? 7, 4 ae 4,653 REMARRIED hae as ato he OS ides dd Dsl Goad rear ed 2 4 oe RE, Ee 4,527 PEE BUN PP. 2 Saree state aoe age be occ s hr dis PEe Rl ak VSG 35a) ee ee tena PE 4056 Se PEMD SEN AT oA eR Lee a ee KIA ae Se oe Babee eed ad LOR ERT, 4,685 Iquique, Re dg Pd TA os ass ys LARA Pde Wid OE ee ee ROT 1,987 peeeteronrrad™, POA. (O08, DAU bt suka ss be we head ay aes SPR 609 Jacksonville, iia., WU. S: Ae DRL -Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages’ 1,559 emit MAAN Bee 2 52 Ne ad hada: 746 oo Ee POROPIE AE IRE) 6,666 Rene te Ein was oss e104 coke ade chao koe oe AN 2 5 Oe, META CS 5,35 Junin, Chile DAA ht ee oa a ae ath re Vd MeN ee Sat MR Sy Po ee oi Re et Pa 1/967 120 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS PANAMA ROADS—Continued Nautical Panama Roads, C. Z., to— Route— iiiles Key West, Pla. YU. S.A ere Se oe alesse. bie teen ee ace tal Bhs ne pa lea ens eta 1,108 Kingston. Jamaica: W . dle ic beach calle o) chats, sektietiaces cuelis.e lavreilstian eis rele (oie umber Me ntaitae ia atte ia ame 594 Kiska Pop. Alasheay Oe Cees relate Rear iraliedaee 4 ten & caer lene reba taller stay eh otvs Jeulehiet lor telitine Nan eGR anateey act ee ame 5,819 Kusaie'l. (Lollo’ Hbr’),| (\Caroltmes dist. i: (tay eine teai atl. Valeo ce tos. eel hl atadielce ie ia) ee deh eee 7,059 ua ‘Guaina, Venezuela id snetelicnsie sestele ah te ayle ae Mretieettsk aitainciuw votes let eye cov euien sede eye en te eee 884 a sOnion,, Salvador ih scoupartessshevalievene tie tera) sire tates howalatonen oi-sae tele fouleiec ie tele avetreh ct alms eat aaa 748 Lev Kae BUGLE toc oo 5 Whaatictaay Boece Cale ig lee aoe ea aM Le Oat ag s Wah ok epics acim eee gs ot tar ee 6,288 Libertad. Aneh.,. Sonora; MieGxdCO%).\.) sfarciecetenstonenchamemedel clelig ls) «)'eneio heuplge nee rie ee ee 2,534 Liverpool, Hngland axe iy iole syeteree Via MonasPassage iit. yon aero Byask teen 4,591 hivineston, :\Guatemala ven o Coa abs She etek alte mer w/e e? o ONRUSS sis pee dba ane aaa 815 Los “Angeles: Hbr.."(SantzPedroy)-: Cae Scie) 5 atoncteilstats fe tae o ona yolie sel egayiagke aoe 2,913 U.S. A. TOC aS OWT) eas ee ea ee, onl oh teed ent gs Sestets. oie holies SURE Ritoletet oscil ab onc) MUI ea Scheer 2,825 Magdalena Bay; : Meio! o.oo eked sspetap tel» GEIR setae esa necelleas ole. sec teh ee toile: lh eee 2,265 Waa ae Ash Se ae al anata arial, ogee Via Cape San lucas and Balingtang 9,347 Channel. DOG ge EIR SRE: cw eet oho tales Via San Bernardino: Strait J... «meee 9,370 Marquesa Is., Nakuhivas (Taiohac)iine% sisting bite ns «sla tists cis. s'6 soho, ete sage eaemen naman 3,826 Marshall: Is:.(eniwetok, A tolling gucaigd 5 ict uh eyhe: wletehenune: breceuece «la ccite ciate euler a late meneee 7,041 Matacorda i:Bay)(Hntr) pi Pexs (Oe Sx Aw tees Ue, ee sdloiois tutvel alleles wld bien cece tie ae 1,558 Maza tian) |S Mei Goss cy. lite ete KRW ebb Sai naas GES Tet eee) s daslonns each eae 6 Gh celica ios (ore hea ee 2,006 Mejillones: Del: Sur, (Chile. 7. Mata! Mevaneen hued sels steatiecs cee poueeewa mates. Seas) aysiu gee oes 2,109 Melbourne, Australia ............... ViavKoveaux, Strait 2.7. 6 Pic. 2 aie ene 7,928 Midway Is. sCWrellles: (VBE) easels ea ete Stilo athel Se IAM anne SOU Reese sic cucolt. bien a ae re 5,707 Mobiles Adayp Uet See ante a meme seal NoOPrth bound itine iain pda ocee shoe sae eee 1,436 Mollendo, Peru 0 eS Oe Ae a OO 1,796 Monkey Pt. Eibr., NiGara cua Sigie 2 Wile td ail ileal eA Ween iol) at te ae ae 302 Montreal, (Canada! < v.62 Jo ace ole. Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 3,203 and Gut of Canso. lames elt alliy «Pats etc wy atts eer temateons eet ee Via Anegada Passage ...............: YP Sow New: Hebrides (St. Philip andSt.0 Ss goo. seo Se id Fe des ae 6,956 James Bay). é New Orleans, Wa. US) Awe. alee Via South Pass; northbound .......... 1,446 |e Seamer Pe NOOMON ES SIS ITN YEE ie (LA Rp neato rics h Via Southwest Pass; northbound ...... 1,453 pan ee: (The Battery), N. Y. U.Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 2,017 pee DOr’ News; Wiais Wil) Simin oo which aire Can ares O's: oie levee) c etvemershictie: us ts) oR Le Ca eee 1,819 Nonuti Di Gilbert [sigicses . aoultesevsicoob ate canbe cone he secon a nee 6,439 Norfolk, Wal. SSS cA cate Rear caret te pein OM Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,822 Noumea, New Caledonia 2.5 skis ei. oc ccuvlele sd iiele cienaie tre seeks eis Re ne 6,982 INGsomono; UmVOR. Tse) os heh oraiiss -o:hh:ne, aaah ape a ear a va tameehe (anaes ato (0 eter 5,688 Pacasmay Oy PERU. ieee 65.4, «choad soe 44) Mlokohal Coe Flee ets velit Ned Na Ge cea oh oie ee en 1,040 Pago’ Paso, SAMOA IS s,s ajee aie sm oa bi) abesens 0 aPee em, «Sle, alaione: minioiele ch grein eaieer se Praia, HLORUls Giatey eae eit, celta. ete "AL a sahet eeijo'e chi Nias. |oy Sha: BUS Mey eldaelun ee cen dee pee SiR caaie aan aaa 857 Pelew Is. (Korror Hbr. NY 5. S, y dl ig Nesiaue Une, Sante acc Mi amounts totes olebraibin Roe le NeMevietis) sisi oie ents ian ia 8,674 Pensacola; Mla. Wiens) An oo ate oe North bouUmMds 215 evencwGayens susie ao 10.6 iereuese tne 1,412 Philadelphia, Pa., U. S a seas oietiveiatarene Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages. ..1,989 Pisae wa COO i insane Role shesanshrs sab, AeA aN ee cher cee ere ‘ee ale iegeky saaiet tenes 1,962 Pisco, PemT Hob, CNG ee Rede kee ce ae ik ne ae hls a 1,458 Plymouth, By elanae aac Sada cus Guach Via St. Thomas, WL. s80..\ 0 <=: ence 4,543 Point a Pitre, Guadeloupe, W Daslajrageoasteae. ojo. Streiswink gasrantotinsoesye Boy Seba clyo ike CREME Bits ake eee 1,211 Ponape, Caroling Iss." v.. saiiss ced, biden Rien cle eae 7.321 Port Arthur, Tex., U. S. AS itis oiccss, occas oot nO an ea 1,528 Port au Prince, Fialtin Cea. eee MNS gel hot Sa See aRGson e kckahee taal tate. fet Ae a eee - 817 Port Castries, S. Thu Cia, Ws ie er ee ial Sade eee ee 1,203 Port Limon, Costa Rica so. ce. PPE aS aa de PNM RT rh a Lis hein owt nee GIG. ees oo” 235 Fort Lloyd; Ogasawara Isr ee ois CE Pale aie 2 ARO BR Te eee 7,766 Port Morelos, VUCE Ea ee ee ee ae Re Rae ree nee td ae 871 ‘Morte Royal.) Jamaies.. Wh. Ucn le etc Was ecets cornea ern En ee ee 589 Port of Spain, Trimicad, Wo Tens, uae eae et eae sella at ol euaderevedes ac c\k 6) Ga ene ia) ae 1,202 Brows PaaS G ie. oat vase ane ik creme bee sete cea ice Seloial cian Came O nam S fet ck cctolt Goer eee cat an 2,220 Port Tampa, BTS. UT. SA ee Sie ee eared rancho a MRR ono eo a 1,255 Port Townsend, Wash., We SA: Weighed We eis Satire 8k 'e bcc ee Cn ae ee 3,985 Portland, Me., U, Ss. es Sat (e enaaneeoniee Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages; . 2.241 outside Nantucket Lightvessel Portiand,, Ores W. 3S yagi saihic: diel) wees hentia eh Cae . COG 8,869 Puerto Barrios, Guatemare 3's.) i tows somal ee ke eke sc keke Re 2 Ate 823 Evento Cabello, “Venezuela”... ds iiinati Guo teat kkk cc o's a nner on en 845 EPUeyto ‘Cortes, EPOMOUEGS \ y-. ents -o in.'o agile umes Soetecm et ies eek ttc SE ort cue tht a 776 Buento Mexico, MexiGon sits oo Che ae eee ee ee. ae Ue aang ik Atte See Ree 1,420 Putita Arenas; CHUB. as 5e 4's wns bth micas wie ERE MME Ce Crore gk ce Le ek Tek 1 3,943 Punta Arenas, COSTA. “ERICH in. VRE oie ocd a acca bie ole Re ee ee a ee 471 Quebec, Caldda. eer hee Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 3,965 and Gut of Canso. Raoul I. (Hast Anch,), Mermadec IS... vis vs scm. eth nas ee RN a eee ae 6,125 Rarotonga I. (Avarua’ BET) se ciese a Se ec celeiha sbi g, Coes SCR tc 5k cee tacks eae 5,095 Bio ge Janelro; Brazil Aros Ge shgoca celee Cn cet Ae eae ee ee en 4,392 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 121 nnn nnn EEE EEE PANAMA ROADS—Continued : Nautical Panama Roads, C. Z., to— Route— Liiles CIS CIUTIEIG) Kd bieve Sod ek. hve, bs en ge eee 0 we ele elie © fe mines we anaes 1,527 EDEN TS OSG MOTO EAGIO): «55-0: o.c5 0. ones sear ar ara bsnyegtttn ey eheee a) GR epale soars es wen Cire Mpa les Ble 684 Sees Pew. Ue ae DOR Sa ame chs we Fate Che nttcie acs Mt “Reber s oer ames, 1,519 TGR WR ee rh. LA RT LN aegis Me Monae, a5 eo eal a on een © engin elas 1,072 Salina Cruz, FNIRGSRTRS CUMS! PATO, 8k Te Sete PP ae ale, ole a oa bles Miele 0/6 o)c 4) ah aus pear 1,170 San Bernardino Strait Cty es DER nap Safe ede ace Wie wae mew oR eae os 9,060 eerste > Mewreg cc fo obo bd Vy. Latkes ae ese eee ee ee ee ee ene 1,914 San Diego, eT oS Ee eer te et Ce ene er Ree ee ee 2,843 San Francisco, ‘Cal, Lyf: Ae. A Se NSE DRM Bly AN Pes et ade iain Y aay kB eaten tack eni« (aes Ha eee 3,245 San Jose, Guatemala Beets Su iyinh be Sick ckh dace wr, avidh Su-ay nil eet, SRR TA AN esmuNe hy ice PERS GAO HRM Tete 2 a acura y 886 San Juan, eee, EI ERIS oi Ol slot eet FG I ANS A ee PO OR 2 he 1,036 Reeneiniercdel INNOECS, NICAL EE UIA, (0) 5 i 07 kta eh Leas, ole ea sree ane own ni ote ol eens waey oe 289 Sea NL aAkas Glee Sy Uris ING CALE a TEL ae) eke, oh aie la Sails o ekg ak oh chars, tah opera, Ss ails, Stee) als eye, © wlis! A seal, atte 590 Santa Barbara, Cal., Ge Sz 7A oo Sned Abe ns cab haghitac sy ska ees ok Sak Are NM hea Re. ceca a ay Ae (ou prec’ 2,980 Santo Domingo, Dominican RODS 6. circa odie hls ci eae Ss, wiles wicenten ts exreentey eae oad Soe eA NES. «. Olenotaane 845 Se jucuah 121g eal O02 en CS SSW... eee ee Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,606 Seattle, Wash., AS eee REN LETS ot oh acu LAU LESHe Sian dhe hes alata ti Sdewera, oi ehreiieile, Pithts ope. lu aera TS cs" 4,021 Shanghai, China SERS nl oy RE A EW See Vibal rg EHONO Ua a sth hee ch eeeds.CReicneevtccne! kee 9,015 Tia) BAR p te ke aT ee 12 ae cy ee ee Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait ...... 8,650 ie Vee ears eRe PEERS. wk Wilat PS ee SEPANG os ace ere raieceehene triste. aileron » 8,556 Singapore, Straits Settlements ...... Via Sant Bernarding: Strait ws... 2. - 10,505 SPULEBGRe, ON VC. WS. PAG 4. aeiswnie oS. Via Windward and Crooked I. Passages 1,635 Strait of Gibraltar (lat wee. 57" Nj Vie. Anegadad Passage. oe iirsgem «crore mepse 4.35] long. 5° 45’ W.). ESET INE ee ie gare Sparse Sou ue ous! SEONG See eee bagel w Mile dete a lenaena aera 7,674 SUNN MIN EAST E eM lcnef ee ACIS Bec Ly aicg d on ox seq SES oy we) = eid RYT. « SeaC Come eRe @ aha ce Wil Sg RIE eae Bees 1,041 Tahiti (Papeete), SE TCA LS ira Gt = xcishl 2 maghPa iain ai ome Seekers peck Oe wie ere areas sates 4,486 Talcahuano, Chile ee es SEN Ln Mate Ba Eee sci, nick aR Sem aNePe. a Toe we Oo iss 3 Te eee Manral er SMaTelie ce ona e uate ewels 2,805 Tampico, NICE Pid Are PORE cacts 2 vein of es ee ke OT On LD 1,528 Tela, PRR eT eee ere. Gere tly Bron drill. .«. vcgides, «ays Fa, ©, oper eee UR. ws eae elerediaare eters wie atin 719 Tocopilla, MUTT eRe Ry atta. iy AGE CNRS La ale Spe TM MM Remade ec hot ow ates tes Sceaa tae ek ealyaath 2,068 Meneitabu (Nukualofa), Tonga Betts) ee Rtg Pe ee ee mete aerate ae ae 5,953 RIMES PEEING oa ey ayers a ctane an aisye Pele: doecage, oy her taty tome stal oo ah aletakatel oho ohare! vatat aha reletonere ae fE5 Tuxpam, AVIVA. S aeacereat es wre are tt eerie cis, omelets’ o, by sd enietsa? S04". SP SMUP OMI SIIUD 5 Me al oot Mets harlot teika stale late 1,498 LOS wy oil, sayy, SSOLOMPOIY OS... sa /5 ees Rest chaditele ta Nakata se afeneha na ou Grdtmene EMU ae 7,248 Reem N ee UTED TTT Des Sask ay het oh aay ccs, « Rs aie ie Sa are Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,442 RDS RS Stirs ed 6d. St a3 Sx 2 ...Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. 5,434 } and La Perouse. PRTE VEEP S SCLIN: 5064 «0 fo ware bis eewloneqeconaiy Via San Francisco and Panama Canal _ 8,866 Do RE re eee ae ee a Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,391 NERA ry REIN EY DME eee es oA WAN SFS Shs OG a sar aie) Bin wig 6 8) im, o Mfenn lente leather a "snceeae ohne te Me ho ules. canes 4577 Se SOCAN oso ooo dane nea valine edge Laas a eae hee 6.134 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. A. ....... Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5,959 Crys Seen tate Mite ee Len toto eee nes ....Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 13,979 Batavia, VU Vcd ene ns ee ae ee eS Nia pay one Channel and Composite 7,323 route. See TIS CES DY. (AMET AE OTIMINUOT I es 15's tw eka nee alla daladaf ale ts ane tote delat ‘ol hate oto RES, 5,462 Res, ETANGG ai oo celine ew ase en 0 oe oe Via San Francisco and Panama Canal _ 8,656 ol CACORE 2 Re he eae Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,032 ae Mons, U.S. AL oe. ean ies Via San Francisco and Panatha Canal 6,215 Dae ate Meee Par ital eee hh ai eee ate ent GEES Via San Francisco and Magellan St 13.876 Calcutta, Bea A ane vets kn, , ee Via Rhumb to Yokohama ............ 8,970 Canton, Wiingal: VUlLGR EM , OOF 14 Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait and 5,814 Composite route. Mes ee OAL ta tate astac avs & a¥e tS ere ey hte Via Tsugaru St. and Composite route 5,792 | 8G RA OLS Sh on ee RR nS Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,764 122 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS: PORT TOWNSEND—Continued Port Townsend, Wash., U. 5S. A. to— Nautical f : Route— ty ii Miles Cape Nreano; lnwzor Wy, Pyles sreksto ei oa: ces etter pers geern PR Wey yo ro Soe -- 5,515 Cebu, Cebu Island, P. Le eae oeeea tein RG eee es eee ee 5,870 Charleston, Sree, ye AWA ct Wes Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5.622 PA te ature 1 Fe Pea ee en OUR Era ra Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 13,856 Chefoo. (DY) abt os Ne eee PMP alas arc. Sue hen car yi Via Tsugaru St. and Composite route 5,102 OE yo earns StOM ee tal a veri valte Sat chen ME Nm emunretien cw Via Unimak Passage and: Tsugaru St. . 56,074 1D YORI RCURR PCIe PIPER aah e ene ccht 6 ct AleCC URRY Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait ...... 5,340 DDE Cit ETN Re te 0 a RE Tia ak acon ..Via Unimak aa Amprate and 5,084 La Perouse. Christmas’ Island; N. Pacific: OCOaM saci. .) .sec-ay teensy ole une vencie ous ve i -0)s,5 te, 010) eked oh 3,344 Colombo, Ceylon ................-.+;eVia Balintang Channel, Malakka Sts, 3,616 and Composite route. COMO GHB Bi Co fee er eehee ch ehed of sletelianeiiesene Via . Aictive. Passage ois ei cid axislsie c bepiereis 145 Dutch ‘Harbor, Unalaska. T.,, Alaska vs celic dk eh SER ees ees Giclee sole eats eee poe 1,670 Enderbury_I., Phoenix Is. .........-. Wer ess ier hy es EvSte, o(Rlatate Lene Ss cmabree wv; 4,012 Fakarava L., *Tuamotu Atrehi pela Boras Hien Na Move serede se ea i so us de lo leo A eee eee 4,120 Foochow, Ghinas 4c ec are ene Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait and 5,364 Composite route. MO. ee oe ke ET eee rene Coates Raed chek Via Tsugaru St. and Composite route 5,328 DD Xo) Spee a erat pee iy Bi aRetatied Ns tohedatacemeiens ---.-Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,300 Do Mviass! ei BAUM telah ee eel oka deen eee '...-Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. 5,313 and La Perouse. Punaruth Ey WINICerTe ys ie no nie eke nee hetehere a atone Ae ee ere SEMA ESTE NS 4,692 Galapagos "Is., San Cristobol Deg, cisral dele ss wleueceee ele cus weqelnectivshene ia clea eae 3,734 (Wreck Bay.) Galveston, Mexas:. ait teats cenctalee ie Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5,551 1X0 IR At au ae SC ct NIE ett a) oe -Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,497 Gibraltar’ s/s cleo eieakoe abate eho eonel akon tate Via San Francisco, Panama Canal and. 8,390 Anegada Passage. DOE Se ERE eee a eae tetas Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 13,341 Guam (Port Apra) Marianas ............ Bae tae ef age tacuepelehtadee tae CURR OS cee te 4,913 Hakodate, Japan cn. 08 j.'s eee. COMPOSIte ins jo ere Shee a cone alee eee 3,915 Ly ON i Seg pepe a coxtiabc a ot oem Olos el alge te ious Via Unimak Passage ...........0.ccc-% 3,887 Hamburg, Germany .........2.e.8. ..Via San Francisco, Panama and Mona $9,128 Passage. BS) Oe sth beet iG Nie zag Send oica ees dE TORE ce ota towe Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,653 EEO IVER OME rans te stivene nied ha reaeue tees fone be vote ces anna de Via Osummi (Van Diemen) St. and 5,731 Composite route. EDV) ich ohn fa tae tengedomow ee atte be valgus serra tretes chia Wa voweide rsa voiks Via Rhumb to Yokohama ............ 5,992 110 X3) See Meo nN SRE De est Rae LMI LVR 7 Gedy aT Ay Via Tsugaru Strait and Composite ... 5,709 TD 0 giaetg: Mer Sc EMEP, Sliema HNN nee RE Alleah gs os Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St....5,681 EROMO MUI TRAVAIL oe 6 oH \ootelcc cele do se to've ve, io Walaa ihe lse (oe de TelioWe te wwyinille us URS tine Av kee Reweh eae enue eae 2,366 lloilo, P. Tobit thc We ices etihs Sheba UIE ER cho Sele eo ga 5,892 Jacksonville, Florida, U. S. WAS wus’ ve fedatiaide Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5,574 ae oe TMB fancnyaticsnnyie dave ts dois ere ass nae Gel ee Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 13,875 Dawa bty WEES a DS yews Ses nanioreveverotat iar < rene covrclicbiowaWenemeweye Rede we haoowaite iatouneeitelte dadket'aieiakaaet hes aaa 4,259 Jinsen (Chemulpo), Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. 4,977 and La Perouse. 1) Dike (MRD aac: 5! dni My NG See BRE oe Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St.. 4,967 Tage st PROVE 8) yate dish 5 wicuoter Maem metas Billets Via Tsugaru_St. and Composite route. 4,995 TBOL i Seeks SC uach Sibert MEY SMe ce TW cee Via Osumi vee Diemen) Strait ..... 5,242 Johnson” Island) elawat), (eee. (Re oc ya retovaie uate hele ohane een lo veiletia ole els AR & 2,978 Kiska I. (Kiska Hbr), Alaska ..... ‘i Via Unimak Passage alles Uetate ite ete a tee 2,254 Kober Japani oer. Sos ee corns » COMPOSITE : cca ee he tee + ee 4,500 Kodiak, Ala shea a. th, aisle dicta Gee ple Ate te eee acts oF octaig eco e CRM toteyan share Sia 1,229 Kusaierl,; \CUiollovEtbr)); (War olimer Tse re a reco lel alte a tone be che terlere Walia teltante 45 folate Ne alle eRe eee 4,542 Kevuka,- Bigle ds. eee fas) Semioeee ove, WneMn eR Led Rance a 2x4 (nt We i Aol lt ee 5,083 Liverpool, England AphiLilensicceee iuonitats Steet Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 8,606 1D oI cbr AON One RUM Sch emma liad Le EIN Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,272 Mareila, os ar rot tes ate beta eee ee eee Composite Great ‘Circle: »-...) cumin ,931 Marquesas fs.;' Nukuhiva’:\(Taiohae)zns. = ih. ee eee oe es ek 3,628 Marshall Islands (Mniwetok, Atoll) A 5 ee oc oe oC eee a Oe ee Cente 4,315 eee? Alabama, «Us 4 S45 cae, ca alent Via San Francisco and Panama, Canal 5,429 pinaattet Suave bssericl’s Lo °oRa fase se cochlea co eizeatiee Via San Francisco and! Magellan St. .14,268 Namienen SEDAM Ley scviseews Bee etek eas Via Tsugaru St. and Composite ..... 4,700 DDO9 6 bie eave rettgy CL eee Cee hi uhon Via Cam (Van Diemen) St. and Com-. 4,832 posite. New , Hebrides: (Str RLM p,, Said St. . Weicts : hk oe aa asin asain See es See Gn 5,344 James Bay.) ; New ‘Orleans, ba. Wy :SsvAn ss subir nt Via San Francisco, Panama and South- 5.457 west Pass. ’ mt TIO gas, 0; > «ha gie Bhs os tye ble ES ha te alk Via San Francisco, Magellan St. and 14,321 > South Pass. New -York,. N. -Yig oli pS vAl iis. dels ec. Vilaa Panama. Canals 2) ho. 5 pee hace eae 6.002 PRO 5: ot nitarveeg bigs baie EOI toys Gite ee a optic ViariMagsellan, (St: sas fie. sis eoeemeiee ee 13,873 Nonutl Island, ‘Gilbert: islimds<. 06). 3 «eer ne eee els oe eee ee ee 4,395 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS PORT TOWNSEND—Continued 128 Nautical ee BRoute Miles Port Townsend, Wash., U.S.A., to— : 5 REE Pace Bo Via San Francisco and Panama Canal _ 5,837 eee ng etna te Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 13/857 Noumea, USA a ie hove (oo: 2 We ane ORICA ROR OUC HON as SORCRORCOC RC MORC EOI UI HC NCMC ME SU CILaC CMC ELC CIC B aae ISMTIGTIO. —UTITOD) US 0 sore og 8 are cece oo ee, oO ti eo 80 Sr elia aie, wile, Sele oa eign oie aie O85 Panama Road, C. Ree ee eS Laat = Simtmtelininh eve! ales. ete aise wie ei sie.'s 18) /6) (sim a) 'e) ey eae eye 3,9 7 ata He. ao Hbry anata ek eee tyes eo assy AS eran chaae eo J SOR Re Bie Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,288 Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka ak a eee Via Unimak Passage .........+++200-, 2,90 Pimindelphia, Pa, U.S.A. ........... Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 6,004 oe SO ity ki eee ae San Francisco and Magellan St. ..... 13,952 Port Lloyd, Ogasawara Is. .......-..:: aoe ee re ne 4,416 ply Tampa, Florida, U. S. A> .Via San Francisco. and Panama Canal _ 5,270 PO STE 2 RRS he Ra ee ee Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 14,023 Portland, Maing MIe Sul oO. ek Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 6,256 Aa BES Vins 1 ETRE eee Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 13,907 Dante eer i Pk ek on fa Cer a aa sie mee Come Bae - as oe ie ip eerste 6,932 Raoul Island ‘(East Avich.) Kermadee « .) i025 sie stern aes cies Set cheba cc we Stet cuclehe 5,547 Islands. 4 mesctones ft. CAvarua Ebr.) Cook IS, os)... sc cw viewrots wan of aieheraveraes Shelia epee © a.ec0 4,669 Ryojun (Port Arthur), Kwangtung, ia Tsugaru St. and Composite route 5,143 Manchuria. RP ee tite a ea ca cee ss, ic Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,115 Do = Bare nt EF iam Goel ee name Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. 5,125 and La Perouse. = pany ie Epa Poa Pes ear Via Osumi (Van Diemen) St. ........ 5,381 SEeSeriraraing Strait Minty. ie Bebo, Meek de ee fe See eae dele cs wR at eyen ch etree ; 5,714 San Francisco, Cal. PENG Monte ames TE cis tc asnicind vetetione me ep enet ere seGLoneper ogee ane] a cuemes rho ecens 770 Savannah, Georgia, U. S. A ..Via San Francisco and Panama Canal 5.621 SNM rt ne ee ee ras ee es Via San Francisco and Magellan St. 12,888 = Spt SOE gl ag a a Fe sculele aide lala's ole alia ime sl om we -orpragnye« Wa ene els 28 pete, “China oes ee eee Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. 5,935 and La Perouse. Till 285 oo adhe VaR lia a Sew a eta Via Sa (Van Diemen) St. and Com- 5,186 posite lo ga IDEs ay RE Se ce ne Via Tsugaru St. and Composite ...... 5,953 © Se CaE NS CEP TuC Fr ORE RCI OIC Re RCC aCaae Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5.025 SMM OMGSeK) Japan! . 52 if Sa ke vile ahs Via Composite route from Yokohama 4,689 and Bungo Channel. oie de ois bed es I iar eee Via Tsugaru St. and Composite route 4,583 Singapore, Straits Settlements ...... rea cernonite route and Balintang 7,934 Yhannel. Rui RED eg cS io eres ore sgh te diate eee 3 Via Juan de Fuca Strait and outside 772 CSE) 0 LOW OG ei ae le ee ace tem Via Composite route and Osumi (Van _ 5,581 Diemen) St. LEV) aye seers’ “Ste PRR GS co ona a ea Via Composite route and Tsugaru St. 5,559 RR eta. al ceca aro aaa: ails bie eRe eS Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,53] Meet LICE a DeCle), SOGICHY GLSIAMNGS: icc sc aes aeal h oe8 2S) Stslee ole 4 Oe o's eB ooo Ride Saini eves o © 4,260 SOLES Sit C4 a AS en eg Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. 5,278 and La Perouse. LT Re ORO a ee ee ae Via, Osumy GVian)-Dienten) St. ~e. =i... 5,534 MON cee sic le save chile ete sie cleverd es ees s8 Via Composite route and Tsugaru St. 5,296 MES As tev eFe eit 619! oka Bias 3c, % see 6 68 Mais Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,268 Tansui Harbor, Taiwan (Formosa) ..Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite St. 5,272 and qa Perouse. INPRO se tA oee.cis hee ae eek ae ee Via Osumi (Van Diemen) St. and Com-_ 5,292 posite. 2 See Eee 25 STE? oa ge Te Via Composite and Tsugaru St. ...... 5,283 MRPs oo ws a ahh Ae eh aida BY ea keke ehG2a 2002 Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,255 Meme CSeiwyn Bay) SOlOMOM: Use oy- < o 0 w«ceusintyrgeie Teva nose je lhetarel Geo Seed MELO CIGi, btu 5,310 “2 PES ESSE GP RES a ee Ee LA ar ek ai ages RO eT Sr iy a 4,585 Vancouver, Ee Gy las coteleyeuecn oP aumer sc Pact Cie tetuhe MN hes heed on sito, clo ce celge sve canny RL oe 95 Seat Ane eanCOUVer (USlamd yes Coo, o sce 8, coven alareko ny oenetial evaie ant Miah tue tveveledocdaiteh ateesane: 35 Vladivostok, SU aS) kl re eh epee etna ee Via Akutan Passage and Tsugaru St. 4,300 “LI'L eduget BPAaey ign ie eae Fee ata Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite Sts. © 4,183 adn La Perouse. si Lge ee, Eee Aes.) oe le eres Via Composite route and Tsugaru St. 4,330 a ofeeeh a tate,ca's «aap eda okeie mh « Casha asa je Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 4,302 Weihaiwei, Cima Moen a eaPalane eras 2 Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,050 and La Perouse. IPT as hea ova ccilace OMG Ieee wc ARREST VD Via Osumi (Van Diemen) St. ......... 5,306 BOS ie eR sta siacd cde s PAAR. .Via Composite route and Tsugaru St. 5,068 ROME G0 Sede veis, sta) 9: dud..s ++ee...-+.Via Unimak Passage and Tsugaru St. 5,040 Yap I. (Tomill Hbr.), " Caroline Fai, AN tera pista sh See ope br cied 1a tacty ve Jo. woke avaciioes REE NS 5,346 MeOBeGnaIMNA, “JADA x. 2.006.562. cc. cee Composite; south of Aleutian Islands 4,218 TEU COGN Tae TAR ae ie gine ein of Mth ROP SSS rine, by SVs re EORRIRIITUDIE oa Sha awictct; areca fie See: avate oe 4,469 124 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS ‘SAN DIEGO Nautical San Diego, Cal., U. S. A., to—- Route— Miles Acapulco, Mexico’ 6.5.0 ein cole cle 2 ep ae it aie a an phar hetiet of lua op acne a) aaa Cnet ee 1,431 Antofagasta, Chile ©. 0. cy De a SE eva tiene ost ot at nee Aes » 4,360 Amped. CHile rae 6 bee's ie as g kon ahd Che Ree ee 8 1a w 00 Pee Cee Sates! cn cheat ch as aM Rect cR ad 4,149 Gaddera, (CHITE opium ciel clone co + pace Biee ae ele © oz os eh anamepe tt at atl oben MewlCO say: erat: enanetee lies caccite © vo opera nly Emeka anette tate MS a OR NE Ee ee 1,088 FAD1O 5, EVA 5, 5. ode ve ca pv 61 e.--Be ve nus aucdian sl daw pice eh. cue obec en Geant ist Neste saa" sen nto, Sel se Nt ae 2.175 Fquiqué, SR ile. fa c-: sdcic eee se oi Levey sustel ey scelse oteangeian lousy ob petelemeneheicst es = che, che ceil ete are 4,218 Los Angeles’ Harbor, .Cal., WeS TAS... .'.ciiateuns onclatel so aietetolemsiebe! sic leie te telen ee ete - 92 Totes Chile. ia ais cette ot allel sete peep ae oo alt soutian Dhue Pe aiay Ook Menem R eae mene ae a tee sans - 4,881 Magdalena. Bay, Mexico’ akc ce 2's » Wletee secteur + cian eeteuene Ceeteaaaen.) aerate ie een 600 Mazatlan, MIGRACO) ~ io sys. elses Ce ett te eile te oo lua lbp ercab eh oy Sheps erty JER EINs ne rote anion acta aa 939 Midway Is. CWielleS? Harbison Pe ae eee SRO Ie Cen antes ns een ee 3,097 Mollendoi Pera ae Cae oO sukcs mis coe hee cleo Bie tele ERP Ua Re Ut Ae i Gn a at 4,024 Pacasmayo, PPG EUT fs ethe ap eye: ceo. i, os (uy Sp Lae Hel’ oR elcukoeae mie | Seeks ee eas Re OR fe Benet ie ao tee oo eee oe Battery SP SRU Tec croasiedonee che 1 vssasion'se-neiue seitio' cos € doctestels aueRish y ceceue MeCN ae Trai cates ie etc ete 3,121 Panama CZs yess) actuosans eis bb. beara teh cua tat epg ah ek Sacre se CL ee eR aan Caen ee 4 2,843 BiseO}.,, POrW | ied. aie. faliey sive sy Bye ese yen ee + Sadnene golden acl Mel oe Maceo naUEe vo EMIS RDC se an 3,695 Portland; "OTe TUL SAS cece cher) ooo eee re Care ele a eee ee Ree are Rete a pri Neate 3.017025 Punta” Arenas: "Chile ie cee aialie oe Ba ee ete ee ene g e oo. Oe SOM Punta, Arenas) 'CoOSta, Rica... 3.6 ois Gece eke cs ehe suereseea ee clone euro bere encete ent tt ene 2,429 Salina, ‘Cruz MleSCO we iiet aire spc deacboleusacdeee © Lirica Ree ete ie eee ee ie icant eqns eee Pema bes 7625153 Sam PBVAS IMSKT COM, i cs eile cc Bale, ola. cti fe os, Se pectetoe tecsee ae he Cas Sorat a dette fad ccna UI ules Gee at 1,015 SAMs POSE Gua tenn AB vy. sia ve se lessestegle fogs anliae sce ate epee oe vce tet ane Te er tie Bee ae 1,993 Taleahuano; 'CHITe oaks ooo oar chopene UNE! ate oreo rere ee ea ee ae et ie 4,869 Valdivia een 1,883 Amapala, Honduras tie i YBBR EORTC IRE Pr. chee NESE VAS trayeere te ashe eves helt en 2.586 Anions | CHITA ANI A ee a ee Via Osumi (Van Dieman) Strait ..... 5.796 Anchorage, Cook InJet,, Alaska nese ee tires wirecteld so Gite pate ee eee ROMP RIO, ua ein token eee en 1,872 Antofagasta, CONTA TSS Fa EH nl ese ser fe heione Weegee fen Uisre cee eae Neti Gs ol pct hs icine a 4.762 ARE WET IS CLSUITI «HM meee eine to nsite te het rane Mia (Panama rGamale pcr. voc Seen 8,096 APia,, SAVINOA.. LS 5. <6 pn cave yo.care re. te te Peite re te 4 So. “m “Sop etoie Walt au tere he Fe Pee tomoube Mel comete pare ra ket SRR Uae bat ee 4.161 Arica Chile ce94i anion. EUR HR ANS. CRE DI AEN eared te to ts Aa ‘oime “a se hoa CREO ae GR Te 4,651 Auckland, New sZealamad ERIN. RURAL GE Ree Wcuirate verre ts jenrei w.toitate ha ectiae mek reteset 5,680 Baltimore, Mids, Woo Ack sc, cote enGrer on. Vila Ranamiay Canal. esi oe ee oo eee 5,189 Batavia, Javaluned sihee. ote. 2tiee Via’ Balintame Channel. «..0:0 2% sitet 7,64 ero eas ie (lat. 49° 50’ N., long.Via Panama Canal and Mona Passage 7,€‘4 Blanche Bay, New Pomumiern (recite tb eee re | me hot en ne ie ane mh 5,396 Bordeaux, Prance .Ah..f (ages kite. ® Viae Pamania., Canal: 4 uh. we nc 4 tele selene 7,886 Dot 4.38. se eRe sks PMNs aber SPN Ot eed Via) Magellan Stralt) ..0 2.05.04 cena wn 13,262 Boston, Mass: S!) Aicun) aha?) 8: Via Panama Canal. ....4. CCA REG A S ae 5,445 Bueygen,.GOPMany . a6 we. 6 oe po nih sie © Obie eee GOAL OM OT eS See tt Le Bian bre aS MET EI" + Bremerton; Wash gihitalsas dey tse . SOURIS eo, hc ect Rene er ae TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS 125 SAN FRANCISCO—Continued Nautical San Francisco, Cal., U.S. A., to— Route Miles Heese FUPANCeE ©. Sikes htee. orga) Sore wid) Via Magellan and Rio de Janeiro ..... BLS} areal | Be cates he. ein Sorsue, 4d Ss Sie so bi Sh seks ANG Via Panama and Mona Passage — 7,708 eel ZaAd pays g Weiss 1h SN ae 2 Via Banana. Canali ei ee esce o een siete 8,738 ~ A SR SNe eae ch Oe eR ere eT ee Wial Marella (Strarte cio. stacacre a's oe enerets 7,576 Caldiera: eas ei Eee eS ON aris ho he Sed wo THs PROMEEC aR nae v Soon ld eee wily « aediate 4,894 aleta Buena CEE Om VGd ONIN G ts io eY odie. oo ik Sa ow wk ck oe eaidew oe 4,608 REAM NE SIMC As ote eh es wos: ow a RhEVCIAL gL Hes hale alee a Sle oe ele wins Slat ine lo el 3,987 RCS MAIDA, ere & 0g Ary 6(Gi0 eo) eho 's! ove inp fare Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait ..... 6,132 SEGURO SRG CR IRR OTe Sm Be en ee Re ee 5,840 eee NSIMCION, AEE Uy Mey AIAG ied stay tak can cS ea ag scaus age cabiads dunes 2,798 SE TORS ECR? SES corgi) + 3g eeseiliad i Fo NY.g Oo ss ec an nia dhs educccudcewacuus 6,146 fraresvon, 5. C.o UL Sy Antes 2 h4 oes Via shamans Cama oo 2 8c SA) fei ee 4,852 Chefoo, China .......5.....-+....-4.. Mier Garcon ruy Strait -. 0. ses. aasoeeean 5,436 DO) 2. eee eee eee ete eee eee Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait ..... 5,659 PURER IOEIEL EL | Ye eiafs)< 0 proiamie's © + arbres Yt s weicina a ace deceis s@acecdbenewes 3,804 Wiener iciend, N. Pacing O¢ean,... cfouuag UTP RITES 2894 Colombo, Ceylon ...........+++.+4-- Via Balintang Channel and Malakka 8,935 trait. Sopennaeen, Denmark. 366062028 2026. Via Panama and Mona Passage........ 8,638 SESS EST AY DB COAT ee Ble ee eee dete Pie OPE Sol a cee iro a MN Aiur sclera ,00 RE ERERU ERR Ne FT NLT hs os alo aha lS ayici lola aN ot ov Meee oer ee ches ss A GRR RS GUS Shit iok 4. RIA he 2,613 Pett aT DOL.) ATASIGS - oi. ese ecard onene nce Tae SS IICCED «tessa ti cy wu erick os DRANG) cmon en Sega an or ne a 2,386 ou, £1 Sad Pied BGs Ye 0 al ES pa ee ee NG Re DIeD aoa OA RIG MB IBere the GM Sts yee 8 3,657 LOS ESHiG SiS el DPA DSI a a eed ds eR MRRP R OME gc PE Sat Pa WE Ut SURE Bere: ee ope ene La INO LOA PED INEM SOs BIRT S, | Ue ain. ee ars cos wre die o whe gh ete e, 3,503 Flavel, Oregon Se rear 1 et Fae Dn MERE URE IML REE AE ar vosty ay, olen Mise sb ohioh vids, o) sehionenaiat Du shanate 561 Foochow, Ua pray seis alr Se ud So oe OS | Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait ...... 5,683 Funafuti Sd EP Ae ES gay areca cl ated ee ek MO Shes co ies lhe eotohp. va ccachven or cceMe chased ace 4,295 eer Ss, apie, MOON NSTI Crue cart COT Eh oo cickine onsen Se ot gr ov'e> occ carat ahion came: CMRREE ath 2,994 (Wreck Bay.) PEPE SCO ie ee nS OS ee eT Wra }Panama, t@amnanli lik. as). SBaDr wees 4,781 Tet Sy RS seh II Rata abe ea oe teh mer Via Macellarm; Stradty «por 5 varetsreieia ath ereiee MON 2: Gipealtar. pyas i202 tS hse TRANS aE Via Panama Canal and Anegada Pass-_ 7,620 age. Senet GET AT)? MATIATIAS, 2% cwe. de serge Ube ang fe Blows oNZ' ae 6 aejecwud dete onepht gs emioke 5,053 SEER ROE TT COA eo ecr ta cc teats acidece ce oke coho ke oe ccc ubevctsese am 3,514 SCSI O NE TOV RTCR ie. cs a eee a Pe RMS SAE 5 cdg, o. 5 «Beale, ols ssge slwouel Wma eae 1,490 SR er OO Se GA CVEONGY GML. Mute chil ole cies < c, ccb is, a fleece. 4ece. cove que ele wanes 2,587 Nicaragua. LEIS) 2h al 0 (oy: eee iE Fron nc MNES VaatPanama, Canali. bade. sues a. 4,291 MRE ER Sy gcd CVA Me a oo L cnial odd Shnits Ciena area suibepa ie -ure PRPRAILL., FRETS? Gptteaeae ee: 4,249 Halifax, eg ENTER oe EY NMiat BamstiaanCama Wy. svses. thee ice et chee oie 5,605 Hamburg, GLALTIVAITY, Pree eA Pe etn es. 5 Via. “Panama, uC anal’ scoot eee eek oe 8,358 OS EAN Blt 02 MISES EAL Ree oie ee a Gio wr hchctararteanclevs c RRG Rept. ellnes 7,898 ie ee Bhan) A ONe 6,306 MRE ed RWUCEED an, 0 coco See ua cans ja. tiga| on, 1a, ah tides Wile fo wininsreitara rete tapaderena te?a'erohe: ae) A ee eee 2,091 Scart ar aaaae ORE TOR TT CO EN api a ee OP OAD APRN Ae GRE Pt MER CPI EB 6,168 © Js CRUSE to ie ey RE AN a AN CRRA MUNROE TEN Df 4,629 MAcKSONVille, Bla, . 2.2.60. cle waie eo o's MiaNiPatama Canal. crs-.. 38 Se ee. 4,804 eA R EE ES pa Sees ia eh anh sas cm eevee Pa oD tcsaha'e fata He Ee Gee hE Gee 4,150 Jinsen (Chemulpo), Chosen (Korea) Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait ..... 5,561 Rea OSAP MENA NVALIL Gal Leto re atlanta whtlle aiet othe alle "aX Ya fs "ote'e''er'a.'s ialtestods “0 'o Tet nifmleita calelte oiferte (Oi) SPREE TLS ee cre LN IS LS OE OEE TS Uy hebede,'c forate tare tee tate det metas Sheen: GaN eterna 4,598 J) ON AMGIRT PERI Od & ig ear) 6 os ee re Mia *Panama: Canal ~ 5%. 2% 27. i see Oecd PRES 4,353 eae S ie UREN prs iy + Boe alee eo es oe een be w wi be Qa aie eygtGehee os 2,629 etme AAO NE) sa ASAE OMIM LS 7!) Mares holon esse cerisire Wael s, wis) nese 6 0,iae iene leroy anise «que vatd 4,478 SRE TNEG ELS OSH IATAT GT: B. teRat. Toten Ae, Oak. * | he ty atte dnt edtictey ec aPeMul oi/ohdMa'= ale’ see, byeg age aye eee ai cpl 2,586 mE Nga SU ECU RRUETS Ce a es h cin chs mo Alclin cates fo: el oka Manel al are.d) ace aie al ekU lee bole ae bieMamen 4,705 Ses Ets A Tet SOU GT Ae PLO NICO oe ce Sl sf eis elsitnaliele’ aeltuarese sy stedage;'s, 14, 6 Sispuisi dow muss siete’ 1,648 Liverpool, England DED OPS tees foe te a MiawPanama Cama: vs. % %t 6% 6 tate ie 3 tale 7,836 Lay ES Se oe a ee ee Via Magellan’. Straitii..: onic os fen © mene 13,502 126 TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN PORTS SAN FRANCISCO—Continued Nautical San Francisco, Cal., U.S. A., to— Route Miles London, England .....-....-..... ...Via Panama Canal and Mona Passage 8,051 Los Angeles Harbor (San Pedro) .....-2cccccceccscessasccccoes 3 oreileta, susvetonatee 368 Bidtal mi@hnile (oor ied oA en ek ee dnd eH aie o aU at Mahe taal Sve Pelbel aie gue ieee he eee Maoh te Rea ea ome Sieg) ene Magdalena Bay, Mexico. /s)s seas 5 Se ee LG ae ARNE, atelal co Wat oy etter aire ect en oe ema CEG 1,002 BT ariel Ps ler eek aie ee bale lt ium Ly ate ie Via. Balintange Channel “2. i... >< cmmmeieare + ) bye 1 DIG: yest si oie eS Bec hhc RET ae, | ee Via San Bernardino Strait ............ 6,301 TO 7 a) os siveigs aga Suet R eS Mua eu GE state Rented, .--- Via Honolulu and north end of Luzon 6.960 Oy Sel cawnataacieiter ol Sucele, wena Coe be ere eae .Via Honolulu, Guam and north end of 7,170 Luzon, : 1 Ba ghee So sre AM SEM AA ea 8 ne While) Honolulu, “Guam and San Bernar- 6,929 dino Strait. TIO) a yaishoyshe. 6 at ke ee EES Roe oS eee Via Honolulu, Yokohama and Balin- 7,242 tang Channel. PO! oi ays ouss SMeaeh Sh he ewOnc oT Sot LEC Rech seated: Via Yokohama and Balintang Channel 6,293 TOA Es) oats ar eirebisehien sea vtay ciel Gclg eee ore Ree eoNE li ae Via Yokohama, Osumi (Van Diemen) 6,752 Strait and Hongkong. PDOs a stone cher wiveutebiet oiler nical oe RE a meade She Via pe ee Inland Sea, and Naga- 6,575 sa ESN) Oy lnh ea eevee otepantoe taney arch PLES Aa ey Sly cece otis Via Yokohama, Osumi (Van Diemen) 6,522 ‘Strait and Nagasaki. EVO es Ae UES a PVR R cs EMR ERE URE Eo Sh Rr eD Ba Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait and 6,457 Nagasaki. Barey'l > \WCNavy Mares Calls a Ws, Sic Aun ic ocheeus ene + io ie leiailare ate losis -esepieepes hese ae 23 Muquesas Tse Nukuhiva (Taiohae) bo smapehetlenele Bin lata ie hha. waaps Scare. oles veya See » pba teh ee Marshal: Islands!:(Eniwetok Atoll). »... sass s+ 50 ,50»0.06 014 20 «soe eee 4,306 Mazatlan, : MGXdCO)! 2c ile, erevn\ a okerei avecSbere pallet hah MES) C.S wcay oyeylecevcucede cucu u An I pe 877 Mejillones del SUPy (CUM ois sie) siccwieh busi auonioeepelan thereover ahs, alfeatode gel oheaesetedene ee nee eae aia eam 4,734 Midway Is., (Welles FETA DON), ie acscckenc) Sy adawers edwelabeuel ohekeweuiseavowel thes aulettey ove" gan Tee ceea teen 2,792 Bropile, Alabama, OTS Aa ir sianebeaetoeatone Via Panama Canal inion. (2100 Mose cme ‘ 4,659 BRON PES ea ERMC AN Ch ee Pd Oh See oe ee On Via Magellan Strait .................. 138,498 mae POT ie sites atari bone oc RA OE We 62h 5 wllel cuales yee te wen See Rteice ke eee ae 4,42 Monterey, (Oi ERY Cb SRO: is SEN Rae ea manne SR SW eN RIN NLT SSX Ry MA EN AR OS bd apr ate ik 9 Nagasaki, Japan is rds Lag tre MeN ree Cake sence ies Via Yokohama and Inland Sea ........ 5,269 Naples, Italy Fe SEN BEASTS (05 ARP eee Via. Panama (Cama. <..ciccisietes.c nue tinnenetens 8,596 Wew Hebridés?.(St: (SPhilip: and sStstee. Jeti ol ene ovac0 een atenomete 5,086 VAMES WBAVirers cee ee ees eee New Orleans: «da: Ue SucA. hese y at Via Panama Canal and South Pass ... 4,691 DDG se sleMe tals lene MEM c eect Saket Ue eit Via Panama Canal and Southwest Pass 4,698 ae ie oe (The Battery), N. Y., U.Via Cape Horn ......... oe 0 ees oie le 6 ee UO"? ate tibcdare tote % here tata abegohogate/tate tafe loc tats Via Magellan Strait ............ o o.sige ote Leo WO ieweteas Vous tse eke pike taifoiteheito, fe: Ye te:fai te te Gants Via ‘Panama Canal i7. . vest. sc crememer are 5,262 Neweastle, -Avistradia nse se ce 55 ccc benual ose eine a eee Cinin neo ae Saleqslaveionwenetede Saree 6,467 Newport News, Va., U. S. A. ........ Via ‘Panama Canal. ....2...0 Panama, Canale oo. 3.¢ Dei tiat 5 o Nene 4,281 eam Sear Locate ci Wee oe ae ore eo slice a) 'ab siccliele wrigpo) St wucioud Woe ele, Bie ele erence yale. cares 288 LOSERS * Cen ce ee ear eer enact Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait ..... 5,185 Savani ah, eae | Uf i Pee eee ue iekee Mia Panania' Canal nace 18/22. cp cis spehorehs 4,851 Seattle, Wash., Seiad deh ee ee ee ee a ci Rae ee 804 Sevastopol, insta PRIA Ueber Meh cachaee, ate Via Panama and Anegada Passage .... 9,738 Shang) ai, China ..................-. Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait ..... ,)05 SHimOMOSeCKI ' Japam.”. 22's .'. . see << ee Via Bungo Channel and Osumi (Van _ 5,008 Diemen) Strait. De. il reheke, fae do age ereu dhe ekeueis Baris chs Via Tsugaru Strait ....... ay aise. sheloece a 4,916 Singap ore, Straits Settlement Meee arariee Wis: salntane: Chantel: tae ore 2 se eeseemane 7,353 Sitka, cere he Fe ees eS OP esa edde dbade Sieiapatecenen en oe 1,302 Southa npton, England .............. MiaePanania: Canali 22223228. sees hee 7,863 MEME tet DEV te! odes ed fog es selects ae apace Via Panama and Anegada Passage : 8,496 Ma seas SS ASS dics ale ares Beare ee ee ate Via Magellan Strait and Rio de Janeiro 13,564 Stockholm, Sweden Se eet a a at Wie -Panaiirar (Canales 5 2. hu sees eee 2 3) oe 9,185 Swatow, China SLABS She Biel Saunt sae ieee eine Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait ...... 5,900 Sydney, ATES ETI 45S oes oe uce ace coho eoan ux paneeale, Pago Pago, and Auck- 7,212 an NPG ee fe Se tae RO ORE _weaeavia Honolulu and! Pago’ Pago succe.. . 6,744 Tacoma, Wash.. US: a ES RL eee TMT aaa a door a. Meh itiay ay oy 0 o:.0, sc eiceversirol aye, Sasteh anew eee cotter 826 Sg Vt Gal hc 2 Oe a a Be deve saneievet Via Osumi. (Van Diemen) Strait 5, aqnetie 5,853 Rae iene chats era loh S aio sald ye ckeues ef Ts Vie TSUsaRu yy Strait<:... 47. cere ote areas 4 5,630 ercatiimiio, Chile Ee See REE, seeias hie eTR ee ak os a. sings UA cote soc oc oll a Vebat cal eeeh onaeven ore eepe 5,270 Tansui Harbor, Taiwan (Formosa) ..Via Osumi (Van Diemen) Strait ...... 5,611 bo Me ae eee ecw eee were ee wens eee AS SULA ISCLPAIL chcwencra chale cherelcvel fy Uniene 5,617 PEOTUERIUTE TIDE a) Mle cre chews « aleve lel», satic Via Yokohama, Bungo Channel and _ . 5,918 north of Quelpart I. ERRPE NTE POAT Eo orcas cml gees tata ian: ce cy escanc cave «! ot 6 o's tape oc tel Ah aaltepet ad eae he A es 4,699 enrmneen CON TEI ATOEE | POTIE OES y foto's ts) a 6. 0 Fs abananahe 0) a. o:ere-e sh ele wiaynl ojo e. aah canbe sm aloud . 4.628 eee, -CSelwy-Bay), Selomen IS.0-s-ces ete eee ee oe we Ee els os ot Oe Pew ae 5,129 eran TUES TRAN Acie EG ieee ka lees sl a Te ae cugos 4 a ibislnm rate dee ae oe ee 4:779 Seemeeia Crore Corral), Chiledtssteok ee D. SAG AT oes rca ewca cdolnei a 5,407 Valparaiso, Le Roll geaplitct os gale, ie city SRI, Siar AOE Ap ac MR? FR Se Se 5,140 Vera Cruz, Mexico ....... Sibiahs ante wraaey Vi aPP PAWN) i isisienscpcie te ae ee ee 4798 (Maselv OStOl. Siberian occ cade «aioe cv ste Via Unimak Passage, Amphitrite St. 4,570 19 Secs his ie tetaa ds aise) cua ata olen aa qx sD SUSAaTU , Strait. vo. o's « Moles Snel bene ae 4,664 Weihaiwei, WUITIAM eis liane eran eu ae Fike aes pen cy a SEP AAC tei BORE WES or oh Sadie te.20e nik eutheteicitale he dic ise ry ane ia Osumi (Van i i Wellington’ ‘New FASCM CB Ts (ORS 2S GE Ee ae gee ‘ a ES ah 5 si mar : : ; ESOe Wilhelmshaven, German Vr. se srr ais. 3 ae Paname and Mona Passage’...... 8294 2 oe NCR RC OI CIS RI ae On PETE ia Magellan and Rio de nei Pree: ee ; meeriuSston, iN. COU Sy Al he a Via Panama @anal ...i00 a iy he ET 7 SOL een 3. CPonill, Hor), Caroline 1s... 0.2... -.... -p nese eee a wf Cape. MOEN) esis cet dil aes classes 2090 Point.’ Gorda h.7.2 8 see 184 Cape Foulweather ........... 464 Point. Lobos... icc tht cee 7% Cape Lookout, soo Sonic see sees 486 IPOUMt TOM ay:. «aceite eee 475 Cape” Mendocino oe’ cavciccs secrets 195 Point, New) Veal. .yc.2 +c eee 50 @ape IPerpetway io eesti «+ ccs hes 433 Point: Pedro’ s.oe . 2 eee a9 Cape San Maritim) Sits oii. s es miene 147 Point Piedras Blancas ....... 166 Came (St: "George | eo vee ee 276 Point “Reyes "ssc. oe) use cheno eee tie 33 @WaAnDeNteriay 1. \. a/c sna acs ce st + ope ioete 312 Point Sal”... .thepate + eee ee 232 GAaVllCOS: ok. 4. ere ak On Lees 193 Point ‘San’ luis. .).ee eee 1615 Columbia River Bar ......... 540 PointaSurd .. Qwht tak ct eae 115 COOS MBQY Ma bicts oie oneness teen ede ate halons 375 Point; Tomales ... 2. .. ac .aeeereens A6 IGoquilles (Riv em ys ntang cao aeveee 360 ‘Point Vineentys. .i2 otaerraue. abate 384 Crescent. Citwiageiai is cieko cis eee 274 Port Clarence. .... stele RIO AS aa Bee 3 96 Deals} British\ measures aleperereseues a aseroils sneer sinepecetens ; : SENN So Ueners o- 25-26 Deckload of lumber that can be carried with hold full of paerenee ‘stability 99 Deckloads, pointers on capacity and height ............... AY. bloke, eee eeehs eee ae 97 Diameter, growth of treeS .......cecvccvcvecs Neti de wfaie auiesle te lailoltaliy Vah,bto kene ey ememetets 35 Diameter of log necessary to make timibers—Tatile caeouene ole Wf sla. 60a eae ie eee 44 Differential table, comparison of actual contents of logs with that of leading HOS VSCHICS iE 28e Bice oe tote dou eee ib loxaedes de abvaie eb Rise ee 1 ae BeRe 36 Displacement tonnage, explanation ole. oblast (eteie Ciel. lasers aS Bh 95 Distances between ports,\Benefit of table ........... ccc cee w ce cece cence ences 102 Distances between ports— . Acapulco, to, Pacific coast ;ports ..).so2. eae eieieleh Percke oie t hth We eee cose 106 Astoria: to Columbia river, ports, ...0,..... se avai hielelers sre Siecsbieiey > oye ole Rie etetRee -- 106 Astoria ‘to ‘Pacific coast. ports. ..,. .ati« WOrld’ PORES) s)s)is oo biel Alb ayesehade jul seawall 88 Grays Harbor, Distances to Pacific coast portS ... 12.6... wwe swe ece ors 111 Gross’ tonnage, HE xplamaton: ss ssubic hte yeiw, sees s+ ae ei cieu su cue oie ol eee 96 Growth, Annular TINGS 2's ais cis|ciche o jade Regsilenniey labeehere SLepnas cael Sey Rails Cun 34 Growth of trees ........... fs val'elie, oye: 'y's's0:- ays Jota) taloa Me heey 3y oe palais Oe belle sp al caeesk grease aloes ae 34 Growth. of.:trees,, Diameter > ioie5s jeccsecesas Suge.» acuae i olle aus Je van suse eae Ae ee 35 Growth, old. logs, explanation... .,.«.'. <. 205... Ae. 0. Soni. I ewenwem.. 67 CEs Se ATCA——“1tS USES. * tate ete Ser oer eR IOS A aE ot REM. TRY 60 Merrie “Comparison scale: diasramne ‘Ah se 2d Dee OI Re. SRM abe 60-62 reste SCUurVetlents: “area. “oS ABS. RIT A Ae! fats HER QTE IY ke oe 63 Metric Equivalents; » CAPACIFICS 35 Fetes he hete AMS . PREIS... SAAD. RPG 5, GREE 63 RPOtTIC? CaMIValents; “IEHSEHS th HE ROG PES OS oe BS Ore hE CO 63 MeLricccaulvalents “masses 4: Nir sees ss oet esc asaa SPAM. AL. 2l Me ee! 63-64 MciIe CHUL Valcits, VOLUMES «FFE Rs oS ese bot berth ode tid bones OR Bt om 63 Metric measurements used in Italian market ............... 0.0.0.0 bbe ee ceee 68 PSE SED EI BSNVTTELIS ES ch oat P ow anat esr ak wile patton cbs pirsuokensi2\ ausiemsabdan ose ceMesecouene ja edteeenc aoaeeeis 59 eee SL MERERS PUEDE CANA LGME Ye SCOR SPSS 2) 2) ay Malar e) esict ei'enos'as 0: eaneenda ciao. aneiesa stv alay Qeaseyn 6 acdua, eee 61 ee ES ELBE LENS Gh Ei TRON | ecu heay sarin chateau oh eh ons oy ch yp Siveasc sua eusvpi LaakSnands ciaue scicelscoweeties ates ae Jane ion sti en Paper for export, cubic stowage per tom). .o. 0. ees eee tae eee note Gee Paper rolls, how to dunnage and stow in ships hold . apiece tal Nive vel aytaayste ayaa pete 98 Paper rolls, short stowage (lumber) required ..........cccecveecvccccuescees 99 Paper rolls under deck and proportion of deckload of lumber, see stability. . 99 Paper, TOlls, “Were Nes: sess sie dig sobs ied oie tecovevoe si /eheholvieeeie) suelew senate ows cee ae a i ate ene Percentages, how to decrease or increase Sp eciieetiona a0 eueners\s eo gejelinus (agent eae iactae Sa Peru, duties on lumber entering .......... Prose 5 AONE 8 sess paih al ea Pickets, contents, grade, measurements, weight ...........cccecccccceececees 10 Piling and poles, weight of creosoted Douglas Fir ............c.eeceeserces 34 Pine; strength. table eit sie eh Siskeln ale eo wie te raiewerels eee ee ee ee eee a sodas ff Polygon, "GO \COMPUE: PATOA.\.. cicic, epsesects) ore to kedageyeteliere ele \s)/cuscenalers seene aye4s 'sfe fipeaeneene gee aie 29 Polygon, To compute contents of lumber 3 to 12 even sides .............0e- 29 Port Orford cedar, description, uses and shipping ports ...:..............-. 87 Port .. Townsend) ; distancés) to Aworld’ Ports. 26 iisle eye t> « geein gore yey)» ee bo Sukumar: Pounds,; metric: comparison; table's, .jjsjele evsteus so o0)0, «a iste eee ye ee ise 64 Pounds, shillings, pence, to compute and convert to U. S. Money avip pis apeiele ea Puget Sound, distances between inland waters and B. C. ..... 00. e.c5eupesce,, 104 Pulpwood, burned over timber for .........ccccccce ce ccecn cc nec cine cies pf ayere 12 Pulpwood,,,, EREMIOCK (66 sro/syai.0 «are. eis, vey ee aléye. 4. aie ol ey Seehet es aang aac oe. cease 82 Pulpwood, how it) iS Made) |. oc. oe ies wlaleye sige saiin\e \/a0eie, eb eine) aimlicy aud) que an lene 12 Pulpwood in a cord ......... iSy'ern, a le yabloi)s, «,,av'h jel 8) byes 6) layrso's a aya Raeamatven oat dec ae a 11 Pulpwood,)use of Winlte | Fie Ayes. cide odes dys ssp aeind ab ste Beast ica eee a chee’ R { Redwood, California Redwood Association ................. Sa. y ¢ 0) 0) 001d ee hg ROdWOOG CAT. MMALCTIALy ioe a sitases store Wroiaicin cee cis Cena aes eee fee ee pale ' 14 ' Redwood, durability and quality ....... Ae a. aod. @isdakhameuaee ye jars ve lal ise elleteh ont hehe eee eae t 74 Redwood, export—pointers for cargo ‘shippers .............-.eecevreee Paneer 76 Redwood, general description!) 6... cca ose pele naeeceacerectesne et Seite sa yc aye 71 Redwoods erades ieee is Se eran tubdelbyedancw apeug 2 ett a 93 U United: States; Duties on lumber: entering: *.:./.5..).'00. UPS. S.A oT Units of capacity, metric ........... eal at alata re ela 6, iki ee ee tale ener a A, sill eee mt Nga Units of ‘teneth, “metric te.) .) tcc i tetetate le lavelolalshatetale See ee ohDhe eeaane RICO lalla AP 59 Units of ‘lumber measures, metric «.).\./.'.5.%. eS BO a, oe eee 64 Units of weight; - metric: (5.0.6.0. ee rea MEIGS, SECA Sat te, 62 V Wessel tonnagc,, explanation, :ioc. as atic weetsioe chrinwe?* ager nia ee eee a 95 VYolutnes; metric: 25. ess. ale eee teehee) hates a ate sie ieee a ee ae 60 Water, fresh and salt, weights and measureS ...........c0ccceee eee eeeees . 94 Weight, Douglas Fir, creosoted piling and poleS ...........cee se ceeeseecee 34 Weight, Douglas Fir creosoted ties ...........e2cceeeees ie, SIVELSOD. RE ee b 34 Weight, Douglas Fir, to compute ...... oe Set ae SOU ee TET ANE RQ eee ee fe hearth ‘ 8 Weileht, “Hemiloek: sera. rare eriete sn itataiate iat etatete tate “a tetalte te eile fo lute te eheteMatadateteme oo wT 83 Welght, Lather <. incu tele... YRS Bel aatee SIT hei Ack marks Er a: ieee ‘LORS Weight, Logs, Douglas Fir Ine: Waakoltiedeheter eu Bon tera st. Wied male be auplio eh wRe in Nee 0 eae eS 34 Welght,' Masses, metric equivalents. oi-0.\geu o's biedeio swe omelos elses sacs « anand aes 63 Welsht,of “lumber, .MetPie | ha leieiic aie sic ecidiecisbeyetsls ole pe eos @ © se hele ei pton een 64 WelERETPICRALS fol osc pe shire tabee ib eemeree baler iccmn eg eee t= 1: aya ee Weizhts, and) measures, .Australian 33656 ccs cileis oe c.s Stine ease oe Weights and measures, water, fresh and Salt .........e0+.e0eee re a, > 94. Weights, metric. equivalents. .....60 6068 cscs pieney ee Ie TPO Cre hit heal seta 63-64. Welshts Redwood for carz6 ShipMentsiis poss trier op te pcecee apts «mee eeeed Ete gas io 91a ha or Wieteants Shineles,! Bed Cedar) j.as nis ese eile b scenes punced oe ate oleh: GAME: » a ivy seen Seen 84. Weights. Staves .0 00). 05% PRLS cl URN eee Smee PO Crem ET Te mane 9- White Fir, Description, and wage ,....': sk: yor ees Geo bee 2 Nene oth he eke 89 WAdths, to compute averages) 6s bs oes test «eb ee oF eA eee eee 32 Willapa Harbor, Distances to Pacific Coast -ports. 2... .. wihtefasred> - deed » ge va ae 7 ‘ pet cane Maly Beate dnl |), oats ra FI ‘ 4 ’ ee, on 4 uy Paes oe : ¥ ‘ t ’ + Lay 0 tee eae ae. | ey ee ee o ° 37% aay hal P a . { 7 , “a i Way t ; - we 7 gta i pea 4 y oy Fs 4 ¢ ad . a : , 4 ° q a ; 7 ¥ ry r * 2> ‘ 3 % . 4 up - Let, , ' * = “ Ne . N : 4 ag % 7 .* t y=! 4 “ a ' ee j é ‘ ” P d ; ty ‘* , ey é 4 i y f f ' ‘ n ‘ * 4 i 5 * . 5 ‘i : ri y" « ; ‘ “ , A » a a ar 4 : 7 - wr 4 Na 7“ 4 i, ' h, - ® . - . * Bes one 4 . . * 2 cca Yeppcte Pak Des ° ~~ j a“ - : . t a’ 4 “ : [ ‘ / s , rVa re Ty . " ¢ cot, WPAN ent ne hp eray oS Sete ater Arce Si Laat amin So nempveker Uaiieaaleakes os wie ae pa : ES a NS Ee te Fk PRN OF te i te Site mR eee ee ‘ Uy ‘ , a e 7. Xt, Ale 3 ; ye oe ie ( ei OMe es ei ke ete artes er , SL ke ee ee ee eae |r eee gl : +) iy eA , 28 Hab sneer Ade) we OTE «9 © si 4 ei how . i < ote Be ee hE yee wy * ‘ * en ihe Le ~ a is >» Tee) be nd 7% 3 Map f és . qi cary f fret ~ 7 . ¥ : \ 5 *; pr. “Ree: ie 2 of