Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB)

Programme sur l'homme et la biosphere (MAB)

AAB Information System
3iosphere Reserves
-ompilation 4, October 1986

ysteme d'information du MAB
teserves de la biosphére

-ompilation 4, octobre 1986

supplement September 1989

*repared for Unesco by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre

@ he World Conservation Monitoring Centre is a joint-venture between the three partners who developed the
(@} @¢@, World Conservation Strategy: IUCN — The World Conservation Union, UNEP — United Nations Environ
Wey ment Programme, and WWF — World Wide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Its mission is

UNEP Ww WE fo support conservation and sustainable development through the provision of information on the world’s
biological diversity

INTRODUCTION

Compilation 4 on Biosphere Reserves (MAB Information System, October 1986),
provided descriptions of all sites designated by the MAB Bureau up to
September 1986. Since then there have been further meetings of the MAB Bureau
at which new biosphere reserves have been designated. This supplement to
Compilation 4 provides an update, covering new sites and extensions to
existing sites.

The supplement has been prepared for the MAB Bureau by the World Conservation
Monitoring Centre, September 1989.

CONTENTS

Canada
Reserve de la Biosphere de Charlevoix Accepted November 1988
France
Reserve de la Biosphere d'Iroise Accepted November 1988
Reserve de la Biosphere des Vosges du Nord Accepted November 1988
Mexico
Reserva de la Biosfera de Mapimi Extended with

zonation November 1988
United States of America
Central California Coast Biosphere Reserve Accepted November 1988
New Jersey Pinelands Biosphere Reserve Accepted November 1988
South Atlantic Coastal Plain Biosphere Reserve Reduced November 1988
Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve Extended and renamed

November 1988

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge

http://www.archive.org/details/mabinformationsy89wcmc

CANADA

NAME Reserve mondiale de la biosphere de Charlevoix

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY I (Scientific Reserve)
V (Landscape Park)
IX (Biosphere Reserve)

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE 1.04.03 (Canadian Taiga)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION The reserve is situated in Eastern Canada on the
Laurentian massif. Its south-eastern border is along the St. Lawrence river,
the northern boundary extends from the mouth of Saguenay river opposite
Tadoussac up upstream to Cap Trinite then inland to include parts of the park
des Grands—Jardins, Mont Camille—Pouliot down to Sainte-Anne de Beaupré. The
core area is centred around the township of La Malbaie, the Haute-Gorges de la
riviere Malbaie and the Parc de conservation des Grands-—Jardins (MAB Canada,
1988). The entire reserve is located in the municipalities of
Saint-Francois—-Kavier de la Petite Riviere and Saint-Fidele in the Rive nord
de Quebéc administrative region, over 25km east of Quebec city, province of
Quebec. 47°15'-48°05'N; 69°55'-71°10W.

DATE AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT The biosphere reserve was designated in
November 1988. The principal legislation includes provincial and local
administrative regulations. The constituent units include the Parc des
Grands—Jardins designated in 1981, originally part of the Parc des Laurentides
created in January 1895 by special decree. Hautes-Gorges de la riviere
Malbaie is currently protected under municipal legislation and awaiting
approval of provincial or national legislation; Cap Tourmente was established
as a national wildlife area under the Federal Wildlife Act of 1973 (IUCN,
1987). General legislation covering the reserve include the Loi sur la
protection du territoire agricole of November 1978 enforced at Charlevoix
from 1981; the Loi sur les parcs (Quebec) adopted in November 1977 applied to
Grands-—Jardins; the Loi sur les biens culturels of December 1972 and applied
to the cultural heritage sites of the reserve (MAB Canada, 1988).

The Reserve nationale de la faune of Cap Tourmente was designated as a Ramsar
site in 1987 (IUCN, 1987).

AREA 460,000ha (core area 63,400ha; buffer zone 393,600ha; transition zone
643,000ha (MAB Canada, 1988).

LAND TENURE Principally state or provincial ownership along with two main
private commercial companies; the rest is public domain or in private
ownership (MAB Canada, 1988).

ALTITUDE 0-3,800m

PHYSICAL FEATURES Consists of two main geographical regions, Charlevoix coast
and the massif des Laurentides. The topography is represented by an
undulating hilly and mountainous terrain, along with dramatic fjords, capes
and headlands, bays and bights. The St. Lawrence river estuary dominates the
southern boundary, and is orientated in a north/north—east direction. It
separates two geological units; in the north, the Canadian Shield and in the
south, the Appalachians. The estuaary lies in an ancient tectonic area, the
the Logan Fault. The estuary varies from 10 to 60m in depth; greatest between
the mouth of the river Saguenay and the Baie-Saint-Paul. The bed of the

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estuary is characterised by gravels, sands and clay (MAB Canada, 1987).
Turbidity attains 100 nanogrammes/litre and salinity 22/1,000 at
Port—au-Saumon (MAB Canada, 1987). Tidal amplitude is 4.1m at mean tides and
5.8m at neep tides, the broad coastal flats such as around
Baie—Saint-Catherine and Cap Tourmente are subjected to heavy tidal flooding
(IUCN, 1987; Drucker, pers. obs., 1989).

The geology of Charlevoix is characterised by relatively complex rock
formations, grouped into five main series; gabbro—anorthositic; charnockitic;
migmatic; paragneiss/granite; sedimentary rocks of sandstone, conglomerates,
schists and limestone of the Ordovician age (MAB Canada, 1988).

A significant proportion of the reserve consist of rocks dating from the
Precambrian age. The main escarpment on the coast corresponds to the St.
Lawrence fault and that of Ile-aux-—Coudres to the Appalachian fault. Seismic
activity stil occurs along the St. Lawrence valley, the earliest recorded in
1663, then again in 1771, 1831, 1860, 1870 and 1925. In 1979, a Richter level
of 5 to 5.9 was recorded in the area (Robitaille, 1988).

The landscape of the region has been moulded by two main events in the
relatively recent geological past, the modifications due to glacial activity
and the effects of an impact from an ancient meoteorite (MAB Canada, 1987).
Glacial activity occurred in two cycles across 80% of the reserve, leaving
moraine deposits such as that seen at Saint-Narcisse, ‘u' shaped valleys,
drumlins, kettles, eskers, hanging valleys and waterfalls up to 300m high. At
the 'Palissades’ are glacial valleys with cliffs of a mean height of 120m and
escarpments attaining 300m (MAB 1988). A semi-circular depression encompasses
the massif of Eboulements, descending sharply to the Baie-Saint-Paul and the
coastal region around La-Malbaie, and originated from the collision or impact,

during the Ordovician period, of a meteorite some 2km in width (Robitaille,
1988).

The Laurentian massif represents the most elevated and extensive mountainous
area of the Laurentian zone. its highest summit, Mont Raoul-Blanchard,
culminates at 1,170m.

The tributary valleys of St. Lawrence are a mosaic of fluvio-glacial and
marine deposits. There are numerous rivers which have their source in the
Laurentians, which then drain into the St. Lawrence. The River Malbaie has a
drainage basin covering 1,850 sq km and extends for 150km; the River du
Gouffre has an area of 1,000 sq km. and the one other notable river, River
Jean-Noél only attains an area of 140 sq km (MAB Canada, 1988). The
Laurentians contain well over 1,000 lakes of size greater than one hectare, 30
over 100ha and 4 over 200ha, the latter including Pikauba (725ha), Malbaie
(660ha), Jack (300ha) and Martres (290ha) (MAB Canada, 1988).

CLIMATE The region is under the influence of maritime and continental
climates and localised microclimates. Overall, the maximum mean
tempemperature in the hottest month is 24°C (July) and the coldest month
-14.7°C (January). Whilst the water temperatures of the St. Lawrence estuary
varies annually from 8 to 16°C (ice may occur between December to April). Air
temperatures range from an average of 3.6°C at 45m to 2.5°C at 405m and 0.3°C
at 670m. Overall, the mean annual precipitation levels are 1,090mm. Total
annual precipitation ranges from 840mm at 45m to 1,449mm at 670m. Snow forms
50% of the precipitation between December and March. The coastal stations of
La-Malbaie and Baie-Saint-—Paul record average precipation levels of 25% less
than that at Quebec city (MAB Canada, 1988).

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VEGETATION There are three distinct vegetation zones at Charlevoix; mountain,
plateau and valley dominated forests and littoral/marine environments.

The estuarine tidal marsh and flats are dominated by Scirpus americanus

meadows which also include Zizania palustris, Sagittaria cuneata and
S. latifolia (IUCN, 1987; Drucker, pers.obs., 1989).

Inland along the coast, up to an altitude of 300m, are boreal forests of fir
Abies spp. and spruce Picea spp., pine Pinus spp., laurentian maple Acer spp.
and sugar maple Acer spp. Maple forests also include paper birch Betula
papyriferae, alder Alnus spp. and elm Ulmus spp. with a understorey layer of
sumac Rhus typhyna, Acer pensylvanicum, Cornus alterifolia and Lonicera
canadensis (MAB Canada, 1988; Drucker, pers. obs., 1989). The herbaceous
layer comprises largely of numerous graminae species, Maianthemum canadense,
Oxalis montana and Clintonia borealis (Grandtner, 1966; MAB Canada, 1986).

The fir zone found at altitudes less than 600m, consist of mixed fir Abies
spp. associated with numerous shrubs including Corylus cornuta, Sambucus
pubens, Taxus canadensis, Cornus canadensis, Sorbus america and Linnaea
borealis (Grandtner, 1966; MAB Canada, 1988).

Highest summits are represented by taiga leading into islets of arctic—alpine
tundra. Ericaceous zones consist of Kalmia spp., Ledum groenlandicum,
Vaccinium spp. and a ground cover of moss. This alpine stage is also
represented by a stunted vegetation community, krummholz, with miniature
specimens of Picea mariana and Abies balsamea, their growth retarded due to
low soil nutrient content and extreme climatic conditions. The trees are
interspersed by Ledum groenlandicum and Vaccinium spp. shrubs and lichen
layers of Cladina rangiferina, C. mitis and C. alpestris. The stunted forests

give way to tundra on the highest summits between 950 and 1,100m (Grandtner,
1966).

FAUNA The St. Lawrence river experiences the cold currents from Labrador,
rich in planktonic euphausiids and copepods, which attract shrimps, fish,
whales and an abundance of avifauna.

The atlantic salmon Salmo salar has been reintroduced in the River du
Gouffre. Trout Salmo spp. are common as are eel species (order
Anguilliformes). The capelin is found here at its western limit of
distribution.

Marine mammals are found in relative abundance, including migrating
populations of right whale Eubalaena glacialis, humpback whale Megaptera
novaeangliae (E), fin whale Balaenoptera physalus (V), minke B. acutorostra,
blue whale B. musculus (E), and a sedentary population of the white whale,
beluga Delphinapterus leucas (K) which breeds at the estuary to the Saguenay
river, around the Ile-aux-Coudres and by Cap-—a-l'aigle (Drucker, pers. obs.,
1989). Harbour seals Phoca vitulina also breed in the area (Drucker, pers.
obs., 1989). The terrestrial fauna is typified by a diversity of forest
mammals such as lynx Felis spp. and beaver Castor canadensis, but is also
represented by a small population of caribou Rangifer tarandus.

There is an abundance of wading and wetland birds. The greater snow goose
Anser caerulescens atlanticus stop-over at Cap Tourmente during migration, as
do large numbers of surface feeding duck, mainly black duck Anas rubripes,
green-winged teal Anas crecca carolinensis, blue-winged teal A. discors and
pintail A. acuta (Lemieux, 1978; IUCN, 1987).

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Cartier in 1535, he surveyed the Charlevoix area and named the Ile—aux—Coudres
‘hazel island’ (Association touristique régionale de Chalevoix, 1989). As
early as the 17th century, the land around River du Gouffre was being
colonised, the canton or seigneurie de la malbaie in 1653, Murray bay in 1782,
Les Eboulements in 1653, Gouffre in 1682 and Ile—aux—Coudres in 1687 (MAB
Canada, 1988).

Historically, the people relied upon shipbuilding, forestry, whale and beluga
hunting and eel fishing. To this day, the populace on Ile-au—Coudres maintain
craft-weaving and traditional handicraft techniques. On the coast of
Charlevoix, shipyards built more than 300 ships between 1860 and 1959. A
current project at La-Malbaie is to recreate a ship of the 18th century, the
Pelican, using traditional woodworking crafts (Association touristique
régionale de Charlevoix, 1989; Drucker, pers. obs., 1989).

The forestry industry and traditional lifestyles of the region inspired the
literary work of Mgr. Felix Antoine-Savard in his novel *Menaud Maitre
Draveur’' and works by William Blake in the 1890s. The area has been
illustrated in the paintings of Aurele Fortin, Jean-Paul Lemieux and Clarence
Gagnon (Robitaille, 1988).

A large number of historical monuments are protected such as the windmills at
Saint-Louis de 1'Isle-aux-Coudres listed in the early 1960s (Association
touristique régionale de Charlevoix, 1989).

LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION There is an estimated population of 29,770 spread
amongst 21 small municipalities (1988). The most important concentrations are
found in the three agglomerations, Baie-Saint-Paul, Clermont and La-Malbaie.
There are no permanent settlements in the core area, but with 29,770 people in
the buffer zone another 2,000 in the transition zone (MAB Canada, 1988).

The principal sources of employment are tourism, forestry and agriculture.
Tourism accounted for 13% of employment in 1976 rising to 23% in 1981 and

subsequently has occupied an increasingly dominant place in the economy of the
region (MAB Canada, 1988).

Agriculture is concentrated in the valleys of the rivers Malbaie and the
Gouffre where agro-forestry also occurs. The forestry resources still play
an important role in the economy, with paper and pulp industries based at

Clermont, although the old method of transport by floating logs downriver is
dying out (Drucker, pers. com., 1989).

VISITORS AND VISITOR FACILITIES Tourism started as early as 1760 on a small
scale (Association touristique régionale de Chalevoix, 1989). Today, the
number of visitors totals appproximately 500,000 per year (MAB Canada, 1988).
A wide diversity of activities and facilities are available to the visitor.
Open air activities include hiking, alpinism, nature interpretation,
cross-country skiing, river excursions, nature and whale watching tours, along
with pleasure boating, canoing, sports fishing and hunting, swimming and
bathing (MAB Canada, 1988; Association touristique régionale de Charlevoix,
1989)

There is a diversity of facilities ranging from major hotels in the larger
towns to farm accommodation and activities centres, a total of well over 1,500
rooms (Robitaille, 1988; Purdie, pers. comm., 1989). There are museums, art
galleries, a school of music at Saint-Irenée, a paper handicraft centre, and a
ski station is being built at Petite-riviere Saint-— Francois.

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Information and interpretation centres include those at Haute-Gorge de riviere
Malbaie, the Centre écologique de Port-—au-Saumon, and the Centre éducatif
forestier 'Des Palissades' near Saint Simeon. The Centre éducatif forestier
was established in 1972 and was set up to introduce the public to countryside
interpretation. There is an interpretation pavillion, information centre,
exhibition room and projector facilities. The Centre écologique de
Port—au—Saumon near Saint-Fidele organises annual ‘Festivals of Science and
Nature" in collaboration with the Association touristique régionale de
Charlevoix, it is also an education centre with 30 or so nature trails, a
marine trail and up to 2,000 vacationers per years. At Pointe noire of the
Baie Sainte-Catherine there is an observation tower and beluga interpretation
centre, run jointly by the Société linnéenne du Québec and Parcs Canada
(Drucker, pers. obs., 1989). The Centre d'histoire naturelle de Charlevoix
is located at Baie-Saint—Paul (Association touristique régionale de Chalevoix,
1989).

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FACILITIES In 1988 there were SO national scientists
and 10 foreign participants undertaking studies at Charlevoix (MAB Canada,
1988). A wide diversity of scientific projects are being undertaken in the
reserve, including experimentation on the problems affecting the ecosystem,
long-term ecological surveillance, work on soil utilisation, vegetation maps,
aquatic brackish water and marine hydrology, limnology and water quality,
atmospheric pollution, inventories of fish, mammals, invertebrates and
vascular vegetation along with geomorphology, geology, soil ethnobiolology,
seismology and countryside architecture (MAB Canada, 1988).

In addition to a station studying atmospheric pollution and climate, there are
also conference facilities, hydrological stations, laboratories and
libraries.

Currently studies are being carried out at the Centre écologique de
Port—au-Saumon, which also has education facilities, lodgings, a library,
marine laboratories and boats. The Canadian Wildlife Service maintain
facilities including a library, observatory and museum at Cap Tourmente, where
research has been carried out on the snow goose and its habitats since the mid
1950s (IUCN, 1987). Other early studies in Charlevoix include those on the
re-introduction of the caribou from 1965 to 1972. The research in the Forét
Montmorency includes studies on silviculture, climatology and forestry
exploitation undertaken by the Université Laval de Québec.

In the 1960s, the Canadian National Film Board produced a documentary by
P. Perreault about life on Ile—aux-Coudres (Association touristique régionale
de Charlevoix, 1989).

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT The reserve was established primarily to integrate
natural landscapes and wildlife with the development of rural agriculture,
local participation and education. At 1,050m, the Hautes-Gorges de la riviere
Malbaie is the deepest gorge in eastern Canada. The region is of importance
for its well documented and unique geological features and for its diversity
of fauna and flora which includes an internationally important wetland, a
population of internationally threatened whales and of regional threatened
ecosystems including Scirpus marsh.

The management infrastructure for the biosphere reserve has not yet been
completed. However, there are currently five distinct administrative zones
corresponding to the five central areas, the Pare des Grands-—Jardins,
Hautes-Gorges de la riviere Malbaie, Centre écologique de Port—au-—Saumon,
Forét Montmorency, and the Centre éducatif forestier "Des Palissades'. The

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first is under the jurisdiction of the provincial Ministere du loisir, de la
chasse et de la péche; the ‘Des Palissades' and the Hautes Gorges under the
provincial Ministere de l'énergie et des ressources (the latter area
administered by the Association de développement des Hautes-Gorges de la
riviere Malbaie). The Centre écologique is owned and managed by a private
corporation and the Forét Montmorency by the Université Laval de Québec. Cap
Tourmente National Wildlife Area is administered by the Quebec region of the
Canadian Wildlife Service (IUCN, 1987).

All the public forests within the reserve come under the jurisdiction of the
provincial Ministere de l'énergie et des ressources. The Ministere de
ltagriculture, des péche, et de l'alimentation du Québec control agriculture
and fisheries, whilst the Ministere de l'environnement du Québec are involved
in the monitoring of pollution, and the quality of the environment. The
federal Fisheries and Oceans Canada has produced a series of guidelines and
protection regulations prohibiting the hunting and willful disturbance of
whales in the region (Péches et Océens Canada, 1989).

There are three main managed protected areas at present divided into the three
zonations, core, buffer and transitional areas. Each zone has been
established to control activities, ensure nature protection, and ensure
education and recreation. Permitted activities in specified zones are wide
and diverse, ranging from agriculture and forestry to livestock rearing
hunting and fishing, tourism and house construction. Allocation of permits
are needed for hunting and fishing wildlife within the core protected areas.

Pollution is a major threat to Charlevoix and the St. Lawrence region as a
whole. The Federal Government established its St. Lawrence Action Plan in
1988, which proposes that by 1993 there ought to be a reduction by 90% of the
liquid toxic waste discharged into the St. Lawrence river. Also as part of
the St. Lawrence Action Plan the federal government intends to spend $5
million to buy areas of wildlife habitat, including in Charlevoix, which will
then be turned over to non-profit citizen groups. The Quebec government has
undertaken its own plan to make the 630 worst polluters in the province cut
their emissions by 75% within the next 10 years. In the 1989, Quebec election
campaign the Liberal leader announced the creation of a new provincial
government body, the St. Lawrence Development Agency, to oversee more than $6
million in spending to cut pollution throughout the St. Lawrence region
(Drucker and Fisher, 1989).

The Haute Gorges de la riviere Malbaie is a proposed park and the estuary of
the Saguenay river is a proposed national marine park (Ministere du loisir, de
la chasse et de la péche, n.d.).

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS In the past there was excessive felling of forests and
hunting, which in part led to the decline and eventual extinction of the local
caribou population.

The greatest threat to the marine and terrestrial zones are pollution, both
water pollutants and atmospheric precipitation (Picard, 1989; Drucker and
Fisher, 1989). The Gouffre and Malbaie river sediments have high
accumulations of pollutants and on the the St. Lawrence there are extremely
high levels of heavy metals, organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls,
PCBs. Dead beluga washed up near Saguenay have had recorded PCB levels which
are 800 times greater than that believed safe in humans, shellfish have been
affected by bacteriological contamination at Baie-Saint Paul and La Malbaie as
a result of sewage effluent (Picard, 1989). There are an estimated 2,300
companies causing industrial pollution in the St. Lawrence river (Drucker and

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Fisher, 1989).

Lack of coordination between the various provincial and national authorities
administering the Charlevoix biosphere reserve may well cause future
management difficulties (Drucker, pers. comm. ,1989).

STAFF Yet to be determined.
BUDGET Medium term proposed annual budget of $100,000 (MAB Canada, 1988).

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION Corporation de la réserve mondiale de la biosphere de
Charlevoix, 166 boulevard de Comporté, case postale 417, La Malbaie GOT 1J0,
Québec.

REFERENCES

Association touristique régionale de Charlevoix. (1989). Charlevoix tourist
guide, 5th edition. Association touristique régionale de Charlevoix in
cooperation with Ministere du tourisme, Québec.

Barros, J. and Johnston, D.M. (1974). Pollution of International Rivers and
Lakes: Non-coastal boundary waters of Canada and the United States:
evolution of the International Joint Commission. The International Laws of
Pollution. The Free Press, New York. pp. 83-89.

Brown, M. and May, J. (1989). The Greenpeace story. Dorling Kindersley Ltd,
London.

Drapeau, J-P. (1988). Une réserve de la biosphere dans Charlevoix. Franc
nord. pp. 18-20.

Drucker, G.R.F. and Fisher, D. (1988). Public intervention in pollution

aspects of transboundary watercourses and international lakes, European and
North American case studies. Draft IUCN paper to CSCE conference,

Bulgaria, 1989.

Gauthier, D. (1987). L'*UNESCO veut faire de Charlevoix une réserve mondiale
de la biosphere. Le Soleil, 7 décembre.

Gauthier, D. (1988). L'Unesco-Canada étudie le dossier de Charlevoix. Le
Soleil, 21 mai.

Gauthier, S. (1984). Bibliographie de Charlevoix. Institut québécois de
recherche sur la culture. 316p.

Grandtner, M.M. (1966). La végétation forestiere de Québec méridional,
Québec. Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 216p.

GLU. (1989). Join us, Great Lakes United. Information folder produced by
the Great Lakes United, Buffalo, New York.

Haug, P.T., Bandurski, B.L and Hamilton, A.L. (Eds.). (1986). Towards a
transboundary monitoring network: a continuing binational exploration.
Proceedings of a workshop convened by the International Joint Commission,
Canada and U.S.A.

IUCN. (1987). Directory of wetlands of international importance. IUCN,
Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 460 pp.

Lemieux, S. (1978). Les oiseaux de la Réserve nationale de faune du cap
Tourmente. Naturaliste Canadien 105: 177-193.

MAB Canada. (1988). Réserve mondiale de la biosphere de Charlevoix,
Formulaire de demande. MAB Canada, Québec.

Ministere du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Péche. (n.d.). Parks and Reserve,
in Saguenay Lac Saint-Jean region. Pamphlet produced by Direction
régionale du Saguenay-Lac Saint Jean, Ministere du Loisir, de la Chasse et
de la Péche.

Péches et Océens Canada. (1989). Guidelines to small crafts owners and tour

boat captains, puidelines to prevent the disturbance of belugas. Pamphlet
produced by Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

+ LORE J

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ery? pOeind 30 be “OPS Lee ath ay ole aorsay = p

‘ay tye apa ot : Senetdansrser Io ai WEL OB. ) «! HUeDA 20 ant altos, tread.
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Ak nl yea 1b, Delihtind aad,

Picard, A. (1989a). Whales dying in toxic St. Lawrence, troubled waters: The
St. Lawrence. Part 1. The Globe and Mail. August 14, 1989. pp. Al, A9.

Picard, A. (1989b). Quebec pays price for wealth in industry, troubled
waters: The St. Lawrence. Part 2. The Globe and Mail. August 15, 1989.
Al10.

Picard, A. (1989c). Residents share dirty little drinking secret, troubled
waters: The St. Lawrence. Part 3. The Globe and Mail. August 16, 1989.
p. A9.

Picard, A. (1989d). Wildlife bears graphic scars of chemical abuse of
waterway, troubled waters: The St. Lawrence. Part 4. The Globe and Mail.
August 17, 1989. p. AS.

Picard, A. (1989e). Environmentalists want cleanup laws enforced, troubled
waters: The St. Lawrence. Part 5. The Globe and Mail. August 17, 1989.
p. A8.

Pomerleau, M. (1987). Le projet de créer une réserve de la biosphere dans
Charlevoix avance. Le Soleil, 26 octobre.

R.Q.V. (1987). Stress Environnementaux au Québec, Charlevoix, 1987.
Regroupement pour un Québec vert, Québec.

Robitaille, D. (1988). Tourisme nature sauce Charlevoix. Franc
nord. pp. 22-24.

Société Linnéenne du Québec. (1989). Société Linnéenne du Québec Information
kit. Folder and pamphlets produced by the Société Linnéenne du Québec.

SODES. (1989). Discover the St. Lawrence. Pamphlet produced by the St.
Lawrence economic Development Council, Quebec.

DATE September 1989
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FRANCE

NAME Réserve de la biosphére d'Iroise

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY V_ (Protected Landscape)
IX (Biosphere Reserve)

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE 2.09.05 (Atlantic)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Limited to two sections centred around the isles and
islets of the northern part of the Iroise Sea, constituting the Isles of
Quessant (Ushant) and the Archipelago of Moléne, and the marine environment,
located 20km off the mainland of western Brittany, in north-west France. All
the mainland area of the PNR of Armorique is excluded from the biosphere
reserve. The 20m isobath marks the sea limits of the reserve. The entire
archipelago is within the cantons of Ouessant and Saint Renon, Finistére
department. Approximately 48°24'N, 4°58'W.

DATE AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT Located within the Parc Naturel Regional
(Regional Nature Park) of Armorique which was created in September 1969 under
legislation, based on decree No. 67-158 of 1 March 1967, legislation which was
updated by decree No. 75-983 of 24 October 1975. Iroise was accepted as a
biosphere reserve in March 1988.

AREA 21,400ha (5Oha core area, 950ha buffer zone and 20,400ha transition
zone). The area represents one third of the 65,000ha Armorique PNR.

LAND TENURE Private and public ownership.
ALTITUDE From sea level to a high point of 60m at Stiff, Ouessant.

PHYSICAL FEATURES The reserve consists of a very varied topography ranging
from low hills to some of France's most spectacular coastal scenery. It
comprises an archipelago of 17 named islands and islets, the largest being
QOuessant (1,558 ha) followed by Moléne and Beniguet and Keller. Ouessant is
surrounded by crags and cliffs with plateau grassland. The cliffs at Stiff
rise 60m although towards the west they are rarely more than 30m, whilst the
archipelago of Moléne is characterised by Balanec low-lying expanse of rock a
few metres above sea-level. Geologically, the area consists of gneiss and
micashists or granite. Islets are littoral—based platforms, ancient
extensions of the main isles. The Archipelago of Moléne are ‘points'
exposures of a large submerged platform. There are three principal zones in
Ouessant: a depression of micaschists surrounded by granite plateau; the
Moléne archipelago, a continuation of the continental formations, substrate of
gneiss, Moléne granites and Balaneg 'Pierres Noire’; the Armorican massif,
formed from a Precambrian and Palaeozoic (Cambrian to Carboniferous) double
band of granite-gneiss from north to south. Ouessant and the Moléne Isles
constitute a crystalline extension of Leon (Cuillandre, 1988).

The marine topography drops in stages from 20m to 90m down to 203m at the
Valley of the Black Stones (Vallée de la Pierre Noire) and the Valley of Hell
in the Passage of Fromveur between Ouessant and archipelago of Moléne. Sand
banks such as the Bane du Four to the north-east and the Fosses de Ouessant to
the north-west of the reserve extend over 16km in length.

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CLIMATE The Atlantic climate can be extremely variable and there are strong
winds of up to 7.1 metres per second (locally called Mervert, Kornog and
Gwarlarn). The average temperature of the coldest month is 7.7°C and the mean
of the hottest month 16.4°C. Annual rainfall averages 699mm at 30m altitude
at Ouessant. There are up to 50 days per year of mist and fog (Cuillandre,
1988).

VEGETATION A list and details of 411 plant species is given in an 1988 report
(Cuillandre, 1988). TIroise is 35% covered by heathland and moors, as well as
bogs and coastal vegetation. The centre and north-east of Ouessant is
occupied by humid heath of Calluna and Juncus or xerophilous Juncus and

broom. The summits usually consist of gorse Ulex and heather communities,
with small-scale agriculture dominant in the valleys. Dune formations are
uncommon on the isles, the few notable dunes with a specialised flora being
found on Banneg and Balaneg. Additional habitats include pebble beach
communities of Beta maritima and Crambe maritima (Cuillandre, 1988). Notable
cliff and rock vegetation includes Osmunda regalis, Asplenium marinum, Samolus
valerandi and Inula crithmoides.

The reserve is noted for its diversity and abundance of relatively undisturbed
marine algae communities, the meadows with fronds often of extreme length.
Dominant seeweed species include Fucus spiralis, F. vesiculosus and Laminaria
digitata. There are extensive Laminaria marine forests extending for 109
sq.km. down to 12m depth, an estimated biomass of approximately 70,000 tonnes
(Cuillandre, 1988).

Threatened plant species include Zostera marina, a species whose distribution
is in regression throughout France.

FAUNA Great colonies of sea birds nest on many of the islands, including
fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, manx shearwater Puffinus puffinus, as well as
raptors such as marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus and Montague's harrier Circus
pygargus (the total 325 bird species are listed in report by Cuillandre, 1988).

Mammals are uncommon, terrestrial species being restricted to the otter Lutra
lutra and the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, along with the endemic
Crocidura suaveolens uxantisi on the isles of Ponant, Banneg and Balaneg. On
QOuessant there are colonies of grey seals Halichoerus grypus, at the most
southern limit of their distribution, and common seals Phoca vitulina are also
seen occasionally in the area. The dolphins Tursiops truncatus and Delphinus
delphis have been recorded in the surrounding marine areas. Of the recorded
148 species of fish, nated examples include Cetorhinus maximus, Galeorhinus
galeus, Mustelus mustelus, Zeus faber and Dicentrarchus labrax (Cuillandre,
1988).

CULTURAL HERITAGE The isle of Ouessant maintains a closely-knit Farming and
fishing community. With a strong Breton culture, place names are still
largely of Breton derivation. There are megaliths on the isle of Kemenez and
neolithic and bronze-age cromlechs throughout the area. Local crafts such as
lace-making and hand-carving of sabots are also promoted by the park
authorities (Wirth, 1979; Desjeux et Desjeux, 1984)

LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION The total number of inhabitants within the park was
160,355 in the 1982 census, with 1,255 on Ouessant alone (Cuillandre, 1988).
The economy of the region is based on agriculture (20% of the working
population) although many people are also involved in the fishing industry.
The main crops are cereals, fodder, fruit and vegetables. Up to 15% of the
French dairy produce comes from the region. The Laminaria digitata seaweed

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industry in France.

VISITORS AND VISITOR FACILITIES There are an average 40,000 visitors
annually to the isles of Ouessant and Moléne (Cuillandre, 1988). On Ouessant
there is a craft exhibition building. Camping and caravanning sites are
maintained by the local communities and in the summer months there are
traditional festivals, coordinated by the park administration. At the centre
permanent d'initiation a l’environnement, there is accommodation for 20-35
people (Cuillandre, 1988).

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FACILITIES The first ornithological surveys were in
1898 by Clarke and Bureau. The Marime Biological Association of Plymouth
undertook studies in the area from 1920-1940. Work is currently underway by
the centre de la societé pour l'étude et la protection de la nature en
Bretagne which has functioned since 1984. Its research facilities include a
documentation centre for naturalists and researchers and accomodation with 42
beds as well as a small laboratory, photographic darkroom and lecture room.
There is also a permanaent ornithological observational centre, created in
1984, for the study of bird migration and changing land-use (Wirth, 1979;
Desjeux et Desjeux, 1984; Cuillandre, 1988).

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT Hunting is authorised on certain islands but is
reserved for native people. Agriculture is permitted and fish are
commercially exploited. The seaweed collecting in the Laminaria digitata beds,
for the alginate industry, is strictly controlled.

The immense rocky archipelago represents a unique marine zone largely
untouched by man. The site has been well documented by scientists,
ornithologists and botanists since the 19th century. There is a rich and
threatened fauna and flora, with seven fish species on the national red list,
8 species of marine bird and a internationally threatened mammal species
(Cuillandre, 1988).

Management of the park, Armorique PNR, is undertaken by a Board composed of
representatives of the municipalities, the departments and professional
organisations. They delegate duties to a director who is in charge of
day-to-day administration. The park authorities emphasise the active
conservation of the natural heritage rather than turning the park into a vast
static zoo or museum, and have a special development plan aimed at maintaining
and preserving the traditional landscape, which is codified into a charter.
The serious problems of rural decline are being counteracted by active
promotion by the park authorities of traditional crafts and the encouragement
of traditional building methods and styles, as well as sponsoring new trades
in association with the Chamber of Commerce (DATAR). The management authority
has no regulatory powers but deals with protection of natural resources,
development of the economy, education of the public and directing visitors to
possible activities. Stimulus and enthusiasm for the park is generated at
regional ‘department’ level, but most decisions have to be implemented by the
rural communities themselves. Activities ranging from landscape protection to
tourism promotions tend to be organised by local associations or co-operatives
(Desjeaux and Desjeux, 1984; Cuillandre, 1988).

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS Pollution in the past included severe oil spills from the
wreck of the Amoco-Cadiz in 1978, followed in 1988 by the Amazzone. Today one
of the greatest problems is widespread commercial overfishing using new
techniques and equipment. Large areas of heath were burnt in 1984 and there
continues to be excessive erosion of dunes by rabbits and gulls. In 1985,

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there was extensive destruction of the cliffs in preparation for the
construction of the port of Stiff at Ouessant (Cuillandre, 1988). Also in
1985 threats included extraction of rock blocks at Moléne for the construction
of a dike. Since 1985 the seaweed collectors have proposed to harvest at
greater depths, a proposal which could adversely affect the ecosystem
(Desjeaux and Desjeux, 1984; Cuillandre, 1988).

STAFF Two permanent staff and two part-time employees, one responsible for
research (Cuillandre, 1988).

BUDGET The Management Charter is accompanied by a budget covering investment
and operating costs. The cost of the park's facilities is borne by local
communities assisted by normal state subsidies. The Department of Finistére
bears all the capital costs for the PNR of Armorique and 70% of the running
costs, the balance coming from 27 constituent rural communes which contribute
20% and the City of Brest giving the remaining 10% (Desjeaux and Desjeux,
1984; Cuillandre, 1988).

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION Maison du Parc, Centre de Menez-Meur, Hanvec, 29224
Daoulas. Telephone: (98) 21.90.69.

REFERENCES

Angier, H. (1955). Protected marine areas. The example of France: appraisals
and prospects. European Committee for the Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources. Strasbourg.

Blacksell, M. (— ). The role of “Le pare naturel et regional". Town and
Country Planning.

Brigand, L. (1988). Un programme de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les
iles du Ponant. L'observatoire des changements ecologiques, economiques et
sociologiques. Bull. Assoc. Franc. Paris 3: 257-270.

Carp, E. (1980). Directory of Wetlands of International Importance in the
Western Palearctic. UNEP/IUCN.

Cuillandre, J-P. (1988). Reserve de la biosphere d'Iroise. Pare Naturel
Regional d'Armorique; Societe pour l'*etude et la protection de la nature en
Bretagne.

Desjeux, C. et Desjeux, B. (1984). Les Parcs Naturels régionaux de france,

Editions Créer, Nonette, France.

Duffey, E. (1982). National Parks and Reserves of Western Europe. Macdonald,
Macdonald and Company, London.

Hallegout, B. (1982). Contribution a 1'étude morphologique de l'archipel de
Moléne (Finistére). 107e Congrés national des Sociétés savantes, Brest, p.
61-77.

Heim de Balzac, H. (1951). Peuplement mammalién des iles francais:

Quessant. C.R. Acad. Sciences, Paris, pp. 1678-1680.
Michelin (1979). Brittany, tourist guide. Michelin Tyre Co Ltd, London.
Wirth, H. (Ed.). (1979). Nature Reserves in Europe. Edition Leipzig.

DATE August 1989
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FRANCE

NAME Vosges du Nord Pare Naturel Régional

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY V_ (Protected Landscape)
IX (Biosphere Reserve)

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE 2.09.05 (Atlantic)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION The park is situated on the lower Rhine, on the border
with West Germany at the base of the Vosges massif in the vicinity of
Strasbourg (the Moselle and Bas-Rhin departments). It adjoins the ‘reserve de
chasse" of the Petite Pierre. 48°45'-49°11'N, 7°17'-7°55'E.

DATE AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT The site was established as a ‘parc naturel
régional' in 1976 by the Decree No. 75-983 of 24 October 1975. It encompasses
a ‘reserve naturelle volontaire' (voluntary natural reserve), ‘reserve
biologique’ (biological reserve) and a ‘reserve biologique communale’
(communal-—owned biological reserve). Vosges du Nord was accepted as a
biosphere reserve in 1988.

AREA 120,200ha (a central zone of 200ha, transition zone of 90,000ha and a
buffer zone of 30,000ha).

LAND TENURE Mixed public, military and private ownership
ALTITUDE 200-580m (buffer zone average of 250m and a transition zone of 350m)

PHYSICAL FEATURES The park is located in the northern Vosges mountains, an
area of undulating relief, of incised valleys and lakes. The landscape is
divided into three types: the hills of the Piedmont Vosges, the Lorraine
plateau and the intervening terrain of Tertiary deposits. The Piedmont Vosges
hills are largely composed of fossil—rich limestones fringed by sandstone
deposits (Buntsanstein vosges sandstone with conglomerate). The soils are
highly calcareous except in the sandstone areas where poor siliceous deposits
predominate. There are ancient and recent alluvial soils in the plains and
abundant peat in the Pays de Bitche. Soils range from acid brown types to
yellow podsols. Throughout the park there are numerous peat bogs and reed
fringed lakes, the best examples being the Etangs of Waldeck and Lieschbach.
The Vosges massif is surrounded by the cultivated plains of Alsace.

CLIMATE Temperate climate with a tendency for semi-continental conditions.
The mean temperature of the coldest month is 0.2°C and for the hottest month
17.8°C. The topography creates numerous microclimates, hot and dry on the
south and west slopes, colder and more humid on the north and east slopes.
Average annual rainfall is approximatly 600mm. Deep snows occur in the winter.

VEGETATION The flora of the area is extremely diverse, with over 600 species
recorded in a range of habitats ranging from mature forest to acid peat bog,
heathland, sand meadows and cliff habitats.

More than half of the Park consists of high forest represented by mixed oak

Quercus sp, beech Fagus sylvatica and Scots pine Pinus sylvestris, as typified
by the Forét de Mouterhouse.

The peat bogs contain such characteristic species as Drosera rotundifolia,

Sphagnum molle, Lycopodiella inundata, Andromeda polifolia, Rhynchospora alba
and R. fusca (Comité Francais MAB, 1988). The heathland communities, feature

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a mix of Calluna or Vaccinium heath, coloniser species and peat bog species,
include Diphasiastrum tristachyum, Pulsatilla vernalis, Gentiana pneumonanthe,
Juncus capitatus and sphagnum along with naturally regenerating pine.

Chasmophytes are typified by Asplenium billotii, Geocalyx graveolens, and
Lycopodium selago (Comité Francais MAB, 1988).

Natural grasslands exist on the calcareous soils as at Bastberg, whilst peat
bogs are present on sandy soils at higher altitudes (Polunin and Walters,
1985). The semi-natural areas of the park are represented by copses, grazed
grassland and hay meadows whilst the conifer plantations contain Abies, Picea
and Pinus species.

FAUNA The forest fauna of the northern Vosges includes species such as the
red squirrel Scuirus vulgaris, red deer Cervus elaphus in the Petite-—Pierre
sector, roe deer Capreolus capreolus and wild boar Sus scrofa. Of the 130
recorded bird species, 84 nest including the peregrine falcon Falco
peregrinus, capercaillie Tetra urogallus and the cuckoo Cuculus canorus
(Comité Francais MAB, 1988). Whilst on the heathland there are Lanius
excubitor and Lullula arborea. The diverse wwWtland supports birds such as

Podiceps cristatus and Acrocephalus scirpaceus living along with herpetofauna
such as Triturus vulgais and Natrix natrix (Comité Francais MAB, 1988).

CULTURAL HERITAGE The region has numerous archaeological remains including
many ruins from the Gallo-Roman epoch. The traditional glass industry,
originally located in the region so as to utilise forest fuels, was first
located in 1586 at Meisenthal. Early industrial exploitation aided the rapid
development of a rich economy in the area, as is apparent by 40 extant
chateaux dating from this period.

LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION There are 97 ‘communes’ parishes in the park (Moselle
and Bas-Rhin departments), creating a relatively dense population of 70
inhabitants per sq. km. (Comité Francais MAB, 1988). There is an absence of
inhabitants in the central zone. Approximately 10,000 people live in the
buffer zone and 85,000 in the transition zone. Almost 2.5 million people
inhabit the massif foothills around Strasbourg, Palatinit and Rhenanie (Comité
Francais MAB, 1988).

The majority of the population has been urbanised following the upheavals
caused by the Second World War. The main industries continue to be forestry
along with livestock herding and some hunting and fishing. Traditional crafts
and small-scale agriculture is threatened as people continue to migrate to
jobs at industrial complexes. The tourist industry is of major importance in
the area, the current threat being an apparent excess of preservation,
commercialisation of the countryside and the transforming of the region into a
“reserve-museum" (Desjeux and Desjeux, 1984).

VISITORS AND VISITOR FACILITIES Surveys indicate that there up to 100,000
visitors per year (Comité Francais MAB, 1988). The main park offices and
centres for information are at la Petite Pierre, Wingen sur Moder. There are
additional park centres with information on botany, ornithology and forests
along with associated exhibitions, courses and literature. Accommodation is
available in hotels, inns, guest-houses and campsites. Activities are catered
for by hiking trails, up to five horse-riding centres, cycle and canoeing
trails. Museums specialise in exhibits on the petroleum industry, town-life
and natural history. The glass museum, Maison de Verre et du Cristal, at
Meisenthal describes the history of the glass trade from its founding in 1586,
as well as the development of the Royal glassworks for Louis XV in the Pays de

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Bitche. A wildlife park exists at Schwarzbach (Desjeux and Desjeux, 1984;
Comité Francais MAB, 1988).

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FACILITIES A bird observatory has been constructed on
the edge of the étang de Baerenthal. The Maison des Foréts undertakes
ecological work including analysis of the peat bog pine woods and its
regeneration, with a view to create an integral reserve in the near future.
The authorities also undertake long-term surveillance on water ecosystems,
survey and prepare vegetation maps and inventories of birds, plant species and
invertebrates. Other research themes include those on agriculture, ecological
succession, regeneration, fire, silviculture and impact of tourism.

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT Le Syndicat Mixte du Pare is the responsible body
concerned with the management of the park. Local collectives and private
organisations have only a secondary involvement. The park authorities manage
the park to prevent excessive changes to wildlife, landscape and traditional
local industries. Forestry management is a major concern to the Vosges
authorities. The de Bitche heathland has been under military ownership and
Management since 1905, where fire clearances have been undertaken every five
to ten years to maintain heathland communities. The army controls rights of
passage for visitors which can be suspended when military exercises are in
progress. The ‘reserve nationale de chasse de la Petite Pierre' is located
within the designated combat zone. Peat bogs are artificially regulated by
means of dikes as at the Waldeck and Lieschbach Etangs.

The Office National des Foréts undertakes all forestry management and supplies
information to visitors. There are proposals to set up a nature reserve
covering 8,000ha to protect the more delicate habitats.

Future proposals include transfrontier co-operation with the Pfalzerland
(Palatinat) nature park in West Germany.

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS Increased mechanisation of existing industries, have led
to widespread conifer afforestation and associated loss of heathland, native
broadleaf woodland and soil humidity. Farmers continue to experiment with new
crops which tend not to be in keeping with the park's aim of retaining the
traditional landscape. Further concern is for the loss of the primary
habitats on the Haut Vosges ridges which are gradually being replaced by
semi-natural meadowland and eroded under pressure from rock climbers.

STAFF 5 personnel, 3 administrators
BUDGET 495,000FF per year (Comité Francais MAB, 1988)

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION Maison du Parc Naturel Régional des Vosges du Nord, La
Petite Pierre, 67290 Wingen sur Moder

REFERENCES

Anon. (n.d.) Les eaux douces en Alsace. Edn. Mars et Mercure

Anon. (n.d.) Les foréts de plaine. Edn. Mars et Mercure

Anon. (n.d.) Les foréts de montagne. Edn. Mars et Mercure

Comité Francais MAB (1988). Reserve de la Biosphere des Vosges du Nord.
Dossier de candidature réalisé par le Syndicat Mixte du Parc Naturel
Régional des Vosges du Nord.

Desjeux, C. et Desjeux, B. (1984). Les Parcs Naturel régionaux de France.
Editions Créer, Nonette, France.

Duffey, E. (1982). National Parks and Reserves of Western Europe. Macdonald,
Macdonald and Company, London.

j Aes ,x0uleets bus xeot<ne) istowiite » Bent wis tbiime f
re, \ AM i: fe.9Rkaw
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shite BOOT Cub noe iad tr Lod icoxe ttl ets Netley ota Fe
est Lan ABoow cede wae tna lh tc bent da cw Pal site
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eos geijeJla gee, Go kyhag ae

. ghod od? daoges's od 2i, and) ub of#iR 2easbaye oJ PueyagAyah Mos ;
WAM Ie OK sav tidt ke Tess,t ihooes, 10 Jas teggrhy gai beanea D:
co) wo bd iofdaa 5 oe et ‘ont .tawmmyl arnt yg iabre2ee n vino owas hoi doula ¥
Epub Sitieys Had wei abies, oF ti bl tw Od eoagat: vyieeeoky imate ot #40q
ot aaqudy ait od Sabon aber 2 ot, ap Wroahtiamn ‘2! 39704, 26) Taber ihe
giinrenws MINA Li date udtd and fool Ate oI odode ab ott .e—ldbsse
ni (reve nels daar wae oral dosne estos ord: oteity . CO8] oites {ema a0
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ve feat do peat haroiensin: bi (ubeed narod is Vet phos (hes
7 —— ud tuabinoe sgaities ud tent fs He fis stihethoow 3
ee ate SIND, O85 bein vb qin at edvodeJone hited Wee
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fae! nogn sy cena

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j -

aliens» mints D
a bate la se bai yt ee:

Genot, J.C. and Muller, S. (1984). La protection de la nature dans le
parc naturel regional des Vosges du Nord. Courrier de la Nature No.
98:14-19.

Michelin (1976). Vosges, Lorraine-Alsace. Pneu Michelin, Paris.

Muller, S. (1982). La chouette effraie, etude et protection. Courrier de la
Nature No. 78: 9-16.

Muller, S. (1985). Les phytocénoses d'indigénat du pin sylvestre dans le
pays de Bitche (Vosges du nord). C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris. 301 Série III
pp/73-76.

Ochsenbein, G. (n.d.) Fleurs d'Alsace. Edn. Mars et Mercure

Ochsenbein, G. (n.d.) Lacs, foréts et riviéres d'Alsace. Edn. Mars et
Mercure.

Polunin, O. and Walters, M. (1985). A Guide to the Vegetation of Britain
and Europe. OUP, Oxford.

Wirth, H. (Ed). (1979). Nature Reserves in Europe. Edition Leipzig.

DATE March, 1989; revised July, 1989
1240V

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MEXICO

NAME Reserva de Mapimi
MANAGEMENT CATEGORY IX (Biosphere Reserve)

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE 1.09.07 (Chihuahuan)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Situated north-east of the town of Ceballos at
boundaries of the states of Durango, Chihuahua and Coahuila. The reserve lies
in a hollow or basin surrounded by small mountain ranges running more or less
parallel from north to south, in the large catchment area known as Bolson de
Mapimi. The core area consists of Ranco San Ignacio: Cerro San Ignacio, Cerro
el Tapado, Cerro Amarillo and el Sur del Espinazo de Diablo; Ejido de la Flor:
Cerro Apartado, Cerro Coronas and San José del Centro; Ejido San Ignacio del
Yermo. The buffer zone consists of El Ejido de la Flor, Ejido de la Soledad,
Ejido de Santa Maris de Mohovano, Ejido Vicenta Guerrero and Ejido de la

Loma. The zone of influence includes Ejido el Cinco, Ejido las Tortugas,
Ejido la Soledad, Ejido del Yermo, Estacion Carrillo and the Rancho San
Felipe. 26°29'-52'N, 103°40'-103°56'wW.

DATE AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT January 1977 as a Biosphere Reserve.
AREA 103,000ha (expanded from original 100,000ha; core area 38,000ha)

LAND TENURE There are various common public lands, private ranches and small
peasant properties.

ALTITUDE 1,100-1,350m

PHYSICAL FEATURES The reserve is part of the endorheic system of the Mapimi
Bolson of the North Mexican central tableland. Alluvial deposits predominate,
consisting of recent Pleistocene gravels, clays and muds. Outcrops of igneous
rock from the Tertiary period and volcanic rocks (rhyolites, andesites and
basalts) are also found. There are isolated mountains and extensive
interconnected plains, and a spring in the core zone (IUCN, 1982; Bartolino,
1988).

CLIMATE An arid desert-like tropical highland climate with an average annual
rainfall of 200mm. The mean monthly temperature varies between 11.2°C and
28.4°C, the coldest is 1.5°C in January.

VEGETATION The reserve is located in the Chihuahua arid zone, typically
represented by a restricted flora with a large quantity of endemics. The main
vegetation types represented include mequital, matorral crasicaule-nopalera,
rosetophyllous matorral, microphyllous matorral and pastizal (Montana and
Breimer, 1988). Microphyllous matorral shrub is the most representative
vegetation community, as characterised by Agave and Larrea divaricata,
together with fleshy—-leaved species Agave spp., Hechtia spp., thick-stemmed
species Pastinaca spp., candelilla Euphorbia antisyphilitiea and prickly pear
Opuntia spp. Large expanses of mesquite Hilaria mutica and the dropseed
Sporobolus airloides occur in the bottom lands (IUCN, 1982; Montana and
Breimer, 1988).

FAUNA There is a diverse fauna adapted to arid conditions including the
Bolson Tortoise Gopherus flavomarginatus (E), the mule deer Odocoileus
hemionus, the coyote Canis latrans, the lynx Felis rufus and the puma F.

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concolor. The pronghorn antelope Antilocapra americana disappeared in the
1940s.

CULTURAL HERITAGE No information

LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION In the early 1980s there was a total population of
approximately 100 people (Halffter, 1981). Of the main ranch and farm units
in the reserve at this time, three were privately owned while eight were
ejidos in which the land was entrusted by the Government to a local
community. Nine of the units were devoted to stock-raising, one devoted to
the extraction of wax from candelilla whilst 11 extracted salt from a lagoon
to the north of the reserve. Agricultural development is rudimentary for the
most part and the availabilility of water varies widely (IUCN, 1982).

Efforts have been made to involve the local inhabitants both through the
application of results of research within the reserve to stock-raising
practices and by ensuring that the protection of the reserve is their
responsibility (IUCN, 1982).

VISITORS AND VISITOR FACILITIES No information

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FACILITIES Research since 1975 has primarily been
undertaken in the core area of Rancho San Ignacio and the Ejido de la Flor
(Instituto de Ecologia, in litt., 1988). Facilities include the Desert
Laboratory, established in 1978 by the Instituto de Ecologia and located in
20ha of land in the centre of the reserve (Halffter, 1981). Several
institutions, foreign and domestic, are undertaking a large number of studies
(see Montana, 1988). Examples include the study of herpetofauna,
ecophysiology of dominant reptile species, the biology of the desert tortoise,
the biology of raptorial birds, and regeneration of desert vegetation after
Over-grazing, fire and various types of human activity. With the help of
associations of bee-keepers, it is planned to subsidize certain young
"“ejidatarios" (communal farmers) so that they can learn the techniques of
desert bee-keeping practises. At San Ignacio there is a camp near the only
spring in the zone. Light aircraft and motor vehicles are available from the
Government of the State of Durango and camping equipment has been provided by
the Secretariat for the National Heritage (Halffter, 1981).

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT Established primarily to protect the Bolson tortoise
and the delicate arid wildlife communities.

Activities include livestock ranching, fire management and wax extraction from
plants. When the reserve was first established there was no zonation but this
has subsequently been undertaken, centred on the rancho San Ignacio and the
Ejido de la Flor.

The federal government, through the National Council of Science and Technology
(CONACYT) and the Secretary of Public Education (SEP) were involved in the
establishment. The scientific management of the biosphere reserve is
coordinated by the Instituto de Ecologia. The local people are involved ina
legally constituted association to assist in management of the reserve. This
gZroup includes representatives of the cattle canches, small land-owners,
ejidos and the National Council of Science and Technology and the Instituto de
Ecologia. Cooperation with the local people has resulted in reduced cattle
ranching to less damaging and a more more sustainable levels (Halffter, 1981;
Barral, 1988; Instituto de Ecologia, in litt., 1988)

The Instituto de Ecologia has proposed to enlarge the biosphere reserve from

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its current area to 160,000ha (Instituto de Ecologia, in litt., 1988).

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS The region has been little disturbed, except for sporadic

hunting and, to a lesser degree, extensive stock raising, and cutting of trees
(Barral, 1988).

STAFF 14 research workers, eight research assistants and technicians, and
seven students engaged in research work (IUCN, 1982).

BUDGET No information

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION Instituto de Ecologia. Apartado Postal 18-845, Mexico
18, D.F.

REFERENCES

Barral, H. (1988). El Hombre y su impacto en los ecosistemas a través del
Ganado. In Montana, C. (Ed.) Estudio integado de los recursos vegetacion,
suelo y agua en la reserva de la biosphera de Mapimi. JI. Ambiente Natural
y_ Humano. Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Mexico. pp. 241-268.

Bartolino, J.R. (1988). Cenozoic geology of the eastern half of the La Flor
Quadrangle, Durango and Chihuahua, Mexico. In Montana, C. (Ed.) Estudio

integado de los recursos vegetacion, suelo y agua en la reserva de la

biosphera de Mapimi. I. Ambiente Natural y Humano. Instituto de Ecologia,
A.C., Mexico. pp. 77-98.

Halffter, G. (1981). The Mapimi Biosphere Reserve: Local participation in
conservation and development. Ambio. XK: 93-96
Halffter, G. (1988). El Concepto de Reserva de la Biosfera. In Montana, C.

(Ed.) Estudio integado de los recursos vegetacion, suelo y agua en la
reserva de la biosphera de Mapimi. I. Ambiente Natural y Humano.
Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Mexico. pp. 19-44.

IUCN (1982). IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly
International Publishing Ltd, Dublin.

Martinez, E. and Morello, J. (1976). El Medio Fisico y las Unidades

Fisonomico-Floristicas del Bolson de Mapimi. Institute of Ecology, Mexico.
Montana, C. (Ed.)(1988). Estudio integado de los recursos vegetacion, suelo y
agua en la reserva de la biosphera de Mapimi. I. Ambiente Natural y

Humano. Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Mexico.
Montana, C. and Breimer, R.F. (1988). Major Vegetation and Environmental
Units. In Montana, C. (Ed.) Estudio integado de los recursos vegetacion,

suelo y agua en la reserva de la biosphera de Mapimi. I. Ambiente Natural
y Humano. Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Mexico. pp. 99-114.

National Board of Science and Technology (1976). Informes del Programa
Nacional Indicativo de Ecologia Tropica. National Board of Science and
Technology, Mexico.

Ruiz de Esparza Villarreal, R. (1988). Lista de las Especies Vasculares.

In Montana, C. (Ed.) Estudio integado de los recursos vegetacion, suelo y
agua en la reserva de la biosphera de Mapimi. I. Ambiente Natural y

Humano. Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Mexico. pp. 225-240.
Unesco. (1984). Plan de Accion para las Reservas de la Biosfera. La

Naturaleza y sus Recursos. 20: 1-12.

DATE Revised July 1986 and updated August 1989
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

NAME Central California Coast Biosphere Reserve

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY I (Strict Nature Reserve)
IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
IX (Biosphere Reserve)

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE 1.07.06 (Californian)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Located to the west of San Francisco bay and the north
of San Francisco city. The offshore boundary extends 6 nautical miles seaward
into the eastern Pacific ocean from the mean highwater line in the northern
part of the Gulf of the Farallones national marine sanctuary, then follows a
12 nautical mile arc around the Farallon Islands and extends back to the shore
at Rocky Point, south of Bolinas Lagoon. Inland it includes the Point Reyes
national seashore, southwards including the Golden Gate national recreation
area, parts of San Francisco bay and two main islands, Alcatraz and Angel
Isle. It covers three counties, Marin, San Francisco and San Mateo, State of
California. 37°-38°N; 122°w.

DATE AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT Designated as a biosphere reserve in
November 1988, the core zones all have strict protection under legal mandate
of management authorities. The Gulf of the Farallones national marine
sanctuary, GFNMS, was designated in 1981 in accordance with title III of the
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act; Port Reyes national seashore,
PRNS, legislation was passed on 13 September 1962; Golden Gate national
recreation area, GGNRA, legislation in 1972. There are also six designated
areas of special biological significance and one national wildlife refuge.

AREA 404,863ha (core area 40,500ha; buffer zone 355,290ha and transition zone
9,073ha). The Gulf of Farallones NMS encompasses 948 square nautical miles of
nearshore and offshore waters.

LAND TENURE Federal, state and local tenure.
ALTITUDE 1,300m below sealevel to 730m asl.

PHYSICAL FEATURES The reserve includes open ocean with marine islands,
coastal zones, tidal mudflats, rocky terraces, and salt marshes leading into
coastal ranges, the watershed zone of the Central Coast range.

There is a complete spectrum of marine habitats, ranging from intertidal zones
to pelargic and deep oceanic habitats representative of the Oreganian marine
province of the Eastern Pacific Boreal region. This coastal zone of the
Pacific is characteristic of the cold temperate waters of the eastern Pacific
marine region that flows as the California Current from Point Conception to
British Columbia (NOAA, 1987). The Gulf of the Farallones is a broad and
shallow extension of the contintal shelf, interupted along its western edge by
the granite ridge of the Farallon Islands. Southwest of the Farallon Islands,
the continental shelf drops abruptly to depths of 400 fathoms.

Geologically the region is represented by two major zones split by the Pacific
and American continental plates of the Earth's crust. They are separated by a
rift zone or fault line, the San Andreas Fault, along with many associated and
smaller faults. A tectonically active zone, the area consists primarily of
sedimentary and meta—sedimentary rocks to the north (Marin county) with some

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mezozoic intrusives, granite, and tertiary basalts. Primarily tertiary
basalts are located to the west of the San Andreas fault and mezozoic
metamorphics to the east, notably the Franciscan formation and coast range
(NOAA, 1987; MAB USA, 1988).

CLIMATE Mediterreanean type climate with dry summers and winters with excess
moisture. Marine fogs characteristically occur in summer. Mean annual
precipitation of 2,000mm at 730m altitude; maximum average temperature of the
warmest month 16.5°C, minimum average temperature of the coldest month, 9.5°C
(MAB USA, 1988).

VEGETATION In the marine zone, vegetation includes dense kelp beds dominated

by bull kelp Nereocystis spp. and to a lesser extent giant kelp Macrocystis
spp. and eelgrass meadows.

There are three main terrestrial vegetation communities, coastal chaparral,
coastal shrublands and mixed broadleaf and conifer woodland. The chaparral is
represented by a diversity of species including chamise, manzanita
Arctostaphylos spp., Ceanothus spp. and Castanopsis spp. Typical shrubland
communities are dominated by coastal sagebrush, consisting primarily of
California sage and white sage. There are also seashore communities of
prairie grasses and also salt marsh of Salicornia spp. Woodlands consist of
mixed redwood Sequoia sempervirens along with tan oak Lithocarpus spp, madrone
Arbutus spp., live oak Quercus agrifolia and douglas fir Pseydotsuga spp.

Notable plants of national threatened status include ravens manzanita
Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. ravenii, and state listed Ceonothus masonii and
Clarkia francisca (for a full species list see MAB USA, 1988).

FAUNA Although the marine fauna is believed to be extremely diverse, survey
work is far from complete partly due to the difficulty of sampling at depth.

Over 20 species of fish are common to the subtidal and pelagic environments,
and include such species as salmon Salmo spp., rockfish Sebastes spp. and sea
bass Senanidae.

The area is represented by an avifauna including well over 123 species of
aquatic bird. Large nesting colonies and migrant populations are found on the
Faralon islands and Point Reyes, including nesting colonies of brown pelican
Pelecanus occidentalis and notable raptors such as peregrine falcon Falco
peregrinus and bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus (a more complete bird list
is found in NOAA, 1987).

Up to 22 species of marine mammal are regularly observed; five species of
pinnniped and 17 species of cetacean mostly seen on migration. These include
the gray whale Eschrichtius glaucus, pacific humpback whale Megaptera
novaengliae, california sea lion Kalophus californianus, Steller's sea lion

Eumetopias jubata, harbor porpoise Phocoena phoecoena, dall porpoise
Phocoenoides dalli, harbor seal Phoca vitulina and northern elephant seal

Mirounga angustirostris (for full list see NOAA, 1987).

CULTURAL HERITAGE Archaeological and historical investigations have uncovered
over 100 archaeological sites in Point Reyes NS, evidence of the native Miwok
Indian communities. The more recent historical period is rich in a culture
ranging from Spanish and British explorers to Mexican ranchers, Asian and
European gold seekers and 125 years of continuous immigration from Europe.

Sir Francis Drake in his ship the Golden Hinde explored the area in 1579. In
1595, Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeno's galleon was wrecked off San Francisco,

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this ship and 30 other wrecks have been located in the area (NOAA, 1987).
Historic features include the infamous Alcatraz, Fort Point national historic
site, Fort Funston, West Fort Miley, Fort Mason and numerous batteries

including Battery Chamberlin with its 95,0001b gun dating from 1906 (National
Parks service, 1982).

The preserved antique ships in the bay include the schooner C.A. Thayer, the
steamer Wapama, hay-scow Alma and the 1943 built liberty ship Jeremiah O'Brien.

LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION Approximately 5.6 million people live in the Nine Bay
Area counties although there are no inhabitants in the core area, buffer zone
or transition zone. The area supports many large commercial fisheries, some

controlled livestock grazing and some the West Coast's busiest shipping lanes.

VISITORS AND VISITOR FACILITIES There are up to 1 million visitors to the
reserve each year. Of the wide range of facilities and activities are
numerous recreational parks, museums, galleries, canoe and boat excursions,
swimming beaches, hiking trails, picnic areas, campgrounds, horse trails and
stables. Popular activities include sports fishing for salmon, whale watching
and offshore excursions. :

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FACILITIES The first studies date back to
ornithological observations of the 1850s, forming the basis of at least 130
years of records, and ongoing monitoring now undertaken by the Point Reyes
Bird Observatory which was set up in 1972 (NOAA, 1987). Other establishments
include weather stations, the National Marine Fisheries Service Tiburton
laboratory, Bodega Bay Marine laboratory, Long Marine laboratory (University
of California) and research is undertaken by Stanford University, California
State University and World College West.

Scientific research is encouraged, perticularly where research results can
help resolve key management questions. The Gulf of the Farallones NMS
management plan outlines general priorities for research over a 10 year
period. These include: baseline studies for populations and habitats where
distribution and other basic characteristics remain poorly understood;
directed monitoring studies focusing on indicator species and representative
habitats, in collaboration with other agencies; analytical studies aimed at
determining the cause of impact (NOAA, 1987).

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT The reserve was established and is of particular
value for its relatively undisturbed marine islands, coastal prairies,
freshwater marshes, forests and coastal wetlands. It posesses some of the
most diverse and largest Eastern Pacific populations of seabirds and pinnipeds
south of Alaska, and the largest concentrations of breeding marine birds in
the continental United States (NOAA, 1987).

There are seven species of nationally threatened status, four species on the
State protected list, and a number of species protected under the marine
mammal protection act (MAB USA, 1988).

Permitted activities include sportfishing and recreation, commercial fishing
and mariculture, controlled livestock grazing and burning of chaparral,
tourist development and military operations.

The biosphere reserve is currently managed in separate units: Point Reyes
national seashore and Golden Gate national recreation area by the National
Parks Service; the Gulf of Farallones national marine sanctuary by the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Farallon national wildlife

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refuge by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service; Mount Tamalpais,

Tomales Bay and Samuel P. Taylor state parks by California State Parks and
Recreation Department.

The main area is covered under the management plan of Gulf of the Farallones
national marine sanctuary, which was prepared by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce in 1987 (NOAA, 1987).
This management plan was divided into an action plan with three programme
areas: resource protection, research, interpretation and education. The plan
ensures the improved protection of the marine environment and resources as
highest priority along with compatible multiple-use of the ocean area,
increased public awareness and support, and management-orientated research
programmes (NOAA, 1987). The State Department of Fish and Game is the main
agency authorized to conduct on-site surveillance and enforcement. The
National Park Service provides assistance to the division in day-to-day
administration, and for development and implementation of the education
programme, on-site interpretation and research programmes (NOAA, 1987).

NOAA has coooperative agreements with the California Department of Fish and
Game and the National Park Service based at the Golden Gate NRA, allowing each
agency to assist in the mutual management of the reserve. There are also
inter-agency task forces in the Point Reyes NS, Golden Gate NRA and California
state parks. There is a public hearing process and a citizens' advisory
commission. A steering group and advisory council has been proposed for the
biosphere reserve (MAB USA, 1988).

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS One of the greatest threats to the reserve is the
excessively high levels of water and atmospheric pollution and the continuing
danger from potential oil spills. There is heavy use of the beach and dune
areas and fishing is locally uncontrolled (NOAA, 1987; MAB USA, 1988).

Increasing numbers of seabirds and small cetaceans are becoming entangled in
gill nets (NOAA,1987)

STAFF 50 (administration staff 25; education staff 10; research staff 23, and
technical support 11)(MAB USA, 1988).

BUDGET No inforamtion

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION Coordinator, Point Reyes bird observatory, 4990
Shoreline highway, Stinson beach, California 94970.

REFERENCES

Ainsley, D.G. and Lewis, J. (1974). The history of Farallon Islands marine
bird populations, 1954-1972. The Condor. 76:432-446.

Kuchler, A.W. (1977). Natural vegetation of California.

MAB USA (1988). Central California Coast biosphere reserve, biosphere reserve
nomination form, October 1988.

National Parks Service (1982). Golden Gate National Recreation Area.
Pamphlet produced by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior.

National Parks Service (1982). Point Reyes National Seashore. Pamphlet
produced by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.

NOAA. (1987). Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary Management
Plan. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Dobbin Associates, Virginia.

USDA, Soil Conservation Service. (1977). Classification soil series of the
U.S.

USGS. (1966). California Division Mines geology. Geological map of
California.

DATE August 1989
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

NAME New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve and Biosphere Reserve

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY V_ (Protected Landscape)
X (Biosphere Reserve)

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE 1.05.05 (Eastern Forest)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION The Pinelands lie within the Atlantic coastal plain
province, bording the Atlantic ocean. The Delaware river is approximately
15km from the western boundary of the reserve. It is approximately 150km from
the South Atlantic coastal plain biosphere reserve and 800km from the Congaree
swamp national monument. Pinelands reserve is included in seven counties and
56 municipalities within New Jersey state. 39°45'N; 74°45'w.

DATE AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT Originally accepted as a unit part of the
South Atlantic Coastal Plain biosphere reserve in 1983 and redesignated and
accepted as a separate biosphere reserve in November 1988. Decrees protecting
the area: Coastal Area Facility Review Act September 1973; Pinelands
Environmental Council 1975; National Park and Recreation Act 1978; Government
executive order #71 February 1979; NJ Legislature Pinelands Protection Act
June 1979. Also designated as a National Science Foundation ecological
reserve and as a national reserve (New Jersey Pinelands Commission, 1980; U.S.
MAB, 1988).

AREA 445,300ha (core area 149,300ha and buffer zone 296,000ha) (New Jersey
Pinelands Commission, 1980; U.S. MAB, 1988).

LAND TENURE State and private ownership; about five per cent of the reserve
is under agriculture and nine per cent is residential/commercial. National
and state holding include Brigantine Wildlife Refuge, Lebanon State Forest,
Wharton Tract and Bass River State Forest. State wildlife areas total
6,062ha; state forests and parks, 45,400ha; county park, 6.8ha; federal
wildlife refuge, Brigantine, 8,097ha (U.S. MAB, 1988).

ALTITUDE 0-63m

PHYSICAL FEATURES The reserve is located on the Atlantic Outer Coastal Plain
and is characterized by a gently rolling landscape. The substrate consists of
unconsolidated sands, clays and marls which form a podzol soil. The area has
not been glaciated and there is no bedrock at or near the surface. The area
contains the largest freshwater aquifer in the mid-Atlantic region.

Included in the Pinelands national reserve are 11 major drainage basins
including the River Mullica and its tributaries (Bass, Wading, Batsto and
Oswego rivers), Great Egg Harbor River, Forked River, Toms River and Rancocas
Creek. Most rivers flow into the Atlantic barrier bays or the Delaware Bay,
the Rancocas flows into Delaware River. The geology of the region is
complex. The 200-170 million year old Atlantic Coastal Plain ranges in
thickness from 400 to 1,830m. The overlying deposits are dominated by the
Cohansey and Kirkwood formations (Tertiary deposits). These formations are
comprised primarily of quartz sands with minor amounts of gravel, silt and
clay. The soils derived from these parent materials are sandy. Ultisols and
entisols occur in the uplands; spodosols and histosols occur in the lowlands

(New Jersey Pinelands Commission, 1980; U.S. MAB, 1988).

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CLIMATE Continental climate with humid and temperate variations; mean winter
temperature is 0-2°C; summer temperature 22-24°C. Areas of the national
reserve are affected by the Atlantic Ocean. Mean annual precipitation is

1,168mm at an altitude of 200m (New Jersey Pinelands Commission, 1980; U.S.
MAB, 1988).

VEGETATION There are 800 species of vascular plants, of which 270 are
introduced, five endemic and 71 endangered, threatened or undetermined.

Habitat types include salt marsh, white cedar swamp, sphagnum bogs, cranberry
bogs, upland pine-oak (Pinus rigida, P. echinata, Quercus alba, Q. velutina
and four other oak species), pygmy pine plains and hardwood swamp (Acer
rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica, Betula populifolia) and Atlantic white cedar swamps
(Chamaecyparis thyoides and Magnolia virginiana). Coastal wetlands include

Spartina alterniflora, S.patens, Juncus gerardi, Distichlus spicata and
Salicornia spp. (New Jersey Pinelands Commission, 1980).

There are extensive areas of cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon and blueberry
V. corymbosum which are exploited commercially (New Jersey Pinelands
Commission, 1980).

FAUNA There are thirty-four species of mammals, 299 species of birds, 59
species of amphibians and reptiles and 91 species of fish. There is a species
list available for the reserve (New Jersey Pinelands Commission, 1980). The
largest of the game species is the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus.
The bear Ursos americanus and the bobcat Lynx rufus have been exterminate in
the past (New Jersey Pinelands Commission, 1980). Typical breeding birds of
the forests include the rufous-sided towhee Pipilo erythophthalmus which is
reported to be the most abundant bird in the Pinelands (New Jersey Pinelands
Commission, 1980).

CULTURAL HERITAGE The Pinelands have been occupied and exploited by humans
over the last 10,000 years. As a result of a statewide survey in 1912, a
dozen prehistoric sites were identified in Pinelands, the earliest dating from
the Paleo-Indian tradition of 10,500BC to 8,000BC (New Jersey Pinelands
Commission, 1980). There are a number of abandoned town sites representing
18th and 19th century business ventures (New Jersey Pinelands Commission,
1980).

LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION The reserve contains a number of scattered towns and
villages, including Chatsworth, Batsto and Greenbank. There is an average
density of 180 inhabitants per sq. km. Atlantic City to the east is the
largest nearby town and Hammonton is an important local trade and agricultural
centre. Up to 500,000 inhabitants are located in the buffer zone and a few
scattered residences in the core area. Cranberry and blueberry culture are
among the most important economic activities in the reserve as are Atlantic
white cedar Chamaecyparis thyroides harvesting and silviculture (U.S. MAB,
1988).

VISITORS AND VISITOR FACILTIES Of interest to tourists for its landscape
value, there is is an extensive policy in the reserve to promote local
participation in its management and to promote environmental education of
local people and visitors. Interpretation centres are available, notably for
school children. Sports fishing and hunting are promoted. Access is
primarily by automobile (U.S. MAB, 1988).

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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FACILITIES Currently there are 50 national research
scientists working in the reserve and four commission research staff (U.S.
MAB, 1988). There is an extensive range of research activities, both applied
and basic (U.S. MAB, 1988). Rutgers University maintains a
blueberry/cranberry experiment station and a marine station. USFS has
conducted a number of forestry oriented studies over a long period of time,
Brigantine has focused on wildlife studies. Much of the basic scientific
knowledge of the Pine Barrens has been summarised (Forman, 1979; U.S. MAB,
1988). In 1981, the Rutgers Division of Pinelands Research was established to
help coordinate research efforts in the area. Studies include monitoring of
water quality and forest fire management; climate, vegetation, hydrology and
pollution studies. Field stations are found at the following localities:
Lebanon USFS, Rutgers, Little Egg, Blueberry/Cranberry Station, Atlantic City,
Chatsworth and Hammonton (U.S. MAB, 1988). In addition there is a air
pollution monitoring station, climatological monitoring station, conference
meeting facilities and hydrological monitoring station as well as lodging for
14 visiting scientists (U.S. MAB, 1988).

Planned resource information includes geographical information systems and
satellite imagery, there are ongoing inventories of vertebrates and flora,
climate and air quality and ecological data management systems (U.S. MAB,
1988).

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT Of major value to nature conservation are the
minimally disturbed forest ecosystems and internationally threatened plant
species. The site is of importance also for its diverse research work, where
in 1988 there was over 50 scientists working on all branches of the sciences
and geography (U.S. MAB, 1988).

A Comprehensive Management Plan, CMP, was prepared in 1979 and adopted by the

Pinelands Commission in November 1980 (New Jersey Pinelands Commission,

1980). Article 5 outlines standards, article 6 relates to activities subject

to management. A ‘Land Capability’ map defines distribution of types. Upland
pine-oak forest land use, development, land clearing, forestry activities, are
all regulated by provision of the CMP.

Approximately 110,000ha of forest is managed as conservation lands by the
State of New Jersey. Under provisions of the Comprehensive Managment Plan,
development is prohibited in all wetlands. Controlled timber harvesting and
cranberry/blueberry agriculture are the only significant uses of wetlands.
Coastal wetlands are managed and protected by several state and federal
programmes which prevent the destruction of coastal wetlands. Mining of sand
and gravel is limited to areas approved prior to the passage of the Pinelands
legislation. Activity is strictly regulated and reclamation is required.
Coastal areas are not subject to the CMP but are under the jurisdiction of
CAFRA (New Jersey Pinelands Commission, 1980; U.S. MAB, 1988).

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS As recently as the 1960s, public officials were
considering the area as a site for an international airport (New Jersey
Pinelands Commission, 1980). Current threats include forest fires, potential
expansion of urban centres and atmospheric pollution from five fossil
fuel—-burning power plants in southern New Jersey (New Jersey Pinelands
Commission, 1980; U.S. MAB, 1988).

STAFF The Pinelands Commission has 45 staff and the Rutgers division of
Pinelands Research up to 4 staff (U.S. MAB, 1988).

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BUDGET Funding includes $2.4 million from the New Jersey Pinelands

Commission; and $60,000 from the Division of Pinelands Research (U.S. MAB,
1988).

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION New Jersey Pinelands Commission, Springfield Road, PO
Box 7, New Lisbon, New Jersey 08064.

REFERENCES

Forman, R.T.T. (Ed.)(1979). Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and Landscape. Academic
Press, NY.

Johnson, A.H. (1979). Evidence of acidification of headwater streams in the
New Jersey Pinelands. Science, 206: 834-836.

McCormick, J. (1970). The Pine Barrens: A Preliminary Ecological Inventory.
NJ State Museum Report #2.

McCormick, J. (1970). The vegetation of the New Jersey Pine Barrens. In
Forman, R.T.T. (Ed.). Pine Barrens, ecosystems and landscape. Academic
Press, New York. pp. 229-243.

McPhee, J. (1967). The Pine Barrens. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.

New Jersey Pinelands Commission (1980). Forestry and the Pinelands. Prepared
by the New Jersey Bureau of Forest Management.

New Jersey Pinelands Commission (1980). Forest Vegetation of the Pinelands.
Prepared for the N.J. Pinelands Commission by Andropogon Associates.

New Jersey Pinelands Commission (1980). Comprehensive Management Plan for
the Pinelands National Reserve (National Parks and Recreation Act, 1978)
and Pinelands Area (NJ Pinelands Protection Act, 1979). Pinelands
Commission, State of NJ, New Lisbon, NJ.

Matson, P.R.B. and Anderson, L. (1979). Streams and lakes in the Pine
Barrens. In Forman, R.T.T. (Ed.). Pine Barrens, ecosystems and
landscape. Academic Press, New York. pp. 229-243.

Pinelands Environmental Council-Rutgers University (1978). A plan for a
Pinelands National Preserve. Rutgers University, Center for Coastal and
Environmental Studies.

Wolgast, L.J. (1979). Mammals of the New Jersey Pine Barrens. In
Forman, R.T.T. (Ed.). Pine Barrens, ecosystems and landscape.

Academic Press, New York.

Urner, C.A. (1909). Effects of fires on Pine Barrens of New Jersey. Auk
11:133-140

U.S. Department of the Interior. (1975). Pine Barrens of New Jersey, study
report. Bureau of outdoor recreation, U.S. Department of the Interior.

U.S. MAB (1988). New Jersey Biosphere Reserve, Biosphere nomination form,
October, 1988. Prepared by the U.S. MAB committee.

DATE April 1983, revised September 1989
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

NAME South Atlantic Coastal Plain Biosphere Reserve

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY II (National Park)
IX (Biosphere Reserve)

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE 1.06.05 (Austroriparian)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION The reserve, represented by the Congaree Swamp is
located 20km south-east of the city of Columbia in Richland County, South
Carolina. The southern park boundary is the Congaree River. 33°45'N, 80°47'W.

DATE AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT Designated as the Congaree Swamp National
Monument under Public Law 94-545, 18 October 1976. It was accepted as a
biosphere reserve in 1983 as a part unit of the South Atlantic Coastal
biosphere reserve. The New Jersey Pinelands unit was redesignated as a
separate biosphere reserve in November 1988.

AREA 6,125ha. The biosphere reserve originally covered an area of 444 ,355Sha
but reduced to the present area in November 1988: the Congaree Swamp National
Monument. The Pinelands national reserve unit of 438,210ha, has been deleted
from this biosphere reserve.

LAND TENURE Federal Government
ALTITUDE 26.4-36.6m

PHYSICAL FEATURES The park area is located on the Congaree River floodplain
which is a part of the south-eastern coastal plain, a wedge of sediment
thickening in a seaward direction. The Quaternary alluvium, which is composed
of soils* from the Congaree-Tawcaw-Chastain soil association, is predominantly
silty and clayey alluvial material overlying the marine sediment of the
coastal terraces. These soils are deep and variably drained. Flooding occurs
an average of 10 times per year. The area is gently sloping. Special
features are the unique habitat types related to old, abandoned river channels
which are common in the Congaree Monument area (U.S. MAB committee nomination
report).

CLIMATE At 30.5m, a mean annual temperature of 17.5°C and a mean annual
precipitation of 1,167mn.

VEGETATION Congaree has been called the last significant near—virgin southern
bottomlands hardwood forest in the eastern USA. This reserve represent a
range of natural ecosystems which are typical of this vast coastal region of
the eastern United States, characterised by a gently undulating to flat
coastal plain and hardwood forest.

Arboreal vegetation dominates the floodplain with more than 45 tree species.
The most common are sweet gum Liquidambar styraciflua, bald cypress Taxodium
distichum, water tupelo Nyssa aquatica, loblolly pine Pinus taeda, laurel oak
Quercus laurifolia, overcup oak Quercus lyrata, cherry bark oak Quercus
falcata var pagodaefolia, American elm Ulmus americana and green ash Fraxinus
pennsylvanica. A complete list of species recorded in the Park is contained
in the MAB nomination form to Unesco.

FAUNA Internationally and nationally threatened species include red—cockaded
woodpecker Dendrocopus borealis (V), American alligator Alligator

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mississippiensis and bald eagle Haliaaetus leucocephatus. A complete list of

species recorded in the Park is contained in the biosphere reserve nomination
form sent to Unesco.

CULTURAL HERITAGE Several ancient earthworks are located within the reserve
boundary.

LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION There are no habitations within the protected area.
Local economy was based on lumbering up to the 1970s and now
tourism/recreation have become the main industries of the area. Currently,

human activities include hunting, fishing, research and tour—guiding (U.S. MAB
nomination report).

VISITOR AND VISITOR FACILITIES Tourism is of major importance in the area,
activities include fishing, canoeing, hiking, back-packing and primitive
camping. Prohibited activities will include hunting in future programmes.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FACILITIES By the late 1980s, well over 30 scientific
research papers had been completed and several more are currently under way.
The potential role of the reserve in an international research program would
be associated with the hardwood forest ecosystem. Three aquatic monitoring
stations on Cedar Creek collect data continuously and there are two river
stations. The endangered red-cockaded woodpecker site is being monitored with
bi-weekly spot checks and notable trees are being studied on a semi-annual
basis. A climatic station is monitoring acid rain and atmospheric pollution.
There is also more general research on climate, vegetation, hydrology and
animal populations. The Cedar Creek Hunt Club cabin is available for research
and accomodation. There are also six field stations, two experimental plots,
eight experimental wells, a climatic station and accommodation for three
scientists (U.S. MAB nomination report).

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT Congaree is of importance for being the last
significant near-virgin or primaeval southern bottomlands hardwood forest in
the eastern USA. This reserve represents a range of natural ecosystems which
are typical of this coastal region of the eastern United States and includes a
number of internationally threatened animal species.

The bulk of the park's 6,125ha has been zoned as a natural zone, and the
entire national monument area represents the core zone of the biosphere
reserve. Approximately 460ha have been set aside and zoned as development
areas, a protected natural area sub-zone and an environmental study area.
Planned permitted activities will include fishing, canoeing, hiking,
back-packing and primitive camping. Proposals exist to prohibit hunting,
destruction of species and habitats (U.S. MAB nomination report).

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS Modifications have been limited to several hunt club
buildings and 32km of jeep trails. Several tracts, totalling 1,618ha, were
clear-cut and selective-cut by lumbermen during the 1970's. A number of
ancient earthen mounds exist within the park boundary. Currently, human
activities include hunting, fishing, research and tour-guiding.
Tourism/recreation is the major land use.

STAFF A total staff of four in 1983.

BUDGET No information

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION Congaree Swamp National Monument, PO Box 11938,
Colombia, South Carolina 29211.

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REFERENCES

Gaddy, L.L. (n.d.). Natural Resources Inventory of Congaree Swamp National
Monument and Environs. Published by the Federal Government.

Gaddy, L.L. and Smathers, G.A. (n.d.). Vegetation of Congaree Swamp.
Published by the Federal Government.

Handel, N, Batson, T. Colquhon, Cc. Dawson, DeCoursey, J. and Janiskee, L.
(1979). Research Bibliography of the Congaree Swamp National Monument
Area, prepared under contract for the US Department of the Interior,
National Park Service, South-east Regional Office, Atlanta, Georgia; by
faculty members of the University of South California; Columbia, SC.
Published by Federal Government.

Michie, J.L. (n.d.) An Archeological Survey of Congaree Swamp: Cultural
Resources Inventory and Assessment of a Bottomland Environment in Central
SC. USC Research manuscript series 163. Published by Univ of SC.

U.S. MAB (1983). South atlantic coastal biosphere reserve. MAB nomination
form prepared by the U.S. MAB committee.

DATE April 1983, revised August 1989
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

NAME Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY I (Scientific Reserve)
II (National Park)
IX (Biosphere Reserve)

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE 1.05.05 (Eastern Forest)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Upper Tennessee Valley including the southern Blue
Ridge, Ridge and Valley, Cumberland Plateau and Upper Range Piedmont. The
nearest city is Atlanta, Georgia. The entire area is situated in east
Tennessee and northwestern North Carolina, northwestern South Carolina,
southeast Kentucky and southwest Virginia. 35-36°N, 83-84°W.

DATE AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT Formed as a distinct biosphere reserve
cluster in November 1988 and consisting of the Great Smoky Mountains national
park biosphere reserve (originally designated in 1976), the Coweeta
hydrological laboratory biosphere reserve (designated in 1976) and the Oak
Ridge environmental research park. Covered under national legislation, state
and administrative regulations. It is also a National Environment Research
Park, Long-term Ecological Research Site of the National Science Foundation,
and an International Biological Programme research site (U.S. MAB Committee,
1988).

AREA 215,596ha; the core area totals 180,719ha (in addition there is a non
delineated transition zone of c.6.2. million hectares, called the Upper
Tennessee valley) (U.S. MAB Committee, 1988).

LAND TENURE Principally federal ownership.
ALTITUDE 226-2025m

PHYSICAL FEATURES The dominant topographic features are mountains of the Blue
Ridge Province which include 16 peaks above 1,800m. To the east are the
rolling hills of the Piedmont; to the west are hills and valleys; whilst the
northwest region encompasses the boundary with the Cumberland plateau. Major
geological formations are gneisses, schists, and granites of Blue Ridge along
with sandstones, shales and limestones of the Ridge and Valley. Most of the
soils are ultisols and inceptisols (U.S. MAB Committee, 1988).

CLIMATE Relatively mild, humid summers and cool winters. Precipitation is
fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. There is a marked elevation
gradient associated with climatic characteristics. Maximum average
temperature of the warmest month is 30°C and the minimum average temperature
of the coldest month, —2°C. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1,400mm at
an altitude of 240m to 2,500mm at 1,400m (U.S. MAB Committee, 1988).

VEGETATION Essentially consisting of forests, heath lands, cliffs, cedar
barrens and wetlands. The mixed deciduous forests are represented by
oak/hickory and pine forests of Quercus spp., Pinus spp., Liriodendron
tulipifera, Acer spp, Tilia heterophylla, Carya spp., Betula spp., Cornus
florida, Kalmia latifolia, Isuga canadensis and Rhododendron maxima.

The area is a Pleistocene refuge and thus an outstanding example of the
diverse Arcto-Tertiary geoflora era, having a high number of temperate

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species, with over 1,400 species of flowering plants and 2,200 others
including 130 tree species in the Great Smoky Mountains national park unit
alone. Some 30% of the park is virgin forest and consists of oak and pine
woods, which are dominated by stands of Quercus prinus, Pinus rigida and

P. pugens. There are also spruce/fir forests of red spruce Picea rubens and
Fraser fir Abies fraseri (U.S. MAB Committee, 1988).

Threatened species include Glyceria nubigena, Geum radiatum, Cacalia rugelia,
Aureolaria patula, Cimicifuga spp. and Saxifraga careyana (U.S. MAB Committee,
1988).

FAUNA Dominated by characteristic forest living species which include such
notable examples as peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus and red—cockaded
woodpecker Ticoides borialis (U.S. MAB Committee, 1988).

Common species include white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus, black bear
Ursus americanus, grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis, raccoon Procyon lotor,
woodchuck Marmota monax, ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus and wild turkey
Meleagris gallopavo. There is a total of 200 bird species and 70 species of
fish.

Insect species new to the area include caddisflies Psilotreta sp., Hydroptila
coweetensis and a carabid beetle Pterostichus sp. Species of salamanders
occurring over ecological gradients include dusky salamanders Desmognathus
spp. and shovel—nosed salamanders Leurognethus spp.

CULTURAL HERITAGE Archaeological sites include prehistoric remains dating
from 15,000 years ago. There are also structures dating from the middle
1800's to 1920, including the finest collection of log buildings in the
U.S.A. The National Register of Historic Places includes three historic
districts, eight structures and 28 buildings.

LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION Approximately 100 people inhabit the core area of the
Great Smoky mountains national park. Activities in all units include
agriculture, forestry, fishing, livestock grazing, tourism and controlled land
management. Crops include corn, hay, vegetables, fruit orchards, tobacco and
Marijuana (U.S. MAB Committee, 1988).

VISITORS AND VISITOR FACILITIES An estimated 10 million people visit the
reserve areas per year. Environmental education for school children and
stufdents is an essential part of each unit's activities (U.S. MAB Committee,
1988).

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FACILITIES The reserve is an International Biological
Programme research site. The estimated number of researchers at the site
include 200 nationals and 10 foreign scientists. A wide variety of research
is being undertaken at all three reserve units. Ongoing projects include
those on general ecological data management syatems, satellite imagery,
vegetation surveys, hydrological data collecting and limnological surveys,
atmospheric and climatological data gathering and inventories of mammals,
invertebrates and vascular plants (U.S. MAB Committee, 1988).

At the Coweeta Hydrological laboratory there is extensive work on measurements
of streamflow and precipitation which began in 1934; streamflow and
precipitation chemistry have been measured continuously since 1968. The
mission of Forest Service research over the past 50 years has been to study
the effects of forest management practices on the quantity, timing and quality
of streamflow, and to develop methods and procedures for predicting and

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mitigating impacts. Current emphasis is on parameters of water quality.
Coweeta has a history of cooperative research; within the past 15 years, over
50 formal agreements have been initiated with universities and other
institutions. Coweeta has participated in numerous international programs,
including FAO training programs; US/International Hydrologic Decade; and the
US/International Biological Program, as one of the five intensive research
sites of the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome. The units are also involved as
monitoring and research site in both the National Atmospheric Deposition
Program and the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, and

participates in various regional and national research programs funded by NSF,
DOE, EPA, and EPRI.

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT A Master management plan exists. Forest management
includes selective forest cutting and animal population control along with
regulated hunting and fishing; eradication of exotic plant and animal species
occurs in the Great Smoky mountains national park, GSMNP. Insect spraying for

adelgids is undertaken in the spruce and fir forests (U.S. MAB Committee,
1988).

The core area of the Coweeta unit consists of the Coweeta and Dryman Fork
basins. Both basins have a buffer zone administered by the USDA Forest
Service, National Forests in North Carolina. The Oak Ridge National
laboratory is managed by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Great Smoky
Mountains national park by the U.S. National Park Service.

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS Adverse effects upon the reserve include air pollution,
poaching, influx of exotic species, development of adjacent lands and visitor
impacts. There are heavy infestation of two defoliators, snow-white Eugonia
Ennos subsignarius and fall cankerworm Alsophila pometaria at Coweeta. Small
outbreaks of pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis have also occurred. (U.S. MAB
Committee, 1988).

STAFF 620 (168 administrative, 108 university trained and 60 others; 121 for
research and 30 for education)(U.S. MAB Committee, 1988).

BUDGET $52,000,000 in 1988 (U.S. MAB Committee, 1988).

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve, C/O Great Smoky
Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738.

REFERENCES

Parr, P.D. (1987). Oak Ridge National Environmental Research Park
Development of Energy Program plan. ORNL/NERP-1.

Swank, W.T. and Crossley, D.A. (Eds.)(1988). Forest Hydrology and Ecology of
Coweeta. Ecological Studies, Vol. 66, Springer-Verlag, New York.

U.S. MAB Committee. (1988). Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve
Nomination Form. U.S. National MAB Committee.

Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve: Coweeta
Hydrological Laboratory Unit

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY I (Scientific Reserve)
X (Biosphere Reserve)

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE 1.05.05 (Eastern Forest)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION In southern Appalachian Mountains 22km south of

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DATE AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT Approved as a biosphere reserve in June

1976 and integrated as a distinct unit of the Southern Appalachian biosphere
reserve in 1988.

AREA 215,596ha (core area of 180,719ha and buffer zone of 34,877ha, the Upper
Tennessee Valley forms the 6.2 million ha transition zone)

LAND TENURE Federal government, under administration of the USDA Forest
Service.

ALTITUDE 6/79-1592m

PHYSICAL FEATURES The area lies within the Blue Ridge physiographic province
of the southern Appalachians. The underlying bedrock, termed the Coweeta
Group, consists of a series of meta-sedimentary and possibly meta—igneous
rocks which overlie beds of the Tullulah Falls Formation of Precambrian
origin. Biotite gneisses, meta—arkoses, meta—sandstones, quartzites, pelitic
and biotite schists, and metagraywackes predominate. The regolith within the
Coweeta Basin is deeply weathered and averages about 7m in depth. Soils
include fully developed ultisols (hapludults) and immature inceptisols
(dystrochrepts), with loam, sandy loam and stony loam textures. The
topography is diverse and includes valley bottoms, coves, hill slopes and
ridges. Approximately 69km of streams drain the area.

CLIMATE Precipitation is high and variable with an average of 1,800mm at
lower elevations to over 2,500mm on upper slopes. Rainfall distribution is
relatively uniform throughout the year, with an average of 113mm in October,
the driest month, and 197mm in March, the wettest. Mean annual temperature
averages 12.6°C; the coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of
3.2°C. July is the warmest month, with a mean of 21.6°C.

VEGETATION Mixed, deciduous hardwoods of varying age structure cover the
area. The dominant type includes oaks Quercus spp., hickories Carya spp.,
maples Acer spp., yellow poplar Liriodendron tulipifera, birches Betula spp.,
dogwood Cornus florida, pine Pinus rigida, laurel Kalima latifolia and
rhododendron Rhododendron maximum. Past experimental manipulations have
resulted in scattered stands of white pine Pinus strobus plantations and early
successional stands of hardwoods. Chestnut Castanea dentata was once a major
component of mature forest stands, but due to blight caused by the fungus

Cryphonectria parasitica, this species has declined.

FAUNA The animal species are dominated by such common forest mammals as
white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus, black bear Ursus americanus, grey
squirrel Sciurus carolinensis, raccoon Procyon lotor, woodchuck Marmota monax
and birds including ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus, wild turkey Meleagris
gallopavo and other indigenous fauna. Introduced wild pigs Sus scrofa occur
at upper elevations in the Basin. Heavy infestation of two defoliators,
snow-white Eugonia Ennos subsignarius and fall cankerworm Alsophila pometaria
have been observed. Small outbreaks of pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis
have also occurred. New insect species which have been found in the area
include caddisflies Psilotreta sp., Hydroptila coweetensis and a carabid
beetle Pterostichus sp. Species of salamanders include dusky salamander
Desmognathus spp. and shovel-nosed salamander Leurognethus spp.

CULTURAL HERITAGE No information

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LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION No inhabitants

VISTTORS AND VISITOR FACILITIES There is an on-site visitors centre with
information on research programmes, self-guided tours and slide-tape
programmes describing the history and research of the area.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FACILITIES Research is organised by the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service in its Southeastern Forest
Experiment Station. Coweeta is a research site of the National Science
Foundation (NSF) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program. Coweeta is
also a monitoring and research site in both the National Atmospheric
Deposition Program and the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, and
participates in various regional and national research programs funded by NSF,
DOE, EPA, and EPRI. Participation in both LTER and IBP have been in
coordination with the Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia. The LTER
cooperative research program with the University of Georgia and other
institutions are undertaking studies on the processes of nutrient cycling and
productivity in undisturbed and disturbed forest ecosystems. Measurements of
streamflow and precipitation began in 1934; about 1,000 gauge-years of
streamflow records and 2,000 gauge-years of precipitation records have been
collected. Data are routinely summarized into standard formats that
characterize streamflow and precipitation. Other climatological data have
been continuously collected and summarized over the past 50 years. Vegetation
and fauna surveys are also available.

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT Research over the past 50 years has primarily
involved the studying the effects of forest management practices on the
quantity, timing and quality of streamflow for prediction programmes. Taken
collectively, Forest Service and cooperative research provides a unique and
valuable opportunity to examine ecosystem processes at different spatial and
temporal scales of resolution and to integrate process-level findings within
the framework of watershed response. Coweeta has participated in numerous
international programs, including FAO training programs; US/International
Hydrologic Decade; and the US/International Biological Program, as one of the
five intensive research sites of the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome.

Managed by the United States Department of Agriculture the main objectives for
site management are represented by its aim to dedicate the site to research.
Areas are divided into zones of manipulation, and areas designated as control
or undisturbed. Vehicle access to the area can be regulated, but the area is
open to regulated hunting and fishing in season.

The core area consists of the Coweeta and Dryman Fork basins. Both basins
have a buffer zone administered by the USDA Forest Service. Forests that have
been relatively undisturbed since 1917 occupy about 1,600ha, while management
of other areas include plantations (32ha), early successional hardwood stands
resulting from clearcutting at different elevations (134ha), a watershed of
multiple use (144ha), strip and selection cuts (187ha), and other manmade
clearings (100ha). No recreation or tourist sites are located within the cere
area, but the heavily used Appalachian Trail traverses about 6km of the upper
watershed boundary. Timber is harvested by USDA Forest Service on lands

adjacent to the experimental basin.

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS Homes are located along Coweeta Creek in the valley
leading to the experimental station. Precipitation chemistry is affected by
local agricultural activities and by regional atmospheric processes.

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STAFF Permanent staff include 3 technical, 4 support, 1 Forest Service

BUDGET No information

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 999 Coweeta Lab Road,
Otto, N.C. 28763, U.S.A.

REFERENCES

Crossley, D.A., Nr. and Swank, W.T. (Eds.) (1983). Publications of the
Coweeta ecosystem project. University of Georgia, Athens.

Gaskin, J.W., Douglass, J.E. and Swank, W.T. (Eds.) (1984). Annotated
bibliography of publications on watershed Management and ecological studies
at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 1934-1984. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech.
Rep. SE-30. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, N.C.

Swank, W.T. and Crossley, D.A. (Eds.). (1987). Forest ecology and
hydrology at Coweeta. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve: Great Smoky Mountains
National Park Unit

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY II (National Park)
IX (Biosphere Reserve)
X (World Heritage Site)

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE 1.05.05 (Eastern Forest)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Southern end of the Appalachian mountains in eastern
Tennessee and western North Carolina, bounded by the Little Tennessee River in
the south, the French Broad River to the north and the Pigeon River in the
east. Surrounded by parts of several National Forests, an Indian reservation,
and a Tennessee Valley Authority lake. Gatlinburg (Tennessee) lies close to
the north entrance and Cherokee (North Carolina) the south entrance.
35°26'-47'N, 83°45'-84°00'W.

DATE AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT Designated in 22 May 1926 as a National
Park (44 Stat. 616) and June 1976 as a biosphere reserve. Was subsequently
redesignated as a unit of the Southern Appalachian biosphere reserve in 1988.
Listed as a World Heritage site in 1983.

ALTITUDE 259-2,025m

AREA The biosphere reserve covers an area of 209,000ha. The park comprises
about 25% of the total area protected in the Eastern Forest biogeographic
province.

LAND TENURE Federal government

PHYSICAL FEATURES The dominant topographic feature of the park is the Great
Smoky mountains massif with 16 peaks over 1,818m. The park is surrounded by
several National forests, an Indian reservation, a Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA) lake and numerous private holdings. Lesser ridges form radiating spurs
from the central ridge. In broad aspect, the topography of the park consists
of moderately sharp-crested, steep-sided ridges separated by deep V-shaped
valleys. Many of the mountain ridges branch and subdivide creating a complex
of drainage systems with many fast-flowing clear mountain streams. The park
contains 22 major watersheds and the water—table is near the surface in almost
all sections. Precambrian metamorphic rocks consisting of gneisses and

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predominant, while sedimentary rocks are found in the Appalachian Valley.

CLIMATE Mean annual temperature for Gatlinburg is 13.7°C, but the average
temperature is 5-10° cooler, with warm humid summers and relatively mild
Winters. Precipitation averages 1,625mm annually, but differences in average
annual precipitation of more than 600mm have been recorded between a peak and

valley only 15km apart. Snow accumulations may reach 1.2m at 1,500m but are
negligible below 1,000m.

VEGETATION The area is a Pleistocene refuge and thus an outstanding example
of the diverse Arcto-Tertiary geoflora era, having a high number of temperate
species, 1,400 species of flowering plants and 2,200 others including 130
trees. Some 30% of the park is virgin forest and areas previously logged have
been recovering for varied periods of time, presenting a range of successional
stages. Deciduous broad-leaved and needle-leaved evergreen conifer forests

predominate with smaller areas of treeless grass and heath balds, open wet
meadows and cliffs.

The vegetation changes continuously with elevation, slope aspect and soil
moisture patterns. Notable communities include: cove hardwood and hemlock
forests dominated by 25-30 diverse tree species such as Liriodendron
tulipifera, Halesia carolina ssp. monticola, Tilia heterophylla, Quercus
rubra, Fraxinus americana, Acer saccharum, Betula lutea, and Tsuga
canadensis. Between six and twelve tree species are co-dominant at any one
site, with a diverse herbaceous understorey. A one-tenth hectare plot may
support 40-50 species through the year. Forest areas include northern
hardwood forest Fagus prandifolia. B. lutea, Acer saccharum, Aesculus
octandra; spruce-fir forest of Picea rubens, Abies fraseri, B. lutea, Sorbus
americana; mixed oak forest of Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Q. prinus and Castanea
dentata; and pine-oak forest of Pinus rigida, P. pungens, P. virginiana,
Quercus coccinea, Nyssa sylvatica and Oxydendrum arboreum.

On mesic sites, cove forests grades with elevation into northern hardwoods and
finally spruce-fir forest, the transition occuring at ca. 1,700m. At mid and
lower elevations, cove forest is replaced by mixed oak and then by pine-oak.

Heath balds represent the xeric extreme at higher elevations. Evergreen
broadleaved shrubs dominate the heath, including Rhododendron minus, R.
catawbiense, Kalmia latifolia and Leiophyllum buxifolium. Grass balds,
cliffs, landslide scars and upper elevation forests support the growth of rare
southern Appalachian endemics including smoky manna grass Glyceria nubigena,
Cain's reedgrass Calamagrostis cainii, and Rugel'’s ragwort Cacalia rugelia.
The entire range of each of the three species is within the park's boundary.
These three species and 12 other vascular plants are under study by the U.S.
Fish & Wildlife Service for listing as threatened species, and approximately
100 other species are recognised as rare, threatened, or endangered by the two
states in which the park is found. In addition, many plants with northern
affinities reach their southernmost range limit in Great Smoky Mountains
National Park.

FAUNA A diverse fauna occurs includes at least 50 native mammals, reflecting
the richness of the flora. With the exception of the black bear Ursus
americanus and white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus, large mammals are
seldom seen though red fox Vulpes fulva, gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus,
racoon Procyon lotor, opossum Didelphis marsupialis, woodchuck Marmota monax
and bobcat Lynx rufus range throughout the park. Other mammals include the
red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis,

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muskrat Ondatra Zibethicus, cottontail rabbit Sylvilagus floridanus, several
species of mice, moles and shrews, long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata, mink

M. vison, and skunks. Several species of bats inhabit the park. The
threatened Indiana bat Myotis sodalis (V) is known to use at least one of the
park's caves as a winter roost. There have been several recent, but
unconfirmed, sightings of mountain lions Felis concolor. Beaver Castor
canadensis, apparently once common here, are reappearing in several valleys.
Bison Bison bison, wapiti Cervus elaphus, timber wolf Canis lupus (V), fisher
Martes pennanti and otter Lutra canadensis once occurred here and could
possibly be reintroduced.

Over 200 species of birds have been observed with over 60 permanent residents
including robin Turdus migratorius, cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis, song
sparrow Melospiza melodia and wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo, and some 100
species have been observed in the park and immediate vicinity during the
winter. The peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus (V) once nested, but this
species is rarely seen here now; the red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis

(V) has also been observed nesting, but the population is sparse and the
species seldom seen.

Reptile species include seven turtle, eight lizard and 23 snake. Heavy
precipitation and numerous streams make the mountains ideal for a wide variety
of amphibian species including about 27 salamander (the red-cheeked salamander

Plethodon jordani appears to be endemic to the park), two toads and at least
ten frogs.

Over 70 species of native fish inhabit the streams including the eastern brook
trout Salvelinus fontinalis; the park's population may be a separate and
threatened subspecies). Other theatened fish species reported include the
smoky madtom Noturus baileyi, yellow-fin madtom N. flavipinnis (V) and
stonecat N. flavus, though some of these may no longer exist in park waters.
Over 20 minnow species and several kinds of darter, sucker, sunfish, bass,
bullhead and catfish are also found. The park also contains a diversity of
invertebrates, especially land snails, spiders, insects and other arthropods,
that is not well known. 105 species of stonefly including endemics such as
Magaloptera williams, Hansonoterla appalachia, several Capnia spp. and
Acroneura lycorias (found only in Sevier County). Most groups reveal a
complex assortment of forms that often include species endemic to the park
and/or new to science.

CULTURAL HERITAGE Archaeological sites support the theory that prehistoric
people were hunters and gatherers in the area 15,000 years ago. Present
historical and cultural interpretation in the park is based mainly on the
structures dating from the middle 1800's to 1920 including the finest
collection of log buildings in the U.S.A., and five historic districts. The
National Register of Historic Places includes three historic districts, eight
structures and 28 buildings.

LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION No inhabitants are found within the protected area
although Cades Cove supports a cattle operation. Subsistence farming and
commercial logging have been practised in the past. Some of the 1,200
structures in the park when it was established have been removed, destroyed or
allowed to deteriorate.

VISITORS AND VISITOR FACILITIES The park attracts about 680,000 visitors each
year. Camping grounds, trailer parks, hotels and other infrastructure are now
encouraged outside the park. Facilities within the park include nine
campgrounds, two visitor centres and 18 shelters along the Appalachian Trail

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and other back country trails, totalling 668km. There are several road

systems passing through the park as well as over 1,280km of horse and foot
trails which dissect the high country.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FACILITIES Research funded by the NPS is mainly
directed at monitoring impacts and developing methods for reducing,
eliminating, or compensating for them. Much effort is being made to conduct
and coordinate research under the guidance of scientists based at the Uplands
Field Research Laboratory. Research projects include the dynamics of exotic
wild boar population; influence of certain exotic plants; the influence of the
balsam woody aphid; the impacts of hiking, horseback riding and camping on
park ecosystems; the dynamics of the park's native brook trout populations as
it relates to human activities, and the effects of two exotic species of
trout. The laboratory maintains comprehensive monitoring programmes on a
variety of chemical pollutants and biological communities. Uplands Field
Research Laboratory offers both research and accomodation facilities.

The park library and Uplands laboratory have numerous reference documents, and
there are about 600 publications relating to the park. A full bibliography of
scientific study has been published by the Southern Appalachian Research/
Resources Management Cooperative and Western Carolina University (1982, US MAB
Report No. 4, Washington DC) who also published a history of scientific study
in the area (1982, US MAB Report No. 5, Washington, DC).

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT A limited area contains visitor, maintenance and
administrative facilities and the park also contains the historic district of
Cades Cove. The remaining area has been allowed to revert to a forest state
through natural plant succession processes and much management effort is
directed at keeping human impact to a minimum. The park has a general
management plan and a series of sectoral management plans.

Management is under the jurisdiction of the U.S. National Park service.

The management plan has divided the park up into three main zones, natural
zone 92%; historic zone 1% and development zone 7%.

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS Exotic species of plant and animal in particular wild
boar Sus scrofa and two trout species are a disturbance and are removed
regularily. Other threats include plant pests such as balsam woolly adelgic,
Chinese chestnut blight, air pollution and visitor impact.

STAFF 105 permanent and 200 temporary and full-time employees.

BUDGET US$5,613,000 in the financial statement for 1982.

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION Superintendent, Great Smoky Mountains National Park,
Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738.

REFERENCES j
Campbell, C.C. (n.d.). Birth of a National park in the Great Smoky
Mountains.

General Management Plan — Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North
Carolina—Tennessee. (1982) US Department of the Interior, National Park

Service, Denver Service Center, Denver, cO. 70Opp. ener
Maps: 1:125,000 Great Smoky Mountains National Park and Vicinity, US

Geological Survey.

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Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve: Oak Ridge
National Environmental Research Park Unit

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY I (Scientific Reserve)
IX (Biosphere Reserve)

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE 1.05.05 (Eastern Forest)

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Located at Oak Ridge, Tennessee on the U.S. Department
of Energy's Oak Ridge reservation west of Knoxville. The city of Oak Ridge
borders the site to the north. The Tennessee Valley Authority's Melton Hill
and Watts Bar Reservoirs on the Linch River form the southern, eastern and
western boundaries. The Cumberland mountains are about 16km northwest and
113km to the southeast are the Great Smoky mountains. The Oak Ridge NERP
represents approximately a third of the Oak Ridge reservation. The three
major facilities, Oak Ridge national laboratory, Oak Ridge Y-12 plant, Oak
Ridge gaseous diffusion plant, and their buffer areas are not part of the

designated NERP. In Roane and Anderson counties, State of Tennessee.
35°55'N, 84°17'W.

DATE AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT Established as a distinct unit of the
Southern Appalachian biosphere reserve in 1988. There are designated State
natural areas, Wildlife Management Areas and Oak Ridge National Laboratory
user facilities.

AREA 5,010ha (core area 950ha, buffer zone 4,060ha). The transition area
9,400ha, is in the Department of Energy Oak Ridge reservation not within the
biosphere reserve.

LAND TENURE Principally owned by the federal government.
ALTITUDE 226-413m

PHYSICAL FEATURES The NERP is within the Ridge and Valley province of the
southern Appalachians and is characterised by parallel southwest-—northeast
orientaed ridges of sandstones, shale and dolomite, separated by valleys
underlain by less weather-resistent limestones and shale. Topography of the
area is due to differential erosion of severely folded and faulted rocks
ranging in age from early Cambrian to early Mississippian.

CLIMATE Relatively mild, humid summers and cool winters. Moisture is fairly
evenly distributed throughout the year. There is a marked elevation gradient
associated with climatic characteristics. Maximum average temperature of the
warmest month is 30°C and the minimum average temperature of the coldest
month, -1.8°C. Mean annual precipitation is 1,383mm at an altitude of 268m
(U.S. MAB Committee, 1988).

VEGETATION The vegetation is dominated by vast tracts of forest. The
dominant stand consists of oak-hickory woodland of Quercus spp., hickory Carya

spp., pine Pinus spp., yellow poplar Liriodendron tulipifera, maple Acer spp,
and elm Ulmus spp. with willow Salix spp., sycamore Platanus occidentalis and

box elder Acer negundo on bottomlands. There are also stands of pine and
pine/broadleaf mixed forest of shortleaf pine Pinus echinata and Virginia pine
P. virginiana. Large stands of loblolly pine Pinus taeda occur in pine
plantations.

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Cedar barrens consist of scattered red cedar Juniperus virginiana and pine
with a ground cover of Andropogon spp., Liatris spp., Solidaga spp., Linum

spp., Echinacea spp., Delphinium exaltatum, Aster spp., Rudbeckia and Agave
Spp. Tas

FAUNA Common woodland species include white-tailed deer Odocoileus
Virginianus, gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis, raccoon Procyon lotor,
woodchuck Marmota monax, ruffed Brouse Bonasa umbellus and wild turkey

Meleagris gallopavo.

CULTURAL HERITAGE Information regarding archaeological sites are listed in
the Resource Management Plan (Chance, 1986).

LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION There are no inhabitants in the core area or buffer
zone. Located adjacent to Oak Ridge city, parts of the area may be acquired
for use as residential and industrial purposes. There is some hay cropping
and timber extraction of loblolly, white and shortleaf pine and hardwoods.
Prior to 1942 the area was partly used as pig pasture.

VISTTORS AND VISITOR FACILITIES Approximately 6,000-7,000 visitors per year
(1988). There is an ecological and physical sciences study centre for
precollegiate students and public presentations.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FACILITIES A wide diversity research topics are being
undertaken at the reserve unit. Ongoing projects include those on general
ecological data management syatems, satellite imagery, vegetation surveys,
hydrological data collecting and limnological surveys, atmospheric and
climatological data gathering and inventories of mammals, invertebrates and
vascular plants (U.S. MAB Committee, 1988). Work at the Oak Ridge national
environmental research park, includes studies on the development of Energy
Program plan, on resources management and on tourism and education.

CCNSERVATION MANAGEMENT Permitted activities include fishing, forestry and
hay production, hunting and/or trapping and low-key tourist development.

The Resource Management Plan for the Oak Ridge Reservation includes resource
information and site analysis for planning. There is information on aquatic
habitats, archaeological sites, rare plants and animals, forestry, geography,
demography, topography, soils, geology, laws and waste management.

Biosphere reserve functions are to be coordinated with the Environmental
Sciences Division and the Department of Energy through the Oak Ridge national
environment research park. There are designated State natural areas which are
managed under agreement between Department of Energy and State Department of
Conservation to protect unique habitats and special plant communities;
Wildlife Management areas - State Wildlife Resources Agency agreement with the
Department of Energy for wildlife management with area manager on-site; Oak
Ridge National Laboratory user facilities provides the opportunity for
individuals, industries, university students and faculty to do research on the
Site.

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS Adverse effects include possible transfer of federal
lands to city lands for residential and industrial development, and potential
overfelling of timber resources.

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STAFF 200 (administrative 42; education 4, research 73)

BUDGET $41,000,000 (1988)

LOCAL ADMINISTRATION Energy Research And Development Office, Department of
Energy, Oak Ridge Operations, PO Box 2001, Oakridge, IN 37831

REFERENCES

Chance, W.W. (1986). Resource Management Plan for the Oak Ridge
Reservation. Vol 22: ORNL/ESH-1/V22

Parr, P.D. (1987). Oak Ridge National Environmental Research Park
Development of Energy Program plan. ORNL/NERP-1.

Parr, P.D. and Pounds, L.R. (1987). Resource Management plan for the Oak
Ridge Reservation. Vol. 23: Oak Ridge National Environmental Research Park
including research sites. ORNL/ESH-1/V23.

U.S. Department of Energy. (1985). Department of Energy National
Environmental Research 37 Parks. DOE/ER-0246. Office of Health and
Environmental Research, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington D.C.

U.S. MAB Committee. (1988). Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve
Nomination Form. U.S. National MAR Committee,

DATE September, 1989
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