a. sevens = oe bible ik iT OOM Ceri ty Daler ran & | 4 hed H Mi AW 7 : yi Te aan sireeenner ee ser ope epee nese porbaeae oe eerie fs =< LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 4 &, TI0 Wea on Nat ‘ Ns ie Lt oe a ‘ i 0 j A i ‘ | : % ae T ; i aes iy i - ‘ { ’ f ¢ { q . iT . N i Yr ‘Py % , rn The Macrolepidoptera of the World == A systematic description == of the known Macrolepidoptera edited with the collaboration of well-known specialists by Prof Die Adaliert Seitz, SEULIGART Verlag des Seitz’sehen Werkes (Alfred Kernen) HOT 25 | [''o Bye eo ‘ : te~ts ty Te aT: eras ; Mule? acs Gis Res vat eee De ine ae ——— |, SECTION: ———= The Macrolepidoptera of the Pelaearctic Kegion yaar ip eae) IV. Volume: [he Palaearctic Geometrae eal. Prout. Ow SAS Introduction. The Geometridae are one of the largest of the families of Lepidoptera, and are distributed throughout the entire world so far as vegetation extends, a few species being found even in the extreme polar regions. It is impossible to estimate at present, even approximately, the probable number of the species. Many new species are found in every extensive collection that is brought from New Guinea, Central Africa, South Ame- rica, etc., and the better-known faunae are constantly being enriched by the discovery of new forms or especially the differentiation of close allies which had previously been confused together. Ten years ago STAUDINGER- REBEL enumerated over 1230 Palearctic species, although excluding much of the south-eastern part of the fauna; and at about the same time Dyar knew over 800 species as North American. For some other regions, including the enormously rich countries of equatorial South America, no list at all exists, and if such were issued today it would be found exceedingly incomplete tomorrow. There are, however, certain districts in both hemispheres, including, for instance, much of the Argentine Republic, where Geometridae are comparative- ly scarce, or appear to be far outnumbered by representatives of some other families, such as the Pyralidae. The family is on the whole a very natural one, and except possibly in Australia — where the most an- cestral types occur — quite sharply differentiated from all other families. The Hpiplemidae, the Polyplocidae or Cymatophoridae, the Notodontidae — all of which have been more or less associated with them by one or another systematist — have no really near relation with them. They may be regarded as philogenetically of rather recent origin, the larvae in particular having reached a very advanced specialization; and like other recent, plastic groups they show a strong tendency to split up into a very large number of closely-allied species (for instance, in the genus Hwpithecia), some of which are possibly still ,,in the making“, e. g. Hupithecia imnotata, fraxinata and tamarisciata, H.denotata and jasioneata, Ectropis bistortata and crepuscularia, some of the South American Nephodia (Nipteria), etc. Of fossil forms, scarcely half a dozen are known (see Hand- lirsch, Die Fossilen Insekten), and these are of quite doubtful affinities. The Geometridae are generally recognizable by their build and aspect, apart from any structural dis- tinctions. ‘The comparatively slender body and ample wings, the latter in repose usually partially or almost wholly extended and pressed out flat against the object on which they rest, give them a very distinctive appear- ance, although occasionally the inexperienced collector mistakes for them certain slenderly-built Polyplo- cidae, Drepanidae or the Epiplemidae, which share with them the general proportions. The Pyralidae are less often (though still occasionally) confused with them; the very general pearly gloss, differently folded hind- wings and long legs of the last-named family are usually sufficient safequard against the danger of mistake. Some Geometridae sit either habitually or occasionally with the wings erected over the back, after the manner of a butterfly — a very rare attitude among the moths in general, except when drying their wings on emergence from the pupa. The genus Selenia and several Larentiidae (Hydriomena, Ceratodalia, Huchoeca and others) may be cited as examples. Very few indeed close the wings tightly around twigs (Brephos, Alsophila, Chesias, etc.) or round the body after the manner of a Noctuid (Salpis, etc.); scarcely any, so far as is known, adopt any very eccentric protective posture (Zamacra). In the struggle for existence the Geometridae rely very largely, both in the larval and imaginal stages, on the simpler devices of protective resemblance, which are in most cases (especially as regards the larvae) very beautifully perfected; that is to say, they generally assimilate very exactly, when at rest, to their natural inanimate environment, and very seldom resort to warning coloration or to mimicry of nauseous or dangerous insects or other living creatures. Il INTRODUCTION. By L. B. Provv. The larva is almost invariably specialized by the loss of the three anterior pairs of ventral claspers, only those on the sixth abdominal segment and the anal pair persisting. It has been suggested that by this form (which is nearly always accompanied by a great elongation of the middle segments) the creature acquires a longer reach among its foodplant, whether for obtaining more food with an econonomy of movement, or for passing from twig to twig, or from branch to branch, in its arboreal habitation; it is significant in this connection that a very large percentage of the species in this family, as compared with most of the others, inhabits trees or shrubs rather than low growths. It has also been suggested that the peculiar ,,looping™ gait which results, and which has gained for the larvae the popular English name of ,,loopers, and for the family that of Geometers (ground-measurers) is favourable to rapidity of locomotion. Be this as it may, it is certain that many of the lar- vae have been enabled to assume a most wonderful likeness to twigs. The food-plant is grasped firmly with the prolegs, the body rigidly extended at an angle, the true legs and head closely tucked together, while there are sometimes also characteristic sharp bends in the body. In addition, to enhance the resemblance, there are often small humps suggesting nodules, leaf-buds or other excrescences of the twig. In such a posture the larva will remain absolutely motionless for many hours, and it is often extremely difficult for even the practised eye to dis- cover it. The absence of the middle legs, however, is by no means restricted to the twig-like larvae, but is vir- tually, as has been indicated above, a family character. Many are leaf-green in colour, and rest along the midrib of a leaf. Some (notably Hupithecia) ave tlower-feeders, and show a marvellous adjustment to the coloration of the flowers which they inhabit. In the case of the polyphagous ones there is consequently a wide range of co- lour variability; and it is certainly possible in some cases (I have myself tested it by transferring Hwpithecia absinthiata trom Eupatorium to Senecio) to bring about complete colour changes within the life of a single larva. Similarly with the simply dimorphic larvae (which have a green and brown form to assimilate to different twigs) Povtton and others have demonstrated that a change of colour can often be brought about by a change of en- vironment. Nor must mention be omitted of the fact that some larvae in the ordinary course of their life-his- tory undergo a change to correspond with that in their food plant; Hipparchus papilionaria is’ a well-known example. In some larvae, again (as Cleorodes lichenaria or the Australian genus Declana), the resemblance is to lichens, and some of the twig-like larvae (as Gonodontis bidentata) produce, under favourable environment, per- fectly lichen-coloured aberrations. Very few known Geometrid larvae are protected by passing their lives in literal concealment, scarcely any, apparently, hiding below ground or feeding in roots, like many Noctuids. A Californian species, Meso- leuca implicedas is said to have quite the same habit as the Palearctic Agrotis ripae, burying itself in the sand beneath its food-plant, Abromia latifolia. A few Hupithecia, Perizoma, etc., live concealed in the seed-vessels on which they feed, or commence life thus (or burrowing into buds) and only assume the external habit at a later stage. Other Larentiids (as Hydriomena, Hulype, Operophtera) spin together leaves, residing in the do- micile so formed. Certain Hemitheinae (Huchloris, Synchlora, the large genus Comibaena, etc.) clothe them- selves with fragments of leaves or flowers, without, however, making actual cases as do the Psychidae and others. In more aggressively defensive arrangements, such as poison-glands or urticating hairs, or even terrifying markings or attitudes, the Geometrid larvae are generally altogether deficient. Most are, however, provided with a fluid secretion, usually of a dark green colour, which they discharge from the mouth when attacked and which, although perfectly innocuous to man, is no doubt of some service against certain of their enemies. Some species, such as the common European Lithina petraria, when touched drop to the ground and throw themselves about with the most violent contortions. The coloration of the moths is also as a rule closely adapted to the surroundings among which they rest by day. Many sit with wings outspread on tree-trunks, fences or rocks, and are of sombre brown or grey tints or coloured like the lichens. It is noticeable that those which, while frequenting such situations, are least per- fectly concealed: (chiefly Larentiinae) are extremely wary, flying off briskly on the approach of danger, and these possibly owe their safety quite as largely to this cause as to the other (assuming that their enemies are things that creep rather than things that fly); but there is no doubt that even in these cases a general adap- tation to the environment gives them a good deal of security at rest, and saves them from the constant ne- cessity of fleeing from place to place. Many examples among the Palearctic species of Larentia (sens. lat.) will occur to the field-naturalist, of species which, although fairly conspicuous when actually looked at upon the trees, yet on account of the broken outlines created by their markings harmonize quite sufficiently well with their surroundings to be really inconspicuous to the casual passer-by; such are picata, truncata, blomeri and many others. The moths which sit among leaves are often of a beautiful green (the subtamily Hemitheinae, with only a few exceptions) or of rich golden brown hues assimilating to the withered leaves; but often the white ones (such as the Detlinia group, some Acidalia, etc.) are almost as well protected in such situations on account of the suggestion of bird-droppings, or occasionally of white flowers. But indeed the subject of these cryptic adjust- mentsisa limitless one, and almost every separate species is worthy of separate study in relation to its environment. Many species of Geometridae, however, are true day-fliers, and many others are so easily disturbed by day as almost to give the impression that this is their natural time of flight. In the alternations of bright light and shadow caused by the sunshine among trees or undergrowth, black moths like Odezia atrata or black- INTRODUCTION. By L. B. Provuv. Itt and-white or latticed ones like Hulype hastata or Chiasmia clathrata are, according to experience, very difficult to see, and thus, no doubt, sufficiently escape danger without the aid of a powerful flight, which is possessed. by very few indeed of the family. Some gorgeously-coloured exotic genera which certainly fly by day, such as Milionia, Dysphania, etc. are probably more or less distasteful, but we know of no sufficient observations or experiments on this question. The flaunting, crudely-marked ,,Abraxinae™ of Japan and China (Obeidia, etc.) are certainly so, and no doubt advertise themselves by their conspicuousness. Concerning Milionia its flight is quite unlike that of an ordinary Geometrid; it shoots away very quickly when disturbed and does not settle at once. There are few true Geometridae which enter into mimetic associations. The Dioptidae, which have some- times been placed among Geometridae, are proved both by the larvae and some structural characters in the imago to be entirely distinct from them. The African group of Aletis, however, certainly enters into the Miil- lerian mimetic group of Danaida chrysippus, etc., and there are other scattered instances of the phenomenon in the faunae of New Guinea, tropical America, etc., which will be noticed in their places. Owing to the arboreal habits of so many of the larvae — which enable them to be beaten from the bran- ches even when they are too well protected to render searching profitable — and to the tact that captured females will as arule deposit their eggs much more freely than those of many other families, the early stages of a very large proportion of the Palearctic species are already well known, and even in the other regions a good. beginning has been made, although unfortunately in too many cases no descriptions whatever have yet been published. Apart altogether from the biological value of this method of work, breeding is one of the best methods — proba- bly the very best — of obtaining material in this family. So many of the species are fragile and easily rub- bed that it is very difficult to procure captured series in good condition. The eggs are often laid quite readily on the sides of the box in which the 9 is confined, but in many cases the insertion of a sprig of the foodplant is a great incentive; in others a preference is shown for very fine rootlets, or shreds of frayed string. The larvae for the most part feed on fresh leaves, but the species of Acidalia and some of their allies prefer withered or even mouldy food; one species, Ptychopoda ptelearia, sometimes does considerable mischief in herbalists’ shops or in herbaria. Asarule, Geometrid larvae are not at all difficult to rear; and the frequent wide range of variability of the moths, especially in the temperate and sub-arctic regions, renders them pecu- liarly fitting subjects for various kinds of scientific investigation, whether into the working of the laws of here- dity, the influence of temperature in the production or modification of variation, or the possibilities of hybri- disation between more or less closely allied species. Already in Europe good work has been done in all these directions, and its further pursuit both here and in other parts of the world is highly to be recommended. MEn- DEL’s Law of Heredity has been partially tested, with varying results, in Gonodontis bidentata, Abraxas grossu- lariata, Amphidasis betularia, Xanthorhoe ferrugata, Ptychopoda virgularia and others. MHRRIFIELD and others have carried out valuable temperature experiments with Selenia, Cosymbia, etc. Hybridisation has also proved in part possible in the two last-named genera and especially among the Biston group. Asregards the range of imaginal variation it isimpossible to summarize it within a limited space. Generally speaking, it reaches its maximum towards the confines of geographical distribution. In Iceland, New Zealand and Chili, for instance, the Geometridae (in common with other families of the Lepidoptera) vary enormously, while in tropical countries it is comparatively exceptional to find a species very variable. The phenomenon of Melanism seems to be there practically non-existent, whereas in some parts of the north of Europe it is exceedingly prevalent. Sexual dimorphism is moderately frequent, but seldom reaches any startling manifestation; and much oftener than not, the two sexes are virtually alike in colour and markings, being only distinguishable by structu- ral characters, or by size and perhaps slight differences of shape. The absence of extremes is no doubt due to the general similarity of habits in the sexes and the rarity of true mimicry. Probably the most remarkable examples of this kind of dimorphism are found in the genus Anisozyga, which chiefly inhabits New Guinea and North Australia; no theory appears to have been as yet offered to explain its occurrence in this genus, and even here it is confined to some only of the species. The South American genus Pero and others and the cosmopolitan Orthonama obstipata (= fluviata) may also be cited as furnishing some moderately striking examples of this phenomenon. Another phase of sexual dimorphism, in which the 9 is apterous or semi-apterous, occurs here and there among the Palearctic and Nearctic Geometridae, in the Australian Zermizinga and one or two South African species referred by WARREN to Haggardia. Probably other examples will be discovered amongst-species of which hitherto the 2 remains unknown; WARREN suggests it as likely in the case of his Scoria infumata from Peru. In the majority of instances (Hrannis, Alsophila, Operophtera, the Biston group and others) this apterous condition is correlated with the appearance of the moths in the leafless winter season, and various theories have been advanced, with greater or less plausibility, to account for this correlation; such as that the large wing- expanse necessary to carry the heavy-bodied 2 in the stormy winter weather would be a disadvantage to her in the struggle for existence, as rendering her difficult of concealment in the leafless condition of the trees. Seasonal dimorphism seems to be strangely rare in the tropics; yet it is still possible that some sensatio- nal discoveries await us regarding the identity of species hitherto considered distinct, such as have from time to time been made among the butterflies of Africa, for instance, through the careful breeding experiments of IV INTRODUCTION. By L. B. Provr. a tew naturalists there. From Peru and other parts of tropical South America very extensive collections have of recent years been received in Kurope, provided with accurate data as to the season of capture, and yet they reveal scarcely a trace of seasonal variation. In Hurope, seasonal dimorphism is well known in the genera Cosymbia, Lythria, Hilicrinia and Selenia; but even in this region it cannot be regarded as a very general occurrence. The habits of the Geometridae are about as varied as would be expected amongst so large a family. In-- formation is, however, regrettably deficient as regards the habits of most of the exotic ‘species. Some points have been discussed above, in connection with protective resemblance. As there indicated, the usual time of flight is in the evening or later at night, although during the day they can, for the most part, be rather easily disturbed from their resting-places in the trees, bushes or herbage. In Britain, of which I can speak from per- sonal experience, the favourite time of flight is about sunset or in the early dusk, although a few species (Abraxas grossulariata, Crocallis elinguaria, Cidaria pyraliata, etc.) do not usually become active until towards midnight. The flight is usually rather gentle and not extremely long-sustained; but Ourapteryx and a few others dash about more wildly and irregularly. The great majority are provided with tongues and feed more or less at various flowers, flowering rushes or other natural sweets, but are on the whole much less greedy feeders than the Noc- tuidae, and although a long list might be made of the species which have occasionally been attracted by ,,su- gar“, yet they visit it only in quite small numbers, and on many nights do not seem to be attracted to it at all. On the other hand most, if not indeed all, of the species may be attracted by light, and they are usually easily captured in this way. Huwpithecia and many others do not, as a rule, continue to flutter round long when under the influence of this attraction, but settle down quietly with the wings pressed flat against the glass, or sometimes on some object near by — especially if there be a white wall or ceiling within the radius of the light. The localities most favoured are the edges of woods or bushy places, or rough broken ground with a wealth of vegetation. Open grass-land is apparently much less productive. A fair number of species, however, reach high altitudes in the mountains and high latitudes in the Arctic Region. Generally speaking, the species which reach the extreme limits seem able — perhaps on account of the comparative absence of com- petition — to propagate themselves in great abundance, and there are several records of the appearance of a particular species in Arctic Norway or Iceland in prodigious numbers, the air being sometimes filled with them as though there were a snow-storm. The subfamily which thrives best under rigorous climatic conditions is the Larentiinae, and it is probable that a previous (even where there is not a present) circumpolar distribution ac- counts for the fact that the great majority of the species common to the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions belong to this subfamily. It is interesting that a good proportion of the Geometrid fauna of the inhospitable Magellan and Tierra del Fuego district and almost all the Geometridae we have yet seen from the Falkland Islands belong also to the Larentiinae. The Hemitheinae and Acidaliinae, by contrast, are very poorly, when at all, represented in the extremes of northern and southern latitude. On account of their comparatively weak flight, there are very few migrants among the Geometridae. Orthonama obstipata and Rhodometra sacraria are the chief examples, and little, if anything, is known as to the means of their dispersal. Occasionally, however, and apparently under the same meteorological influences which prompt the migratory birds, certain common sedentary species migrate in enormous swarms. Thus on Heligoland, in three or four different years, such companies of Hrannis defoliaria and aurantiaria have been observed, always travelling westward; and on at least one occasion thousands of Hnnomos quercinaria. The Geometridae are of no ascertained value to economic entomology. On the other hand one species in particular, and several others to a lesser degree have to be reckoned among the prominently injurious insects. The outstanding example is Operophtera brumata, whose ravages among fruit-trees, and the best means for its destruction, have been discussed in every European work on economic entomology since the Swedish Academy invited essays on the subject in the days of Linnanus. Fortunately as its 9 is apterous, the warfare against this pest is waged under somewhat more advantageous conditions than would otherwise be the case, it being possible to destroy immense numbers on the tree-trunks before they reach the branches. Incredible as it may appear, it is now, however, definitely stated by several independent and trustworthy witnesses, that the J is sometimes capable of carrying the 9 in copula, although one may still venture to doubt whether this is more than a flutter which could scarcely lift her in an upward direction. The larvae of some other species multiply in certain sea- sons so as to be scarcely less destructive, either to orchards or to forest trees, as the case may be, but it is not necessary to particularize these in this place. The Geometridae are small or moderate-sized (rarely large) moths, usually of slender build. Palpus rarely very strong, third joint scarcely ever with remarkable modifications of shape or scaling. Antenna very variable in form. Thorax rarely strongly crested. Abdomen with basal cavity beneath the pleura of the (much swollen) second segment. Legs seldom very hairy, but ¢ hindtibia often furnished with strong hair-pencil. Fore- wing usually with four or five subcostal veins, the fourth and fifth (and nearly always the third) stalked to- gether; various forms of anastomosis frequent. Second radial from centre of discocellulars, or above, scarcely ever connate with third radial. First submedian wanting. Hindwing with costal vein making a bend into humeral] angle, never connected or anastomosing with subcostal beyond end of cell, second radial never connate with third, often absent, first submedian wanting. Egg flat. Larvaa looper, usually with only two pairs of claspers. INTRODUCTION. By L. B. Prov. Vv Six subfamilies may be distinguished : 1. Brephinae. Bye small and oval. Larva 16-legged. 2.—6. Hye spherical, nearly always large. Larva almost invariably with less than 16 legs, extremely rarely with more than 10. 2. Oenochrominae. Hindwing with all veins, the costal free or connected with cell by bar near base; second radial usually normal. Colour never bright green. 3. Hemitheinae. As the preceding, but with second radial arising above middle of cell. Colour usually bright green. 4. Acidaliinae. Hindwing with all veins, the costal anastomosing with cell at a point near base. 5. Larentiinae. Hindwing with all veins, the costal anastomosing strongly with cell, or rarely in 3 connected with it by a bar beyond middle. 6. Geometrinae (= Boarmiinae auctt.). Hindwing with second radial wanting or vestigial. calles eMbe : at Se wae Pyb.. 17. VI, 1912, BREPHOS. By L. B. Provt. 1 1. Subfamily: Brephinae. A very small, somewhat isolated subfamily occurring only in the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions, its nearest relative probably the Australian genus Dzrce, belonging to the Oenochrominae. Head, thorax, abdomen and legs strongly hairy. Hye small, oval. Forewing with third and fourth subcostals coincident, or only sepa- rating near apex. Hindwing with second radial weak or obsolescent. Only two genera are known, both represented in the Palearctic Region. 1. Genus: Brephos Zinck. Characters of the subfamily, as given above. Antenna in ¢ either bipectinate with short clavate bran- ches or nearly simple, ciliated. Hindwing with second subcostal usually stalked, first median connate or just separate. — Larva 16-legged, but with the anterior pairs of prolegs weak, a half-looping gait maintained throughout life. Pupates in moss or bark, or in soft wood, in captivity is very willing to burrow into cork. The pupa sometimes lies over two winters. The moths fly in the sunshine in early Spring, and love to keep high about the tops of the trees, though occasionally descending, especially in the later part of the day, to feed at sallow catkins. At rest they clasp the branches closely, and are hard to see, presenting the appearance of knots or buds; but they may sometimes be dislodged by shaking the tree. B. parthenias Z. (1a). Forewing brown, powdered with shining grey. A grey oval cell-spot, dark-sur- rounded, reminding of the Noctuidae, some costal white marks varying in width and intensity, the proximal often continued nearly across the wing. Hindwing orange, with large discal spot, the distal margin and most of the inner-marginal half blackish. Underside of both wings orange, the markings variable. 9 above with the white markings generally broader and clearer than in the ¢. — In the ab. obscuraab. nov., the forewing is darkened, almost unicolorous. This form has been figured, but not described or named, by HaveRKAMPF. — The ab. nigra Tutt is a still more extreme form than the preceding, both wings being entirely black. — ab. nigrobasalis Spuler is characterized by having the entire basal part of the hindwing black. — In ab. passetii Th.-Mieg the hindwing is infuscated. — In the var. sajana form. nov. from Sajan, Siberia (the name adopted from the trade lists of STAUDINGER), the tone is somewhat fuller and redder, on the whole weakly marked, the pale patch proximally to the cell-spot on the forewing broad but short, the spot itself uniformly dark (not paler-centred as in the type), the cell-spot of hindwing rather small, the wings perhaps slightly shorter and broader than in the typical form. A single specimen described from Kamtchatka by ALPHERAKY would appear to be similar to this, but may prove, when material is available for study, to belong to another race, or to the North American representative species infans Méschl. The larvae is green with three darker, finely yellow- edged dorsal lines, lateral line yellow, spiracles black, tubercles yellow, setae small, black. It feeds on birch in May, perhaps in some localities also on beech. The pupa is rather smooth, cylindrical, tapering rapidly at anus, cre- master shorter than broad, not tapering, flat at extremity, the two spines projecting laterally, opposite to one another; colour shining red-brown, spiracular spots darker. The species is widely distributed in Central and Northern Europe and in Siberia, where it reaches eastward to Kamtchatka and Amurland. It is not afraid of the rigour of the Far North, occurring even in Lapland. B. notha Hon. (= vidua fF. nee Poda) (1a). Similar to the preceding, rather smaller, g without dis- tinct white patch proximally to the cell-spot, 2 with a pale band near base of forewing. Structurally distinct in the pectinated ¢ antenna (which is simple in parthenias) and in the much shorter stalking of the second sub- costal vein of hindwing. Variation quite inconsiderable; in Central France, on the banks of the Cher, occurs a small form, touranginii Berce, with the forewing slaty grey, its postmedian line little bent, the white patch following it distinct, the larva said to live exclusively on Salix monandra. Larva similar to that of parthenias, but characterized by two irregular black streaks or blotches on the face, prothorax more or less marked with IV 1 parthenias. obscura. nigra. nigrobasa- lis. passetir. sajanda. notha, tourangini. puella. lreitschket. midden- dorfit. 2 LEUCOBREPHOS; ALSOPHILA. By L. B. Prout. black dorsally; in the early stages an almost entirely black larva. On aspen, more rarely on sallow. Pupa quite similar to that of parthenias. Hurope, Central Asia, Algeria. B. puella Hsp. (= caelebs Hbn. = spuria Hbn.) (1a). Forewing greyer than in the two preceding, in ¢ usually nearly unicolorous, in 2 with the central area often broadly pale. Hindwing duller, less reddish, usually considerably paler, the dark parts somewhat extended. Structure nearly as in notha.—In ab. treitschkei ab. nov. ($) the forewing is very dark brown-grey, with no distinct markings, the hindwing and underside milk- white in those parts which are yellow in the typical form. Recently described, without name, by AIGNER- Axzartt, from coll. TREITscHKE. — Larva on aspen, violet-reddish with four white longitudinal lines. Range some- what restricted, Central Europe to South Russia. 2. Genus: Leucobrephos Grote. Somewhat more robust than Brephos, and even more shaggy. Antenna in g more strongly bipectinate. Tibial spurs minute. Cells very long, yet with the first median vein of hindwing long-stalked. Early stages unknown. The only two known species of the genus are very closely allied, if not indeed forms of a single species. They are scarce in collections, and seem to be almost confined to high latitudes in Siberia and North America, though the American species, brephoides apparently reaches further southwards in the Rocky Mountains. L. middendorfii M/én. (1a). Only known to me from Ménétriés’ description and figure (here copied). Is possibly not specifically distinct from brephoides. Forewing blackish grey, the lines black, the proximal outcurved behind cell, the distal outcurved in middle, then incurved, followed by a white band. Hindwing white, with a narrower dark border than brephoides. Underside with more white. N. EH. Siberia. 2. Subfamily: Oenochrominae. A rather unsatisfactory subfamily, created by Meyrick to contain the various genera — not all closely related — which have maintained the most nearly the primitive Geometrid venation, all the veins of the hindwing being present but without the specializations characteristic of the Hemitheinae, Acidaliinae or Larentiinae. In Australia, where it is most strongly represented, it is perhaps a comparatively natural subfamily, but it is doubtful whether the few isolated Palearctic genera which are necessarily — in the present state of Geometrid classification — referred to it have any really close affinity with the Australian, or with one another. Excepting the venational character, there is little by which the subfamily as a whole can be characterized. Very frequently the g antenna is unipectinate, but this does not occur in any of the Palearctic forms. The Orthostixinae, recognized by Meyrick and Hampson as a separate subfamily, distinguishable by the presence of a bar between the costal and subcostal veins of the hindwing, near the base, has not proved tenable; even in the genus Orthostixis itself, this may be either present or absent. Se- veral of the species fly by day, but the habits are almost as diversified as the structure. A few of the lar- vae have more than the normal number of prolegs, but none are at present known which possess the full complement like the Brephinae. Scattered representatives of the subfamily (as at present constituted) are distributed nearly throughout the world. 1. Genus: Alsophila Hon. Palpus very short. Antenna in g with long fasciculate ciliation. Hindtibia with all spurs. Wings of § thinly and smoothly scaled, ample, but at rest closely folded. Second subcostal vein of forewing usu- ally free. Hindwing with cell long, costal vein anastomosing strongly with subcostal, second radial variable in position, sometimes arising remarkably near third, third submedian unusually long, running to analangle. 2 apterous, with strong anal tuft. — The eggs are laid in batches, firmly cemented, often encircling a twig after the manner of Malacosoma neustria, and are covered with hairscales from the maternal anal tuft. The larva is slender, smooth, cylindrical, with a pair of rudimentary prolegs on the fifth abdominal segment which, according to BRryvER, are tactile, not prehensile. The pupa is plump, with eyecases prominent, ab- domen tapering rapidly, anal extremity armed with two short, divergent spines; enclosed in a moderately compact earthen cocoon. The genus is chiefly Palearctic, one species, however, being North American. PHTHORARCHA. By L. B. Prout. 3 They appear in the late autumn or early spring and are often very abundant. The larvae are tree-feeders, and the American species is reckoned among the injurious insects. The genus is very generally called by the younger name of Anisopteryx Steph. A. aescularia Schiff. (1a). Forewing pale brownish grey, darker dusted, with two dentate dark aescularia. lines, the first bounded proximally and the second distally by ill-defined pale bands. Hindwing paler, with prominent discal spot and weak dentate line. Under surface similar, rather paler. Usually very constant in colour and markings, thoug occasionally unimportant darker aberrations are met with. — In Japan and S. E. Siberia represented by japonensis Warr. (1a) which is somewhat ampler-winged, duller and less sharply japonensis. marked, and differs structurally in having the discocellulars of the hindwing simple, with the second radial from near the centre, whereas in aescularia they are biangulate, with second radial from near third. — urZz- urzhumaria. humaria Krulik. from EH. Russia is founded on a large, greyer specimen, with rather well-marked transverse bands, and may perhaps prove to be a local race of either aescularia or japonensis. Larva pale green, with faintly darker dorsal lines, yellowish subdorsal and spiracular lines and black spiracles. Recalls that of Operophtera brumata, but is somewhat more slender, and easily known by the minute prolegs (or processes) on the fifth abdominal segment. Feeds on most trees, with perhaps a preference for the common elm. The ¢ sits by day on fences or tree-trunks or among dead leaves, the hindwings closely folded and the forewings placed one over the other in a position almost unique among the Geometridae. It flies along hedges at dusk and is strongly attracted by light. The typical form occurs chiefly in Central EKurope, but extends to Castile in the south-west, Scotland and southern Scandinavia in the north and Russian Transcaucasia in the south-east. A. quadripunctaria Hsp. (= aceraria Schiff. nec Hufn., mellearia Scharfenb.) (1b) is of a browner colour quadri- than the preceding species, the lines more indistinct, not white-margined, the hindwing whiter with the puctari«. line obsolete. Larva greenish, with greenish-white dorsal and yellow lateral lines, feeds on various trees. The imago occurs in the late autumn, and has a similar range to the preceding, but is wanting in Britain and has no Oriental representative. The species has long been known as aceraria, but this is a homonym and therefore untenable. A. tenuis Bilr. (3 a) Forewing of g much stumpier than in the preceding species, and with some tenuis. slight differences in neuration which would possibly justify the retention of the generic name Jnurois, under which BuTier described it. Colour brownish- or purplish-grey, thinly scaled, the scheme of markings nearly as in the two preceding, the postmedian line not, or not appreciably bent near costa. Discal dots somewhat variable, usually very small, never very large or black. 2 unknown. The species is only known as yet from Japan, and its exact range there is not ascertained. The only specimens before me with precise data are from Yokohama. A. membranaria Christ. (3 a) is closely related to the preceding, but the ¢ is on an average larger, membra- is considerably paler and has extremely prominent black discal spots on both wings, that on the forewing ”eriu. being very large. The 9 possibly lacks the anal tuft of true Alsophila, but I have only seen one worn speci- men. Occurs with the preceding species at Yokohama, but also in S. E. Siberia. 2. Genus: Phthorareha Mey. Nearly related to the preceding genus, distinguished by the narrower wings, the longer stalking of the second subcostal of the hindwing, and especially the absence of median spurs. — Of the life-history and habits nothing is as yet known. The single species has a limited range in Turkestan. Ph. primigena Stgr. (1b). 3: forewing pale brownish grey, with two very faint dentate lines, the distal primigena. incised near costa; cell-spot very weak, elongate; a brown streak from apex. Hindwing whitish, with obsolescent cell-mark. Underside of forewing paler, costal end of distal line present. 2 apterous, with strong anal tuft. Zeraishan to perhaps the Transcaspian region. Has been erroneously recorded by LrEcu from Japan, his specimens having been really Alsophila japonensis. culminaria,. leneraria. pellucida. cacumi- naria. argentaria. planaria. inter- punctaria. 4 EGEA; MYINODES. By L. B. Provt. 3. Genus: Egea Dup. Small moths with the wings (especially the hindwing) rather elongate, in the 2 narrow and ill-developed, scaling nearly as in the two preceding genera. Palpus short. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate, typically with long branches. Hindtibia with all spurs well developed. Forewing with cell long, second subcostal absent. Hind- wing with R? weak, thus somewhat transitional towards the subfamily Geometrinae. — Early stages apparently unknown. The species are distributed in the eastern half of the southern Palearctic Region. E. culminaria Hversm. (= desertaria Frr.) (1b), the name-type of the genus, has a light grey-brown ground-colour, much mixed with white, the usual lines on the forewing represented by strong dark spots or dashes on the veins, the distal area white, interrupted with brown on the veins. The hindwing is weakly marked, with an ill-defined white median band. Underside similar, but rather paler. Early stages apparently unknown. The moth was originally discovered flying in May at high altitudes in the Ural district, but extends to Western Turkestan. E. teneraria Stgr. (= coelestinaria Alph.) (1b) has the grey-brown ground-colour much less mixed with white than in culminaria and lacks the dark spots or dashes on the veins. The most conspicuous white band of the forewing is beyond the middle, projecting strong teeth proximally; the distal white spots are re- duced, the brown band preceding them broader. Antennal pectinations much shorter than in culminaria. Only known from a few localities in Eastern Turkestan. E. pellucida Sigr. is distinguished from the other species by its somewhat broader, more transparent, very weakly-marked wings. The ground-colour is smoky grey or smoky brown, with a nearly obsolete narrow dark band running from the costa of the forewing at three-fourths and very faintly continued on the costal part of the hindwing. Antennal pectinations strong. Discovered by Etwes in the south- eastern Altai. E. cacuminaria Ramb. (1b) differs from culminaria in its larger size, much darker forewimg with slightly rounder costa and reduced distal white spots, distinct discal spot on hindwing (mot shown in the figure), slightly less long antennal pectinations in the g and longer stalking of second subcostal vein of hindwing. Andalusia to Aragon. E. argentaria Bang-Haas is described as agreeing with cacuminaria except in the silvergrey ground- colour, sprinkled with brownish, the pure white-grey distal area, the terminal line consisting of long black streaks instead of dots, the hindwing without discal spot, marginal dots or distinct band. Tunis: Foum- Tatahouine. Unknown to me in nature. E. planaria Chrét. Also described as near cacuwminaria, and also unknown to me. Possibly a form of the preceding, but distinctly stated to possess a well-marked dark discal spot and terminal blackish line to the hindwing, which is grey with a whitish postmedian band. Said to differ chiefly from cacwminaria in having no discal spot on the forewing, a distinct median shade on the costa and the median and sub- median veins white. Tunis: Gafsa. 4. Genus: Myinodes WMeyr. Palpus moderate or rather long. Antenna in ¢ with fascicles of even cilia. Legs rather slender, hind- tibia with four rather long spurs. Abdomen slender. Wings glossy, smooth-scaled, in 2 rather narrower than in 3. Forewing with first subcostal anastomosing with costal vein, second subcostal anastomosing with first and with third and fourth. Hindwing with second subcostal stalked. — Early stages unknown. The single species is almost confined to the Mediterranean littoral. STAUDINGER calls the genus Husarca Her.-Sch., a preoc- cupied name. M. interpunctaria H.-Sch. (1b). Forewing pale grey-brown, sparsely dark-sprinkled, veins very finely whitish, broader longitudinal stripes between the veins, the dark lines indicated by teeth on the veins, cell-spot and small dots on distal margin black. Hindwing whitish, postmedian line indicated by spots on the ULIOLEPIS; SARCINODES; EPIRRANTHIS. By L. B. Prout. 5 veins. Underside of hindwing less white, more concolorous with forewing, more strongly marked than above. Murcia, Tunis, Sicily, Syria, N. Mesopotamia. 5. Genus: Uliolepis Warr. Face and palpus hairy. Tongue wanting. Antenna in 2 bipectinate (¢ unknown). Thorax densely hairy. Abdomen robust. Cells long, discocellulars biangulate, second radial arising from posterior angle, there- fore near third. — Early stages unknown. Belongs to quite a different section from the preceding genera, and would possibly be better associated with the Brston group in the Geometrinae, but the second radial of the hindwing is well developed. U. pilosa Warr. Forewing ochreous grey, dusted with blackish. Lines blackish, excurved anteriorly, incurved posteriorly, consisting of a basal, an antemedian and a postmedian, besides a median shade. Discal mark large, diffuse, grey. Hindwing paler, without markings, except an indistinct curved submarginal shade. Under surface much paler, unmarked. Wing-expanse 34mm. The unique type, a 2 from Sefir Kuh (Sefid Kuh ?), Afghanistan, in coll. RorHscHILpD, is unfortunately in very bad condition, and it has not been possible to figure it. 6. Genus: Sareinodes Guen. This genus, very distinct from all the Palearctic Oenochrominae, belongs essentially to the Indo-Australian fauna, and will be described in Vol. 12, and figured there on PI. 1 of that Volume, but is mentioned here because two of the species have straggled as far as the confines on the Palearctic Region. It may be distinguished by its large size, powerful build, unipectinate g antenna and by having the second radial of the hindwing connate or even very shortly stalked with the first. S. restitutaria Walk. Ochreous reddish with purple reflections, especially in distal area of forewing and median of hindwing (occasionally more purplish all over). A nearly straight, double olive-fuscous line from close to apex of forewing to middle of inner margin of hindwing, enclosing a fine pale line. Underside paler, more pinkish, with a dark line much nearer base, and a line of dots beyond. Borneo to India, Omei-Shan. S. aequilinearia Walk. Lilacine, usually much shaded with reddish. Forewing with three, hindwing with two nearly straight, oblique, equidistant darker reddish lines, the distal one shaded with yellow proxi- mally. Costal edge and fringe also dark reddish. Under surface with distal half much more variegated with yellow and reddish-orange, only the median line present, shortly followed by an irregular line of dark vein-dots. N. India, Omei-Shan. 7. Genus: EpirranthisHn. Face smooth, palpus short. Antenna in both sexes slender, nearly simple. Thorax moderately hairy. Hindtibia with all spurs. Wings ample, thickly scaled. Forewing with distal margin bent in middle, first subcostal anastomosing with costal vein, second subcostal with first and then with third to fourth. Hind- wing with second subcostal arising from cell. A quite isolated genus in Europe, its nearest relatives — so near, indeed, that Mnyricx has referred them to the same genus — being the New Zealand genera X yri- dacma and X ynonia. ; E. diversata Schiff. (= pulverata Thnb., aurantiata Ff.) (1b). Forewing light red-brown, dark dusted, lines weak, chiefly indicated by black spots on the veins, and by a paler (at costa broad and ochre- ous-whitish, afterwards narrow and glaucous) shading which accompanies the first line proximally and the second distally; the second oblique in anterior half of wing. Hindwing orange, coarsely dusted with fuscous. Both wings with very large blackish discal spot. Under surface of forewing orange, of hindwing paler, both wings strongly sprinkled and marked with fuscous, the discal spots as above. Local in Europe, excepting the west and south. — The var. (ab. ?) pallidaria Wendlandt, described from four §3 from Wiesbaden, is much paler, less dusted, the lines obsolescent. — The egg has been described byV. RicureR and is ellipsoid, dark orange to flesh-colour, the micropylar pole flattened, pattern hexagonal, a micropylar rosette of 6 to 10 cells. Larva slender, cylindrical, eighth abdominal segment with a transverse protuberance; colour grey, with two lighter dorsal lines and dark grey dorsal spots, the tubercles large, black. Feeds on aspen in May and June. Pupa rather slender, cylindrical, cremaster short, terminating in two crossed spines and on either side two or three hooklets. The moth appears in March and April, flying about the tops of trees in the sunshine in company pilosa. restitutaria. aequili- nearia. diversata. pallidaria. ononaria. rubraria. sudataria. faecaluria. berytaria. discoidaria. iliensis. 6 APLASTA; HELIOTHEA. By L. B. Prout. with Brephos, to which its general similarity in colouring must be due more to convergence than to near rela- tionship. 8. Genus: Aplasta Hén. Palpus moderate, rather rough-scaled. Antenna rather thick, tapering, in both sexes nearly simple. Hindtibia with all spurs. Wings broad, rather thickly scaled; frenulum wanting. Forewing with first subcostal anastomosing with costal, second wanting. Hindwing with cell rather short, second subcostal stalked, second radial arising above the middle of the discocellulars, as in the Hemitheinae (to which at one time MeyRIck refer- red the genus). This is another isolated genus, consisting of a single species of which no near relatives are known. A. ononaria Fuess. (= rubellata Vill., rubicapraria Hbn.) (1c) is a variable species in colour and in the distinctness of the markings, which are never sharp and consist merely of a somewhat darkened line or shade on both wings beyond middle, a very faint pale submarginal line, occasionally faint traces of an antemedian line on forewing only, and occasionally very faint traces of a cell-spot on both wings. The under surface is more heavily dusted, the markings more distinct. In the typical from (1 c) the ground-colour is yellowish brown, moderately irrorated with reddish. — rubraria, ab. nov. (1¢) is darker and redder, the irroration in part fuscous, especially on hindwing and underside. Specimens have been circulated under this name by the firm of STauDINGER. — ab. sudataria Hbn. is an unimportant aberration of smaller size and rather strongly marked. — faecaturia Hbn. (1c) is a summer form recorded chiefly (through not exclusively) from the eastern part of the range of the species and characterized by smaller size, paler ground-colour and more noticeable red markings. — berytaria Hbn. (1c) is an almost unicolorous greenish-grey aberration or variety from Syria and the southern Taurus. — The larva feeds on Ononis in the spring and again about July, and assimilates beautifully to its food- plant. It is rather short and stout, fusiform, with small conical head, the body green, a lateral line yellow, the tubercles small, but dark, the covering of hairs unusually conspicuous for a Geometrid larva. The pupa is moderately stout, greenish, vestigial tubercles distinct, nearly black, bearing rather stiff setae, cremaster strong, with eight well-developed hooks; enclosed in a slight cocoon. The imago is double brooded, appearing normally in June and August. It occurs commonly in places, but is local, in southern and central Europe and eastward to Armenia. 9. Genus: Heliothea Bdv. Palpus moderate or rather short, with long rough hairs. Tongue weak. Antenna rather short, in g with rather long to moderate, in 2 with very short pectinations. Legs rather short. Hindtibia without median spurs. Frenulum wanting. Wings rather strong, well scaled. Forewing with first two subcostals long-stalked, connected very shortly with costal. Hindwing with second subcostal short-stalked, second radial arising above the middle of discocellulars. Like the preceding genus, the present one shows some affinity to the Hemitheinae, but the two have evolved along rather widely different paths. The larva of the type species has been made known by Milliére, and is briefly described below. The genus apparently consists of only two species, the eastern one somewhat variable, or inclined to form local races. H. discoidaria Bdv. (1c). Head and body with antenna, etc. almost entirely black. Tegulae and wings bright golden yellow, the wings blackish at margins and each with a large, round, black discal spot. Larva nearly cylindrical, without protuberances, slightly attenuated at the extremities, head small, spherical, coralli- form, distinct from prothorax, tubercles small, setae minute, ground-colour greyish or bluish green, dorsally washed with orange. Head pink. Feeds on Santolina. Hibernates as larva, spending about 10 months in the larval stage. Pupa cylindrico-conical, smooth, anal extremity obtuse, with several small hooks; in a slight cocoon. The moth flies in the sunshine and is very local, and known only from some parts of Spain. It emerges towards the end of May or in June. H. iliensis is very distinct from the preceding in its much paler colour, with usually duller forewing, and in the absence of black margins and large discal spots. Structurally, too, the relationship is not very close, the present species having broader forewing, shorter antennal pectinations, more oblique discocellulars, with second radial rising further above the middle. It suggests in some respects an intergrade towards the African genus Petovia. In iliensis Alph. (1c), the first described form, which is distributed in Turkestan, the forewing is pale ODEZIA; PALASOMYSTIS. By L. B. Proovr. 7 celay-colour, the hindwing yellow. — In the form alpherakii Stgr., which occurs in the Zerafshan and Fergana alpherawii. districts, both wings are yellow, the forewings with costa, fringes and a discal spot grey, thus more nearly approx- imating to discoidaria. — herzi Stgr., from one or two localities in Zerafshan, is smaller, the forewing wholly herzi. grey, the hindwing orange with a grey border. — christophi Alph., described from a single 3, and unknown to christophi. me in nature, is said by STauDINGER to be probably an abnormal aberration of iliensis. The forewing above and hindwing beneath are whitish-ashy, the hindwing above and forewing beneath grey. Near Kuldja. 10. Genus: Odezia Bdv. Face with projecting scales. Palpus moderate, rough-scaled. Antenna rather short, in g shortly and evenly ciliated. Hindtibia with all spurs. Forewing with first and second subcostals stalked, second often anasto- mosing with third to fourth. Hindwing with cell short, costal vein closely appressed to the cell to nearly its end, second subcostal stalked. This is again an isolated genus. The older systematists classed it with the Laren- ‘tiinae, and it certainly seems to show some signs of affinity therewith, but not sufficient to allow of its being classified among them. Its supposed close relationship to Baptria tibiale is almost entirely fictitious. The single species has a wide range in the Palearctic Region. 1. O. atrata L. (= chaerophyllata JZ.) (1c). Almost entirely black, the extreme apex and apical fringe of the forewing white. — In pyrenaica Gumpp. (= costai Calb.), from the Pyrenees and Central Italy, the wings, but especially the forewing, are more or less strongly dusted with brownish-yellow. — In ab. nigerrima Th.-Mieg, described from a single 9 without exact locality, the white apex and apical fringe are absent. — The life history has been fully worked out by CHapman. The egg is unlike any other yet described in the possession of two remarkable sulci, one on each side, running nearly from end to end and giving the aspect, when only a single face is considered, of agrain of wheat. It is laid in the summer and does not hatch until the follow- _ ing spring. The larva feeds on Conopodium denudatum (Bunium flexuosum), perhaps occasionally on other allied plants. It is long and slender, nearly cylindrical, without protuberances, green in the first and second instars, either green or brown in the third and fourth. The markings are longitudinal, and show considerable variability; there are usually a dark dorsal line and dark subdorsal band and a pale lateral band; some- times the dorsal area has diamond-shaped markings as in many Hwpithecia. Pupation takes place in a slight cocoon. The pupa is light brown, of about the ordinary form, wing-veins very prominent, cover of prothoracic spiracle a raised dark button, anal armature consisting of two sharp spines. The moth appears in the summer, the exact date varying with the locality. It flies in the sunshine about the bracken or other plants among which its foodplant grows. It is common and widely distributed in the Palearctic Region, though absent from the extreme north, and apparently confined in the south to high altitudes. 11. Genus: Palaeomystis Warr. Palpus short. Antenna in both sexes nearly simple, rather short. Hindtibia with all spurs. Wings smoothly and rather thinly scaled. Forewing slightly produced at apex, first and second subcostals stalked, the second anastomosing with the third and fourth. Hindwing sharply produced at the end of the second sub- costal, cell rather short, in g with a much produced posterior arm, second subcostal arising from cell, radials normal in 9, the second in the ¢ from lower arm of cell, thus much nearer to the third than to the first, ab- dominal margin in g somewhat cut away. Early stages unknown. The genus, easily recognized by the shape and texture of the wings, consists of only two species, both occuring just within the Palearctic Region but probably Indo-Australian rather than Palearctic in their origin. The other genera with which they appear to have most in common — Abraxaphantes, Doratoptera, Loworhombia and Heteralex — are entirely Indo-Australian. P. falcataria Moore (1d). Bluish or greenish white with a silky gloss. Both wings with four grey transverse lines, somewhat variable in distinctness and thickness, the second and third on both wings meeting at inner margin, the third on hindwing nearly always angled or strongly bent in middle. Discal marks weak or wanting. Under surface with the third line distinct, often thickened, the others usually weak or wanting; occasionally a well-marked discal spot on forewing. N. India to W. China and Tibet. P. mabillaria Pouwj. (1c). Much smaller than the preceding, with less lines and these very ill-defined, a postmedian on forewing manifesting itselv chiefly by strong dark spots on second radial and at inner margin. atrata. pyrenaica. nigerrima. falcataria, mabillaria. renitidata. cribraria. calcularia. 8 GYPSOCHROA; ORTHOSTIXIS; CENTRONAXA. By L. B. Provt. The fringe, which in falcataria is unmarked, is in mabillaria strongly spotted with fuscous at the vein-ends. Under surface similar. W. China: Mou-pin, Wa-Shan and Huang-Mu-Chang. 12. Genus: Gypsoehroa Hon. Palpus rather short and slender. Antenna rather long, in both sexes finely ciliated. Legs long and slender, hindtibia without median spurs, the terminal ones very short. Abdomen slender. Wings rather narrow, with smooth, glossy scaling. Forewing with cell rather long, second subcostal wanting, first subcostal anasto- mosing twice. Hindwing with costal closely approximated to cell to one-half, second subcostal not stalked. Only one species known. Possibly related to Orthostixis, although the ¢ genitalia do not show any sign of affinity. G. renitidata Hbn. (1c). Wings as well as face, antenna, etc., uniformly white, only the underside of forewing slightly smoky. Early stages apparently unknown. The moth is local, occuring from 8. EH. Russia to Asia Minor, and little seems to be recorded as to its habits. It has been taken locally also in Ardéche, South-east France. The life-history has recently been made known by CHRETIEN. The eggs are laid in rows of 2—6 on the leaves of Linaria striata, and are yellowish white, with rows of small oval depressions. The larva hatches in 10—12 days. It is sub-cylindrical, the segmental incisions deep, the colour bluish white with brown latero-dorsal band, tubercles and setae small; but is chiefly remarkable for the possession of two addi- tional pairs of rudimentary prolegs on the 4. and 5. abdominal segments, which, however, become still more minute in the adult larva. Pupa slender, whitish, with darker head, brown dorsal line and yellowish wing- cases, the extremities of which are free, reaching as far as the 7. or 8. abdominal segment; in a cocoon on the foodplant, resembling in texture that of Nola. That of the summer generation produces the imago in about a fortnight but the autumn pupae hibernate. The moth appears in May and June and again in July to August, and rests among the Linaria, folding the wings closely around the twigs. 13. Genus: Orthostixis Hon. Characters somewhat as in the preceding genus, but antenna and legs shorter, wings much broader, fore- wing with all veins present, first subcostal arising from costal, second to third stalked, their stalk anastomosing with first and usually with fourth, hindwing with costal further from subcostal, in cribraria connected with it by a bar near the base. Geographical range somewhat limited, the only two known species being almost confined to the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. The larva of one of the species has been made known within the present century, and is briefly described below. 0. cribraria Hbn. (= laetata F.) (1d). White, the forewing with two, the hindwing with one row of black dots on the veins representing the lines. Both wings with black cell-spot and series of intraneural dots on the distal margin. Underside similar, the proximal series of dots obsolete. — Larva dorsally dirty green, marked with yellow subdorsal line, yellow lateral protuberances, ventral surface mainly yellow; tubercles black, distinct, bearing long whitish bristly hairs. Pupa at the head light brownish, otherwise bone-white with black markings and some yellow spots. The moth is double-brooded (May and August) and occurs from 8. EH. Europe to Armenia. O. calcularia Led. (1d). Similar to the preceding, somewhat larger, but at once distinguished by the more oblique course of the proximal series of black spots and by the dark smoky underside of the forewing. The spots, moreover, show a tendency to be enlarged into dashes, and structurally the present species differs in the obsolescence or entire absence of the bar between costal and subcostal of hindwing. Known only from northern Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. 14. Genus: Centronaxa Prout. Nearly related to Orthostixis, but with the palpus more minute, the antenna bipectinate in both sexes, the branches moderate or long in the 3, shorter in the 9, wings more thinly scaled, less pure white, radials of forewing strongly curved, hindwing with costal more nearly approximated to cell near base, second discocellu- lar rather oblique, third nearly vertical, the bend at origin of second radial being therefore distad instead of proximad. The early stages are still unknown. The name-type of the genus, orthostigialis Warr., inhabits North India, but the others all belong to central and western China. All are closely related. Publ. 17. VI. 1912. NAXA; ASPILONAXA. By L. B. Proovr. 9 C. margaritaria Leech (1d) shows the general scheme of markings that is common to the group, the margarita- submarginal series of black spots (as is usual in this and the following genus) placed nearer to the distal margin " than in Orthostixis. Antemedian line of forewing consisting of elongate dashes on the costal, subcostal and median veins and inner margin and a spot on the submedian. Both wings with a spot on middle of inner margin (which is wanting in Orthostivis and Nawxa). Only known from Chang-yang, central China, taken in July. C. contraria Leech (1d) is exceedingly like the preceding, but larger, rather less transparent, contraria. the spots larger, those of the antemedian series relatively shorter and thicker. The ¢ antennal pectinations are longer. Central China: Chang-yang and Ichang, in July. C. montanaria Leech (1e) is still larger, the anal angle of hindwing more prominent. The spots are montanaria. even smaller than in margaritaria, the antemedian series not, or scarcely, prolonged into dashes. Western China: Omei-shan and Wa-shan, in June. 15. Genus: Naxa Walk. Very similar to the two preceding genera, especially to Centronaxa, but differing from both in the entire absence of spurs on the hindtibia and usually of the frenulum; from Orthostixis further in the minute palpus, more rounded forewing and less simple antenna; from Centronaxa in the more normal discocellulars. I hitherto overlooked the presence of the frenulum in a single species, angustaria. This is the more inexcusable as it is mentioned by Lrrcu. The species ought, on this character, to form a separate genus. For the present I merely recognize three subgenera: if I. Antenna bipectinate with moderate branches. Frenulum absent Naxa Walk. IJ. Antenna biserrate. Frenulum absent Psilonaxa Warr. III. Antenna very shortly bipectinate. Frenulum present Desmonaxa, subgen. nov. The distinctions apply to both sexes, and could easily be treated as generic. The facies of all the spe- cies is remarkably uniform. The larvae have not been described, but according to PRYER are hairy, gregarious, living in a web, that of seriaria on privet. I have received a series of angustaria from Chungking, bred by Barry from collected cocoons, and gather that this species also is gregarious and the pupa not subterranean, but I have no further information at present. N. textilis Walk. (= cypraria Guen., hiigeli Feld.) (1d) is usually distinguishable, apart from its teztilis. more strongly pectinate antenna, by its ocellated discal spots, which, moreover, are of a less deep black than in seriaria and angustaria. This ocellation of the discal spots is, indeed, somewhat inconstant, but seems especially prevalent in the more northern forms of the species. According to SwinuHog, the antennal pectinations of the form hiigeli are much longer than those of teatilis. If this were the case, it would naturally have to rank as a distinct species, but we suspect that he confounded 4 with 29, or else mistook some other species for teztilis. textilis is widely distributed throughout India. N. seriatia Moitsch. (= laetata Brem., nec F., taicoumaria De l’Orza, bremeraria Stgr.) (1d). White, seriaria. the black markings placed as in all the genus, namely: three large black vein-spots on forewing at about one- third from base, placed in a slight curve, a large cell-spot on each wing, a submarginal series of large spots on the veins and a marginal series of smaller ones between the veins. Underside the same, but with the antemedian spots weak. Distributed, and apparently in many places common, from West China to Amur and Japan. Be- longs to the subgenus Psilonaxa. N. angustaria Leech is distinguishable from seriaria, apart from the structural characters, by angustaria. the smaller discal spot of the hindwing. In addition, the submarginal spots are rather closer to the marginal, and are generally characterized, on both wings, by having the costal one larger and more conspicuous than the rest. Central and western China, June and July. Forms the type (and only yet known species) of the subgenus Desmonaxa, which — as indicated above — will probably require to be raised to generic rank. 16. Gehus: Aspilonaxa Warr. Palpus moderate. Antenna about two-thirds the length of wing, nearly simple in both sexes. Hindtibia with a pair of minute spurs, in § broadened and flattened and with strong hair-pencil. Forewing with first three subcostals stalked, their stalk anastomosing with costal, third subcostal later anastomosing with fourth. Only one species known, which differs from Naxa in longer palpus and antenna, different neuration, and different wing-pattern. IV 2 obliquaria. japonica. 10 OZOLA; ARCHASOBALBIS. By L. B. Provt. A. obliquaria Leech (= lineata Warr.) (le). White with a peculiar brownish smoky gloss. Forewing with first line curved, very faint, only indicated by some slight pale shading which accompanies it proximally; second line angled, then rather oblique, becoming median or almost antemedian on hindwing, indicated by a slight darkening of the ground-colour and accompanied distally by a pale band. Both wings with a large roundish discal patch and an apical patch pale bluish grey. Marginal spots black, distinct. Under surface white, with the discal and apical patches black, marginal spots as above. Western China: Omei-Shan in July, Chow-pin-sa in June. _ 17. Genus: Ozola Walk. An Indo-Australian genus, of which a single species reaches the southern part of Palearctic Japan. The full description of the genus can be reserved for a later volume. The species is quite unmistakable by its contour, and structurally by the very wide separation of the costal vein of the hindwing from the cell, with which it is connected by a distinct bar. Practically nothing is known of the habits and life-history. 0. japonica Prout (1f). I erected this as a subspecies of impedita Walk., with which it agrees in struc- ture. But superficially it is nearer, especially in the less whitened ground-colour, the complete line and small discal spot of the hindwing, and perhaps one or two other characters, to sinuicosta Prout. From both it differs in the less angulated proximal line of the forewing and the stronger submarginal series of spots on both wings. It will probably prove a perfectly distinct species. Kiushiu: Nagasaki, June, 1886. Described from specimens in the British Museum. I have since seen it in coll. WiLEMan. 3. Subfamily: Hemitheinae. A very interesting subfamily, of tolerably uniform structure, especially in the constancy with which the second radial vein of the hindwing (and frequently also of the forewing) arises near the anterior angle of the cell. The prevalence of bright green colouring of the wings is also very noteworthy, and has gained for the sub- family in England the popular name of the ,,Emeralds“‘, in America of the ,,Greens“. The principal structural characters are as follows. Face nearly always smooth. Antenna very generally bipectinate in the g, and often even in the 9 (never unipectinate). Hindleg in g rarely aborted, spurs variable according to the genus. Abdomen often with dorsal crests. Forewing almost invariably with all veins present, the second to fifth sub- costal almost invariably stalked. Hindwing with costal vein variable, second radial arising anteriorly to middle of discocellulars. Larva usually with head bifid, prothorax elevated, usually with double point anteriorly, body strongly granulated. Feed chiefly (so far as known) on trees and shrubs, and are usually rigid, wonderfully assimilated to small twigs. A few show still more specialized protective adaptations, those of one group (that of Comibaena) clothing themselves with fragments of leaf, which are attached to special tubercles by means of silken threads. Pupa usually green or rather light-coloured, often strongly marked with blackish, spun by a few threads among leaves. The moths of the more ancestral genera rest on tree-trunks or fences, and are of prevailingly grey or lichen-like colouring. The more specialized rest among green foliage, and are, on account of their green coloration, well protected. They are often very sluggish by day, and when disturbed prefer to flutter lazily to the ground, like falling leaves, rather than to escape the threatened danger by flight. The normal time of flight is the evening or night, and they may be attracted by light; but both in North America and in Australia the species seem hitherto, for the most part, to have been taken in comparatively small numbers. The Palearctic Region is not remarkably rich in species, but several of them are extremely common locally. The subfamily does not generally ascend to high latitudes or altitudes, and is wanting also in New Zealand, Hawaii, most of Chili and Patagonia. Other- wise its distribution is wide. 1. Genus: Arehaeobalbis Prout. It is by no means certain that this genus extends into the Palearctic Region, as the two species PINGASA. By L. B. Prout. 11 which appear likely, from the figures, to belong to it are unknown to me in nature. I have erected it for a few species of similar structure to Actenochroma and Herochroma but with the second subcostal vein of the forewing arising from the cell — an ancestral character which in this subfamily is otherwise only re- tained in four primitive Australian genera. The species are chiefly Indian. The colour of the upperside is usually moss-green, mixed with reddish or purple. In some species the hindwing is greatly elongate and dentate, and these usually have the under surface variegated, a broad dark band traversing both wings before the distal margin. A few species have more normally shaped hindwing, and sober grey underside. A. sinapiatia Pow). (3c), is described as of a pale mustard green finely sprinkled with brownish, distal sinapiaria. margin (especially of hindwing) dentate, with dark lunules between the teeth, postmedian line acutely den- tate on the veins, sinuate between the third radial and the medians, followed by slight blackish shading, and this again by a submarginal series of greenish brown spots; forewing also with a strongly dentate ante- median line. Under surface yellowish white with some broad blackish shades in distal part. A single fe- male from Mou-pin. A. crassipunctata Alph. (1g), described as a Gnophos, would seem from the figures to be a near crassi- relative of usneata Feld., hypoglauca Hmpsn. and farinosa Warr. — the group of Archaeobalbis with less Purctata. elongate hindwing and nearly uniform underside. It is described as cinereous brownish, the hindwing, espe- cially at base, strigulated with grey, a waved brownish postmedian line, dotted with fuscous on the veins, and an interrupted dark marginal line. Underside yellowish-white, sparsely irrorated with grey, and with a very large black discal spot on each wing. The figure shows further on the upper surface a series of reddish intraneural blotches on both wings, distally to the postmedian line, and a much smaller, more lu- nular submarginal series. Turkestan: Aksai. 2. Genus: Pingasa Moore. Palpus with third joint in 9 long. Antenna rather long, in g bipectinate, but with a long apical portion simple. Abdomen with paired crests. Hindwing elongate, especially in g, crenulate but without any strongly projecting teeth. Forewing with first subcostal vein usually free; hindwing with costal ap- proximated to cell near base, then diverging very sharply, second subcostal arising from cell, some tufts of raised scales on upperside on and behind the discocellulars. A very natural genus, widely distributed in the Indo-Australian and Aethiopian Regions, but scarcely spreading into the Palearctic. The facies is very uni- form, the general coloration whitish or grey (very rarely green) the distal area, at least on the under surface, more or less strongly darkened. The larva seems to be allied to Pseudoterpna. P. pseudoterpnaria Gwen. (= pryeri Buil.) (1f). Smaller and greyer (tinged with brown) than most pseudoterp- of its allies, the distal area not appreciably darker on the upperside than the rest of the wing. Under sur- ”#7!4- face white, the proximal part (at least on forewing) more or less dusted with grey, both wings with large cell-mark and rather. broad submarginal band, which on the forewing generally spreads to the margin in the middle of the wing and sometimes posteriorly, but always leaves a clear, white apical patch. Japan to western China, apparently in two generations. Scarcely distinguishable above from the Indian tephrosiaria, which is likely a local race of it, but which has the base of the underside clearer white and the submarginal band often narrower. P. alba Swinh. (le). Variable in colour, from clear white to a brown-grey like that of the prece- alba. ding, but very distinct in its thick deep-black postmedian line, not dentate, but sending out short rays distad along the veins. Under surface without distinct white apical patch. Japan, N. China and Assam. A rather large and very handsome species. The Japanese form seems to be usually, though not invariably, greyer than the Indian. P. lahayei Ob. (1 g) somewhat suggests on the upperside a miniature grey specimen of alba but lahayei. with a less regular postmedian line; beneath, the distal area of the forewing shows a blackish patch at . the costa, that of the hindwing small patches about the second radial and second median veins. Only known from North Africa. arenaria. decorata. amplificata. leucomela- naria. superans. leopardi- nata. 12 METALLOLOPHIA; TERPNA. By L. B. Provr. 3. Genus: Metallolophia Warr. Palpus moderate, third joint in 9 moderate or longish. Antenna rather long, lamellate or nearly simple. Abdomen crested, in the nametype (vitticosta) with the crests metallically glossy. Forewing in ¢ more or less elongate, the distal margin being very oblique, first subcostal vein free; hindwing with neuration nearly as in preceding genus. Excepting arenaria, only a few Indo-Malayan species are known. The genus is closely related to Terpna. M. arenaria Leech (le). Whitish, with slight olive-brown clouding and with coarse purple-brown irroration in places. The lines and a very large oval discal mark on forewing olive-brown, the discal mark surrounted, and the postmedian line in part overlaid with dark purple; postmedian line irregular, much excurved anteriorly, but without sharp angles as in opalina Warr. Hindwing weakly marked (probably somewhat faded). Under surface of both wings with some blotches near base, large oval discal mark and thick, curved postdiscal line or shade. Central China: Kiukiang. Only LEEcu’s type (2) yet known. 4. Genus: Terpna Z-Sch. Not very sharply differentiable from the preceding genus, which could almost be treated as a sub- genus of it. Frons strongly protuberant, antenna in ¢ nearly always, and in 9 sometimes bipectinate, tho- rax densely hairy beneath, metathorax sometimes crested, abdominal crests never metallic. Forewing broad, with distal margin not extremely oblique. A genus of ample-winged, robustly built moths of rather wide distribution in the south-eastern Palearctic and the Indo-Australian Regions. They show a good deal of diversity in structure, and I have elsewhere divided the genus into 8 subgenera according to the antennal structure, shape of wings, length of cells and other characters. For the half-dozen Palearctic species this subdivision may be set aside. T. decorata Warr. (= dorsocristata Pouj.) (3c). Antenna simple. Distal margins of wings not crenu- late. White, finely dusted with olive brown, both wings with a curved or angulated dark cell-mark and a much interrupted postmedian line, the latter followed distally by some reddish blotches, that nearest. apex of forewing large, fuscous-mixed, tridentate. Forewing also with large antemedian spot on costa. Underside with the markings ampler, more fuscous, the cell-spots very large. Bhotan, Mou-pin and Chang-Yang. T. amplificata Walk. (le). Antenna in 3 pectinate. Abdominal crests not strong. Wings with cells very short. White, heavily blotched with brownish grey, and more or less strongly clouded with yellow dis- tally, especially at anal angle of both wings, forewing with a small yellow patch at base. Under surface similarly marked, but without the yellow distal shading, the proximal on the other hand somewhat exten- ded and common to both wings. Distributed across China at about 30° N. Lat. Variable in the strength and extent of the yellow shading. j T. leucomelanaria Pow). (le). Nearly related to amplificata, but more darkly and heavily marked with grey, which here becomes nearly or quite black. The distribution of the dark colour is also different, especially on the forewing, where it almost covers the distal third of the wing, widens still further in apical area, and extends more narrowly and somewhat interrupted along costa. Only known from Mou-pin. T. superans Bélr. (1g). Antenna rather short, in g with moderate, in 9 with short pectinations. Build very robust, especially in 9. Cells not very short. Very pale brownish, the entire wing, or at least a band distally to the postmedian line, dusted with grey or olive-grey. Postmedian line dentate, weak ex- cept from costa to first radial and on the other veins; forewing also with a weak antemedian line. Under- side with cell-marks and postmedian clouding very large and heavy, two dark streaks on grey clouding at base. 2 usually much larger than g. Japan. T. leopardinata Moore (1g). Antenna moderately long, in 3 shortly, in 2 not bipectinate. Metathorax moderately, abdomen strongly crested. Forewing yellowish green, thickly sprinkled with fuscous, suffused with reddish in central area and distally to the postmedian line. Lines dark, diffuse, overlaid with shining DINDICA; SPHAGNODELA; PSEUDOTERPNA. By L. B. Provr. 13 bluish scales, the postmedian repandate at third radial. Hindwing bright orange-yellow, the base and most of inner margin fuscous, some fuscous speckling at distal margin, an unusually large blotch at end of cell, a broad, slightly interrupted band before distal margin. Under surface of both wings yellow, nearly white at distal margin, large dark cell-patches and very broad submarginal bands (on forewing touching the margin in places), besides some grey speckling and an obscure grey cloud occupying most of posterior (inner) margin. Originally described from Bengal, occurs also at Yatung, Tibet. T. davidaria Pow). (3c). which I have not seen, is possibly a form —certainly a very close relative — of the preceding, closely approaching the form molleri Warr. from Sikkim, but with the black markings of hindwing and underside still further reduced, in particular almost wanting at the margins. Mou-pin. 5. Genus: Dindiea Moore. Related to Terpna through such species as leopardinata, but at once distinguishable by having a dense tuft of projecting scales from the frons, an enormously developed metathoravic tuft, and the crest on the fourth abdominal segment unusually strong. As with all the preceding genera of the subfamily, the true home of the present genus is India. The single Palearctic species shows the special generic characters somewhat less highly developed than in its relatives, but its systematic position is not open to doubt. D. vitescens Bilr. (= koreana Alph.) (1g). Forewing olive-brown, slightly or strongly and coarsely speckled with fuscous and with a faint reddish suffusion about the discal spot; antemedian line very oblique and deeply dentate, postmedian oblique from costa to near distal margin on radials, thence strongly retrac- ted; antemedian line accompanied proximally and postmedian distally by reddish clouding. Hindwing paler, with broad dark marginal band. Underside of both wings nearly as hindwing above, forewing with large cell-spot. Japan and Korea, occurring from July to September. 6. Genus: Sphagnodela Warr. Palpus with third joint small. Antenna in g with rather short, clavate pectinations. Metathorax slightly crested. Abdomen crested. Forewing with first subcostal anastomosing with costal. Hindwing with costal approximated to subcostal as far at least as to middle of cell, second subcostal usually short- stalked with first radial: The genus contains only a single species, which has a somewhat restricted range in North India and Tibet. S. lucida Warr. Forewing yellow-green (probably richer moss-green when absolutely fresh) coar- sely speckled with fuscous. Lines thick, lunulate-dentate, the postmedian repandate at third radial. Some whitish submarginal spots between the veins, accompanied irregularly by larger fuscous spots. Hindwing much paler, only the distal margin concolorous with forewing. Underside of hindwing nearly as upper, of fore- wing clouded nearly throughout with dark greyish. Sikkim to Tibet. 7. Genus: Pseudoterpna Abn. Palpus with third joint short. Antenna in ¢ shortly pectinate. Abdomen crested. Forewing with first subcostal vein usually free. Hindwing with costal approximated to subcostal to nearly one-half the length of the cell. Base of costa of hindwing very slightly expanded, frenulum in 9 consisting of only a few. long hairs. Larvae moderately stout, rigid, nearly cylindrical, with slight lateral flange, skin-surface strongly shagreened, tubercles and setae very small. Feed on species of Genista and allied Papilionaceae. — Pseudo- terpna is the first essentially Palearctic genus of the subfamily, occurring from Europe to Armenia and N. W. China. It is probably descended from Pingasa, but lacks the raised scales on the wings, has quite different palpus, different course of costal vein of hindwing, and especially shows the commencement of the basal costal expansion and weakening of frenulum which are characteristic of so many of the succeeding ge- nera of the Hemitheinae. P. pruinata Hujn. (= prasinaria Fab. = cythisaria Schiff. = genistaria Vill.) (1f). Green, sometimes more, sometimes less bluish, mixed with whitish, the forewing with two, the hindwing with one dark green transverse line, varying in intensity and in exact position; submarginal line thick, whitish. — ab. agrestaria Dup. is nearly unicolorous, the dark lines being entirely effaced. It possibly tends to form a local race in davidaria. virescens. lucida. pruinata. agrestaria. virellata. fasciata. coronillaria. armora- ciaria. axillaria. corsicaria. simplex. isometra. 14 GNOPHOSEMA; AGATHIA. By L. B. Proovr. some places (as southern France) but certainly occurs in others together with the type. — virellata Krul., from East Russia, perhaps truly a local race, would appear, from its author’s description, to be closely similar tothe last-named form, but larger and probably darker, less mixed with white. — As fasciata ab. nov. may be described a handsome form of occasional occurrence (at least in Britain) with the lines of forewing somewhat approximated and the area between them considerably darker than the ground colour. The larva of pruinata is stout, tapering anteriorly; head deeply bifid, the divisions pointed; prothorax pro- duced to two points anteriorly, body nearly cylindrical, with slight lateral flange, surface strongly granula- ted with whitish; green with white subdorsal lines, pink lateral line and usually tipped with pink on the points of head and prothorax and at anus; tubercles and setae dark, but minute. Hibernates small, and feeds up rapidly in the spring. It may easily be found (by the practised eye) resting rigid and motionless on the foodplants (especially Genista anglica), to the colour of which it is beautifully assimilated. Pupa of moderate width, tapering anteriorly; light brown or clay-coloured or greenish, irregulary dark-spotted, supra- anal plate long. Rests in a very slight cocoon formed of a few threads among leaves. The moth appears in the summer months and frequents heaths or moors, or open places in woods. It is easily disturbed by day, but its flight-time is the night, when it is a frequent visitor to light. It occurs throughout central and south-eastern Europe and in Asia Minor. P. coronillaria Hbn. (1 f) supplants pruinata in south-western Europe and in Syria, and as the two seldom occur side by side the suggestion has occasionally been put forth that they are local races of a single species. The genitalia, however, present tangible differences, the ,,gnathos“ (lower arm of the mandibulate uncus) being provided with much larger teeth in coronillaria, and it is therefore preferable to regard the last-named as distinct. The grey instead of green colour at once distinguishes coronillaria. The larvae are extremely similar, although pruinata, so far as I have observed, is somewhat the more brightly coloured larva, the tubercles somewhat less minute and darker coloured, spiracles somewhat more conspicuous. — ab. armoraciaria Ob. (11) is a unicolorous dark aberration from 8. W. France and Spain. — ab. axillaria Guen., from Syria, also has the dark transverse lines almost obsolete, but agrees in colour with the type. — cor- sicaria Rbr. (1 f) represents coronillaria in Corsica and Sardinia, and has usually been considered a separate species. It is said to differ from coronillaria in having longer antennal pectinations, a less black face, but darker fillet between the antennae and rather stronger abdominal crests. Larva with triangular white dorsal ornamentation, feeds exclusively on Genista corsicaria, and in two generations. P. simplex Alph. (3a) from Central Asia has been regarded as a variety of pruinata, but according to PUNGELER (in litt.) is really a distinct species. It is of a uniform whitish green colour, and especially differs from all the forms of pruinata in having the frons white, only quite weakly tinged with brownish, whereas in pruinata, as well as in coronillaria, it is black. The size is perhaps on an average larger than that of pruinata. 8. Genus: Gnophosema Prout. Palpus rather short, second joint densely scaled beneath. Tongue wanting. Antenna in g pectinate. Hindtibia with terminal spurs only. Abdomen not appreciably crested. Wings shaped as in Pseudoterpna, forewing with second subcostal arising beyond fifth, hindwing with second subcostal short-stalked. Early stages unknown. This genus is required for a single species, which was first described as a Gnophos, trans- ferred to Boarmia by Hampson, but which, notwithstanding its colouring, certainly belongs to the present subfamily. Unfortunately I have only seen two specimens, both g, and neither quite perfect. G. isometra Warr. Reddish-grey, irrorated with fuscous, both wings with a distinct cell-spot, that of the forewing large, sometimes ocellated, an indistinct denticulated postmedian line and an inter- rupted marginal line, forewing also with a dark spot on inner margin indicating the end of an obsolete antemedian line. Underside (especially of hindwing) paler, without markings. The first known specimen was from Akhor (? Akora), near Campbellpur. There is also an example from Kashmir in coll. Brit. Mus. Ap- parently flies in April and May. 9. Genus: Agathia Guen. We here commence a group of genera which are probably collaterally related to some of the earlier ARACIMA. By L. B. Proovt. 15 ones, agreeing with them in the full development of the frenulum, but having taken an independent path of evolution in some respects. The colouring is generally green, at least in great part, sometimes with an admixture of rich brown resembling withered leaves, and not infrequently with a more or less jagged wing- outline. In Agathia the face is rounded-prominent, palpus in 2 with third joint long, antenna in both sexes nearly simple, bindtibia in ¢ strongly dilated, with bair-pencil and usually a short, broad terminal process, abdomen often crested, forewing with first subcostal nearly always free, hindwing strongly tailed at third radial and slightly or rather strongly at first radial, second subcostal not stalked. Early stages im- perfectly known. The genus is a large and very natural one, spread over the entire Indo-Australian Region, with a few stragglers in the Palearctic and Aethiopian. A. lycaenaria Koll. (= albiangularia H.-Sch.) (1h) is a rather common and widely-distributed Indian species, but was originally described from Kashmir, and bas also reached the outskirts of the Palearctic Re- gion in Western China. Bright green with the costal edge of the forewing red-brown. Markings purple-brown (g) or red-brown (Q), sometimes edged with yellow. Forewing with a basal patch, a slightly bent antemedian band, thickening at the margins and in middle, in ¢ often reduced to a mere thread between, an irregular band. near distal margin, forming a broad blotch in middle and smaller blotches or spots at margins, more or less interrupted between, a marginal line thickened into dark spots at apex and about the third radial. Hindwing with smaller basal patch and a submarginal band starting from a blotch near apex and running to a larger blotch in middle, which extends on to the tail of the wing, enclosing a large white spot; an isolated spot on inner margin marks the end of this band. Underside very much paler, with similar markings. The Q, as is usual in the genus, has the markings all much more extended than in the 3. The larva, according to a drawing by Moorg in coll. Brit. Mus., is brown, marked with white on face, with bluish white dorsal pattern and lateral spots. Pupa moderately slender, tapering anteriorly, brown, dorsally dark-speckled and with very large dark spiracular spots, anal armature consisting of 8 hooklets. A. carissima Bélr. (= lacunaria Hed., ? zonaria Don.) (1h). Coloration similar to that of the prece- ding species, but the sexes less dissimilar. Line and band more continuous and uniform in width, inner line obliquely curved, reaching inner margin much further distally, submarginal band of forewing nearly smooth- edged proximally, in both wings reaching the distal margin in posterior half of wing, enclosing an ovate green patch in anterior half. Apparently common in Japan, and distributed from Korea to West China, representing in the Palearctic Region the Indian hilarata Guen. Both sexes vary somewhat in the width of the submarginal band, which, when broad, usually encloses on forewing one or two small green spots posteriorly to the constant large one. The specimen figured by Donovan, as long ago as 1799, under the name of zonaria, and said to come from China, looks more like a small aberration of the Indo-Malayan laetata, but even if it belongs here the name cannot be resuscitated, being a homonym. 10. Genus: Aracima Bil. Palpus in both sexes short, antenna short, in g with short, subclavate pectinations, hindtibia in ¢ somewhat dilated, with small hair-pencil, abdomen scarcely crested, both wings with distal margin crenulate and a more noticeable excision between first and third radials, forewing with first subcostal anastomosing with costal and with second subcostal, hindwing with second subcostal arising from cell or from a point with first radial. The name-type of the genus is Palearctic; a second species, apparently referable to it, has recently been described from Formosa. A. muscosa Bilr. (= vestita Hed.) (1h). Ground colour dull yellowish green, easily fading to a dirty yellowish (perhaps bred specimens would be brighter), the markings dark purple-brown. Both wings with a discal spot, that of forewing always and that of hindwing sometimes large and oval; on forewing followed poste- riorly by a blotch of variable size, which sometimes reaches the inner margin, on hindwing usually accom- panied anteriorly by a small blotch, placed slightly distally. A moderately broad marginal band, complete on hindwing, on forewing running from inner margin to third or second radial, indented at its extremity by the ground colour. The usual lines very faint or quite obsolete, the origin of the postmedian on forewing some- times marked by a dark costal spot. Japan and Amurland, May to July. Very variable in the size of the mark- ings, but always easily recognizable. lycaenaria. carissima. MUSCOSAH. rosthorni. confuciaria. vittata. prasinus. 16 LIMBATOCHLAMYS; TANAORHINUS; HIPPARCHUS. By L. B. Provr. 11. Genus: Limbatoehlamys Rothsch. Palpus moderate, with third joint in ¢ small (2 unknown). Antenna bipectinate with extremely short branches. Hindtibia not dilated, all spurs well developed. Abdomen not crested. Forewing somewhat falcate, first subcostal anastomosing or connected with costal, hindwing with second subcostal arising from cell. Another very distinct genus in facies, erected by Rotuscuitp for a single Chinese species, which has remained rare. L. rosthorni Rothsch. (2a). Forewing olive brown, the costal edge very pale brown, partly tinged with reddish and sparsely dotted with black, a black line (less distinct distally) separating this area from the ground colour; a postmedian line consisting of a row of dark dots on the veins. Hindwing paler, its ante- rior half concolorous with costa of forewing; a large lunular discal mark and a thick, dentate postmedian line. Under surface more reddish brown, speckled with black, forewing with a small discal spot and a straight thick postmedian line not reaching the margins. Central and western China, in July. 12. Genus: TWanaorhinus Bil. Palpus moderate to long, third joint in 9 usually very long. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate. Hindtibiain 6 dilated, with hair-pencil. Abdomen not crested. Forewing with apex falcate, first subcostal free. Hind- wing with anal angle pronounced, sometimes produced into a small lobe. Early stages unknown. The genus belongs chiefly to the Indo-Australian Region. Except in the falcate forewing it differs little from Hipparchus, to which it would be possible to sink it as a subgenus. T. confuciaria Walk. (2a) is the representative in Japan and eastern to central China of the Indian reciprocata Walk., from which it is scarcely distinguishable except in slightly robuster build, slightly less faleate apex, stronger pale markings, the postmedian more strongly dentate. Both species (or forms) are characterized by the broad, dentate white lines and especially by a plain green underside with brown discal spot and post- median line, and rarely, on the hindwing, a series of roundish submarginal spots. The rest of the species have generally more variegated undersides, with less (or no) green colouring. T. vittata Moore (2 a) belongs, with argentifusa, alternata and an undescribed species from New Guinea, to a second section of the genus, less robust in build, more glossy, with the postmedian line straight, not den- tate, and with a few minor differences in structure, to which WARREN formerly gave a separate generic name, Mixochlora. vittata is the most common and widely distributed species, ranging from Japan to Omei-shan and throughout North India, if not also to the Malay Archipelago. — prasinus Bilr., the Japanese form, differs slightly from the name-type in usually having the two central bands more closely approaching one another at inner margin, sometimes almost in V-form. Like all the group, its markings consist of an alternation of glossy green and silvery. Under surface mostly yellow, with thick greyish postmedian and subterminal lines. The moth appears in June and July, and again in the autumn. 13. Genus: Hipparehus Leach. This genus, which is usually known by the name of Geometra Treits. (a historically incorrect appli- cation of the name Geometra L.) is also the Terpne of HiBnerR (nom. nud.), Holothalassis of HUBNER, Lep- tornis of BILLBERG (nom. nud.), but the name of Hipparchus Leach must be restored to it. The genus belongs chiefly to the Eastern Palearctic Region and Northern India, but has as its name-type the well-known papi- lionaria, the finest of the Hemitheinae of Europe. Palpus moderate to long, antenna in ¢ bepectinate, hindtibia in g usually with hair-pencil, always with all spurs, abdomen not crested, wings ample, forewing with apex usually acute, first subcostal free or anastomosing with costal, hindwing usually with a bend or small tail at the end of third radial, sometimes crenulate throughout, second subcostal arising near end of cell. Some slight variations in wing-shape and structure have given rise to the erection of some unnecessary genera— Megalochlora, Loxochila, Chloroglyphica, Hydrochroa — which are here merged in Hipparchus. The early stages of papilionaria are well known, and are briefly described below, but information is still wanting as to those of most of the species. Publ. 24. L. 1913. HIPPARCHUS. By L. B. Prour. 17 H. papilionaria ZL. (1i). Bright green, the forewing usually with two lunulate-dentate white lines, papitio- the hindwing with one, the lunules in the submedian area of forewing the thickest; both wings usually in addition “7: with a faintly darker green cell-mark and some indistinct white intraneural spots distally to the postmedian line. Under surface similarly but more weakly marked, with no antemedian line. — ab. herbacearia Mén. is herbacearia. a form in which both the lines are obsolete. It was originally described from Amurland, and as a separate spe- cies, and perhaps on this account has been quite unnecessarily treated as problematical. Even STauDINGER has only cited it to papihonaria with a query. Yet the aberration appears occasionally in other localities together with the commoner forms, and Kusngzov writes me that the type specimen confirms the identification. —ab. cuneata Burr. is characterized by a large wedge-shaped white spot adjoining the discal mark proximally, cuneata. in addition to the usual markings. — ab. subcaerulescens Burr. is of a bluer green ground-colour than the subcaerules- normal, but is probably scarcely worth naming. — ab. deleta Burr. is another unimportant aberration, in which pe : 5 : : 3 9 ; 5 5 elela. the distal series of white spots is entirely obsolete. — in ab. subobsoleta Burr. the antemedian line of the fore- syhobsoleta. wing is likewise obsolete. — ab. alba Gillm. is entirely white, above and beneath, slightly tinged with yellowish. alba. — The egg of papilionaria is approximately oval, broader at one end and here flattened; it is strong and heavy- looking, the surface sculptured with strongly marked cells, the micropyle shown by a shallow, circular rayed pit. The larva feeds on birch and alder, and has been closely studied for its beautiful protective adaptations. It is rather stout, rugose, the surface shagreened, the head slightly notched, the setae mostly with enlarged summits. The larva hibernates small, and is at this time brown in colour, protectively assimilated to the tiny twigs. In the spring many become green, and they are wonderfully like the birch catkins among which they feed, various small protuberances and projecting edges of segments enhancing the resemblance. The pupa is eylindrical, tapering regularly from the fourth abdominal segment to the anal extremity; spiracles and tubercles distinct, the latter dark-coloured, bearing short curved setae; anal armature consisting of 8 hooks; the general colour is pale green, the wing-cases tinged with brown. The moth is on the wing in July and early August, and flies at late dusk, or more freely towards midnight. It is strongly attracted by light, around which it flies very wildly, and it will often visit ,,sugar. By day it is very sluggish, and even when resting fully expanded on leaves it is very inconspicuous. Its range is wide in Central and North Europe, northern Asia Minor and across Siberia to Japan. H. pratti Prowt (= flavifrontaria Leech, nec Guen.). Expanse of wings 59 mm. Very similar to flavi- pratti. frontaria Guen., build somewhat more robust, palpus somewhat longer, colour brighter green, postmedian white line of forewing broader, somewhat oblique. Ichang, June, 1888, one in coll. Brit. Mus. H. sponsaria Brem. (1h). Colour of papilonaria, but structurally distinct in having the apex of the sponsaria. antenna simple, whereas in papilionaria the pectinations continue, and in having a strong anal tuft, and super- ficially differing in shape (distal margin of forewing irregular, bent in middle, of hindwing tailed) and in having the white lines fine, not dentate, that of hindwing straight; a very faint, fine lunulate line in place of the distal white spots. E. Siberia and Japan, from the end of June until August. H. dieckmanni Giraes. (1h). Similar to sponsaria, but with distal margin of forewing scarcely bent, dieckmanni. of hindwing scarcely tailed, the white lines of forewing expanding into conspicuous spots on costa, hindtibia with a terminal process which is wanting in sponsaria. Our figures unfortunately do not bring out the distinctions. Larva green, each segment bearing a dentate prominence, tipped with red-brown. On Quercus mongolica. South-east Siberia, Korea, Japan, larva full-fed in early June, imago found in July. H. glaucaria Brem. (= usitata Béilr.) (1h). Colour more bluish green than the three preceding. Shape glaucaria. nearest to that of dieckmanni, but with the distal margin of forewing even smoother. White lines thicker than in dieckmanni, those of forewing similarly expanding on costa, but that of hindwing running to near anal angle instead of to inner margin at before two-thirds. Under surface with posterior part of forewing and a great part of hindwing whitened. Larva on Quercus mongolica. Amurland to Japan, appearing in June. H. albovenartia Brem.) (11) is a very beautiful species, with the ground-colour somewhat similar to that albovenaria. of the preceding, but with the costa of forewing and the veins of both wings broadly white. Lines broad, nearly straight, excepting the slender submarginal one; antemedian dark-shaded distally, postmedian proximally. Under surface similar. Shape of hindwing nearly as in papilionaria, of forewing less regular than in that species, already approaching sponsaria. Distributed in Palearctic Hastern Asia. IV : P r 3 fea mandari- nari. valida. vallata. admirabilis. infractla. 18 IOTAPHORA; CHLOROMACHIA; OCHROGNESIA. By L. B. Provz. H. mandarinaria Leech (11) is related to albovenaria, the margins of the wings not crenulate, the veins not marked by white. Antemedian line slightly curved, postmedian broad, rather straight, slightly oblique; an elongate whitish cell-mark which is not present in any other species of Hipparchus. Under surface of forewing partly, of hindwing largely whitish. West China: Chow-pin-sa. One 3, taken in June, in coll. Brit. Mus. Recently also recorded from Hondo and Yezo (Japan) in April and July by Wireman. H. valida Feld. (= dioptasaria Christ.) (1i). A very large species, shaped somewhat as albovenaria but with the irregularities in the wing-margins exaggerated, the markings also nearly as in albovenaria but more slender, the veins not broadly white. Under surface similar to upper. Amurland to Korea and Japan, appearing about midsummer. H. vallata Btlr. (1h). Considerably smaller than the other species, and at once distinguished by a dark spot in the fringe at the end of the third radial of hindwing. Probably nearest to glaucaria, which it resembles in the white-banded underside; forewing with distal margin less oblique, hindwing longer, with rather more marked tail, lines on forewing straighter, parallel, costa of forewing dark-speckled. Common in Japan from June to August; also known from Sikkim. 14. Genus: Lotaphora War’. Palpus moderate, with third joint small. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate. Hindtibia in ¢ dilated, with hair- pencil. Abdomen not crested. Wings smooth-scaled, iridescent. Forewing with first subcostal free. Hindwing with second subcostal from near end of cell. Only two species are known, so nearly related that.they have some- times been taken to be forms of a single species. The name-type of the genus, zridicolor Btlr., belongs to North India, the second species, which is here figured, represents it in the Palearctic region. The moths are very dis- tinct in facies from any others known, but in structure they present but few differences from Hipparchus, to which, moreover, GRAESER compares the larva of admirabilis. I. admirabilis Ob. (11). Differs from zidicolor in having stronger and sharper markings, with the distal area more differentiated in colour from the rest of the wing, cell-mark of forewing rather shorter, post- median line of hindwing straighter. The larva feeds on Juglans mandchurica, on which it was discovered by GRAESER, who describes it as light green, deceptively like a young, half-expanded leaf of the foodplant; head produced into two points, body contracted; rests rigidly attached by the prolegs to a twig. Pupates in a loose cocoon among dry leaves, and the imago appears in the second half of July, and in August, frequenting damp, densely wooded places, from western China to Amurland, 15. Genus: Chloromachia War. An Indo-Australian genus of only two or three species, until recently entirely unknown from the Pa- learctic Region. The species which Witeman has just described from Japan is, however, quite closely related to the widely-distributed divapala, fully agreeing in structure. The genus is characterized by long third joint of palpus in the Q, ciliate antenna of both sexes, densely hairy pectus, short cells (especially of hindwing) and stalking of first median of hindwing. From Ochrognesia, which it somewhat resembles in facies, it may be readily distinguished by the non-pectinate antenna of the 3 and the long palpus of the 9. C. infracta Wilem. Bright green, costa of forewing fleshy ochreous speckled with brown. Forewing with the lines fine, white, indistinct anteriorly, a moderate-sized white spot at middle of distal margin. Hind- wing with postmedian white line strongly outcurved between third radial and second median, the area distally to it mostly occupied with flesh-coloured blotching, speckled with brown in places. Under surface whitish, forewing green in costal half and with a rather large dark cellspot, hindwing with a dark apical blotch. Re- calls the female of divapala, but has only a very minute instead of a large blotch at anal angle of forewing; moreover divapala-9 lacks the white marginal spot. Of the new species only the g is known. Collected in August 1900 and 1901 near Kobe and at other localities in the island of Hondo by Wireman. 16. Genus: Ochrognesia Wavy. Palpus with second joint rather long, rough-haired above and beneath, third joint small. Antenna in 3 shortly pectinate. Legs short, hindtibia in 9 dilated, with hair-pencil and terminal process. Abdomen not crested. Forewing with first subcostal free. Hindwing elbowed at end of third radial, cell short, second subcostal SPANIOCENTRA; COMIBAENA. By L. B. Prout. 19 and first median both stalked. Closely related to Comibaena, but with the hindwing elbowed, not rounded, the ¢ antennal pectinations much shorter, the 2 palpus shorter and the 2 frenulum stronger. Only one species in known. 0. difficta Walk. (= gratiosaria Brem.) (2b). Bright green, both wings broadly but irregularly bordered difficta. with whitish (usually strongly mixed withreddish brown), the bordering occupying about half of the hindwing, with the ground colour encroaching more or less deeply between third radial and second median; on the forewing the bordering occupies a large area at anal angle, a patch in middle of distal margin and a blotch distally to a zigzag white line. Underside mostly whitish, with a few brown spots. Central China to Amurland. 17. Genus: Spaniocentra Prout. Superficially similar to Comibaena, distinguished. by the less fully rounded hindwing, which is slightly emarginate between the first and third radial veins, and especially by one or two important structural charac- ters. Palpus with secont joind smooth-scaled. Hindtibia with only one pair of spurs. Forewing with the second subcostal vein arising after the fifth; both wings with the discocellulars separately curved, resulting in an angle at the point of origin of the second radial. A small Indo-Malayan genus, scarcely entering the Palearctic Region. C. pannosa Moore (= lyra Swinh.) (2b). Bright green with purple-brown marginal line and lighter pannosa. purple-brown fringes. Costal edge of forewing narrowly white, then again narrowly purple-brown. ‘Trans- verse lines broken into irregular series of dots. Forewing with a large purple-brown, white-centred blotch at anal angle, hindwing with a much smaller blotch at apex. Under surface whitish blue-green, with the blotches present but much duller in colour; no other markings. Distributed throughout India and to Burma. The fi- gured specimen is from northern Nepal, in coll. Szrrz. — incomptaria Leech, from Wa-shan, West-China, is incomp- apparently a weekly marked variety or aberration, but as only Leech’s type specimen is yet known, and this is not in perfect condition, it is possible that it may prove to be purely a synonym. The species is in any case somewhat variable in the size of the blotches. 18. Genus: Comibaena Zon. Palpus with second joint long, rough-haired above and beneath, third joint in 2 moderate to long. An- tenna in ¢ strongly pectinate, in 9 somewhat variable, very rarely pectinate. Hindtibia nearly always with hairpencil and terminal process, the latter often fully half as long as tarsus. Abdomen not crested. Frenulum in 2 rudimentary or wanting. Forewing with subcostals variable, first radial usually stalked, first median occasionally stalked. Hindwing with distal margin smooth or nearly so, usually well rounded, second subcostal stalked, first median extremely variable in position. — Larva very rugose, a strong lateral flange, special hooked processes to which are attached fragments of leaf, almost entirely concealing the larva. Feed on various trees or bushes. The genus is a large and evidently natural one, notwithstanding a good deal of variability in neuration. The palpus is always characteristic, the hindleg structure nearly always, and even the shape and coloration are generally very recognizable. The species are generally of a very beautiful bright green (though liable to fade), more or less adorned with blotches of reddish, or at the least with red marginal line; the under surface usually shaded with whitish and more delicate green. The eastern Palearctic and the Indo-Austra- lian Regions are the richest in species, but western Europe produces one species and Africa a few. C. pulchra Stgr. (3a) is smaller than most of its group, and very distinct in the extended brownish-white pulchra. marginal patches of both wings, which are broadest in the middle of the wing. The lines on forewing are indi- cated chiefly by spots at the margins, the hindwing (as in the allied species) is without lines. The under surface also shows the pale marginal patches, and on each wing a dark discal dot as distinct as above. Palestine. C. pustulata Hujn. (= bajularia Schiff. = ditaria Fab. = glauca Geoff.) (2b). Bright green very finely pustulata. and inconspicuously strigulated with white. The lines fine, white, present on forewing only; antemedian becom- ing thicker and dentate towards inner margin, postmedian running into a reddish-brown, partly white-mar- gined blotch at anal angle. Hindwing with an irregular distal bordering of white spots or small patches, marked with red-brown, that at anal angle the largest; marginal line red-brown. Under surface paler, almost unmarked, a somewhat paler anal blotch on forewing. The larva feeds on oak, hibernates small, and may be beaten from the higher branches in the spring, but is easily overlooked on account of its covering, which makes it look exactly like a tiny bunch of dead leafage. Solongagoas1797 one of the authors of the ,,Vienna Catalogue“ (DENIS) gives us an interesting paragraph on the protection of this larva, and asks: ,,Has Dame Nature by 20 COMIBANA. By L. B. Prout. special favour given this species a disguise in order the better to secure it in the larval stage against the birds and ichneumons ?‘‘ The pupa is brown, the surface dull and rugose, the dorsal area of the posterior abdominal segments bearing numerous flattened spines, pointing backwards; spiracles large and dark; anal armature con- sisting of four strong, scythe-shaped, spirally curved books. The moth appears in June and July, and flies at about sunset on the edges or along the glades of woods, usually at a considerable height above the ground. The range of variation is not great, but the markings vary in extent. Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor. neriaria. C. neriaria H.-Sch. (2b) ditters from pustulata in the longer palpus, the very short stalking of the second subcostal of hindwing and some other details of structure; also in the presence of a white, red-margined dorsal spot on second abdominal segment, the reduction of the marginal blotches and the angulation of the postmedian line. Underside rather variable, that of hindwing often nearly white. Occurs from Greece to Armenia. Is very inexcusably treated by STAUDINGER as a variety of pustulata. procumbaria. C. procumbaria Pryer (= vaga Btlr.) (2b). Similar to neriaria, but with the lines almost obliterated, 3 the spot at anal angle of forewing rather larger, enclosing one white spot (not, as in neriaria, two), bindwing with a rather large apical blotch, its white centre intersected by red on the veins. Shanghai and Japan, also once taken at Omei-Shan. Appears in June. lenuisaria. C. tenuisaria Graes. (3c). Nearly related to the two preceding, especially to procumbaria, with which it nearly accords in the blotches. Lines present, formed about as in neriaria, abdomen with dorsal spot as in that species, followed by a smaller white one on the third segment. Crownofhead green, not white as in neriaria. — The larva feeds on Quercus mongolica in June, but bas not been described. The moth flies in July, and in- habits South-east Siberia. amoenaria. C. amoenaria Ob. (2c) is again similar, but has the postmedian line more oblique, running nearer to the anal angle, and the marginal blotches reduced to a pair of small reddish spots at the anal angle of the fore- wing and a similar pair at the apex of the hindwing. The species was first taken on the Isle of Askold, and occurs in the same district as tenwisaria, and also in Japan. It flies in July. tancrei. C. tancrei Graes. (3a). A very distinct species, although structurally quite closely related to the prece- ding group. It is at once distinguished from all the other species by the course of the white lines, the ante- median being broad and oblique outwards, the postmedian curved so as to approach the antemedian on the posterior (inner) margin, where the two are connected by a white line. This species is confined, so far as is at present known, to the Amur and Ussuri districts. obsoletaria. C. obsoletaria Leech (2a). Distinct from all the preceding in that there are no marginal blotches, the pale fringe being merely preceded by a red-brown marginal line. The postmedian line is bent near the costa but less angularly than in neriaria. Kiushiu in June. striataria. C. striataria Leech (2 c) is more thinly scaled and is conspicuously striated with silvery white. Other- wise without markings. Under surface whiter. Che-tou, West China. delineata. C. delineata Warr., in which likewise the wings are strigulated with silvery, has the lines present on the forewing, usually yellowish, in part edged with reddish, the postmedian retracted along second median vein, but is further characterized by having a pale pink blotch and some black dots at anal angle of bindwing. Ori- ginally described from Sikkim, but occurs also in Tibet. 7 apicipicta. C. apicipicta Prout (3c). Wings of the same green as in delineata, and similarly strigulated with silvery; wholly without lines. Forewing with minute black discal dot and dull reddish marginal line, fringe yellowish green. Hindwing with the discal dot sometimes larger, marginal line becoming black apically (interrupted at vein-ends) and accompanied proximally, between second subcostal and first radial, by a small, bright pink blotch. Under surface much whiter, without the pink blotch. Yatung, Tibet. Type and two others (all $3) in coll. Brit. Mus. Certainly a near relative of delineata. argentataria. C. argentataria Leech (2b). Bright green, forewing with two silvery white lines, the antemedian bi- curved, the postmedian irregular, expanding into a broad dentate mark at inner margin, followed by a red-brown blotch at anal angle, a dark discal dot ringed with white. Hindwing with discal mark elongate, a white sub- marginal line of irregular course, followed, especially towards apex, by red-brown blotching; cell-mark large, elongate. Underside of forewing without antemedian line; of hindwing silvery white, with a red-brown patch at apex CULPINIA. By L. B. Provr. 21 a dark discal dot and a wavy green postmedian line. Hondo, Kiushiu, Korea and Central China, apparently throughout the summer. C. nigromacularia Leech (= delicatior Warr.) (3c). Cell-spots rather large, postmedian white line of nigroma- forewing rather thick, well removed from distal margin, followed by a white cloud running to the margin between ¢“/47"“- the second and third radials, a reddish cloud on inner margin and a somewhat interrupted white submarginal line. Hindwing with a large reddish or dark purple-brown patch at apex, continued more narrowly along distal margin to middle of wing. Underside nearly white, except costal half of forewing; cell-spots large, apical markings of hindwing fuscous, divided into three or four small blotches, separated by the veins. West China, S. E. Siberia and Japan, occurring continuously from June to October. Varies a little in the exact form and extent of the blotches. C. ornataria Leech (2c). Green strigulated with white. Lines placed nearly as in delineata, but slender, ornatariu. white, the postmedian scarcely traceable beyond the bend at second median vein, being followed by a red, paler-centred pyramidal marking on inner margin. Hindwing with the fringes largely purple-red and small paler-centred blotches of this colour at apex and anal angle. Hindwing beneath whitish, marked with green, both wings with thick purple-red streak from inner margin close to anal angle. Only known from Pu-tsu-fong, Western China. C. diluta Warr. (= ? ingrata Wilem.)(3b). A rather obscure species, of which I have seen no certain example diluta. excepting WARREN’s somewhat faded type, although I believe an Ussuri ¢ in coll. PUNGELER may safely be referred. to it, probably also WiLmMAN’s (damaged) type of ingrata. The green ground colour is not noticeably strigulated with white, the white lines are present, though very indistinct, the postmedian quite near the distal margin, cell-spot small, no terminal red line. Under surface whitish green, with only the cell-spots present. Kaushiu, ? Nikko,? Ussuri. We here figure Herr PincELERS specimen. C. quadrinotata Bilr. (5a) in common with a few Indo-Australian species differs from the preceding quadrinotata. group in neuration, the fifth subcostal vein arising before the second. These species constitute, approximately, the genus Probolosceles of WARREN, but as procumbaria varies in the relative position of these two veins, the genus is untenable. quadrinotata is smaller and of a rather more delicate build than the pustulata-group, to which otherwise it bears a good deal of resemblance; colour somewhat less bright, the white lines indistinct, placed somewhat as in neriaria, the postmedian waved; blotches fuscous, not red-brown, enclosing no white scales, consisting of one at anal angle of forewing, one at apex of hindwing and a small dorsal one on abdomen. Dharmala and Kashmir. The species from Talaut, recorded by Mpyrick as quadrinotata, is distinct though allied. 19. Genus: Culpinia Prout. Face smooth. Palpus shortish or moderate. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate, in 9 subserrate. Hindtibia in ¢ with small bair-pencil and only two spurs, in 2 with four spurs, the proximal pair often weak, sometimes almost vestigial. Abdomen not crested. Frenulum in ¢ rather weak, in 9 wanting *). Forewing with distal margin straight or even slightly incurved anteriorly, strongly oblique posteriorly, third discocellular deeply incurved, becoming very oblique, first subcostal free or anastomosing with costal, first median connate or short- stalked. Hindwing with distal margin toothed at first radial, and more strongly at third, excised between, cell short, costal anastomosing with subcostal at a point near base, second subcostal short-stalked, first median connate, or oftener stalked. Differs in several characters from Thalera, with which, on account of its super- ficial appearance, it has hitherto been confused. Only one species is known. C. diffusa Walk. (= crenulata Bilr. = rufolimbaria Hed.) (2c). Green with an indistinct fine waved diffusa. whitish postmedian line, forewing also with faint traces of an antemedian. A red line on distal margin, the fringes white, chequered with red. Underside similar. The species bears much superficial resemblance to a mi- niature Thalera fimbrialis. Its range extends from Japan to western China. There are evidently two broods, May to June and August to September. *) From here onward to the end of this subfamily, according to the classification which I have adopted, the ® frenulum is wanting, and that of the 9 more or less short and weak, arising from before a marked basal expansion of the hindwing. ‘The structure will therefore not be again mentioned, except under the first genus (Hwchloris) in which the g also has entirely lost the frenulum. glaucaria. flagellaria. ambigua. iliturata. protrusd. grandi- ficaria. submacu- laria. striz. 22 GELASMA; OENOSPILA. By L. B. Provrt. 20. Genus: Gelasma Warr. Palpus moderate, third joint in 2 sometimes long. Antenna in g pectinate, in 2 nearly simple. Hind- tibia in g dilated, with hair-pencil. Abdomen not crested. Forewing with first subcostal usually free, first median not stalked. Hindwing elbowed or usually tailed (sometimes strongly) at end of third radial, second subcostal stalked, first median shortly stalked. Of the early stages we have as yet no information. The genus is chiefly Indo-Australian, and does not reach Europe. G. glaucaria Walk. (2c). Grey-green, rather thinly scaled, the colour composed of dense irroration of greyish olive on a whitish ground. An irregularly bent, elongate cell-spot on each wing, two lines on forewing and one on hindwing, all produced by a thickening of the darker scales; the postmedian line accompanied distally by a vague pale line. Underside almost white, somewhat opalescent. Northern India and Tibet. G. flagellaria Pouwj. (= flagellata Pouwj. i. tab. = albistrigata Warr.) (3a). is slightly greener than the preceding, both on the upperside and on the forewing beneath, the markings on an average even weaker, the cell-mark less bent. Otherwise the two are extremely similar. Central and western China. G. ambigua Biir. (2c) is still somewhat more green in colour, the darker markings consequently ob- literated. The white postmedian line on both wings is finer, and more strongly dentate. In addition the hind- wing is somewhat more elongate, and the g antennal pectinations are longer. Japan, in July. G. illiturata Walk. (2d) and the species which follow may be distinguished from the preceding ones by the longer, sharper tail of the hindwing, and have, on that account, sometimes been treated as forming a separate genus, T’halerura. The present species is of a dull green, about as ambigua, both wings with a very slightly darker cell-mark anda strongly dentate postmedian white line, no dark marginal line. Under surface whitish, unmarked. Perhaps a form of the Indian dissimulata. Described from Shanghai, also occurs in Japan (common at Yoshino, end of June and early July) and Korea. G. protrusa Bilr. (2d) is perhaps of a slightly brighter green colour than the preceding, of which, how- ever, | have seen no really fresh specimens. Its size is somewhat smaller than that of dliturata, its under sur- face more tinged with green (particularly on the forewing), but it is best distinguished by having a blackish marginal line, interrupted at the ends of the veins. Distributed in Japan, and occurs also in Amurland. G. grandificaria Graes. (= colataria Leech) (2 d) is again similar to the two preceding species, especially to protrusa, which it resembles in having the dark marginal line. LrEcH separated it from the last-named by its chequered fringes, and these are very noticeable, but as those of protrusa are also very faintly chequered this is not the best distinctive character. protrusa, besides being generally smaller, has in the g shorter antennal pectinations and in both sexes longer palpi. grandificaria is found in Amurland and Japan and is distributed right across China from Ningpo to Mou-pin. As I have not seen Amurland specimens, it is just possible that Iam uniting two different species, but GRAESER’s excellent description quite agrees with colataria. The Japanese specimens which I have seen were taken in June and August. G. submacularia Leech. Shape about as in protrusa, the distal margin of the forewing being straight. Larger than that species, colour a very dull grey-green, dark marginal line more continuous, under surface marked with a large dark patch at anal angle of forewing and another at apex of hindwing. Antennal pecti- nations in the g much shorter than in protrusa. West China: Mou-pin and Omei-shan, in June. 21. Genus: GEnospila Swinh. A small Indo-Australian genus, distinct from Gelasma chiefly in the hindtibia of the 3, which is greatly thickened and lacks the terminal spurs, the proximal pair being very unequal. The coloration is bright green, very distinct from the dull greyish or glaucous shades of Gelasma. (KE. strix Btlr. (2c). Bright green with the costal edge of the forewing snow-white, the lines indicated by reddish dots or dashes on the veins, a row of reddish spots at base of fringe and on the hindwing a rather large blackish blotch on the inner margin, which distinguishes it from flavifusata Walk., the type of the genus. Hindwing elbowed at the end of third radial. Underside very pale green, unmarked, fringe as above. First described from Dharmsala. Just enters the Palearctic Region in Kashmir. Occurs also in Assam. HEMITHHA; DIPLODESMA, By L. B. Prout. bo 22. Genus: Hemithea Dup. Palpus with third joint in 9 elongate. Antenna in both sexes ciliated. Hindtibia in g long, with a sheath enclosing a bair pencil and with only one pair of spurs, in 9 with all spurs, hindtarsus in g abbreviated. Ab- domen crested. Forewing with first subcostal usually free, first median occasionally stalked. Hindwing bent or shortly tailed at end of third radial, costal anastomosing at a point with subcostal, second subcostal and first median both stalked. — The egg is a flattened disc, with the usual hexagonal pattern. The larva is slender, very firm and twig-like, the head and prothorax deeply bifid, the body rough, with white spicules, but without marked protuberances, a lateral flange well developed. Although it does not possess the special tubercles or clothing of Comibaena, it is said to have a habit, in early life, of covering itself with threads, to which particles of dust and dirt adhere. — The genus is Palearctic and Indo-Australian. H. aestivaria Hbn. (= strigata Mill. nee Scop. = thymiaria Schiff. nec Linn.) (2d). Green, the costa of the forewing speckled with brown, both wings with a subdentate whitish postmedian line which is slightly dark-shaded proximally, forewing also with an antemedian line, fringes dark-spotted. Under surface whitish green, unmarked. The egg has not been fully described. It is shaped as indicated above, in our generic diagnosis. The larva is very variable in colour, green, brown or purplish, with a dark dorsal line widening into dorsal triangles which are in part margined with white. It is polyphagous, though with a preference for trees or bushes, oak, hawthorn and sallow being a few of its favourites. It hibernates small, and is full fed about the beginning of June. The pupa is slender, light-brown, with a dark dorsal line, and rests in a slight cocoon among leaves. The moth flies in July and early August, and is locally common in a great part of the Palearctic Region from Northb- east Spain to Japan, though avoiding the high latitudes. It prefers wooded country or thick hedges, and is easily disturbed by day from its resting-places among the foliage. In the evening it flies vigorously, and is sometimes attracted to flowers or artificial sweets. It varies much in size, the Japanese specimens in particular being much larger than the Western ones, but it is otherwise very constant. — alboundulata Hed., described from a single example from Amurland, is somewhat problematical, but almost certainly a rare casual aberration of this species, with the lines unusually approximated. H. ussuriaria Brem. (2d). Light green, with the usual white lines waved, but not dentate, the ante- median indistinct; the antemedian is accompanied distally, and the postmedian on both wings proximally by a dark green line. Under surface paler. Occurs from the middle of June to the beginning of August in Amur- land and north-eastern China. H. nigropunctata Warr. (2d) was described from northern India, but specimens in coll. PUNGELER from Nikko, Japan (formerly identified as amphitritaria) agree so accurately with it that I have little hesitation in adding it to the Palearctic fauna. It is of a rather brighter, less opaque green than aestivaria, with less pronounced tail to the hindwing, and with a conspicuous black discal spot on each wing; fringes unspotted; abdomen dor- sally darker, more variegated (red and fuscous). We have copied Warren’s figure, but the costal margin should be speckled with black. H. distinctaria Walk. (2d). Bluer green than either of the preceding, shape about as in nigropunctata. Readily distinguished by the postmedian line, which is fine; clear, on the forewing straight and not waved or dentate (parallel with distal margin), on the hindwing only very slightly bent opposite to the angle in the distal margin. Abdomen dorsally marked with fuscous, the crests small, fuscous. Described from Sikkim, where it appears to be common, but extends also into Tibet. H. confusaria Stgr. (5a) from Amurland, was described by comparison with pretiosaria (Chlorissa), from which the much longer and stronger antennal cilia of the g separate it. But according to a cotype kindly lent us for figuring, it is certainly a Hemithea, with strong abdominal crests and closely related to distinctaria. Abdomen dorsally pale reddish brown, not fuscous. Postmedian line denticulate, less straight. H. marina Bilr. is a smaller, more delicate species, reminding of an Jodis. Abdominal crests weak, but present. The white lines are present but rather faint, their course nearly as in aestiwaria, from which marina differs in its smaller size and unspotted fringes. I have not seen any perfect specimens, and cannot say positively that it may not prove to be a form of ussuriaria. Japan and perhaps Korea. 23. Genus: Diplodesma Warr. Characters of Hemithea, but abdomen not crested, first subcostal arising from the stalk of the others, beyond first radial, usually running into costal. In the name-type of the genus, celataria Walk., the second aestivaria. alboundu- lata. USSUTUTUU. nigro- punctalu. distinctaria. confusaria. marina. mundaria. eluta. viridata. caerulescens. conca- vilinea. olivaceo- marginata. rufotincta. mathew. rosearia. melinaria. insignata. cloraria. 24 CHLORISSA. By L. B. Prout. subcostal also runs into the costal, but this vein is very variable in the genus, and sometimes wanting. The species are of small size, broad-winged, with very glossy scaling, sometimes thinly scaled and more or less translucent. The typical species are all Indo-Australian, and the only two Palearctic species which are best referred here (on account of the stalking of the first subcostal) are somewhat anomalous, having more the shape and facies of a Hemithea or Chlorissa. They might possibly be treated as aberrant, tailed Chlorissa. D. mundaria Leech (2e). Pale yellowish green (perhaps faded), the lines rather straight, whitish, the first dark-edged distally, the second proximally; the second is as usual continued on the hindwing. Hind- wing with an elongate darker green discal mark. Under surface greenish white, without markings. West- China: Ta-Chien-Lu in June. D. eluta Wilem. Smaller and with broader forewing than mundaria, more nearly approximating to some of the typical Diplodesma, such as obnupta. Slightly darker than mundaria, the lines somewhat more distinct, that of hindwing less straight. The less straight lines will also distinguish it from obnupta. Distributed in Japan, occurring from June to September. Also in Korea. 24. Genus: Chlorissa Steph. Perhaps scarcely more than a subgenus of Hemithea, being somewhat connected by intergrades. The abdomen is usually not crested, and never has more than two small crests. The distal margin of the hindwing is either entirely rounded or at most quite weakly elbowed. Most of the other distinctions which separate the typical members of the two genera prove quite inconstant when wide material is investigated. The early stages of Chlorissa are similar to those of Hemithea. The geographical distribution is very wide, representatives occur- ring throughout the Palearctic Region, India, East and South Africa and North America. The genus is generally called Nemoria, a name that rightly belongs to the North American bistriarva Hbn., which has no connection with the present group. 4 C. viridata L. (= prasinata Wrnbg.) (2e). Wings green, forewing with the costal edge yellowish and with two whitish transverse lines. Hindwing weakly angled at end of third radial, the margin straight, or even very slightly excised, from here to first radial, colour as in forewing, with a single, little bent transverse line. Under surface somewhat paler, with the postmedian line only, sometimes almost unmarked. — ab. caerules- cens Burr. is of a bluer green colour. — ab. concavilinea Burr., which is probably scarcely worth distinguishing, has the postmedian line on hindwing incurved. — ab. olivaceo-marginata Burr. has all the fringes dark olive- green. — ab. rufotinecta Burr. has a delicate red flush on the centre of the forewing. — ab. mathewi Bankes has both wings dusted with orange scales. — ab. rosearia Culot, which probably differs little from the preceding, is described as having the wings pale rosy throughout. The last three aberrations, though founded on fresh (in part even on bred) specimens, are probably due to some subtile chemical action on the fugitive green colour. — melinaria H.-Sch., described from a single example from the Ural, is a somewhat enigmatical form, but seems best referred as an aberration to viridata, which in any case occurs about Orenburg, in a form which I cannot differentiate from that of western Europe. melinaria is smaller than the type form, more bluish, with the lines more nearly approximated. There is in the British Museum a specimen bred by ZELLER, and labelled by him as melinaria, agreeing with the above description, but unfortunately without locality. It is very doubt- ful whether some other specimens which have at times been identified under this name really belong to it. — insignata Stgr. (5 a) from Turkestan, is distinguished by the scarcely elbowed distal margin of the hindwing and the almost obsolete white lines. The egg of viridata is similar to that of Hemithea. Larva also similar to aestivaria but of simpler structure, lateral flange less developed; green, with reddish dorsal line or diamond- shaped spots, partly edged with white. Feeds on hawthorn, sallow, heath, Potentilla and various other plants. Pupa pale brown, with blackish dorsal line and spiracular spots, hibernating in a slight cocoon among fallen leaves. The moth appears in May and June, and is locally common, resting by day among low plants or bushes, and becoming more active in the afternoon. Its range, so far as is ascertained, embraces most of temperate Europe, Asia Minor, Armenia, etc., and perhaps some localities in Central Asia; but it has been much confused with some of its nearest relatives. U C. cloraria Hbn. (= porrinata Z.) (2e). Very closely related to the preceding, being scarcely distinguish- able except in having the costa and front leg more or less thickly spotted with fuscous. The ground colour is perhaps on an average slightly more bluish, and the postmedian line more curved. Structurally also, Bur- ROWS (in litt.) tells me that the 3 genitalia differ in that the ,,socii‘‘ (two organs which lie alongside the uncus) Publ. 25. I. 1913. CHLORISSA. By L. B. Provr. 25 appear in cloraria much narrower and the ,,vinculum“ (,,saccus‘‘) less wide, the central portion less extended anally. The figure of cloraria given by HUsner is unsatisfactory, and has given rise to many uncertainties, but its dark costa and the curve of the postmedian line (though exaggerated) show that it is intended for the present species. This was pointed out long ago by ZELLER, and the name ought to be restored. — ab. rosea rosea. Gumpp. is a form with the ground colour more or less changed to rosy, as in some of the viridata-forms described above, and no doubt attributable to a like cause. — The larva of cloraria is said to be reddish, not green, and to feed on various plants in June and September, the moth occurring in two generations, May and July to August. The geographical range of the species is not precisely ascertained, but it is certainly common in some parts of Southern and Southern Central Hurope, and perhaps also reaches Armenia. C. obliterata Walk. (2 e) very closely approaches the two preceding, and is probably the species recorded obliterata. by STAUDINGER and others from the eastern Palearctic Region as viridata. The colour is slightly more yellowish, the scaling perhaps somewhat smoother, the postmedian line of the forewing somewhat differently formed, and the abdomen has two or three anterior segments dorsally coloured red. Shanghai to Japan and Ussuri. The obliterata of Lencu is probably amphitritaria, certainly not the present species. C. pulmentaria Guen. (= cloraria Dup., nec Hbn.) (2 e) has sometimes been confused with the preceding pulmentaria. group, but is very distinct in the rounded hindwing, longer palpus, wings finely strigulated with whitish, and other characters. The white lines are seldom sharply expressed; that of the hindwing is bent. — palaestinensis palcestinen- Fuchs, from Syria, is smaller, the white lines obsolete or extremely faint. According to PUNGELER (in litt.) *’* Fucus’ actual types belonged not to pulmentaria but to faustinata, but as I possess a long series from Syria agreeing entirely with his description and referable, in my opinion, to pulmentaria, I hesitate to transfer the name at present. If they are really referable to faustinata they represent a very different form from the Spanish, there being no trace of dark lines, though some specimens show a very faintly darkened cell-spot. — The larva of pulmentaria is even more slender than those of its allies, green and yellow or whitish (adaptive to the colour of its food-plant) with a broad, dull carmine dorsal line. It feeds on various Umbelliferae, but will also accept plants belonging to other orders, and is easy to rear, feeding up very rapidly in the summer. Pupa slender, greenish-grey; wing-cases dark-veined; dorsal line and spirazular spots black. The moth is double-brooded, and is locally common from southern Europe to Central Asia. C. faustinata Mill. (? = palaestinensis Fuchs) (2e). Nearly related to pulmentaria, but with the lines faustinata. indicated (usually rather obscurely) by a darker green shade than the ground-colour, a very faint darker green discal spot usually present on each wing. Egg, according to MiLurERs, azure blue. Larva slender, cylindrical, dull bluish green, with a more or less vinous, interrupted dorsal line, partly divided into white-encircled spots. Feeds on Rosmarinus officinalis in a succession of broods. Pupa greenish, dark-spotted, the wing-veins dark. Occurs in Spain and Syria, and is perhaps not specifically distinct from the widely-distributed African sézbo- lepida Btlr. C. amphitritaria Ob. (2 e) has the hindwing somewhat angled, approaching the normal Hemithea form amphitri- the second to fourth abdominal segments red dorsally. Distinguished by its delicate, translucent sea-green (7 colour, the costa of the forewing pale yellow, both wings with dark green cell-spot, the antemedian white line weak, the postmedian sinuous, parallel with distal margin. Occurs on Askold in June and July, also in the Ussuri district and Japan. C. pretiosaria Stgr. (= gelida Bitlr.) (2c). Rather recalls Hemithea distinctaria except in the absence pretiosaria. of dorsal pattern or crests, but is of more slender build, lighter, less bluish green, the postmedian line on the forewing usually obsolescent towards the costal margin, on the hindwing even straighter than in distinctaria. The typical form is relatively small, with the antemedian line usually absent. — gigantaria Stgr. (= anomala gigantaria. Warr.) is a much larger form, with the antemedian line present. It seems to be a local race, but its distribution is so mixed up with that of the type, that until more precise information is available as to altitudes or other IV 4 plana. pulverei- sparsa. carnifrons. rectilinearia. herbaria. advolata. halimaria. 26 NEROMIA; MICROLOXIA. By L. B. Prout. local conditions it is difficult to disentangle it. The typical form has a wide range from Transcaucasia to North- west India, and WinEMAN has recorded a single specimen from Yoshino, Yamato, Japan. The form gigantaria occurs in a part of Ferghana, in Kulu, Goorais Valley, Scind Valley, about Dalhousie, and I have seen one example from Huang-mu-chang. C. plana Wilem., of which only a single 2 is known, and which is somewhat doubtfully referable to this genus, is of about the size and shape of viridata, of a rather opaque, uniform green, without a trace of lines. Fringes pale. Underside similar. Antenna thick and serrate, palpus probably too short for a Chlorissa. Japan: Odai-San, Yamato, July, 1894. 25. Genus: Neromia Sgr. Palpus with third joint short, nearly alike in both sexes. Antenna evenly ciliated. Hindtibia with only one pair of spurs, tarsus not abbreviated. Abdomen not crested. Hindwing with distal margin rounded. Neuration as in Hemithea and Chlorissa. Evidently related to the genera just named, but differing in the palpus (at least of the Q) and in the leg structure. Only the type species, pulvereisparsa, clearly belongs to the genus, but one Indian and a few African species with still shorter palpus can be provisionally referred to it. N. pulvereisparsa Hmpsn. (= iodisata Stgr.). (3a) Light ochreous grey or greyish ochreous, more or less densely dark-dusted. Lines lunulate-dentate, whitish, quite weak or almost obsolete, sometimes made more — prominent by a slight darkening of the central area of the wing. Discal marks feebly indicated. Under surface paler, unmarked. Aden and Palestine. Hampson’s type, from the former locality, is much darker- dusted than the Palestine specimens (iodisata) which I have seen, and the specific identity not quite cer- tain,’ all being in bad ‘condition. N. carnifrons Bélr. (= indecretata Hmpsn. nec Walk.) (21). Palpus minute, § antenna dentate, with fascicles of cilia. Wings somewhat ampler than in pulvereisparsa. Delicate sea-green, costal edge yellowish white, both wings with a nearly straight, moderately thick white postmedian line. Underside slightly paler, otherwise quite similar. Distributed through India from the Nilgiris to the Himalayas. The specimen figured, from Kulu, is in the BASTELBERGER collection. — rectilinearia Leech, from Huang-mu-chang, scarcely differs, but has a weak, curved antemedian line on forewing of which there is not or hardly a trace in carnifrons. 26. Genus: Miecroloxia Warr. Palpus moderate to long, third joint in 9 elongate. Antenna in ¢ pectinate. Hindleg in both sexes with only one pair of spurs. Abdomen not crested. Forewing with first subcostal anastomosing with or running into costal, second subcostal sometimes running into costal, sometimes anastomosing with first sub- costal, first median sometimes stalked. Hindwing with* distal margin rounded, second subcostal and first median both stalked. Larva more or less slender, tapering anteriorly, head small, the lobes produced to points, body rugose, granulated, lateral flange developed. A small genus inhabiting southern Europe, India and Africa. Perhaps it will need further subdivision. The species are not all uniform in shape and facies, while even in structure there are some slight variations. The species of the typical section are of very small size, but relatively strongly built. M. herbaria Hbn. (= graminaria Z. = bruandaria Mill.) (2e) is the name-type of the genus, and the best-known species. The green ground-colour is never very bright, and easily fades to a dirty olivaceous shade. The lines are slender, rather straight, almost wanting on the underside. The fringes are long, distally pale. — In the form advolata Hv. (2 e), which seems inclined in some localities to form a local race, but in others is a mere aberration, the lines are broader and clearer, hence much more conspicuous, and are perceptible also beneath. — The larva is pale green, sometimes with an olive-green or red-brown dorsal line. Feeds on Teucrium and produces two or more generations in the year. The species occurs in southern Europe, Syria and Asia Minor and eastwards to Turkestan. M. halimaria Chrét. (2e) apparently replaces herbaria in Algeria. It is very closely related to that species, but bluer green, the lines very fine, indistinct, shaded with dark green, sometimes almost obsolete. Egg greenish white, an irregular ellipsoid, truncate at one end, a large central depression, reticulation po- lygonal. Larva more robust than herbaria, granulation more regular, ground-colour more whitish, dorsal pattern different. On Atriplex halimus, in a succession of broods. HIEROCHTHONIA; EUCHLORIS. By L. B. Prout. 27 M. menadiara Th.-Mieg is described as of robust build, the g antenna somewhat as in Ochrognesia menadiara. difficta, face greenish, space between antennae white, wings yellow green, forewing with costa somewhat rosy, the lines consisting only of small white dots on the veins, the postmedian 2 or 3 mm from the distal mar- gin, cell-spots slightly darker green, scarcely noticeable, under surface greenish white, costal edge rosy, pal- pus and legs rosy white. The type, which was from Bona (Algeria) in coll. VaLuanrrn, is unfortunately lost, but its author possesses a drawing of it and there is a 9 from Philippeville in coll. PiNGELER which may probably belong to it. If so, the 9 antenna is pectinate, the tongue weak, the first subcostal of fore- wing free. The species is very much larger than herbaria, no doubt related to satwrata. M. saturata Bang-Haas (2f). Antennal shaft red, pectinations in g of quite moderate length, tongue saturata. rudimentary or wanting, forewing with first median arising from cell. Wings rich dark yellow-green, a post- median white line, continuous except at costa, slightly curved, costal edge of forewing yellowish white. Under surface somewhat paler and yellower, without the line. The palpus (4) probably too small for a true Micro- loxia. First discovered in Algeria. One in coll. PUNGELER was taken in Murcia together with herbaria. 27. Genus: HMieroehthonia Prout. Palpus minute. Tongue wanting. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate to apex, with rather long branches; in @ shortly pectinate (except in petitaria). Hindtibia with a single pair of spurs. Abdomen not crested. Forewing with first subcostal arising from cell, anastomosing with or running into costal, first median arising close to end of cell. Hindwing with distal margin rounded, cell not short, costal anastomosing (in alexandraria approximated) to near end of cell, second subcostal stalked, second radial from scarcely above middle of cell, first median stalked or separate. Related to Wicroloxia, but differing in the minute palpus, strong anasto- mosis of costal vein of hindwing, ete. Only three species are known, all eastern Palearctic; and one of these, alexandraria, is not strictly congeneric, but must ultimately be removed, on account of the position of the costal vein of hindwing. H. pulverata Warr. (= semitaria Ping.) (2{, 21). Superficially exceedingly like Xenochlorodes beryllaria, pulverata. with which it is often confused; but differing structurally in the absence of tongue and presence of 3 fre- nulum, pectination of 9 antenna, and in the somewhat longer wings. Only known from Syria. H. petitaria Christ. (2 f) is larger, longer-winged, of a less bright, more yellowish green, entirely with- petitaria. out the white postmedian line. Described from Askhabad, and since found in a few other localities of Transcaspia and Ferghana, but still very rare in collections. H. alexandraria Prout (3b). Very similar in aspect to petitaria, forewing somewhat narrower, costa some- alexan- what straighter, 2 antenna pectinate, wings less yellow green, unicolorous, forewing with first subcostal anasto- @a7ria. mosing at a point with costal, hindwing with costal merely approximated to cell, not anastomosing. Alexan- der Mountains, Central Asia. Type (2) in coll. PUNGELER. 28. Genus: Euechloris Abn. Palpus strong, second joint long, rough-haired above and beneath. Tongue short and slender. Hind- tibia with all spurs. Abdomen not crested. Forewing with first subcostal sometimes anastomosing with costal. Hindwing with second subcostal arising from a point with first radial, or shortly stalked. In this and all succeeding genera of the subfamily, the frenulum is wanting in both sexes. Egg of a short, broad oval shape, much flattened at each side, the surface covered by a fine hexagonal reticulation. Larva moderately stout, rugose, with marked lateral flange, and with special tubercles bearing, in early life, hairs with crescent- shaped tops, in later life, stout conical spines and horny hooks, to which, by means of silken threads, par- ticles of the food plant are attached to form a covering for the larva, much as in Comibaena; spiracles large, with raised chitinous walls. Pupa rugose, shagreened, spiracles very large and prominent, anal segment pro- longed dorsally above the anus, bearing a small group of longish spines, ending in spirally curved hooks. The genus is chiefly Palearctic, though containing also one Indian species. E. smaragdaria Fab. (21). Bright green, costal edge of forewing yellow, lines whitish, the antemedian smaragduria. bicurved, rather incomplete, postmedian wavy, nearly parallel with distal margin; a round white discal spot. obsoleta. alinea. wunilinea. caeruleo- viridis. viridis. gugantea. prasinaria. mongolica. chloro- phyllaria. jankows- kiaria. smarag- dulavia. viridifrons. albocostaria. Serraria. plusiaria. 28 AGLOSSOCHLORIS. By L. B. Proovt. Hindwing without lines, the green ground-colour shading off to whitish towards costal margin and base. — In ab. obsoleta Burr. the discal spot is wanting. — In ab. alinea Burr. (? =immaculata Thunb.) the white lines are entirely absent. — ab. unilinea Burr. possesses the postmedian line only. — ab. caeruleo-viridis Burr. is of a decided blue-green ground-colour. — ab. viridis Burr. is of an unusually vivid green. — gigantea Mull. (= castiliaria Sigr.) is a very large form from Castile and Aragon with the lines indistinct or wanting. — In Britain the larva feeds only on Artemisia maritima, and is confined to salt marshes; on the continent its habits and foodplants are more varied. It has a wide range in Europe and perhaps in Asia, but the Asiatic material which I have seen is referable to prasinaria. E. prasinaria Hv. (= volgaria Gwen.) (2) is very usually regarded as a form of the preceding, but I incline to the opinion of Mitizmre and a few others, that it is a distinct species. Itis generally smaller, re- latively longer-winged, the transverse lines very broad and very white, the postmedian markedly serrate, the hindwing often more whitish both above and beneath, the distal half remaining greenish, traversed by a distinct white line. It inhabits South-east Russia and has in Asia a tolerably wide range, from Trans- caucasia through North Persia and as far eastward as the Uliassutai district. — mongolica Sigr. is said to be darker green, the white lines almost twice as broad, the white lines and spot on the underside of both wings also larger and broader. It is only recorded from the Uliassutai district in northern Mongolia, but I have a specimen of prasinaria from Amurland agreeing with the description. E. chlorophyllaria Hed.(3b) is of nearly the same colour as smaragdaria and prasinaria, but very distinct in having the lines straight, not lunulate or denticulate, and in lacking entirely the white discal: spot. Oc- curs in 8. EH. Siberia, N. China and the Amdo district (S. E. of Koko Nor). E. jankowskiaria Mill. (2 f) is extremely near the preceding, to which it has been sunk by Lrrcu. It is not so entirely grass-green, being more mixed with white scales and having a white patch at the base of the hindwing. According to MiiireRs the lines are still straighter than in chlorophyllaria. His figure looks slightly shorter-winged. Known only from 8. E. Siberia. — smaragdularia Sigr. from southern Ferghana is possibly a form of jankowskiaria, but seems to have longer distal margin and some other slight differences. The antemedian line is usually very weak, sometimes wanting, the discal spot of smaragdaria is occasionally traceable, the postmedian line is slightly outcurved. — viridifrons Warr., erected on a single specimen from near Dinau (Amu Daria) is probably a strongly-marked form of smaragdularia, with the antemedian line and cell-spot distinct. E. albocostaria Brem. (2h) is a very distinct species, easily recognized by the very large, reddish- centred (and often reddish-edged) discal spots or patches, red marginal line and red-spotted white fringes, recalling certain species of Comibaena. Common in Japan, occurs also in South-east Siberia. Probably double- brooded. E. serraria Stgr., founded on a single example (9) from Transalai, and originally suggested as pos- sibly a variety of smaragdaria but more likely a separate species, was later considered by its author to be perhaps a variety or aberration of plusiaria. The postmedian line is very strongly dentate, and there is a white submarginal line present which, on the underside of the hindwing, becomes strongly dentate. E. plusiaria Bdv. (2 f) bears superficially far more resemblance to an Aglossochloris than to smaragdaria, the hindwing being in great part white above, while the forewing above and both wings beneath have much broadened, more zigzag white lines and a series of large white submarginal wedge-spots, connected into a zigzag line on the under surface. The species is very local, and confined to Spain and North Africa. 29. Genus: Aglossochloris Prout. Closely related to the preceding genus, differing chiefly in the absence of the tongue and in the hind- tibial armature. This is very remarkable, the 2 (at least in all the specimens which I have been able to examine, or concerning which I have obtained information) wanting the proximal pair of spurs, while in the 3 the armature is variable, these spurs being present, but aborted, in fulminaria, but absent in the other species. The larval habits are identical with those of Huchloris. The genus may be treated as entirely Pa- learctic, for even the single Indian species inhabits Kulu and other northern localities in that country. HOLOTERPNA; DYSCHLOROPSIS. By L. B. Prout. 29 A. fulminaria Led. the name-type of the genus, and the longest-known of the species with the fulminaria. exception of the Indian radiata, inhabits North Persia, Ferghana and a part of Turkestan. It is a handsome species, somewhat larger than its relatives, the strongly zigzag postmedian line very striking. Distal half of hindwing more or less marked with green. A. correspondens Alph. (2 g), besides being appreciably smaller, is readily distinguished by its broader correspon- white markings, the dentition of the postmedian less extreme, by its thicker submarginal interneural wedge- 7¢”*- marks and by its mostly white hindwing, which has the second subcostal stalked, whereas in fulminaria it is separate. Local in south-western Siberia, about from Samarkand to Kuldja. A. crucigerata Christ. (2 g) is of about the same size as correspondens, distal margins somewhat more crucigerata. convex the lines similarly formed but the postmedian less broad; the veins are broadly marked with white in the central as well as in the basal area, the median vein broadly so, thus producing, with the discal spot, the characteristic white cross which has given to the species its name; terminal wedge-marks nearly as in fulminaria. Palpus (both sexes) considerably shorter than in fulminaria and correspondens. Transcaspia and North Persia. A. mabillei 7h.-Mieg is also similar. Size of the two preceding, lines nearly as in fulminaria, veins mabillei. _ white, more as in crucigerata, submarginal wedge-marks of forewing rather short, but connected by a thick white marginal line. Hindwing weakly marked, with an irregular white submarginal and a white marginal line; second subcostal short-stalked, as in correspondens. Central Asia, according to the labels on the type and co-type; the published locality ,,bords de Amour“, is an error. A. tadiata Walk. has the antemedian line outangled on the median vein, then oblique basewards radiata. without further bend, the postmedian straight or slightly curved in anterior half, then twice inangled. The hindwing is usually similar to that of correspondens, sometimes, however, the white part is more greenish. WALKER’s type was merely recorded as from ,,North Hindostan”. The species has since been taken in Kulu, the Scind Valley and at Huang-mu-chang. 29. Genus: Holoterpna Piing. Palpus rather short to moderate. Tongue rudimentary or wanting. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate, with very short branches. Hindtibia in both sexes with a single pair of spurs. Abdomen robust, not crested. Fore- wing triangular, distal margin very oblique, first subcostal free. Hindwing with inner margin moderately to very long, costal approximated to cell for a moderate distance, second subcostal very shortly stalked. Only two species known, both Asiatic, differing a good deal in shape of hindwing and slightly in several other characters. H. diagrapharia Piing. (3b) is distinguished by its larger size, shorter inner margin of hindwing, diagra- less blue-green forewing, with traces of pale postmedian line, whiter hindwing, etc. In coloration it more ap- 2" proaches Dyschloropsis. Transcaspia. H. pruinosata Sigr. (2g) may be recognized immediately by its peculiarly-shaped hindwing and its prumosata. uniform, pale bluish green colouring, which is only slightly paler beneath. Palestine. 30. Genus: Dysehloropsis Warr. Closely related to the preceding genus, from which it differs little except in the shorter palpus, longer antennal pectinations, more slender abdomen, less pointed forewing (distal margin less strongly oblique) and differently shaped hindwing, with longer costal margin and with distal margin incurved between first and third radial. Only one species. D. impararia Guen. (2g). Forewing yellow green, with a faintly indicated pale postmedian line. Hind- impararia. wing whitish green (almost white). Underside of both wings uniform pale yellow-green. A scarce and local species first described from the Ural, but since met with in the vicinity of Lake Zaisan, the Ala Tau Mountains and the Uliassutai district. fimbrialis. albaria. chlorosaria. lacerataria. chryso- prasaria. dentigera. lissas. 30 THALERA; HEMISTOLA. By L. B. Proovr. 31. Genus: Phalera Hobn. Palpus in both sexes quite small. Antenna in both sexes bipectinate, the branches in the 9 very short. Hindtibia with one pair of spurs. Hindwing and sometimes forewing with the distal margin crenulate and more or less deeply excised from the first to the third radial. Forewing with first subcostal anastomosing with costal, usually also with second subcostal. Hindwing with costal anastomosing with cell at a point, or shortly, near base, second subcostal shortly stalked. — The larva is slender, resembling a small twig or stalk, the head bifid, prothorax with two anterior points, anal extremity with two points. The genus apparently contains only two or three species, although it has in the past been made to include a number of heterogeneous forms. Even lacerataria is not very closely allied to fimbrialis, the name-type of the genus. T. fimbrialis Scop. (= thymiaria L. = bupleuraria Schiff.) (2g). Green, the forewing with two curved and usually a little denticulate white lines, the hindwing with one, both wings with the fringes spotted with bright brown-red. Varies somewhat in the denticulation of the lines, and in the distance which separates those of the forewing, but is on the whole a rather constant species. — ab. albaria Hsp. is very much paler, the lines not visible. I have not seen it in nature, and suspect it may be due to fading. — var. chlorosaria Graes., from S. E. Siberia and Korea, is of a paler colour than the type, with the white lines broader. — The larva feeds on various low plants in May and June, and is yellowish green with a red dorsal line, which is sometimes broken up into spots, and with head, prothorax and anal extremity tipped with red. The pupa is yellowish white, dorsally red, with a darker medio-dorsal line and dark dots and streaks, wing-cases dark-veined. The moth appears in July and August and is distributed through Central Europe and Central Asia, the typical form reaching as far as Dauria, beyond which it gives place to the var. chlorosaria. T. lacerataria Graes. (= suavis Swinh.) is readily distinguished by its having the distal margin of the fore as well as of the hindwing excised, the ground-colour light olive-green, the lines darker green, not white and each wing with a large red-brown discal spot. The anterior and distal margins are narrowly brown. Ussuri, Korea, Japan, W. China. 32. Genus: Hemistola Warr. Palpus usually short. Antenna in 3 and usually in 2 bipectinate. Hindtibia with all spurs. Forewing smooth-margined, hindwing usually with a small tail or slight elbow at the end of third radial, occasionally fully rounded. Forewing with first subcostal free or briefly anastomosing with costal. Hindwing with costal approximated to cell for short or moderate distance, second subcostal stalked, first median connate, separate or short-stalked. The larva is only known in the case of one of the species, chrysoprasaria; it is of moderate pro- portions, tapering anteriorly, the characteristic projecting points of head and prothorax very strongly developed, body shagreened with white granules, lateral flange developed. Pupa rather slender, tapering, the shell rather thin, cremaster strong and conical, terminating in several hooked bristles. The genus inhabits Europe and Asia, and a few African species are provisionally placed in it. H. chrysoprasaria Hsp. (= vernaria Hbn. nec L. = lucidata Don.) (2g). Green with the usual white lines, the antemedian of forewing strongly curved and usually with two small, slight teeth directed distad, the postmedian nearly parallel with distal margin, not dentate. Hindwing bluntly elbowed. Varies considerably in the distance which separates the two lines on forewing. — dentigera ab. nov. has the postmedian line of fore- wing dentate, nearly as in zimmermanni. — lissas Prout replaces chrysoprasaria in Central Asia, scarcely differing except in the shape of the hindwing, which is rounded instead of elbowed. The eggs of chrysoprasaria are very flat and are laid in piles of 10—14, and being green in colour resemble collectively a tendril of the food- plant, the common clematis. The larva is very sluggish, very rigid and twig-like, and when beaten from its food-plant falls stiff and immobile; it is brown during the winter, but becomes green when the plant puts on , its spring foliage. It is full fed about the beginning of June and changes, in a slight web, into a pale greenish pupa. The moth appears in July, and sits by day among clematis, and even when resting on the outside of the bushes is not at all conspicuous, resembling a leaf. Like the larva it is very sluggish by day, and when at length it allows itself to be disturbed it often drops instead of flying. Its time of flight is late in the evening. Distri- buted through central and southern Europe, except the Iberian peninsula, through Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, etc., and in the form lissas as far as the Thian Shan district. I have not seen examples from the Kentei Moun- tains, where it is said also to occur. In Amurland and the Ussuri district nearly typical chrysoprasaria reappears, the specimens often large and with the lines rather widely separated. HEMISTOLA. By L. B. Prov. 31 H. zimmermanni Hed. (3 a) is very similar to chrysoprasaria, but with the elbow at end of third radial zimmer- of hindwing enlarged into a more definite tooth, the lines dentate, that of hindwing making a distad bend at inner margin, and with longer pectinations and palpus, at least in the 9. Inhabits Amurland and Ussuri at the end of June and in July. StTaupINGER states that he has received from the former territory examples with the lines so weakly dentate that he suspects they may be hybrids between the present species and chrysopra- saria, or even that we are dealing with a mere aberration. The latter supposition is precluded by the palpal and antennal differences. H. dijuncta Walk. Of this species I have only seen faded specimens. It seems to be very closely allied dijuncta. to veneta, perhaps of a rather lighter, bluer green, the hindwing more rounded apically, with slightly sharper tail and with the postmedian line placed more proximally. It cannot be a mere form of that species however, for the palpus is short. Hindwing with first median separate (in veneta stalked, or at least connate). Shanghai, Yokohama, Nikko, etc. May, June and August. It is not impossible this may be the species which SraupINGER records from Japan as ,,var.? an sp. div. ?“ to chrysoprasaria. H. veneta Bilr. (2h). Palpus of moderate length, third joint in 2 rather long. Colour bright green, veneta. the white lines slender, placed somewhat as in chrysoprasaria, the antemedian of forewing less strongly curved, postmedian usually well removed from it, the line on the hindwing forming a continuation to this line, not placed further distally as in chrysoprasaria. Angle of hindwing slightly stronger, more as in zimmermanni. But differs above all in having a very fine olive brown marginal line and whitish fringes spotted with red brown. Under surface paler, the lines almost or altogether obsolete. Japan: Tokio, Oiwake, etc., in July, August and September. Also from Gensan, Korea. Varies considerably in size, but scarcely otherwise. H. insolitaria Leech (2 h) only known to me in a single example, and that not in quite perfect condition, insolitaria. is exceedingly like veneta, and may prove to be an aberration of it. The angle in the hindwing seems some- what stronger, the colour of both wings slightly fuller and darker, the antemedian line weak (rather too distinct in our figure), postmedian not even faintly denticulate, spots on the fringe perhaps brighter red. Satsuma, Japan, captured in May. Type (¢) in coll. Brit. Mus. The specimen from Chang Yang which Lucu referred to this species as its 9, is a Hemithea allied to unilinearia. H. parallelaria Leech (2 h) bears a remarkable superficial resemblance to Hipparchus vallata, the distal parallelaria. margin of the forewing being straighter and the tail of the hindwing stronger than in the preceding species, while the red-brown spots in the fringe are restricted to a large one at this tail and a small one at the end of the first median of hindwing almost exactly as in vallata. The structure, however, is that of Hemistola and the underside, as is usual in this genus, is simply a paler, weaker reproduction of the upper, not white- banded as in vallata. Western China: Mou-pin and Ni-tou. H. nemoriata Sigr., which is quite unknown to me, may possibly (according to the characters given) nemoriata. belong to this genus. It was founded on a single worn g from south-eastern Siberia, and is described as verdi- eris green with a fine, weakly dentate white postmedian line and a dark marginal line, forewing in addition with a faint, almost invisible antemedian line. Shape somewhat as in Nemoria, antennal pectinations as long as In smaragdaria, palpus even thinner and shorter than in Thalera, hindtibia with two pairs of spurs. H. detracta Walk. (= unduligera Bilr. = vestigiata Swinh. = annuligera Warr.) (2h) is not unlike detracta. chrysoprasaria in shape, the elbow in hindwing generally weak, sometimes wanting (as in lissas); very different in its much smaller size, duller blue-green colour, strongly dentate lines and the presence in the centre of each wing of a large white ring. Costal edge ochreous. Underside paler, unmarked. Widely distributed in north- west India, including Kulu and Kashmir. Our figure of the g is copied from BuTLER’s very bad figure; the © is from nature. H. dispartita Walk. (2h) differs from all the preceding Hemistola-species in having non-pectinate @ dispartita. antenna, and forms, together with a few North Indian species, a separate section of the genus. Colour near that of chrysoprasaria, slightly more yellowish green, postmedian line denticulate, on hindwing out-bent in the middle; both wings with a rather large white cell-spot. North-west India, including Kashmir, where it occurs towards the end of June. N ote. — The species from Korea described and figured by ALPHERAKY as Thalera tenuwilinea is also likely to be a Hemistola, unless it form a new genus. It is unfortunately entirely unknown to me, and its author gives practically no information about the structure, but it would be somewhat aberrant in possessing ,,four small white crests on the abdomen“ — although there is just a suspicion of cresting in rubrimargo and perhaps one or two other species of the genus. In size and shape and in the bright colouring tenwilinea would seem to lactearia. norbertaria. putata. praerupta. dentifascia. sinuosaria. 32 IODIS; COMOSTOLA. By L. B. Prout. come near veneta or insolitaria, and it shares with them the presence of brown spots (though weak) on the pale fringes. But the lines are markedly dentate and each wing bears a white discal ring, somewhat as in detracta. The costal edge of the forewing is ochreous, the lines are yellow-whitish, the underside much paler than the upper, almost unmarked. 33. Genus: Hodis Hén. Palpus moderate or rather long, third joint in both sexes distinct, smooth, in 2 elongate. Antenna in $ bipectinate. Hindtibia in g with hair-pencil, in both sexes with all spurs. Forewing with first subcostal stalked, usually anastomosing with costal and occasionally with second subcostal, first median usually connate or short-stalked. Hindwing rather long, with distal margin nearly always bent or angled at third radial, second subcostal stalked, first median usually stalked. Scaling smooth, often more or less iridescent. Larva long and slender, head deeply bifid, flattened anteriorly, prothorax with the usual points anteriorly, skin-surface rugose, anal flap produced prominently behind. Pupa very slender, tapering, wing-cases rather long, distinctly veined, cremaster long, slender, tapering, bearing some hooked bristles. The species are nearly all of small size. They belong chiefly to India, but a few species have reached Europe, Japan, Formosa, etc. 1. I. lactearia ZL. (= vernaria ZL. = aeruginaria Hbn.) (2h). When preshly emerged from the pupa the ground-colour is of a beautiful delicate light green, but this colour is extraordinarily fugitive, and most specimens which are met with, as well as all which have stood in a collection a few years, are almost or quite white. The white postmedian line is on both wings almost entirely parallel to the distal margin, and not dentate. The larva feeds on oak, birch and various other trees, and even lower growths, in August and September. The pupa hibernates in a very slight cocoon among dead leaves, and the moth appears in June. It frequents chiefly wooded country, and flies in the clearings or on the borders of the woods rather early in the evening, its whitish colouring rendering it very conspicuous. When disturbed from its hiding-places by day its flight is weak and vacillating, and never very long-sustained. Widely distributed in Europe and Palearctic Asia, reaching to Japan. — norbertaria Rossl. said to form a local race at Bilbao, is more thickly scaled and more deeply coloured. : I. putata L. (= putatoria L. = micantaria Hsp. = alliata Hofn.) (2h). Similar to lactearia but with the postmedian line dentate, and not parallel with distal margin. Moreover the forewing is slightly less elongate. Foodplants, times of appearance and habits are nearly the same as in lactearia, but putata is a more local spe- cies, being chiefly confined to central and northern Europe (excluding Britain), Armenia and Japan. Has been recorded also for Korea and Amurland. According to LEEcu the Japanese specimens are rather darker than the European. Unfortunately I have not access to any fresh specimens, and it is impossible to found a local race on those which may have become discoloured through accident. I. praerupta Btlr. (= steroparia Piing.) (21) is similar to putata, but of a somewhat fuller, less eva- nescent green colour, the teeth in the white lines stronger, the postmedian of forewing broad at inner mar- gin, the discal marks consisting of white rings. 4 antennal pectinations perhaps somewhat shorter than in putata, palpus in both sexes shorter. Japan and Amurland. I. dentifascia Warr. (21) is also similar to putata, but much larger and darker, being of a dull bluish green. It usually shows traces of a large darker cell-spot, at least on the hindwing. Japan and Korea. Flies in June and July. I. sinuosaria Leech (21). Pale green, the dentate postmedian expanding in the middle of forewing and near the inner margin of both wings, the antemedian followed and the postmedian preceded by a darker green shade or line. Discal spots white, dark-margined. Under surface whitish, the forewing tinged with green. Probably a form of the Indian species argutaria, but distinguishable by the mentioned expansions of the postmedian, the large white spot between the second median and second submedian veins of fore- wing especially conspicuous. Japan and W. China. 34. Genus: Comostola Meyr. Differs from Jodis more in shape and facies than in structure, the distal margin of the hindwing being only very slightly bent at the end of the third radial, or strongly rounded, and the colour being bright green, not translucent, usually with some red markings. The neuration is, however, characteristic in one respect, the second discocellular of both wings curving outwards more or less strongly, so that the third arises further, sometimes even much further from the base of the wing, the anterior half of the cell being there- fore materially shorter than the posterior. The costal vein of the hindwing is formed almost as in the Aci- daliinae, touching or anastomosing with the subcostal at a point only and then very strongly diverging, whereas in Jodis it seldom touches the subcostal, but usually remains approximated for a longer period, though still not far. The genus is chiefly Indo-Australian, but a few species reach the outskirts of the Pa- learctic Region. PYRRHORACHIS; EUCROSTES. By L. B. Provrt. 33 C. subtiliaria Brem. (21) belongs to a group of very similar species or forms which includes the name- type of the genus and will probably require careful anatomical investigation before the specific right or otherwise of its various constituents can be satisfactorily determined. The degree of irregularity in the form of the discocellulars, as described above, sometimes affords useful clues, but cannot always be relied upon. I have not seen specimens from Amurland and the Ussuri, from which Bremer described his species, but according to his figure, and a communication from PUNGELER, it is the same blue-green form which rea- ches to Wa-ssu-kow and Che-tou in western China, and differs little from the Indian maculata. — nympha Bilr. from Japan is smaller, apple-green, with sharper red marginal markings. In addition to Japan, it occurs at Shanghai. There must be two broods in the year, as it is found in May and June, August and September. C. ovifera Warr. is a less ornamental-looking species than the subtiliaria-group, the white spots being entirely unadorned with red rings or dots and often (except the discal spot) obsolescent, the red mar- ginal line likewise wanting. Underside pale green, a great part of the forewing clouded with grey. The spe- cies was first discovered by Euwzs in July at Tonglo, Sikkim, at an elevation of 3000 m, but has since been taken at Yatung, Tibet. Perhaps not Palearctic. C. inops Prowt (5 a) is similar to the preceding, somewhat intermediate towards maculata Moore in that the postmedian series of white spots is strong on both wings. The colour is yellow-green, that of ovifera bluer green. Liddon Valley, Kashmir. 35. Genus: Pyrrhorachis Warr. A small Indo-Australian genus which will be discussed elsewhere, differing from Comostola in the simple discocellulars, from Jodis in the strongly rounded hindwing. It is only introduced here because a single Japanese species, of which only two specimens are known, seems to fit into it better than into any other known genus. But it is not typical and its location here is probably only temporary. P. rubripunctata Warr. Pale yellowish green, each wing with a red cell-spot. Otherwise unmar- ked. Underside paler, unmarked. Face and palpus brownish red. Kagoshima, Japan, collected by Jonas in July, 1900 and by WitEman in July, 1898. 36. Genus: Euerostes Hon. Palpus moderate, with third joint in g minute, in 2 moderate to long. Antenna short, in g¢ with long, in 2 with short pectinations. Hindtibia in both sexes with a single pair of spurs. Wings ample (except in siémonyt, which should probably form a separate genus), distal margin and fringe usually red. Forewing with first subcostal arising from cell, running into costal, or at the least anastomosing strongly, first median usually stalked. Hindwing usually long, distal margin strongly rounded, neuration as in Comostola. Differs essentially from the two preceding genera in the absence of the proximal pair of spurs of the hindtibia. The larva is is of medium proportions, the head relatively small and — unlike those of most of the subfamily — not bifid, somewhat flattened in front, prothorax higher, dorsally with four points, segment-incisions deep, the first to fifth and the eighth abdominal each with a dorsal point, spiracles small. Pupa rather obtuse, smooth, resting in a slight cocoon among the foodplant. Hibernates as larva. A very beautiful and, with the exception of one or two species, a very natural genus. Its home is in Africa, but one or two species occur in each of the other continents. E. indigenata Vill. (= fimbriolaria Hbn.) (21) is the name-type of the genus, and thoroughly repre- sentative of its normal coloration and marking. The bright green ground-colour shows only the faintest trace of pale postmedian line, the red cell-spots are of moderate size, the red margin is preceded by a slight yellow shade, and broadens close to the anal angle of both wings. Underside similar, somewhat paler, costal margin reddish. — nudilimbaria Mab., from Corsica, lacks the yellow line before the red margin, and some- times has the discal spots indistinct. I have seen an aberration from Gibraltar which seems referable to it, and a transitional form is said to occur also in Dalmatia. — The larva is bright green, tinged with red an- teriorly and posteriorly, segment-incisions yellowish, dorsal points reddish. It lives on species of Euphorbia, particularly E. spinosa, and is very sluggish. There are two, often even three broods in the year. According to MILLIERE the nutriment is obtained in large measure by sucking the juices of the plant. The pupa is of nearly the same green as the larva. The moth flies in southern Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor and Syria. IV 5 subtiliaria. nymph. ovifera. Mops. rubri- punctata. indigenati. nudilim- baria. simonyt. nubigena. olympiaria. cremonaria. beryllaria. 34 XENOCHLORODES. By L. B. Prout. E. simonyi Rdl. (= divineta Holt-White = pallida Warr.) (3c) has the wings long and narrow, recalling the genus Rhadinomphax of South Africa. The forewing is pale green, without markings; the fringe and the entire hindwing greenish white. Under surface similar. Besides the great difference in shape and co- loration, this species differs from true Hucrostes in the 9 antenna, which is merely serrate-dentate, not pecti- nate. Canaries. Mrs. Hour-WuirE records the capture of a g on Teneriffe in April, flying at dusk among cactus plants at about 150 m. The only two specimens which I have before me are a ¢ and a @ likewise from Teneriffe, the former bred by Lord Waustnenam from an undescribed larva found on Frankenia eri- cifolia on 16 March, the moth emerging on 15 April. 37. Genus: Kenoehlorodes Warr. Palpus minute. Antenna in ¢ pectinate, in 2 serrate (in nubigena simple). Hindtibia with a single pair of spurs. First subcostal stalked or connate with the other subcostals, running into costal or at least anastomosing, first median stalked, rarely only connate. Hindwing with costal anastomosing with subcostal for the greater part of the length of cell, second subcostal and first median both stalked, second radial from scarcely above middle of discocellulars. Differs essentially from Hucrostes in the strong anastomosis of the costal vein of the hindwing. Consists of only three species, all Palearctic. X. nubigena Woll. (3c) differs from the other species in facies, and in some slight details of struc- ture, but is certainly congeneric. Delicate green, with the costal edge narrowly crimson (broadly in basal half beneath), both wings with a curved white postmedian line, usually thick, subdentate, sometimes broken up into spots, a little recalling Comostola ovifera or inops. Occurs only in Madeira, in May and June, fre- quenting the heath-woods of the loftiest elevations, and is strongly attracted by light. X. olympiaria H.-Sch. Pale delicate green with an indistinct pale postmedian line and occasionally traces of an antemedian. Costal edge yellowish white. Distal part of fringe white. Face reddish. Neigh- bourhood of Brusa and some parts of Syria. — cremonaria Sigr. (= pallida Warr.) is much paler, often nearly white, although showing, when quite fresh, a delicate greenish shade. In such condition the lines are still traceable, but faded specimens appear entirely unicolorous. Syria: about Beyrout and probably elsewhere. X. beryllaria Mann (= aureliaria Will.) (2e, 9; 21,9). Nearly related to the preceding and of closely similar structure, but at once distinguishable by its beautiful bright emerald-green colour. It is also on an average larger, and has the first subcostal of forewing longer-stalked. Postmedian line removed further from the distal margin, sometimes forming more distinct spots on the veins. Distributed locally in southern Europe, North Africa, Syria and the Taurus Mountains. 4. Subfamily: Acidaliinae. Mostly small, slenderly-built moths, commonly of white, light brownish, ochreous or similar colo- ration, the markings consisting principally of darker transverse lines. Face nearly always smooth-scaled, usually flat. Palpus usually short (long in some of the Anjisodes-group). Antenna in the g¢ not infrequently bipec- tinate, but by no means so generally as in the Hemitheinae; in the 9 nearly always simple. Hindleg very variable; in the ¢ often aborted and without spurs; the number of spurs, if present, varying in the ¢ from 1 to 4, in the 2 from 2 to 4, 9 often with more spurs than g. Abdomen not crested, rather slenderly attached to thorax. Forewing usually smooth-margined, all the veins almost invariably present, subcostals usually anastomosing so as to form one or two accessory cells (often called “areoles”), the second subcostal inva- riably anastomosing with or arising ont of the third. Frenulum well developed. Hindwing varied in shape and structure, sometimes more or less contorted in the ¢, costal vein anastomosing with subcostal at a point near base, then usually diverging rapidly, second radial usually arising from the middle of the discocellulars. The eggs are of approximately the ordinary Geometrid form, the length greater than the breadth, the breadth than the height, and usually with one end broader and higher than the other. Some are more regularly ovate, others more nearly cylindrical, others again so much flattened that they have been described as “‘discs”’. They are usually attached by one side, but not infrequently a little tilted, in Acidalia even often attached by the end opposite the micropyle, becoming in position “upright eggs’, though still maintaining the shape and proportions of the “flat egg” of Coapman. A very frequent colour-scheme — apparently almost invariable in the typical genus — consists in the presence of irregular spots or blotches of some shade of red. The great majority of the known larvae, excepting those of Cosymbia and a few of its allies, feed on low plants, and hibernate in the larval stage. They are comparatively seldom foundfree, and our knowledge of very many RHODOSTROPHIA. By L. B. Provr. 35 species has been gained solely by obtaining eggs in captivity. The 99 deposit their eggs very readily, and many of the species are quite easy to rear, the commonest weeds, such as knotgrass and dandelion, being willingly accepted by most of them. They show a marked predilection for withering leaves, and some, indeed, thrive well on food which is actually mouldy. In some cases there are two or more broods during the summer, but many of the larvae grow very slowly, and produce only a single brood of imagines. The pupa is rarely, if ever, truly subterranean, although many species, if provided with earth, will use it in the constructions of their slight cocoons. The usual habit, however, is to spin up loosely among dead leaves or other refuse on the sur- face of the ground. The remarkably different habit of the Cosymbia-group has been mentioned in our Intro- duction. The colour is usually light brown, scarcely ever that reddish brown which is general among the subterranean pupae. The surface is usually pretty smooth and almost, or altogether, without markings, but some species of Ptychopoda are somewhat rougher, with the dorsal surface spotted and the wing-veins strongly marked. The duration of the pupal stage, except in hibernating Cosymbia, is generally short. The method of dehiscence is characteristic, the anterior part of the pupa-case being much broken and the entire thorax strongly cleft dorsally, the edges at the point of cleavage bending markedly inwards. The moths as a rule fly gently at dusk or later and are usually found in large numbers where they oceur, although many are excessively local; several species will occasionally visit flowers or the sugar spread for Noctuids, or may be attracted by a strong light. During the day they rest among bushes or herbage, a few species, such as Acidalia marginepunctata, Ptychopoda eburnata etc., on rocks or stone wells. The majority can easily be disturbed, and do not fly fast or far, so that their capture presents no difficulty. Sometimes in their resting-places they are not even concealed; thus Acidalia floslactata and Ptychopoda rusticata often sit on the upper side of leaves, the latter species (and perhaps also the former) being sufficiently protected by a resemblance to the excrement of birds. The Acidaliinae may be divided into 3 principal groups, one of which, the Cyllopoda-group, belongs to the Central and South American Region. The other two groups are of almost world-wide occurrence, al- though very weakly represented in the Arctic regions and wanting in New Zealand and Hawaii, with the excep- tion of a single (probably introduced) species in the former country. The typical or Acidalia-group has the pupa normal, the imago with the first subcostal vein occasionally free, but if stalked or anastomosing with the other subcostals, then separating early — usually well before the fifth subcostal, the areole usually large, not infrequently double, the palpus rarely long, the § antenna mostly ciliate, the g hindleg very commonly aborted, the ¢ genitalia with the valve simple in form, only a long unarmed flap or a simple valve ending in a curved head. The Cosymbia-group has the pupa attached to a leaf by its tail end a silken girth, resem bling that of many butterflies, the imago with the first subcostal vein stalked to (usually) well beyond the fifth the areole usually very small or wanting, never double, the palpus often long, the ¢ antenna strongly bipecti nats, the g hindleg usually not aborted, the g genitalia with the valve of a much more complex structure than in the Acidalia-group. The larvae will also probably present reliable distinctions; at present we merely cal] attention to the less cylindrical form and strong rugosity of many of the larvae of the Acidalia group and their attachment to low plants and larval hibernation, while those of the Cosymbia-group affect trees and hibernate as pupae. The presence of rounded white discal spots on one or both wings is alse generally indicative of a species of the Cosymbia-group, but cannot be always relied upon. Neither the Acidalia- not the Cosymbia-group can be regarded es arising at all directly from the other; each is the more specialized in certain respects, and they must have sprung collaterally from the primitive Acidaliid stirps. It is also noteworthy that the genera with double areole (which, according to the usual con- ception of phylogeny, should be older than those with single areole or with all the subcostals stalked) furnish scarcely any exemples of unmodified hindleg structure; most of the genera in which both sexes retain all the spurs are found among the groups with single areole or even (Chrysocraspeda) without areole. On account of the large number and general similarity of the species I have given somewhat fuller descriptions, differentiations and synonymy here than in the other subfamilies. . The Acidalia-group. Areole double (*) Genera 1—6. Areole single (**) : xenera 7—23. 1. Genus: BRhodostrophia Hon. Palpus rather short or moderate. Antenna in 3 moderately long, bipectinate, with slender branches, two pairs on each segment. Hindtibia in ¢ slender, with or without hair-pencil, with a pair of terminal *) The outer areole open at its distal end in Apostates. **) Occasionally open at its distal extremity, the first subcostal merely approaching instead of anastomosing with the others; see Plychopoda and Cleta. jacularia. carnosaria, minor. vastaria. —badiaria. 36 RHODOSTROPHIA. By L. B. Proovt. spurs and a single median spur or a pair; in 9 with all spurs. Hindtarsus not abbreviated. Forewing with areole double, the second subcostal vein arising either from the cell or from the stalk of the 3.—5. subcostals. Hindwing with the second subcostal stalked with the first median. Very few of the larvae are known. They are extremely long and slender, tapering a little anteriorly, the face and sides of the head flattened; they feed on low plants and hibernate. Pupa also slender, broadening markedly anteriorly ; two strong spines at anal extremity, small knobs at their base, two pairs of hooks before them. The genus, with the exception of one or two species, has a distinctive aspect and, notwithstanding the structural variation in one or two details noted above, is in general easy to recognize. Myrick considers that “it must certainly closely approach the primitive type’ of the subfamily. Its geographical distribution is peculiar, as it appears to be confined to the Palearctic Region, North India and Chili. Its head-quarters are undoubtedly in Central Asia, and the boundaries of the Palearctic and Indo-Australian Regions furnish many species, but we regard it as belonging essentially to the former. The commonest and at the same time most distinctive type of coloration is that seen in the best- known European species — a yellowish ground-colour with bright rose-coloured lines or bands. Variation consists chiefly in the degree of development of the bands, both as regards depth of colour and extent, and many species produce occasionally a unicolorous form, the ground-colour being evenly dusted over throughout. For convenience of determination the genus can be subdivided according to the hindtibial armature of the § and the point of origin of the second subcostal vein of the forewing; but it seems quite certain that neither of these characters (so often of value generically) is in the present genus of high taxonomic impor tance. Thus the spurring would place quadricalcarata in a different section from its Sicilian representative sicanaria, while the venation, though constant in most species, sometimes varies in philolaches and vinacearia, and occasional variability may be expected in some other species. The species with 4-spurred g, which must be considered the more ancestral, all inhabit the southern Palearctic Region. A. Section Rhodostrophia. Second subcostal of forewing arising from cell. badiaria-group. 6 hindtibia with 4 spurs. Distal margin of hindwing usually pretty straight from anal angle to first radial. The markings rarely rose-coloured. R. jacularia is a conspicuous species, easily recognized by the strongly darkened markings on a light ground-colour, the outer band of the forewing strongly sinuous, followed by a white line. The hindwing above is paler than the forewing. Under surface of both wings pale, almost entirely unmarked. — The type-form, jacularia Hbn. (3 e) with yellow-brown ground-colour and with a distinct line on the hindwing, ranges from South-East Russia to the Changai Mountains in Western Mongolia. — The ab. carnosaria Sigr. is, according to its author, a form with the forewing and distal border of hindwing more reddish, the line on the hindwing obsolete. It is reported from the Eastern Thian-Shan and the Changai Mountains, possibly forming a local race in the former district. — minor Alph. is a very small form from the Ordos district, Mongolia (about 25 mm expanse) with almost unmarked hindwing. R. vastaria Chr. is in some respects intermediate between jacularia and badiaria, the absence of a middle line and the frequent presence of rather strong dark shading proximally to the outer somewhat recalling the former species, while the less bright, more dark-dusted ground-colour, with the hindwing not or scarcely whiter than the forewing, the less oblique inner line and some other characters seem to place it nearer to badiaria. The inner line is at Jeast as far from the base on the posterior margin as on the costa, is more or less interrupted by the veins and thickened distally between them. The outer is smuate and somewhat dentate, and projects rather strongly near its posterior end, thus reaching the margin very near the posterior angle. The under surface is almost unmarked. The Q is paler than the g. Described from Krasnovodsk, Transcaspia, where it flies on the sandy steppes in May; also occurs in the Thian-shan district. R. badiaria Frr. (= emucidaria Hv. = telaria H.-Sch. = praecanaria Hv.) (3d, as praecisaria). Light - brownish grey, finely dusted with darker scales, again more weakly marked than the preceding species, but with a median line present on both wings, placed about half-way between the discal spot and the outer line, the latter not accompanied proximally by a dark band. Hindwing slightly paler. Under surface almost without markings. Distributed throughout Asiatic Turkey, extending in one direction into Southern Russia and in another into Persia. The example which served as model for our figure came from Armenia. The names of this species and praecisaria are unfortunately transposed on the plate. Of the habits of this species we have at present but little knowledge, but it is said to frequent dry fields and hills in the months of May and June. RHODOSTROPHIA. By L. B. Prout. 37 R. terrestraria Led. (3d) is of similar colour to the preceding (only somewhat browner in tone) but very differently marked. Forewing with an indistinct, rather oblique, slightly curved inner line, a small, not very strongly expressed discal spot, a nearly straight dark outer line parallel with the distal margin, and a very faint pale straight line or shade midway between this Ine and the margin. Hindwing paler, only a not very broad distal border nearly concolorous with the forewing; lines and discal spot wanting. Under surface pale, without markings. Only recorded from Persia. — pellonaria Chr., which represents terrestraria in Transcaspia, differs chiefly in the rather brighter colouring, but weaker markings, and in having the hindwing yellowish or ochraceous. CHRISTOPH figures pellonaria with both wings coloured almost as in the calabra group, but the specimens before me suggest that this is exaggerated. Flies in weedy places where there are patches of bush; June, the 2 appearing when the ¢ is getting worn. R. dispar Stgr. (3d, 3) exhibits more pronounced sexual dimorphism than most of the genus. The ¢ somewhat recalls terrestraria pellonaria, or still more the unicolorous forms in the calabra group ; bands wanting, dis- eal spots present above and beneath; underside mostly yellow, forewing with a slight smoky suffusion costally and again between the median and submedian folds from the base to about two-thirds of the wing. The 9, besides having the wings (especially the hindwing) rather narrower, differs in bemg somewhat paler and having two nearly straight dark transverse lines, the proximal placed about as in badiaria, the distal parallel with and rather near the margin, only at its anterior extremity a little curved proximad; this latter line is sometimes preceded by a band-like dark shade. Only known from Samarkand and one or two other places in Western Turkestan. Flies in May. StavuprNeER mentions one abnormality in which one of the middle spurs is shortened on one leg and wanting on the other, thus bringing it near to the species of the following group. calabra-group. 6 hindtibia with 3 spurs (except in certain forms of sicanaria). Distal margin of hindwing usually roun- ded. The markings very frequently rose-coloured. R. calabra is a very beautiful species, and very interesting on account of the branches into which it has split up and which have given so much trouble to systematists. Those which differ the most definitely in struc- ture are here considered distinct species, although they show extraordinarily little deviation except in a single character, the hindleg of the 3. ZELLER considered that tabidaria, as well as sicanaria, differed sufficiently from calabra to be regarded as a species, and it is quite possible he will be proved correct; but inasmuch as I have found (in common with LEDERER, FucHS and STAUDINGER) that there is some degree of variation in the length of the hair-pencil and of the median spur, and our measurements do not altogether agree with ZELLER’s, I feel compelled at present to treat tabidaria as only a local race, while sicanaria on the contrary (together with its subspecies quadricalcarata) can with confidence be called an independent species. calabra and its immediate allies are easily recognizable by the rosy postmedian band and rosy distal margin of both wings, on a rather bright yellowish (sometimes more olive-tinted) ground-colour. The other European species, vibicaria, has the ground-colour much less yellow and has nearly always three distinct pink transverse lines, which remain trace- able even when the space between the second and third is more or less filled up into a band. The true calabra can further be readily distinguished by the peculiar long, thick, club-shaped median spur of the g¢ hindtibia, which is placed rather near the terminal spurs; hindtibia also with a long hair-pencil. The species is distributed and often common in Southern Europe and Asiatic Turkey, and extends into some localities in Southern Central Europe, but apparently only m the warmer valleys; it occurs from May to July, in Andalusia already in April. The flight, as with most Acidaltids, is not long-sustained, the moth soon dropping to the ground and concea- ling itself in the grass or under thick bushes. The life-history has been described by Fucus and others. The eggs are firmly attached, are elongate, with lateral depressions, in colour bluish at first, changing to reddish. The larva feeds on Sarothamnus scoparius and probably other allied species. It hibernates when it has reached a length of about 18—20 mm. The full-fed larva is yellow-brown or grey, dorsally darkened on the middle segments, the dark area containing some light spots; tubercles whitish, setae short, black. It spins a rather large cocoon in moss or on the surface of the earth, changing into a long, slender pupa of about 14 mm length and of a light yellow-brown colour, with dark dorsal line and honcy-yellow wing-cases. — calabra Pet. (= trifasciata Cyr.) (2k) is the oldest name for the ordinary form, and must be accepted, as was long ago done by LepERER. ZELLER, STAUDINGER and others have called it by the Hiibnerian name of calabraria, which, however, is merely PETAGNA’s name with an altered ending, so that the two would stand or fall together. As the original specimen was figured from Calabria, ZELLER thought it was possible that it really belonged to the allied sicanaria, but the hindwing as figured is that of a typical calabraria Zell., so that we see no reason whatever for disturbing the synonymy. The form has the yellow ground-colour of both fore- and hindwing usually tinged with olive, the rosy bands usually sharply expressed, the inner band (or line) rarely accompanied by rosy suffusion basewards; discal spots wanting, or a very small one present on forewing only. Southern lerrestraria. pellonaria. dispar. calabra. 38 RHODOSTROPHIA. By L. B. Proovr. tweniaria. and Southern Central Europe and Syria; ? Armenia. — ab. taeniaria Prr., origially described from a fe) from Ragusa (? Dalmatia), is a pale yellow form with the markings grey instead of rosy. If it came from Ragusa in Sicily, the name will have to be transferred to sicanaria; the specimen was furnished by a Laibach separata. entomologist. — ab. separata Th.-Mieg is a not very important aberration, of rather frequent occurrence (at least in France and Spain), in which the postmedian band is broken up into two lines, the interspace remain- unilinea. ing of the ground-colour. — ab. unilinea ab. nov., is a further and much rarer development in which the outer line of ab. separata is obsolete, only a few rosy scales being discernible beyond the middle line; antemedian line of forewing also faint, distal margins and fringes scarcely rosy. Casayo and Canales, Spain, in coll. L. B. sanguinea. Prout. — In ab. sanguinea Th.-Mieg, on the other hand, the rosy colouring suffuses the whole of the wings, sometimes so completely as almost entirely to obliterate the markings. Eastern Pyrenees, with the type-form. muscosa. — muscosa Bastelb., founded on 3 g¢ and 1 9 from Kreuznach, and considered by its author to be a distinct local race, is apparently similar to ab. taeniaria Frr., but is described as yellowish grey tinged with moss-green, the markings and fringes dirty moss-green, the outer band rather narrower than usual, a small discal spot present on forewing. Some Andalusian specimens before me approach this form, but are less extreme and in- cline, in the formation of the outer band, to ab. separata. It may be here remarked that the Spanish forms are very often somewhat duller, and with larger discal spot, than those from more easterly localities, but they vary greatly, without producing any local race; I even have one specimen from Bejar, and STAUDINGER, RIBBE and CHRISTOPH record others from Northern and Southern Spain and Transcaucasia respectively, which, in the presence of a conspicuous discal spot on the hindwing, would be referable to the next-mentioned form. — tabidaria. tabidaria Zell. (2k). We have already stated that this form may possibly be entitled to specific rank. If so, the aberration occurring among the type form in Spain and in Transcaucasia will no doubt prove to owe its likeness to tabidaria merely to convergence. The true tabidaria, in addition to having a large discal spot present on each wing, has the band usually a little broader than in calabra calabra, its edges often more denticulate, and the basal area of the forewing more suffused with rosy. Perhaps the distal area of both wings is also on the average more broadly suffused, but both forms are variable in this respect. According to ZELLER the hair-pencil in tabidaria is a little shorter than in the name-type, as is also the median spur. I have only in part verified these observations, while GUENEE’s statement that the 2 lacks one of the median spurs is certainly erroneous. The form occurs in Southern Hungary, the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, Cyprus and Syria. The only speci- mens which I have seen from Crete seem to indicate a subordinate race, rather smaller, the band even broader and separated into two distinct lines, as in calabra ab. separata; they bear a curious resemblance to inconspicua Butl., though much larger. As, however, they are not in quite perfect condition, and I have not the g, I forbear to name the form. R. sicanaria is confusingly similar to the lighter forms of the preceding species, without discal spots, but can be easily separated by the hindtibia of the g. This is slender, without hair-pencil, the median spur not club-shaped and not abnormally approximated to the terminal spurs, the second median spur also some- times present. In general the yellow ground-colour is less olivaceous than in calabra, the hindwing in particular of a clearer or brighter yellow, the transverse band of this wing seldom, if ever, complete, usually only conspicuous sicanaria. In (approximately) the inner-marginal half. — sicanaria Zell. (2k). The form originally described by ZELLER, with only three spurs on the hindtibia, occurs in Sicily, and has the forewing, as a rule, as strongly and brightly marked as that of calabra. I have, however, seen one g from Syracuse resembling the form quadricalcarata in colour, while Sraup1ncGER records one sport with a fourth spur present on the left hindtibia and GuENEE’s sole Palermo ¢ had also both the median spurs — whether on both hindlegs is not stated. Thus the races of this species have apparently not yet become quite sharply differentiated, though tending in that direction and probably even towards species-formation. | I have unfortunately not seen the North African form which STAUDINGER refers here, but Herr PinGELER writes me that his 3 Algerian gg have both median spurs, thus perezaria. referable to quadricalcarata. — perezaria Ob. was founded on a single aberrant 2 from Carthagena and has been determined by StaupINGER as an aberration of sicanaria. As we have no proof that he is incorrect, I am placing it here provisionally; but the locality raises a suspicion that it should rather belong to quadricalcarata, or else to calabra. The forewing is uniformly dusted with rosy above, obliterating the markings, as in extreme forms of calabra ab. sanguinea; the hindwing above is yellow, without the band, the anal area broadly dusted. Beneath the conditions are nearly reversed, the forewing being yellow, only dusted at the costal and distal margins and in the apical area, the hindwing dusted all over except a narrow inner-marginal area. The size p2 is rather small for calabra, and this circumstance, together with the unmarked yellow hindwing above and fore- quadrical- Wing beneath, brings it rather near one or two of the examples of undoubted quadricalcarata. — quadricalcarata carala. subsp. nov. (5c). Scarcely distinguishable from certain aberrations of sicanaria sicanaria except in the presence of both the median spurs on the hindtibia of the g. The rose-coloured markings rather weak, the antemedian line not distinctly defined, accompanied by rosy suffusion reaching to the base, the postmedian band not perceptibly curved, not narrowing at the inner margin of hindwing. Hindwing lighter yellowish than in typical sicanaria.’ Underside of forewing with postmedian line greyish, only markedly rosy from costal margin to first RHODOSTROPHIA. By L. B. Proor. 39 radial; of hindwing with this band terminating at the second median or only just beyond, whereas in calabra and usually in sicanaria sicanaria it reaches at least to the first submedian, oftener still further or even to the inner margin. Gibraltar, type (4) in coll. L. B. Prour; Algeria, 3g¢ in coll. Pincrter; also general in Southern Spain, where it has been recorded as sicanaria. Thus Dr. Ruse, in his edition of Berge’s , Schmetterlingsbuch”’, indicates sicanarza as having all the spurs present, although in his diagnosis of the genus he makes one or both of the median spurs always absent in the ¢ — the latter an error. StaupinceR records one Andalusian sport with only three spurs, and justifies, by the occasional irregularities, the union of the two races. R. sieversi Chr. (2 k) is superficially very like a large calabra tabidaria, to which, indeed, StaupincER at one time by a strange oversight sank it. The structure of the ¢ hindtibia, however, is nearly that of sicanaria, only with the median spur slightly more slender still. The wings, too, are of the lighter, clearer yellow of sicanaria. Basal area of forewing suffused with rosy, as in the two forms named; outer band placed rather nearer to the distal margin, with its edges more deeply indented, sometimes indeed in part broken into separate segments by the veins remaining of the ground-colour. Under surface of the forewing with the discal spot blackish, not rosy as in the allies; but particularly characterized by a very strong dark smoke-coloured suffu- sion extending from close to the posterior margin to the median fold or beyond and from the base about to the outer band. This shade, though often faintly suggested, is never nearly so intense in the allied species. Armenia: Erivan and Urdabad; N. W. Persia: Urumiah. Range therefore apparently very restricted. R. vibicaria is the best-known species of the genus and the most northerly in its geographical range. It differs from calabra in its less yellow ground-colour, more sharply-marked rose-coloured lines, with wider space between the median and postmedian, but especially in the shape of the distal margin of the hindwing, ’ which is bent or bluntly angled at the third radial vein, whereas in calabra it is almost regularly rounded, but a little straighter from the first to the third radial than anteriorly and posteriorly. The species is very variable in coloration, but only slightly in the position and course of the lines. It was well known to many of the old entomologists and was figured, with its early stages, by R&aumur, Hsper, Scuwarz and others. The egg is oval, slightly irregular, flattened at both ends and with a strong depression in the middle; about 16 longitudinal ribs, which are transversely grooved; light yellow, changing in 2 or 3 days to bright, light red. The larva is yellowish grey, dorsally brown, occasionally more tinged with ochreous or red, or even with greenish; a light, darker-edged medio-dorsal line; ventral area whitish. The skin is somewhat rugose, the segment-incisions not deep, the subsegments very numerous; tubercles black, bearing single setae. Feeds on Sarothamnus and many other plants. The hibernating stage must be variable. Dr Graar, who gives the best life-history, found it hibernated as a larva. Braum definitely says as a pupa, this period lasting about 7 months. RtxHi obtained eggs from the second brood which did not hatch till the following spring. REBEL says the young larvae often hibernate. Pupa yellowish brown. The moth is double-brooded in many parts of its range, but single-brooded northwards (June-July, Central France, Holland, etc.). It hides by day in the grass, but, like most Geo- metridae, can readily be induced to fly. — vibicaria Cl. (= cruentata Scop. = artriosa Geoff.) (2 k) is the form in which a rather narrow rosy band follows the middle line, filling in part of the space between this and the outer line. It inhabits most of Europe, the north of Asia Minor, Armenia and Siberia. — ab. roseata Hrsch. has the rose-coloured shading occupying the basal area of the forewing and extended diffusely from the median line to the distal margin of both wings, thus covering the greater part of the wings. A @ in the collection of J. W. LoprEEseEN is figured by Supp (Ned. Ins. (2) vol. 4, pl. 36, fig. 18). — In ab. intermedia Kempny the rosy suffusion is more extended than in the type, but less than in ab. roseata, the basal area of the forewing remaining of the normal ground-colour. — In ab. rubrofasciata Hufn. (= rubrociliata Goeze = fasciata ROI.) only the space between the median and postmedian lines is rosy. — strigata Stgr. (2 k, g) forms a local race in the most southerly localities where the species occurs, as in Lambessa (a large form, not variable, represented by our 9 figure), Spain (excepting the north), Sicily, Persia and the Ala Tau Mountains; but occasionally appe- ars in other localities as an aberration. It differs in the complete absence of the pink bands, only the lines and discal spot remaining; even the fringe is less brightly rosy than in the type. — unicolorata Sigr. is a race, or perhaps a closely allied species, in which the lines are also obsolete, both wings being of an almost uniform yellowish, with the fringes tinged with rose-colour. It is recorded from the Altai, 8S. HK. Siberia and the Alal Tau. R. auctata Sigr. (2k) rather resembles vibicaria strigata in coloration, but differs markedly in shape, as well as in the position and course of the lines, etc. The forewing is rather longer and narrower, the distal margin being more oblique; the hindwing is shaped almost as in the badiaria group, with the distal margin nearly straight from the anal angle to towards the first radial. The median line is a little thickened, placed slightly nearer to the postmedian than in vibicaria, and makes a faint proximad curve in its posterior half. Both wings become slightly flushed with pink distally, the fringes brighter pink. Discal spot present on both wings, but small. Both wings beneath are slightly more yellowish, the discal spots weak, median and postmedian lines present, the forewing mostly suffused with dark grey from the base to the median line; the fringes pink. Asia Minor to Armenia, local. sieversi. vibicaria. roseata. intermedia. rubrofas- ciata. strigata. unicolorata. auctata. adauctata. praccisaria. meonaria. cinerascens. rufilinea. borealis. bicolor. 40 RHODOSTROPHIA. By L. B. Proovr. R. adauctata Stgr. (3d). Related to the preceding, but differmg as follows: discal spots very weak or wanting; the space between the median and outer lines usually forming a reddish band; under surface of both wings quite different, that of the forewing pale, scarcely yellowish, and without the dark grey patch, on the other hand usually more or less suffused with reddish, that of the hindwing strongly suffused with reddish. In auctata at most the costal and distal borders of the hindwing are reddish. Apparently common in parts of Central Asia (Zerafshan to the Ili district) at the end of June and beginning of July, probably inthe mountains. R. praecisaria Stgr. (3 d, as badiaria) is extremely similar to badiaria except in shape, and in the absence of one of the median spurs in the g. The forewing is produced to a more acute apex, the hindwing has the distal margin rounded. Usually also the ground-colour, both above and beneath, is somewhat more reddish than in badiaria, but both species vary in this respect. The markings are usually a little stronger, and the central line rather straighter. This species was treated as a form of badiaria by CuristopH (Rom. Mém. sur Lép. vol. 2, p. 126) and by SraupineprR. It inhabits Central Asia (Transcaspia to Issyk-Kul). R. meonaria Gwen. (= pelloniaria Hmpsn.) (7a). The species which, according to GUENHE’s description, I identify as meonaria, has nearly the coloration of adauctata (the ground-colour slightly paler above, in dark specimens more olivaceous, rather redder beneath) but issmaller, the wings are still narrower, the forewing almost subfaleate, the distal margin being in general faintly concave, and further differs in having the median line removed nearer to the distal margin (close, indeed, to the outer line, which, however, is usually very weak or wanting), its course slightly oblique and as a rule very gently incurved, nearly straight. On the forewing this - median line is often of a very bright deep red colour, on the hindwing it is often indistinct, especially towards the costa.“ The forewing lacks the inner line and the discal spot is extremely indistinct or more generally wanting, on the hindwing always wanting. Costal edge of forewing and fringe of both wings more or less tinged with red. This species belongs chiefly to N. W. India and perhaps scarcely enters the Palearctic Region. I have specimens before me from Kashmir, from Western China (Pu-tsu-fong, Chow-pin-sa), etc. I have noticed one aberration in which the 2. subcostal is stalked with the 3.—5. instead of arising from the cell. It is possible that the species belongs in the immediate vicinity of vinacearia, in which that character is also sometimes variable. R. cinerascens Moore (=subflavida Warr.) (5d). Wings shaped about as in terrestraria. Forewing glossy grey, weakly marked; distal area usually somewhat darker, a nearly straight, darkened postmedian band parallel with the distal border, separated from the distal area by a thick pale line or narrow space. Hindwing whitish, tinged with ochreous, towards the anal angle with grey; sometimes unmarked, usually with weak median and postmedian lines, fading out before the costal margin. Underside with the costal and distal areas of the forewing and the whole of the hindwing more or less strongly suffused with yellowish (occasionally more reddish). 92 smaller and narrower-winged. Apparently common in parts of Kashmir and Afghanistan, June to September. — In ab. rufilinea ab. nov. the ground-colour is rather browner, the markings somewhat more distinct, in particular the line which bounds the postmedian band proximally is of a reddish colour, as are also one or two lines on the hindwing beneath (almost or entirely obsolete in the type-form). — borealis Swinh., from Kulu, is probably a further form of cinerascens, differing chiefly from ab. rufilinea in the somewhat fuller colouring and stronger markings, especially the presence of an inner line on the forewing and conspicuous dark discal dot on both wings (both the line and the dot, at least on the forewing, are however sometimes faintly indicated in ab. rufilinea). The postmedian line on the hindwing is bent between the first radial and se- cond subcostal veins and is continued to the costal margin; but this too, is traceable in a few extra strongly marked cimerascens. I am unable to point ont any further differences. R. bicolor is apparently an exceedingly variable species, perhaps nothing more than a further series of forms of cinerascens, while it is possible, on the contrary, that we are dealing under this name with two or three closely allied species. In general bicolor differs from cinerascens in having a rather more sinuous and thicker median line on the forewing, in the bright rosy colour of this line and nearly always in the presence of additional bright rosy colouring, particularly in the fringes and on the under surface. From all forms of cinmerascens excepting borealis, it also differs in the presence of a distinct, usually strong discal spot in each wing. It occurs in various parts of Kashmir and Chitral, the diverse forms (in respect of coloration and the strength of the lines) being perhaps partly racial, partly aberrational. — bicolor Warr. is a glossy form with the costal margin of the forewing as a rule rather strongly rounded near the apex, the three lines always well developed, except in the ab. suffusa. Ground-colour of forewing dull olivaceous grey, middle line thick and always rosy, the other lines (especially the outer) occasionally almost plain dark grey, or only weakly shaded with rosy; fringe of the ground-colour or somewhat suffused with rosy — more strongly in WarRrReEn’s original than in any other which I have seen. Hindwing with the lines not closely approximated, the outer usually stronger and more com- plete than the inner. Underside with only the outer line of both wings distinct, thick, rosy; proximal half of . Publ. 20. III. 1913. RHODOSTROPHIA. By L. B. Provr. 41 fringes grey, distal half grey slightly or moderately tinged with rosy. Kukli (N. W. India), August, 1891; also a series collected by Tuompson in the Palearctic Himalayas (without exact locality) in the Lercu collection. —ab. suffusa ab. nov. has the rosy suffusion spread over the entire forewing. WaRREN’s original 2 belonged to this form, and he supposed the difference to be sexual; but both forms occur in both sexes in the same locality. — thoda subsp. nov. (7a) is slightly narrower-winged, less glossy, the forewing with the costal margin narrowly or broadly rosy, the fringes of both wings nearly always strongly rosy above and beneath. Ground-colour rather variable, either like that of vibicaria or darker, olivaceous grey. The red median line as bright as in meonaria; in itself thinner than in typical bicolor, but usually extended, especially in the 9, into a red band; the inner and outer lines suppressed in the g, more or less developed in the 2. Hindwing with the lines near together, the inner often tinged with rosy, in any case better developed than the outer. Underside of hindwing with both lines equally developed, rosy, not very thick, in the ¢ weak, in the 2 stronger. Chitral, Kokser, Goorais Valley, July-September, a short series in the British Museum collection. Except for the shape and the still brighter markings this form (or species) would come quite near to adauctata: Stgr. R. poliaria Hmpsn (1a). differs from the more strongly marked forms of cinerascens in having the edges of the outer band sinuous and dentate. Ground-colour grey to yellow-grey, inner line of forewing well developed, dentate outwards on the veins, outer band of forewing distinct, grey-brown. Hindwing similar but more weakly marked, without the yellow tone of that of bicolor. Discal spot on both wings very distinct. Underside with both the outer lines present, or with the distal one only, the ground-colour rather darker and greyer proximally to the latter, lighter and browner distally. — ab. roseata ab. nov. has the lines, band, fringes, costal edge of forewing and entire under surface strongly flushed with rose-colour. Both the type form and the aberration were taken by Lrrcu in the Goorais Valley in June and September. R. inconspicua differs from all the preceding in its reddish brown ground-colour, which approaches that of staudingeri (3d). It is smaller and rather broader-winged than the cinerascens group. The inner line of the forewing is gently curved anteriorly, then straighter than in staudingeri, the other two lines on both wings rather nearer together than in that species, on the forewing almost straight, on both wings about parallel with the distal margin. Both wings have a distinct dark discal spot. The under surface is similar or rather more suffusa. rhoda. poliaria. roseata. brightly coloured, both wings with a dark discal spot and reddish brown postmedian line. — inconspicua inconspicua. Bilr., which I have seen from Murree, Dharmsala, Kalapani and Thundiani, has the lines on the upper surface very weak, the space between the second and third not appreciably darker than the rest of the wing. — sub- conspicua form. nov., probably a distinct race, is rather more brightly coloured, has the lines more distinct, especially the median, and has, as in staudingert, a distinctly darkened band between the second and third. Afghanistan, Chitral and Goorais Valley, in the British Museum collection. Nearly the same form, only slightly less extreme, occurs occasionally at Murree as an aberration. R. staudingeri Alph. (3d). Quite distinct from all the other species hitherto known. From inconspicua, with which alone it can be compared in colour, it differs in its larger size, fainter discal spots, broader and more sinuous-edged band, scarcely bounded by darker lines, and its almost unmarked under surface. Ferghana to the Ili district. ALPHERAKY’s specimen was taken on 15 May, at an elevation of 3500 m. R. glaucofusa Hmpsn. (5d). Of this very distinct species, described by Hampson as a Dysethia, only a single example, a 9, is at present known, and as this was taken near Quetta (May, 1904) it falls, strictly speaking, just outside the limits of the Palearctic Region. But I suspect, from its facies, that it will prove to be a straggler from that region, and desire to call attention to it here, while dealing with most of the genus. It is probably related to cinerascens, but with whiter ground-colour, uniform on both wings, and with stronger, more greenish markings; the green-grey longitudinal patches, leaving broad pale costal area and pale patch behind the median vein as far as second median branch, are characteristic. Underside paler, with discal spots and weak postmedian line. R. grumaria Alph. is another rather aberrant species. The narrow wings, especially in the 9, place it in the same group with poliaria, ete., but it does not seem to be extremely close to any known species. Antennal pectinations in the g rather shorter than in most species of the genus. Forewing very pale brownish grey, somewhat darker-dusted in basal and distal areas and along costa; inner line sharply outangled on the folds, inangled on median vein; discal spot black; outer line rather oblique and sinuous, commencing at costa at about 3 mm from apex, accompanied distally by a narrow dark band and this again by an indistinct pale lime. Hindwing still whiter, with a single line midway between the small discal dot and the distal margin. Under surface more tinged with reddish, especially the hindwing; cell-spots and traces of outer line present. 9 very narrow-winged, apex of forewing acutely pointed, of hindwing produced but rounded, distal margin of forewing IV iitene subcon- spicua. staudingeri. glaucofusa. grumaria. cuprinaria. acidaria. grisearia. alexandra- ria. herbicolens. muricolor. tristrigalis. rara. 42 RHODOSTROPHIA. By L. B. Prout. strongly oblique, of both wings faintly concave. Only known from the North-East corner of Tibet (Koko-Nor and the Amdo district). ; R. cuprinaria Chr. (= phoenicearia Hmpsn.) (1a) is another very distinct species, recognizable at once by its more rounded apex, the nearly uniform purplish-coppery hue of both wings and yellowish under-side with a distal border of purplish-coppery on both wings. The lines on the forewing are placed widely apart and scarcely discernible except by fine yellow lines which bound the mner line proximally and the outer distally; for the rest, the position and course of the lines are most nearly as in vastaria, the mner rather strongly dentate. Discal spot present on both wings, but indistinct. Occursin 8. E. Armenia, Persia, Transcaspia and Afghanistan. CuHRISTOPH’s original figure and description are so extremely bad that it is difficult to believe that they represent the same species which he afterwards figured under the same name, and which is now called cuprinaria. In case it should prove that he confused two different species, the earlier one (perhaps of the badiaria group) must, on its rediscovery, bear his name, and the present one must be called phoenicearia Hmpsn. (erroneously de- scribed as an Acidalia). c B. Section Delocharis. Second subcostal of forewing stalked. acidaria-group. ¢d hindtibia with 4 spurs. Only the single species yet known. R. acidaria is apparently a locally variable species, three different races having been made known by SraupincER. The shape of the wings and their colour recall badzaria and terrestraria, or rather (the apex of the forewing being rather acute, the distal margin of the hindwing well rounded) praecisaria, and there is probably a really near relationship in this direction, notwithstanding the difference in neuration. The fine and rather straight central line, placed about midway between the others, will distinguish it from all the species of similar size excepting vibicaria; from vibicaria it differs abundantly in shape, in the sinuous outer line and in the entire lack of rosy colouring. The under surface is extremely weakly marked. — In acidaria Sigr. (3d) the ground- colour is pale yellowish grey, the markings moderately well expressed, the additional line which accompanies the median line distally sometimes much fainter than in the example figured. Ferghana, Thian-Shan, Issyk-Kul. — grisearia Stgr. (3d) from further south-west (Transalai) is darker in colour and at the same time more strongly marked. — alexandraria Stgr. from south-west of Issyk-Kul, is unknown to me, but is described as being of a more reddish-yellow ground-colour and more weakly marked than acidaria acidaria, the inner line being entirely absent, the outer only occasionally present; the under surface is much more reddish. According to STAUDINGER, the species appears to be very common throughout central Asia. herbicolens-group. 6 hindtibia with 3 spurs. R. herbicolens Bilr., on which Butter founded his genus Delocharis, is closely similar to acidaria in colour and markings, both above and beneath, but is considerably smaller (size of vinacearia), the costal margin of the hindwing relatively longer, the dark shading which follows the median line on both wings usually stronger and broader, forming more or less of a band, and the distal area often more noticeably dark-shaded. North- West India. — ab. muricolor Warr., though described from Simla, will probably occur also in Palearctic localities. It has the forewing of a greyish mouse-colour, the markings obliterated excepting a slight black cell-spot; hindwing paler, hence retaining traces of the two transverse lines. R. tristrigalis Bilr. (3 e) is another of the smaller species, probably related to vinacearia. The ground- colour is dull reddish ochreous, the markings darker, with a more or less strong rosy tinge. The middle line, as in acidaria and herbicolens, is double, usually more or less united by dark shading into a narrow band. This character, together with the less sinuous outer line and the minute or obsolescent cell-spots will at once distinguish it from vinacearia. The name of tristrigalis was not happily chesen, as it is the one species of the genus which can be said to have four lines on each wing. Under surface brighter red-ochreous, about as in imconspicua, the markings nearly as above, but weaker, the inner line of both wings wanting. Dharmsala and Sultanpur. R. rara Btlr. (3 e) differs from tristrigalis and vinacearia in its brighter ochreous ground-colour (our figure of vinacearia ab. stigmatica is too yellow), absence of inner line, at least on the hindwing, and more denti- APOSTATES. By L. B. Provr. 43 culate, usually more interrupted outer line of both wings. Moreover the apex of the forewing, particularly in the 9, though acute in all the three allies, is the most prominently so in rara. The underside of the forewing is suffused with grey or red-grey basally, the rest of the markings nearly as above. Dharmsala. A separate race which occurs in Sikkim (olivacea Warr.) will be discussed in Vol. 12. R. vinacearia Moore evidently belongs to this section of the genus, and most specimens conform to our characterization in respect of the point of origin of the second subcostal; but occasionally this vein arises from the cell, though close to the point of origin of the 3.—5. subcostal, and forms herein a troublesome irre- gularity in the application of our scheme. Concerning the name-type of this species, described from Bengal and therefore not coming within the Palearctic fauna, it is necessary to say afew words here because the law of priority necessitates its acceptonce. Unfortunately it represents a very rare form of the species with the ground-colour darkened (reddish ochreous) and the lines weak, so that at first glance it looks almost unicolorous. It may re- present a local race, but more probably a mere aberration. — ab. stigmatica Bélr. (3 e) seems therefore the cor- tect designation of the common form, in which the ground-colour is clear light greyish ochreous, not or scarcely darkened with reddish, and with the red lines, costal margin of forewing and fringes standing out distinctly. The position of the markings is sufficiently shown in our figure, but a basal line is usually present on the hind- wing also. The simple median line of the forewing and the sinuous outer line of both wings distinguish it from the two preceding; on the hindwing the median line is occasionally double, but its outer part scarcely ever so strong as in our figure. The under surface, like that of rara, has some dark clouding in the basal area of the forewing. Dharmsala, Sultanpur and no doubt other localities in the same district. — curvata Warr., described from Bhotan, seems to differ very little, and will probably be found as an aberration in Palearc- tic localities. It is described as dull ochreous cinereous, the costa hardly darker, the cell-spot small. — sinensis subsp. nov. More tinged with dull rufous than the other forms, the fringes concolorous, not rosy, the lines reddish- brown, not rose-colour; middle line even straighter than is usual i in winacearia, outer line more deeply sinuate, discal dots smaller; a fait oblique dark shade from distal margin close to apex; under surface without the dark clouding at base of forewing. In addition, forewing appears slightly broader, its distal margin is slightly less straight (more convex) and that of the hindwing is less regularly rounded, being appreciably, though extremely slightly, bent at the third radial. Very distinct in aspect, superficially suggesting a light Tanaotrichia praso- naria Swinh. more than a Rhodostrophia. Perhaps a distinct species. Moupin, July, 1890, the type g and a quite similar 9; Chang Yang, June, 1888, a very worn ¢ and Q; all from the Lrrcu collection, now in that of the British Museum. R. philolaches is a rather broad-winged species which cannot possibly be confused with any other of the genus. Almost the only other plain grey species, cinerascens, has much narrower wings and of a more glossy texture; and even badiaria and one or two others which in their greyest forms might approach the ground- colour of philolaches have not its well-rounded hindwing. The strongly zigzag inner and outer lines also separate philolaches from all its allies, and a more detailed description is unnecessary. Flies in June and July. — philolaches Ob. is the form from South-West China (Ta-chien-lu, Moupin, Ni-tou) and is distinguished by the plain grey colour, with scarcely any tinge of yellowish. — tibetaria Sigr. (= farinosa Warr.) (3 e), from Koko- Nor and Amdo, differs very little, but is, at least generally, of a mors yellowish tone. The difference, however, is not striking, and WaRREN, who described the g of his farinosa from Koko-Nor and the 2 from Ta-chien-lu, did not even remark on any sexual dimorphism. I have compared his Q with OBERTHUR’s figure. Of 8 exam- ples of this species before me, one has the second subcostal of the forewing arising from the cell, though quite near to the point of origin of the third to fifth. R. bisinuata Warr. is unknown to me, the type specimen having been mislaid. It may possibly be a Tanaotrichia, and on account of the uncertainty I have left it to the end of the genus; but it is very likely that its true position is next to vinacearia, and it may even be a form of that species or of sinensis, if the latter be specifically distinct. The description is not very full, but the shape would apparently be that of vinacearia, or even of rara. “Dull ochreous cinereous, very much like R. curvata Warr. (= vinacearia Moore, fide Hampson), but the forewings more pointed and the submarginal line twice sinuate, not simply curved, as in the Indian species just mentioned, nor with a single sinus as in trilineata Warr. (= Tanaotrichia prasonaria Swinh.). One © from Japan, the same size as curvata Warr.”’. 2. Genus: Apostates Warr. Characters of Rhodostrophia, but with the distal wall of outer areole (the base of the stalk of the 3. and 4. subcostal veins) obsolete, resulting in a very abnormal phenomenon which has otherwise only been olivacea. vinacearie. stigmatica. curvata. sinensis. philolaches. tibetaria. 2 bisinuata. solitaria. orientis. indicataria. 44 TANAOTRICHIA; SOMATINA. By L. B. Provrt. observed in a few Larentiinae: the complete separation of the 5. subcostal from the others. Thus the genus, though evidently an offshoot of Rhodostrophia (Section A), has actually only a single areole, formed by the anastomosis of the 1. subcostal with the 2. Created for the reception of a single species, of which I have only seen two examples, so that I cannot say quite positively whether the peculiar neuration is constant; if not, the genus must sink to the preceding. Curistopu, who placed his species with a query in Fidonia, did not notice any abnormality; the number of hindtibial spurs in the g is not known to me, as CHRISTOPH’s and WARREN’s specimens and one in the British Museum are all 9. A. solitaria Chr. (= albiclathrata Warr.) (7a). Brown, with the costal margin of forewing broadly pale ochreous, the veins also pale; forewing with three pale transverse lines, the middle one broadened into a band anteriorly and containing the dark, elongate cell-mark, the outer sinuous, running to the anal angle, distal margin pale; hindwing ochreous, dusted witk brownish posteriorly, median line faint, submarginal and marginal, as well as the cell-spot, as in forewing. Transcaspia and Ih district, apparently scarce and local. 3. Genus: Tanaotrichia Warr. Nearly related to Rhodostrophia, the forewing rather broader than in most RKhodostrophia-forms, about as in vinacearia sinensis and philolaches. Hindwing with distal margin rounded. Palpus rather short, upcurved. Hindleg in g without median spurs and with only a single well-developed terminal, the other greatly abbrevia- — ted, perhaps sometimes wanting; a strong hair pencil from femoro-tibial joint and some short, compact tufts arising near the spurs, looking, without close examination, like two additional spurs . 2 with 4 spurs. Second subcostal of forewing arising from the cell, though sometimes at the same point with the stalk of the 3.—5. The type of the genus, prasonaria Swinh., does not occur in the Palearctic Region. The species thus identified by Lrrcu is new, and is described below. T. orientis sp. nov. (= trilineata Leech, nec Warr.) (la). Smaller than prasonaria, apex rather less acute, ground-colour light yellowish brown entirely without red admixture, on the other hand finely and minutely dusted with fuscous. Lines fuscous; the first further from the base than in prasonaria, excurved not straight; the second followed by distinct fuscous shading; the third more gently and regularly bisinuate, without the strong, single posterior curve of prasonaria; distal area of forewing except at apex shaded with fuscous; discal spots wanting. Underside with the lines fine, forewing from base to beyond middle, except at margins, clouded with fuscous. Che-tou, W. China, 3360 m, July or August, 1890. May possibly prove a form of the doubtful “Rhodostrophia” bisinuata Warr., mentioned above. 4. Genus: Somatina Guen. Palpus in both sexes short or quite moderate, the terminal joint not elongate. Antenna in ¢ usually with fascicles of cilia, which only exceptionally arise from (short) pectinations. Hindtibia in g without spurs, usually shortened and thickened and with strong hair-pencil; in Q with 4spurs. Forewing with areole double, the 2. subcostal stalked with the 3.—5. Hindwing with the 2. subcostal and 1. radial separate or very shortly stalked, 2. radial sometimes arising rather near the anterior angle of cell, as in the Hemitheinae. Karly stages apparently unknown. Concerning the geographical range of this genus I am unable to give exact information at present, as I cannot delay the present work until I have completed my survey of the allied forms of the other con- tinents. All the four great regions produce forms with the same essential structure as regards palpi, spurs and the double areole, but there is a good deal of divergence in the antennae and some details of leg struc- ture and of neuration, which may or may not prove to be of generic value. I have in the mean time gi- ven to GUENEE’s wellknown genus a rather wide extent, including in it several species which Hampson would have called Hrythrolophus. He overlooked in his “Moths of India” that the type species of the genus Hrythrolophus has a long terminal joint of the palpus, especially in the 2; while his other distinction, the point of origin of the second radial of the hindwing, only applies to a few Somatina species and would, indeed, have excluded the type of the genus! At least it can be stated that the most typical species of the genus are Indo-Australian, that it is wanting in Europe, but that a few aberrant stragglers extend into Pale- arctic Asia. Dithalama Meyr. may be a synonym, and has been so regarded by TurRnNeER; but in its type-species the 2. subcostal of the forewing arises from the cell, and there are other slight differences. I mention the name because Mryrick and others have applied it to indicataria Walk., in which the 2.—5. subcostals are stalked. S. indicataria Walk. (5a). White, marked with grey and on the forewing with a thick brown median line curving round the elongate, thick black cell-mark, but not or scarcely reaching the costal margin; inner CRASPEDIOPSIS. By L. B. Prout. 45 line weak, rather far from the base; distal area with pairs of rather large, proximally confluent spots between the radials and near the posterior angle, pairs of smaller spots in the other cellules nearer to the distal margin, and a chain or band of still smaller spots at the margin itself. Hindwing with a thick median line which makes a deep curve round the proximal side of the black cell-spot; some dark clouding basally hereto; a den- tate postmedian line followed by a series of large oval blotches; a marginal chain of spots larger than those of the forewing. Under surface quite weakly marked except for the discal spots and median lines. Eastern Siberia, Korea, Japan and West China; April, May and again in August. A very distinct species; the shape and facies suggest that possibly a form akin to this was the parent of the genus Problepsis. S. mendicaria Leech (5 f). Leaden grey, with darker, wavy transverse lines and dark discal spot, and with a paler submarginal line. Underside paler, with a weak outer line present. Vertex of head white. In the gd antenna the fascicles of cilia are placed on short pectinations; the hindleg, though without spurs, is not aborted. In shape and facies the species slightly recalls Dithecodes idaea Swinh., but is larger and differently coloured, besides some structural distinctions. Lrrcu described this and the following as Acidalia, over- looking the neuration. Chang Yang and Moupin. July. S. centrofasciaria Leech (5 f). Brownish ochreous. Forewing with dentate dark antemedian line; both wings with thick purple-brown median line or shade, a finer, weaker, lunulate-dentate outer line and a blackish discal spot, that of the hindwing placed on the median shade. Under surface paler, with the markings faint; base of forewing tinged with purplish grey costally. The type 9, taken at Chang Yang in June, remains unique, but there can be little doubt as to the systematic position of the species. The shape, the palpus and the neu- ration all indicate its affinity with the preceding. - 5. Genus: Craspediopsis Warr. A small genus, created by WarreEN for a few Indian species, differing from Somatina in the strongly pectinate ¢ antenna and in having the hindwing slightly angled at the 3. radial instead of rounded, but ap- parently agreeing in the rest of the structural characters. In coloration and markings, however, the species strongly resemble Acidalia, except in their large size. The point of origin of the 2. subcostal of the forewing is variable. In the type species, which is Indian, it is stalked, as in Somatina, but in the three Palearctic species it arises from the cell, or in persimilis sometimes from the same point as the 3. to 5. The genus is only known as yet from Northern India and Western to Central China. C. persimilis Moore (1a). Size of sinuosaria or larger, the tailat the third radial of the hindwing rather slight, but the whole distal margin of this wing crenulate. Pale brownish grey, irrorated with fuscous. First (on forewing only) and second lines marked by dark spots on the veins, the second line sinuate inwards between the radials and near posterior margin, accompanied by some slight dark shading distally. A dark discal spot, rather large but indistinct on the forewing, followed on both wings by an ill-defined, subdentate median shade, which is angled outwards at the first radial and incurved behind the cell. Distal margin more or less distinetly black-marked between the veins; fringes with distal black dots opposite the veins. Beneath the hind- wing is paler than the forewing, the first line is wanting, the other markings distinct, the outer line on both wings not broken up into spots. Dharmsala, Sultanpur and other localities in N. W. India. C. acutaria Leech (5 e). Whitish brown with the markings fuscous. Forewing with indistinct inner line, marked with black dots on the veins; oblique central line, incurved behind median vein; outer line angled on subcostal, marked with black vein-dots and followed by a dark blotch at posterior margin; base of fringe with black dots opposite the veins. Hindwing without the first line and posterior blotch. Both wings with black discal spot. Under surface without the inner line, forewing instead shaded with fuscous in basal half. Mar- kedly smaller than the other species, the tail at the 3. radial of the hindwing more pronounced. Chang Yang, Ichang, Kwei-chow and Omei-Shan. Flies in June. . C. sinuosaria Leech (5d). This interesting species, doubtfully described by LrEcu as a Rhodostrophia, has the hindwing scarcely elbowed at third radial, the ground colour similar to that of the preceding, but, apart from its larger size, is altogether differently marked, and indeed cannot be confused with any known species. The triangular discal spot and the sinuous, dark-bordered outer line ae distinctive; the latter spotted with black on the veins. On the under surface the markings are less distinct, but the basal half of the forewing is suffused with fuscous. Pu-tsu-fong, W. China, taken in June. The 9 is unknown. mendicaria centrofas- ciaria. persimilis. acutaria. sinuosaria. erasa. vacua. brunnearia. 46 DITHECODES; ANISEPHYRA. By L. B. Prov. 6. Genus: Ditheeodes Warr. Palpus short. Antenna in ¢ ciliated. Hindtibia in both sexes with a single pair of spurs. Forewing with areole double, the 2. subcostal arising from the cell or stalked. Hindwing with distal margin slightly elbowed in middle, or rounded, the 2. subcostal connate or very shortly stalked with the 1. radial. Notwithstanding the slight structural variations noted above, this in evidently a natural genus, agreeing not only in the double areole and tibial armature, but even in the prevalence of dull greenish colouring, white discal mark on hindwing and approximate size and shape of the species. The genus received two, or probably three names in the course of the same year (1900), but the.one here adopted was published earliest. Mnesz- thetis Swinh. is certainly a synonym, or at most a subgenus of it; Neosterrha Warr. probably asubgenus, with very long fascicles of cilia on the ¢ antenna, but I have unfortunately not seen a 9. The last-named section is Neotropical, the other species belong to the Indo-Australian and African Regions, excepting the one or two- Japanese here given. D. erasa Warr. Both WarRREN’s type (2) and a second 9 which seems to agree with it are in wretched condition, and it is impossible to give a perfect description, or to say definitely whether the species really differs from the following; I am inclined to suspect that they will prove to be forms of one and the same. Wings dull pale greenish (fading to yellow), apparently without markings. Under surface paler. Face and upper side of palpus blackish. Wing-expanse 30 mm; wings moderately broad, hindwing bluntly elbowed at 2. radial. The type-specimen, in the Tring Museum, is from Japan, without more exact locality; uae second example, at the British Museum, from Tokio. D. vacua Swinh. Of this species, described by its author as a Hemithea, I have also only seen two or three poor specimens, though not so deplorably bad as the preceding. Except that they have a large white discal spot en each wing and faint traces of a curved postmedian darker line, the former less prominent beneath on account of the paler ground-colour, I can see no difference. The types in the British Museum are merely labelled Japan; but a Q specimen in my collection, for which I have to thank the generosity of Dr. E. A. CockayNE, was taken at Nikko on 4 September, 1910, and WiLeman has recorded one from Oyama, Sagami, June, 1896. 7. Genus: Anisephyra Warr. Face often protuberant. Palpus rather stout and rough-scaled, terminal joint short. Antenna in ¢ rather strongly bipectinate, with apex simple. Hindtibia in both sexes with all spurs. Forewing with areole simple, usually not very long, the first subcostal arising beyond the apex of the areole, often much beyond, not infrequently opposite the fifth subcostal. Hindwing not tailed or sharply angled at extremity of second radial, though sometimes very slightly bent; costal vein anastomosing with cell for a point or more, rather gradually diverging, second subcostal from apex of cell or short-stalked, first median separate at its origin from third radial. An interesting little genus as probably standing somewhere near the phylogenetic base of the Cosymbia section. The tendency to reduction in the length of the areole and longer anastomosis of the first subcostal with the others as well as the scheme of markings (often with large or ocellated discal spots) are indications of affinity with that section, and it is not impossible that the discovery of the early stages will necessitate its removal thereto. On the other hand, in spite of its different habitus, its organic characters do not seem greatly different from those of the two following genera. The stouter palpus and some slight neurational characters are perhaps the chief distinctions. The few known species belong to the Indo-Australian Region, and even the one here introduced only reaches the borders of the Palearctic. A. brunnearia Leech (5f). Light brown, with a slight fleshy tinge. Forewing with small black dots on the veins indicating the position of the first line. Both wings with median shade and black-dotted postmedian line; the former on forewing weakly curved in S-shape, placed well beyond the cell, on hindwing crossing the cell- spot; the latter outcurved or outangled in middle. Dark discal spots, that of hindwing somewhat enlarged, containing a pure white pupil. Under surface similarly marked, both the discal spots sometimes light-pupilled, but neither distinctly so. Hindwing distinctly elbowed in middle, costal vein anastomosing at a point, then rapidly diverging, first median close to third radial at origin; thus not a typical Anisephyra. Western China in June. PTOCHOPHYLE; TIMANDRA. By L. B. Provr. 47 8. Genus: Ptochophyle Warr. Face smooth. Palpus short, smooth-scaled. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate with very long branches, the apical extremity simple; in 2 variable (pectinate or subpectinate only in the subgenus Heteroctenis Meyr. from Borneo). Hindtibia in both sexes with all spurs. Both wings with distal margin usually more or less bent in middle, hindwing sometimes crenulate and with small tail at end of third radial. Areole simple, the first subcostal anastomosing at a point or more strongly with the stalk of the others. Hindwing with cell short (about two-fifths), costal normal, second subcostal and first median either from the angles of the cell or shortly stalked. The genus consists of a number of Indo-Australian species, for the most part small and brightly coloured, and divided by WaRREN into two genera, Ptochophyle and Chrysolene. They were first united by SWINHOE in 1902, and this course appears correct. One or two species straggle into Africa, and a single one, miniosa, is said to occur in North China, though this seems open to some doubt. On the assumption that the locality is correct, it is described and figured here. Pt. miniosa Warr. (5d). Bright red, slightly mixed with yellow; antemedian and postmedian lines yellow, ill-defined and interrupted, on hindwing not or scarcely discernible; discal spot of forewing dark, dull red, that of hindwing yellow, elongate; distal margin yellow, the red ground-colour encroaching somewhat in the middle; fringe yellow. Under surface unmixed with yellow, weakly marked; fringe yellow. WanrreEn’s type specimen came from Penang and the species is chiefly Indo-Australian, but an old example stands in the British Museum collection with the label “North China”, which there usually indicates the neighbourhood of Shanghai. Although there is some possibility of a mistake in labelling, a few Indo-Australian species undoub- tedly do reach Shanghai, at least as stragglers. 9. Genus: Timandra Dup. Palpus rather short, smooth-scaled, terminal joimt distinct, relatively not very short. Antenna in ¢ strongly bipectinate, apical end simple. Hindtibia in both sexes with all spurs. Forewing with apex acute, usually somewhat falcate, distal margin not or scarcely convex, areole simple, the first subcostal occasionally anasto- mosing briefly with the stalk of the others, but rarely, the distal wall of the areole being much more usually formed by the second subcostal. Hindwing with apex pronounced, distal margin produced to a tail at end of third radial, cell one-half or slightly less, second subcostal from apex of cell or extremely short-stalked with first radial, first median from close to third radial. Kgg rather regularly oval covered with small oval pitting; yellow at first, becoming red. Larva rather rugose and unequally thickened, head and first two thoracic segments rather small, metathorax widening, first abdominal much swollen and laterally dilated, the remaining segments slightly swollen at sides. Feeds on dock and other low plants, passing the winter in the larval state. Pupa slender, much angulated, recalling those of some butterflies; acutely pointed anteriorly, the covers of the tongue and legs very long, abdominal segments long, anal extremity with two hooks. In a slight cocoon. The genus is a very natural one, the species being nearly all exceedingly similar, both in structure and in markings. They inhabit chiefly Asia, one species extending also commonly into Europe; a single species is North American. The name of Timandra has been very generally used for this genus, and seems correct. I for- merly followed Packarp, RocreNnHorEerR and Meyrick in substituting Calothysanis Hbn., which is older. But I find that BurLerR in 1881 chose Acidalia imitaria as the type of Calothysanis, and already GUENEE had applied the name similarly. The selection, though bad, must be accepted. T. amata is the best known and by far the most widely distributed species, its range extending nearly throughout Europe (excepting the most northerly localities) and the greater part of Palearctic Asia, where it is still quite common as far eastward as Japan. It varies considerably, but is generally one of the most beautiful species of the genus, on account of the bright pink colour of the fringes, which also extends at times on to the distal margins of the wings. The ground-colour is pale yellowish brown, often dusted with grey; forewing sometimes with, sometimes without a weak, curved brown-grey inner line, both wings with grey distal lie, making a gentle (sometimes rather stronger) outward curve in the middle; a thick grey line, more or less strongly overlaid with rose pink, running obliquely from apex of forewing to middle of inner margin of hindwing; a small discal spot (often very indistinct) on forewing. Under surface more thickly dark-speckled, the inner line of forewing wanting, the oblique line not overlaid with pink, often weakly expressed. Face dark reddish. The early stages have already been partly described under the genus, as it is safe to assume that the form will characte- rize the whole of the species. The larva of amata is brown, marked with paler and darker, the dorsal line pale, miniosa. amata. effusaria. roseata. deleta. nigra. suffumata. bipartiia. grisearia. comptaria. convectaria. correspon- dens. extremaria. 48 TIMANDRA. By L. B. Provv. narrowly dark-centred, dorsal patches on the first to fifth abdominal segments, each pointed at its anterior end and truncate at its posterior. I have found it feeding among the seeds of dock, and it is easily obtained by rearing from the egg. Pupa light brown, dark spotted, the wing-veins dark. There are, at least in favourable seasons and localities, two broods of the moth, the hibernated larvae producing the imagines about June, while a part of the offspring of these feeds up quickly, moths appearing again in August-September. In the height of summer the egg has been known to hatch very quickly, only 4 or 5 days after being laid. The moth frequents rank, weedy places at the edges of fields or the borders of woods, or hides by day in hedges. It is easily disturbed, but in cool weather drops to the ground instead of flying, and in any case it does not fly far. The natural time of flight is at or after dusk, when it may be captured with the net, usually flying rather near the ground. — amata L. (= amataria L. = vibicaria Hufn., nec Cl. = angulata Geoff.) (5 {) is the common European form with the speckling usually comparatively slight, the pink of the oblique line rather bright but not extended. Second-brood specimens are smaller and still freer from dark dusting, approaching the extreme forms described under comptaria. — ab. effusaria Klem. is strongly dusted with grey, the pink of the oblique line very broadly diffused distally, the outer line very distinct. Sepp has figured an extreme example, with the entire hind- wing suffused with rosy. — ab. roseata Hirschke is of a uniform reddish-grey tone, with the oblique line obsolete. — ab. deleta Rb/., perhaps not really separable from the preceding, is described as almost without mar- kings, the fringes red. It is founded on a figure by GEYER in HUBNER’s well-known work, which is not of an unusually reddish tone of colour. — ab. nigra Abd/., founded on a specimen in the Capper collection, is uniform smoky brown, with only the tips of the fringes pmkish. Barrerv’s figure of the specimen seems a little too dark, and this has misled ReBet into describing it as black; but im any case it is a very remarkable form. In ““The Entomologist”, vol. 26, p. 65, it was described as “‘unicolorous soft olive-green’’. — ab. suffumata ab. nov., described by Barrett from the collection of the Rev. J. GreENE, is of a uniform pale smoky grey, but with the oblique line present. — ab. bipartita ab. nov. is normally coloured proximally to the oblique line, but the entire area beyond it is smoke-coloured on both wings, only becoming paler again just before the pink fringes. Figured by Mosius in “Iris”, vol. 18, pl. 2, fig. 5, a similar example described by AricneR-ABari, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. vol. 4, p. 527. — grisearia Petersen, rather large, strongly dusted, lines reddish grey, not pink, is said to form a local race in the Baltic Provinces, but occurs as an aberration elsewhere. — comptaria Walk. is a dwarf race from China and Japan. WaLkeER’s type is moderately dark-speckled, but a rather larger percentage of the specimens are free from speckling, the pink line and margins bright and often extended. April onwards, thus not merely a second-brood form. A larger, heavily speckled form from Japan still needs closer investigation (? = grisearia Petersen). The species would perhaps be a suitable one for temparature experiments. T. convectaria Walk. (la) differs from amata in the following characters: antennal shaft and basal half (or more) of costa of forewing fuscous; wings more tinged with ochreous or reddish, the oblique line with ru- fous, not pink; fringes darkened; forewing with distinct dark dots on the 4. and 5. subcostals close to apex; hindwing with rather sharper tail. Widely distributed in India, not hitherto recorded as Palearctic. I have, however, received a g from Chungking, taken at the end of May, 1910. T. correspondens Hmpsn. (1a) isnearly related to the preceding, agreeing with it in shape and in the darkened costal margin. The ground-colour, however, is that of amata, the oblique line and fringes ferruginous, the ante- median line of forewing well-defined, quite straight, the postmedian with the outward curve very weak, that of the hindwing still less curved, often quite straight. Discal spot nearly V-shaped. Under surface nearly like upper. Apparently not variable. Described from Dharmsala, occurs also in Sikkim and Assam. The only dated specimen which I have seen was captured at the end of June. T. extremaria Walk. (= sordidaria Walk.) (5 f) differs from amata in the shorter palpus, more blackish face, the apex of the forewing somewhat more falcate, of the hindwing somewhat more square; the oblique line is rather thick, dark grey overlaid with dull reddish, the other lines very weak, reduced to mere dots on the veins; fringes concolorous with wings and without a dark line at their base. Under surface similar, more strongly speckled, the oblique line not tinged with reddish, a dark distal marginal line. Distributed across China from Omei-Shan and Chungking to Ningpo, occurring from June to September. Also in Formosa. T. rectistrigaria, though otherwise normal in structure, is the most aberrant species of the genus in shape, the forewing stumpier, with distal margin less oblique and more convex, the hindwing with the tail at the 3. radial very slight, a faint concavity from here to the 2. subcostal, hence a bend at this latter vein also. Ground- colour dull white, profusely and coarsely spotted all over with grey-brown, sometimes almost without markings, at other times with the oblique line and outer line present, though never extremely sharply expressed; the former, wher traceable throughout, is seen to start from the costa slightly before the apex, and reaches the inner margin of the hindwing further from the base, nearly meeting the outer line; the latter, when present, Publ. 20. IL]. 1913. PROBLEPSIS. By L. B. Provr. 49 is formed nearly as in amata; cell-spot weak, elongate. Underside similar, the oblique line still weaker, the cell-spot stronger. I am acquainted with too little material to say whether the variation is in large measure sexual or geographical; it is certainly not entirely sexual, as is suggested by Hrpemann and by SrauprinceR’s citations. — rectistrigaria Hv. (= puziloi Hrsch.) is the form with the transverse markings present, and is ap- parently the commoner, at least in the provinces of Irkutsk, Transbaikal, etc. According to ALPHERAKY, all the specimens collected by Herz at Witim belong to this form. On the other hand a g from Amurland figured by HepEmann belongs to the following form. It will probably prove that the 9Qare on an average the more strongly marked. — obsoleta form. nov. (5g). I propose this name for the form with all the markings obsolete, which is the only one yet known from Kamtschatka, and which ALpHirRaxy suspected would prove to be a local race is that country. But, as shown above, it also occurs as a 3 aberration in Amurland, while on the other hand it is possible that some 99 from Kamtschatka will prove to show at least traces of the markings. 10. Genus: Problepsis Led. Palpus usually rather slender, with appressed scales; terminal joint distinct, in g very small, in 2 somewhat longer. Antenna in g pectinate or dentate, the teeth ending in fascicles of cilia; in 9 shortly or mi- nutely ciliated. Pectus more or less hairy. Femora sometimes hairy. Hindtibia in g¢ much dilated, with strong hair-pencil, spurs wanting; in 2 with all spurs. Hindtarsus in 3 abbreviated. Wings always bearing some metallic, silvery scales. Forewing with areole simple, first subcostal arising at or just before its apex; third discocellular incurved; first median arising from cell. Hindwing with costal anastomosing with cell at a point or rather more, then rapidly diverging; second subcostal arising from cell; discocellulars straight; first median arising from cell. An exceedingly natural genus, showing very little stuctural variation except in the g antenna and the degree of hairiness of the pectus. Fortunately those species which would be the most difficult to differentiate from Acidalia by the antennal structure are just those which have the pectus most densely hairy. But in any case the stronger build, the wing-pattern and especially the metallic scales would distinguish all the species from Acidalia. The genus is a direct derivative of Somatina, the only essential difference being that the areole is simple. The species are scattered in the Palearctic (except westward), the Indo-Australian and the Aethiopian regions, but are not very numerous. Information is wanting regarding their habits and life-history. A. g antenna bipectinate. P. ocellata Friv. (= ommatophoraria Gwen.) (5 a). In this species, the type of the genus and a very good representative of its usual type of markings, the ground-colour is of a less clear white than in most of the others, being somewhat tinged with brown. The forewing bears a rather ill-defined inner line, strongly bent or angled behind cell; a very large roundish-oval central ocellus, reaching from the subcostal vein to the submedian fold and about one-third as wide as the length of the wing, its outside rmg dark brown and re- gular, its colour within light brown but containing two whitish anterior and two black posterior wedge-shaped spots, a ring of metallic, partly black-edged spots within the dark-brown ring and a few minute metallic spots -on the black wedges; a small dark patch between the ocellus and the posterior margin; a strongly curved fuscous brown line near the distal margin, followed by a row of interneural spots and these again by smaller spots. Hind- wing without proximal line, the ocellus drawn out so as to reach the inner margin, some of the metallic spots enlarged, but the black ones wanting; postmedian line parallel with the distal margin, followed as in forewing. Under surface with the principal markings showing through very faintly from above. Vertex of head fuscous. Very local, from Greece and Crete to the Taurus and Syria. — The form cinerea Bélr., from Camp- bellpur, perhaps scarcely constitutes even a local race. It is slightly more brownish in tone and has the ocelli broadened, especially on the hindwing. P. deliaria. Ground-colour pure white, inner line entirely wanting, ocellus nearly always narrower than in ocellata and more irregularly shaped, the ring surrounding it much lighter brown; outer line also lighter brown, usually thickened, the spots beyond it larger but lighter; posterior margin of forewing in basal half more or less strongly marked with silvery scales. On the hindwing the ocellus is still further narrowed, and scarcely deserves that name; often the brown shading which characterizes it in most of the species here becomes very weak, and the most prominent markings are the silvery rings (the larger one, much elongate, reaching to just beyond the second median vein, and a second, small one at the abdominal margin, but both generally IV 7 rectistri- garia. obsoleta. ocellata. cinerea. deliaria. albidior. vulgaris. eucircota. maxima. superans. 50 PROBLEPSIS. By L. B. Proovr. more or less imperfect). Under surface with the ocelli showing through, but not very distinct. Vertex of head fuscous. Antennal pectinations in the g of medium length, apical one-third not pectinate. — deliaria Guen. (5a) is the normal Indian form, as described above, the ocellus of the forewing apparently always elongate, the markings usually distinct; the average size of the form is not very much larger than that of ocellata. I have no Palearctic examples before me, and am not quite certain, though I think it probable, that it reaches this Region. Lercu gives several localities, but his specimens belong to other, closely allied forms. — albidior Warr. is perhaps a distinct subspecies, possibly a mere aberration, differing chiefly in the broader, more rounded ocellus of the forewing. The size is, on an average, somewhat larger, the markings often weaker. Kulu, Ichang, ? Satsuma. P. vulgaris Bilr. (7b), which reaches the confines of the Palearctic Region at Kangra, and perhaps else- where, but which extends southwards through India to Ceylon, is closely related to deliaria, agreeing in structure and general facies, but differing as follows: rather smaller, the median markings darker, the spot on posterior margin of forewing prominent, usually almost or altogether united with the ocellus to form a band, at least as narrow as in the narrowest-marked deliaria, the ocellated part with its proximal edge usually somewhat con- cave and always bordered by a thick black mark which is entirely wanting in deliaria. P. eucircota sp. nov. (7b). Antenna in the ¢ with the pectinations very short, scarcely as long as the widest ~ diameter of the shaft, thus transitional towards group B, in which they are reduced to mere teeth; those of the 9 with longer, more bristly pairs of cilia than in the other species. Forewing with the ocellus nearly round, without a dark outer ring and not margined by a black mark proximally; containing, near its outer edge, a complete silvery ring, within which there are two black, wedge-shaped markings placed as in ocellata and usually some silvery scales longitudinally at the second and third radials, only a very small spot in the centre whitish; outer line rather thick, the spots distally to it unequal in size, only the pairs between the radials and at the hinder angle being large, usually confluent; inner margin with the customary brown spot moderately dark, bearing a few silvery scales. Hindwing with the ocellated mark similar to that of ocellata, slightly broader and darker. Under surface sometimes weakly marked, but usually with the ocelli and outer line conspicuous and the costal area of the forewing somewhat infuscated. Vertex of head black, antennal shaft blackish basally. Shanghai (2 3, 2 9, September, 1892), Ningpo (2 3g, July, 1886), Chia-ting-fu (J, July, 1889) all in the British Museum. A form from Chang Yang differs only in the nearly simple 2 antenna, but may possibly be a small race of albidior Warr., in which case, according to the g¢ antenna, that is a quite different species from deharia and from some of the forms which I have identified as albidior. The present species closely resembles delphiaria Guen., from India, in size, structure and in the under surface, but the much more rounded ocellus, not reaching the margins, the lack of silvery scales behind the median vein near the base of forewing and other slighter differences distinguish it. P. maxima 7'/.-Mieg. Unknown to me in nature, but if it is really, as indicated, a 2 with pectinate antenna, it is certainly a distinct species. If on the other hand there is a misprint, and 9 should be read as ¢ (although as the sex is given twice in the description this is scarcely likely), or if the author only under- stands as “pectinations” the ciliated lamellae which characterize the 2 antenna of the preceding species, it is Just possible that maxima represents an extremely large form of the same. In any case it is desirable to intro- duce it here, for the sake of completeness. The description runs: ‘‘9 47 mm, antennae shortly pectinate. Wings white, forewing with a large round brown ocellus, 7 mm broad, its centre paler with a white lunule closing the cell. A little before, the ocellus bears a black mark, and there is another at the base of the 3. radial and 1. median. Some metallic scales in the middle of the ocellus. A pale yellow-brown spot at the middle of the inner margin and two internervular series at the distal margin, especially at the hinder angle. Hindwing with a yellow-brown cellular spot preceded by a lunule surrounded by metallic scales, its extremities directed towards the outer margin. Four pale yellowish brown lines or bands, more or less obsolete, formed partly of spots, partly of dots. The first traverses the cellular patch, the third is formed of internervular spots, the fourth is merely a fine line along the distal margin. Forewing beneath white, with the costa grey-brown, the central ocellus and two outer lines of the same colour. Hindwing beneath white, the lines not apparent. Face brown, vertex black, thorax and abdomen white, but the second half of the abdomen above, nearly to the anus, is dark grey. Japan, 1 9”. B. g antenna dentate-ciliate (Problepsiodes Warr.). P. superans Béilr. (= discophora Fias.) (5a). The ocellated spot fully as round as in ocellata or even rounder, in some respects similar to that of ocellata, but without distinct dark outer ring and without the two ANTILYCAUGES; ACIDALIA. By L. B. Prout. 51 white wedge-spots between the radials, the white ground-colour only appearing as a narrow, elongate distal edging to the discocellulars. Differs further from ocellata and eucircota in the 3 antenna, stouter palpus, more hairy pectus, white vertex of head and in the postmedian line having larger spots beyond it. Varies greatly in size. The summer brood (June—July) is usually very much larger than ocellata, but there is a small second brood in September only measuring on an average the same size as that species. Eastern Siberia, Korea and Japan. P. phoebearia Hrsch. (= plagiata Btl. = deliaria Brem. nec Guen.) (5 a) is very closely related to the preceding species, but has the brown median blotches much extended, the central one on the forewing joining the hindmargin and produced so far distally as to touch the weak postmedian line; the black transverse mark which is usually present in swperans near the distal end of blotch is represented in phoebearia by a thick longitudinal mark on and behind the second radial; subterminal spots also enlarged, touching a smoky terminal suffusion. Abdomen dorsally darker. Amurland to Korea, also, though rare, in Japan. 11. Genus: Antilyeauges gen. nov. Face smooth. Palpus longish, rather stout, rough-scaled. Tongue developed. Antenna in ¢ with mo- derately long, shortly ciliated pectinations; in 9 simple. Femora glabrous. Hindtibia in g with one pair of ‘spurs, in 2 with two pairs. Forewing narrow, with costal and distal margins almost straight, the latter oblique; cell long, areole simple, large, subcostals normal. Hindwing rather narrow, costal margin rather long, distal margin rounded, cell more than one-half the length of wing, costal vein anastomosing with subcostal at a poimt or more, then gradually diverging, second subcostal rather shortly stalked with first radial. Karly stages unknown. The single species, pinguis Swinh., erroneously described as an Hmmiltis, appears very distinct from any known species, and requires a separate genus. It may perhaps be related to the impersonata group of Acidaha, but the pectinate g antenna, long cells, still stronger, rougher palpus, exceptional course of the costal vein of hindwing (though this latter is shared by the lactea-group) amply distinguish it. The stalking of the second subcostal of the hindwing is also extremely rare in Acidalia. Inhab- its Hastern and Southern China and Formosa. A. pinguis Swinh. (5b). Dull brown-grey, irrorated with fuscous, with a paler, less irrorated band proximally to the outer line; first line rather remote from base, somewhat sinuous, broadened into a narrow band, outer line rather thick, strongly sinuous, especially on forewing; a pale subterminal line, dark-shaded on both sides, but especially proximally; forewimg with a black discal dot. Under surface almost without markings. Widely distributed throughout Eastern China; Tientsin, Shanghai and the Chusan Islands can be mentioned as Palearctic localities. June, July and September. 12. Genus: Aeidalia 7r. Palpus short, or very occasionally of moderate length, never long; clothed with appressed or moder- ately appressed scales. Antenna in ¢ ciliated, the cilia very occasionally arising from short pectinations. Hind- tibia in g without spurs or rarely with a single pair; in 2 with 4 spurs. Forewing with areole simple. Hind- wing variable in shape, the costal vein normal or diverging rather gradually, second subcostal not or (very rarely) very shortly stalked with first radial. ¢ genitalia: the two true genitalic segments (9. and 10. abdo- minal) enormously reduced, the pregenitalic (8. abdominal) bearing a pair of special organs, named “cerata”’ by Burrows and Pierce; these are prongs, frequent asymmetrical, arising laterally from a transverse band which bears the “mappa”, a kind of apron which, in life, turns over and covers the base of the cerata. This structure, so far as yet tested, is very constant, and separates the genus sharply from Ptychopoda. The eggs are oval, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter, longitudinally ridged and usually flattened more or less at one end or at both. They are very frequently laid, unlike the majority of Geometrids, in a nearly upright position. Notwithstanding some slight differences in colouring, they become, with remar- kable uniformity, spotted or blotched with some shade of red a few days after oviposition. The larvae are ex- ceedingly long and slender, and roll themselves into remarkable coils when disturbed. They are nearly cylindrical, without special protuberances, and much less strongly rugose than those of Ptychopoda, but usually with a somewhat rugose lateral ridge. In the temperate regions of both hemispheres they pass the winter in this stage, but several species are at least partially double-brooded, or perhaps even under favourable conditions triple- brooded. The pupa has the surface rather smooth and polished, of some shade of light brown; the cremaster, phoebearia. pinguts.. cineraria. 52 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provt. in all the species which I can examine, is furnished with a pair of curved, diverging, moderately strong spines, a marked contrast to the 6 nearly equal, very fine and threadlike, hooked-tipped bristles of that of Ptychopoda. The genus is an extremely extensive and extremely natural one, being found wherever the subfamily is represented, with the exception apparently of Chili, and showing exceedingly little structural variation, the chief differences being in the nature of the antennal ciliation and in the formation of the 3 hindleg; the latter may be moderately long and comparatively slender, though even then extremely rarely provided with spurs and never with the middle spurs, or the tibia may be very much thickened, and in the latter case the tarsus may vary from nearly normal length to almost complete abortion. Even in colour and pattern the majo- rity of the species show great uniformity and their discrimination is often a matter of no small difficulty. The genus has been known by a number of different names — Acidalia, Leptomeris, Craspedia, Emmiltis, Dosithea and others. There can be hardly any doubt that Scuranx’s Scopula, which would be the oldest name, was really founded upon ornata Scop. and ought never to have been used in any other sense; but as in the present case historical usage has overridden strict logic, I have not thought it necessary to displace Acidalia, which is older than the various Hiibnerian names sometimes substituted for it. Moreover, the ornata-group might possibly be constituted a separate genus according to the shape of the wing and a few other small characters, and if that view were taken the great residue would still stand as Acidalia. A few syste- matists have separated the species with a pair of spurs present on the ¢ hindtibia as a genus (Pylarge H.-Sch.). It is greatly to be wished that this were biologically tenable, as it is such a useful character; but it se- parates off from the rest a few species of such different facies that we are forced to the conclusion that the retention of the spurs in the evolutionary history of this genus has been casual only. Still, as it isso convenient taxonomically, I have retained Pylarge in a subgeneric or sectional sense. For the rest I have retained as nearly as possible the order of Staup1INGER’s Catalog, which is in the hands of nearly every Palearctic Lepidop- terist and which shows, on the whole, a very natural sequence. It has, however, been necessary to remove a few species of different structure (Glossotrophia) and to introduce ochroleucata H.-Sch., remotata Guen. and aequi- fasciata Chr., which were entirely misplaced by STAUDINGER. 3 A. Section Pylarge*). 3 hindtibia with terminal spurs present. As already stated, this section is in a sense arbitrary, merely indicating the least specialized forms in the genus. It embraces probably seven groups, if not more; ternata Schr., the type of Pylarge, being nearest the point of origin of such normal species of Acidalia as the floslactata-group; ansulata Led. and its allies more specialized in shape; a small group with stronger palpus, typified by impersonata Walk. ; the narrow-winged. species which have hitherto been called Lycauges Butl.; one or two species which are so similar in facies to the marginepunctata-group of Acidalia that they are evidently in almost the direct line of ancestry to them; two or three exceedingly smooth-scaled, glossy species typified by gastonaria Obth.; and a single, aberrant- looking species, steganioides Bilr., with better developed antennal pectinations and short cell of the forewing, which may prove to form a separate genus. Perhaps the simplest structural analysis reduces these groups to four, and this latter arrangement is here adopted. impersonata-group. 6 antenna with long, fasciculate ciliation; palpus stout and extending beyond frons; hindwing not greatly narrowed, second subcostal sometimes stalked. A. cineraria Leech (3k). Pale cinereous, irrorated with brown, and marked with brown lines. Except that the postmedian and subterminal lines should be somewhat more sinuous, incurved between the radials and the former here rather markedly dentate, our figure gives a very perfect idea of this neat little species. Some specimens are more weakly marked, the lines indistinct and the dark shade distally to the postmedian almost entirely absent, the discal spots are also occasionally reduced in size; but the variation is never so great as to render it difficult to recognize. On the underside the forewing is more brownish, the hindwing more whitish, both wings very weakly marked, the postmedian line the most noticeable. From the following species cineraria differs in the more arched costal margin of the forewing, rather larger size, less brownish ground- colour and less straight postmedian and subterminal lines. Only known from Korea and Japan, occurring in May and June. A. impersonata is a rather variable species in colour, and very variable in the strength of the markings, and has received several names. [have so little material available for study that I am unable to decide how *) See also subtilata Chr., which should be transferred here. ACIDALIA. By L. B. Proovr. 53 far the variation is geographical, how far seasonal and how far individual. A short series which I possess from Siccawei, near Shanghai, seems to point to its being in part seasonal, yet includes nothing so dark as the form accurataria. It is not impossible that the forms represent more than a single species, but I see no reason for thinking this probable, as they agree in all essential characters. All that is yet possible is to indicate the essential structure, and then to describe the named -forms, leaving their exact status to be fixed hereafter. To the characters given above it need only be added that the wings are but little narrower than in the ternata-group, the distal margin of the forewing gently rounded, not very strongly oblique, that of the hindwing rounded, the costal margin slightly longer than the inner margin, but not nearly so strongly elongate as in the lactea-group. The second subcostal of the hindwing is decidedly variable, even in forms from a single locality; it may be either separate from the first radial, or rising from a common point or even longer-stalked than is found elsewhere in the genus. The ground-colour of both wings is usually bone-colour, sometimes more, sometimes less tinged with greyish, but with the colour variation produced chiefly by the degree of irroration with fuscous atoms, which may be very slight or extremely strong. The dark lines and black cell-spots are also very variable in the intensity of their expression; postmedian line usually more distinct than antemedian, nearly parallel with the distal margin but with slight or very slight curves inwards in the radial and submedian areas and usually accentuated by darker dots on the veins which, being placed rather at the distal side of the line, somewhat suggest minute teeth in it; antemedian, when distinctly traceable, is seen to be bent or an- gled in the cell, and is also sometimes marked with dark vein-dots, but is always wanting on the hindwing; median line or shade rather diffuse, almost straight, touching or nearly touching the cell-spot; distal area usually somewhat darkened, the pale subterminal line then distinct, very slightly sinuous, not dentate. Under surface with postmedian and subterminal markings and cell-spots mostly expressed, the basal area, especially of fore- wing, more suffused and without definite markings. — impersonata Walk. (3 k) is the lightest form, the ground-impersonata. colour not tinged with grey, the fuscous irroration slight and not very dark, the transverse lmes moderately distinct. WaALkER’s types were from China (Fu-chau, according to the register at the British Museum) and are in bad condition, but do not appear to differ appreciably from the forms occurring in Chekiang and in the neighbourhood of Shanghai and of Ichang, thus Palearctic. On the other hand two poor specimens from Ting-hai (Fokien) and Formosa appear to have been of a rather darker, more ochreous shade. On an average these light forms are rather small, and the dates, so farasavailable (Ichang, August; Shanghai district, September), suggest a second brood, especially as Dr. CuLprn took a larger, darker form at Shanghai at the end of April. Some of the localities given by Lrrcu are erroneous, being due to mistaken identification. I have, however, seen one Japanese example (Suma, 21 August, in coll. Wireman) referable here rather than to the form maces- cens. — muscularia Stgr. is a very similar but light grey form, founded on a single g from Amurland. It is unknown to me, but is said to have the apex of forewing .rather more acute than accurataria. Perhaps really a synonym of impersonata. A pair from Gensan, Korea, July, rather lighter than macescens, may possibly belong to it. — macescens Butl. (3k) is of a medium, brownish grey, on an average larger than impersonata, the markings variable in distinctness. Japan, widely distributed, May to September; Shanghai in April; Chang Yang in June; Tientsin. — accurataria Chr. (3k) is still darker, distinctly marked, the distal area particu- larly darkened, leaving a clearer space between median and postmedian lines. 2 apparently smaller. Amurland, July and August. muscularia. macescens. accurataria. A. gastonaria Od. is very distinct in the very smooth, glossy scaling and pure white colouring, at least gastonaria. in a distal band. Moreover, if my candicans is really a form of this species, the structural characters are not quite identical; the palpus, though rather stronger and rougher-scaled than in typical Acidalia, seems somewhat intermediate and the tongue is long. I have not seen OBERTHUR’s form, from Oran. It is variable in colour, reddish brown or brownish, sometimes pale grey, the darker brown postmedian band as in our figured candicans, followed by a narrow white band (or thick line), the extreme distal edge also white, forewing with a row of minute dark dots between the veins. Abundant at Macta in April, hiding among scabious on the coast, in tolerably sheltered places. — candicans subsp. nov. (5 b) from Algiers and its immediate vicinity seems to be a good local race, or possibly a closely related species. All the examples which I have seen (both sexes) are rather smaller than typical gastonaria with both wings pure white from the base to the brown band and the grey shade between the two white distal lines much weaker; the fringes in the g remain more or less brownish; discal dots per- haps less minute. Forewing beneath infuscated, except the white line beyond the band. The Q is still purer white, but has the band slightly darker, though a little narrowed, discal dots minute, underside scarcely so strongly infuscated. The neuration varies a little; the 1. subcostal of forewing does not always anastomose; the 2. subcostal of hindwing is sometimes very shortly stalked, sometimes separate. lactea-group. § antenna with long fasciculate ciliation, sometimes arising from short pectinations; palpus short; hindwing greatly narrowed, second subcostal separate (Lycauges Btlr.). candicans. lactea. donovani. andresi. steganioides. 54 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provr. A. lactea Btlr. (3g, 99). Whitish ochreous, sometimes more tinged with fleshcolour; a more or less strong dusting of fine fuscous atoms. The 4, as the figures show, is slightly less narrow-winged than the 2 and more weakly marked, a reddish-brown or fuscous common oblique band which is present in the latter, and often very strongly expressed, being weak or almost entirely wanting in the former. In both sexes the discal dots are very distinct and black and there is an outer series of black dots, sometimes connected by a very fine line, its course slightly oblique and curved on the forewing, parallel with the distal margin on hindwing. In addition, the forewing often bears an indistinct inner line and the hindwing a second series of dots, or a dark shade, indicating the proximal shading of an obsolescent pale subterminal! line. Under surface more weakly marked, the cell-spots remaining distinct. Common in Japan and some localities in N. EH. China, and possibly has a much wider range, as it is by no means certain that it is any thing more than a form of the Indian defamataria Walk., which, however, seems to have the distal margin of the forewing slightly more oblique and that of the hindwing even straighter. Hampson has sunk lactea to emissaria Walk., which was des- cribed from a tinr 9 from Moulmein and may possibly be a dwarfed form of the same species. This can only be decided when further material from Burma is available for study. There is probably a succession of broods throughout the summer; Lrrcu obtained it at Fu-chau and Ningpo in April, Wireman in Japan in August and again at the end of September. My friend De. M. Currin took it in the neighbourhood of Shanghai on the 13 August and again commonly from the 20 September. He obtained eggs on the last-mentioned date, and reared moths indoors about the middle of November. The larva, like those of most Acidaiia, is extremely long and thin, not or scarcely rugose, the subsegmentation conspicuous, the subsegments very numerous; colour _ brownish, with darker dorsal band, spiracles dark and conspicuous. The moth is attracted by light. A. donovani Dist. (= extraordinacia Sigr. = extremata Warr.) (3 g, as extraordinaria) is also possibly nothing more than a very much larger form of defamataria Walk. Like typical] defamataria from Ceylon, the wings are of a slightly more extreme shape than in lactea, and have a rather more strongly dark-dusted under surface. The sexes are apparently nearly alike, but I can only judge from two males; for some unexplained reason, the © is the more generally taken. South Africa, Cameroons, Nigeria, Syria; may be expected also from some in- tervening localities. The dated specimens known to me were taken in August, November and December (8. Africa) and 27 April (S. Nigeria). I can find no appreciable difference between the African examples and the Syrian. On the latter StaupINGER, apparently unacquainted with Burier’s Lycauges, founded a new genus Longula. His publication of genus and species dates from the end of June 1892, Distant’s description under the name of donovani from April of the same year. A. andresi Draudt, oniy recently described, is at present unknown to me, but the description is good and leaves no doubt that the species is referable to this section. The arrangement of the markings is compared with the ochroleucata-group, but the wings are much narrower with sharper apex. 16—17 mm. Hindwing not angled. Scaling dense and smooth. Yellow-grey, strongly dusted with black scales, towards the distal margin (especially on the hindwing) with a violet-reddish hue. Discal dot distinct on both wings. Forewing with three moderately oblique, distinctly dentate lines, which are slaty black in the 9, more purplish or reddish in g. The dark shading of the subterminal is distinct, running to the apex, between the 3. radial and 2. me- dian forming distally projecting spots, on the 2. submedian thickened into a large, conspicuous spot. Distal marginal line black, interrupted at the veins, here accompanied on each side (i. e. on the wing and the fringe) by black spots. Hindwing with the inner line wanting, otherwise similar. ¢ antenna with the joints project- ing very strongly and with long, strong tufts of cilia. The types, a g and a Q, are in the collection of Herr AnpRES, Bacos, and were bred on the 14 October and 19 October from larvae found on Conyza at Cherbine, Lower Egypt. I know of no other examples. Larva not described. steganioides-group. Palpus short, smooth. g antenna with slender, strongly ciliated pectinations. Cells rather short. Hind- wing with second subcostal shortly stalked or nearly connate with first radial (gen. div. ?). A. steganioides Bilr. (4m). Reddish grey, paler and less red from the base to the median line and in apical half of distal area. Forewing with costal edge narrowly darkened; first line angled outwards on the folds; median line almost straight, from middle of costal margin to middle of posterior margin, preceded by dark discal spot and followed by a slight dark shade; outer line sinuous and dentate, rather near the margin, es- pecially between the third radial and second median, where it is followed by some dark suffusion; a dark termi- nal line; fringe long, its proximal half dark, enclosing pale spots opposite the veins. Hindwing without inner line and discal spot, the outer line indistinct, further from distal margin than on forewing. Underside paler, not or scarcely reddish, the markings weak, but both wings with distinct dark discal spot. Common in Japan, ACIDALIA. By L. B. Prout. 55 also occurring in Korea; April and again in July. ab. unicolor ab. nov. lacks the median line and is reddish unicolor. throughout, the discal spots and distal line not prominent. ternata-group. Palpus short. g antenna with short or quite moderate ciliation. Hindwing with second subcostal not stalked. A. ternata Schrank (=? graminaria Fisch.-Rossl. = fumata Steph. = commutata Frr. = saltuata ternaita. Spr. = nitidaria Bdv. = gypsaria Bdv.) (41). Whitish grey with a slight tinge of yellowish or brownish and with dense but fine blackish irroration. The transverse lines (on forewing 3, on hindwing 2) usually only slightly darker than the ground-colour, sometimes browner, sometimes greyer, the outer sometimes a little less indistinct than the others, occasionally even quite prominent. Hindwing with distal margin almost regu- larly rounded, only very slightly bent at the end of the third radial. Under surface of forewing more or less infuscated, of hindwing whiter. The 9 is smaller than the g, usually rather more yellowish and better marked. — In ab. simplaria Fr. the lines are more distinct, being darker while the ground-colour is as a rule simplaria. less densely irrorated. Beneath the forewing is little or not infuscated. — perfumata Reuter is the name which perfumata. has been given to the darker, fuscous-grey specimens which inhabit parts of North Finland and Sweden, but in other cireumpolar localities the form differs little from that of Central Europe and it is perhaps not truly a local race. — The species inhabits chiefly mountains or high-lying heathland and is one of the very few Acidaliids which extend into the Arctic regions. In Northern Europe it is of general distribution, in Central Europe more local; its most southerly locality is the Western Pyrenees, further eastward the Alps and Carpa- thians, then the Ural and Altai. It is said to occur also in Amurland and possibly Japan, but the specimens which I have seen from those countries are not true ternata. The egg is nearly cylindrical, both ends being somewhat flattened. It is usually laid on one end, with the micropyle at its apex. Finely ribbed longitudinally, with 17 or 18 ribs, the deep furrows crossed by 14 to 18 very much slighter ribs; the flattened micropylar end strongly pitted. When first laid it is of a pearly-yellow colour, but after a few days it becomes irregu- larly spotted or blotched with crimson. The larva is very slender and elongate, nearly cylindrical, with a di- lated lateral skinfold, the segment-incisions not deep, but the subsegmentation well-marked, about 14—16 subsegments to a segment. The colour is ight brown, with a dark dorsal stripe; spiracles black. It feeds on bilberry and probably on Calluna, Hrica, etc., and hibernates nearly full grown or (according to MILLimRe) small. MittizReE has figured but not described the pupa. The moth flies in June and July and is easily started up by day, but flies chiefly at dusk. It is usually plentiful where it occurs. A. praecanata Stgr. (3 1) has the forewing rather more pointed than ternata, in this respect, as well as in praecanatay its colder grey colour, rather recalling A. incanata L. Further differs from ternata in the longer cilia of the 6 antenna. The dark transverse lines are rather straight, the inner and median weak or wanting, the pale sub- terminal distinct. Underside of forewing infuscated, of hindwing whitish grey with blackish irroration; the postmedian line the most distinct. The 2 is unknown to me. The species was discovered by RtickBEiL in the Koko Nor district in 1892—93. A. ansulata differs from ternata in shape and markings, though agreeing pretty closely in structure. The forewing is narrower, its distal margin being more oblique and less convex; the hindwing is more irregularly shaped, the bend at the end of the third radial more pronounced, preceded by an excision (though sometimes in the g very slight) between the first and the third radial. The lines are finer, well-defined and less regular, and discal spots are present on both wings, that of the forewing enlarged into a rmg. — ansulata Led. from ansulata. Persia has the ground-colour rather strongly dusted with brown, the lines of the forewing all bent or angled near the costa, a brown shade midway between the outer line and the distal margin, the ringspot on the forewing large. Under surface of forewing more strongly mixed with brown, of hindwing whiter, the forewing without the first line and with the cell-mark reduced to a normal dark spot. — adulteraria Hrsch. (41) differs adulteraria. not only in being of an ochraceous or rosy colour and less dusted, but also in the absence of the submargnial band and in having the middle and outer lines of the forewing not or scarcely bent near the costa and the ring-spot much reduced in size. It may well be a separate species, but I have too little material before me on which to base an opinion, as ansulata is said to vary somewhat in the lines and spots. Western Tur- kestan from the Caspian Sea to Ferghana. — characteristica Alph. was regarded by CurisToPH as a synonym characteris- of adulteraria, and agrees with it except in the ground-colour, which is pale like that of ansulata, only without '¢# the brown dusting. In some localities it flies with adulteraria, and might be regarded as an aberration, but in other places, according to STAUDINGER, it seems to form a local race. Zerafshan to the Ili district. annubiata. rubellata. cumulata, decolor. immorata. 56 5 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provt. A. annubiata Sigr. (41) is another very close ally of ansulata. The tail of the hindwing may perhaps be slightly weaker. The ground-colour is of a warm ochreous tone, the cell-spot of the forewing, both above and beneath, is weak or obsolescent, that of the hindwing sometimes wanting. The lines are nearly as in adulteraria, but there is no distinct black marginal line, such as occurs in the last-named form. StTauDINGER says that the colour is quite different, but both vary somewhat in this respect. The under surface lacks the inner line of the forewing, which even above is only weakly expressed. annubiata was described from Samarkand, where it was taken in June and July. SraupineGeR records that characteristica was found together with it. Occurs also in Transcaspia and elsewhere in Southern Siberia. A. rubellata Robr. (31; 4h, as beckeraria). This name, difficult to determine from RamBuR’s poor fi- gure, was previously cited with a query to consanguinaria Led. (Ptychopoda), but 5 or 6 years ago HOMBERG examined the type specimen and reported that it certainly belonged to beckeraria Led. By this we must of course understand the Iberian representative of beckeraria, which really differs structurally from it; and the further correction has been made by PiincELeR. It rather closely resembles the Eastern species with which it has been confused. I have but few examples before me, and if it varies much it may be that the differences here noticed do not always hold. My specimens are of a rather more strongly ochreous tone, the lines less black, inclined to be thicker, only rarely marked with dark (scarcely black) dots on the veins; the discal dots also stand out rather less sharply; the pale subterminal line is rather well defined; the under surface without markings. The distal margin of the hindwing, at least in some specimens, appears rather less strongly convex than in beckeraria, — but the difference is only slight. The egg is long-oval with strong longitudinal and weaker transverse ribs, whitish yellow at first, becoming blotched with pink. Larva tapering a little anteriorly, finely wrinkled, spiracles black; ventrally very faint uniform greenish, dorsally yellowish, especially the thoracic segments, with an irre- gular, ill-defined dark dorsal line and on the four central segments often some indistinct paired black marks. — Spain and Portugal, two or three broods in the summer. A. cumulata Alph. (= cretaria Sigr.) (4h) has also, though with still less justification, been regarded as a form of beckeraria. It is considerably larger than that species and rubellata, the wings more elongate, the ¢ hindtibia more slender, the spurs much longer than in rubellata; hindtarsus long. Vertex of head white, collar darker than in the allies. The ground-colour is nearly the same as in beckeraria, varying, like that spe- cies, in the degree of the ochreous tinge; but in effect it is always greyer, on account of a denser dusting of grey scales. The antemedian and postmedian lines are more irregular in their course, the median shade very variable — strong, weak or absent. Between the postmedian and subterminal lines there is usually a band of strong grey shading and the subterminal shows the same expansions as in marginepunctata. Cell-spots rather large and black. The underside is weakly marked but usually shows the cell-spots and traces of the postmedian line, the distal grey shading and the pale subterminal. Inhabits Central Asia, from Transcaspia to the Thi district. A. decolor Stgr. (described as Acidalina, gen. nov.) is only known in the unique 3 type, which I have not been able to examine; and as even the neuration is not indicated the generic position is somewhat doubt- ful. It appears to me not unlikely that its affinities may be with A. flaccata Sigr., but as it has a pair of spurs on the hindtibia it must be placed provisionally in the Section Pylarge. It is described as broad-winged, the distal margin of forewing nearly straight, that of hindwing with a slight bend in the middle; the antenna (¢) weakly serrate with rather long and strong pencils of cilia, the hindtibia somewhat longer than the femur and almost as long as the tarsus. The body and wings are of a uniform, washed-out bone-yellow, the fringes and the apical part of the forewing beneath more clay-yellow. Chellala, Algeria. B. Section Acidalia. G hindtibia with terminal spurs absent (in flaccata some- times with a single spur present). A. immorata L. (= contaminata Scop. = graminata Hufn. = fuscata Ff.) (4¢). This species and the following are so distinct in aspect from all others, that some of the older entomologists removed them widely from Acidalia, associating them with Chiasmia (= Strenia) clathrata L., which does not even belong to the same subfamily. The thick dark scaling, thickened and very irregular dark lines (the postmedian rather remote from the distal margin) and broadly darkened borders, containing the clear white, very irregular subterminal line, usually in part broken up into wedge-shaped spots, give them a very characteristic facies which to some extent justified the mistake. Thestructure and the early stages are nevertheless typically those of Acidaha, and the only irregularity other than that of the scheme of markings is found in the ¢ genitalia, which do not seem strictly homogeneous with those of the other species. immorata is so well known and so easily recognized that a detailed description is unnecessary. It occurs throughout a great part of Europe, though more local in Publ. 20. II. 1913. ACIDALIA. By L. B:; Prout. 57 the West, and extends to Asia Minor, Siberia, etc. It frequents heaths and fields from May to August, in some localities partially double brooded, and is often found in company with the abundant Hmaturga atomaria L., amongst which it might easily be overlooked. If not actually a day-flier, as some have asserted, it is at least so easily disturbed by day as to give the impression of being such. The egg has the form and sculpturing which is normal in the genus; shape somewhat irregular, nearly cylindrical or thickening at one end, very distinctly ribbed longitudinally, the ribs numbering about 20, and with about 20 finer transverse ribs. It is of a pale green colour when first laid, soon changing to straw-colour, the crimson blotches appearing in about 2days. The larva is of the usual form, the elongate abdominal segments divided into about 20 subsegments; setae extremely minute; colour light yellowish brown or greyish brown, with fine, double, dark dorsal line, dark subdorsal line, each abdominal segment with a thickening of the dark marking anteriorly, a slender blackish supra- spiracular line. Feeds on Erica, Calluna and various other low plants. The pupa has the wing-cases and anterior part of dorsal surface much darkened, in this differmg from the other species of the genus which I have exa- mined. The moth varies moderately, but seldom produces really striking aberrations. The 2 is smaller than the g and perhaps on an average less tinged with brown and more strongly marked. Both sexes, however, may be either browner or greyer, while the dark lines may be well expressed or almost entirely obsolete. Ac- cording to Hornmuzakti the variation is in part seasonal, spring specimens being on an average more strongly and. broadly white banded than those of the later brood. Occasionally the first two lines of the forewing coalesce into a single very thick line or narrow band and when this is also more darkened than usual a rather striking appearance results. — ab. serenata 7'rtz. is an unimportant aberration with all the pale parts of the wings broadened, the dark lines therefore narrowed; the third (postmedian) line is the darkest and thickest; subter- minal line and pale parts of fringe rather conspicuously whitish. — ab. albomarginata Habich (3k) is more striking, the white of the subterminal line being extended on both wings above and beneath to the distal margin, only intersected by dark lines along the veins. — porosa Krulik. is a small, dark second-brood form occurring in Eastern Russia, the whitish markings largely suppressed. serenata. albomargi- nata. porosa. A. tessellaria Bdv. (4g) is closely related to the preceding species, and is often erroneously regarded tesscllaria. as a variety thereof. SPEYER very accurately pointed out the distinctions more than 40 years ago, and recently some other writers (as TuRatI, ScHAWERDA) have protested against the union of the two. The distal margin of the hindwing is in fessellaria appreciably more crenulate, with a more noticeable excision (though still slight) between the radials. The nervures are all strongly dark-marked, the white parts of the wing almost entirely free from dark dusting, the dark lines usually more slender, more strongly dentate, the fringes more sharply chequered. As a rule also the white subterminal line is broader and still more irregularly broken, the spots between the radials in particular forming large, well separated wedges. The black discal spot of the hindwing is nearly always longer. On an average the size of tessellaria somewhat exceeds that of immorata. Local in Central and Southern Europe, Central Asia and Northern Amurland, flying in June and July. I have not seen the specimens from the Ala Tau Mountains which StauDINGER gives as transitional. — ab. meissli Schawerda, from Herzegovina, is a handsome form of a uniform black colour except some small white submarginal spots, representing vestiges of the subterminal line. — tabianaria Trt. (3k, misprinted tabiascaria) described as a separate species, is the Sicilian form, smaller and of a more yellowish tone than that of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, with which its author compared it. The dark parts in particular are much less black, being rather of an olivaceous brown, and they are on an average narrower. As, however, a very similar form occurs also in France.and Germany, and Boisp uvat described the species from Northern Italy, it is doubtful whether the form: tabianaria. canbe regarded as constant. Perhaps, even, it should be regarded as synonymous with the name-type and a varietal name be given to the fine, large, black-marked Eastern form, which I have before me from Croatia and Orenburg. At the same time it must be mentioned that Botsp uvat called his type “‘nigro- fusca”. Larva probably on Medicago sativa. A. anaitaria Herz is unknown to me in nature, and as the essential points of structure are not given, and moreover it was founded on 3 99 only, it is possible that it does not even belong to this genus. The photographic figure, however, makes it appear that the second subcostal vein of the hindwing arises from the apex of the cell. The wings are said to be shaped nearly as in the genus Anqaitis, but still more pointed, the costal margin of forewing strongly arched. White-grey with numerous scattered blackish scales and black central dots. Forewing with 4, hindwing with 3 brown-yellow transverse bands, of which the first two are the most strongly defined and broadest. A fine black marginal line. Under surface altogether similar, only the forewing without the first lime. The markings somewhat recall those of the two preceding species. Wing- expanse 20mm. Herr PiNGELER (in litt.) has suggested that this is possibly the 2 to the broad-winged cajanderi Herz which is described below. Mouth of the Viliui River, Lena district, Siberia, July. IV 8 meissli. tabianaria. anaitaria. rubiginata. ochraceata. halimodren- drata. turbidaria. turbulen- taria. habenata. manifesta. 5s ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provt. A. rubiginata. Variable in colour, but easily distinguished, in all its known forms, from the species which most nearly resemble it in size, markings and structure on account of the bright, deep rufous or ochreous shades which always characterize it both above and beneath, and which are always wanting in the other allies. The antennal joints are not strongly thickened and the fascicles of cilia in the g are slender and but little longer than the diameter of the shaft. The 3 hindtibia is moderately thickened, with a hair-pencil, and with a fringe of hair-scales on the outer side, the tarsus not materially abbreviated, its length being almost or about equal to that of the tibia. The first line (present, as usual, on the’ forewing only) is strongly curved; the second is more gently curved near the costa of the forewing, is variable both in strength, thickness and degree of undu- lation, but usually distinct; the third is nearly parallel with the distal margin and is not or only very feebly denticulate; the space between these two lines is nearly always a little lighter or clearer than the rest of the wing; the distal area is usually more or less darkened, at least sufficiently to render the pale subterminal line well visible; the discal spots are minute, that of the forewing usually obsolete. Under surface similar, the forewing without first line, but with a more distinct discal dot. The eggs are usually laid in heaps and in an upright position and are somewhat cylindrical, but broader at the micropylar end; they are very distinctly ribbed longitudinally, the ribs numbering about 16, and much more finely ribbed transversely ; the micropylar end is strong- ly rounded, the micropyle very distinctly stellate in form. When first laid the egg is bright green, but in a few hours it changes to greenish-yellow with purple longitudinal lines. The larva is slender, slightly thicker posteriorly and tapering regularly, the head notched, the skin rough; the colour is some shade of grey, with a fine dark dorsal line of somewhat variable thickness, at times widening ont in the middles of the middle seg- ments. It has been found on thyme, heath and other plants, but is more often obtained by breeding from the egg. The moth is double brooded, appearing in May and June and again in August or even September. It usually frequents dry rough fields or heaths, hiding during the herbage by day, but often becoming more active in the afternoon. At night it is strongly attracted by ight. — rubiginata Hufn. (= rubricata Schiff. = vittata Thnb. = domialla Geoff. = variata Vill.) (4h) is the ordinary European form, characterized by the purple- red or red-brown colouring, which is generally very bright in freshly bred specimens, but is liable to fade. The variation, apart from the shade of colour, consists chiefly in the strength and sometimes the position of the median line; this is usually nearer to the outer line than to the inner, but sometimes central. Sometimes the entire wings, excepting the space between the median and postmedian lines, are strongly irrorated with dark scales. Second-brood specimens seem to be on the whole smaller and darker. Europe (except the Arctic Region) to Armenia, also in the Altai, Tarbagatai and Ala Tau Mountains. — ochraceata Stgr. is an ochreous, not reddish form which prevails in §.E. Russia, Transcaucasia and the Taurus, but occasionally appears also with the type form as a more aberration. halimodrendrata Hrsch. (= halimodendronata Fuchs) (4h), which is also more ochreous than the type form, is distinguished further by its somewhat larger size and by having a tinge of reddish; in Erscuorr’s figure, the first line on the hindwing precedes the discal spot. Represents rubiginata in Western Turkestan, from the Caspian Sea to Issyk-Kul. A. turbidaria Hbn. (= macraria Guen. = lutosata Rbr.) (4h) is closely related to rubiginata but differs in its duller colour (pale greyish ochreous, more or less densely dusted with fuscous), in having the black discal spots more sharply expressed and in other slight characters. The nature of the antennal ciliations shows no tangible differences and the structure of the hindleg is similar in the two species. Hipner’s figure, the type of the name, is scarcely recognizable, and either represents a rare aberration or possibly a distinct species. But until specimens are met with similar to this figure, HERRicH-ScHAFFER’s determination should be accept- ed, and it is neither necessary nor desirable to provide even’a varietal name for the ordinary form. Distributed in Southern Europe and from Asia Minor to Persia. My specimens, from Turkey, are all very heavily dusted with fuscous, forming a striking contrast to the following race. Should it prove that this dark form also is localized, it will require a distinctive name. — turbulentaria Sigr. (= collata Warr.) is a much lighter form, the fuscous dusting so greatly reduced that the colour closely resembles that of the two following. Usually, however, some of the dark dusting remains in the distal area, particularly between the postmedian line and the pale subterminal, which latter is thereby rendered distinct. The forewing beneath also generally remains more or less infuscated. Recorded from most parts of Europe which lie south of about 40° N. lat. and also from Syria. According to StauDINGER it possibly represents a summer form of turbidaria. — ab. habenata Warr. is simply an extreme development in which the dark dusting which usually remains in turbulentaria has almost entirely disappeared. A. manifesta Prout (5g). Similar to turbidaria turbulentaria but recognizable at once by the much larger, very striking black discal dots, as well as by the more oblique central band. Rather clear pale straw-colour, with slight, sparse, minute dark speckles only visible with the lens. Markings grey, variable in distinctness, but usually rather weak. First line of forewing about as in the two preceding species. Median shade rather thick, but sometimes faint ; rather obliquely placed, on the forewing usually passing close to or touching the central spot distally, on the hindwing proximal to it, sometimes touching, sometimes further removed. al vd ACIDALIA. By L. B. Prout. 59 Outer line nearly as in the preceding species, not (as is usually but not invariably the case in that) incurved between the radials; the succeeding dark band rather irregular, often almost interrupted between the radials, sometimes obsolescent throughout. The under surface is weakly marked, the forewing, or at least its basal part, generally somewhat infuscated. Tientsin, June and again in August-September. I see no indication at all of seasonal variation. The 3 hindtibia possesses the usual rather strong hair-pencil; the tarsus is two- thirds as long as the tibia, thus much less abbreviated than in corrivalaria, with which species I originally compared it. By the leg structure, rounded hindwing, etc., the present is its more correct position. A. ochroleucata H.-Sch. (? = colonaria H.-Sch.) (5 g) is a very inconspicuous species, and as it is also tolerably variable and closely resembles some others, its determination is occasionally a matter of some diffi- culty and uncertainty. Indeed it is not yet positively known whether it may not be the same species as mino- rata Bdv. from South and Hast Africa or remotata Guen., which again may be a synonym of minorata. In any case the species which we figure and which, though formerly considered rare, has now found its way into most of the larger collections, is certainly the true ochroleucata H.-Sch. Pale straw-colour, finely and rather sparsely dusted with fuscous, the dusting sometimes (as HrerricH-ScHAFFER gives it) more copious on the fringes. The lines are lighter fuscous, varying in distinctness, the first on the forewing usually rather weak, more or less obsolescent costally; when distinctly enough expressed this line is seen to be rectangularly bent in the cell. The median line is not as a rule thickened; it runs on the forewing nearly parallel with the distal margin, or more commonly is incurved somewhat in its posterior half, on the hindwing passing just proximally to the cell-spot, usually making a curve round it. The postmedian line is dentate and is somewhat incurved between the radials and in the submedian area. The pale subterminal line is usually indistinct, being margined by very little dark shading. Cell-spots black, that of the hindwing generally somewhat the larger. Underside more whitish, especially the hindwing and posterior part of forewing; cell-spots and postmedian line usually distinct, the cther markings weak or wanting. Differs from both the preceding species in the strongly dentate postmedian line, and usually in its somewhat smaller size and the absence of a noticeable dark shade or band distally to this; from turbidaria and (though much more slightly) from manifesta, it also differs in the structure of the g hindleg, the tarsus being about three-fifths as long as the tibia. The antenna in the ¢ bears rather long fascicles of cilia; HERRIcH-ScHAFFER describes than as “very long” in erecting his colonaria, which is pro- bably a synonym, or more greyish aberration, of this species. His otherwise rather superficial description com- pares it with humilhata Hufn. and straminata Tr., which both belong to Ptychopoda. ochroleucata inhabits Southern Europe from Spain to Crete, also Cyprus and Egypt. I have seen it from several localities not enu- merated by StauDINGER (Calabria, Capri, Corfu, Crete) and suspect it isa good deal overlooked. — corcularia Ad. from the Canaries is only a slightly smaller and darker form of ochroleucata and is treated by STauDINGER as quite synonymous with the type. This may probably prove to be correct, as Bonatscu has recorded the same form as occurring among the type not uncommonly in Murcia. I have seen insufficient material to justify a definite opinion. ochroleucata seems to be double-brooded if not triple-brooded; it appears in April- May, July-August and even in September and October. The variation in size and markings does not seem to be seasonal or sexual. A. inustata H.-Sch. is unknown to me. Its author hesitated as to whether it might not prove to be a form of ochroleucata. Bouwatscu regarded it as such. STaupDINGER, however, says that it is certainly not a variety of ochroleucata. It was founded on a single 9 in bad condition, of a reddish straw-colour, somewhat narrower-winged than the preceding species, the dark dusting denser, particularly in the apical part of the costal margin of the forewing and on the fringes. Bouatscu asserts that the blackened apex is not natural, but due to the action of mercury, which was formerly used as a preservative against insects and other pests. Recorded from Central Italy. Herricu-Scudrrer adds that “Herr Mann took the species at Baden near Vienna’, but this is probably an error. A. temotata Guen. I have not been able to identify this species certainly from GvENwHE’s description, but recent investigations have led me to doubt whether the species which we have figured under this name (4e, probably a form of zgnobilis) can be the true remotata, OBERTHUR identifies GUENEE’s type (Supposed to come from N. India) with’an Algerian form which I have unfortunately not seen, and at the same time with a Natal species, which would undoubtedly be the widely-distributed African minorata Bdv. As StaupincER regards remotata as probably a Darwinian form of ochroleucata, and OBERTHUR mentions no difference except that the common transverse line beneath (postmedian) runs more parallel to the distal margin, the identifi- cation with minorata seems probable enough, for the latter is so close to ochroleucata that I have hitherto discovered no constant distinction, though its colour seems less yellowish. It is strange, however, that I have not seen this species from India. Hampson and Lercu confused various forms and allies, chiefly larger, under the name of remotatq. Its nearest Indian representative, so far as I know, is really actuaria Walk., recently ochroleu- cata. corcularia. imustata. remotata. personata. adelpharia. sybillaria. ignobilis. 60 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Prout. sunk by FLeTcHER to minorata, but with shorter hindtarsus. GuENE describes remotata as expanding 18 mm, 1 mm less than ochroleucata, rather more greyish, the postmedian line little sinuate, wavy, remote from the inner line and even from the median, which on the forewing passes much above (1. e., proximally to) the discal spot without curving. ¢ hindtarsus “nearly as long” as tibia, but this is said also of ochroleucata. A. personata sp. nov. (= impersonata Pryer nec Walk.) (7a). Bone-colour, sparsely dusted with blackish atoms. Forewing with 3, hindwing with 2 fine browner (sometimes greyish) lines and sometimes some weak distal dusting defining on both sides a vague, wavy subterminal line, which is otherwise invisible; discal and marginal dots sharp, black. Forewing with first line oblique outwards from costal margin, strongly bent in cell, thence parallel with distal margin, rarely distinct; median shade somewhat thicker, distal to cell- dot, undulate or subdentate, incurved in submedian area, somewhat weak; postmedian fine, distinct, denticu- late, almost parallel with distal margin or very slightly incurved between the radials. Hindwing with the median shade proximal to the cell-dot, incurved in cell and in submedian area, post-median more sinuous than on forewing, showing the two inward curves. Under surface of hindwing and of posterior part of forewing white, almost unmarked, the hindwing usually showing a very faint postmedian line; forewing anteriorly, on the other hand, rather darker than above, postmedian line distinct; both wings with sharp cell-dot and marginal dots. g antennal ciliation considerably longer than the width of the shaft, apparently nearly twice as long; hindtibia not greatly thickened, frmged with hair-scales above, tarsus almost as long as tibia. Des- cribed from 9 3¢, 8 being in the British Museum. Type from Satsuma, May 1886 (LEEcH collection); 2 from Gensan, July and August 1887, 1 Nikko 1887, 1 Nagasaki, May 1886 (all LeEecu collection); Japan, probably Yokohama (H. Pryer; misidentified as impersonata Walk.); Yokohama (2 worn examples from the Jonas collection); Kobe, Japan, May 1910 (in my collection, presented by Dr. M. Currin). The last-named example is rather strongly grey-dusted, rather weakly marked, especially as regards the discal dot of the forewing, but in general personata varies little except in size (18—21 mm, English measuring). Extremely like certain forms of ochroleucata H.-Sch. and actuaria Walk., scarcely distinguishable except in the longer hind-tarsus and perhaps slightly longer antennal ciliation. May be regarded as the Eastern representative of the group. In comparison, ochroleucata shows a slightly more fleshy tinge, slightly more incurved postmedian line, stronger subterminal shades and better marked underside. The resemblance to pale impersonata is more superficial. Some worn examples from Ichang are probably small personata. A. adelpharia Piing. (3k, as adelphata) differs from ochrolewcata in its rather brighter colour, sparser and minuter dusting and darker ochreous (not fuscous or grey) lines. Median line curved costally, closely follow- ing or even touching the discal dot; postmedian excurved near costal margin, very gently incurved between radials and then still more sinuous to the posterior margin, not at all denticulate; the pale postmedian is discernible between two faint dark shades. Discal spots black, but minute; marginal dots very minute, in part obsolescent. Under surface altogether without markings except for very minute and not very strong discal spot on each wing. The underside affords a very ready distinction from ordinary ochroleucata, but Bo- HATSCH records pale aberrations of that species with unmarked underside. Finally, the hindtarsus of adelpharia is relatively shorter, being less than one-half the length of the tibia. The ¢ antennal ciliation is short, scarcely half as long as in turbidaria. Jericho and Lower Egypt. The type specimens, from Jericho, were bred on 20 June and 2 July 1892 from ova laid by a 2 which was captured on 23 March. The larva when full grown measured about 20 mm, slender in proportion, nearly cylindrical posteriorly very little thicker, the head slightly notched. The dorsal area is pale yellowish brown, somewhat mixed with green, the ventral light grey. Similar to the larva of A. rubiginata, but somewhat more compact, the spiracles less prominent. The pupa is light brown with darker stigmata, otherwise markingless. The further locality, Lower Egypt, was communicated by Herr PincEeER (in litt.), who has recently received it from thence for determination. A. sybillaria Swinh. (7b) is of about the size and colour of ochroleucata, very finely but moderately strongly sprinkled with blackish. Lines rather weak, the median on forewing somewhat thickened, more strongly in- curved behind the cell and somewhat dentate distally, the postmedian further from the distal margin, more si- nuous, angled on the first radial, then markedly incurved; distal area appreciably darkened, containing a di- stinct rather broad pale subterminal line, formed much as in Ptychopoda biselata, to weakly marked forms of which the species bears some superficial resemblance, except in its rather smaller size. Each wing with a black discal dot and black interneural dots or very short streaks at the distal margin. Beneath the hindwing is whiter; both wings bear the cell-spots, postmedian line and the markings distally thereto. Ichang, taken in August by Mr. Pratt. The leg and antennal structure are nearly as in ochroleucata. A. ignobilis Warr. (4 m, fig. 5; 5b) is considerably larger, exceeding in average size the well-known immutata. Colour again similar to that of the preceding group, rather clear, the black dusting being as sparse ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provt. 61 as in corrivalaria, from which its coloration does not materially differ. Discal spots black, lines brownish ochreous, first bent in cell, middle line or shade rather thick, curved well beyond discal spot, then somewhat oblique ‘inwards, that of hindwing passing just proximally to the discal spot, usually a little bent round the spot as in ochroleucata, postmedian line lunulate-dentate, with slight sinus inwards between the radials and again in submedian area; distal shading and subterminal line very weak, distal margin with black dots between the veins, though sometimes very minute. Under surface somewhat paler, especially of hindwing; discal and usually also marginal dots present, forewing with median shade and both wings with postmedian line. Antennal ciliation in the ¢ about equal to width of shaft, hindtibia strongly thickened, with strong hair- tuft, rather pure white, tarsus scarcely half the length of the tibia. Distributed in Japan, June and July. 99 from Ichang, Chang Yang, and Chia-ting-fu also probably belong to this species as slightly different forms, but in this difficult group I do not venture to decide definitely without the g. The distal margin of the hindwing is just appreciably bent at the third radial, and one or two specimens apparently referable here have this character a little exaggerated, thus forming rather perplexing transitions towards the eastern forms of nigropunctata. — humilis subsp. nov. looks slightly more slenderly built and smoother-scaled, the distal margin of forewing slightly straighter, of hindwing more rounded, the median and postmedian lines rather more sharply dentate, the former sometimes little thickened. Under surface of both wings whitish, only the forewing weakly suffused with reddish grey from the base to the median line and from the costal margin to behind the cell; the postmedian line weak or almost absent on the hindwing. The 3 hindtarsus appears to be shorter in proportion than in zgnobilis and it is by no means unlikely we are dealing with a separate species. Dharmsala, a short series of both sexes in the British Museum collection, erroneously recorded by BuTLER as Idaea stri- gilata Schiff. and one of them, a worn 9, as Anisodes similaria Walk. A pair from Sultanpur, Kulu, seem to be only a slight subvariety or aberration of humilis. A. delitata sp. nov. (7b) Similar to ignobilis, but almost entirely without any yellowish tinge, the colour being pale, glossy, whitish grey, the markings very weak. In these respects and in having the forewing slightly narrower and the hindwing inappreciably bent at the third radial, bears a slight superficial resemblance to the pale forms of Ptychopoda inornata Haw. The lines follow approximately the same course as in zgnobilis, but the postmedian is less dentate and less bent. The discal spots are very small but black, the black marginal dots minute. Fringes slightly more inclining towards yellowish, only their basal part dusted with grey. Fore- wing beneath suffused with shining reddish grey, lines and cell-spot weak, the median line appearing somewhat straighter than in zgnobilis. Hindwing beneath whitish, the discal dot distinct, postmedian line very faint or almost obsolete. Antennal joints a little projecting, the fascicles of cilia rather stronger than in ignobilis. Hindtarsus about half the length of tibia. Face and vertex respectively black and white, as in the allied forms, but the latter bounded posteriorly by a rather broader black line or bar than usual; collar brown. Chow- pin-sa, Western China, occurring in May—June. Described from 3 34, all formerly in the Lrrcu collection, the type and another now in the British Museum, the third in the PtncELeR collection. Possibly really nearer to bifalsaria, which has nearly the same size, shape and colour, but is very slightly broader-winged, slightly greyer, the discal spot of the forewing not black, a band distally to the postmedian and several other slight differences, and the hindtarsus of the ¢ rather more than half the length of the tibia. A. butyrosa Warr. (7b) may be easily recognized by its bright shining straw-yellow colour, with the mar- kings only slightly darker. Forewing with first line weakly curved, cell-spot rather large, but indistinct, median line excurved beyond cell, gently incurved posteriorly, postmedian sinuous and somewhat dentate, the pale subterminal scarcely defined. Hindwing similar, without first line; cell-spot small. Underside of forewing duller, of hindwing paler, both very weakly marked, the hindwing sometimes without markings. Hindtibia of ¢ strongly thickened, tarsus short. Discovered at Sikkim, but reaches Dharmsala. . A. arenosaria Stgr. (3k). This and the three following species are also yellow, but of an entirely different shade from that of butyrosa, less glossy and inclining more to light sulphur-yellow. The distal margin of the hindwing is also less strongly convex than in butyrosa and the species which precede it; indeed it is in general rather straight from the anal angle to the middle or beyond. arenosaria is distinguished by the whitish, unmarked hindwing, while the forewing also is pale and weakly marked, the only conspicuous marking being the moderately thick ochreous-brown line beyond the middle, though a minute cell-spot and a pair of fine sub- marginal lines are also traceable. Forewing beneath nearly as white as hindwing and almost without markings. 6 antennal ciliation moderate, hindtibia rather short, tarsus about equal in length to tibia. Only known from 8S. E. Russia. A. albiceraria is closely related to the preceding species, perhaps slightly narrower-winged; in the only specimen which I have been able to examine the first subcostal vein of the forewing arises before the end of humilis. delitata. butyrosa. arenosaria. albiceraria. anfuscata. vitellinaria. immistaria. latelineata. beckeraria. assimilaria. rebelt. 62 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provur. the areole, but it is doubtful whether this would preve constant. Forewing usually with all 5 lines present, somewhat ferruginous-tinted, the first sharply angled in the cell, the second (corresponding to the principal line of arenosaria) somewhat the strongest and well beyond the middle, the last three (postmedian and two subterminals) near together; cell-spot present. Hindwing paler and more weakly marked, but not devoid of markings like arenosaria. Margin of both wings with dark dashes between the veins. Under surface of both wings very pale yellowish, with median and postmedian lines present. — albiceraria H.-Sch. (= sulphuraria Frr.) is the smaller and less distinctly marked form and inhabits 8. E. Russia and Transcaucasia. — ab. in- fuscata I will take drawing from H.-Sch. ab. nov. (= ochroleucaria H.-Sch. fig. 469, 470, nom. praeocc.) (7a) is a form with almost the whole of the forewing much darker, suffused with fuscous. — vitellinaria Hv. represents albiceraria in Persia and Siberia, extending in the latter country from the Altai to the extreme east (Amurland, etc.). It is larger and more sharply marked, the discal spots of both wings strongand black. A. immistaria H.-Sch. (4h) is somewhat ampler-winged than the two preceding and of a lighter sul- phur-yellow (our figure does not represent one of the brightest forms). It is at once distinguished from them by the two fine, wavy brown lines, darker punctuated on the veins. Discal and terminal spots black, not ex- tended into dashes. Subterminal shades faintly indicated. Under surface with thick postmedian line, the base of the forewing suffused more or less with brown. The ¢ antenna is furnished with moderately strong fascicles of cilia, the hindtarsus at least as long as the tibia. Taurus to Transcaucasia and Persia. A. latelineata Graes. (= divisaria Chr.) (7b) is another conspicuous species. Larger than arenosaria, which it nearly resembles in the markings of the forewing. Ground-colour of forewing rather deeper and more ochreous, the brown postmedian line thick and strong, the outer of the two subterminals stronger than the inner, Hind- wing paler, but with the markings of the forewing reproduced. Cell-spot almost or entirely wanting on both wings. Under surface similarly marked, the basal area, at least of forewing, usually with some brown suffusion. The @ is rather smaller than the 3, and with slightly narrower wings, but otherwise similar. Apparently local, recorded from the Southern Ural, West of Issyk-Kul and from the Ili district. A specimen before me is from the Alexander Mountains. A. beckeraria Led. (7b) Pale greyish ochreous with sparse grey dusting, the lines grey, little darker than the ground-colour, but the antemedian and postmedian marked with black spots on the veins; antemedian bent in cell, wanting on hindwing; median shade sinuous, not very thick, on forewing following, on hindwing prece- ding the sharply black discal dot; postmedian lunulate-dentate, the teeth accentuated by the black vein-dots, somewhat oblique outwards from costal margin of forewing, a little incurved between the radials; dark distal shading and pale subterminal line very weak; distal margin with black dots or short dashes between the veins. Underside paler, weakly marked. Vertex of head also paler, collar brown. ¢ antennal ciliation regular, not very long. The specimens which I have seen, from Sarepta in some numbers and one or two from Syria and from Quetta, show comparatively little variation and Herr PincELeR writes me that the form which has recently been taken in numbers in Central Italy also only differs in being of a rather more whitish tone. When Stav- DINGER (Iris, vol. 5, p. 154) speaks of it as a strongly variable species, I suspect that this is chiefly due to his having confounded several species under the one name. That this is at least partly the case, has been shown above, under rubellata and cumulata. The range of variation in true beckeraria is chiefly in the strength of the markings, both on the upper and under surfaces; in particular the central shade, which is usually rather indistinct, sometimes forms on both wings above a quite strong dark central band, the dark shading proxi- mally to the pale subterminal line also being subject to some intensification. It may be that in some of the Asiatic localities from which I have seen no material, more striking aberrations or local races do really occur. ALPHERAKY records two handsome greyish, strongly marked specimens from Kuldja, where, however, most of the examples are quite typical. A pair from Quetta (a hitherto unrecorded locality) collected by NuRsE in June 1902 and 1903 and now in the British Museum, are also normal in all respects. The species has a wide area of distribution, extending locally from Italy through Southern Europe, Asia Minor and Syria to Central Asia and N. W. India, and including 8. E. Russia, the locality from which it was first known. Also once in Shan- Si, Central China. It is said to occur in June and July, but at least in the Kuldja district there are two gene- rations, April and August. — assimilaria Stgr., likely a distinct species, is said to differ in possessing only the two lines, placed at equal distances from the central spot, the outer not sharply dentate, and in the distal area a strong, complete dark band, much further from the outer line than in the allied forms; on the hind- wing the central spot is placed proximally instead of distally to the inner line. Described from a single 2 from Ferghana. A. rebeli nom. nov. (= agraria Rbl. nec Joan.) is extremely like a small, whitish form of beckeraria, to which, indeed, it was referred by SraupincER, but is distinguished by having the vertex snow-white and the ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provr. 63 palpus in both sexes shorter. The inner line is obsolete, the outer present but weak, especially in the 9. The collar is brown, as in beckeraria, not blackish as in marginepunctata. Under surface whitish, unmarked, only the forewing towards the distal margin tinged with brownish. The 9 is smaller and broader-winged than the g. Istria and Dalmatia. But for the assertion of so eminent a lepidopterist as Dr. Reset regard- ing the palpus, I should have supposed that this species (which I have not seen) was a form of beckeraria; in the. palest Sarepta beckeraria the vertex is almost white, though not snow-white. A. guancharia Alph. (4h) is easily distinguished from all the similarly marked species by its peculiar coloration. The ground-colour, though slightly variable, is always of a dull grey or reddish grey, strongly and coarsely dusted with fuscous. The distal margin of the hindwing is more crenulate than in the related species. The g has the antennal fascicles of cilia long, the hindleg rather long and slender, though spurless. The markings are sufficiently shown by our figure. The pale subterminal line of the forewing varies in di- stinctness, but usually shows something of the thickening between the radials which is characteristic of, though not entirely confined to, the marginepunctata-group. Only known from the Canary Islands, where it occurs in March and April and again in July and August. The earlier stages are not known. A. marginepunctata Goeze (= conjugata Bkh. = immutaria Hbn. = incanata Haw. = contiguata Haw. =? aniculosata Rbr. = puellaria Bdv. = promutata Guen.) (4h). Whitish grey with a slight or rather stronger tinge of ochreous, and usually with numerous scattered dark atoms over the entire surface. The lines nearly always commencing from dark costal spots and usually strengthened with spots on the veins; all are bent near the costal margin and incurved behind the cell, the postmedian dentate, the teeth accentuated by the dark vein-spots, which are often prolonged into very short dashes; the postmedian is also moderately incurved between the radials. Cell-spots and terminal dots always strongly black. Under surface more glossy, much more weakly marked, often almost without markings; the forewing greyish or brownish, the hindwing whiter. Exceedingly variable; a few of the extreme aberrations deserve separate names. Our figure represents a normal form, with the median shade well developed and some dark shading distally to the postmedian. The collar is always black, the abdomen more or less banded with darker and lighter. Hindtibia only moderately thickened, tarsus little shorter than tibia. The egg is laid flat or nearly upright, long oval, flattened at micro- pylar end; strongly ribbed, the longitudinal ribs the stronger, both equal on the flat end; pale straw-colour when first laid, afterwards to the naked eye red, formed by large dense blotches on a pale ground. Larva very long and slender, nearly cylindrical, scarcely tapering anteriorly, segmentation well marked. Pale slaty grey, with a dull olive mediodorsal stripe divided by a very fine pale central line; spiracles black. Feeds on narrow- leaved plantain, Achillea, Caryophyllaceae and other plants. Pupa smooth and polished, pale brown, the head and anal extremity darker, the wing-cases tinged with green. The moth is double brooded and rests by day on rocks and walls, flymg at dusk or later and sometimes visiting flowers or artificial sweets. The colouring certainly varies according to that of the rocks, but not so definitely as to form very well-marked local races. Central and Southern Europe to Central Asia, often common. Very small forms are frequent in 8. Kurope and Transcaucasia. — ab. pastoraria Joan. (= madoniata F. Fuchs), described from Caesarea, is a small whitish form of rather general occurrence in most Southern localities (perhaps even forming a local race in some places), the usual markings all present, but the lines and submarginal shades rather ill defined. Fucus regards it as a local race in Sicily. All the four specimens which I have seen from Lagodechi, Transcaucasia (June, July, August) belong here. — ab. mundata ab. nov. is a very pretty form occurring occasionally on the chalk downs of Southern England and corresponding to the ab. mundata of Hyposcotis obscurata Schiff., entirely without dark speckling, only the dark lines remaining and therefore standing out very clearly. — ab. orphnaeata Ff. Fuchs represents the opposite extreme of variation, the wings being blackish all over, though with the black lines and pale subterminal still traceable. Described from the Taunus district. A very extreme example from North Cornwall was figured by me in “The Entomologist”, vol 42, p. 1. As in most melanic forms of whitish species, the fringes remain pale. A. permutata Sigr. (31) is similar to the preceding, but easily distinguished by its ochreous brown ground-colour, by having the postmedian line of both wings more deeply inbent between the radials and again posteriorly, and followed by a more distinct dark grey band, occupying most of the space between the post- median and the strongly lunulate subterminal, though sometimes weakened between the radials. Collar black. The broad dark belts of the abdomen blacker than in any but the melanic forms of marginepunctata. Only guancharia. margine- punctata. pastoraria. mundata. orphnaeata. permutata. known from the Uliassutai district. — gnophosaria Leech (5d) of which the type g from How-Kow, Tibet, gnophosaria. remains unique, will almost certainly prove to be a much larger, darker form of permutata. Unless the wings be relatively slightly more elongate, I can find no differences but those of size and coloration. The forewing is of a slightly duller brown, its entire distal area and the whole of the hindwing rather strongly infuscated. Taken at an elevation of 3000 m in July or August. From cwmulata Alph., which gnophosaria also somewhat luridata. coenosaria. submutata. marginata. gianellaria. submutulata. farinaria. 64 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Prout. recalls in size and shape, the characters here given will also differentiate it, not to mention the structure of the 3 hindtibia. A. luridata Z. (= coenosaria Led.) (4e). By some very unfortunate confusion, the correct identification of the name of luridata was lost almost immediately after its erection, and in 1855 LepERER renamed the same species coenosaria, by which name it has since been known. And to make matters worse, the name of luridata Z. has been assumed to apply to a species belonging in our genus Glossotrophia and closely allied to confi- naria H.-Sch. ZELLER’s type of luridata, a unique 2 from Rhodes, is still extant in the British Museum collec- tion, and is quite certainly a form of coenosaria, only with the dusting and markings all fuscous instead of reddish, giving it a rougher aspect. Apart from all other proofs of the identity, the presence of 4 spurs on the hindtibia and the normal tongue prove that it is not a Glossotrophia. Two examples before me from Cyprus form transitions between this specimen and the common, lighter form. The name of luridata has 8 years priority and must of course be restored. On account of the misidentification, REBEL has accused HERRICH- ScHAFFER’s figure, which was copied from the type, of being “misslungen”’; it is really fairly good. luridata differs from marginepunctata in its more sandy, ochreous or reddish colouring, in having the vertex concolorous, not whitish, the collar not darkened, the discal dots less black and the middle line more zigzag; the costal spot from which the latter commences is in marginepunctata almost always placed well beyond (distally to) the discal spot, while in lJwridata it is almost vertical to it, the lie, in spite of its strong outward bend, passing close to the spot or even touching it. There are many other less constant differences, but these will suffice, and most of them also serve to distinguish luridata from the more similarly coloured permutata. Its average size is rather smaller than either. The under surface is glossy and devoid of markings. Whether the dark-marked name-type represents a local race can only be decided when further material is available from Rhodes or the adjacent country. I suspect that it does not; in any case quite light forms occur in Cyprus. — ab. coenosaria Led. therefore appears to be the correct name for the ordinary forms. Ground-colour paler, sometimes even whitish, the markings pale reddish ochreous or reddish grey, varying somewhat in intensity but usually rather weak. Greece to Persia, Zerafshan and Ferghana, also common in Syria and Northern Egypt. It first appears on the wing in March and April and there are two or probably three broods during the summer. PUncELER bred it at the end of June from April eggs, and in September—October from those of the June brood. The larva is similar to that of marginepunctata but more shaded with brownish, very slender and without protuberances, slightly ridged laterally. Until after the last moult it is almost without markings; in the final stadium sometimes with sharp or weaker dark dorsal markings, somewhat in the form of broken crosses. Pupa also similar to that of marginepunctata, slender, amber yellow, the cremaster normal. A. submutata 7’. (= contiguaria Dup. nec Hbn.) (4c, as consolidata; 41) is again similar, particu- larly in certain of its forms, to marginepunctata, and on account of the strong variability of both species it is not easy to point to distinctive characters which are absolutely reliable in all cases, except that the distal margin of the hindwing is more crenulate. The ground-colour is whiter, without the ochreous tinge which is so usual in marginepunctata; when it is darkened at all (as in our figure 41, which unfortunately isa little exag- gerated) it is rather of a bluish grey than at all brownish. The distal grey shading, which in this species is never absent, though variable in extent, is appreciably tinged with bluish. The distal marginal black spots are enlarged into dashes, indeed in the most typical forms almost or quite united into one continuous line; this line on the forewing is continued round the apex and for some distance along the costal margin. The last is perhaps the most reliable character of all. The postmedian line is usually as irregular as in permutata and has on the forewing, with few exceptions, a sharper and blacker tooth on the first radial vein than on the fifth subcostal, whereas in marginepunctata these teeth are about equal. The under surface is very weakly marked or entirely without markings, the forewing suffused with grey, the hindwing somewhat paler, or in the palest forms clear white. Vertex and collar as in marginepunctata. Egg elongate, ribbed, coral red. Larva very elongate, scarcely attenuated anteriorly, only feebly carinated laterally; green with a broad white lateral stripe. Feeds chiefly on thyme. Pupa very like that of marginepunctata. The imago is double-brooded, May to June and August to September. Distributed through Southern and parts of Central Europe and Asia Minor. — ab. marginata ab. nov. has almost the entire area of both wings between the postmedian line and the distal margin filled up with dark grey, leaving only a small costal spot, the zigzag subterminal line and some narrow marks at the distal margin white. I have a fine example from Bejar, Spain. — gianellaria 7'riv. (= vigilata Mann MS., in coll. ZELLER) is a dwarfed form which shows some tendency to establish a local race in Sicily and Capri. It is usually of a clean white ground-colour, rather sharply marked, the dark mark- ings in the distal area rather strong between the radials and towards the posterior angle. — submutulata bl. is a similarly dwarfed form from the Morea, but differing from oeenellaiies in being more weakly, not more strongly marked, the ground-colour equally pure white. A. farinaria Leech is bluish white-grey finely powdered with brownish, similar in colour to the greyest Publ. 25. II. 1913. ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provr. 65 submutata. It is rather similar to certain weakly-marked forms of that species (and especially of Glossotrophia confinaria) which lack the distinct dark discal spots, but the marginal line is quite different, being broken into spots and not continued round the apex. Under surface rather well marked, that of the forewing smoky, of the hindwing whiter. Only a single specimen is as yet known, a 9 taken at Chia-ting-fu, W. China, in July. The locality is scarcely within the Palearctic Region. A. incanata L. (= variegata Scop. = mutata 7’r.) (41). Although the early entomologists seem frequently to have confused this species with marginepunctata, there is really little excuse for so doing. The whitish grey or cinereous ground-colour is always distinctive, the average size is considerably larger, the lines never - arise from dark costal spots and although their course is variable they are generally more regular; in particular, the postmedian line of the forewing does not bend markedly outward near the costal margin, but is either approximately parallel to the distal margin throughout or merely makes a shallow curve proximad between the radials. The subterminal line is of more uniform thickness throughout, sometimes nearly straight, at other times more or less lunulate-dentate, but seldom, if ever, so deeply and irregularly as in marginepunctata,; the dark shading proximally to this line, whether weak or strong, is uniform throughout, while in margine- ancanata. punctata it oftener forms pairs of conspicuous spots. Forewing beneath grey, hindwing whitish; the latter. generally better marked than in marginepunctaia, the discal dot nearly always remaining sharply black, the postmedian line generally distinct. — adjunctaria Bdv., described as a separate species from the mountains of Lombardy and since recorded by Minii&RE from the Maritime Alps, is a darker grey form but apparently not otherwise differing materially; StaupINGER and REBEL doubt whether it is more than an aberration. There is in most localities some variation between whiter and greyer forms and either may be more strongly or more weakly marked. — The egg of incanata is laid upright and the upper (micropylar) end is a good deal broader than that by which it is attached; the sculpturing consists of about 18 longitudinal ribs, converging in the deep micropylar depression, and there are also finer and slighter transverse ribs. The colour is yellow at first, becoming spotted with red. The larva is very slender, nearly cylindrical, whitish grey or yellowish grey; first 5 abdominal segments with narrow elongate-oval dorsal markings, pointed at their extremities, bisected by the dorsal line; dorsal stripe especially distinct on the posterior segments; each segment with a pair of dark dots anteriorly and a pair in the middle at the anterior end of each oval. Feeds on thyme, Caryophyllaceae, etc. The pupa is brown-yellow, the blunt cremaster bearing the usual armature. The moth appears in June to July, or in its more southern stations in May with a second brood in August, and inhabits chiefly mountain districts. It is distributed through the greater part of Kurop> (excepting the North-west and extreme North), Asia Minor, Transcaucasia and Altai. A. grisescens Sigr. (41) is closely related to incanata, with which it agrees in shape and markings. It is considerably darker, of an almost uniform dark grey, the only distinct marking being the pale subterminal line, though the lines and cell-spots are not absolutely obliterated. The forewing beneath is as above, the hindwing paler with a moderately distinct postmedian line and cell-spot. The ¢ hindtibia is little thicken- ed (less so thanin zncanata), the tarsus fully as long as the tibia. Local in Western Turkestan. A. bifalsaria nom. nov. (= falsaria Leech, nec H.-Sch.) (31, 5e). Whitish grey with the lines tending to form, or to be accompanied by, darker bands, particularly the postmedian, which is followed by a character- istic brownish-tinged band reaching to the pale subterminal line. The first line or band does not reach the costa, and is wanting on the hindwing; the second (the median shade) is bent near the costa of the forewing, then fairly direct, crossing the cell-spot on the hindwing. Both wings with black discal dot and distal mar- ginal line. Hindwing beneath paler, both wings with indistinct discal dot and postmedian line. Hindtibia in ¢ thickened. The antennal ciliation in the gis longer than in the two preceding species, the forewing slightly less pointed, the hindwing with distal margin slightly bent in the middle. A more brownish admixture further distinguishes it from similarly marked forms of incanata. Inhabits several localities in Western China, occurring in June and July. A. frigidaria Moschl. (= impauperata Walk. = defixaria Walk. = okakaria Pack.) (5b). Recognizable by its rather broad, relatively short wings, their glossy texture, strong dark powdering and weak markings. From the dark forms of ternata Schr., to which otherwise it would most nearly approximate, it differs in the structure of the hindleg of the 3, the tibia being entirely without spurs, although the tarsus is not shortened. Antennal ciliation in the ¢ of medium length. Forewing with inner line rarely discernible. Both wings with median shade rather thick, little darker than the ground-colour; outer line usually more distinct, nearly paral- lel with the distal margin. Underside less densely dusted, especially on hindwing. Originally described from Labrador. I have seen no Palearctic examples, but it is said to occur in Kamtschatka, in a form still more IV 9 adjunctaria. grisescens. bifalsaria. frigidaria. schoyent. cajanderi. 66 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provt. strongly approaching A. ternata perfumata. Packarp, who has by an error (corrected in his text) figured the Labrador form as spuraria (nec spuriaria Chr.), commits a second error in regarding it as a variety of the North American inductata Guen. — schéyeni Sp.-Schneid., which also is unknown to me in nature, is said to be a little smaller than typical frigidaria, but to show no important differences. It mhabits Arctic Norway and Arctic Finland. A. cajanderi Herz, only known to me from the description, seems to be nearly related to the prece- ding, possibly even another form of it. It is described as varying from dark grey to reddish brown, thickly dusted with black scales, glossy; discal spot present or absent; forewing with 2—4, hindwing with 2—3 indistinct dark transverse lines and with a distinct black distal marginal line; the middle line the strongest on both wings; under surface a little lighter. Somewhat broader than frigidaria, distal margin of forewing more convex. Antenna in ¢ serrate, shortly ciliated. A series of 11 specimens was taken at the junction of the Vilui with the Lena River, Siberia, 22. to 24. July, and a worn example was also met with at Verkhoiansk. I possess an undetermined ¢ from Barracouta Bay, 28. July, which may possibly belong here, altough the fauna of the Lena District is more nearly of a circumpolar character. The specimen in question is likely to _be of the species which Sta upINGER identifies as fumata (= ternata) from Amurland; but if so, he must have marcidaria. intaminata. lutearia. jloslactata. neglected to examine the structure, for the hindleg is without spurs and the hindwing has the second sub- costal vein shortly stalked. Otherwise it is remarkably like some Arctic forms of ternata. The figure of cajan- deri does not show whether the second subcostal vein of the hindwing arises from the apex of the cell or is very shortly stalked. A. marcidaria Leech (31). Whitish suffused with yellowish, especially in basal part of forewing and on the veins. Lines darker yellowish, rather diffuse and ill-defined. Inner line of forewing usually lost in the basal suffusion ; median line rather thick and oblique, closely following the cell-spot on the forewing, passing proximally to it (sometimes touching it) on the hindwing; postmedian line somewhat dentate, usually a little incurved between the radials and in submedian area; two thick outer lines enclosing the whitish subterminal, commonly meeting on the veins so as to break up the subterminal into spots; cell-spot minute but black. Hindwing slightly angled at extremity of third radial. Underside less yellowish, forewing slightly suffused with grey, hindwing more white, both wings with the cell-spot and the lines distally to it well expressed; distal margin with brown line and dots. Face concolorous with wings. Antennal ciliation in ¢ long, hindtarsus considerably shorter than tibia. Western China: Wa-Shan, Chia-ting-fu and Ta-chien-lu, June and July. — ab. intami- nata ab. nov. has the lines finer, of a rather brighter yellow, the basal suffusion of the forewing confined to a streak along the anterior edge of the cell. Wa-Shan in June, one ¢ (type) from the Lrrcu collection, now at the British Museum. A. lutearia Leech (31) resembles marcidaria in general aspect, but is more strongly and uniformly yel- lowish or ochreous in tone, lacks the black discal dots and in particular has the margin of the hindwing scarcely appreciably bent. The median line is still thicker, and the shading on either side of the subterminal occupies nearly the whole of the distal area, only separated from the postmedian by a narrow pale line. Similarly the under surface of the forewing is more strongly suffused with yellowish brown. Face blackish. ¢ antennal ciliation shorter, hindtibia strongly thickened, tarsus much abbreviated. Ichang and Chang Yang, June and July. A. floslactata Haw. (= remutata Schiff. nee L. =? fulvostriata Goeze = ? brunneata Goeze = ? fulvi- cans Geoff. =? strigata Geoff. =? cariata Schr. = lactata Haw. = spataceata Wrnbg. nec Scop.) (41). Yellow- ish white, sometimes slightly more tinged with greyish, with scattered black atoms. The lines light yellowish brown, sometimes a little greyer; first line of forewing weak, sometimes absent, usually placed rather far from the base, thus near the middle line, with which it is sometimes more or less connected by dark shading in the middle of the wing; middle line sinuous; postmedian usually more sharply expressed, dentate outwards and with moderately strong curve inwards between the radials and usually in submedian area; subterminal dark lines never strong, sometimes wanting or the proximal alone present; forewing very rarely with a small and weak dark cell-dot, hindwing usually, but not invariably, with a small black one; distal margin often without black dots, sometimes with some very minute ones in anterior half, very occasionally continued further posteriorly. Under surface of forewing, especially in the ¢, slightly clouded with smoky brownish from base to median line and from costal margin to somewhat behind the cell; median and postmedian lines rather more smoky in colour; cell-dot often present. Hindwing beneath whitish, usually with distinct cell-dot and post- median line, often also with the proximal of the subterminal lines present, though less prominent. Antennal ciliation in the ¢ little longer than the diameter of the shaft, hindtibia thickened but not shortened, tarsus scarcely one-fourth of its length. Moderately variable, chiefly in the distinctness of the lines and the strength of the teeth and curves in the postmedian line, but also to some extent in the ground-colour, which is at times ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provr. 67 somewhat suffused with smoky throughout or in the basal area of the forewing, and even somewhat in shape, as the distal margin of the hindwing is occasionally almost rounded but usually appreciably bent at the third radial. — ab. conjunctiva ab. nov. is a not very rare form in which the first and median lines of the forewing conjunctiva. are entirely united into a narrow brown band, the space between the median and the postmedian consequently widened. — ab. sublactata Haw. is a rather rare aberration with only the two principal lines present, but sublactata. these rather strongly expressed. Possibly brunneata Goeze (= strigata Geoff.) was founded on a less strongly marked example of this same aberration, in which case Gorzr’s name would have priority, not only for the form but for the species. WrRNEBURG determined it for nemoraria Hbn., which does not occur near Paris (Grorr- Roy's locality) and is not, on the underside, “sans points”. It may be here remarked that the synonymy of the present species is in a more unsatisfactory condition than that of any other, probably, of the Acidaliids. It is quite generally known that the name of remutata Schiff. (= remutaria Hbn.) was founded only on a misi- | dentification, but only WALLENGREEN had the courage to correct it and he used floslactata Haw., which I have followed. It is much to be regretted that WrRNEBURG’s determination of spataceata Scop. is untenable, for the discovery of a really early name would conduce to stability. In the mean time, quite a number of old names exist which have sometimes been referred here, but mostly (concatenata Hjfn., trilineata Hfn., centrata F., dentilinearia Bkh., inspersata Schr.)in more or less manifest error. lactata Haw.is well known to be synonymous with floslactata and had “page-priority”’, but both were published together and I therefore follow WatLiEn- GREN’S choice, without commending it. — ab. exstirpata FP. Fuchs is a still rarer aberration with all the lines obliterated, no dark marking except the speckles remaining. — The egg is laid upright, and is a long oval, with truncate apex; the sculpturing consists of about 18 strong longitudinal ribs, the furrows crossed by about 25—27 much slighter transverse ribs; the colour is at first pale yellow, but becomes so strongly blotched with crimson that to the naked eye it appears wholly of that colour. The larva is slender, rather uniformly cylin- drical, the skin rather rough, the segmental divisions not very conspicuous; the colour varies from pale grey to dark reddish-brown or olive-brown, the medio-dorsal line is slender and greyish and there are usually some pale lateral marks. It hibernates almost full-fed, and seems more difficult to bring safely through the winter than most of its congeners. The moth appears at the end of May and in June and is often abundant. It usually rests among bushes by day and may often be observed sitting on the upperside of a leaf, not or scarcely at all concealed. It flies lazily at dusk and is then very conspicuous. It occurs chiefly in woods and inhabits Central and Northern Europe (except the Arctic Region), N. Italy and the Ural. — claudata subsp. nov. claudata. differs in having the lines thicker, in general slightly more ochreous, but not strongly expressed, the median further removed from the inner line, being either placed midway between this and the outer line or even rather nearer to the latter. The hindwing has its distal margin nearly rounded. Japan, without exact locality; type in ecll. L. B. Prout. Herr Pincerer has a pair from Yokohama, Mr. WitemMaNn a 92 from Oyama (Sagami), 19 May, and the British Museum a 9 example from Oiwake. The aspect is decidedly different from that of European floslactata and it may be a separate species, though it is probably the species recorded for Japan under the name of remutaria. I can find no essential difference in structure. The ¢ antennal ciliation may be very slightly longer or the g¢ hindtarsus slightly shorter in claudata, but neither is at all obvious. I have not chosen the name to distinguish it from floslactata but from its other Japanese allies, one, at least, of which (swperciliata) is confusingly similar until the structure is taken into account. The discal dot of the hindwing, as in the European floslactata, may be either present or absent. A. superciliata sp. nov. (4n, fig. 3) bears a very close superficial resemblance to floslactata claudata supereiliata. Prout, but differs materially in the ¢ structure, which suggests that it is intermediate between floslactata and immutaia. The antennal ciliation is longer than in the preceding species and the hindtarsus is at least one- _ half as long as the tibia. The ground-colour is slightly lighter or cleaner than in claudata, though still with a tinge of yellowish, the lines on the whole not quite so thick, the forewing beneath more strongly suffused with smoky, with conspicuous dark postmedian line and broad pale subterminal, much like that of marcidaria, which differs essentially in its pale face. In the type form both wings have a small but conspicuous black discal dot above, but this is very faint in a Yokohama g and may prove to be wanting in some 99. The 9 is not yet certainly known. If examples from Chang Yang (unfortunately without corresponding ¢) belong here, it seems to lack the discal dots and (like nearly all the group) to have the forewing beneath less darkened than in the g. Japan, type and a cotype in my collection; Yokohama, in that of the British Museum; ? Chang Yang. A. confusa Bil. (3m, 4n) is considerably smaller than swperciliata, the distal margin of hindwing confusa. slightly more irregular, the ground-colour whiter, the yellowish markings still stronger, postmedian line even more bent, darker-margined distally at the bends, both wings with much larger black discal spot. The 3 hindtarsus is longer, at least two-thirds as long as tibia. A very easily recognized little species. Distributed in Japan, May to July and in September; also at Gensan, Korea. disclusaria. pudicaria. nupta. nivearia. nemoraria. superior. 68 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provt. A. disclusaria Chr. is unknown to me, but is stated by StaupincER to belong in the vicinity of flos- lactata and pudicaria, and certainly his figure suggests a near relative of pudicaria. Ground-colour nearly as in immistaria, light straw-yellow or somewhat sulphur-yellow, lines and discal dots very distinct, distal marginal dots present but varying in distinctness; postmedian line sinuous and twice incurved, about as in floslaciata, although possibly (according to the figure) rather less distinctly dentate, subterminal line indistinct. Hind- wing weakly bent at extremity of third radial. Under surface whitish yellow, the costal margin of forewing and the fringes coloured as above; discal dots and the lines beyond them sharply expressed. Amurland: Vladivostok and Sutschan, end of June and beginning of July. A. pudicaria Motsch. (41). On account of the defectiveness of the original description and the exist- ence of several closely related species in the HKastern Palearctic Region, we cannot be absolutely certain regarding the identification of this species. STaAUDINGER’s determination, which should be accepted, rests on two g¢ in the LepERER collection which were so named and which (like the original) came from Japan. A good deal like the more weakly marked forms of floslactata, in which the minute black discal dot of the hindwing is wanting above, but with both discal dots present onthe under surface. Colour on an average less yellowish. Hindwing above with the postmedian line further from the distal margin, this line obsolete beneath; on the contrary the underside shows a distinct outer line representing the proximal edge of the subterminal. In floslactata and swperciliata beneath these lines are often both present, the inner (the true postmedian) the stronger, or if only one is developed this seems to be always the true postmedian. ¢g antennal ciliation longer than in floslactata, hindleg similarly formed. The @ is generally whiter than the ¢g, both above and on the forewing beneath, but ¢¢ do occur with the forewing white beneath, only with some dark speckling in the region of the subcostal vein. Japan, Amurland, Korea, Chang Yang, occurring from the latter part of May to July. — nupta Btlr. (31, 4m fig. 6) appears to me undoubtedly only the second-brood form of pudicaria, although experimental evidence has not hitherto been obtained. Excepting its smaller size, I can find absolutely no constant difference, and it is significant that all the dated specimens which I have seen (in the WiILEMAN collection) were taken at the end of August. On an average this small form is weakly marked, sometimes of a nearly pure white, the hindwing beneath with the characteristic line sometimes nearly obsolete, as also the discal dots of both wings. More strongly marked specimens, however, also occur, and I have seen a few in which a minute black discal dot is present on the forewing above, such as I have not yet observed in first-brood pudicaria. I have only seen the form nwpta from Japan and Korea (Tokio, Yamato, Kiushiu, Fusan, etc.). % A. nivearia Leech (4m). Very small, white. The lines pale ochreous grey, not very sharply defined, in the type 2 almost obsolete; inner line of forewing very faint; median and postmedian approximated, parallel with distal margin, little waved, not dentate; sometimes a weak line beyond postmedian, indicating the proximal boundary of the subterminal. Both wings with some minute dark speckling at distal margin; hindwing with distinct black discal dot. The under surface rather recalls that of pudicaria, the lines being brown, rather well expressed, at least costally; forewing in g with some fuscous suffusion in anterior half of basal area. Face blackish. Antennal cilia in ¢ little longer than the diameter of the shaft, hindtarsus one-half as long as tibia. Japan, without exact locality; apparently rare. Easily distinguishable from even the tiniest specimens of pudicaria (nwpta) by the straighter lines, the longer ¢ hindtarsus and other characters. Its relation to caricaria and possible occurrence in Amurland are discussed under that species. A. nemoraria Hbn. (= aliata Heinem.) (4k). Larger than superior, the wings relatively broader, other- wise resembling a very weakly marked form of that species. The lines are thin, never strong, usually only two present on each wing, or the forewing in addition with an indistinct inner line. Cell-spots absent above, present below. Black marginal dots minute, usually restricted to a few at the anterior part of each wing. Very easily recognized by the unusually broad wings and white face, and little variable. Local in Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Livonia, the Ural and Altai Mountains, occurring from the end of May to July. Other localities (W. China, Amur and Ussuri) are given by STAUDINGER and may be correct; but it is possible that they refer to superior. I formerly thought that the lastmamed might be a smaller, narrower-winged variety of nemoraria, but the genitalia confirm the validity of the other differences. The early stages are apparently still undescribed. My friend Mr. E. M. Danp tells me that the egg is at first pale yellow, afterwards pink. Larva when first hatched rather long and slender, pale yellowish brown, with the lateral ridge defined. They were fond of curling up into half rings. Later they became relatively shorter and stouter, more recalling Pty- chopoda pallidata. 3 only out of several hundred larvae produced a second generation. A. superior Btlr. (4m) is another clear white species with light ochreous-brown or ochreous-greyish markings, and as these are arranged nearly as in pudicaria and nupta a confusion with the latter might some- ACIDALIA. By L. B. Proovt. 69 times be possible but for one simple and convenient distinction; the face is white, as in nemoraria, while in the other allied species it is black or deep fuscous. Usually also each wing bears a deep black discal dot, both above and beneath, but this is occasionally, though rarely, obsolete, at least in the forewing. Distal margin with minute black dots, at least in'the anterior half of the forewing. Lines thicker than in nemoraria, subterminals very rarely wanting. Forewing beneath often more or less suffused or dusted with fuscous in its anterior part, variably in degree and not confined to one sex; a dusky postmedian line or thicker shade and usually two weaker, sometimes incomplete lines beyond it. Hindwing beneath white, with a single line. 3 antennal ciliation not long, hindtibia greatly dilated, with thick hair-pencil, tarsus very short. Variable in size and in strength of markings. — ab. sancta Bir. is an extreme form, weakly marked and with the black terminal dots entirely obsolete, the discal spots indistinct. — Japan, Korea and Palearctic China, extending westward to Omei-Shan, locally common. There is probably a succession of broods, certainly two. April specimens are generally larger; from July onwards smaller specimens occur. A. leuraria sp. nov. (3 m as sedataria). Excessively like the largest, whitest forms of superior, but with a black face. Beyond this I can point to no absolutely certain distinctions. The lines are not quite so strongly dentate, but on the other hand appear more strongly angled near the costal margin of the forewing; when perfect specimens of both species are compared side by side, the colour of the lines is seen to be some- what brighter ochreous in superior, but the difference is exceedingly slight; the outer subterminal line is obsolete in the type specimen (which we figure), but when present it is more continuous and more even than in superior, where it tends to break up into a series of separate spots. On the underside the postmedian line is not so strongly expressed as is usual in swpertor. The structure of the two species is quite similar and both show the same range of variation in respect of the discal and marginal black dots, but their good develop- ment seems to be the rule in superior, the exception in Jeuraria. The postmedian line is very variable in posi- tion; in the type it is very near the inner subterminal, in the Gensan cotype near the median, in the third example more intermediate. A very smooth, glossy species, but not quite so pure white as subpunctaria, smaller and rather narrower-winged ; our figure, however, exaggerates the narrowness, as the posterior margins in the original are somewhat folded over. Gensan, June 1887, J. H. Leecu, type (3) in coll. PUNGELER, cotype (9) in British Museum; Ichang, June 1888 (2) in British Museum. A. subpunctaria H.-Sch. (= punctata Scop. nec Cl., = cerusaria Lah. = depunctata Gn. = nemoraria Frr., nec Hbn.) (4k). White with very fine and sparse black atoms, the lines light greyish ochreous, varying somewhat in number and direction. Usually the three principal lines of the forewing and two of the hind- wing are present, the median and postmedian both bent near costal margin of forewing, the former usually more oblique than the latter, thus separating further from it towards the posterior margin. Often the proximal of the outer lines is likewise present, and very occasionally the distal also. Cell-spots small and black, rarely obsolete, sometimes slightly enlarged on under surface. Terminal black dots variable, strong, weak or absent. Under surface of forewing in ¢ with strong or weaker dark dusting costally and distally, the curved median and dentate postmedian lines usually present; in 2 whiter, the dusting almost entirely wanting or confined to the region of the subcostal vein, the median line obsolete. Hindwing in both sexes white beneath, with an outer line as in pudicaria Motsch. Purer white than pudicaria, slightly broader-winged, antennal ciliation in ¢ short; hindtarsus, as in most of the group, only about one-fourth as long as tibia. Except in rare aber- rations the strong black discal (and sometimes also terminal) dots further give subpunctaria a distinctive aspect. — ab. exstitpata ab. nov. is entirely without markings both above and beneath, excepting the discal dots, which are extremely reduced in size. — The egg is oval, with the usual transverse ribbing, yellow when first laid, becoming red; probably a more exact study willshow that this red colour is distributed in blotches. The larva is very slender, pretty uniformly cylindrical, the head small, somewhat flattened. The dorsal line is finely white on the thorax and first abdominal segment, interrupted on the next two segments, thence broader, distinct, dark grey. A dark subdorsal is present on the first few and sometimes the last few segments; between it is broken up into spots which sometimes form with the dorsal a cross-shaped pattern. The lateral ridge is sharp and white. The pupa is light brown or greenish brown, the wing-cases yellower. The perfect insect appears in June and July and is very local, occurring at Bilbao, some localities of 8. W. France, N. Italy, the Alps, Lower Austria, the Ural and Armenia and again in Eastern Asia from Amurland to Korea. There may be some degree of local variation, and I believe one or two distinct, but closely related species are still confused with it in the Amur region, but these must await good material for their elucidation. Specimens from the Ural seem to be on an average smaller, but otherwise quite similar. A. dignata Guen. is closely related to the preceding species and has been regarded as a variety of it. But according to a specimen which has been kindly lent to me by Herr PiincrLeR, and which agrees perfectly with GuEN®x’s description, it is certainly a good species. Size and shape of subpunctaria, antennal ciliation sancla. leuraria. subpunc- taria. exstirpata. dignata. axiata. caricarin. apticipune- tata. immutata. 70 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Proovr. in g rather longer, hindtarsus more than half as long as tibia; discal spots enlarged, terminal dots in part enlarged into very short streaks or dashes; forewing beneath rather more uniformly or smoothly infus- cated, without the coarse dark basal and costal dusting; the course of the postmedian line beneath is slightly different; the collar is white, whereas in subpunctaria it is tinged with pale yellow-brown. Only known from the Altai and Amurland. July. According to von HEDEMANN variable in the position of the lines, but constant in the large cell-spots. A. axiata Piing. (3 m) has been confused with dignata, but may be distinguished at once by its yellow ground-colour. The transverse lines are extremely weak, being only of a slightly darker, more brownish yellow than the ground-colour; distal margin without black dots. Cell-spots on both wings large, both above and beneath. Under surface otherwise without markings. Hindleg structure in ¢ nearly as in dignata. Only certainly known from Central Amurland. Probably of a different tone of yellow from that of disclusaria, which is described as sulphur-yellow; in any case differmg in the weaker markings and stronger cell-spot, as well as in the more rounded distal margin of the hindwing. A. caricaria Reutti (3k). Forewing broad but with the apex rather acute; white, with the markings greyish ochreous. First line almost or entirely obsolete, the others arranged nearly as in subpunctaria and sub- ject to similar but less extreme variability; the fourth lme (proximal shade of subterminal) nearly always well developed, little sinuous, often rather thick; black discal spot present or more usually absent; distal marginal line very fine and grey or wanting, never broken into dots. Hindwing rounded, the three lines usually distinct, sometimes also a fourth, forming the distal shading of the pale subterminal; black cell-spot nearly always well developed. Under surface in both sexes nearly as in subpunctaria, or the ¢ forewing more strongly smoky; no distal marginal dots. The egg is oval with the micropylar end broader and more flattened, and is either laid on its side or on its narrow end; it is shiny, longitudinally ribbed and with finer, more numerous transverse ribs, the micropyle very finely reticulated. Green when first laid, changing in two or three days to straw-colour speckled with bright red. The larva is long and slender, clay-coloured, with a whitish lateral line, broad but not well defined; dorsal dark line opening out into small rings at the extremities of the abdo- minal segments; the lateral carination is slight, the transverse folds distinct. The pupa is pale yellow, washed with greenish, the anal extremity brown. The moth flies in May and June and again in the end of July and August and is local in Southern and Central Europe, frequenting damp meadows. StaupincER adds Amurland and N. China as further localities; as the Amurland specimens are said to be small with the lines weaker, they may possibly be referable to nivearia. Distinguished from small examples of ¢mmutata by its purer white colour and less dentate postmedian line, placed further from the distal margin. The rather straight lines somewhat recall nivearia Leech, which is smaller, with different underside and rather longer g hindtarsus. In caricaria ¢ the antennal ciliations are rather long, the hindtarsus less than half the length of the tibia. A. apicipunctata Chr. (= arenaria Leech) (5 b) has rather narrower wings than the few preceding species and of a less pure white, more tinged with brownish. The lines are usually rather indistinct, angled near costa of forewing, the median more oblique than the others, the postmedian incurved between the radials; subterminal white line broad, following a similar course to the postmedian but more dentate, sometimes scarcely indicated, sometimes brought out more strongly by thick dark shading proximally and distally. Fore- wing with no distinct cell-spot, but with a vague brownish-grey mark, somewhat in the from of a small ring, occupying its position. Hindwing with a very minute, not very black cell-dot. Forewing with a strong black dot on the distal margin between the 4. and 5. subcostals, from which the species receives its name; in strongly marked specimens this is followed posteriorly by one or two others, but always more minute; in less marked specimens it stands alone. Under surface of forewing slightly smoky, of hindwing whiter; both wings with an outer line. Amurland, Central and Northern China and Japan, April to the beginning of Septem- ber, evidently double-brooded. A. immutata L. (= pallidata Bkh. = sylvestraria Hbn. part.) (4k). Larger than caricaria but smaller than floslactata. Forewing rather broad, especially in the 9, hindwing with the distal margin well rounded and with only a very inconspicuous bend at the extremity of the third radial. The colour varies sexually and to a less extent individually; in the 2 often nearly white, in the ¢ much more tinged with ochreous brown. The black discal dot of the hindwing is always distinct, often rather large; that of the forewing usually smaller, sometimes indistinct or altogether absent. All the lines are usually present above, the first line of fore- wing bent in the cell, the second curved, usually rather near it; postmedian line dentate, often stronger than the others; the dark proximal and distal shading of the subterminal sometimes strong, oftener more or less indistinct; terminal black spots oftenest absent, occasionally well developed. On the hindwing the first line (continuing the median of the forewing) usually passes close proximally to or even across the cell-spot. ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provr. 71 Forewing beneath in ¢' rather darker, more or less strongly sprinkled with fuscous atoms; both wings beneath with the cell-spot and outer line placed about as in pudicaria, the 3 also with the subterminal markings of forewing more or less developed. 4 antenna with longish ciliation; hindtarsus fully one-half as long as tibia. Egg almost perfectly cylindrical, the ends only slightly rounded; about 15 powerful longitudinal ribs, the transverse ribs exceedingly fine, about 15—18 in number; delicate greenish-yellow, becoming after 2 days pale pink with scattered crimson spots. Larva rather slender, nearly cylindrical, tapering towards the head, the subsegmentation distinct; grey-brown with fine pale medio-dorsal line, its fine dark edges thickened into black dashes at the ends of the segments; an ill-defined dark supra-spiracular line and a rather pale lateral stripe containing the black spiracles. On Valeriana officinalis, Spiraea ulmaria and other plants. Pupa pale brown with the wing-cases more greenish. Fhe moth appears in July, frequenting marshy places, damp mea- dows or damp placesin woods. It sits by day among rank grass and is easily disturbed. Widely distributed in Cen- tral and Northern Europe, N. Spain, Italy (except the south), Croatia, S.W. Russia and Armenia; also reported from Amurland. — ab. myrtillata Dadd is a somewhat whiter form, nearly as clear as caricaria, the dark shading on each side of the subterminal almost entirely wanting, the entire area distally to the postmedian line being therefore virtually without markings, at least on the forewing. As the original specimens on which the name was founded (taken in the Berlin district) appeared rather broad-winged, with distal margin straighter than usual, the apex therefore appearing more pointed, and showed a few other slight differences, and were taken among bilberry apart from immutata, they were at first believed to represent a separate species. Sub- sequent experience, however, has not confirmed this and I regard the type-specimens, which were very kindly sent me by Mr. Dapp for examination, as representing quite clearly an aberration of immutata. I have taken the same form in Essex in company with typical specimens and far away from bilberry. — syriacata Neuburger, described as a variety of immutata, is unknown to me. It is said to be smaller, brownish (light fawn-colour), the lines well expressed, particularly the two which border the subterminal. Underside somewhat glossy, more uniform than in the type, the forewing not darkened. Taken in the Lebanon. A. corrivalaria Kretschmar (= sylvestraria var. H.-Sch.) (4k). Forewing shaped about as that of ummutata or with the apex slightly more prominent, hindwing more bent in the middle (not shown in our figure). The average size is smaller than that of immutata, the colour more brownish than in even the ¢¢ of that species, the lines, discal and terminal dots similarly arranged, the discal dot of forewing nearly always well developed. Forewing beneath with the median line or shade usually well develloped; hindwing beneath with the true postmedian line present (as in floslactata), the line beyond it usually less strong, or obsolescent. g antenna somewhat thicker, the joints a little swollen, the ciliation longish. ¢ hindtarsus relatively a little shorter than in immutata. The egg is pale yellow when first laid, becoming rose-red in two days; I known of no more detailed description, but it will doubtless prove that the red colouring is arranged in blotches, as in nearly all the species. The larva is very slender with the head rather small, the lateral ridge rather strongly developed, the spiracles black; the ground-colour is light grey mixed with yellow, with a double dark dorsal line and fine light lateral line, the ventral area blackish with light longitudinal line. The moth flies in June and July and inhabits damp meadows. It sits by day deep down among long grasses, resting with outspread wings on the upperside of leaves of Caltha, Ranunculus, Lythrum, etc., and the 2 is not readily disturbed. The flight is slower and less long-sustained than that of immutata. corrivalaria is an extremely local species. In Europe it seems to be restricted to Holland (Limburg), N. Germany and the St. Petersburg district. According to StaupINGER it reappears in Eastern Siberia and Korea and is per- haps represented by a local race in Japan. I have not seen examples from any of these latter localities. The range of variation is very slight. SNELLEN says that his Dutch examples are darker than the N. German which were sent him by ZELLER. + | A. pallida Warr. (= peralba Swinh.), erroneously recorded by Butter in the “Illustrations of Hetero- cera in the British Museum” as sylvestraria Hbn., has the wings, especially the forewing, considerably narrower and rather more glossy than in immutata L., its weakest-marked forms recalling on the upperside Ptycho- poda subsericeata Haw. almost more than any Palearctic Acidalia with which I can compare it, though it is larger than the species mentioned, the forewing with distal margin more oblique, apex more acute, the markings stronger, black discal dots present, etc. The neuration is quite normal. The ground-colour of the wings is approximately the same as in the 2 of immutata, sometimes even purer white or with a faint suggestion of a bluish rather than a yellowish tinge. The lines are slightly more greyish than in immutata, the median shade oblique, on the hindwing usually placed much proximally to the discal spot, the white subterminal line rather broader and more nearly straight. Discal dots on an average smaller. Under surface much more strongly glossy than in immutata, the forewing suffused (not speckled) with more reddish brown, paler between the median line (which is ill defined) and the postmedian, darker distally, the broad white subterminal therefore conspicuous. Hindwing beneath more nearly as in immutata but without the sparse dark speckling. Structure not essentially different from that of immutata, the 3S hindtarsus longer in proportion, not much myrtillata. syriacata. corrivalaria. pallida. coniaria. virgulata. parallelaria. albicans. substrigaria. 72 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Prout. shorter than the tibia. peralba comes from the Shan States, but the species is widely distributed in the moun- tains of Kulu, Dharmsala, etc. There seems to be little, if any geographical or sexual variation. A. coniaria nom. nov. (= pulveraria Leech, nec Snell.) (3 m, as pulveraria) is white-grey, slightly bluish tinged, finely but rather copiously powdered with brown-grey. Body rather robust, forewing rather broader and less pointed than in pallida, but less broad than in the preceding group. The lines brown-grey, occa- sionally clearer grey, arranged nearly as in pallida, the oblique median shade nearly touching the discal spot of the hindwing. Discal spots sometimes exceedingly minute, or even absent; never large. Distal area occasionally more strongly dusted than the rest of the wing, the subterminal line then rather distinct, less wide than in pallida. Under surface of forewing more or less suffused with brownish smoky except the posterior margin and the subterminal line; hindwing beneath often with indistinct median shade or post- median line in addition to the outer line. g¢ antennal ciliation rather short, hindtarsus rather less than one- half as long as tibia. Japan: Satsuma and Kiushiu, May and June. A. virgulata Schiff. (= strigaria Hbn. = sulcaria Hbn.) (4k). Easily recognized by its nearly straight and not dentate lines. The pale ground-colour is densely and rather uniformly powdered over with dark scales, perhaps nearest in aspect to rather worn specimens of turbidaria. But in virgulata the lines are less dark, therefore more weakly expressed except in the least dark-powdered specimens, the median line of the hind- wing usually far distally to the discal spot (though extremely variable), scarcely ever forming a direct con- tinuation of that of the forewing; moreover the average size of strigaria is larger and it has an appreciable bend in the distal margin of the hindwing. In any case the straight postmedian line should suffice to pre- vent the possibility of confusion. From frigidaria Moéschl., the only other dark-dusted species with which it seems even necessary to compare it, it also differs in some of the above-quoted characters, further in its rather less broad wing, browner colouring both above and beneath, the hindwing beneath not whitish as in frigidaria. The pale subterminal line is seldom at all strongly defined. Small dark discal dots are generally present on both wings, often fairly strong on the hindwing but weaker on the forewing. The distal margin is without dots, but often shows a fine dark line. Under surface usually brighter and more distinctly marked, both wings with dark discal dot and two more or less sharply expressed, finely dentate lines distally thereto, sometimes also the subterminal shades. Variable in the degree of the dark dusting, the strength and posi- tion of the lines and even their course, yet producing ne really striking aberrations as regards their general effect. The 2 is smaller than the 3, with more pointed forewing. The 3 antennal ciliation is rather long, the hindtarsus scarcely shorter than the tibia, which is somewhat thickened and flattened. Egg ovate, with the longitudinal ribs strong, about 20 in number, not anastomosing, 15 or 16 very slight transverse ribs, the points where they intersect the primary ribs marked by distinct knobs; colour orange, with red spots. Larva moderately slender, rather flattened dorsally and ventrally, the head small; ground-colour whitish grey slightly mixed with yellow, medio-dorsal pale line very fine and indistinct, bounded by a broad blackish dorsal line, both these lines becoming strongest at the divisions of the segments; the lateral ridge is of the ground-colour; ventral area bluish grey, with a weak and interrupted whitish line in the middle. The imago appears to be partially double brooded and may be met with from May to August. It is widely distributed in Central and 8. E. Europe and reaches its most northern limit in Finland; in Asia it occurs in the Kentei Mountains and Urga (Mongolia) and is represented further eastward by a paler race. I have not seen Kentei and Urga specimens and it is possible that they also belong to the last-named. — parallelaria Warr. seems to be the correct name for the race which inhabits China, Korea and S. E. Siberia, but as WARREN describes it (from W. China, without more exact locality) without reference to virgulata and I have not been able to compare his type with the eastern specimens, it is possible that the former may need to be sunk to virgu- lata and the latter renamed. This race is decidedly lighter than that of Europe, with very little tint of och- reous, the postmedian line on the hindwing appreciably denticulate, the forewing beneath somewhat in- fuscated, the hindwing beneath whitish. I have several specimens before me from Gensan, Korea, taken in June and July. — ab. albicans ab. nov. Under this name I designate a very pretty form from Oiwake, represented by a g and Q2 from the Pryer collection. The ground-colour is quite white, the dusting com- paratively slight, the lines conspicuous, especially the postmedian; under surface nearly the same, only with the forewing somewhat smoky, particularly in the 3. As these are the only Japanese specimens of wirgulata which I have seen, it is quite likely that they represent a local race rather than a mere aberration. The “strigaria’”’ of the WiLEMAN collection do not belong to this species but to ignobilis Warr. A. substrigaria Sigr. (= strigaria Herz) (3m) appears to me doubtfully distinct from the preceding species, but I have only seen one specimen and defer to StaupDINGER’s opinion. He thinks that the g an- tennal ciliation is even somewhat longer than in virgulata, but I cannot see that this is appreciably the case Publ. 25. III. 1913. ACIDALIA. By L. B. Prout. 73 in the specimen before me. In any case, however, it will represent a good local race. It is of a dark mousegrey colour, almost entirely without the ochreous shade of typical virgulata, while the strong dusting and extreme weakness of the markings would separate it from subsp. parallelaria. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of substrigaria is the absence of the discal dots, both above and beneath; even on the hindwing only the very faintest suggestion of it is discoverable. N. E. Siberia to the Southern Altai. Hrrz’s Witim specimens were captured in July. A. plumbearia Leech (5 f) is very distinct in appearance from all the other Palearctic species, though very Closely related to the Indian mecysma Swinh. The glossy, dark brown-grey ground-colour and the po- sition and course of the markings show a remarkably close resemblance to Somatina mendicaria Leech, from which it differs essentially in structure, the § antenna being moderately ciliated, without pectinations, the 6 hindtibia more thickened, with the tarsus shortened (perhaps about one-half as long as tibia) and both sexes easily distinguishable by the neuration. Under surface rather paler, the median and postmedian lines present, the latter the better developed. Only the original pair from Kiushiu are yet known to me. The 6 was taken at Satsuma in May, the 2 at Nagasaki in June. The sexes appear to be quite alike. A. umbelaria Hbn. (= sylvestrata Bkh. nec Hbn. = compararia H.-Sch.) (4k). White or whitish sparsely sprinkled with blackish; the lines brown, the postmedian sometimes more dusted with blackish. Fore- wing with first line angled in cell, thence oblique, placed rather near the median shade, seldom very sharply expressed, occasionally wanting; median line curved near costa of forewing then nearly parallel with distal margin or very slightly oblique inwards, sometimes rather thick; on hindwing usually crossing the cell-spot or bending round its proximal side; postmedian line parallel with distal margin or very slightly sinuous; proximal shading of subterminal usually, and distal shading sometimes well developed; distal margin often with very small black dots or dashes between the veins; base of fringe with small black dots, of varying intensity, opposite the veins. Discal dot nearly always present on the hindwing, though usually minute; often wanting on the forewing, very rarely conspicuous. Except that the ¢ is a little more strongly dusted, the sexes do not differ above. Beneath the g¢ forewing is more or less infuscated, the markings usually well expressed, excepting the inner line, the hindwing nearly as above; the entire under surface of the 9, on the contrary, is rather pale, the markings always weak, sometimes nearly obsolete. The distal margin of the hindwing is weakly angled in the middle, but occasionally so weakly as to be scarcely noticeable. ¢ antenna with the ciliation of moderate length; hindtibia rather short and thick, tarsus more than one-half as long as tibia. The species is generally recognizable by its large size. Larva very elongate, fawn-colour, with dark dorsal stripe und usually some dark dots beside it. Pupa yellow-brown with rounded dark cremaster. Cen- tral Kurope, 8. W. France, 8. E. Roumania, Tarbagatai and Altai Mountains and S. E. Siberia, flying in June. — szechuanensis subsp. nov. is smaller, especially the 2, the hindwing with the distal margin only very slightly bent (in one or two specimens scarcely appreciably) the g antennal ciliation slightly stronger, the hindtarsus perhaps relatively a little longer, the discal spots extremely minute or wanting, no terminal dark dots, or at most only one or two extremely small and indistinct ones anteriorly (a more noticeable series on hindwing beneath); .lines mostly indistinct, the postmedian the best defined, placed rather further from the distal margin, showing more tendency to become dentate and sinuous than in typical wmbelaria, but rather variable; under surface of g forewing more strongly and uniformly darkened, the lines therefore less distinct ; that of the hindwing usually with imner subterminal line defined. Ta-chien-lu and Chow-pin-sa (5 3), Moupin (2 9), all from the LrEcu collection; recorded as wmbelaria, without mention of the differences, which may well be of specific value. A form recorded (but not described) from Chan-Si by ALPHERAKY may prove to be the same. — majoraria Leech (4n, 5c) is a large race from Japan coloured more like the type-form, but with the lines on an average thicker and more ochraceous; terminal dots wanting, discal dots wanting or a very minute one present on hindwing only. Under surface very weakly marked in both sexes. May to the beginning of July. Two very strongly marked 99 show an ochreous-brown spot on the discocellulars. A. fumosaria (Banc-Haas in litt.) sp. nov. (3 m) is similar to wmbelaria szechuanensis, but has shorter, broader wings, the hindwing with distal margin quite rounded, and is of a slightly less yellowish white, the les more greyish brown. Thus to some extent intermediate between wmbelaria and the purer white group (subpunctaria, etc.). Except in its much whiter colour rather recalls certain forms of ternata Schr., the dusting and the darkening of the extreme costal edge of the forewing about as in that species. Inner line of forewing weak, median line very weak, the three outer lines better expressed, continued on the hindwing. Under surface, at least of the forewing and the costal region of hindwing, even more strongly dusted with smoke-colour than in ternata or in szechuanensis both wings beneath with distinct black discal spot, that of the forewing slightly elongate, that of the hindwing narrowly pale-ringed; postmedian and subterminal dark lines moderately distinct on forewing, the subterminals on hindwing also. Antennal shaft moderately IV 10 plumbearia. umbelaria. szechwanen- sis. majoraria. fumosaria. nigropunc- tata. subcandi- data. modicaria. polystig- maria. 74 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Prout. thick, the cilia little longer than its diameter. Hindtibia strongly thickened, tarsus only about one-fourth of its length. Baikal, 8S. Siberia; described from a single g in coll. PincELER. A. nigropunctata Hufn. (= nemorata Bkh. = strigilaria Hbn. = exemptaria Hbn. = prataria Bdv. = incanata Z.) (4k). Closely related to wmbelaria but smaller, less whitish, the ground-colour being appre- ciably more testaceous and on an average more strongly dusted. The forewing looks slightly shorter and broader, its distal margin being more strongly curved or bent in the middle so that its anterior part becomes less oblique; the black discal spot nearly always distinct, often large; the median shade, which in the typical form is strong and dark, and the postmedian line are both angled near the costa of the forewing, and the for- mer runs rather more obliquely than in wmbelaria; the hindwing has the angle in the middle rather stronger on the average, though very variable; both wings have usually a dark terminal line, interrupted at the vein-ends and often thickened between; the black dots in the fringe are very slight or are wanting. Both sexes are sharply marked beneath and differ very little; the basal half, or more, of the forewing is more ~ or less suffused with fuscous, especially on the veins, the inner line wanting; the hindwing has a zigzag outer line. The hindleg in the g§ more resembles that of floslactata, the tarsus being very short. The egg has the normal longitudinal and finer transverse ribbing. The larva is very slender, tapering slightly anteriorly the head rounded, skin transversely ribbed, the spiracles very small, brown; the general colour is greenish grey with a narrow, distinct dull green dorsal line; on the extreme anterior edge of each of the middle seg- ments there is a square black spot, divided down its centre by the dorsal line. It feeds on various low plants. © The pupa has six minute hooks on the cremaster in addition to the strong pair of central spines. The moth appears in June and July, or into the beginning of August, and is normally only single-brooded, though larvae will sometimes feed up more rapidly and produce a partial second generation. Central and parts of Southern Europe and through Asiatic Turkey to Persia. The European forms, though somewhat variable in shape and in the strength of the markings, are well understood, and I suspect that those from the other countries named agree with them, though I have no material before me. — In China and Japan, however, with Korea and probably S. E. Siberia, occur a succession of more puzzling forms, extremely variable in size and shape, in ground-colour and in distinctness of markings, which I can only deal with collectively as subsp. subcandidata Walk. (= imbella Warr.) and which will still need much study. It is greatly to be desired that resident entomologists would investigate them in a state of nature and especially work out the life history. The 3 genitalia of the only examined specimen agree in every detail with typical nigropunctata. In general these subcandidata forms differ from the European in having the discal dots considerably reduced in size, occasionally obsolete; the central shade less strong, sometimes somewhat less oblique; the under surface of both wings much more weakly marked. Typical subcandidata from Shanghai, is very little dusted with dark and has the angle in the hindwing rather slight. Some of the specimens are as white as wmbelaria, and some very small ones (about the size of emutaria) occurring in September doubtless represent a second generation. Some Japanese examples agree closely with these forms while others have as sharp an angle in the hindwing as in any European example and sometimes as strong (perhaps even stronger) dark dusting, but still differing in their weak markings. Sometimes the distal margin of the forewing is more oblique, produ- cing a somewhat different impression. Possibly there are two or three very similar and variable species mixed up. I think the g hindtarsus is a little less shortened in the true suwbcandidata than in the other forms, but the difference in any case is light. Warren’s imbella was a rather small, worn 9 from Japan. Occasio- nal more ochreous-tinted specimens become, when the angle in the hindwing is weak, confusingly similar to ignobilis Warr., although the 3 hindtarsus of that species is rather longer. A. modicaria Leech (5e) closely resembles nigropunctata in shape, colour and arrangement of mar- kings, both above and beneath, and might almost have been taken for a small variety of that species but for a few details in the markings and especially the fact that the 3 hindtarsus is fully half as long as the tibia. The forewing has no black discal dot, but bears in its place a less small, rather ill-defined brown spot. The postmedian line of the forewing is less dentate than in some nigropunctata, but rather more incurved between the radials; that of the hindwing, though variable, is usually rather straighter than in nigropunctata. The distal area of both wings is slightly darker-shaded, containing a very distinct pale subterminal, more irregular than that of nigropunctata. In size, and in having the forewing rather broad and the hindwing only quite weakly angled, modicaria may best be compared with the small (second brood ?) examples of the subspecies subcandidata; but it has been taken in April and again in June, July and August, and shows neither seasonal nor sexual variation. Omei-Shan, Chung-King, Kweichow and Fu-chau. A. polystigmaria Hmpsn. (5d) differs from the small forms of nigropunctata in having the hindwing more quadrate, almost smooth on each side of the angle, whereas in nigropunctata it is appreciably crenulate. The ground-colour is much more yellowish and with much sparser dark dusting. Postmedian line of forewing ACIDALIA. By L. B. Proovt. 15 faint, nearer the distal margin and more regular, followed by a series of blackish fuscous spots, somewhat variable in development, but those on each side of the second submedian vein comparatively large, nearly or quite comfluent, those on each side of the first median also well developed, but well separate. Discal spot well developed and black. Hindwing similarly marked, the discal spot a little larger than on forewing. Under surface considerably paler, quite weakly marked, but with small cell-spots and some traces of the dark distal markings remaining. Antennal ciliation in the g moderately long, hindtibia not extremely thicken- ed, tarsus not much shortened. — elyra Swinh., of which I have only seen a single specimen, is without doubt merely an aberration, differmg solely in having a much deeper ochreous ground-colour. Discovered at Rajaori (Kashmir) by Leecu in September; all the known specimens are from Kashmir, May and Sep- tember, at 2000 m elevation and upward. A. sedataria Leech (7c). Systematic position somewhat uncertain, perhaps nearer to the subpunctaria- group, notwithstanding that the hindwing has the distal margin elbowed in the middle and that both wings are narrower than is characteristic of that group. In any case a very distinct species; its very glossy, pure white wings distinguish it abundantly from all the rest of the angle-winged species. The lines are brownish grey, not very strong (sometimes quite faint), bent near costa, then rather straight or a little sinuous (in the only 9 known to me more irregular); usually only 3 are present on the forewing and two on the hind- wing. Cell-spots wanting. Forewing beneath infuscated except in distal area; hindwing beneath white, with a single (outer) line. 4 antenna with long fascicles of cilia, hindtibia rather short and thickened, the tarsus nearly as long as the tibia. Western China: Ta-chien-lu, Chia-ting-fu and Pu-tsu-fong, occurring in June. A. emma sp. nov. Very similar to A. hanna Butl. in colour and markings, differing as follows: Rather larger, hindwing only very slightly (in the ¢ almost inappreciably) bent at the extremity of the third radial; postmedian line of forewing slightly further from distal margin and with teeth (produced by blackish spots at its distal edge) slightly stronger; this line on both wings markedly incurved between the radials; under- side of forewing with postmedian line bending proximad at its costal end; underside of hindwing with the true postmedian line obsolete, a distinct fine outer line occupying the position of the proximal dark shading of the subterminal line of the upper surface; g hindtibia more strongly thickened, tarsus scarcely one-third of its length. Chungking, Szechuan, 18 September 1909 (type, g) and 22 June 1909 (9), Barry. A ¢ specimen of hanna was taken by Mr. Barry on the some day as the latter. A. hanna Bi/r. (3m). Ground-colour about as in the paler forms of the wellknown A. imitaria, varying between pale reddish ochreous and more whitish; the markings, on the other hand, more nearly as in emutaria. Forewing with first line very faint or obsolete, bent near costal margin, thence running nearly parallel with median shade; median shade rather broad, rather oblique, but reaching the costal margin proximally to the postmedian line or becoming obsolete without touching that line; postmedian very slender, rather weakly expressed, but punctuated with black dots on the veins, its course very slightly oblique and consisting of a series of very feeble proximal curves between the veins; subterminal pale shade marked by weak or very weak dark shading proximally and distally; cell-spot small but black; distal margin with a very fine line interrupted at the vein-ends and often thickened into dots midway between. Hind- wing with the median shade passing close on the proximal side of the cell-spot, postmedian line slightly outcurved, but not sufficiently to run parallel to the distal margin, which is distinctly angled in the middle. Under surface similarly marked, but the entire basal part of the forewing more or less suffused with greyish, the hindwing whiter than above, with the postmedian line and sometimes the median well expressed. Our figure is not very characteristic, in that it lacks the black discal dot of the forewing and the angle in the margin of the hindwing. The average size is rather smaller than in that example. g antennal ciliation of only moderate length, hindtibia not extremely thickened, the tarsus about one-half its length. Japan: Yoko- hama, etc.; Korea: Fusan; Szechuan: Chungking in June. A. emutaria Hbn. (= subroseata Haw.) (41). Easy to distinguish by its whitish ground-colour, with slight or rather strong pink flush. First line of forewing faint, placed nearly as in the preceding species, but almost always bearing conspicuous blacker spots on the median and submedian veins. Postmedian line of both wings bent near the costa, otherwise remarkably straight; that of the forewing usually and that of the hindwing often marked only by the conspicuous black vein-dots. Distal marginal line grey, very faint, more or less interrupted, the dots midway between the veins extremely minute. The median shade of the fore- wing follows a different course from that of the preceding species, being more oblique, meeting the postmedian line at about the first radial and here disappearing. Forewing beneath somewhat suffused with grey, both wings with cellspot and postmedian vein-dots present, the latter usually becoming nearly obsolete towards the abdominal margin of the hindwing. g¢ antenna with strong fascicles of cilia, hindtibia rather short, tarsus elyra. sedataria. emma. hanna. emutaria. flaccidaria. albidaria. roseata. flaccata. languidata. imitaria. 76 fas ACIDALIA. By L. B. Prout. nearly as long as tibia. A. emutaria cannot be considered a variable species, although some specimens are much whiter, others much pinker. The egg is nearly always laid upright. It is elongate-ovate, the ends diffe- ring less in breadth than in some species, both a little flattened; the longitudinal ribs are distinct, converging into the micropylar depression, the transverse ribbing weaker; pale green, changing in two or three days to pink, formed of a pale ground-colour blotched and ringed with crimson. Larva slender and elongate, moderately smooth, with the usual lateral ridge; head rounded; ground-colour pale ochreous or greyish ochreous, darker ventrally and with a dark dorsal stripe enclosing a pale spot on each segment; spiracles black, conspicuous; on each abdominal segment from the first to the fifth a black dot is placed obliquely beneath them. It feeds on Statice limonium and other plants. The pupa is light brown, abdominally darker- ringed, the anal end dark, a little broadened and then tapering very abruptly to the cremastral plate. The moth appears in June and July and there is sometimes a partial second brood at the end of August or in September. It is very local, and as it hides low down among the herbage by day and is less easily disturb- ed than most Aczdalia it is perhaps often overlooked. It imhabits marshy places, especially salt marshes, and may be found flying in plenty at dusk. It occurs chiefly in Southern Europe and North Africa, but is also found in the South of England and in some localities in Austria-Hungary. A. flaccidaria Z. (41) is closely related to emutaria, and is regarded by StaupINGER as a Darwinian form of it. The angle in the margin of the hindwing is strong (our figure therefore incorrect in this particular), the median shade thinner and much weaker, placed further from the postmedian, the distal marginal line or series of spots on the average rather better developed, both above and beneath, the discal spots larger. The ground-colour is typically somewhat more yellowish or less pink. Two extreme colour forms have recelved separate names. — ab. albidaria Stgr. (= albicans Bhtsch. nom. nud.) is whitish without any ad- mixture of yellowish or rosy. Asitis recorded almost exclusively from localities in Central Asia, it may pos- sibly prove to be a local race. Or again, as STAUDINGER suggests, it may represent the second generation in certain places. But as it seems only to be parallel to the whitest forms of emutaria, and Bouatscu (Jahresb. Wien. Ent. Ver. vol. 2, p. 46) has recorded it from Slavonia among second-brood specimens, I incline for the present to regard it as an aberration only. — ab. roseata Aigner (= rosea RD.) is suffused throughout with bright rose-red, the markings deeper rose-red. The under surface, though strongly marked, is not abnormally coloured. — The early stages of flaccidaria have been made known by Carapga. The egg is elongate- ovate, laid upright, the micropylar end somewhat flattened; whitish yellow, becoming orange within 4 days. The larva is said to resemble closely that of nigropunctata Hufn.; probably CarapJa did not possess that of emutaria for comparison. Very slender, gradually tapering towards the head; mostly grey-brown or yellowish brown, with a double dark dorsal stripe (in youth also with the ventral area dark); the abdominal segments with pairs of blackish longitudinal streaks before and behind each incision, representing the vestiges of a sub- dorsal line. Not known from Western Europe, its range only overlapping with that of emutaria in Austria- Hungary and 8. E. Europe; but extending through Asia Minor, N. Persia and Turkestan, as far as to the Ili district. It is partially double-brooded. A. flaccata Sigr. (41) rather nearly resembles flaccidaria is colour and to some extent in markings, but is at once distinguished by the shape of the hindwing, which is only very slightly angled, sometimes scarcely at all. The black discal spot is distinct on both wings, but the lines are usually very weak or almost obsolete; the median, which is sometimes better developed, is not oblique on the forewing as in flaccidaria, but vertical, merely somewhat curved round the cell-spot; the postmedian is irregular and dentate and is not marked with black dots on the veins. The distal margin usually shows some minute black dots, but these are sometimes wanting. The under surface is whitish, somewhat more tinged with yellow towards the margins; the discal spots are reduced in size and the lines are absent; sometimes, however, there are traces of a dentate subterminal line on one wing or on both. The 3 antenna is provided with moderately strong fascicles of cilia; the hind- tibia is not very strongly thickened and bears a single, short terminal spur, which according to StauDINGER is sometimes wanting. In some specimens the ground-colour is more reddish. A. flaccata inhabits Palestine, north and east of the Dead Sea, and has been taken in March and May. — The form from Biskra, which I name languidata subsp. nov. is larger, rather narrow-winged, apparently always of the pale, weakly-marked form, the hindwing whitish with minute cell-dot, forewing without cell-dot, underside unmarked. February to April. A. imitaria Hbn. (41) is a very distinct species, bearing some resemblance to the genus Timandra. This is due partly to the shape, the apex of the forewing being pointed, the distal margin sinuous, often ap- preciably angled, and the hindwing having the same shape as in that genus; but still more to the markings, the median line, though not so oblique as in Timandra, being equally sharply defined and usually followed by some grey or reddish shading, the postmedian line of both wings is sinuous, as in 7’. amata. Ground-colour beneath paler (particularly on the hindwing), but the forewing bears some greyish suffusion, at least in its ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provr. 77 basal half. A. wmitaria is a decidedly variable species, but the aberrations pass into one another by such gra- dual transitions and are for the most part so little striking that it does not seem expedient to provide them with names. The ground-colour is sometimes very pale, sometimes strongly reddish or again more ochreous; the lines usually well expressed, sometimes quite weak, the median shade now reddish, now grey or even blackish. The discal spot of the hindwing is very rarely obsolescent, but that of the forewing is not in- frequently faint and may even vanish entirely. — ab. kesslitzi Hirschke is perhaps the most striking form. kesslitzi. In this the median line, which generally gives to the species its characteristic appearance, is entirely ab- sent. — The egg is elongate-ovate, strongly flattened at its broader end, with the longitudinal ribbing strong, its coloration as in the allied species. The larva is extremely long and slender, the skin transversely and very irregularly wrinkled; head small, rounded; body pale ochreous with a distinct brown dorsal line, often partly broken up into spots anteriorly, but becoming darker and more continuous posteriorly; ventral surface mixed with fuscous; spiracles black. Varieties occur in which the ground-colour is more grey, or more tinged with greenish or with red-brown, but it is always of some pale shade. The pupa in golden brown, with och- reous yellow wing-cases. The imago appears in June and July, and there is often a partial second brood later. * It hides by day in bushes or among rank grass or other plants, flies at dusk and is strongly attracted by light. Widely distributed in Southern and Central Europe, Decomiimg, more local eastwards. Also inhabits N. Africa and Asia Minor to Armenia A. rivulatia Leech (3e, 5e). Pale ochreous brown sprinkled with blackish, the markings fuscous. rivularia. Forewing with first line bent in cell, then oblique and dentate; median shade rather thick, dentate, twice incurved ; postmedian bent outwards near costa, somewhat incurved between the radials and again posteriorly, also dentate; followed by a fuscous shade; discal mark usually annular, distal margin dotted with black between the ves. Hindwing with distal margin sharply angled at third radial; the markings, excepting the first line, nearly as on forewing, the median shade bending round the black cell-spot on its proximal side. Un- der surface paler, wanting the inner line of forewing and with the other lines less well developed than above. ¢ antennal ciliation short, hindtarsus about one half as long as tibia. Chang Yang and Moupin in June and July. A large and conspicuous species. A. bimacularia Leech (5e) is smaller than rivularia, the markings more ferruginous and much less zig-bimacularia. zag; the first and median lines of the forewing finer and less strongly developed, the median of the hindwing on the other hand broadly diffused so as to enclose the black-cell-spot; the brown cell-spot of the forewing, though larger than a mere dot, is not annular; the brown shade distally to the postmedian is in general weaker, but contains on the forewing conspicuous ferruginous or blackish blotches at the posterior margin and between the radials, as in the ornata-group, the postmedian line itself here black. Underside of forewing suffused, of hindwing whitish, the postmedian line of the former less decidedly, of the latter scarcely at all followed by dark shading, the ornata-like blotches wanting. ¢ antenna subdentate, with rather long fascicles of cilia; hindtibia strongly thickened, tarsus about one-half its length. Chow-pin-sa and Pu-tsu-fong, W. China, June and July. A. extimaria Walk. (= stigmata Moore) from N. W. India is very similar to bimacularia, but differs extimaria. in having the hindwing only very weakly angled, the g¢ hindtibial hair-pencil black, hindtarsus shorter, the cell-spot of the forewing smaller and darker, the abdomen with some dark dorsal markings and the ground- colour in general slightly more tinged with reddish. A. moorei Cotes & Swinh. (= similaria Moore nec Walk.) is of a more reddish shade than either of moorei. the preceding, with finer but more copious dark dusting, giving it a rougher aspect. The angle in the margin of the hindwing, as in extimaria, is very slight. The position of the markings is almost exactly as in bimacularia, but the inner line and cell-spot of the forewing and the median shade of both wings are still weaker, sometimes almost entirely lost in the uniform dark dusting. The ferruginous blotches distally to the postmedian line are also less well developed than in bimacularia, but the blackening of the postmedian itself in these places remains. In the antennal and leg structure I find no appreciable difference. The type form occurs in N. W. India, though originally described from Bengal. — rufigrisea subsp. nov. (= walkeri Leech, nec rufigrisea. Bil.) (3m as walkeri) differs markedly in tone of colour, being of a pinkish grey instead of ochreous-rufous. In consequence of this difference of colour, the ferruginous spots distally to the postmedian line usually stand out better contrasted than in moorei moorez, though still not so sharply as in bimacularia. In one or two spe- cimens before me the angle in the distal margin of the hindwing is rather stronger, forming a transition towards bimacularia. Central and Western China from Chang Yang and Ichang to Moupin, showing no va- riation in tone of colour and very little in the strength of the markings. Flies in June and July. proximaria. propin— quaria. acquifas- ciata. satsumaria. butleri. 78 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Prout. A. proximaria Leech (5{) is again considerably smaller than bimacularia and moorei, having only about the size of the largest ornata or subtilata. Hindwing shaped as in most moorez. Colour slightly more reddish than in bimacularia, less dark-dusted than in moorei. Markings above as in mooret, only the postmedian line of both wings more strongly incurved between the radials. Under surface more strongly marked than in moorei, a distinct median line present on both wings in addition to the postmedian, usually also some dark shading distally to the postmedian. It is not absolutely certain that this may not prove to be a small eastern form of moorei, but the g antennal fasciculation seems to be rather less thick. Central China: Ichang, June and July. A. propinquaria Leech (31, 5f). Smaller than proximaria, the distal margin of the hmdwing somewhat crenulate, the tooth at the end of the third radial scarcely more pronounced than the others.. Ground- colour white, only slightly more brownish than in ornata. First and median lines light brown, indistinct, angled near costal margin of forewing and more or less sinuous throughout; postmedian line light brown, marked with fuscous spots at costal and posterior margins and with smaller dark dots on its teeth; distal - area of both wings mostly brown, traversed by a lunulate-dentate white subterminal line, which is strongly widened proximally between the radials and on the submedian fold, usually forming triangular patches, but occasionally so extended as to break the brown band into three separate patches; discal and terminal dots black. Under surface with the postmedian line and the proximal half of the distal dark band present, forewing dark suffused, sometimes showing the median line. g antenna with moderate ciliation; hindtarsus about two-thirds as long as tibia. Appears to be distributed throughout China and in Korea. In the Pale- arctic Region it flies in June and July, but at Hong-Kong it emerges as early as the end of March. A. aequifasciata Chr. (31) has the ground-colour clearer white than propinquaria, only a little less so than ornata; the hindwing is a little narrower than that of the preceding species and is distinctly though bluntly angled. The proximal and median lines of the forewing are in general even fainter, the postmedian, which in propinquaria makes a proximal bend at the costal margin, is here parallel with the distal margin, or even slightly bent distad in aequifasciata; the dark shading distally to the postmedian is more restricted and more interrupted than is usual in proximaria, the distal margin itself (that is, beyond the white sub- marginal line) mostly white. The hindwing differs still more materially from proximaria, the lines being very weak and the distal dark shading obsolete. Under surface weakly marked, the postmedian line of the forewing the most distinct. g antenna with longish fascicles of cilia, hindtibia strongly dilated, tarsus perhaps two-thirds of its length. I have not seen the 9, but have no doubt that SraupincER has erred in placing the species among Ptychopoda — perhaps on account of a superficial resemblance to Pt. trigeminata Haw., with which CuristopH compares it. The neuration is absolutely that of Acidalia. Only known from Amurland. A. satsumaria Leech (5 e) is distinguished by its very small size, rather brownish white tone, strongly angulated postmedian line of the forewing, while that of the hindwing is comparatively regular, and by having the posterior dark blotch in the distal area of the forewing more strongly developed than that between the radials. The inner line of forewing and median line of both wings are present, fine and brown, both are outcurved anteriorly and incurved posteriorly on the forewing. Postmedian line of forewing angled distally on the first radial, then running almost straight basewards, right-angled about the second radial, again bent (though not quite so sharply) at the first median. The area distally to the postmedian irregularly suffused with brown, the strongest brown blotch being between the radials and containing a few fuscous scales, while a blotch near the hinder angle is almost wholly fuscous. Subterminal line similar to that of propinquaria, its ex- pansions less extreme. Postmedian line of hindwing a little sinuous and subdentate, nearly parallel with distal margin, followed distally by a rather thicker but rather paler brown line. Both wings with black discal dot. Under surface extremely weakly marked, forewing slightly more brownish than hindwing. The distal margin of the hindwing is very weakly angled in the middle. ¢ antennal cilia rather long; tarsus about two-thirds the length of tibia. Satsuma, May, only Lrrcu’s three specimens known to me. A. butleri nom. nov. (= insolata Btlr. nec Feld.) (7c), from Dharmsala, is closely related to the preceding, but I do not think it can be conspecific. The ground-colour is of a rather cleaner white, the markings a rather greyer brown; the postmedian line of the forewing reaches the posterior margin rather nearer to the hind angle, that of the hindwing is placed rather nearer to the distal margin and the line which follows it is better developed. Distal margin and fringe more distinctly marked with blackish than in satswmaria. The forewing beneath shows a more distinct dark costal spot, marking the commencement of the postmedian line. A. pedilata Feld., from Ceylon, to which Hampson has sunk insolata, is another allied, but distinct spe- cies. ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provr. 79 A. concinnaria Dwp. (41). Rather larger than most of the group, slightly less pure white than or-concinnaria. nata. Hasily recognized by the entire absence of markings on both wings excepting the very small blackish discal dot and the distal bordering; the latter consists of the fine blackish lunulate-dentate postmedian _line, which is placed rather nearer to the distal margin than in the allied species and is less strongly sinuous, and the blue-grey shading beyond, which is traversed by the white subterminal line and is largely mixed with brown in its proximal half. Beneath the wings are very weakly marked, the forewing a little infuscated. Distal margin of hindwing crenulate and excised between the radials, but not so deeply as in ornata. 3 antenna with slender fascicles of cilia of moderate length; hindtibia thickened and flattened, tarsus a little shorter than tibia. Only known from Spain (Granada, Castile and Aragon); June and July. — hesperidata Ror. is possibly an aberration, though treated by StauDINGER as a synonym. Von GUMPPENBERG regards it as a va- riety or perhaps a distinct species, but probably only knows it from the figure, which seems to me to depict merely an exceptionally strongly marked specimen; both wings with a fine, tortuous brown median line, fore- wing also with three black vein-dots indicating the inner line. Our figured example shows the latter and faint traces of the former. Andalusia. A. ornata Scop. (= paludata LZ. = instilata Hufn. = nivearia #. = interrupta Goeze = intersecta Geoff.) (41) was the first known species of the group and may be regarded as its most typical representative. Tt formed the type of the generic names Craspedia Hbn. and Dosithea Dup. and should also rightly have been made the type of Scopula Schr. Pure shining white. Forewing with first line very weak and slender, but not infrequently marked with distinct dark dots on the veins; median shade of both wings pale brownish, undu- late, often obsolete, on the forewing usually marked by a distinct brown costal spot, though seldom so conspicuous as that of decorata; postmedian line blackish, strongly bent outwards near the costa and between the third radial and second median; distal area mostly bluish grey, with a white spot at apex and wavy hesperidata. ornata. white subterminal line, and containing two brown patches which fill up the inward curves of the postmedian _ line. Cell-spot of forewing often absent, that of hindwing always present, though variable in size. Underside of forewing usually infuscated in basal half, cell-spot distinct; both wings with median and postmedian lines present, the distal shading browner and more uniform than above; specimens with paler, weakly marked underside also occur. The distal marginal line, both above and especially beneath, is generally almost con- tinuous, or only narrowly interrupted at the vein-ends; in its anterior part, particularly on the forewing, it is usually more or less enlarged into, or accompanied by, interneural black spots. The fringes are dark- marked, that of the hindwing usually with distinct blackish dots oppos te the vein-ends. The distal margin of the hindwing is markedly crenulate, with a slightly stronger tooth at the third radial and a well-marked excision between this and the first radial. ¢ antenna with rather long fascicles of cilia; hindtibia thickened, tarsus a little abbreviated. The egg is somewhat sugar-loaf shaped, laid upright on its narrower end, the upper (micropylar) end truncate; ribbed longitudinally and more slenderly transversely. The larva is slender, though less extremely than most of the genus, the skin rugose; dorsal line fine and interrupted, white, dark edged, dorsal area otherwise reddish brown or ochreous brown, with dark subdorsal line; first to fifth abdo- minal segments with pairs of V-shaped dark dorsal markings, their points directed to each extremity of the segment, or sometimes merely each with 5 dark dots on each side. Feeds on thyme, but will — at least in captivity — accept also other Labiatae. The pupa is brown with green wing-cases. There are two broods of the moth, one in May and June, the second about August. It frequents dry, chalky hill-sides, usually settling on the ground, and does not fly far when disturbed. In some districts, however (e. g. Bucovina) it is recorded from damp places with Juncus, ete. Widely distributed, though not extending very far north; Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor, Central Asia and Amurland. — subornata subsp. nov. differs in having the inner and median lines better developed, the latter rather thick, and in the more uniform distal area of both wings, which is almost equally tinged with brownish smoky throughout, excepting the white subterminal line, and lacks the charac- teristic brown blotches. The postmedian line also is more uniform in colour; in ornata it is alternately black and brown. Japan: Oi kes Yokohama. A. kashmirensis Moore. Similar to ornata, but the distal margin of the hindwing is scarcely excised between the radials. The inner and median lines are well developed, as in subornata, the postmedian is rather strongly dentate, with a well-marked bidentate distal projection near the costal margin, but scarcely pro- jecting distally between the third radial and second median. The distal shading, as in subornata, is rather uniform in tone, the subterminal line broad, sometimes only very weakly lunulate. Fringes weakly marked. Distributed in N. W. India. A. congruata Z. (3 m) is still more nearly like ornata in the weakness of the inner and median lines, and has quite the pure shining white ground-colour of that species. The shape of the hindwing, however, is that of kashmirensis, while the scheme of markings is rather that of decorata. The ¢ antennal ciliation, subornata. kashmiren- sis. congruata. 80 ACIDALIA. By L. B. Provt. too, though apparently not quite so short as in decorata, is distinctly shorter and less dense than in ornaia. The ¢ hindtarsus in not abbreviated. The blue-grey, wedge-shaped spots at the costal end of the distal band distinguish it at once from ornata. The postmedian line of the hindwing is as a rule less strongly bent than in either ornata or decorata; the strength of the dark markings distally to it is very variable, but almost always less than in any decorata; the subterminal line of both wings is rather broad; fringes not strongly dark marked. Under surface of forewing with a rather noticeable dark band proximally to the pale subterminal, which is not distinctly bounded distally. Only known from Sicily. There are two, or perhaps three broods during the summer, the first-brood specimens being the largest and most strongly marked. It flies among thyme and its habits are similar to those of ornata and decorata. A. decorata is in its typical forms a very pretty species and easily distinguished from the three preceding by its more yellowish-white ground colour (becoming still yellower in the Corsican race) and by the intensity of its dark markings. It is, however, subject to a wide range of variation, both geographical and individual, and its whitest forms are exceedingly similar to ornata and congruata, especially the latter, which may even be, as ZELLER suggested, an extreme development of it (certainly not of ornata, which STaUDINGER suggests as an alternative possibility). decorata agrees in shape with ornata. It is best distinguished by the shorter, less fasciculate ciliations of the ¢ antenna, the somewhat longer hindtarsus, distinct costal spots on the forewing at the origin of the three lines, the more strongly dentate postmedian line and the presence (even in the light specimens) of some darker shading between the postmedian and subterminal lines of the forewing, espe- cially the blue-grey marks near the costal margin, referred to under congruata. In addition there is usually a distinct dark cell-dot present in the fore- as well as on the hindwing, although as it is commonly placed on the median line it is not so conspicuous as would otherwise be the case. The inner line of the forewing is usually distinct in its posterior part, sharply angled on the 2. submedian. The fringes, except in the very . light forms, are rather strongly darkened; the dark dots at the vem-ends, when conspicuous at all, are more decorata. aequata. magna. violata. honestata. subtilata. prolonged into streaks, and less black, than those of ornata. As with congruata, the dark distal colouring of the hindwing is rather uniform, either strong throughout or weak throughout, not so much broken into blotches as is frequently the case in ornata and subtilata. The suffusion on the under surface is slightly browner in decorata, greyer in ornata. The egg is laid upright and is tall, conical, the surface shiny, the longitudinal ribs well developed, the transverse ones faint and numerous; when first laid it is of a pale green colour. The larva is elongate cylindrical, yellow, dorsally reddish, with a double black dorsal line and a very broad blackish subdorsal line, laterally not carinated, a broad white lateral stripe. It feeds on thyme. The pupa has the wing-cases apple green, the abdominal segments reddish. The moth appears in about 18—20 days. It is double-brooded, probably in the south triple-brooded. It frequents dry places where thyme is growing. — decorata Schiff. (= cinerata fF. = ornataria part. Hsp.) (4m) is the most widely distributed European form. The ground-colour is yellowish white, or sometimes purer white, the distal band strongly dark, at least on the forewing, but not very broad, its colour bluish grey. The whiter, more ornata-like forms seem to be commonest in Spain and perhaps constitute a local race there. STAUDINGER indicates a very extensive range for typical decorata, embracing Central and Southern Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, Zerafshan to the Ili district and Northern Mongolia. — ab. aequata Sigr. is described as having the entire row of dark markings on both wings distally to the postmedian line uniformly dark brown (blackish) instead of mainly (on the hindwing entirely) blue-grey as in the type. It is reported from Spain, N. Germany, Asia Minor and the Kentei Mountains. — ab. magna ab. nov. Under the designation of “decorata var. magna” I have received a very large g from Konia, Syria, and there are two quite similar gg in the British Museum collection (S. France and Sarepta). It is of the purest white form, the dark spots on the costal margin not more strongly expressed than in the best-marked ornata, the bluish-grey distal costal spot also wanting, the next spot in the series almost as weak as in ornata, but more blue-grey (less brown). The cell-spot is present on the forewing and a series of blue-grey spots between the subterminal line and the distal margin of both wings is quite characteristic of decorata. — violata Thnb. (= caerulata Gmel.) is the form which occurs in Sweden and European Russia, but also occasionally as an aberration elsewhere. It is said to have the distal area more broadly and more darkly banded with blue-grey. I have seen no examples, but some from other parts of Europe approach it. — honestata Mab. (3 m) from Corsica and Sardinia is an interesting form of a more strongly yellowish tone. In the few specimens which I have seen the black discal spots of both wings are enlarged, the inner line of the forewing is well developed, rather thickened, especially at the costal and poste- rior margins, and the postmedian line of both wings is more deeply inbent between the radials than is usual in the typical form, although individual specimens of the latter have this same form of postmedian. Distributed in the mountains, June and July. A. subtilata Chr. (4m). Variable in size, but perhaps larger on an average than ornata and decorata, though not so large as ab. magna. Forewing with costal margin rather straighter; hindwing with distal mar- gin crenulate, the tail at the third radial noticeable, but the excision between the radials very shallow. Colour Publ. 30. HI, 1913. ACIDALIA. By L. B. Prout. $1 and markings nearly as in decorata, but the median line thicker, at least at the margins, forming on the costal margin of the forewing a broad fuscous blotch, which touches or absorbs the discal spot. Subterminal white line broad, the band which precedes it darker than in ornata, but more variegated than in most decorata, the spots between the third radial and second median being rather pale and blue-greyish (and rather markedly displaced distally, on account of the strong projection of the postmedian line), while the other spots are darker and browner. Hindwing more weakly marked, though not always quite so weakly as in the figured example. The ¢ hindtibia is not thickened and the tarsus not shortened; I find, too late to rearrange my manuscript, that the former is provided with a pair of spurs, so that the species should rightly have been placed in the sec- tion Pylarge — a further indication of the artificiality of that division. subtilata occurs in South Russia (Sarepta) and Transcaucasia and is double brooded, flying in May—June and August—September. The larva is apparently unknown. Von GuUMpPENBERG ignorantly refers subtilata as a “var.” to decorata and following it immediately by a description of the larva of the latter has misled Hormann into quoting that description under subtilata. A. arcuaria Hon., figured without description (Geom. fig. 137), has remained a puzzle to systematists, and I am inclined to suspect it is an exotic species — perhaps a large aberration or close ally of the North American lautaria Hbn. — introduced as European by mistake. According to a manuscript note of Don- ZEL’S, however (quoted by MiLuimre), it came from Italy, and it is therefore desirable to mention it here, as it Should belong (except for its narrower wings) to the ornata-group, possibly an aberration of congruata Z. Guenée thought it might belong to decorata Schiff., but the figure shows the distal margin of the hindwing entire, not excised. The antemedian and postmedian brown lines are well developed, the latter on the forewing strongly incurved posteriorly, but not dentate, the median is entirely wanting. The dark distal shading is re- stricted-on both wings; that of the forewing all blue-grey, consisting of a pair of spots between the radials and a small blotch near the posterior margin, both followed distally by a transverse streak; that of the hind- wing consisting of radial and inner-marginal blue-grey streaks followed distally by brown ones. The size is about that of satswmaria or small congruata. I find that Htsner himself, in erecting his lautaria in 1825, says that it is “nearest to arcuaria’”. In any case a suggestion of HrRRIcH-ScHAFFER’s, that it may be compared, except in size, with favillacearia Hbn. (fagaria Thnb. var.) may be set aside as entirely misleading. A. irrorata Baker (5d). Following StaupincERr’s arrangement I leave this species at the end of the genus, but it has no connection with the ornata-group. Probably he was unacquainted with this and two other Madeiran species (a Ptychopoda and a Cosymbia) which he places here. I have not, however, been able to satisfy myself as to its nearest affinities, unless possibly it is related to guancharia Alph. 1 know only the g, but the neuration shows that it cannot be a Ptychopoda, with which otherwise the wing-form might associate it. Narrower-winged than most Acidalia, the hindwing with distal margin waved, very weakly angled at the third radial. Ochreous or rufous-ochreous, the ground-colour about as in Ptychopoda rufaria, but looking rougher-scaled on account of a dense though fine irroration of reddish brown scales. The lines: exceedingly weak, approximately parallel with the distal margin or slightly more oblique; median shade a little thickened, slightly incurved in posterior part; postmedian line rather near the distal margin, appearing somewhat dentate; subterminal very faintly indicated by some macular shading proximally and distally to it. Forewing with a very small black discal dot, hindwing with a rather larger and stronger one. Forewing beneath without first line, the postmedian rather better expressed than above, markedly dentate; hindwing almost without markings, the discal spot reduced. 3g antenna with strong fascicles of very long cilia. Hind- tibia not dilated, tarsus as long as tibia. Madeira. Two specimens before me are smaller and more brightly coloured than the figured type. The following species is unknown to me and will possibly prove to be a Ptychopoda. GurnNmEE, to whom it was also unknown in nature, suggested that it might possibly be related to Ptychopoda seriata Schr. (= imcanaria Hon.) or that it might, on the other hand, be an exotic species, perhaps near Pt. ossularia Hbn. (= temnaria Gn. = terraria Gn., in err.). It seems to me scarcely possible that it can represent any form of ochroleucata H.-Sch., as suggested with a query by STavuDINGER. A. accessaria H.-Sch. (= recessaria Gn.). “Reddish grey about as rufularia, with very sharply poin- ted forewings. All the wings from the base to the straight, finely dentate median shade darker, though to- wards the base less strongly so, without trace of the first line, the hindwings with black central dot; the postmedian line likewise almost parallel to the distal margin, finely and sharply dentate, thick; the light subterminal fine and sharp, dark-shaded on both sides. The terminal line thick and black, finely interrupted at the veins, the fringes unmarked. Each joint of the antenna on each side with two pencils of different IV 11 arcuaria. arrorala. accessaria. confinaride falsaria. arenacea. eatenuata. sacraria. 82 GLOSSOTROPHIA. By L. B. Prout. lengths. A g from Herr KapEn without locality”. The figure shows the median shade, especially on the forewing, thick and dark. 13. Genus: Glossotrophia gen. nov. Face smooth, broad. Palpus in both sexes short, terminal joint distinct. Tongue long, in most species extraordinarily elongate. Antenna in g with rather long fascicles of cilia. Hindtibia of o not thickened, typically with a single spur (in diffinaria without spurs, in fucata and eurata with two), in 9 with two spurs; hindtarsus in both sexes long. Neuration as in Acidalia. Type of the genus: confinaria H.-Sch. (Acidalia). The early stages, so far as is known, are similar to those of Acidalia. But the pupa, in all the spe- cies with the extraordinarily long tongue, shows a remarkable adaptation to accommodate this organ. The tongue-case stands out free and after extending some distance beyond the anal extremity of the pupa curves in a wide sweep dorsad and extends over the back of the pupa nearly as far as to the thorax. The larvae are for the most part attached to Caryophyllaceae (Dianthus, Silene, etc.) and the moths, like those of the Noctuid genus Dianthoecia, are no doubt adapted for fertilizing these flowers. Apart from the abnormal tongue-structure, which is not absolutely invariable, the erection of this genus is necessitated by the absence of the middle pair of spurs in the 9. A study of Acidalia from all | parts of the world has shown that the spurs of the 2 can be relied upon. From Péychopoda, which also possess 2-spurred 99, Gilossotrophia is abundantly distinct in the elongate larvae, the neuration of the hindwing (the second subcostal not being stalked) and many other characters. It is evidently derived from Acidala, and indeed from forms such as coenosaria or submutata; like the latter, it has a fine black line extending round the apex of the forewing. The geographical range of Glossotrophia is apparently restricted to the southern part of the Western Palearctic Region and N. W. India. G. confinaria H.-Sch. (41, 9 as confinaria, 9 as coenosaria). Very variable in colour, according to the nature of the rocks on which it rests. The typical form is cinereous, usually with a faint tinge of yellowish. The lines are rather thick, especially the median, but are not usually very intense; they arise from three (usually equidistant) dark costal spots. As usual, only two of these lines are present on the hindwing; but these appear as continuations of the first and second, not (as in the similar species of Acidalia) of the second and third. Dark discal spots are present, but not very intense. The pale subterminal line is formed nearly as in A. marginepunctata, being strongly swollen between the radials and near the posterior margin and lunulate between. Distal marginal line black, very slender and interrupted, anteriorly somewhat thickened be- tween the veins, but never forming definite black dots. Under surface very glossy, without markings or with a very faint postmedian line present on the forewing or on both wings; the forewing usually also with faint traces of the second and third dark costal spots of the upperside; hindwing more whitish than forewing. Tongue extremely long. ¢ antennal shaft thick, the ends of the joints somewhat projecting, the fascicles. of cilia very strong; hindtibia with a single spur. — ab. falsaria H.-Sch. (= luridata Rb. nec Z.) (4h) is a very. much darker form, of a deep brown-grey colour, occurring with the type-form in some localities but replacing it in others. Our figure is not dark enough. PincELEeR has pointed out that it is not quite certain that fal- saria is the correct name for the form which is ordinarily so designated; for Hrrricu-ScuArrer figured a specimen from the Caucasus and it is not yet proved that the well-known form of Central Europe occurs there. — ab. arenacea ab. nov. represents the other principal phase of colour variation, in which the yellower scales predominate, giving to the insect a strongly sandy tone. — ab. extenuata ab. nov. is a very small, grey, weakly-marked form which may occur sometimes with the type but which deserves attention on account of its tending to form a local race on the Island of Capri, whence I have seen it in numbers. — sacraria Bane-Haas (31, as confinaria) is an interesting local race or closely allied species from Uralsk, distinguishable at once by the white ground-colour, absence of the dark median shade of the forewing and reduction or absence of the cell-spots. The structure appears to agree entirely with that of confinaria unless possibly the antennal joints in the g are slightly less swollen. — The larva of confinaria is long and slender, without sharp lateral carination; the dorsal line is very fine and pale, a little more distinct on the thoracic segments and the last three abdominals; there is a rather intricate dark dorsal pattern. The ground-colour is in general lighter or darker grey. It feeds on Silene inflata. It has been correctly described by Reren; Mriurmre’s figures and description can scarcely belong to this species. The moth appears in June, July and August and is widely distributed in Southern and Southern Central Europe. It is said to occur also in Transcaucasia and a variety in the Brussa district. The small form extenuata, Herr PinceLEr informs me, occurs in Central Italy together with romanaria Mill. which is similar in size but always reddish and distinguishable by the less long tongue. GLOSSOTROPHIA. By L. B. Prov. 83 G. diffinaria nom. nov. (= luridata Stgr. nec Z.) (4h, as lwridata) represents confinaria in Asia Minor, diffinaria. and also, according to STAUDINGER, in Syria. From certain grey forms of confinaria with a little admixture of yellowish, it appears to be superficially indistinguishable ; indeed the resemblance is so exact that STauDINGER ' records diffinaria as occurring among confinaria ab. falsaria in the Tyrol, which is not really the case. The essential distinction of diffinaria lies in the absence of the g hindtibial spur. Except in size, there does not seem to be much variation; our figure is rather more strongly marked than is usual. I have already, in dealing with the true Jwridata, explained the necessity for renaming this species. G. eurata sp. nov. is very similar to the light sandy forms of confinaria, but differs in the structure eurata. of the g. The hindtibia in both sexes bears a pair.of spurs. The g antennal structure is very similar to that of confinaria, although the joints appear to be slightly more angularly projecting and the ciliation perhaps slightly stronger. Whitish sand-colour, the darker dusting fine, but moderately strong. The lines of the forewing start from fuscous or blackish costal spots; the apex of the forewing shows a tendency to become pale, as is more characteristic of rufomixtata and romanaria than of confinaria. The second line of the hind- wing is removed further from the discal spot than in confinaria, arising between the end of the median and the postmedian of the forewing. The latter on the forewing is rather more conspicuously dark-spotted on the veins. The discal spots are more prominent than is usual in confinaria. Described from a g and 9 in the P&ncELER collection, the former (the type of the species) from Arwas, near Askhabad, 12 May 1900, the latter from Schahkuh, Persia. The ¢ is of about the size and shape of fuwcata, from which it is easily distinguished by its coloration, scaling and antennal structure. The 9 is much larger, about as the larger forms of confinaria, and the forewing appears somewhat broader, but there seems no reason to doubt the spe- cific identity. Similarly coloured examples of romanaria Mill. are easily distinguished by the scaling, as well as the structure. G. rufomixtata Ror. (7c) was formerly regarded as another variety of diffinaria and confinaria, with rufomix- which it agrees in the extremely long tongue; but apart from differences in the coloration, which is usually ‘ta. strongly mixed with reddish or bright ochreous, the ground-colour remaining at the same time white or bluish white, very strongly powdered with dark grey, it shows a very distinctive character in the nature of the scaling, as has been pointed out by PtUnceter. The scales in the dark spots which accompany the subterminal line are arranged in very fine transverse rows, so that when examined with a lens the spots appear fluted; in confinaria, diffinaria and ewrata the dark scales are evenly distributed. The forewing shows a more conspicuous pale, usually subquadrate apical spot than in those species. The ¢ hindtibia, as in confinaria is furnished with a single spur. The larva was discovered by Gras.in, feeding on Dianthus pungens. It is very similar to that of confinaria but with a darker and narrower dorsal band. GRasLINn was the first to observe the remarkable conformation of the pupal tongue, described in our generic diagnosis. rufomixtata is distributed in Spain, Portugal, Southern France and perhaps N. Africa, and is also recorded from Teneriffe. — ab. dentatolineata dentato- Rbr. is a less variegated, less heavily blackish-dusted form, with the dark lines in consequence standing out more “ela. distinctly and showing up their dentate character more prominently, although their course is not in reality essentially different from that shown in the type form. The ground colour in RamsBur’s figure is light brown. Figured without description from Andalusia. Referred to the present species by StaupiNGER and probably correctly, although the inadequate and even inaccurate way in which he has dealt with this group of species prevents our giving any weight to his decisions. The only specimen which I have seen agreeing with the figure is a 9 from the mountains of Cyprus, which I suppose really belongs to rufomixtata although its appearance would suggest yet another species, nearest to romanaria semitata, but rather darker and with the extremely long tongue, the scaling as in rufomiztata. G. rufotinctata sp. nov. Similarly coloured to the reddish forms of rufomixtata, but more uniformly, rufotinctata. no part of the ground-colour (or only the extreme base of the hindwing) remaining white, while the dark dusting is less intense and more reddish. The face appears rather browner (less blackish). The wings are rather longer and narrower, but the shape is somewhat variable, one example more nearly approaching rufomixtata than the other. The first line projects less behind the cell than in rufomixtata. The postmedian line of the forewing, which in all the rufomiztata that I have seen forms a marked proximally-directed tooth on the fourth subcostal, runs in rwfotinctata straight until the bend at the first radial. The apex of the fore- wing is less distinctly light than in rufomixtata. The discal spot of the hindwing is small (in rufomixtata larger). The under surface is entirely without markings and shows a tinge of flesh-colour, becoming whiter posteriorly on both wings. But the chief difference is in the structure of the g antenna; the joints have not the projec- ting edges which are so marked in the preceding species. The tongue is perhaps a little less extremely long, but I have been unable to make any exact measurements. It is certainly elongate. Hindleg and subterminal scaling about as in rufomiatata. Aksu, E. Turkestan, 2 gg in the Ptnce Ler collection. romanaria. philipparia. semitala. isabellaria. $4 GLOSSOTROPHIA. By L. B. Provr. G. romanaria Mill. (31) is apparently a variable species, and has been much confused with the allied species, in particular rufomiatata. The scaling of the dark patches is arranged as in that species, but the fluted appearance even more pronounced. That it cannot, however, be a form of rufomixtata is proved by the tongue and by the early stages, as has been pointed ont by Reser. The tongue, although long, has not nearly the abnormal length which it attains in that species. I have had no material in undoubted romanaria for mea- suring, and it is impossible to estimate the length when it is rolled up; but in an example of the Syrian sub- species (or close ally) semitata of which I relaxed and extended the tongue I found it 11—12 mm long. It looks less in the type-form, and indeed must be so if MiLiiERE’s figure of the pupa is correct; for that figure shows no elongate tongue-sheath. The tongue of confinaria, it may be added, measures about 18 mm, but freshly killed examples are needed for accurate work at this question. G. romanaria is generally of small size, in its typical forms rather glossy, the dark dusting not being strong enough to give the wings a more rough- ened appearance. The shades of colour are soft and delicate but sometimes rather bright, as there is often a strong tinge of pinkish or light red; the costal spots and the lines are brown, sometimes with a decided olivaceous tinge; the shades before the subterminal line greyer. The pale apical patch of the forewing is usually rather conspicuous, except in the lighest forms. The postmedian line is not appreciably toothed near the costal margin. Underside almost entirely without markings. In the 3 antenna and hindleg I find nothing distinctive from confinaria or rufomixtata. The larva feeds on the leaves of Linaria and Antirrhinum. It resembles that of Acidalia marginepunctata. Elongate, cylindrical, without lateral flange. Head small. Body fleshy grey, sometimes more clay-coloured, ventrally whitish; dorsal line fine, double, brown; tubercles and stigmata black. The moth is double-brooded, appearing in the spring and in July. True romanaria (which according to Mriirbre varies little) occurs in Central and Southern Italy, Sicily and Tunis; probably also in Spain and Algeria, but there is still much work to be done in arranging and classifying the closely allied forms. I only indicate one or two which I have been able to examine. — philipparia swbsp. nov. is a much darker form from Philippeville, Algeria. Reddish brown, about as in our figure of falsaria (4h) the lines and subterminal shades darker brown, all showing very strongly, with the lens, the fine transverse striation. The pale apical spot on forewing and a pale line at base of fringe on both wings, though not really lighter than in typical romanaria, are more conspicuous on account of the darkening of the ground-colour. $2 in the PiNnGELER collection, bred ab ovo by K. Anpreas in September, 1910. The larvae fed on Caryophyllaceae. T have a larger and lighter 2 (the dark lines and cell-spots consequently showing up more distinctly) from the same locality, taken in May 1909, which is still a good deal darker than typical romanaria. It is however, pos- sible that larger material will show philipparia to be merely an extreme aberration. It is perhaps the N. Afri- can form indicated by STAUDINGER under rufomixtata as a transitional form to diffinaria; but it has not the coarse dark speckling of the former, and differs from both in the shorter tongue. — semitata subsp. nov. represents romanaria in Syria. It was formerly recorded by PUNGELER as a small light form of rufomiztata, but he now determines it (in litt.) as “romanaria?”’. I suspect it will prove to be a species distinct from both, and indeed intermediate. The tongue seems to be longer than in typical romanaria. The antennal cilia- tion appears appreciably shorter, though similarly arranged. The ground-colour is of a very pale sandy hue, slightly tinged with reddish, very similar in colouring to coenosaria from the same locality; in some specimens the colouring is a little deeper, in others a little paler, but it does not seem very variable. It looks less glossy than typical romanaria, the wings being more strongly dusted with dark scales; but these are reddish brown, not so blackish nor so coarse as in rufomiatata. The costal spots of the forewing are as a rule strongly developed, that at the origin of the postmedian line black, or almost black. The average size is at least as small as in romanaria, perhaps slightly smaller. The type specimen, from Baalbek, is in my collection, and was taken by Mr. P. P. Graves at light in May 1905. I have also a second 3 with the same data, and a series of both sexes from “Syria”? without more exact locality, Herr PtncrLer has others and there is one in the British Museum from the Lercu collection. G. isabellaria Mill. (7c) isnot certainly known to me, but Ihave no doubt it belongs in the immediate vicinity of romanaria. To judge from some specimens similar in coloration to Mituimre’s figures I should be inclined to suppose that it was only a richly-coloured Spanish form of that species. But it must not be forgotten that Mirrizre, who knew the larvae, regarded the two as distinct species and it is possible that isabellaria is a scarce species awaiting rediscovery. The form from Spain and Portugal which I provisionally refer here shows one slight structural difference which should be at least subspecific; the g antennal joints seem to project still more strongly. The ground-colour is reddish, the markings brown with a rather strong shade of olive, the dark dusting stronger than in romanaria but scarcely so strong as in rufomiatata; the striated scaling of the dark outer shade as in those species. The pale subterminal line is conspicuous and thickens considerably between the radials and near the anal angle, about as in Acidalia marginepunctata; the distal shading beyond the subterminal line is so slight that the subterminal itself almost appears to be extended as far as to the black terminal marks. The dark lines are rather thick and not very sharply expressed. The wings seem sometimes rather broader. MILiibRe in erecting his isabellaria speaks of the “feebly pectinate HOLARCTIAS. By B. L. Proovr. 85 antenna’, but this can scarcely refer to anything more than the strongly projecting joints or serrations, and would help to strengther our identification. The larva, as described and figured by the same author, would appear to be very similar to that of romanaria but with the dorsal area more tinged with vinous, the ventral with bluish, the brown dorsal line ill-defined except on the last three segments. It wais fed, in captivity, on various plants, of which it seemed to prefer the flowers of Alyssum maritimum. Described from Western Spain. The specimens before me are from Portugal and Southern Spain. Should it prove necessary to unite this species with romanaria, isabellaria will be its oldest name. G. fucata Pring. (3 1) differs from nearly all the other forms of Glossotrophia in the more pointed forewing, its distal margin being decidedly more oblique, and in the presence of a pair of strong spurs on the ¢ hind- tibia. In these respects it agrees only with the much paler, greyer ewrata Prout; see above for the differentia- tion. G. fucata shows the smooth appearance of romanaria, not being strongly dark dusted. Its coloration is also similar to that of the rather reddish forms of romanaria. The first line, which in romanaria and rufomix- tata generally shows a marked projection behind the cell, is in fucata gently imcurved in its posterior part. The postmedian line is rather further from the distal margin, the grey band between it and the (strongly dentate) subterminal line therefore broader; it is also in the type specimen stronger, but this may prove variable. The arrangement of the dark scales on this band is scarcely so definite as in rufomixtata, certainly not so marked as in romanaria. The interrupted black marginal line is immediately preceded by a very fine white line, while in romanaria (see the subspecies philipparia) the pale line follows the black marginal line. 3 antennal ciliation moderately strong, but the joints of the antenna not appreciably projecting. Described from a single _ 6 from the Alexander Mountains, Central Asia. The author writes me that he has since seen a 2 in the Hom- BERG collection, larger but otherwise entirely agreeing. 14. Genus: Holaretias gen. nov. Face flat. Eye small. Palpus moderately long, with fine, long projecting hairs below, terminal joint pointed. Tongue developed. Antenna in 3 with fascicles of moderately long cilia; in 2 simple. Pectus and femora hairy. Hindtibia in 9 with two, in 2 with four spurs. Neuration as in Acidalia. Unless it has any further representatives among the North American species which I have not yet studied, this genus contains only a single species. It has been referred to Acidalia, but the head and leg struc- ture differentiate it very strongly even from the section Pylarge, with which it agrees in the number of hind- tibial spurs. This and the two genera which follow are perhaps really more ancestral than Acidalia, but they seem to fall appropriately enough between that genus and Hmmiultis. Holarctias, with its hairy clothing, is well protected against the Arctic cold and reaches high latitudes and altitudes. Like some other inhabitants of the far North, it is common to the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. Type of the genus: sentinaria Hbn.-Geyer (Haematopis). H. sentinaria Hbn.-Geyer (= spuriaria Chr. = gracilior Bil.) (41, erroneously called frigidaria). Bright, deep reddish fulvous, more or less strongly suffused with dark fuscous, at least in the basal area of the hind- wing; most commonly the distal half of the forewing and to a less degree of the hindwing remains nearly free from suffusion, but sometimes the clear coloration is restricted to a narrow area between the median and postmedian lines. Lines dark fuscous; first line of forewing bent near the costal margin, approaching the median line posteriorly, very frequently altogether lost in the dark suffusion; median line rather thick; postme- dian only slightly sinuous. Cell-spots usually obsolescent. Fringes flushed with vinous. Under surface clearer fulvous, usually without dark suffusion, the darkest specimens, however, suffused from the base to the median line; median and postmedian lines, and usually the discal spots, sharply defined; sometimes there are traces of the first line in the posterior part of the forewing. A very easily recognized species, in spite of its variability in coloration. The type form, so far as I know, does not occur in the Palearctic Region, but inhabits Labrador and the Rocky Mountains of Canada and Colorado. As it was the only form available for figuring, and StaupDINGER has reckoned Labrador to the Palearctic Region we represent it here. — rufociliaria Brem. (= rufularia Hv. nec H.-Sch. = rufinaria Stgr.) is on an average decidedly larger, the colour is brighter (al- most as in Ptychopoda serpentata Hufn.), the lines and discal spots of the upper surface more distinct, as there is either no dark suffusion or at most some suffusion (not very intense) in the basal part of the wings. Distri- buted in Siberia. I have seen specimens from Amurland and the Kentei Mountains. According to Srau- DINGER the examples from N. E. Siberia are smaller, in this respect approaching the American type. — rufi- nularia Sigr. from the highest altitudes in the Sajan district, is unknown to me in nature. It is also smaller jucata. sentinaria. rufociliaria. rupfinularia. pratana. obscuraria. mortuaria. 86 OAR; STIGMA. By L. B. Provr. than normal rufociliaria but is more reddish and characterized particularly by the blackish veins, which, together with the strongly expressed blackish lines, give it an almost latticed appearance. 15. Genus: Q@ar gen. nov. Face rough-sealed. Eye small. Palpus moderate, with long hairs projecting forwards and downwards. Tongue rudimentary. Antenna in ¢ with slender, strongly ciliated pectinations;in 2 simple. Femora somewhat hairy or in 2 nearly glabrous. Hindtibia in g with two, in Q with four spurs. Forewing rather short and broad, neuration nearly as in Acidalia. Hindwing with second subcostal arising from apex of cell or shortly stalked. This genus, which was merged by StauptncER in Fidonia (!) has much affinity with Hmmiltis. Mry- RICK, indeed, did not distinguish it therefrom, having evidently only the 3 before him. The 2 of Hmmiltis has only two spurs on the hindtibia. The other differences are for the most part less essential. In order to dif- ferentiate the 3, however, it is only necessary to point out that the palpus of Hmmiltis is much less abnor- mal and that in it the g antennal pectinations do not, as is the case in Oar, terminate in strong, spreading cilia. From Holarctias the present genus differs in the pectinate g antenna, rudimentary tongue, less hairy legs and different wing-form and markings. Type of the genus: pratana F. (Phalaena). The geographical range is restricted to Southern Spain, N. Africa, Palestine and the shores of the Red Sea. All the known forms seem to me to be probably referable to a single variable species. O. pratana F. (= pratanaria Turion = reaumuraria Mill. = megearia Ob. = ectypata Mab.) (7c) was first described from N. Africa as long ago as 1794. Whitish, more or less suffused with light ochreous brown, and with some scattered dark speckling. Lines dark brown or blackish. First line of forewing twice dentate outwards, rather thick, especially at the teeth, sometimes almost interrupted between them. Postmedian line somewhat dentate, incurved between the radials and again posteriorly, followed by a white line. At about 1 mm proximally to the postmedian a line following the same course, the space between them sometimes darkened. Subterminal line whitish, placed near the distal margin, following a similar course to the postmedian, accompanied proximally by some dark shading, which is usually broadest and strongest anteriorly; the space between this line and the margin also as a rule more or less darkened. Cell-spot present, either well with- in the central area or touching the proximal postmedian line; in the latter case scarcely noticeable. Fringes chequered. Hindwing without the first line; the proximal postmedian line often and the distal sometimes weak. Under surface more weakly marked, the postmedian line, the white line which follows it and the white subterminal usually fairly distinct. Andalusia, Murcia and Algeria, end of January to April and again in June. The darkest Algerian specimen which I have seen is indistinguishable from some forms from the Red Sea; the lightest is a 9, almost white with only a very slight ochreous tinge. — obscuraria Baker (= nigres- cens Hmpsn.) is decidedly darker, sometimes blackish, and is the prevailing form in Egypt, the Sudan and at Aden, December to March. Examples occur in these localities, however, which are as brownish and almost as light as the name-type, while on the other hand this dark form, according to STAUDINGER, occurs as an aberration in Murcia. — mortuaria Stgr. represents the species in Palestine and is on the whole slightly less dark than the form obscwraria, while it differs from the type in lacking the ochreous tone. The prevailing shade is greyish or cinereous. STAUDINGER Says it is also smaller than the other forms, but the few examples which I have seen do not bear this out. — Egg an irregular ellipsoid, the surface covered with polygonal reticulation arranged in longitudinal lines so as to form channels with prominent edges; yellowish green. Larva elongate, subeylindrical, the last 3segments strongly thickened, tapering a little anteriorly ; segment-incisions not distinct ; green with yellow dorsal and lateral stripes; a single more or less rounded dark brown spot on the side of the 6. abdominal above the spiracle (rare aberrations have similar spots also on the first five abdominals); tubercles indistinct. Apparently not yet observed at large; in captivity, among many plants which were offered, the larvae chose Suaeda vermiculata, a plant which at Biskra is as abundant as the moth. Pupa short, much attenuated posteriorly, somewhat granulated dorsally, the wings smooth; yellowish brown, the spiracles small, not very distinct; cremaster bearing two erect bristles, their extremity forming a small hook. From eggs laid 10 May the larvae pupated in the middle of June. There seems to be a succession of broods at least until June, perhaps later. 16. Genus: Stigma Alph. Face smooth. Palpus moderate, with strong projecting hairs. Tongue short and slender. Antenna in ¢ EMMILTIS; ANTHOMETRA. By L. B. Provr. j 87 with very short pectinations, bearing fascicles of cilia. Hindtibia in g with two spurs. Abdomen in 3 rather long and pointed. Forewing with costal margin arched, distal margin very little oblique, neuration about as in Acidalia. Hindwing relatively rather large, costal vein anastomosing as usual near base, but thence only gradually or quite moderately diverging; second subcostal from angle of cell or very shortly stalked. Probably nearest to Oar, notwithstanding the difference in shape and markings. The 9 is excessively scarce, and imperfectly known. The only two of which I have any knowledge are in the Pincrter collec- tion and very unfortunately both have the hindlegs lost or damaged. I conjecture that she will have four spurs. But even in that case the less abnormal palpus will help to distinguish the genus from Oar. The 9 is smaller than the g, with narrower, more pointed wings and probably flies but little. Of this genus also only a single variable species is known. It inhabits the mountains of Central Asia. A species from Panama, described by THrerry-Mine as Stigma isthmensis, is unknown to me, but will without doubt prove to belong to some other genus. S. kuldschaensis Alph. (5g) cannot possibly be mistaken for any other known species. The wings both above and below are brownish black with a moderate-sized yellow discal spot. In the @ this spot is smaller. Discovered in the neighbourhood of Kuldja and apparently common in the Western Thian-Shan. Blies freely by day, from the end of May onwards. — negrita Th.-Mieg (= atraria Bang-Haas) is evidently only a variety, or possibly aberration of kuldschaensis and was described as such by Thierry-Mieg from Issyk- Kul, while Banc-Haas, who re-described it a year later, regarded it as a species. It is of a deeper black and lacks the yellow central spot. My single specimen is also a little larger than the type-form, and this is also mentioned in the original description. The only known @ has very small yellow spots persisting, so that the distinction seems only to apply absolutely to the gg. The localities known to me are Issyk-Kul and the Alex- ander Mountains, thus a little further west than the headquarters of the type form. 17. Genus: Emmiiltis Abn. Face smooth. Hye small. Palpus rather short, with projecting hairs beneath but these very much more shortly than in Oar. Tongue slender. Antenna in g pectinate. Hindtibia in both sexes with.a single pair of spurs. Neuration of forewing as in Acidalia. Hindwing with second subcostal stalked. This and the succeding genera, like the three which precede, are small Palearctic offshoots of the main Acidaliid stock; but they show a higher grade of specialization in the loss of the middle spurs of the 2. Emmiltis may be derived from Oar, which it somewhat resembles in shape and pattern, though much inferior in size. The North American species which is referred here by Hutst, sparsaria Walk., is not congeneric. Tt is necessary to add that of recent years HipNER’s name Hmmiultis has been mis-applied by some systematists, being used in place of Acidalia Tr. The type of the genus Hmmiltis is pygmacaria Hbn., HERRICH-SCHAFFER having long ago restricted it to that species. kuldschaen- Sis. negrita. E. pygmaearia Hbn. (= parvularia Hbn.) (4a). Brownish grey, sometimes tinged with olivaceous, pygmacaria. sometimes more ochreous, the 2 nearly always less bright than the g. Forewing with an undulate white inner line, usually followed in the g by a narrow dark band or thick line; the distal part of this band represents the median shade and is closely followed by the black discal dot; to this follows a less undulate, sometimes nearly straight, fine dark postmedian line, edged distally by a thicker pale line; the pale subterminal line is placed and shaped nearly as i pratana, the area between this and the pale postmedian line is moderately dark; the fringe is long, and is traversed by a thick dark line, which is sometimes expanded into spots opposite the ends of the veins. Hindwing similar, without the inner line. Under surface similar. Moderately variable but always unmistakable. The line or band’ proximally to the postmedian line is always rather pale, sometimes as pale as the line distally to it; in this case the wings present the appearance of being traversed by a modera- tely broad pale postmedian band, bisected by the fine dark postmedian: line. The geographical range of E. pygmaearia ‘apparently only extends from Southern Switzerland southwards to Central Italy and south- east to Dalmatia. It is on the wing from the end of May into July. The egg is-yellowish, spherical, apparently not fully described. The larva is quite similar to those of Ptychopoda, of medium thickness, tapering anteriorly, strongly carinated laterally, the head small, flattened. Blackish, tinged with green; dorsal line fine, pale, not interrupted, edged with brown; subdorsal brown, interrupted; spiracles large and black. Polyphagous, preferring dry leaves. 18. Genus: Anthometra Bdv. Agrees closely in structure with Hmmiltis, to which Meyrick has sunk it. But even if there were plumularia. ramosaria. transiens. perpusilla- ria. 88 CLETA. By L. B. Prov. no other difference, the entirely different shape of the wings would raise a doubt as to the desirability of uni- ting them. In addition the tongue is stouter, the g antennal pectinations much longer, the costal vein of the hindwing after touching or anastomosing with the subcostal diverges more gradually. The second subcostal ot the hindwing is usually long-stalked with the first radial. Both wings are long and narrow, densely scaled. The 9, as in many Ptychopoda, is smaller and narrower-winged than the 3, which is by no means the case in Lmmiltis. Only a single species is known, and this has a very restricted range, being confined to the Pyrenees, Spain and Portugal. Although MasBinLe pointed out the correct systematic position in 1866, all authors excepting Mry- rick have continued to misplace the genus, perhaps on account of its strongly pectinate, almost plumose, 3 antenna. A. plumularia Bdv. (= concoloraria Led. = psychinaria Rosenh.). Variable in colour from reddish ochreous to reddish cinnamon-brown, sometimes very dark. Both wings with dark median and postmedian lines, often weak, sometimes almost obsolete, the postmedian followed by a vague pale line. Underside similar. Py- renees to Portugal, June and July. The ¢ is active on the wing in sunshine, the 9 much more sluggish. Flies in bushy places in the mountain valleys and ascends to a height of about 1500 m. It is said to frequent a species of Genista. 19. Genus: Cleta Dup. Probably an offshoot of Hmmiultis, differing in little except the absence of spurs on the ¢ hindtibia, which is clothed with rather long soft hair, in the longer-haired palpus and usually in one peculiarity of neu- ration, which, though appearing occasionally as an aberration in Ptychopoda and perhaps one or two other genera, is here of such frequent occurrence that Meyrick has even employed it as the principal generic distinc- tion. I have, however, found it inconstant in ramosaria and filacearia. It consists in the loss of the areole in the forewing, the first subcostal vein, which arises from the cell, failing to touch, sometimes scarcely even approaching the stalk of the other four. Cleta is distributed in the southern Palearctic Region from Spain to Central Asia. The type of the genus is ramosaria Vill. , C. ramosaria Vill. (= vittaria Hbn. nec Thnbg.). Paler or darker ochreous, the lines fuscous, forewing with three, hindwing with two; base of both wings usually strongly shaded with fuscous; the area distally to the postmedian line of both wings also mostly fuscous, containing a broad, interrupted pale subterminal line, which is usually broken up into an anterior band and a posterior spot; sometimes this pale shade is extended and occupies nearly the whole space between the normal position of the subterminal line and the distal margin. Spain and Morocco; I also have one worn example before me from Biskra, captured with the following. — transiens form. nov. (4a, as vittaria) is the prevailing form in Algeria and the only one which I have seen from Palestine. The ground-colour is generally brighter ochreous, the dark basal and distal shading very much weaker, often scarcely differentiated from the ground-colour. In addition I notice that the median line of the forewing in this form in generally midway between the others and is scarcely bent in the middle, while in true ramosaria it is generally nearer to the inner line, sinuous and showing a distinct distally-directed tooth in the middle. transiens stood is the British Museum collection as a separate, unnamed species and [ have recently received it under the tradename vittaria var. transiens. I should not be surprised if it proves specifically distinct. I am not acquainted with any account of the early stages of ramosaria. The geogra-- phical range of the species is restricted, so far as I know, to the countries mentioned above and possibly Sardinia. WERNEBURG pointed out nearly 50 years ago that ramosaria Vill. was the correct name for this species, having priority over HUBNER’s name of vittaria. It was quite recognizably figured and described, al- though pe VitLERS did not express himself very clearly on the antennal structure. In any case vittaria was a preoccupied name, and if ramosaria were not accepted a new name would be necessary. C. perpusillaria Hv. (4 a) is on an average somewhat smaller than ramosaria, the forewing slightly nar- rower. The 3, moreover, may be distinguished at once by the considerably shorter antennal pectinations. The ground-colour is generally paler than the transiens form, the brown markings well expressed. The median line, which in typical ramosaria is sinuous, is in perpusillaria almost entirely straight. The dark distal bor- dering is intermediate between the two forms of ramosaria. Concerning the larva of this species, also, infor- mation is still wanting. It was discovered in the Sarepta district, but also occurs both east and west of the Caspian Sea and in the neighbourhood of Lake Zaizan. Publ. 15. X11. 1913. PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 89 C. filacearia H.-Sch. (= flaveolaria Tr. nec Hbn.) (7d). Certainly less closely related to the two preceding filacearia. than they to one another, but the structural differences seem to me quite insufficient to justify the retention of the genus Chrysoctenis, which Meyrick proposed for it. He relied chiefly on the course of the first sub- costal vein of the forewing which, as pointed out above, is inconstant. It seems that the extremity of the areole is less frequently open in filacearia than in the other species, but this structure does occur. The palpus, leg, etc., are quite normal; the antennal pectinations shorter than in the other species. In size, shape and co- lour filacearia closely approaches Ptychopoda aureolaria, but the tone of colour is not quite so bright, the lines are more weakly expressed, the inner line of the forewing obsolescent, the postmedian of the hindwing on an average rather straighter, the fringe, though darkened, much less blackish and the underside duller. Larva stumpy, dorsally and ventrally flattened, with strong transverse folds, the surface granular, setae short. Head small, black-brown. Body with very pronounced lateral carination; olive-brownish, becoming more vio- let brown in later stages; dorsal line and a shield-shaped spot on the fifth abdominal light reddish violet, the dark lateral ridge with a similarly coloured elongate spot on each segment, especially the 2.—5. abdominal, anteriorly somewhat convergent; ventral surface dark violet brown. Very different in its dark colour and peculiar violet markings from the larvae of the aureolaria-group of Ptychopoda. The moth flies from the end of May to July, and is local from Spain through Southern Europe and Central Asia to Issyk Kul. 20. Genus: Ptychopoda Cuz. Face smooth. Palpus not hairy. Antenna in ¢ ciliated (but see maderae). Hindtibia in g with a pair of spurs (section Sterrha) or without spurs (section Ptychopoda), in the latter case often shortened and thickened; tarsus often abbreviated; 2 with a pair of spurs. Forewing very variable in width, on an average less broad than in Acidalia, sometimes quite narrow; its distal margin nearly always entire; neuration as in Acidalia or (very rarely) with the areole open at its end, the first subcostal failing to anastomose with the others. Hindwing very variable in width, its distal margin smooth or somewhat crenulate, sometimes with excisions, slight or deeper, between the radials and again towards the anal angle, but never with a single marked angle or tail at the third radial; second subcostal moderately to very long stalked with first radial. g genitalia less homo- geneous than those of Aczdalia, commonly with the valves narrow, fused at the base, so that it is impossible to obtain a displayed view of them without rupturing their union. The early stages are also less homogeneous than those of Acidalia, and it is possible that the genus, which is at present a very extensive one, may later admit of subdivision on biological grounds. The egg is sometimes similar to that of Acidalia, at other times very different; thus some are less elongate, with strong hexagonal pattern or covered with a network of dark markings. The known eggs will be described in their places, but no systematisation of their forms seems at present possible. The larvae are strongly rugose, much less regularly cylindrical than those of Acidalia, tapering strongly anteriorly, generally with strong lateral cari- nation, often quite short and stout, never so elongate as in Acidalia, but very variable in this respect. They show a much more marked predilection for dry or withered leaves than those of Acidalia. The pupa is some- times less polished than in Acidalia and has generally on the cremaster, so far as I have been able to observe, a group of 6 very fine and thread-like bristles with hooked tips. Some of the species produce a succession of generations during the warmer months, but others, even in warm climates, refuse to be hastened, the larva feeding very slowly for perhaps 11 months and a single brood of the perfect insect appearing about June or July. They are often exceedingly local, but generally plentiful where they occur, flying gently and seldom moving far from their chosen haunts. The geographical range of Piychopoda is almost coextensive with that of Acidalia, but no Arctic species ‘are known and indeed the very great majority of its Palearctic representatives belong exclusively to the southern part of the region. It has not reached New Zealand and there seem to be but few species in South America; seyeral which were described from the Neotropical Region as Ptychopoda have proved, on examination, to have a double areole. Concerning the generic name, it is not quite certain that the one here used is older than those of Hisner. It was first published by Curtis (from STEPHENS’ manuscript) in September 1826 with specified type dilutata Haw. (= biselata Hufn.). Our leading systematists regard Htpner’s “Verzeichnis”, or at least its latest sheets, as having been published about the end of 1826 or early in 1827, and unless an earlier date can be proved for it, it is clearly preferable to give priority to Curtis’ name; especially as this section is very _ much more extensive than that to which the Hiibnerian name of Sterrha has hitherto been applied. Moreover it is convenient to be able to drop Sterrha and Hots, both of which have at times — the former incorrectly, the latter I believe correctly, been applied in a different sense from that of Merynrick’s classification, namely to genera in the Larentiinae. For convenience of reference, I have arranged this genus, like Acidalia, in sections according to IV 12 “= aureolaria. nigrocostata. luteolaria. Jalekiu. ochrata. 90 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provt. the presence or absence of spurs on the ¢ hindtibia; but it is unfortunately quite certain, especially from the curious case of rusticata and vulpinaria, that this gives only an artificial classification in some instances. A. Section Sterrha. $ hindtibia with terminal spurs present. al Pt. aureolaria Schiff. (= trilineata Scop. nec Hufn. = bicincta Geoff.) (4a). Bright golden yellow, the extreme costal edge of the forewing black. Forewing with three, hindwing with two sharply defined grey or blackish lines, all nearly straight, or the inner line of the forewing or the outer of the hindwing may be slightly more irregular. Distal marginal line black, basal part of frmges blackish, their extremities paler. Under surface similar, forewing without the first line but sometimes with a little blackish dusting in basal area, both wings with a small black discal spot close proximally to (often touching) the median line. Even in the most weakly marked specimens (generally 99) the lines are more sharply defined than in the similar species. — ab. nigrocostata Hirschke has on the upper surface a broad black costal stripe on the forewing and black basal streak on the hindwing; beneath the black costal area of the forewing is still further extended and both wings have the basal area blackened. Described from a single 3 from Austria. — The larva is one of the more slender in the genus, the lateral ridge sharp; it is reddish grey, the fine white dorsal lime edged with black, the subdorsal line almost obsolete, but expanding into a dark spot at each segment-incision. Tubercles very small, only more distinct on the thoracic segments. The pupa is yellowish, with the cremaster dark; according to RocenHoFER with four curved-tipped bristles, but probably two had become broken or were overlooked; ReBEL says “five or six’. Double brooded, occurring through June and into July and again in August. It has a moderately extended range in Central and Southern Europe, especially in the more eastern parts, and reappears in Central Asia along the mountain ranges from Armenia to Mongolia. Pt. luteolaria Const. (4a). Less brightly coloured than the preceding. Usually reddish ochreous, very rarely yellow, and even then not so golden as awreolaria. The lines red-brown, hence much less prominent, only the postmedian sometimes more fuscous-mixed. A slight reddish shade usually follows the postmedian and to this succeeds an indistinctly pale subterminal line. The fringes in strongly-marked examples are very varied, at their base reddish, then nearly black, then with a very fine whitish line and finally grey. On the under surface the median and postmedian lines are thickened and blackened and the rufous shading which follows the latter is usually dusted with black. A very local species, inhabiting the Pyrenees and the mountains of Spain. I have it from various Spanish localities, collected by Dr. Cuapman in July. It first appears, however, in June or even in May and there is a partial second brood in the autumn. Larva rather short and thick, attenuated anteriorly, head small, brown; body ochreous, browner at the incisions, with an X-sha- ped black dorsal pattern on the middle segments; the whitish lateral line fine and interrupted; spiracles mi- nute, not noticeable without a lens; no ventral line, but two small diagonal brown marks on each of the middle segments. Polyphagous but seems to show a preference for the petals of Geranium and other flowers. Pt. falckii Hedem. (= falcki Stgr.) from Amurland, is unknown to me. It is said to belong in the aw- reolaria group, but the structure of the g hindleg is not expressly mentioned. The ¢ is red-brown, darker towards the distal margin, the 2 very variable in colour, lighter reddish brown to clay-yellowish. The fore- wing has three, the hindwing two blackish brown transverse lines and a fine blackish distal marginal line. The fringes are broadly black-brown in the middle, basally and at their extremities grey, in the 9 tinged with yellowish. The lines are curved anteriorly, that of the hindwing more waved. Underside dusted with red-brown, especially in the distal area, the median and postmedian lines thicker than above, the first line wanting. Pt. ochrata Scop. (= corrigata F. = pallidaria Hbn. = ochrearia Hbn. = perochraria Dbld., nec F. &.) (4a). Reddish ochreous with the lines more reddish, seldom very sharply defined; the basal and me- dian usually rather thick, the postmedian finer. Forewing with first line gently curved or strongly bent, often weak or obsolete; median line sometimes a little curved near costal margin; postmedian parallel with distal margin, very faintly wavy or denticulate; two moderately distinct lines or shades enclose the pale subter- minal. Fringe with dark dots opposite the veins, though very variable in intensity. Hindwing without the first line, the postmedian more sinuous. A minute dark discal dot is usually discernible on the hindwing and very occasionally on the forewing. On both wings the area between the median and postmedian lines is usually somewhat clearer than the rest. The under surface is more strongly dark dusted; as a rule only the subterminal line remains altogether free from the dusting; the lines and shades, except the first line of the forewing, are better expressed, in well marked specimens very dark. An abundant species in Central and Southern Europe and extending eastward as far as Transcaspia; June—August. It is very variable in size PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 9] and colour, but the variation does not appear to be to any very marked degree local, and the three at- tempts which have been made to indicate local races have not been entirely successful, although they are of some service in showing general tendencies. I quote them as “forms”, a vague general term which can include both the conception of an aberration and that of a local race. — f. sicula Z. (= accretata Fuchs) is the large form which is prevalent in many southern localities and perhaps in some (as in Sicily, whence came ZELLER’s and Fucus’s types) forms a moderately well-defined race. It is paler than the form which is regarded as the type, less mixed with reddish, but shows otherwise a similar range of variation. The distinc- tion in the course of the median line, founded by Fucus on a single specimen, is quite unreliable. — f. al- bida Ribbe is a very light form, said to be prevalent in Southern Spain but also to be met with occasio- nally in other localities. It is not well described, but is probably similar to an aberration which is rather frequent in Crete (among darker and brighter forms), the ground-colour very pale ochreous, between the me- dian and postmedian lines sometimes almost white, the reddish lines sometimes of almost the same colour as in the type-form, hence rather distinct, sometimes paler. It should be added that I have many examples from Northern and Central Spain and only very few of these are of the albida form; the majority agree with my material from Italy, Turkey, etc. — f. cantiata form. nov. (= perochraria Guen. nec Fisch.-Roéss.) is a small, rather dull form with but little red in its colouring. It is rather pale, but less so than albida. It forms a fixed local race in England, where it is almost confined to one locality on the coast of Kent; but similar specimens might be picked out occasionally from among continental material. GurntE was the first to call attention to this race, which he calls var. A, quoting the untenable name of perochraria Steph. — The egg of ochrata is oval, strongly ribbed and finely reticulated, its colour straw-yellow, changing to brown just before hatching. The larva is moderately stout, tapering anteriorly; head rather flat and small; skin rugose, lateral ridge developed; yellowish grey, with fine double dorsal grey line obscurely indicated, subdorsal indicated by broken rows of grey dots. Polyphagous like most of the genus, but apparently preferring withered flowers. Buckier’s statement that the anterior prolegs of this larva are placed on the seventh abdominal segment is erroneous. Pupa light, shining chestnut brown, anal extremity darker brown. Pt. subochraria Sigr. is only known to me from the description. The hindtibial structure is not indi- cated and as it is said to be intermediate between perochraria (serpentata) and numidaria it is possible that it should be placed with the former, in the spurless group. Ground-colour light ochreous with sharp black discal dot and usually four darker lines or narrow bands, which are slightly dentate or waved. Sometimes one of the lines is wanting. The colour is similar to that of light nwmidaria. The large black discal spot of both wings distinguishes it from both the species mentioned, but it differs chiefly in the g antenna, which has longer and more widely separated teeth. On the underside only the two outer dark lines are distinct and these are less strong than in numidaria, the first of them nearer to the discal spot. North Ferghana (Namangan). Pt. numidaria Luc. (4b). Related to ochrata, but of a yellower tone of colour, without the coarse darker dusting of that species, the under surface consequently much lighter. The lines are more wavy, the fringes not concolorous but distally greyer, though less strongly in some specimens than in others, and not shown in our figure. Structurally numidaria agrees with ochrata, but the forewing appears slightly broader, the distal margin being somewhat less oblique. Algeria. Pt. rufaria Hbn. (4b) superficially resembles a large, pale form of ochrata. The ground-colour is nearly the same, but in general slightly less ochreous, in the g paler, in the 9 often rather more tinged with rufous, the lines on an average more brownish. They are similarly placed, but the median and postmedian of the hind- wing more often stand near together, rather recalling the position in macilentaria. The postmedian of the fore- wing is rather more sinuous and denticulate; the shading on either side of the pale subterminal is on an ave- tage weaker. The fringes are not dark-dotted. The underside is less dusted. But the best distinction in the markings is in the presence on both wings of a conspicuous blackish discal dot, that of the forewing generally small, that of the hindwing larger. Structurally the gg are very easy to discriminate; in rufaria the antennal ciliation is extremely short, much shorter than the diameter of the shaft; in ochrata the joints project strongly and the ciliation is rather long, arranged in pairs of fascicles. — ab. nigrocinctaria F. Fuchs is described as having three thick black transverse striae through both wings and occurs regularly among the type-form in the Bornich district. I have seen forms with one or two of the lines (especially the postmedian) strongly blackish, but nothing so extreme as this. There is, however, much variation in the tone of the ground-colour and the strength of the markings. A grey aberration (or local race?) with three dark transverse striae, the other lines obsolete, of which two examples from N. Caucasus (Ielesnovodsk, July) are recorded by ALPHHRAKY, may provisionally be regarded as a colour modification of this form. Larva of moderate proportions, not tapering very strongly anteriorly; yellowish grey, the pale mediodorsal line distinct, dark edged, accompanied by irre- sicula. albida. cantiata. subochraria. numidaria. rufaria. nigro- cinctaria. taurica. consangui- nara. macilentaria. pulchraria. determinata. 92 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B Proor. gular, trapezoidal dark marks and dots. Tubercles very small, the thoracic larger. Pupa yellow-brown. Central and Southern Europe to Central Asia, July—August. Pt. taurica Bang-Haas would seem to belong here, although its author does not mention its structure. Dr. REBEL, in determining the Herzegovina example, indicated its probable position, from the point of view of structure, as between filacearia and aureolaria, but gave no detail. It is described as light ochre-yellow, the basal area and inner margin of the forewing and the base of the hindwing somewhat paler. Forewing with costal margin sparsely dusted with brownish. The lines brownish, waved, similar to those of consanguinaria in their course but materially more distinct (thicker). Both wings with black discal dot. Black terminal dots at the vein-ends on both surfaces (this should probably read “‘on the base of the fringe opposite the vein- ends”). Under surface dirty yellowish, the transverse lines in the distal area and the discal dots very weak. Forewing rather broader than in rufaria, hindwing with distal margin rounded. The size is that of a large rufaria. Described from the Taurus. A single specimen has since been taken in Herzegovina by ScHAWERDA. Pt. consanguinaria Led. (= faillata Tvtz.) (4 b) closely resembles rufaria but is paler, more glossy, rather weakly marked, the lines occasionally almost obsolete. The postmedian line and proximal shading of the sub- terminal are on the forewing still more sinuous and terminate on the posterior margin with more of a distally directed curve. The discal dots are small, but black. There are usually some distinct black dots at the base of the fringes, opposite the veins; in rwfaria the fringe is unspotted. The under surface is very weakly marked, sometimes almost entirely without markings. ¢ antennal ciliation very minute. The larva, according to Huco May sen., is elongate, narrowing towards the head, somewhat flattened, the lateral carination distinct; dorsal area light brownish or wood-colour, medio-dorsal line light, on the last 4 segments sharply margined with black; tubercles strong, black; an ill-defined black-grey subdorsal stripe, on the middle segments often spreading in some dark dusting so as to encroach on the ground-colour; spiracles black; ventral surface blackish. Pupa elongate, the cremaster umbilicated, the bristles short. Flies in July, in captivity a second brood may be obtained in October—November. Very local, occurring in Italy, 8S. E. Europe and Asia Minor; has been reported from Spain, but I have no certain knowledge of any Spanish examples. ‘ Pt. macilentaria H.-Sch. (= antiquaria H.-Sch., sylvestraria Dup. part.) (4b). Quite distinct from the ochrata-group in having the ground-colour dirty whitish, only suffused with dull ochreous in the costal part of the forewing, especially towards the base. The distal margin of the hindwing is appreciably concave, though only very slightly, between the radials; in none of the preceding species, except perhaps rufaria, can this be spoken of as appreciable, though the margin shows a tendency to be straighter or less convex. The lines on the forewing do not differ greatly in their course from those of ochrata; on the hindwing the median and post-. median are placed very near together and there is a rather broad, faint grey shade between the latter and the pale subterminal. Discal dots about as in ochrata. Forewing beneath strongly and hindwing moderately dusted with coarse blackish-fuscous atoms, the median and postmedian lines very strong and dark, the latter placed nearer to the distal margin than on the upperside; subterminal line more distinct than above. ¢ antennal structure similar to that of ochrata. — ab. pulchraria Ff. Fuchs is described as having a broad dark central shade on the forewing and a broad marginal line on both wings. Described from a single example. — The larva resembles that of ochrata. It is of medium thickness, strongly tapering anteriorly, at the segment-in- cisions constricted, especially at the 5. abdominal; greenish at first, becoming bone-coloured in its adult stage; dorsal line light, brownish-edged, on the last three segments accompanied by brownish subdorsal line, which is otherwise obsolescent, though indicated by dark dots at the segment-incisions; head somewhat more reddish; ventral surface dark grey. The moth appears in June—July and frequents dry meadows. It is local in western Germany and Austria and in Switzerland, but seems commoner in France and Spain. Pt. determinata Sigr. (= geministrigata Fuchs) (3 e). Ground-colour similar to that of the preceding, rather more glossy and without such marked ochreous costal suffusion. Really nearer to litigiosaria. Both differ from macilentaria in wanting the concavity of the margin of the hindwing, in having shorter and simpler antennal ciliation (minute in determinata, intermediate in litigiosaria), distinct black discal dots, more weakly marked underside, white vertex of head (in macilentaria brown), etc. determinata is easily distinguished from litigiosaria by the presence on both wings of a median line, which is placed very near the postmedian. The lat- ter on both wings is more irregular in its course, being twice deeply incurved. The under surface of the fore- wing is dark-dusted as far as the postmedian line, distally similar to the upper surface; that of the hind- wing is paler and more weakly marked than above. Hitherto only known from Sicily, Calabria and the South- eastern Taurus. This summer, however, the Rev. F. E. Lowe has taken a few examples of both sexes at Sainte- Baume, on a high table-land N. E. of Marseilles, where they occurred at the end of June on very dry, open PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prov. 93 ground amid a growth of aromatic woody flowers, in company with macilentaria, litigiosaria and swarms of sericeata. In Sicily Staup1INcER captured determinata at light in September—October. In one or two of the Sainte-Baume examples the median line is so weak as to suggest a transition towards mutilata Stgr., which however I am not able to compare. Pt. fasciata Sigr. Unknown to me. Said to be nearest to determinata Stgr., though with a super- ficial resemblance to diffluata H.-Sch., which is structurally quite distinct. Size of determinata. Bone-colour, with black discal dots, closely followed by a moderately broad, sharply defined grey-black band which is irre- eularly dentate distally; forewing in addition with a sharp blackish inner line. The area between the band and the distal margin is largely occupied by two faint dark shades (narrow bands) which enclose the pale subterminal line. Fringes with black dots at base. On the under surface the inner line is wanting; the dark band, especially on the hindwing, is more broken up into the two lines (median and postmedian) from whose union it was composed. Even on the upper surface the band (which is about 2 mm in breadth) contains remnants of the light ground-colour, especially in one aberration on the hindwing. Only known from the eastern Tau- rus, where it was discovered in June. The possibility does not seem to me to be excluded that it may be an aberration of determinata, bearing to it the same relation as aversata L. to ab. remutata L. Pt. litigiosaria Bdv. (= morosaria H.-Sch., agraria Joan.) (4b). Characterized by the entire ab- sence of the median line, the forewing therefore having only two lines, the hindwing only one; the dark shading to the pale subterminal is weak. Discal dots black, distinct, variable in size; distinct black dots on the base of the fringe are often present, sometimes large, but are very inconstant. The under surface of the forewing is more or less strongly infuscated, leaving a pale line distally to the postmedian and a pale sub- terminal; that of the hindwing is pale and very weakly marked. Very variable in size and in the strength of the markings, even also in the degree of sinuosity of the postmedian line; sometimes the inner line of the forewing is wanting. My only Algerian example is rather weakly marked and differs from my Spanish series in having the forewing scarcely at all infuscated beneath; but I do not think the name agraria (also founded on an Algerian example) can be maintained as representing a distinct race. — ab. dissidiata Gwen. has both lines very distinct, blackish, the postmedian more strongly sinuous than in the type form, very pronouncedly incurved between the radials. The two specimens on which GuEN«rE founded the name, one from Andalusia and one from the Basses-Alpes, were a little larger than normal litigiosaria, their ground-colour more unico- lorous, the discal dot of the hindwing almost smaller than that of the forewing, whereas in typical litigiosaria the reverse is more usually the case; and he regarded his dissidiata as “well distinct” specifically. StaupDINGER, however, on examination of the types, informs us that it is certainly a mere aberration, an opinion in which I heartily concur. Egg nearer spherical than ovate, its lower pole narrowed; surface very finely granulated, with small, slight, polygonal depressions. Larva similar in form to that of aversata, gradually tapering an- teriorly from the fifth abdominal, strongly carinated laterally, folded transversely, rugose, especially anteriorly and posteriorly; yellowish grey, paler laterally, much darker ventrally; a double dorsal brown line, usually interrupted, a subdorsal band also interrupted; variable. Pupa pale yellowish brown, anally blackish, the bristles rather long; spiracles large and prominent. The moth flies in June and July and is attrac- ted by light and by/ artificial sweets. S. France, Spain, Italy, Corsica and N. Africa. Pt. mutilata Sigr. Unknown to me. From the description I should have supposed that it was another form of litigiosaria, even more extreme than ab. dissidiata, or possibly an aberration of determinata (which was taken at the same time and place) with the median line wanting. Agrees with litigiosaria in structure, in size and in the under surface. Light grey with very slight yellowish tinge, especially in the 9. Discal dots above at least as strong as in litigiosaria, beneath much weaker. First line distinctly present. Postmedian very strong, on both wings strongly and irregularly dentate. Black terminal dots or streaks strongly expressed. Sicily, taken at light in October. Pt. concordaria Piing., sp. nov. (= sardoniata Homberg) (3f). For this new species, as well as Pt. rhodogram- maria, ostrinaria ab. oenoparia, hispunaria and degeneraria ab. floridaria, manuscript descriptions have been furnis- hed by Herr PincELER, in whose collection are the types. He is therefore to be quoted as the author. Itake this opportunity to express my warmest thanks to Herr PinceteEr for the extremely valuable aid which he has rendered in connection with this work. A large number of our figured specimens of the rarer species were lent by him for this purpose, and he has further most kindly lent me for study whatever material I required from his very rich collection, besides giving me much information and some critical expressions of opinion on difficult questions. “Expanse 23 mm. Near the somewhat larger litigiosaria Bdv., more pointed-winged, more smoothly scaled, colour more grey-yellowish, discal dots finer, median shade present, postmedian line less sharply fasciata. litigiosaria. dissidiata. mutilata. concordaria. plumba- ginata. lambessata. consecrata. lucellata. ossiculata. procliwata. mediaria. 94 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provr. expressed. In shape, colour and markings also similar to small, weakly marked specimens of degeneraria Hbn. ab. depravata Stgr. and deversaria H.-Sch., differing in the spurred, not aborted g hindleg, the dark- spotted antenna and the dark underside of the forewing. 8S. Spain, Murcia, Sierra d’Espuna, 4 gd, 5 29, M. Kors, end of June, 1909; Hast Pyrenees, Soréde, 1 g, J. R. SproNGERTS.” sardoniata Homberg has been described under this name only abont a month after the publication of our plate. Occurs at Vernet-les- Bains (Pyrenees-Orientales), St.-Guilhemle-Désert (Hérault) and San-Ildefonso (Sierra de Guadarrama Spain). — ab. plumbaginata Homberg, from Vernet-les-Bains, is darkened with brown scales, showing violet reflec- tions, less numerous at the costal margin, the lines partly obliterated, postmedian and subterminal more noticeable; fringe pale; under surface smoky, but less strongly than upper. Pt. lambessata Ob. (= granadaria Sigr.) (4b). Differs from litigiosaria in its more greyish, not yellow- ish-white colour (our figure is much too yellow), stronger silky gloss, extreme weakness of the lines and obso- lescence of the black discal dots; the costal edge of the forewing and also the fringes are yellowish. Minute black dots are present on the base of the fringes. The forewing beneath is slightly smoky and the two pale lines indicated as in litigiosaria; the hindwing white, unmarked; the dots in the fringes at least as strong as above, or perhaps stronger. g antennal ciliation rather shorter than in ltigiosaria. OBERTHUR states that lambessata is rather larger than litigiosaria and this may be correct as a generalisation, but both are susceptible to considerable variation in size. Herr PincrLer has bred lambessata from the egg and informs me that the larva and pupa resemble those of litigiosaria. Inhabits Spain, Portugal and North Africa, end of May to July. Pt. consecrata Stgr. (3 e) is very easily distinguished by the pink postmedian band or shade on both wings, which rather recalls Rhodostrophia. Our figure gives an accurate impression of the upper surface and a detailed description is unnecessary. The antemedian line is quite indistinct; distal boundary of the pink band ill-defined; dots at base of fringe minute, not very conspicuous. On the under surface the pink band is sometimes wanting; the basal part of the forewing, especially costally, is somewhat suffused; the only distinct marking is the pink band or the dark line which on the upper surface borders this proximally; ,the cell- spots also present. g antennal ciliation rather short. Only known from Palestine. Pt. lucellata Piing. (3e). Colour of forewing somewhat as in rufaria, costally more suffused with reddish. Very distinct in the narrower, more elongate wings, the hindwing more whitish, not (as in nearly all the species of the genus) concolorous with the forewing. The fine reddish inner line of the forewing is bent near the costa, the outer parallel with the distal margin; median shade thicker, crossing the cell-spot. Subter- minal line scarcely indicated. Hindwing with inner line wanting, median shade placed just beyond. the cell- spot. The position of the median line and the expression of the cell-spots are subject to considerable varia- tion; in the type 9°, which is smaller and narrower than the g, the median line is placed much nearer to the postmedian and the discal spots are wanting; even in the g they are brown (not so black as in our figure) and are wanting beneath. Under surface with the wings concolorous, the forewing being paler, the hindwing less white than above; both, but especially the forewing, shaded with red costally; first le of forewing wan- ting. ¢ antennal ciliation not long. Togus-Torau, Central Asia, only a few gg and the single 9 yet known. Pt. ossiculata Led. (4b) is another rather narrow-winged species, in this differing from the similarly coloured species such’ as litigiosaria or macilentaria. Whitish bone-colour, the lines rather thick and wavy but not very conspicuous, being only a little darker than the ground-colour. Antemedian line almost or entirely lost in a slight basal suffusion, which on both wings extends as far as the median line; the other lines tole- rably equal in expression, parallel with the distal margin. Cell-spots very small or obsolescent. Fringes with very small black dots opposite the veins. Distributed from Asia Minor and Syria to the Zaizan district. Pt. proclivata Fuchs (31). Very close to the preceding but considerably smaller. As I have only a single specimen before me I am unable to indicate what are the other most constant distinctions; nor even to affirm positively that it might not be a second generation or local race of ossiculata. The specimen before me appears to have slightly less pointed forewing, is somewhat more suffused and weakly marked both above, and on the hindwing beneath, the costal edge of the forewing somewhat yellower; the black discal dots and those at the base of the fringe are wanting. According to Fucus, however, a fine discal dot is sometimes present on the hindwing. Only known from Russian Armenia. ; Pt. mediaria Hbn. (31). Quite distinct in markings from any other species possessing the same structure; rather recalling, except in shape and colour, certain species of Acidalia, e. g. emutaria Hbn., or rather hanna Btl. Forewing somewhat pointed, though less elongate than in the preceding species; brownish white with scattered dark scales. Lines dark grey-brown, almost blackish. Median shade on both wings particularly PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 95 strongly developed, nearly straight, very slightly oblique, becoming faint or obsolete before costal margin of forewing. Fringes with small dark dots at base. Under surface of forewing with dark suffusion; of hindwing less dark-speckled than above, hence appearing whiter. The larva is rather short, attenuated anteriorly, the lateral carination slight, the transverse folds very strong; a broad brown dorsal stripe, the lateral area paler, without a strongly marked pale spiracular line; spiracles small, black, not visible to the naked eye; head small, perpendicularly marked with brown; meso- and metathorax each with a well-marked brown dot on the side. On Euphorbia spinosa, the leaves in preference to the flowers. Grows very slowly. Pupa brown anteriorly, abdominal segments reddish. Imago in July. Spain, 8. France, N. Italy, Dalmatia and Bithynia. Pt. renataria Ob. (= mediaria? Ob. nec Hbn.) (4b) resembles mediaria in the broad blackish median renataria. line, but differs in so many characters that confusion ought to be impossible. Larger, both wings narrower, more elongate, forewing rather more brownish, without distinct first line; median shade more oblique, on hind- wing much nearer to the base; postmedian line of forewing followed by a thick dark line, that of hind- wing by a shade as broad and conspicuous as the median shade. The underside is similar to the upper or only a little more suffused and less distinctly marked. ¢ antennal ciliation short. Out of three specimens examined, two show the first subcostal vein of the forewing free; as in Clefa; in one example this is the case, and very markedly, in both wings, while in the other the first subcostal on one wing touches (but scarcely anastomoses with) the stalk of the others. Algeria; end of April. Pt. sericeata Hbn. (4b) is again very distinct and easily recognized, the only similar species being the sericeata. following. White, very glossy, the lines bright light brown, very variable in breadth but on the forewing commonly so broad as to reduce the ground-colour itself to a series of four wavy lines, or occasionally even only three, the second and third brown lines being sometimes fused into a band, containing only a few small white spots. Hindwing with only two lines (bands) and distal margin brown. Under surface similar, the brown coloration usually darker, the basal part of forewing more suffused, but remaining whitish towards posterior margin. ¢ antenna very shortly ciliated. The 99 are smaller, rather narrower, on an average more sharply marked, with the brown lines or bands less broad. I have one or two pretty forms from Vigo in which the white colour largely preponderates over the brown. sericeata is locally abundant in warm meadows in Southern Europe and Asia Minor and is also recorded from Transcaucasia, the Il and Issyk Kul. Egg ellipsoid, short, strongly compressed laterally, with large, very regular hexagonal depressions. Larva tapering anteriorly from the fifth abdominal, which is the broadest; laterally carinated; skin rugose, with distinct folds and small warts, par- ticularly in the anterior and posterior part; yellowish grey, with very slight tinge of green, finely spotted with brown, fifth abdominal ventrally pale, a double brown dorsal line, most distinct posteriorly; no sub- dorsal, merely some brownish spots; some dark lateral spots opposite the spiracles. Pupa moderately elongate, dark reddish brown, anally blackish, wings lighter, with distinct veins. The moths flies in May—June. Pt. allardiata Mab. (4b) represents sericeata in Algeria and scarcely differs except in having the lines allardiata. straighter, the second and third narrower and nearer together (or, when they coalesce, forming a narrower band), the white band distally to them almost perfectly straight, not showing the definite outward bend in the middle which always occurs in sericeata. The average size is larger, but this can not be relied upon as a di- stinction. The brown parts are on the whole slightly lighter and less bright. Our figures scarcely show the distinctions. Pt. merklaria Ob. (4c) is a very distinct species, with the forewing rather narrow, its apex acute, merklaria. the distal margin slightly concave behind the apex, then straight, the hindwing also narrow. The ground- colour is variable, oftenest white or with a weak yellowish tinge, the basal part at least largely shaded with yellowish; the lines yellow-brown, parallel with the distal margin, usually accompanied, as in the figured example, by light yellowish bands which leave the white ground-colour in alternating bands, somewhat recal- ling the scheme of pattern in the two preceding species, or in circwitaria, with which OBERTHUR compares it. The under surface is similarly marked to the upper. The 3 antennal ciliation is only of quite moderate length. Variation consists in the colour and strength of the suffusion, which may be darker or even slightly reddish, and in the strength of the lines. OserTHtR’s figure shows a very white form, with the bands not strongly developed. — ab. terentius Baker is a dark aberration, with the ground-colour ochreous brown and the ¢terentius. lines more fuscous, but as it seems to be connected with the type-form by intermediates it is not susceptible of absolutely sharp differentiation. merklaria is only known from Algeria, where it occurs in March and April; the type specimen of ab. terentiws is from Lambessa. Pt. fathmaria Oberth. (4d). Wings quite narrow, the distal margin of the hindwing without strong excision jathmaria. volloni. scabraria. tineata. attenuaria. 96 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provt. between the radials and with only a very slight sinuosity towards the anal angle. Mouse-grey, not strongly brown-tinged, antemedian line angled, median and postmedian parallel with distal margin, dark proximal shading to subterminal and the subterminal itself weak or wanting. Hindwing without antemedian line. Both wings with dark cell-dot. Under surface paler grey, similarly marked. Egg ellipsoid, slightly flattened at the sides, surface presenting 10—12 rather broad channels formed by elliptical depressions; white, becoming somewhat rosy. Larva short, thick, attenuated anteriorly from the 3. abdominal and carinated laterally, segment-incisions not deep; skin transversely folded, rugose, granulated; greyish clay-colour, tinged with greenish, some lines and striation brown; dorsal fine, hardly distinct, subdorsal broken, forming vague lozenges and curved marks, lateral line formed of oblique striae; the lateral carina pale; ventral double, festoon- ed; tubercles small, not very distinct, setae very short, claviform; head flattened in front. Feeds on low plants, accepting either fresh or withered leaves. Undergoes 3 moults. Pupa smooth, shining, reddish brown; wing-veins prominent; cremaster broad at its base, suddenly narrowing, ending in a pointed beak. A suc- cession of broods throughout the summer. Algeria. OBERTHUR, on account of the shape, referred this species to Huacidalia, which has a double areole. Pt. volloni Luc. u. Joan. (= plumbearia Bang-Haas nec Leech) is very similar to the preceding spe- cies, but may be distinguished at once by the course of the postmedian line, which is angularly broken near the costal margin of the forewing, forming an acute angle inwards, then oblique outwards to another acute angle on the first radial; it is punctuated with blacker spots or dashes on the veins. The forewing is shiny yellowish ~ grey, dusted with brown, no other lines (or only the median shade) distinct, fringes dark-spotted. Hindwing paler, the postmedian line discernible but often weak. The discal dot is wanting on both wings. Nefta, Southern Tunis. Following Oprrtuir, the authors referred this species to Huacidalia. In the figure which they give of the neuration the first subcostal of the forewing is represented as free, as in Cleta. In a series of 8 larger examples from Hammam-es-Salahin, Algeria, bred by Lord WatstneHam from Anabasis articulata in March 1904, which I believe to be the same species, this vein anastomoses or is connected by a short bar with the other subcostals. Pt. scabraria Chrét. Forewing elongate, distal margin strongly oblique; yellowish ochreous more or less strongly powdered with brown, the markings brown, more or less defined; shows the slight rosy reflection so general in the Lepidoptera of Biskra; first line acutely angled, becoming nearly parallel with the distal margin; postmedian thick, ill-defined, shading off into the ground-colour, sinuous, subparallel with the distal margin; median shade hardly broader than postmedian, sinuous; pale subterminal line undulate; distal border uniformly pale yellowish ochreous; cell-spot more or less large and distinct, sometimes contiguous to the post- median, sometimes removed from it; fringe reddish grey, marked with brown. Hindwing rather short, round- ed at anal angle, very little emarginate between the radials, markings similar to those of forewing. Forewing beneath variable in the strength of the markings, which are often obsolescent; sometimes, especially in the 9, the median and postmedian are more strongly expressed than above. ¢ antenna described as “‘pectinate”’, probably dentate; hindtibia apparently with very slender spurs. Egg a short, broad ellipsoid with small oval depressions arranged in rows so as to form rather deep channels; colour whitish. Larva recalling in shape that of infirmaria; short, thick, attenuated anteriorly, carinated laterally, segmental incisions not deep; skin transversely folded, rugose and granulated; dorsally greyish, laterally whitish with slight fleshy tint; a double blackish dorsal line, distinct only on the last segments; subdorsal sinuous, approaching the dorsal at the incisions, forming a sort of lozenge-shaped pattern; a broad blackish brown dorsal spot in the middle of the 2., 3. and 4. abdominals. The moth is probably double-brooded and occurs at Biskra, Algeria. Pt. tineata 7'h.-Mieg should perhaps be placed here, as it is said to have elongate wings and to resem- ble scabraria. It is also said to “recall somewhat asellaria and pecharia’, but this probably refers only to the dusky colouring. “9 12 to 17 mm. Rather dark grey, sprinkled with innumerable small black scales. These black scales are so arranged as to form, on the forewing, 6 transverse lines, a little undulate and very vague. On the hindwing are discernible, but with difficulty, 4 such lines, one a little before the discal dot and the other 3 between this latter and the distal margin. A small black discal dot on each wing. The costa of the forewing is a little shaded with blackish and 2 or 3 blackish spots are visible, indicating the commencement of the lines. Some small black vein-dots at the distal margin, fringe long, agreeing with the ground-colour. Under surface of the same shade as above, with the some lines, equally inconspicuous, and the discal dots as above. Face and palpus blackish grey, vertex white, thorax and abdomen grey Ale: with black, legs grey, the hindleg with a singe pair of spurs. Akbes (Syria), 5 29.7 | : Pt. attenuaria Abr. (3h). Somewhat resembles pale specimens of eriopodata in coloration, especially Publ. 30, HI. 1913. PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Proor. 97 in the dark distal border of the forewing, broken off obliquely towards the apex; but is entirely different in shape and in many other particulars. Wings long and narrow, hindwing with distal margin strongly sinuate between the radials and more gently from first median to anal angle. Forewing with the lines and median shade commen- cing from enlarged dark spots on costal margin, sharply angled near costal margin; discal dot black, placed on median shade; a more or less strongly developed dark distal shade, traversed by a fine pale subterminal line; fringe obscurely dark-marked opposite the veins. Hindwing without the first line; dark distal shade less well defined. Under surface darkened with coarser blackish speckling, the basal part more suffused, both wings with cell-dot, median and postmedian lines. 4 antenna with the joints thickened, subserrate, the cilia- tion very short. Concerning the early stages I have no information. attenuwaria is a very local species, occur- ring in Corsica (where it was first discovered), Sardinia, Sicily and Algeria. On the first-named island, accor- ding to KoLtiMorGEN, it is distributed in May and July up to elevations of 800 m. Pt. moniliata Schiff. (=? pentalineata Vill. = omicata F.) (4b) shows no close resemblance to any other known species and can always be recognized at a glance by the series of large, more or less rounded white spots in the distal area of both wings, from which it received its name. Whitish straw-colour, the veins marked with brown; the lines fine, dark, the first two more or less strongly angled near the costal margin; the cell- marks somewhat elongate; both wings with an uninterrupted blackish distal-marginal line, a similar line near the extremities of the fringe and a series of large black dots on the intervening pale part of the fringe. The ege is ovate, somewhat flattened, leather-yellow. The larva is rugose, short, much attenuated anteriorly, yel- lowish brown with rows of fine brown or blackish raised warts, four white lozenge-shaped dorsal spots on the middle segments, dark-bordered and accompanied by smaller white spots; ventral area marked with white on each segment. Pupa slender, pale shining yellow, anteriorly greenish, anal end reddish. The moth appears in the latter part of June and in July, and is widely distributed in Central and Southern Europe and from Asia Minor to Transcaspia. STAUDINGER does not specify the Iberian Peninsula in his list of localities, but this is no doubt merely an oversight, as it has there a wide range of distribution. B. Section Ptychopoda. 3 hindtibia with terminal spurs absent (except in asellaria and usually in the rusticata-group. ) Pt. nexata Hbn. (4a). White, dusted with brown and with brown markings. Forewing somewhat suffused with brown in basal area, first and median lines usually approximated, the area between median and post- median nearly free from brown dusting but containing a black discal dot; postmedian line somewhat sinuous; distal area brown, containing a white, twice thickened subterminal line rather near the termen; fringe spotted with brown. Hindwing white, with only two brown lines and with less dense brown shading in distal area. Un- der surface similarly marked, forewing without first line. g antenna with fascicles of long cilia; hindleg short and slender. The 2 is probably more sluggish; in a series of 20 before me there is not a single 9; it is said to be stout-bodied, narrower-winged, the brown markings more argillaceous. newata is very different structurally from ramosaria Vill. (Cleta), with which LEDERER associated it. STAUDINGER retains it at the commen- cement of his comprehensive genus Acidalia. Possibly it should be referred to the vicinity of exilaria and fatimata. Larva attenuated anteriorly, carinated laterally; yellowish green; dorsal line double, uninter- rupted, reddish brown; subdorsal wanting; lateral line broad, pale, flexuous; spiracles oval, brown, almost imperceptible; ventral area faint bluish green with a single, rather broad, continuous line weakly indicated in greyish; head small, quadrate, reddish; prothorax and legs also tinged with reddish. Apparently polyphagous; MILLi&éRE reared it from the egg on the flowers of Linaria organifolia. Pupa somewhat compact, yellow, washed with greenish, antennae and abdominal incisions more or less reddish, and extremity brown. There seems to be a succession of broods, the duration of the larval and pupal stages in the summer being short. Imago in the spring, at the end of June and in August and even in November—December. Best known from Andalusia, Portugal and Algeria, but Mixirere took it in the Basses-Pyrenees. — cirtanaria Luc. is almost certainly a mere aberration of nexata. It seems to be of a rather less pure white, the basal area of the forewing more strongly brown as far as the median shade, which is darkened, the antemedian apparently either wanting or fused with the median; distal brown band rather broad. Described from a single ¢ taken near Constantine, Algeria, in May. Lucas and Gurnns erroneously compare it with ramosaria and pygmaearia instead of with nexata. (9 Pt. serpentata Hujn. (=? trifasciata Scop. = similata Thnb. = limitata Bkh. = ochrearia Dup. nec Hbn. =perochraria Fisch.-Rossl.) (4a). Rather closely similar, especially in its paler forms or when worn, to ochrata Scop., with which it was often confused by the older entomo'logists, who did not study the structure. The ¢ hindtibia, though slender, lacks the spurs which are always developed in the preceding group; IV 13 moniliata. nexata. cirtanaria. serpentata. griseata. fuscomia- tata. dohlmanni. flaveolaria. nigrolineata. 98 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provr. the antennal joints project even more strongly than in ochrata. Apart from these structural characters, serpen- tata may generally be recognized by its smaller size, rather brighter but at the same time less glossy tone, somewhat darkened fringes, especially beneath, thicker and less clearly defined postmedian line, position of the median line and several other characters. The median line nearly always passes on the proximal side of the minute black cell-spot of the hindwing, occasionally crosses it; in ochrata it is be yond (placed distally to) the cell-spot, when such is present. A fine blackish distal marginal line is usually well developed, though more or less interrupted; dark spots in the fringe are usually wanting, never strong. On the under surface the lines, as in ochrata, are considerably darkened, but the ground-colour itself is generally much less suffused than in that species. Rather variable in ground-colour and in the strength of the markings. — ab. griseata F. Fuchs has the ground-colour uniformly grey, with the lines darker. Two examples were taken at Bornich, and by subjecting the larvae to moisture a further example was bred. I know of no others. — ab. fusco- mixtata ab. nov. is a very handsome form with the lines strongly blackish-fuscous, the terminal line quite black, underside (especially of the forewing) strongly dusted with fuscous, the lines thick “and intense. The fringes (especially beneath) are also more strongly infuscated. Described from a ¢ in the collection of Rev. F. E. Lowe, taken in the marshes of St. Triphon, in the S. of Vaud, end of May, 1912. — dohlmanni Hed. is almost certainly nothing more than a local race of serpentata, perhaps scarely that. I have only seen one example from Central Amurland and this does not agree in quite all particulars with the description. More- over, I possess one ¢ from Barracouta which differs from the type form in almost the opposite direction to dohlmanni, being of a duller, less reddish ochreous and weakly marked, more like the Esthonian specimens. dohlmanni is a brightly coloured form, with the median line more weakly expressed than the others, the post- median the strongest, on the hindwing more deeply bent proximad between the radials, hence appearing to project more between the third radial and second median. It is said to have the discal dot present on both wings, but in the example before me only the hindwing bears the dot, as usual. The fringe is well darkened. — The egg of serpentata is a very beautiful object under the microscope, the hexagonal depressions being very regular and very deep, their rims thus appearing to stand out very strongly; moreover they are marked with strong knots or buttons at the angles. Of the usual Geometrid shape, not very elongate; colour pale yel- lowish or greenish, the raised net-work dark grey to black. The larva is grey or wood-colour, sometimes almost without markings, sometimes with broken dorsal and subdorsal lines consisting of anteriorly pointed dashes on each segment; in form it does not differ greatly from that of ochrata, beimg moderately long, gradually tape- ring anteriorly, the segment-incisions apparently distinct, but not deep. It feeds on low plants, and has been reared from the egg on lettuce. Of the pupa I can find no description. The moth seems to be partially double-brooded, at least in the more southerly localities, and may be met with from June to August. It is said to be a true day-flier, being active in the sunshine. According to von NoLcKeEN the time of appearance in the Baltic Provinces is from about 20 June to 24 July and the 3 appears about 8 days earlier than the 2. Distributed almost throughout Europe except the polar region, Britain, Holland, Spain and Por- tugal; also in Asia Minor, Central Asia and Eastern Siberia. Pt. flaveolaria Hbn. (= brunnearia F’. nec Vill.) (4a) is nearest in aspect to aureolaria Schiff. and has probably been associated with it in the minds of lepidopterists ever since HipnerR discovered it and gave it a name of similar formation. The structural difference in the ¢ hindtibia, however, necessitated their generic separation in Mryrick’s system, and they here fall into different sections of our genus. Ground-colour generally of a slightly less clear yellow than in aureolaria, more inclining to ochreous; occasional aberrations occur, however, almost identical in coloration with that species. Fringes blacker. The lines on the upper surface are generally very much more weakly expressed, the first line of the forewing usually obsolete. Beneath, however, the postmedian and frequently also the median lines are as strong and blackish as in awreolaria, and the chief distinctions are the absence of the cell-spots and the presence, on the forewing at least, of more blackish dusting. Aberrations sometimes occur in which the lines of the upper surface are entirely wan- ting, but these intergrade through all possible transitions to’ the normal specimens. On the other hand I have one really striking aberration — ab. nigrolineata ab. nov., which might easily be mistaken, on a ca- sual inspection, for awreolaria. Upper surface with the lines as sharply expressed as in that species, including a strong inner line on forewing. Under surface of both wings as far as the median line strongly black-dusted, some further dusting beyond the postmedian on forewing. Lines very black and thick. A ¢ taken by Dr. CHAPMAN in the Val d’Herens, Valais (elevation not recorded) and now, through his kindness, standing in my collection. — Egg laid on its side, oval, almost as wide as long, micropylar end rather wider than nadir; slightly depressed on greater part of upper surface; surface covered with very strongly-marked polygonal reticulation, which is regular and less coarse than in some allied species. Pearly grey, becoming darker, the reti- culation becoming blackish. Larva short, attenuated anteriorly, rugose, moderately carinated laterally, seg- mentation distinct; head small, brown; body dark clay-colour; dorsal line fine, pale, uninterrupted, edged with brown; subdorsal fine, brown, slightly flexuous; lateral line fine, pale, uninterrupted; spiracles whitish; not dark-ringed; below them, on the 2.—6,”abdominals a large brown spot; ventral surface with a double PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prov7. 99 pale line. A mountain species, inhabiting the southern Alps, Central Italy and N. Hungary in July and the beginning of August. Pt. muricata Hufn. (= auroralis Schiff. = variegata F. = sanguinaria Hbn. = auroraria Bkh.) muricata. (4b). On account of the bright coloration, and its unusual arrangement, this species was separated by Srr- PHENS as a distinct genus, under the name of Hyria, and in this he was followed by some later systema- tists; but as the name of Hyria was preoccupied, Anthyria Warr. has been substituted for it. I cannot, how- ever, find any structural characters on which to separate it, and am satisfied that it is a true Ptychopoda. In the typical form the bright yellow ground-colour is rather broadly obscured by purple or rose-colour along the costal margin of the forewing and over nearly the whole of the hindwing, leaving only on the latter a yellow central patch, and there is further a purple or rosy suffusion accompanying the postmedian line of the forewing; the fringe remains yellow on both wings. Forewing with a rosy or purplish antemedian line, both wings with a blue-blackish postmedian line parallel to the distal margin. Under surface similar but rather less bright and with a tendency to develop on the forewing a purplish basal suffusion, while on the hind- wing the yellow ground-colour is in general less suffused with purple than above. The form from E. China and Japan is smaller, and perhaps requires to be named as a separate local race; but it shows otherwise no constant difference, though I have not seen quite the most extreme aberrations from those localities. Hvery- where variable in the extent of the purple markings, but only the two extreme forms require designation. — ab. lutescens ab. nov. has the purple or rosy colour restricted to a narrow costal border on the forewing Jutescens. and narrow distal band of both wings. It was figured by Ktun as long ago as 1774 (“Der Naturforscher’’, Sttick 3), but this figure was not, so far as I can find, provided with a name by Gorzr. The form occurs sparingly in several localities. — ab. totarubra Lambill., shows the opposite extreme, both wings being en- totarubra. tirely purplish, except that usually a small yellow spot remains in the centre of each wing. The fringes are also yellowish, though less bright than in the type. The form is interesting because it tends in one or two localities to become alocal variety. In the bogs of the north of England, at least, it is the prevalent form, even the less extreme examples having more of the purple colour (and this colour rather duller) than the ty- pical, South British form. Pt. muricata is locally common in Kurope, though not reaching the most northerly or most southerly parts; occurs also in Armenia, across China, and in Hastern Siberia, Korea and Japan. It inhabits marshy or damp places and, like many brightly-coloured species, is fond of flying in the sunshine, although the time of day seems to vary in different localities. It also flies at night, and may then be attrac- ted by a strong light. The larva is moderately slender, rather rugose, tapering anteriorly; head small; body brown or grey, anteriorly and posteriorly more ochreous; dorsal line double, blackish, very fine and faint anteriorly, thickening into a series of paired curved dashes on the 2.—6. abdominal segments; spiracles black; ventral surface darker than dorsal, with a pale central line. Pupa slender, cylindrical, smooth; dull pale ochreous, the wing-cases outlined in black. Imago June—August. Probably earlier in the warmest lo- calities; I have a specimen from the Chusan Islands dated 29 May. ¢ antennal joints thickened, with long ciliation; hindleg slender. Pt. dimidiata Hufn. (= scutulata Schiff. = scutata Ff. = lividata Haw. nec Cl.) (4c). An easily dimidiata. recognized species, especially if the structural characters be taken into consideration. In general the series of dark spots (sometimes somewhat confluent) in the posterior half of the distal area of the forewing, but never extended to the anterior half, are quite distinctive, and even if occasional aberrations of other species should approach this pattern, dimidiata could still be separated by the shape of the hindwing, which has the distal margin somewhat concave between the radials and again between the second median and the anal angle; in the g¢ also by the antenna, which has the joimts angularly projecting and the fascicles of cilia strong. Hind- tibia in ¢ short, fringed with hair; tarsus over one-half its length. Only moderately variable, chiefly in size and in the degree of development of the distal blotches. The ground-colour, normally whitish ochreous, is occasionally almost white and occasionally somewhat tinged with reddish. — ab. delictata ab. nov. entirely delictata. lacks the characteristic dark distal blotches of the forewing, the distal area being uniform throughout, with the subterminal line scarcely indicated by faint shading on either side. Except in the shape of the hind- wing and in the dentate-fasciculate g antenna this form rather recalls a large extarsaria. A rather extreme example of it is figured by Barrett, from the Porritt collection, with the lines more broken up into dots. — roseata T'rti. is a rufescent or rosy form which has just been described from Sardinia; the black dots are roseata. minute but distinct; the blotch near the anal angle is suffused with violaceous. Aritzo in July and bred in September from ova. — The egg of dimidiata is oval with minute depressions on its surface; it is whitish at first, changing to a reddish colouring later. The larva is slender, flattened, tapering anteriorly; skin rugose, transversely folded, lateral carination developed; pale ochreous with double dark dorsal line which is faint anteriorly (except on the head), strong posteriorly; subdorsal line brown, on middle segments indicated only by pairs of dots at the incisions; on the 1. to 5, abdominals pale oblique lines between the dorsal and sub- maderae. unostrigata. zargr. subsaturata. 100 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provt. dorsal; lateral ridge whitish, spiracles black; ventral area suffused with blackish. Polyphagous and fond of withered or mouldy leaves. Pupa shining yellowish, anal extremity darker. The moth appears in June and July, a partial second brood later. Bred specimens of the second brood are more tinged with reddish. It hides among hedges, bushes or other herbage by day and is very easily disturbed, but is sluggish, refusing to fly far and sometimes prefers to drop or flutter to the ground. In the evening it is more active, and will occasionally visit the sugar which is spread for Noctuids. Distributed through the greater part or Europe, Asia Minor and Syria and eastward to Transcaspia. Pt. maderae Baker (5b). Described from the 9, the g not quite certainly known. From the shape of the hindwing, however, and the slightly projecting joints of the 9 antenna, I very strongly suspect that the 36 described below belong to it. In that case it is evidently a very near relative of dimidiata; but whether or not, it cannot be referred to rufaria, as has been done by StaupINGER and WarRREN. In the @ the fore- wing is shaped and coloured about as in rufaria, the first line obsolete, the median not very strong, placed further beyond the black discal dot; postmedian fine, placed nearer the distal margin than in rufaria, strongly bisinuate, the proximad curves occupying the normal positions, some dark dots or dashes punctuating the line where it crosses the veins; fringe rather pale, with more or less distinct blackish dots opposite the veins. Hind- wing rather longer than in dimidiata, subcrenulate and with the same two concavities as in that species, though sometimes rather slight; all the markings as on the forewing, the median shade preceding the discal dot (in rufaria this line, not being oblique, is about equidistant beyond the dot on both wings). Under surface less ochreous, forewing more suffused as far as the median shade, paler beyond, hindwing paler; both wings— with the postmedian line developed, the cell-dots larger than above. The gg which I incline to associate with these 99 are smaller and rather shorter-winged and lack the ochreous tone, in all these respects more nearly approaching dimidiata; I think they must be the insect referred to by Baker as Madeiran dimidiata, but if so this author must have overlooked the fact that the antennal joints are further extended into true (though quite short) pectinations, an extremely exceptional occurrence in this genus; there are also several other differences. Hindleg similar, the tarsus perhaps slightly shorter. Postmedian line more strongly dark- spotted on the veins than in the Q, a series of dark spots proximally to the pale subterminal. Madeira. — ab. unostrigata Baker (5e) is, so far as at present known, a unique form, and it is not surprising that its author did not recognize its specific identity with maderae. The types of both, and of the other interesting Acidaliids in his collection, have been very kindly lent by their author for figuring. The ab. wnostrigata — a 2, not a g as accidentally stated in the published description — has the ground-colour clearer ochreous than the types, not mixed with reddish; the postmedian and subterminal lines are obsolete, the cell-spots on the contrary somewhat enlarged and the median shade much stronger and thicker, dark fuscous, placed some- what nearer to the base on both wings than in the type, thus passing proximally to the cell-spot on the hind- wing. The dots on the fringe are strongly expressed, though not enlarged. Beneath similar, the forewing only slightly suffused, the hindwing whiter, both wings in addition with very faint indications of the postmedian line. Pt. zargi Baker (5e). Only known in a single 2 example, the exact position in the genus somewhat uncertain. Except in its larger size, more weakly crenulate distal margin of the hindwing and apparently less projecting joints of the antenna it might be said to bear nearly the same relation to maderae as the ab. diffluata bears to deversaria H.-Sch. or biselata ab. fimbriolata to ab. extincta. The underside and the position of the markings above are quite similar to maderae, but the basal area of the forewing above, with the entire distal area of both wings (excepting the subterminal line) is filled up with dark smoke-colour. The fringes are defective, but I cannot find any indication of the dark dots of maderae. The extremities of both antennae (which would have shown the subserration more distinctly) are broken off, and I am not absolutely certain that the part which remains differs essentially from the corresponding part in maderae. The possibility is therefore not at present altogether precluded that zargi may be another form of the very variable maderae. Madeira. Pt. subsaturata Guen. (= miserata Stgr. = subherbariata Rossi.) (4c). Similar in shape and structure to dimidiata, but with both wings projecting somewhat more in the middle. Considerably smaller, more och- reous-brownish, median shade better developed, postmedian of hindwing more strongly excurved in the middle; the shading distally to the postmedian line quite different, nowhere very intense, but more uniform throughout, consisting of three pairs of spots, sometimes united into a band, bounded by a broad pale subterminal line which encroaches strongly between the radials; the space between the subterminal line and the distal margin is often as pale as the line itself, resulting in the formation of a marginal pale band. Under surface similar, forewing more suffused basally, without first line. Egg ovoid, truncate at the ends, the surface regularly mark- ed with small longitudinal depressions; yellowish at first, becoming redder. Larva elongate, tapering anteriorly from about the fifth abdominal, rugose and granulated, segmental incisions well marked, lateral ridge well deve- PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 101 loped; head very small; colour variable, brownish or greenish; dorsal line blackish, double, accompanied by a triangular dorsal pattern; lateral ridge pale; setae thickened at their extremities. Pupa little elongate, green- ish brown, head darker, wings prominent, abdomen more reddish, spiracles dark brown. — ab. lecerfiata Hom- lecerfiata. berg (= brunneofasciata Andreas) (3 {) has a slightly more reddish tone, the lines (especially the median) less strongly expressed, the dark shading in the distal area, on the other hand, very much intensified and showing again (though a little less strongly) distally to the subterminal line, which appears a little narrowed. The distal margin of the hindwing seems to project rather less strongly, and the postmedian™ line similarly to be somewhat less excurved in the middle, and altogether the aspect is that of a separate species. ANDREAS and Homsere have proved, however, by breeding experiments, that this is not the case, and one is inclined to regard it as a Mendelian form, although a certain number of examples are more or less intermediate in aspect. ANDREAS obtained from eggs of the type form a brood consisting entirely of ab. lecer- fiata, while a pairing of this brood resulted in 65% of lecerfiata 14% of ordinary subsaturata 12% with the band pale, 9% with the band developed but very narrow. If the latter be regarded as a modification of lecerfiata and the former of subsaturata we get 74% : 26%, or very closely the Mendelian ratio, the aberration being, -as is usual, the Mendelian “dominant”. swbsatwrata occurs at one locality in 8S. France (Cette) and is distri- buted in Spain and Algeria. The form lecerfiata is only yet known from Algeria. There are, at least in captivity, three broods in the summer. _ Pt. spissilimbaria J/ab., briefly diagnosed on a single specimen from. Algeria, without more exact spissilim- locality, is a problematical species, and it is doubtful whether it can be certainly identified from the published 07”: information. As StauDINGER has altered the description of the colour, I suppose he has examined MasBrLir’s type, and perhaps the fact that he places it next after swbsaturata indicates that he noticed a resemblance to that species; if so, it might even be an extreme development of the lecerfiata form, which was at that time unknown. In any ease it is likely to represent an aberration or variety; apart from STaUDINGER’s indication I should have thought it possible that it represented extarsaria eriopodata, earlier described by MasiLiE as atromarginata. spissilimbaria is described as whitish rufous (by STauDINGER as dirty ochraceous) with the base a little darkened, an ill-developed angled median line and the distal area of both wings very broadly violaceous blackish, the proximal edge of this border bisinuate. Under surface whitish in basal half, blackish in distal. Pt. foedata Bilr. (= salutaria Chr.) (4c). Coppery brown with almost straight median and strongly foedata. sinuate postmedian dark lines, the forewing in addition with a slightly curved antemedian line. Cell-spots blackish, that of the forewing nearly always placed on the median line, hence sometimes not very apparent; that of the hindwing on or a little distally to the median line. The area between the postmedian line and the distal margin almost always contains some dark shading, but this varies greatly in extent; sometimes it is confined on the forewing to a small blotch at the anal angle, more frequently it suffuses the entire posterior half and not rarely the whole of the distal area; the latter, according to the description, is CurisTopn’s form; on the hindwing the dark shading is oftener weak, or confined to small patches near the angles. Distal margin with not very conspicuous dark dots. Underside rather paler, without the first line and the distal shading. ¢ antennal joints projecting, with rather long ciliation; hindtibia rather thick, tarsus as long as tibia. Burt- LER’S type and another from Tokio are rather dark, but there is in general very little variation in the ground- colour. Widely distributed in Amurland, Korea, China and Japan and reaching Formosa. June to August. Pt. salubraria Stgr. is described as similar to foedata, and indeed its author thinks it is even possible salubraria. that it might represent the summer brood of that species; but as he states that the ¢ antennal ciliation is “short, much shorter than in salutaria’’ I do not consider that the union is possible. Light clay-yellow with black discal dots, the forewing with 3, the hindwing with 2 reddish transverse lines, both wings with somewhat darker, violet-grey distal border. The ground-colour is sparsely irrorated with blackish. The lines, as in the previous species, variable in their form and position; the discal dot is placed shortly before the median line of the forewing, beyond it on the hindwing. The third (postmedian) line is darker posteriorly — and the violet-grey distal area is here the most pronounced on the forewing; on the hindwing it is well deve- loped throughout. The underside is glossy light-grey, the first line wanting, the median line of the hindwing faint. The legs and palpus seem to agree with those of foedata. Differs strikingly from that species in the much lighter, yellowish ground-colour and the reddish (not dark) lines. Sutschan district, Ussuri. Pt. proximaria Leech, (7c) described as a Chrysocraspeda, is distinct in aspect from all the Northern prozximaria. and Western Palearctic species, slightly recalling some species of the Neotropical genus Hamalia. Yellowish light brown, the costal margin of the forewing darker purplish brown, antemedian lines obsolete, postmedian sinuous, marked by blackish dots on the veins; distal margin narrowly dark purplish brown, fringe spotted with the same opposite the veins, both wings with black discal dot present, that of the forewing with some protensa. amplipen- nis. impexa. Jakima. obliteraria. 102 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provt. vague dark shading posteriorly to it. Hindwing slightly bent at 3. radial. Under surface slightly paler, the line better marked, the distal border narrower and paler. Moupin in July. Very similar to Chrysocraspeda marginata Swinh., which however, although it will require generic separation from true Chrysocraspeda, differs from proximaria in the absence of the areole and is also smaller with less acute apex of forewing. g antenna with moderate ciliation; hindtibia dilated, with strong hair pencil; hindtarsus much broadened and flattened. 2 unknown, so that the generic position is not quite certain, but an apparently very close relationship, both superticially and structurally, to Pt. protensa Bil. and the Australian Pt. coercita. T. P. Luc. gives us full con- fidence in referring it here. Pt. protensa Btlr.(7c)is much smaller than prozimaria, the forewing more produced apically, the distal margin faintly concave in the anterior half. The antemedian line of the forewing is present, though fine, and both wings show a moderately thick median shade, that of the forewing touching the cell-spot, that of the hindwing considerable before (proximal to) it; the postmedian is slender, not broken up into dots, outcurved from costal margin to first radial, there angled and thence rather near the distal margin, smuous; the dark distal-marginal line on the forewing is accompanied proximally by small irregular spots or sutfusion. Beneath similar, with a slight dark suffusion in the basal part of the forewing. The vertex of the head is white, while in proximaria it is concolorous with the wings. Hindtarsus abbreviated, its first joint broadened and flattened. The only specimens known to me are 2 ¢3 from Dharmsala (type and_cotype) and a 9 from Simla (taken in August, at above 2000 m elevation). : ebiecaBE | 4. Pt. amplipennis Bélr. (7c) is similarly coloured and marked to protensa, so similar, indeed, that BuTLER determined a rather worn 2 as “protensa?”’ The 3, however, is extraordinarily different in shape, the forewing having developed an enormous lobe on the posterior margin, which increases the width of the wing by nearly one-half. In both sexes the distal margin of the hindwing is less strongly convex than in protensa. The ¢ is of a brighter yellowish ochreous tone than the two preceding, especially on the forewing. Ante- median line weak, median shade wanting, postmedian in the ¢ strongly waved, in both sexes forming a deep sinus proximad in the submedian area. The dark distal shading is more diffused throughout the distal area of the forewing (especially in the 9) and the hindwing is also strongly dusted in its distal area. Dharmsala; I have seen only the type ¢ and the single 2 which is referred here by Hampson. Pt. impexa Btlr. (7c) isasmall species, though normally a little larger than nielseni, with which it has something in common. Glossy light yellowish brown with a slight reddish tinge, the costal margin of the forewing reddish or purplish fuscous from the base to well beyond the middle, gradually becoming lighter. Discal dots present but very small, usually not very strongly darkened. Lines almost entirely obsolete on the upper surface, the commencement of median and postmedian often indicated by costal spots, the median occasionally faintly traceable as a curved reddish or greyish line; a reddish brown or dull purplish band of rather less than 1 mm breadth at the distal margin of both wings, touching the margin in the posterior half but re- ceding from it slightly in the anterior, so as to leave a narrow space of the ground-colour beyond it. Fringes light like the wings. Under surface rather paler, more strongly marked, the median shade and a fine, some- what sinuous postmedian line usually rather well developed. Varies slightly in the width of the marginal band, which occasionally widens anteriorly so as to obliterate the pale distal space, or curves somewhat so as to rejoin the distal margin at the apex. ¢ antenna with long fascicles of cilia; hindleg rather long and slender but the tibia strongly clothed with hair. Smaller than jakima, rather duller coloured, the distal band narrower and much more uniform. Japan: distributed, Yokohama to Satsuma, May to the beginning of July; Szechuan: Chungking, a small 3 10 September, evidently of a second brood. Pt. jakima Bélr. (5b). Pale brownish ochreous, slightly dusted with pink scales, the costal margin of the forewing rather darker and more strongly mixed with pink; the inner and median lines pink, not very distinct, the former (confined to the forewing) rather strongly curved, the latter on the hindwing placed well proximally to the discal dot; postmedian line much darker, sinuate, placed rather near the distal margin and standing on the proximal edge of a purplish border; this border on the forewing contains remnants of the ground-colour at the apex of the forewing and is mixed with some olive-grey scales posteriorly, especially towards the hinder angle; both wings with small blackish cell-dot. Under surface similar but rather duller and more weakly marked, the pink and purplish replaced by greyish and including a suffusion in the basal half of the forewing. — In ab. obliteraria Leech the lines are obsolete on the upper surface, the purplish distal border weaker and less definite, Described from a single 2 taken on Satsuma in May. It has since been recorded from other localities by SraupincER. jakima is distributed in Japan, Korea, the Ussuri district and Central China, July to September. From the similarly (but rather more brightly) coloured ostrinaria Hbn. PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 103 it differs essentially in the narrower distal area, especially in the anterior part of the forewing and on the hind- wing, where also it is more sharply defined. ¢ antenna with fascicles of long cilia; hindtarsus not abbreviated. Pt. roseolimbata Pow). (5d). Pale straw-colour with the costal margin of the forewing (as far as the roseolim- subcostal) and a broad distal border to both wings of a beautiful rose-pink, the former with some dark 2% dusting, the latter traversed by a usually much interrupted subterminal line of the ground-colour and usually also more or less marked with the ground-colour at the distal margin. Lines wanting, or the postmedian very faintly indicated as a sinuous proximal edging to the pink border. Cell-dots blackish, quite small. Under surface duller, the bordering being grey with only a very slight admixture of pink, and the forewing being more or less suffused with the same grey basally; postmedian line better defined than above. Varies only in the extent of the straw-coloured markings in the pink borders, which may occupy nearly the whole of the space be- tween subterminal line and termen, or may be much more restricted. 4 antenna with long fascicles of cilia; hindtibia short, tarsus not abbreviated. Apparently distributed in the mountains of W. China at elevations of 1500 to above 3000 m, occurring in June and July. A very beautiful and very distinct species, being larger than the allies and with broader, brighter margins. Pt. nielseni Hedem. (= latimarginata Warr.) (3 f) is smaller than the other rosy-margined species, the nielseni. borders, as in roseolimbata, broad, but their colour less bright, more asin jakima Bil. Ground-colour pale yellow- ish straw-colour, the costal margin of the forewing purplish pink. Both wings with dark purplish discal dot and dark bisinuate postmedian line to which follows the purplish pink border, which is partly interrupted with the ground-colour at the distal margin itself. Forewing in addition with a weak or obsolescent ante- median line. Underside similar, the costal margin and sometimes the entire cell of the forewing rather more suffused. ¢ antennal ciliation moderately long; hindtarsus not abbreviated. Amurland, Central China and Japan, showing no geographical variation. WARREN in renaming this easily-recognized little species must have overlooked yon HEpEMANN’s description. From roseolimbata, apart from its much smaller size and less bright colouring, nielseni differs in having the postmedian line better expressed, more deeply sinuate and feebly dentate. Pt. manicaria H.-Sch. (= volitaria Joan.) (4e) is at once distinguished from nielseni by its brown, ™anicaria. not purplish distal border, but also differs in other respects. The wings are not very broad, the apex of the forewing rather sharp, the distal margin slightly flexuous, being more convex in the middle than anteriorly. Ochreous light-brown, coarsely irrorated with reddish brown; lines reddish brown, the antemedian (present on forewing only) curved somewhat in S-shape, the postmedian slightly curved, followed by an ill-defined dark (red-brown) shade, which bounds the subterminal line proximally; cell-spots redbrown, rather variable in size; median line finer and weaker than the others, placed distally to the cell-spot on forewing and proximally on the hindwing. Under surface similarly marked. Local, Spain and N. Africa. I have only seen 99. Pt. fractilineata Zell. (= inclinata Led.) (4c). Forewing whitish, strongly mixed with pale clay-co- fracti- lour which usually (as in the specimen figured) leaves only a narrow and ill-defined antemedian line, a broader laneates postmedian, closely followed by a very fine, little noticeable line, and rather irregularly bent subterminal of the pale colour; cell-spot black; fringe with some obscure, sometimes nearly obsolete dark marks. Hind- wing shaped nearly as in dimidiata (the excisions not shown in our figure); usually more whitish and more weakly-marked than the forewing, at least in its proximal part; sometimes more nearly agreeing with it; cell- spot small and indistinct, occasionally wanting; a strongly bent subterminal line nearly always discernible. Under surface more weakly marked. Although I have before me for examination scarcely a dozen specimens of this species these are sufficient to indicate that it is subject to considerable variation in size, colour and markings. Some examples are much smaller than the one figured, the tone is sometimes greyer, while there is not infrequently a more or less distinct dark band (occasionally very strong) proximally to the subterminal line and some weaker dark shading distally to it. In the most strongly-marked specimens there is some coarse fuscous dusting in the basal area and distinct fuscous antemedian and postmedian line are present, the latter being an accentuation of the clay-coloured line which separates the whitish band from the whitish line that follows it. But notwithstanding this variability and the fact that it is a rather inconspicuous species, frac- tilineata is really not difficult to recognize if the shape of the hindwing, the structure, and the course of the sub- terminal line (which is strongly outcurved behind the middle) be taken into consideration. ZELLER’s type and a few. other examples show all the lines present though without the fuscous shading, the postmedian of the hindwing almost right-angled on the 1. radial. 4 antennal joints somewhat projecting, with slender fascicles of mo- derately long cilia; hindleg short and weak, tarsus abbreviated. S. Spain, Sicily, Algeria, Egypt to N. Syria. April-June, probably throughout the summer. — subrufaria Stgr. may probably be only a form of fractili- subrufaria. lobaria. subpurpu- rata. sanctaria. extlaria. gynochro- maria. 104 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. neata; at least I can find no valid difference in a pair from Tunis kindly sent me by Herr PiinceLer, who has bred it from the egg and who also considers it doubtfully distinct from fractilineata. According to SraupinGcER the lines of the forewing are usually present, but occasionally very weak, the band before the subterminal line nearly always developed, the hindwing also with the lines generally present, but not sharply expressed. He mentions the similarity of structure to fractilineata, but fails to give his usual valuable com- parative descriptions or differentiations, and the characters which he gives would be equally applicable to cer- tain fractilineata. I can therefore only apply the name to the strongly marked forms of that species occurring in Algeria and Tunis. Pt. lobaria Chrét. is described as being near fractilineata but with the g antenna “strongly pecti- nated”. Authors do not all apply this term in precisely the same way, and from the detailed description I gather that Curitien only refers to projecting jomts with strong fascicles of cilia. According to CHRE- TIEN the forewing is a little prolonged apically, very pale clay-colour with sparse dark brown dusting, the lines weak, especially the inner, median shade vague, narrow, subterminal line whitish, more distinct than the other markings; hindwing with the excision between the radials very deep, leaving a broad lobe on either side, colour whitish at base, then pale clay-colour with whitish subterminal line. Underside similar, but with the lines and especially the discal dots much more distinct. Larva short and thick, carinated laterally, atte- nuated anteriorly, beginning from the fourth abdominal, and posteriorly, beginning from the sixth; segment- incisions rather pronounced; skin transversely folded, rugose, granulated; reddish ochreous, dorsal band reddish brown, becoming thicker and blacker at the incisions, weaker between; subdorsal similar, but still more interrupted; lateral ridge pale yellowish, slightly rosy; tubercles and spiracles indistinct, setae very short. Feeds in July on fresh or withered leaves. Imago in May and June, probably again later. Algeria: Biskra. Pt. subpurpurata Sigr. (3f). Another of the very small species, the only 9 known to me much smaller even than the figured g. Ground-colour deeper and brighter than in manicaria, but not quite so bright as in exilaria; both wings with the area distally to the postmedian line uniformly darker (more inclining to purplish) excepting a fine line immediately adjoinmg the postmedian and a less fine, undulate subterminal, which both remain of the ground-colour. The lines also purplish, the first (on forewing only) and median sinuous, sometimes near together, the median rather thick, the postmedian following a similar course to the median or rather more strongly outcurved in its anterior part; no distinct cell-spots; fringes unmarked. Under surface similar, forewing without first line. 3 antennal joints somewhat projecting, ciliation not very long; hindleg short, tarsus extremely abbreviated. Syria, Tarsus and Mesopotamia. Rather variable in the degree of development of the distal shading. Hindwing not at all concave between radials and posteriorly, merely straighter (less convex) than the intervening part. Pt. sanctaria Stgr. (7c) is only known to me from the figure and description, but should be quite easy to recognize, unless it is more variable than is yet known to be the case. Size of subpurpurata. Deep ochreous, with sharp black discal dots, before which are placed on the forewing two on the hindwing one black line, on the latter also some dark basal dusting; the distal of these two lines of the forewing and the single line of the hindwing (i. e. the median of both wings) are angled outwards about the third radial. A curved postmedian line commences at the costal margin of both wings shortly beyond the discal dot, but — is incomplete. In the hindwing, the second subcostal vein is very long-stalked. Under surface uniform shiny clay-yellow with the costal margin of the forewing narrowly ochreous. Sometimes, at least in the 3g, the proximal black lines are more or less obscured by dark dusting. Valley of the Jordan, Palestine, in May. Com- pared with helianthemata Mull., but the 3 antennal structure as in subpurpurata. he | Pt. exilaria Guen. (= transmutata Rbr. = esterelata Mill.) (4a, as filacearia; 4c) is usually of a rather bright reddish fulvous, the markings rather darker, more brownish or more purplish; the most distinctive marking is the sinuous distal band, occupying on the forewing the space between the postmedian and sub- terminal lines and of equal width throughout, and on the hindwing more ill-defined. Well-marked specimens, such as the example we figure, represent GUENEE’s type and have the inner and median lines present, for- med nearly as in subpurpurata. 3 antenna with fascicles of long cilia; hindleg short and weak, tarsus greatly abbreviated. All the figures known to me show this form, the dark band either brownish fulvous or purplish to blackish. GurEN«E knew also the weakly marked form and seems to be approximately right in treating it as characteristic of the 2. — ab. gynochromaria Homberg is an extreme 3 aberration of yellower (less reddish) colour with the markings obsolete both above and beneath. — Larva very distinct from most species, more cylindrical, of medium thickness, without lateral ridge, head large, dark, a dark prothoracic plate, body Publ. 5. IV. 1913. PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 105 whitish, tubercles black, setae more conspicuous than usual. Polyphagous on flowers. Pupa amber yellow, not described. The moth is only partially double-brooded. S. France, Spain, N. Africa and Syria. Pt. fatimata Stgr. (4c). Shape and structure of the preceding, generally somewhat smaller and paler, but very variable, the distal band on the forewing straighter, on the hindwing more sharply defined, at least proximally, the postmedian line being well expressed and separated from the band by a fine pale line. Some- times the band is extended so as to occupy almost the whole distal area, but commonly itis narrow. In ge- neral the colouring somewhat recalls Hmmuiltis and Cleta. g antennal ciliation moderately long. Larva moderate- ly long, attenuated anteriorly, rugose, folded dorsally, shiny greenish or yellowish grey, tubercles small, black, setae longer than usual, no very distinct markings. S. Spain and Algeria in April and (at least in cap- tivity) a second brood in July. ’ Pt. eburnata Wocke (= contiguaria Hb. nec Bkh.) (4c). We here commence a new group, in which the species bear a more or less close superficial resemblance to the marginepunctata-group of Acidalia and the genus Glossotrophia; this resemblance is certainly in part brought about by the similarity of resting- habits, rocks, stones or walls being chosen in preference to the shelter of bushes. The usually whitish ground- colour, often with dense dark dusting, subterminal line twice broadening, accompanied proximally by pairs of dark spots or an interrupted band are characteristic. The very irregular course of the median shade is ge- nerally distinctive of ebwrnata. The under surface is more weakly marked, the first line of the forewing ab- sent, the hindwing whiter than the forewing. ¢ antennal joints swollen, with rather long ciliation; hind- tibia not very strongly thickened, with a slender hair-pencil, the tarsus not much shorter than the tibia. Varies considerably; some aberrations, tending to develop into local races in particular localities, have been named. — ab. obscura Fuchs differs from the type form in having almost the entire surface of both wings (except the subterminal line) strongly dusted with dark scales, giving to the insect an appreciably darkened appea- rance. In the type form the dusting is rather sparse. This dark form is prevalent in the Rheingau and is also well known in North Wales. It seems to be topographical rather than geographical, being dependent on the colour of the rocks on which it rests. — ab. fuscalata Fuchs is the extreme melanotic development of ob- scura, uniformly infuscated, the markings sometimes almost entirely obliterated. — ab. dirutaria Fuchs is a weakly-marked yellowish form, the dark dusting very slight, the lines obsolescent, chiefly indicated by the dark costal spots from which they start, some dark dusting proximally to the subterminal. This aberration and the preceding were obtained chiefly by breeding and — like ab. obscura — Fucus records them from his own district, the Rheingau. StaupincER writes of ab. fuscalata “forma domestica”, but Fucus points out (Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 62, p. 133) that this is not entirely correct, as he has occasionally, although rarely, taken it wild. The matter has been further discussed by F. Fucus (Soc. Ent., vol. 19, p. 17). Also in Britain these extreme forms have occurred. — ab. pallidaria Fuchs is rather small and narrow-winged, paler, weakly dusted, the lines sharply expressed. Described from Spain, possibly a local race. — The egg is a flattened oval, the surface covered rather regularly with minute pitting; pale when first laid, it gradually assumes an orange colouring. The larva is rugose, moderately stout, gradually tapering anteriorly, the head small, the ven- tral surface somewhat flattened, the lateral swollen; dorsal area yellowish brown, the abdominal segments with a weak, double dorsal line, swelling out and blackening in the middle of the 1.—5. abdominals; sub- dorsal line blackest on the thoracic segments; tubercles black. Various foodplants are mentioned by different writers, and in confinement it will, like most of the genus, accept various common weeds; a friend of my own has found the larvae in the wild state on Cotyledon, but it is oftenest obtained by rearing from the egg. In captivity a succession of broods may be obtained, but the natural period of flight is from about mid- summer and through July. Local in Central and Southern Europe, but not extending far eastward. The Chinese and Korean specimens recorded by Lrrecu do not belong here; a 4 from Chow-pin-sa belongs to the genus, but has rather shorter antennal ciliation, rather shorter tarsus and very strong black spots on the fringe, but as the wings are a little rubbed I refrain from describing it. The two 92 (Chang Yang and Gensan) belong structurally to Acidalia, but are not in perfect condition and must await the discovery of their ¢.. - contiguaria is a sluggish insect and is found resting on rocks, chiefly in mountainous country. Pt. sabulosa sp. nov. (7d). Size of the seriata-group (wing-expanse 19—21 mm, English system of mea- surement), distal margin of forewing smooth, of hindwing almost fully rounded, only a little flattened between the radials and from the first median to anal angle. Face blackish, vertex dirty white, collar brown. 3 anten- nal joints not projecting, the ciliation even, scarcely longer than the diameter of the shaft. ¢ hindtibia consi- derably thickened, with strongly expansile hair-pencil, tarsus extremely short. Dirty whitish, densely dusted with coarse, dark greyish-sandy scales. Markings formed by an accumulation of these scales, perhaps accom- panied by a slight suffusion of the ground-colour. Forewing with extreme costal edge dark fuscous; the lines IV 14 fatimata. eburnutu. obscura. fuscalata. dirutaria. pallidaria. sabulosa. humeraria. consolidata. libycata. vesubiata. 106 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prov. commencing from stronger and usually slightly enlarged costal spots, the first slightly curved, sinuate inwardsin posterior part, accentuated by darker marks on the veins, the postmedian formed about asin eburnata, or the teeth slightly less pronounced; median shade thick, distinct at posterior margin but almost or entirely dying out about the cell-spot; pale subterminal line strongly sinuous, moderately dark-shaded proximally and distally; cell-spot large, black; no marginal line; fringe with dark spots. Hindwing similar, first line wanting, cell-spot smaller. Under surface very glossy, without markings; forewing more brownish, hindwing more whitish. Dras, Kashmir, 2 gg, 3 99 collected in June 1887 by J. H. Leecu. One ¢ is less strongly dark-dusted than the other examples. Pt. humeraria Walk. (= cerussina Btlr.) (7d). A pretty and very distinct species. Wings rather narrow, whitish ashy (sometimes tinged with ochreous), dusted with fuscous scales, the median area of. the forewing and basal half of hindwing, however, almost free from dark dusting; the markings fuscous, arranged nearly as in eburnata but with the median shade on both wings quite weak, ochreous, not fuscous; costal mar- ginof forewing from base to first line broadly blackishtuscous. Under sur- face without markings, glossy, the forewing with smoky suffusion. Antennal ciliation in g moderate, even; hindtarsus not abbreviated. The shape recalls that of a rather narrow-winged seriata, to the average size of which it also approximates; distal margin of forewing strongly oblique, nearly straight; of hindwing very slightly excised between the radials. Dharmsala, Kulu, Simla, etc. Pt. consolidata Led. (7d) rather nearly resembles ebwrnata in colouring and markings and it is probably for this reason that StaupInGcER has placed it in this position. It does not approach it very closely in structure, the g antennal joints projecting less, with the ciliation shorter, the hindtarsus in the ¢ greatly abbreviated. Further differs from eburnata in the less developed dark costal spots of the forewing, much weaker and less zigzag median shade (sometimes almost obsolete), position of the postmedian line somewhat further from the distal margin, large dark dots near the base of the pale fringes, weaker-marked underside and other characters. In any case the yellower and darker forms of eburnata could be at once distinguished by their colour, for consolidata, so far as I know it, does not vary greatly but remains whitish. Larva rather thick, tapering somewhat anteriorly, transversely folded, lateral carination sharp; head dark brown, body greenish black-brown, 2.—5. abdominal segments each anteriorly with a somewhat raised whitish yellow transverse dorsal protuberance; the dorsal tubercles on the last few segments placed on yellowish elevations; spiracles very small, brown, the tubercles in their vicinity black. Pupa compact, light brown, the cremaster dark with very short anal hooks. Imago in June—July and again in September. S. E. Europe, N. Syria, Asia Minor and Persia, local. Perhaps also in Sicily, and I have a single 3 from Moncayo (N. E. Spain) which seems clearly referable here but has become greasy and looks darker — rather recalling the description of joannisiata. Pt. libycata Bartel (3f) represents consolidata in Algeria, and doubts have even been expressed whether it should be treated as a distinct species, neither the larva nor the perfect insect seeming to show any very important differences. As, however, the g antennal joints appear to be appreciably more projec- ting, and the costal margin of the forewing more convex, so that the wing appears broader, I prefer to keep it distinct. For the rest libycata differs chiefly in being on an average more strongly dark-dusted and better marked, sometimes with a more brownish ground-colour, the antemedian and postmedian lines of the fore- wing tending to become more nearly approximated, especially at the costal margin. Larva thick, attenuated anteriorly, strongly carinated, segment-incisions deep; skin very rough and granulated, folded transversely ; head blackish; a quadrate blackish dorsal spot on the metathorax extending to part of the 1. abdominal, the following segment-incisions with X-shaped dorsal markings; ventral area blackish grey, with a similar but weaker pattern. Double-brooded, or perhaps with a succession of broods. From eggs obtained late in May HomsBerec bred the moths in August. Pt. vesubiata Mill. (4c) is another rather broad-winged species with, in some measure, the eburnata habitus. In the antennal and leg structure it nearly agrees with consolidata, the ciliation perhaps even shorter. The much less distinct spots in the fringe, together with much thicker, stronger interneural dark marks on the distal margin itself will readily distinguish it from consolidata. The median line of the hindwing follows nearly the same course as in eburnata, but that of the forewing is in general much less incurved posteriorly, thus less approximated to the inner line. The dark costal spots at the origin of the lines are well expressed. The ground- colour is sometimes browner than in the specimen figured. Under surface with strong lines and discal dots, the forewing somewhat smoky, the hindwing whiter; first line of forewing wanting, the shading between post- median and subterminal weaker than above. By some error Mituiire has figured the larva of asellaria as vesubiata. That of the true vesubiata is moderately slender, tapering little, somewhat flattened, the lateral ridge PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Proovt. 107 only weak; dorsal area usually of a dark, warm wood-brown, lighter spotted along the lateral ridge, the last segments somewhat lighter with dark middles; the 4 middle segments each with two fine white dots; ventral area darker. The pupa is similar to that of seriata but larger, more mixed with greenish, especially the head and wings. The egg is pale lilac or brownish. — vesubiata is exceedingly local, being apparently confined to the district of the Maritime Alps, both in France and Italy. It is found sitting on rocks and occurs in June—July; in captivity, perhaps very occasionally in a state of nature, there is a partial second brood. Pt. asellaria H.-Sch. (= typicata Guen. = reynaldiata Rowast) (4c). The name which is in common use for this species may possibly be incorrect, as HERRICH-SCHAFFER’S figure is scarcely good enough to allow of certain identification and his type specimen was said to come from Corsica, which is not a positively known locality for our species. The name of reynaldiata quite certainly represents it, and according to STAUDINGER’s examination of GUENEE’s type that of typicata (at one time erroneously supposed to be a form of eburnata, ‘with which GUENEE compares it) is equally certain. Nearly always smaller than the four preceding species; only in breeding, as with some other Ptychopoda, giant specimens may occasionally be obtained. Distinguishable also by its nearly uniform grey dusting, even the pale subterminal line not being so largely free from dusting as in the allies, hence not so conspicuous. From the same cause the dark shading proximally to the subter- minal is not conspicuous. The postmedian line on both wings forms a sharper angle on the first radial than in the allies; only libycata sometimes appears rather sharply angled here, but this is when the line is markedly incurved costally, which is not the case with asellaria. The postmedian line of the hindwing is nearer to the discal spot, appearing as a continuation of the median of the forewing; only consolidata shows even an approach to this arrangement. The cell-spots are always large, especially that of the hmdwing. The distal marginal line is broken up into small dashes, but these are not so strongly thickened as in vesubiata. The dots on the fringe are variable, but as a rule not nearly so strong as in consolidata and libycata. Under surface near that of vesubiata, the median line rather less strongly expressed. Before all, the g hindleg has retained tie terminal spurs, and the species should have been placed in the section Sterrha but for its extraordinary affinity with the spurless alysswmata. The 3 antennal ciliation is rather short. — hornigaria Stgr. is a much darker form from the Tyrol (Bozen), described as of a dark violaceous grey, sometimes almost unicolorous. The few examples which I have seen are probably not among the most extreme which do occur, and although they are quite distinguishable from the normal form they can scarcely be considered very striking. — ab. ruminata Mill. seems to me (from the figure) still less striking, though its author calls it a “constant variety’, commoner some years than the type. The ground-colour is a little darkened, the lines strong and thick. — Larva stumpy, attenuated anteriorly, dorsal surface flattened, lateral carimation strong; head small; skin rugose and shagreened, the markings appearing to be formed by lghter and darker granulations; colour variable, lighter or darker grey or clay-colour; dorsal line fine and pale, obsolete on last few segments, on middle segments broadenest; lateral ridge with a row of large black spots; ventral area with weak, angled markings. Polyphagous, preferring withered leaves. Digne to the Southern Tyrol. Pt. alyssumata Mill. (31). Scarcely distinguishable from the preceding except by the structure of the ¢ hindleg, which, though not aborted, always lacks the spurs. Otherwise the resemblance is so exact that it has been placed as a probable variety of asellaria. I think that on an average it is somewhat smaller, paler and more yellowish grey, as STAUDINGER indicates, but none of these differences is constant. As a rule, also, the course of the postmedian line is more irregular in alysswmata, but it varies appreciably in both spe- cies. The under surface of alysswmata is in general more weakly marked, with only the postmedian line present, and even this often faint; but I have before me a form of alyssumata from the Eastern Pyrenees with the lines extraordinarily strongly expressed above, and in this form the character is reproduced beneath. alyssumata seems much the more variable species; from Barcelona I have seen a form in which the coloration is strongly suffused with bright reddish. The egg is rounded, dark fulvous, not fully described. The larva is short and thick, similar in form to that of asellaria; in coloration it seems to be much more variegated, the dorsal area vinous reddish, marbled with white, brown and yellowish, each segment with a pale dorsal patch, the 2.—5. abdominals with distinct yellow (in MiLtimre’s figure white), black-margined spots at the incisions; ventral area uniform dark slate-colour. Supposed to feed on Centaurea aspera, but will accept various flowers and leaves. Spain and the Pyrenees, single-brooded, occurring in July—August. Pt. nocturna Stgr. (31). Of this species I only known the single specimen (3) kindly lent by Herr Punecerer. It is much darker than any form of asellaria or alysswmata and rather recalls Glossotrophia con- finaria ab. falsaria, from which of course the neuration of the hindwing would distinguish it even if the resem- asellaria. hornigaria. ruminata. alyssumata. nocturna. striolata. consociata. maurita- nica. metohiensis. okbaria. 108 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. blance were much closer. The ground-colour is pale greyish ochreous, but even in the meaian area, which is the palest, this is so strongly and coarsely dusted with dark chocolate that the latter may almost be considered the prevailing tone. In the basal area this is still more the case, while the broad distal area is almost entirely of the dark colour, though containing (especially on the hindwing) an indistinct simuous subterminal line of the ground-colour. On the forewing 3, on the hindwing 2 indistinct dark lines, waved or almost angled, rather nearly approximated. Forewing with a rather strong cell-spot placed on the median line; hindwing with smaller, less strong spot. Under surface of a similar but more uniform chocolate tone, the markings obsolete. Antenna with fascicles of moderately long cilia; hindtarsus rather short, scarcely half as long as the tibia. STauDINGER described this species from a single, somewhat damaged ¢ from Namangan, N. Ferghana, which was perhaps even more uniformly dark than the specimen here described. Pt. striolata Stgr. Dark (violet-)grey with black discal dots, an obscure dark median shade and a series of black postmedian dashes continued on the hindwing as a dentate line. Discal dot smaller on fore- wing than on hindwing, closely followed (almost crossed) by the median shade, which on the hindwing is stron- . ger and precedes the discal dot. On each vein of the forewing proximally to the median shade there are usually a small black dash and dot. Limbal line composed of black dashes; frmnge lighter with thick black dots in basal half. Underside of forewing blackish grey, almost unicolorous or with discal dot and 2 indistinct dark outer lines. Hindwing sometimes with broad dark distal border; beneath light grey with the lines distinct. Antennal ciliation in g long, hindtarsus very short. Syria. Unknown to me. Pt. consociata Sigr. Somewhat suggests a large consolidata, but is quite different in colour, being clay-yellow. Wings dusted with blackish and with black, rather elongate discal spots. Inner line very weak, median shade wanting, postmedian line better expressed, followed by an indistinct band of dark, more or less confluent spots; the figure shows that the postmedian follows a pretty normal course, being incurved in the usual positions. Under surface glossy clay-yellowish with only the discal marks and post- median line weakly present. Only the 2 is known, and I have never seen it. Mardin, Northern Mesopotamia. Pt. mauritanica Baker (5d). Similar in shape and colour to cervantaria, but larger. Ground-colour ochreous, inconspicuously dusted with fine darker scales. Forewing with antemedian and postmedian lines slightly greyish but extremely feeble, only a little more noticeable from costa to subcostal vein and thence as dark marks on the veins; antemedian oblique outwards to subcostal, then lunulate between the vein-dots; postmedian angularly broken distally between the subcostal and first radial, then formed somewhat like antemedian; in certain lights a slight darkening midway between the lines indicates towards the posterior margin the position of the median shade; a slightly pale waved subterminal line is discernible, and there are rather distinct terminal dots and some not very distinct dark dots on the base of the fringe; the only prominent marking is the black discal spot. Hindwing slightly paler, at least in its proximal part; no ante- median line, the rest nearly as on forewing. Under surface rather paler, the discal dots obsolescent, the postmedian line on the contrary better expressed, slightly thickened, not stronger on the veins. ¢ antennal joints projecting, with longish fascicles of cilia; hindleg short, the tibia not very strongly thickened, the tarsus less than one-half the length of tibia. Guelma, Algeria, June. I have only seen the type specimen. It may possibly be a large, extremely weakly marked torm of cervantaria, but the subterminal line does not seem to follow the same course and perhaps a more strongly marked example would reveal other differences in the arrangement of the markings. Pt. metohiensis Ab/. Also larger than cervantaria, but with the wings more elongate, the ground- colour pure white, not yellowish, the markings much finer, in particular with the lines less thickened at the costal margin of the forewing; the central area is somewhat narrower and the dark marginal dashes between the veins are wanting. The markings are brownish, the discal dots black, distinct. The median shade of the wing, which arises about the middle of the posterior margin, unites with the inner line before the middle of the wing. Gacko, Metohia (Herzegovina), resting on rocks in July. Only known to me from REBEL’s descrip- tion, Structure as in cervantaria. Pt. okbaria Chrét. Related to cervantaria, the collar (as in that species) not darkened, 9 antenna with very long ciliation, hindtibia not thickened, tarsus long. Yellowish white, strongly dusted with brown. First line represented by a large costal, a small median and a posterior spot; postmedian sinuous and dentate, sometimes marked only by dots on the veins; pale subterminal bordered with brown spots, those on either side of the first median vein the largest, roundest and best defined; median shade very sinuous, fine, PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 109 only strong at the costa, where it arises near the postmedian; discal dot sharply expressed, black or blackish; distal margin with an interrupted blackish line; fringe dotted with black opposite the veins. Hindwing with- out the first line; discal dot placed distally to the median. Forewing beneath infuscated at the base; the lines and discal dots sometimes distinct, especially in the 9. The egg is ellipsoid, flattened at the sides, with a central depression; surface marked with small irregular shallow polygonal, rounded or oval depressions; white, changing to orange. Larva shaped about as that of cervantaria: moderately elongate, attenuated anteriorly from the fifth abdominal, carinated laterally, segment-incisions well marked, skin moderately folded; head small; body with dorsal area ochreous, ventral brown, lines hardly distinct: dorsal very fine, pale, bordered with brown, which widens so as to form dark marks at the incisions and a little beyond the middle of the middle segments; lateral yellowish white, especially distinct anteriorly; ventral fine, pale, edged with blackish brown near the incisions; tubercles not very distinct except the dorsal, which are dark brown; setae very short; spiracles brown-ringed. Feeds on dead leaves and detritus, but seems difficult to rear. Pupa unde- seribed. Imago double-brooded, appearing in May—June and August—September. Gafsa, Tunis. Only _ known to me from the description. Pt. cervantariais a rather variable species, separable into two principal races according to the ground- colour. The form of the wings and the general arrangement of the markings associate it with the preceding group of species, though the forewing is perhaps a little narrower and more pointed than the average. The pale ground-colour is moderately dusted with dark atoms; the lines are present, starting from dark spots on . the costa, the pale subterminal is accompanied by some dark shading proximally; the first line is curved, blackest and thickest on the veins; the median inbent posteriorly; the postmedian marked with dark teeth on the veins; cell-spots distinct; distal margin with thick, elongate interneural marks. Under surface more glossy, quite weakly marked. g antenna and hindleg about as in mauritanica. The larva is elongate, ta- pering anteriorly, the head small, the skin-folds marked, the lateral ridge developed; clay-colour, nearly without markings; dorsal band broad, pale ochreous yellow, sometimes darkened on the thoracic and first abdominal segments; lateral line fine and undulate, a little paler than the ground-colour; ventral area more or less strongly slate-grey, with a pale medio-ventral line which broadens on each segment to an elongate lozenge- shaped mark; spiracles small, whitish, encircled with brown. Feeds, at least in captivity, on Alyssum. Pupa moderately elongate, generally yellowish green, with the head, abdominal extremity and wing-veins marked in reddish brown. The moth is double-brooded. — cervantaria Mull. (3{) is of an ochreous or yellowish tone and is found in 8. France (Collioure) and Catalonia. — depressaria Sigr. (3), which represents it in Sou- thern Spain and North Africa and seems the much commoner form, is whitish grey with scarcely any tinge of yellow and thus presents a very different appearance, as is well shown in our figures. This pale form rather nearly resembles some forms of eburnata but has the lines weaker, the costal spots not so large and strong, the one at the commencement of the median shade placed rather further distad, the white blotches into which the subterminal line expands not quite so strong, and some other slight differences. Pt. incisaria Sigr. (3g, g9). I have slightly altered the position of this species from that assigned to it by STavuDINGER in order to bring it nearer to seriata Schrank, to certain forms of which it bears an ex- ceedingly close resemblance. Coloration and general scheme of markings both above and beneath altogether as in that species. Shape of forewing also very similar, but with slightly sinuous distal margin, foreshadow- ing the form which becomes so distinctive on the hindwing. Hindwing with distal margin crenulate, strongly excised between the radials and more shallowly between the first median and the hinder angle, which latter sometimes appears slightly lobed. In the markings the most obvious distinction is the presence of a rather large dark costal spot at the point of origin of the median shade on the forewing. A close examination shows also several slight differences in the course of the lines, the pale subterminal of the hindwing in particular tending to follow the bends in the shape of the distal margin. The dark shading distally to the postmedian line is more broken up into spots. Collar not dark-coloured. ¢ hindtarsus very short, much more so than in serzata. The ¢g is usually similar to the figured ®; the figured 6, lent by Herr PéncELer (bred from Biskra), shows an unusually pale aberration. The characteristic incisions in the distal margin of the hindwing are not brought out in either figure. Egg ellipsoid, with regular, rather shallow poly- gonal depressions, not arranged in lines; whitish at first, becoming blotched with rose-colour. Larva tapering anteriorly, carinated laterally, segment-incisions rather deep, skin moderately folded, hardly rugose except the anterior and posterior segments; ochreous, more or less reddish, with vague brownish lines; dorsal divided by a fine pale line, little distinct even anteriorly; subdorsal better indicated on the first 4 or 5 segments; carina pale yellowish ochreous, followed by a blackish brown band; ventral surface paler clay-colour with a geminate median line forming some small lozenges; tubercles very small, brownish, not prominent, setae very short; head as wide as prothorax, concolorous, but spotted with brown. Feeds on low plants, accepting fresh or withered leaves. Pupa rather short, yellowish grey with rows of dark brown dorsal spots and with dark wing-veins; cremastral bristles normal. incisaria was described from Southern Portugal but has since cervantaria. depressaria. incisaria, 110 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provr. been taken in some numbers in Algeria, as at Biskra and Philippeville. There is a succession of browis — in captivity certainly three, May—June, July—August, October. mareotica. Pt. mareotica Draudt (3 g, as mareotensis) has the hindwing similarly shaped to that of the preceding species but with the crenulations rather more regular, the excision between the radials less deep, the projec- tion at the 3. radial and 1. median less prominent; anal angle produced as in incisaria. Wings slightly narrower, less strongly dusted, the costal spot at origin of median line weaker, occasionally even obsolete, the lines of the forewing angled on the 2. submedian, reaching the posterior margin very obliquely as in calunetaria, those of the hindwing much less sinuous than in incisaria. 3 antennal joints more projecting than in the allies. Hindtarsus of 3 longer than in incisaria, somewhat shorter than in albitorquata. The brownish- grey shade which follows the postmedian line is continuous, or in any case not broken up into spots; it is ge- nerally rather well developed, but mareotica is rather variable in this and other respects. Some specimens are darker and more strongly marked than the one figured, some paler and weaker-marked. The larva is rather compact, flattened, with prominent lateral carination; almost uniform yellow-grey, with quite weak dorsal X-markings crossing the segment-incisions. Mariout Desert, Lower Egypt, probably in a succession of broods. I possess a worn g which was taken at light at Alexandria, 2 July 1904, by Mr. P. P. Graves. aReonqeatine Pt. albitorquata Piing. (3 f). Hindwing still less irregularly shaped, more approaching that of seriata. From that species it differs in the whitish collar, the somewhat coarser (though not denser) dark atoms, more conspicuous black marks on the distal margin and also in the structure of the ¢ antenna and hindleg. ¢ an- tennal joints scarcely at all projecting; hindtibia more swollen, tarsus shorter, more approaching mareotica. Until quite recently this species was entirely overlooked, on account of its strong superficial resemblance to the whitish southern forms of the variable seriata or to sodaliara or camparia, all of which have the collar brown. It is on an average somewhat larger in size. Already known from Sicily, Greece, Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, thus has evidently a wide range. Herr PUNGELER has reared it from the egg. As with serrata, napoleon. there is a succession of broods, the life cycle being completed in two or three months. — napoleon form. nov. (5b) may possibly be a dark local form of albitorquata, but more probably a separate species. Unfortuna- tely only the 2 is yet known, but this seems to have the antennal joints somewhat more prominently angled at their extremities than albitorquata. Smaller; the white ground-colour much more densely dusted with the large dark atoms, the dark markings also much more distinct, indeed more blackish than in the most strongly- marked examples of seriata known to me. Antemedian and postmedian lines formed similarly to those of se- riata but thicker, more continuous, the teeth on the veins thicker and stronger; median shade faintly indi- cated in light brownish; a series of strong fuscous spots proximally to the subterminal line; distal marginal black strokes on an average even more strongly developed than in typical albitorquata. Under surface also more strongly marked than in seriata. Corsica: Bastelica, 30 July, 1905 (type, in my collection); Ajaccio, 9 June, 1899 (cotype, British Museum). Herr PiinGeLeR informs me that he has also an example, without exact loca- lity. I further learn from him that a very similar form occurs in the mountains of Sardinia which except for the apparent (slight) antennal difference might be referred here and which he inclines to regard as a small dark mountain race of albitorquata. Further material is required for a full elucidation of these various closely-allied forms, but the Corsican napoleon is so distinct and easily separated from typical albitorquata obliquaria. that I do not hesitate to call attention to it. — obliquaria 7'rti. After the above was written, and indeed just as we are going to press, the above-mentioned Sardinian form has been described as a new species by Turati; it will possibly, on side-by-side comparison, prove to supplant my napoleon, notwithstanding the apparent difference in the antenna. “Form of virgularia Hbn., but smaller than albitorquata Piing., between which species it seems to come. Forewing more elongate; colour blackish grey. Transverse lines more oblique, very black, distinct, less dentate; bands (marginal and submarginal) somewhat similar to albitorquata Ping. ; but with the submarginal from the middle of the wing-margin to the posterior angle dark and broadly diffuse. Hindwing with the submarginal line also diffuse. Under surface smoky, with black lines formed of dashes on the veins. Thorax and abdomen concolorous, dark grey, head lighter, not sharply contrasted with the col- lar. 9 g, 1 2 Monte Chiesa, collected in May and June, reared from ova in July and August’. According to the discoverer, G. C. Kriicer, the larva differs from that of albitorquata. joannisiata. Pt. joannisiata Homberg (=? campata Rbr. nec H.-Sch.) is unknown to me except from HomBeEra’s excellent description and the notes which accompany it. It was discovered in 1901 near Vernet-les-Bains (Eastern Pyrenees) but was at first misidentified as camparia. HU it is really identical with the campata of Rampur it occurs also in Andalusia, but as the figure shows rather slighter angles in the lines and the me- dian shade removed a little further distad than in joannisiata the identity is not established; the Andalusian specimens which I have seen appear to be true camparia, but in any case are clearly not joannisiata. The latter is distinguished by its glossy pale brownish grey colour, strongly different from the coarsely dusted, dirty PTYCHOPODA. By L. B- Provt. 111 white tone of camparia, by the position of the lines and especially by the structure. gj antenna very shortly and finely ciliated, the ciliation not as long as the diameter of the shaft; hindtibia strongly dilated, with long hair-pencil, tarsus extremely short. Wing-markings blackish brown, consisting of thick, nearly parallel lines, more strongly marked at the margins of the forewing; antemedian angulated, median crossing the discal dot of forewing or approximated to it distally; postmedian punctuated on the veins, forming a very small but sharp angle on the first radial; subterminal line indistinct, not accompanied by the strong spots of campuria; fringes intersected by brown marks opposite the veins. Under surface more glossy, forewing somewhat in- fuscated, hindwing whitish, both with the postmedian line distinct. Pt. camparia H.-Sch. (4c) is exceedingly like seriuta and agrees with it in the dark collar. The wings are slightly broader, strongly dusted and (at least usually) strongly marked. The lines of the forewing arise from well-marked costal spots and the postmedian follows a different course from that of seriatw, not being appreciably incurved between the radials; it is followed by a more distinct band or series of dark spots proximally to the subterminal and the distal side of the subterminal is also more or less darkened; the distal margin bears a series of conspicuous interneural black strokes, which seem to be always much finer and weaker in seriata; dots on the fringe nearly as in that species. g hindtarsus somewhat shorter than in seriata. Larva elongate, tapering a little anteriorly and with lateral ridge; head small, deeply bifid, wood-brown; body reddish wood-colour with light dorsal and subdorsal line, beginning on the prothorax as sharply white lines, but only the dorsal continuing white; subdorsal indicated in its further course by dark shading below it; 2.—5. abdominal segments with thick dark spots bordering the dorsal; ventral area darker brown with light mar- kings. Imago double brooded, appearing in June and August. Originally described from Smyrna, occurs in several localities in Asia Minor, Syria, Cyprus, the Balkan Peninsula, $8. E. Hungary, Dalmatia and Andalusia ; probably Sicily and N. Africa are to be added and perhaps some other localities. Pt. sodaliara H.-Sch. (4c) bears to the white forms of seriata the same relationship which camparia bears to the more strongly dusted forms. White with the dusting fine and not strong, the lines, as in camparia, arising from well marked dark costal spots, the postmedian on the forewing not curved inwards between the radials, placed rather further from the distal margin than in seriata; the dots or dashes on the veins by which it is emphasized are sometimes rather long, giving to the line a dentate appearance. The dots at the base of the fringe are in general smaller and less prominent than in seriata, occasionally almost obsolete. The 6 hindtibia, as in camparia, is perhaps somewhat more strongly dilated than in seriata and the tarsus is slightly shorter. I regret that I can point to no essential difference from camparia; with bred specimens of both before me, kindly lent by Herr Fritz Wacner of Vienna, I can only say that the dusting on camparia is thicker and coarser, the brown lines also more mixed with dark scales, the subterminal and terminal shading and fringe-dots in general stronger. But for the experience of the Vienna entomologists, who have bred both from the egg, I should not have considered them distinct species. The larva is slender, moderately flattened, anteriorly tapering, lateral ridge distinct; head yellowish brown; body reddish wood-colour dorsally, the middle segments mixed with blackish; thorax and first abdominal with a fine blackish subdorsal stripe; 2—5. abdominal each with a strong black spot; often a lozenge-shaped pattern is developed on the darkened seg- ments; anal segment with a light, distinctly black-edged dorsal line and very fine subdorsal; lateral ridge light brownish; ventral area blackish brown. According-to Reset it differs chiefly from that of camparia in being darker ventrally and more indistinctly marked, the white lines on the prothorax weak or wanting. Pupa light brownish with regular rows of black spots; cremaster dark, with the terminal bristles short. The moth is double- (in captivity triple-) brooded, May—June, July and end of September, each brood in Dalmatia appearing later than the corresponding one of seriata. S. EK. Hungary, Carniola, Da'matia and the Balkan States; other records are quite doubtful. & Pt. textaria Led. (4d) can scarcely be confused with any other known species. The pure shining white ground-colour and the arrangement of the markings rather recall Acidalia ornata. The 3 antennal struc- ture and the shape of the hindwing bring textaria rather near seriata; the g hindtarsus, however, is much shorter. Lines slender, the antemedian and median more or less obsolete, chiefly indicated by dots on the veins; all three commence obliquely on the costal margin and are angled subcostally; the postmedian is usually better developed (at least towards the inner margin), lunulate-dentate and twice incurved; distal area with two inter- rupted brownish bands or series of blotches, bounding the broad white subterminal line; cell-dots present; distal margin with thick black line strongly interrupted at the vein-ends (or series of thick black dashes). Me- dian shade better developed on the hindwing, strongly angled outwards on the radial and median, so as to form a large lunule (almost a semicircle) round the cell-spot. Under surface feebly marked, the forewing with a slight’ brownish basal and costal suffusion. Apparently common in Syria and distributed from the Taurus to Transcaspia. camparia. sodahara. textaria. cossurata. serwla. cubicularia. obscura. australis. caleearia. canteneraria. 112 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. Pt. cossurata Mill. (3 g) has been united with the dark forms of seriata, but if PitnceLEeR has correctly identified it is certainly a good species. He writes me as follows concerning cossurata: “The single known specimen, a 9, came from the small island of Pantellaria (off Sicily), which is of volcanic origin; the present specimens were taken on Mount Etna. Mitiiire, who considered the species a Huwpithecia, has not described and figured it very well; worn specimens however, in which the markings become paler and more indistinct, agree quite well with the figure. I think the determination can be accepted without much hesitation”. Struc- ture about as that of camparia and sodaliara; wings ample, distal margin of hindwing strongly convex, only very feebly excised (or merely flattened) between the radials and from first median to anal angle. Collar deep brown. The deep colouring of the wings on the whitish ground (well shown in our figure) gives it a very distinctive appearance, perhaps only, in this group, approached in albitorquata napoleon and obliquaria. The antemedian and median lines of the forewing arise from large blackish costal spots, the postmedian from a rather smaller one; the latter follows a course intermediate between camparia and libycata, being sometimes broken distad along the 1. radial vein. A strong dark band borders the subterminal proximally. A thick black ter- minal line is interrupted by white spots on the veins. Forewing beneath infuscated, hindwing paler, showing the lines and cell-spot. A succession of broods occurs. Pt. seriata Schrank (= incanata Schiff. nec L. = moniliata Bkh. nec Schiff. = virgularia Hbn. nec virgulata Schiff. = vicinata Wrnbg.) (4d). An extremely variable species, ranging from almost pure — white forms without markings or with well expressed lines to unicolorous black-grey forms. The vertex of the head remains whitish in all the forms, the collar dark. The lines, when present, do not arise from enlarged costal spots, though not infrequently the costal extremity of the lines is a little blacker than the rest. The first line of the forewing is angled on the subcostal vein or at least strongly bent; it is thickened with dark marks on the veins. The median shade is thicker, not rarely rather strongly developed, often, on the con- trary, quite obsolete even in forms in which the lines are sharply marked; it usually touches the cell-spot on the forewing and is always proximal to it on the hindwing. The postmedian is fine and grey, not itself conspicuous but marked with strong, coarse black spots on the veins; it stands rather near the distal mar- gin and is incurved between the radials, then outcurved; the form of this line is best shown on the right fore- wing in our figure and may be compared to that which occurs in a higher degree of development in calu- netaria. The pale subterminal line is slightly more strongly bent (or angled) inwards between the radials; it is often almost indistinguishable an account of the lack of dark shading accompanying it, but the dark shading may also be moderately or even very strong, sometimes almost filling the distal area and forming a dark border to the wings; this dark shading scarcely ever shows a tendency to break up into spots, herein differing markedly from incisaria, camparia, sodaliara, etc.; distal marginal line consisting of a series of black dashes of variable thickness, sometimes almost obsolete; fringe with more or less strong dark dots at base, opposite the vein-ends. Forewing beneath more or less suffused, often dark smoke-colour, the postmedian line and the cell-spot, however, usually well expressed; hindwing beneath white or whitish, marked (or unmarked) nearly according to the upper surface of the particular form. The typical seriata of Central and Northern Europe is more or less strongly dusted, thus appearing grey, but includes a wide range of subordinate variation, not only in the intensity of the dusting but also in the expression of the lines, the median shade or the dark bordering, either singly or in combination. — ab. cubicularia Peyer (= bischoffaria Lah. nec Hbn. =? atra Baker) is a unicolorous melanotic aberration, dark grey or blackish with lighter fringes, the under surface, however, but little darker than in the type form. It seems (according to the published and still more extensive unpublished experiments of which I possess information) to be a Mendelian form, interbreeding with the type but with the offspring segregating, not producing intermediates. Best known from Germany and Austria- Hungary, but has occurred in N. Italy, N. England, etc. Last year (1911) two were taken in London. Hasicu bred from a Q ab. cubicularia a very perfect halved gynandromorph, the left side 3 cubicularia, the right side Q seriata. — ab. obscura Mill. (= grisescens Lah.) (4d, as cubicularia) is suffused with smoke-colour but the markings remain. Reset has certainly done rightly to separate this from the preceding. It is our common London form and in no degree Mendelian. — australis Zell. (= paleacata Guen. = canteneraria Mill. nec Bdv. =% calvaria Lah.) is the prevailing form in Italy and indeed in most southern localities. Clear yellowish white, with little or almost no dark dusting, the markings more or less well expressed. It varies greatly in size as well as in the extent and depth of the markings and ZeLierR further subdivided it. In any case STAUDINGER’s indication of the form conteneraria as “much smaller” than australis is not entirely correct. Probably there are some localities in which australis occurs as an aberration among the type-form, but I am unable to say positively that this is so; certainly in Britain forms approaching it are entirely unknown. — ab. calcearia Z. is an aberration of australis of small size, pure chalk-white ground-colour, the markings in general rather weak, thus approaching in some respects canteneraria and minuscularia. — canteneraria Bdv. (= ? australis Z. var. b) is a development of australis, in Sicily apparently a mere aberration of it, but it con- stitutes a local race in the South of France. It also occurs in Dalmatia and no doubt in some other locali- ties. It is a small whitish form, very weakly marked, sometimes almost entirely without markings excep- Publ. 10. IV. 1913. PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provt. 113 ting the discal dots and those on the fringe. — minuscularia (Sigr. 7. 1.) Ribbe, from Southern Spain and AI- geria, is a still more extreme development, smaller, purer white (at least in the Q), the discal dots minute, sometimes scarcely noticeable, although I have not seen a specimen in which they are absolutely wanting. This recently differentiated form was apparently included under canteneraria in StaupINGER’s Catalog. — The ege is oval, the surface covered with irregular polygonal depzessions, the micropylar rosette with about 8 cells; grey-yellowish, changing in a few days to red. The larva is slender, tapering anteriorly, the head small, the body somewhat flattened dorsally, carinated laterally, the skin transversely folded; very variable in co- lour, pale or dark grey or almost blackish, or light brown, the lateral ridge whitish ochreous, usually accom- panied beneath by a blackish band; dorsal line pale ochreous, grey-edged on the last few segments and usually on the thorax, sometimes also at the beginning of each segment; in some forms a distinct diamond-shaped dorsal pattern is present, or at least the posterior half of it on each middle segment (V-shaped markings). Polyphagous, thriving well on withered leaves of dandelion etc. Pupa light brown, coarsely black-spotted dorsally, and more finely on the rest of its surface; the dorsal spots arranged in four rows. The moth is gene- rally abundant, in a succession of broods, first appearing in May, or earlier in southern localities; it does not appear to show any appreciable seasonal dimorphism, unless it be in size. It is conspicuous by day sitting on the leaves of various plants or on fences or walls; on white walls it has been reputed to seek out grey patches which harmonize with its colour (PirpERs, “Mimicry”’, p. 199). Flies gently at dusk, seldom at a great height from the ground. Europe, excepting a few western and extreme northern localities, and also in N. Africa; not known from Asia. Pt. sartharia Sigr. (3g) strongly resembles a weakly marked, dirty grey form of seriata, but is easily distin- guished by the simply and shortly ciliated g antenna. According to StaupINGER the structure of the g¢ hindleg “appears to be quite as in virgularia” (seriata); of the only 3 before me one hindleg is lost and the other is in a position which prevents exact investigation, but it seems to me that the tarsus is more strongly abbre- viated; the tibia is certainly strongly tufted. Some specimens are altoge! her without markings, excepting the black diseal dots; in others there is a very weak postmedian line, chiefly expressed by dark teeth on the veins, sometimes also (at least in the 2) traces of inner line and median shade. Under surface similarly without or with only very weak markings, the hindwing paler than the forewing. Ferghana. — ab. (?) sarthularia Stgr. from Northern Ferghana is much more strongly marked, the groundcolour lighter; an obsolete median shade passes on the hindwing far proximally to the discal mark, which here forms a large lunule; the forewing lacks this median shade, but shows the weak postmedian line and beyond it a distinct, narrow dark band. The fringe shows thick black dots or dashes at its base; in typical sartharia these are weak or wanting. Only a single SHOHpLS (S$) is yet known. Pt. conioptera Hmpsn.(7d) may best be compared with sartharia, but has the distal margin of the hindwing rather more strongly excised, nearly as in imcisaria. The coloration is appreciably darker, the wings being more densely dusted with fuscous atoms. Discal dot on both wings rather large and distinct. Postmedian line usually distinct, strongly dentate, in particular with a large acute tooth on the first radial of the hind- wing; on both wings this line is placed somewhat nearer to the discal dot than in sartharia. Some of the other lines are as a rule faintly traceable; in the only known @ (which, more than in sartharia, is narrower-winged than the ¢) two lines proximally to the postmedian¥are fairly well expressed on the inner-marginal half of the hindwing. Dark spots on fringe somewhat sharper than in sartharia. Under surface similarly but still more weakly marked; hindwing slightly paler than forewing. g antennal ciliation as in sartharia; hindleg short and weak, tibia with hair-pencil, tarsus nearly one-half the length of tibia. Kujiar, Himalayas, at nearly 2000 m elevation, 5 gg, 1 9 in the British Museum collection, all taken in April 1889. Pt. descitaria Chr. (= velitschkovskyi Rbdl.) (3h) is very manifestly another relative of seriata. It was quite erroneously sunk by Sta up1NGER to elongaria pecharia, which it resembles in colour. Brownish grey, very densely irrorated with dark scales; the lines and median shade present, sometimes stronger, sometimes weaker. Forewing with antemedian strongly excurved, slightly dentate on the veins; cell-dot black, often large; median shade rather thick, closely following the cell-dot; postmedian dentate, rather markedly bent outwards at the 3. radial and 1. median; subterminal line ill-defined, slender, often appearing somewhat interrupted; fringe with a slender pale line at extreme base, then a slender dark line on which stand rather thick, more or less elongate black dots opposite the veins. Hindwing with distal margin very weakly emarginate between the radials, scarcely more so than in seriata; median shade angled on the median vein, its anterior half sometimes strongly curved round the cell-dot; cell-dot usually rather large; postmedian line, except in rare aberrations, closely following the cell-dot, often appearing as a continuation of the median of the forewing, very rarely placed so far distally as the postmedian of the forewing; fringe as on forewing. Underside of forewing similar, IV es 15 minuscu- laria. sartharia. sarthularia. conioptera. descitaria. longaria. atlantica. sublongaria. allongata. 114 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provr. without first line; of hindwing somewhat lighter, the median shade (when developed) crossing the cell-dot, the postmedian placed nearer the distal margin than on the upper surface. ¢ antennal joints scarcely at all projecting, ciliation even, quite moderate; hindtibia shortened and thickened, with strong hair-tuft, tarsus extremely short. Larva similar to that of serzata, moderately elongate, tapering anteriorly, somewhat carinated laterally, skin transversely folded; head small; dorsal area reddish brown, indistinctly marked, at least in the single preserved larva before me; an ill-defined slender double grey dorsal line, becoming darker and better defined posteriorly; faint indications, especially on the 3.—5. abdominals, of oblique grey lines divarica- ting from the posterior margin of the segment; lateral ridge pale, followed below by a dark band; ventral area again reddish brown, paler in the middle, with indications of lozenge-shaped pattern; spiracles not very conspicuous. Pupa light brown, similar to that of seriata, but with the wing-veins strongly darkened. In captivity Herr PinceLer has obtained three generations in the year, the moths showing no appreciable seaso- nal dimorphism. Only hitherto known from 8. Russia, 8S. W. Siberia and according to CuristopH Kuldja. Dif- fers from conioptera in the less emarginate hindwing, the more brownish grey colour and usually in the closer approximation of the postmedian line of the hindwing to the discal dot. Pt. longaria H.-Sch. (= prolongata Rbr.) (4d) differs essentially from seriata in the long, narrow wings; in the 2 the form is even more extreme than in the ¢, and the ground-colour is usually whiter, indeed often quite white. The lines (usually broken into rows of dots) and the slender median shade are acutely angled near the costal margin and then run parallel with the very oblique distal margin; on the hindwing they are generally not traceable as far as the costal margin; on both wings the postmedian is commonly followed by a narrow, vague, brownish band. Both wings with black cell-dot and black dots at base of fringe. The distal margin of the hindwing is sinuous, showing an appreciable but not deep concavity between the radials. Under surface more weakly marked, forewing somewhat suffused towards base; discal dots well expressed, sometimes also the median of forewing and postmedian of both wings. Spain and Portugal, Sicily, North Africa, Teneriffe, double brooded. The egg is spheroidal, with longitudinal sulci and each sulcus with polygonal depressions; whitish yellow at first, later intersected with ochreous reddish. Larva moderately slender, atten- uated anteriorly, lateral ridge undulate, the black-edged spiracles placed in the lower part of each curve; head dirty white, body variable in colour, pale reddish, greenish or blackish grey, always darker speckled, ventrally more uniform; first two abdominal segments paler; last three with a broad dark dorsal line; tubercles black. Like most of the genus, it prefers dry leaves to fresh. Pupa yellowish, spotted with black, anal extremity brownish, wings green with black dots and lines. Pt. atlantica Stin. (5b) seems to me to be scarcely more than a dwarfed local form of the preceding, but as the excisions in the distal margin of the” hindwing are rather deeper and the’ teeth at the first radial and the anal angle stronger, and as moreover I have been unable to examine the~ ¢ structure in longaria, I leave it provisionally separate. Only the three original specimens are before me, the 3 (type) in good con- dition but without abdomen, the two 929 slightly worn. As in longaria, the g is greyer, the 9 whiter; in both sexes the area between the median and postmedian lines is almost entirely free from dark dusting, thus forming in the 9 a clear white band, which is not manifest in my few examples of longaria. Otherwise I find no material differences in the markings, unless it be that in the g (and to some extent in one Q) the lines and median shade of the forewing arise from thicker dark costal marks; I have not seen any longaria in which the median line, in particular, is so strongly expressed on the costa. Forewing beneath somewhat more suffu- sed. g antenna with the joints somewhat projecting, ciliation moderate; hindleg short, tarsus strongly ab- breviated (about. 5 mm.). Only known from Madeira. Pt. sublongaria Sigr. (3 g) is nearly related to longaria but larger and much darker, more brownish, the lines better expressed, not broken up into dots, the pale subterminal well developed; postmedian line fine, slightly denticulate, the teeth somewhat blacker-marked on the veins; discal dots weak, especially on the under surface. The markings of the upper surface, except the first line of the forewing, are reproduced beneath, though rather less distinct. g¢ antenna with fascicles of long cilia; according to StauprnerrR the ciliation is longer than in longaria. Palestine and Syria, in April. Pt. allongata Stgr. (3 g, 3) is also closely related to longaria. The ¢ is rather dark, the @ light grey- brownish, intermediate between longaria and sublongaria. The lines on the forewing are well developed, espe- cially in the 9, and are all acutely angled near the costal margin; the black discal dots and a series of large dots at the base of the fringes also well developed. The median line is placed somewhat differently from that of the allies, being nearer to the postmedian; on the hindwing it crosses the large black cell-dot or follows it, while in the other species it is proximal thereto. g antenna with fascicles of long cilia. Mardin, N. Meso- potamia, also from Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley in coll. PUNGELER. PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provr. 115 Pt. gracilipennis Warr. Described from a single $ from Beyrout, in very bad condition. It will gracilipen- perhaps be identifiable by the structure, but hitherto I have not seen any other Palearctic examples which I can refer to it; it more recalls two or three South African species, such as minimaria Warr. and wmbricosta Prout. Antenna evenly ciliated, the cilia little longer than the diameter of the shaft. Hindleg rather small, but with the tibia well thickened; tarsus extremely abbreviated, about one-fourth or one-fifth the length of the tibia. Wing-expanse about as in an average humiliata (19 mm, English system of measuring); wings very narrow, glossy, bone-colour, the markings entirely lost, the costal margin of forewing more reddish. Fore- wing beneath more mixed with reddish; costal margin of hindwing beneath also somewhat reddish. Face red- dish brown. Pt. pallidata Schiff. (= byssinata Tr.) (4d, 3). Noteworthy for the usually strong sexual dimorphism in the coloration, which misled TREITscHKE into describing the 2 as a separate species, under the name of byssinata. g pale whitish-ochreous with broad darker wavy, parallel lines or bands, between which the ground- colour appears as pale, in part narrower lines. Forewing more or less suffused with ochreous basally; no cell- spot on either wing, nor dark distal-marginal markings. Fringe concolorous. Underside dull ochreous with some blackish dusting, especially on forewing; a dark discal dot and postmedian line present, also the pale sub- terminal: 9 somewhat smaller, white, with the ochreous lines fine and sometimes faint; the under surface, also white, shows corresponding markings to those of the g, though rather weak. g antenna with longish fascicles of cilia; hindleg short and weak, the tarsus very short. Egg rather a short oval, with depression on the upper side; yellowish green, the surface dull, the pattern consisting of rather irregular hexagonal pitting. Larva not very elongate, tapering anteriorly, rather flattened, laterally sharply carinated, skin trans- versely folded, segmentation well marked; grey-brown with fine double black dorsal line, strongest on the last 3 segments; subdorsal indistinct except on thorax and last few abdominal segments; 5 V-shaped dorsal marks, their points directed posteriorly; lateral ridge lighter, with black spirac es; ventral area mostly blackish, lighter in middle. Pupa yellow-brown with black incisions and dorsal line and black wing-veins. Imago in May and June. Distributed in Central and parts of North Europe, Central Asia and Siberia; wanting in a great part of Western Europe. Pt. argilata Guen., described from a single 9 from Lozére, is according to STAUDINGER a good species, and it is remarkable that it has never been rediscovered. GUENKHE describes it as near holosericata (dilutaria Hbn.) but larger, with much of the aspect also of deversaria, with which it agrees in size and nearly in shape; distinguished from both by its very uniform pale greyish-ochreous tone, which is tinged with greenish. The lines are all uniform, slightly waved and parallel, occupying the entire surface as in holosericata; they are rather shades than lines, and only very slightly darker than the ground-colour. Both wings with a small but distinct discal dot. Under surface still more weakly marked. According to BELLIER the forewing is more acute than in pallidata, the lines thicker and straighter, less distinct, the palpus ochraceous, not brown; but he only possessed one example of pallidata for comparison. Pt. nudaria Chr. (3h). Uniform dull ochreous, glossy, with very faintly darker median and postmedian lines, on forewing rather straight, on the hindwing (at least in the specimen before me) the postmedian incurved between the radials; forewing also with traces of an antemedian line. Under surface paler, especially of hind- wing, the median and postmedian lines rather better expressed, the costal margin of the forewing a little more deeply coloured than the rest. ¢ antenna rather stout, ciliation of medium length; hindtibia short, strongly thickened, tarsus quite short. CHRISTOPH, who indicates the presence of “‘two strong spurs”’, evidently mistook the middle for the hindleg. Differs somewhat from pallidata in shape, in the fuller ochreous tone, still weaker lines, lack of subterminal, the shorter antennal ciliation, ete. Amurland and Ussuri, originally discovered in the Chingan Mountains in July. — infuscaria Leech (3h) from Japan and China is a darker, rather better- marked form in which a somewhat pale subterminal line is indicated. Occurs in June and July. The @ is lighter and more ochreous than the g, but infuscaria is decidedly variable, and although the differences here in- dicated are applicable to all, it is quite possible that more extensive Siberian material will produce examples corresponding to it. Pt. obfuscaria Leech is another glossy-winged species, but is of a darker, more blackish brown colour and even more weakly marked, the lines being indeed scarcely discernible. The fringes are rather lighter. The anal extremity and ventral surface of the abdomen are somewhat less dark, also the legs. The structure agrees with that of the preceding, and as the only two specimens yet known were taken at the same time and place as nudaria infuscaria it seems to me very probable that it may prove to be merely a very extreme aber- ration. Ningpo, 2 gg, June and July. . nis. pallidata. argilata. nudaria. infuscaria. obfuscaria, 116 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provur. uniformis. Pt. uniformis Sigr. (3h). Both wings above and beneath uniform pale yellowish sand-colour. The transverse lines (antemedian, postmedian and sometimes also a median) discernible in certain lights but excessively weak, only sometimes (except the median) slightly better indicated on the costal margin of the forewing, by slightly enlarged spots; on the underside entirely wanting. Discal dot sometimes present on forewing above, though not very darkly coloured; its position (much beyond the middle of the wing) draws attention to one of the chief peculiarities of the species, the elongate cells of both wings. Otherwise it presents few striking characters. In shape it is not greatly different from the two preceding species. The g antennal ciliation is moderately long; the hindleg short and weak, tarsus much abbreviated; tongue apparently wanting or rudimentary. The only 9 which I have seen is very much larger than the figured g, but this seems to be unusual; STAUDINGER gives 19 mm for a g, 17 mm for 2 99. Palestine: Jordan Valley, end of May. i squalidaria. Pt. squalidaria Sigr. (3h) is another rather inconspicuous species, with glossy, very weakly-marked wings. It may best be compared with subsericeata, from which, however, it is easily distinguished by the straight distal margin of the forewing, which causes .he wing to appear more pointed (rather recalling the shape of ossiculata) and by the more yellowish (or even brownish) white ground-colour. The 3 antenna is similar, though the ciliation appears slightly shorter in squalidaria; the hindtibia is less thickened, the tarsus about equally short. Lines very weak in the g, somewhat better expressed in the 9, wavy or subdentate; cell-dots, marginal dots and the first line of forewing obsolete. The forewing beneath is slightly more tinged with brownish | or smoky, the pine wane more white; the lines of the upper surface sometimes present, sometimes absent, the © being here also the better marked. According to STAUDINGER the 2 sometimes shows 3 very minute marginal dots. Originally described from Panticosa (2200 m) on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees: but Dr. CHAPMAN has more recently discovered it at Gavarnie. Flies in July. RS TRERICEOTEE Pt. subsericeata Haw. (= perfluaria Bdv. = pinguedinata Zell. = oloraria Réssl.) (4d). White with strong silky gloss, the lines grey, seldom strongly expressed, on the other hand usually all present, thus num- bering 5 on the forewing and 4 on the hindwing; the outermost line (distal shading of subterminal) the oftenest absent; all except the median are parallel with the distal margin, but slightly wavy; the median on the forewing is usually somewhat oblique, but occasionally almost parallel with the others; that of the hind- wing runs straighter across the wing, instead of following the curve of the strongly convex distal margin. Cell- spots and terminal line wanting or rarely the former present, minute; fringe usually with a series of minute black dots at the base, which are sometimes in part, more rarely entirely obsolete. Forewing beneath often with a smoky suffusion, either basally or all over; median and postmedian lines present, often well develo- ped; a small discal! dot present. Hindwing beneath white, with discal dot and postmedian line. ¢ antennal ciliation little longer than diameter of shaft; hindtarsus short. Not on the whole an extremely variable species, except in size; there is, however, a great deal of trivial variation, i. e. as regards the absolute or relative strength of the several lines, the close proximity of the inner subte minal to the postmedian or their wider separation, the degree of suffusion of the under surface, ete. Second-brood specimens, besides being smaller, obscura. Seem to be on an average whiter beneath and are sometimes rounder-winged. — ab. obscura Abl. ‘s the only really striking aberrat on with which I am acquainted. The entire upper surface is uniformly suffused with dark grey, only the fringes remaining white. The grey lines are entirely obliterated, but the subterminal is mancuniata. faintly discernible. Founded on a single example from N. Cornwall. — mancuniata Knaggs (= veterata Gregs.), from N. England (Lancashire and S. Yorkshire), which was considered (chiefly on some larval diffe- rences) a separate species, scarcely seems to be even a constant local race; it was founded on bred specimens, of a somewhat more ochreous tone, with the minute marginal dots rather even, the forewing less pointed, asbestaria. thus in part corresponding to the second brood. — asbestaria Zell. is merely diagnosed by STAUDINGER as a “larger form”. ZELLER, who erected it as a separate species (from pinguedinata), adds that the wings are a little broader, the forewing a little whiter, the dots on the fringe weaker, the palpus not brown at the tip. It was described from Tuscany. In the type specimens I can see but little difference from the other forms and it diaphanaria.must be borne in mind that ZELLER’s pinguedinata (g Messina, 9 Cisterna) was somewhat dwarfed. — dia- phanaria Bang-Haas, also erected as a species, appears, according to a cotype in the PUNGELER collection, to be a rather large, rather clear white, weakly marked form (local race?) of subsericeata, the median and postmedian lines rather widely separated, especially on the hindwing. Its structure agrees entirely, and very similar forms occur in Turkey, Algeria and probably elsewhere. diaphanaria was described from Ain Draham, Tunis. — Egg oval, laid flat, the upper side with a long central depression; the entire surface with regular, minute pitting; colour very pale yellowish, changing to pale orange with red blotches. Larva slender, tapering considerably towards the head, skin rugose, strongly granulated; dull whitish grey, dorsal surface reddish, mediodorsal line black but very slender and inconspicuous, subdorsal also black, more distinct at anterior and posterior extremities, lateral line dull yellowish white, a dull yellow spot on the side of the sixth abdominal segment, ventral surface whit’sh in the middle, with black spots. The pupa is darker brown than that of any other Ptychopoda with which I am acquainted, indeed almost blackish, and with the wing-ve'ns unusually PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provr. 117 strongly marked; the wing-cases are in the living pupa more greenish; the posterior part of the abdomen darker than the anterior; the cremas er is furnished with the usual 6 fine, hooked-tipped brist'es, not with “two” only, as indicated by Barrerr. Varying accounts have been given of the larvae, and to some extent of the pupae, of the forms mancuniata and asbestaria, but it was already long ago noticed by Résstzr that this species is very variable in the larval stage, and it is not surprising if the variation is in part local. The moth appears in June and there is often a second brood in August. In captivity a third generation is not rarely obtainable in the late autumn, though of very small size, with rounded wings. Mepo.a has recorded observing a specimen flying among Asthena albulata Hufn. (candidata Schiff.) and suspected a case of mimicry. subseri- ceata is attracted by a strong light and occasionally visits “sugar”. Central and South Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor to Transcaspia. 7 Pt. sylvestraria Hbn. (= straminata 77. = marginepunctata Steph.) (4d, as straminata). Very distinct from subsericeata in the much less white ground-colour, which is pale greyish ochreous with scattered black speckles, the much more conspicuous black dots at the base of the fringes, much more sinuous postme- dian line and other characters. Both wings have a conspicuous though small black discal. dot. The postme- dian line is often rather well-developed, marked with darker dots on the veins, on the hindwing it is not only sinuate inwards between the radials and again posteriorly, but is also more or less strongly angled on the first radial; the two lines or shades which edge the subterminal are usually (especially the distal) very ill developed or wanting. On the hindwing the median shade crosses or follows the discal dot. On the under surface the forewing is a little darker, the hindwing a little whiter, the postmedian line and usually the median more strongly developed than above. 4 antenna about as in subsericeata; hindtarsus slightly longer — about half as long as tibia. — ab. graciliata Mann is a weakly-marked aberration, described from Bozen as a se- parate species; only the costa of the forewing distinctly dusted, median and postmedian reduced to dots on the veins. — circellata Guen. (= bsoletaria Westw. nec Rbr. = folognearia Sigr.), likewise described as a Separate species (indeed not even compared with sylvestraria!) is an interesting form on account of its tendency to constitute a local race in some places. Thus on the “mosses” of Lancashire and Cheshire it was formerly of regular occurrence, and the older British lepidopterists maintained its specific right with remarkable persist- ence, notwithstanding the occurrence of intermediate forms both there and elsewhere. Other localities where it tends to form a race are Belgium and 8. W. France. It is in general of a slightly more smoky or oliva- ceous tone, the antemedian and postmedian lines of the forewing and the postmedian as well as often the median of the hindwing very strongly expressed; the dots on the postmedian are usually very prominent, gi- ving to this line a denticulate appearance. Sometimes the median line and the two subterminals are also moderately well developed. — The larva of sylvestraria is rather slender, tapering anteriorly, the head small and notched, the skin rugose and transversely folded; grey, with a fine pale dorsal line, bordered on the middle of the central segments with distinct black streaks, otherwise only indistinctly dark-edged, subdorsal line very indistinct; lateral line whitish or obsolescent. Pupa reddish brown, abdomen darker-ringed cremaster black-brown; wings tinged with green, the veins conspicuous. The moth inhabits damp places on heaths or moors, resting by day among heather and apparently less readily disturbed than many of the species. It flies in June and July and is local in Northern and Central Europe, S. France, N. Spain, Dalmatia and Trans- caspia. I have not seen Asiatic examples. Pi. mancipiata Stgr. I have not seen the typical form, which was diagnosed as follows: “Form of and similar to straminata (sylvestraria), g antenna with much longer ciliation, hindleg short, compressed, without spurs. Wings yellowish grey, with black central dot, darkened posteriorly, forewing with 3%darker lines (the 1. obsolete, 2. broader, 3. distinct, dentate), hindwing with 2 (the 1. broad, proximal to the cen- tral dot, the outer dentate)’. Granada, end of June to September. Since recorded a'so from Castile, Sarepta and 8. Ferghana. —repagulata form. nov.(7d). In the ZrtiHR collection stand 14, 2 99 from Sarepta, under the MS. name of repagulata Chr., which I have no hesitation in determining as a local form of mancipiata. They agree fully with the diagnosis but are as white and at least as strongly silky as subsericeata, the distal area little darkened. Discal dots very conspicuous. g antenna with fascicles of cilia; hindtibia scarcely longer than femur, rather weak, but with hair-pencil, tarsus greatly abbreviated. Pt. tristriata Sigr. For a knowledge of this species and the following I am dependent solely on STAUDINGER’s published descriptions. Forewing dirty clay-yellow with fine dark dusting and 3 (or 4) dark lines, hindwing dirty white-grey with 2 dark lines. Both wings with a dark central lunule, but crossed on the forewing by the second, on the hindwing by the first line and thus almost obliterated. In one specimen, where this line (really the median shade) is lighter, the spot is more distinct. Base of fringe (in forewing only) with dark dots. Underside dirty grey-yellow, the lunules weak, the median and postmedian lines more or less developed; hind- wing whiter than forewing, its distal half more strongly dark dusted than the proximal. Face dirty chestnut- sylvestraria. graciliata. circellata. mancipiata. repagulata. tristriata. detritaria. laevigata. extarsaria. eriopodata. disjunctaria: 118 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provt. colour, vertex pale whitish grey. g antennal ciliation somewhat shorter than in seriata; hindleg moderately long and thin, more so than in the seriata-group. A very distinct species, which might perhaps be placed near pallidata. Margelan, S. Ferghana, described from 2 gd. Pt. detritaria Stgr. 3g antenna with the ciliation short, though apparently somewhat longer than in laevigata; hindleg aborted. Hindwing not so regularly rounded as in laevigata, more flattened or subconcave between the radials and posteriorly, thus a little prominent in the middle. Ground-co‘our about as in bi- selata, degeneraria, etc., moderately thickly sprinkled with dark scales. Forewing with 3 curved blackish-brown transverse lines, hindwing with 2, the median on both wings the thickest. Terminal line dark, sharply ex- pressed. Fringes indistinctly chequered. Under side somewhat lighter, still more strongly dusted with brown; first line of forewing wanting, a small dark cell-mark close before or on the median shade. Described from 6 examples from Haifa, Syria. In the figure the entire basal half of the forewing is represented as somewhat infuscated. Pt. laevigata Scop. (= renularia Hbn. =? bellata Frr. = lividellaria Peyer) (4d). Recognizable at once — unless possibly in a few very weakly marked specimens of the second generation — by the dark band on the posterior margin of the forewing which immediately follows the first Ime and extends about to the median vein, becoming very. faint and shadowy or almost entirely obsolete anteriorly. Wings rather glossy reddish grey; forewing with first line distinct, especially on the veins, bent in the cell, postmedian strong at the costal and posterior margins, slender and sometimes weaker between, but accentuated on the veins; hindwing with a thick dark line or shade continuing the dark band of the forewing, a discal dot just beyond this, and again very shortly beyond the discal dot a slender postmedian line; fringes with large black- ish dots opposite the veins. Under surface very weakly marked, forewing usually with a distinct costal spot, indicating the commencement of postmedian line, and a moderately distinct cell-spot; hindwing a little more whitish, with distinct cell-spot. gj antennal joints thickened, the ciliation very short; hindtarsus short. Except that the second-brood specimens are smaller, with the median band narrower and less de- veloped, I have noticed little variation in the species. The larva is thick, strongly attenuated anteriorly, rugose, carinated laterally; general tone a vague glaucous greenish, with fine interrupted dorsal line and lozenge-shaped pattern marked in brown or blackish; subdorsal obsolete; lateral ridge pale, bounded by a darker stripe. According to MiLuibR#’s figures and a description by ROssteR the most distinct part of the dorsal pattern is usually a pair of blackish dashes anteriorly on each segment. Pupa rather slender, shining greenish yellow. Imago in June and July and again in September. Local in Southern and Central Europe, Syria, Transcaucasia and N. Persia. Pt. extarsaria H.-Sch. (= efflorata Zell.) (4d as eriopodata). Rather longer-winged than Iaevigata, slightly less glossy and of a more ochreous tone; a conspicuous dark distal-marginal line, interrupted only at the vein-ends; the band which follows the first line entirely wanting; fringes without black spots, though intersected by an indistinct dark line. The cell-dot is present on both wings, though stronger on the hind- wing. The hindwing is somewhat dark-suffused basally. Underside more weakly marked, forewing more or less suf- fused, both wings with cell-dot and postmedian line, the latter less distinct than above. g antennal ciliation very short; hindtibia with long hair-pencil, tarsus broadened and flattened, somewhat spatulate. The type form inhabits Central Italy and transitional forms are recorded from Sicily. — eriopodata Grasl. (= inesata Mull. = atromarginata Mab.) (4d as extarsaria) seems the more widely distributed form, often replacing the type but sometimes occurring with it as an aberration. It differs in having the distal area of both wings almost entirely filled up with reddish- or violet-grey, only a small apical patch usually remaining of the ground-colour. The basal area of both wings is also more or less suffused. The names of this and the type-form are by over- sight reversed on our plate. S. France, Corsica, Sicily, N. E. Spain, N. Africa. — Both the type-form and eriopodata are double-brooded, the specimens of the second brood smaller and sometimes paler. Pt. disjunctaria Stgr., founded on a single 3 from Catalonia and apparently remaining unique, may possibly, according to its author, be an aberration of the preceding; but as the original account describes the hindleg as “‘fully developed”’ and does not mention the peculiar tarsal formation the union seems precarious. Dirty yellowish, broadly suffused with violet (reddish) distally. Forewing with basal line only represented by dark spots on the margins; postmedian line, before the darker border, very indistinct, arising from a large dark spot or dash on the costal margin; pale subterminal indistinct, undulate or subdentate. Hindwing with these markings still weaker. A series of very large dark elongate spots at the base of the fringe, extending round the apex on to the distal end of the costal margin. Underside uniform shining grey, the fringe-spots much less distinct, but both wings with a small faint cell-dot and a fine dark terminal line. PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provt. 119 Pt. benestrigata sp. nov. (7d). Palpus quite short. Tongue long. Antennal joints not projecting. Face benestrigata. white, tinged with sand-colour; vertex purer white; collar and front of thorax bright sand-colour. Abdomen robust. Wings rather long and narrow, shaped somewhat as in infirmaria (4c), but with costa of forewing still straighter, distal margin more curved, that of hindwing rather more produced to the 3. radial but not at all emarginate between the radials. White, slightly dusted with sand-colour, not glossy; lines bright sand- colour. Forewing with antemedian line very thick, strongly outcurved anteriorly and angled outwards on 2. submedian; median line less thick, weakly sinuous, closely followed by thicker postmedian ; subterminal shades less strong, somewhat interrupted; no cell-spots; distal margin with a series of conspicuous black dots be- tween the veins; fringe white proximally, sandy distally. Hindwing without the first line. Underside mostly whitish, forewing with the costal edge sandy and a slight sandy tinge in the apical region; both wings with an incomplete, dull sandy band occupying the position of the proximal subterminal line. Afghanistan, without more exact locality; collected by Colonel ALEXANDER FORTESCUE and presented to the British Museum by Lord WasincHam. A very distinct species, but in the absence of the g the subgeneric position cannot be ascer- tained. Pt. infirmaria Rbr. (= nigrobarbata Sigr. = carnearia Mann = ledererata Guen.) (4e). Vertex infirmaria. of head and base of antenna white. Wings rather narrow, pale grey with a more or less strong admixture of dark grey and red scales, costal-edge of forewing usually very narrowly infuscated to beyond middle; the antemedian and postmedian lines usually and the median line (or shade) at times fairly well developed; ante- median line of forewing thickest at costal margin, rather strongly bent or angled subcostally, postmedian line more slightly curved subcostally, both marked with dark dots on the veins; both wings with black cell-dot, that of the hindwing the larger; median shade of hindwing placed well proximally to the cell-dot, usually appearing as a continuation of the first line of the forewing; fringes with dark spots opposite the veins. Under sur- face pale grey, coarsely dark-dusted; no red admixture; lines present or obsolete; cell-dots present, usually strong. Variable, but easily recognized by its shape and the mixture of grey and red scaling. 4 antenna rather thick, with the ciliation extremely short; hindleg short, the tarsus very greatly abbreviated. — aquitanaria Const. is darker and at the same time with a stronger admixture of red scales. It is said to form a local race in 8. W. France (province of Landes) but in most localities it occurs merely as an aberration; in any case it is not a particularly striking form. — I have no information regarding the early stages of this species; REBEL in his recent edition of the “Schmetterlingsbuch” says that they are still unknown. It inhabits Corsica, Sar- dinia, Sicily, S. E. France, the Iberian peninsula, N. Africa and Dalmatia. When StavupINGER published the last edition of his Catalog, Andalusia was the only certainly known Iberian habitat, but Leon (Branuelas) and Portugal have since been added. Flies in June—July. Pt. rhodogrammaria Ping., sp. nov. (3h). “Expanse 15—18 mm. Near infirmaria, smaller, antenna Thodo- with somewhat stronger shaft and longer ciliation, hindtarsus fully 14 the length of the tibia. Ground-colour 70" yellowish, forewing with 5, hindwing with 4 rose-red lines, costal margin of forewing rose-red, finely edged with blackish, dots in fringe and the discal dots sharp, black, underside similar to that of infirmaria but lighter, the hindwing in particular whitish: S. Spain, Murcia, Sierra d’Espuna, 3 jd, M. Korb, beginning of July 1909 at light’’. Pt. obsoletaria Rbr. (= rufillaria H.-Sch. = rufularia H.-Sch.) (4e). A rather obscurely marked obsoletaria. species of small size and moderately variable in colour, glossy greyish or light ochreous or even bright reddish ochreous. Often smaller than the specimen figured, but remaining larger and broader-winged than helianthe- mata Mill. with which perhaps it could most easily be confused. Vertex of head pure white (in helianthemata more tinged with ochreous); distal margin of hindwing rounded. The less elongate wings also distinguish it from infirmaria. A few writers have seen a resemblance also to Acidalia ochroleucata H.-Sch.; to me this does not seem very obvious, but in any case the different neuration and other differences of structure will separate it. Lines wavy, only a little darker than the ground-colour, all generally about equally distinct (or rather, indistinct). Cell-dot on both wings minute but quite black, hence conspicuous. Fringes with minute, but nearly always conspicuous black dots at base opposite the veins; in rare aberrations where these are obsolescent there is considerable resemblance to incarnaria, but really pink forms of obsoletaria seem to be unknown, nor is the costal margin of the forewing differentiated in colour from the rest of the wing. Under surface rather paler, equally weakly marked. ¢ antennal ciliation rather short; hindleg short and weak, the tarsus greatly abbrevia- ted. The colour-aberrations intergrade and do not require separate designation. — Only ab. violacearia Sigr. has been founded on colour differences,‘ and this deserves mention chiefly, because its author suspects that it has developed into a local race in some places, at least on the Island of Majorca. The ground-colour is descri- bed as violaceous grey. I have not seen examples having this coloration.’ It is recorded also from Catalonia and Greece. — Concerning the early stages I can find but little information. Hormann, misled by MinuriRE’s algeriensis. troglodyta- rid. incarnaria. ruficostata. distinctaria, palmata. 120 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provt. earlier confusion of this species with one form of helianthemata, has referred his account ot the latter to ob- soletaria. According to REBEL the larva is short, strongly folded transversely, greenish brown, variable, often only with a subdorsal broken up into black dots, sometimes with light, pearshaped dorsal spots, the lateral ridge spotted with black; head very small, black-brown, deeply bifid; very sluggish, living in June on low plants. Even this account may possibly be adapted from one of helianthemata; its source is not indicated. Single brooded, the moth appearing in July and August. Widely distributed through Southern Europe and eastward to Transcaspia and Persia. A local race, unknown to me, is said to occur in Northern Ferghana. Pt. algeriensis Baker (5b) has been treated as a local race or aberration of the preceding, which it certainly resembles very closely; but I do not think they can be conspecific. Unfortunately the type speci- men (3), which alone is known to me, has lost its hindlegs and oné’antenna, while the cilia of the other antenna are slightly damaged; otherwise the specimen is in very beautiful condition. algeriensis would be nearest to the greyer forms or — since it shows in certain lights slight violaceous reflection) to the form violacearia, but it is even more strongly glossy and the vertex of head and base of antennal shaft are not white but concolorous with the body and wings. The discal dots are unusually large — fully as large as in the most extreme spe cimen of obsoletaria which I have ever seen; the black dots in the fringe moderately well developed (not “‘sub- nullis’, as in STAUDINGER’s diagnosis). The lines of the upper surface are weakly expressed, very slender (in obsoletaria they are in general comparatively thick); on the under surface they are more prominent than is usual in obsoletaria, the postmedian of both wings in particular well developed. The antennal ciliation, so far as can be made out, appears even shorter than in obsoletaria. Sebdou, Algeria. & |» |i Pt. troglodytaria H.-Sch. has been doubtfully referred by STAUDINGER as a variety or aberration to obsoletaria, with the following localities assigned to it: Crete, Greece, the west of Asia Minor, Syria and perhaps the southern Ussuri district. Herr PUNGELER, however, writes me that he posseses avery small Acidaliid from ‘Syria which perhaps represents this species of HERRICH-SCHAFFER’s but is certainly distinct from obsoletaria. It is therefore desirable that for the present troglodytaria should be kept separate, and I here give HERRICH- ScHAFFER’s brief characterization of it in full. “Probably the smallest Geometrid, habitus of aversata, silver grey inclining to bone-colour, glossy with scarcely a trace of the usual transverse lines and subterminal, but with distinct central dots and dots in the fringes at the ends of the veins. Face brown; hindtibia with only the terminal spurs. One 9 from Crete’’. STAUDINGER says that the original is even smaller than the figure which HERRICH-SCHAFFER gives of it and its colour not quite so white. The only extremely minute Ptychopoda known to me from Syria is elongaria ab. monadaria Guen. which is often quite as weakly marked, but would presumably differ in being whiter and less glossy, perhaps more strongly dark-dusted. Pt. incarnaria H.-Sch. (4e) differs from obsoletaria in its coloration and usually in its more weakly expressed lines, but with a marginal line present, at least beneath. Ofter larger than that species, forewing rather more elongate. In the type-form the wings are fleshpink or reddish, the costal margin of the forewing very pale yellowish; the front of the thorax is also pale, but the collar is darkened, reddish; vertex of head somewhat less pure white than in obsoletaria. Both wings with a blackish discal dot. Fringe concolorous with wing, only minutely dotted with black. Under surface rather paler, especially of hindwing. ‘The Q is generally larger and darker than the 3. — ab. ruficostata Zell. (= grisea Th.-Mieg) differs in having the ground- colour violaceous grey and the costal margin reddish instead of yellowish. It is recorded from Central Italy, Greece, Syria, the Taurus and N. E. Africa, perhaps the prevailing form in the two last-named localities. I follow STAUDINGER in sinking the name of grisea; THIERRY-Mreec merely says that it is pearl-grey instead of red, and does not mention the costal margin. His locality was the Eastern Pyrenees (two examples). — ab. di- stinctaria (Bdv.) Guen. is described as greyish white, glossy, with a slight violet or pearly tinge, the distal lines indicated, the cell-spots grey, very small, and some indistinct terminal dots. Costa of forewing narrowly ochreous beneath. Has been regarded as a weakly-marked form of obsoletaria, but according to HomBErRG (i. 1.) the type specimen belongs to incarnaria. It came from Provence. — Egg oval, yellowish, marked with purple at one end. Larva rather slender, less tapering than many of the genus; head clay-coloured, body pale brown, ventrally dark fleshy; dorsal line fine, whitish, not interrupted, lateral line fine, geminate, dark purple. Poly- phagous, feeding well on flowers. Pupa obtuse, shining yellowish, head and wings pale green. The moth is double- brooded, flying in June and September, and is much more abundant some years than others. Distributed on the Mediterranean, excepting perhaps Spain. Pt. palmata Stgr. (= unostrigata Rbl. nec Baker) founded on a single 2 from Palma, Canaries, is said to be similarly coloured to Acidalia corcularia (ochroleucata ab.) but larger, narrower-winged. Forewing with costal margin straight, apex very acute, distal margin strongly oblique. Expanse 19 mm; colour very pale dull reddish yellow with weak and sparse dark dusting; blackish discal dot present on both wings; the strongest Publ. 10. IV. 1913. PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 121 marking is a nearly straight dark median shade, indistinct and immediately following the discal dot on the forewing, strongly blackish-dusted and considerably before the dot on the hindwing; subterminal line very broad, only slightly waved, bordered on each side by a pale reddish line; distal marginal line fine, dark; fringes with blackish dots at the base. Underside very pale, forewing scarcely dusted with grey, a whitish stripe before the distal margin. Taken near Los Sauces, 25 August 1889, in a damp place among Mentha pulegium. Pt. eugeniata Mill. (= seeboldiata Réssl.) (4e). Nearest in colour to the less pinkish red forms of in- carnaria but on an average larger, rather brighter and readily distinguishable by the markings, which slightly recall, as MILLIERE says, those of the genus Cosymbia, a greyish median shade being present and the postme- dian line denticulate on the veins or almost broken up into conspicuous dark vein-dots. Antemedian line weak, curved, often obsolete; discal dots distinct; distal marginal line, as in incarnaria, best developed he- neath; fringes with conspicuous black dots at base; costal margin of forewing, both above and beneath, more yellowish, as in incarnaria. Under surface much less reddish, the hindwing pale, the forewing usually somewhat suffused with greyish; discal dots and median and postmedian lines usually well expressed. The structure shows no material difference from that of imcarnaria and obsoletaria, the g§ antennal ciliation being very short and the hindtarsus extremely abbreviated. I am not acquainted with any account of the early stages of this local species. It was discovered on uncultivated land near Marseilles, flying in July, and has since been found in Spain, particularly in the vicinity of Bilbao. I have recently seen some variable examples from Gibraltar, collected by Captain J. J. Jacoss. Pt. oranaria Bang-Haas from Southern Oran, is said by its author to be probably best placed in the vicinity of eugeniata, from which however it differs essentially in the long ciliation of the g antenna. The leg structure is not described. Reddish grey-brown irrorated with blackish. First line (on forewing only) present but weak, emphasized by black dots, especially at the posterior margin. Postmedian line strongly developed on both wings, consisting of a series of very distinct black vein-dots in part connected by a fine line; its course almost exactly as in ewgeniata. Both wings with distinct black discal dot. Fringes concolorous, with strong black dots at the ends of the veins. Hindwing regularly rounded. Underside dirty yellow-brown with weak blackish median-_shade, distally to the discal dot, and very weak postmedian consisting of dots on the veins. The black dots on the fringe are also much weaker than above. Expanse 20—22 mm (22—24 mm, English measuring). Only two specimens known, the ¢ more strongly marked than the 9. Pt. helianthemata Ml. (= obsoletaria part Mill.nec Ror.) (7d) is in its typical form a quite unmistakable species, recognizable by its small size, reddish ochreous colouring and narrow blackish median b and on both wings. The ground-colour is on an average rather lighter in the g than in the 9, which latter is often almost more red than ochreous; according to MILLImRE very light naples yellow forms also occur in both sexes. The other lines vary in strength of expression but are seldom very strong; they are bent or curved near the costal margin of the forewing. .The cell-spot of the forewing is concealed by the median band; that of the hindwing is distinct, placed distally to the median band; the fringes bear strong black dots opposite the veins. The under surface is a little paler than the upper, with the markings rather more strongly fuscous. The wings are rather, but not extremely narrow, the hindwing with moderate or rather shallow excision between the radials. 6 antennal ciliation short, hindleg short and weak, tarsus strongly abbreviated. According to MILLIERE extra- ordinarily variable, aberrations occurring, nearly as frequently as the type form, in which the median band is entirely wanting, producing a very different impression and resulting in some confusion with obsoletaria Ror., but distinguishable by their smaller size and more pointed forewing. I would add that the hindwing of obso- letaria is not excised between the radials. Miiiire himself first figured this aberration under the erroneous name of obsoletaria, where it is still quoted with a query in STAUDINGER’s Catalog; later he corrected his error and figured other examples of it under the correct name. It appears that they are also often of a lighter co- lour, like that of obsoletaria or sylvestraria. As I have not seen them in nature, and have only a pair of typical helianthemata before me, I abstain from naming the form; especially as I think it not unlikely that it may prove identical, except in size, with my new substraminata. MILLIERE says that the two forms fly together, throughout July, while obsoletaria is on the wing a fortnight later, and never in the same localities. He does not explicitly indicate whether he has ever bred his two forms from the same larvae. The larva is short, tapering anteriorly, carinated laterally; ochreous greyish, the markings ill-defined; dorsal line slender, brown, showing on the thorax and last few segments, broken into a sagittate pattern on the intermediate segments; subdorsal fine, brown; lateral pale, uninterrupted; head small, globular. Polyphagous, feeding on dry leaves or flowers; grows very slowly, spending at least 10 months in the larval stage, sometimes 12 months. Pupa of medium proportions; reddish yellow. The moth loves the sunny clearings in woods, and inhabits Southern France and Catalonia. IV : 16 eugeniata. oranaria. helianthe- mata. substrami- 122 * PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provt. Pt. substraminata sp. nov. (praec. subsp. 2) (7d) is larger on an average than obsoletaria, the ground-colour nata. less bright, similar to that of sylvestraria (= straminata) or slightly paler, with similar scattered black atoms. capnaria. ostrinaria. oenoparia. purpureo- marginata. Vertex of head white (in the only two helianthemata which I can examine it is strongly tinged with ochreous). The g antennal ciliation agrees with that species, the hindtarsus appears even more strongly abbreviated. The position of the markings seems to agree essentially with that of helianthemata, including the placing of the discal dots; but the median shade is scarcely at all thickened and in most specimens no more conspi- cuous than the postmedian. The black dots on the fringe are usually smaller or weaker, in one or two aberrations nearly obsolete. Under surface towards base (especially of the forewing) rather more strongly dark-dusted ; cell-spot and median and postmedian lines usually fairly distinct. The to me unknown mancipiata Stgr. can- not be identical with this species, on account of its long antennal ciliation. I have already expressed a doubt whether it may be a form of MILLIERE’s helianthemata-aberration, but Herr PUNGELER has sent for my inspec- tion a pair from Cuenca, 25 June 1906 (M. Kors) as a species for which he cannot find a name. My own specimens (type and cotypes) are from La Granja, 1500 m, July 1904 (T. A. Caapman) and Tragacete, July 1901 (T. A. Cuapman). Thus it is evidently somewhat distributed in Spain. Rather variable; the type and a second La Granja 3 are rather pale and rather strongly marked, the Cuenea pair also strongly marked but not quite so pale; the other two from La Granja(d¢@) are pale but with the lines much weaker; the two from Tragacete ($9) are more tinged with reddish ochreous, especially the 9, the lines moderately developed. Pt. capnaria Pting. (= cineraria Bang-Haas, nec Leech) (3h). Ground-colour glossy pale brownish grey, so strongly and uniformly dusted with fuscous as to make this latter appear to be the prevailing tone. Costal edge of forewing basally darkened. Cell-dots present, at least on hindwing, but usually not conspi- cuous. Antemedian line weak or obsolete; postmedian strong, following nearly the same course as in ostrinaria. A very faint dark outer shade indicates the proximal boundary of the subterminal line. Under surface si- milar but lighter. Differs entirely in colour from ostrinaria; also structurally in having less extremely short antennal ciliation in the ¢ and longer hindtarsus — in capnaria much more, in ostrinaria much less than half the length of the tibia. Only known from Beyrout. Pt. ostrinaria Hbn. (4e). A pretty and easily recognized species of a rather bright yellowish tone, dusted and suffused with red, especially at the costal margin of the forewing and over the whole hindwing; base of costa of forewing more purple. Forewing with a distinct, sinuous, purple postmedian line, nearer the distal margin at the costa than at the posterior margin, rather strongly inbent shortly before the latter; distal area in posterior half more or less strongly purple. The other lines on forewing and the lines on hindwing fine and weak. Discal dot present on forewing. Under surface pale straw-colour, hindwing unmarked, forewing darkened at base of costa, discal dot and postmedian line present, distal area with a duller, weaker purplish suffusion than above. g antennal ciliation extremely short; hindtarsus greatly abbreviated. — ab. oenoparia Piing., ab. nov. (= purpuraria T'rti) (3h). Both wings entirely overspread with purple. S. Spain, Murcia, Sierra d’Espuna, 2 99, M. Kors, end of June 1909; S. Portugal, Algarve, 2 gg, Dr. Jorpan, 1910”. Renamed purpuraria by TuRart (on 3 2° from Sardinia) after the appearance of our plate. — The egg is oval, apparently with the usual sculpturing; whitish yellow at first, becoming flesh-coloured with a red spot at one end. The larva is short, tapering anteriorly, carinated laterally, strongly rugose; head small, retractile, body with fine, well developed hairs, which — at least towards the hibernating stage — are recurved at the tip so as to attach to themselves the pollen of the flowers in which the larva is feeding, forming a clothing which is quite ex- ceptional in this genus; reddish brown with rather pale lateral line; the middle segments with*light, some- times white, heart-shaped dorsal spots; ventral surface concolorous, with pale lozenge-shaped markings. Lives on various low plants, feeding successively on the pollen, the stamens, the petals and the leaves. Imago in June, in all the Mediterranean countries. : Pt. purpureomarginata Bhisch. The unique type-specimen of this species is unfortunately in a bad state of preservation, having apparently been injured in relaxing. It has recently passed into the PUNGELER collection. Herr PUNGELER considers it a good species, near ostrinaria (as also BoHatscH indicated); in any case it has nothing to do with exilaria Guen., to which STAUDINGER has referred it. Clay-yellow, duller than ostri- naria, vertex of head concolorous, not white as in ostrinaria; forewing with a distinct antemedian line present, a median line and discal dot indicated, the postmedian less incurved in its posterior part, running nearer to the distal margin, the purple costal margin somewhat more extended, the purple dusting of the distal area densest towards the margin, a slender, dentate subterminal line of the ground-colour indicated ; hindwing with the two lines (median and postmedian) distinctly visible, only the distal area strongly dusted with purple, containing a slender subterminal line. Under surface more tinged with red than in ostrinaria, redder distally, with postmedian line present, distal marginal line violet-black, fringes reddish at base. Structurally also purpureomarginata is differentiable, the wings being more elongate, the g antenna more strongly ciliated and the hindtarsus decidedly shorter. Syria: Beyrout district. PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provr. 123 Pt. citcuitaria Hbn. (= chimaeraria Mill.) (4e). A very distinct species. May be known at once by the bright sand-coloured areas which alternate with narrow or broader whitish stripes. The lines are fine and somewhat sinuous, darker than the sandy areas which they bound; the median shade is wanting, or rather is represented by the broad central sandy band; the first line is also, as usual, wanting on the hindwing; subterminal line whitish, often broadened so as almost to reach the distal margin; cell-spots wanting. Under surface similar, forewing with the first line absent, both wings with the median shade a little darkened in pla- ces, with the suggestion of a dark discal lunule on both wings. ¢ antennal ciliation short; hindleg short but not thickened, tarsus not greatly abbreviated. chimaeraria Mill. was named from specimens which were dwarfed through breeding, and therefore does not represent a genuine aberration. — ab. mimosaria H.-Sch. is a whiter form, the stripes or bands being broadened and of a pure white. It occurs with the type in several localities but is, according to STAUDINGER, the only form known from Northern Asia Minor. — The larva is slender, tapering somewhat anteriorly and carinated laterally, but is singular in the form of the head and prothorax which, as in so many Hemitheinae, project in a double point above; the colour is reddish brown, with a fine, geminate, uninterrupted brown dorsal line, a rather broad, much interrupted subdorsal and a fine, pale, interrupted lateral line; the spiracles are extremely minute, black, ringed with whitish. It appears to be polyphagous and shows a decided preference for decaying leaves. It is difficult to rear. The pupa is clay-yellowish, dorsally spotted with brown. The moth appears in June and July and is local and rarely abundant. It inhabits S. W. Europe, Sardinia, Corsica, Italy, Dalmatia, Syria and Northern Asia Minor, Also in dry mountains near Philippeville, Algeria (Dr. A. Serrz). Pt. effusaria Chr. (= obtectaria Leech) (31) may be regarded as having the same scheme of markings as circuitaria, but less sharply defined, the ground-colour being pale ochreous or, at lightest, an impure, yellow- ish white and the rather darker areas somewhat shadowy; the postmedian line makes a very strong distal curve between the third radial and second median, otherwise it is placed rather far from the distal margin, especially on the hindwing. Under surface paler with the markings still weaker. ¢ antennal ciliation short; midtibia fringed with long hairs; hindtibia strongly hairy, hindtarsus aborted. Originally described from the Ussuri district. I have before me a single ¢ from thence, perhaps a pale aberration but apparently slightly worn or faded. The Japanese examples are slightly larger and more ochreous, but as both CuRistopH and LEECH indicate this as the ground-colour I do not feel justified, without further material, in separating the two races. In any case there is no doubt as to the specific identity. The original examples were taken in the se- cond half of July; in Japan it continues on the wing until mid August. Pt. auticruda Bil. (= plumboscriptaria Chr.) (3 i) is quite distinct from effusaria in its darker colouring, etc., although it still has, in common with that species, a rather strong gloss which prevents the markings from standing ont quite as sharply as in our figure. The ground-colour is of a more brownish ochreous than in effusaria, the bands (on forewing 4, on hindwing 3) of a peculiar, indefinite chocolate-brown tone, angled, varying in width, sometimes (as in our figure) fully as wide as the bands of the ground-colour, sometimes considerably narrower. Underside much paler, the markings more blurred. 3 antennal ciliation rather short, hindtibia short, strongly tufted with hair, tarsus about one-half as long as tibia. S. E. Siberia, Korea and Japan, end of June—July. — insuavis Bilr. (= remissa Wilem.) is in my opinion nothing more than an ex- treme form of auricruda. It was described and figured from Dharmsala by BuTLER and seems to constitute a local race in N. India; but remissa Wileman is in all respects identical with it and at Yoshino in the pro- vince of Yamato this occurs together with typical awricruda. imsuavis differs from the type form in being of a duller, more purplish-leaden tone, the pale ground-colour being reduced in width so that it may rather be described as 3 (on the hindwing 2) broad sinuous lines on the otherwise uniformly dark wings. Mny- RICK and TURNER record this species (under the name of plumboscriptaria) from N. Queensland; according to the very brief description given, it would appear to be a form slightly different from both those here described, or possibly a very close ally. Pt. herbariata F. (= pusillaria Hon. nec pusillata Schiff. = microsaria Bdv.) (4e). As a thorough study of the literature has necessitated a few changes in well-known names among the Acidalinae, it is so much the greater satisfaction to find that in the present species no alteration is necessary. Although HUBNER’s name of pusillaria is now almost certainly known to date from 1796, two years prior to herbariata, it was founded on a misidentification of SCHIFFERMULLER’s pusillata and has therefore no standing according to the rules of nomenclature. It is, however, possibly the inquinata of Scopont, as WERNEBURG thinks. A small species, moderately variable, but not difficult to recognize. The wings are rather broad, apex of forewing not acute. Ground-colour whitish ochreous, rather strongly and coarsely dusted with fuscous. Forewing with both lines well developed, the antemedian curved, the postmedian angled near the costal margin, both with an inward bend near the posterior margin, the antemedian often thickened at the posterior margin; me- dian shade much more variable, almost always dark and thick at the posterior margin, but seldom distinct circuitaria. mimosaria. effusaria. auricruda, insuavis. herbariata. aestiva. adherba- riata. fimbriata. affinitata. 124 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. throughout the wing; it is either placed very near the antemedian, in which case it is often united with it to form a very narrow band or bar, or the space between the two is slightly darkened, or it is on the posterior . margin midway between the lines and becomes vague in the middle of the wing, sometimes more strongly expressed again as a costal spot; the postmedian line, which is rather far from the distal margin, is followed by a very narrow pale space or line, then by broad fuscous shading disposed in three blotches (somewhat as in eburnata), the broad whitish subterminal line encroaching very deeply between them; the area beyond the subterminal less darkened, so that in some lights the wing almost appears to be divided into two areas, an extensive dark one ending in strong projections at the subterminal and a narrow paler one beyond; cell-spot distinct; large roundish black dots at base of frmge. Hindwing with antemedian line wanting, postmedian more irregular, unusually close to the cell-spot, leaving about half the wing beyond it, on which the pattern is about as on the forewing. Under surface pale, almost without a trace of markings, the fore- wing, at least costally and distally, and the extreme distal margin of the hindwing a little darker than the rest, the subterminal line sometimes traceable in purer white. ¢ antennal ciliation minute; hindtibia very short, thickened, tarsus considerably less than one-half the length of tibia. — aestiva Fuchs is the second-brood form, smaller and more weakly marked, in particular with the distal dark markings less developed. I have some doubts, however, whether its differences from the first generation, except perhaps that of size, are suf- ficiently constant to afford a genuine example of season-dimorphism. — adherbariata Stgr. (= subherba- riata Stgr., nec Rossi.) is a still paler and more weakly marked form which StauprIneER thinks replaces the type in Palestine and Syria but occurs with it as an aberration in the Amasia district and Armenia. I have not seen it, and as ReBEL has united it with the preceding as a mere aberration, it is possible that recent material has shown it to be inconstant everywhere. — The egg of herbariata is nearer round than oval, yel- lowish at first, changing after two days to salmon-colour. The larva is extremely variable in colour, and has been rather fully described in its different stages by HeyLaErRts. Its fourth and last moult takes place in the spring. In its last stadium it is thickened posteriorly, attenuated anteriorly, the head small, the body carina- ted laterally, strongly rugose and granulated; head yellowish or reddish (according to FiscHER von ROSSLER- stamM blackish brown), bordered with black; body brown, yellowish or greenish; prothorax with a blackish, or blackish-bordered dorsal plate; dorsal line double, most noticeable on the first 5 abdominal segments; subdorsal blackish, very variable in expression, on the 6. and 7. abdominals curved so as to form with the dorsal a lyre-shaped pattern; ventral area paler, marked with numerous short black longitudinal streaks. Appears to feed exclusively on dry plants in herbaria, in herbalists’ stores, etc.; it is probably undiscriminating in its selection of these, HeyLamrts found it feeding on Malva sylvestris, SorHaGEN on Sanicula. It feeds during the winter, and is full-fed in April or May. Pupa shing light-brown with darker segmental incisions and head; cremaster dark brown with the usual hooked bristles. The moth appears at the end of May and in June—July and is usually only single-brooded, at least in its more northerly localities. It is found sitting on walls or fences, or especially in houses or warehouses. Central and Southern Europe, N. Africa, Asiatic Turkey and Transcaucasia. Pt. fimbriata Bang-Haas should probably, to judge by the description, be placed here. It is of a weak brownish straw-colour, only very sparsely dusted with black scales. The lines have almost exactly the same course as in laevigata, the antemedian thickened into black spots at the costal and posterior margins, the postmedian somewhat more sharply bent on the 1. and 2. median veins than in that species; in places the lines are somewhat strengthened by dots on the veins. Subterminal line yellowish white, rather distinct, formed as in herbariata. Fringes with black dots at the vein-ends. The dark median shade is wanting on both wings. Discal dots strong and distinct. On the hindwing a weak postmedian line is placed as in herbariata, a still weaker, shadowy proximal line is visible posteriorly, but becomes almost obsolete at the costal margin; the outer half of the hindwing shows a weak, herbaria-like subterminal line. Under surface glossy white-grey, unmarked except for the weak discal dots. Antenna shortly ciliated. Described from 1 ¢ and 1 @ from Beyrout, Syria, the male rather yellower than the 9. No critical differentiation from herbariata adherbariata is given, but I suppose the colour, the absence of median shade and perhaps larger discal spot would distinguish it. Pt. affinitata Bang-Haas (= semifuscaria Ping. i. 1.) (3i) also probably belongs in the vicinity of herbariata, with which it closely agrees in structure, shape and coloration, though the wings appear rather less glossy; ¢ hindtarsus rather longer. Bane-Haas says that it reminds somewhat of laevigata and that the wings are somewhat more pointed than in fimbriata. The discal dots are larger, the postmedian line on the hindwing not quite so close to the dot as is usual in herbariata, the characteristic shading proximally to the subterminal weak on both wings; but the essential characteristic of affinitata is the strong basal clouding of both wings which on the forewing reaches to just beyond the discal dot (though fading out costally) and renders the angled antemedian line very indistinct, while on the hindwing it is more restricted, ceasing before the discal dot. Forewing beneath more infuscated than in the two preceding species; both wings with the postmedian line indicated. Beyrout, Syria. PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 125 Pt. holliata Homberg. I am unacquainted with this species, but it has been carefully described and com- pared with herbariata. Dirty white, glossy, washed with brownish, paler and less reddish than in herbariata. all the lines composed of blackish brown scales. Forewing slightly narrower and less rounded at apex than in that species; base irrorated with brown, especially costally; antemedian line more angled, more oblique at the costa, where it arises from a better defined brown mark, marked by a blackish brown spot on the median vein and rather sharply angled on the posterior fold; median shade distinct, oblique at the costa, rather sharply angled beyond the discal dot, round which it bends, and forming a small angle inwards on the fold; discal dot larger, more strongly expressed and rounder than in herbariata; postmedian more strongly marked at the costa than in that species, angled outwards on the 1. radial, slightly inbent on the fold and again with a small distad angle near the posterior margin; the space between this line and the distal margin much less broad than in herbariata, the subterminal spots smaller and less confluent; distal marginal line fine, interrup- ted at the veins; fringe with a series of brown dots at base. Hindwing similar; discal dot as strong as on the forewing; postmedian angled, better expressed than in herbariata. Under surface glossy, lighter than in herbariata, the postmedian line sharp on both wings; this character distinguishes it immediately from herbariata. Vertex, head and face brownish white. Antenna in 3 very shortly ciliated. Body brownish white, lighter and more yellowish beneath. Legs yellowish white; hindtarsus of g much less aborted than in herbariata, slightly longer, but less broad in the first two joints than in laevigata Scop. Described from several examples of both sexes from Akbes, Syria. In shape, in the large discal dots, the presence of postmedian line beneath, etc., it must resemble affinitata, but the paler colour and absence of the characteristic infuscation should de- note at least a local race. HOMBERG was perhaps not acquainted with affinitata; at any rate he makes no men- tion of it in his description. Pt. improbata Stgr. (31). Not a very striking species and unfortunately only known to me in the ©. It was described from 3 99 and 2 of the same sex lie before from the PUNGELER collection. Pale sand- colour, somewhat variable in intensity, the markings not very strong; discal dots present. Forewing with the limes following perhaps nearly the same course as in herbariata but much further apart, the postmedian being placed nearer to the distal margin; median shade obsolete or faintly indicated ; beyond the postmedian a narrow band is sometimes fairly well defined, sometimes more broken into three blotches or pairs of spots more as in trigeminata, sometimes obsolescent; dots at base of fringe small, hardly conspicuous. Hindwing very slightly suffused basally, the distal half marked as on forewing. Under surface with distinct or moderately distinct postmedian line and sometimes sufficient darkening in the distal area to render discernible the pale subter- minal. In some respects this species recalls very slightly a weakly marked form of biselata, though the colour is quite different. Palestine: Jordan Valley. Pt. calunetaria Sigr. (= doryeniata Bell. = callunata Rbr.) (4e). Rather longer-winged than most of the seriata-group, in this respect intermediata towards longaria. Should probably be placed nearer to seriata than in STAUDINGER’s Catalog, but the 4 antennal ciliation is minute and the hindtarsus extremely short. Whitish with coarse grey dusting, the discal dot black and the lines strongly expressed; first line of forewing sharply angled near costa, becoming extremely oblique; postmedian with small dark teeth on the veins and with an unusually strong distad bend in the middle, so that in some specimens a letter M is suggested on the 3. radial and 1. median; some dark shading follows the postmedian; distal margin with an interrupted dark line. Hindwing with much straighter median and postmedian lines. Pt. calunetaria was discovered in Andalusia, frequenting pinewoods where Calluna vulgaris was plentiful, and flying rapidly. It seems confined to Spain and S. France, local. — valesiaria Ping. (4e) which represents calunetaria in Valais, and occasionally occurs as an aberration in other localities, is as a rule decidedly larger, the ground-colour a more brownish white, the dusting apparently rather less coarse, the lines less sharply expressed, but otherwise it agrees entirely with holliata. aimprobata. calunetaria. valesiaria. the type form. It is found resting on rocks on the warm slopes of the mountains. — The larva of calune- — taria was first made known by BreLiimr, described from larvae found feeding on Dorycnium; like most of the genus, however, it feeds readily on withered or dry leaves of various low plants. It is rather elongate, though not so slender as that of seriata, tapers anteriorly, is somewhat flattened dorsally and shows the usual lateral ridge; head small, bilobed; dorsal area reddish grey or darker earth-grey (in valesiaria described as wood-brown) usually indistinctly marked, occasionally, at least in the type-form, with a series of blackish sagittate spots; mediodorsal line fine, most distinct anteriorly, more or less dark-shaded posteriorly; subdorsal line wanting; lateral ridge lighter, dark-shaded below; ventral area rather dark grey. Pupa pale yellowish brown, with 4 rows of dark spots; head and wings more greenish, the wing-veins distinct, being dark outlined. In Spain the moth flies in May, July—August and sometimes again in October. Also in Valais it seems to be at least double- brooded. The form valesiaria superticially resembles mareotica Draudt, which, however, may be known at once by the irregular margin of the hindwing and the less deep bend in the postmedian line of the forewing, besides the structural differences of the ¢. elongaria. © monadaria. 126 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provr. Pt. elongaria Rbr. (= aridata Zell. = infermata Rbr. = zephyrata Mill.) (4) is another slightly long-winged species, though the name is scarcely happily chosen in a genus which contains much more extreme forms. Dirty whitish grey, with a tinge of bone-colour, sparsely sprinkled with rather strong black atoms; discal dot and dots in fringe black, distinct; the dark lines and shades not very strong, the lines, however (espe- cially the postmedian), punctuated with black dots or dashes on the veins; first line of forewing angled near the costa and becoming oblique, though less extremely than in calunetaria; postmedian much more normally formed than in that species, namely with a proximal bend costally (where, however, it is often obsolescent) and gentle proximal curves between the radials and posteriorly; median often obsolescent, rather oblique, as a rule considerably proximal to the cell-spot on the hindwing; subterminal line somewhat lunulate-dentate, but seldom noticeable, the accompanying shades being as a rule extremely weak. Forewing smoky beneath, the postmedian line and pale subterminal usually rather distinct; hindwing nearly white, the postmedian usually present, sometimes also some rather smoky distal shading, in which case the pale subterminal becomes distinct. ¢ antennal ciliation minute; hindtibia thickened, hindtarsus abbreviated, scarcely one-third as long as tibia. —ab. monadaria Guen. is a dwarf form with the median shade wanting and also with a tendency —if I am _ right in referring here an aberration of rather frequent occurrence in Syria — for the other lines to become pecharia. effeminata, biselata. weak or obsolete, recalling HerricH-SCHAFFER’s figure and description of his troglodytaria. I do not know of any locality where this monadaria-form entirely replaces the type, and as I have no dated material I am not able to conjecture whether it may be seasonal. It was described from Tarsus. — pecharia Sigr. is a very distinct local race from Hungary, S. E. Russia, Trancaspia and the Ili district, giving the impression of a quite distinct species but apparently in reality only differing in having both wings above and beneath en-— tirely suffused with smoke-colour, the dark scales being so dense as to leave only very slight traces of the pale ground-colour, occasionally a slender pale line being noticeable as a distal edging to the postmedian; the dark lines and cell-spots are discernible though not conspicuous; the fringes less strongly darkened, the black dots there in consequently well visible. I have not seen specimens from Asia Minor, where a transitional form is said to occur; but even at Buda, a well-known locality for pecharia, an occasional specimen is much less extreme than the majority. — The egg of elongaria, according to a figure by MinirmRE, resembles those of Acidalia in having very strong longitudinal ribs and much slighter transverse ones. Larva moderately elongate, attenuated anteriorly, folded, appreciably carinated, head small, flattened in front; clay-colour, darkest on the anterior and posterior segments; a broad pale mediodorsal line, no other dorsal markings; lateral line equally pale and broad; metathorax and first two abdominals each with a large black spot placed above the spiracles; spiracles very small, black, invisible to the naked eye. Pupa light brown, dark-spotted dorsally, the wing- veins dark-outlined. Double-brooded, flymg in June—July and again in August—September. Distributed throughout Southern Europe, N. Africa and from Asia Minor to N. Persia. Pt. effeminata Sigr. from Margelan, N. Ferghana, is described as being nearly the same size as elongaria, on an average slightly smaller, but easily to be distinguished by being altogether much less sharply marked, only the black discal dot being distinct; the black dots on the base of the fringes are either altogether wanting or at best quite indistinct. The ground-colour is dirty white-grey, somewhat tinged with yellowish, quite similar to certain elongaria; the dark dusting is sparse and very fine, never so coarse and black as in elongaria; in some specimens a very weak median shade is present, passing just distally to the cell-spot on the forewing, proximally to it on the hindwing; all show two weak dark lines towards the distal margin (postmedian and inner subterminal ?); distal marginal line rudimentary. Under surface similarly coloured, only in a few specimens with the forewing slightly infuscated, the cell-spots present, the other markings almost or quite obsolete. 3 antennal ciliation quite short, as in elongaria; hindleg greatly aborted, shorter than in elongaria. Pt. biselata Hufn. (= ? fimbriata Schiff. = bisetata Rott. = dilutata Haw. nec dilutaria Hbn. = cinereata Stph. nec cinerata F. = reversaria Dup. nec reversata Tr. = scutularia Ver-Huell nec scutulata Schiff.) (4). Pale straw-colour, sprinkled with fuscous scales. Forewing with first line fine, often not very distinct; median shade following (sometimes touching) the strong black discal dot; postmedian denticulate, nearly parallel with termen; distal area more or less shaded with fuscous, a rather thick strongly waved subterminal consequently distinct; fringe with sharp black dots at base. Hindwing without first line, median somewhat undulate or more strongly irregular (with strong proximal curve in cell), always well proximal to the discal dot. Under surface similar, forewing slightly or strongly infuscated from base to median shade, first line wanting. 3 antennal joints slightly projecting, ciliation even, about (or scarcely) as long as diameter of shaft; hind femur hairy, tibia broadened and clothed on the outer side with long strong brushes of light hair, some of which reach at least to the end of the tarsus, and with a strong expansible tuft of fuscous hair on the inner side, arising from the femora-tibial joint, tarsus rough-scaled, perhaps somewhat hairy, scarcely half as long as tibia. Variable chiefly in the distal-marginal dark shading; this is occasionally (though rarely) almost confined ed : PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provr. it 127 to the proximal side of the subterminal line, still more rarely broken up into spots, in which case it some- what recalls that of trigeminata, but is much more vague. The two extreme forms have received separate names. — ab. fimbriolata Steph. (= schacficraria F. Fuchs) is a pretty form in which the distal bordering is intensified, being darker in colour and occupying, in equally strong expression, the entire distal area of both wings excepting a somewhat narrowed, or even interrupted, subtcrminal line. The basal area of the forewing above also shows a tendency in this form to become slightly infuscated. — ab. infuscata nom. nov. (= var. B. Guen.) has both wings uniformly powdered over with grey-black, obscuring the markings. I have seen a good example from the Lrercn collection and Barrett also mcntions the form, but it is always rare. — extincta Sigr. (=? crinitaria Stgr.) though likewise merely a chance aberration in Western Europe, seems to be a constant race, or subspecies, in the East (Siberia, ? China, Korea,? Japan) and even in Prussia and Russia is of perhaps more frequent occurrence than further west. In it the dark distal shading is entirely or almost entirely obsolete. It is curious that STtauprNGER in erecting his crinitaria (on a single worn specimen from the Sutschan district (southern Ussuri), did not even compare it with his bisetata var. eatinacta, which was made known at the same time. It may be that the inncr tuft of dark hairs on the hindtibia, which is emphasized in the description, is even stronger end blacker or that the “weakly and bluntly angled hindwing” (not shown in the figure) points to a distinct spccies, but in any case it must come very close to biselata, not to the aversata-group. The figure recalls invalida Btlr. — The egg is obtusely oval, somewhat depressed, with fine shallow pitting; salmon-colour with large darker spots (probably pale yellowish when first laid). The larva is rather thick from the 3rd to 6th abdominal, with marked incisions, anteriorly tapering to the very small head; skin rugose; dull brown or yellowish brown, darker dorsally; dorsal dark line double, ill-defined; 1st—5th abdominals usually with blackish V-shaped dorsal pattern, the arms of the V directed caudad, the apex somewhat broken off, at the front of the segment; setae small, knobbed at the tip. Rather strongly variable in colour and in the distinctness of the markings. Very sluggish and as a rule growing slowly, but sometimes producing a partial second brood; polyphagous on low plants. Pupa light brown, head end wing-cases greenish. A widely distributed and in many places common or even abundant species; easily dis- turbed from bushes by day and rather active on the wing from early dusk; sometimes attracted by light or sugar. Central Europe, Bithynia, Transcaucasia, E. Siberia ec. June—July. Pt. decidua Warr. (= holosericeata Bilr. nec holosericata Dwp.) (7d) might have been regarded as a form of biselata extincta, from which it sows very few differences, but for the fact that the tufts of hair on the 3g hindtibia appear considerably less strongly developed and lighter in colour. Rather smaller and paler, rather weakly marked. Whitish ochreous, almost or entirely without dark dusting, the lines only marked in somewhat darker ochreous, the subterminal shades, as in eatincta, usually almost entirely obsolete; discal dots minute but distinct, dots on base of fringe very minute, sometimes obsolete. Hindfemur and hintibia of § tufted with whitish-ochreous hair, but not extremely heavily. Originally registered from Dharmsala, without description, under the erroneous name of “holosericeata Dup.’’, an error which remains uncorrected in Hampson’s “Moths of India”. It seem widely distributed in the N. W. Himalayas in a succession of broods, April to September. — delicatula Warr., described from a single 2 from Dalhousie, may very likely represent a rather large, strongly marked aberration, with bettcr developcd subterminal shade; but as it is intermediate in some respects between decidua and biselata, it can scarcely be referred decisively without the ¢. Pt. denudaria spec. nov. (= nudaria Ping. olim, nec Chr.) (7a). Possibly the eastern representative of decidua but slightly narrower winged. Whitish ochreous, the ground-colour about as in the well-known fucovenosa (= interjectaria) of Europe, but with weaker ochreous admixture, resulting in a paler and more uniform tone. Discal dots often obsolete; if present, then very minute, rarely at all distinct; dots at base of fringe minute and weak, or altogether absent; lines very faint, usually almost entirely obsolete, the entire wing-surface being the almost unicolorous, with only the costal edge narrowly of a rather more decided ochreous. Under surface also quite weakly marked, on an average less suffused than in decidua. Hindleg formed about as in decidua, with moderate, whitish-ochreous hair-pencil from base of femoro-tibial joint, extending for about the length of the tibia, the hair on outer side of tibia also whitish-ochreous; hindtarsus abbreviated. Ningpo, April 1886, 3 (type) and 9 in the British Museum collection; Nikko, a very weakly marked ¢ and 9 in the PineeterR collection; a more strongly marked 9 from Gensan, in the British Museum collection, probably also belongs here. Pt. invalida Bélr. (3h; as invalidaria;? 4 m, fig. 4). Nearly related to biselata but apparently distinct. Ground-colour slightly darker (warmer or more brownish) the markings weak. ¢ hindtibia similarly formed but with the outer tufts of hair not quite so extremely developed, the inner tuft (pencil) longer but not so dark; the antennal ciliation may be very slightly longer, but shows no conspicuous difference. Hindwing fimbriolata. imfuscala. extincla. decidua. delicatula. denudaria. invalida. lauta. per pulverea. trigeminata. hispanaria. TOsco- fasciata. 128 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. perhaps slightly narrower, at least in the g. Abdomen in ¢ long, but this is almost equally the case in biselata. Vertex of head brownish, concolorous with wings, collar scarcely darker; in biselata the vertex is pale, the collar much darker. Both wings with discal dot well developed, first lime and median shade weak or obsolete, postmedian sometimes better developed, on an average slightly more sinuous and dentate than in biselata; distal area not or inappreciably darkened; dots on fringe usually quite weak. Under surface also a little more brownish than in biselata, especially the hindwing; markings usually rather weak. Some of the distinctions given appear, however, to be somewhat inconstant, or at least somewhat intermediate forms seem to occur in Central China, so that it is not altogether impossible that future investigations will result in sinking invalida as another race of biselata. — ab. lauta Warr. is an unimportant aberration in which both lines are strongly marked with black dots on the veins, the marginal dots also stronger than in the type. — Pt. invalida is widely distributed in Japan May-early July and again in September, the second- brood specimens and some others (especially 22) very small; ? Central China, June—July. Pt. perpulverea Hmpsn. (7 b). Dull flesh-colour closely irrorated with olivaceous brown; the lines rather weak, formed by accumulation of the brown scales; first line (present on forewing) wavy or subdentate, a distinct distally-directed tooth observable on the second submedian; cell-spot of forewing large, elongate, slightly oblique; postmedian line fine, wavy, bent near costal margin, slightly incurved between the radials and more decidedly posteriorly; weak traces of a median shade between cell-spot and posterior margin; fringe dark-spotted at base. Hindwing with the discal spot smaller and less black. Under surface rather paler and more glossy, almost unmarked, forewing with a vague dark discal spot. Kashmir: Gooraise, the type 2 (taken in June) from the Lec collection, at present unique. In the absence of the ¢ and of very obvious affinity with any other known I am quite uncertain where to place this species, which is perhaps Indo-Australian rather than Palearctic. It bears some slight resemblance to some 99 of invalida, but is more Hupitheciid in aspect, on account of the rather thick scaling, somewhat elongate forewing and especially the large discal spot of the forewing; the tone of colour is not altogether dissimilar to that of Huwpithecia expal- lidata Guen., though rather duller and less glossy. Pt. trigeminata Haw. (= scutularia part. Hbn. = reversata Tr. = bisetaria Dup. nec bisetata Roit). (4f). Somewhat similar to biselata, with which it was sometimes confused by the early entomologists. Ground- colour in the fringes very weak; the dark distal markings on the contrary brighter and sharper, of a more chocolate-brown tone; costal margin dark from the base nearly to the first line; first and median lines weak or obsolescent, but starting (or at least the former) from dark costal spots; the dark proximal shading of the subterminal consists of paired spots, somewhat as in dimidiata but larger and sharper and with a strong confluent pair at the costal margin; distal dark shading of subterminal almost wanting. Hindwing with the paired spots smaller and weaker. It may also be remarked that the median shade of the forewing, when developed, is differently placed from that of biselata, being proximal to the cell-spot or occasionally crossing - it. g antennal ciliation as in biselata; hindleg similarly formed but with the tufts less extremely developed. Egg oval, with a large depression on the upper side; the entire surface with regular, somewhat hexagonal pitting; pearly white when first laid. Larva nearly cylindrical, but somewhat carinated laterally, tapering gradually from the 5th abdominal to the head; strongly rugose, segment-incisions deep; dull deep brown, dorsal line faintly paler, margined at the ends of the segments with thick black streaks; an ill-defined V- shaped dorsal pattern as far as the 5th abdominal much as in biselata, and an interrupted dark subdorsal; 6th abdominal with a whitish dorsal blotch; lateral ridge pale, interrupted at the incisions; ventral surface dark brown; setae curved, of equal thickness thoughout, longer than in the allied species. The moth flies in May and June and there is sometimes a partial second brood, particularly in captivity; but I have found the larvae sometimes refuse to be accelerated in their growth even under the influence of increased temperatures. Locally common in Central and Southern Europe (except a considerable part of the Iberian Peninsula), Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. Its habits are similar to those of the preceding species. Not infrequently found by day resting on the upper surface of leaves like Pt. rusticata. - Pt. hispanaria Piing. sp. nov. (31). Expanse 22 mm. Near trigeminata Haw., larger, forewing more elongate, pale brick-reddish, markings similar, but much weaker, band of postmedian spots more or less obsolete, hindtibial hair-pencil not dark, hindtarsus longer. 8. Spain, Murcia, Sierra d’Espuna, 4 go, 2 29, M. Kors, end of June 1909. Our figure gives a true impression of the g of this quite distinct species; the only 2 before me is smaller. The colour is more reddish than in even the brightest imvalida, which is otherwise the most highly coloured species in this immediate vicinity. Pt. roseofasciata Chr. I have not seen this species, but it should be easy to recognize by the colo- ration. According to its author it belongs in the neighbourhood of biselata, and the figure shows some resemblance in shape and in the general arrangement of the markings, at the same time the ¢ hindtibia has not the hair-tuft of biselata but is appressed-scaled. The ¢ antenna is described as “‘filiform’’, thus it Publ. 1. V. 19138. PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 129 may be assumed that the joints do not project and that the ciliation is short; Curisropa usually describes the dentate-fasciculate antenna as ”pectinate*. Light straw-yellow, the middle abdominal segments much darkened with blackish scales. Costal margin of forewing rather broadly brown-red from base to first line, reddish to the median line, the origin of both these lines marked with darker costal spots; first line weak, bent; median only slightly curved, closely followed (as in trigeminata) by the blackish discal dot; postmedian weakly bisinuate, followed immediately by a brown-red band which is constricted, but not interrupted, between the radials; subterminal not noticeable, the area from the band to the distal margin being of the ground-colour. Hindwing without first line; postmedian more deeply bisinuate. Underside similarly but somewhat more weakly marked, the band less conspicuous. Discovered at Ordubad in May in a rocky hollow. Inhabits Transcaucasia, the Central Taurus and Northern Mesopotamia. Pt. terpnaria nom. nov. (= amoenaria Styr. nec Snell.) (3i). Another easily recognized species, the terpnaria. band distally to the postmedian breaking off before the costal margin of the forewing. Probably related to . the preceding species. The words used by Sraupincer in describing it would indicate nearly, though not quite, as bright colouring; but the specimen before me, as here figured, is coloured like trigeminata, from which terpnaria differs in its considerably smaller size, narrower wings, with distal margin of hindwing less fully rounded, and in the arrangement of the distal markings. First line weak or obsolete; median sometimes indicated at the posterior margin; discal dot black; postmedian line strong, bisinuate, the following band not reaching the distal margin, though some suffusion is present between the pale subterminal and the margin. Hindwing sometimes somewhat suffused at the base. Under surface similar, the band tending to be reduced in width. o antenna with rather short, even ciliation, hindtibia rather short and weak, not greatly dilated but fringed with hair above; hindtarsus shorter than tibia but not extremely aborted. Vladivostok, Askold, ete; 3' August is the only date known to me. Pt. belemiata Mi//. (31). Distal bands much more reduced, consisting merely of a few confluent posterior spots, somewhat as in some forms of dimidiata, but equally developed on both wings. The ground- colour should be a little more yellowish (clay-coloured) than in our figure. The lines are fine, bent near the costa; median shade not very strong; discal dots and series of dots at base of frmge present. Underside paler and weaker-marked: co antennal ciliation rather short; hindtibia short and weak, but with a hair- pencil; tarsus quite short. Egg roundish, wax-white. Larva similar in form to that of helanthemata, rather short, tapering anteriorly and at the last few segments, head small, globular, dark brown; body flesh-coloured with fine dorsal and subdorsal lines and on the middle segments indistinct sagittate vinous markings; lateral line paler than the ground-colour. The moth is single-brooded, appearing in June and July, and is only known from Spain (Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia) and Portugal. Pt. politata Hobn. (4f). - In its typical form a quite unmistakable species, the entire distal area of both wings being filled up with dark, glossy violet-grey. The costal margin of the forewing is also more or less darkened. The ground-colour is glossy pale yellowish straw-colour (not so white as in our figure), the antemedian line usually and the median sometimes obsolete, the postmedian well expressed, but in the more darkly bordered specimens little differentiated from the bordering. Cell-dots sharply black. Fringe concolorous with wing. Under surface similar, costal margin of forewing less darkened, but the entire basal-part of the wing sometimes with some dark suffusion. o antennal ciliation short; hindtibia scarcely thickened, tarsus as long as tibia. Varies chiefly in the marginal dark band. This is sometimes a good deal lighter than in the specimen figured, and then shows a more or less distinct subterminal line of the ground-colour. — ab. abmarginata Bhtsch. (4f) is an extreme form, of not infrequent occurrence, in which the dark border is entirely wanting. In this form poltata can easily be distinguished from the similarly coloured bdiselata extincta by the curve of the postmedian line, the more glossy scaling, generally smaller size and by the structural characters. The weakness of the proximal lines, strength of discal dots, ete, should render confusion with fuscovenosa or dilutaria quite impossible. politata is wanting in a great part of Spain, but otherwise is distributed though Southern Europe and from Asia Minor to Transcaspia and Persia; the form abmarginata is chiefly prevalent in Hungary and the Asiatic localities. Larva short and stout, strongly attenuated anteriorly, carinated laterally, the skin rugose, strongly folded; glaucous green, the 4 and 5 abdominal segments sometimes washed with fleshy, yellowish or bluish; dorsal lime geminate, ill-developed; subdorsal wanting; lateral broad and paler than the ground-colour; a dark lozenge-shaped dorsal pattern on the 3'4—6t® abdominals; ventral area pale bluish. Pupa moderately elongate, reddish yellow, washed with brown at the head and anal point. Imago at the end of June and in July, single brooded. Pt. carpheraria Hinpsn. (—unipuncta Swinh.). Larger than politata and of an entirely different colour, besides wanting the dark grey border. Yellow, deeper towards the margins, the lines above obsolete or extremely faintly indicated. Both wings with large conspicuous black discal dot. Forewing beneath with the pale part more smoky, a dark smoky postmedian line and broader subterminal shade. o antenna with IV 17 belemiata. politata. abmargi- nata. earpheraria. filicata. bucepha- laria. figuraria. intermedia. 130 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prour. joints slightly projecting, ciliation moderate; hindleg slender, tarsus fully developed. Kashmir (Chamba, etc.) and the Punjab; thus perhaps belonging to the Indo-Australian fauna more than to Palearctic. Easily distinguished by the bright golden-yellow colouring, at least at the margins. Pt. filicata Hbn. (4f). Yellowish white, with purplish fuscous markings. Forewing with the median line preceding, or at most crossing the discal dot, becoming oblique inwards and with a rather marked indentation posteriorly; the entire area basally to this line more or less completely filled up with the dark colour, but usually with a pale line traceable proximally to the (scarcely visible) antemedian; postmedian usually obsolete, occasionally faintly discernible, but always marked by a conspicuous dark costal spot and often with another at the posterior margin; a cloudy, more or less interrupted dark shade proximally to the subterminal. Hindwing with the median line proximal (usually far proximal) to the discal dot, the space between this line and the base infuscated, but sometimes less strongly than on the forewing; postmedian line -usually present, at least as a series of dots on the veins, placed near the discal dot; subterminal line usually followed as well as preceded by dark shading, hence more conspicuous than on forewing, broad. Under surface similarly but less darkly marked. o antennal joints slightly projecting, ciliation short; hindtibia broadened and flattened, tarsus strongly broadened and flattened. Areole occasionally open at its extremity as in Cleta, the first subcostal failing to anastomose with the others. Larva rather thick, tapering anteriorly, the skin with strong trans- verse folds, rugose and granulated, but not so strongly as in rusticata; head light brown; body dirty greenish with indistinct, interrupted brownish dorsal and subdorsal line; lateral line more distinct, yellowish, broadening somewhat in the middle of the last segments; ventral surface without markings. Said to feed on flowers of _ Dianthus, Veronica and other low plants. The moth appears in June and again in September; it is distributed throughout the greater part of Southern Europe, Moravia, Hungary, Asia Minor and Syria. Pt. bucephalaria Chrét., described from a single o’, is said to resemble a small discoloured or aberrant jilicata but to differ markedly, apart from other characters, in the large size of the head. Forewing narrow, prolonged at the apex, distal margin very oblique; yellowish white or very pale ochraceous, with scattered brown atoms, which only become condensed in the basal area; first line broad, sinuous and dentate, nearly direct, brown; postmedian very fine, punctiform, scarcely indicated, subparallel to the distal margin, discal mark small but strigiform, black, very near the postmedian, subterminal indistinct, fringes concolorous. Hindwing rounded, not emarginate; concolorous with forewing, basal area entirely covered with brown scales; discal dot very distinct. Under surface yellowish white, with the discal dots very small, black. Head large, blackish brown, vertex yellowish ochreous; antenna yellowish brown; body and legs yellowish ochreous; hindtibia without spurs, not more exactly described. Algeria: Biskra, end of May. Pt. figuraria Bang-Haas is another recently described species with which I am still unacquainted. According to its author it has quite a distinct facies but is best referred to the /filicata-rusticata group; the figure which he gives certainly suggests a near relative of these species. There are two colour-forms, one brown mixed with reddish, the other light grey-brown; the median area of the forewing forms a dark band, at its edges black-brown, in the middle lighter, bounded proximally by a wavy antemedian line, distally by the median, which is very strongly outcurved in its anterior half, so that the band is much narrower posteriorly than anteriorly; discal dot large and black, placed in this median area; postmedian line dentate, followed, as in filicata, by dark, broken band; distal marginal line black, interrupted; fringe spotted in places with brown. Base of hindwing darkened as far as the discal dot; postmedian line well expressed, strongly dentate; distal area somewhat darkened, though not so strongly as the basal. Under surface similarly but more weakly marked. Described from 3 $2 from §. Oran. The shape will perhaps help to distinguish it from its allies; the apex of the forewing is rather sharp, the distal margin of both wings is said to be bent or slightly angled about the 3° radial and 1st median, but the photographic figure does not show this appreciably on the fore-wing, and possibly Banc-Haas scarcely intends to indicate more than the weakly flexuous margins which are shown by rusticata. Pt. intermedia Str. (31) suggests a weakly marked filicata but is structurally like rusticata. Wings shaped almost as in the latter, the distal margin of the hindwing between the radials and of both wings (especially the hind) between the first median and the anal angle being perceptibly, though only very slightly emarginate. Ground-colour slightly less white (more brownish or yellowish). Forewing with the dark band terminating at, or almost before the discal dot; its proximal edge (the antemedian line) not very conspicuous, as there is some dark basal shading, though not on an average so strong as in completa; postmedian line faint, starting from a dark costal spot; dark clouding between this line and the subterminal almost entirely obsolete; some minute dark dots, as in rusticata, stand at the base of the fringe. On the hindwing the basal dark shading is strong, the postmedian line weak or obsolete, subterminal dark shading obsolete. Under surface more weakly marked than in filicata and rusticata, especially in the subterminal region. co antennal PTYCHOPODA, By L. B. Prout. 131 ciliation short and even; hindtibia with a pair of well-developed spurs. Areole, as in filicata, sometimes open at its extremity. Pt. intermedia was discovered in Asia Minor, the first specimens being taken at light at the end of June and beginning of July; its range also extends to Syria and Mesopotomia., Pt. completa Stgr. is perhaps merely the N. African form of intermedia. At any rate Herr PineELer has sent for my inspection a pair from Gafsa, Tunis, bred by Curétren in October 1909, under the name of *mtermedia e Mauretania“ and they show no very essential differences; the structure seems identical. The dark band is somewhat wider, the median line being placed distally to the discal spot; the colour of the band is also somewhat more reddish, as in brightly-coloured forms of rusticata, from which it still differs in the course of the median line; the discal dots are rather smaller, especially on hindwing; the distal margins also seem slightly more irregular, but the forewing is by no means narrow or pointed as in figuraria, neither has the band the characteristic form of that species. SraupincerR indicates as a further distinction from intermedia, that the basal part of the forewing is almost as strongly darkened as the band itself; the difference, however, is not very marked in the specimens before me. The dark base of the hindwing characterizes both. The egg is oval, truncate at the ends, with very irregular, angular longitudinal ribs, the depressions between them deep, crossed by smaller irregular ribs; greenish yellow. The larva, which Homsrra reared from the egg on Polygonum aviculare, is short, thick, tapering in both directions from the 6 abdominal, strongly carinated laterally, segmental incisions well marked; the head is small, reddish brown; the skin is very rugose and granulated, deeply folded transversely; ground-colour dirty grey, washed with greenish yellow, paler from the 6 abdominal; dorsal line little paler, indistinct except at both ends, blackish edged, expanding into yellowish spots on the middle segments; some X-shaped markings at the incisions of the 274 —5t abdominal; some elongate black lateral spots connected with the X-markings; lateral carina slightly pale; ventral region tinged with greenish, also rather paler, a medio-ventral line and on the 1st—5 abdominals some indistinct open lozenges. Pupa not elongate nor particularly glossy, greenish fulvous with abdomen reddish fulvous; cremaster with 8 hooks. Imago in June and September, Algeria and Tunis. According to STAUDINGER a form or closely allied species also occurs in Aragon and Andalusia. Pt. rusticata Schiff. (4{) differs from the allies in the position of the dark band, which is placed more distally, so that the discal spot stands about in its centre; the basal area is irregularly darkened, the dark colour being very obliquely edged, or almost confined to the costal half of the area; there is no separate postmedian line, probably the distal edge of the band represents it; the clouding proximally to the sub- terminal line is very variable in intensity, occasionally quite obsolete, leaving the entire distal area uniformly whitish. Hindwing without appreciable dark band, though sometimes the (rather narrow) area between the median and postmedian lines is slightly darker than the rest of the wing. Under surface similarly though less distinctly marked, the forewing more or less uniformly infuscated from the band to the base. o antennal ciliation short and even. A singular problem presents itself in regard to the o tibial armature. There exist two separate structural forms, which would have equal right with asellaria and alyssumata to be regarded as distinct species, but for an observation made many years ago by Dr. Speyer, who was too careful a student of leg-structure to have been deceived in this matter. The form and length of the hindtibia is always the same, somewhat shorter than the femur, slightly thickening at its end and without hair-pencil; the difference consists in the presence or absence of the spurs. In general this is absofutely constant in particular localities, but Speyer found remarkable variation in a series from Mayence, in part bred ab ovo; of captured specimens 2 had both spurs, 1 a single spur and 1 had none; of the bred, 2 had both spurs, 1 had none; the single spur in the 1-spurred example was shorter than the normal. The spurless form should be regarded as the type of rusticata, as this is the only form known from Vienna, whence the species was first described. Most of the specimens from Austria and Hungary and from some parts of Germany, so far as my information extends, belong here; so likewise one from Uralsk (coll. PiincELER) and the forms from Greece, Sicily and Spain. Those from Greece and Spain perhaps represent local races; according to StaupiNcEr the former are of the reddish tone which he proposes, irrespective of spurring, to call var. vulpinaria. — mustelata Rbr. is an aberration occurring in Spain, with the central band considerably reduced, occupying only the costal half of the central area; but perhaps the name can be extended so as to embrace all the Sponish forms, as a tendency towards reduction of markings is in general observable in them, even when not so far developed as in Rameur’s figure and a specimen before me from Cuenca. — vulpinaria H.-Sch. is the correct name for the two-spurred form, altough it is oftener used (following Srauprincer) for all the reddish examples. If it be really necessary to separate the reddish vwlpinaria (as they occur commonly in Sardinia, Croatia and Dalmatia and in Asia Minor) from the dark, a new name will be required for the latter. Dark vwlpinaria . occur in S. England (where the spurless rus¢icata is entirely unknown), France, Holland, Kreuznach and the Rheingau, Valais, the Tyrol, Trieste and occasionally with the redder examples in Dalmatia. Exact information is still wanting from many localities. According to Sraupincrr the species extends to N. Africa and through Central Asia as far as Lake Issyk Kul. The larvae of the different forms have not been separated. The completa. rusticata. mustelata. vulpinaria. robiginat a. lutulentaria. dilutaria. praeustaria, holosericata. 132 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. accounts which I have consulted (Mmutmre, SNELLEN, RéssLeER, Barrett) were probably all drawn up from the form vulpinaria. The egg is very small, oval, apparently not described in detail. The larva is very sluggish. It is rugose, granulated, transversely folded, the lateral carination not strong; rather short, strongly tapering anteriorly; head very small, dark brown or blackish; body dull greyish brown; markings variable, sometimes only a fine pale dorsal line, sometimes also a more or less distinct lozenge-shaped dorsal pattern on the first 5 abdominal segments or even throughout; ventral area very pale greenish grey, with a whiter medioventral line and with subtriangular blackish markings on the 2"4—5t* abdominals, their apices pointing forward. The pupa is of medium proportions, shining yellowish brown, becoming more reddish on the abdominal segments, especially towards the anus. The moth appears in June and July and a very partial second brood (at least in captivity) about October. In my experience as well as that of Snetzten, the larvae which feed up rapidly yield moths of about the normal size, but those which hibernate can, if well fed, be made to produce veritable giants the following June. Polyphagous on withered or mouldy leaves. Pt. robiginata Sgr. (= rubiginaria Fuchs) (5b). In its strongly ochreous colouring, yet not quite so intense or so reddish as in most ochrata, this species differs from all others with which I can compare it, unless possibly brightly coloured examples of manicaria or fatimata may be considered similar in ground- colour. The markings consist of a small dark discal dot on each wing and on the forewing 3, on the hind- wing 2 fine wavy dark lines, finer and much less straight than in aureolaria Hbn. On the forewing they - are about equidistant, the median just proximal to the discal dot, on the hindwing the median is well proximal, the postmedian very strongly bent, being almost angled at the first radial and markedly inbeni between this and the third radial. In addition to the lines both wings usually show some weak, interrupted grey shading proximally to the subterminal and there is always an interrupted dark terminal line. Fringes dark grey, with a line of the ground-colour at their base. Beneath the lines are rather thicker and stronger, except the first line of the forewing, which is wanting; base of forewing dusted with grey but not very strongly. Locally common in Spain, flying in June and July in bushy places in the evening. Has recently been recorded from Belgium (Rochefort). The larva is thick, gradually tapering anteriorly, the lateral ridge very prominent, undulate and as it were festooned; head large, heart-shaped, rugose, blackish brown; body rugose, dark brown, the dorsal line paler, fine and continous, subdorsal wanting, stigmatal line placed on the lateral ridge; a broad pale band traverses the ventral surface of the middle segments. Mirumre says nothing as to the foodplants, but states that it shares the habits of the allies; it eats little during the winter and in captivity pupates in April. Pt, lutulentaria Stgr. (3i as lutulentata). Near fuscovenosa in size, shape and markings, but unmistakable on account of its bright ochreous yellow ground-colour. Forewing with base of costa darkened as in fuscovenosa. Both wings with discal dot rather large and black. The lines are waved, the median of forewing preceding the discal dot, but not very strong. Distal margin and fringe unmarked. Under surface similarly but rather more weakly marked, basal area of forewing somewhat suffused, without first line. The egg is spheroidal, with one axis a little longer than the other; the surface is covered with hexagonal pitting, including an occasional irregular polygon of 5 or 7 sides. The larva is strongly rugose and granulated, moderately thick, tapering anteriorly and a little on the last 3 segments; setae black, clubbed; the colour is variable; head pale chestnut with darker dots; body of a more or less pale chestnut, vaguely marked with black at the incisions, the last 3 segments with a black mediodorsal line. Menpes reared it on withered or mouldy leaves of Sarothamnus patenor. It eats little and grows very slowly. The pupa is uniform yellowish brown. The moth is single brooded, appearing in June-July. Only known from some localities in Spain and Portugal. Pt. dilutaria Hin. (= stramentata Hv.) (4f). Recognizable by its strongly silky gloss, the absence of the costal coloration which characterizes the preceding and the two following species (the costal margin has merely a sparse dusting of dark scales), the unmarked distal margin and fringe, ete. In the yellowish-tinted ground-colour, the minute size of the discal dots and the lack of terminal dots it is nearest to hwmiliata, but the red costal margin of the latter forms a constant distinction. The course of the lines is also nearer to that of humaliata, the pale subterminal not forming the projections which that of fuscovenosa shows. The lines are generally all of approximately equal expression, sometimes the postmedian a little stronger, sometimes the median of the forewing weak The underside is similar, the postmedian line often a little stronger, the antemedian and sometimes the median of the forewing obsolete. co antennal ciliation short and even, hindtibia not much thickened, tarsus as long as tibia. In the name-typical form, which is rather scarce, minute discal | dots are present and the distal margins are slightly dark-shaded. — ab. praeustaria Lah. differs little from the type form, but shows a much stronger and broader fuscous border. It occurs in Dalmatia and S.E. Hungary and even shows some tendency to form a local race. — ab. holosericata Dup. is probably the PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 133 commonest form and differs in wanting the discal dots and in being entirely without the dark marginal shading. Like ab. praeustaria it sometimes becomes a distinct race, as for instance in England. — ab. subfasciata ab. nov. has the median line on both wings approximated to the postmedian and the space between them occupied by a dark suffusion, forming a vague dark band. A bred example, in the Porrrrr collection, is figured by Barrett (Lep. Brit. pl. 333, fig. 1). — The egg, according to Turr, forms a somewhat flattened disc, scarcely longer than wide, the surface covered with raised points; probably a stronger magnification would show a eell-pattern as in hwmiliata; pale yellow at first, changing to orange. The larva is short and thick, tapering considerably anteriorly, carinated laterally, the skin exceedingly rugose, folded and granulated; segmental incisions strong; setae short and clubbed; head small and notched; the general coloration is dirty red-brown to blackish, the dorsal line paler, finely edged with black, especially on the posterior segments. It is extremely sluggish and usually grows slowly, feeding on withered or decaying leaves; it has even been observed to bite through the leaf-stalk as if to hasten the death of the leaf before eating it. It is said to be partial to Helianthemum, but is more or less polyphagous, like most of the genus. The moth flies in June and July; in captivity a second emergence can. be obtained in September. Frequents grassy slopes and similar situations and is distributed in Southern and Southern Central Europe, Asia Minor and Armenia; Sraupmcrr excepts Spain, but I have examples from Moncayo. subfasciata. Pt. fuscovenosa Goeze (= plebeia Geoff: =osseata Haw. nec Hbn. = interjectaria Bdv. = dilutaria Led. fuscovenosa. nec Hbn.) (4f). Forewing slightly broader than in dilutaria, distal margin not quite so oblique. Ground-colour rather paler, at least in parts, not quite so uniform, basal part of costal margin more or less strongly infusecated; lines rather more irregular, especially the subterminal, which projects rather strongly basewards between radials and again near the posterior margin. Further distinguished by the comparatively large and sharply black discal dots and the presence of short black distal-marginal strokes and traces of dark dots on fringe. Ege oval, somewhat flattened at the ends, covered with a network of large regular cells; colour light red, becoming somewhat brighter after 2 days. Larva rather stout, gradually tapering anteriorly, segmental incisions not very deep, the usual lateral ridge present, the skin rugose and shagreened; setae very short, clubbed at the tip; ground-colour dirty, dull smoky brown, more or less marbled with ochreous or yellowish, especially the posterior segments, markings variable, usually rather strong; dorsal line ochreous, blackish- edged, especially on the posterior segments; three or four X-shaped dorsal markings on the junctions of the 1st_5t or 2nd__5th abdominals; ventral surface with a series of large ochreous crescentic marks. Feeds on low plants, especially or withered leaves, and grows slowly. Pork found that it would eat a moss, Hylocomium triquetrum, during the winter. Pupa light reddish brown, wing-cases greenish, incisions and cremaster dark. The moth hides by day in hedges or low bushes or grass and is of a quiet gentle flight. Locally abundant in June-July in Central and S. Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor and Armenia. Sraupincer in error wriles “except England“; in the South of this country it is generally extremely common, and the mistake probably arose from the erroneous use of the name osseata for it by Haworru. Pt. humiliata Hufn. (= osseata Schiff.) (4f) differs at once from all other known species in having the costal margin of the forewing red throughout its entire length. This is not always equally bright, but it never fails; thus all but extremely worn specimens are quite readily distinguishable from dilutaria, which otherwise it rather closely resembles. The lines of the forewing, both in this species and the preceding, are frequently darker or more distinct at the costal extremity than in the rest of their course, which is not appreciably the case in dilutaria. A black discal dot is always present on the hindwing and nearly always on the forewing, but is often minute, sometimes extremely minute. Some strongly marked specimens show (at least anteriorly) an interrupted brownish or grey terminal line, but never the sharp black marks of fuscovenosa. The structure presents nothing very distinctive. The 2 is on an average smaller and narrower- winged than the o, especially in the small British race; but this sexual distinction often in part characterizes the allies, and indeed a large proportion of the species of Péychopoda. Except in size and in the brightness of the costal margin I have noticed little important variation; the under surface, especially of the forewing, is sometimes strongly powdered with dark scales, sometimes almost clear. All the lines seem to be always present, though in varying distinctness; the median of the forewing, which usually crosses or is closely approximated to the discal dot, is occasionally removed further basewards, approaching the first line; L have one example from the Val d’Herens in which they even coalesce thoughout tho greater part of their length, forming a single thick line with a small Y-shaped fork costally. Egg similar to that of fwscovenosa but with a slightly more greyish tint and the cells considerably smaller. Larva also similar to that species and with the same habits; Van Lezuwen, in his excellent life-histories in Srpp’s ”Nederlandsche Insecten“, gives the following distinctions: head and legs black (in fuscovenosa brown); warts large (in fuscovenosa small), markings weak, pale-brown, not brown-black; 5 abdominal little lighter than the rest of the dorsal area; the X-shaped markings wanting. Pupa less greenish than that of fwscovenosa and with a dark dorsal line. The imago appears in June. or even, in sheltered localities, at the end of May, thus earlier in the summer than its nearest humiliata. nitidata. promiscu- aria. bicerlaria. degeneraria meridiaria. 134 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. relatives, and is fond of steep hill-sides; it neither reaches great altitudes, nor, so far as my information goes, the depths of the valleys. In suitable situations the most abundant of the group, but not extending far north; otherwise almost throughout Central and Southern Europe; N.W. Africa, Asia Minor and Transcaucasia Pt. nitidata H.-Sch. (= tectaria Leech) (4f). Pale glossy straw-colour without discal dots or dots in fringe and with no dark dusting except a sprinkling of slightly deeper straw-colour or yellowish light-brown. The lines yellowish light-brown, all present (on forewing 5, on hindwing 4) though often more or less vague; strongly undulate, about equidistant, the median and postmedian of hindwing apparently the most variable, sometimes approximated, sometimes rather widely separate. Under surface rather paler and weaker-marked, especially of hindwing. co antenna shortly and closely ciliated; hindtibia short, with rather strong hair- pencil, tarsus scarcely one-half as long as tibia. Differs from dz/wtaria in its much larger size, more uniform aspect (the lines generally yellower and weaker), lack of dark dusting at costal margin of forewing, ete. I can find not even the slightest varietal difference in tectaria Leech, from Chang Yang and Korea, to separate it from typical nitidata. It is observable that SravuprnemR also notes no difference for the Amurland and Ussuri specimens, which I have not seen. — promiscuaria Leech, not recognizable from the description, is an aberration (? sport) with the ground-colour almost white, the usually yellowish dusting greyer, the yellowish lines weak, but the median of the forewing thickened about the discocellulars so as to give some slight impression of a large discal spot. Fusan, Korea, 2, taken in June. — The larva of mitidata is stout and compact, somewhat flattened, carinated laterally and tapering anteriorly, transversely folded; head small, bifid, red-brown; thoracic segments with ring-shaped protuberances, the first 5 abdominals with the segment- incisions deep, each broader anteriorly than posteriorly; ground-colour grey-brown, the middle segments with lozenge-shaped dorsal markings, divided by the black-edged dorsal line; dorsal line most distinct on the last few segments; before the lozenge-shaped marking stands on each segment two distinct black dots; 6” 7 and 8 abdominals lighter and more yellowish than the rest of the surface; lateral area also light; venter dark, with light longitudinal lines. Probably polyphagous on low plants; May reared it on lettuce. The moth appears in June and July and frequents warm sunny clearings in woods, resting among low bushes or grass; the $ is sluggish and less easily disturbed than the o&. Inhabits N. Italy, S.E. Europe and Eastern Asia; the only intermediate locality indicated by Sraupincer, and this only doubtfully, is Russian Transcaucasia. Pt. bicertaria Stgr. Only known from Sraupincer’s original description, founded on a single, somewhat defective 2 from Tunis. Somewhat smaller than nitidata, light grey-yellow with sparse blackish dusting, both wings with sharp black discal dot and irregularly dentate dark postmedian line, forewing in addition with a weakly bent antemedian line; the dark shades which bound the subterminal are very faint and narrow. Thus the markings slightly recall those of the. circellata-form of straminata, which is smaller and quite differently coloured. Under surface whitish grey with a little scattered dark dusting, the discal dots sharply black, the lines (except the antemedian) indicated but only extremely weakly. Pt. degeneraria Hbn. (4f). This species and those which follow (as far as aversata) form a very natural group, being closely allied in structure, shape, facies and in the larval stage; they are in general among the largest Ptychopoda species. The typical form of degeneraria, however, is very easily recognized by the reddish brown band which occupies the area between the antemedian and the median line of the forewing and sometimes also extends as a more or less strong suffusion as far as the base. The hindwing also often shows a reddish suffusion from the- median line (here proximal to the cell-spot) to the base. The postmedian line of the forewing is as a rule rather strongly elbowed or angled on the first radial, but is somewhat variable, as also in most of the group. Distinct, but usually small, black discal dots are present on both wings throughout the group. Shading distally to the postmedian line weak; terminal line slight, occasionally altogether absent; no dots in fringe. Under surface scarcely marked except for the discal dots; postmedian line sometimes indicated, and sometimes an obscure greyish basal suffusion to the forewing. antennal ciliation very short; hindtibia shortened and thickened, with strong hair-pencil, tarsus extremely short. Variable in colour, the variations being in part local and in part seasonal, so that a series collected at one time and place would generally give the impression of a rather constant species. The name-type, strictly speaking, is somewhat intermediate between the two former differentiated by Mimumre, for such an intermediate form was figured by Hipner. But as the French author was the first to call attention to the dimorphism, it is best to follow his nomenclature, including as typical degeneraria those that agree with Hitpner’s figure and the darker (redder-tinged), dark-banded forms. — meridiaria Mid/. was expressly erected for a form which, according to its author, is constant in Provence, with more yellowish or olivaceous ground- colour and light, redder band. He says further that the larva is so differently coloured that one might almost think of a separate species. In general, however this light meridiaria form seems to be associated with the second brood and in any case it is not so constant as Miurre thought; it may be due to the action of increased temperature on the adult larva, but I do not think this has been experimentally tested. Fucus, in establishing the validity of his bilinearia, subjected some degenaria-larvae to heat, and reports that PTYCHODOPA. By L. B. Prour. 135 this produced no approach to bilinearia, but does not say whether any change at all resulted; however, the Bornich specimens which I have seen already approach meridiaria. — ab. depravata Stgr. is more striking, on account of the entire absence of the characteristic dark band; even the lines are in general quite indistinct and the form almost unicolorous. It occurs in Southern Europe and Dalmatia. — ab, floridaria Piing. ab. nov. (3k, as floridata) ”Ground-colour deep rose-red, somewhat tinged with brown, dark median band, as in depravata, almost wanting, in single specimens of the autumn generation as distinct as in degeneraria. Bred in numbers through several generations together with degeneraria Hbn. as autumn form and ab. depravata Stgr. as summer form, yet without transitions to either, from eggs of a 2 caught at Bastia, Corsica, end of May 1911, by P. Piwceter; also from Sardinia, Geo. C. Kriiger 1911“. Piincerer (i. 1. 10 February 1912) adds some interesting detail which suggests the possibility that there is in this species some form of Mendelian inheritance, perhaps complicated by seasonal variation. The original 2 was red. The offspring (end of July to mid August 1911) about half red and half depravata, no banded forms in either section. From these red floridaria there were bred in October -November about 25°/) degeneraria and no depravata, 75°/) being floridaria, a few only of these latter dark-banded. Herr Piiarrer does not think it necessary to supply a separate name for the banded floridaria but proposes that in statistical work we should distinguish the two as degeneraria-floridaria and depravata-floridaria. I have an example of the former from Majorca, 1 June 1905. It should be added that typical depravata from Sicily, bred through several generations, has been known to remain true, like a Mendelian pure dominant or pure recessive, but a 2 from the East Pyrenees produced a mixed brood of degeneraria and depravata. Larva moderately thick, gradually tapering anteriorly and with a rounded lateral ridge; skin rugose, strongly folded transversely; head small; body rather variable in colour, red-brown or blackish, the form meridiaria, according to Mitiumre, on an average lighter than the type; thoracic segments with red-brown dorsal spots; the first 4 or 5 abdominals with red-brown lozenge-shaped dorsal markings or at least with dark V-shaped marks indicating their posterior boundary; lateral line white, not sharply defined; ventral surface blackish, with pale spots on the middle segments. Pupa short and rather thick, moderately glossy, chestnut-brown, the anal segment and cremaster much darker, The moth is generally double-brooded, appearing in April-May and again from the end of July, frequenting warm hedges, etc. It is local in England, France, Germany and Austria, but more general in Southern Europe, N. Africa and from Asia Minor to Central Asia. — erschoffi Chr. (3i, as erschoffiaria) is probably nothing more than an Eastern local race of degeneraria. Except that the apex of the forewing is somewhat more acutely produced I can fmd no essential difference, and Herr PinerLer informs me that degeneraria from Transcaucasia and Central Asia in general incline in this direction. As an aberration, this wing-form may also be occasionally almost reproduced in Western specimens; thus I have one example from Philippeville, Algeria. CHrisToPH’s figure is redder, but this is not important. The only example before me, from Astrabad, is rather larger than average degeneraria, the discal dots rather large, almost as in rubraria, the coloration and markings almost entirely as in normal degeneraria; the first and median lines are a good deal darker and less reddish than the band which they enclose, and a dark shadowy band distally to postmedian line is rather better developed than in most degeneraria. The form erschoffi is recorded from Transcaucasia, Persia and Transcaspia. Pt. rubraria Stgr. (4g). Confusingly near the non-banded forms of degeneraria (depravata and floridaria). Both Sraupincer and Fucus originally regarded it as a mere form of that species, but Fucus in 1886 announced its specific distinctness and later, in a very long article (Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. vol. 42, p. 211—218), worked out the question more fully. In SraupincEr’s latest edition it is called a Darwinian species. On an average somewhat larger and more robust than degeneraria, without any tinge of greenish, the discal dots larger, the postmedian line finer and sharper, in general more acutely angled on the first radial and usually somewhat more incurved posteriorly, well developed also on the under surface; the median shade is present on the upper surface, but never very strong, never widened into a band but consisting only of a vague thick line, which is placed on the forewing close distally to the discal dot and on the hindwing proximally to it. The © antennal joints project appreciably more than in degeneraria. In the name-type the ground-colour is reddish all over, the median shade slightly darker. — ab. bilinenaria Fuchs is considerably paler, ochreous with hardly any red tinge but with the median shade decidedly reddish. In the Rheingau, and perhaps in most localities, it is the common or form, the biological “type“. Whether, as was at first conjectured, the form rubraria really occurs more frequently in the ¢ sex than in the & now appears very doubtful. — f. therinaria F. Fuchs is a smaller, finely scaled, almost unmarked form, very rare in a state of nature but frequently obtained by breeding, representing a second generation. — The larva looks at first glance quite different from that of degeneraria, but this is chiefly on account of a strong darkening of the ground-colour, or at least a strong dark admixture, in the anterior two-thirds, excepting the head. Body much flattened, thick in the middle, tapering anteriorly, lateral ridge strongly protuberant, constricted at the segment-incisions; venter more rounded; ground-colour grey or yellowish grey, anterior two-thirds dorsally darkened to brown or even black-brown; a double medio-dorsal line, scarcely discernible except on the paler part, accompanied by indistinct oblique streaks running out anteriorly; ventral area brown, with depravala, floridaria. erschoffi. rubraria. bilinenaria. therinaria. inornata, agrostem- mata. amoenata. deversaria. maritimata. diffluata. 136 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. large light trapezoidal spots in the middle. Full-fed from the middle of June onwards. Pupa shaped like that of degeneraria, but more strongly built and sometimes more reddish. The moth, according to Fucus, does not appear till July-August, thus much later than the first generation of degeneraria, and is only single- brooded in a state of nature, at least in his district and in normal seasons. But in captivity, as with many species of Ptychopoda, an additional brood can be obtained about October. It is to be observed further that Résster’s account of the life-history of degeneraria refers not to that species but to rubraria. It may also be mentioned that WenpLANnpT has recently disputed the identity of bilinearia with rubraria, but gives no grounds for his view; he records a strikingly ‘small, absolutely fresh example captured on 28 August, which he regards as representing the otherwise unknown second brood in a state of nature. The geographical range of rubraria embraces a part of Central Germany, Lower-Austria, the Southern Tyrol, Hungary, Capri, Sicily, Dalmatia and Greece. Pt. inornata Haw. (=suffusata Tr.) (4g). This species and the following present another rather puzzling assemblage of very closely similar forms, some of which still need more exact investigation. True inornata, which is appropriately named, may best be recognized by its strongly glossy, quite weakly-marked wings, entirely without dots at base of fringe and often entirely without dark marginal line, which in any case is not very strong. The postmedian line of the forewing, which in most of the allies is angled or strongly bent on the first radial, here shows no appreciable bend, or at the utmost an extremely blunt one. This affords a convenient distinction from weakly-marked aversata ab. remutata and from degeneraria ab. depravata, but unfortunately not from the still more closely related deversaria. Underside somewhat paler, somewhat less glossy, occasionally with some minute scattered dark atoms; postmedian line and interrupted — marginal line rather better expressed than above; forewing usually with a slight brownish suffusion in the cell and costally. So far as I can see the sexes do not differ materially; according to Guente the ¢ has the interrupted terminal dark line on the forewing above better developed than in the o’, and J think this is the general tendency, though neither very pronounced nor constant. Not a variable species on the whole, though there is some variation in the shade of the ground-colour and the position of the lines. Bred specimens show a slight olivaceous gloss, which is to a large extent lost after the species has been on the wing a short time. — ab. agrostemmata Guen. founded on two bred specimens, was erected as a separate species, but is a quite unimportant aberration, its small size perhaps due to breeding. Apart from size, however, it differs in being still more weakly marked, the lines scarcely traceable. The larvae were found in Central France, feeding in the capsules of Agrostemma dioica. — ab. amoenata Fuchs (= suaveolaria Fuchs), described from Sicily, is distinguished by its more reddish tone, especially towards the distal margin and the fringes. I have not seen an extreme form, but some British examples approach it. — The egg of mornata has been described and figured by Peyron, and figured by Sourn; it is oval, with the usual small coneavities 5- to 7-sided; whitish yellow at first, becoming blotched with red. Laid, according to Sours, in strings of from 6—20. The larva is very similar to that of degeneraria; rather thick, tapering gradually anteriorly, carinated laterally, skin strongly rugose, subsegmentation well marked; head small, rough, horn- colour with two whitish posterior spots; body varied with different shades of grey and brown, or somewhat ~ more reddish; 1st‘—5t abdominals with dark dorsal V-marks, their apices at the posterior extremity of the segments; sometimes with pale spots on the dorsum of the 4 and 5t* abdominals. Polyphagous on low plants and rather easy to rear; a large percentage of the larvae can generally be induced to feed up rapidly and yield a second brood of moths about September. Pupa yellow-brown, darker at anal extremity; cremaster with the usual 6 curved spines. The imago flies in May, June and July and into the beginning of August (in southern localities partly double-brooded) and inhabits heathy or bushy places or woodland, hiding in the herbage or resting with wings outspread on tree-trunks or fences. At night it may sometimes be attracted by "sugar“. Widely distributed almost throughout Europe except the extreme north, generally common, though less abundant and more local than aversata; reported scarce in many parts of Eastern Europe and not yet known from Asia. Pt. deversaria H.-Sch. (=? spataceata Scop. = subversaria Loh. = suffusata Guen. nec Tr.) (4g) has been regarded by some authors as a form of the preceding, but is now acknowledged to be distinct, or at the least a ”Darwinian -species“. Slightly less glossy, more yellowish, with no olivaceous tinge, the lines better expressed and sometimes thicker, the median shade usually distinct and thick, the shades on either side of the subterminal line generally better developed; marginal line sometimes better developed, a distinct series of small dots usually present at base of fringes. Under surface with median shade usually well developed, as well as postmedian line. The course of the postmedian line of the forewing is often not or scarcely distinguishable from that of inornata, but its tendency is to be intermediate towards that of dversata ; that is to say, it is often appreciably bent on the first radial, though not sharply angled. — ab. maritimata Guen., erected as a form of inornata, is distinguished, according to Reset, by having the median shade more strongly developed than in typical deversaria. Gurnér does not directly compare it with deversaria (his inornata var. suffusata) but emphasizes the strong expression of the median shade. W. coast of France. — In ab. diffluata I7.-Sch. (83k, 4g) the entire space between the postmedian and subterminal line on both Publ. 1. V. 1913. PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 137 wings is filled up with a dark band, or at most there is only a fine line of the ground-colour between the postmedian line and the band. Distally to the subterminal there is also as a rule stronger dark shading than in the type form, but it is generally rather weak, seldom so strong as in the example figured on Pl. 3k. diffluata is the prevailing, though not the only form in S.E. Hungary and occurs also in Dalmatia, Bosnia, Asia Minor and perhaps Bohemia. The examples which I have seen from Asia Minor have also the basal area of the forewing darkened. A. Fucus and F. Fucus both maintained that diffluata was a separate species, but seem to have studied very little material, and bring forward no better arguments that that it is brighter yellow, far less sprinkled with black but more strongly black-marked at the distal margins and fringes. Even at Hereulesbad, one of the best-known localities for diffluata, non-banded deversaria still occurs together with the aberration. Regarding the name diffluata, which its author adopted from Mann’s manuscript, it is not quite certain that it was originally intended to apply to this form; in the Zetter collection examples of nitidata are Labelled diffluata Mann, and as Herricu-Scuirrer figured from Mehadia and on the same plate both mitidata and the present form it is not impossible that by some error he misapplied Mann’s name. — ab. laureata Fuchs (3k), from the Rheingau, is very similar to diffluata, but easily distinguished by the alternate bands of light and dark colour in the distal area; that is to say, only the distal half of the space between the postmedian and the subterminal is darkened; the area distally to the subterminal is (at least in my examples) fully as dark as the area proximally to it. Recorded also from 8. Tyrol, Bohemia, ete. — ab. habichi Schawerda is a melanotic form, strongly suffused with smoke-colour yet with the 3 black lines remaining distinct both above and beneath. Bosnia. — ab. hyalinata Chr., which possibly forms a local race in Transcaucasia, scarcely differs from deversaria except in having the median shade (inner line) of the hindwing removed further proximally from the discal dot. Described from several examples taken at light in May and August. The larva agrees in form with those of the allied species and shows scarcely any constant difference from that of mornata. According to Fucus, who bred the two side by side, it is on an average lighter, but is varies somewhat in colour and that of inornata varies considerably. The only constant difference which he could find consisted in the presence of a white dot in the apices of the V-shaped (at times Y-shaped) markings in imornata, which is nearly always. wanting in deversaria. Pale grey-yellow, or more rarely yellow-brown, the dorsal pattern varying in distinctness. Pupa apparently not yet differentiated from that of znornata. The moth flies in June and July, appearing a week or two earlier than inornata. Its range is not so extended northward nor perhaps westward as that of the preceding species, though in many Central and S.E. European localities they occur together; deversaria, on the other hand, extends also to Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Transcaspia and other localities in Western Asia. I consider it highly probable that this is the spataceata of Scopoui, described from Carniola; at least there seems to be no other species to which his description and (miserably bad) figure can be applied; but as WerneBuRG determined it for remutaria Hbn. (floslactata Haw.) | have left the name in abeyance. Pt. aversata L. (= grisata F. = latifasciaria Hdnr.) (4g). Cannot possibly be confounded, in its typical form, with either of the allies, the dark band being here placed between the median and postmedian lines, while in degeneraria it is placed between the antemedian and median and is the aberrations of deversaria distally to the postmedian. In general, also, aversata is rather less glossy than the allies, more strongly dusted, the postmedian line rather sharply expressed, more strongly angled on the first radial of the forewing than in deversaria, the distal marginal line and dots at base of fringes always present, mostly very conspicuous; the area distally to the postmedian line is generally very weakly marked or quite without markings, but occasionally (especially in the banded forms) a moderately conspicuous dark shade is developed proximally to the subterminal. Only a few weakly-marked glossy aberrations, and particularly when the angle in the postmedian line happens to be less pronounced than usual, are confusingly like inornata. As these weakly- marked specimens have usually hardly any subterminal dark shading they are in general less likely to be mistaken for deversaria, but great care is needed in individual cases. P#. aversata shows a wide range of variation, and several of the forms have received separate names. Even Livwi and Crerck knew no less than three, which they assumed to be separate species. This has resulted in some confusion in the synonymy, as later authors attempted to identify the second and third forms with other species of Ptychopoda, or even of Acidalia. The true aversata, as here figured, is by no means a rare form, but is not nearly so abundant as the ab. remutata. — ab. lividata Cl. differs little from typical aversata and would scarcely need to be separately described but for the confusion which has prevailed regarding its identity. The median shade is placed rather further from the discal dot than in some forms, the dark space which extends from the median to the postmedian consequently a little narrowed; but on the other hand there is an additional pronounced dark shade proximally to the subterminal line and even a little (narrow) dark shading distally thereto. In most copies of Crerck’s “Icones“ the figure of lividata is very badly coloured and quite unrecognizable, in consequence of which those systematists who have seen only such copies have made very faulty attempts at its determination. Thus Laspryres considered it to represent dimidiata and biselata (which he regarded as forms of a single species), WerNeBuRG selected biselata and ZetteR thought it nearer to deversmria than to anything else. On the other hand Iniicer, StepHens and Guente, who presumably had access to better copies IV ; 18 laureata. habichi. hyalinata. aversata. lividata. remutata. fuliginata. effuscata. atrata. aurata. emarginata. mosquensis. 138 PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Provr. of the book, gave the right determination. In a beautiful copy in the Watsinanam Museum (recently presented to the British Museum) it is absolutely unmistakable and is as here described. — ab. remutata L. (= ? coneatenata Hufn. = trilineata Hufn. = murinata Ff’. nec Scop. = aversata Gwen. = spoliata Stgr., (4g): This very abundant form differs the type in the entire absence of the dark band between the median and postmedian lines. Gurnfe considers this form “naturally“ the type of the species, ignoring Lrnné’s description; at the same time, unlike most other observers, he finds the true aversata form (which he calls var. lividata) “as common‘ as this. Normally ab. remutata has the same. ground-colour as typical aversata, but sometimes, as in the example which we figure, it is more or less yellowish in tone, approaching the colour of ab. aurata. — ab. fuliginata Haw. may perhaps be, as GuEn&E indicates, a form with the ground-colour darkened, yet with the band still appreciably darker; but it is not well described and the type specimen appears to be lost, while a specimen labelled fulginata by SrerHens in the British Museum collection dots not agree with the description. — ab. effuscata Galvagni is a further development of ab. lividata, with the dark colour extended over the entire marginal area of: both wings. — ab. atrata F. Fuchs (= suffumata Lambzi//.) is the most extreme development, the entire surface of both wings being covered with blackish atoms, the lines still darker. It was described by Fucus from Lorch-am-Rhein, and by Lamsrtitron from Dinant, but I have seen some fine examples in our London collections and there is some reason to believe that, like so many melanotic forms, it is here becoming commoner. In very extreme cases the melanism becomes perfect, the wings being of a uniform glossy blackish. — ab. aurata Fuchs has the ground-colour bright clay-yellow, usually (at least in the specimens which I have seen) with a slight reddish tinge. The band is commonly present, but Fucus also includes non-banded forms. None of the above-described aberrations shows any marked tendency to form a local race, and often three or four of them may be obtained in the offspring of a single 2. The early stages of aversata have long been well known, and were described in the works of Scuwarz, Sepp and other old authors. The egg is similar to that of inornata, the concavities not deep; pale reddish yellow, becoming darker and irregularly marked with red. Larva moderately stout, tapering anteriorly, somewhat flattened, with a projecting and puckered lateral ridge; head small (but, according to a side-by-side comparison by Hrynarrts, less small than that of mornata), reddish brown thickly dusted with black; body rugose, skin transversely folded, dull brown, posterior four segments paler, tinged with ochreous; dorsal line whitish, indistinct, on the thorax and last four abdominals with a dark bordering, on the intermediate segments accompanied by brown V-shaped markings, the arms of the V more widely separated than in imornata; one or two white dorsal spots; subdorsal line indistinct; lateral lime whitish ochreous; underside. dark, with a blunt pale wedge-shaped blotch on each segment, containing two brown lines, and followed by a smaller one in which is a grey V. Polyphagous on low plants. During the winter it hibernates very completely, even when kept in a warm room; and it has been observed to maintain its vitality for some months when kept entirely without food. Pupa smooth but not glossy, rather blunt anteriorly; pale reddish brown, darker dorsally and at the segmental incisions, wings greenish, cremaster dark brown. The moth is found pretty continuously from June to September, having a rather protracted period of emergence, while a few larvae of the offspring of the early moths feed up rapidly, preducing a partial second brood. Common almost throughout Europe with the exception of the extreme north and of some parts of Spain and Portugal; also occurs in Asia Minor, Syria and Armenia. Pt. emarginata L. (= erosata Hufn. = demandata 7”. = marginata 7. = rumigerata Don. = quadri- punctata Don. = dimidiata Haw.) (4g). A very distinct species in shape, forming in this respect a separate section of the genus; some systematists, indeed, have accorded to it generic rank under the name of Ania Steph. In all other respects, however, it seems to be a normal Ptychopoda. Forewing with the distal margin somewhat excavated between the apex and the 3 radial, prominent at the 3™ radial and 1st median; hind- wing similar, the excavation being between the radials. Pale yellowish-brown or reddish-ochreous, variable in depth of colouring; the lines darker red-brown, the inner wanting on the hindwing; both wings usually also with a diffuse median shade, in the & as a rule faint, in the 2 strong and broad; both wings with distinct discal dot and dark marginal line. The @ further differs from the o in being generally smaller- winged but with a much more robust body, and in having the wings still more strongly emarginate than the o. — ab. mosquensis Heyne has both wings more strongly powdered with black scales, giving it a much darker appearance, the median band strong, dark grey or blackish; fringes also darkened. Founded on several examples from Moscow. Unfortunately it is not stated whether it is confined to the 9, in which it would be scarcely striking. — The egg of emarginata is a somewhat irregular oval, the surface covered with a regular hexagonal reticulation; very pale reddish-brown, becoming darker in the centre and round the edge as its development proceeds. The larva is rather stout, gradually tapering anteriorly; rugose, transversely ribbed, the ribs less distinct on the anterior portions of the middle segments; head notched, dark brown; body somewhat variable in colour, dull ochreous to olive brown; a pale mediodorsal line, finely dark-edged especially on abdomen, where the edging thickens into broad dark marks, tending to become continuous on the last 4 segments; middle segments with dark V-shaped markings, their points directed caudad, sometimes also with V-shaped markings pointing cephalad, the resultant pattern being a series of X-marks at the PTYCHOPODA. By L. B. Prout. 139 incisions; ventral surface almost uniform olive-brown. Feeds on various low plants, possibly with a preference for Convolvulus, to the curved withered stems of which it bears a close resemblance; fresh or withered leaves seem to be equally acceptable. Pupa smooth and shining, reddish yellow with greenish wings; the pupal stage is of short duration. On the wing in June, July and August, and in captivity a partial second brood may be obtained. Sluggish by day and not so easily disturbed as many of the species; flies at late dusk and after dark and is strongly attracted by light. Europe and the Altai, widely distributed but rarely very abundant, inhabiting chiefly damp places where there are hedges or bushes, the borders of damp woods, ete. The following recently-described species are unknown to me and little or no clue is given as to their systematic position, but they will no doubt — with the pos- sible exception of the last — be found to belong to Ptychopoda. Pt. euphorbiata. Balestre (as Acidalia) “Expanse about 20 mm. o&. Wings dall yellowish sprinkled with some black atoms. Forewing traversed by two black lines: the extrabasal, more black at the costa, forms a rounded bend towards the discal dot, which is hardly marked; the postmedian, blacker at the costa and at the inner margin, forms an acute angle distally opposite the discal dot; subterminal hardly marked by a slight shade. Hindwing with two undulate lines continuing those of the forewing, the subterminal shade and a discal dot well marked. Fringe lighter, preceded by a series of small black dots. Under surface shining pale yellow, strongly irrorated with black atoms, with the postmedian line alone visible, better marked in black than above; discal dots hardly visible. ¢ similar. Near Nice: Mount Pacanaglia. Larva short, attenuated anteriorly, rugose, carinated, uniformly black. It lives on Euphorbia spinosa, hibernates, and pupates in May. Emerges in July“. euphorbiata. Pt. oberthuriata Balestre (as Acidalia). ”Expanse about 10 mm. o*. Bone-colour speckled with black oberthuriata. atoms. Forewing with the ordinary lines, rather well marked, and a thicker and darker median shade; all these lines formed by condensation of the black atoms. The extrabasal nearly vertical, forming a rounded bend at the costa. The postmedian makes a similar rounded bend opposite to the discal dot, which is hardly visible, sometimes wanting; median shade nearly straight. Hindwing with the same lines and a discal dot, always better marked than on the forewing. Fringe of both wings long, concolorous with the wings, preceded by a series of small black dots. ¢ similar, but with the wings always more copiously black- speckled. Near Nice: Mount Pacanaglia. Larva short, folded, rugose, carinated, of a light burnt brown dotted with black. Head reddish with the hairs small and nearly colourless. Lateral line fine, dirty yellow, hardly visible. Dorsally three lunulate markings are observable, their points directed caudad. It lives in the detritus which is found under Euphorbia spinosa and eats the withered leaves of this plant. It hibernates, pupating in July. The perfect insect emerges in August. The smallest species of the genus, dedicated to M. Cuartes Opertuiir“. Pt. couloniata Balestre (as Acidalia). ”Expanse about 12 mm. o%. Wings vinous bone-yellow, glossy. Forewing traversed by two black lines, widely separated: the extrabasal, strongly marked at the costa, is slightly rounded; from the median vein to the inner margin, it is accompanied by a thick black mark, rect- angular in form, situate in the median area; postmedian arising from a strong black costal mark, of about 1 mm, then forming a slight elbow distally, afterwards proceeding in an almost straight line to the inner margin; discal dot wanting. Hindwing with two lines continuing those of the forewing: the extrabasal thick, diffuse, formed of numerous blackish atoms; postmedian fine and slightly undulate; discal dot black, distinct. Fringes concolorous with wings, preceded by a series of small black dots. Under surface pale shining yellow, unmarked, the forewing having merely a black mark on the costa; discal dots very small, visible on both wings. % similar, but with the markings less dark. Near Mentone: Annonciata Hill. Larva light earth- brown, rugose, folded transversely, carinated, with the small hairs light-coloured especially at their extremity. Head rather large, dirty yellow, speckled with brown. Dorsal line fine, very light dull yellow, hardly distinct, in some specimens very finely bordered with blackish, crossed by three rather distinct dirty yellow spots. On the 5 abdominal there is a black V-shaped mark, the point directed cephalad and followed by two black dots on each side of the dorsal line. It lives on cypress, hibernates, and pupates at the beginning of June. The perfect insect emerges at the end of June. Dedicated to Dr. Couton (of Monaco). coulomata. Pt. nigrolineata Chrét. (as ? Acidalia), ”Expanse 10 mm. Forewing prolonged and rounded at the nigrolincata. apex; distal margin oblique, nearly straight; posterior angle a little prominent, sharp; yellowish white, slightly ochraceous, sprinkled with blackish brown scales; costa yellowish brown; lines rather thick, black: the first commencing at the costa at +/;, forming a pronounced angle in the disc, descending almost perpendicularly on the inner margin; the second, commencing a little beyond */;, forms an acute angle at the 3'¢ radial and 1%* median, is retracted behind the median and descends almost perpendicularly on the inner margin, which it reaches at little beyond */,;; the median shade, arising from a large costal spot, nearly at mid costa, approaches the second line, joining it on the 2.4 median; subterminal line light, between brown shades; balestraria. macraria. 140 LIMERIA; CINGLIS. By L. B. Prour. discal dot hardly distinct in the median shade; distal marginal line fine, continuous, black, thickened at the posterior angle; fringe whitish. chequered with black. Hindwing similar, without first line; second line very oblique at first and fine as far as the 2°¢ subcostal, on which it forms a very acute angle, then broad and thick; distal margin rather deeply sinuate, especially near the inner angle, which is acute and prominent; shape of the wing recalling that of intermedia Stgr. Under surface greyish at the base of the wings, paler towards the distal margin, with the median shade and second line of the upper surface rather distinct. Head and thorax concolorous with wings; vertex yellowish brown; antenna brown, finely ciliated; palpus brown; abdomen yellowish, with black scales at the extremity of the segments; legs yellowish ochraceous, the posterior a little shorter. It does not appear certain that this very characteristic new species is a true Acidalia, although it approaches that genus in having the 24 subcostal and 1* radial of the hindwing stalked. The knowledge of both sexes will no doubt permit our being more definite. Flies in June, at Gafsa. The above description suggests a possible relative (or even a small light form) of figuraria Bang-Haas, which also I do not known in nature. Neither the sex nor the hindtibial armature is indicated. Pt. balestraria D. Luc. (as Acidalia) “Forewing rather elongate, in both sexes yellowish’ white above with a very distinct black discal dot; fringe slightly darkened; between the discal dot and the fringe, and nearer to the former, there is a very fine yellowish line, parallel with the distal margin, anteriorly with an obtuse angle, pointing distad; parallel to this, a sinuous line formed of brown patches of equal breadth; finally, touching the fringe, a rather distinct brown line, thickened at the apex; a line parallel to the distal margin passes close to the discal dot and forms at this point a right-angle; between the thorax and this line there is a very fine brown one, parallel to it; basal area slightly shaded with brown. Hindwing concolorous, with similar lines, continuing those of the forewing, those between the discal dot and the fringe sharply defined. Wings beneath lighter, markings a little less distinct. Thorax, head and abdomen yellowish white. Vertex white. Antenna filiform, yellowish. Legs of the same colour. Palpus very short. Tongue rather short, yellowish”. Described from several of both sexes taken at Tozeur, Tunis, in June 1907. 21. Genus: Limeria Sig. Palpus very small. Tongue apparently wanting. Antenna in o with fascicles of long cilia. Hindtibia in & without spurs, in $ with slender, not very well developed terminal spurs; tarsus not aborted. Forewing in & very narrow and pointed, in still narrower, almost lanceolate; cell long, neuration otherwise as in Ptychopoda. Hindwing very narrow, the distal margin sinuate, about as in the narrowest-winged Ptychopoda; costal vein touching subcostal at a point near the base, continuing approximated for some distance; 2"¢ sub- costal stalked with 1st radial. An evident offshoot of Ptychopoda, differing in scarcely anything except the extreme shape and the apparent absence of the tongue; it is strange that SraupmGer entirely failed to recognize its very evident affinities and associated it with Hyea and the genus which he calls Acalia (Ithysia Hbn.). I have only been able to examine a single pair, ZeLLeR’s originals mentioned by Sraupmncer. The sole known species inhabits a restricted area north of the Caspian Sea. L. macraria Sfgr. (3b, ©). Greyish sand-colour, dusted with dark atoms, the hindwing rather paler. Forewing with blackish discal dot and dark postmedian line, the latter placed rather near the distal margin, running slightly obliquely from the posterior margin in the direction of the apex, but acutely angled after crossing the first radial; a rather more diffuse line usually follows the postmedian, from the posterior margin to the first radial, and the narrow area between the latter line and the distal margin is whitish. The hind- wing is similarly or more weakly marked. Under surface similar, slightly more brightly coloured and sharply marked, the hindwing not paler than the forewing. Sarepta and the Ural. The Cosymbia-group. 22. Genus: Cinglis Guen. Palpus moderately long, rough-scaled beneath. o antenna with long fascicles of cilia, arising from short pectinations. Hindltibia slender, in o' with 2, in 2 with 4 spurs. Forewing with areole simple; 5 sub- costal arising below (behind) its apex, 1%t to 4 subcostals long-stalked. Hindwing with 2°¢ subcostal and 1st median very shortly stalked, perhaps sometimes arising from a point at apex of cell, discocellulars oblique, 1st median arising separate from 3*4 radial. In aspect a somewhat isolated genus and consisting only of a single species, belonging chiefly to Southern Siberia; a few other species have been referred here by Hurst and Warren, but erroneously. COSYMBIA. By L. B. Prout. 141 Notwithstanding its very different appearance, it shows but little structural deviation from Cosymbia, the chief differences being in the antenna and in the somewhat stouter, more thickly-scaled palpus. Whether this close structural resemblance is entirely due to close affinity, or in part to convergence, can only be decided by the discovery of the early stages or of some important characters which have hitherto escaped the observation of systematists. C. humifusaria Hv. (4a). White, glossy, the veins broadly (the 2™4 radial more narrowly) marked with brown; costal margin of forewing densely dusted with brown; lines brown, the postmedian somewhat the darkest; antemedian bent outwards on the median vein; median rather broader, somewhat curved, closely following the large, roundish cell-mark; postmedian outcurved between the 8" radial and the 2°¢ median closely followed by a brown band; distal area with the brown vein-markings still further thickened, sometimes leaving between them only quite narrow white wedge shaped markings; fringe chequered with brown and white. Hindwing without first line. Underside similar, less glossy, without first line. Occurs from SE. Russia and Transcaucasia to the Ili district, also in S. Spain and N. Africa. Said by Eversmann to fly by day, end of May and beginning of June; in Murcia Kors took it over Artemisia. Dr. Srrrz denies the day flight; he tells me the species is not rare near Batna and sits among the bushes of Artemisia herba alba, flying off when disturbed, like other Geometridae. 23. Genus: Cosymbia Hbn. Palpus rather short to moderate, shortly rough-scaled, terminal joint distinct, slender, smooth. anlenna bipectinate with moderately long branches, apical part simple. Hindtibia in o with 2, in $ with 4 spurs. Forewing with areole simple, 1t subcostal separating from 2"4 to 4'" considerably after 5. Hindwing with 24 subcostal connate or sometimes very shortly stalked with 1% radial, discocellulars not oblique, 1* median arising close to posterior angle of cell or not infrequently even very shortly stalked. Egg longish oval, the surface covered with an irregular network of raised ribs. Larva moderately elongate, nearly cylindrical, very slightly thickened posteriorly, head rather large, slightly bifid, body without marked protuberances; on various trees, not hibernating. Pupa exposed, attached to a leaf, with cremastral pad and central girth and showing several other remarkable resemblances to a Papilio pupa. An extremely natural genus in its structure and entire life-history. Even in shape the species agree well. They are partially double-brooded and several exhibit marked seasonal dimorphism; the winter is always passed in the pupal stage. The moths rest by day on tree-trunks, or more commonly among leaves and are in general easily obtained in the day-time by searching, or by beating the bushes or trees in which they hide. At dusk they are in general less observed than many other Geometrids, but later at night they may sometimes be captured at sugar or attracted to a strong light. By far the best way of securing a number, however, is by breeding. The $? lay very willingly in captivity and the larvae are easy to feed up. Moreover on account of their tree-frequenting habit they are unlike those of the preceding genera quite easily oblained by beating. A very interesting and well established fact regarding the earlier stages is that the colour-dimorphism which nearly all the known species of the larvae exhibit (green or brown) is always carried through to the pupal stage. Not less interesting is the remarkable convergence, in the pupal structure and method of suspension, towards certain other exposed pupae particularly of butterflies and Elachistids. So far as I know this phenomenon has only been observed in two other cases among the rest of the Geometrid subfamilies — the North American Huphanessa Pack. (subfam. Larentiinae) and the Australian Terpna percomptaria Guen. (subfam. Hemitheinae) — but in the Cosymbia-group it seems pretty constant (Anisodes, Plewroprucha, etc.). It is said, however, that annulata often pupates among moss. The perfect insects also invite careful study, not only on account of their beauty and general variability, but also on account of their adaptability to scientific investigations of the effects of temperature and in hybridization. The accounts of the separate species must be consulted for detailed information on these matters. : The genus is not extensive, and is almost, if not entirely, confined to the Palearctic Region (chiefly its western part), Africa (2 or 3 species) and America (a few species). In the great Indo-Australian Region and to a very large extent in South America it is supplanted by some specialized offshoots — ? inequaliata Pack.) (6f). Forewing whitish, with a very slight tinge of brown, at least in the central area; a narrow subbasal dark band, closely followed by conspicuous broader one, the pale line which separates them angulated anteriorly; the lines of the median area ill-defined, dentate. Hindwing white, nearly always with a narrow greyer distal border and sometimes with one or two indistinct lines in outer half. Forewing beneath very weakly but more uniformly marked; hindwing with very distinet discal dot. Variable in the intensity of the markings. — ab. rudolphii Lampa has the forewing much darker than in the type form, the median area little lighter than the rest. — ab. zonata Thnbg.') (6g) has the lines of the median area almost entirely obliterated, the dark markings in the proximal and distal areas on the contrary intensified. — Larva moderately stout, pale green, subdorsal lines pale yellow, conspicuous, other lines faint or wanting; anal extremity with two small points projecting backwards. On poplars, particularly Populus tremula, in June and July. Pupa short, very obtuse in front, taperingly rapidly behind, copiously sculptured, wings glossy, yet densely covered with short lines, cremastral spike long, bifid, strongly hooked at the tip; dark red-brown, segment-incisions paler. In a compact cocoon of silk and earth. The moth appears early in May and may be found by day sitting on aspen trunks. It is widely distributed in Central and Northern Europe and Siberia and a few localities in Southern Europe. 27. Genus: Mysticoptera Meyr. Like Lobophora in leg-structure and in the strongly developed lobe of the & hindwing, but differing in the less smooth face, longer palpus, single areole, separation of the costal vein of the hindwing from the cell in the & and other characters. The discocellulars of the hindwing are biangulate, the 24 radial arising below the middle; the wing-lobe is fringed with long hair towards the inner margin; the 2"¢ median vein, as well as the submedian, is wanting in the o. Only one species is known. M. sexalata fetz. (= sexalisata Hbn. = hexaptera Latr.) (8a). Generally not variable, but I have bred one ? in which the median area is considerably broadened and scarcely darkened, but shows rather distinct trasverse lines — recalling the arrangement in halterata. Larva moderate, nearly cylindrical, rather rugose, head rather narrower, anal points well developed; green with whitish dorsal and subdorsal lines, tips of anal points pink. Feeds in August and September on sallow, generally at a good height from the ground. Pupa very thick; wings smooth and glossy, greenish; dorsal region and abdomen dark chestnut, covered with minute punctures; cremastral spike strong, forked and hooked at the tip. Hibernates, the moth appearing about June; it is said to be partially double-brooded, but I have no experience of this. Central and Northern Europe and 5. E. Russia. 1) Several recent authors, misled by an error of StIcHEL’s, have quoted SEBALDT and others as the authors of THUNBERG’s species. The system under which the Swedish university professors worked was very unsatisfactory, but the true authorship is well understood in Sweden. See Journ. Botany vol. 51, p. 101. IV 24 miserd. rivularia. halierata. rudolphii. xonata. sexalata. frigida. volitans. elegans. ‘ consobri- naria. 186 OTOPLECTA; TRICHOPTERIGIA. By L. B. Prout. 28. Genus: Otoplecta Warr. Characters intermediate between those of Mysticoptera and Trichopterigia, shape nearer to the former. Palpus long, rough-sealed. Antenna simple. Hindtibia with terminal spurs only. Forewing with areole single. Hindwing relatively larger than in most of the group; costal in both sexes anastomosing with cell; 2"¢ subcostal in & separate, in 2 shortly stalked; discocellulars biangulate; o with submedian vein wanting, inner margin folded over from base to beyond middle, covering a pocked which opens to the upper surface. This genus was established by Warren for the present species, which is only known from Japan and shows no very close affinity with any other. Perhaps the earlier stages, which are at present unknown, will show whether it really belongs to the Lobophora group or whether — as the coloration would suggest — it is a much modified development of Hulype. O. frigida Btlr. (13b). Glossy white with black markings. Forewing with basal patch rather broad but mixed with white; median area also broad, broken into two bands which nearly meet at the costa; its proximal edge strongly curved, its distal projecting slightly about the 1% radial and acutely behind the 3* radial; the white band which follows uniform in breadth throughout, containing a row of black dots; distal area almost entirely black, a very fine white subterminal line indistinct or nearly obsolete, but nearly always distinct at costal margin; fringe black, more or less white-spotted. Hindwing grey, with a white band not far from the distal margin, the area beyond it blacker, more or less intersected with white between the veins; a moderate black cell-dot. Underside similar, forewing less varied proximally. Japan, apparently common at Yokokama. 29. Genus: Trichopterigia Ampsn. Palpus with 2°4 joint moderate or (especially in the 2) long, shortly rough scaled. Antenna simple. Hindtibia with terminal spurs only. Forewing with areole single, broad. Hindwing in co with small lobe, submedian vein wanting; in both sexes with discocellulars strongly biangulate, costal anastomosing with cell (except only in volitans, which is doubtfully congeneric), 2"4 subcostal well stalked with 1%t radial. A development — chiefly Indian — from Nothopteryx or an allied form, differing in the single areole, usually also in the longer palpus and the neuration of the hindwing. Entirely wanting in Europe, but a few species reach the Eastern Palearctic Region. Early stages unknown. T. volitans Bt/r. (= expressata Chr.) (8a) is aberrant in the non-anastomosis of the costal vein of the hindwing in the ©, the scaling is rather denser than in most Trichopterigia and the facies more nearly that of a Nothopteryx. Ground-colour white, the forewing more or less heavily dusted with brown atoms but often with a broad, almost clear space remaining proximally to the median band and a second occupying the distal area from the 38 radial to the hinder angle; basal area tinged with green, a fuscous subbasal line distinct; the succeeding area more or less clouded with fuscous; central area of moderate breadth or rather narrow, proximally with two strongly curved, closely approximated fuscous lines, filled-in with greenish, distally with two less approximated ones, the outer strongly lunulate-dentate, the space between them again filled-in with greenish, crossed by dark vein-marks; the area between these pairs of lines is very variable, almost entirely dark-fuscous or clouded with that colour or whitish, merely fuscous on the veins; apical area with the beginnings of some lines on the costa, then some greenish clouding, than a dark cloud between the radials; cell-dot fuscous. Hindwing whitish, usually with 2 or 3 faint grey postmedian lines. — ab. elegans Bud/. has the fuscous lines and vein-marks of the median area thickened, so as largely to supplant the greenish shade, while the central part of this area remains white, crossed by thick fuscous lines on the veins. Yokohama. — volitans inhabits Japan and East Siberia; Curisropn found it in numbers at Nikolsk in the first half of April, sitting on the tree-trunks in oak woods. T. consobrinaria Leech bears some slight resemblance to Acasis viretata, a small form of which we have in error figured under this name. consobrinaria however, irrespective of the structural differences, has the forewing of a paler and less bright green, the median area divided into two bands nearly as in Nothopteryax grisearia or well-marked forms of carpinata, its boundary lines (especially the proximal) much less jagged than in viretata, the markings in the distal area different and the hindwing white. Size of the preceding, forewing with distal margin less oblique, proximal and distal areas pale delicate greenish, centre of median area whiter; antemedian and postmedian bands crossed by dark vein-dashes. Hindwing white with the veins, a curved bert EMMESOMIA; HETEROPHLEPS. By L. B. Prout. 187 postmedian line, a distal border and the fringe vaguely brownish. Forewing beneath more smoky, the bands a little darkened. Japan, the type o from Gifu. T. costipunctaria Leech. (11 d) is much larger, rather ample-winged and nearly agrees in coloration and facies with the typical Indian section of the genus, the forewing being marked with red. Forewing dirty pale yellowish, probably discoloured from greenish. Hindwing white, with faint cell-dot and with the inner margin narrowly concolorous with the forewing and black-dusted. Both wings beneath nearly as above, the red mark- ings greyer. Japan: Gifu, only the 2 known. T. rufinotata Bil. (13a). Size of the preceding but very distinct in markings Forewing very pale yellowish erey, somewhat dark-dusted, especially in median area; a dark subbasal line, angled on median vein and outbent at inner margin, where it runs into a deep black streak; median band very vaguely indicated by two groups of lines which are partly obsolete; at the costal margin they are all distinct (8 antemedian and 4 post- median), the postmedian are angled at the 1‘t radial and one or two continue to be traceable, parallel with the distal margin; posteriorly to the median vein some distinct antemedian lines reappear and run, closely approximated to the postmedian, to the hindmargin, becoming very oblique and very black behind the sub- median vein; a double (partly triple) undulate, dark subterminal line, distally to which stands a series of round internervular orange-red spots, those between the radials and between the medians being large and conspicuous. Hindwing dirty whitish with weak brownish subterminal lines which become strong at the costa and a dark uninterrupted terminal line. Under surface similarly but more vaguely marked. Kulu. A rather darker example from Yatung, Tibet, is also before me. 30. Genus: Emmesomia Warr. Face smooth. Palpus very short, with appressed scales. Tongue developed. Antenna in © thick, lamellate, minutely ciliated. Hindtibia in both sexes with all spurs, o” with long, slender hair-pencil. Forewing with apex strongly faleate, distal margin deeply excised anteriorly, roundly elbowed in middle, then straight and very oblique; areole double. Hindwing rather narrow, produced at end of 2"4 subcostal, thence rather straight to anal angle, only slightly waved and slightly outbent about the 3'¢ radial; costal rather remote from cell, connected by an oblique bar about middle; cell very short, 274 subcostal remote from 1% radial in ©’, very shortly stalked in 2; discocellulars not biangulate, 2"¢ radial central in 2, near 34 in o; 1st median from near 3 radial, 2"? median and submedian wanting in the o’, which has the inner margin folded into a sort of pocket at the base. This genus was established by Warren for an Indian species, H. bilineata. It is structurally near the following but very distinct in the shape of the wings. The only two known species are closely related. Assam and West China. E. bilinearia Leech (= parallelaria Leech) (12a). Pale whitish brown tinged with ochreous. Under surface more ochreous, forewing with cell-spot, both wings with postmedian line. Ta-chien-lu, W. China, 2500 m., collected in May and June. Rather smaller and paler than bilineata, which moreover has the lines of the forewing broader and brighter and lacks the discal spot. 31. Genus: Heterophleps /7-Sch. Face smooth, Palpus short or quite moderate, rough-scaled beneath. Antenna in o with paired fascicles of moderate or long cilia (section Helerophleps) or with slender, well-ciliated pectinations (section Lygranoa). Hindtibia in both sexes with all spurs. Forewing broad, with areole double. Hindwing relatively small, in both sexes with the costal vein separate from the cell, connected by a slender, oblique bar just beyond the middle, discocellulars not biangulate; o’ with 24 subcostal remote from 1* radial, 2" and 3 radials arising near together from posterior part of cell, 1st median sometimes obsolescent, 2"? median and submedians entirely wanting, the inner margin cut away, fringed with dense hair but without lobe or pocket; 2 with 274 subcostal approximated or short-stalked, 1St median approximated or short-stalked, inner-marginal area not aborted. An exceedingly natural genus, the affinity extending even to the colour and markings, the triangular costal spots at the origin of the lines being characteristic. Although local in distribution and not very rich in species it is found in 3 of thc great faunistic regions and in each has received a different name. In N. America coslipune- taria. rufinotala. bilinearia. fusca. pallescens. simuosaria. confusa. grisearia. 188 SPARTA. By L. B. Prout. it is called Heterophleps H.-Sch., in the Palearctic Region Lygranoa Btlr. and in India Dysethia Warr. It only varies in the o antennal structure. A. Section Lygranoa (= Dysethiodes), S antenna pectinated. L. fusca Bélr. (6d). Forewing brown, the lines often scarcely appreciably darker, but arising from strong black costal marks; the antemedian mark is slightly oblique outwards and reaches into the cell; the postmedian is broader from costa to just beyond the 5 subcostal, then very slender and very oblique outward to the 1% radial. Hindwing scarcely paler, unmarked or with faint sinuous line just behind the middle. Under surface nearly unmarked, hindwing paler than above. Japan, Ussuri, Korea and China. B. Section Heterophleps (= Dysethia). & antenna ciliated. H. pallescens Warr. (11d, as pulveraria; 11e). Larger and paler than fusca, the costal spots more brownish black, perhaps in general rather smaller (at least the postmedian) the antemedian line less incurved in cell, the postmedian less sharply angled at the 1‘t radial, both marked with dark teeth on the veins. Hind- wing with postmedian line angled outwards behind 3'¢ radial and inwards on the fold. Underside rather more yellowish. Japan: Oiwake. The shape varies, but our figure 11e exaggerates the tooth in the margin of the ~ hindwing. H. sinuosaria Leech. (11). Size of pallescens, ground-colour of forewing less uniform than in the two preceding, being bright brown, clouded with darker in the basal and distal areas and in the middle of the wing. An antemedian oblique dark line rather near base, sharply angled outwards on the fold; discal mark elongate; postmedian costal spot large, the line from it finely sinuate; postmedian pale line strongly lunulate. Under surface with distinct cell-marks and postmedian line. Ta-chien-lu, July. H. confusa Wileman (= fusca Mey, nec Btlr.) (11d). Size of fusca, darker brown, the antemedian black costal spot vertical or very slightly oblique zwards, the postmedian scarcely so acutely angled anteriorly, less sharply defined between 5 subcostal and 1st radial, distal margin of forewing more bent in the middle, of hindwing more convex (rounded) about the 3" radial. Still more sharply distinguished by the structural characters; in addition to the antennal difference, the inner margin of the o hindwing is less cut away, the 1st median vein well developed, occupying the same position as the 38 radial of fusca (i. e. running to the anal angle), the 2™4 subcostal less remote from the 1% radial. Japan: Hondo and Yezo, May—July. C. o& unknown, H. grisearia Leech (11d). Size ot pallescens and sinuosaria and probably referable to section B. Apparently nearly related to simwosaria but of a quite different colour, pale violet-grey, dusted and clouded with brown. Forewing with first costal spot larger and more regularly triangular than in the other species, second blotch nearly as in sinwosaria; discal dot very small; antemedian line nearly vertical on hindmargin, here strongly marked, but becoming obsolete; postmedian chiefly marked by dots on the veins; subterminal much interrupted. Pu-tsu-fong and Kia-ting-fu, W. China, June—July. 32. Genus: Sparta Sty. Face smooth. Palpus exceedingly minute. Tongue rudimentary. Antenna in & bipectinate with long branches, in 2 simple. Hindtibia with all spurs. Frenulum wanting. Forewing with costal margin nearly straight, distal margin nearly as long as costal, curved posteriorly, hindmargin extraordinarily short; areole double. Hindwing extremely small and narrow, costal vein remote from cell, connected by an oblique bar rather near the base, cell rather short and narrow; o& with 2"¢ subcostal and 1*t radial from apex of cell or very shortly stalked, 2"4 median and submedians wanting, inner margin with a small lobe at base, formed into a sort of pocket; ¢ with all veins, submedian short, 2° subcostal rather long-stalked. A very curious genus, containing only a single species, which seems to show a relationship to the South American Dyspteris. According to Dampr, LeprrerR’s name for this genus and species (Celonoptera miri- jicaria) seems to have been published before SraupmncEr’s; the part of the Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. containing the former is dated May, 1862, that of the Stett. Ent. Zeit. Apr.—June, but Sraupincer writing to Mituimre in 1863 says the latter really appeared first. Exact contemporary evidence is needed. LEPTOSTEGNA; PTYGMATOPHORA; MICROLOBA; BRABIRA. By L. Bb. Prout. 189 S. paradoxaria Stgr. (= mirificaria Led.) (6c). Forewing uniform dull green, beneath somewhat lighter and more yellowish green. Hindwing above and beneath paler, almost whitish. From the similarly but more brightly coloured Leptostegna tenerata, and indeed from all known species, the shape at once distinguishes it. Only known from Greece and Sicily. 33. Genus: Leptostegna Chr. Face smooth, rounded. Palpus minute. Tongue developed. Antenna in o& dentate, with fascicles of short cilia, in ¢ simple. Hindtibia with all spurs. Frenulum wanting. Forewing with areole single, Hindwing with costal separate from the cell, connected beyond the middle by an oblique bar, which may be regarded as the 1%* subcostal, usually absent, but here separating again from the costal near the apex, 2" subcostal long-stalked with 1% radial, discocellulars biangulate, 2"¢ median present, running to anal angle, submedians absent, the inner area of the wing being somewhat reduced. The only known species is Asiatic. L. tenerata Chr. (6c). Forewing green, rather thinly scaled, with indistinct white antemedian, post- median and subterminal lines and very small white cell-dot. Hindwing white, becoming greenish in distal half. Underside similar, hindwing slightly greener. Japan, Korea and E. Siberia. — asiatica Warr., from W. China and N. India, is on an average somewhat larger, the distal margin of the forewing more oblique, of the hind- wing straighter in the middle, the forewing slightly more mixed with whitish, the white limes and dot more sharply expressed, the lines more lunulate, hindwing also rather better marked. Possibly a distinct species. 34. Genus: Ptygmatophora Gmpbq. Face smooth. Palpus short, rough-scaled beneath. Antenna in both sexes simple. Hindtibia with all spurs. Forewing with areole double. Hindwing in & with costal area greatly expanded, inner-marginal part specialized into a deep, hairy, furrowed fold, costal vein well separate from subcostal, connected by a bar about the middle of the cell, which is short, 2°¢ subcostal short-stalked with 1‘t radial, 24 radial closely approximated to 3'4. This genus, first named Ptygmatophora by GuMPPENBERG, was renamed Bessophora by Meyrick 5 years later. Only the type species is known, coming from Kastern Asia. Pt. staudingeri Chr. (6b). Easily known by its bright golden orange ground colour and heavy black spotting, rather recalling some of the Abraxas group of the Geometrinae. The size, shape and exact position of the black spots varies slightly. Under surface like upper. Amur and Korea. 35. Genus: Microloba Hmps. Face smooth. Palpus rather short, rough-scaled. Antenna in both sexes strongly pectinate. Hindtibia with all spurs. Frenulum present. Forewing with areole single. Hindwing relatively small, especially in the %; costal in both sexes anastomosing with subcostal to beyond the middle of the cell; 2"¢ subcostal in o remote from 1* radial, 1st discocellular almost vertical, 2° radial from near 3", inner-marginal area reduced, folded; ? neuration normal, 24 subcostal short-stalked. Of this genus also only one species is known, inhabiting Rasen Asia. M. bella Btir. (= eburneata Chr.) (6d). Easily recognizable from our figure. Underside similar to upper, but the proximal two-thirds of forewing somewhat darkened and more strongly marked than above. Japan, Korea, E. Siberia and China. 36. Genus: Brabira Woore. Face smooth. Palpus longish, rough-scaled. Antenna in % bipectinate, in -simple. Hindtibia with all spurs, Forewing ample; areole double. Hindwing small, the distal margin excised between the 2" sub- costal and 2™4 (or 3'4) radial, the inner margin in the o with a large fold at the base, costal anastomosing paradoxa- rid. tenerata. astatiea. staudingeri. bella. artemidora. nigriline- aia muinuta. 190 SAURIS; CRYPTOLOBA. By L. B. Prout. shortly with subcostal at the end of the short cell, in the $ anastomosing normally; 1‘ radial in 2 long- stalked with 2" subcostal, in o coincident; $ with all veins, o& without medians and submedian. Besides the species here given, only one or two Indo-Australian species are known. B. artemidora Ob. (= pallida Moore) (6c). Greyish white, slightly suffused with brown. Forewing with black costal markings somewhat as in Microloba bella, black cell-spot and waved whitish antemedian, postmedian and subterminal lines, the two former indistinctly dark-edged proximally and distally, the latter with interrupted dark shading proximally. Hindwing usually with two thick dark lines in proximal half, obsolete costally, towards inner margin often united by a dark blotch; some indistinct dark markings before the pale subterminal. Inhabits Japan, the Ussuri district, Formosa and North India. 37. Genus: Sauris Guen. Face smooth. Palpus very long, with appressed scales. Antenna in o somewhat thickened and flattened. Hindtibia in o without spurs, in 2 with a single pair: Abdomen long. Forewing rather long and narrow; areole single. Hindwing small, in the o usually much distorted, with large basal lobe and in the typical section with the distal part irregularly folded and clothed with curved hair; ? with all veins, costal anastomosing with cell, 2"4¢ subcostal stalked, o with fewer veins, their homologies difficult to decide on account of their abnormal position, probably the medians and submedians wanting, costal anastomosing with subcostal or anastomosing beyond the end of the cell, 1% radial widely separate, 2"¢ radial from lower angle of cell, 39 from near 2"4, A somewhat extensive Indo-Australian genus or group of genera, only straggling into the Palearctic and Aethiopian regions. It is evidently an offshoot of the Lobophora group and is remarkable for the very long palpi, the spurless o& hindleg and especially the various extraordinary modifications of the o hindwing. The only Palearctic species known to me are the two from Japan which are here described; little is known concerning them, indeed the type specimen of mmuta (unfortunately without exact locality and in poor condition) remains unique. Both are probably confined to the South of the country. S. nigrilinearia Leech (12a). O? 33 mm. Forewing pale dull green with irregular, somewhat broken, blackish costal marks at the beginnings of the principal lines; the lines themselves wavy, very weakly expressed in rather darker green; subbasal slender, bent at subcostal; antemedian slightly marked with blackish in anterior half; an oblique black discal dash; postmedian double; a very conspicuous dark line from costa 3 or 4 mm before apex to near hinder angle, a second, less strong, slightly interrupted, close to distal margin; on these lines and (except from costa to 1% radial) between them a strong purple-brown shading. Hindwing above and beneath uniform glossy reddish grey; forewing beneath of the same red-grey, some of the markings faintly showing through, especially the strong black subterminal line. Japan: the type (2) collected by Pryer and without exact locality; Kagoshima, 2 oo" in early July (Witeman). Related to abnormis Moore from India, but with the lobe on the hindwing very much larger, reaching fully to the end of the cell. S. minuta Leech o, 22 mm. May be distinguished by its small size and dark colour, but is too worn to allow of a complete description. Ground-colour of forewing in fresh specimens probably green in the proximal part, certainly violet-tinged in the distal, but strongly dusted and marked with fuscous; numerous wavy transverse lines in proximal three-fourths, then a narrow violet-whitish band, outecurved and bisected anteriorly, broader and clearer posteriorly; the area between this band and the white subterminal line (which is very near the termen) olive-green from costa to 1*t radial, then fuscous. Hindwing with rather strong basal lobe; uniform brown-grey. Underside uniform brown-grey. Japan. 38. Genus: Cryptoloba Ww. Face with projecting cone ot scales. Palpus rather long, rough-scaled. Antenna in & and sometimes in 2 bipectinate. Hindtibia with all spurs. Forewing with areole single (perhaps variable in aerata Moore). Hindwing with costal vein in both sexes connected with the cell by a short bar, 24 subcostal stalked or from or shortly before the apex of the cell, discocellulars biangulate, 2°4 radial usually arising near 3"; submedian veins in o& wanting, the inner margin of the wing being modified into a small lobe at the base. An Indian genus of which the type species (aerata Moore) apparently does not reach the Palearctic Region. Even the two species here described only just enter it. wens LOBOGONIA. By L. B. Prourt. 191 C. cinerea Bt/r. ¢ antenna pectinated. Expanse about 20 mm. Forewing rather pale glossy leaden- grey, costal edge ochreous, black-spotted; two waved, parallel brown lines, at about one-third and two-thirds, both marked with black from costa to 1%t radial and with some smaller, finer black dashes or dots at the other veins or some of them — a postmedian pair on the 34 radial and 1%t median the best developed. Hindwing paler, unmarked. Forewing beneath darker lead-colour, becoming paler and more ochreous costally, the limes wanting. The typical form I have only seen from Sikkim; Dharmsala specimens are darker lead- colour, especially on the hindwing and should probably be separated as a local race. C. apicata spec. nov. (= cinerea Leech nec Btlr.). Smaller than cinerea (17 mm), the forewing appearing rather more pointed, on account of a very faint concavity in the anterior half of the distal margin and blackish spots on the fringe at the apex and the 3" radial; a quadrate brown costal blotch at the origin of the postmedian line, the spot at the origin of the antemedian also somewhat enlarged; fringe, in addition to the large spots above mentioned, somewhat dark-spolted at the ends of the other veins, at least posteriorly. Hindwing narrow, with rather larger lobe than in cinerea; darker grey than in the typical form of that species. Chang Yang, July, type in coll. Brit. Mus. 39. Genus: Lobogonia Warr. Nearly related to Cryptoloba, differing chiefly in that the distal margin of each wing has an angular projection at the 3" radial and that the discocellulars of the hindwing are not biangulate and the 2"¢ radial arises from their centre. India to China, scarcely really Palearctic. L. ambusta Warr. (11d). Light brown, the costal edge of the forewing and shaft of antenna rather copiously spotted with black. Forewing with black spots at costa, somewhat as in Heterophleps but smaller. Underside brighter yellow-brown, suffused with reddish and coarsely dusted with fuscous, both wings with a strong thick postmedian line. Described from the Khasis, but occurs at Pu-tsu-fong and Omei-Shan in July. cimered. apicata. ambusta. L. parallelaria Leech (11 d) differs markedly from the more typical species in having the distal margin parallelaria. of the hindwing almost smooth, not angulated. Paler than ambusta, the lines of the forewing further apart, very straight, only a little widened at the costa and not black-marked; a round submarginal spot between the 1stand 2"¢ radials; terminal Jine and fringe dark almost to the hinder angle. Hindwing with the postmedian lime much nearer the distal margin than in ambusta and conspicuaria. Ichang, June, only LrEcu’s type (a 2) known to me. Doubtfully distinct from olivata Warr., described a year earlier from the Khasis. L. conspicuaria Leech (11d) differs from ambusta in having the first and second black costal spots larger and triangular, the apex of the outer one extending as far as the dark spot which follows the postmedian line and which is also enlarged; the antemedian line not clearly defined, the postmedian interrupted in its posterior part. The single line of the hindwing is broader and the entire wing more coarsely speckled or strigulated with fuscous. Chang Yang in August. L. pseudomacariata Pow, described from a single ? from Mou-pin, is only known to me from the figure and description, but is certainly a close ally of conspicwaria, which will perhaps have to sink as a local form of it. Ground-colour perhaps slightly paler, postmedian line of forewing widened into a narrow band, continued to hindmargin though becoming still narrower; the single line of the hindwing, on the contrary, obsolete in its anterior half; distal margins and fringes apparently less strongly blackened. L. fasciaria Leech, founded on 2 2° taken at Chang Yang in June and July, has the margin of the hindwing shaped as in paradlelaria. It is smaller and much more heavily marked. Forewing pale yellowish brown, coarsely speckled with fuscous; the lines moderately approximated, arising from elongate costal triangles, thick throughout most of their course but somewhat interrupted (the antemedian behind the cell, the postmedian at both folds); two spots on costa near apex, a moderately large one at distal margin between the 5' subcostal and 1*t radial and small ones in the other anterior cellules; submarginal spots between the 1% and 2"4 radials and on each side of the fold. Hindwing rather paler, with a thick postmedian (median) line. conspicua- rut. pseudoma- cariata. fasciaria. duplicaria. extremaria. absorpta. flavidaria, punctata, irrorata. maculata. phryganea. 192 CARIGE; NAXIDIA. By L. B. Prour. 40. Genus: Carige Walk. Palpus rather long, rough-scaled. Antenna in both sexes bipectinate, the branches in the 2 shorter. Hindtibia with all spurs. Wings shaped nearly as in Lobogonia, distal margin of forewing sometimes little bent in middle. Forewing with areole single. Hindwing with costal vein connected with cell by a bar rather near base; cell short, discocellulars very oblique, in the ™ biangulate; 1%! radial stalked, 2" in 2 central, in o from nearer 34 radial; submedian wanting in o, a small lobe at base of inner margin. Another small genus, ranging from India, Perak and Flores to Japan. It scarcely differs from Lobo- gonia except in the pectinated 2 antenna and some small differences in hindwing neuration — o discocellulars and 2"4 radial and separation of 3'4 radial and 1%t median, which in typical Lobogonia are stalked. C. duplicaria Walk. (= nigronotaria Brem., irrorata Btlr.) (7f). Pale yellowish grey, the lines somewhat yellower, but chiefly indicated by double series of dark dashes which edge them proximally and distally. Underside similar. Japan, E. Siberia and China. — extremaria Leech from Chang Yang, Central China, is a larger form, with the apex of the forewing more produced, the distal margin of the hindwing more deeply excised and the markings larger and blacker. In Western China, however, somewhat intermediate forms occur, of the size and colour of the type but shaped like extremaria. C. absorpta Warr. differs in its somewhat smaller size and the absence of the characteristic dark markings, being merely pale ochreous with fine, curved, slightly crenulate antemedian and postmedian brown- grey lines and brown cellspot; fringes glossy brown-grey. Japan. C. flavidaria Leech (11d) differs from duplicaria in having the forewing in places clouded with yellowish, the veins broadly yellowish, the lines broader and deeper yellow, the paired black lines interrupted except at the margins, the antemedian placed nearer to the black discal dot; subterminal whitish, thicker, lunulate- dentate, interrupted. Omei-shan. 41. Genus: Naxidia Hmpsn. Face rounded, smooth-scaled. Palpus very short, smooth-scaled. Tongue developed. Antenna in both sexes simple. Hindtibia with all spurs. Wings moderately broad, smooth-margined. Forewing with areole single. Hindwing with costal connected with cell by a bar in the middle; 2" subcostal separate; discoccllulars weakly biangulate, 2°¢ radial from slightly below the middle. Only three species are kuown, chiefly North Indian, easily recognized by their pattern, which consists entirely of black dots on a white or whitish ground. N. punctata Btlr. (7f). Forewing dirty white with four rows of black dots, the general arrangement of which can be seen in our figure. Forewing beneath suffused; hindwing rather more whitish than above, with cell-dot and angled postmedian line. N. India to W. China, scarcely penetrating into the essentially Palearctic Region. N. irrorata Moore (11e). Forewing less white than in puwnctata, being densely though finely powdered with grey; the black dots smaller, the postmedian series less deeply inbent at the 2"¢ median vein, the sub- terminal series more irregular, or interrupted, appearing as proximal filling-in of a subterminal line of white lunules. Hindwing rather less unicolorous above, showing traces of the angled postmedian; sharply marked beneath, the cell-dot large. N. India and W. China. The only Chinese example which I have seen (from Ta- chien-lu) has the ground-colour itself somewhat darkened, pale grey instead of white, possibly indicating a local race. N. maculata Bé/r. (11e). Rather smaller on an average than punctata, the spots almost identically placed but larger. Especially distinctive is the large, round discal spot of the forewing, with no surrounding dark shading. Discal dot of hindwing also somewhat enlarged. Japan. Thysanodes (nom. praeocc.) phryganea /br., founded on a single o& in bad condition which was said to have been taken at Touraine, has not occurred again and is suspected of having been an exotic species accidentally imported, but its determination has not yet been made out. Face smooth, palpus and tongue very small, antenna slender, subcrenulate and ciliated, nearly as in Operophtera brumata; legs long and slender with moderate spurs. Wings long, very narrow, coarsely scaled and with long fringes; forewing lanceolate, Publ. 3. VII, 1914. MALACODEA; OPEROPHTERA. By L. B. Prour. 193 areole single, long, 1%‘ radial stalked; hindwing spatulate, a little truncate at the outer margin, which projects a little in the middle, frenulum nearly obsolete, probably non-functional, the base of the wing with a costal expansion, costal vein anastomosing with cell, 24 subcostal stalked. Wing-expanse 29 mm, colour entirely reddish- brown, paler on the disc and at the base of the hindwing, with a slight golden reflection. The author compares the neuration elc., with Operophtera and suspects that the ? might be apterous. 42. Genus: Malaecodea 79str. Face flat. Palpus minute. Tongue vestigial. Antenna in o with joints slightly projecting, furnished with long slender cilia. Hindtibia with a single pair of short spurs. Wings rather delicate, thinly scaled, Frenulum wanting. Forewing with cell rather long, areole double, both parts long, the dividing vein (2"4 sub- costal) arising close to the end of the cell or even stalked, 1% radial stalked, 2"¢ arising from the middle of the discocellulars. Hindwing with cell long, costal anastomosing to near its end, discocellulars biangulate, 24 radial arising rather near 8™. 2 unknown, probably wingless. This interesting genus contains only a single Arctic species. It is certainly related to Operophtera, but differs in some important characters. M. regelaria 7’gstr. (12a). Pale brownish grey, glossy, the markings darker brown. Forewing with the median vein and its branches and the three radials darkened; subbasal line angulated, antemedian double, bent outwards in middle so as to approach the postmedian, the central area in consequence narrow posteriorly, sometimes constricted to a point on the 24 median and on the fold, enclosing a rounded spot between; post- median and the succeeding lines angled near costa, thence nearly parallel with distal margin, undulate; cell- spot distinct. Hindwing with smaller cell-dot and weak postmedian lines. Underside the same, or slightly weaker-marked. Lapland and St. Petersburg in May. Rare. 45. Genus: Operophtera Zin. Characters as given under Ma/acodea, with the following differences: Hindtibia with all spurs. Fore- wing with areole single, though very long, discocellulars of this wing as well as of hindwing biangulate, with the 2"¢ radial arising from the lower angle. 2 antenna simple, tongue slightly better developed than in the o’, wings rudimentary, forewing at most as long as the body, sometimes much shorter, its posterior margin longer than its anterior; in the North American representatives (subgenus Rachela Hulst) entirely apterous. The early stages of some of the species are only too well known, being among the greatest enemies of the fruit-grower and the forester and an enormous literature has been devoted to their study and the means of their destruction. The eggs are laid under bark or on twigs and buds in the winter and the young larvae hatch early in the spring, burrowing at first into the tenderest shoots, but later feeding indiscriminately on leaves or flowers. The 2 being incapable of flight, great numbers can be caught and killed on the tree-trunks by means of rings of cart-grease, but evidence is accumulating that the o sometimes carries the &. The species inhabit Northern and Central Europe, with a few more southerly localities, parts of Northern Asia and North America. 0. fagata Scharfenb. (= boreata Hbn.) (6 e, as boreata). On an average rather larger than brumata, but always readily distinguishable in the & by its paler, less yellow-brown forewing and whitish hindwing and in the 2 by having the wings almost as long as the body, the forewing with a conspicuous blackish band or double line just beyond the middle. — ab. fasciata Petersen has the distal part of the median area of the forewing and a corresponding line on the hindwing considerably darkened, giving it a somewhat banded appearance. Underside also much more sharply marked than in the type. — The egg is very distinct in shape from that of brwmata, being cut off flat at one end; the pitting is much deeper and more irregular and the colour more orange. The larva feeds chiefly on birch, in some districts also on beech, spinning up a leaf for a habitation; in its earlier stages it is distinguished from that of brwmata by its darker (at first blackish) green colour and black head, but at its last moult changes materially, now differing in its lighter yellowish green colour and black head and legs; the subdorsal line is much broader than in bruwmata. fagata larva is full fed in early June and pupates in a compact cocoon mixed with earth. Pupa light brown, cremastral projection broader than long, ending in two hooks, The moth emerges in October and the beginning of November and although somewhat local is often to be found in great profusion by night among birch trees. Central and Northern Europe and S. E. Russia. IV 25 regelaria. fagata. fasciata. brumata, huenei. unicolor. myricaria. tenerata. relegata. japonaria. 194 OPORINIA. By L. B. Prout. O. brumata L. (= hyemata Hu/n., grisearia Vill, vulgaris Steph.) (6e). Light brown, the forewing darker-dusted and with numerous wavy dark transverse lines of varying intensity, the discal dot minute or nearly obsolete; hindwing and under surface weakly marked. — ab. huenei nom. nov. (= hyemata Huene nec Hufn.) has the basal and median areas of the forewing darkened into bands. In extreme (but very rare) cases the intermediate area is also dark, so that the entire proximal half (or more) of the wing is differentiated in colour from the distal. Hindwing and underside also somewhat more banded than in the type form. — ab. unicolor ZLambill. is an entirely unicolorous form, the lines and even the discal dot being suppressed. — myricaria Cooke is a smaller form, of a more purplish brown colour than the type and rather rougher-looking, but similarly marked; the difference in colour still more noticeable on the under surface. ¢ with shorter wings than in the type, sometimes more weakly marked. Several were bred from or taken amongst Myrica gale at Keswick, England, in January, the variation possibly local or seasonal. — Egg a fairly regular oval, about twice as long as broad, the surface regularly covered with very shallow, uniform depressions; light green at first, but red later. Larva lighter or darker green, sometimes even brownish- or blackish-green, darkest dorsally, with fine white subdorsal line and yellowish lateral stripe; head and legs nearly concolorous with body. Polyphagous on trees and very fond of fruit-trees, often excessively abundant, destroying alike leaves and blossom; full-feed in May and June. Pupa in a compact cocoon mixed with earth; light brown, cremastral projection somewhat T-shaped, the base of the J twice as long as broad. WHavernorst’s figure (Tijd. v. Ent. vol. 53, t. 17, f. 76) is incorrect or was possibly taken from an example of fagata. Imago throughout the late autumn and winter, the largest emergence in November and December. Central and Northern Europe, 5S. W. France, N. Italy, 5. E. Russia, Transcaucasia and N. E. Amur. There is said to be also a local race in Castile, but I have no knowledge of it. 0. tenerata Styr. closely approximates to brwnata in form and markings but is much smaller and of a darker grey colour, without the yellowish or brownish admixture of the European species. The veins are in places dark- marked, particularly where they cross the lines, but this is also observable in some aberrations of brumata. In the only example before me the lines in the distal part of the hindwing are better expressed than in brumata. Koko-nor, only the & yet known. 0. relegata Prout (= nexifasciata Leech nec Btlr.) (8b). Larger than the other species and in general rather more strongly marked, distal margin of forewing rather straight. Antemedian line straight, not curved as is otherwise nearly always the case in the genus; the first of the postmedian lines strongly sinuous, nearly always more sharply defined than in the 3 preceding species; a black subapical streak present, which is entirely wanting in them. Underside similar to the upper but more weakly marked. 2 unknown. Japan. O. japonaria Leech (8b) Nearest to relegata but very distinct from all the other species, distal margin rather more oblique. Rather variable in colour, sometimes of a similar tone to relegata or slightly more brownish, sometimes clearer whitish with rather strong fuscous markings. Forewing marked with black along the basal part of the 2" median and with an X-shaped mark formed by the blackening of the end of the 3° discocellular and of the median and the beginnings of the 8° radial and 1’ median (which are connate); a dark subapical streak as in relegata. Under surface very weakly marked. % with forewing about as long as abdomen, costa arched, hinder angle acutely produced; veins and base of costa black; a subbasal line, angulated on median vein, an antemedian line placed almost in the middle of the wing, a postmedian midway between this and termen: hindwing much smaller and narrower, perhaps crippled in the only known specimen. Japan. 44. Genus: Oporinia Abn. Related to the preceding genus but with tongue and frenulum developed and the ¢ fully winged, though usually slightly smaller and sometimes narrower-winged than the o. Face, palpus, legs and hindwing as in Operophtera (only the palpus less extremely short), forewing neuration more as in Malacodea (areole double, discocellulars normal), scaling rather thicker; cells not unusually long. Egg rather thick-shelled, red, the surface more or less deeply pitted throughout; passing the winter. Larva on various trees, stout or moderate, smooth; feeding up rather rapidly in the spring, exposed, not spun up like that of Operophtera; they undergo 4 moults. Pupa in a compact cocoon on or just below the ground. The moths appear in the autumn, chiefly about October, but in northern latitudes their appearance is hastened (August—September); in the form fiigrammaria also, of which the larva is able to begin feeding before the trees are in leaf, the time of appearance is about August—September. Geographical distribution as that of Oper ophtera. ————— OPORINIA. By L. B. Prour. 195 A very natural genus, the species all closely related and often difficult to distinguish. Lrperer merged it in his Cidaria and Meyrick (scarcely less happily) in Asthena. The smooth, flat face distinguishes it from the Cidaria group, the strongly biangulate discocellulars of the hindwing from ferruginous colour rather more extended proximally. Ohoki, Tyo, Japan, taken in May. C. capitata H.-Sch. (= balsaminata Fr. mariesii Btlr., pryeri Btlr.) (10k). Very near silaceata, on an average somewhat smaller, slightly rounder-winged (intermediate towards decwrrens), thorax (except the tegulae) and abdomen pale ochreous dorsally, the dark markings of the forewing on an average darker, median band never white-intersected on the veins, its proximal margin less deeply angulated, posterior half of distal area weakly marked, and with some light ferruginous clouding somewhat recalling that of decurrens. — capitu- lata Stgr. is smaller, the distal area of the forewing duller, dirty grey, not brownish; subbasal area and hind- wing also somewhat darkened. Amur and Ussuri districts and as an aberration in Japan (Hakodate). Burter’s type of mariesiti is somewhat transitional. — Larva closely similar to that of the following species, perhaps rather more slender, but I know of no certain distinction. On Impatiens. Pupa brown with dark markings hibernating. Imago in April—May and in August, local in Central Europe and Japan. C. silaceata Schiff. (= posticata F., cuneata Don., albolineata Pack.). We have neglected to figure the name-typical form of this species, which, however, only differs from the ab. insulata in lacking the white veins on the median area. o antenna, as also in the preceding species, with minute ciliation. Thorax dorsally more mixed with fuscous than in that species, abdomen dark-spotted, with pale central line. — ab. insulata Haw. (101, as silaceata). The median veins, which even in the type-form are usually white at the distal edge of the median band, are here while right across it, sometimes narrowly, sometimes more broadly; at times also the 3 radial is white. Ab. insulata occurs chiefly in the first generation, the name-type chiefly in the second; but the variation is not entirely seasonal. — umbrosaria Motsch. (— deflavata Stgr.) (101, as deflavata) is a darker form, chiefly, if not entirely, alpine and boreal, with the blackish brown colour predominant, not being mixed with brownish or yellowish scales. In extreme examples the thorax and abdomen are wholly fuscous. Pyrenees, Alps, Lapland, the mountains of Central Asia, Dharmsala, Japan, etc. Perhaps intergrades with the following. — oblongata Guen. (— substituta Walk. ? subfaleata Warr.). On an average larger, somewhat longer-winged, distal margin of forewing perhaps straighter, colour intermediate between the type and umbrosaria, band of forewing more deeply indented distally on the median veins, hindwing shining whitish, the grey shade at inner margin restricted; underside less pale than in the pale-hindwinged European examples. N. India and Tibet. — angustaria Leech, from Pu-tsu-fong, is even longer-winged, the forewing very dark, with whitish veins as in inswlata, the hindwing glossy, mixed white and brownish-grey, more sharply marked than the other forms. — Larva long and thin, yariable in colour, green or flesh-colour, thoracic and last 4 abdominal segments with red or blackish mediodorsal line, the middle segments with blackish dots, venter with white line, sometimes pink-edged. On Epilobium, Circaea and Impatiens. The pupa hibernates and is compact, brownish green, marked like those of Lygris. The moth appears in May—June and (except in northerly localities) again in August. Central and N. Europe, with local forms in Asia. ; CIDARIA. By L. B. Provr, 2 or — C. fastigata Piing. Closely similar to the yellow-mixed form of silaceata, slightly larger but chiefly fastigala. differing in having the distal edge of the median area right-angled outwards in the middle, the postmedian line of the hindwing also more bent in the middle; markings similar but (especially beneath) more obscure. Kuldja and Ferghana, beginning of June. In the specimens before me, as well as in Piinarrmr’s figure, the proximal part of the hindwing is rather strongly darkened. C. dentifera Moore (— nivicincta Bélr.) closely resembles a rather large, rather dark, little variegated dentifera. silaceata with broad, distally rather smooth-edged median band, but can be separated at once by the antemedian line, which runs almost straight (rather oblique outwards) from costa to behind the 2" median vein, is here acutely angled and sharply white, then runs basewards for & short distance, is again right-angled (or sharply curved) and finally runs vertically to the hindmargin; a band between basal and median bands is fully as dark as they, with the veins whitish. Dharmsala; also in Sikkim and Assam. C. fervidaria Leech (71) differs essentially from all the preceding in its orange, fuscous-mixed hindwing fervidaria. and admixture of orange in the paler parts (and on the 3'4 radial and median veins of the central area) of the forewing. Hindwing variable, sometimes almost uniformly dusted with fuscous excepting a narrow clearer orange band (or thick line) behind the middle. Under surface orange, more or less suffused or irrorated with fuscous, especially in the proximal part a postmedian band remaining clear orange, the distal part of the hind- wing also somewhat varied. Central and W. China. C. subochraria Leech (71, as subochreata) is so similar to fervidaria that I suspect it belongs here although it subochraria. has lost the characteristic distal markings of the group and is also somewhat aberrant in that the discocellulars of the hindwing are appreciably angled at the origin of the 2" radial, on account of an inward curve of the 24 discocellular. Easily distinguished from fervidaria by its much more weakly marked forewing; the hind- wing and underside also are on an average duller coloured, though variable. Omei-shan in June. ? unknown; & abdomen slender (more so than in the slightly smaller fervidaria), antennal ciliation minute; palpus rather long, rather slender but rough-scaled. C. mactata Feld. (101 as mactaria) may be known at once by its large size, strong gloss and by the mactata. peculiar shape of the median band. Under surface brown, the costal region of the forewing and the proximal two-thirds of the hindwing sprinkled with yellow, most of the white markings of the upperside reproduced in pale yellow. Antenna in o pubescent. Japan, Korea and Amur to Central and West China, C. corylata Thnb. (101). Very distinct from any other European species, but probably the discovery of corylata. the life-history of the Oriental forms which follow will show that they are related to it. Palpus long; o antenna almost simple. Very variable. The most constant markings are those of the distal area of the forewing; especially noticeable are the three black marks (short lines) between the 5™ subcostal and 3" radial, the first joined to a short oblique mark from apex, and the pale spot behind the 3" radial. The name-type has a complete median band, somewhat variable in breadth and shape. — ab. ruptata Hbn. (= defracta Strand, ruptata. interrupta Hirschke) is a rather common aberration in which the band is interrupted with white at the fold. — ab. albocrenata Curt. (= effusaria Stgr.) is a much more striking form (or group of forms) apparently albocrenata. only known from North Britain and Denmark and characterized by the more or less complete obsolescence of the median band, which is only represented by some indistinct grey dusting. Not infrequently the light olive-brown bands which precede and follow the median are much darkened but this is by no means always the case. — fabrefactaria Ob. has the proximal half of the basal patch much lighter than the distal half, the fabrefacta- . narrow band proximal to the subterminal also dark, the area between the basal and median not very bright. ™4- It constitutes a local race in the Ussuri district. — granitalis Bé/r., from Japan, is on an average rather larger, granitlalis. the edge of the basal patch more oblique and dentate from costa to fold, then retracted, the median band dentate proximally and with distal excision almost or quite as deep as in aliena. Coloration variable. — Larva slender, cylindrical, with bifid head and a single projecting anal point; green, with variable dorsal pattern in red-brown or purple-brown, generally consisting of a streak on the anterior and posterior segments but broken into dots and spots on the middle ones. On oak, birch, blackthorn, etc., July—September. The pupa is described as yellow-brown spotted with black. corylata flies in June and is found chiefly in wooded districts, resting by day on the tree-trunks. Central and Northern Europe, N. Italy, the Ural and Amurland. C. albida Herz was described as a variety of corylata but raised by Bana-Haas to specific rank. Fore- albida. wing perhaps slightly broader. Both surfaces whiter, the forewing above only very weakly olive-mixed; basal patch with less dentate edge; median band rather broader, a good deal mixed with white, the white in the narrower posterior part of the band forming a distinct 8. Siberia: Olekminsk (Lena district) in June; Tunka (Sajan). aliena. aurata. fulgidaria. migri- fulvaria, albi- punctaria. chimaka- leparia. rubidata. fumata. obseura. subobscura. aridaria. 252 CIDARIA. By L. B. Provr. C. aliena Btir. (= tsermosaria Ob.) (101 2, as aurata) differs from corylata in having the olive brown areas more golden brown, the dark areas blacker, but especially in the shape of the median band; the apical streak is white or whitish and the 3 anterior submarginal marks are thick, commonly united into a single blotch. Beneath, the forewing weakly reproduces the markings of the upper surface, the hindwing shows rather strong grey dusting and 2 or 3 dark lines, not angled at the 34 radial like the single conspicuous dark line on the underside of corylata. Somewhat variable; the $ which we figure (after OserTHiir) is aberrant in having distinct pale spots and lines on the median band, which is generally solid. Dharmsala, Kulu and Ta- chien-lu; ? Koko-Nor; also Sikkim and Bhotan. Hampson sinks aliena to the following. C. aurata Moore (= perpulchra Bélr.) differs in its brighter golden-yellow colouring both above and beneath, broader space between basal and median bands, quite different shape of the latter, less darkened distal area, with broad yellow apical streak, etc. The median band has its proximal margin strongly excavated in the middle, its distal edge more deeply dentate. Hindwing generally greyer than in alena. Dharmsala to Assam. — fulgidaria Leech is evidently nothing more than a rather deeply and brightly coloured race of aurata, venerally (but not invariably) with rather darker hindwing and abdomen. Perhaps even, on comparison of more extensive material, it will prove to be merely a synonym. Founded on 4 beautiful specimens from Pu-tsu-fong. C. nigrifulvaria Hmps. (71). Somewhat larger than aurata, the yellow parts much darker, the large basal area sharply divided by a curved, subdentate white line, the proximal part fawn-colour, the proximal excavation ~ of the median band placed in the middle of the cell (not, as in auwrata, on the median vein), the distal margin more clouded with black-brown. Only one specimen known, a ¢ from Rala, in the N. W. Himalayas, June. C. albipunctaria Leech (7i). Coloration nearly as in the preceding, the brown parts rather brighter (more fulvous); but chiefly distinguished by the increase of white, the lines being thickened, the postmedian forming a band in the anterior part of the wing; a large pure white spot in the middle of the distal margin. Hindwing whitish, darker bordered. Ta-chien-lu and Pu-tsu-fong. C. chimakaleparia Ob. (8h) differs from the preceding — which may possibly be found to be an aberration of it — in the creamy white ground-colour; of the fulvous colour nothing remains excepting the proximal half of the basal patch, a broad patch in the anterior half of the dark median band and a line before the subterminal. Hindwing more strongly marked than in albipunctaria, having conspicuous grey lines and sometimes a broad grey border. From the same localities as the preceding. C. rubidata Schiff; (10m). A very distinct species. The peculiar arrangement of the markings of the median area bears some resemblance to that of badiata but wing-shape, colouring and structure are very different. In its name-typical form, rubidata is recognizable at once by the more or less red colouring between the basal and antemedian and beyond the postmedian lines, Inhabits a great part of Europe, also the Issyk- kul district and perhaps Brusa. — fumata Ev. (= fumosaria H.-Sch.) is a smoky form which in large measure replaces it in Asia and occurs sometimes also in Eastern Europe. Sraupincer records it from the Ural, Sarepta, Altai, Roumania, as an aberration in Hungary and transitional forms in N. E. Asia Minor and Trans- caucasia. — Larva moderately stout, tapering anteriorly; grey-brown or reddish brown, thorax and posterior segments with dark dorsal line, the intermediate segments with blackish V-shaped dorsal markings, pointing forwards and enclosing small black spots in pale triangular patches; subdorsal and lateral lines ochreous, most distinct anteriorly and posteriorly; a pale ventral stripe, with interrupted grey medio-ventral line. On Galium. Pupa short and stout, glossy, red-brown, with knobbed black cremaster; hibernates. The moth generally appears in the following May, June or July but is rather uncertain in its appearance, not rarely passing a second winter before emerging, occasionally, on the other hand, partially double-brooded. C. obscura Bélr. (= butleri Leech) was unfortunately described from a rare aberration, a large ? with the forewing proximally and medially almost uniformly dark-dusted, the blackish bands being less dark than usual, the centre of the median area considerably darker. Hindwing also darkened, almost unicolorous. Underside, as also in the following form, ochreous brownish, the basal area of the forewing dark-suffused, both wings with dark distal dot, 3 wavy dark lines beyond, then a weakly dark-divided pale band, finally a dark border containing an interrupted subterminal line or row of dots. Yokohama. — ab. subobscura ab. nov. (11f, as obscura). I propose this name for the commoner form, in which the median area is paler, with the bands and postmedian line arranged nearly as in rubidata but further apart. Very near the variable Khasi race fecunda Swinh. Japan (Yokohama, ete.) and W. China (Moupin). C. aridaria Leech resembles obscura in size and shape, though the costal margin of the forewing appears somewhat more rounded; the hindwing above is similarly infuscated. Forewing dirty yellow-greenish, the basal CIDARIA. By L. B. Prout. 253 area darkened with ill-defined lines, median band broad (in the Kulu specimen with a stronger rounded pro- jection between the 3*¢ radial and 2"¢ median than in the type), dark brownish-grey, the distal area with a large costal spot of the same colour (or slightly more reddish) proximally to the subterminal, an oblique dark subapical mark, joining a diffuse dark spot between the radials, an interrupted dentate dark line not far distally to the median band, some vague distal-marginal shading; subterminal line almost obsolete except at costa. Underside, weakly marked. Abdomen dorsally fuscous, W. China: Wa-shan; Kulu: Sultanpore. Only the 2 known; nearly related to curcwmata Moore. C. tamaria Ob. (described as Tephrosia) is unknown to me but is certainly, according to the neuration, a Larentiid and probably a large, ample-winged Huphyia. Forewing violet-grey with the broad median area paler; the lines dark, consisting of slender basal, thicker subbasal, antemedian, postmedian and subterminal, more or less sinuous, mostly thickened at the wing-margins, the antemedian terminating in a triangular spot at the hindmargin, the subterminal interrupted by a large black spot between the radials; fringe chequered. Hindwing grey basally, darker distally, with large discal dot and well-marked postmedian line. Both wings beneath marked nearly as forewing above. Ta-chien-lu. Subgenus Mesoleuca Hbn. Face scarcely roughened. Palpus rather short. o’ antenna nearly simple. Forewing with areole double. Hindwing with discocellulars weakly or moderately biangulate, the 2™ radial arising about or scarcely behind the centre. C. alaudaria Fr. (= bicuspidaria Gil.) (10b). Easily recognizable from our figure. Rather variable in respect of the median band, which may be more nearly obsolete or better marked and broader in its middle part than in the specimen figured; in all forms, however, the blackish triangular patch at the costal margin remains sharply differentiated, the middle part being lighter brown. Underside with distal borders nearly as above, both wings darker suffused to beyond the middle and with a white postmedian band. — ab. culmaria H.-Sch. has the white much extended, the dark costal patch almost obsolete, leaving free a dark diseal dot. — ab. abafii ab. nov. has all the dark markings pale brown, only the discal dot black. Described without a name by Araner-Apari. — Larva slender, green, with yellow lateral stripe. July—August, on Atra- gene alpina. Pupa light brown with green wings; hibernating. Flies in June and July in the Alps, Carpathians and 8. W. Russia. C. mandschuricata Brem. (10b). Closely related to alawdaria, of which it may be regarded as the eastern representative. The distal area of both wings is light brown, not dark fuscous, is not very sharply defined and the white ground-colour projects less angularly into it; the white subterminal line on both wings is thicker and is not dentate. — borealis Herz, from the Vilui district, is smaller and greyer and especially on the underside of the hindwing very dark dusted. — E. Siberia and China. Oe tamaria. alaudaria. culmaria. abafit. mandschu- ricata, borealis. C. bimacularia Leech (7f) is much larger than mandschuricata, the brown colour extended throughoutbimacularia. the forewing, the hindwing more varied. Forewing beneath duller, more weakly marked; hindwing pale, strongly dark-dotted on the veins; the subterminal line obsolete. Ta-chien-lu, May —June. C, albicillata L. =( vestalis Walch) (10c). A very beautiful and very well-known species, the dark markings contrasting elegantly with the broad creamy-white central area. — ab. suffusa Carrington is a remarkable form with the entire forewing suffused with dark leaden grey. — casta Bilr.(10c), from Japan, has the basal and distal dark markings (especially the latter) increased in extent, the white area consequently narrowed, the discal dots generally larger. — Larva moderately thick, tapering anteriorly; bright green with a series of red dorsal triangles, pointing forward, and with some reddish markings on the sides and on the anal flap. On Rubus, especially Rubus idaeus, July—September. Pupa compact, glossy dark purplish brown with the cremaster black; hibernates. The moth appears from May to July and is common in woods in a great part of Europe, the Altai, Issyk-Kul and 8. E. Siberia. Subgenus Melanthia Dup. (= Plemyria Snell. nec Hbn.). Head large, face broad, rather protuberant, smooth scaled. Palpus short. Metathorax tufted. Areole double. Discocellulars not biangulate. C. procellata Schiff: (10¢, as procellaria) is characterized by the form of the median band, which is cut off squarely before the median vein and posteriorly either altogether wanting or dissolved into wavy lines; a large white spot in the dark distal border is also conspicuous. — In ab. infumata d/. the forewing is strongly suffused with brown, only the band before the middle remaining white. I have only seen transitions, such as is des- eribed by Ataner-Apari, Ann. Mus. Hungar. vol. 4, p. 524. — inquinata Bé/r. (10 c) is less pure white, the basal patch rather larger, the median rather narrower, but often followed by wavy dark lines. Japan. It differs albieillata suffusa. casta. procellata. infumata. inquinala. infuscala, postalbaria. lugens. hecale. proserpina. hastata. laxata. demolita. subhastata. moestata. migrita. hofgrent. undulata. chinensis. gothicata. 254 CIDARIA. By L. B. Prout. little from the Indian race catenaria Moore. — ab. infuscata ab. nov. (10c) is an extreme form of inquinata, of not very rare occurrence, with both wings suffused throughout with dark brownish smoke-colour. Nearly parallel to procellata procellata ab. infumata. — Larva brown, the middle segments with black dorsal spots, connected by a fine black line, posteriorly continued by a conspicuous chestnut-brown line; subdorsal line dark brown. On Clematis in August--September. Pupa rough, the surface being much pitted and wrinkled; uniform red- brown; cremaster very short. The moth flies in July and is locally abundant among the food-plant. Central Europe, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Altai and 8. E. Siberia. C. postalbaria Leech (13n) is much more glossy, the forewing almost uniformly dark coloured, more reddish brown and in some specimens appreciably lighter between the median band and the dark terminal area; median band slightly darkened, of uniform width and intensity throughout, its margins somewhat sinuous; subterminal line indicated by some pure white dots, one behind the 3*¢ radial always and one or two posteriorly often conspicuous. Hindwing glossy white, broadly dark-shaded at inner margin, and with faint dark lines; terminal line dark, fringe strongly dark-spotted. Chang Yang, Pu-tsu-fong and Omei-shan. Subgenus Hulype Hbn. Areole single. Discocellulars biangulate. C. lugens Ob. (10d) may be known at once by the broad median area of the forewing, only black at its margins, and by the mostly white, only narrowly black-bordered hindwing. The distal area of the forewing shows a white spot in the middle, as in some hastata and its nearest allies. The superficial resemblance to semenovi has been noticed above. W. China and Koko-Nor. C. hecate Bét/r. (10d) differs from hastata gothicata in having the white band of the forewing strongly angulated in the middle, much broader anteriorly than posteriorly, not traversed by black dots; band on hind- wing incomplete. Japan: Hakodate, Oiwake. Korea. C. proserpina A/ph. is unknown to me but is clearly a near relative of hecate. Larger, the black ground-colour not tinged with brown, the postmedian white band less acutely angled and of more nearly equal breadth throughout, that of the hindwing moderately broad and continued across the wing; forewing in addition with a white antemedian spot behind the median vein; fringes black, apparently not chequered. Korea, only one example (?) known, C. hastata is extremely variable and splits up into several local races, some of which have perhaps as good a claim to be regarded as species as the following thulearia. — hastata L. (10d), the name-typical form, is large, with the median band strongly broken behind the middle, the postmedian white bands broad, the “hastate” white marks in the middle of the distal area well developed. — ab. laxata Krulik. (— latifasciata Hirschke) has the white areas still further widened, the postmedian band much broader than usual, the black median markings narrowed and broken, no black dots in the postmedian band. Our figure approaches this form. — ab. demolita Prout is a more extreme form, the black median band only remaining as a small patch on the discocellulars and a small one at the hindmargin. — The larva of this race feeds chiefly on birch, spinning the leaves together to form a habitation; short, stout, tapering at the ends, rugose, with a black prothoracic plate; very variable in colour, usually some shade of brown, with ochreous spots or blotches on the belly and sides. Pupa short and compact, not very glossy, red-brown, cremaster broad, blacker. Hibernates. The moth flies by day, especially in the afternoon, and is on the wing in May and June. It has a wide range in Central and Northern Europe and in Asiatic Russia. — subhastata No/ck. (— hastulata Hbn. nom. praeoce., nigrescens Ckll., sagitlilera Gmpbg.) ( is a smaller and darker race, chiefly from high altitudes and latitudes, the median band continuous, though spotted with white, the white mark in the middle of the distal area usually reduced to a small dot or spot. It has often been considered a separate species and the question cannot be regarded as yet absolutely settled. Our Scotch forms, however, which make a balloon-shaped habitation among the terminal leaves of Myrica gale, seems to some extent intermediate; if separable racially they would bear the name of nigrescens Chill. In Scandinavia subhastata is polyphagous but shows a preference for Vaccinium. In Switzerland, also on Vaccinium, the larvae are said to be lighter dorsally than hastata. subhastata flies in July. — ab. moestata Nolck. (— taunicata Fuchs) is an aberration of subhastata with the black colour somewhat increased, the black median area little spotted with white. — ab. nigrita Rb/. has the abdomen unicolorous deep black. — ab. hofgreni Lampa (= digitata Djakonov) is black with the postmedian white band divided by a black line, no other white markings but a distal spot behind the 2™4 radial and a small remnant of the subterminal line near the apex. Thus closely similar to chinensis Leech or gothicata Guen. — ab. undulata Strand, from the Loffoden Islands, is remarkable for having a continuous white sub- terminal line on the forewing and no sagittate mark. — chinensis Leech (= moerens Alph.). Black, with very little white excepting the broad postmedian band (which on the forewing is dotted with black) and an inter- rupted subterminal: the sagittate mark wanting or rudimentary. W. China. — gothicata Gwen. does not really CIDARIA. By L. B. Prout. 255 belong to the Palearctic fauna, being the representative of hastata in N. America; but it seems to be distributed in the Arctic region. In its typical form it is even more black than chinensis, the forewing only with an angulated, black-dotted postmedian white band and traces of the sagittate mark, the hindwing almost entirely black. — ab. furcifascia Walk. is entirely black excepting the postmedian band of the forewing. C. thulearia H.-Sch. (10e) represents hastata in Iceland. It differs chiefly in its more brownish tone and the peculiar greasy-looking appearance of the wings (very different from the sharply black and white colouring of hastata) and the regular continuity of the subterminal line, which entirely lacks — or at most only feebly indicates — the sagittate mark of hastata. In the name-type the pale areas are slightly suffused but distinctly differentiated. — In ab. islandica Gmpbg. (a badly chosen name) these areas are white, nearly as in hastata. — In ab. infumata Prout both wings are almost uniformly smoky. — ab. clara Prout is a pretty form with the whole distal area of both the wings whitish except a very narrow stripe of the dark ground- colour which forms the distal boundary of the postmedian white band. — The larva of thulearia scarcely differs from that of hastata, but is in general blacker, less brightly marked. It feeds on dwarf birch and Vaccinium, occasionally on sallow. The pupa hibernates and the moth flies from the end af May to the beginning of July. C. naseraria Ob. (6e) differs slightly in shape from typical Hulype and was described as a Siona (Schistostege), but according to the essential structure it must be referred here. It is entirely without markings; both above and beneath, excepting the conspicuously darkened veins. W. China: Ta-chien-lu; Tibet, How-kow. June-July. C. defricata Piing. Very distinct from all other known species, perhaps forming a new genus near Hydrelia or Atopophysa, palpus as in the latter. Size of H. testaceata, apex more pointed, ground-colour rather cleaner white, though similarly dusted, only the 2 principal lines brown, wavy, the first almost straight, the second gently curved; discal dot black; the white outer band rather broad, bisected by a fine grey line, distal area mixed with grey, a still darker oblique mark from apex, as in A. indistincta. Hindwing pale grey, weakly marked. Forewing beneath dirty brown-grey, with the broad pale band indicated. Nikko, Japan, only the ¢ known (not “o”, as originally published). Subgenus Hpirrhoe Hbn. Areole single. Discocellulars not biangulate. C. brephos Od. (13a). Transverse lines of forewing obliterated or scarcely indicated, the only conspicuous markings being an oblique narrow white postmedian band from the costal margin to the 3" radial and a white costal dot or very small spot near the apex; cell-dot indistinct. On the bright orange hindwing the lines are restricted to the inner-marginal half. Forewing beneath orange to beyond the middle, cell-spot conspicuous, connected by a dark mark with the costa; a dark angular postmedian band precedes the white band, which is present as above; the fuscous distal area immediately follows the white band, but becomes much narrower in its posterior half. Hindwing beneath as above. Central and W. China, How-kow and Koko-Nor. June-July. C. lamae Alph. (= nigrilinearia Leech, fausta Th.-Mieg) (11i, as nigrilinearia) differs in having the lines and discal dot of the forewing better expressed, the median area broader, the white costal mark much narrower and quite differently shaped, sometimes also with a dark dividing line. The lines on the hindwing are thicker and more extended, the black distal margin somewhat broader. Ta-chien-lu, Omei-shan, etc. June—July. furcifascia. thulearia. islandica, infumata. clara, naseraria. defricata. brephos. lamae. C. excentricata Alph. (81). Much smaller than brephos, the forewing above with quite the normal excentricata. Larentiid pattern. In shape, also, it is associated rather with the species which follow than with those which precede. Both wings beneath orange, somewhat duller than the hindwing above, forewing apically and at distal margin slightly more brown, hindwing and costal margin of forewing with weak indications of brown transverse lines. Koko-Nor. C. virginea Alph. described as an aberration of the preceding, has the distal margin of the hindwing more perfectly rounded, the forewing above darker brown (black-brown), beneath white with fuscous distal area and with the other markings much stronger and more extended, the hindwing above and beneath white, its fringe also white, weakly dark-spotted. Koko-Nor. C. castaria Leech (7k) is very distinct in the largely white wings with black borders, the median band of the forewing being virtually suppressed. Under surface similar to upper, forewing with clearer postmedian dark band, not connected in the middle with the terminal band, hindwing with black discal dot and indications of postmedian line. Face smooth, protuberant; palpus rather small. W. China. virgined. castaria. hexonmela- ria. tristala. kertesx1. nigrata. continuata. hastulata. albescens. pupillata. orientalis. fulminata. 256 CIDARIA. By L. B. Prout. C. kezonmetaria Od. (13b) is aberrant in that the antenna of the o is furnished with paired fascicles of rather long cilia; the palpus is also rather long and strong. The sharply marked forewing somewhat recalls lugens and semenovi, but the size is smaller, the ground-colour extremely pale yellow, not white, the markings browner, much more regularly shaped. The hindwing in the o& is entirely unmarked except for the minute discal dot, paired terminal dots and dark suffusion at base and inner margin. Forewing beneath with the proximal markings weaker, hindwing with fine, ill-defined postmedian line and sometimes one or two other similar lines proximally thereto. The only known ¢ has the hindwing much more strongly marked. W. China: Ta-tsien-lu, Wa-ssu-kow, Tsemala and Kiala, May—June. Those from the latter localities (high mountain forms, 4000—5000 m) are slightly blacker-banded and show a decided tendency toward angulation of the discocellulars of the hindwing. C. tristata LZ. (= limbosignata Nolck.) (10e). Superficially rather similar to hastata subhastata but smaller, the median band and the white band which follows it more angulated, subterminal line of forewing not forming the characteristic white mark behind the 3 radial. Variable in the breadth and solidity of the central band, ete. — ab. kerteszi Aigner has the median band of the forewing almost entirely obsolete, only a dark spot on the discocellulars remaining. — ab. nigrata Rb/. has the abdomen deep black, only dorsally with narrow white edging to the segments. — ab. (?) continuata Fuchs is said to be paler grey-brown, both wings with continuous dentate subterminal line, fringes more broadly and regularly chequered with white. According to Fucus this is not the true funerata (pupillata) but was formerly distributed by SraupmnceR under that name. Described from Bornich. — The larva is of moderate thickness, reddish-brown, with fine dark dorsal line and indistinct yellowish subdorsal but without the dorsal pattern of the rivata-group; quite similar, except in colour, to that of galiata. On Galium. The pupa hibernates; yellowish brown with the anal point short. Imago in May—June with a partial 2"4 brood (cleaner white with darker markings) in August. N. and Central Europe, Armenia, Altai and Mongolia. C. hastulata Hon. (= luctuata Hbn. nec Schiff!) (10e). Extremely like ¢ristata, on an average slightly smaller, ground-colour somewhat more yellowish white, the markings deeper black (in ¢ristata, especially the median band and the veins between the subterminal and terminal lines, slightly mixed with brown scales), in the basal half of the hindwing well developed, subterminal line much interrupted, often nearly obsolete, fringe of forewing not, or scarcely, chequered with white between the 2"4 and 34 radials, on the other hand with the other white patches well developed (in ¢ristata more uniformly chequered, though seldom broadly, the white spots cut by a fine dark dividing-line); abdomen dorsally black, with very narrow white transverse bands, whereas that of tristata (except the rare ab. nigrata) is white, with paired black spots. The underside generally shows some differences, but is rather variable in both species; in ¢ristata it is commonly more yellowish white proximally than distally; in hastwlata more uniform in tone throughout; in ¢ristata the discal spot of the forewing is larger and generally well separated from the other dark markings, in hastulata smnaller, touching a dark line (the beginning of the here narrowed median band), often almost lost in it. — ab. albescens bi. has the black distal area more or less mixed with white. I have not seen it. — Larva much more sharply marked than that of tristata, with a broad continuous brown lateral stripe, dorsal area light yellow- green. On Galium. The pupa hibernates and the moth appears at the same epochs as ¢ristata, being pretty regularly double-brooded. N. Italy to Roumania, also Livonia, Sweden, Armenia, Ili, Koko-Nor and E. Siberia. C. pupillata Thnb. (= funerata Hbn.) (10e, as funerata). Also similar to tristata, the markings brown, not blackish, the white postmedian band on an average rather narrower, intersected by a continuous dark line, the broad distal area traversed by a regular, dentate subterminal line, a pale oblique subapical streak indicated; under surface light brown, the forewing indistinctly marked from the base to the postmedian, the subterminal still more strongly developed than above, tending to become connected with the distal margin by pale interneural streaks. — Asiatic specimens, especially those from Thian-shan, are darker than European, and in particular show more darkening on the hindwing basally and costally; they have been named var. orientalis Osthelder. — The newly hatched larva is very slender, whitish grey, becoming after 2 or 3 days grey-green. Full-grown the larva much resembles that of alternata but is more elongate and not nearly so reddish; olive-brown to blackish brown dorsal line on thorax and later abdominal segments deep black, first 5 abdominals with angled dorsal pattern; very variable. On Galium in two generations. Pupa rather compact, narrowing little posteriorly, yellow brown; hibernating. Imago on peat-moors, etc., May and July—August; very local in Europe (except the West), Central and East Asia. C. fulminata Alph. (10e) likewise belongs to the ¢ristata group but has the ground-colour more mixed with yellowish brown, the antemedian line less curved proximally, the postmedian of both wings more acutely produced in the middle, the underside still more strongly mixed with yellow-brown; subterminal line thick in places but irregular, more or less interrupted. Abdomen as in hastulata. Western Thian-shan and Ferghana. Publ. 12. VI, 1914. CIDARIA. By L. B. Prout. 257 C. galiata Schiff: (10b). Very variable in colouring, the median area usually broad, the darkening of the distal area irregular, very partial, sometimes altogether wanting, bounded proximally by dark dots on the veins. Hindwing pale grey, never very sharply marked. I regard as the name-type the first figured form — Hiipner’s fig. 272. This has the basal area and the margins of the median band (which is of moderate breadth) brown, the distal area fairly strongly marked. — ab, chalybeata Hbn. Median band broad, dark bluish slate-colour, distal area weakly marked, with a tinge of brown. Rather frequent in some localities, as at Zermatt, — ab. unilobata Haw. has likewise a broad dark median band but is without any tinge of brown, the distal area generally rather strongly shaded with grey, the hindwing rather dark. N. England and Scotland. — ab. emina Schawerda is a beautiful modification of wnilobata, well known from Huddersfield, and said to be constant in Herzegovina, with the white distal area very weakly marked. — ab. quadriannulata Haw. has the subbasal pale area broken up into four separate white, dark-ringed spots. — orientata Stgr. is an ashy form in which the median area is not generally very sharply differentiated, being darker ashy, not bordered with brown and sometimes containing spots of the ground-colour. Hindwing darkened. Asia Minor, N. Syria and Transcaucasia. — Concerning a Russian form which has been named cophanata Krulik. 1 have unfort- unately no information. Larva of moderate proportions, greenish-grey or yellowish-grey, with dark dorsal lime, which is blackest on the thorax and last segments, subdorsal yellowish white, broadly bordered beneath with brown. On Galium. Pupa compact, glossy yellow-brown, the cremaster short; hibernating. Double brooded, flying in May-June and again in August-September. Europe (except the Polar regions), N. Africa, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia and E. Siberia. C. timozzaria Const. (10a). Forewing quite distinct in coloration from galiata, the median band being much mixed with the ground-colour, so as to appear greyer, and enclosing a patch of the ground-colour anteriorly, in which is placed the small discal dot; the pale double band which follows it white proximally, more brownish distally, the distal area is darkened both proximally and distally to the subterminal line, which _is therefore distinet. Corsica. C. parvularia Leech (7h) recalls in coloration the wnangulata group of the subgenus Huphyia, the proximal and median areas forming a continuous dark area, though the former is traversed by some slightly lighter, shining leaden-grey lines; the subterminal line is thicker and more dentate than in the rivata group. Underside of forewing more weakly marked, the white parts more brownish; of hindwing more strongly marked than above, with waved lines. Pu-tsu-fong. C. latevittata Trt. should probably be placed here, as the figure and description indicate a rather near relationship to rivata. Wings rather less rounded, especially in the o; coloration similar, the median band of the forewing broader, darker, distally more excavated than in unangulata but with subacute angle projecting on the 3" radial; proximally with rather strong undulate lines; subterminal lime more weakly lunulate than in rivata; the hindwing appears somewhat darkened. Sardinia. C. rivata Hbn. (= sylvaticata Haw.) (10a). This and the two following species form a very closely allied group. vivata is generally the largest and is further distinguished by its more glossy wings, broader, searcely bisected postmedian white band (especially of the hindwing), Jess uniformly darkened (more blue- grey mixed) distal area and more white-mixed basal area of hindwing both above and beneath. Hindwing beneath with a brown band proximally to the subterminal but always interrupted between the 3" radial and 1st median; in alternata this band is commonly uninterrupted. Median band extremely narrowed and broken. Larva very similar to that of alternata, in its earlier stages rather smoother and of a brighter green colour, while the adult larva is more sharply marked, the arrow-head markings filled in with white at their apex, a conspicuous black or brown lateral spot on the 5 and 6 abdominal segments which is wanting or indistinct in alternata. On Galium. Pupa short and stout, the wing-cases somewhat swollen and roughened, the dorsum and abdomen more glossy; red-brown, darker and anal extremity. Hibernating. Generally single-brooded, flying in June—July; in captivity often double-brooded. Central Europe, N. Spain, Corsica, Italy, ete. — inexpectata Krulik. from Russia, is unknown to me. C. supergressa Bilr. resembles rivata in having the postmedian white band of both wings rather broad and scarcely divided by a dark line, but has about the size of alternata, the dark parts in general more uniform in colouring than in either of the allies, the proximal area of the hindwing less broken up into lines, the pale subterminal line of both wings usually more interrupted. The white band of the hindwing is perhaps slightly more angled distally at the 3™ radial. Japan and S. E. Siberia. Possibly a local form of alternata, as StTaupmncer considers some Amurland specimens intermediate. C. alternata Miil/. (= alchemillata Schiff: nec L., sociata Bkh., subtristata Haw., contristata Don.) (10 b as soci- ata). The differential characters have been given above, under rivata and supergressa. alternata is in many localities 1V 33 galiata. chalybeata. unilobala. emina. quadrian- nulata. orientatu. Himoxxaria. parvularia. latevittata. rivata. SUpPerOressd. alternata. degenerata. cingulata. obscurata. islandica. dubiosata. placida. propinqua. evanescens, taeniata. latefasciata. angusli- fasciata. saxed. vinculata. promptata, monimata. 258 CIDARIA. By L. B. Provr. a very constant species but interesting aberrations and local races are known. — ab. degenerata Haw. (= kurzi Hirschke) has the median band very much narrowed, commonly broken. — ab. cingulata 7'gstr. has the abdomen black, the hindwing also somewhat darkened. — obscurata South has the ground-colour less pure white, the dark markings of the forewing all dull brown, the dividing-line of the outer pale band always as dark as the rest of the markings. The median band of the forewing is much spotted with black. Hebrides. — islandica form. nov. somewhat resembles obscurata but is of a more smoky brown, at the same time much more glossy, the median band not spotted with black, the postmedian pale band of the forewing in general less sharply defined, the radial and median veins sometimes strongly darkened where they cross this band; distal area in general somewhat blurred. Iceland, apparently the prevailing form, at least in some localities. — dubiosata Alph. somewhat resembles obscurata but is larger, brighter brown, this: colour also extended to the hindwing; median band not spotted with black, the white band beyond rather broader and clearer than in obscurata. Thian-shan, Issyk-Kul, Ferghana. — Larva in its earlier stages greyish green, somewhat rugose laterally; full-fed it is brown, mottled and variegated; thorax and posterior segments with a dark dorsal line; the first 5 abdominal segments with arrowhead-shaped dark markings, bordered interiorly with whitish. On Galium. The pupa hibernates. The moth flies in May-June and a second generation from the end of July. Abundant in most parts of Europe, except the extreme south, also recorded from Transcaucasia, Mongolia, E. Siberia, ete. and common in North America. C. placida Btir. (Se) on account of its longer palpus and mimetic resemblance to Abraxas should perhaps _ constilute a separate subgenus, but it shows the characters of Hpirrhoé as here given. Very variable. As a matter of fact Burter’s type specimen was a unique aberration, with the terminal row of black spots on both wings entirely supressed and the subterminal (especially on the hindwing) weakened; median band less broad than in our figure. — ab. propinqua Bt/r., to which, strictly speaking, our figure belongs, has both the outer series of spots strongly developed, the median band broad. — ab. evanescens Bélr. has the outer spots on an average somewhat smaller, a few of them often obsolete, but differs chiefly in the median area; the discal spot is free, or almost free, preceded by one or two short marks on the costa and followed by an extended clear — area; then follows a strongly curved postmedian line, accompanied distally by some large black spots and becoming lost in other large black spots in the posterior half of the wing. — Distributed In Japan. Subgenus Perizoma Hbn. (= Emmelesia Steph.) Small moths. Face smooth-secaled, little prominent. Palpus moderately stout, generally rather short. Forewing with areole double, the distal one ample, 1% radial stalked. Hindwing with discocellulars biangulate (but see fwmataria). larvae chiefly feeding in seeds. C. taeniata Steph. (= arctata Zell., albimacularia Fr.) (81). Differs from typical Perizoma in its much longer palpus and somewhat differently formed ™ genitalia with the “gnathos” wanting. Very variable in size and colouring ete.; the large white or whitish spot in the middle of the distal margin distinguishes taeniata and it, nearest allies from the more typical Perizoma species. Under surface rather weakly marked. — ab. latefasciata Strand. Median band broader than usual, fully one-third as broad as the length of the wing. — ab. angustifasciata Strand. Median band narrowed, only about one-sixth as broad as the length of the wing. — saxea Wileman, the Japanese race, is also very variable, but is in general darker, especially the hindwing, which is dark fuscous, almost or altogether unmarked; the median band of the forewing is broader (about as in ab. /atefasciata) and shows a distinct projecting tooth distally near the costa. — Larva short, reddish or yellowish-brown with wedge-shaped black and lozenge-shaped brown dorsal spots on the earlier segments, posteriorly paler; a pale lateral stripe. On the capsules and spores of a moss, but will also accept the leaves of some low plants — dandelion, etc.; hibernates and is full fed in May. The moth flies from the end of June to August. Local in Northern and Eastern Europe and the Alps. Probably the Amur and Ussuri forms belong to subsp. samea. C. vinculata Ségr. (81) differs from ¢aeniata in its paler ground-colour, somewhat differently shaped band and whitish grey, unmarked hindwing. Koko-Nor and the Amdo district. C. promptata Piing. Forewing slightly narrower, white, the basal patch, narrow median band and distal area brown-grey, subbasal band paler brown-grey; the white subterminal line, as in the two preceding, forms a W-shaped projection proximad on the 3" radial and 1tmedian, but is more sharply defined. Hindwing white with small discal dot, dark spot near anal angle and dark terminal line. Discocellulars only weakly angled. Koko-Nor. C. minimata Stgr. is related to taeniata but differs in its diminutive size (about 12—15 mm), narrow, almost straight light brown band between the basal and median bands and especially in the sharply black and white chequered fringe; the median band is of moderate breadth, shaped somewhat as in vinculata. Hindwing dirty dark grey, beneath with a dark discal dot followed by a broad dark, white-bounded line. Discovered at Vladivostok in July. CIDARIA. By L. B. Provr. 259 C. affinis Moore (= fulvimacula Hmps., promiscuaria Leech, ? constricta Warr.) (18m). On an average larger than taeniuta, the light brown parts of the forewing duller, much more mixed with fuscous, the ante- median line angulated in the middle, the postmedian commonly marked with more conspicuous black dots or short teeth on the veins; median band generally of moderate breadth, not very conspicuous, on account of the darkening of the adjacent parts: distal area white, a yellow-brown mark (generally long and narrow, pointed proximally) in place of the white mark of taeniata. Hindwing shining white, slightly greyish-tinged proximally towards the inner margin; a small discal dot and a postmedian line, the latter chiefly or only marked as dots on the veins. Moore’s type from Darjiling may represent a local race — rather clearer fulvous, with dark median band and broader fulvous mark in middle of distal area. The fulvimacula form, from Dharmsala, Chia- ting-fu, Chang-yang, etc., is not in general very variable. C. exhausta sp. nov. resembles affinis (fulvimacula form) in colour but is smaller (about as taeniata), relatively rather shorter-winged, the median area rather narrower, not appreciably marked with black excepting the discal dot and the costal end of the antemedian and postmedian lines, the antemedian strongly curved but scarcely angulated, the yellowish distal streak wanting, only this part of the distal area very vaguely paler than the rest; distal margin with pairs of indistinct dark dots (in affinis more distinct). Hindwing white, unmarked, only with very feeble suggestion of a discal dot and of a grey spot at the anal angle. Forewing beneath uniformly smoky, hindwing dirty whitish with small but distinct discal dot and 2 very indistinet lmes beyond. Altosether a very weakly marked species, the median band scarcely differentiated in colour irom the rest of the wing. Quite different in colour from variabilis and without conspicuous dark basal patch. Antennal ciliation minute. Koko-Nor, Tibet, type o in coll. Piineeter. C. seriata Moore (7h). Closely related to affinis but with a large pure white spot in distal area and large white dots representing subterminal line. The ground-colour is more reddish brown than in taeniata; median band variable in colour (red-brown, darker brown or black). Hindwing also variable, whitish to grey, always weakly marked. Dharmsala to Tibet and Sikkim. C. alboiasciata Moore (7h). Very distinct in having the median area of the forewing strongly mixed with white, the dark median band being very shadowy. Dharmsala an! other N. Indian localities. C. variabilis Warr. (13m). Smaller than seriata and affinis, very different in aspect on account of its strongly glossy, violet-grey tone. The basal patch is represented by a very conspicuous dark subbasal bar (marrow band) or is sometimes complete, the median area, on the other hand, is scarcely indicated except by the fine dark lines which limit it and which thicken somewhat on the costal and posterior margins: narrow, indistinct reddish-brown bands often bound the central area; a variable pale patch in middle of distal area. Hindwing usually whitish. Very variable. — ab. albimacula ab. nov. has the pale patch in the distal area large and quite white. At Dharmsala it perhaps constitutes a local race, the median area very slightly darkened, the hindwing grey. — N. W. Himalayas, Sikkim, ete. C. mediangularis sp. nov. (= schistacea Leech nec Moore) (12c). Nearly as strongly glossy as variabilis but with a slightly more reddish-brown tinge, especially in distal area, and with scattered bluish scales, especially towards the margins. o 26 mm, 2 32 mm, thus larger than variabilis, rather longer-winged. Head and body fuscous, with a whitish dorsal dot at base of abdomen. Forewing glossy fuscous, the basal and median areas somewhat darker, the distal slightly more red-brownish; subterminal line characteristic, bluish white, consisting anteriorly of elongate vein-dots, at the 3" radial of a V-mark, pointing basewards (obsole- scent in the ©), posteriorly of smaller vein-dots. Hindwing like that of affinis, the white in some lights wiffi slight bluish or violet reflections. Forewing beneath still more blurred, hindwing strongly dusted with fuscous. Nearest to imterrupta Warr. from Sikkim. Omei-Shan (o type) and Pu-tsu-fong (2 cotype) in coll. Brit. Mus. C. fulvida Bélr. (= punctilinearia Leech) (7k, as punctilinearia) closely resembles a less dark-dusted form of affinis with the basal patch a little larger, the proximal edge of the median band regularly curved rather than angled, the band darker in its proximal half than in its distal, ete. Yokohama. C. variaria Leech (13m). Scarcely larger than taeniata, closely similar to fulvida, perhaps slightly broader-winged and with a strongly glossy grey tone recalling that of variabilis. Hindwing rather paler than in fulvida, usually with the discal dot and postmedian line well expressed. I can find no other reliable differences and it is possible that variaria may be another local race of affinis or fulvida, Pu-tsu-fong. G. bipartaria Leech (7k). Only the type specimen (a 2) is known but appears to be a very distinct species of the ¢aeniata group, with similar palpus; discocellulars only very weakly biangulate. The pale greenish, affimis. exhausta. seriata. albo- fasciata. variabilis. albimacula. median- gularis. fulvida. variaria, bipartaria, icons pi- cuaria. orbata. fumataria. ver ticata. affuritata. rivinala. magistraria. alchemillata. petersent. ‘fennica. hydrata. 260 CIDARIA. By L. B. Prout. black-edged basal area, very broad median band and almost equally dark marginal area, with only the beginning of a pale outer band (double line) will at once distinguish it. Pu-tsu-fong. C. inconspicuaria Leech (7h) has the costal margin of the forewing somewhat more rounded than in its nearest allies, yet is rather a narrow-winged species on account of the strongly oblique distal margin. Ground-colour darker; subterminal line sometimes only indicated by white dots at the 24 radial and between the medians. Forewing beneath almost uniformly smoky, hindwing slightly paler than above. W. China: Ta- chien-lu. C. orbata Piing. does not appear very nearly related to any known species, but is by structure a Perizoma. Wings rather elongate, smoothly scaled. Forewing grey brown, a small basal patch and moderate median band rather darker, the latter of almost uniform breadth throughout, though somewhat angled outwards about the 1%t radial; darker costal spots at the commencement of the antemedian and postmedian lines; a whitish, finely divided band beyond the central band, as in most Perizoma; an elongate black cell-mark; distal area almost unmarked, the subterminal lie scarcely traceable. Hindwing white, with small inconspicuous discal dot. Koko-Nor. C. fumataria Leech (7h) is perhaps a Perizoma, as indicated by Warren, but the discocellulars are extremely weakly angled, in some examples not angled. Face and palpus about as in ¢uenata, anal clasps almost as strongly developed. Slightly narrower-winged, the median band differently formed; distal area weakly marked, but with the pair of spots between the radials generally fairly conspicuous. Chang Yang, Central China. — verticata Warr. seems to be a rather paler, less brownish grey race with paler grey hindwing, showing traces of curved lines. On the forewing there is an appreciable band in the middle oftthe pale subbasal area and a moderate amount of dark shading in the distal area. W. China. C. affinitata Steph. (10f). The name-typical form of this species, as will be seen from our figure, is characterized by the narrow white postmedian band of the forewing and especially by the dark hindwing, with only a narrow, divided white or whitish band. I have seen rather extreme examples from N. and W. Germany, and rather less extreme from England and according to SraupiNcerR it is distributed in Central and Northern Europe and Roumania. — rivinata Fisch.-Rdssl. (= inciliata Zett., turbulata Stnd/., turbaria Steph. nec ZJ’r.) (J0f) has the white on the forewing much extended and the hindwing broadly or almost wholly white. It belongs chiefly to northern or mountain districts, but sometimes occurs as an aberration with the type. England, N. Norway, the Alps, Carpathians, etc. — magistraria 7’rti. and Verity is larger, the forewing grey, not brown, but darker than in hydrata and with broader white band; hindwing greyish with double whitish - band; underside like that of rivinata, Terme di Valdieri, Maritime Alps. — Larva stout, grey-brown, pinkish brown or pinkish grey with blackish head and prothoracic plate, dark anal plate and dark plate on the outer side of the anal proleg; lines darker pink; spiracles black. In the seed-vessels of Lychnis. Pupa thick, glossy, brownish ochreous with darker incisions; hibernates, and frequently passes a second winter. Imago in June and July, very rarely a partial second brood in August. C. alchemillata L. (= rivulata Schiff, nassata Ff.) (10f). Very similar to affinitata but smaller, with clearer and more regular white marks at the hindmargin of the forewing, tendency towards obsolescence of the pale band on the dark hindwing; distal area of forewing with black dushes on the veins. Generally less variable than affinitata. — peterseni nom. nov. (= nassata Haw. nec F., fennica Petersen nec Reuter) has the white antemedian band well expressed; generally also the postmedian white band is somewhat widened and sometimes even a complete white subbasal is present. It is the prevailing form in Esthonia and perhaps in Scandinavia and is commoner in Scotland than in England, but occurs as an aberration in many localities. — Larva rather stout, head, prothoracic and anal plates shiny black, body longitudinally striped with red and green, rather variable but usually a very gay creature. It feeds in the seeds of Galeopsis and has also been recorded from Stachys, Ballota, Lamium, etc. It passes the winter as pupa. The moth flies in June and July, in southern localities partially double-brooded, and is common in the greater part of Europe, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia and the Altai. C. fennica /tewter is unknown to me and is a very enigmatical species or form. I have given reasons (Trans. City Lond. Ent. Soc. vol. 15 p. 28) for rejecting PrTeRsen’s determination of it. Size of alchemillata, more coffee-brown, more thickly scaled, more unicolorous (less. traversed by wavy markings), the antemedian white band obsolescent, the postmedian undivided and not sharply bounded distally, its shape somewhat different, the discal dot surrounded by some whitish scales, the terminal line in the ? almost obsolete. Finland, only one of each sex known. C. hydrata 7’. (10g). Slightly longer-winged than alchemillata, paler and more greyish brown, hindmargin of forewing without the conspicuous white marks, the white postmedian band narrower and duller, the subterminal CIDARIA. By L. B. Provr, 261 line uninterrupted, in places rather deeply lunulate. — fasciata Trt. and Verity is darker grey with the white /fasciata. bands better marked, more complete. Pyrenees and Maritime Alps. — The larva is stumpy, reddish yellow with the segmental incisions lighter and sometimes with indications of reddish longitudinal lines; head dark brown. In seed-pods of Silene nutans or occasionally S. inflata. The pupa hibernates. Local and uncommon in Central Europe, Russia, Armenia, etc., flying in May and June. — flexuosaria Boh., founded on a single @ from Blekinge, fleewosaria. S. Sweden, recorded also from Carniola, is treated by Sraupincer as probably a form of hydrata, by Auriviniius as a species. Smaller and paler than typical hydrata, genitalia distinguishable. LAampa compares it with the 2 of affinitata rivinata but says that the dark central band is brown-grey, not yellowish, its distal projection between the medians broadly lanceolate, not blunted at the tip, a pointed tooth also noticeable near the hind- margin; terminal line broken up into dots; fringe apparently not white-spotted; hindwing nearly white, with 2 indistinct greyish bands. C. lugdunaria H.-Sch. (13e). Closely similar to hydrata but with the costal margin of the forewing lagdunaria. more strongly arched before the apex; brown-grey, subbasal and antemedian stripes straight, dentate, the latter ending in a blackish spot on the hindmargin; the dentate whitish band distally to the postmedian is obsolete in the posterior half; apex divided by two thick white teeth; subterminal line indistinct. Hindwing with very indistinct pale postmedian band. Very local, S. France, the southern part of Austria-Hungary, Sarepta. C. bifaciata Haw. (= scitularia Rbr.), as described by Haworru, is the lighter, more sharply marked bifaciata. form of this species, the ground-colour being cinereous while both the bands (subbasal and median) stand out sharply in fuscous. Rampur’s scitularia, from Corsica, seems to be synonymous with this varied form. — ab. unifasciata Haw. (= aquilaria H.-Sch., linulata Gwen.) (10g, as bifasciata) is darker, the subbasal band in ypifaseiata. consequence scarcely differentiated, the median band still darker and rendered prominent by the white line which follows it, often also by one which precedes it. — euphrasiata Mil/. (= odontata Mill.), described from exphrasiata. Alpes Maritimes as a variety of bifaciata or perhaps a distinct species, is quite different from any form which. I have seen, the figure almost more recalling some forms of minorata. Smaller that the name-type, ground- colour whitish, the brown central band of about the same width as in minorata but with rather dentate edges, a distinct waved line proximally to the subterminal, the fringes with distinct dark dots on the hindwing only. — Larva on Bartsia, at first burrowing into the seeds, but later resting on the outside; it is stout, attenuated at both ends, in its adult stage brownish or brown-grey, sometimes tinged with green, dorsal line grey, sub- . dorsal ochreous or whitish, with a rather oblique dark grey dash at each segmental division; lateral stripe 7 broad, whitish, dark-edged. It pupates in the late autumn. Pupa short and stout, greenish yellow with abdominal segments red-brown. It does not emerge till the following July or August and frequently remains two, or more rarely even three or four winters in the pupal state. Rampur gives June for scitw/aria on Corsica. -Central and S. Europe. from all the allied species in the 5 or 6 not dentate white lines on the black-grey or brown-blackish forewing. Forewing beneath blackish grey, the outer lines of the upper surface weakly reproduced, only at the costa whitish; hindwing lighter than forewing, with dark discal dot, postmedian line and an ill-defined band before the lighter distal margin, Discocellulars very feebly angulated. Palpus rather short. Japan) ?), Amurland and Korea. . j | / C. parvaria Leech (= ablegata Stgr.) (7k) somewhat recalls a small bifaciata ab. wnifasciata but differs parvaria. C. haasi Hedem. (10f) is a very distinct species, with long, strong palpus. The sharply whitish sub- jaasi. basal band, large dark discal-dot and waved dark line on the hindwing beneath are mentioned as distinctive; the specimens which I have seen have broad white bands on both sides of the median band, the band differently shaped, both it and the basal patch mixed with white, etc. It is, however, said to be tolerably variable. Amurland. C. contrita spec. nov. Perhaps near haasi but with the palpus normal (about as in bifaciata), the wings contrita. somewhat more fully rounded, the discal dot of the forewing obsolete, the markings more blurred, the median band being scarcely black-edged except at the costal and posterior margins and the white areas vaguely suffused with brownish; proximal area of forewing more as in bifaciata, though less sharply marked, median band narrowing at hindmargin, becoming black at the margin itself; subterminal line interrupted, apical dash fairly apparent. Hindwing above uniform dark smoke colour, beneath much more weakly marked than in haasi, the postmedian band being less white and the dark line’ which bounds it proximally almost obsolete. o antenna (as also in difaciatw, etc.) very minutely ciliated (in haasi much less minutely). Central Amurland (Kors), type © in coll. Piincezer. C. minorata 7. (10g) is another inconstant species and shows some local and some individual m »inorata. variation, The name-typical form, as it occurs in the Alps, the mountains of Germany, Austria, 5. France, etc., is the larger, paler race, the ground-colour being clear white, the markings often paler than in our figure, ericetata. norvegica monticola. blandiata. coarciata, perfasciata. albulata. griseata. subfasciaria. thules. dissoluta, hebudiwm. maerens, flavo- fasciata. 262 CIDARIA. By L. B. Prour. the distal area at times with only quite weak dark shading. Hindwing whitish or very pale grey. — ericetata Steph., the only form known to me from Scotland, is considerably smaller, darker-marked, the white band distally to the median generally with a sharper dividing-line, the hindwing darker grey. — norvegica Prout, from Norway, is as small as ericetata but otherwise forms a strong contrast to it, being more weakly marked than the name-type. — ab. monticola Strand is a rare aberration, with the median area not darkened at all, but only indicated by the lines which limit it. Mentioned from Norway and Scotland. — The larva is stout, tapering at the extremities; pale green or yellow-brown, with yellow-brown or paler dorsal stripe, divided by a dark mediodorsal line and also edged by dark lines; a pale lateral stripe, sometimes reddish bordered; head, prothoracic and anal plates brown. In the seed-vessels of Euphrasia officinalis. The pupa hibernates and is yellow, with the segment-incisions brown and the wings green. ménorata flies from the end of June to August, in Scandinavia, Scotland and the mountains of Northern and Central Europe. C. blandiata Schiff; (= adaequata Bkh., derasata Schr.) (10g). Related to minorata but with the band between the basal and median obsolete or very shadowy (extremely pale brown) the median band very dark anteriorly but pale in the middle, except on the veins, the hindwing rather more strongly marked. — ab. coarctata Prout has the median band narrowed to a mere thread. — perfasciata form. nov. has the median band dark throughout and appears to form a constant local race in the Hebrides. — The larva is similar to that of minorata, very variable but in general more brightly green with crimson or purple markings and yellow lateral ridge. In the seeds of Euphrasia officinalis. Pupa yellowish green with a crimson dorsal line; hibernates. Imago in June and July, chiefly in mountain districts. Central and Northern Europe, N. Italy,. Croatia, Brusa, Armenia and the Changai Mountains. C. albulata Schiff. (= ablutata Hv.) (10g). Related to the two preceding, on an average larger, the markings much weaker, brown. In the name-type the ground-colour is white and the markings quite indistinct, light brown or grey-brown, the median band scarcely indicated except by transverse lines. Our English race is less pure white, generally somewhat suffused with greyish or yellowish, but scarcely needs a separate name. — ab. griseata Stgr. indicates the more extreme examples of this English race, in which the greyish tone of the markings becomes more pronounced and there is even some admixture of fuscous; the ground-colour remains white, but the hindwing is greyish. — subfasciaria Boh. is a small yellowish-grey or brownish-grey form, in general weakly marked, and occurs in some of the Scandinavian mountains and in the Shetland Islands. — ab. tnules Weir is merely an extremely darkened aberration of subfasciaria, perhaps found only in the Shetlands. — dissoluta Strand, from Arctic Norway, is paler than the type, perhaps on an average smaller, but not so small as subfasciaria. It occurs also as an occasional aberration in the Swiss Alps, Bucovina and Roumania. — ab. hebudium Weir (= niveata Steph. nec Scop., hebrideum Robs, and Gardn.) is a pure white, markingless aberration of exceedingly rare occurrence except in the Hebrides, where it is comparatively frequent. Transitions have been recorded from, the Caucasus, N. Persia, ete. — Larva stout, tapering; head, prothoracic and anal plates black or dark brown; greenish white or pale yellowish, sometimes with darker dorsal stripe. In the seeds of yellow rattle. Pupa stumpy, yellow, hibernating in a stout cocoon, not rarely passing a second winter. The moth flies in May and June and occurs in most parts of Europe and in Transcaucasia. C. maerens Stgr. Smaller than albulata, unicolorous dark (blackish) smoke-brown, the forewing with 2 obsolete, scarcely recognizable lighter lines in the distal part, the underside, especially of the rather long hind- wing, with inconspicuous darker discal lunules. Palpus strikingly longer and more densely scaled beneath than in albulata. Described from Samarkand. I have before me an example from Transcaspia, in which the areole seems to be single; if this be so, it is no Perizoma. C. flavoiasciata Thrb. (= decolorata Hbn.) (10h). Larger than most of the subgenus, distinguished at once by the light sand-coloured markings. — Larva stout, tapering; head, prothoracic and anal plates brown; body dull reddish, in the middle of the dorsal area with a pale band; lateral stripe whitish; ventral area pale with small brown spots. The pupa hibernates. The moth flies in June and July; it has a pretty wide distribution in Europe and is also recorded from North Africa. Subgenus Hydriomena Hbn. (= Ypsipetes Steph.). Moderate-sized moths. Face rather prominent, scarcely tufted. Palpus stout, moderate or long © antenna rather thick, minutely ciliated. Forewing with costal and distal margins curved, apex squared, distal margin commonly shorter than hindmargin; areole double, 5!" sub- costal generally arising from apex of distal areole, 2" subcostal near it. Hindwing with discocellulars strongly biangulate. Larva stout, living in spun-up leaves. Biologically and in habitus one of the most natural subgenera (or genera), better recognized by the pattern (basal patch minute, a subbasal line very oblique, no definite median band or subterminal line, etc.) than by any salient structural characters. The shape is generally distinctive. ag I , : ; : 5 t 4 3 CIDARIA. By L. B. Prout. 263 C. furcata Thnbg. (10k) is infinitely variable, but differs from the other European species in the sh@rter furcata. palpus, the more angled or irregular markings between the subbasal line and the median space, dark subterminal band, nearly always interrupted by a white or pale spot in the middle, absence of black vein-streaks near the apex, etc. The name-type is cinereous with dark bands. tacetaria Frr. may be synonymous with it but has the distal area weakly marked. The figure is bad. — ab, cinereata Prowt is cinereous without the dark ecénereata. bands. — ab. sordidata Ff. is green with dark bands. — ab. obliterata Prowt is green almost unmarked. — sordidata. ab. fuscoundata (Don.) Stgr. (10k) is testaceous or reddish with dark bands and only seems to occur among obliterata. the bilberry- or heather-fed forms. — ab. testaceata Prout is testaceous without the dark bands. — ab, fuscoundata. obscura Peyer. (= infuscata Stgr.) (10k, as infuscata) is unicolorous fuscous or nearly so. — ab. tricolorata '9/4¢¢/4. Schr. (= albifasciata Prout nec Pack.) differs from ab. sordidata, which it otherwise resembles in coloraf®n, erie : in having a pale grey or white median band. — ab. irrorata Spr. is large and broad-winged, strongly a oe irrorated, 4t* and 5'* bands incomplete. — ab. constricta Strand has the pale central area broken into separate POneTLG: rounded spots. — ab. nexifasciata Bélr., from Japan, closely resembles ab. sordidata but has the third dark yeajfasciata. band (antemedian) broader, less sharply angulated, the white spot in the middle of the distal area obsolescent. The winter is passed in the ege state. Larva stout, reddish grey with brown head, dark brown prothoracic plate, indistinct dark dorsal line, broad white subdorsal, pairs of whitish spots at the segment-incisions and inconspicuous whitish lateral lines; venter greyish green. In lowland districts it feeds chiefly on sallow and hazel; the smaller mountain race feeds on heather and bilberry. Pupa glossy, reddish-brown with the wing- eases darker. Moth in July and August, the small race in some localities already in June. Extremely abundant in Northern Europe; in Central Europe it becomes more local and in the south it is apparently almost wanting; in Siberia and Central Asia it has a wide range. Also recorded from North America. C. coerulata #. (= autumnalis Strém, trifasciata Bkh., impluviata Hbn. nee Schiff, bicommata Schr) coerulata. (10k, as autumnalis). Palpus long, but not quite so long as in ruberata; otherwise individual specimens of the two species sometimes bear a very close resemblance. coerwlata is perhaps on an average slightly smaller, is somewhat shorter-winged, oftener with a very pale, blue-green median band, the oblique subbasal line is straight, or only very weakly angulated in the cell, the black marks on the hindmargin of the forewing and on the anterior veins distally, which generally characterize both species, on an average less strongly developed than in ruberata but very variable in both species. Our figure well illustrates the typical form. — ab. literata literata. Don. has the proximal and distal parts of the forewing duller, more rust-coloured, the median band whitish. Possibly only founded on somewhat discoloured specimens. — ab. obsoletaria Schil/e (= infuscata Prout, cine- obsoletaria. rascens Strand, nigrescens Huene) has the forewing almost uniformly dark cinereous or fuscous. — ab. semi- semifuscata. fuscata ab. nov. has the median band mostly infuscated, except at mid-costa, but the narrow pale green bands which bound it remain unaltered. I have only seen it from Arran. Transitional towards the preceding. — ab. arctica Paux is scarcely intelligibly described: “markings of forewing maroon violet and rosy yellowish”. — arctica. ab. constricta Strand has the median area of the forewing constricted, interrupted. — The larva is similar to constricta. that of furcata but with the pale markings less white; according to Buckter’s figures (which are generally very reliable) the setae are much longer. Feeds in curled-up leaves of alder from July to September or October. The pupa is black with short, wedge-shaped cremaster, and commonly remains spun up in the larval habitation after this has fallen to the ground. The moth appears in May and early June and there is sometimes a very partial second brood about August. Its range is similar to that of fuwrcata but it is not known from Iceland. C. ruberata Frr. (= fulvoundata Fuchs, autumnalis Stichel nec Strém) (10k) is distinguishable from ruberata, the preceding species by the characters noted above and the greater prevalence of reddish or rust-coloured tone. Subbasal line variable, often strongly angled in the cell, sometimes thickened at the angle and again at the hindmargin; antemedian rust-coloured band often ending in a conspicuous black spot at hindmargin; in the distal area the black line on the 1* radial is generally strong, those on the 5" subcostal and 2™¢ radial rarely so; black apical streak generally conspicuous. The name-type is grey, sharply marked, with the rust- colour reduced to 4 narrow, inconspicuous bands. -— ab. variegata ab. nov. (10k) is more intensively marked variegata. with rust-red and black, first and second bands nearly confluent, sometimes some red suffusion in median area. — ab. grisescens Huene (= cinerascens Stichel nec Strand) is a weakly marked grey form with no grisescens. rust-red markings, median area not paler. It is frequent in the West of England. — Larva closely similar to that of coerulata, in general more greyish in colour and perhaps more weakly marked. In a chamber formed by spinning together 2 or 3 terminal leaves of a shoot of sallow or willow or uniting leaves to old catkins, gregarious at first but solitary later; in the Orkneys it has been found feeding on heather. Pupa glossy, very dark brown, segment-incisions paler, cremaster conical, rather short; in a loose cocoon among fallen leaves or under loose bark. The moth flies in May and June. It is very local, inhabiting Britain, Scandinavia, Russia, the Alps and some mountain localities in Germany and N. Hungary. Also in N. America. promulgata. 2 badiata. pallida. reclifascia- ria. alpestris. subbadiata. terraned. undata. comilata. Serrug?- NasceNs. 264 ZOLA; PELURGA. By L. B. Prout. * C. promulgata Piing. is probably referable to this group. Size of coerwlata (autumnalis). Forewing broad, dull blackish grey with indistinct dark transverse markings, the basal area (obliquely bounded), the narrow median band and the shortly dentate, almost straight subterminal line whitish, in part grey dusted. Hindwing white with sharpiy marked discal dot and incomplete dentate dark outer line. Under surface whiter than in coeru/ata, similarly but more faintly marked, the terminal line only indicated on the forewing. LEU EO". and antennal structure as in coerwlata, palpus much shorter and thinner. _Koko- Nor. Subgenus Harophila Gmpbg. Io shape and structure similar to Larentia, theo antenna merely dentate, with tufts of very short cilia at the ends of the teeth, both wings with apex rather less sharp and distal mé@gin rather less straight. Differs from nearly all Oar ia in the erenulate distal margin of the hindwing and ‘probably in the larva. C. badiata Schiff. (10m) is very variable but may be known at once by the shape and structure, the shape of the lines, the black apical streak and the small but very conspicuous white subterminal spot. We must regard as the name-type the form figured by Hiner, which has the ground colour of the forewing rather uniformly yellowish-brown, distally rather more reddish, the median area not lighter. — ab. pallida Lambill. is paler, basal area little darkened, distal not darkened, median band whitish, without a blue-grey spot distally to the cell. — ab. rectifasciaria Lambill. has the pale median area one-third broader than usual, not traversed by lines, the lines which bound it sharply marked. — ab. alpestris Neuburger, from the Tyrol, (at 3400 m) has the median area brown, the distal moderately darkened, no pale part; hindwing also somewhat browner. Perhaps little different from Hiipner’s form. — ab. subbadiata Strand (= ocellaria Bodart), Median band: pale, narrow, interrupted in the middle, the posterior part sometimes broken up into spots. — Larva elongate, cylindrical; head rounded, distinct, orange with a large black spot on side; body very variable in colour dorsally, green; purple or slaty grey, a dark spot on side of prothoracic leg, another dorsally on 10% abdominal segment, dorsal tubercles white, lateral tubercles black. On rose in May and June. Pupa rather stout, dark glossy red-brown, anal segment black, cremaster short and thick. Moth from March to the beginning of May. Central and Eastern Europe, the Altai and Tarbagatai Mountains. 60. Genus: Bola Warr. Differs from Cidaria chiefly in the shape of the wings and their longer cells. Face with projecting cone of scales. Eye rather small. Palpus strong, with long hair-scales. Breast and femora hairy. Forewing with costal margin almost straight, apex subfaleate, distal margin prominent in middle, very oblique posteriorly, cell well exceeding one-half, areole double. Hindwing with costal margin rather long, apex prominent, distal margin somewhat sinuous, prominent in middle, cell one-half, discocellulars not biangulate. Only one species is known, inhabiting Japan, ete. Z. terranea Bilr. (12c). Forewing rather dark reddish brown with some dark grey dusting, the costal and distal margins more grey; proximal area clouded, almost obliterating the first lines; postmedian marked with very short dark dashes on the veins; a similar but weaker line follows (also marked with dark dashes, especially on the 3'¢ radial and the medians) bounding the grey distal area. Hindwing rather paler, with discal dot and two lines beyond. — undata Stgr. (described as Mesotype) is a much lighter brown form, more tinged with clay-colour, the lines rather better defined. Both forms (which do not seem to intergrade) occur in Japan, undata also in the Ussuri district. 61. Genus: Pelurga Hon. Face convex, without tuft. Palpus moderate. Antenna in o minutely ciliated. Thorax with horny rounded prominence anteriorly, crested posteriorly. Areole double. Hindwing with discocellulars biangulate. Both wings with apex well marked, and distal margin ventricose in the middle. Only one species is known, characterized by the structure of the thorax. It has a wide range in the Palearctic Region. P. comitata 1. (= chenopodiata Hbn. nec L.) (10m) may be known at a glance by its shape, the broad median band, sharply black-divided apex, ete. In the name-typical form the ground-colour of the fore- moldavinata.Wing is ochreous. — In ab. ferruginascens Krulik. it becomes bright rust-reddish. — In ab. moldavinata Carad. Publ. 22. VI. 1914. CATACLYSME. By L. B. Prout. 26 or it is much darker and more unicolorous, the hindwing also darkened. This latter form, which is recorded from N. Germany, Roumania, the Ural, Ussuri, etc., is perhaps in some localities tending to form a local race. —- ab. zonata Wahlgren has the median band entirely brown-black, ground colour normal, Larva stout, rugose laterally, segmentation distinct; ochreous brown; dorsum tinged with green and with a row of large V-shaped dark markings on the abdominal segments, pointing forward. On Chenopodium and Atriplex, especially on the flowers and seeds. Pupa very short and thick, densely sculptured with fine incised lines and punctures; dark red-brown; hibernating. Moth in June and July, distributed in Europe (except the South-west and the Arctic Region), Siberia, N, China, ete. 62. Genus: Cataclysme Hon. Closely related to Cidaria subgen. Huphyia, but distinguished by the remarkable neuration of the fore- wing; the distal areole is wanting, the 5 subcostal long-stalked with the 1°* radial, remote from the other subcostals. In the typical subgenus, which inhabits the Palearctic Region, the o antenna is nearly simple, as in Huphyia. Only a few species are known. A. Antenna in & very shortly ciliated. C. riguata Hbn. (9i) is marked somewhat like Cidaria bilineata but even more uniformly and is very distinct in its shape and colour, etc. In the name-typical form the ground-colour is grey-brown, the white lines very fine, not very conspicuous. — ab. millierata Gmpbg. is described and figured as cinereous, brown- lined (dark blue-grey-lined in the figure), the median area of the forewing slightly darkened, the subterminal line of both wings better expressed, the underside distinctly marked. I have never seen anything approaching it. — festivata Sgr. represents riguata in the district which extends from Zerafshan to Ili and is larger, brighter brown, with the white lines more distinct. — Larva elongate, cylindrical, violaceous grey, weakly shaded in places with rosy; dorsal line fine, brown, interrupted at the incisions, subdorsal flesh-coloured, lateral line white, ventral band brown; the middle segments bear dorsally dark angular markings, pointing caudad. On Galium and Asperula. Pupa rather slender, shining red-brown, the wing-cases etc., rather more prominent than usual. Those of the second brood hibernate. Flies in May and in a partial second generation from July to September. The name-typical form inhabits South and southern Central Kurope, Belgium, Asia Minor to Transcaspia and again in the Tarbagatai-Altai region. C. dissimilata Rbr. (= uniformata Bell., dissimulata Ségr.) (91). Similar to riguata, perhaps on an average rather smaller, generally more tinged with yellow or greenish-yellow, a little more variegated, the median area and sometimes the basal appearing slightly darkened, at least at the boundaries; indications of double pale lines proximally and distally to the median area; distal edge of median band more strongly dentate; subterminal line often obsolescent or indicated only by white vein-dots; terminal line black, dotted with white at the veins. — spissistrigaria 77ti., according to specimens lent by Herr PiinarterR, seems to be nothing more than a rather dark form of this species, greyish fuscous with the pale waved lines and whitish subterminal dots rather well expressed. Aritzo, Sardinia. — Larva less slender than that of riguata, flesh-colour or some- times greenish, with numerous fine dark longitudinal lines and white lateral stripe, the middle segments with blackish dorsal triangles. On Galium. The pupa hibernates. There are two broods, flying in April—May (or June) and August—September. S. France; Spain; Corsica. C. multistriga Ob. possibly belongs here but is quite uncertain as the figure is accompanied by no descriptive matter, even the sex not indicated. Rather larger than dissimilata, forewing perhaps more elongate, ground-colour whiter. the markings therefore sharper, otherwise similar, median band with rather strong indentations proximally, postmedian white band of hindwing nearer the margin, subterminal obsolescent, not broken up into dots. Underside similar to that of scriptwrata, rather more sharply marked, terminal line broken up into pairs of dots. Constantine, Algeria. Perhaps a Cidaria (e. g. of the subgenus Huphyia). B. Antenna in & strongly dentate with fascicles of cilia. C. plurilinearia Leech (Ti) is one of the largest species of the genus, grey, in places yellowish-grey, not brown, the markings, at least on the hindwing, stronger than in the species of section A, a discal dot present on the hindwing; distal margins more appreciably crenulate. Underside still more strongly marked, with pale postmedian band, sharply dark-edged proximally. Ni-tou, W. China. IV 34 xonata, riguata. millierata. feslivata. dissimilata. spissistrt- garia. multistriga. pluriline- aria. conturbata. obliqui- lineata. grandis. vwridata. cambrica. pygmuea. latefasciata. webbi. bradyi. lofthousei. 266 APITHECIA; VENUSIA. By L, B. Prour. C. Antenna in @ bipectinate. (Paraplaneta Warr.) C. conturbata Walk. (131). Larger than riguata, slightly narrower-winged. Nearer to plurilinearia but not so large, the fore-wing with a distinct discal dot (in plurilinearia only present on the underside), the distal edge of the median band more excised at the 24 radial, the narrow band which follows it paler. The under surface is very distinct, being much darker, both wings with clear white postmedian band, the forewing with a white or pale line between the discal dot and postmedian band, the proximal area of the hindwing more or less mixed with whitish or traversed by ill-defined whitish lines. Pectinations short, transitional to those of plurilinearia. N. W. Himalayas. C. obliquilineata Hmps. (13m). Antenna in o with longer pectinations. Forewing with apex more produced, distal margin more oblique. Ochreous white, slightly irrorated with fuscous, the lines brown fuscous. Forewing with indistinct double oblique subbasal and antemedian lines, small cell-dot (sometimes obsolete) and 6 almost straight oblique lines between this and the distal margin, the 3 the most conspicuous, proximally suffused with ochreous, edged distally by a white line. Hindwing with 6 oblique lines, all obsolete anteriorly. Underside more suffused with fuscous, the lines on the hindwing more prominent than above. N. W. India: Kulu, ete. F D. o unknown. C. grandis spec. nov. (12b). ¢ 40—50 mm. Very distinct in ils large size, reddish fawn-colour and very broad median area. Apex of forewing minutely produced, distal margins (especially of hindwing) slightly crenulate. Underside rather less reddish, sometimes paler distally to the postmedian line, the veins alternately dark- and light-dolted; both wings with small discal dot. Guimar, Teneriffe (W. Walmesley Wurre), February. Type and cotype in Oxford Museum. 63. Genus: Apitheeia gen. nov. Face tufted. Palpus rather long and strong. 3™¢ joint relatively small. Antenna in o bipectinate. Legs normal. Abdomen crested. Forewing with areole double. Hindwing with discocellulars oblique. Type of the genus: viridata Moore (Cidaria). Distributed in India. I know only the one species. It is intermediate between Xanthorhoé and EHupithecia, the shape, etc., resembling the former, the abdomen even more strongly crested than in the latter. A. viridata Moore (13e). Easily recognized by the structural characters, the green forewing with purple-fuscous markings and the ochreous-whitish hindwing. The former is less, the latter more strongly marked beneath. W. China: Omei-shan and Ni-tou. Also in India and Formosa. 64. Genus: Venusia Curt. Face broad and smooth. Palpus short and slender. Antenna in & shortly pectinate. Hindtibia with all spurs. Forewing with areole single; 3™ discocellular very oblique. Hindwing with discocellulars biangulate. This genus and those which follow (as far as Asthena) form a closely related group on which Warren has founded a separate subfamily Astheninae. They are small, delicately built moths, in wing markings as well as in the structure of the head and sometimes (Cambogia) the forewing neuration resembling Acidaliids. They inhabit the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions and New Zealand. V. cambrica Curt. (= erutaria Bsd., nebulosaria Fir.) (9d). Quite distinct. The black marks on the 3 radial and 1%t median distally to the outer line recall Oporinia. English specimens and (according to Herz) the Korean form are on an average rather less white, than those from Scotland and continental Europe. In general the 2 is slightly larger and paler than the o. — ab. pygmaea T'ystr. is small with the central area constricted. — ab. latefasciata Strand has the median area very broad, the lines which bound it are parallel, not approximated in the posterior part. — ab. webbi Prout has the markings almost obliterated excepting at the costal margin and on the median vein and ils branches, recalling Oporinia antumnata gueneata. — ab. bradyi Prowt (= nigricaria Rb1) has both wings uniformly suffused with dark smoke-colour, and is becoming frequent in the Sheffield district. — ab. lofthousei Prowt is a quite different melanotic form from ab. bradyi; forewing suffused with smoke-colour but remaining longitudinally rayed with white in the distal area, hindwing not infuseated. Only known from North Yorkshire. — Larva of moderate thickness, the segments ATOPOPHYSA; HYDRELIA. By L. B. Prout. 267 somewhat swollen laterally, the incisions deep; head light brown, body green with yellowish subdorsal line and lateral stripe and with variable red spots or blotches, especially on and above the legs. On mountain ash (Pyrus aucuparia). Pupa hibernating; rather stout, tapering rapidly posteriorly; reddish brown, the wings green. The moth emerges in July and is found by day sitting on tree-trunks. It is local in Northern and Central Europe, Russia, the Altai, Japan and across North America from Anticosti and New York to Vancouver Island. 65. Genus: Atopophysa Warr. Differs from all the rest of the group in having the palpus rather long and strong, but the shape, scaling and markings seem to indicate that it really belongs here rather than to Cidaria. Antenna in & simple, anal claps strongly developed. Areole double; 8 discocellular of forewing very oblique. A bladdery fovea present on the o’ forewing beneath. Discocellulars of hindwing biangulate. Only one species known, inhabiting Northern India and China. A. indistincta Bélr. (= naparia Leech, ? Ob.) (18e, 8b, as naparia). Glossy grey, sometimes with tinge of purple-brown. Forewing with fine dark, little curved subbasal line, parallel antemedian and 4 postmedian, sometimes rather ill-defined except at the veins and at the hindmargin, forming narrow bars or hands, the postmedian commonly black-marked at the radials, 2 dark subterminal lines, an oblique, interrupted black mark from the apex and usually dark subterminal spots between the radials. Hindwing with inner margin rather long, distal margin slightly subecrenulate, not or scarcely convex from the 2"4 subcostal to 3'4 radial; paler than forewing, with weak double postmedian and subterminal lines, darkest at inner margin. Under side weakly marked. A variable species in the strength of the markings. Dharmsala and China (Omei-shan to Ningpo), as well as at Simla and the Khasi Hills. 66. Genus: Hydrelia Hon. Face smooth. Palpus short, shortly scaled. Antenna in ciliated. Hindtibia with all spurs. Forewing with areole single, often small. Hindwing with discocellulars not biangulate, 18 median usually free, ex- ceptionally (nisaria and bicauliata) stalked. The larvae (so far as known) are moderate or thick, with strongly marked segmentation and with the head small; they live on trees. Distributed in the Palearctic and Indo-Australian Regions and in North America. A. Distal margin of hindwing not strongly crenulate (Hydrelia). H. nisaria Chr. (18e) may be known by its diminutive size and by its neuration, which is almost like that of Cambogia. Colour rather variable, similar to that of fvsfaceat’ but appearing rather darker and more brownish, chiefly because the lines are rather thick and strong. Postmedian brown line (band) of forewing marked with black dashes on the veins; postmedian line of hindwing thick. Black discal dot of forewing conspicuous. S$. EH. Siberia, Korea and Japan. H. parvulata Stgr. is at least as small as msaria, but with broad white outer band, white line at distal margin, ete. Not quite so broad-winged as festaceata. Neuration normal. Forewing mixed grey and brownish, with narrow white subbasal and broader white postmedian bands, indistinctly dark-divided; median band with a blunt distal projection in the middle and containing a large black discal dot and partly broken by whitish dots or interrupted lines; distal area also partly interrupted with white markings, especially in its posterior part; terminal black streaks separated from the dark distal area by a sharply white line; fringe dark, narrowly intersected with white at the vein-ends, at the apex whitish. Hindwing whitish, with 3 approximated dark lines in the middle; basal and distal areas more or less darkened. Forewing beneath grey, with black cell-dot and rather broad whitish postmedian band; of hindwing white, with cell-dot and weak grey band, or more similar to that of forewing. Ussuri district. H. tenera Stgr., founded on a single 2 from Raddefka, Amurland, taken in May, almost certainly belongs to the Hydrelia group, probably to Hydrelia. It is only a little larger than msaria, very thinly scaled (recalling the aspect of light specimens of Oporinia dilutata), light grey, finely dark-dusted, weakly marked. In the distal area of the forewing 2 or 3 rows of dark dots on the veins represent the lines; a discal dot and very weak costal half of postmedian line are also present. Hindwing whitish grey; discal dot obsolescent, crossed by a very faint line; distal area with 2 others equally faint, stronger at inner margin. Both wings with conspicuous mdislincta. nisaria. parvulata, tenera. musculala, testaceata. yoodwint. imtermedia. bicauliata. latsaria. undularia. tcehrinaria. chionata. 268 HYDRELIA. By L. B. Prout. black marginal strokes. Forewing beneath light grey with dark marginal strokes; hindwing whiter, the discal dot stronger than above, some indistinct lines beyond. According to the figure, the upper surface of the forewing shows a tendency to the darkening of the 3 radial and 1%‘ median veins at their origin, as in Venusia cambrica. : H. musculata Ségr. Rather larger than testaceata; ash-grey, darker mixed, the lines represented by numerous dark dots and dashes on the veins, scarcely indicated in the interspaces; marginal dashes (lunules) sharply black. Median clear space of forewing narrow, formed about as in Venusia cambrica; according to the figure, the anterior half of the postmedian line is also discernible, shaped about as in cambrica. At the inner margin of the hindwing also the lines become a little better expressed. Discal dot present on both wings. Forewing beneath yellow-grey, without trace of lines; hindwing greyish white, the dark vein-dots not connected into lines. Sutschan district, Ussuri. The figure recalls some aberrations of cambrica; perhaps it is really a Discoloxia near conisaria Hmps. H. testaceata Don. (= sylvata Schiff. nec Scop.) (10g) is the type of the genus and one of the two species which reach the Western Palearctic Region. Rather broad-winged, dirty white or whitish grey with the principal lines of the forewing brown. Variable in the expression of the discal dots, which are sometimes almost entirely wanting. — ab. goodwini Bankes is a very dark form from Kent, densely dusted with grey, usually with the brown markings still well visible, but culminating in almost complete melanism. — ab. inter- media Bankes has the dark dusting also stronger than in the type form but not altogether obscuring the whitish ground-colour; the brown lines more strongly pronounced than in the type. It occurs together with the pre- ceding aberration. — Larva stout, tapering at each end; head bifid, dark brown; prothorax with horny dark brown plate; purplish brown, the thorax and last five abdominal segments greenish to green; 5 abdominal with yellow lateral spot; dorsal line and some V-shaped dorsal markings white. On alder, birch, sallow, ete. Pupa stout, very glossy, greenish brown, hibernating. The moth flies in June and is found in Central Kurope, S. E. Siberia and Japan. H. bicauliata spec. nov. (12 c). At first glance very similar to ¢estaceata, forewing slightly narrower, distal margin more oblique, hindwing with distal margin subcrenulate, slightly prominent at 3'¢ radial, both wings with 1st median well stalked: areole rather small, 1*t subcostal from its apex, 5 arising from the stalk of 2"¢_ 4th, Ground-colour white, as in the lightest testaceata or on the forewing (especially in costal half) more strongly brown-dusted; postmedian line more distinct, more sinuous, the brown band-like shading which follows only reaching from costal margin to 1st median. Hindwing with little dusting, the lines rather fine and sharp. Forewing beneath suffused with smoky brown; hindwing white, with the lines nearly as above. Japan, without more exact locality, 1 ¢ from the Pryer collection, in coll. Brit. Mus. H. latsaria 0b. (10g) is unknown to me, but according to the figure is certainly not the same as phasma Btlr. Rather darker brown-grey than testaceata, forewing slightly more elongate, the lines straight, distal area with a black-brown patch between the 3™¢ radial and 1% median, reaching from postmedian line to near distal margin. Ta-chien-lu. H. undularia Leech (described as Venusia). Larger than testaceata, forewing with costal margin more arched, more elongate, distal margin more oblique, apex consequently sharper, hindwing with distal margin sinuous, appreciable incurved between the radials. Ground-colour violet-grey, forewing thickly irrorated with dark brown; lines dark brown, the proximal ones more oblique than in festaceata, postmedian much more dentate, with strong projecting tooth at 1%t radial, the brighter brown band-like area which follows, and also the distal lmes, much more strongly projecting outwards in the middle. Hindwing with similar differences. Forewing beneath more infuscated, hindwing with the lines broad. Pu-tsu-fong. H. tchrinaria Ob. (13d) was described as an Yphyra but the neuration, as figured, and also the general habitus seem to show it belongs to the Hydrelia group; should it be found that the areole is double it would be removed to Asthena. Rather narrower-winged than any of the preceding Hydrelia, length of forewing as in a large testaceata, rather uniform violet-grey, forewing with a whitish spot at the distal margin of the 3 discocellular, the dark lines feeble, outcurved, becoming nearly vertical at hindmargin, the postmedian the best expressed; fringe chequered. Underside more glossy grey, with broad curved postmedian line, accompanied proximally by a pale line. Ta-chien-lu and Mou-pin. A. chionata Led. (= quadripunctata Bienert) (18 e). Very distinct in its shining snow-white wings with sharply black discal dots and all the markings suppressed except a strong outcurved brown grey ante- median line on forewing only and a sinuous postmedian on each wing. Forewing broad, rounded, the distal margin with minute but distinct black dots. Hindwing moderately long, with distal margin strongly convex, slightly prominent but less so than in Asthena albulata, of which Sraupincer — overlooking the neuration and other characters — has suggested it may be a variety; terminal dots wholly or in part obsolete. Southern Transcaucasia and North Persia, HYDRELIA. By L. B. Prour. 269 H. percandidata Chr. (= candidissima Stgr.). Very like a small Asthena albulata in shape and colour, perhaps slightly narrower-winged, the distal margin of the hindwing rather more strongly prominent at the 3 radial. Like chionata in having the areole undivided (rather narrow), with the 1% subcostal arising about from its apex. Oo unknown to me, 2 with the antennal joints slightly more projecting than in albulata, minutely ciliated. Forewing with 5 lines, much more slender than in a@/bulata, in part obsolescent, the first 4, however, arising from enlarged brown costal spots; all are strongly sinuous, at the costa about equidistant, but posteriorly the 3' and 4 approach one another; marginal dots small. Hindwing with 2 weak lines behind the middle. Both wings without diseal dot. Underside unmarked, except at costa of forewing. Transcaucasia and N. Persia. H. flammeolaria Hufn. (= luteata Schiff:, centrata F., flavicata Thnb.) (10h, as /uteata). Distal margin of hindwing sinuous, especially between the radials. Very distinct in the glossy pale yellow ground-colour and thick, undulate deep ochre-yellow transverse lines. The discal dots are dark, but not “black”, as described by some old authors; that of the hindwing generally almost lost in the first postmedian line. — Larya nearly cylindrical, green, almost unmarked, at the incisions more whitish. On maple and in some districts on alder. The pupa hibernates. Imago in June or a little earlier or later. Central and Northern Europe, Russia, Armenia, Siberia and Japan. H. ochrearia Leech (13e) is also yellow, but less glossy, of rather a deeper tone and dusted with light reddish fuscous; discal dots wanting and instead of the groups of thick ochre-yellow lines both wings are pretty uniformly traversed by fine, very weak reddish-fuscous lines; no dark distal streak. Moreover, the wings are much more elongate, with dark dots at the distal margin. Pu-tsu-fong, W. China; only the type known. H. bicolorata Moore. A pretty species, showing — unlike the rest of the group — the normal Larentiid pattern. Reddish grey, the strongly undulate bands which bound the narrow median area yellow, narrowly edged with bright red proximally and distally, and bisected by a thick bright red line; a narrow yellow, red- mixed line bounds the basal area and another (broader, but somewhat interrupted) traverses the distal area. Hindwing with only the postmedian yellow and red band developed. Underside much duller, with fuscous lines, black discal dots and yellowish, undivided postmedian band. — ab. ferruginaria Moore, which is commoner than the name-type, has a blackish basal patch and blackish costal half of median band. — Dharmsala. Also in Sikkim the Khasi Hills, ete. B. Distal margin of hindwing strongly crenulate (Agnibesa Moore). Hl. pictaria Moore. Forewing very pale yellow with burnt-coloured basal patch and irregular, incomplete postmedian band, both overlaid with some metallic scales; the smal] black discal dot placed in a slender, eurved brown median shade which becomes still more slender and inconspicuous posteriorly; subterminal lme indicated by brown (anteriorly black) spots or interrupted Jines which bound it. Hindwing white; rather thinly scaled, with faint grey lines or bands. Under surface similar, the markings of the forewing more blurred. W. China: Wa-shan and Ta-chien-lu. Originally described from Sikkim. H. recurvilineata Moore. Both wings silvery white. Forewing with sinuous subbasal dark line, strongly curved antemedian line, black discal dot followed by an excurved line which is coloured orange opposite the cell, 2 sinuous postmedian lines, orange in their anterior half, the distal one here dotted with black; a subterminal line of black dots is often present. Hindwing with black discal dot and fuscous bands. Underside of forewing strongly marked with fuscous. Chang-yang and Omei-shan, small and weakly marked, perhaps a local race. Described from Sikkim. H. punctilinearia Leech (7g) differs from recurvilincata in having the orange markings more restricted the lines more clearly defined, those of the hindwing finer, more widely separated, the two nearest the distal margin dotted with black on the veins, ete. W. China: Chow-pin-sa and Kia-ting-fu, June and July. H. sanguiniplaga Swinh. (7g) is very distinct in the presence of the extended orange apical patch as well as in the orange colouring of the basal patch and of the thorax, ete. The wings — as in all the species of the section — are smoothly and rather thinly scaled; the tooth at the end of the 34 radial of the hindwing is more conspicuous than the others. Pu-tsu-fong, W. China, only one specimen known. C. Forewing with distal margin elbowed at 38 radial; hindwing more definitely angled at the same point (Autallacta Warr. = Eschatarchia Warr.). H. lineata Warr. (= angularia Leech) (13f). Large for this genus. Brown, forewing with costal margin fuscous, both wings with a fuscous line near the distal margin, that of the forewing very characteristically formed, enclosing pale marginal patches. Japan: Gifu, Nagasaki, etc. percandi- duta. flammeo- laria, ochrearia. bicolorata. ferrugi- nari. pictaria. recurvi- lineata. puncti- linearia. sanguini- plaga. lineata. nebulata. phasma. conisaria. tchraria. accentuata. 270 EUCHOECA; DISCOLOXIA. By L. B. Prout. 67. Genus: Kuchoeea Zon. Structural characters as in Hydrelia, hindwing with distal margin elbowed in the middle, 24 radial vein arising well above the middle of the discocellulars. In life the wings are always erected over the back, as in the Diurni, while Hydrelia shows even less disposition to assume this posture than many other Larentiids. Early stages similar to those of the preceding genera, The only known species is exclusively Palearctic. E. nebulata Scop. (= obliterata Hufn., heparata Schiff, strigata Thnb. nec Scop.) (10h, as obliterata). Dull ochreous, the upper surface in fresh specimens (especially in the &) strongly overlaid with fuscous scales (except at the costal margin of forewing) which in part or altogether obliterate the markings and which at least become dense in the distal area. In flown specimens those scales soon become detached and the insect appears more ochreous, with fuscous transverse lines. Under surface with the lines always distinct, — Larva not stoul, cylindrical with distinct segment-incisions; head slightly notched, green marked with black; body green with a black dorsal pattern consisting of pairs of square or oblong spots separated by a yellow dorsal line and yellow incisions. On alder and more rarely birch. Pupa very short and stumpy, tapering rapidly to anus, eyes, legs, etc. prominent, cremaster short and triangular; reddish brown with olive-green wing- and leg-cases; hibernates. Moth in June and July, distributed in Europe except the extreme North and South and the Southwest, also in Transcaucasia, S. E. Siberia and Japan. ; 68. Genus: Discoloxia Warr. Closely related to Venusia, of which Hampson regards it as a section. The only constant difference which has yet been pointed out is that the o& antenna is ciliated, not pectinate. Distribution as that of Hydrelia. A. Hindwing in & normal. D. phasma Lt/r. (13m). Superficially a good deal like Hydrelia testaceata, but with the discocellulars biangulate, though only quite moderately, sometimes very weakly. Distal margin slightly more oblique. Ante- median and postmedian lines grey, not brown, on the veins marked with stronger black teeth or dashes, commonly also darkened at the wing-margins; in well marked specimens the postmedian consists of a group of 4 lines, not 3 only as in testaceata. Japan, distributed. Other localities are at present doubtful. D. conisaria Hmps. Much larger than phasma (size of a large Venusia cambrica), distal margin of hindwing sometimes slightly subecrenulate. White, irrorated with blackish, giving to the forewing and the distal part of the hindwing a grey tone, with scarcely a tinge of brown. Forewing with a curved basal line, pairs of lines, ill-defined except as dark dots or teeth on the veins, and a single dentate line, arising on costa midway between the antemedian and postmedian but strongly oblique and curved, thus approximated to the postmedian in the later part of its course; a black discal dot and black terminal strokes; the paler areas (especially that distally to the postmedian) marked with broad or narrower white streaks on the veins, which become very conspicuous in dark specimens. Hindwing proximally whitish, with discal dot; distally more like forewing but without black vein-dots and with uninterrupted white postmedian band. Forewing beneath infus- cated, hindwing white with the principal lines rather strongly marked. Kashmir and 8. Tibet, as well as Sikkim. A weakly marked example from Koko-Nor may be a local form of the same, though the distal margin of the forewing is rather more oblique. D. tchraria Ob. (8b) has about the size and colouring of conisaria, but the lines are not so conspi- cuously dark-marked on the veins; they are blackest from the costal margin to the subcostal vein, weakest in the middle of the wing; the postmedian pair is angulated on the 1%‘ radial (as is also the case in conisaria), while in Venusia cumbrica, with which Opertuiir compares it, they are here almost straight; behind the 34 radial a second angle is formed, and here both these lines are blackened. Hindwing greyish white with 4 indistinct lines, which only become conspicuous at the inner margin. Forewing beneath smoky, hindwing white both with a single postmedian and pair of subterminal dark lines. Ta-chien-lu. — The examples from Pu-tsu- fong and Chow-pin-sa, referred here by Legcu, do not agree well with Oserrrniir’s figure and description and must be at least a separate race. I name it accentuata subsp. nov. Forewing with sharp black discal dot, the lines altogether stronger, not blackened only at costa but also at hindmargin and on the principal veins; thick black vein-streaks on the 1st median and esnecially the 3'4 radial accompany the postmedian line, nearly as in cambrica, but larger. i | | ASTHENA. By L. B. Prout. 2 +l = D. blomeri Curt. (= pulchraria /v.) (10 g ¥, 10h o%) differs from the other species which have a blomeri. chestnut-coloured patch near the apex of the forewing in that the median area is broadly whitish or grey- white without distinct markings; near the base there is an ill-defined reddish-brown band. Hindwing greyer, especially towards the distal margin, on the underside whiter. — Larva of moderate proportions, rugose at the sides, incisions well marked; greenish yellow, thorax with an elongate red dorsal patch, abdomen with some red lateral blotches; occasionally, however all the red markings are suppressed. On Ulmus montana in August—September. Pupa short and thick, tapering rapidly to the anus, which is blunt but has a sharp cremastral spike; chestnut brown with green wings; hibernates. The moth appears generally in June or July. Extremely local in Central-Europe and the Ural; also recorded from Amurland and Japan, whence | have seen no examples. D. semistrigata Chr. Size of blomeri, the brown band less bright, narrower, placed nearer to the discal semistrigata. dot. §S. E. Siberia and Japan; Leecu erroneously recorded a Japanese example as blomeri var. D. marmoraria Leech (13f) differs from blomeri in the pencilling of zigzag black lines in the median area marmora- of the forewing, antemedian and a group of 3 postmedian strongly bent so as to meet on the fold, an oblique ”% diseal streak, some blackish distal clouding behind the 3" radial, followed posteriorly by a double dentate line. Abdomen anteriorly with a dark dorsal blotch. A close ally, if not a variety, of the Indian obliquisigna Moore, but with darker hindwing, ete. Chang-yang, Central China. D. laria Ob. (8b). Larger than marmoraria, median area less white, the reddish colour in distal area Jaria. not forming a subapical patch but confined to a narrow band adjoining the postmedian, from costa to 1% median; hindwing paler grey with 3 pairs of dark lines, Ta-chien-lu. Perhaps another form of obliquisigna. D. megaspilata Warr. (7g, 11e) is characterized by the large, obliquely placed black discal mark of megaspilata. the forewing. Whitish, the forewing with scattered fuscous irroration, the antemedian and postmedian lines fuscous, double (the postmedian often triple), angulated near the costa, then nearly vertical but irregularly dentate, slightly convergent towards the hindmargin. Hindwing white, weakly marked, but with a few black dots at inner margin in distal half. Japan: Gifu. D. eucosma sp. nov. (= kioudjrouaria Leech nec Ob.) (12¢). Larger and whiter than megaspi/ata, the eucosma. diseal dot not quite so large, the 3 postmedian lines rather well expressed, mostly filled in with brown shading, crossed by strong interrupted black lines on the veins; the antemedian line often single, placed quite near the discal dot, not angulated, black at cos!a and marked distally with fine black teeth on the veins. Hindwing white, with 2 or 3 very fine lines (sometimes obsolete, at least anteriorly) distally to the cell-dot. Forewing beneath smoky, hindwing white; the markings of the upper surface indicated. How-kow, Tibet. Type and 3 others in the British Museum collection. D. kioudjrouaria Od. (8b). I have not seen this, but cannot believe it is conspecific with the preceding, kioudjrou- in spite of much similarity. The forewing is shorter and blunter, its colour grey, the discal dot small, the %’* antemedian line approaching the postmedian on hindmargin, whereas in ewcosma it here turns obliquely base- wards, the postmedian less sharply angled near the costa, the band which accompanies it less sharply expressed, not marked with black on the veins. Hindwing also more greyish white. Ta-chien-lu. B. Hindwing in @ with inner margin deeply folded. D. dharmsalae Bé/r. (= plicataria Leech) (7g, as plicataria). Reddish brown with slight darker irroration. dharmsalae. Forewing with the veins partly dotted with fuscous, pale between the dots; numerous very feeble, parallel, wavy darker reddish lines, the antemedian a little better expressed; only the postmedian distinct, double, the proximal one grey, the distal reddish, some lighter grey shading between them. Hindwing similar, without the lines of basal half. Underside paler, forewing with discal dot and lines beyond, hindwing unmarked. N. W. India; W. China. 69. Genus: Asthena Hain. Characters of Hydrelia but with the areole double. Palpus sometimes rather less short than in the allied genera. Distal margin of hindwing often somewhat crenulate or angled in middle. Larva (at least in the type species) rugose and tumid, but evidently related to Hydrelia. Geographical range as in Hydrelia. albulata. anvurensis. anseraria. bilineata. corculina nymphaeata. nymphulata. ochrifas- ciaria. albidaria. tehrat- chraria. octo- macularia. 272 ASTHENA. By L. B. Prout. A. albulata Hufn. (= candidata Schiff) (13e). Shining white, the forewing with 5, the hindwing with 3 curved and in part sinuous yellow-brown lines, the 3™4 and 4 of the forewing approximated. Discal dots inconspicuous, sometimes wanting; distal margin with minute black dots. — amurensis Stgr., from the Eastern Palearctic Region, is smaller, with distinct discal dots but wanting those of the distal margin. — Larva rather stout, the segments tumid and wrinkled, the tubercles strongly developed, the setae black; head pale green, spotted with black; body pale yellowish green, the back of the thorax and the back and sides of the abdomen strongly marked with crimson; subdorsal line and lateral stripe yellowish. On birch, hazel, hornbeam, ete. Pupa shiny, moderately slender, wing-cases swollen, the veins somewhat raised; blackish brown, at the incisions yellowish; hibernating. Moth in May—June, a very partial second brood later. Europe, Crimea, Transcaspia, ete., often very common. CuristopH recorded a purer white form from N. Persia, the lines weak, chiefly expressed as dots. A. anseraria H.-Sch. (= soldaria Trti., corneata Chrét.) (13e). Besides a slight difference in shape, this species is distinguished from a/bulata by the simply ciliated o& antenna, the sharp black discal dots and the arrangement of the lines; the 3™ and 4 lines of the forewing are remote from one another. The cells are rather shorter. — ab bilineata Hirschke lacks the 1st, 4 and 5 lines of the forewing and the 2"? and 3" of the hindwing. — corculina Bé/r. (7h), from Japan, is perhaps not constantly separable from the name- typical form, but the lines are somewhat thicker, forming large distinct yellow-brown spots on the veins but generally more definitely interrupted between. The ground-colour itself appears somewhat less pure white, ~ slightly tinged with yellowish. — Larva similar to that of albulata, bluish green, without the markings which characterize that species. On Cornus sanguinea. The pupa hibernates. Local in Southern Central Europe, 5. E. Siberia and Japan; May and July. A. nymphaeata Stgr. (13e). About the size of albulata, the discal dots altogether wanting on both surfaces or occasionally present, though quite weak, on the underside. The yellowish lines are decidedly broader, in this resembling those of anseraria but more distinct: the black terminal dots are very small, in part obsolescent. The anal clasps in the o are more strongly developed, the tuft which covers them composed of longer hairs. The two postmedian lines are closely approximated, as in albulata. From nymphulata, nymphaeata differs essentially in the thick lines as well as in the anal tuft. Ussuri and Amur region, May —July. A. nymphulata Guen. (= albeolata Rbr., ? lactularia H.-Sch.) (13 f). More delicate-winged than a/bulata, the forewing similarly shaped, the hindwing rounded, not elbowed. Glossy pure white. Forewing with 6, hindwing with 4 fine parallel pale brown lines, hardly distinct, less sinuous than in albulata, the postmedian not double, the proximal two of the hindwing further separated, the distal two more approximated, exactly parallel. Under surface without markings, the costal margin of the forewing somewhat infuscated. Antenna in @ less strongly dentate than in adbulata, with shorter ciliation. According to HerricH-ScHArrer the hind- wing is somewhat more distinctly angulated than in albudata. Andalusia and S. France. A. ochrifasciaria Leech (13e). Generally larger than albulata, though small specimens also occur. Forewing rather more yellowish white, with more numerous lines; the first 4, curved, are separated from the median group by a narrow clear band; the median group consists of 3 thick lines, the first crossing the cell- dot; the space between them is mostly filled-in with yellow-brown shading, forming a sort of band, which narrows at the hindmargin; the lines and sometimes the shading become fuscous at the hindmargin. Hindwing rounded, weakly marked. Both wings with black cell-dot. Japan: Oiwake. A. albidaria Leech. Again larger than ochrifasciaria, silky yellowish white, the forewing with a very small black cell-dot, the lines fine, grey, exceedingly faint; a slightly curved and oblique antemedian, a double postmedian, incurved between the radials and retracted at costal margin, and a waved subterminal, the two latter continued on the hindwing; both wings with median line. recalling that of certain Acidalia, commencing on costa of forewing near the postmedian but becoming oblique so as to approach the antemedian at hind- margin and continued on the hindwing rather near the base. Underside with the lines much darker grey or fuscous, thicker, the forewing as far as the postmedian more or less iufusecated, its costal margin tinged with yellow. Antenna in & nearly simple, minutely ciliated. W. China. A. tchratchraria 0b. (13), described as an Acidalia, probably belongs here, perhaps to Hydrelia, in any case the hindwing neuration shows that it is Larentiid. Very distinct in the greenish-brown costal margin and 6 nearly straight greenish brown lines, 2 only continued on the hindwing. Under surface similar, the lines of the forewing thickened with a tendency to become confluent. Ta-chien-lu. A. octomacularia Leech (7h), of which only a single, slightly worn example (?) is known, is perhaps related to ochrifasciaria. Forewing rather broader, without distinct markings excepting the very characteristic black postmedian line. Chang Yang. Publ. 6. X. 1914. CAMBOGIA. By L. B. Prout. 273 A. plenaria Leech (7g). Rather narrower winged, with distal margin of hindwing very slightly (scarcely noticeably) bent in the middle. Distinguished further by its more brownish white ground-colour and the numerous very regular waved lines. Chang Yang. A. defectata Chr. (= chrysidia Bélr.) (10h). Straw yellow, easily distinguished from the rather similarly coloured plurilinearia by the rounded distal margin of hindwing, less acute apex of forewing, reduction of the dark markings, absence of subterminal pale spots, angular projection of postmedian line of forewing at 1st radial, etc. Antenna in o almost simple, minutely ciliated. Ussuri district, Korea and Japan. A. straminearia Leech is very near defectata (10h), the palpus rather less strong, the ground-colour rather paler yellow, all the markings weaker, the antemedian line forming a regular curve, while in defectata it is angulated before the middle, no trace of the longitudinal dark cloud in the middle of the distal area which is discernible (often strong) in defectata. Founded on a single worn & from Wa-shan, W. China. Perhaps merely a form of the preceding, which seems generally more weakly marked on the continent than in Japan. plenaria. defectata. stramine- aria. A. distinctaria Leech (7g) differs from defectata in having the wings white, with only a tinge of distinctaria. yellowish, the costal margin of the forewing broadly ochreous; the median line is more strongly angled at the 1st radial. Palpus short. W. China: Wa-shan and Pu-tsu-fong. A. plurilinearia Moore (= unistirpis Bélr.) (10i). © antenna minutely ciliated, not dentate. Hindwing subcrenulate, between the radials weakly emarginate. The markings, as shown in our figure, are unmistakable. — ab. denigrata Warr. lacks all the black shading of the distal area. Distributed from N. India to Amur- land and Japan. A. conditaria Leech (7g) differs from plurilinearia in its darker, less yellowish forewing, with more prononced dark median band, and in the paler, often almost white hindwing, which is rarely so strongly marked as in the specimen we have figured and which is unfortunately a little exaggerated in printing. Distal area of forewing without black shading except an oblique apical streak. Ta-chien-lu, W. China, apparently not rare in May—June. A. electaria Leech (7g) is a beautiful and unmistakable species, though agreeing with the two preceding in shape and structure. The under surface is similarly marked, but duller, the faint median lines of both wings wanting, but the hindwing with a sharply marked, fine postmedian line. The unique example (a 2) is from Mou-pin. 70. Genus: Cambogia Guen. Related to Hydrelia, the areole small or altogether wanting, the 5 subcostals long-stalked. co” antenna usually with very long pectinations, in some subgenera ciliated. Hindwing with distal margin variable, almost regularly rounded to dentate or strongly angled, 1*t median usually stalked. An extensive genus, most prevalent in South America, but also well represented in the Indo-Austrialian Region and with a few stragglers in the Palearctic. A. Antenna in ® with fascicles of long cilia; distal margin of hindwing dentate (Acolutha Warr.). C. pictaria Moore (13m). White. Forewing suffused with grey and reddish in anterior half and with yellow in posterior, traversed by 5 thick, waved, interrupted reddish lines. Variable, sometimes more strongly yellow. Distributed in India. Palearctic specimens, except one from Gensan, Korea, July, are unknown to me. C. pulchella Hmps. (13m) has the costal area of the forewing much brighter red, more uniform; a strong, dark, double submarginal line, often thickened into a blackish spot close to hindmargin; hindwing mostly purplish grey, traversed by thick, irregular darker and pale lines. Hindwing beneath white, with large, well- defined fuscous blotch, narrow at costal margin but rapidly broadening so that at the inner margin it reaches from before the middle almost to the anal angle. Widely distributed in the mountains of India, one specimen recorded by Lerecu as probably from Yokohama (ex coll. Pryer). B. Antenna in & bipectinate. Hindwing not dentate (Cambogia). C. phoenicosoma Swinh. An aberrant species in that the 1‘ median vein of the hindwing arises well separate; forewing without areole. Pale yellowish grey, forewing with V-shaped reddish basal patch (its apex IV 35 pluri- linear ia. denigrata. conditaria, electaria. pictaria. pulchella. phoeni- cosoma. conspicua- ria. dentifascia. denti- clathrala. 274 PHYSETOBASIS; POMASIA; EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. somewhat blunted), both wings with small black discal dot and extremely broad reddish median band (on the hindwing much paler in Japanese specimens), its distal edge on the forewing arising at two-thirds of costa but running obliquely outwards (with one projection midway) so as to touch the distal margin at the 3" radial, then again nearly at the 1* median, finally running in a curve to hindmargin near the angle. Underside much more weakly marked. Oiwake, Japan. Described from Assam. C. conspicuaria Leech (12b) has the distal area more yellowish and quite differently shaped, both wings with characteristic angular discal marks, that of the forewing yellow, that of the hindwing black. Omei-shan, W. China, in July; only the type (¢) is known. 71. Genus: Physetobasis Hmps. Structure similar to that of Asthena, but the shape very different, more like that of the succeeding genera. Forewing long and narrow, distal margin strongly oblique. Hindwing also rather narrow, but not long, distal margin somewhat crenulate. In the o” the retinaculum is usually developed into a large spatulate plate and the type species (annulata Hmps.) shows further secondary sexual modifications. Discocellulars of hindwing strongly oblique, variable, sometimes distinctly angulated at the origin of the 2¢ radial. ; A small Indian genus. P. dentifascia Hmps. (= mandarinaria Leech) (111i, as mandarinaria). Forewing brown, the lines black, white edged, thickened at costal margin; their very characteristic form is well shown in our figure; sometimes there is also a weak dark central shade. Hindwing with distal margin scarcely crenulate, discocellulars angulated; paler, at least anteriorly; distal area nearly as that of forewing. Dharmsala and W. China. A weakly marked from Kiukiang perhaps indicates a local race. 72. Genus: Pomasia Guen. General characters as in Hupithecia but the abdomen not crested, the coloration in general more gay, the hindwing less regularly rounded (typically somewhat bent at 3° radial), with 2"¢ discocellular somewhat curved inwards, thus with a very slight angle at the origin of the 2" radial, which is central. Palpus with both the 24 and the 3'4 joint long, rather strong, but shortly scaled. An almost exclusively Indo-Australian genus, of which one species has recently been discovered in Japan. P. denticlathrata Warr. (18m). Pale ochreous yellow, traversed by very numerous (on forewing about 15, on hindwing about 9) undulate liver-coloured lines, which are mostly thicker than the interspaces of the ground-colour and are in places connected; the yellow colour is slightly darkened in the distal area. Fringes dark-spotted, the spots opposite the 3" radial and 2"? median somewhat enlarged, Underside more orange- coloured, very weakly marked except at costal edge of forewing, which is fuscous and yellow spotted. Described from the Naga Hills, afterwards taken in the Khasia and more recently by Witeman on Kiushiu: Kagoshima in July, Kiyotaki in September. 73. Genus: Kupithecia Curt. Small or (rarely) middle-sized moth, never large. Face with cone of scales or merely roughened. Palpus moderate to long. Antenna of © simply ciliated. Hindtibia with all spurs. Abdomen with minute dorsal crests. Forewing rather elongate, with areole generally single. Hindwing relatively short, discocellulars not biangulate, not very oblique, 24 radial arising in the centre. o with 8 abdominal segment widened into a tube which encloses the copulatory organs, the sternite and tergite of this segment with characteristic chitinized plates. Egg more or less oval, the sculpturing variable but commonly consisting of a network of irregularly shaped cells; duration of this stage generally short. Larva variable in form, very commonly with a lozenge- shaped dorsal pattern and feeding on flowers. - Pupa usually hibernating in an earthen cocoon. A very extensive genus, distributed almost throughout the world and generally very easy to recognize by its shape and aspect, even apart from the structure. The species with the areole double are regarded by Meyrick as belonging to a separate genus Hucymatoge Hbn., but they do not form a natural assemblage and I have not even separated them off as a subgenus, but have followed the arrangement of Dmrzr, the world- mies } EUPITHECIA, By L. B. Prout. 275 renowned specialist in this group, whose work must be consulted for fuller information than the exigencies of space allow us to give here, especially as regards the biology. Mention should also be made of two excellent monographs dealing with the genus, Draupt’s on the egg (Iris vol. 18, p. 280 -320) and PrTgrsen’s on the genitalia (Iris vol. 20, p. 203—314). E. tenuiata Hbn. (= macellata Fisch.-Ross/., inturbaria Frr., ? singularia Nolck.) (12k). Forewing with tenwiata. apex rather more rounded than in most Hupithecia. Brown-grey, in fresh specimens with a slight greenish tinge; costal area of forewing strongly marked, with large approximated spots; discal dot strong, the space between it and the postmedian usually rather pale. — ab. niveipicta Bastelb. has the ground-colour white instead niveipicla. of grey. — cinerae Gregs., from Scotland, is said to be larger, clearer ash-grey and with the lines weaker, cinerae. but its constancy is questionable. — The egg is laid in cracks in bark of sallow and hibernates. The larva feeds up very rapidly in the catkins. Imago from the end of May to July, common among the food-plant. Distributed in Central and Northern Europe, reported also from Transcaucasia. E. inturbata Hon. (= ? neglectata H.-Sch. subciliata Db/.) (12k). Similar to tenuwiata but with less inturbata. rounded apex, strong yellow brown tinge in the ground-colour, smaller discal dot, more strongly marked hind- wing, but especially by the long ciliation of the o antenna. The egg hibernates; DierzeE says “probably”, but I have myself bred it. The larva feeds on the flowers of maple. Imago in July, local in Central Europe. E. nigritaria Stgr. is said to resemble palustraria (13f) in size and colour but with the structure of intwr- nigritaria. bata. Black with fine, extremely indistinct, dull whitish lines, costal margin of forewing and base of hindwing tinged with whitish, the former with a sharp white dot before the distal margin. Discal dots and interrupted marginal line deeper black. ‘Taurus. E. haworthiata Db/. (= isogrammaria H.-Sch. nec Tr.) (12k) is another small species with rather haworthiata. rounded apex, most certainly recognizable by the conspicuous orange patch on the anterior part of the abdomen dorsally. Wings darker grey than in f¢enwiata, the discal dot wanting or quite indistinct. Larva in the flower- buds of Clematis vitalba, easily detected by the round hole which it makes. The pupa hibernates and often 2 or even 3 winters are passed in this state. The moth flies in June and July. Central and South Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, China and Amurland. E. homogrammata Dzetze. Similar to haworthiata, mostly still smaller. Distinguished by the absence homogram- of the orange dorsal patch; median band of hindwing beneath generally narrower and less angulated, some- 7 times obsolescent. Amur and Ussuri in July. E. subtacincta Hmps. Darker than haworthiata, discal dots present, under surface much more sharply subtacineta. marked, the paler bands being almost white; abdomen without distinct orange dorsal patch. Dharmsala. E. immundata Z. (= argillacearia H.-Sch.) (12k) is a rather broad-winged, very weakly marked species immundata. of a glossy, somewhat argillaceous grey colour; larger than the preceding group; discal dot wanting or scarcely indicated; no pale subterminal line. — Larva in the berries of Actaea spicata. The winter — sometimes also _ arena a second — passed in the pupa. — reikjavikaria Stgr., an almost unicolorous dark form from Iceland, is jj, referred here but nothing, | think, is as yet known regarding its biology. E. plumbeolata Haw. (12k). Differs from haworthiata in its somewhat larger size, slightly straighter plumbeolata. costal margin, lighter colour and absence of the orange patch on abdomen. Rather better marked than ammun- data, greyer, somewhat less glossy, besides being somewhat smaller, with less rounded costa. Larva in flowers of Melampyrum. The pupa hibernates, often twice. Moth in June, distributed in Europe as far as to the Ural and in Asia Minor and said to occur again in Amurland. E. lutosaria Bohatsch recalls plumbeolata (12k) but is yellowish brown instead of grey, the lines white, lutosaria. much more distinct, especially the double outer line of both wings; veins not chequered. Possibly a form of spissilineata (13f). Achalzik, Caucasus. E. cuculliaria Rb/. (= undata Bohatsch, nec Frr.). Ground-colour paler than in plumbeolata, the scaling cuculliaria. thicker and coarser, thus not glossy, forewing somewhat more pointed, lines more dentate, fringes sharply chequered, underside much more distinctly marked than in pluwmbeolata, The unchequered veins distinguish it from the following. S.K. Europe and Konia, Asia Minor. E. spissilineata Metzner (= multilineata Mann) (12 f). Somewhat variable in size and depth of colour, spissilineata. but easily known by the minute darker irroration in the ground-colour and especially by having the numerous rather broad white lines almost entirely broken up into large vein-dots. Turkey, Greece, Asia Minor, ete, pint. constricta. debrun- neata, gigantea, bilunulata. rufescens. linariata. pulchellata. iberica. hebudium. pyreneata, reducta. digitaliaria. laquaearia, istriaca, perfidata. limbata. ‘liguriata. pantellaria. 276 EUPITHECIA. By L. B, Prout. E. pini Retz. (= abietaria Goeze nec Schiff, strobilata Bkh., togata Hbn.) (13k). A large and handsome species, lines sharply expressed and marked with black teeth or dashes on the veins, a very large discal dot and two red-brown bands. Face without well-developed cone of scales, palpus about twice as long as diameter of eye; forewing with areole double. — ab. constricta ab. nov. Median area reduced to a width of only 1—2 mm, the antemedian and postmedian lines connected by black veins. Britain, 1 o’, rather dark, in coll. Brit. Mus. — debrunneata Stgr., from the Ussuri district, is more mixed with blackish, the red-brown tone wanting. — The larva feeds in the green cones of Picea excelsa or of Pinus cembra. The pupa hibernates, often for two winters. The moth flies in June and early July. The name-typical form inhabits Central and Northern Europe. Very similar or identical examples also in Canada. — gigantea Stgr., from the Ussuri district and Japan, is darker grey than in debrunneata, the reddish bands (as in rufescens) strongly developed. E. bilunulata Zett. (= strobilata Hbn. nec Bkh.) (12e). Extremely like a small pind, but the face has a strongly-developed projecting cone, the palpus measures about 3 times the diameter of the eye and the areole is undivided. The larva feeds in the galls of Chermes on Picea excelsa, only very exceptionally in the cones. Imago in May—June. Range similar to that of pint but unknown in Britain and Eastern Asia. E. rufescens Bélr. Near bilunulata, agreeing in structure. Perhaps slightly larger, but narrower- winged. Both wings darkened with fuscous dusting, arranged in close lines, discal dot of forewing small, of hindwing obsolete; reddish bands rather broad, pale subterminal markings obsolescent. Japan. E. linariata £. (12d). Forewing with dark blue-grey or blackish median band, finely white-edged, a bright brown band between this and the basal patch, a second (mixed with blackish between the radials and near the hindmargin) proximally to the subterminal line; basal patch blackish at costal margin only. Larva on seeds of Linaria. The pupa usually hibernates but occasionally the moth emerges the some summer. Usual flight-time June. Widely distributed in Europe; also in Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. E. pulchellata Steph. (12d) is on an average larger, the median band more watered with fine white lines or rows of dots, the blackish markings in the distal area almost wanting or at least reduced. The name- typical form is only known to me from the British Isles, but is said to occur very similarly in Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Holland and N. W. Germany. Numerous local races and aberrations have been named. — ab. iberica Dietze is a very pale aberration from Castile. — hebudium Sheldon is a constant form in the Hebrides with the median band and hindwing somewhat darker, the brown bands much darker and less yellowish, the basal patch more completely dark-filled. — pyreneata Mab. is smaller, generally with narrower median band, on an average less spotted with white, the brown inner band and the pale band which follows the median commonly somewhat widened. Variable, sometimes with rather blurred markings. Distributed across Central Europe from the Pyrenees to the Ural. — ab. reducta Bastelb., has the median band mostly light, the dark colour being almost confined to a small spot round the cell-dot. — digitaliaria Dietze (= intermedia Dietze) (12d) indicates the transitions between pulchellata and pyreneata. — Larva on Digitalis, generally spun up in the flowers, sometimes also in the seed-vessels. The moth flies in June and July. E, laquaearia H.-Sch. (= merinata Gwen.) (13f). Distinct from /inariata in having the ground-colour more uniform grey, somewhat mixed with brown but without the bright bands of dnariata; median area grey- lined, not definitely banded, with the black cell-dot very conspicuous. Very variable. — istriaca Dietze is a smaller form, rather more robust and more uniformly marked. Found chiefly in the Mediterranean region and in the summer generation. — ab. perfidata Mann, from Corsica, lacks the reddish brown distal band, — Larva on flowers and seeds of Euphrasia stricta and alba and Odontites lutea, the summer brood on Hypericum. The pupa hibernates or the moth appears in about 14 days. Widely distributed in Central and Southern Europe, perhaps occurring also in N. Africa. E. limbata Stgr. is said to be very like /aquaearia (13f) but entirely without the brown basal band; the light grey or whitish ground-colour sometimes shows a greenish tinge. N.E. Asia Ninor and Transcaucasia. E. liguriata Mill. (= roederaria Stndf:) (12d). Rather broad-winged, pale cinereous, slightly tinged with brownish, especially in distal area; forewing with rather large, conspicuous, oblong, black discal dot, median band very feebly indicated in greyish, on the costal margin strongly marked with four blackish spots. Palpus rather short. Larva on flowers of Sedum dasyphyllum. Moth at end of May and beginning of June, sitting on rocks and walls. Mountains of Andalusia, Pyrenees and Basses-Alpes; also, unless MiLuicreE really referred to the following species, from Liguria. E. pantellaria Mi//. Structure and general markings of the preceding but rather less broad-winged, more variegated and apparently much more variable, The name-typical form from the volcanic island of EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. 277 Pantellaria was rather sharply black-marked on a clear white ground and does not seem to have been taken elsewhere. — illuminata Joan. is bright brown in the basal and distal areas, well mixed with black and white chequering. Constantine, N. Africa; more or less similar forms occur also in Sicily, Spain, Portugal and Teneriffe. — Larva on Cotyledon umbilicus. The pupa hibernates, often twice. Moth in the latter half of May. — deverrata (Chrét.) Dietze from Gafsa, Tunis, may probably be a distinct species. Slightly more robust, yellowish clay-colour, the transverse markings variable, the fringes not chequered, the underside almost mark- ingsless. CuHriTmEN found the larva in December on Deverra scoparia; the pupa lay over till October. — brunneata Stgr., from Mesopotamia, is probably also a separate species, more delicately built, clay-yellowish, the diseal dot small, the markings variable. E. albidulata Stgr. reminds of oblongata (12 d) or breviculata (12m) in its white ground-colour, while its narrow brownish subbasal band and very indistinct brownish distal band seem to place it rather in the neighbourhood of laquaearia (13f). White, the forewing with large black cell-dot, the markings brown, basal line indistinct, the median area chiefly indicated by two dark costal spots, proximally and distally to the cell-dot; distal brownish band broad, traversed by distinct, dentate white line. Hindwing with small discal dot and postmedian row of small dark dashes on the veins, distal band similar to that of forewing. — Only known from the Caucasus. E. irritaria Stgr. is described as closely similar to irriguata (13e) but distinguished by the underside, on which the cell-mark is very indistinct, the only conspicuous marking being the broad dark distal band, traversed by white subterminal line. Even on the upperside this band is better developed than in irriguata. Turkish Armenia and Transcaucasia. E. irriguata Hbn. (= variegata Haw.) (13 e). Wings long and narrow, white, forewing with rather large black discal dot, blackish subbasal band, thick costal beginnings of the otherwise indistinct lines, and dark distal area traversed by an irregular subterminal line. — eriguata Rbr. Ground-colour less pure white, markings less sharp. Figured from Andalusia, according to Drietzr the prevailing form on the Middle Rhine. — matretanica Dietze is a much blackened race from Algeria, the median area in particular darker. Transitions occur in Tunis and Portugal. — Larva very slender, yellow with blood-red dorsal spots. On the leaves of different species of oak. Pupa strikingly slender; hibernates. Imago in April, sitting on tree-trunks. Local in Central and Southern Europe. E. costimacularia Leech (18k) somewhat recalls irriguata in the markings of the forewing but the resemblance is most probably superficial only. Palpus very long, as in belunulata. Rather larger than irriquata, wings rather less elongate, tinged with very pale brown; forewing with basal patch indicated by a very short line from the costa, median area as in weakly-marked irriguata, the dark markings more brown, subterminal lime interrupted, strongest from 2" median to hindmargin, here rather thick and accompanied proximally by some red-brown shading, which also appears as a costal dot but is otherwise very weak. Hindwing whiter, with small discal dot and strong, thick commencements of brown lines at inner margin. Japan (? Yokohama), only the type 2 known. E. despectaria Led. Wings elongate, clay yellowish, without gloss, the lines very fine, black-brown, median space broad; antemedian‘line curved, postmedian bent outwards near costa, thence finely dentate; costal margin darkened at the origin of the lines; discal mark elongate, conspicuous, followed by some dark scales which give the appearance of a light-centred discal spot. Hindwing paler, with blue-grey antemedian _and postmedian bands, which become obsolete anteriorly. © antennal ciliation short. Altai and Ili district. E. staudingeri Bohatsch is larger and more robust than despectaria, otherwise similarly formed and coloured, but rather darker. It differs in the absence of transverse markings, which are only hinted at on the costa, and by the chequered median vein; discal dots very distinct, not quite so long as in despectaria. Beyrout. E. exiguata Hbn. (= lanceolaria Wood) (12m). Forewing rather long and pointed, yellowish grey, with rather large, somewhat oval black discal dot; the most characteristic markings are the strong black dashes on the radial and median veins where they cross the postmedian band. Larva similar to that of irriguata, darker green, the red dorsal spots somewhat lozenge-shaped. On the leaves of hawthorn, blackthorn, ash, barberry, Rhamnus and numerous other trees, full-fed in September or even into October. In June the moth may be found resting on tree-trunks and palings or taken at night at light. Central and Northern Europe, S. W France and Piedmont. E. exactata Stgr. Light grey or yellow grey, recalling exiguata in the abdomen and the distal area, but entirely without black vein-dashes proximally to the postmedian line; Zaisan. — modesta Dietze is a duller greyish form, in some respects recalling nephelata. Aksu. iluminata. deverrata. brunneata. albidulata irritaria. wriguata, eriguata. maure- tanica. costi- macularia. despectaria. staudingert. exiguata. exactaia. modesta. mesogram- mata. mmsigniata, valerianata. illaborata, palustraria. pseudo- xibellinata. caliginea. undata, puengelert. leptogram- mata. concremala. ’ inconspi- cuata. variostri- gata. 278 EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prov. E. mesogrammata Dietze. “Forewing broad, yellowish grey varied with red-brown, median area bluish grey, not constricted as in exactata, to which it is perhaps related”. Schahkuh, Persia. E. insigniata Hbn. (= consignata Bkh.) (12e). Forewing elongate and pointed; very characteristically marked. Pale whitish grey, the veins finely darkened; the large brown subbasal costal spot or half-band is occasionally continued across the wing; the blackish spot along the middle of costa is confluent with the elongate black discal mark; a further dark brown spot between this and the apex. Larva chiefly on apple but also on stone-fruit, sloe and whitethorn, in May—June, eating the leaves and blossoms. Imago in April and early May, on tree-trunks. Distributed in Central Europe, also recorded from Asia Minor and Kashgar. E. valerianata Hbn. (= viminata Db/.) (12k) is glossy grey, the dark lines very weakly indicated, only at costal margin stronger, discal dots minute or wanting; subterminal line indicated, generally ending in a distinct spot near hinder angle, which helps to distinguish valerianata from plumbeolata. Larva on the flowers and seeds of Valeriana officinalis, Hibernates as pupa. The moth flies in May and June and is distributed in Central Europe, Livonia, Finland, ete. E. illaborata Dietze suggests a dwarfed, pale valerianata but with more elongate wings, affinities un- certain. Light grey with a tinge of clay-colour, median area darkest distally and distal area proximally. Variable, discal dots mostly wanting. Aksu, Chines and Korla. E. palustraria Db/d. (= pygmaeata Hbn. nec Bkh.) (13f). A very small, rather broad-winged species, glossy, dark smoky brown, generally very weakly marked, though a white subterminal dot near the hindmargin of the forewing is present, often very conspicuous, not rarely repeated in the hindwing. — ab. pseudozibellinata Dietze is more copiously sprinkled with light scales. Larva on Cerastium triviale and aquatica. The pupa hibernates, commonly over two winters. The moth is found chiefly in marshy places and flies in the after- noon. Inhabits Central and Northern Europe, also recorded from Spain (Cuenca) and Amurland (Askold). E. caliginea Gélr. (= zibellinata Chr.) has been treated as a variety of the preceding but is — as Dietze points out — a good species with longer, more pointed palpus, the ground-colour almost black, beneath with the whitish lines more strongly marked. Moreover the wings are rather more elongate and the & antennal ciliation as long as the diameter of the shaft (in palustravia much shorter). Japan and the Amur-Ussuri district. E. undata Frr. (= scriptaria H.-Sch.) (12k). Dark ash-grey with numerous waved paler transverse lines, the most distinct of them grouped in 3 or 4 pairs. Discal dot rather small, longer than wide, often wanting; subterminal line fine, dentate, fringes chequered. Variable in colour. The larva feeds on the seed- pods of Silene rupestris. The pupa hibernates, sometimes twice. Best known from the Alps but also recorded from Central Italy and N. Norway, the Sajan district in Siberia and singly from Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. It is found in July, resting on rocks in mountain districts. — puengeleri Dietze is very likely a separate species, though the % genitalia seem to associate it with wndata. Superficially very different, more suggesting a relation- ship with graphata. Rather smaller and rounder-winged than riparia, whitish grey with a strong bluish tone, traversed by about 13 very regularly arranged darker blue-grey waved lines, a light, weakly dentate band distally to the median area. Under surface almost uniform pale slaty grey, quite weakly marked; distal margin scarcely darkened, not sharply light intersected, fringes not distinctly chequered. Gudaur, Caucasus, at the end of June. E. leptogrammata Stgr. Similar to graphata and undata, not so sharply strigulated as in the former, ~ hindwing not so white. A characteristic, though not very conspicuous brown-grey suffusion before and behind the 1st median vein of the forewing, also on the vein-ends; the dentate subterminal line, usually so prominent in the allies, is wanting. Underside shining white-grey, distal margin light grey, in the allies mostly blacker. Zaisan and Issyk-kul. E. concremata Dietze is darker ash-grey, less marked, hindwing whitish with strikingly wide, black, interrupted marginal line. Sinin, Central Asia. E. inconspicuata Bohatsch. Similar to wndata, more slenderly built, lighter coloured, the wings more elongate. Yellowish grey with dirty white bands, generally indistinct, rather more obliquely placed than in scriptaria. Discal dots very small but (as also the dark terminal streaks) more distinct than in scriptaria. Not rare in Asia Minor and Southern Armenia. E. variostrigata A/ph. (13f). Forewing whitish with numerous oblique, not waved blackish lines and here and there in the middle an admixture of brownish which gives to the wing a chequered appearance; discal spot indistinct; subterminal line distinct throughout; fringes weakly chequered. Palpus about twice as EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. 279 long as the diameter of the eye. Antennal ciliation in the o& longer than the diameter of the shaft The name-typical form is distributed from S. Russia and Asia Minor to Transcaspia. — designata Dictze. More designata. earth-coloured, thus less sharply black-and-white-marked. Somewhat resembles cooptata, but differs in the longer antennal cilialion. Caucasus. — constantina 6.-baker (2? = albosparsata Joan.). About midway between constantina. typical variostrigatu and artemiscata; more brownish than the former, more strongly marked with black and white than the latter, at least from the discal dot obliquely to the hindmargin. Algeria. Joawnnis’s type of albosparsata was from Palestine. — artemisiata Const. is a small, strongly brownish form with the black and artemisiata. white markings mostly broken up into dots and streaks. 5. France. — The larva of the form artemisiata has been found in the late autumn feeding on flowers and seeds of Artemisia maritima f. gallica (occasionally on Camphorosoma and even Solidago). Imago in September. E. santolinata Mab. (13f). Similar to m7//efoliata (12h) but with all the markings much sharper, especially santolinata. the boundaries of the median area. Discal dot of forewing large, obliqne angled markings running from this to the hindmargin, much as in sobrimata; median vein at its end and the base of the branches which spring from it blackened. Larva in late autumn on Santolina chamaecyparissus. Moth in May-June. Only known from S$. France (between Carcassonne and Narbonne) and Spain (Cuenca). E. bastelbergeri Dietze. A small species, characterized by the elongate terminal segment of the abdomen. ee Violet-grey, the posterior part of the forewimg more or less strongly mixed with ferruginous brown. Diseal dot small, black, light-edged. Forewing with 3 oblique light lines, angled near the costa, otherwise nearly straight; 1 or 2 much finer lines proximally to the postmedian; thorax, base of wing and subcostal vein mixed with white scales, perhaps indicating a relationship with bohatschi and rubellata; subterminal line sharply dentate. Hindwing rather dark grey with dentate lines. Underside much less sharply marked, without the characteristic light lines. The o& antenna appears weakly dentale. Syr-daria, Turkestan. E. silenata Assmann (12h). Light brown-grey, so strongly dusted with blackish fuscous as almost to silenata. obscure the ground-colour except in the bands which bound the median area, some interrupted lines or spots in the basal and median areas, however, remaining pale; cell-dot large, black, appearmg somewhat raised; subterminal line distinct. Hindwing not quite so dark. Palpus long, about 2'/, times the diameter of the eye. — pseudolariciata Stgr., from the Austrian Alps, has the dark dusting reduced, the principal lines more pseudo- 2 : : : ; - lariciata. conspicuous. — Larva in the spun-up calyces of Silene inflata. The pupa hibernates. The moth appears in f June. Local in the Alps, Silesia and Galicia. E. carpophagata Rbr. Light grey, somewhat bluish tinged and with scattered blackish scales. Forewing carpo- with 4 strong dark costal spots; median area marked by not very conspicuous parallel waved antemedian and Phagala. postmedian dark lines; cell-dot weak, almost lost in a median line. Under surface whitish, weakly marked. Antennal ciliation nearly as long as diameter of shaft. Larva on the flowers and seeds of Silene saxifraga. The pupa hibernates. carpophagata flies in late June and July and rests on rocks. The name-typical form is only known from Andalusia and Central Italy. — cassandrata Mil/. (13f), from the 5. French Alps, is larger, cassandrata. the ground-colour more reddish, the bands which limit the median area lighter, all the dark markings broader and more distinct, especially the postmedian line (band) of the hindwing. — teriolensis Dietze, from the Dolomite terzolensis. region of the S. Tyrol and Carniola, is likewise suffused with reddish but appears rounder-winged, less coarsely marked, the hindwing without very distinct dark band. E. yenosata Ff. (= insignata Hdbn.) (12e). Variable in size and colour but nearly always easily venosata. recognizable by the network of fine, sharply black markings. In the name-type, which is also by far the commonest form, the ground-colour is pale delicate grey, sometimes with a tinge of dove-colour or of reddish. — fumosae Gregson (= nubilata Bohatsch, grisea Dietze) is a dark smoke-coloured race from the Shetland fwmosae. Islands. — In ab. bandanae (!) Gregson the white bands remain conspicuous on the smoky ground. Among bandanae. fumosae. — ochracae Gregson (= orcadensis Prout) also has the ground-colour darkened, but ochreous or ochracae. clay-yellowish, not smoky; markings normal or sometimes weakened as in fwmosae. Orkney Islands. — The larva lives spun up in the flowers of Silene, especially Silene inflata. The pupa hibernates, often passing two winters in this stage. venosata flies in June and is widely distributed in Europe, Transbaikal, ete. E. schiefereri Bohatsch (= caeruleata Favre) (12m). Extremely near to venosata but separable by the schieferer?. genitalia, the o& antenna also, according to Dmrzr, showing slightly longer ciliation. Ground-colour on an average a shade darker, slightly more tinged with violet; perhaps on an average the median line of the fore- wing in schiefereri is somewhat less sharply expressed and more often passes distally to the cell-mark (in venosata proximally, or crossing it) and the hindwing of schiefereri may be on an average somewhat more strongly marked. — Larva on Silene nemoralis and Saponaria ocimoides. The moth appears in May or early June, thus on an average earlier than venosata. Local, Southern and 5. Central Europe to Asia Minor. demetata. stigmaticata. hilariata. silenicolala. gelinaria. carpophi- lata. alliaria. notata. lerrenata. ponderata. tribunaria. egenaria. 280 EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. E. demetata Chr. (= ? draudti Dietze) (13f). This and the following are little-known and doubtful forms. demetata is more brownish than typical venosata, approaching the form ochracae in colour; the 4 principal lines, according to the figure, are placed nearly as in venosata, but with the antemedian straighter and rather nearer to the subbasal, the postmedian also less irregular in its course; the accompanying fine line is very weak and the white bands scarcely indicated; veins not blackened Kopet-dagh, near Askhabad. E. stigmaticata Chr. (13f{) which was discovered together with demetata, is very similar but of lighter reddish-yellow colour, with the median line wanting, except as a costal mark, and with a very strong, linear cell-mark. Transcaspia and Ili district. E. hilariata Dietze differs appreciably from venosata in the genitalia and in the antenna of the o, which has longer ciliation — exceeding somewhat the diameter of the shaft. Paler than schiefereri, with a more earth-coloured tone, the approximation or fusion of the black lines in the median area, which only occurs as an aberration in schiefereri, is here normal; fringes chequered; discal spot black, very large. Underside light, with scattered dark scales, the markings of the upper surface indicated. Juldus Mountains, Ili district. E. silenicolata Mab. (12m) is best distinguished from the 3 preceding by its longer, sharper palpus, which is more than twice as long as the diameter of the eye; antennal ciliation in the o about as long as the diameter of the shaft. Ground-colour uniform smoky grey with violet reflections, the markings similar to - those of venosata but the spaces between the parallel lines not lighter, the median line accompanied distally by one or two finer parallel lines, while in venosata it is simple. Larva on Silene nemoralis; in Corsica on S. paradoxa. Flight-time May. Vallais, Central Italy, Styria and Corsica, probably also Bosnia and Bulgaria. E. gelinaria D. Luc. is perhaps a form of the following. It seems scarcely to differ except in having the anterior (distally directed) curve of the postmedian deeper and a slight angle in the same line on the 2"4 median, thus somewhat approaching silenicolata. Nefta, S. Tunis. E. carpophilata Stgr. (13f) differs from si/enicolata especially in the form of the postmedian line, which is curved somewhat in an S-shape, not dentate, and entirely lacks the sharp angle inwards on the 2°¢ median vein as well as the black streaks on the veins. In Sraupincer’s latest Catalogue it is suggested that it may be a variety of the following species. Aragon and the Ussuri district. E. alliaria Stgr. (12e). Brownish grey with extremely fine black lines of varying distinctness, commonly with the subbasal, antemedian (twice dentate outwards) and postmedian (strongly curved in anterior part, without deep indentation posteriorly) distinct, the rest faint; cell-dot distinct; pale subterminal line present, thickened near anal angle. — notata Dietze has the discal dot larger and blacker, the antemedian and postmedian lines very strong; ground-colour perhaps less greyish brown. Spain and 8. France. — Larva on Allium, end of August to beginning of October, spun up among the flower-heads. The moths flies at the end of June and in July. The name-typical form inhabits Lower Austria, Hungary and Asia Minor. E. terrenata Dietze is said to be related to the venosata and alliaria groups, but the genitalia are comparable with those of virgaureata. Rather long-winged, uniform earth-grey, discal spot of forewing large, black, antemedian and median lines double, the latter touching the cell-spot; several postmedian lines, the proximal one strongest. Has been confused with ¢tribunaria, but differs in colour, ete. Variable. Near Askhabad. E. ponderata Dietze. Smaller than terrenata, less elongate, cell-spot much smaller, the double median line not sharp, a distinct subterminal present, fringes distinctly chequered, palpus somewhat stronger. Narrower and less brown than alliaria; stronger whitish abdominal crests distinguish it from both. Ordubad. E. tribunaria H.-Sch. (13g). Bluish grey with 3 double white bands, the middle one the strongest, passing just distally to the cell, here rather strongly excurved, and only separated from the postmedian by a line; the subbasal well removed from the middle one; no discal spot; distal area broadly grey, entirely, or almost entirely, without a subterminal line. Caucasus to N. Persia. E. egenaria H.-Sch. (= undosata Dietze) (13g). Perhaps related to tribunaria but of a much less bluish grey (slightly tinged with brownish) and with distinct discal spots. The median area of the forewing is bounded by pairs of dark lines, the first of the distal pair particularly strong, somewhat thickened at the costal margin; two faint, sinuous median lines run from the inner margin to the discal spot; the pale subterminal line is distinctly indicated. The life history is not certainly known; it has been bred from larvae collected with those of tripunctaria and virgaureata, probably from an Umbellifer, but has also been reported as from the blossom of lime. Very local, 8. France to S. E. Russia, also Livonia, Publ. 22. VI, 1914. EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. 281 E. recens Dietze. Strongly built, brownish earth-grey, median area of forewing bounded distally by 2 parallel lines which bend strongly inwards; the proximal of them, which is the stronger, touches the large, elongate cell-spot at the origin of the 1st median vein. Fringe very distinctly chequered. Scheme of markings of egenaria, recalling also inmnotata. Koko-Nor and Sidemi. — creta Dietze is more uniform, duskier, perhaps more pointed-winged, the pair of postmedian lines equally strong, with sharper angles anteriorly (first basewards, then outwards). Issyk-kul; ? Kuldja. Probably a distinct species. E. extraversaria H.-Sch. (= libanotidata Gwen.) (12e). Not unlike a/iaria, but with still larger, oblong, deep black discal mark, the lines remaining extremely fine, only the principal ones present, the antemedian without the two angles, the postmedian rather abruptly bent distally to the cell, both these lines and the sub- basal somewhat more conspicuous at the costal margin. Differs from distinctaria in having no light transverse lines. Larva on various Umbelliferae: Peucedanum, Libanotis, Pimpinella, etc. Imago at the end of June and in July; S. France to Russia and perhaps Transcaucasia. E. centaureata Schi7f; (= oblongata Thnbg., boloniensis Geoff) (12d). Easily recognized by the white or whitish ground-colour, deep black discal lunule dark grey midcostal patch and light brown band proximally to the subterminal line. — ab. obscura Dietze. Ground-colour of both wings with a smoky suffusion. Perhaps developed chiefly in Asia but also recorded from the Tyrol. — In ab. centralisata Stgr., chiefly from Palestine and Central Asia, the markings are weaker, sometimes (except the discal mark) almost entirely obsolete. Often smaller. — Larva polyphagous on flowers, especially Umbelliferae and Compositae. The pupa usually hibernates, but sometimes produces the moth in a partial second generation. centawreata is found throughout the summer. Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor, Central Asia, common and generally distributed. E. subpulchrata A/ph. is described as having the shape and habitus of centawreata, the colour and pattern of pulchellata. Forewing pale fleshy brownish, slightly more tinged with greenish distally, the basal and median bands bluish slate-colour, the latter with a slender band of the ground-colour in its middle. Hindwing greyish, darker in its basal part. Probably related to gueneata. Ili, Ferghana and Transcaspia. E. conviva Dietze has shorter palpus, is rather larger, narrower-winged, median band with less sharp pale line, its boundaries less sharply angled, etc. With the preceding. E. accurata Stgr. Forewing longer and narrower than in subpulchrata, light grey with the dark median band oblique, the distal area mostly brownish, with light subterminal line, the fringes chequered. Namangan, N. Ferghana. — inclinata Dietze is darker, browner, markings more oblique, ete. Askhabad. E. scalptata Chr. (13g) is similar to certain forms of gweneata, but distinguished by the white lines which bound and traverse the black-grey median area and especially by a broad white streak along the median vein which cuts the light-brown ground-colour and the median band. Shape intermediate between the two preceding. Transcaucasia and Transcaspia. — gluptata Dietze is larger, broader-winged, the ground-colour more brownish (in scalptata almost silver-grey), the transverse lines somewhat less oblique and less straight. Alexander Mountains and Askhabad. Recalls subpulchrata. E. saisanaria Sfgr. Seems to be again similar, the longitudinal streak and the other veins in part brown-yellow, not white. Zaisan and N. Persia. E. syriacata Stgr. (= semicaesia Warr.). Similar to guenata, but different, more or less, in all stages. Ground-colour less reddish, more leather-colour; median band blacker, rarely pale-bordered; proximal half of fringe less distinctly spotted; hindwing more unicolorous. Larva on Pimpinella cretica, May-June. The moth flies _in the spring and is only known from Jerusalem and Beirut. According to StaupincER also the southern Taurus. E. gueneata Mill. (12d). Bright red-brown with dark blue-grey, pale-margined median band, which contains a triangular patch of the ground-colour between the 3 radial and 2" median vein, reaching as far as the postmedian line. Larva on the umbels of Pimpinella saxifraga, full-fed in September. The pupae of gueneata, syriacata and gratiosata are, according to Drerzr, very remarkable in having no movable segments. At times two or three winters are passed in this stage. The moth appears in July and has a restricted range. — $8. France, 5. Tyrol, Italy, Carniola and Hungary. — busambraria Ragusa, from Sicily, is a pale, almost albinotie form, possibly due to disease. — separata Sigr. (= pseudoseparata Dietze), from Asia Minor, is a little larger, more ochreous than red-brown, but not so pale as busambraria. IV 36 recens. crela. extra- versaria. centaureata. obscura. centralisal a. subpuleh- rata. conviva. accurata. inclinata. sealplata. gluptata. saisanaria. syriacata. gueneata. busam- braria. separata. gratiosata. lavata. pallida. breviculata. extremata. ster txt. thalictrata. actaeata. bergunensis. selinata. addictaria. tenebricosa. trisignaria. latipennata. 282 EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Provr. E. gratiosata H.-Sch. (= subseparata Chr.) (12d). Median band similarly formed to that of gueneata but more traversed by white lines; ground-colour always glossy white. Very variable; in the typical form well marked. — lavata Fuchs from Sicily is somewhat larger and less sharply marked, but the differences do not seem important. — pallida Dvetze, from Orenburg, perhaps only an individual aberration, is much lighter still, with the abdomen entirely white. — Larva on the seed-umbels of Ferulago galbanifera. Distributed on the Mediterranean littoral, and from the Balkan through Asia Minor to Central Asia. May—June. E. breviculata Donz. (18g). Easily known by the pure white ground-colour, brown basal patch reaching nearly to the black discal dot and brown apical half of the distal area of the forewing. Larva on flowers and seeds of Ptychotis heterophilla, an Umbellifer. The pupa hibernates, sometimes twice. S. Europe, France, N. Africa, Syria, Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. E. extremata F. (= glaucomictata Mann) (13g) resembles breviculata but is somewhat narrower-winged, less pure-white, the markings less bright brown, the basal area more variegated, sharply dark-edged distally, the postmedian line represented by dark vein-dots (dashes), without the grey double line or band of breviculata, the distal patch on costal margin more restricted, not reaching the distal margin, more blue-grey than brown. Hindwing more strongly marked. Larva unknown; said to live on Clematis (MasituE). Local in Central and South Europe, Asia Minor, Syria and Transcaucasia. E. stertzi Rb/. Affinities uncertain; recalls Gymnoscelis, but hindtibia 4-spurred. Wings rather elongate, whitish with a tinge of ochreous; forewing slightly more reddish costally and distally, basal patch dark fuscous, small, but almost united by dark shading with a narrow fuscous band, which arises before middle of costal margin and forms a strong curve or angle distally at the submedian fold; some blotches in the distal half of the wing, but leaving a clear area between the 3 radial and 2"! median; fringe strongly spotted. Hindwing with curved transverse lines, strongest on veins and inner margin, a small dark inner-marginal patch close to base. Antenna in o with slender fascicles of long cilia. Teneriffe: Orutava and Guimar in March. E. thalictrata Piing. (13g). Dark grey-brown, the forewing with indistinct pale markings somewhat recalling those of pumbeolata or valerianata; from the costal margin to the subcostal and more or less on the veins these pale lines are generally rather more distinct, in particular the double line distally to the median area; subterminal line obsolete. Larva on the flowers and fruit of Thalictrum foetidum. The pupa hibernates, the moth emerging in May and June. Only known from Valais. E. actaeata Walderdorff (12f). A rather large, rather broad-winged species. The large discal mark and dark costal spots remind of trisignaria, but the postmedian is placed nearer to the cell-spot; a conspicuous whitish spot near the hinder angle of the forewing. — bergunensis Dietze is an essentially larger, more distinctly marked form from the Alps and the far north. — Larva on Actaea spicata, also, in the Alps, on Thalictrum aquilegifolium. The pupa usually hibernates, but sometimes produces a partial 2"4 brood in September. The principal emergence is in July. Switzerland to East Prussia, also in Finland and again in Transbaikal, Amur- land and the Ussuri district. Probably also in Japan (Drerze). E. selinata H.-Sch. (13g) is near trisignaria but may be distinguished by its broader median area, generally less thickened costal spots, weaker subterminal line, obsolete discal dot on the hindwing and according to Dmrze longer ciliation on the basal part of the o antenna. Larva on the flowers and seeds of Umbelliferae, especially Angelica, Peucedanum and Heracleum. Moth in May, with a partial 2"4 brood in July, distributed in Central Europe from the Pyrenees to the Ural. — addictaria Dietze, perhaps a separate species, is smaller, more ash-grey, less greasy-looking, discal spot of forewing smaller aud rounder, the costal darkening of the lines slighter; forewing traversed, at uneven distances, by slender darker lines, of which about 12 can be counted on the costa; between them there are some scattered withish-grey scales, especially distally to the median area, where they tend to form a double line. Hindwing almost unicolorous. Ussuri. — tenebricosa Dietze is an aberration (?) with a dark sinuous (S-shaped) band on the middle of the hindwing. Radde, Amur (1); Ural (1). E. trisignaria H.-Sch. (12g). Moderately variable, though always obscurely marked. On the differentiation from actaeata and selinata | have already spoken above; the palpus is somewhat shorter than that of selinata. Sometimes the only distinct markings are the three dark spots (2 costal and the cell-spot) from which the species receives its name. Larva on various Umbelliferae, especially Heracleum, Pastinaca and Angelica. Moth May—July, distributed in Central Europe. E. latipennata nom. nov. (= latipennis Warr. nec Hulst) is a rather large species, characterized by its rounded costa, pointed apex and strongly oblique distal margin. Palpus long. Forewing fuscous, somewhat — | EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout, 283 mixed with ochreous, especially in the region of the veins and at the costal end of an inconspicuous double pale median band, which runs across the end of the cell to the middle of the hindmargin; other lines also inconspicuous, in places whitish, the subterminal a little more distinct, fine, whitish, dentate; cell-spot black, moderately elongate, terminal strokes thick, black; principal veins black, dotted with white where the lines cross them. Hindwing with apex prominent, though rounded; cell-spot and terminal marks as on forewing; costal one-third and cell rather light, the rest darker, lines chiefly indicated as white dots on the veins. Madeira: Rabagal; only a 2 known. E. helveticaria sd. (12g). Very variable, sometimes very similar to the equally (or still more) variable satyrata, best distinguished by the presence of a dark dorsal belt near the base of the abdomen. In general also with more elongate forewing, more brownish tone, larger cell-spot (oftener repeated, though much smaller and weaker, on the hindwing), somewhat stronger lines bounding the median area, the postmedian less angularly bent than in the strongest-marked form of satyrata (curzont), more indistinct (sometimes obsolete) subterminal line, rather more strongly spotted fringes, etc. I am doubtful whether the insect which passes in Britain as helveticaria (= f. anglicata) is the same as that of continental authors. Crew was convinced that we have two species in Britain, but unfortunately I do not possess the one which he called arceuthata. As name-type Dietze accepts a rather narrow-winged form from high altitudes in Valais, with the ground-colour about as chocolate with milk. Its larva is said to feed exclusively on Juniperus communis var. nana, but ANDEREGG recorded it from J. sabina -— a further ground for uncertainty! The moth flies in June and July. In captivity partially double-brooded. — anglicata Mil/., from Scotland, is another brownish form, rather smaller and broader, more reddish brown. The larva seems, according to Crewe’s description, to be similar, but less blackish, the head purple, sometimes almost black, the anal extremity of dorsal line purplish, subdorsal and lateral perhaps less interrupted. Full-fed in September. — intricata Zett. (= septentrionalis Dietze). Mostly smaller and more slightly built, often lighter in colour (more ash-grey), the discal dot smaller. From the most northerly localities (Finland, ete.). Seems to me a form of the following. — arceuthata Frr. (12g). On an average rather broader-winged than helveticaria, the colour more grey, or violet-grey (less brown), the alternately dark and light spotted veins (which are characteristic of this species and satyrata) showing up more distinctly. Larva bright green, the pale subdorsal and broad yellowish white lateral lines uninterrupted. Grows very slowly, full-fed in late October or November. Widely distributed in Central Europe. — robusta Dietze is a powerfully built form which perhaps does not belong to this species. Markings similar but at the same time somewhat recalling suboxydata. Ground-colour with a strong admixture of brown, sprinkled with black and silver-grey. Radde, Amurland. helveticaria. anglicata. intricata. arceuthata. robusta. E. scopariata Rbr. (= scoparia Bsd., tenebrosaria H.-Sch.) (12h). Longer-winged than the preceding, scopariata. with narrow hindwing. Antenna in o with rather longer ciliation (at least '/, as long as diameter of shaft). Median vein commonly conspicuously black except where crossed by the pale lines. Discal dot small, not elongate, often wanting. Abdomen with 1st segment, mediodorsal line and the incisions pale, otherwise more or less darkened dorsally. Described from Corsica; I accept the name as referring to the brownish form which occurs in Spain and Italy. — multiflorata Mil/., from Cannes, Nice, Istria, etc., is more purplish, more sharply majtiflorata. marked with white and fuscous. — guinardiaria Bsd. (= graslinaria Stgr.) denotes the larger, paler, more gyinardia- reddish-brown or ochreous-tinged forms which occur in Western to South-western France. — matertera Dietze ria. is also large, but more sepia-coloured, weakly marked. Castile. — farinosa Dietze is a somewhat differently- aie: marked aberration, or possibly distinct species, nearest guinardiaria, equally large but pale violet-grey, with a mealy appearance. Described from a single 9 Cuenca. — orientata Stgr., from Transcaucasia and perhaps orientata. Transcaspia, may possibly be also a separate species. Said to be grey, almost entirely without brownish, weakly marked and without the whitish lines. — Larva on Erica arborea and E. scoparia; feeds throughout the winter, fullgrown February—March. Moth in April—May. Masite reports a second brood and Dr. Cuapman found it flying in abundance at the beginning of July at Canales, N. Spain. E. rusicadaria Dietze. Broader-winged and essentially darker and less sharply marked than scopariata, rusicadaria. presenting a very distinctive, dusky appearance; subterminal line of forewing sometimes forming a light spot near the hind angle, discal dot small but distinct; fringes beneath mostly more distinctly chequered than in scopariata. The genitalia also show some difference. Philippeville, Algeria, at street lamps in May. The larva accepted Hrica in captivity but was not bred through. E. veratraria H.-Sch. (12g). Very similar to satyrata but considerably larger, of a slightly different veratraria. tone of colour (inclining to violet-grey), the discal dot stronger than is usual in satyrata, more often repeated on the hindwing, the principal lines generally extending into black spots at the costal margin of the forewing, the whitish subterminal spot near the posterior angle somewhat stronger. — eynensata Gras/. (= magnata eynensata. Mill.) is in general larger, paler and more weakly marked. Recorded from the Pyrenees and Transsylvania. mwvisd. fenestrata. sub- fenestrata. cerussarun, cauchiata. klosi. robertata. aggregata. fuscicostata. pernotata. satyrata. strand. 284 EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prour. — The larva lives spun-up among the seed-heads of Veratrum, on which it feeds. The pupa hibernates in a tough cocoon and sometimes passes 2 and even 8 winters in this state. The moth is found in July among the food-plant, in the mountains up to 2000 m, distributed in suitable places throughout Central Europe, also recorded from the Ussuri district. E. invisa Bt/r., founded on a single worn o, would probably, if fresh, have about the colour of veratraria, possibly more that of a greyish absinthiata. It should be recognizable by its exceptionally broad median area, the pale outer band on both wings being placed unusually near the distal margin; this band is anteriorly not very strongly curved (though more so than in subnotata), is bordered proximally by blackish dots (not dashes) on the veins and traversed in the middle by equally distinct vein-dots; cell-spot as in veratraria; lines obsolescent; subterminal scarcely discernible; fringe very weakly spotted. Palpus a little over twice as long as diameter of eye; antenna rather slender, the ciliation minute; abdomen rather long and slender, with ferruginous subbasal belt. Japan: Hakodate. E. fenestrata Mi//. (13h). Easily known by its very large size and white ground-colour, the transverse brownish lines best expressed on the costal margin of the forewing, sometimes also rather conspicuous on the veins. Palpus shorter than usual, face not very prominent. Variable. — Larva similar to that of veratraria but with more or less strongly developed yellow belts. Foodplant and habits the same. Imago in July. Extremely local: Alps of Southern France, Apezzo district, Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia and Herzegovina; a more © strongly marked variety, cretaceata Pack. is widely distributed in North America. — subfenestrata Ségr., from Achalzik, Transcaucasia, is perhaps another subspecies but its biology and anatomy have not been investigated. Slightly smaller, cleaner, more bluish white, weakly marked, underside of forewing less dark, whitish banded. E. cerussaria Led. (13g) is also a quite unmistakable species, much smaller than the preceding, the fine, very faint yellowish lines strongly dark-dotted on the veins, Palpus rather short. Areole very long and narrow but undivided. Asia Minor, Syria and Algeria. E. cauchiata Dup. (12g). Rather larger than satyrata, yet not generally so large as veratraria; ground- colour rather whiter or somewhat tinged with yellowish; the 5 dark lines of the median area more uniform in their expression, the 2°4 to 5th parallel and equidistant; all are darkened where they cross the veins (as in both the species named) and somewhat darkened (at times thickened) costally; distal area somewhat darkened, the whitish postmedian band consequently rather well contrasted. — ab. klosi Dietze has the median area more or less strongly darkened. — Larva on golden rod (Solidago virga-aurea), rarely on species of Aster. Distributed in Central Europe and extending eastward to St. Petersburg. — robertata kougemont has not yet been satisfactorily made known, being only described as “almost looking like a Larentia” (Cidaria); but figured (uncoloured) in Iris vol. 16, pl. 4, fig. 17. Apparently rather dark, the hindwing to some extent reproducing the design of the forewing. Believed by De Roucemonr to be a distinct species. Bienne (Jura), one example, taken at light. E. aggregata Gen. Rather narrower winged than cauchiata. Testaceous yellowish, the lines exceed- ingly fine, vermiculated and so massed that definite bands can hardly be made out; only the subterminal well developed, fulgurated, straighter towards the hinder angle. Cell-mark extremely slender, white-surrounded. According to Sraupincer variable. The type was from the Altai. Also recorded from the Ussuri district. — juscicostata Chr. (= fuscostigma Alph.) (13h) is more whitish, though still with a tinge of yellow, the distal and costal margins of the forewing darker, the lines at the latter margin more strongly expressed. Occurs with the name-typical form, also at St. Petersburg, in Transcaucasia and in W. Central China. E. pernotata Gwen. (13h) has much in common with cauchiata and satyrata but is a quite distinct species. Mostly rather smaller than the former, more strongly marked, the costal and distal area of the forewing more tinged with rust-colour than the rest of the wing, discal dot usually distinct, though not very strong. Median area not sharply defined, the lines in the adjacent areas being about equally strong; white subterminal line generally well developed. Larva on the leaves of Artemisia absynthium. The moth appears in the first half of June and flies in the late afternoon or by day. Very local in Switzerland (Zermatt, etc.), not known elsewhere. E. satyrata Hbn. (= grammaria Bsd., fuscata Wrnbg. nec F.) (12h). Extremely variable, medium-sized to small, the wings of normal breadth or rather narrow; colour ash-grey or somewhat brownish grey, the alternate darker and lighter lines not very strong in most of the forms, the alternate black and white spotting of the veins generally very constant. Discal dot nearly always quite small but rarely wanting on the forewing; fringe very weakly spotted. Abdomen not dark-belted. Hisyer’s figure (the name-type) is not very satisfactory, but is moderately broad-winged, moderately strongly marked, rather too dark but probably intended to represent the commonest, ample-winged European form. — ab. strandi Fuchs is apparently a rather large, pale, whitish-dusted eT oaare ha ee EUPITHECIA, By L. B. Prout. 285 form, differing from callunaria in being more strongly marked, the principal lines darkened on the costa. N. Norway: Vefsen. — ab. nigrofasciaria Dietze has the median area broadly darkened. Germany. — transversa Dietze, Median area only in part darkened, leaving pale transverse bands. Bavaria. — bistrigata Dietze. Only the boundary-lines of the median area dark. Baden. — ab. caeca Dietze lacks the discal dot. — fagicolaria (Crewe) Robs. and Gardn, is a browner form, approaching the colour of helveticaria, and prevails in the South of England. — callunaria Dd/d. is a narrower-winged cinereous form, whith pale lines, It inhabits heaths in the North of England and in Scotland and probably Finland and Iceland. — curzoni Gregson is still narrower winged but is very sharply marked, especially the thick antemedian and postmedian lines (the latter more angulated than in the other forms), sometimes also a dark line proximally to the subterminal. Very variable. Shetland Islands. — subatrata Stgr. is a nearly unicolorous dark form, occurring in most localities among the type, but prevailing in several Asiatic localities (Ferghana, the Alai Mountains, Ili district, etc.) — limbopunctata Dietze is a subform of subatrata with a prominent series of isolated light spots representing the subterminal. Berlin district, Wiirttemberg, ete. — concolor Dietze is another subform of swbatrata, unicolorous violet-grey with the discal dot obsolete. Juldus Mountains, [li district. — rivosulata Dietze (= serenata Stgr.) is somewhat larger, lighter (dirty white with the lines grey, rather strongly marked), the whitish postmedian band clearer and broader. Known from the Altai and Tibet. — Larva polyphagous on flowers in July and August. The pupa hibernates. Very widely distributed in Northern and Central Europe and Central Asia, flying in May—June, in the far North in July. In Southern Europe more local, confined to the mountains. Doubtfully recorded from Amutrland. E. tripunctaria H.-Sch. (= albipunctata Haw, nec Hufn.) (12f). Forewing dark grey with black cell- spot, the lines not very sharply defined, but the postmedian marked with black dashes on the veins; the sub- terminal characteristic, yellowish white, broken into dots, in part obsolete, a conspicuous spot near hind angle always present, usually also a moderately conspicuous one behind 3% radial. Hindwing paler proximally and costally; a distinct white spot in the darkened part near the hind angle. — ab. angelicata Barrett (= anglicata Gmpbg.) is uniform smoky black, quite markingless except for the deeper black cell-spot. N. England: York- shire, ete. Larva on the flowers and seeds of Umbelliferae, chiefly Angelica and Heracleum, in September, a summer brood (less often noticed) on the flowers and leaves of elder (Sambucus nigra). The moths from the hibernated pupae appear in May. Throughout Central Europe, Livonia, the Balkans, etc.; also Transcaucasia, Transbaikal, Amurland and probably North America. E. absinthiata C7. (= minutata Schiff) (12). This species and the three which follow bear a tolerably close resemblance. absinthiata is rather light, glossy red-brown or purplish-brown, with moderate elongate wings, discal mark of forewing rather large, very black, costal margin of forewing in basal and median areas black-spotted, especially at the beginnings of the antemedian and postmedian lines, which otherwise are almost obsolete or quite weak, indicated chiefly by dots on the veins; subterminal line generally broken into small white dots or mostly obsolete, but always showing a pale posterior spot; fringe not appreciably spotted. Hindwing greyer, weakly marked. — ab. obscura Dietze is much darker, the forewing described as sepia- coloured. Kassimov, Central Russia. — The larva is polyphagous on Compositae, perhaps especially Senecio and Solidago; also on scabious and even on some Labiatae. The pupa hibernates; the moth does not appear until July and even August. Common and distributed in Northern and Central Europe, Russia, Altai and N. Tibet. — lunata Dietze is probably a distinct species. Almost unicolorous brownish, both wings above and beneath with large dark discal lunule, other markings scarcely perceptible; fringes strongly developed; & antenna with longer ciliation, palpus perhaps somewhat longer. Juldus Mountains, Ili district. E. mandschurica Stgr. Forewing somewhat narrower than in absinthiata, dirty ash-grey without a tinge of brown. Described as a form of absinthiata, afterwards considered to be possibly a form of actaeata. Bureja Mountains, Central Amur. E. goossensiata Mab. (= minutata Ddld., nec Schiff:, ? callunae Spr.) (12f). Smaller than absinthiata, slightly narrower-winged, rather greyer or less reddish, discal dot on an average smaller, median area some- times appreciably greyer than the rest of the wing. Larva on Erica and Calluna. Moth in June-July, frequenting heaths. Local in Western Central Europe, also recorded from Finland and Russia. — knautiata Gregson is perhaps of a deeper, more reddish brown colour, differing little from dark absinthiata, though more the shape of goossensiata. Barrett refers it to absinthiata, but Mr. Burrows assures me that the genitalia disprove this. Larva on Scabiosa. Only recorded from Lancashire. E. expallidata Db/d. (12e). On an average larger than absinthiata; paler, more tinged with delicate violet-grey; discal mark still larger, generally also conspicuous (often fairly large) on the pale hindwing; costal spots of forewing also larger, deeper black; subterminal line often obsolete, when well developed usually accompanied by dark grey shading proximally. Larva rather more elongate than that of absinthiata; on nigrofas- Curia. transversa, bistrigala. caeca. Sagicolaria. callunaria. curxont, subatrata. limbopunc- tata. concolor. rivosulata. tripunc- tarta. angelicata. absinthiata. obscura. lunata. mandschu- rica. goossen- stata. knautiata. expallidata. assimilata. grisescens. vulgata. atropicta. moutiwm. niphonaria. fulvipennis. carearia. signigera. lepsaria. * yacuala. denotata. 286 EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. Solidago virga-aurea, feeding very late in the autumn. The pupa hibernates, sometimes twice. Moth in August. England to Switzerland and Austria. E. assimilata Db/d. (12f). Similar to absinthiata, but easily distinguished by its somewhat broader forewing, deeper colour, larger discal mark, more strongly developed subterminal spots, especially the posterior one, darker hindwing, with white dot or spot near anal angle, and especially by the spotted fringes. — grisescens Dietze, from Central Russia and Central Asia, is smaller and much more mixed with grey. — Larva on hop and black currant. Imago in May—June and again in August. The name-typical form inhabits Central Europe and Italy. E. vulgata Haw. (= austerata Hbn.) (12f). An inconspicuous species, in its typical form with the ground-colour similar to that of absinthiata, but much more distinctly traversed in the median area of the forewing and on the hindwing by fine waved grey lines; in well-marked specimens (as in HawortH’s type) the median area shows 3 or 4 fine whitish lines between the dark ones. English specimens (except the melanotic forms) seem to be in general rather brighter reddish-brown than the continental. If they are racially separable, Hiipner’s name will be applicable to the latter. — atropicta Dietze (= vulgata Dietze nec Haw.) represents the strongly darkened (in extreme specimens almost black) form which is very common in London and has in England been erroneously known as subfuscata Haw. (see under castigata). — montium Dietze, from the Swiss Alps and the Tyrol, is grey without admixture of brownish. Scotch specimens also resemble this ~ form. — Larva polyphagous, often eating withered leaves. Moth in May—June, distributed in Europe and Central Asia. E. niphonaria Leech (13g). Superficially extremely like a rather dark, reddish, weakly-lined goossensiata but distinguished at once by the long palpus, which measures almost 3 times the diameter of the eye. Wings rather narrower, the forewing with more strongly dentate subterminal line, the hindwing more darkened at the inner margin. Underside rather more sharply marked. Japan. E. fulvipennis Bé/. (13h) resembles a diminutive absinthiata but the ground-colour is somewhat lighter, brighter fulvous-brown, the costal area of the forewing more strongly dusted with grey, the median area more strongly marked with grey lines or shading, the subterminal line little enlarged towards the hinder angle. Dharmsala, ete. E. carearia Leech (13h). Shape of niphonaria, or the forewing somewhat more elongate still; slightly larger; colour of fulvipennis; median area slightly darkened, so as to form an extremely indistinct, narrow central band, only from the costa to the cell-spot darker and slightly broader; cell-spot rather larger, nearly round; costa basally slightly dark-shaded; subterminal line obsolete, indicated only by a few whitish scales here and there and a very indistinct spot near posterior angle, and by some very slight dark shading proximally to it. Hindwing scarcely lighter, with dark shading at inner margin proximally to the middle. Underside weakly marked. Palpus normal. Antennal ciliation quite short. Japan. E. signigera Btlr. (13h). Darker than carearia, somewhat less fulvous, more strongly marked; discal spot of forewing more elongate, basal area, as well as median, marked with darker lines, apical part of costal margin also darkened, containing the distinct commencement of subterminal line, which is traceable in distinct whitish spots across the wing, all dark-shaded proximally, especially the posterior one. Hindwing with rather strong dark markings in basal and inner-marginal part and slightly in distal area. Discal dot distinct on both wings beneath. Palpus and frontal tuft long. Japan: Yokohama and Gifu. E. lepsaria Styr. Unknown to me. Said to resemble superficially swbfulvata Haw., but narrower-winged and much darker. Dark black-grey without distinct discal dot or transverse lines, a dull brown longitudinal shade in and close behind the posterior half of the cell, not reaching the hindmargin, sometimes only weakly indicated and almost confined to the median vein; the veins distally also more or less of this colour. Lepsa, Ala Tau. E. vacuata Dietze is described as near lepsaria but larger, lighter, broader-winged, almost entirely markingless, brownish; fringes not chequered; antennal ciliation shorter and denser. Issyk-kul and Togus- Torau (Ferghana). E. denotata Hbn. (= campanulata H.-Sch.) (12f). Glossy brown, in general less reddish than absinthiata; discal dot rather large but more roundish than elongate; lines very weak, even on the costal margin rarely much accentuated, the postmedian often rather better marked, especially on the veins, followed distally by a slightly pale band (double line); subterminal line discernible but rather weak, not really white, only a little widened near the hinder angle. Hindwing paler, rather well marked, especially beneath, where the postmedian EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Provr. 287 is rectangularly bent at the 3'4 radial. Variable in size and colour. — ab. solidaginis Fuchs is clear dark solidaginis. slate-erey without a tinge of brown. Said to have been bred from Solidago. — atraria H.-Sch. (= ? primulata atraria. Mill., ferreata Fuchs) is a dark (greyish or blackish) mountain form, generally of larger size, rather strongly marked, Larva on Phyteuma, — jasioneata Crewe is very similar to atraria but in general smaller and even jaséoneala. darker and stronger-marked, possibly with slightly narrower wings. Larva on Jasione in the west of England and in Ireland. Possibly a separate species. —- livida Dietze is again similar to atraria, but of a more leaden Jivida. colour and more weakly marked. Juldus Mountains. Similar but smaller examples in other localities in Central Asia. — difficilis Dietze, Small, dark earth-grey, all the markings except the light subterminal almost difficilis. entirely obsolete; discal spot small. The antennal cilia of the ~ are longer at the base of the shaft; therefore probably a separate species. Northern Alai, etc, at 3400 m elevation, in August. — Larva rather compact, skin with slight granulation; setae strong; grey-brown with wedge-shaped dark dorsal markings. On Campa- nula, especially C. trachelium, concealed in the seed-capsules or seed-heads, on which they feed. Moth in June or July. Distributed in Europe and Western Asia, reaching as far as N. Tibet. E. castigata Hbn. (= subfuscata Haw., compressata Guen.) (12g). Pale grey with a slight tinge of castigata. yellowish, pretty regularly traversed by dark grey waved lines. Superficially somewhat similar to jasioneata but less long-winged, postmedian line of hindwing less near the discal dot, etc. Also to dariciata, but rather less sharply marked, lines rather less angulated, discal dot in general less large, thorax without posterior dorsal white spot, antennal ciliation in the © shorter. — ab. obscurissima ab. nov. is a perfectly uniformly black obseurissi- melanotic form, like ¢ripunctaria ab. angelicata, only the discal mark more intensely black. I have bred it from ””” Lancashire, from nettle, and it is known from other British localities. — Larva polyphagous on trees, flowers, ete. The moth is very common in May—June, sometimes even in July. Widely distributed in the Palearctic Region and probably in North America. — ussuriensis Dietze is much smaller and is treated by Drerze as a wussuriensis. local race of castigata hut as Petersen has found a slight difference in the genitalia (bursa-case in large part quite free from spines, etc.), ii may probably be a separate species. Ussuri and Amurland, perhaps also Japan. E. biornata Chr. Wings elongate, forewing light grey with the base and a longitudinal stripe in the Diornata. middle of the wing pale yellowish (just the colouring of Cucullia biornata), anteriorly straight edged; transverse lines indicated; a fine black discal dot; apical region with scattered black scales. Hindwing white-grey, the inner margin with the beginnings of numerous dark lines. Distal margin of both wings blackish. Sarepta. Also (perhaps a local race) in the Ili district. The larva is suspected of feeding on Artemisia. E. kuldschaensis Stgr. (— biornata Alph., nec Chr.). Very near the preceding, wings less elongate, kuldscha- palpus shorter. The ground-colour of the forewing is very light grey, the yellowish tinge only weak, the ©5/5. median vein and its branches and also the submedian marked with blackish dots. Kuldja. E. aequata Sigr. (= ? diffisata Dietze). Very like kuldschaensis, rather darker and purer grey, with aequata. scarcely any tinge of yellow and without the sharply defined grey costal area of the two preceding species. Ferghana. E. ochroyittata Chr. (13h). Forewing elongate and rather acute, coloration somewhat as in biornata. ochrovittata. CHRISTOPH compares it with denticulata. Costal and posterior areas cinereous, the latter broadly, a stripe between, finally directed towards the apex, ochreous. Numerous oblique, nearly parallel whitish lines cross the wing. Hindwing whitish yellow, tinged with grey, broadly grey distally, weakly marked except towards the inner margin. Transcaucasia. E. bohatschi Stgr. Smaller, broader and rounder-winged than succenturiata and icterata and distin- bohatschi. guished at once by the arrangement of the colours, the white occupying nearly one-half the forewing proximally (oblique, most extended anteriorly), a dark brown colour distally. S. E. Siberia. E. barteli Dietze is said to resemble a diminutive icterata with the cinnamon-brown colour confined barteli. to a triangular patch at the forking of the median vein. Antennal ciliation in & not quite as long as diameter of shaft. Uralsk. E. lucigera Bé/r. (13h) is a very distinct species. Rather narrower winged than suecenturiata, with a lucigera. still larger, raised discal spot or tuft of scales, distal area darker, almost obliterating the subterminal line, posterior half of forewing and whole hindwing strongly darkened. Dharmsala. E. sophia Btir. (180). Ground-colour white, showing chiefly near the base and in the cell of forewing sophia. and on the hindwing. Costal margin of forewing mostly brownish, distal area and posterior part of median area more rust-coloured, but of a peculiar pale shade. Japan. — sinicaria Leech is larger, perhaps rather sinicaria. longer winged, the veins much more strongly dark-dotted, hindwing more strongly marked. W. China: Che-tou. icterata. subfulvata. oxydata. dietxei. cognata. succen- turiata. disparata. exalbidata. tar fata. denticulata. lacteolata. impurala. nephelata. litho- graphata. poecilata, 288 EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. E. icterata Vil/. (= intermedia Dief/ze) (12h). Dr Vitters, who first described the species usually called subfulvata Haw., indicates the most brightly-marked form which is yet known from the south of France, for he definitely mentions the “broad yellow fascia”. This form is widely distributed in Central Europe. — subfulvata Haw. (12h), from England and Hamburg, has a large, very clear ferruginous area, not perceptibly crossed by greyer lines; margins of forewing and nearly the entire hindwing generally dark. — oxydata T’r. (121) is a more marbled form, the fulvous part consequently less sharply defined though still conspicuous. Widely distributed; in the Middle Rhine district the only known form. — ab. dietzei nom. nov. (121) has the thorax and basal part of the costal area of the forewing whitish, otherwise about as oxydata. Dietze calls this form cognata Steph, but this is inaccurate. — cognata Steph. (= ? ligusticata Donz., ferruginata Dup.) (121) is marbled with whitish, blackish and ferruginous, without any distinct clear, area of the latter colour unless about the median nervules; in extreme cases scarcely any fulvous shade is discernible (excelsa Dietze, a “super- fluous name”). — Larva on Achillea millefolium; in some districts on tansy; rarely on Artemisia. Feeds later in the autumn than the following species. Moth in July—August, distributed in Central and Northern Europe. ? Central Asia. E. succenturiata L. (12h) is very closely related to the preceding, yet biologically and anatomically distinet. It differs in having the ground-colour and a great part of the thorax pure white. In Linné’s type the central part of the forewing is pretty clear white. — ab. disparata Hon. (12i) is a form with rust- coloured posterior suffusion. — exalbidata Stgr. (12h) shows the opposite extreme, the dark markings even at the costal and distal margins (and on the hindwing) being much reduced. In Turkestan, Ferghana, the Ili district, etc., it is the prevailing form, but it is not rare as an aberration in Europe. — Larva in August— September, or into October, chiefly on the leaves of Artemisia vulgaris, or sometimes on the flowers and seeds. Imago in June—July. Distributed in Northern and Central Europe and extending eastward through Central Asia to the Alexander Mountains. E. tarfata D. Luc. is described as a variety of succenturiata; this can scarcely be correct, but I cannot at present identify it. Wings more rounded, lines less distinct than in oxydata, which it is said to resemble. Brownish grey, white marked; not reddish. According to the figure, the postmedian line is further from the cell-spot, less broken near the costa and the subterminal forms an inward angle or bend in the submedian area, Tarf, near Calle, N. E. Algeria. E. denticulata Tr. (121i). Not quite so broad-winged as succenturiata, the white ground-colour of the forewing strongly tinged with yellowish, discal dot smaller, dark margin narrower, subapical pale streak broader. Larva on the flowers and seeds of Campanula rotundifolia. Pupa hibernates. Imago in July in rocky places. Valais, Germany, Hungary and Asia Minor. E. lacteolata Dietze possibly belongs near denticulata. Large, pure white, costal margin of forewing dusted with umber scales, dark vein-dots indicating the postmedian, scattered dark scales distally, otherwise very weakly marked. Slightly more elongate than denticulata. Kasikoparan, Transcaucasia. E. impurata Hbn. (= modicata Hdn., proluaria Frr.) (121). Ground-colour white, but strongly dusted with bluish grey and with a slight (occasionally strong) admixture of rusty yellowish, especially on the veins; discal dot of moderate size; transverse markings more strongly expressed than in denticulata and succenturiata ; costal and distal areas not specially darkened. Hindwing well marked, beneath with the light postmedian band much broadened. Larva on the flowers and seeds of Campanula rotundifolia or occasionally on other allied plants. The pupa hibernates. Imago in July, on rocks. Pyrenees, Alps and Taurus, also said to occur in Belgium. E. nephelata Stgr. differs from zmpurata in being brownish grey, generally darker and more strongly marked than semigraphata; the apical part of the costal region is conspicuously darkened. Hindwing with 6 darker lines in the narrow inner-marginal part, the 2 distal ones continued as dark dentate lines more or less across the wing. Underside much lighter than in the 2 species named, weakly marked. Uliassutai district and Korla. E. lithographata Chr. (18h) from Ordubad (Armenia), is described as having the wings elongate, whitish, ochreous-mixed, with black discal dots and some interrupted geminate, denticulate fuscous-cinereous lines, usually more or less indistinct. Related to graphata but a little narrower-winged. According to STAUDINGER very near the following but distinct. Bonarscu says it is more reddish tinged. E. poecilata Piing. Related to semigraphata but quite differently coloured, being light yellow-reddish, the markings sharper but less connected than in the allied species, giving it a more variegated, chequered appearance. Corsica and Sardinia. Publ, 22. VI. 1914. EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. 289 E. unitaria H7/.-Sch, (13h). Similar to impurata but easily distinguished by the shorter, blunt palpus, which only projects about half a length beyond the eye; antennal shaft in co apparently somewhat thicker, less distinctly dark ringed, ciliation somewhat longer. Discal dot mostly smaller and less distinct. Underside lighter, weakly marked. 5. Spain and N. Africa. — desertorum Diefze, from Tunis and South Oran, is somewhat smaller and more yellowish-tinged. — Larva on Diplotaxis pendulum. The pupa hibernates. The moth appears in the early spring in Tunis, later in S. Spain. — orana Dietze may possibly belong here, but all the markings are blackened, only the inner half of the distal area of the forewing and a band on the the hindwing light. Oran, only a single 2 known. E. amplexata Chr. (131) is said to be probably near to subumbrata but with the bands red-brown and differently arranged, wanting the dark angled band which in subwmbrata touches the cell-spot; distal margin spotted, in swbhwmbrata unicolorous. Amur and Ussuri. E. orphnata Bohatsch was earlier believed to be a form of swbumbrata, but Dierze has detected a difference in the o genitalia. Brownish grey, not white, the cell-spot often larger than in swbuwmbrata; abdomen and subcostal and median veins of forewing with an admixture of rust-colour. Forewing sometimes more elongate. Underside variable, mostly more strongly darkened than in swbwmbrata, in particular with the cell- spots commonly larger. o antenna more distinctly ringed with black. Larva on the flowers and seeds on various Umbelliferae, etc. The pupa hibernates. The moth flies in June. S. Europe from the Pyrenees to Hungary; Ferghana. E. subumbrata Schiff. (= scabiosata Bkh., piperata Steph., majoraria Lah., obrutaria H.-Sch.) (12). Rather long-winged, whitish, forewing with numerous parallel grey lines, commonly less distinct in the middle of the wing; discal dot small; distal area of both wings usually somewhat darkened; the principal veins sometimes rust-yellowish. Areole double. Antennal ciliation in o not quite as long as diameter of shaft. — ab. aequi- strigata Stgr. Drmtze sinks this to the preceding, but it is diagnosed as being equally strongly fuscous-lined throughout and I have examples agreeing with this diagnosis. —— limbofasciata Dietze is a chiefly Asiatic form, less sharply marked in the pale part of the wings. — Larva extremely slender and elongate. On various Compositae, Umbelliferae, etc., eating the flowers. The pupa hibernates. The moth flies from the end of May to July, and is widely distributed in Europe and Central Asia. E. semigraphata 2rd. (= nepetata Mab.) (121) agrees with swbwmbrata in having the areole double, but in appearance closely resembles impurata. Mostly smaller, perhaps somewhat broader-winged, generally rather darker and less sharply marked, the discal dot often smaller, the hindwing with postmedian line rather further from the discal dot, rather more angulated in the middle, on the under surface generally rather sharply expressed, the light band which follows it less broad. Very variable. — ab. valida Dietze (= ochroradiata Preissecker). Darker, violet-grey with copious admixture of rust-yellow, especially on the veins. Appears to be the principal form in S. Germany and the higher altitudes in the Tyrol. — ab. arida Dietze shows the opposite extreme, perhaps due to heat; quite small, mostly whitish. — canariensis Dietze. Similar to valida, build more robust, the black markings, especially the cell-spot, strongly developed. Canary Islands. — Larva on various species of Calamintha, on thyme, ete. The pupa hibernates, emerging in July-August. Distributed in warm, rocky places in Central and S. Europe and W. Asia, as far as to Armenia. E. millefoliata Ross?. (= achilleata Mab.) (12h). Shows some superficial resemblance to icterata cognata but is rather narrower-winged, paler, without rust-coloured admixture, the subterminal line (when developed) less strongly dentate, etc. Antennal ciliation less short. Areole double. — maeoticaria Bohatsch was founded on captured, not bred, specimens and will perhaps prove untenable. Whitish grey instead of brownish grey, the markings therefore appearing more distinct. Recorded from S. E. Russia, Transcaucasia and the Taurus. — Larva among the flower- and seed-heads of Achillea millefolium. The moth flies in June and July and inhabits Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. E. brevifasciaria Leech (131i) is very distinct, and will perhaps prove to be a Horisme. Hindwing larger than in normal Hupithecia, sharply marked, the dentate line distally to the light band very noticcable; median band of forewing darkened in costal half. W. China: Chow-pin-sa. E. subnotata Hbn. (= simpliciata Haw.) (12g) also belongs to the group with divided areole, but this — as already remarked — does not seem a natural one. The coloration is not striking, but swbnotata is at once distinguished by having the postmedian line not angled, nor even noticeable curved, near the costal margin. Discal not generally small, mixed with brown scales, subterminal line strongly dentate behind the middle of the wing, then forming a strong curve, but not or scarcely thickened. — collustrata Dietze, from IV 37 Wuluria, desertorum. Oran, amplexata. orphnata. subumbrala. aequi- strigata. limbo- fasciata. semi- graphata. valida. arida. canariensis. nullefoliata. maeoticaria. brevi- fasciaria. subnotata. collustrata. 290 EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. Issyk-kul, etc., is essentially paler, but is founded on captured specimens. — Larva on flowers and seeds of Atriplex and Chenopodium. Imago at the end of June and in July; the name-typical form distributed in Europe and Asia Minor. druentiata. E. druentiata Dietze. Another doubtfully-placed species with double areole. I have no material, but according to its author it shows a remote resemblance to millefoliata; more coarsely scaled, the coloration still more irregularly composed of dark and light elements “as if sprinkled with pepper and salt”. Discal spot larger and deeper black, fringes more strongly chequered. Veins in the distal part of the median area marked with dark streaks. Underside similar to that of arceuthata, but more strongly dusted with whitish and blackish. Body robust; abdomen with brownish belt dorsally. Larva on flowers and seeds of Artemisia camphorata. Moth in May—June, only known from Southern France and Istria. marginata. E. marginata Stgr. is probably related to subnotata, agreeing in build, ground-colour, in the scarcely indicated discal dot, light, scarcely marked hindwing, weakly marked underside, ete. But it shows, like icterata, a sharply differentiated, rather broad grey costal stripe on the forewing. A silky gloss is manifest on the wings. Lebanon, Taurus, Transcaucasia and the Ili district. bella. E. bella Stgr. is said to differ from all the other species in the clear light chestnut brown ground-~ colour of the forewing. Costal margin with dark and white strigulation, two whitish spots distally to the cell-spot, the first indicating the beginnings of two whitish lines, the second large, separated from the first by a quadrate blackish spot; a black, white-bordered spot near anal angle; the usual transverse lines indicated. Ussuri: Sutschan district. subtilata. E. subtiliata Chr. appears to be similar to the preceding but perhaps longer winged, the ochreous lines still weaker, only two in the middle darker, right-angled anteriorly, enclosing a small indistinct discal dot. N. Persia and Transcaucasia. suboxydata. E. suboxydata Styr. (13i) represents a variable species, or group of species, of which the life-history is not yet known. Nearly of the size of subfulvata, wings narrower, especially the forewing, less sharply marked. The lines of the forewing, so far as recognizable, seem less waved or dentate, 3 blackish lines stand close together near the base, the subterminal is rudimentary, not dentate, but broken up into dots or short streaks. Hindwing dark grey. Possibly, according to Dmrze, related to druentiata. The name-typical form, minorata. from the Amur and Ussuri district, is grey. — minorata Dietze is smaller, likewise grey but more sharply subbrunne- marked; median area darkened, conspicuously light-bounded distally. Ili district. — subbrunneata Dictze, from ata. Amurland, is a large, strongly brown-tinted form, sometimes almost without markings, excepting the black amita. cell-spot. Possibly a separate species. — amita Dietze is a brownish-grey form from Koko-Nor, but as it seems pallida, to differ appreciably in the o genitalia it will probably have to be raised to specific rank. — pallida Dietze, cinnamo- from Aksu, seems to be a somewhat paler desert-form of amita and is perhaps not worth naming. — cinna- meata. momeata Dietze may also be a form of amita. Smaller, duskier; more sharply marked with brown. From patruelis. Kast Turkestan and the Ili district. — patruelis Dietze is a doubtful form, reminding superficially of wulgata, from which it is at once distinguishable by the shorter palpus and more strongly chequered fringe. moecha. Korla. — moecha Dietze is probably, according to the appearance of the genitalia, another distinct species of the swboxydata group. Dimerze was at first inclined to refer it provisionally as a form of the sharply white- marked bella Stgr. but it is superficially more like absinthiata on account of its uniformly brown colour. Sarepta and Uralsk. I have no personal knowledge of the species of this group. sinuosaria. E. sinuosaria Hv. (12m) is a striking species and very easy to distinguish among the European forms, its closest allies (or representatives) being Asiatic. Only to Janceata does it bear even a general resemblance and from this it differs so considerably in its less elongate wings, darker, richer and more varied coloration, ete., that a detailed comparison is unnecessary. Areole double. The range extends from Kénigsberg (Prussia) palleseens. through Eastern Europe to Central Asia. — pallescens Dietze is pale clay-coloured, even the brown and blackish parts of the type only becoming dark clay, the discal spot alone remaining blackish. It seems also rather shorter-winged; yet it is connected with the name-type through the following form. padlescens is known from modesta. Aksu and Yarkand. — modesta Dietze, from the Alai Mountains (Ferghana) is intermediate in coloration between obliquaria. sinuosaria and pallescens. — obliquaria Leech is probably nothing more than a large, sharply marked form of sinuosaria; the blackish blotch between the radials, extending from the subterminal line almost to the post- median, and thick black marks on the veins distally, between this blotch and the termen, are very conspicuous. Ta-chien-lu, W. China. In one of the two examples the dividing-vein of the areole is obsolete. — Larva on the flowers of Atriplex and Chenopodium. The pupa hibernates, producing the moth about June. EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. 291 E. rubellata Dietze. Very distinct. Coloration and markings much as in suwbnotata, rather more mixed with white, especially the body, the forewing at base and the hindwing; sometimes more reddish. Shape and structure more as in sinwosaria, but the areole undivided; palpus rather short. Discal dot almost or altogether obsolete. Central Asia: Korla; Sinin; Aksu. — scotaeata Dietze is a more blackish form from the Ili district. — deserticola Dietze is a more clay-coloured form from Allyn Tag. E. distinctaria H.-Sch. (= constrictata Guen., albifronsata Gras/., heydenaria Stgr.) (12e). A small species, of unusually clear grey colouring, without admixture of brownish. Discal spot very conspicuous, elongate; lines very fine, mostly indistinct, the basal, antemedian and postmedian widened to triangular or oblong black spots on the costal margin; all, moreover, are rather distinctly marked on the veins, especially on the median. — sextiata Mill. is a lighter grey or whitish, rather strongly marked southern form, best known from Southern France.— Larva on Thymus serpyllum and T. vulgaris, eating the flowers and seeds. Moth ordinarily in June and July. Very local but widely distributed in Europe, especially in the South; also in Asia Minor, Syria and Transcaspia. It rests by day on rocks or stones. E. amasina Bohatsch. Rather larger than distinctaria, forewing broader yet more pointed, antenna similar, palpus longer, more as in stlenicolata. Markings faint, arranged much as in the last-named. Hindwing almost markingless, discal dot minute and inconspicuous. Amasia. E. laterata Dietze. Rather larger and more elongate than distinctaria, distinguished at once by having a dusting of seal-red scales; markings somewhat weaker. Schahkuh, Central Asia. E. subtilis Dietze may be compared with distinctaria, but is smaller and lighter, with much narrower and more pointed wings, discal mark narrower, antennal ciliation much shorter. The genitalia show much in common with centawreata. Schahkuh, Persia. E. gemellata H,-Sch. (12m) is a small species, the body very robust in proportion to the wings; yellowish grey, the discal spot distinct, not very large, inclining to a triangular form; lines (about 10 in number) sharply expressed, rather angularly waved, the angle in the postmedian line sharp; veins more or less rust-coloured. Under surface strongly marked. — ab. schmidii Dietze (= bistrigata Dietze) has only the antemedian and post- median lines well expressed, though these are at times thickened into bands (bistrigata). — ab. nigrofasciaria Dietze has the entire median area darkened. — Larva on the flowers and seeds of Tunica saxifraga, in two generations. Pupae from autumn larvae hibernate. Flies in May and again in August, in rocky districts in South Europe and Asia Minor, — mystica Dietze is a much larger, sharply marked form (or perhaps allied species) from Akbes, Syria. E. relictata Dietze is said to be near gemellata, wings more pointed; dusty grey, the markings more extended, less sharp. Tekke and Alexander Mountains, Central Asia. E. cooptata Dietze is also compared with gemellata; larger, wings not so broad and short, the postmedian lime mostly interrupted between the 3™radial and 2"4 median; a black streak on the median before its bifur- cation. Very variable. Digne. E. ogilviata Warr. Small and very narrow-winged, the cell of the forewing rather long. The only known specimen is in very bad condition. Coppery fuscous, the markings almost lost, but evidently at best only weak and not numerous; forewing with a discal dot indicated and a thick, dark postmedian line, somewhat angulated about the 1*tradial; distally to this line the wing is somewhat paler. Antennal ciliation in o not so long as diameter of shaft. Azores: Central Fayal. E. graphata Tr. (= corticulata Frr., ? italicata Guen.) (12k). Not unlike denticulata or semigraphata in colouring, perhaps on an average with more brownish or yellowish admixture; slightly narrower-winged, more strongly marked, the pattern more completely broken up into numerous lines; discal dot small; postmedian lie rather near the discal dot, on forewing less sharply broken near costa, on hindwing less bent in the middle; subterminal line irregular, thickening near costa and in middle; terminal line of dashes sharply expressed; fringe distinctly chequered. Underside well marked. — ab. brunnea Aigner is described as grey-brown with the median area darker. — Larva not certainly known. The moth is found throughout a great part of the summer. Unlike most Hupithecia, it rests with the wings slightly raised, as if prepared for flight. Typical graphata is only known from Austro-Hungary, perhaps including Bosnia. — setaceata Dietze. This and the following forms are provisionally treated by Dietze as subspecies of graphata, but their exact status is still uncertain. In setaceata the egg, according to Draupt, shows much larger pitting and other differences which indicate a species. The wing-markings appear more dusted than in graphata an the colour inclines more to rubellata. scotaeata, deserticola. distinctaria. sextiata. amasina. laterata. subtilis. gemellata. schmidii. nigro- fasciaria. mystica. relictata. cooplata. ogilviata. graphata. brunnea. setaceata. sproengertst. mayer. riparia. albofasciata. indigata. turfosata. scortillata. pimpinel- lata. ~ altaicata. cinerascens. lantoscata. elongata. assimilis. limbo- signata. cohorlicula. ’ subsequaria. euphrasiata. 292 EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. bluish than to brownish, in S. France producing intergrades to drypisaria. Larva on Alsine setacea. Basses- Alpes, Valais and probably Aargau. Most likely a less glossy form of mayeri. — sproengertsi Dietze (= ? italicata Dietze olim, ? Guen.) somewhat intermediate in appearance between graphata and setaceata, slightly larger than the latter, broadly lighter in the inner part of the distal-marginal area. Bred specimens (from Alsine), however, seem scarcely distinguishable from sefaceata, with which also the larva agrees. Central Italy. GuEnsE’s type of italicata was smaller and is referred by Sraupincer as a dwarfed satyrata. -- mayeri Mann, is similar to setaceata but. more brownish grey, differmg from graphata in the less sharp markings, the veins less yellowish. The series before me shows a more glossy, less white, less sharply marked insect, discal dot small, fringes very weakly spotted, abdomen dark-belted. It used to occur near Vienna in August, but the locality has been destroyed. The larva was found on Alsine austriaca and altogether resembled that of selaceatu. — riparia H.-Sch. (= ? drypisaria Dietze, drupisaria Petersen). Bluish-tinted when fresh; much whiter and still more weakly marked than mayert (with which PiineeLer, in litt, has united il), thus presenting a very different aspect from typical graphata, Fiume, Croatia, May—June; ? Majella, Central Italy. — albofasciata Sigr. is possibly only a worn example of one of the forms of graphata. Said to be characterized especially by a broad white dentate distal band, between which and the distal margin stands on the forewing a further sharp white line. Its connection with graphata did not strike SraupmGeR and so he gives no comparative description. Amasia. E. indigata Hbn. (12d). Easily known by its very elongate brownish-grey or somewhat darker violet- grey forewing, somewhat paler hindwing and nearly obsolete markings excepting the large, elongate black diseal spot of the forewing. — turfiosata Draudt, from East Prussia and Livonia, the larvae on the blossom- of Pinus silvestris var. turfosa, is somewhat more stoutly built, darker, with the markings more numerous and more distinct. Examples from Paisley (Scotland) rather approach this form except in their build. — Larva on Pinus sylvestris. Moth in May, sitting on the trunks or branches of pine. Widely distributed in Europe; probably also in Transcaucasia and perhaps other W. Asiatic localities. E. scortillata Dietze. Rather small, elongate, yellowish, o& more leather-colour, 2 whiter; forewing with strikingly strong, elongate deep black discal spot and 2 large, less dark costal spots. By thinking of a cross between indigata and irriguata, only with larger, longer cell-spot, one may get an idea of this species. Togus- torau and Zerafshan, Central Asia. E. pimpinellata Hon. (= denotata Guen. nec Hbn.) (12e). A rather large species. Forewing somewhat - elongate, at least in the o°; hindwing not narrowed. In its typical form easy to recognize by the delicate mixture of red-brown and grey in the forewing, large discal spot and the series of black costal spots at the beginnings of the lines, from base to postmedian. The lines themselves are chiefly expressed as dots on the veins. — altaicata Gwen. is a more greyish, white-mixed form, the distal area somewhat darker than the rest. Coloured more like euphrasiata. Altai. — cinerascens T'gstr., from Finland, is according to STAUDINGER transitional towards altaicata, — lantoscata Mill. is likewise intermediate. Grey like cinerascens, but more strongly marked, with larger discal spot. Except in colour, not differentiable from the name-typical pimpi- nellata. Digne, Zermatt, S. Tyrol. — elongata Dietze, from Central Italy, is narrower-winged, ash-grey, the principal lines sharply expressed, less broken up into dots. — assimilis Dietze is described as more elungate than the typical form, earth-grey, 2 only slightly more brownish, with less and weaker markings, the discal spot smaller. Ili district. — limbosignata Dietze is brown with the light subterminal line of both wings very sharply expressed. Kuldja. — Larva on Pimpinella or occasionally on other Umbelliferae, September— October. The moth appears in July and early August. The name-typical form is widely distributed in Northern and Central Europe. E. cohorticula Dietze is described as light earth-grey, with the darker, sepia-coloured, slightly waved markings less regular than in swbsequaria, from which it further differs in its larger size and longer wings. Discal dot weak or wanting; median area weakly defined by darker lines proximally and distally, the transverse lines of the forewing continued on the exposed inner-marginal part of the hindwing; subterminal line extended, in the inner angle slightly broadened. Under surface pale, still less distinctly marked. Fringes weakly chequered. Abdomen belted with sepia-grey. Cilia of o’ antenna somewhat shorter than diameter of shaft. Karagai-tau, Issyk-kul. E. subsequaria H.-Sch. (131). Systematic position somewhat doubtful. Moderately large, light ash- grey, the veins of the forewing clay-yellow, submedian and 2™4 median least so, 2"4 and 3 radials and 1° median as far as the base; the markings very uniform throughout, consisting of the usual alternations of dark and light lines, sharply marked, the postmedian much less angulated than in scabiosata; discal spot wanting. Amasia. E. euphrasiata H.-Sch. (= constrictata Mill. nec Guen.) (12e) has nearly the same delicate ash-grey ground-colour as some forms of pimpinellata, the reddish brown admixture less strong than in the name- EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. 293 typical form but stronger than in distinctaria, which it slightly recalls. On an average smaller than pimpi- nellata, somewhat longer-winged, cell-spot rather smaller, subterminal scarcely widened, but forming an angle inwards on the fold. Median area rather narrow. — vellicata Mietze, from Urumtschi (E. Turkestan) lacks the black costal spots of the forewing. — Larva on Odontites lutea. The pupa hibernates. The moth flies in August—September in warm sandy or stony places where the food-plant grows. Distributed in Southern and Central Europe. E. assectata Dietze. Moderately large, sepia-grey, irrorated, with numerous parallel lines, no discal spot. Very distinct, though the shape and marking recall the following group. Variable, sometimes with darkened median area, Antennal ciliation in o nearly as long as diameter of shaft. Samarkand, Issyk-kul, etc. E, extensaria /'rr. (= prolongata Zel/.) (13g). A rather large, long-winged species, the 2 with much more robust body and smaller wings than the Oo. Characterized by its alternations of white ground-colour and brown-grey bands, parallel with one another and with the distal margin. o antennal ciliation moderate, not so long as the diameter of the shaft. Very variable, the name-type not very sharply marked, described from Kasan and again by Zetter from Livonia. This form occurs chiefly in Eastern Europe, but also (more or less mixed with sydyi or Jdeucw) in some parts of Western and Central Asia. — sydyi Ségr., from the Ili district, the Altai, etc. is more silver-grey, more sharply marked. — occidua nom. nov. (= prolongata Dietze nec Zell.) (130) from England (Norfolk and Yorkshire coasts) is still more sharply marked, the brown bands often darker, nearly always marked with interrupted black lines, or dots or dashes on the veins. — leuca Dietze, from the Ili and Ussuri districts, is yellowish white with the bands only quite weakly marked. — Larva on flowers and seeds of Artemisia marilima, wonderfully protected when coiled up among these. The pupa hibernates. Imago in May—June. E. rebeli Bohatsch is said to be near extensaria, palpus still shorter, forewing more pointed, whitish tinged with brown, costal margin broadly brownish grey, numerous slender brown lines, a white band before the distal margin, sending a branch into the apex, hindwing light brown-grey, with a dentate double while band. Zerafshan, Ferghana, Issyk-kul and Ili. E. furcata Stgr. Shape nearly as in extensaria, smaller, darker; grey, the white markings indistinct except a white subterminal band which broadens anteriorly and is forked before reaching the costa, the more slender branch running into the apex, the broader into the hindmargin near it. Central and N. K. Asia Minor. E. aegyptiaca Dietze is a small and rather narrow-winged form from Cairo which has not yet been adequately made known. “Perhaps related to furcata” but without the characteristic forked pale band of that species. E. hyperboreata Stgr. Near nanata, but differing in the o genitalia. Ground-colour more uniform violet-brown, the whitish bands and apical streak of the forewing reduced, the lines which bound the median area on the other hand often sharply expressed, perhaps not quite so acutely angulated as in nanata. Hind- wing quite weakly marked. — ab. transversa Dietze is more extreme in the dissolution of the fine dark and light lines, but a light band remains between the median band and distal area. — Larva on Ledum palustre. Moth in June—July. N. to N. E. Europe and reaching southward to Berlin. E. nanata Hon. (12k). Somewhat recalls extensaria in colouring but is much smaller, generally less sharply marked, the markings rather less oblique, the subterminal much less straight, discal dots present. vellicata. assectata. extensaria. sydyi. occidua. leuca. rebeli. furcata. aegyptiaca. hyper- boreata. transver'sa. nanata. White streak from apex rather strong, obliquely intersecting the subterminal. — pauxillaria Bsd. is a small pauwillaria. dark second-brood form, occurring in its most extreme development in the South of France. — gelidata Méschl., from Labrador and Greenland (according to SraupinceR also the Shetland Islands) has the forewing darkened but with distinct ash-coloured bands, particularly the one distally to the median area. — Larva on Calluna vulgaris, sometimes on Erica carnea. Flies in May and again in August. Common and widely distributed in Europe. E. innotata Hufn. (121). Dietz has a very full, interesting and important discussion of this species, which is much too long even to summarize here; and concludes that there is at present absolutely no evidence for the specific separation of fraxinata or tamarisciata. In England, where the fraxinata form is single brooded, widely distributed and constant in its specialization to ash, while innotata is extremely local and scarce, it is probably in process of differentiation, but Dierzz has shown conclusively that the larval differences, on which Crewe chiefly relied, are valueless for this purpose, being alterable with altered diet. innotata is very variable, though perhaps the naming of varieties has been carried too far. The well-known name-type is the rather large, not very dark European and West Asiatic form which can be bred in profusion in April—May from Artemisia larvae (especially A. campestris). — fraxinata Crewe (= meridionalis Mab.) (121) is generally smaller gelidata. innotata. fraxinata. Suspevtata. lamaris- ciata, grisescens. perturba- trix. uliata. corroborata. onuiparens. paupera. praesignata. parallelaria. unedonala. autumnal. hybrida. costisignala, relaxata. infumata, privata. vicariala. decipiens. adjunctata. mitigata. novata. vurgaureala. aestiva. alienaria. detritata. lentiscata. 294 EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. and darker, the larva feeding on leaves of ash (England and the Middle Rhine) or also on blackthorn, white- thorn, rose, etc. In warm localities it occurs as the summer generation of imnotata, August-October. — suspectata Dietze is a still smaller summer-brood form from the Middle Rhine, bred from more delicately built, blackthorn-feeding larvae. — tamarisciata Fr. (121), single-brooded at Tegernsee (Bavaria), a summer form of innotata in other southern localities, is the product of a variegated green, white-mixed larva which feeds on Myricaria germanica and Tamarix gallica. The moth is generally larger than frawinata, more leaden- grey than innotata. — grisescens Petersen is a bluish-grey, scarcely brown-mixed form from Esthonia and probably East Prussia, Uralsk, ete. — perturbatrix Dzctze is a pale sand-coloured, weakly marked form from the desert region of Korla, Central Asia. — uliata Stgr., from the Uliassutai district, was founded on two worn, strongly blackened 22. — corroborata Dietze, from Ili, Issyk-kul, etc., has the transverse markings strongly blackish. — omniparens Dieize is a strikingly large grey form from many localities in Central Asia (Zerafshan, Issyk-kul, ete.) approaching f. parallelaria. —- paupera Dietze has the ground-colour blackish, the markings almost wanting. lli and Ferghana, transitional to the following. — praesignata Bohatsch, perhaps a separate species, is said to be larger and at the same time more delicately built and more weakly scaled than ¢amarisciuta, palpus small and short. Fringes apparently longer and softer than in imnotata. Trans-Alai. — parallelaria Bohatsch. Mostly larger and lighter than znnotata, the o approaching wnedonata. Bouarscu described it as a large, light, more distinctly marked race of that species. Distributed in Central Asia and especially Mongolia. E. unedonata Mab. (131i). Near innotata, the forewing generally more acute, more cinereous, the lines straighter, less broken up into spots, the subterminal as a rule less distinct, discal spot more slender. As — with imnotata, the name-type represents the large spring-brood form. — autummnalis Dzetze, the second-brood form, is essentially smaller and corresponds approximately to zmnotata f. fraxinata. — Larva on the blossom of Arbutus unedo in October—December, also in Tunis on Rhus dioca; food-plant of the summer generation unknown. Moth in March and again about October, often taken at light. Distributed in the Mediterranean countries. — hybrida Dietze is the result of crossing this species with innotata, which is apparently not difficult to accomplish if wnedonata is prevented by artificial cooling from emerging too early. Both crossings were obtained, so that another name is really required; the larvae and moths generally inclined to follow those of the parent. E. costisignata Dietze (= ? famelica Dietze) was originally regarded as a form of unedonata, but the genitalia prove it to be a distinct species. Nearly always distinguishable by the black costal spots, though these vary much in size. The palpus appears shorter than in imnotata. The name-typical form is light ash- grey. Korla and Yarkand. — relaxata Dietze is a large form from Schahkuh, Persia, sometimes (but not always) without the costal thickening of the lines. — infumata Déefze, from Naryn, Turkestan, is a dark, smoky form. — privata Dietze (? spec. div.) is more weakly marked, with oblique double lines from the middle of the forewing to the hindmargin, there not essentially thickened. Transcaspia. — vicariata Dietze differs from the preceding in that the proximal of the two middle lines gradually thickens towards the hindmargin, suggesting a transition between unedonata and phoeniceata. Zerafshan, 2500 m, in July. — decipiens (Petersen) Dietze is similar to vicariata, but shows a dark distal boundary to the median area of the forewing and a distinct discal dot on the hindwing. Schahkuh. — adjunctata Dietze. More yellowish than vicariata. Border of both wings interruptedly black. Korla. Is likely to prove a separate species. — mitigata Dietze pale yellowish grey, quite weakly marked, the lines more rounded near costa. As the wings appear somewhat broader and the palpus somewhat shorter this may also be a separate species. Lob-nor. E. noyata Dietze. Position doubtful; in habitus recalling innotata. The peculiar elongate forewing, less elongate hindwing and short body are said to be characteristic. Iron-grey, tinged with violet-bluish, scheme of markings as in gemellata, the coarse, rough scaling more as in santolinata. Zeitun, Taurus. E. virgaureata Dbid. (= offirmata Grentzb., pimpinellata Guen. nec Hbn.) (12f). Superficially similar lo castigata but with o antennal ciliation long, costal margin somewhat more rounded, colour generally some- what more yellowish grey, etc. Very variable. — aestiva Dictze, the summer generation, is considerably smaller. — altenaria Styr. is a very weakly marked, sometimes almost unicolorous form from Finmark, Lapland and Transbaikal. — The June larvae feed on whitethorn, blackthorn, ete. the autumn brood on the flowers of various Compositae, ete. preferring Solidago and Senecio. North and Central Europe and across Siberia to Japan. E. detritata Ségr. is said to have thinly sealed, dirty grey wings and black discal dot, resembling alte- naria, but narrower-winged almost as innotata. Ussuri district. _ E. lentiscata Mab. (131), Perhaps somewhat related to virgawreata. Brownish grey, the dark markings indistinct, strongest costally, marked with spots on the veins; 3 parallel lines between basal and median area EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Provr. 295 the most distinet; subterminal line chieflly conspicuous as a double spot at anal angle. Underside paler. Antennal ciliation strong but shorter than in virgaureata. Larva on the flowers of Pistacia lentiseus. The pupa hibernates. Only known from Corsica. E. abbreviata Steph. (= nebulata Haw., nec Scop., guinardaria [[.-Sch.) (121). Forewing elongate, hind- wing small, with distal margin almost straight from near apex to behind middle. Forewing with a decided tinge of ochreous, strong dark vein-dashes proximally to postmedian line, those on the median veins especially well developed. Antennal ciliation not very long, — hirschkei Bastelb., prevalent in the Middle Rhine district, is more weakly marked. — Larva in May—June on oak. Imago in March—April in Central and Southern Europe and Transcaucasia. E. proterva Bélr. (= subbreviata Stgr.) (131i). Narrower winged, median area narrower and more darkened. May superficially be compared with /anceata, similar in size and colour, almost as narrow, hindwing shaped more as in abbreviata. oO antennal ciliation almost as long as diameter of shaft. Japan, Korea and Askold, probably also on the Ussuri River. E. dodoneata Gwen. (121). Smaller than abbreviata, more normally shaped, less ochreous, more sharply marked, especially the hindwing. — quercifoliata B.-Haas, from 5. Scandinavia and N. Germany, is larger and much paler, at least in the median area of forewing and basal part of hindwing. — meridionalis Mab, from Corsica and S. Europe, is in general smaller and more brightly coloured. — Larva on oak and hawthorn in June or early July. Moth about May. Widely distributed in the Mediterranean countries, becoming more local further north. E. cocciferata Mil/. (= semitinctaria Mab.) is very like abbreviata but rather broader-winged, darker, more coarsely scaled, the dashes on the veins less distinct, discal dot perhaps rounder. Antennal ciliation longer, about equal to the diameter of the shaft. Larva on Quercus coccifera, suber, ilex, ete. Moth in spring, in the Mediterranean countries. E. tenerifensis Rb/. Larger and still broader than cocciferata, o& antennal ciliation still longer, each segment bearing laterally a pair of bristles almost twice diameter of shaft; cell-spot much larger and thicker, light interior of median area broader, fold and 2"4 median strongly blackened from the middle of the wing. Hindwing somewhat longer. Underside, as also of the body, more whitish; cell-spot larger, postmedian line further removed from it. Guimar, Teneriffe. E. massiliata Mi//. (131). A small species, dark earth-grey, all the markings indistinct, with a dusting of light and dark scales. Discal dot small and roundish, not elongate as in wltimaria. Subterminal line dis- cernible, somewhat enlarged at anal angle. Antennal ciliation short. Larva in May and June on evergreen oaks. Moth in the spring, in various localities on and near the Mediterranean. E. boryata Rb. Wings longer and narrower than in massiliata, & antennal ciliation much longer, exceeding diameter of shaft. Palpus considerably longer, rougher scaled. Markings the same, but the outer light stripe more angled near costa. Canaries. E. ultimaria Bsd. (12k). Easily known by its shape and markings. Distinctive are the elongate discal marks and especially the strongly curved pale postmedian band of the forewing. Antennal ciliation short and close. Larva on the flowers and leaves of Tamarix gallica. —- minusculata A/ph. is more grey in colour but otherwise differs little. Ili, Syr-Daria and S. Ural. — opisthographata Dietze. Upperside almost bone-colour; underside pure white with the distal half of both wings mostly black. Aksu, Mongolia. Also recorded from Herzegovina. E. tenellata Dietze superficially resembles ultimaria but is remarkable for having a protuberante swelling on the frons. Earth grey with elongate cell-mark and sharply expressed lines, the postmedian formed about as in the venosata group. Underside more weakly marked. Tunis and S. Algeria. E. graciliata Dietze. Frons as in the preceding. A small, whitish, Acidalia-like species, the forewing with small crescentic discal mark, the lines few and very slender but distinct, blackish; a slight clay-coloured admixture proximally and distally to the median area, which is not darkened. Kuschk on the Russian-Afghan frontier. E. tornifascia Rthschd. “Differs from tenedlata at first sight in that the curved double postdiscal bands on forewing run down to inner margin almost at tornus instead of curving in and almost joining it together abbreviata. hirschkei. proterva. dodoneata. quer cifoli- ata. meridio- nalis. cocciferata. tenerifensis. massiliata. boryata. ultimaria. mMinus- culata. opistho- graphata. tenellata. graciliata. tornifascia. arenicola. sobrinata. graeseriata. anglicata. scoriata. corticosd. ericeala. oaycedrata. phoeniceata. mnemo- synata. adscriptaria. euxinala. sardoa. Yr OS- marinata, lariciata. 296 ; EUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. with the median bands. The black marks on costa are larger and wider apart. Length of a forewing 9,5 mm”. A ? between Ouargla and El-Golea, S. Algeria. E. arenicola thschd. “Differs from tenellata by its sandy buff ground colour, in the parallel transverse lines on both wings being straighter, but much more crenulated, and the distinct dark stigma in hoth wings. Length of a forewing o 8,5, ? 8—10 mm”. §&. Algeria: half-way between Ouargla and El-Golea and South Oued Mya. E. sobrinata Hon. (? = pusillata Schiff:) (121). Extremely variable but generally easy to recognize by the acutely angulated antemedian line, whitish patch between discal dot and postmedian, dark dashes proximally to the postmedian, etc. Antennal ciliation short. — graeseriata Rdatzer (= latoniata Mill.) is larger and greyer, in general more weakly marked but very variable. Swiss Alps. — anglicata H.-Sch. (= stevensata Webb), from the chalk cliffs of Kent, is a whitish grey form of rather characteristic appearance. — scoriata Stgr., from Iceland, is a dark, weakly-marked form. — Larva on Juniperus communis, that of graeseriata also on J. nana. It forms in the egg-shell in the autumn, hatching in the spring. Imago in August in early September. Widely distributed in North and Central Europe, more local in the South. E. corticosa nom. nov. (= draudti Dietze, nom. praeoce.). Rather uniform bark-colour with a slight cupreous tinge, markings scarcely indicated, median area slightly darkened, proximal half of marginal area a little lighter; cell- spot small, oval, deep black, bordered by some light scales as in sobrinata. Under surface glossy, a little paler, discal dots smaller, median area of forewing continued on the costal margin distally by a blackish spot; distal margin with a blackish spot; distal margin dark, interrupted. Fringes long, not distinctly chequered. Cilia of @ less than diameter of shaft. Palpus unusually long, about 2%/, times diameter of eye. Tokio in April. E. ericeata Rbr. (= millierata Stgr.) (121). Very similar to not very variegated forms of sobrinata, the discal dot smaller, the antemedian and median lines more widely diverging posteriorly. oO antennal ciliation short. Larva in the early spring on Erica arborea or Juniperus. Imago in September—October, local in S. Europe and N. Africa. E. oxycedrata br. (= provinciata Mill.) (121). Narrower-winged than the 3 preceding, the lines fine, the antemedian and median still more widely diverging: the black wedge-markings on the veins strong. Larva on Juniperus oxycedrus. oxycedrata inhabits the Mediterranean lands; spring and autumn. E. phoeniceata ?br. (121) is again similar, the angle formed by antemedian and median lines narrower; characterized by the extremely oblique lines, which make the wing appear narrower than it really is. Hindwing weakly marked. Antenna in o& well ciliated, the cilia not quite as long as the diameter of the shaft. — mnemosynata Mill. is a larger form, chiefly obtained from cypress in gardens. Otherwise phoeniceata lives chiefly on juniper, December and January. Moth in September and October, in the Mediterranean region. E. adscriptaria Stgr. Ground-colour duller and more uniform than in oxycedrata, the markings reduced, only the discal spot, the dark angulated markings to the inner margin and the wedge-shaped markings towards the apex developed. Asia Minor to Transcaucasia. E. euxinata Bohatsch is much darker than oxycedrata, according to StaupmceER scarcely distinguishable from adscriptaria, but Dietz says that the o antenna is serrate, with loose ciliation. Amasia; Crimea. E. sardoa Dietze. Size and colour nearly as in ewxinata. The lines which, in owycedrata, form the conspicuous angle posteriorly are almost wanting, instead there is a rather oblique dark indication of the proximal and distal boundaries of median area. Discal spot more or less distinct; nervures more darkened within than outside the median area. But chiefly distinguished by the o antenna, which is strongly dentate with strongly developed ciliation. Sardinia. E. rosmarinata Méil/. (130). Wings elongate, fringes very long. Grey with a slight violet tinge. The lines are sharply angled anteriorly, then pretty straight and extremely oblique, those at the beginning of the distal area forming a sort of slender W-markings near the apex. o antennal ciliation longer than diameter of shaft. Palpus narrow and pointed. Larva in March on Rosmarinus officinalis. Moth in November-December. Spain, 8. France and Tunis. E. lariciata Fry. (= ? residuata Hbn.) (12g) much resembles some dark forms of castigata but is rather longer-winged, the lines on an average sharper, the proximal ones rather more acutely angled. Best distinguished — by a white metathoracic spot. Larva on larch in July—August, eating the needles. The pupa hibernates, the moth appearing in May—June. Central and Northern Europe, Transcaucasia to Transbaikal. Publ. 15. tif, 1915. KUPITHECIA. By L. B. Prout. 997 E. lavicata J’uchs is said to resemble /ariciata in the postmedian line but is quite doubtful, the lines Javicata. being almost obliterated. Long-winged, forewing uniform smoky brown-grey, with sharply black discal streak, hindwing rather less dark, a broken band before distal margin. Norway: Lavik. E. emanata Dietze (= korbi Dietze, sordidata Wileman) has about the colour of the lightest, most emanata. reddish-grey /ariciata, but is larger (at least in Japan), the antennal ciliation rather longer, the hindwing approaching the abbreviata shape. Median vein of forewing light yellow-brown, with black longitudinal dashes, 34 radial and 1st median clear yellow-brown; only the principal lines are strong, antemedian blackest anteriorly, sharply angled, followed by dark dashes on the veins, median deeply incurved behind the elongate black cell- spot, postmedian making a wider bend outwards than in Jariciata. Hindwing and underside paler, with cell- spot and postmedian line. Japan: Yezo, in June. Also Amur and Ussuri. E. atrisignis Bélr. (13k), Darker than Jariciata, forewing somewhat less elongate, more glossy, discal atrisignis. spots much larger, ete. Larva rather slender, gold-yellow, with slender dark dorsal line. On Cedrus deodarus, at 2000 m elevation. Bred in June by Lord WatsineHam. Dharmsala. E. tantillaria Bsd. (= subumbrata Hon. nec Schiff, pusillata Hbn. nec Schiff:) Generally recognizable tantillaria. by the very large discal spots, strong but not numerous lines, generally interrupted band before the subterminal line, strongly bent postmedian line of hindwing, ete. Antennal ciliation short and close. The name-type is a dark form from S. Europe, rarer in Germany. — piceata form. nov. (= subumbrata Dietze) (130) has lighter piceata. ground-colour, sometimes showing a tinge of greenish or reddish. Prevails in North and Central Europe, apparently also in the Caucasus. -— calabrica Dietze is a larger, more strongly built greyish form from Calabria. calabrica. — Larva on Picea excelsa, in some localities also on Larix, eating the needles; full-grown about July. The pupa hibernates. Moth in May, in the mountains later. E. conterminata Zell, (= manniaria H.-Schdff:) (18k). A small species, the cell-spot of the forewing as contermi- thick as in the preceding and often relatively even longer, some large black. costal spots, that beyond the cell- ”4¢- spot followed immediately by a whitish one, the lines weak. The larva has been bred from the egg on spruce. Imago in May and early June, Germany to Finland, very local. E. daemionata Dietze. Size and shape of insigniata (12), markings recalling /anceata (130). Whitish, with da emionata. brownish, black-margined median area on the forewing and large deep black discal lunule. Distal half of mar- ginal area darkened, showing an interrupted subterminal line. Nikko, Japan. E. lanceata Hbn. (= hospitata Tr.) (180) may be known at once by the extraordinarily long and oblique lanceata. distal margin and by the course of the lines, the antemedian being very acutely angulated, the postmedian touching the discal mark and then running almost in the direction of the anal angle. Larva on Picea excelsa in May—June. Imago in April. Distributed in Northern and Central Europe. E. conjunctiva Hmps., founded on a single rather worn specimen, is slightly more reddish tinged than conjunctiva. lanceata, the inner line and discal mark similar, postmedian line sharply angled at the 3'4 radial, connected - with antemedian by a black line along the fold. Dharmsala. E. nobilitata Stgr. (= medionotata Warr.) (13a) is according to Bouatscu related to lanceata. Large, with nobilitata. long glossy fringes. Said to be very variable, so that the descriptions based on single specimens are of little value and i have no material before me. SraupincER’s type was blackish grey, the forewing with longitudinal dull chocolate-brown band at the base and in the middle, a wisp of the same colour towards the apex, ete. WarREN’S specimen was more ochreous grey, the central stripe paler, crossed by white and blackish trans- verse lines. Ala Tau and Koko-Nor. E. chesiata Dictze (13a). Near nobilitata, lighter more clay-coloured (with red-brown admixture), the chesiata. lines more curved behind the cell. Wings (especially in the 2) strikingly long and narrow, somewhat recalling Chesias. Central Asia: Korla, Sai-chin, Aksu. E. elimata Dietze (= sebdovensis Dietze) is said to differ from all other Palearctic Hupithecia in its elimata. robust build, very dense scaling, large eye, Jong palpus, etc., resembling some exotic species. Forewing dark smoky brown with violet suffusion and with numerous sharply angled lighter and darker zigzag lines and bands; median area darker, divided in the centre’by two white lines; discal mark elongate. Hindwing uniform dark sepia brown. Sebdou, Oran. The figure somewhat recalls the group of hormiga Dogn., from S, America. IV 38 pumilata. parvularia. tempestivata. insulariaia. » postgenitata, bicoloria. dearmata, coronata. chloérata, hadenata. consueta. subcinctala. 298 GYMNOSCELIS; CHLOROCLYSTIS. By L. B. Prour. 74. Genus: Gymmoseelis Mab. Characters of Hupithecia, but with the median spurs of the hindtibia entirely wanting or quite rudimentary. Life-history similar to that of Hupithecia. This genus is chiefly Indo-Australian, though represented also in the Palearctic Region and N. America. G. pumilata Hon. (= bistrigata Haw., recictaria Bsd,, improbata Zell., pauxillaria H.-Schdj#f:) (12m). Very variable but easily known by the form of the markings and generally by the reddish bands, sharply marked hindwing with wedge-shaped markings line etc. The name-typical form is brightly coloured. — parvularia £.- Schdff. (gen. aest.?) is a small form perhaps resulting from quick growth and dry innutricious food. — tempestivata Zell. (= globulariata Mill., incertata Mill.) is a greyer, less red-marked form. 5S. France, Andalusia, Sicily, Algeria. etc. — insulariata Staint, from Madeira and the Canaries, is generally darker, postmedian line of both wings more dentate, inbent between radials. Variable, often large. — postgenitata Dietze has the basal area of both wings darkened, the median area remaining whitish. Osch (Turkestan) and Syr Daria. — Larva polyphagous and extremely variable, in a succession of broods. Widely distributed in Europe, N. Africa to Egypt, West and Central Asia, in the warmest localities chiefly in the form tempesiiv ua. @. bicoloria B.-Bak. is unknown to me. 16 mm. Forewing silver-grey, basal area dark grey, edged by a darker curved line; a dark curved postmedian line, distally to which the whole surface is densely irrorated with blackish; posteriorly this irroration encroaches on the median area of the wing; subterminal line obso- lescent. Hindwing grey, distally dark dusted, with interrupted pale subterminal line. Madeira, one example, taken high up, about the fir-tree limit. @. dearmata Dietze. Very small, earth-grey, without gloss, with numerous ill-defined transverse lines consisting of dark scales; the most distinct is the postmedian, especially its anterior angles; this does not, as in pumilata, start almost vertically on the costa, but obliquely outwards, leaving basewards an angle of about 125°. Hindwing relatively smaller than in pwmilata, quite weakly marked. Mesopotamia: Mardin. 75. Genus: Chloroeclystis Hon. Characters nearly as in Hupithecia, areole always simple, more or less broad, the 1st subcostal vein running into the costal. Early stages similar to those of Hupithecia. Like the preceding, this genus is chiefly Indo-Australian but it straggles into the Palearctic and Aethiopian Regions. The type species, coronata Hbn. is somewhat isolated from all others in shape, resting posture, pattern, genitalia, etc. and Dirtze removes all the rest to a new genus, Calliclystis. The species are very commonly of a green colour. C. coronata Hbn. (= v-ata Haw., lucinda Btlr.) (13k) is distinguished at once by the broad forewing and its V-shaped black costal mark (anterior half of postmedian line). Larva in two generations on Clematis, Kupatorium, Solidago, Angelica, Crataegus, Rubus and occasionally on various other plants, eating chiefly the flowers and fruit. Moth in April—May and in July, stragglers also emerging in September or later; usually hibernates fully developed in the pupal shell. Widely distributed in Central and Southern Europe, Trans- caucasia, N. Persia, Dharmsala, Ussuri and at Yokohama. C. chloérata Mab. (18k). Very similar to rectangulata but easily known by having the first abdominal segment dorsally tinged with reddish. Less variable, usually greyer, postmedian line less strongly angled anteriorly, more broken up into dots. — hadenata Fuchs is a darker, almost markingless form. — Larva spun up in blossom of Prunus spinosa. Moth in May, Central France to Galicia, reported also from Russia to Transbaikal and from N. Japan. N. consueta Bilr. Extremely like the greyest, most copiously lined forms of debiliata. (18k), sometimes darker; postmedian line stronger, the black vein-dots therefore less noticable; on the forewing this line curves somewhat basewards at the costa (in debiliata faintly outwards, though less so than in rectangulata). Under surface about as in debiliata, of which it may be the Japanese form. Ovipositor in ? well developed. C. subcinctata sp. nov. It is scarcely possible that this is a form of consweta, in spite of very close resemblance. Ground-colour somewhat more whilish, the strong postmedian line projecting at the radials CITHECTA; COLLIX. By L. B. Prout. 299 nearly as in rectangulata, but costally with at least as strong a proximal curve as in consueta; subterminal line less dentate, on underside thickened, not dentate; discal dots larger, especially on forewing. Underside nearly white, sharply marked, the postmedian line even thicker than in debiiiata and consueta, an equally dark band present proximally to the subterminal. @ ovipositor rather long. Gensan, Korea, July; type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nikko, in coll. PincELer. C. rectangulata L. (= viridulata Hufn., mediana Panz.) (18k). Green, more or less dulled with black, the lines black, the postmedian forming sharper angles than in the two following. Underside very sharply marked. — In ab. subaerata Hbn. the black markings are reduced, only the antemedian and the postmedian line developed. — In ab. cydoniata Bh. the black is imcreased, particularly in the median area. — ab. nigrosericeata Haw. (= sericeata Haw., bischoffaria Hbn., anthrax Dietze) is entirely or almost entirely black. About London this form has almost entirely supplanted the others. — The larva feeds in the blossom of wild and cultivated apple and is often very injurious. It grows rapidly and produces the perfect insect at the end of May or in June. The egg hibernates. Widely distributed and often abundant in Europe. Also in Transcaucasia. — griseata Stgr., cited by its author as a form of debiliata or possibly of chloérata, is according to Dmrzz a grey form of rectangulata. Ussuri. Perhaps it will prove to be referable to consueta, C. debiliata Hbn. (13k). Much paler than the two preceding, being of a very delicate, evanescent pale green, the lines mostly much weaker, strongest on the veins. — ab. nigropunctata Chant. has only the principal lines, these being marked as strong vein-dots. Frequent in Devonshire. — grisescens Dietze is silvery grey without a tinge of green. Recorded by Speiser, from Vaccinium uliginosum on the Prussian moors, as griseata Stgr. — Larva on Vaccinium myrtillus, feeding spun up in terminal shoots in the spring. Moth in June— July. Central Europe to the Ural and Transcaucasia. C. agilata Chr. (13k). Unknown to me, doubtfully referable to this genus; Dierze thinks it probably a Collix. It differs from debiliata in its reddish-grey colour, strong black-brown costal streaks and spots, obsolete lines and crenulate white subterminal; median area bounded by fine vein-dots. Distal margin of hindwing weakly crenulate. Antenna in o without ciliation. Palpus shortish. Amur and Ussuri district. 76. Genus: Citheeia Sigr. An offshoot (perhaps merely a section, as Hampson and PiinceLer regard it) of Chloroclystis, with long pointed frontal tuft and very long palpus (about 3 times diameter of eye); 2"¢ palpal joint greatly prolonged, with long projecting scales beneath, 34 joint moderate, slender, slightly deflexed, partly concealed. co antennal ciliation minute. All the forms which seem strictly referable here are treated by Hampson as a single species, palpata Walk., but they will perhaps need careful revision. They are distributed from India to Java and Japan. Zividava Wkr, scarcely differs except in & antenna and in shape and facies, and would be the oldest name for the genus. C. excisa Bélr. (= julia Btlr., macrocheila Stgr.) (131). Superficially similar to the banded forms of rectangulata, the median area solid, brown or blackish, the green colour restricted to the narrow pale bands which bound this area; discal dot large. Hindwing weakly marked or markingless. Only differs from the variable Indian pa/pata in having in general less green colouring, a larger discal dot and darker hindwing. Japan and the Ussuri district. From Dharmsala I have before me somewhat intermediate forms. 77. Genus: Collix Guen. Akin to Hupithecia, differing in the strongly dentate distal margin of the hindwing and from most species of Hupithecia in the double areole. It probably intergrades with Horisme, or at least Section B (Pseudocollix) might well be transferred to that genus. Karly stages insufficiently known. The genus is chiefly Indo-Australian, with very few Palearctic and African representatives. A. Palpus long. Forewing with tuft of raised scales on discocellulars. (Collix.) rectangu- lata. subaerata. cydoniata. nigr oseri- ceata. griseala. debiliata. nigropunc- tata. grisescens. agilata. excisa. — C. hypospilata Gwen. (13n). Purplish fuscous, the lines quite indistinct, the pale postmedian band hypospilata. somewhat better indicated, at least anteriorly, the subterminal represented by whitish dots; cell-spot of fore- sparsata, Alavovenata. minuta. mavularia. lapidata. nullierata. 300 COENOCALPE; HORISME. By L. B. Prout. wing large and roundish. Both wings beneath lighter, with large black’ cell-spot, curved fuscous postmedian stripe and subterminal row of black internervular spots, that between the 3'4 radial and 1*t median usually wanting. A S. Indian species, but recorded from Japan by Wireman. B. Palpus less elongate. Cell-spot not appreciably raised (Pseudocollix Warr.). C. sparsata Tr. (= sparsaria Hbn., [nom. praeocc.|, melanoparia Gras/.) (130). Smaller and more Lupi- thecia-like than the other species, upperside weakly marked except at costa, cell-spots small, the veims, especially in distal area, alternately black and white dotted. Underside paler, especially of hindwing; both wings with large cell-spot and distinct postmedian line, angulated in the middle. Egg oval, somewhat flattened, pale green, Larva elongate, light green with indistinct pale longitudinal lines and yellow lateral stripe. It feeds in August on Lysimachia vulgaris. The pupa hibernates, the moth appearing in June. Local; Central Europe, Ussuri district and Japan. C. flavovenata Leech. The unique type (¢) has lost its head, but no doubt belongs here. Forewing more pointed than in sparsata, hindwing even more deeply dentate. Apart from the darker, less dotted upperside, with slender cell-mark, quite different postmedian line, etc., flavovenata may be at once distinguished by having the veins heneath broadly yellow ochreous. Ta-chien-lu. C. minuta Btlr. Distal margin of hindwing so weakly crenulate that at first sight it appears like a Eupithecia. I have only seen worn specimens but it is very distinct in the very broad median area, the curved, denticulate-edged whitish outer band being placed unusually near the distal margin, and especially by the remarkable underside, which is white, the forewing and costal margin of hindwing with the veins very broadly ochreous, both wings with curved fuscous postmedian and terminal bands, the latter (at least on the forewing) forked anteriorly. Japan: Yokohama. C. macularia Leech (11c), described as a Phibalapteryx, seems referable here. Face smoother. Very distinct in pattern, especially characterized by the large costal and submarginal spots of the forewing. Under surface pale brown, in part suffused and clouded with fuscous, not so sharply marked as in the other species. Founded on a single & (not $) taken at Omei-shan, W. China, in July. 78. Genus: Coenocalpe Hin. Very different in shape from Eupithecia and Collix, (more recalling Zola), the hindwing elongate costally, its distal margin somewhat sinuous and waved but not dentate. General characters of Horisme, but the disco- cellulars of the hindwing biangulate, the abdominal crests so slightly developed that Meyrick has not separated the species from the Cidaria group. Only one species known, exclusively Palearctic. C. lapidata Hbn. (= subrufata Haw., curata Hv.) (131). Cannot possibly be confused with any other species. Lines fine, discal dots minute or wanting, apex of forewing with an oblique shade as in Horisme. The name-typical form is pale. — millierata Stgr, from S. E. France, is more liver-coloured, more obscurely marked, the hindwing more darkened distally. —- The egg hibernates. The larva has been reared on Clematis, but possibly feeds in a wild state on Thalictrum; nearly cylindrical, dorsally with longitudinal lines and stripes of ochreous and brown or fuscous, ventrally more reddish, lateral stripe pale, tubercles and spiracles black. Pupa cylindrical, rather blunt at ends, surface polished; reddish brown. Japidata is local in Central and N. Europe, N. Italy, the Altai and Changai Mountains and E. Siberia; chiefly a mountain species. 79. Genus: Horisme fon. Characters of Hupithecia, areole double, metathorax generally crested, as well as abdomen, palpus strong but never very long, distal margin of hindwing slightly or moderately crenulate, never so irregular as in Collix. The larvae are commonly attached to Clematis and have much in common with certain Cidaria, as C. procellata. The pupa hibernates. ! A rather small but widely distributed genus, apparently wanting in South America. The early stages and the genitalia indicate that Meyrick is wrong in uniting it with his Lucymatoge (= Hupithecia part.), not- withstanding that the imago shows many characters in common. HORISME, By L: B. Prout. 301 H. aquata Hbn. (131). Easily distinguished from the following by its smaller size, smoother scaling, paler coloration, straighter (not denticulate) lines of the median area, etc. — Larva variable, green, brownish or violaceous, dorsal line fine, blackish, white-edged, broken into spots on the middle segments, lateral stripe yellowish or flesh-coloured, black-edged above. On Clematis. The pupa hibernates. Imago in April—May and again in July. Distributed in Central Europe; has been reported from N. England (Cumberland), but this is doubtful. H. vitalbata Schiff: (131). Very easily recognized by the strongly contrasted colouring and oblique arrangement of the dark fuscous or blackisch central shade. Geographically variable. The name-typical form aquala. vilalbata, is distributed in Central and 5S. Europe, Asia Minor, etc. — conspicuata Hirschke is on an average larger, and conspicuala. is less brownish (more ashy or whitish). Local in the Styrian Alps. — variegata Stgr. is very similar to the preceding, the band very dark and broad on a pale ground-colour. Distributed in Central and Eastern Asia; also Dalmatia. — detersata Piing. is of normal size but has the ground-colour darker wood-brown, the dark band therefore not sharply contrasted. [li district. Transitions occur in the Issyk-kul district and Ferghana. — Larva cylindrical, head somewhat flattened; grey-brown, the dark dorsal line broken on the 5 or 6 abdominal segments into an anterior black spot and posterior line which thickens in the middle; the other lines slender. On Clematis vitalba in two generations. Pupa rather stout, with fine sculpturing; blackish brown, lighter at the segment-incisions. Hibernates in an earthen cocoon. The moth flies in May—June and again in August. H. falcata B.-Haas. Both wings more elongate, apex more acute, colowr paler, markings ill-defined, postmedian not appreciably projecting at 3'¢ radial, terminal line not broken into dots. Sajan district. H. scorteata Stgr. is said to be somewhat similar to vitalbata (131), the forewing fuscous with base and costal margin broadly leather-colour. My sole example is nearly unicolorous, the hindwing somewhat more crenulate than in witalbata; possibly a different species. S. Andalusia and Algeria. H. corticata 7’. (= alutacearia Bsd.) (131). Somewhat intermediate between the preceding and following groups. Forewing with costal region not pale, median area not darkened, but with sharp boundary-lines except anteriorly. Hindwing concolorous. Larva very similar to that of fersata, brownish grey, lighter posteriorly, the dark dorsal line broken into short thick streaks on the middle segments. On Clematis in two generations. Pupa dark brown, darker than that of tersata, the cremaster broader; hibernates. Imago in May and August, Italy, Austro-Hungary to Asia Minor, N. Syria and Transcaucasia. : H. parcata Piing. Near tersata (131) but smaller, forewing much less acute, hindwing even more strongly waved than in corticata. Greyer than tersata, nearer to the colour of scotosiata, which is larger and with more elongate forewing, etc. Markings not strong; discal dots obsolete. Koko-Nor. A browner, more pointedwinged form or ally from Kuldja. H. tersata Schiff: (= radicaria Lah.) (131). Lines numerous but none very sharp, antemedian blackened at inner matgin, postmedian with proximal teeth on the veins. Hindwing usually almost white costally, except in the distal area. The name-typical. form, which is distributed from Europe (except the north) to Trans- caucasia, has a yellow-brown hue. — gen. aest. tersulata Stgr. (= ? singulariata V7//.) is smaller, more unicolorous, less sharply marked. — testaceata Hbn. is a greyer race, often sharply marked, known to me from Zermatt and Hochschwab. — tetricata Gwen. is more ash grey, without yellow tinge, the lines more numerous but ill-defined. Guenin’s types, from the Altai, showed other differences but the name is now applied comprehensively to the forms which eastward to Japan. — chinensis Leech is smaller and more reddish, transverse lines weak, subterminal partly obliterated, some dark clouding on forewing proximally to the post- median and proximally to the subterminal. Hindwing with the postmedian line straighter. Described from Chang Yang. I have a similar but rather darker example from Miyanoshita, Japan, end of August, presented by Dr. Cockayne. Possibly a separate species. — Larva cylindrical, with somewhat flattened head; ochreous brownish, the dark dorsal line broken up into spots or blotches on the first 5 or 6 abdominal segments. On Clematis vitalba. Pupa stout, deep red-brown, the wings with a greenish tinge. Hibernates in an earthen cocoon. Moth in May—June, with a partial second brood later. H. intricata Stgr. This and the 3 following are unknown to me. Grey-black, forewing basally and distally somewhat brownish, without distinct lines, antemedian indicated at the margins, postmedian black, rather strongly dentate, subterminal obsolescent except as a triangular whitish spot near anal angle. Underside lighter than upper, but far darker than in fersata. Zaisan, 1 0, possibly a dark aberration of tersata though the postmedian line seems different. variegala. detersata. falcata scorteala. corlicata. parcata. tersata. tersulata. testaceala., tetricata. chinensis. intricata. exoletata, lucillata. scotosiata. plurilineata. stratata. aemulata. saurucki, incurvaria. calligra- phata. milvaria. dentata. 302 HORISME: By L. B. Prour. H. exoletata H.-Schdff. (= exsoletaria H.-Schdff:) (18m). Smaller than tersata, forewing less acute. Fuscous, postmedian line forming a single cutward curve, subterminal bending strongly basewards behind the 2"4 median vein and forming a large white spot towards anal angle; apex sharply divided. Antenna slightly thicker than in ¢ersata. Sicily. H. lucillata Gawen. Small and rather Hupithecia-like, apex obtuse for this genus. Wings silky, light grey, the lines waved, parallel, not sharply expressed; postmedian geminate, slightly dentate, followed by another line, then by a broad, rather darker distal area, subterminal obsolescent except at anal angle, where it forms a large white spot; veins distally to the postmedian dotted with white and black. Underside weakly marked. Altai end Changai Mountains. H. scotosiata Gwen. Forewing with apex acutely produced, subfalcate; hindwing with mner margin short, distal margin strongly dentate, the tooth at 2"? medial shorter. Dark grey with the lines fine, rather indistinct, subterminal forming rounded teeth, filled- in with blackish; discal dot small; a small black mark between the 3" radial and 15 median. Hindwing with 2 black subterminal lines, between them a brownish tint, proximally some incomplete lines. Altai to Changai Mountuins; ? Amurland. H. plurilineata Moore (= nigripunctata Warr.,. nigrovittata Warr.). Both wings rather long and narrow, forewing slightly, hindwing strongly crenulate. Rather variable, red-brown, the o& similarly marked to the tersata group, the postmedian thickened and blackened behind 8 radial, the 2 with blackish suffusions, assimilating superficially to those of vita/bata, or almost wholly fuscous. N. India, widely distributed. H. stratata Wilem. Closely related to plurilineata and with similar, if somewhat less extreme, sexual dimorphism; perhaps a local form. Ground-colour paler, median area rather better defined, broader in middle, narrowing strongly at inner margin. The ™ rather recalls H. intestinata Guen. Japan: Gokanosho, Higo, Sep- tember—October; Oiwake. Recorded by Lercu as vitalbata (). H. aemulata Hbn. Similar to tersata testaceata, costal margin more arched distally, median band nar- rower, widening a little at hindmargin, scarcely projecting distally about the 3" radial, antemedian line not blackened at hindmargin, apex not divided, veins distally to postmedian more sharply black-and-white dotted. Hindwing not white costally. — ab. saurucki Schawerda is blackish grey, almost without markings. — Larva similar to that of tersata, grey-green, the dark dorsal line broken into dashes on the middle segments, these dashes placed in light lozenge-shaped patches. On Clematis. Moth in June—July, local and generally rare, in the mountains from Switzerland to Bosnia. StaupincEr adds “Urga (var. ?)”. H. incurvaria Esch. is said to be related to the following but seems, from the figure, to be rather small and narrow-winged. Pale brownish fuscous, with numerous obscure lines, the postmedian lines angled near the costa, discal dot black, subterminal fine, waved, whitish, terminal broken imto dots; hindwing with 2 divided whitish bands and a very distinct subterminal. Irkutsk in June. H. calligraphata H.-Schdff: (= taeniolata Hv., ligaminata Hv.) (251) may be known at once by its much more whitish ground-colour. Discal dots minute or obsolescent; the principal lines of the forewing somewhat accentuated at costal margin and on the veins. Larva stone-grey, less elongate than that of tersata, dorsal line only distinct anteriorly and posteriorly, broken into an irregular pattern of spots on the middle segments. On Thalictrum foetidum, Pupa shiny red-brown, similar to that of ¢tersata; hibernating. Imago in June— July, in sheltered localities a partial 2"¢ brood. Local in the Southern Alps, Upper Styria, etc., and recorded from the 5. Ural and Transcaucasia. H. milvaria Chr. Rather smaller than calligraphata, rather more brownish, the lines of the median area less broken up into vein-dots, the principal lines thickened at costa, the pale band beyond the median area moderately distinct, the line which follows it showing a characteristic, rather oblique dark costal streak; subterminal white line sometimes very conspicuous. Underside rather paler than in calligraphata, hindwing with less lines developed. Abdominal crests very slight. Ordubad. I describe from a pair from the Sajan Mountains, determined by Banc-Haas. Rather less yellow-brown than incurvaria Hirsch, distal area less straight- edged, subterminal line thicker, more deeply dentate; moreover incurvaria is said to show a dark discal mark. H. ? dentata D. Luc. Wings rather elongate, forewing rosy grey, subbasal line curved, antemedian dentate, somewhat curved, discal dot distinct, postmedian dentate, distinct, somewhat curved basewards posteriorly, according to the figure accompanied proximally by a narrow grey shade, some less strong waved lines between the postmedian and the distal margin, apparently most distinct anteriorly. Hindwing concolorous, with a discal dot and 3 or 4 lines beyond it. Forewing beneath infuscated, especially between discal dot and base. Tarf, Algeria, in May. The figure, apparently not very good, shows a small, slendery-built species not suggestive at a Horisme. co oS CS ARICHANNA. By L. B. Prout. 6. Subfamily: Geometrinae. An enormous subfamily, or perhaps group of subfamilies, variously known as Boarmiinae, Selidoseminae, or Hnnominae, but containing the typical genus Phalaena-Geometra Linn. Characterized by the partial or complete obsolescence of the 2"¢ radial vein of the hindwing put otherwise showing little or nothing in common. Hindwing nearly always fully spurred. Frenulum present, Forewing often with one vein wanting. The classi- fication is exceedingly difficult and no existing system is at all satisfactory. It is impossible within the time and space at command to attempt any systematic revision here; indeed we can scarcely do more than provide an illustrated catalogue, following the order of Sraupincer’s with merely the correction of the most glaring errors and the addition of the many eastern forms and recent discoveries. The eggs are sometimes very beautifully sculptured and those of Ourapteryx are remarkable for being true ,upright eggs.“ The larvae are as diversified as the moths, in many of the groups humped and twiglike, in others quite smooth. Very many feed on trees or shrubs, but some of the groups (as Gnophos, the Fidonia group, etc.) chiefly or exclusively on low plants. The moths of the Boarmia-Gnophos group} and some others rest with wings outspread on tree-trunks or rocks and are mostly well protected; other tree-feeders (Selenia, Ennomos, etc.) resemble withered leaves; a few mountain species (Psodos, etc.) and one or two others fly in the sunshine. The warning coloration of the Abraxas group has been mentioned in our Introduction, and its mimics under the Larentiinae (Hucosmia, Callabraxas, Calleulype, ete.) The subfamily is distributed throughout the habitable world, tough rather unequally, being far outnumbe- red in New Zealand by the Larentinae. Some of the typical forms (Braccinae of Warren) are gorgeously coloured with metallic blues and bright reds. 1. Genus: Arichamma Moore. Face shortly rough-scaled. Palpus shortish or moderate, longescaled beneath. Wing-margins entire. Forewing usually with a fovea; 1st and 24 subcostals separate, the former often anastomosing with costal. Early stages insufficiently known. A chiefly Indian genus, though numerous species just enter the Southeastern Palearctic Region. Only one species reaches Europe and this is absent from the west. They are large or moderate-sized moths, often with the habitus of Abraxas, though Hampson includes also species which scarcely differ from Boarmia except in the smooth wing margins. A. Antenna in & with fascicles of cilia (Arichanna). A. marginata Warr. (14a) may be known by the ocellated discal mark of the forewing, the course marginata. of the black postmedian line, which curves strongly inwards and becomes thicker behind the cell, and by the dark distal shading of the hindwing (sometimes more strongly developed than in our figure). It inhabits N. India and Formosa; Dharmsala is the only known Palearctic locality. A. ramosa Walk. (14a). Reconizable by the anteriorly bifurcate white median and postmedian bands ramosa. of the forewing, the ochreous suffusion at the 3% radial and 1st median, etc. Chang-Yang, Pu-tsu-fang and Tibet. Smaller and less sharply marked than Indian specimens. A. tetrica Bé/r. (14 a) represents ramosa in Japan and differs in its stronger irroration and consequently tetrica. more confused markings, weakly marked hindwing and under surface. The large discal spot of the forewing is less connected by dark shading with the costa. Yokohama, Hakodate, etc. A. pryeraria Leech (14a) differs in its browner colour, differently formed median area, ete. Japan; pryeraria. Yokohama, Oiwake. A. interruptaria Leech (14a) shows in addition to the paired antemedian and postmedian lines a single interruptaria. median, touching a large black cellspot. Omei-shan, July — August. A. albomacularia Leech (14a) differs from all the other species in the conspicuous white spots at the albomacu- apex and near the anal angle of the forewing. Japan: Oiwake and Gifu. Nearest to the Indian subalbida Warr, (47a. A. concinna Warr. (described as Abrawas?) is very distinct in its chalky white ground colour and concinna. curved transverse rows of symmetrically arranged roundish brown-grey spots; basal third of forewing with irregular greyish markings; distal area with dark suffusion anteriorly and posteriorly, subterminal line distinct. Tibet, without more exact locality. clavaria. similaria. diffusaria. 304 ARICHANNA. By L. B. Prout B. Antenna in o& pectinate (Icterodes Hmps.). A. clavaria Leech (14a) is darker than any of the preceding, with the bands less well expressed, a sub- terminal dark band, broadly interrupted by the veins, more conspicuous. W. China: Omei-shan and Pu-tsu-fang A. similaria Leech (14b) is another indefinately marked species, rather larger than clavaria, more oli- vaceous, the cell-spot and submarginal band less black. Omei-shan. A. diffusaria Leech (14f). Only the 2 is known, but it is evidently related to the Indian Jlapsariata group. The irregularly white-spotted forewing and the white, dark-spotted hindwing are characteristic. Pu-tsu-fang. molossaria. confusaria. melanaria. hanseni., askoldinaria. fraterna. decolorata. bartelt. sparsa. flavovenaria. undularia., flavo- macularia. lateraria, A. molossaria Ob. (14f) also belongs to this group, but has the white predominant on both wings. Possibly an extreme aberration of lapsariata, as OpeRTHiR mentions also much more heavily-marked specimens. Kwei-chow; perhaps not Palearctic. A. confusaria Leech is somewhat intermediate between the preceding and following groups, the mar- kings of the forewing being more confused than in meanaria, in part broken up into coarse dusting, while on the hindwing the median band is more continuous than in most melanaria, the ground-colour proximally to this band white, distally yellow, marked nearly as melanaria. Rather smaller than melanaria. W.-China: Ta-chien-lu and Pu-tsu-fang. A. melanaria LZ. (14b). Forewing yellowish white, not or only very sparingly dark-dotted, but with numerous transverse rows of black spots. Ground-colour of hindwing yellow throughout. Very variable. The name-typical form inhabits parts of Central and North-eastern Europe and extends into Siberia. — ab. hanseni Hedem. has both wings wholly suffused with grey, the yellow of the hindwing faintly appearing about the veins. Irkutsk. — askoldinaria Ob. (= sordida Btlr.). (14b) has the forewing largely infuscated, with the black markings generally large, hindwing almost normal. Ussuri district and Korea. — fraterna Bélr. (14b) is distin- guished by the broader white bands of the forewing. Hindwing on an average somewhat paler yellow. Japan. — decolorata Stgr. is a washed-out form from the Kentei Mountains, forewing dirty white or oftener light grey, hindwing pale yellowish or more greyish, the spots on both wings less deep black. — Larva yellow, with numerous waved black lines. On Vaccinium uliginosum. A. barteli spec. nov. (23a). Larger than melanaria askoldinaria (14b), forewing rather broader, the anal angle being less rounded off; forewing more uniform yellowish (about as transectata Walk.), the post- median rows of spots different, the distal, of them having long spots, especially that between the 5‘ sub- costal and 1st radial vein, which displaces the corresponding spot of the proximal row basewards. Underside with less confluence of the spots than is usual in melanaria. Veins of the forewing more broadly yellowish. Mongolia, unfortunately without more exact locality, 27. July 1891, type (“) in my collection, kindly presen- ted by Herr Max Barret. ; A. sparsa Bélr. (14b). Nearest to the askoldinaria form of melanaria, forewing much more dusted (sometimes wholly clouded), without deffinite white outer band; hindwing with grey suffusian at base, discal spot much smaller. Dharmsala, ete. . A. flavyoyenaria Leech (14b) resembles dark forms of sparsa but has the principal veins of the fore- wing broadly yellowish. W. China; Omeishan and Pu-tsu-fang. A. undularia Leech (14¢). Rather larger and darker than the two preceding, the veins of the forewing dark smoky, the yellow ground colour consequently restricted to transverse rows of yellow spots or dots, Base of hindwing darker smoky, postmedian band broader. W.-China: Washan and Ta-chien-lu. A. flavomacularia Leech (14). Again larger than wndularia, more sharply marked, the yellow spots of forewing larger, postmedian band of hindwing wanting. W. China: Ta-chien-lu. A. lateraria Leech (14 cc) intermediate between the preceding and following groups, no yellow spotting on forewing, but with 2 rows of postmedian spots, besides some median ones, partly confluent with the first postmedian row. W.-China. Publ. 31. ITT, 1915, BULYGDIA; METABRAXAS. By L. B. Provr. 305 : A. jaguarinaria Ob. (14c). Differs essentially from the following in simple pattern of the hindwing jaguari- _ with its isolated cell-spot and bright but not broad yellow border. W. China: Wa-shan. Described from Ts Kweichow. A. jaguararia Gwen. (= gaschkevitchii Motsch.) (14¢ as jaguaria). Somewhat variable, forewing white jaguararia with grey costal and distal margins or grey throughout. Hindwing with distal half yellow, postmedian band developed. Japan and China, widely distributed. A. flavomarginaria Brem. (14d) is very distinct in appearance from all the other species, rather flavomar- resembling an Obeidia. The extent of the black markings varies greatly but the narrow yellow margin seems OURae as constant. Distributed in S. H. Siberia, Korea and China. C. Antenna in ¢ shortly ciliated (Phyllabraxas Leech). A. curvaria Leech (14¢). As our figures show, this and the species which follow have a different eurvaria. scheme of pattern from the more typical Arichanna. curvaria is easily recognized by the shape of the dark band formed by the coalescence of antemedian and median lines or stripes. W. China. A. antiplasta nom. nov. (= similaria Leech (nom. praeoce.]) (14d).- On an average rather smaller, antiplasta. central band differently formed, pale patch at apex of forewing rather more extended. The ground-colour, moreover, is more tinged with rufous. W. China: Pu-tsu-fang and Omeishan. A. exsoletaria Leech has the median band less deeply coloured than in the two preceding, but much ezsoletaria. broader, the distal area very weakly marked; the space immediately beyond the postmedian line, as also’ the hindwing, slightly pale. Pu-tsu-fang. — divisaria Leech (14d) is a form with the markings identical in shape but the median band of the forewing much darker and more reddish, the area beyond narrowly and the hindwing mostly white, the latter somewhat more distinctly marked than in the name-typical form. Omei-shan. A. chiachiaria Ob. (17 a) is unknown to me. An obscure species, probably related to diversicolor Warr. chiachiaria. from N. India, possibly, however, a Micrabravas. Grey, darker dusted, with black cell marks, antemedian line angled in cell, postmedian placed near the cell-mark, subterminal consisting of a series of strong whitish lunules, proximally filled-in with black. Hindwing and underside weakly marked. Ta-chien-lu. 2. Genus: Eulygdia Warr. Unknown to me, but would appear (from WARREN’s description) to differ from Arichanna in having the distal margin of the hindwing crenulate, with a rather stronger projection at the 3rd radial, and in having the Ist and 2nd subcostal veins of the forewing coincident. Antenna in ¢ minutely serrate and pubescent. Erected for the following species. E. tindzinatia Ob. (17a) apparently differs from Arichanna curvaria in having a dark basal patch, tindzinaria. dark midcostal spot, continuous dotted subterminal dark line, fuscous and reddish shades beyond, the rest of the wing remaining pale. Ta-chien-lu. 3. Genus: Metabraxas Bilr. Akin to Perenia but with the antenna in the g pectinate, in the 2 somewhat serrate or even very shortly pectinate. In the typical species, moreover (clericw, etc.) the 2nd subcostal of the forewing is stalked with the 3rd—5th, but in the species placed here by Luncu this is not the case. Confined to N. India and. China. M. clerica Btlr. (14d). White with base of forewing ochreous, discal spots rather large, postmedian clerica. row of spots double, confluent, the distal usually bandlike, suffused. Japan. — inconfusa Warr. Postmedian double row of spots on forewing distinct throughout, not confluent or suffused. Chang Yang to Tibet. M. rufonotaria Leech (14d) is distinguished by the rufous marks placed on the large grey spots rufonotaria. which form the bands. Omei-shan. Also from the Khasis. IV 39 306 DILOPHODES; POGONOPYGIA; PERCNIA. By L. B. Prov. imeompo- M. incompositaria Leech (14d). A large species, the spots washed-out brown-grey, not blackish. silaria. hase of forewing almost without yellowish or reddish. Chang Yang, Central China. nigromargi- M. (?) nigromarginaria Leech (14d). Very distinct in the broad smoky black border of both wings: mane The wing-shape and rather more delicate build also suggest a doubt of the generic position. W. China: Wa-shan. The type remains unique. 4. Genus: Dilophodes Warr. Antenna in g with fascicles of cilia. Coxae and abdomen beneath furnished in ¢ with strong tufts of hair. Forewing with Ist and 2nd subcostals stalked, their stalk anastomosing with costal or forming a small loop so that only the 1st anastomoses. Fovea present in 3. Only one species known, ranging from Japan to N. India. Related to Percnia and Abraxas, but distinguished by the neuration as well as the ¢ hair-tufts. elegans. D. elegans Btlr. (17 a). Easily distinguished by the structure. Rather near Pogonopygia conspicuaria except in shape, but the submarginal and marginal spots are less elongate and form much more interrupted rows. In the name-typical race from Japan both wings are heavily black-spotted, though somewhat variable. — A local race occurs in Central and W. China, approaching on the hindwing the Indian subspecies khasiana Warr. 5. Genus: Pogonopygia Warr. Differs from Dilophodes in the narrower wings, especially of the g, and in the neuration, the Ist and 2nd subcostals being free. \s There seems to be only one species, nigralbata Warr., described from Assam, from which the Palearctic form here given is perhaps scarcely differentiable. consp teua- P. conspicuaria Leech (14) may be known by its shape, the smoothly and thinly scaled white ground- _™4 colour and the broad black borders, intersected by white veins and subterminal line, the latter often more or less interrupted or obsolescent. Gifu and Central China, widely distributed. 6. Genus: Perenia Guen. Palpus rather short. Pectus densely hairy. Abdomen not tufted beneath. Forewing long and narrow; all the subcostals present, sometimes free, sometimes with anastomoses or connections. Fovea present. Geographical distribution: N. India to Japan. The genus, as at present constituted, embraces some little variations of structure, but is generally recognizable by the elongate white wings marked with rows of black spots, in the typical group all of small size. Most of the species are large or moderately so. A. Antenna of $ with short pectinations (Xenoplia Warr.). foraria. P. foraria Guen. (14e). Smaller than the similarly marked species, in general clearer white, the fore- wing scarcely so narrow. Japan; China; N. India. B. Antenna of ¢ ciliated (Percnia). albinigra'a. P. albinigrata Warr. (14e). Almost pure white, more thickly scaled than most of the species, the spots very black, large, especially the postmedian series. Japan and nearly throughout China. turidaria. P. luridaria Leech (14e). Recognizable by the large blotches at apices, costal margin and especially at middle of inner margin of forewing. Superficially similar to Metabraxas rufonotaria but without the rufous marks and with different antenna. W. China: Mou-pin and N. W. of Cheng-fu. grisearia, P. grisearia Leech (14e). Base and apex of forewing strongly dark-suffused, postmedian row of spots followed on forewing by a strong, on hindwing by a slighter, narrower, often incomplete dark band. Central and W. China. CULCULA; OBEIDIA. By L. B. Proovr. 307 P. fumidaria Leech (14e). Smaller than grisearia, the suffusions smoky brown, not blackish grey, fumidaria. more extended but more indefinite; postmedian spots smaller. Central and W. China. P. belluaria Guen. (= guttata Feld.) (14e). Larger and rather narrow-winged than the two preceding, belluaria. no dark band distally to the postmedian dots. The dots (or spots) vary somewhat in size, perhaps smallest in specimens from Szechuan. — ab. longimacula Warr. has the spots more elongate, especially the postmedian longima- row. The spot on the base of the 2nd median vein is extended into a V-shaped mark along the veins. GUL Kulu. — Distributed in Central and W. China and N. India. P. giraffata Guen. (= grandaria Feld.) (14{). A large species, the bands of spots on forewing double, giraffata. irregular im size, partly large, Recall spot of both wanes very large, enclosing a paler mark on the vein itself. Japan, Central and W. China, N. India, etc. 7. Genus: Culeula Moore. Differs chiefly from Percnia in the absence of fovea. Abdomen robust, especially in the 2, which is remarkable for a dense anal tuft, recalling the Lymantriidae. Forewing elongate, especially in the g, which has the distal margin straight and very oblique (sometimes faintly concave); Ist and 2nd subcostals shortly stalked. Hindwing relatively short and round, distal margin slightly undulate. Only one species is known, inhabiting N. India and China. C. exanthemata Moore (= abraxata Leech) (14f). Coloration of some Abraxas, but larger, 9 much exanthe- larger than ¢; the yellow-mixed band from anal angle extends at least half across the wing. Kiukiang, Omei- mata. shan, etc. 8. Genus: Obeidia Walk. Face scarcely roughened. Palpus short or shortish. Antenna in ¢ with appressed serrations, ciliation minute. Abdomen in ¢ usually very long. Wings usually very narrow, yellow, at least at distal margin of hindwing. Forewing with all veins present. - Chiefly characteristic of China, but reaching N. India. A, Wings very narrow; 2nd subcostal of forewing arising from cell. O. vagipardata Walk. (14h). Very variable in the extent and degree of confluence of the black spots vagipardate. but distinguishable from similarly coloured forms of tigrata by the absence of definite antemedian and post- median rows of spots. Common in Central and W. China. QO. tongatia Ob. (14h). This and the following species are unknown to me and perhaps do not belong rongaria. to this section. Both are distinct in the somewhat dusky, weakly marked hindwing. rongaria shows a very characteristic curved postmedian (subterminal) black band on the forewing. Tse-kou, Tibet. 0. idatia Ob. (15 a) shows, excepting the discal spot of the forewing, no large black markings, the idaria. wings being merely sprinkled with blackish dots. Tse-kou. 0. tigrata Guen. (14g as tigraria) consists of a number of forms which are probably at ieee In tigrata. part local races, but have been little studied geographically. The name-type, with the ground- colour yellow throughout, belongs chiefly to S. China and perhaps does not reach the Palearctic Region. — neglecta T'h.-Mieg neglecta. has the base and inner marginal area of the hindwing more or less extended white, sometimes leaving only a comparatively narrow yellow border. Korea, Chang Yang, W. China, etc. —leopardaria Ob. (17a). Hindwing leoperdaria. largely white, forewing also with white inner-marginal patch, W. China. — decipiens Th.-Mieg. Both wings decipiens. white with yellow borders. ,,N. China‘ (WALKER); also on Formosa. 0. aurantiaca Alph. (17a) is unknown to me but evidently an Obeidia. Similar to a very small aurantiaca. tigrata but with the postmedian band of spots much less angled. Abdomen dorsally sprinkled with black dots; both wings with basal area only weakly black-spotted. Taken on the River Hei-ho. Kan-su, N. W. China. gigantearia. conspurcata. largeteaui. languidata. stratonice. ehinensis. souaggaria. abraxaria. confinaria. 308 CYSTIDIA; NEOLYTHRIA. By L. B. Provr. O. gigantearia Leech (14g) may be known by its great size, very pointed wings, postmedian band of spots much less angulated outwards than in tigrata, the spot on 3rd radial confluent with the large cell- spot; sometimes all are confluent. Central and W. China. O. conspurcata Leech (14 2). Not so large as gigantearia, wings not quite so pointed, the spots less black, more extended, much more confused, not forming definite bands. Central and W. China. B. Wings less narrow; 2nd subcostal of forewing long-stalked with 3rd—dth. O. largeteaui Ob. (14h as largetaui). Hasily distinguished from tigrata by its shape and by the longer and very neatly chequered fringes, the dark spots of which scarcely encroach on the wing-margin. The yellow is rather lighter than in tigrata, more glossy. Common in Central and W. China. O. languidata Walk. (14h) differs in bemg mostly white, only a narrow distal border of the hind- Wing remaining yellow. Postmedian band, except at costa, very far removed from cell-spot. Fringe of forewing dark, of hindwing chequered. Japan and Omei-shan. Also in N. India. 9. Genus: Cystidia Hon. Face hairy or with loosely appressed scales. Palpus moderate or longish, 2nd joimt long-haired beneath. Antenna in ¢ thickened towards the extremity. Abdomen in ¢ extremely long. Wings very long and narrow. Forewing without fovea. All veins present. Larva (couaggaria) with rudimentary (non-functional) legs on the 4th and 5th abdominal segments. Only a few species known, Japan to N. India. A. Face in the g with long projecting hairs. Forewing with 2nd subcostal arising from cell. C. stratonice Cram. (= agrionides Bilr.) (14¢). Easily distinguished, apart from the structure, by the single, acutely angulated black postmedian band. Distributed in Eastern Asia. C. chinensis Swinh. (= indrasana Leech nec Moore) (14 ¢) has the black so extended as to leave only solated spots of the white ground-colour. W. China: Mou-pin and Omei-shan. B. Face with appressed scales. Forewing with 2nd subcostal from stalk of 3rd—dth. C. couaggaria Guen. (= eurypyle Mén., eurymede Motsch., interruptaria Feld., lithosiaria Walk.) (14h). Both wings with subbasal, median and postmedian black bands, the two latter confluent at costa of both wings and hindmargin of forewing. Sometimes the black is greatly extended, covering most of the surface. In this case, the white remnants do not form the regular pattern of chinensis. Larva black, with interrupted yellow longitudinal lines and yellow segment-incisions; tubercles and setae minute. On Prunus mume. Pupa in a slight cocoon. Throughout China, 8. H. Siberia, Korea and Japan. 10. Genus: Neolythria 4l/ph. Face with appressed scales. Palpus very short. Antenna in g with fascicles of cilia. Hindtibia in 6 dilated. Wings thinly scaled. Fovea wanting. Forewing with distal margin not very oblique; Ist and 2nd subcostals coincident, anastomosing with costal and usually anastomosing or connected with 3rd—5th sub- costal. Hindwing with costal margin relatively long. . A. small genus, apparently confined to W. China and Tibet. N. abraxaria Alph. (17a). Very similar to djrouchiaria, the black less deep, the curved orange post- median band obsolete, hindwing unmarked except for the discal dot and marginal spots. The name-typical form, from Szechuan, has the white distal band of the forewing rather broad, the band which precedes it not widening posteriorly, the white streak from base behind the median vem consequently longer. — con- finaria Leech (14h) has the distal white band quite narrow, sometimes interrupted about the radials, the dark band which ae it gradually widening posteriorly. Che-tou and Ta-chien-lu; also occurs with the type between Tcha-tji-kow and Tchangla. July—August. XANTHABRAXAS; ABRAXAS. By L. B. Proovr. 309 N. djrouchiaria Ob. (17b). In the name-typical form the black at the costal margin and bordering djrouchiaria. the orange postmedian band is quite narrow and the hindwing has usually only slight traces of submarginal line. Ta-chien-lu, Mou-pin and Che-tou. — montana Leech is smaller, the black markings widened, hind- wing with a larger black spot at apex and larger, partly connected submarginal spots. Common on the summit of Mount Omei in August. N. tandjrinaria Ob. (15 a as tjandjraria). I am not sure that this is specifically distinct from the following, but it lacks the black discal dots and has a rather differently shaped, less reddish orange distal border to the forewing. Chang Yang, Ta-chien-lu and Chia-kou-ho. N. consimilaria Leech shows on each wing a distinct black discal dot and bas the black line pro- ximally to the orange band somewhat angulated near the costal margin, the angle pointing basewards. Ta-chien- lu, Pu-tsu-fang and Wa-ssu-kow. N. oberthiiri Leech (14h) differs in its broader orange border, elongate black cell-mark of the fore- wing and deeper black bands. Mou-pin and Huang-mu-chang. N. nubiferaria Leech (14h) is the most inconspicuous species, being even more thinly scaled than the rest, the markings shadowy grey, chietly confined to the costal and distal margins of the forewing. Probably related to abraxaria. Tibet: Hou-kow. 11. Genus: Kanthabraxas Wwr-. Face rough-scaled. Palpus moderate. Antenna in g thickened, lamellate. Forewing rather elongate, costal margin strongly convex at base and near apex, distal margin regularly curved; cell rather long, rather narrow at end; costal remote from subcostals, Ist and 2nd subcostals free. Only one species is known, inhabiting China. Rather distinct in colour and markings, but showing little structural difference from Obeidia, Cystidia, etc. X. hemionata Guen. (15 a). Recognizable at a glance by the bright yellow colour, sinous bands and dark rays on the veins distally. N. China, Central China and Mou-pin, ete. (W. China). 12. Genus: Abraxas Leach. Face smooth. Palpus rather short, shortly rough-scaled. Antenna in g thickened with appressed serration. Hindtibia in ¢ dilated. Wings ample but rather weak, not very densely scaled. Fovea wan- ting. Forewing with Ist subcostal arising from 2nd and running into costal, or very exceptionally absent. ° Larva in the typical species variegated, with large dorsal spots, secreting a nauseous fluid which renders it immune from the attacks of many insect-enemies. Pupa in the typical species black with yellow rings, not subterranean. A moderately large genus, having its head-quarters in India, Chima and Japan but with a few stragglers in Kurope and a few in the Malayan subregion and as far as N. Australia. The species are often excessively abundant and although moderately conspicuous by day are little persecuted by birds, etc. JOHN proposes to separate the sylvata group generically from grossulariata, under the name of Calospi- los Hbn. —on account of a difference in the subcostal venation and the ¢ genitalia, but the former is inconstant and the latter not investigated in most of the extra-Huropean species. A. grossulariata ZL. (15a). Distinct from nearly all the other species in the deeper black markings, the rather large and generally regular marginal spots, the clearly defined yellow postmedian band, etc. Extra- ordinarily variable, especially in artificial breeding. Over 30 aberrations so obtained have received names from Raynor (Ent. Rec. vols. 15, 19, 21, 22); only a few of the principal forms can be considered here. — ab. can- dida Raynor is entirely white, the position of the black markings faintly indicated in yellowish. — ab. dohrnii Koenig (= deleta Ckll., cuneifera Warr., flavotasciata Huene, lacticolor Raynor) is an important recurrent aber- ration which has been proved to show a somewhat complicated Mendelian inheritance. All the black markings are much reduced, the yellow subbasal and postmedian bands widened; hindwing white with minute discal dot, traces of postmedian vein-dots and reduced black terminal spots. It occurs chiefly in England and Russia. montana. landjri- nari. consimi- laria. oberthiiri. nubiferaria. henuonata. grossula- riata. candida. dohrnii. — ab. chalcozona Raynor resembles the preceding but has the yellow replaced by coppery bronze. — ab. chalcozona. 310 ABRAXAS. By L. B. Provrt. melanozona. melanozona Raynor has a large, round, isolated cellspot on the forewing and a very black postmedian band, lutea. the yellow much reduced. Occurs in Scotland. — ab. lutea Ckil. has the ground-colour yellow throughout. — hazeleighen- ab. hazeleighensis Raynor is entirely black between the two yellow bands, excepting 2 small white anterior eis spots. — ab. varleyata Porritt (= obscura Chil.) is entirely black except a narrow white band near the base nigra. OL the forewmg and a rather broader one at the base of the hindwing. N. England. — ab. nigra Raynor malmundari- has both wings entirely black. — ab. malmundariense Donck. (= nigroradiata Rb.) has the black markings pom proximally to the cell-spot much reduced, the veins and margins distally thereto black-rayed. — ab. axantha minor. Raynor lacks the yellow bands. — minor Herz is a dwarfed form with paler yellow band, and seems to be a local race in H. Siberia and Korea. Small aberrations in Europe (nana Lambill.) do not deserve a separate ribesata. name. — ribesata Sigr. also has the band pale yellow, mdeed sometimes scarcely noticeable, but is chiefly distinguished by the more continuous postmedian band of the hindwing. Scaling rather thin. Ferghana to the conspurcata. Uliassutai district. — conspureata Bilr. (15 a) has all the black markings strong and in addition a rather broad, straight antemedian band on the hindwing. Japan. Perhaps a good species. — Egg oval, dull yellow, scarcely glossy; the hexagonal reticulation is not deep but is marked by round knobs at the angles. Larva creamy white with black spots, those of the dorsal area large, only separated at the segment incisions; a reddish lateral stripe. Sometimes wholly black. On Prunus, in gardens also very destructive to species of Ribes, Euonymus, ete. Hibernates. Pupa black, with bright yellow incisions; in a slight cocoon or quite exposed. Moth in July —August, very abundant in a great part of Europe, W. Asia, etc. flavisinuaia. A. flavisinuata Warr. is intermediate between grossulariata and sinicaria, the yellow band coloured and formed as in the latter, the reduction of the irregular spots and suffusions, as well as its size, appro- ximating it to grossulariata ; hindwing quite as in that species, except that the terminal spots are longer and narro- wer, almost connected; forewing with a large costal spot close to apex, larger but weaker spots distally to the yellow half-band and pairs of small spots between these and the distal margin. Said to be from Japan. Moorn’s 9 ,,type of picaria may be a more spotted aberration of it. Possibly a local race of sinicaria or picaria. sinicaria. A. sinicaria Leech (= consputa Bastelberger) difters from grossulariata in its somewhat more delicate build, less deep black markings and in having the forewing strongly but irregularly marked with grey spots and suffusions. The yellow band of the forewing is generally confined to the posterior half. Discal spot of hind- wing usually very small, a distinct beginning of a yellow postmedian band on imner margin. Chang Yang (Central China) and Formosa. Possibly a form of the following. picaria. A. picaria Moore. Build of the preceding, the markings deeper black. Extremely variable, but almost always recognizable by the fine black dusting which overspreads the wings. Unfortunately Moorn’s type specimen (from Darjiling) scarcely shows this and is very similar to sinicaria; the yellow bands are moderately lutea. well expressed. N. India to W. China. — ab. lutea ab. nov. has the ground-colour yellow. I have specimens nedularia. before me from Mou-pin and Ta-chien-lu (W. China) and Yatung (Tibet). — ab. nebularia Leech has the fore- semiturpis. wing heavily mottled and clouded with smoky brown. SwrHox regards it as a species. — semiturpis Warr. is an extreme development of the preceding; forewing almost entirely obscured, a little white remaining at the griscaria. apex and beyond the discal spot. Omei-shan. — ab. grisearia Leech has the forewing brownish grey, the white ground-colour remaining as a rather uniformly distributed white dusting or spotting. The yellow and black markings indicated. Not rare at Pu-tsu-fang. tortuosuria. A. tortuosaria Leech (15 a) differs in the sparser dusting, absence of yellow markings and in the rather slender, posteriorly acutely inbent postmedian band (thick line). Distributed in W. China. SUNY Oe A. curvilinearia Leech (15 a). Markings less black, postmedian line much more gently curved, mixed ™ ith rust-colour; a rust-coloured basal patch. Chia-ting-fu, W. China. reticularia. A. reticularia Leech (15 b). Very distinct in the dark longitudinal shade from base of costa to middle of distal margin. Distributed in W. China. punctisig- A. punctisignaria Leech (15 b). This and the two following perhaps form a separate group, with yellow "@"* sround-colour, small discal spots and a pattern of black dots. In punctisignaria the deep yellow line, accom- panied by some larger black dots, somewhat recalls the grossulariata group. Omei-shan and Moupin. flavobasalis. A. flavobasalis Leech. Paler, the dots larger but less numerous, the yellow postmedian band restricted to the inner margins, base of forewing with an oblique yellow patch, on which stands a cluster of about 8 black spots. Chang Yang. ABRAXAS. By L. B. Prout. 311 A. punctaria Leech (15 b). Smaller, the deep yellow markings as in flavobasalis, the dots smaller and more punctaria. numerous; the presence of a subterminal series distinguishes it from both the preceding. Moupin. A. fuscescens Btlr. (15 b). Forewing brown, with strong coarse fuscous irroration. Further charac- /uscescens. terized by the elongate, very obliquely placed cell-spot. Distributed in the N. W. Himalayas. A. vitginalis Btlr. (25 a) appears somewhat intermediate between the grossulariata and sylvata groups. virginalis. It may be known by the shadow grey markings, with pale yellow incomplete band between two postmedian rows, and the ocellated cell-marks (nearly as in pantaria), that of the hindwing sometimes almost obsolete. Dis- tributed in the N. W. Himalayas. A. sylvata Scop. (= ulmata F., pantherata Hbn.) (15 b) may be regarded as the type of a large and sylvata. difficult group (Calospilos Hbn.). From most of its eastern allies it is distinguished by the unspotted apical area of both wings, the lighter grey markings, discal spot often elongate basewards, and the lighter or brighter rust-coloured admixture in the basal area and in the large inner-marginal blotch. — ab. suffusa 7'utt (= plum- svffusa. bea RdI.) is entirely suffused with leaden grey. — ab. intermedia 7'utt shows irregular patches of leaden grey intermedia. suffusion. — In ab. obscura Z'utt the suffusions are dirty ochreous or yellowish. This and the two preceding obscura. are only recorded from England, chiefly Yorkshire. — ab. transversa Tutt has a complete slaty-grey band transversa. across the middle of the forewing. — ab. pantarioides Spitz has the dark markings much reduced, resem- fantarioi- bling pantaria. A spot in the middle of the distal margin (though sometimes much reduced) and the dark head des: remain distinctive. — Hgg pale greenish yellow, with hexagonal reticulation. Larva whitish, dorsally more yellowish, the longitudinal lines black, lateral stripe yellow; head black. On Ulmus montana, sometimes on Prunus padus, beech and hazel. The pupa hibernates in a slight cocoon on the ground; short and thick blackish brown, at the incisions lighter brown. The moth flies in May and June and is locally abundant from Central Europe to Central Asia. A. orientalis Stgr. (15 b) is usually smaller, with the grey markings darker and much more extended, orientalis. embracing the distal margin and fringe, sometimes the whole costal margin of the forewing, etc.; discal spot of forewing irregularly shaped, reaching the costal margin (in sylvata free or rarely with a narrow connecting spot), sometimes much enlarged, some spots between it and hindmargin (slight or wanting in sylvata). S. E. Siberia. A doubtful form from N. Japan (intensa Ckll.) may be provisionally united with it. Described as a variety of sylvata, which seems to me scarcely possible. It might rather be a dwarfed form of miranda. — deminuta deminuta. Warr. is probably an aberration, with a continuous, though rather narrow, antemedian band on the hindwing. Japan. A. mitanda Bélr. (15b) may be known by its large size (especially in the Q), the tendency of the miranda. discal spots to join with large posterior spots so as to form a central band, the double postmedian row of the forewing commonly more or less strengthened, often partly confluent, especially the distal series, the correspon- ding pairs of spots on the hindwing usually separate, at least on the radial veins and Ist median. Ground- colour often rather more yellowish white than in the two preceding. Japan. — latifasciata Warr. is not quite latifasciata. so large, especially in the 9, the postmedian spots, often also the median, still more thoroughly united into a band, the median of the hindwing much broadened, both wings with more dark spotting at apex. Japan. — ab. continuata Warr. is a further development of latifasciata, the postmedian band of both wings quite solid. continuata. Founded on one example. — suffusa Warr. represents miranda in Tibet and Szechuan. Smaller than latifas- sujfusa. ciata, the markings at least as dark, discal patch of both wings large, apical markings generally strong. ae A. suspecta Warr. (15b). Confusingly similar to miranda, like it in baving the 2 generally much suspecta. larger than the g. The ¢ genitalia differ notably from the other species in having a pair of small triangular plates at base of uncus (= aborted ,,gnathos‘‘). Smaller than miranda, especially in the 2nd brood, cleaner white, the spots slightly more bluish grey, small scattered spots or dots almost or entirely absent, median band very rarely complete, postmedian band of forewing interrupted at least between Ist and 2nd median, that of hindwing generally composed of single or coniluent vein-spots, yet very variable. Described from Kiukiang. Common at Siccawei near Shangai, whence I have received good material from my friend Dr. CuL- PIN. Also known to me from Wei-hai-wei and from Wei-chang, N. W. China. Egg slate-coloured. Larva black, with white longitudinal lines and white transverse markings on the first few and last few segments. It feeds on a deciduous plant which may be a species of dwarf elm. Moth in May and September, larva in June, the pupa aestivating. ' culpini. fulvobasalis. plumbeata. illuminata. pantaria. catariy,. macularia. marginata. ‘ nigrofas- ciata. mediofas- ciala. dumeei. suffusa. unicolorata. pollutaria subdeleta. 312 LOMASPILIS. By L. B. Prout. A. culpini sp. nov. (15 c). Very like suspecta but certainly distinct. 3 genitalia without the rudimentary ,gnathos“, distinguished from the allies by the fineness of the projections from the valve edges and especially the ,,sacculus‘*, that on upper base of valve entirely different from suspecta. Sexes nearly equal in size. Discal spot of forewing generally not containing a small dark ocellus, which is conspicuous in suspecta, distal margin of forewing narrowly and evenly darkened, or with row of small, equal-sized spots, always lacking the large projection in the middle, which characterizes the allies. Postmedian row of spots of hindwing partly or entirely double, the two series often widely separated. Dotted and clouded specimens very frequent. Egg green. Larva on an evergreen, a species of box; similar to that of suspecta but with the lines more interrupted and irregular, all the segment-incisions more or less white. Moth in April, a partial 2nd brood in June and early July, some larvae aestivating and producing moths (often of small size) at the end of August and beginning of September. Only known from Shangai. The discoverer, Dr. Cunpry, has taken and bred it in great numbers. A. fulvobasalis Warr. is distinguished by having the basal patch almost entirely reddish fulvous, the discal spots reduced, postmedian row of spots on hindwing single, other dark markings slight. Possibly a form of suspecta. Distributed in Korea and Japan; ? China. A. plumbeata (Warr. Ms.) Chil. Larger than miranda, the wings perhaps not quite so broad, rather more strongly glossy. Markings rather less dark, more bluish lead-colour; central spot of forewing, post- median band and marginal markings of both wings considerably enlarged; blotch near posterior angle of fore- ~ wing also large, the rusty-yellow suffusion spreading proximally so as to encroach slightly on the white ground- colour. Founded on old specimens labelled ,,.N. China“ in coll. Brit. Mus. Examples from Kiukiang and Foo- chow have since been received through the Lescu collection. A. illuminata Warr. (15 c). Very similar to the preceding, markings darker, less suffused, cell-spot of forewing generally less large, its centre white, hindwing with the median band wanting or very ill-developed, outer band of both wings generally more broken up into spots, the blotch near posterior angle of forewing commonly with the rust-yellow shade still further diffused. W. China and N. India. A. pantaria L. (15c). Easily distinguished from the most weakly marked forms of sylvata by the yellow face and vertex, clearer yellowish basal area, etc. The name-type has distinct double row of postmedian spots. — ab. cataria Guen. (15 c) has the discal and postmedian dark markings almost entirely obsolete and is in general smaller. Possibly representing a partial 2nd brood. — Larva blue-grey, the black lines fine and more or less indistinct or interrupted; head yel'ow brown. On ash, hibernating. Pupa stumpy, reddish. Moth from end of Aprilto July, according to the locality. S. and 8. W. Europe, N. Africa and from the Southern Taurus to Persia. A. macularia Herz differs from pantaria in the darker discal ocellus, black dots at distal margin, more extended brown-yellow basal patch, darker thorax, ete. Korea. Probably a pantaria-like aberration of one of the sylvata group. 13. Genus: Lomaspilis Hn. Closely allied to Abraxas, with which many systematists unite it. Except in its small size, smooth glossy abdomen, perhaps less strongly dilated hindleg and the absence (with rare exceptions) of the 1st sub- costal vein of the forewing, it shows little that is distinctive. Only one species known. Palearctic. L. marginata L. (= staphyleata Scop., maculata Hbn., naevaria Hbn.) (15 d, as macularia). Extremely variable. Linn&’s form has complete black border to both wings, also on the forewing additional spots or pat- ches at base and middle of costa. Scoroxt’s staphyleata with the addition of spots at middle of inner margins, and HuBNER’s maculata with these further enlarged, nead not be separated. — In ab. nigrofasciata Schéyen (= marginaria Hbn.) (15 d) the median band, at least on the forewing, is complete, the marginal area is normal. — ab. mediofasciata Hofner (= huenei Strand) has a complete median band but no marginal band. — ab. dumeei Joannis lacks also the basal costal patch. — ab. suffusa nom. nov. (= staphyleata Hwene nec Scop.) has the ground-colour suffused with smoky yellow-grey, the dark markings weak and blurred. — ab. nigro- unicolorata Haverkampf is black throughout. — ab. pollutaria Hbn. (= limbata Hormuz., demarginata Fuchs) (15 d) has a narrow band of the ground-colour at the distal margin, reducing and dividing into 2 parts the black marginal band. — ab. subdeleta Chil. (= wendlandtiata Fuchs). Forewing with marginal band almost or Publ. 23. IV. 1915. LIGDIA; MYRTETA. By L. B. Prov. 313 altogether obsolete, narrow patches at base and middle of costa remaining, hindwing unmarked. — ab. conflua Strand. Costal patches confluent, also confluent with the marginal band. Median area normal. — conflua. opis Bilr. (= amurensis Hedem.) (15 d) has on each wing three large median spots, longer than broad. It forms opis. a_local race in 8. E. Siberia and Japan. — Egg yellow-green, with hexagonal reticulation. Larva green with darker dorsal lines and purplish anal spot. On sallow. —On the wing May—July or even later. Widely distributed, Europe to Central Asia, N. E. Siberia, etc. 14. Genus: Ligdia Gwen. Near the two preceding, palpus stronger, upeurved, 2nd joint longer-scaled above, thorax dorsally less smooth; forewing with venation as in Abraxas, rarely with Ist subcostal anastomosing with costal, often with 2nd anastomosing or connected with 3rd—4th; distal margin of hindwing less smooth. A small genus, though represented in Europe, Asia and Africa. L. adustata Schiff. (15 d as adustaria). Glossy white, suffused almost throughout with a yellow-ochreous adustata. tinge, the anterior part of forewing sometimes clearer white; cell-dot darker ochreous, often inconspicuous; the form of the distal markings of forewing can be seen from our figure. — ab. suffusa ab. nov. has the suffusa. pale area completely infuscated. — Larva moderately stout, bright green with red dorsal spots, a red la- teral blotch on the 1st—2nd abdominals and red marks on claspers; a rare variety grey-brown. The pupa hibernates; red-brown with blackish wings. — The moth is partially double-brooded. Central Europe to Asia Minor. L. coctata Guen. (= efferata Walk., restitutata Walk., lassulata Rghfr., ispersata Sigr.) (15d). Very coctata. similar to adustata, forewing rather more elongate anteriorly; less glossy, duller coloured, rather more grey- dusted, discal dot of forewing greyer, generally more conspicuous, sometimes forming a minute ocellus; post- median line forming a deeper angle anteriorly and some minute blackish teeth on the 3rd radial and the medians. Widely distributed in N. India and Central Asia. L. japonaria Leech (= japoniata Sigr.). As glossy as adustata, less yellowish white, basal patch of fore- japonaria. wing larger, both wings with large dark grey cell-spot, hindwing with conspicuous broad dark grey postmedian band. Japan; Lercu’s series from Oiwake only. L. ciliaria Leech (15 d) nearest japonaria but very distinct in the long bright golden-brown fringes and ciliaria. in having the broad marginal band interrupted in the middle but reaching to the apex. Japan: Oiwake, only the type known. This is abnormal in neuration, the first 2 subcostals coincident, anastomosing with the costal and then connected by a bar with the 3rd—4th subcostal. 15. Genus: Myrteta Walk. Face smooth. Palpus short and rather slender. Antenna in ¢ commonly bipectinate. Wings ample, with apices rather pronounced, hindwing with distal margin nearly always rather straight (occasionally sub- erenulate) from apex to middle, often bent or angled at 3rd radial. Forewing with lst—2nd subcostals stalked, anastomosing with costal. A small Indian genus with two true Palearctic representatives and a few others on the confines of the region. The wing-pattern is often characteristic. A. Antenna in g bipectinate. Hindwing not angled (Myrteia). M. sinensaria Leech. Very near the Indian plenaria Walk. figured in Vol. XII, but still darker and with sinensaria. thicker lines. Differs from the two following species in the strong brown-grey suffusions, especially on the forewing, and the duller and more restricted yellow anal patch of the hindwing, containing a much larger black spot on the 2nd median but none on the other veins. Mou-pin, only the type known. M. tripunctaria Leech (15 c) is characterized by the slender lines of the forewing, the 3 conspicuous tripuncta- black spots at the margin of the hindwing, etc. Mou-pin, only the type known. Hee M. angelica Bilr. Near tripunctaria (15 c), lines less slender, hindwing with yellow suffusion extending angetica. narrowly as far as the Ist radial, black spots (sometimes ill defined) on the median veins only, postmedian line represented by a spot near anal angle and a row of vein-dots as far as the 3rd radial, receding from the distal margin. Japan: Yokohama, Nikko, Oiwake, etc. M. sericea Btlr. (15d). Very distinct in having the lines yellow-brownish, fine and indistinct, in part sericea. double, oblique in the opposite direction, developed on both wings; no yellow blotch on hindwing. Perhaps a separate subgenus or genus (Orthocabera Warr.). Japan. A local race in India. IV 40 moupinaria. tinagmaria. conspersa- rin. argentaria. unio. inamata. simplicior. distinctata, contrastaria. orientalis. bimaculata. brunnei- margo. subnotata. 314 BAPTA. By lL. B. Prout. M. moupinaria Ob. Larger and with less markings. Forewing only with an oblique line from middle of hndmargin running towards apex but becoming obsolete about the 1st radial and a still shorter line distally thereto. Hindwing with 2 limes. Mou-pin. M. tinagmaria Guen. (15d). This and a closely related Indian species (luteifrons Swinh.) have the shape and external appearance of Cabera but may be known at once by the face, which is pure white below, bright reddish fulvous above. In structure they only deviate from typical MWyrteta in that the g forewing has a fovea. tinagmaria differs from luteifrons in the conspicuous black discal dots. Distributed throughout China. M. conspersaria Leech (15 c) also belongs here, unless it forms a new genus. Hindleg in ¢ short, the tibia very thick, discocellulars strongly angled inwards, stalk of first 2 subcostals arising from that of the others. Known by the black dots and the macular bands. Oiwake. B. Antenna ing almost simple. Hindwing with a small rounded projec- tion in middle (Micronidia Moore). : M. argentaria Leech (15 c). Characterized by its very strong bluish-silvery sheen, very weak, though rather thick greyer lines and single conspicuous black spot on the lobe of the hindwing. W. China: Omei-shan, etc. Its nearest allies are from Sikkim. CO. Antenna in ¢ almost simple. Hindwing rounded (Zaeniophila Sigr.). M. unio Ob. (= askoldaria Chr., magna Bilr.) (15d). White with grey bands, the postmedian slightly interrupted on the veins. Forewing with black discal dot rather variable in size. Japan and Ussuri district. 16. Genus: Bapta Steph. Differs from Myrteta in the more regularly rounded hindwing, with simpler pattern, and especially in having the 2nd subcostal of the forewing stalked with the 3rd—5th. ¢ antenna simple. — The few known larvae are smooth, cylindrical, with somewhat flattened head. — Geographical range: Palearctic, Indo- Australian (chiefly N. W.) and American. A. Cell of forewing short, Istsubcostal long-stalked with the others (Leucetaera Warr.). B. inamata Walk. (= simpliciaria Walk., luciferata Walk.) (15 e). Very distinct in its frequently ochreous tone, Sing’e strong, straight, darker ochreous-fulvous postmedian line and dark fringes. Distributed through- out India and to Borneo; one example has been taken at Satsuma. B. Cell of forewing normal, lst subcostalfarising from the ,2nd. B. simplicior Btlr. (= pallidaria Leech) (15 e). Generic position uncertain, aspect of a Lomographa. Recognizable by the pale ground-colour, the shape of the postmedian line of the forewing and the brown shading distally to it, with a more brownish spot at inner margin. Japan. C. Cell of forewing normal, lst subcostal not stalked. Wings delicate, forewing very broad, dark coloured, lst subcostal anastomosi ng strongly with costal (Aleucis Curt. = Anhibernia Stgr.). B. distinctata H.-Sch. (= pictaria Curt. nec Thnbg.) (15 e). Very like Theria rupicapraria Schiff. (18 i). ¢ but smaller, with simple antenna, abdomen with white dorsal dots. Local in Central Europe; ?Asia Minor. — ab. contrastaria Fuchs has the median area darkened. — orientalis Stgr., the usual eastern form, is paler, more ereyish. Asia Minor, Palestine and Mardin. — Egg cylindrical with rounded ends, shiny, with minute hexago- nal reticulation; yellowish, changing to red, micropyle marked with black dots. Larva brown with V-shaped blackish dorsal marks and on the 3rd and 4th abdominal segments with white marks. On blackthorn. The moth flies about blackthorn bushes in April. D. Cell of forewing normal, Ist subcostal not or very shortly stalked. Wings moderately robust, forewing not exceptionally broad, white, Ist subcostal anastomosing shortly or free (Bapta). B. bimaculata F. (= taminata Schiff.) (17 b). White with very strong dark costal spots at the origin of the faint brown lines. — ab. brunneimargo ab. nov. Distal margin of forewing nearly to the postmedian line with strong brown suffusion, the lines generally better expressed. Not uncommon in some. parts of Europe and Japan, unknown in England. — subnotata Warr. (= bipunctata Fuchs) (15 e as bipunctata) has the costal spots strongly reduced. It is the commonest form in Japan, but occurs as an aberration elsewhere. — Larva, CRYPSICOMETA; PARABAPTA. By L. B. Provuv. Sil green, generally with red dorsal line, widening into lozenge-shaped blotches on some of the segments. On Prunus avium, whitethorn, etc. The pupa hibernates. Flight-time about May, local but widely distributed in Central and H. Hurope, E. Asia, etc. B temerata Schiff. (= punctata . nec Cl., sylvestrata Hbn.) (15 ce). Recognizable by the dark clou- temerata. ding in the distal part of the forewing, though this varies greatly in intensity and always leaves free (at least in part) a broad white dentate subterminal line. — Larva variable, in general similar to the preceding. On haw- thorn, blackthorn, birch, etc. The pupa hibernates. Moth in May—June, similarly distributed to the preceding, also recorded from Transcaucasia and Issyk-kul. B. foedata Warr. (= mytylata Leech nec Guen.). Less snowy white than temerata (15 e) the wings feedata. being densely sprinkled with grey atoms. Lines thick, very vague, merely formed of denser grey dusting; post- median double; no dark clouds distaily to it. Unterside white, unmarked, or rarely with minute discal dots; basal area of forewing without or only with light greyish suffusion. Japan. — subtaminata form. nov. (= fo-data subtami- Leech) is more yellowish white, postmedian line single; underside with dark smoky suffusion on the disc of the nata. forewing, postmedian line at least indicated, cell-dots present. Chang Yang and Ta-chien-lu, June—July. B, distans Warr. (=? ochrilinea Warr.) (15 e). Larger, forewing rather more pointed. White, extreme distans. costal edge of forewing yellow; discal dot minute or sometimes wanting, a fine greyish postmedian line about midway between this and the termen; fringe white. WARREN’s type, said to be from Japan, is less iridescent white, the line is placed slightly further from the termen. The form before me is from Sikkim, Dharmsala and Wa-shan and has been confused with alba Moore, from which it differs in the face and palpus, which are wholly bright ochreous, not white below, in having the discal dot beneath minute or obsolete, the postmedian line here obsolete, etc. At Dharmsala, at 2000 m. elevation, distans has been bred in June from cherry; a pre- served larva before me is yellowish (probably discoloured from green) with red marks on the face and a pale yellowish dorsal line, only distinct at the end of each segment, where it is marked on each side by a short red dash. B. platyleucata Walk. (15 e as platyleucaria) differs in its strong grey dusting and strong lines on the platyleu- postmedian forming a gentle inward curve, a whiter band beyond it. N. India; W. China: Pu-tsu-fong; Se Afghanistan. B. nigropunctaria Leech. Slightly more brownish, lines diffuse, weak; distinguished at once by an nigropunc- elongate black dot (short line) along costal margin of forewing close to apex. W. China: Mou-pin and Ta- Une chien-lu. 17. Genus: Crypsicometa War. Characters of Bapta, abdomen more robust, wings rather longer, margins well rounded, Ist subcostal of forewing anastomosing both with costal and with 2nd subcostal. In the typical species (incertaria)-the 3 bears a tuft of hair on the inner margin of the forewing beneath. A second species (particolor Warr., described as Orthobrachia) lacks this character. O. incertaria Leech (15 e). Unmistakable in its normal form on account of the rounded pale subapical incertaria. pateh. Yokohama and Gifu. Lizcu had a larger, browner 2 from Mou-pin. — ab. plana Wileman is without plana. markings excepting the black discal dots. — suffusa Leech, from Kiushiu, is smaller, rather browner, with suffusa. much stronger dark suffusions. 18. Genus: Parabapta Warr. Shape nearly as in Bapia, only rather narrower. Neuration of Myrteta but with the 1st—2nd subcostals rarely if ever anastomosing with the costal. Antenna in ¢ not pectinate. Only the two species known; eastern Palearctic. Founded by WARREN on aetheriata only, on account of the g¢ antenna; but the shape, colour and neuration show the close relationship of clarissa. A. Antenna in 9 simple. P. clarissa Btlr. (15e). Very pale yellow, both wings with nearly straight, slightly oblique postmedian clarissa. line, forewing also with an antemedian. Japan and 8S. E. Siberia. B. Antenna in ¢ with fascicles of cilia (Parabapia). P. aetheriata Graes. is distinguished by the rather broader wings and weaker markings as well as by aetheriata. the structure of the ¢ antenna. Ussuri district. aerata. Cararia. hyriaria. trimaculata. bermeja. ecognataria. pulverata. ochrearia. honest. ve . dilectaria. dalmataria, 316 PERATOPHYGA; LOMOGRAPHA. By L. B. Prout. 19. Genus: Peratophyga Warr. Small, delicately built, glossy moths, similar to Lomographa but with the 2nd subcostal of the forewing stalked as in Bapta or Cabera; distinct from both in having the 2nd radial of the forewing stalked with the Ist. Only 2 or 3 species are known, all Asiatic. P. aerata Moore (= grata Bilr.) (15 f). Ochreous with ill-defined basal, antemedian, submarginal and sometimes marginal bands of purplish fuscous, which vary much in distinctness. In the forms from Kulu and some of those from other Indian localities the dark submarginal band is narrow and occasionally weak. N. India, China, Japan and Formosa; widely distributed. 20. Genus: Lomographa Hon. Face smooth. Palpus short or shortish, rough-scaled. Forewing with the lst and 2nd subcostals coincident (in honesta long-stalked). Fovea wanting, except in dalmataria. A widely distributed genus in the Old World but not rich in species. It is generally known by the name of Stegania Du»., but Mryrick revived HUspner’s older name. A. Antenna in g ciliated (Heterostegane Hmps.). L. cararia Hbn. (15f). Distinct in having only a submarginal line well developed; commencing near apex and running to anal angle, twice angled outwards, with rays running from the angles to the distal margin. The larva is said probably to feed on poplar but I am unacquainted with any description of it. Flight-time June—July. Local: Piedmont to Galicia; Sarepta; Amurland and the Ussuri district. L. hyriaria Warr. (= iroraria Leech) (15 f). Smaller, the irroration more reddish, sometimes much sparser, antemedian line developed, sometimes also on hindwing a postmedian, the characteristic submarginal on forewing only. Japan, Korea and N. E. China. B. Antenna in g pectinated (Lomographa). L. trimaculata Vill. (= permutataria Hbn., albicaria Brd.) (15 f) may be known in its typical form by the pale colour and the 3 dark costal marks of the forewing. — ab. bermeja Ribbe, from Andalusia, is said to be smaller and lighter, almost markingless. — ab. cognataria Led. is densely irrorated and clouded with fuscous, especially in the proximal half and along the hindmarginal area of the forewing. 8. France, Spain and Portugal; very extreme examples occur at Digne. — Larva green with red-brown dorsal stripe and interrupted whitish subdorsal; on poplar. trimaculata is generally double-brooded, May and again in August. 8. W. and southern Central Europe and N. Africa. L. pulverata B.-Haas. Wings rather more elongate, less broad but less pointed than in trimaculata, pectinations shorter; grey-yellow, regularly dusted with brownish scales; markings similar, the postmedian more acutely angled at Ist radial, more dentate posteriorly; costal spots strong, almost black, but the 3rd (distal) wanting, as in honesta; fringes chequered. Askold and Ussuri. L. ochrearia B.-Haas (15 f). Ochre-yellow, the lines similar to those of timaculata but not arising from enlarged costal spots; base of forewing at costal margin somewhat infuscated; distally to the postmedian line of the forewing an interrupted band of dark spots, best developed from the hindmargin to the median veins. Tunis: Ain Draham; Algeria: Batna. L. honesta Prout (15 f). More robust and glossy than the other species, under surface almost unmarked; perhaps a new genus, or new section (¢ antenna pectinated) of Parabapta, with which it more nearly agrees in neuration. Markings nearly as in trimaculata, colour entirely different, outermost costal spot wanting. Tientsin. L. dilectaria Hbn. (=? commutaria Hbn.) (15 f). Nearest to trimacularia ab. cognataria but with the dark clouding densest in the anal area of the forewing; lines rather thick, not starting from darker spots, post- median projecting less far at Ist radial, but making a second bend between 3rd radial and Ist median. Larva pale green, the segment-incisions yellow, a light, red-edged dorsal line and a distinct yellowish subdorsal. On Populus nigra. Pupa thick, blackish brown, hibernating. There are two generations. A very local species, chiefly belonging to Austro-Hungary; also recorded from Galicia, Transcaucasia and the Taurus. .L. dalmataria Gwen. (25 i) is remarkably distinct not only in the longer forewing and grey (not brown) markings, as mentioned by GuENn#E, but also in the peculiar form of the postmedian line, with its sharp NINODES; POGONITIS; CABERA. By L. B. Prour. 317 angle outwards on the Ist radial and deep irregular sinus inwards between this and the 2nd median. The name-typical form inhabits 8. E. Russia and Central Asia (Transcaucasia to the Ili district). — arenaria Stgr., from Kashgar, also as an aberration in Transcaspia, is more sand-coloured, less sharply marked, not irrorated with grey, the distal area brownish. C. Antenna in ¢ simple. L. deletaria Moore (15f) an Assam species, has recently been recorded by WitemMAN from Yamato, Japan, in the form indistincta Moore. Hampson places it in Bapta (Leucetaera) but it falls here by his ,,Key“; probably a distinct genus. Larger, smoother-scaled and more pinkish brown or purple-brown than the other species, apex of forewing acute or subfalcate, distal margin of hindwing elbowed in middle. Variable, the lines generally weak, irregularly sinuous and in places dentate, oblique outward, the curved beginning of a curved blackish line (or 3 blackish spots) from costal margin of forewing near apex. Underside unmarked. 21. Genus: Ninodes Warr. Rather more robust than Lomographa, scaling coarser, costal margin of forewing more rounded, antenna in ¢ merely pubescent, forewing with a fovea. The type species inhabits Japan. A second species has been described from New Guinea. N. splendens Bilr. (15 f). Strikingly distinct in the extended dark basal area of hindwing and po- sterior part of forewing except distally, the metallic scales on the dark areas, metallic, strongly sinuous post- median line, etc. Japan, Korea, E. China, Ichang, Ta-chien-lu. N. scintillans 7h.-Mieg, spec. nov. (17b) —,¢ 15 mm. Ground-colour pale yellow, shaded in places with gold-yellow, especially in the outer half of the wings. In addition, the scales are in part roughened, which gives to the wings a brilliant gloss. Forewing with costa brownblack mixed with yellow scales except at the apex, which is yellow. An undulate, brown-black, irr-gular transverse band starts from the costa at 2mm from apex and ends at the inner margin 2 mm from the angle. There are further 3 brown-black spots on the inner margin between the band and the base. A small brown-black spot at the distal margin: on vein 5. A row of small brown-black terminal dots between the veins. One sees also some small brown-black striae at the distal margin, especially towards the hinder angle. A black cell-dot. Fringe yellow, that of the inner margin black. Hindwing with a transvers2, undulate brown-black band continuing that of the forewing. Another band, not undulate, starts from the abdominal margin 1,5 mm from the base, broadens and runs to the costa, of which it covers a large part. A small brown-black cell-spot coalesces with this band on one side. A small brown-black mark, 1 mm long and perpendicular to the abdominal margin is placed on this margin between the 2 bands. {Some small brown-black striae at the distal margin, chiefly between vein 4 and the apex and towards the anal angle. Fringe yellow. Underside pale yellow, without trace of gold-yellow. The undulate brown-black band of the upperside, parallel to the distal margin, present; it is paler and there is a small brown-black spot, between the veins, at the distal margin of each wing. Costa of forewing almost entirely brown-black, slightly irrorated with pale yellow; proximal half of the wing partly covered with brown-black scales; some brown-black marks between the undulate band and the distal margin. A small brown-black cell- dot; fringe pale yellow. On the hindwing some brown-black striae at the distal margin between vein 4 and the apex and along the costa. A small brown-black cell-spot. Palpus and face brown, vertex yellow, collar brown- black, tegulac pale yellow with the extremity brown-black. Abdomen pale yellow with a brown-black dorsal spot on each segment. 9 18 mm. Siccawei (environs of Shangai) 2 g, 1 9, my coll.; several g and 9, coll. De Joannis. Ichang (ex coll. Lezcn) 1 4, coll. Brit. Mus.‘ (Tummrry-Mine in litt.) 22. Genus: Pogonitis Chr. Structure of Cabera but rounder-winged, the anal angle of the forewing, especially in the 3, rounded off, the hindmargin also in the g rounded, bearing a curled patch of scent-(?) scales. Fovea of the ¢ hind- wing very strongly developed, the costal area at base somewhat expanded. Only one species known, inhabiting S. E. Siberia and Japan. P. cumulata Chr. (15f). Pale yellowish, the discal dots large and black, the clouds of dark dusting or strigulation placed somewhat in the same positions as in Ninodes splendens but often weaker, unicolorous, on the hindwing less extended. Amur and Ussuri districts and Japan. 23. Genus: Cabera 7’. Face smooth or nearly so. Palpus shortish or moderate, rough-scaled. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate. Forewing without fovea, all veins present, 2nd subcostal arising from stalk of 3rd—4th beyond 5th. Hindwing with fovea at base anteriorly to costal vein. A small genus, Palearctic, Indo-Australian and N. American. arenaria. deletaria. indistinela. splendens. scintillans. cumulata. pusaria. ablataria. heveraria. rotundaria. _ fletcheri. exanthema- ta. arenosaria. ap proxi- maria. pellegraria. unicolorata. schaefferi. sinicaria. purus. punctata. griscolim- bata. rufofascia- ria. hadassa. inconspt- cua. unicolor. suffusa 318 SYNEGIA. By L. B. Prout. C. pusaria L. (15g, as pusata). White with slight grey dusting and fine grey lines, on forewing 3 (the first curved), on hindwing 2. — ab. ablataria Fuchs (= monotonica Strand, striaria Hbn. praeocc.) has the lines almost or entirely obsolete. — ab. heveraria H.-Schaff. (= melania Ob.) is a rare form in which the grey dusting densely covers almost the entire wings. England, Germany and Austria. — ab. rotundaria Haw. (= continaria Frr.) is a rounder-winged form with the first lmes strongly approximated. Said to be the product of under-feeding the larvae. — Larva elongate, with rather flattened head; green with purplish brown or blackish dorsal spots, or grey mixed with reddish, or sometimes yellowish; very variable. On birch and alder. Pupa compact, brown, the wings olive-green; hibernating. On the wing through a great part’ of the summer, irregularly double-brooded. Europe, generally abundant, Transcaucasia, N. Persia and E. Si- beria. — hybr. fletcheri Tutt (pusaria g x exanthemata Q) is just intermediate between the parent forms, rather pure white, the lines tinged with ochreous. C. exanthemata Scop. (= striaria Hbn.) (15g) is slightly shorter-winged, more tinged with ochreous, the irroration (which is generally stronger) and the limes being ochreous grey; lines rather more denticulate. — ab. arenosaria Haw. (= nogentina Th.-Mieg) is darker, more strongly dusted, the lines sometimes scarcely or not at all differentiated. — ab. approximaria Haw. has the first2 lines closely approximated, almost coales- cent. — ab. pellagraria Gwen. is said to be larger, apex of forewing more produced, colour whiter, less irrorated, lines perhaps less waved, both wings with a black discal dot. Lyons. — ab. unicolorata Teich, almost unico- lorous white, is said to be a prevalent form in Livonia. — Egg oval, green, with fine reticulation. Larva - very variable, green or brown, usually with dark dorsal markings and sometimes with white dots. Perhaps rather thicker than pusaria larva. On sallow, etc. Pupa similar to that of pusaria. Range nearly the same, but apparently more distributed in Central Asia. C. schaefferi Brem. (15g) is, as LeEcH says, a separate species, characterized by the distinct yellow bands, which are not denticulate, ground-colour cleaner white; all the lines of the forewing are curved basewards anteriorly. S. EH. Siberia, Korea and Japan. — sinicaria Leech has the ground-colour more yellowish white, thus at first sight more like exanthemata, but with the lines as in schaefferi. W. China: Ta-chien-lu. C. purus Bélr. (15 g) is also very similar to exanthemata, the ground-colour cleaner white, the lines rather more markedly dentate, curving nearly as in schaeffert, from which it differs, apart from the dentate lines, in having a fine grey irroration and on both wings a black discal dot. Japan and Korea. C. punctata Warr. (= candidaria Leech) (15 2). Structurally distinct in having the Ist subcostal vein stalked with the others, superficially in its macular bands, which are somewhat variable in distinctness. Ground- colour chalky white. Japan: Oiwake. C. griseolimbata Ob. (= straminea Bilr., ustulataria Chr.) (15g). Apparently not clearly related to the other species, but agreeing in structure. Superticially more like a Lomographa, very distinct in the reticu- lated appearance, due to the dark veins, and in the broad dark border of the hindwing and of the posterior part of the forewing. Ussuri district and Japan. C. (2) rufofasciaria Leech. Also very distinct. Pale ochreous brownish with black discal dots, the fore- wing with broad diffuse rufous outer band. Chang Yang, Central China, only the type known, a 9, aberrant in its pectinate antenna and rather longer palpus. Perhaps a separate genus. 24, Genus: Symegia Guen. Related to the preceding group but differing in the longer palpus and altogether more slender build, the g abdomen being long and thin, antenna long, legs long and slender. 3g antenna generally pectinated, but variable. ¢ retinaculum often modified either into a dense hairtuft or into a spatulate plate. S. hadassa Bélr. (15g). 3g antenna with moderate, slender pectinations; retinaculum normal. Bright ochreous, irrorated with fuscous; both wings with black discal dot. Very variable. In the name-type the fus- cous irroration is massed so as to form cloudy bands bordering the median area (the postmedian dentate) and forming a dark proximal (and sometimes distal) shading to a dentate subterminal line of the ground- colour. — ab. inconspicua Bélr. has the irroration more reddish, giving to the entire wings a brighter ochreous tone, the cloudy bands more or less weak. — ab. unicolor Wileman has the irroration coloured as in the type, but entirely lacks the bands. — suffusa form. nov. has the hindwing and a great part of the forewing dark-suffused, leaving free the basal area, the cell and a narrowing streak from this to the apex, crossed by the postmedian and subterminal dark bands, a still darker dentate postmedian line usually distinct. All specimens from Kiushiu are of this form or transitions. — hadassa is distributed in Japan; also known from Chang Yang, Chow-pin-sa and Mou-pin. PETELIA; HYPEPHYRA. By L. B. Prout. 319 S. limitata Warr. (15h). Rather paler, with slight antemedian, strong thick postmedian and complete limitata. or partial subterminal dark lines, also a characteristic longitudinal streak from the postmedian of the fore- wing to the distal margin. Japan, Chang Yang and Omei-shan. This and the following may be also forms of hadassa. S. esther Bélr. is distinguished by the still darker lines and by the very strong dark clouding which occupies most of the distal area of the forewing and in the posterior half crosses the postmedian line. Japan: Yokohama, Hakone, Kiushiu. esther. S. omissa Warr. is perhaps slightly narrower winged. Ground-colour paler, more yellowish, but with omissa. the olive-fuscous irroration and clouding so dense as to leave only dots and spots of the ground-colour, thick antemedian and postmedian and slender subterminal dentate yellow lines, the antemedian present on forewing only, the subterminal generally much interrupted, especially on the hindwing. 8. Japan and the Liu-Kiu Islands. Also from Hankow. S. “purpurascens Warr. (= rosearia Leech) (15g). G antennal pectinations of the outer series rather long; retinaculum a large flattened plate. Distinct in shape, especially i the crenulate margin of the hindwing. The dull purple-clouded forewing and rosy hindwing render confusion with any other Palearctic species impossible. Ichang and Mou-pin. Also known to me from Birma. 25. Genus: Petelia H.-Schaff. Face slightly rough-scaled. Palpus strong, moderate to long. Antenna long, in g bipectinate, with apical part simple. Pectus densely hairy. Wings strong, the scaling thick. Forewing with the 2nd—5th subcostals stalked, the 2nd usually arising far beyond the 5th. Hindwing with distal margin commonly undu- late or slightly bent in the middle. The most typical species are Indo-Australian, but representatives are found in the Eastern Palearctic Region, EH. Africa and S. America. Distinct from Cabera in the stronger palpus, from Synegia in the shorter legs, etc.; from both in the robuster build, rougher clothmg and dark coloration. A. Hindwing of § with basal fovea (Alana Walk.). P. albifrontaria Leech (15h). Rather longer-winged than the species of Section B, lighter coloured, both wings with small but distinctly white-pupilled cell-spot, the distal area of the forewing with characte- ristic pale grey, dark-dusted spots. Japan: Gifu. B. Hindwing of $ without fovea (Peielia). P. rivulosa Bilr. (15h). A large species, the ground-colour marked with innumerable small darker strigulae which in many places tend to arrange themselves in transverse lines. Forewing with thick curved antemedian line, both wings with rather straight, thick median line, placed rather near the base on acount of the short cells; a greyer distal area is bounded proximally by a vague, smuous dark shade. Japan: Tokyo, ete. P. morosa Bélr. has all the markings very confused excepting a small grey apical patch; proximally to this and often extending nearly across the wing, though narrowing rapidly, is a rust-reddish cloud; basal area of forewing also much more reddish than median area. Japan: Tokyo, etc. 26. Genus: Mypephyra Bilr. Face with projecting tuft of scales. Palpus well developed. Antenna in ¢ simply ciliated. Hindtibia in ¢ with hair-pencil. Wings ample, thickly scaled. Forewing with apex acute; Ist and 2nd subcostals stalked, the lst anastomosing with costal. India, Japan, etc. The characters given above are taken from the type species (ter7osa) and pryeraria; I have not yet worked out the limits of the genus. H. terrosa Bilr. (25a). Somewhat larger and decidedly darker than pryeraria, being suffused with dark violet-grey, especially in the distal area; forewing with an elongate black cell-mark surrounded at a short distance by a slender dark ring; hindwing with a crenulate pale subterminal line. Underside pale ochreous, distal area more reddish, containing a dark patch in posterior half of forewing. N. W. Himalayas, W. and Central China, Japan. H. pryeraria Leech (25 a) lacks the characteristic cell-mark of the forewing and the subterminal line of the hindwing and has the underside almost unicolorous. Gifu. H. flavimacularia Leech (15 g). Placed here in the British Museum collection, but the face is not tufted and the first 2 subcostals of the forewing are coincident; affinities quite uncertain. Recognizable at a glance by the large yellowish apical patch. Central and W. China. PUr puras- CON, albifronta- rid. rivulosa. MOTO0SA. terrosa. pryeraria. flavimacu- laria. marginepur- puraria. t lutea. ennomaria. obliqua. pulveraria. passetir. unicolor. gadmensis. violacearia. japonica. 320 HYPERYTHRA; SYRRHODIA; ANAGOGA. By L. B. Prout. 27. Genus: Hyperythra Guen. Face smooth, with a slight tuft at lower extremity. Palpus rather long. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate. Pectus hairy. Forewing in 3 with fovea; Ist subcostal free, 2nd stalked with 3rd—4th, usually arising just beyond 5th. Hindwing with distal margin crenulate, commonly somewhat cut away at apex; cell extre- mely short; costal margin in ¢ greatly expanded, a strong tuft of nes arising from base of cell and lying in a groove along upper surface anteriorly to the cell. Indo-Australian. All the species are very closely related, if not races of a single very variable species. H. lutea Stoll (= flavaria F., limbolaria Guen.), founded on a 9 from Java, but widely distributed throughout India, etc., has been taken at Dharmsala, but can scarcely be regarded as a Palearctic species. It is very variable, the 2 bright yellow, the g strongly suffused with pink and more mixed with fuscous, altogether much more variegated. — enntlomaria Gwen. (19 c) is distinguished by its much more uniform pinkish brown ground-colour, both surface in the ¢ almost entirely without yellow admixture, the 9 showing some yellowish beneath. The underside shows a conspicuous triangular whitish patch on distal margin close to the apex of the forewing, which is less well defined in the name-type. Dharmsala, etc. 28. Genus: Syrrhodia Hobn. Very closely akin to Hyperythra, but without the abnormally short cells, expanded costal margin and long hair-pencil. The secondary sexual modifications vary in different groups and are sometimes very slight. The only species included in the present volume forms the type of the section T'ycoonia Warr., the g with a small patch of hair on the upperside of the forewing, placed on the fold at about one-fourth from the base. The genus is widely distributed — India, Africa, 8. America. S. obliqua Warr. is very closely like the Indian phoenix Swinh. (figured in Vol. XII). The ¢g can be distinguished by the scent-patch on the forewing. The postmedian line of the forewing is remarkably straight, the median line more slender than in phoenix and slightly oblique, thus nearer to the postmedian at the costal than at the posterior margin; dark apical spots of hindwing weak and diffuse. Described from ,,Japan“. I have before me 2 ¢¢ from Omei-shan and a 2 from Kwei-chow. 29. Genus: Anagoga Hbn. Face somewhat protuberant below, shortly rough-scaled. Palpus moderate, rough-scaled. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate, with rather long branches. Forewing rather elongate, apex pointed; fovea wanting; Ist subcostal anastomosing or connected with costal; 2nd arising from 3rd—5th, or rarely from Ist, anastomosing with Ist. Hindwing moderately rounded, costal approximated to cell to one-half, 2nd subcostal often from end of cell or even very shortly stalked. Larva elongate, twig-like, the head cordiform, the 5th abdominal segment with a strong transverse protuberance, the 6th with smaller protuberances. A small genus, chiefly (perhaps exclusively) Palearctic and Nearctic. A. pulveraria Z. (= diffusaria Walk.) (15h). Variable, but always showing more or less of a reddish tone, with no markings except the rather straight antemedian and posteriorly strongly incurved postmedian lines of the forewing. The median area in the name-typical form is darkened. — ab. passetii 7'h.-Mieg (= sa- turaria Wagner) is violaceous grey instead of reddish brown, the median band sharply expressed. — ab. margi- nepurpuraria Bastelb. (25 a) is deeper red, the median area of forewing and basal half of hindwing more orange-, the rest more purple-tinged, lines thick, antemedian rather curved, postmedian less broad anteriorly than in the type. Rather small and round-winged. Rheingau. — ab. unicolor Hirschke has both wings uniform brown, dark-dusted, without lines or band. — gadmensis Rarzur is a rather small, brighter (yellower) brown form from Switzerland (Gadmenthal), with the median area almost or quite concolorous, the lines remaining. — violacearia Graeser (15h), from Amurland, is a very small form, coloured nearly like marginepurpuraria, which must perhaps sink to it, but the thick lines are described as dark violet and it is not indicated that their form differs from the normal; compare, however, the following form. — japonica Bélr. (= violacearia Herz, % Graeser) is a small race, or possibly distinct species, from Japan and Korea, bright deep red-brown, the median area as broad posteriorly as anteriorly, not differentiated in colour, the lines which bound it deeper red brown, the postmedian only projecting a little in the middle. Line on hindwing continued nearly to the costal margin, straighter than in marginepurpuraria, which also shows this peculiarity. — Ege dark red through- out, or with more or less confluent dark red spots, the reticulation very fine and shallow. Larva reddish brown or purplish grey, mottled with yellowish brown; on birch, oak, sallow, ete. The pupa hibernates and is rather elongate, red-brown. pulveraria flies in April—June, a partial 2nd brood in July—Aueust. It has a wide distribution in Central and N. Hurope, Siberia, etc. Publ. 8. V. 1915. PUENGELERIA; EPHORIA; PROTEOSTRENIA; SCARDAMIA. By L.B.Provr. 321 30. Genus: Piingeleria Rougemont. Characters of Anagoga but with the face flat, antennal pectinations more slender and straighter, abdomen and wings rather more slender, forewing with 2nd subcostal anastomosing or connected with 3rd-4th. Larva elongate, smooth, not twig-like, bearing, like Hllopia, an additional (rudimentary) pair of legs on the 5th abdominal segment; head large and flat. Thus quite remote from that of the preceding genus. P. capreolaria Schiff. (15h). Duller coloured than A. pulveraria, forewing with a conspicuous black capreolaria. cell-dot, antemedian line bent basewards at costa, postmedian more dentate, the enclosed area broad. — ab. donzelatia Dup. is yellow whitish, with the lines and cell dot black. From the mountains of Central France donzelaria. and Italy. — valesiaria Vorbr. & Miill.-Rutz is almost unicolorous grey, not brownish. Valais. — Larva green valesiaria. with longitudinal blue-green subdorsal and yellow lateral stripes. On Pinus abies (Abies excelsa), hibernating small, Local, Central—S. EH. Europe, flying in July. P. castiliaria Sigr. is unknown to me, perphas not congeneric. Palpus somewhat shorter. Fore- castiliaria. wing narrow, with more rounded apex. Dirty yellowish grey or ash-grey with dark cell-streak and extremely weak lines at one-third and three-fourths. Hindwing lighter, weakly irrorated distally. Castile. dl. Genus: Ephoria Mey. Face prominent, with somewhat projecting scales. Palpus moderate, rough-scaled. Antenna in ¢ very shortly pectinate. Femora hairy. Forewing without fovea; 2nd subcostal stalked with 3rd—5th. Hind wing with costal approximated to cell to one-half. Contains only a single species. E. arenosa Bilr. (25 b) is a striking species, bright ochreous with the broad dark lines of the forewing arenosa. coalescing near the posterior margin, the apical area of both wings deep fuscous, that of the forewing relieved with pure white spots. Japan and 8S. EH. Siberia. 32. Genus: Proteostrenia Warr. Face with appressed scales. Palpus rather short. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate. Forewing (especially in the 2) with apex acute, a slight excision behind it; fovea present in g; lst—2nd subcostal vein coincident. Hindwing with distal margin crenulate, discocellulars rather strongly bent. A Japanese genus, remarkable for its great sexual dimorphism. P. leda Bélr. (15h). Extraordinarily variable, especially the 9. The name-type, and also the commo- feda. nest ¢ form, is black, with white subapical patch at costal margin of forewing and smaller one (sometimes double) at distal margin. — 9-f. strenioides Bélr. is the first described 2. Yellowish white, with more ochreous strenioides. clouding in places, thick blackish subbasal antemedian and postmedian lines (the last-named double) and broad dark longitudinal streaks giving it a latticed appearance. — 9-f. lachrymosa Bilr. is more clouded with Jachrymosa. dark brownish, leaving whitish spots corresponding to those of the g and indefinite broken lines or bands of whitish spots. — 9-f. oberthiirii Bélr. (15h) has only the principal dark Imes and a dark irroration. — oberthiirii. 4. ossea Bilr. is similar to the preceding, but almost without irroration, the postmedian line strong, markedly ossea. denticulate. — 9-f. straminea Bélr. is a very extreme aberration with dark markings only remaining at sframinea. costal margin and apex of forewing and at the branching of the 3rd radial and 1st median. — All the forms occur in Japan. Also known from Central and W. China. P. pica Wileman (15h), founded on a single 9 from Yamato, Japan, is smaller and appears rela- pica. tively narrower-winged; distal margins smoother. Yellow-whitish, forewing with broad, posteriorly coalescent antemedian and median dark brown bands, a narrow outer band of the same and dark brown veins; hind- wing similar but with proximal half dark. — atrata Wileman, taken at the same locality, is probably the atrata. 3g to pica. Black, with a white dash on costa of forewing near the apex and a white dot at the apex. 33. Genus: Seardamia Cuen. Face with short projecting tuft. Palpus moderate. Antenna in g bipectinate. Abdomen with a small metallic crest near base. Wings smooth-margined. Forewing without fovea; first two subcostals stalked, the Ist anastomosing with costal. A small and very natural genus, chiefly Indo-Australien and Necicant All the species are bright orange coloured, with metallic lines. S. aurantiacaria Brem. (151) is distinguished by its very oblique antemedian line, rather strong awranti- _ and coarse dark dusting and rather weakly marked underside. Distributed in E. Siberia, China, Japan etc... = “7 S. obliquaria Leech (151i) has the antemedian line bent, the postmedian oblique from near the apex. obliquaria. Ground-colour lighter, the distal area somewhat darkened. Korea. IV { 41 stigmatica. fasciaria. grisearia. manitaria. cinereostri- garia. ochrearia. aintermedia- ria. prasinaria. extincta. pinicolaria. compararia. squalidaria. duponti. 322 PSEUDOTHALERA; ELLOPIA; CAMPAHA. By L. B. Provr. 34. Genus: Pseudothalera Warr. Unknown to me, as I have not been able to find WARRENS type; probably near the Indo-Australian genus Aplochlora. Palpus porrect, with 3rd joint minute. Antenna in 3 simple. Legs long. Forewing wit apex acute, distal margin decidedly oblique, scarcely curved; Ist subcostal free, 2nd—5th stalked. Hind- wing quadrate, distal margin slightly crenulate anteriorly, a slight angle at 3rd radial, thence straight to anal angle. Ps. stigmatica’ Warr. 40 mm. Pale dull ochreous green, finely dusted with olive; costa of forewing thickly spotted with fuscous, cellspot small, black, an indistinct olive-fuscous line at seven-eighths, more distinct at hindmargin; hindwing with a large round blackish cellspot followed by a slightly angulated pale olive line. W. China. 35. Genus: EKllopia 7’. Face smooth. Palpus short and slender. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate. Wings smooth-margined. Fore- wing without fovea; 2nd subcostal stalked with 3rd—5th. — Larva of moderate proportions, with pairs of minute dorsal protuberances, a pair of rudimentary legs on the 5th abdeminal segment. Geographical distri- bution: Palearctic. E. fasciaria L. (= prosapiaria L., rufofasciosa Hsp.) (151). Linni& twice described this species; first a worn, greyish red form, then on the following page (as prosapiaria) a brighter red example. Both forms show the 2 curved lines of the forewing and 1 on the hindwing. — ab. gtisearia Fuchs differs little from Linnus first type, but is still greyer. Frequent in Scotland. Also recorded from Germany and Austria. — ab. manitiaria H.-Sch. is of a uniform dark liver-colour with the lines obliterated. — ab. cinereostrigaria Klem. has the lines dark grey instead of white. The type specimens (2) were also narrow-winged. — ab. ochre- aria Joan. (= ochracearia Rbl.) is clear ochreous, nearly as in Hnnomos erosaria. — ab. intermediaria Gmpbgq. is a transitional form, green with red costal margin, fringes, and edging to the lines. — prasinaria Schiff. (= viridifasciosa Hsp.) (151) is an interesting green form with the white lines usually well-developed and is common in some localities, the larva feeding on pines and spruce fir, while that of typical fasczaria feeds on Scotch fir. — ab. extineta Vorbr. & Miill.-Rutz is a modification of prasinaria, darker green with the white lines almost or entirely obsolete. — Egg approximately oval, somewhat flattened at the ends, the micropylar end broader; reticulation very slight; colour red. Larve red or red-brown, assimilating to the colour of the sheaths of the pine-needles, dorsum with darker triangles. On Pinus sylvestris, hibernating small. Moth in June—August. Central and N. Europe, Ural, Caucasus, Altai and H. Siberia. E. pinicolaria Bell. (25b). Near prasinaria, forewing more acute, colour more glaucous green, the lines running only from inner margin to about two-thirds, the antemedian very oblique. Inhabits the moun- tains of Corsica, in forests of larch; 1 9 has been recorded from the Taurus. E. compararia Sigr. (2) differs from prasinaria in the extremely slender, rather differently placed lines, as well as in its smaller size and duller colour. The distal margin of the hindwing shows in the middle a slight bend which is not or scarcely appreciable in fasciaria and its forms. Only known from Algeria. E. (?) squalidaria Costa, described as a Hemithea but compared with prasinaria, may well belong here. Size of compararia, forewing rather more rounded, hindwing not bent at 3rd radial, ground-colour yellow (possibly faded), the lines not quite so fine as in compararia, antemedian straight, postmedian of fore- wing very gently sinuous, of hindwing forming a strong curve. 8. Italy: 8. Cataldo, near Lecce; Patria, near Naples. In July. E. (7) duponti Mab. is unknown to me and I much doubt its belonging to this genus.. The build (according to the figure) recalls Hnconista miniosata (23 1) ground-colour similar, discal mark more slender, rosy antemedian and postmedian bands present on the forewing, hindwing whitish, tinged with rosy distally, a tine transverse line running across the middle to the vicinity of the anal angle. Spain: La Granja. 36. Genus: Campaea Lam. Nearly related to Ellopia, differing chiefly in the shape of the wings. Both wings show a more or less strong angular projection at the 3rd radial and the distal margin of the hindwing (sometimes also the forewing) is somewhat crenulate throughout. — Larva with an additional pair of legs on the 5th abdominal segment and flattened ventral surface, and with fleshy lateral processes which enable it to fit more closely to the twig on which it rests — a beautiful protective adaptation seen also in Gastropacha and other larvae. Geographical range: Palearctic, Nearctic and perhaps Indian. ENNOMOS. By L. B. Provr. 323 0. margaritata L. (= sesquistriataria Anoch) (151). Distal margin of forewing not, of hindwing margaritata. only slightly crenulate. Delicate light green when fresh, the colour exceedingly fugitive. Egg smooth, long- oval, but laid with the micropyle at the top; light grey, dark-dotted, later pink with the dots deep red. Larva grey, brown or brownish-green, commonly with whitish dots, segment-incisions well marked. On birch, oak and many other trees, hibernating. Imago in June—July, rarely (small specimens) again in September. Central Europe to Transcaucasia. C. honoraria Schiff. (= ilicaria Nill., excisaria Hsp., honoritica Hsp.) (151). Margins more strongly honoraria. crenulate, colour normally light brown or more reddish brown, both wings with a small discal dot. — ab. pictavorum Ob. has the lines of the forewing approximated, meeting at the hindmargin. — ab. virescens D. Luc. pictavorum. has the wings greenish throughout. — Ege “assualhs round, at first cream-colour, afterwards spotted with blood-red. BO Larva reddish grey, with the dark donee line much interrupted, a small dark hump on the 7th abdominal segment; spiracles large, white, ringed with black. On oak, hibernating. honoraria is local in 8. Europe, Holland and Belgium, N. Africa etc., May and July. 37. Genus: Kmmomeos 77. Face obliquely prominent, with dense projecting scales. Palpus moderate or longish, rough-haired. Antenna in g bipectinate; in 9 very shortly bipectinate or serrate. Breast and femora densely hairy; tibiae sometimes strongly hairy. Hindtibia with median spurs short or wanting. Wing-maregins irregular, both wings prominent at 3rd radial, forewing generally somewhat excised behind this vein. Fovea wanting. Neuration variable, all the subcostals usually present. Hgg at one end rounded (subgenus Hnnomos) or squared (Deutero- nomos), the micropylar end with a white ring; mostly laid in lines side by side. Hibernating. Larva when first hatched smooth and slender, becoming twig-like, with transverse humps, especially on the 2nd and 5th abdominal segments. Pupa somewhat rugose, a surface coating being covered with a netword of fine lines and pitting; cremaster long, with strong spines. In a silken cocoon. The moths resemble autumn leaves, fly at night and are attracted by light. Palearctic (chiefly European) and Nearctic. Subgenus Hnnomos Tr. Tongue present, thoughshort. Hindtibia with median spurs. E. autummnaria Winbg. (= alniaria Schiff. nec L.) (15k). Considerably the largest EKuropean Hnno- autumnaria. mos and further characterized by the coarse dots which are spread over the wings, though very variable in intensity. — ab. schultzi Srebert has both wings entirely infuscated, merely the veins and perhaps the extreme schultzi. base and on the hindwing the inner margin remaining undarkened. Known from Germany and England. — Egg olive-green, becoming deep chocolate brown, micropyle black; pitting very slight, longitv dinally arranged. Larve dark brown, irregularly streaked and mottled with more reddish brown; a transverse protuberance on the 2nd abdominal segment, a smaller on the 5th, lateral projections on the 3rd. On various trees. Pupa with a purplish bloom; firmly attached in a slight cocoon. Moth in August—September. Europe, E. Siberia and Japan. —hybr. dartfordi 7'wtt is the product of crossing 5 autumnaria with 2 quercinaria. Intermediate dartjordi. in size, shape ot forewing suggesting autumnaria, of hindwing quercinaria, forewing mottled as in the former, but with distinct lines as in the latter. / E. quercinaria Zujn. (15k). Extremely variable, but distinguishable from the species of the subgenus quercinaria. Deuteronomos by the structure, the wing-shape, the form of the antemedian line etc. The name-typical form is light yellowish, with the lines not accompanied by dark shades. — ab. equestraria F. (= infuscata Stgr.) equestraria. (15 k) has the median area normal, the proximal and distal infuseated. — ab. perfuscata ab. nov. has both wings perfuscata. entirely infuscated. — ab. carpinaria Hbn. is of a more reddish ochreous colour. — ab. angularia Hbn. has carpinaria. some strong dark shading distally to the postmedian line. — Many other forms occur, which have not “gularia. received separate names. Larva elongate, with less strong humps than some species, pogastonally smooth- always so in its younger stages; brown mottled with reddish, or more uniform green. On oak, beech, birch, lime etc., full fed about the end of June. Pupa greenish, the wings more yellow. The moth flies in August— September and is fairly common in Central Europe, occurring also in the Taurus and Transcaucasia. Subgenus (? Genus) Deuteronomos, subg. nov. Tongue wanting or*~absolutely vestigial. Hindtibia without median spurs. E. alniaria Z. (= canaria Hbn., tiliaria Bkh.) (15k). Best dememshel by the bright canary-yellow ainiaria. thorax and by the conspicuous discal spots. Not very variable. — Egg brick-shaped, with a depression on upper surface; strongly polished, blackish. Larva very elongate, slender anteriorly, hump on 2nd abdominal well developed; brown, mottled with purplish above, more greenish below. Feeds chiefly on birch and alder. Pupa in a tough cocoon among fallen leaves, moss or grass. Moth in August: and September, Central Europe, S. France, N. Italy, Scandinavia and parts of Russia. | { fuscantaria. effuscaria. destrigaria. perfuscaria. effractaria. crosaria. tiliaria. unicoloria. quercaria. regina. bilunaria. anfuscata. 324 EUMERA; SELENIA. By L. B. Provr. E. fuscantaria Steph. (= carpinaria Haw. nec Hbn.) (15k). Distinguished by its less bright colour and especially by the smoky suffusion of the distal area. — Only in ab. effuscaria Rb/., from Transsylvania, this distal infuscation is almost entirely wanting. — ab. desttigaria Galvagni lacks both the transverses lines. — ab. perfuscaria RO/. has the dark suffusion equally diffused throughout the wings, forewing with the lines strong — Larva green, more or less marked with brown, occasionally reddish grey with slight green mottling; humps not very large, sometimes wanting. On ash, in captivity accepting privet. Pupa in a strong but open silken network among leaves or the herbage beneath the tree. Moth in August—September. Local in Central Europe, Southern Scandinavia, Livonia. E. effractaria Frr., founded on a g bred from an undescribed larva taken on alder at Sarepta, is an enigmatical species. Very near alniaria, but with the margins scarsely so irregular (intermediate towards quercinaria), the lines of the forewing nearly mecting on the hindmargin, the postmedian followed by some slight dark shading; cell-spot large; fringes with larger but less darkly coloured spots; hindwing with a line formed nearly as in fuscantaria; underside about as in the most strongly marked alniaria. But for the apparent absence of bright yellow hair on thorax, I should refer it as an aberration to that species. E. erosaria Schiff. (15k). This species and the following are in general recognizable by their freedom from dark dusting; even the lightest quercinaria are generally somewhat dusted, or at least appreciably dar- kened on the veins and distal margin. erosaria has the head and thorax yellowish, but less bright than in almaria, - lines rather less oblique, postmedian further from distal margin, antemedian strongly inclined basewards at costa; cell-spot obsolete above. The nametypical form is yellowish. — ab. tiliaria Hbn. is paler, the forewing straw-colour. — ab. unicoloria Hsp. is without the transverse lines. — Larva rather elongate, with strong knob-shaped protuberances, altogether bearing a remarkable likeness to an oak twig; brown, now with a tinge of purple, now of greenish, ventral surface paler greenish brown. On oak. Pupa in an open silken network among leaves. The imago appears in August and September and inhabits Central and parts of 8. W and E. Europe and Transcaucasia. E. quercaria Hbn. (= dryadaria Rbr.) (15k). Similar in colour to the preceding or slightly less yellow, the lines of the forewing parallel, accompanied on the reverse sides by fine whitish lines, cell-spot above present or absent, underside with pale yellowish postmedian line, often edged proximally with a dark line. The larva is similar to that of erosaria, but of a paler yellowish brown colour. It is said to feed exclusi- vely on oak. The perfect insect appears in August—September. Local, Spain, 8. E. Europe, Asia Minor, Trans- caucasia. 38. Genus: Eumera Sigr. Kace rounded-prominent with appressed scales. Palpus extremely short. Tongue wanting. Fore- wing without special prominence at 3rd radial. Other characters nearly as in Hnnomos. The 2 antenna is shortly pectinate. All spurs present, but short. Erected by StauprncEeR for a single Palearctic species. E. regina Stgr. (15k) may be known by its shape and by the round white dots which succeed the distal shading of the postmedian line between 3rd radial and 2rd median (the posterior one somatimes obsolete). Underside similar to upper. Dalmatia, the Amasia district and Palestina. 39. Genus: Selenia Hbn. Face with projecting tuft ot scales. Palpus moderate, rough-scaled. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate, in 9 serrate or subpectinate. Femora densely hairy. Hindtibia with all spurs. Forewing without fovea; a trans- parent discocellular mark; 1st and 2nd subzostals generally free; Ist radial from stalk of 3rd—bth subcostal; distal margin strongly prominent at 3rd radial, somewhat concave behind. Hindwing with distal margin irre- gularly crenulate; cell-mark as on forewing; 2nd subcostal stalked or from a point with Ist radial; vestiges of 2nd radial persist. — Larva when newly hatched stouter, more Béiston-like than that of Hnnomos. Adult larva also stouter, swollen posteriorly, knotted, the 3rd pair of legs swollen at the base, larger than the others. Pupa stout, smooth, in a stronger cocoon then Hnnomos, among dead leaves or moss or just below the ground; hibernating. The moth sits with the wings raised and is very leaf-like. Range Palearctic. S. bilunaria Hsp. (= illunaria Hbn.) (16a). Distinguished by the less deep excision between the radials of the hindwing, less rich colouring, enlarged costal spots at the origin cf the lines, median area not differentiated in-cclour from distal area, transparent discal marks not well developed. The spring form is large, strongly irrorated with fuscous, sometimes more olivaceous. — ab. infuscata Strand has the space between PHALAENA. By L. B. Prout. 325 the median and postmedian lines darkened into a band. — illunaria Hsp. (= juliaria Haw., aestivalis ilunaria. Guen.) (16a) is the summer generation, much smaller and much lees irrorated. Sometimes pale, sometimes warmer brown. — ab. minima Strand is a dwarfed form, sometimes sharply marked, frequent in Arctic, mime. Norway. — Egg red, somewhat glessy, with very weak reticulation. Larva orange-brown or reddish brown, sometimes inclining to purplish; meso- and metathorax enlarged laterally, 4th—5th abdominal swollen, with small dorsal humps; anterior segments marked with bright orange. On various trees and shrubs, in two genc- rations. Moth in March—April and again in July. Distributed in Eurcpe, Transcaucasia, EK. Siberia. — par- parviluna- vilunaria Bartel is a hybrid between bilunaria g and tetralunaria 2, with the discal lunules of the upper surface ee very small. S. hypomelathiaria Ob. differs in its enormous size (length of a forewing in the 2 35 mm) and in hypomela- having 2 distinct lines on the hindwing above and beneath, the postmedian dentate. Ta-chien-lu. LUDO §. lunaria Schiff. (= lunularia Hbn.) (16 a). Antemedien lines of forewing strongly curved, postmedian lunaria. almost straight, oblique cutwards, median area very much wider posteriorly than anteriorly, whelly or in part dark-shaded. — ab. sublunaria Steph. is much darker and more purple, almo-t exactly the colour of some sublunaria. tetralunaria. — delunatia Hbn. (162), the 2nd generation, is on an average rather smaller and with less irrora- delunaria. tion, but differs less from the Ist brood than in the other species. — Larva more than usually humped, metathorax much swollen beneath, with the legs placed on a projecting pad; variable in cclour, grey-brown, purplebrown, red-brown or brownish green, more or less mottled. Duration of this stage irregular. Moth in May and June, a partial 2nd generation in August. Distributed in Europe, except Iberia and Greece; also in Asia Minor, Armenia, Issyk-kul. S. tetralunaria Hufn. (= quadrilunaria Hsp., illustraria Hbn., phoebearia Schr.) (16a). Characterized tetralunaria. by the sinuous postmedian line, large cell-marks, etc. The spring brood is predominantly shaded with deep purplish above and beneath. — ab. kiihnei Kiihne is violaceous rosered, without the irroration of the name- kihnei. typical form. — gen. aest. aestiva Stgr. (16a) is smaller, lighter, more reddish, on the underside of the hind- cestiva. wing more inclining te orange. — Larva in general purplish brewn, with grey and dark marblings; Ist an 2nd abdominals with bifid. humps, 4th—5th much swollen, with smaller, partly black-marken humps, the incision between them pale. On various trees and shruks, in two generaticns. Moth in April—May and again in July—August, distributed in Hurope, Transcaucasia and Siberia to Japan. S. pallidaria Leech (16a) is coloured about like bilunaria f. illunaria (16a) and of the same size, paillidaria. but the postmedian line is much more distally placed, running to the anal angle; median shade obsolete, except as a vague diffus2 shade distally to the cell. Underside not variegated, forewing with postmedian line, hindwing with median. Yesso, 1 9. S. adustaria Leech (16a). Wing-margins rather less uneven than in bilunaria, outer line as in palli- adustaria. daria but rather more sinuous, median shade distinct throughout, sinuous, oblique outwards. Underside varied with brighter golden-brown and pinkish white. — ab. fusca Leech is much smaller, the upperside fuscescent, fusca. weakly marked. Yesso. S. sordidaria Leech. Shape of the 2 preceding, colour and markings of bilunaria, postmedian line nearly sordidaria. parallel with termen, well developed also in middle of hindwing, incurved between radials. Minute black discal dots present. Ichang, only a single worn ¢ known. 40. Genus: Phalaena L. Characters of Selenia but with the distal margin of forewing projecting less in the middle, cell longer, Ist radial vein at its origin remote from the subcostals, also in the hindwing not stalked; generally no trans- parent marks on the discocellulars. — Larva short and thick, with a pair of dorsal humps on the 2nd abdo- minal and a smaller pair on the 3rd followed by a remarkable pair of long thin, recurved fleshy processes with hook-like tips. Pupa short, rugose, very thick and almost humped in the middle; suspended in a network cocoon. The genus is Palearctic and perhaps Indian. P. syringaria LZ. (16b). Both surfaces very variegated, the only sharply defined dark markings being syringaria. the median line and on the forewing a portion of the postmedian, from an acute angle at the 5th sub- costal about to the 3rd radial. On the under surface the median line of the forewing follows a more normal ‘course than above. — ab. hofmanni Schreiber has both wings strongly darkened in the distal area (from hofmanni. the median line), the nervures and fringes deep black. — helvolaria Robs. & Gardn. is a smaller, paler 2nd helvolaria. brood form. — Larva very variable, commonly ochreous brown, much variegated, some dark dorsal mar- kings, subdorsal region often pale, with some whitish admixture. On honeysuckle, privet and lilac, hiber- marmor ata- rid. productaria. crenularia. viridescens. latimargi- naria. acuminaria. variaria. parva. nigrilineata. discolor. mirandus. specularis. jenestratus. 326 GARAEUS. By L. B. Provt. nating. Pupa strongly and irregularly sculptured; dark chestnut colour, paler at the incisions, cremaster black. syringaria is distributed in Central Europe and probably in Central Asia and also occurs in Japan; June—July. P. marmorataria Leech (16 c). Distal margins less crenulate, approaching the form of Garaeus parva but preserving the excision behind the apex. Coloration quite different from that of syringaria, whitish, brown and rust-colour, with a slight admixture of olive-grey. Antemedian olivacious line very acutely angled sub- costally; postmedian line more strongly and uniformly developed than in syringaria, gently incurved between Ist radial and Ist median. Central China: Chang Yang. P. productaria Leech (16 b). The shape and scheme of markings suggest a doubt whether this and the remaining species will prove biologically to belong here. productaria is easily distinguished by the very long projection of the median area between the 2nd and 3rd radials of the forewing. Underside yellower, with an almost straight dark postmedian line. W. China: Wa-shan. P. crenularia Leech. Closely similar to productaria, vertex of head pure white, wings above more purplish brown, cell marks weak and lunulate, not black and roundish, postmedian line of forewimg much less projecting, underside rather paler. Omei-shan. P. viridescens Warr. (= olivaria Leech) (166). Slightly variable in colour, sometimes with a more olivaceous tinge, but not likely to be confused with any other Palearctic species. Underside yellow with some violet-grey suffusion in distal area. Mou-pin, indistinguishable from the Indian form. P. latimarginaria Leech (16 b) differs in the distribution of its colouring and especially im the irregular course of the postmedian line. Unterside ochreous, not pure yellow. Chang Yang and Mou-pin. P. acuminaria Leech (16 b), described as Crocallis (?), may be provisionally placed here. Recognizably by its shape, the straight antemedian line, white costal spot distally to the postmedian etc. W. China: Che-tou, only the 2 known. P. variaria Leech (16 b) will in any case require generic separation. Palpus long. Forewing withIst and 2nd subcostale lang stalked. Hindwing extremely dentate, the long tooth at the 2nd subcostal recalling Prionodonta. The arrangement of the markings can be seen from our figure. Underside similarly marked. W. China: Chia-ting-fu. 41. Genus: Garaeus Moore. Agrees in structure with Phalaena except that the eye is hairy, the 9 antenna rarely pectinate. The wings are on an average somewhat narrower, witb more oblique distal margin of forewing, and on the whole they are less strongly crenulate. Some of the species are rather robuster in build. The only known larva (that of parva) shows an important structural distinction from Phalaena; it has paired dorsal warts on the 3rd—5th abdominal segments but lacks the long hooked processes. An Indian genus, but extending to Japan and For- mosa. A. Antennain 2 bipectinate. G. parva Hedem. (= distans Warr.) Extraordinarily like syringaria, on an average smaller; distal margin of forewing nearly smooth, of hindwing less excised between the radials. Colouring sometimes more suffused with greyish; postmedian line of forewing throughout parallel with (and approximated to) the median line, but represented only, except from costal margin to the angle, by vein-dots. A black discal dot present (sometimes slight). Japan and Amurland. — nigrilineata form. nov., from Omei-shan, has the median line strong, blackish, discal dot very conspicuous, somewhat enlarged. — discolor Warr. is often still smaller, is more strongly (sometimes almost entirely) suffused with olive-grey and has the median line on an average more proximally placed, its angle not, or scarcely, reaching beyond the discal dot. Kiushiu and Ichang. Also in Assam. The larva of parva feeds on Ligustrum ibota, the perfect insect appearing in July. G. mirandus Bélr. (17b). A strikingly distinct species. Both sexes nearly alike in the pattern, but the ¢ is black with white spots, the 9 yellowish brown. Japan. Systematic position uncertain; fovea present in the ¢. B. Antenna in 2 serrate (Garaeus). G. specularis Moore is a North Indian species which will be described in vol. 12. Though variable, it is generally recognizable by the colour and by the hyaline spots. Some Chang Yang examples resemble it. —fenestratus Bilr. (16 b) as specularis represents specularis in Central China, Korea and Japan. The fore- wing has a small (in specularis large) black discal dot, the dark clouding in the distal area is commonly stronger, the dark subterminal line more diffuse, the hyaline patch in the cell of the hindwing more broken into APERICALLIA; HETEROCALLIA; LEPTOMIZA. By L. B. Provr. 327 separate spots. — ab. (?) mactans Bélr. has the ground-colour rather uniform reddish, the hyaline spots want- mactans. ing on the forewing, reduced or wanting on the hindwing, distal area still more strongly grey clouded. Japan: Yokohama and Chusendiji. G. albipunctatus Hmps. differs in having the wings strongly suffused with purple-grey excepting albipunc- the part of the forewing which lies between the subcostal and median veins and their continuations; charac- tatus. teristic is a white dot or small spot near the apex; the hindwing has an irregular band of somewhat hyaline dots or small spots from middle of discocellulars to inner margin beyond middle. Dharmsala. G. apicata Moore. Distal margins not crenulate; apex of forewing strongly produced, especially in apicata. the 2. Duller in colour, sometimes olivaceous, postmedian line of forewing double or triple, its outer consti- tuent running to the apex, its continuation on hindwing ending in some irregular, thick dark markings, proximally to which stands a variable row of hyaline spots. N. India, including Dharmsala. Also on Formosa. G. argillacea Bilr. (25b). Shape of apicata. much more simply marked, both wings with discal dot argillacea. and dark chestnut, proximally pale-edged, oblique line, forewing also with indistinct antemedian. Dharmsala; W. China. : G. signata Btlr. (16b). This species (the type of ButLERs genus Hpifidonia) and the two which follow signata. are perhaps on an average broader winged than the preceding group, the abdomen rather slender, the hind- wing without hyaline spots, the underside rather bright orange-yellow. signata is characterized by a white spot on the forewing, placed as in the quite differently coloured albipunctatus but much larger. Some examples are much more heavily dusted with fuscous than others. N. W. Himalayas. G. lateritiatia Pou). (= laterinata Powj.). Palpus elongata. Costal margin of forewing more arched, lateritiaria. distal margin of both wings smoother. No white spot on forewing. The wings concolorous, with two slender lines from apex of forewing to middle of inner margin of hindwing, separated only by a whitish thread. Under surface with a dark postmedian line, a dark spot in middle of distal margin and another in middle of hindmargin of forewing. W. China: Mou-pin and Huang-mu-chang. G. virilis sp. nov. (16b). Eye rather small; palpus long, with 3rd joint elongate; forewing with Ist viridis. subcostal anastomosing at a point with costal. In shape nearest lateritiaria, colours as in specularis. Lines rather thick, antemedian far from base, the basal areas heavily strigulated with fuscous; distal area characteristic, entirely suffused except a patch between hindmargin and Ist median. Underside similar to upper, with less red irroration. Omei-shan, W. China, 2 gg, 13—15 August in my collection. 42. Genus: Aperiecallia Leech. More slenderly built than Phalaena, wings narrower, more smoothly scaled, forewing slightly concave from apex to 3rd radial, here pointed, otherwise smooth. Palpus rather long and strong. Antenna in Q simpl> Pectus not densely hairy. Femora glabious. Hindtibia in ¢ slender. Neuration of Phalaena. Hrected for the single species here given. A. bilinearia Leech (16 c). Very pale violaceous (almost whitish), dusted with olive-brown, hindwing bilinearia. paler. The lines of the forewing are almost straight and parallel, reproduced beneath; that of the hindwing is fine and indistinct beneath, but accompanied proximally by a shadowy band of ochreous. W. China: Pu- tsu-fang and Ta-chien-lu; May—July. 43. Genus: Meteroeallia Leech. Habitus of the preceding, agreeing in most structural characters. Antenna in g simply ciliated. Hind- tibia in g strongly thickened. Forewing with lst subcostal stalked with 2ndand anastomosing with costal. Also founded on a single species. : H. truncaria Leech (16 c). Very distinct in the strongly curved postmedian line, blackest in the middle, trancaria. - where it is followed by a longitudinal dark brown mark behind the 3rd radial; and in the pure white spots which mark the anterior part of the subterminal line. W. China and Formosa. 44, Genus: Leptomiza Warr. Perhaps not a very natural or sharply defined genus. Hampson differentiates it from Phalaena by the more oblique distal margin of the forewing and the simple 9 antenna. From Garaeus it is distinguished by the naked eye. Antenna in the ¢ variable; also the wing-shape, though the distal margins are always crenulate. The genus is chiefly Indian. calcearia. dentilineata. crenularia. hepaticata. bilinearia. hedemanni. flava. sanguiflua. obliquaria. cruentaria. flavescens. lentiginosa- Tithe 328 PSEUDOMIZA; OCOELOPHORA. By L. B. Provr. L. calcearia Walk. (= mediolimbata Pow).) (16 c). Distinguished by the sharp teeth in distal margin and the olive-green or green-yellowish band from apex of forewing to middle of inner margin of hindwing, fol- lowed distally by fine dentate silvery grey line. Antenna in ¢ ciliated. An Indian species, but has been taken at Mou-pin. L. dentilineata Moore is smaller, the distal margins less dentate, the colour more uniformly olivaceous, a dentate silvery antemedian line better developed than in calcearia, the under surface yellower. Described from Sikkim. Aspecimen from Chang Yang has been referred here, perhaps correctly, though the distal mar- gns approach those of calcearia, of which it may be a small form. L. crenularia Leech (= ouvrardi Ob.) (16 c¢) is somewhat doubttfully placed. Antenna and neuration as in Ocoelophora. A beautiful and quite unmistakable species on account of the arrangement of the pink mar- kings and the dark olivaceous grey antemedian band. W. China: Ta-chien-lu. L. hepaticata Swinh. This species again shows a different neuration, and was made the type of a new genus, Pristopera. The 1st an 2nd subcostal are stalked and are connected with the costal. Antenna of the g shortly pectinate. Nearly related to the following, but dark liver-coloured, the lines only quite weakly expressed. Central Chiaa, without more exact locality. L. bilinearia Leech (16d), described as Selenia (?), is well shown in our figure except that the whitish proximal edging of the first lme has not come out clearly. Forewing beneath brighter yellow, the 2 lines pre- sent; hindwing paler, also with 2 lines. Central China: Chang Yang, in June. — hedemanni Stgr., which I have- not seen, must be very close to bilinearia, perhaps less variegated in the distal area; underside with stronger dark dusting than upper. Ussuri district. 45. Genus: Pseudomiza Bilr. Also distinguishable from Garaeus by the naked eye. From Leptomiza it scarcely differs constantly except in having the distal margins smooth, only with the apex of the forewing produced. Chiefly Indian. The type species, castanearza Moore, is not Palearctic. A. Forewing with 2nd subcostal arising from Ist. Antenna in ¢ simple (Dissoplaga Warr.). Ps. flava Moore. The name-type is uniformly yellow, the markings as in the aberration. — ab. sangui- flua Moore (16 c¢) is a common form with the entire wings, except a narrow band and distal margin, bright salmon pink. Both forms were described from the Khasi Hills but occur at Mou-pin. WARREN (in litt.) refers here timandra Alph., described as from korea ,,? Dierna*, but I cannot reconcile either the figure or description. B. Forewing with 2rd subcostal arising from cell. Antenna in ¢ simple. Ps. obliquaria Leech (19k). Described as an Auzea. Palpus shortish. Forewing with a fovea; syste- matic position doubtful. Easily known by the produced apex of the forewing and straightish distal margin of the hindwing, as well as by the coloration and markings; the broad, very acutely angled postmedian line is pale-edged at the costa. Central China: Chang Yang. Also Formosa. C. Forewing with 2nd subcostal arising fromcell. Antennain ¢ bipectinate (Mimomiza Warr.). Ps. cruentaria Moore (16 ¢) perhaps splits up into several local races, but I have seen too little material to decide. The name-type, from Sikkim, is larger and has the red markings stronger than the figured example from Chang Yang, the subapical spot mostly reddish. The form here figured is also known from Dharmsala. — flavescens Swinh. (= lyciscaria Ob.) almost entirely lacks the red shading. Khasis, N. W. India, Chinese Tibet, Chang Yang. Chinese and Formosan examples have the distal margin generally more convex than Indian. 46. Genus: Qcoelophora Warr. Probably related to Leptomiza, both sexes with a small round fovea near the base of the forewing, conspicuous on both surfaces, lst subcostal sometimes anastomosing with costal and often with 2nd subcostal, 2nd subcostal arising from stalk of 3rd to 5th. Antenna of g simple. Range: India-Japan. Possibly only one extremely variable species. 0. lentiginosaria Leech (16c). Rather variable in size but generally small; postmedian line placed very near distal margin, mostly broken into large vein-dots, the narrow distal area with some dark shading. Underside paler except costal region of forewing; proximal half dusted and strigulated with blackish. Japan and W. China. Probably a form of maculifera Warr. from the Khasi Hills. Publ. 17. V. 1915. XYULOSCIA; ARTEMIDORA; ARTIORA; AUAXA; CORYPHA. By L. B. Prout. 329 47. Genus: Kyloseia Warr. Face smoothly scaled. Palpus moderate or longish, with moderately appressed scales. Antenna in both sexes bipectinate, in the ¢ with long branches. Femora somewhat hairy. Wings not very robust, smoothly sealed. Forewing with distal margin prominent in middle; Ist and 2nd subcostals free. Hindwing costa elon- gate, apex cut away, a point at end of 2nd subcostal, distal margin rather sinuous, slightly prominent at 3rd radial. Only two species are known, both Palearctic. X. subspersata Feld. (16d). Light wood-colour with browner markings, the postmedian line on the subspersata. hindwing black. Black discal dots (at least on the hindwing) and sometimes a black spot in the middle of the brown submarginal band of the forewing. The dentate distal edge of the oblique postmedian band is distinctive. Japan. X. biangularia Leech (16 d) is rather browner, with darker lines, the antemedian of the forewing sharply biangularia. biangulate, approaching the cell-dot, the distal edge of the postmedian band blacker, not dentate. Central China: Chang Yang. 48. Genus: Artemidora Meyr. Related to Selenia and Phalaena but more slenderly built, pectus less densely hairy, antenna in 2 slender, scarcely subserrate. Forewing broader than in Selenia, the bend in the distal margin not very pronounced in the g, much more so in the Q; a transparent discocellular mark; 1st subcostal vein anastomosing with costal and with 2nd subcostal (in Phalaena generally free), 2nd subcostal often also with 3rd—4th; Ist radial not stalked. Hindwing ample, with a strong angle or tooth at the end of the 1st median. 9 smaller than g. Only the type species is known. A. matacandaria Hrsch. (16 d). Easily known by the shape of the wings and of the darkened median maracan- area of the forewing. Hindwing more mixed with ochreous than forewing. Underside heavily dark-irro- daria. rated. Zerafshan to the Ili district. 49. Genus: Artiora Meyr. Face with short projecting scales. Palpus short. Tongue short. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate, in 2 almost simple. Abdomen rather robust. Forewing without fovea; rather narrow, distal margin slightly crenulate, with a deep excision between apex and Ist radial; Ist and 2nd subcostals coincident. Hindwing with costa rather elongate, distal margin crenulate. — Larva stout, somewhat flattened, without protuberances: — This genus also consists of a “sine species. A. evonymaria Schiff. (= obscura Aigner) (17b). Variable in colour. The first figured form, which evonymaria. becomes the nomenclatural type (Hbn. 31), has the forewing and the distal part of the hindwing somewhat infuscated — not a very successful figure but certainly depicting the ,,coffee-brown* (violet-brown) form of AIGNER. — ab. flavescens ab. nov. (16d as evonymaria) is the commoner, more ochre-yellowish form only in Hlavescens. the 9 somewhat more reddish than in the g. — ab. fuscaria Wagner (= exquisita Aigner) is almost uniform fuscaria. dark brown, darkest distally to the fine pale line which accompanies the postmedian dots. — Egg oval, granu- lated and pitted, shining brownish grey. Larva slate-grey with longitudinal yellow lines or rows of spots partly filled in with deep orange or red-lead. On Euonymus in May. The moth in July—September; only known from Germany and Austro-Hungary. 50. Genus: Auaxa Walk. Palpus short. Antenna in both sexes simple. Femora somewhat hairy. Forewing with apex acute, distal margin gently crenulate, somewhat prominent in middle; 1st—2nd subcostal long-stalked, their stalk anastomosing at a point or connected with the costal, the 2nd later connected with the SrA discocellu- lars angled inwards. Hindwing with distal margin gently crenulate. Only one species known. A. cesadaria Walk. (= sulphurea Bélr.) (16d. as ‘sulphurea). Yellow, the markings reddish. Ante- cesadaria. median line of forewing usually indistinct; postmedian oblique; distal area of forewing broadly reddish; fringe with dark spots. Japan and Korea to W. China. 51. Genus: Corypha Walk. Similar to Awaza and to Angerona, but with the palpus long, with long, exposed 3rd joint. Forewing with Ist subcostal free, 2nd free or often anastomosing with 3rd—4th. C. incongruaria Walk. Ochreous, much less yellow than the preceding species, ee area not appre- incongru- ciably redder. Further distinguished by the fine but well-expressed darker lines, the antemedian strongly CHM angled, the other two only a little sinuous, continued on hindwing. N. China, Wolkolnenae: and Kiushiu. IV 42 albonotaria. rufescen- taria. grisearia. inaccepta. contiquaria. © testacea. 330 ZETHENIA; ZANCLIDIA; ENDROPIODES; GONODONTIS. By L. B. Provrt. ve 52. Genus: Zethenia Moisch. Face with projecting cone of scales. Palpus moderate, rough-scaled. Antenna in ¢ with fascicles of cilia. Breast and femors densely hairy. Forewing in g with fovea; Ist and 2nd subcostals stalked, the 1st anasto- mosing or connected with costal, its base sometimes obsolete so that it appears to arise from the costal. Con- tains only a few EH. Asiatic species, all very closely related. Z. albonotaria Brem. (16e as albinotaria) is characterized by the black, generally white-pupilled spot distally to the postmedian line. It is generally larger than the other species, distal margin of forewing. more sharply elbowed at the 3rd radial, postmedian line broken into vein-dots, discal dot of hindwing minute or wanting. Variable in ground-colour, strongly or scarcely rufous. Distributed in E. Asia, abundant in Japan. Z. rufescentaria Motsch. (= consociaria Chr.) (16d, e). Also variable, but always without the sub- marginal spot. Generally more variegated, the space between the median shade and postmedian line some- times developed into a dark band; postmedian line better developed, sinuous, the vein-dots standing out on it as minute teeth; hindwing with discal dot sharply expressed. — ab. grisearia Leech, commonest in the 9, is greyer, the median area commonly darkened. 8. E. Siberia and Japan, in the latter country even more abundant than albonotaria. Z. inaccepta Prout (16e) may be known at once by the smoother distal margins and the almost uniformly dark-dusted wings. Antemedian and median lines almost or entirely wanting, postmedian weakly expressed by vein-dots; distally to this the forewing is dark-bordered, leaving free only a cmall spot at the apex. ¢ in general darker clouded than 9. China: Shanghai, Ningpo, Chekiang and Chungkung. Z. contiguatia Leech (= obscura Warr.) (16e) is intermediate in shape between the two preceding, but is on an average smaller. Extremely variable, generally darker than the other species, very commonly with white spots on each side of the 2nd median vein, accompanying the postmedian line of dots distally. Not rarely a black spot is developed as in albonotaria (16 e), but this is not white-pupilled. Discal dot of hindwing well developed. Distributed in Central and W. China and Formosa. 53. Genus: Zanelidia gen. nov. Face flat. Palpus short. Antenna in g simple. Femora not hairy. Forewing with fovea; 1st and 2nd subcostals long-stalked, free. Perhaps related to Zethenia but distinct in several characters and in the colora- tion and markings. I have adopted a MS. generic name of WARRENS. _ ZZ. testacea Bilr. (16e). A brightly coloured species easily recognized by its shape, the white discal spot, pale yellow patch costally, etc. The 9? is larger, rather paler, hindwing without the dark apical patch; ovipositor long. Japan. ; 54. Genus: Endropiodes War. Scarcely differentiable in structure from Anagoga, to which it should perhaps sink. But as the distal ‘margins are more irregularly shaped and its retention here enables us to place the species in the same indictinaria. abjecta. position as STAUDINGERS Catalogue, I prefer not to sink it until it has been more closely studied or the earlier stages made known. Geographical distribution: Amurland to Japan. . indictinaria Brem. (= versicoloraria Chr., snelleni Hedem.) (16 e). Very pale reddish grey with darker red-brown dusting and cloudings, very variable in extent; a black discal dot on each wing; ante- median line of forewing straight, postmedian strongly angled, followed by black dots on each side of 1st median vein. Common in the Amur and Ussuri district and Japan. — abjecta Bélr. (16e) is a deeper, more uni- formly reddish form and lacks the black dots distally to the postmedian. Japan: Gifu. 55. Genus: Gonodontis Hbn. Face densely rough-scaled. Palpus moderate, rough-scaled below. Tongue present. Antenna in ¢ usually bipectinate. Pectus and femora densely hairy. Forewing rather long, distal margin angled in the middle often crenulate throughout; 1st subcostal vein not anastomosing with costal; 2nd arising from cell, com- monly free throughout. Hindwing with distal margin often crenulate. Larva twig-like, with additional rudi- mentary claspers on the 4th and 5th abdominal segments. A very natural genus, inhabiting the Pale- arctic Region and N. India to Formosa. Possibly the Indian to Japanese and Formosan representatives could form a separate section (Niphonissa Btlr.) with less long hair-scales beneath the palpus and often smoother wing-margins. COLOTOIS. By L. B. Provr. 331 G. bidentata Cl. (= dentaria Hbn.) (16 f). Antennal pectinatiors in g skort. Distal margins strongly (that of forewing irregularly) crenulate. Discal marks ocellated. Median area’ of forewing variable in width. Colour variable, in the name-type grey-brown. — ab. nigra Prout (= surtur B.-Haas) is a Mendelian melanic form which has recently become common in parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire. — ab. edentula Krulik. (= eden- tata RI.) lacks the smaller teeth in the distal margin of the forewing. — exsul 7'chetrerikov (= asiatica B.-Haas) is smaller, greyer, the forewing narrower, more distinctly marked, less strongly dentate. Sajan, Kentei Moun- tains, etc.; Amurland. — Larva somewhat thickened posteriorly, extremely variable, best recognized by its shape and additional prolegs; whitish-ochreous, ochreous, purple-brown or grey-brown, mottled and clouded, or mixed with green like lichens, very responsive to its evironment. Polyphagous on trees in August and Sep- tember. Pupa in a cocoon among the roots, hibernating. Moth in May—June. Central and N. Europe, S. Russia, Central Asia, E. Siberia, ? Japan. G. graecaria B.-Haas, founded on a 2 from Attica, has the shape of the 2 following, proximal and distal areas of forewing yellow-brown, dark dusted, median area much darker, twice as wide anteriorly as posteriorly. G. muscularia Sigr. (16 f). Very similar to some weakly marked forms of bidentata, the g antennal pectinations slightly longer, the smaller teeth in the distal margin less developed, lines of forewing less appro- ximated at hindmargin, the postmedian not (as in bidentata) with slight curve basewards at costal extremity, straighter, not dentate. Zerafshan, Ferghana, Issyk-kul, [li, Korla, Koko-Nor. G. alienata Stgr. (25 ¢). gj antennal pectinations again somewhat longer. Wings more straw-coloured or yellow-brownish, the lines placed nearly as in muscularia but much more conspicuous. Kashgar, Ferghana, Hi district and Koko-Nor. G. insulata Bastelb. (= variegata Wilem.) (25g). In general rather smaller than bidentata, antennal pectinations similar, apex of forewing not acute, distal margins not crenulate, only the forewing with a rather deep, rounded excision between the Ist and 3rd radial. Extremely variable in colour, yellow-brown to purple- brown, forewing generally with a pale apical patch. Best known from Formosa; also from Chungking (W. China). G. arida Bilr. (16{). Antennal pectinations about as in alienata, distal margin much less deeply erenulate. Ground-colour slightly more reddish, postmedian line differently shaped, more broadly pale-edged distally, shading off into the ground-colour proximally. Japan and probably the Ussuri district. — bilinearia Swinh. is often duller coloured (but very variable), postmedian line slightly more curved, finer, less diffuse proximally, the pale line beyond it much more slender. N. W. Himalayas. G. aurata sp. nov. (161). Apparently hitherto confused with arida, although BurLeR many years ago gave it the Mst. name of auwrata. Forewing not foothed at Ist radial. Nearest to lentiginosaria Moore, from India, smaller, less deeply coloured, postmedian line nearer distal margin; § antenna bipectinate. From the similarly coloured alienata the wingshape and the postmedian line of both wings distinguish it. | Japan: Tmaichi, etc. in August; 3 gg in coll. Brit. Mus., 1 in coll. Serrz. G. acutaria Leech (16 g). Shape about as in the preceding, the apex and the point at 3rd radial acute. Brighter golden yellow, discal ocellus minute, postmedian line well developed. Chang Yang. — contaminata form. nov. (= bivittaria Bilr. nec Moore). Paler, very coarsely and irregularly speckled, both wings with black terminal dots generally developed. Differs from aurata in the minute cell-marks. Dharmsala and Jalauri Pass, N. W. Himalayas, coll. Brit. Mus. G. similaria Moore differs from all the other Palearctic species in the simple ¢ antenna (genus Cenocte- nucha Warr.). Colour of bidentata, shape nearly as in muscularia, the excision between the radials of fore- wing deep; lines formed nearly as in the arida group, postmedian with white dots on the veins as in bidentata. Kulu. Also in Sikkim. 56. Genus: Colotois Hon. Face rough-haired and with a tuft projecting from beneath antenna partly across the eye. Palpus short. Antenna in $ very strongly bipectinate. Pectus and femora densely hairy. Forewing with Ist sub- ~ costal anastomosing or connected with costal and with 2nd subcostal. 9 much narrower winged than 3. Larva twig-like, with rudimentary prolegs on the 5th abdominal segment (which disappear at the last moult) and with a pair of small raised points on the dorsum of the 8th abdominal segment. HtBners genus Colotois was very heterogeneous, but Mryrick has restricted it to pennaria, which is therefore the type. C. pennaria L. (= cerasi F.) (16h). Very variable, but easy to recognize. The white, dark-margined subapical dot (sometimes entirely dark) is very rarely wanting. The ¢ is usually of the warm golden brown bidentala. nigra. edentula. exsul. graecaria. muscularia. alienata. insulata. arida. bilinearia: aurata. acutaria. contami- nata. similaria. pennaria. bifidaria. castinearia. obscura. arnoldiaria. modesta. dolosa. tusciaria. virgata. gaigeri. elinguaria. fasciata. fusca. unicolor. trapezaria. auberti. 332 DASYCORSA; PACHYLIGIA; CROCALLIS. By L. B. Provr. colour of autumn leaves, the 92 either paler with reddish lines or uniform reddish brown. — ab. bifidaria Haw. has the lines (bars) confluent at the hindmargin. — ab. castinearia Lambill. is described as having the wings ,,strongly charged with blackish atoms‘, thus intermediate towards, or perhaps mtended to indicate, the following. — ab. obscura Aigner is almost uniformly fuscous, the veins remaining nearly of the typical ground-colour. — Egg olive-green with a ring of pale specks round the micropylar end; laid in a cluster on a twig, hibernating. Larva purplish grey with ochreous spots, the anal points reddish. On oak and many other trees. Moth from September to November, the g common at light, the 9 much more sluggish. Distributed in Central Europe, Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. C. arnoldiaria Ob. is placed by its author in this genus, on account of the strongly pectimate ¢ antenna, but no other information is given as to its structure. Abdomen more slender, costal margins rounder, distal margins smoother, colour bright yellow, with the lines red-brown, irregular, thickened at costal margin, widely separated, the area distally to the postmedian (except in anterior part of forewing) mostly red-brewu, on the forewing containing 2 white spots between the 3rd radial and 2rd median, recalling those of Humera regina (15k); cell-spots large, dark redbrown. Sidemi, Manchuria. 57. Genus: Dasyeorsa nom. nov. - Closely allied to Colotois but without the tuft of hair overhanging the eye. Face and palpus perhaps with. still longer projecting hair. Wings in ¢ slightly narrower. Only one species known. STAUDINGERS name of Dasycephala is preoccupied. D. modesta Stgr. (16 £). Forewing brown or reddish, with very coarse blackish irroration and strigu- lation, a large black discal dot and slight oblique shade from apex. Hindwing and underside paler, discal dots present. Dalmatia, Asia Minor and Syria. 58. Genus: Paehyligia 5ilr. Characters of Dasycorsa but the face more protuberant, tegula strong, ending in a broad raised tuft, hindwing with a small projecting lobe at anal angle, here with very long dark fringe. Only one species known. P. dolosa Bélr. (16f). Forewing dull grey-brown with small black cell-mark and tortuous, in places almost interrupted, black lines, finely and interruptedly white-edged on their reverse sides; a weak, equally tortuous median shade and traces of subterminal. Hindwing much paler, with large discal spot. Japan. 59. Genus: Croeallis 77. Characters of Gonodontis but the tongue obsolete, forewing with distal margin less angulated in the midle, 2nd subcostal generally anastomosing or connected with 3rd—4th. Larva without additional proleges. A small Palearctic genus. C. tusciaria Bkh. (= extimaria Hbn.) (16 g). Distinguished by the black or almost black lines” which border the median band and by the sinuous course of the antemedian. — ab. virgata Rbl. Median area of fore- wing filled in with blackish brown. — gaigeri Stgr. (16g) is a darkened, greyish form which occurs as an aberration in W. Germany, a local race in Dalmatia, the Southern Tyrol and Central Italy. — Egg almost brick-shaped, with slight longitudinal ridges; purplish white, marked with darker purple. Larva variable, brown, often with dark dorsal lozenges. On sloe, that of gaigert on Rosmarinus, Cistus, etc.’ Imago in July, local, Central and 8S. Europe to Transcaucasia. C. elinguaria L. (16g). Differs from tusciaria in the paler ground-colour, larger discal spot and straigh- ter antemedian line. In the name-type the median area is more reddish. — ab. fasciata Gllm. has the median band uniformly fuscous. — ab. fusca Rewtti (= insolitaria Fuchs, solitaria F. Fuchs) is fuscous, only the fine lines remaining yellowish. — ab. unicolor ab. nov. has the entire forewing of a uniform reddish with no markings. — trapezaria Bsd. (= prosapiaria Robs. & Gardn.) is a pale, weakly marked form, the lines in general further apart. — In extreme cases (ab. cequaria Fuchs) the median area is quite concolorous with the proximal. A local race in Castile, dominant in Dalmatia and Asia Minor but known from many locali- ties. — Egg brick-shaped, laid one upon another in rows; white, marbled with olive brown. Hibernates. Larva thickest posteriorly, light yellowish brown or darker brown, with irregular dark markings, the dark dorsal line widening at the incisions. On various trees and shrubs, full-fed in June. Imago in July—August, in southern localities with a pactial 2nd brood in September; flies late at night. Throughout most of Europe, Armenia, Altai, E. Siberia. C. auberti Ob. (16 g) differs from elinguaria in having the groundcolour grey or light-brown, not yello- wish, median band of more equal breadth throughout, the lines which limit it yellowish, differently shaped. : DALIMA; ANGERONA. By L. B. Prout, 333 Line of hindwing noticeably sinuous. Algeria. — fuliginosa Rthschd. is on an average somewhat smaller and fuliginosa. less robust, the colour less brownish, the yellow lines edged on their obverse sides with blackish, this colour sometimes overspreading most of the median area, line of hindwing more strongly sinuous. Perhaps a separate species. Central Algeria. C. dardoinaria Donz. (= aglossaria Bsd.) (16 g). Forewing rather broader than in elinguaria, markings dardoinaria. similar, colour quite different. Yellowish grey, the forewing darker, tinged with olivaceous, dusted with fus- cous, discal spot large, its centre pale, lines pale yellowish. S$. France and Catalonia. C. boisduvaliaria H. Luc. (16g). Perhaps not a Crocallis. Muyrick says the face is prominent, with boisdu- appressed scales. Darker than the other species, forewing fuscous mixed with black, distal area and hind- “4/4774. wing (except near the postmedian line) ashy grey. Median area of forewing broad, the blackest shades longitu- dinally placed, the veins paler; cellmarks pale-centred; postmedian line sinuous. Algeria. C. jordanaria Stgr. (17b). Distal margins smoother than in typical Crocallis; habitus recalling the jordanaria. robust, tongueless members of Dyscia, which should probably be transferred here. Dull sand-colour, the lines of the forewing very weakly indicated, postmedian darker-dotted on the veins, discal mark of forewing not very strong, rather large, elongate. Hindwing almost markingless. Palestine. 60. Genus: Dalima Moore. Face shortly rough-scaled. Palpus rather short, with long projecting scales below, 3rd joint short. Antenna in ¢ dentate, with fascicles of cilia (pectinate in some Indian species). Pectus and femora hairy. Fore- wing pointed at the extremity of the 2nd subcostal, arched or occasionally truncate anteriorly to this point; fovea present; Ist subcostal free,’ 2nd stalked with the 3rd—5th. Hindwing usually with truncate apex and a point at extremity of 2nd subcostal. A. N. Indian genus, but extending to W. and Central China. Rather large moths, generally recognizable by their shape and the warm brown or yellowish colouring, resem- bling dead leaves. D. vatiaria Leech (16h). A variable species but distinguishable by its shape, the truncation at the variaria. apex of the hindwing slight but appreciable. Underside orange, irrorated with purplish fuscous. The colora- tion of the upperside in the name-type is shown in our figure. — ab. albomaculata Leech is intermediate in colour albomacu- but differs in having a large patch of the whitish-violet scales occupying the angle of the postmedian line of lata. the forewing. — W. China. D. obliquaria Leech, founded on a single worn 9 from Wa-ssu-kow (W. China), is closely similar to obliquaria. the following but smaller, lighter, more reddish brown, the cell-spots obsolete, the angle of the postmedian line more acute, reaching more nearly to the distal margin. D. acutaria Leech (16h). Easily distmguished from dark specimens of variaria by the non-crenulate acutaria. postmedian line, absence of dark spot at its posterior end, more strongly lined hindwing, dark shading in distal area both above and beneath, ete. On an average larger, hindwing with sharper point at end of 2nd sub- costal. W. China: Pu-tsu-fang and Omei-shan. D. ochrearia Leech (16h). Much lighter, fleshy ochreous, sometimes with a slight violaceous admix- ochrearia.— ture. Costal and hindmarginal spots of forewing strong, the yellow line rather broad.¥ Hindwing with still stronger angle. Chang Yang and W. China. D. columbinaria Leech (16h). Apex of hindwing not truncate. Ground-colour pinkish lilacine, the columbina- postmedian line darker than in acutaria, both the lines of the hindwing strong, the median obliterating the ea. discal spot. W. China: Mou-pin and Omei-shan. D. subferrugineata Powj., founded on a single 9 from Mou-pin, is unknown to me but evidently close subferrugi- to columbinaria. Much paler, rosecolour, the lines ferruginous, the median on the forewing reaching the neata. hindmargin, where it closely approaches the postmedian. Apex of forewing much more falcate, otherwise I should suppose that columbinaria might be a dark form of it. 61. Genus: Angerona Dup. Face with appressed scales. Palpus short or rather short, roughscaled. Tongue present. Antenna in bipectinate. Femora not or scarcely hairy. Hindtibia in § dilated. Forewing without fovea; all veins present, Ist subcostal arising from stalk of 2nd (only in grandinaria from cell) always anastomosing or con- nected with costal. Hindwing with distal margin more or less crenulate, sometimes only very slightly. — Larva twig-like, thickened posteriorly, a transverse dorsal ridge on the Ist abdominal segment, double-pointed humps‘on the 5th abdominal and smaller protuberances on the 6th and 8th. — Distributed in the Pale- arctic Region, also recorded from India and North America. 334 aT OURAPTERYX. By L. B. Prout. prunaria. A. ptunaria Z. (= fulvularia Hufn., 2 corticalis Scop.) (161i). 3g bright orange, coarsely marked with fuscaria. small fuscous strigulae. 9 pale yellowish, with more minute strigulae or dots. — ab. fuscaria Prout (= francka- corylaria. ria Lambill.) is fuscous throughout. — ab. corylaria Thnbg. (= sordiata Fuessl. nec L.) (161) has the proxi- mal and distal areas infuscated, a median band of the ground-colour, not quite reaching the hind margin, on pickettaria. the hindwing not sharply defined proximally. — In ab. pickettaria Prout the ground-colour also shows itself in the distal area of the forewing, excepting a pyramidal band from the hindmargin about to the Ist radial spangbergi. vein, and also at the apex of the hindwing. — ab. spangbergi Lampa (= subalpinaria Lambill., ? unicoloraria Horm.) (161i, as prunaria) is without fuscous irroration or strigulation. Hormuzaxis form, however (from pallidaria. Bucovina) is said to show a few grey dots and sometimes a darkened distal margin. — ab. pallidaria Prowt (= aureocincta Ob.) also lacks the irroration but shows very shadowy grey (in the 2 more yellow-brown) nigrolim- shading arranged as in ab. corylaria. — ab. nigrolimbata Joannis has a narrow fuscous border, rather broader anon in the ¢ than in the 9; the rest as in the name-type or spangbergi. — kentearia Sigr. (= sibirica Huchs) is constirpata- Smaller and paler, the Q whitish with strong irroration. Kentei Mountains to N. E. Siberia. — ab. constirpa- ria. taria Fuchs is a g form of kentearia with 2 coloration. — Egg small, somewhat flattened oval, with minute hexagonal depressions; red. Larva yellowish brown or dark brown with irregular lighter mottlings, lines inter- rupted or wanting. On blackthorn, whitethorn and other shrubs, etc., hibernating. Moth in June—July, widely distributed in Europe and through Siberia to Japan. nigrisparsa. A. nigrisparsa Bilr. (161). Quite unmistakable on account of its bright yellow ground-colour and - sprinkling of black dots. Distributed in Japan. prattiaria. A. prattiaria Leech. Very variable in size and colour, characterized by the 3 conspicuous, anteriorly bent lines of the forewing and the large whitish spot in middle of distal area, partly surrounded with dark unicoloraria.clouding. The crenulations in the distal margin of the hindwing also vary in depth. — ab. unicoloraria Leech is rather small, very weakly marked, the lines little curved anteriorly, distal margin of hindwing very feebly crenulate. Oiwake. — LrEcus types of prattiaria were also from Oiwake. Large, brightly coloured examples occur at Chang Yang, an equally large, but paler form at Omei-shan and a dull reddish form at Mou-pin. grandinaria. A. grandinaria Motsch. (= serrata Brem., orientalis Hedem.) (17 b) bears some slight resemblance to large forms of prattiaria but is very distinct; the middle line of the forewing is replaced by a brown shade and the characteristic pale spot of the distal area is altogether wanting. Variable, the ¢ generally browner, the 2 yellower. §. E. Siberia. Korea and Japan. aexaria. A. aexaria Walk. (161). A conspicuous yellow species, forewing with reddish distal border. the lines represented by rows of dots arising from large costal spots. Japan and Korea to W. China. 62. Genus; Ourapteryx Leach. Face with short projecting hairs or slight tuft. Palpus short or moderate. Antenna in both sexes simpel. Breast densely hairy. Femora hairy. Forewing with apex rather acute, distal margin straight; Ist and 2nd subcostals coincident (or occasionally long-stalked), anastomosing or connected with costal; no fovea. Hind- wing with apex rather prominent but rounded, a more or less long tail at the end of the 3rd radial.’ Large moths, recognizable at a glance by their shape and pattern. Egg ,,upright“, the micropylar axis being quite perpendicular to the surface on which it is deposited; distinctly ribbed from the base to the micropylar area, recalling a butterfly egg. Larva very slender, stick-like, tapering anteriorly, a rounded protuberance on the side of the 3rd abdominal segment, a more pointed one on the back of the 5th, anal flap bifid. Pupa suspen- ded in a light silken hammock mixed with leaf, the duration of this stage quite short. The moths fly wildly at dusk or later at night and come readily to light. All are of large or moderately large size and their special aspect, as well as some features in the early stages, suggest that they should form the type of a separate subfamily. Their range extends from Europe to Japan, Formosa, the Greater Sunda Islands and W. India. sambucaria. 0. sambucaria L. (17 c), the type of the genus, is the only European species. Pale yellow, the lines generally fine, concise, olivaceous, no grey shading between the spots at the tail of the hindwing. Apex of deflecaria. forewing minutely falcate, at least in the 9. Face ochreous brown. — ab. deflexaria Schultz has the lines” of olivacea. the forewing approximated, at the hindmargin confluent. — ab. olivacea Stdjs. (17 c), chiefly a product of artificial warmth, is a small second-brood form with strong olivaceous suffusion, narrow yellow bands remain- cuspidaria. ing contiguous to the usual lines. — ab. cuspidaria Bird. Distal margin of forewing prominently elbowed at the 3rd radial. — Egg orange, with about 16 longitudinal keels and between them transverse lineations. | Larva grey-brown, the colouring arranged in a succession of scarcely noticeable longitudinal lines. On elder, ivy and SIRINOPTERYX. By L. B. Provr. 335 other plants, hibernating. Moth in July, a few small second-brood specimens in September. Central and S. Kurope to Altai. — persica Mén. (= nivea Bilr.) (17) differs in being white or almost white, the lines often persica. thicken, fringe of forewing more reddish, apex less faleate. Very variable in size. Distributed from Trans- caucasia to Japan. Turerry-Mrsc and BasteLBERGER unite it with ebuleata. — citrinata form. nov. Shape citrinata. of persica, lines and cell-mark at least as thick, ground-colour as bright yellow as in sambucaria, slightly more greenish tinged, with stronger greyish strigulation, the lines more greyish. W. China: Pu-tsu-fang, June— July, 4 Jd in coll. Brit. Mus. Perhaps a distinct species. The ochreous brown face distinguishes it from ebuleata. 0. similaria Leech. (17 c). Similar to the whitest persica, forewing rather shorter, the distal margin similaria. being less oblique, hindwing with tail shorter, the secondary tail at the 1st radial relatively better developed. Face and palpus bright golden brown, face paler below. Omei-shan and Chang Yang. Also on Formosa. O. cretea Swinh. (=? lata Matsumura) (17 f, as eretacea). Smaller than similaria, hindwing rather cretea. narrower, tail still shorter, wings less strigulated, line on hindwing rather more curved. Lower part of face sometimes white. Japan. Possibly a Huctenurapteryx; I have before me 2° only. 0. ebuleata Guen. (= multistrigaria Walk., kantalaria Feld.) (17d). Very like persica but generally ebuleata. intermediate towards the colour of sambucaria. Differs from both in having the face white or whitish, except a narrow band on upper part. Apex of forewing not falcate. Strigulation on forewing and distal part of hindwing strong, nearly always some slight grey shading between the spots at the tail. Lines and cell-mark generally thick. My material agrees with GuENEEs description; OBERTHURs figure is brownish, scarcely recog- nizable. N. India and W. China. — yerburii Btlr., founded on a single discoloured 2 from Murree, is perhaps yerburii. an aberration, differing chiefly in shape; apex of forewing sharper, distal margin faintly subconcave; tail of hindwing longer, lines rather slender. Face apparently not whitish. ALPHERAKY records an example from Szechuan. — purissima Th.-Mieg (= thibetaria Bastelb.) is white, scarcely tingend with yellow, fringe of puwrissima. forewing white. Face white, otherwise it might be confused with persica. Alexander Mountains, Central Asia; »trontier of Tibet‘‘ at 3000m elevatoin (?). — caschmirensis Bastelb. is also white, but larger, costal margin caschmiren- broadly white, scarcely stringulated, lines more leaden grey. Face pure white with narrow red-brown band Rat above. Kashmir. 0. pluristrigata Warr. (17) also has the ground-colour pure white, face and palpus also white, the pluristri- forewing rather evenly striated with pale fuscous, fringe not rufous, the hindwing with the spots small, the gaia: fringe faintly tinged with rufous. N. W. Himalayas. 0. costistrigaria Leech (17e). Differs from all the foregoing in the black costal marks, the strong, costistriga- almost continuous strigulation of the distal area, etc. W. China: Omei-shan. ae 0. latimarginaria Leech (17 e) is possibly a remarkable aberration of the preceding, but the lines are /atimargi- narrower, that of the hindwing rather differently placed, the costal strigulation slighter, distal area of fore- Ss wing almost entirely black-grey, the 2 normal spots of the hindwing large and red, a third spot posteriorly to them black. Omei-shan. 0. excellens Bélr. (17 e) is very distinct in the more oblique antemedian line, the dark streak along eacellens. the 2nd submedian of both wings, row of black terminal spots of hindwing etc. Dharmsala. 0. kernaria Ob. (17d). Whitish, the usual lines thick and in addition with both wings irregularly kernaria. spotted with grey-brown. Hindwing with 3 black spots at distal margin. W. China: Tse-kou. 0. adonidaria Ob. (25b). More yellowish, still more strongly spotted, postmedian line differently adonidaria. placed, hindwing with shorter tail and only two marginal spots. W. China: Tien-Tsuen. 0. aristidaria Ob. (25 c) is according to the figure certainly no Ourapteryx, but as no structural clue aristidaria. is given it must be provisionally left here. Shape and general aspect of the African genus Hurythecodes or the American Antepione. Yellow, with slight purple-brown irroration; a postmedian line at about two- thirds (on hindwing scarcely beyond one-half), distally to which both wings are entirely purple-brown. Discal dots minute. Antenna in g perhaps bipectinate. Possibly related to- Awaxa. W. China: Siao-lou. 63. Genus: Sirinopteryx Bilr. Characters of Ourapteryx, but with the first two subcostal veins of the forewing arising separate, the Ist successively anastomosing with the costal and with the 2nd subcostal. Only 3 or 4 species are known, chiefly N. Indian. S. rosinatia Ob. Bright yellow, the costal edge of forewing (more broadly at the base) and all rosinaria. fringes red; cell-spots black, above mixed with red, lines weak, greyish, the antemedian sinuous from cell- spot to hindmargin. Distal margin of hindwing crenulate, the tail rather slight. Siao-lou, W. China. 336 EUCTENURAPTERYX; TRISTROPHIS; THINOPTERYX. By L. B. Provt. 64. Genus: Euectenurapteryx Warr. Characters of Ourapteryx but with the g antenna bipectinate, the wings more strongly built, more thickly scaled, the Ist and 2rd subcostals of the forewing long-stalked, never coincident, the tail at the 3rd radial of the hindwing quite short, sometimes not longer than that at the Ist radial. The early stages were described in 1910 by NaGano, but in Japanese. Only a few species are known. Hnergopterya Th.-Mieg is a synonym. maculicau- E. maculicaudaria Motsch. (= luteiceps Feld.) (17d) is distinguished by the not very prominent tail aes at the Ist radial and by the brown or brown-grey lines and fringes. — ab. fumosa ab. nov. is uniform ~’ smokecolour instead of white, the lines traceable in yellow-brown, spots on hindwing normal. — Japan and Chekiang. nigrociliaria. E. nigrociliaria Leech (17 e). Very much larger, the markings thicker, blackish, hindwing with a cell- mark; fringes black. Tail at 1st radial of hmdwing much more pronounced, the margin being somewhat cut away anteriorly to it. W. China. parallelaria. E. parallelaria Leech. (17a) Shape and coloration of nigrociliaria, scarcely larger than maculicau- daria, cell of forewing longer, postmedian line placed much nearer to the cell-mark than in the other two species parallel with antemedian, the line of the hindwing slender, sinuous, passing proximally to the cell-spot, which is quite small. Chang Yang. : jesoensis. E. jesoensis Matsumura is unknown to me, possibly only a form of maculicaudaria, but smaller, the tail of the hindwing short, simple (i. e. the anterior projection wanting), the ground-colour’ perhaps less clear white, the postmedian line of the forewing and the single line of the hindwing almost parallel with the distal margin. Japan: Yeso? (the entire description is in Japanese). horishana. E. (?) horishana Matswmura is also unknown to me. The figure (unfortunately 2) resembles maculi- caudaria but is rather smaller, the lines thicker, the antemedian rather sinuous, becoming oblique posteriorly, that of the hindwing straight, nearer the base, directed towards the distal margin (not towards anal angle), becoming obsolete near it at the fold. Japan (?). 65. Genus: Tristrophis 5élr. Neuration of Huctenurapteryx, antennal structure and general habitus of Ourapteryx, rather narrower winged, tail of hindwing slight. Face smooth. A genus of only a few E. Asiatic species, probably belonging with Myrteta rather than with Ourapteryx, with which it has hitherto been associated. veneris. T. veneris Bilr. (17, g). Recognizable by the extremely oblique first band, the presence of a submar- ginal band (constricted at the veins) on the forewing, and the bright ochreous submarginal band of the hind- venerata. Wing. — In ab. venerata Th.-Mieg the cell-mark posteriorly touches the 2nd band. — ab. unistriga Warr. unistriga. lacks the first two bands of the forewing, though a dot at the costa and one on the median vein indicate the antemedian. Japan: Yokohama, Nikko ete., common. subpuncta- T. subpunctaria Leech (= obtusicauda Warr., subcurvaria Ob.) (I7£) combines the structure of T7i- ™& strophis with the superficial appearance of Ourapteryx, though the lines of the hindwing distinguish it from oberthueri. the latter. Japan. — oberthueri nom. nov. (= subpunctaria Ob. nec Leech) is larger, apparently broader, the hindwing with a distinct discal mark, less strongly bent postmedian line, no subterminal, the anterior spot more mixed with red. Mou-pin. Unknown to me, probably a distinct species, possibly a form of the following. siaolouaria. T. (?) siaolouaria Ob. differs from oberthueri in the obsolescence of the lines, only a slight, broken antemedian line on the forewing remaining; cell-marks also reduced. Siao-lou, W. China. 66. Genus: Thinopteryx Bilr. Face prominent, shortly rough-scaled. Palpus moderate. Antenna in ¢ with fascicles of cilia. Neu- ration of the two preceding genera. Hindwing with a slight tail at the 2nd subcostal, a longer one at the 3rd radial. Indo-Malayan Region to Japan. All the species (or forms) are very closely related. crocoptera. T. crocoptera Koll. (17f). Bright yellow, with red-orange striation, which is partly confluent into maculosa. patches. Forewing with subterminal line fine, marked with dark dots on the folds. — ab. maculosa nom. nov. (= var. B. Guen.) has dark blotches in the middle of both wings (largest on the hindwing). distally to nebulosa. the cell. — ab. nebulosa Btlr. has both wings above and beneath, excepting the marginal area, almost striolata. entirely suffused with violet-grey. — striolata Btlr., from Japan, is densely irrorated with dark striae. Inter- mediates also occur. — crocoptera is distributed in Japan, Korea, China and N. India. ! —— Publ. 25. V. 1915. HYPOCHROSIS; OSICERDA; PLAGODIS. By L. B. Prout. 337 T. citrina Warr. (= praetoraria Hmpsn. nec Feld.). Coloration of delectans Btlr. (17e) or with eitrina. more yellow, markings almost as in crocoptera, postmedian line rather more sinuous, subterminal marked with shallow dark lunules between the veins. N. India and Omei-shan. T. delectans Bilr. (17e). On an average somewhat smaller than crocoptera, much less mixed with delectans orange, the pale costal area of forewing broad, violet-grey (not white), weakly irrorated, both wings much clouded (but very variably) with slightly darker violet grey, an oblique yellow postmedian band or patch bet- ween the 3rd radial and 2nd submedian of the forewing and an antemedian patch on the hindwing. Japan to W. China. — ab. marginata Warr. is somewhat smaller and has the yellow margins free from dark irrora- marginata. tion. W. China. 67. Genus: Hypochrosis Guen. Scarcely separable in structure from Osicerda, distal margin of forewing not bent in the middle; typi- cally the Ist subcostal is connected by a bar with costal while in Osicerda it oftener anastomoses, but both genera vary in this respect. Hindwing concolorous with forewing, underside less unicolorous than in Osicerda. An Indo-Australian genus; the species here described, with longer palpus, is perhaps not strictly congeneric. | _-H. mixticolor spec. nov. (17g). Face fuscous. Palpus of moderate length, porrect, reddish, darker miaticolor. above. Vertex of head pale. Forewing with Ist subcostal anastomosing with costal. Coloration of upper- side nearly as in pulchraria Rothsch., rather more mixed with reddish, the green less decided, much more restricted, ill-defined proximally, followed distally by some paler olivaceous shading; a minute dark cell-dot placed beyond middle of wing, the cell being rather elongate; a sinuous dark postmedian line bounding the green shade. Hindwing with rather larger celldot and vague grey lines and shades. Underside very variegated; forewing basally orange spotted and clouded with purple grey, the rest of the wing predominantly purplish, with some remnants of the orange ground, especially subterminally between the 3rd radial and 2nd median; hindwing more largely orange yellow, the purple mottlings and cloudings strongest anteriorly and apically; both wings with cell-dot and traces of postmedian line, on the hindwing forming black spots at costa and near inner margin. Omei-shan, August, type (¢) in my collection. 68. Genus: Osicerda Walk. ' Characters of Plagodis, but with the face rather smoother and less prominent, the antenna in both sexes bipectinate, forewing and generally hindwing with the Ist discocellular much longer, 2nd discocellular of hindwing commonly more oblique. An indo-Australian genus, which scarcely reaches the Palearctic Region. Colouring generally still brighter than in Plagodis, under surface as a rule uniform bright orange. GUENEE and Hamespon wrongly call this genus Prionia Hbn. O. rosearia Leech (17g) is distinguished by the strong rosy suffusion of the upper surface and the vrosearia. fairly regular yellowish lines. Distributed in E. China and Formosa. O. paupera Bilr. is the dullest coloured species, pale drab above, slightly more ochreous beneath; paupera. the black costal spots present on the upper side only. Japan. — O. berytana Ab/. is reddish violet-grey, with transverse rows of dark scales, the costal spots of berytana. the forewing quadrate, olive-brown, more distinct rows of blackish scales running from them; fringes olive- brown. Beyrout, one example, April. Unknown to me. 69, Genus: Plagodis Hbn. Face and palpus shortly rough-scaled, the latter rather short or moderate. Antenna in ¢ generally bipectinate, in 9 simple. Femora scarcely hairy. Forewing elongate, elbowed or toothed at end of 3rd radial; 1st subcostal sometimes arising from 2nd, always anastomosing or connected with costal. Hindwing not broad, distal margin usually sinuous. Larva with head rather small, notched; thoracic segments and 5th abdominal swollen dorsally. A small genus, but found in the Palearctic Region, N. India and North America. All the Species are, more or less, similarly coloured. P. dolabraria L. (= ustulataria Hufn.) (17g). Forewing with innumerable fine, slightly oblique, dotabraria. transverse striae, no distinct lines; the postmedian on both wings indicated by a thick dark fuscous shade posteriorly, distally to which (especially on hindwing) there is defined an ill purplish blotch reaching to the hinder angle. — ab. atrox Zerny is a melanotic form, forewing mostly dark chestnut brown, towards the base atroz. and hinder angle black. — Larva twig-like, brownish, somewhat variegated, thorax darker dorsally, hump on 5th abdominal and a transverse mark near the tail also dark. On oak, birch and sallow, the pupa hibernating. Moth in May—June, Central and EK. Europe, Transcaucasia, 8. H. Siberia and Japan. IV 43 subpurpur- aria. evanescens. grisearia. praeditaria. anomala. nasula. mendica. sinuosa. grisea. latifasci- aria. 338 SELENTOPSIS; SCIONOMIA; ANONYCHIA; CORYMICA. By L. B. Prour. P. subpurpuraria Leech (17f). Larger and broader-winged than the other species, palpus longer, ¢ antenna merely serrate, with fascicles of cilia. Wings more glossy, without definate striae, hinder angle scar- cely purplish; postmedian line only indicated on hindwing. The underside is more strongly mixed with fuscous and shows decided purple reflections; both wings with large dark discal spot. W. China: Pu-tsu-fang, only the type known. 70. Genus: Seleniopsis Warr. Recalls Plagodis in shape, but differs in many characters. Face with cone of projecting scales. Pal- pus long. Antenna in g simple. Forewing with Ist and 2nd subcostals very long-stalked. Hindwing with distal margin crenulate. Only 2 species known. S. evanescens Btlr. (17g). Much less warm brown than the Plagodis species, very feebly marked, but with 2 large whitish costal spots. Discal dot of forewing generally small, dark brown, of hindwing obsolete. Japan, August—September. S. grisearia Leech is paler, more greyish, with rather stronger irroration, the proximal costal spot wanting, the cell-mark of forewing longer and blacker, a small cell-mark indicated on hindwing. W. China: Mou-pin, 1 g. Perhaps a local form of evanescens. 71. Genus: Scionomia Warr. Differs from Anonychia as follows: palpus shortish or moderate, abdomen in ¢ still longer, wings more densely scaled, forewing with Ist and 2nd subcostals shortly stalked or closely approximated at their origin, the Ist running into the costal, the 2nd well separated from the 3rd, the 4th and 5th coincident. The wings are rather narrower and the pattern, though somewhat Larentiid, does not recall Ortholitha. Range: China, Japan, Formosa. S. praeditaria Leech (17g). Rather more glossy than the other species, with a sharper contrast bet- ween the broadly darkened median area and the lighter, browner distal area; the whitish line which separa- tes these areas is slender, equally well expressed throughout. W. China: Pu-tsu-fang and Mou-pin. S. anomala Stlr. (17 g) has the postmedian line more yellowish, broad anteriorly, obsolescent pos- teriorly, the distal margin rather narrowly concolorous with this line, otherwise remaining fuscous. Japan: Tokyo. — nasuta subsp. nov. has the postmedian line of equal thickness throughout (thicker than in praedi- taria) and making a still stronger, rounded distal projection in the middle. Pu-tsu-fang. S. mendica Bélr. has the postmedian line more dentate, not very sharply expressed, not thickened anteriorly; distal area entirely fuscous. Japan and Chang Yang. S. sinuosa Wileman (17h) is intermediate between the two preceding, the almost uniformly fuscous colouring recalling mendica, the distinct, strongly sinuous but not dentate postmedian line more like that of anomala nasuta, though less extremely projecting. Japan: Tokyo. Also on Formosa. 72. Genus: Anonyehia War. Face with projecting cone of scales. Palpus rather long, rough-scaled. Antenna in both sexes simple. Femora glabrous. Wings smooth-scaled, with pattern as in the Larentiid genus Ortholitha. Forewing with the Ist and 2nd subcostals anastomosing, the 2nd afterwards anastomosing or connected with the 3rd and 4th (very rarely remaining free). Hindwing with the costal closely approximated to the cell for a considerable distance. Range: N. India to W. China. In grisea and the Indian rostrifera, in which the 2nd subcostal arises from the cell, an areole is formed almost as in the Larentiinae; in the other species it is stalked with the 3rd—5th subcostal. A. grisea Bélr. (= diversilinea Warr.) (17h). Somewhat variable in colour, now more brownish, now more violet-grey, but easily recognizable by the extremely acute angle in the postmedian line followed by a strong, regular curve. N. India and W. China. In Chinese examples, the median area is handsomely darkened proximally and distally. A. latifasciaria Leech (17h). Rather larger and darker, median area broad and dark, the postmedian projection rather less acute, postmedian line of hindwing generally distinct, more nearly parallel with distal margin. W. China. Very near lativitta Moore, but with straighter antemedian line. 73. Genus: Corymiea Walk. Palpus rather long, with 3rd joint distinct. Antenna in ¢ ciliated. Forewing with apex and some- times hinder angle acute or slightly produced; 3 with a very large hyaline fovea; Ist and 2nd subcostals coin- nd OPISTHOGRAPTIS. By L. B. Prov. 339 cident, anastomosing with costal and connected with 3rd—4th. Hindwing with costal margin swollen in proxi- mal half, costal vein widely separated from subcostal (especially in deducata), connected by a bar about middle of cell. A very small genus, chiefly Indian. C. arnearia Walk. (= vesicularia Walk.) (171i). Fovea very elongate, scaleless on both surfaces. Hind- anearia. wing in g with a tuft of long hair on inner margin. The yellow ground-colour is a good deal irrorated with reddish, particularly at base of costa and apical part of distal area of forewing. Distributed from N. India to Borneo, W. China, Korea and Nagasaki. C. specularia Moore is on an average larger, lacks the hair-tuft on the inner margin of the hind- specularia. wing, the ground-colour is rather lighter yellow, less irrorated with reddish, the apical patch on the upper sur- face large but indistinct, on the under surface strong. Distributed in India. — pryeri Bilr. (171) is the pryeri. Japanese form, with 2 large spots on the hindmargin of the forewing, more or less confluent on the margin itself. — vitrigera Btlr. from Dharmsala has the posterior spots still larger, confluent also on the fold, thus vitrigera. enclosing an oval yellow spot. C. deducata Walk. (= caustolomaria Moore, gensanaria Leech) (171). Less bright yellow (more deducata. irrorated with red-brown) and easily known by the central band which traverses both wings. Fovea less extre- mely developed, on the upperside concealed by scaling. N. India to Korea, Japan and Formosa. 74. Genus: Opisthograptis Abn. Antenna in g simple. Thorax somewhat hairy beneath. Femora glabrous or very slightly hairy. Fore- wing with fovea; Ist and 2nd subcostals stalked or often coincident; discocellulars bent, Ist median from (or from close to) posterior angle of cell. Hindwing with distal margin almost even, or with very slight prominence at 3rd radial; costal rather shortly approximated to subcostal near base; discocellulars strongly bent, very oblique posteriorly. Larva rather thick, twig-like, with humped 3rd abdominal and with additional, though shortened, prolegs on the 4th and 5th. Pupa rather slender, in a tough cocoon. Range: Palearctic and northern Indo-Australian Regions. A. Face with appressed scales; palpus rather short. O. luteolata L. (= crataegata L.) (17h). The only European species. The name-typical form has on luteolata. the forewing red-brown costal markings at the base, at the discal mark and triangularly at the apex; faint, irregularly grey antemedian and postmedian lines, interrupted at the veins. Hindwing with dark discal dot and faint grey postmedian line. — aestiva Vorb. & Miill.-Rutz is a smaller, more deeply coloured summer- gestiva. brood form. It seems to be the principal or only form in Tunis. — ab. flavissima Krulik. (= immaculata flavissima. Ob.) is almost entirely yellow, only with slight remnants of the costal markings. — ab. albescens Cll. albescens. (= lacticolor Harrison, albicans Rb/.) has the ground-colour pure white instead of yellow. Very pale yellow examples have been separated as intermedia Harrison. — ab. niko Chr. is according to STAUDINGER an intermedia. extraordinary aberration with both wings broadly fuscous margined and the basal part of the forewing brownish. Rao: Perhaps accidental, as the yellow of this species is highly susceptible to various kinds of chemical action. — provincialis Ob. is a pale, weakly marked form from Provence. — emaculata Graes. lacks the apical patch of proemae: : : : : emaculata the forewing. Prevalent in Central Asia, accidental elsewhere. — mimulina Atl. has the cell-mark large, ,,imulina. the lines strong, the 2 grincipal lines of the forewing ending in conspicuous red-brown spots on the hind- margin. N. India: Dharmsala etc. — Egg oval, with fine polygonal reticulation; whitish mottled with red. Larva variable in colour, dirty brown or green, usually resting in a bent position, so that the dorsal hump appears very prominent. On whitethorn, blackthorn and allied fruit-trecs, more rarely on other trees. The life-cycle is curious; from hibernated pupae, the moths appear early (generally in April) and produce a 2rd brood about August; the larvae from these latter moths commonly hibernate and do not yield the moths before June. luteolata is distributed in Europe, Western and Central Asia. B. Face with projecting scales below; palpus rather elongate. 0. tridentifer2 Moore (17h). Cell-spot much larger than in Juteolata; apical patzh wanting; lines repre- tridentifera. sented by red and dark dots on the veins. Described from Sikkim, known also from W. China and Tibet. The name-type has a redder cell-spot than the Chinese form. 0. trimacularia Leech (17h) differs from tridentifera in the shape of the markings, in the 3 also in trimacul- the presence of 2 quadrate red patch at the apex of the forewing. W. China and Tibet. GrBte O. sulphurea Bélr. (17h). Easily known by the red basal and distal areas of the forewing, narrowly sulphurea. red hindmargin and very large red cell-spot. I have not seen Palearctic specimens, but ALPHHRAKY records it from ,Szechuan, inornataria. ablunata. kashmirica. laminaria. airstonaria. bicolor. awerophilaria. stulta. fuscofasci- aria. phaenicotae- niata. incolorata. notata. marginaria. subroseata. falconaria. 340 STENORUMIA; HETEROLOCHA. By L. B. Prout. Q. inornataria Leech (17h) is almost entirely without reddish markings, though the costal margins of the forewing and the fringes and sometimes the cell-mark have a slight tinge of reddish. The marking are all grey and shadowy. Only the type is known, a 9 from Che-tou,4W. China. 75. Genus: Stenorumia Hmps. Differs from Opisthograptis in the narrower forewing, with apex somewhat produced, and in having the 2nd subcostal of the hindwing stalked with the Ist radial; forewing with all the veins present, Ist subcostal anastomosing with costaland with 2nd subcostal, 2nd sucostal anastomosing with 3rd—4th. Only some 4 species are known, all N. Indian. S. ablunata Guen. (=pangiaria Feld.) (171i). Easily recognizable from our figure, which is taken from a rather pale example; some specimens are deeper yellow. The position of the lines varies little. — kashmirica Warr. is an aberration (?) in which the hindwing is absolutely devoid of markings and the fringes not (as in the name-type) tinged with reddish. — ablunata inhabits the N. W. Himalayas (Dharmsala, etc.). 76. Genus: Heteroloeha Led. Face not tufted. Palpus moderate to long, rough-scaled. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate with long branches. Forewing with apex acute, distal margin oblique, lst and 2nd subcostals (except in Section B) coincident or — (rarely) very long-stalked, anastomosing or connected with the costal, 3rd to 5th arising much before end of cell, 2nd radial (except in Section B) arising before the middle of the discocellulars. Hindwing smooth-margined, discocellulars strongly oblique. An Asiatic genus, most of the species closely related. Section B should almost certainly be removed. A. Palpus moderate to longish; lst—2nd subcostal coincident or long stalked, arising from 38rd—ith. H. laminaria H.-Sch. (= niphonica Btlr.) (18b) is very variable and as I have before me only the Eastern forms it is not quite certain that the synonymy is accurate. The ¢ figured by HeRRIcH-SCHAEFFER from Asia Minor must be taken as the name-type, and seems to agree with the form niphonica, in which the ground-colour is dull ochreous, so strongly dusted with violet-grey as to appear grey-brown rather than yello- wish. — ab. aristonaria Walk. (figured as laminaria 2° by HERRICH-SCHAEFFER) is bright yellow, little irrorated with violet-grey, though somewhat more so in the distal area. — ab. bicolor ab. nov. has the median area of forewing and basal part of hindwing clear yellow, the rest strongly violaceous. — N. E. Asia Minor to N. Persia; W. China to Japan. H. xerophilaria Ping. differs in its smaller size, narrower wings, very uniform sand-yellow colour, with slight tinge of reddish, and transparent oval white cell-mark of the forewing, in the ¢ with pale reddish, in the 2 with blackish circumscription. Palestine: Ain-Dschidi (Engedi) in December. H. stulta Btlr. (18 a) differs from laminaria in its peculiar glossy olivaceous tone, weak markings and very large cell-mark of the forewing. Japan. H. fuscofasciaria Leech. Smaller and darker than stulta, both wings with a complete darker post- median band. Ichang, one g. H. phaenicotaeniata Koll. (171i). Forewing narrower and more acute than in laminaria, much lighter yellow, the lines and apical patch more or less overlaid with rosy purple, a large blotch of the same often placed on the posterior half of the postmedian line. — ab. incolorata Warr. is very pale testaceous, the markings more olivaceous. N. W. Himalayas. H. notata Warr. is coloured like stulta (18a) but with a rosy flush over the lines. It differs chiefly in having the distal margin of the hindwing straight or almost straight, not rounded. Central China. I follow Lercus determination, not having seen WARRENS type, which may have been a mere aberration of stulta. H. marginaria Leech (18a). This and the remaining species of Section A have also about the shape of notata. marginaria is distinguished by the rounded orange blotch on the hindmargin of the forewing. Mou-pin, only the type known. Possibly an aberration of the following, which often shows faint indications of the orange blotch. H. subroseata Warr. (18a). Bright yellow, almost as in laminaria ab. aristonaria. Generally larger and easily distinguished by its shape. Central and W. China. ,,Japan‘“, given by WARREN, is probably erro- neous. 3 H. falconaria Walk. (171) has the forewing still narrower and more acute, the markings more reddish, apical patch wanting, except generally a red spot in the extreme apex. N. India and W. China. PAREPIONE; EPIONE. By L. B. Provr. 341 H. latifasciaria Leech (18 a). Not quite so deeply coloured as falconaria, markings rather distinct, /atifasci- dark vein-dots on postmedian line well developed, a purplish band distally to this line, especially in poste- rior half of hindwing. Central China: Chang Yang and Ichang. H. rosearia Leech (18a). Considerably smaller than subroseata, apical patch obsolete excepting the dark proximal mark, postmedian line more curved, median area narrowed, proximal and distal areas more suffused with rosy. Chang Yang. Also on Formosa. B. Palpus long; Ist subcostal from cell, 2nd—5th stalked. H. torniplaga sp. nov. (18a). Nearly allied to the Indian patalata Feld., for which Lencu probably mistook it. Smaller, 2ad subcostal of forewing stalked to beyond the 5th. Pale ochreous with a slight oliva- ceous tinge, the costal marks and lines of the forewing merely darker olive-ochreous, an elongate violett-grey patch along hindmargin from postmedian line to distal margin, fringes mostly violet-grey. Hindwing with postmedian line more nearly parallel with distal margin than in patalata, the distal area more uniformly violet- grey. Underside much more suffused with violet-grey than in that species. W. China: Ta-chien-lu (type 3) and Kia-ting-fu (1 ¢) in coll. Brit. Mus. H. quadraria Leech (18a). Apex less produced, wings more glossy ochreous, with much stronger mar- kings, in part more blackish. Central and W. China. 77. Genus: Parepione Warr. Probably related to Heterolocha, Section B, most characters the same but with the lst—2nd subcostal of the forewing arising from the cell, only very shortly stalked, the Ist connected or anastomosing with the costal. Size larger, hindwing with distal margin strongly convex, slightly sinuate between the radialis. From Epione it differs in the long palpus. Only one species has hitherto been referred here. P. grata Bilr. Ground-colour almost as bright as in the well-known European species of the foll- ‘owing genus, the purplish shading much less developed. Markings as in lapidea. — lapidea Btlr. (18 a) is larger and duller coloured, but I incline to agree with Lzncu that it is nothing more than an aberration of grata. Both forms occur in the same localities in Japan. _ P. angularia Leech (as Spilopera) (18a). Palpus less long, systematic position doubtiul (¢ unknown). Its smaller size, brighter colour, ocellated cell-mark, etc., abundantly distinguish it from grata. W. China: Kia-tong-fu. . 78. Genus: Epione Dup. Hace with tolerably appressed scales. Palpus shortish or quite moderate. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate. apex simple. Pectus hairy. Femora glabrous. Forewing with distal margin bent in middle; Ist subcostal arising from 2nd, anastomosing with costal, 2nd commonly connected with 3rd—4th. Hindwing with excision in distal margin between the radials. Larva rather slender, twig-like, with slight protuberances on the 2nd abdominal segment, the head broad and rounded; feeding on trees in spring and early summer. Only 2 species are known to me, but Strav- DINGER has provisionally added a few others. Perhaps the genus is not structurally separable from the American EHuchlaena Hbn., which would be the oldest name. E. repandaria Hufn. (= apiciaria Schiff., marginaria Vall.) (18b). Hasily known by the acute (in © faleate) apex, postmedian line ending in or near the apex, little bent in the middle. Sexes alike except in shape. Variable in the strength and extent of the purplish bordering. — The egg hibernatcs and the larvae hatch very irregularly, over a period of perhaps 8 weeks, so that the moths are on the wing from July to September. — Larva brown, variable in tint, with dark grey longitudinal markings; pale dorsal patches on the abdominal segments, or at least the first 4, containing some black markings and white dots. Chiefly on sallow, feeding at night. Pupa moderately slender, blackish brown, strongly glossy. Central and N. Europe and in several localities from the Caucasus to Amurland. E. vespertaria (L.?) F. (= paralellaria Schiff.) (18b). Apex less produced than in repandaria, post- median line of both wings in ¢ with rather strong, in 2 with very strong distal projection in the middle, the distal area more strongly red-purple. ¢$ with stronger strigulation in the median area than in repandaria, Q without strigulation and much paler yellowish. — The egg is laid singly on twigs, in rows, and is shaped much like that of Selenia lunaria, its colour brown-red with brilliant silvery spots; it hibernates. Larva brown with pale subdorsal and lateral lines, which become indistinct towards the anus; a light dorsal spot on the 3rd ab- dominal segment, reddish ones on the succeeding segments. It feeds on birch, sallow, aspen, etc. The pupa is described as black-brown, probably similar to that of repandaria. Moth in June—July. Range similar to that of repandaria, but more local. aria. rosearia. torniplaga. quadraria. grata. lapidea. angularia. repandaria. vespertaria. exaridaria. limaria. emundata. magnaria. advenaria. fulva. pluviaria. punctularia. pallidaria. arroraria. obscurata. sylvanaria. 342 CEPPHIS; HYPOXYSTIS. By L. B. Prout. E. exaridaria Graes., founded on a single 9 from Amurland, has the distal margins strongly waved, but lacks the excision between the radials of the hindwing. Grey-yellow, with greenish grey strigulation, fore- wing with two almost straight, rather thick yellow-brown stripes, hindwing with one; antemedian accompanied proximally and postmedian distally by a blue-grey line, the distal one broad. The narrow median area of the forewing and the basal part of hindwing lighter than the rest. Distal area with very indistinct broad light band. E. limaria Chr. (19a) has not at all the aspect of an Hpione, but CHRISTOPH says it certainly belongs here. Smaller, apex of forewing acutely produced, distal margin of hindwing smooth, entire; grey, antemedian line of forewing composed of 3 dark spots or dots, discal dot very small, followed by a rather larger dot on the costa at nearly three-fourths; postmedian line double, rather oblique, broken, into spots, divided by a narrow band; hindwing without the antemedian line and yellow band. Transcaucasia: near Ordubad. E. emundata Chr. (19a) shows, according to the figure, nearly the shape of Parepione, but with the distal margin of the forewing more strongly bent in the middle. Rather smaller than P. grata, whitish grey, irrorated with fuscous, the lines fuscous brown, the antemedian nearly straight, postmedian not quite as acutely angled as in grata, joined to a similar apical line; cell-dot small. Hindwing whiter, the single line arising much nearer to the anal angle and becoming obsolete about the middle of the wing. Amurland. E. magnaria Wileman (18b) is not a true Hpione but as its affinities are uncertain I leave it here. © Ist subcostal shortly stalked with the others, anastomosing with costal, 2nd long-stalked, anastomosing with first. Shape not characteristic. g unknown. Japan: Nikko, in October. 79. Genus: Cepphis Abn. Related to Hpione, but differing as follows. Palpus longer. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate to apex. Fore- wing with 2nd—5th subcostals stalked, the 5th arising unusually near the apex, always well beyond the 2nd, sometimes even beyond the 3rd. Larva less slender, with 2 minute raised dorsal points near the anal end. The pupa hibernates and not the egg. Only a single species is known; widely distributed in the region. C. advenaria Hbn. (19a). Ochreous whitish, much mixed with deep ochreous; Ist line of forewing sometimes nearly straight, 2nd line with an angle in the middle, posteriorly curved, commonly oblique out- wards at hindmargin. Generally not variable. — ab. fulva Gillmer is so uniformly irrorated as to appear dark yellow-brown throughout, unmarked except by the discal dots. — Larva variable, purplish grey or olive- brown, abdomen with pale grey dorsal lozenges; 2 pale yellow oblique spots or dashes on the 2nd abdominal; venter more reddish, with dark V-shaped markings. On Vaccinium and other low plants. Pupa stout and rugose, not glossy; dorsum and abdomen light brown, wings, legs, ete. greenish. N. Spain, Central Europe and across Central Asia to Japan. 80. Genus: HMypoxystis nom. nov. Face with appressed scales. Palpus rather short, rough-scaled. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate to the apex, the branches not very long. Forewing with costal margin straight, apex acute, distal margin slightly sinuate anteriorly, strongly oblique posteriorly, Ist—2nd subcostal shortly stalked (perhaps occasionally coin- cident), the 1st anastomosing or connected with the costal. Hindwing large, with costal margin long. HUsNers name of Hypoplectis (erected for pertextaria and roraria) has been !misapplied to this genus, which should probably contain only one species, its type pluviaria. H. pluviaria 7. (= adspersaria Hbn. olim, Stgr. nec F.. jacobaearia Bkh., inspersaria Hbn.) (18b as advenaria). Very variable, but recognizable at once by its shape. In the name-typical form the pale ochreous ground-colour shows moderate dark irroration and distinct dark lines. — ab. punctularia Lambill. is less irro- rated, the lines broken up into dots. — ab. pallidaria Zambill. is scarcely irrorated and shows no trace of the lines. — ab. irroraria nom. nov. (= inspersaria Lambill. nec Hbn.) has dense dark irroration, the lines obli- terated. — ab. obscurata Lambill. is almost unicolorous black-brown. — sylvanaria H.-Sch. is a small, dark, distinctly marked form which is prevalent in 8. E. Europe, Finland, etc. — Egg small, elongate, oval; yellowish. Larva slender, tapering anteriorly, yellowish grey or brown with double blackish, yellow-divided dorsal line which thickens into spots on the middle segments, spiracular line broad, whitish, venter usually pale. On Sarothamnus scoparius, hibernating nearly full-grown. Pupa rather weak, conico-cylindrical, head and eyes prominent; blackish brown with pale markings. Moth in June, in warm localities earlier. Local in Central Europe, Asia Minor, S. and E. Siberia. THERAPIS; PSEUDOPANTHERA. By L. B. Prout. 343 H. henricaria Ob. (= macronata Sigr.) (18 c) is doubtfully referred by STAUDINGER to this genus. henricaria. Palpus quite short. Forewing with Ist and 2nd subcostals free. Much smaller than pluviaria, long-winged, somewhat recalling an Osicerda, but with straight costal margin. Colour variable, brown or grey, upper sur- face of forewing very weakly marked, hindwing and underside unmarked; a somewhat oblique postmedian line runs towards the apex, is acutely angled above the 1st radial and reaches the costal margin not much beyond the middle; the 3 costal spots are not always present. Algeria. 81. Genus: TWherapis Hon. Differs from Hypoxystis in the prominent face, longer palpus, pectinations of antenna not reaching to the apex, less elongate wings, the forewing with the Ist and 2nd subcostals free; the hindwing with an excision between the 2nd subcostal and 3rd radial. Only one species known. T. flavicaria Schiff. (18 c). A.conspicuous species, bright yellow with the lines weak, but the fore- flavicaria. wing with 5 prominent ae spots, dark terminal mark from apex to 8rd radial and dark postmedian blotch at hindmargin. Only with Pseudopanthera syriacata could it at first glance be confused and the wing- shape, the g antenna and the underside (which has strong dark red postmedian band and on the forewing apical clouding) are distinctive. — Egg oval, red. Larva rather short and stout, tapering to the small head; greenish, with oblique white lateral stripes. On Lamium, Galeopsis and other low plants. Pupa brown, the cremaster with a long central spike and on each side a hooked bristle. The moth is double brooded, May and July, 2od brood specimens smaller and more brightly coloured. Local in S. E. Europe, Trans- caucasia and N. Persia. 82. Genus: Pseudopanthera Hbn. Differs from Therapis in the less prominent face, shorter palpus, simple g antenna, more regular wing margins and very generally in having the Ist subcostal of the forewing anastomosing with the costal. But himalayica is intermediate in shape, face and palpus and the triangulum group in face and palpus. A small genus, Palearctic and N. Indian. Palit +] Ps. himalayica Koll. (= annomosaria Walk.) (18d as himalaica) is distinguished from the following himalayica. by its bent distal margins and large spots at middle of costa of forewing and hindmargin of both wings. Dharmsala and Sikkim. Ps. syriacata Guen. (18c). Upper surface similar to that of Therapis flavicaria (see above). Under syriacata. surface very coarsely irrorated almost throughout, discal spots large, linesthick. Syria, Asia Minor and Meso- potamia. Ps. macularia Z. (18c). Hasily known by having the lines or bands altogether broken up into large, macularia. irregular spots. Underside the same. — Only in ab. transversaria Krulik, are the spots, at least on the fore- ‘ransvers- wing, joined into bands. — In ab. viridimaculata Chil. the spots are olive-green. —ab. albicans Ob. has the ground- , spore colour whitish. — ab. quadrimaculata Hatchett is a rare form with the spots obsolete except the 4 at costal culata. margin of forewing. — ab. fuscaria Stgr. (18 c) is another rare form, fuscous throughout. — meridionalis Galvagni, wbicans. from Gorz and the Southern Tyrol, has less black dusting, the black spots small — Larva smooth, green, with Ce white lines and stripes. On Teucrium and allied plants. The pupa hibernates. Moth in May—June, flying juscaria. by day. Europe and Asia Minor to Dauria, common. OE Ps. corearia Leech (= disparata Stgr.) (18¢ as coreata) differs from the other species in its browner corearia. colour and in its scheme of markings, showing on the forewing a strongly curved or bent antemedian line and on both wings a bluntly elbowed postmedian closely preceded by a dark shade; a subterminal series of dark spots usually developed. Ussuri district, Korea, E. China and Formosa. Ps. (?) invenustaria Leech (18d) differs in neuration, all the 5 subcostals being on a common stalk. invenusta- gunknowa, 2 antenna subserrate. Scarcely yellower than Hypowystis pluviaria and entirely without markings. ice Korea: Gensan. Ps. triangulum Ob. (19a) and the 3 following form a natural group, with longer wings, Ist sub- triangulum. costal of forewing free. Paler yellowish than flavaria, hindwing whitish. As in all the group, the underside has the veins and a coarse irroration or strigulation bright ferruginous-ochreous. Ta-chien-lu, W. China. Ps, flavaria Leech (18 c) is more yellow and lacks the dark streak along the base of the hindmargin flavaria. of forewing. W. China: Chow-pin-sa and Pu-tsu-fang. oberthiiri. lozonaria. pulcheraria. pallida. cauteriata. cordiaria. roesler- stammaria. acardia. signigera. subcordaria. anicularia. nuptaria. trinotata. aestiva. rosearia. 344 CALCARITIS; EILICRINIA. By L. B. Provr. Ps. oberthiiri Alph. (18d) differs in the triangular midcostal patch of the forewing and the orange hindwing. W. China. Ps. lozonaria Ob. (19a) recalls an Hilicrinia on account of its shape, but has the neuration of Pseudopanthera. Less yellow than most of the species, the transverse lines of the forewing weak, arising from triangular dark costal spots; a much larger midcostal triangular spot, confluent with the cell-spot, is shaped as in some oberthiiri. W. China. Ps. pulcheraria Herz is unknown to me. Shape nearest to that of lozonaria, narrower, excisions in distal margin not so deep. Smaller, pale yellow, with 3 brown lines (the postmedian the most distinct), arising from small costal spots; antemedian curved, placed near the conspicuous, elongate dark-brown cell-mark; median arising at two-thirds costa, it and the postmedian parallel, approaching the antemedian at hindmargin. Hindwing with discal dot and postmedian line. Underside strongly irrorated with brown, the lines more sharply expressed, the cell-marks larger. N. Korea, only the 2 known. 83. Genus: Calearitis Hedem. Perhaps a subgenus of Pseudopanthera. The diagnosis only indicates as differential the pectinate ¢ antenna and the very long inner spurs of the hindtibia, especially the proximal one. Palpus short. C. pallida Hedem. (25f). Unknown to me. Similar in form and markings to Ps. syriacata (18 ¢); wings perhaps somewhat narrower. Much paler yellow, almost whitish, the forewing with a discal spot and a rather better-developed postmedian band than syriacata and some other slight differences. “Amurland. 84. Genus: Eilierinia Abn. Characters of Pseudopanthera but with the 1st and 2nd subcostals of the forewing coincident (perhaps occasionally long-stalked); usually also with a strong anterior excision in distal margin. Larva smooth, slender, with flattened head. A small genus, with the same range as Pseudopanthera. A. Distal margin of forewing with excision (Hilicrinia). E. cauteriata Sigr. (19 b). Forewing broader than in the other species, more reddish; a dark central line or shade usually present, the other lines broken into dots. Discal dots minute. Andalusia and N. Africa. E. cordiaria Hbn. (= animata Fisch.-Résl.) (18d). Seasonally dimorphic, the name-type, which represents the summer generation, having the ground-colour yellow. The characteristic discal spot is alike . in both the forms. — gen. vern. roeslerstammaria Stgr. (18d) differs in its cmereous whitish ground-colour. Egg flat, elliptical, light yellow. Larva grey-green with 2 dorsal and 4 subdorsal waved whitish lines, spir- acular line white, spiracles red-brown. On Salix, very sluggish. Moth in April—May and July—August, Austro— Hungary, Dalmatia, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia. — acardia Stichel is possibly a form of cordiaria but entirely without markings. Described from Persia. — signigera Btlr. has the discal marks very much narrower, almost linear. Kulu. E. subcordaria H.-Sch. (18d) is similarly dimorphic but differs somewhat from cordiaria in shape and is more ochreous, the markings much less dark, lines less dentate, etc. Generally larger. — gen. vern. (?) anicularia Hv. (= freitagaria Woéschl., ? tritomata Fisch.-Waldh.) is the corresponding grey form. Distributed in the mountains of Central Asia. E. nuptaria Brem. (19b). Size of subcordaria, colour nearer cordaria but still clearer, more sulphur- yellow. Spots very large, postmedian line regularly dentate, antemedian distinct in its posterior part only. S. E. Siberia and Japan. E. trinotata Metzner (18 e). Smaller, the cell-mark small, ocellated, the lmes fine, arising from dark costal spots. Merrzner described from 2 specimens, one pale straw-colour, the other cinereous with fuscous irroration. REBEL restricts the name to the latter form, which occurs in June. — gen. aest. aestiva Rbl., occur- ring in August, is described as ,,yellow’; the examples before me are whitish ochreous with reddish irroration. The larva is said to have been bred on Silene. Balkan Peninsula to Transcaucasia. E. rosearia B.-Haas. Unknown to me. Nearest subcordaria {. anicularia but with the excision in the distal margin less deep, transitional towards the following species. Pale reddish, with a tinge of brown, the postmedian line almost straight, the large discal mark extremely weak. Kashgar. Publ. 26.V. 1919. SPILOPERA; CALLERINNYS; RHYNCHOBAPTA. By lL. B. Prout. 345 B. Distal margin of forewing without excision (Pareilicrinia Warr.). E. unimacularia Piing. Rather large and ample-winged, forewing pale brownish grey, central area unimacula- somewhat darker, the lines straight, almost parallel, whitish-edged on the reverse sides; discal mark as in sub- ae cordaria f. anicularia. Hindwing, as in that and rosearia, more whitish. Palpus stronger than in typical Hili- crinia. HK. Siberia and Ussuri district. E. flava Moore (18d) is even brighter yellow than nuptaria, with much smaller discal mark (formed flava. more as in ¢rinotata) and reduced dark patch at distal margin. Best known from Sikkim and Assam, but the British Museum has an example from Chekiang. 86. Genus: Spilopera War. Face smooth. Palpus shortish to moderate. Antenna in both sexes simple. Forewing rather elongate, distal margin elbowed or angled at 3rd radial; 1st subcostal arising from cell, 2nd free or shortly stalked with Ist or with 3rd—5th. Hindwing in the type species (debilis) almost rounded, in most species bent or angled at 3rd radial. Range: Japan to India. Differs little from Pseudopanthera except in shape. S. debilis Btlr. (18d). Pale yellowish, the forewing with redbrown subapical patch recalling that of debilis. Eilicrinaria. The lines are very weak (sometimes obsolete) anteriorly, but their origin is indicated by large olive-fuscous costal spots. Japan, Korea and Chang Yang. S. gracilis Btlr. (18e), on which Warren founds a genus Pareclipsis, differs in the oreled hind- gracilis. wing, browner colour, absence of costal spots, more direct postmedian line, dentate suffusion on both lines, etc. On an average smaller, subapical patch often reduced. Japan and Formosa. S. crenularia Leech (18e). Very distinct in the more crenulate distal margins and in the quadrate erenularia- pink-centred apical patch of the forewing; perhaps not belonging to this genus. Central China: Chang Yang, only the type known. ) S. roseimarginaria Leech (18f) is equally unmistakable on account of the fine rose-pink border of roseimargi- the hindwing. Distal margin of forewing more excavated anteriorly than in the typical species. Chang Yang namie. and Omeishan. 87. Genus: Callerinnys Warr. Probably related to Spilopera but the face with projecting cone of scales, the palpus longer, distal margin of forewing not or scarcely elbowed, 2nd subcostal long-stalked with 3rd and 4th, arising beyond 5th, lst subcostal sometimes short-stalked with 2nd—5th, often anastomosing with costal. Range chiefly Indian. C. obliquilinea Moore (= straminea Warr.). The name-typical form does not enter the Palearctic Region and will be dealt with in vol. 12. — deflavata subsp. nov. (18 e) differs in having the ground-colour as deflavata. far as the lst postmedian line much paler, being scarcely mixed with the bright ochreous atoms which give to typical obliquilinea its colour. Ichang, Central China. Also a larger specimen from Mou-pin, W. China 88. Genus: Rhynechobapta Amps. Face nearly smooth or slightly tufted below. Palpus longish, 2nd joint rough-scaled. Wings sendaaiy sealed, somewhat glossy. Forewing with apex acute, minutely produced; 2nd subcostal stalked w ith 3rd—aSth. Hindwing with distal margin more or less prominent at 3rd radial. India to Japan. A. Antenna in g bipectinate (Rhynchobapia). R. cervinaria Moore (18). Purplish grey with a slight ochreous admixture, the lines and discal dots cervinaria. sharply expressed, an oblique streak from apex of forewing. N. India and W. China. — bilineata Leech is much lighter, more brownish, the lines finer, whiter-edged, the cell-dots minute. Japan. B. Antenna in g not bipectinate (Phanauta Warr.). R. flaviceps Bilr. (18e). Smaller than cervinaria, much more weakly marked, the postmedian line flaviceps. on the forewing somewhat crenulate, fringes white-tipped. Forewing beneath mixed with fulvous as far as the postmedian line. Head yellowish. Distribution similar. R. punctilinearia Leech (18 e). differs in the position of the lines and in having them broken up into punetilinea- black dots. Kiushiu. ria. IV 44 346 LOXOTEPHRIA; MACARIA. By L. B. Provr. flavicostaria. R. flavicostaria Leech (18 e). Still smaller, the lines very feeble, the postmedian further from distal eburnivena. convergens. notata. innotata. ludeolaria. infuscaria. alternaria. shanghaisa- ria. signaria. fusearia. margin. Costa of forewing yellow. Founded on a single, not quite perfect 2 from Ichang, Central China. R. eburnivena Warr. (= albovenaria Leech) (18 e) approximates more to cervinaria in size and shape but has the gj antenna simple. Face-tuft developed. Very distinct in the white lines and white veins. Japan and Assam. 89. Genus: Loxotephria Warr. Face with projecting cone of scales. Palpus moderate, rather stout. Antenna in g minutely ciliated. Femora glabrous. Forewing with apex moderately sharp, distal margin oblique; 1st subcostal arising from costal, anastomosing at a point with 2nd; 2nd radial somewhat before middle of discocellulars; a small fovea. Only 3 species known to me, all with rather gay colouring. W. China, Hainan and Sumatra. L. convergens Warr. (18 f) is characterized especially by the brown subcostal streak of the forewing. The colouring of the upperside is somewhat less bright than in the other species. Underside bright yellow with brown lines and distal marginal clouding except at apex. W. China. 90. Genus: Waearia Cwt. Face shortly rough-scaled or with small projecting cone. Palpus shortish or moderate, rough-scaled. Antenna in 3 simple or serrate, ciliated. Femora glabrous or somewhat hairy. Hindtibia in ¢ generally dilated, with hair-pencil, tarsus rather short. Forewing generally with a small excision, or at least faintly sinuous, in the anterior half of distal margin; Ist—2nd subcostal stalked or more often coincident throughout, arising from cell; f with fovea. Hindwing with distal margin angulated in middle, often also with slight crenulations or excisions. — Larva rather slender, without humps, of uniform thickness throughout, head rounded or some- what heart-shaped. The pupa hibernates. A very extensive genus, of almost cosmopolitan distribution. Some authors have separated off a number of genera either by wing-shape or by the structure of the ¢ hindleg, but they do not seem to me to be tenable. M. notata L. (18f). Whitish with moderate ochreous-grey dusting, rust-coloured costal patch distally to the postmedian line of the forewing and a dark line round the distal marginal excision; the dark marks distally to the middle of the postmedian line (characteristic of many of the genus) are usually very well developed, but variable. — ab. innotata Fuchs lacks the latter marks. — ab. luteolaria Tgstr. is more yellow in colour. — ab. infuscaria bl. is deep yellow-brown, the veins blackish, the dark markings of the distal area confluent and extended. Abdomen black. Recorded from Potsdam and Helsingfors. — Larva green with brown markings on the side, or brown marked with green; head usually black, occasionally green. It feeds in June and July and again in the autumn on birch, sallow, ete. Pupa moderately stout, very dark red- brown, the wing-cases with an olive tinge. Distributed in Central and N. Europe, Transcaucasia, Persia, Issyk- kul and parts of Siberia. M. alternaria Hbn. (18 ¢ as alternata). Distal marginal excision deeper, more strongly black-bordered, both wings usually with more violet-grey suffusion, in particular with an ill-defined band distally to the postmedian line. The dark markings at the median branches more irregular, oftener confluent.. Antenna in ¢ more strongly serrate. — Egg elongate-oval, somewhat flattened, the reticulation strong. Larva very similar to that of notata. On alder, sallow, sloe, oak and other trees. Double brooded. Distributed in Central Europe, Transcaucasia, Ili district, Issyk-kul and Amurland. M. shanghaisaria Walk. (= graphata Hedem.) (251i). Variable, generally more yellowish than alternaria, the angles at the 3rd radial of both wings less strong, the lines generally arising from conspicuous costal spots, the costal spot beyond these generally darker and narrower than in the 2 preceding, the markings at the median branches wanting, the band distally to the postmedian line generally well expressed. ¢ antennal ser- rations long. 8S. E. Siberia, Korea, N. China and Japan. Herz considers it a form of alternaria. M. signaria Hbn. (= cinerata Wrnbg., ? F.) (18g, as signata). Distal margin of forewing with scarcely appreciable sinus, tooth at 3rd radial of hindwing not long, g antennal serrations not very long. Very simi- lar to dark-dusted exanples of alternaria, no black mark at anterior half of distal margin. — Larva green with whitish lines; head reddish. On Pinus sylvestris. Pupa slender, blackish brown. Central Europe, the Ural, Altai, Caucasus, N. E. Amurland, etc.; local. Flies in June—July. A very difficult group of closely similar forms in North America. ; M. fuscaria Leech (as Halia). Closely similar to the darkest examples of signaria but rather narrower- winged, the antennal serrations appreciably longer. The lines in general better expressed, at least on the hind- wing, the postmedian often accompanied distally by some pale shading, the dark marks beyond very ill-detined. Japan: Oiwake and Yokohama. Lrrcr adds Ichang. MACARIA. By L. B. Prout. 347 M. continuaria Hv. is said to be also near signaria but much smaller. Dirty white, irrorated with continuaria. brown; both wings with 3 brown lines, approximately, but not entirely, parallel with one another and with. the distal margin, sometimes darker, sometimes lighter brown, but never very sharply defined; when dark, the 2 outertnost are white-edged distally. Irkutsk. Perhaps merely a small race of signaria. M. proximaria Leech (= pryeri Btlr. [praeocc].) (18 i). Larger and relatively longer-winged than notata proximaria. and alternaria, the rust-coloured subapical spot generally small, always placed from the postmedian, the black marks enlarged and with additional, much smaller ones anteriorly (on each side of Ist radial); postmedian line of hindwing better defined, differently shaped. Antenna in ¢ not serrate. Japan, Korea and China. Should probably sink to the following. M. normata Alph. (25) is closely similar to prowimaria and has the same structure, but with the normata. excision in the distal margin rather slight, though there is a well-marked angle at the 3rd radial, postmedian line of forewing rather more sharply angled; the black spots perhaps in general reduced. Amdo district. M. liturata Cl. (18g). Easily distinguished from all the other species by its ground-colour and by the liturata. mixed tawny and rust-coloured postmedian band. Distal margin of forewing not appreciably excised. 4 an- tenna serrate. — ab. nigrofulvata Collins (= nigra Abl.) is a fine melanotic form, both wings almost black ex- nigrofulvata. cepting the tawny postmedian band. Described from England. — ab. trealeri Schawerda is less dark than the foregoing, violet-grey, unmarked excepting an ill-defined rust-brown band. — Name-typical litwrata inhabits the greater part of Kurope, Transcaucasia and E. Siberia. — pressaria Chr. is smaller, cinereous, the lines distinct, pressaria. thick, the tawny shade obsolescent except towards costal margin of forewing. N. E. Siberia and N. Amurland. — deceptans Stgr. is also cinereous or whitish grey, the band more distinctly brownish (on the forewing not deceptans yellowish), forewing with 2 or 3 dark spots almost as in nofata. A mountain form in Italy, Bukowina and Grece. — The larva feeds on Pinus sylvestris and is protectively coloured, being green, marked with longi- tudinal white lines and stripes; head reddish. Grey or brownish forms, with blackish head, occur more rarely. Pupa stout, compact, not very glossy; reddish brown with the wing-cases black-brown, cremaster spiked, without hooklets. dtwrata flies in June and July, a partial 2nd brood in August. M. temeraria Swinh. (18h). This and the 2 following, together with a few Indian species, form a temeraria. rather distinct group, characterized by the clouded distal area, intersected by light veins and crossed by a whitish subterminal line which on both wings reaches the anal angle but recedes from the marginal in the middle of its course, g antenna not serrate, tail of hindwing pronounced. In temeraria the black marks on the median branches are very weak or wanting. N. India and Central China to Kiushiu. M. intersectaria Leech (18h). Similar to temeraria, median line regularly curved, preceded by stronger inte rsecta- dark shades, discal mark of forewing represented by two large dots (spots), black marks on median branches ria. better expressed, subterminal line running to apex (in temeraria recurved to costa). W. China: Pu-tsu-fang, 1g. | M. pryeri Bilr. (18 g) is distinguished at once by the brighter brown clouding in the postmedian region, pryeri. stronger black markings, broader white subterminal line, etc. Japan. M. cacularia Ob. (19a) belongs to the Indian group which has been called Gubaria, with the apex of cacularia. the hindwing somewhat excised, a whitish band across the middle of the wings and some large black spots in the distal area of the hindwing. W. China. M. monticolaria Leech (18 {) somewhat approaches cacularia in the shape of the hindwing, which in monticola- addition is appreciably crenulate. Nearest to the Indian elvirata Guen., but larger, greyer, less strongly marked. ria. W. China. M. intermediaria Leech (18h). Smaller and rather browner than the preceding, the postmedian ‘line intermedia- fine, less distinctly double, with a less profound curve at the radials of the forewing, median shade stronger. ie Intermediate towards defixaria. W. China: Wa-shan and Chia-ting-fu. M. defixatia Walk. (= zachera Bilr.) (18h, i). Angle of hindwing sharper than in intermediaria, ground- defixaria. colour paler, dark spots and suffusions in distal area variable, postmedian line of forewing shaped more as in monticolaria, its deep sinus crossed by a faint grey line; very characteristic is a large roundish pale apical spot. Japan and China, generally common. M. elongaria Leech (18f). Larger than defizaria, longer winged, darker, posterior half of postmedian elongaria. line of forewing marked with dark spots between the veins, anterior half without the strong distal projection. China: Chekiang and Mou-pin. M. aestimaria Hbn. (18 g as aestivaria). In this and the remaining species (except perhaps ornataria) aestimaria. the distal margin shows no appreciable excision in the forewing but is slightly crenulate or waved, especially 348) MACARIA. By L. B. Provr. in the hindwing; angle at 3rd radial of hindwing generally weak; G antenna not serrate. aestimaria is variable. The name-typical form, which we figure, is moderately variegated and has a wide distribution in the Mediterranean countries and from Asia Minor to N. Persia. — Larva variable, green, with white lines and yellow sareptana- lateral spots. On Tamarix gallica. Moth in April—May and July—September. — sareptanaria Sigr. is much ™4. more varied with black, recalling fidoniata Guen. Sarepta and Syria, also (with transitions to the name-typc) Ili and Issyk-kul. is syriacaria. M. syriacaria Sigr. (= venerata Chr.) (25c). Closely similar to aestvmaria, the g antennal ciliation perhaps rather longer, the distal margins less waved. Discal dots on an average smaller, on the hindwing sometimes obsolete, postmedian line on both wings accompanied distally by a dark shade or band, on the hindwing placed further from the cell-dot; otherwise weakly marked, the wedge-shaped blackish markings of the distal area not indicated. Underside much more ochreous than in aestimaria, much less variegated than lenuiata. in pluviata. — tenuiata Stgr. (181i) is an aberration (perhaps in some localities a race) with the markings still weaker except the postmedian line, which is sharply blackish but does not reach the costal margin of the forewing. Said to be prevalent in Persia and the Zeratshan district. — syriacaria is known from Syria, Cyprus, Transcaucasia and Transcaspia. It is unfortunate that StaupINGERs name, badly founded, has priority over CHRISTOPHs careful work. pluviata. M. pluviata 7. (= sufflata Guen., horridaria Moore) is a collective species, or group of species, which will require careful anatomical and biological investigation before the exact status of the forms can be ascer- ~ tained. We can only indicate the chief of them. The name-typical form, which is distributed throughout India, is larger than aestimaria, broad-winged (especially the 92) and in general rather strongly variegated. In it, as in all the forms, the postmedian line of the hindwing is further from the cell-dot than in aestimaria, and the underside of both wings much more mixed with ochreous — thus nearer to that of syriacata but much more variegated. On the upperside of the forewing a pale (or even white) patch between the median and post- median lines and bounded by the two median nervules, and a smaller spot near the apex are always noticeable. Similar (though generally smaller) forms occur as occasional aberrations in the Palearctic Region, hebesata. aS on the Chusan Islands. — hebesata Walk. (Q = breviusculata Walk.) (18g as pluviata) is a smaller, less broad-winged form with paler (whitish ochreous) ground-colour, the whitish spots not or scarcely indicated. Distinguishable from aestimaria by the less chequered fringes, less traces of a white subterminal line, yellower sinicaria. underside, etc. N. India to Shanghai. — ab. sinicaria Walk. only differs from hebesata in having strong dark proditaria. clouding distally to the postmedian line, also near the apex of the hindwing. — proditaria Brem. (= ? flexilinea Warr.) (18 g) is less pale, less ochreous than hebesata (more tinged with violet-grey), smoother-scaled: and less maligna. variegated than pluviata. S. E. Siberia, Chusan Islands, Japan; ? W. China. — ab. maligna Bilr. is merely an extreme grey aberration of proditaria, founded on a rather large 2 from Japan. | fuscomarg?- M. fuscomarginata Warr. resembles some smooth-scaled forms of pluviata (such as proditaria) (18 g) nata. but is easily distinguished by the larger discal spot of the forewing, fine yellow proximal edging to the postmedian line and especially by the strong dark violet-grey (on the underside more fuscous and still more extended) sha- ding which occupies a great part of the distal area. Distributed inthe N. W. Himalayas—Dharmesala, Kulu, etc. verecunda- M. verecundaria Leech (18h) is shaped nearly as the broadest winged pluviata, but is rather more ™a. brightly coloured, the postmedian line only slightly curved, followed by a slight ferruginous reddish shade, which becomes brighter at the costa of the forewing. Underside pale grey mixed with yellow, densely and coarsely irrorated with fuscous, discal dots and postmedian line well developed, distal area more strongly yellow mixed, a fuscous subterminal band more distinct than above. W. China: Chia-ting-fu. Only the 9 known. ornataria. M. ornataria Leech (18i) is a rather small but striking species, with the characteristic black mar- kings large and the principal group almost or quite as strongly developed on the hind- as on the forewing. W. China: Mou-pin and Chungking. richardsi. M. richardsi Prout (18i as richardi). Similar to ornataria, distal margins almost smooth, wings with a tinge of fawn-colour, less mixed with whitish, the principal group of black spots smaller, at least on the hind- wing, the costal group of the forewing, on the contrary, well developed distally as well as proximally to the pale postmedian line. Underside almost unicolorous ochreous (in ornataria strongly variegated). Tientsin, only the type known. Perhaps not separable from the following, which is unknown to me and which I over- looked in describing richardsi, on account of its having been erroneously referred to Lithina (Phasiane Sigr. nec Dup.). zimmerman- M. zimmermanni Graess. (= intermaculata Sigr.) (19b). Shape of aestimaria (hindwing somewhat ™ produced at 3rd radial) colour and markings of upperside apparently as in richardsi but with 3 or 4 yellowish or dark lines and perhaps with less dark-dotted costa. Underside whitish instead of bright ochreous, strongly dark dusted. only becoming yellowish towards costa of both wings and each wing with 3 yellow stripes. Amur and Ussuri district. According to REBEL a variety of biparata. KRANANDA; TRIGONOPTILA; COENINA. By L. B. Provr. 349 M. biparata Led. is also closely similar to richardsi (181) perhaps somewhat larger, the distal margin biparata. of the hindwing more waved, more prominent at 3rd radial. Upper surface less uniformly strigulated with brown-grey, hence appearing whiter in places, the dark lines grey, diffuse, the characteristic black pattern of the 2 preceding almost entirely wanting. Underside yellowish, much lighter than in richardsi, the median and postmedian lines (or stripes) present. Altai, Uliassutai, [li and Issyk-kul districts. — kenteata Stgr., kenteata. referred by its author to zimmermanni, seems to me to have more to do with biparata. Size and shape about the same, postmedian and subterminal lines accompanied with black markings nearly as in richardsi (though apparently variable) hindwing entirely without them; the lines finer. Underside, in the example be- fore me, less yellow. Kentei and Uliassutai districts. M. frugaliata Guen. (= peremptaria Walk., cacavena Walk., lineata Warr.). Variable, but easy to frugaliata. recognize by its shape and structure; ¢ hindtibia not dilated. Pale ochreous, generally with rather strong. coarse dark irroration or strigulation, a dark band distally to the postmedian and often a second accom- panying the median shade; the lines themselves not strong; discal dots small. Throughout India,’ Dharmsala to Ceylon. 91. Genus: Krananda Moore. Structural characters as in Macaria, face without projecting cone of scales, palpus short; distal margins in the type species strongly and irregularly crenulate; hindwing with long sharp tooth at end of 2nd subcostal Wings in part hyaline. Forewing with fovea. A small genus, ranging from N. India to Japan. K. semihyalina Moore (18h) is distinguished by the hyaline, almost scaleless central area and by semihyali- the arrangement of the black inner-marginal markings. N. India and Japan. ae K. lucidaria Leech (18h). Similar to semihyalina, the central area not so entirely diaphanous, the lucidaria. distal margins not crenulate; black marks in median area of forewing stronger and more regular; postmedian line differently shaped. W. China: Omei-shan. K. oliveomarginata Swinh. (181). Smaller than semihyalina, basal two-thirds irrorated with pale oliveomargi- olive, distal area mostly olivaceous; postmedian line again differently formed, expecially on the hindwing oe Khasi Hills and Omei-shan. Also Formosa. 92. Genus: Trigonoptila War. Like Krananda but more thickly scaled, forewing with Ist and 2nd subcostals separate (In Krananda stalked or rarely from a point), cell of forewing in general more produced anteriorly, costal vein of hindwing diverging less abruptly from subcostal, distal margins not crenulate. Generally smaller moths than Krananda. N. India to China and Formosa. A. Face with small tuft at lower edge. Palpus moderate. Apex of forewing not: falcate (TLrigonoptila). Le latimarginaria Leech (19b, c). Unlike any other known species and scarcely variable. The only latimargina- 9 before me is rather larger, the posterior half of median area less whitish than in the ¢. Japan, Korea and 0G Chekiang. B. Face smooth. Palpus short. Apex of forewing falcate (Zanclopera Warr.). T. straminearia Leech. The only known specimen is in very bad condition. Intermediate in size and straminea- apparently in the shape of the forewing between latimarginaria and the Indian falcata, hindwing not excavated ria. between apex and the tail at 2nd subcostal. Pale ochreous, costal half of forewing and a common oblique postmedian band somewhat darker, the band marked with dark brown dots on 2nd median and Ist and 2nd submedians of forewing. Chang Yang. 93. Genus: Coenina Walk. Face not tufted. Palpus moderate, stout, rough-scaled. Antenna in g bipectinate, with apex simple. Forewing long and narrow, distal margin entire, hindmargin usually somewhat concave; Ist and: 2nd sub- costals from the cell, free; 2nd radial from before the middle of the discocellulars. Hindwing with costal margin strongly concave in the middle, cut away at apex, distal margin toothed or pointed at Ist subcostal and more or less at 8rd radial and at anal angle. An African genus, or section of the Indo-Australian Orsonoba, from which it hardly differs except in the narrow wings and smoother distal margin of forewing. C. dentataria Swinh. (= aegyptiaca Rbl.) (181). Light brown with slight fuscous irroration, especially dentataria. in the median area, and angled fuscous lines, the median area with hyaline white spots, variable, but 2 350 HYPOSIDRA; LUXIARIA; AMBLYCHIA. By L. B. Provr. behind the median vein of the forewing and a row, or at least a large one distally to the cell, on the hind- wing, particularly noticeable. — Larva rough, the 2nd abdominal segment with a pair of very long, thin, retractile dorsal processes, quite resembling the thorns of the foodplant, Acacia nilotica, 8th abdominal with very small humps; reddish grey with some black spots and bright reddish tubercles. Pupa in a slight cocoon in the crevices of the bark, only a short period passed in this state. Principal emergence in June, but there are perhaps 2 or 3 broods. The resting posture resembles that of the Epiplemids, only the hindwing is not so tightly folded round the body. 4g considerably smaller than 9. Described from Abyssinia but extends northwards to the Nile Delta (Mansura) and Palestine (Coll. Brit. Mus.). paulusi. C. paulusi Ab/. is unknown to me. Antenna of g less closely pectinate, with apex simple, of 9 dentate, palpus shorter, with small 3rd joint, anal angle of hindwing much less produced, the teeth at 2nd subcostal and 3rd radial stronger, with deeper excision between. 3rd subcostal vein in the 9 wanting (perhaps an individual variation). Ochre-yellow, forewing wth fine, very oblique dark lines at one-third and one- half, the latter smuous, preceding a row of white somewhat hyaline spots, which is continued on the hind- wing. Palestine: Engedi, December and April. Close to hyperbolica Swinh., in which the 2 has the antenna shortly pectinate. 94. Genus: Hyposidra Guen. Face with appressed scales. Palpus rather short, rough-scaled. Tongue short and slender. Antenna — in ¢ bipectinate with long branches. 9 abdomen pointed, with long ovipositor. Forewing in g with fovea. The sexes generally very different in'size and shape and even differing in neuration. ¢ smaller, distal margin of forewing comparatively smooth, though often with strongly produced apex, all veins present, 2nd subcostal usually stalked with lst, occasionally free, occasionally short-stalked with 3rd—sth. 2 much larger, distal mar- gins usually more crenulate, sometimes with a deep excision behind the produced apex of the forewing, Ist—2nd subcostal coincident. An Indo-Australian and African genus, scarcely represented in the Palearctic Region. aquilaria. H. aquilaria Walk. (= kala Swinh., albipunctata Warr., davidaria Powj.) (181). A large, dark, not very sharply marked species. The 9 has at least twice thevexpanse of the g, the apex more strongly faleate. Widely distributed in China; also Sikkim and Shillong. Note: falcigere Btlr. (111. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 45), referred by LEEcu to Hyposidra, is an Oberthiiria and has been described in vol. 2, p. 190 as caeca ab. rutilans Griinb. 95. Genus: Luxiaria Walk. Face smooth. Palpus moderate, rough-scaled. Antenna in ¢ minutely ciliated. Hindtibia in ¢ dilated, with a pencil of hair. Forewing without fovea; apex acute, somewhat produced, Ist—2nd subcostal coincident, free. Hindwing with distal margin variable in shape; cell sometimes short. This genus also is chiefly Indo-Australian but reaches Japan. A. Hindwing with cell extremely short, distal margin strongly crenulate. contigaria. L. contigaria Walk. (181). Variable, but easily recognized by the structural characters. The name- type is yellowish brown in the g, paler inthe 2, and has a very wide distribution in the Indo-Malayan Region melanops. and W. China. Hampson enumerates many synonyms and local forms. — ab. melanops Bastelb. is a frequent amasa. aberration with a large black spot at the posterior end of the postmedian line of the forewing. — amasa Biln. has a warmer brown ground-colour and darker distal area. Japan, Korea and Central China; not, however, everywhere constant. B. Hindwing with cell less extremely short, distal margin not cre- nulate (Luaiaria). consimilaria. L. consimilaria Leech (181 as consimilata). Recognizable by the oblique brown bands on the whitish ground-colour. Postmedian line marked with black vein-dots. W. China: Mou-pin and Omei-shan. Perhaps a form of the Indian obliquata Moore. 96. Genus: Amblyehia Guen. Face rough-scaled. Palpus moderate, upturned, with dense projecting hair-scales. Antenna in g bipectinate. Hindtibia in ¢ dilated, with strong hair-pencil. Forewing with fovea; apex minutely falcate; Ist and 2nd subcostals free. Hindwing with cell short; distal margin strongly angled at 3rd radial, deeply crenulate from here to the apex. Chiefly Indo-Australian; probably all the forms are referable to one variable species. angeronaria. A. angeronaria Guen. (19h) may be known at a glance by its shape and its gigantic size. In the name- typical form the 3 is yellowish almost entirely suffused with reddish and fuscous, the 2 much more yellowish, torrida. with conspicuous white apical spot. — ab. torrida Moore is wholly reddish-fuscous in the 3, reddish in the 9. — Distributed from India to New Guinea, recently recorded from Japan by WiILEMAN. LIGNYOPTERA; THERIA: ERANNIS. By L. B. Provr. 351 97. Genus: Lignyoptera Led. Face and palpus roughly hairy. Tongue weak. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate with very short branches. Thorax and femora hairy. ¢ with the wings delicate, very glossy, the hindwing relatively large; forewing with Ist subcostal anastomosing with costal. 92 apterous. Only two species are known, both E. European. L. fumidaria Hbn. (181). Forewing in ¢ dull smoky brownish, the antemedian and postmedian lines weakly expressed and in the anterior half of the wing only, with a shadowy connection along the median vein. Hindwing grey, unmarked, at the base blackish. 9 uniform brown-grey, with extremely short, narrow vestiges of wings. The yellowish egg hibernates. The larva is uniformly cylindrical, greenish grey with longi- tudinal light lines; head flesh-colour. It feeds chiefly on Achillea millefolium. Imago from the end of October to December. Lower Austria, Hungary and 8. E. Russia. L. thaumastaria 2b/. is much larger than fumidaria, not so strongly hairy. g antenna light ochreous yellow. Forewing with short, oblique violet-reddish band at one-third of costal margin and a narrower one at four-fifths curving proximally. Hindwing more yellowish grey than in fumidaria, beneath with a broad brown stripe. The Q is also light ochreous yellow with longer winglets (the anterior 4 mm. long, pointed). Only known from the mountains of Bosnia and Montenegro. October. 98. Genus: Theria bn. Face rather prominent, shortly scaled. Palpus very short. Tongue weak. Antenna in 3 bipectinate. 6 with the wings delicate, rather glossy, with long fringes; forewing broad, with all the subcostals stalked, the 1st anastomosing with the costal and then with the 2nd. © nearly apterous. Only one species known, exclusively Palearctic. Probably not so closely related to the following genus as some -systematists have sup- posed; the genitalia, as well as the characters indicated by MryRiox, justify its separation and the larva also differs in habitus. H. rupicapraria Schiff. (= primaria Haw.) (181i). The g may be known at once by the large discal spot of the forewing and the 2 crenulate dark lines, white-edged on the reverse sides. The rudimentary wings of the 9 have the apex acute, the forewing bears 2 approximated dark lines, the interyening space often dar- kened into a band. — ab. ibicaria H.-Sch. (= illataria Fuchs) is darker, with the lines obsolete. — Egg ellipsoid, with irregular polygonal reticulation and mostly 10-rayed micropylar rosette; red-brown, the micropylar pole somewhat darker. Larva variable in colour, green or grey, with white or yellow longitudinal lines and with pairs of dorsal dots or dashes at the ends of the segments. Chiefly on blackthorn and whitethorn, May — June. The moth appears in. England in January and February, apparently later in Central Europe. It is also recorded from Transcaucasia. 99. Genus: Erannis dn. Differs from Theria in that the thorax has a small anterior crest, the Ist subcostal vein of the forewing does not arise from a common stalk with the other 4. Antenna in ¢ variable, never (as in Theria) with the apical joints pectinated. Forewing often with the distal margin more oblique than in Theria. Larva smooth, cylindrical, mostly rather slender (except leucophaearia), feeding on various trees in the spring and early summer, generally in abundance and often very destructive. Range: Palearctic and Nearctic. E. buraetica Sigr. (19 as) is unknown to me and I doubt its belonging to this genus. g antenna quite different, filiform, without ciliation. Forewing as broad as in the broadest rupicapraria, apex more pointed; hindwing narrower, with costal margin longer. Forewing light grey with fine dense dark irroration (about as in Bapta distinctata orientalis), discal dot present, antemedian line faint, postmedian distinct, oblique, band- like, distally light-edged. Hindwing light grey with faint discal dot and distinct, straight postmedian line, which arises at two-thirds inner-margin and becomes indistinct towards apex. Kentei Mountains. E. bajaria Schiff. (= aerugaria Schiff., ligustr:aria Lang, ser:cearia Bkh.) (181). 3 antenna bipectinate. Forewing grey, more mixed with brown in the proximal and distal than in the median area; the latter narrow, the sinuous postmedian line being placed extraordinarily far from the distal margin. 2 apterous. — ab. sorditaria Hbn. (= kempnyaria Galv.) is a striking form with whitish ground-colour and darkened basal area and band between the postmedian and subterminal lines. — Larva moderately stout, grey or brown, ventrally paler, the double dark dorsal line broken on the middle segments into an often very indistinct lozenge- shaped pattern; -all the lines more or less whitish-edged. On privet, blackthorn and whitethorn. Moth in October—November, Centra] and 8. E. Europe, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia. E. erectaria Piing. is considerably larger than bajaria (181), the wings much longer and narrower, the 2nd radial vein arising nearer to the Ist, the antennal structure nearly as in defoliaria. The Ist line of the jumidaria. thaumasta- Tid. rupicapra- TU. ibicaria. buraetica. bajaria. sorditaria. ereciaria. leucophaea- |) ria. nigricaria. medioobscu- raria. ebenica. merularia. nigrilinea- ria. aurantiaria. fumipenna- ria. fasciata. marginaria. diversaria. denigraria. fuscata. pallidata. ankeraria. bela. defoliaria. holmgreni. obscurata. progressiva. obscura. 352 ERANNIS. By L. B. Provv. forewing runs slightly curved from the costa at two-fifths to the base of the hindmargin, the postmedian nearly parallel to it, from the costa at three-fourths; median shade present, less oblique, arising near the antemedian, ending near the postmedian. 9 unknown. Hast Turkestan: Aksu. E. leucophaearia Schiff. (= dira Bilr., trilinearia Szbille) (18k). Nearest to bajaria, forewing of ¢ with distal margin straighter, hindwing with costal margin relatively less long; ground-colour generally whiter. Antennal pectinations shorter, ending in longer cilia. Extremely variable. The type figure (HUBNER’s) is tolerably uniform brown-grey, the basal and postmedian areas only a little browner, all the 3 lines strong. ® apterous. — ab. nigricaria Hbn. (18k, as marmorinaria) has the proximal and entire distal area (except a subterminal line) strongly darkened, the median area light. marmorinaria Hsp. (a younger name) represents an intermediate form, but need not be separated. — ab. medioobscuraria Uffein has the median area largely filled- in with blackish, especially between median and postmedian lines, basal and distal areas paler. — ab. ebenica Delahaye is a remarkable aberration with black band along the costa, widening into an oval, and some longitudinal reddish marks. — ab. merularia Weymer (= funebraria Th.-MWieg, fuscata Haverkampf) is uniform fuscous brown or blackish. — ab. nigrilinearia Leech has the median area much narrowed, with the median vein here broadly black, the whitish subterminal broadened into an ill-defined band which occupies most © of the distal area. — Egg long-oval, pointed at one end; light grass-green. Larva rather stout, usually green, with brown dorsal blotches. On oak. Moth from February (or even January) to March or April, Central and parts of 8. Europe, Syria, Ussuri district and Japan. E. aurantiaria Hbn. (= mellearia Scharfenb.) (18k). The ¢ differs from all the other species in its bright golden-brown colour, otherwise close y related to marginaria. Antenna (as also in marginaria) pectinated similarly to that of leucophaearia. 2 golden-brown, wings extremely short, with 2 dark lines. — ab. fumi- pennaria Hellweger. Forewing infuscated (violet-brown), only the fringe yellow; hindwing ‘also more or less smoky. — g-ab. fasciata Linstow has a dark band distally to the postmedian line. — Egg flattened at one end, longitudinally ribbed, purplish. Larva slender, brown or blackish dorsaliy, with ochreous yellow spots on the sides. On oak, birch, hornbeam, etc. The moth emerges in October and the beginning of November and is locally common in Central Europe, etc. Also in the Taurus. E. marginaria /. (= testacea Retz., progemmaria Hbn., capreolaria Hsp.) (18k). g: less golden than the preceding, with somewhat lighter median area and interrupted subterminal line and whitish hindwing. Terminal dots conspicuous. 2 with both wings longer than in aurantaria, elongate posteriorly. — ab. diver- satia /. (= rufipennaria Fuchs) has the forewing uniformly reddish. Lines as a rule normal, in FaBRicrUs’ type obsolete. — ab. denigraria Uffeln has the forewing (@) infuscated from the base to the median line and from the postmedian nearly to the distal margin. YQ infuscated in proximal half of wings. — ab. fuscata [Mosley] = infumata Fuchs, uniformata Fuchs) has both wings strongly infuscated, almost black. Chiefly English. — ab. pallidata Trti. is whitish, ,resembling the colour of ankeraria as figured by Minurmre*. Lombardy and Sicily. — Egg ovate, greenish, becoming reddish on the upper side. Larva very variable, shaped like the preceding but generally lighter in colour, more yellowish or greenish; a dark subdorsal shade. Melanotic larvae also occur in the same localities as ab. fuscata. Polyphagous on deciduous trees. Moth in March—April, in mild seasons beginning to appear earlier. Widely distributed in Europe, the Ural, Caucasus, Taurus, etc. E. ankeraria Sigr. (181). ¢: size of marginaria, wings broad, delicate, thinly scaled, light brown, discal spot large and oval, lines fine, the postmedian strongly curved at the radials; hindwing white. Antenna dentate, with fascicles of cilia. Q: similar to that of defoliaria, smaller, the dorsal spots more confluent. Hungary. E. bela Btlr. (= bistriata Hedem.) (181). Colour of marginaria, forewing broader, with more pointed apex, postmedian line of forewing almost straight, antemedian usually weak or obsolete. g antenna about as in the following. 9, according to PRYER, ,,semi-apterous, like marginaria’. Japan and the Ussuri district. E. defoliaria Cl. (= pulveraria Hufn. nec L., discolor Sirém. bistrigaria Giorna) (181). ¢: longer- winged than aurantiaria and marginaria, on an average larger, the cell-spot and often the lines blacker, ante- median strongly bent on the fold. Extremely variable, but always recognizable by the shape and by the antenna, each joint of which bears two pairs of fascicles of very long cilia. 9: apterous, whitish or pale yello- wish, dotted with black and with pairs of black dorsal spots. The name-type (¢) has a pale yellowish ground- colour, with indistinct reddish bands accompanying the lines. — In ab. holmgreni Lampa (= ? compressaria Rothke) (18 k) the bands are wanting. — In ab. obscurata Stgr. in addition the ground-colour is darkened (dark reddish brown, in extreme cases almost black). — ab. progressiva Haverkampf (= brunnescens R6/.) is brown like obscurata but with the bands black. — ab. obscura Helfer (= nigrotasciata Neuberger) (18 k) has the ground- colour as in the type or sometimes whitish, the bands blackish. — Egg oval with very shallow, somewhat zig- zag longitudinal ridges, a cell-pattern only discernible on high magnification; brownish yellow, without gloss. Larva less slender than auratiaria and marginaria, much more gaily coloured; dorsal area variable, red or MEGAMETOPON: PTEROTOCERA; DASYPTEROMA; PHIGALIA. By L. B. Prov. 353 Publ. 2. VI. 1915. purple, lateral and part of ventral bright yellow. Polyphagous on deciduous trees; next to brwmata their greatest Geometrid enemy. Moth from November to February, mostly before Christmas. Europe and Armenia. E. declinans Stgr. ¢@ antennal structure as in the 3 preceding. Size of defoliaria, forewing somewhat declinans. narrower, colour and markings reminding somewhat of Chesias rufata. Light ash-grey to dark grey, variable in the strength of the markings. Forewing with basal area sometimes darkened, or with 2 black streaks, median band indistinct, interrupted, often wanting, cell sometimes filled in with blackish; postmedian band brown, well developed, usually bounded proximally by a black postmedian, distally reaching the pale sub- terminal line. A terminal row of dots or dashes. 9 apterous, similar to defoliaria. Asia Minor; E. Roumelia: Slivno. E. ,occataria Ersch. is still almost unknown. Founded on a Q similar to that of defoliaria, but occataria. larger, perhaps greyer, the stumps of wings not quite so minute, dorsal dots of abdomen smaller. Near Samar- kand, 27 February.- 100. Genus: Megametopon 4lph. Unknown to me except from the description. Possibly belongs to the present group. Face extra- ordinarily protuberant, with an obtuse horny prominence above and 3 horny points at its extremity. Palpu: short. Tongue wanting. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate with long branches. Only the type species known. Differs from the Indian Prometopidia Hmps. in the pectinate antenna and absence of tongue. M. piperatum Alph. (25c). Forewing subacuminate, yellowish cinereous irrorated with grey, the lines piperatum. fine, not very sharp, antemedian a little oblique, postmedian sinuous, from middle of hindmargin to three- fourths of costa; subterminal line not very distinct, not lunulate. Hindwing very weakly marked, the lines showing only towards inner margin. Kan-su: Chin-Tassy in July. 9 unknown. 101. Genus: Pterotocera St. Akin to Hrannis, differing chiefly in the very long pectinations of the g antenna and that the first 2 segments of the abdomen are strongly spinose dorsally. In the sole example before me I cannot discover a definate thoracic crest: 2 unknown. Only one species. Pt. declinata Sigr. Forewing dingy dark grey, with some scattered light ochreous-brown dusting, declinata. especially on the veins; subbasal and antemedian dark lines weak, an ill-defined light ochreous-brown post- median line or narrow band, the vems between this and the whitish, proximally dark-shaded subterminal ochreous-brown. Hindwing lighter grey, unmarked. Forewing beneath shining dark grey with brownish subapical tinge; hindwing with distinct cell-spot. Syr-Daria to the Tarbagatai district. Somewhat recalls E. declinans but larger, with quite different antenna, etc. 102. Genus: Dasypteroma ‘ig’. Founded on 3 bred 99°, perhaps not even Geometrid. Legs hairy. Foreleg different from those of all others, the coxa and femur broad, the latter only a little longer than the former; tibia excessively short, with a spine at the end almost as long as itself; 1st tarsal joint very long. The other femora also broad; hindtibia with 4 short spurs. Tongue vestigial. Ovipositor long. Wings linear, hairy anteriorly and posteriorly, scarcely as long as the body. D. thaumasia Stgr. (19a). Light wood-brown or brown-grey, with darker spots. Castile: San Tlde- thawmasia. fonso. 103. Genus: Phigalia Dup. Face hairy. Palpus minute. Tongue short and slight. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate. Pectus hairy. Ab- domen spinose. Hindtibia with all spurs present. Wings in 3 somewhat stronger than those of Hrannis; forewing with Ist. subcostal arising from 2nd, running into costal, or more rarely with the two last-named anastomosing, so that the vestige of Ist subcostal is lost; hindwing with cell elongate, 2nd radial present but rudimentary. 9 apterous. Larva moderately stout, rugose, with pairs of humps on the abdominal seg- ments, those on the first 2 or 3 segments particularly conspicuous. Geographical distribution: Palearctic and Nearctic. | Ph. pedaria 7. (= pilosaria Schiff., hyemaria Bkh., plumaria Hsp.) (19). g grey with a more or pedaria. less strong olivaceous tinge, sometimes mixed with some ochreous or with some whitish scales. The lines variable, thickened and darkened at the margins. 2 stouter than that of #. defoliaria, with longer ovipositor, dorsally more or less brownish, abdomen spinose. — ab. extinctaria Sindf. is a paler, almost unicolorous form of eatinctaria. the g. — ab. monacharia Sigr. is unicolorous blackish or even quite black. Chiefly from Yorkshire. — The monacharia, IV 45 sinuosaria. verecunda- rid. fiduciaria. hispidaria. obscura. cotter. cinerarius. \ pemonaria. helenae. 354 CHONDROSOMA: APOCHEIMA: POECILOPSIS. By L. B. Prout. larva is brown mottled with ferruginous, frequently with V-shaped ochreous dorsal marks on the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments. Polyphagous on trees. Moth m January—March, sometimes even in December, well protected on the tree-trunks on which it rests. Central Europe to the Ural, very common. Ph. sinuosaria Stir. (19c). Very similar to large pedaria, the cells longer, lines rather sharply expressed, postmedian of forewing sometimes crossing the cell-spot, then strongly incurved so as to touch the middle line on the fold, first 2 lines of hindwing placed further from base, etc. Japan;? Ussuri district. Ph. verecundaria Leech (19c). More sienderly built than the two preceding, more whitish, without olivaceous admixture, recalling weakly marked titea Cram., from N. America. Japan, only one example known. 104. Genus: Chondrosoma 4nxker. Head, body and legs exceedingly shaggy-haired. Eye small. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate to apex, with long, thick branches. Abdomen in ¢ short, stout, rather obtuse, spimose. Hindtibia without median spurs. Wings relatively shorter than in the succeding genera. Forewing with lst—2nd subcostal coincident, free. Hindwing with 2nd subcostal stalked with Ist radial (very variably); 2nd radial very slender. 2 wingless, hairy. Only one species known. C. fiduciaria Anker (19b). G wings rather thinly scaled. Known at once by the shape and by the white patches in and behind the cell. 9 uniform dark brown. — The larva is said to be smooth, green, with yellow- ish lateral stripe. On Euphorbia. Lower Austria, Hungary and the Tarbagatai district, Octoher—November. 105. Genus: Apocheima Hon. 3 longer-winged than Chondrosoma, cells longer (though rather long in all this group of genera), forewing with Ist and 2nd subcostal separate. Thorax broader. Abdomen spinose. Eye normal. Only 4 species known, and even these doubtfully congeneric. One is South African. A. hispidaria Schiff. (= ursularia Don., tauaria Newm.) (19b). g forewing brown, dusted and clouded with dark fuscous, thus coloured nearly as in the ¢ of Lycia hirtaria, from which it differs in its smaller size, narrower wings, paler and differently marked hindwing, etc. Area distally to postmedian line of fore- wing generally pale, sometimes strikingly contrasted. Q similar to that of Phigalia pedaria but larger and with more hairy legs. venter and antenna. — ab. obscura Kiihne has the body and wings almost uniform brown- black. — cottei Ov., from Digne, is larger, more robust, clearer grey (not mixed with ochreous), the markings sharply black. — Larva similar to that of Phigalia pedaria but with the humps less developed and without the ochreous V-shaped dorsal marks; variable in colouring. On oak and occasionally birch, hawthorn, etc.. May—June. Moth in February—March, rather local in Central Europe, Italy, the Balkans and Dauria. A. cinerarius Ersch. (19b). Less yellowish grey-brown than hispidaria, easily distinguished by the position and angulation of the dark lines. Hindwing longer and narrower. Antenna, as in hispidaria, yellow. Zerafshan, Ferghana, Issyk-kul and Ili. 106. Genus: Poecilopsis. Harrison. Middle and hind tibiae with the spurs very slender and short, sometimes almost obsolete. The hairy clothing of head, body and legs stronger than in Nyssia, including (as in Apocheima) the 2 antenna. Wings more thinly scaled, semitransparent. ¢ forewing with Ist and 2nd subcostals stalked, their stalk commonly longer than in Nyssia. 3 genitalia with ,,gnathos“ larger and broader, although more pointed, than in the allied genera, not indented at the base; ,,vesica‘‘ with a band of extremely strong ,,cornuti‘‘. 9 wings more pointed than in Vyssia, with longer hairs. Larva less smooth and cylindrical than in Nyssia, 8th abdominal segment with 2 well-developed warts. Pupa not so stout as in Vyssia. Only 3 or 4 species known, Palearctic and Nearctic. P. pomonaria Hbn. (= ? grisea Thnbg., vertumnaria Lef., stigmatella Zeit.) (19c). Wings narrow, the fringes white or whitish, strongly dark-chequered. Thorax and abdomen not quite so robust as in lapponaria, with a strong admixture of whitish hair. Collar white. Legs ringed with white. Ground-colour whitish grey, with the veins blackish and a sprinkling of orange scales. Q blackish with an admixture of orange scales, the hairs grey. The larva is yellowish grey with orange-yellow collar and segment-incisions and blackish sub- dorsal and lateral spots. On oak, fruit-trees, ete. The moth appears in March and April and is local in Central and North Europe (except England and Holland); ? Asia Minor. — hybr. helenae Harrison (pomonaria 3g x N. zonaria 2). ¢ very like zonaria but more ochreous, the blackish lines and suffusions not so clearly marked. NYSSIA. By L. B. Prov. ; 355 ? also nearest zonaria, but blacker. — hybr. hiinii Ob. (pomonaria g x L. hirtaria 2). g similar to the reci- piinii. procal hybrid pilzi (p. 356) but paler, more clearly marked, subterminal line more dentate. 92 with narrow, acutely pointed wings, unfitted for flight. P. lapponaria Bsd. (19d). For the differentiation from pomonaria, see above. Body rather robust, lapponaria. blackish, in both sexes with crown of head reddish ochreous and reddish ochreous dorsal spots, almost con- fluent (in pomonaria this admixture is much slighter and less defined). Wings more black-marked. Egg greenish yellow. — Larva variable, yellow-grey to purple-brown, with yellow lines or stripes. On Calluna, Myrica, etc.; also on birch. The pupa commonly hibernates twice. Emerges April—May. N. Europe, Silesia, the Alps. — hybr. smallmani Harrison (lapponaria 3 x N. zonaria 2). ¢ very like the reciprocal hybrid merana, but smallmani. more weakly scaled, the black markings hence looking greyer, more washed-out. 9 like that of merana but with longer hairs. P. (2) liquidaria Hv. is said to be very near pomonaria but smaller, wings broader at the base, delicate liquidaria. and very transparent, especially the hindwing; whitish grey, forewing with a broad brown band, bordered by two darker lines, the first oblique, the second parallel to the distal margin. Hindwing almost unmarked. Kirghis Steppes. 107. Genus: Nyssia Dup. Less strongly hairy than Poecilopsis, 9 antenna normal. Tibial spurs normally developed. Forewing with Ist—2nd subcostal short-stalked. Larva smooth, almost cylindrical, feeding on low plants. All the species are Palearctic. j N. zonaria Schiff. (19d). 3: variable, but always easy to recognize. Characteristic are the dark veins zonaria. and broad dark distal area, bounded proximally and traversed by sharply white lines. @: distinguished by its yellowish abdominal belts. The rudimentary white wings are common to the genus. HARRISON regards as name-typical the g form with sharply blackish markings, which is prevalent on the Continent. — britan- britannica. nica Harrison. Markings greyer, less sharply defined. Britain. — g-ab. obscura Harrison. Forewing almost obscura. wholly suffused with black. — rossica Harrison. g very small with strong dark markings and line-like sub- rossica. terminal band. Ural. — Larva with dorsal area greenish or grey with dark irroration and marbling, an irre- gular blackish line separating this area from a yellow spiracular stripe. The moth usually hibernates in the pupal shell and emerges in March—April, but a few examples sometimes emerge in the autumn. Central Europe, the Taurus and Caucasus. — hybr. langei Harrison (zonaria-g x P. pomonaria-@). ¢: extremely langei. like that of zonaria but with the markings deeper black; ground-colour not yellowish as in the reciprocal hybrid. 2 also blacker. — hybr. merana Burrows (zonaria 3 x P. lapponaria 2). g marked nearly as in lap- merana. ponaria but with the denser scaling and white ground-colour of zonaria. — hybr. harrisoni Harrison (zonaria-¢ harrisoni. x L. hirtaria-2). The ¢ differs from dark-suffused hirtaria in its smaller size, whitish ground-colour, broad white subterminal line and much more sharply marked hindwing, the darkened distal half with white post- median band (though narrow) and white subterminal line recalling Ithysia. 2 wings very narrow and pointed, generally blacker than those of hybrids hiinii and pilziz. N. incisarius Led. Only known from one 9. Near zonaria, a little smaller. Thorax and abdomen incisarius. black, the posterior margins of the segments sharply edged with white; head, antenna, body and the rudiments of wings white-haired; legs black, ringed with white. Achalzik. N. alpina Sulz. (= bombycaria Bsd.) (19d). The ¢ is distinguished by its more shortly pectinate alpina. antenna, with simple apex. Postmedian line of forewing straight from middle of hindmargin to 3rd radial, then forming a regular curve. Cell-marks mostly large, pale-centred. 9 easily known by the white face and collar. — g-ab. extincta Harrison lacks the terminal dark suffusion of the forewing, which is therefore whitish eatincta. from the subterminal line to the margin. — g-ab. tenebraria Rb/. has both wings almost uniformly black- tenebraria. grey. — Hgg flattened oval, blue-green. Larva green, densely dotted and strigulated with black and with a bright yellow, sinuous lateral stripe. Polyphagous on low plants. Pupa compact, blackish brown, strongly punctured, usually passing two winters. Moth in June at high elevations in the Alps and Tyrol. N. florentina has been shown by HaxzpRison to be a distinct species. ¢ genitalia with the valves and florentina. snathos quite differently shaped from those of alpina and graecarius. In wing-markings it is always easily distinguishable by the very oblique course of all the lines on both wings from the inner margin to the 2nd sub- median vein. Antennal pectinations long. 2 robust, legs strong, wings white, beneath jet black. — florentina Stefan., the name-type of the species, is a strongly brown-tinged form with brown thorax and strong markings and suffusions. Florence and Modena. — italica Harrison (= alpinaria Scriba in err.) (19 d) is grey, only very italica. faintly mixed with light brown. Thorax grey. N. Italy. — carniolica Harrison is also grey, but heavily suf- carniolica. fused with blackish scales, markings stronger than in italica. Thorax dark grey. Carniola. graecarius. istrianus. necessaria. inversarius. hirtaria. lerroraria. fumaria. diniensis. fasciata. flavescens. congenera- ria. istriana. hanoviensis. pilzn. denhami. buloveci. 356 - AMORPHOGYNIA; LYCIA; NYSSIODES. By L. B. Provr. N. graecarius Stgr. (19d) 3 antenna intermediate between those of the two preceding, forewing much shorter in proportion to the hindwing, hindwing with apex more rounded, inner margin relatively longer; less glossy, theflines finer than in the allies, postmedian of forewing very near median, bent at 2nd radial so as to run to costal margin nearly at right angles. The name-type, from the Balkan Peninsula, is grey with a tinge of yellowish or brownish. — istrianus Stgr., from Istria and 8. Carniola, is much whiter, the markings generally weaker. — The @ of graecarius is less broad than that of florentina, more hairy, tips of wings less pointed, their underside mixed with a few white scales, femora and tibiae weak. The larva and life- history are said to be similar to those of alpina. Moth in March and April. 108. Genus: Amorphogynia War. Intermediate between the preceding genera and Lycia. ¢ quite like the latter. 9 wings shorter than body, with relatively long, pointed hindmargins. Larva shaped nearly as Biston betularia. Only one species. A. necessaria Zell. (19d). 3g similar to that of L. hirtaria, median line almost obsolete, subterminal less white. Underside weakly marked. 92 more grey, with black spots on hindmargin. — Larva yellowgreen, a yellow line above the legs; on Tamarix and other trees. Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, March—April. A.(?) inversarius Rb/. is a quite doubtful form, first erroneously recorded as necessaria. Only the- 2 known, wings about as long as body, hinder angle produced, but not so sharply as apex. Brownish grey, forewing with a dark line near and parallel with distal margin. Bulgaria, Possibly a hybrid of L. hirtaria with some species in which the Q is wingless. 109. Genus: Lyyeia Abn. General characters of the preceding genera, size larger, 9 fully winged. Forewing neuration somewhat inconstant but usually with 1st—2nd subcostal stalked. Larva smooth, cylindrical, as in Nyssia. Palearctic and Nearctic. L. hirtaria Cl. (= eremita Scop., atomaria Hufn. nec L.) (19e). Variable, the 9 always narrower- winged and more thinly scaled than the J, appearing darker and more weakly marked. The name-type, according to CLhERcK’s very bad figure and Lrnnu’s description, is the grey form, which seems commonest in the 2. Lines well expressed. — Q-ab. terroraria Krulik. is described as unicolorous grey, with weak traces of the lines on the veins of the forewing. — 9-ab. fumaria Haw. is fuscous or smoky black, in extreme examples entirely unmarked. — diniensis Ob. differs little from the name-type, but the lines appear to be very strong and thick. Figured without description. Basses-Alpes. — ab. fasciata ab. nov. is a beautiful modification of diniensis with the antemedian line double and with a blackish band extending from the median line of the forewing to the subterminal. Le Canadel, Var, France, in my collection. — ab. flavescens ab. nov. may be taken as the name of the more yellow-mixed form which is common in England, N. France, ete. — ab. congeneraria Hbn. (= duplicaria Stgr.) has the antemedian and postmedian lines very distinctly double. Possibly forms a separate race in Algeria. — istriana Galv. is a large, whitish-mixed form from Istria. — hanoviensis Heymons (19 e) is a small race, more densely scaled, the ground-colour more mixed with ochreous-yellow, the dark markings extended into strong suffusions. In my example the first 2 subcostals are coincident and the lines approach on the hindmargin, giving an impression of a separate species. N. W. Germany. — Egg ellipsoid, micropylar and somewhat concave and granulated; the rest of the surface somewhat glossy, the granulation discernible on strong magnification. Larva generally purplish, with thread-like longitudinal black lines and with yellow marks near the segment-incisions. On lime and other trees. The moth appears in late March or April. Europe, Asia Minor, Issyk-kul, Ili. — hybr. pilzii Sindfs. (hirtaria-g x P. pomonaria- 9). $: ground-colour very near that of hirtaria, but much more suffussed with black. Scaling nearly as in hirtaria. Basal area and hindmargin of forewing inclined to be lighter, 1st line more bulged. Subterminal band very broad and white. 9: wings very narrow and pointed, but variable in shape. Colour about as in hirtaria. — hybr. denhami Harrison (hirtaria-g x N. zonaria-9). ¢: ground-colour intermediate between that of the parents, slightly nearer hirtaria than in harrisoni. Wings perhaps slightly broader than in zonaria, costal margin as in that species. Markings very variable. This hybrid does not produce 99. — hybr. buloveci Harrison (hir- taria-j x M. graecarius-2). g forewing above similar to heavily marked hirtaria, beneath more infuscated, hindwing with median and postmedian lines resembling those of graecarius. 101. Genus: Nyssiodes 0b. Close to Nyssia, scarcely differing except in the rather smaller eye, extraordinarily long antennal pectinations and somewhat less long and dense hairy clothing. Palpus of moderate length. Hindtibia less MICROBISTON: SEBASTOSEMA; ZAMACRA. By L. B. Prout; 357 hairy, the pair of spurs moderately long. Forewing with Ist—2nd subcostal coincident. I know only the g. The single species is E’ Palearctic. N. lefuarius Z7sch. (= olgaria Ob., maturaria Chr.) (19e). Recognizable at a glance by the fuscous lefuarius. borders and the characteristic pale area from base of forewing to near its apex, very light ochreous brown or in its posterior part white. S$. EH. Siberia, China and Japan. 111. Génus: Mierobiston Sigr. Similar to Chondrosoma, abdomen less strongly (if at all) spimose,-less densely hairy, antennal pectina- tions more slender, hindtibiae apparently with all spurs, forewing even shorter, all veins present, cell of hindwing longer, 2nd subcostal scarcely stalked. Only the following species known. I believe the above cha- racters are correct, but I have no material for dissection and the extreme hairiness renders examination difficult. M. lanaria Hv. (= tartaricus Sigr.) (19e). Forewing of ¢ coloured about as in hispidaria, the lines lanaria. black, often only the postmedian well-defined, blackest (spotted) at costa and principal veins, terminal region pale. Hindwing paler, with dark antemarginal band, postmedian line broken into a few spots or almost obsolete. Underside similarly but somewhat more weakly marked, hindwing with distinct cell-dot. Ural and Central Asia, March—April; ? E. Siberia. M. turanicus Sigr. is perhaps merely a larger, darker variety of the preceding. Forewing dark brown- turanicus. grey with 4 partly obsolete blackish lines, hindwing somewhat lighter, dirty grey, mostly with dark discal dots; both wings beneath with 2 distinct dark lines, which are more or less completely wanting in lanaria. Transcaucasia. 112. Genus: Sebastosema Warr. Palpus short, hairy. Tongue obsolete. Antenna in 3 bipectinate to apex. Body and legs hairy. Fore- wing with Ist—2nd subcostal coincident, arising from a minute areole. Hindwing with costal vein rather far from cell, connected by a slight bar about the middle, 2nd subcostal short-stalked, 2nd radial wanting. 2 unknown. Established for a Japanese species of very distinct appearance but evidently related to the Biston group, though the cells are scarcely more than one-half the wing-length. S. bubonatia Warr. (19e). Unlike any other species. Forewing violet-grey with large, round cell- bubonaria. mark, black postmedian line and ferruginous submarginal band. Hindwing orange, darker distally, median and postmedian lines black. Japan. 113. Genus: Zamaera Meyr. Face rough-haired, with triangular horny projection. Palpus long-haired. Tongue rudimentary. An- tenna in g plumose. Pectus and femora densely long-haired. Hindtibia with terminal spurs only (except excavata). Korewing long and narrow, costa straight, 1st—2nd subcostal coincident, anastomosing with costal. Hindwing very narrow, especially in the 9, costal margin gently concave, 2nd subcostal stalked, Ist median stalked. Larva with strong spines, mostly 5 pairs to a segment, the dorsal pair largest, those on the 6th andj7th abdominals slight. The moth rests in a very curious position, with the forewing rolled up and erected. Ge A. Hindtibia with 2 spurs (Zamacra). <= .- |Z, flabellaria Heeger (19f). Brown-grey with darker irroration, cell-spots and lines. Apex of hind- flabellaria. wing very acute. Larva green, with oblique pale subdorsal markings, the spines rose-colour. On Calendula, Senecio, Chrysanthemum, etc., fond of the flower-buds. Pupa stout, cremaster extremely blunt; somewhat rugose but strongly glossy, yellow brown with abdomen more reddish; in a strong earthen cocoon. Moth in the early spring, perhaps again later. Local, 8. Europe and N. Africa to the Caspian Sea. Z. diaphanaria Ping. The 9° differs from that of flabellarza in having more strongly projecting antennal diaphana- joints. Both sexes with the wings slightly broader distally, the margin more strongly crenulate, that of the ria: forewing less extremely oblique, 1st median vein not stalked, colour browner, Ist line of forewing more regu- larly curved or bent, followed by some pale shading, median shade broad, forked anteriorly, the space between this and the outer shade on both wings whitish, thinly scaled. Askhabad and N. Persia. Z. juglansiaria Graes. (= albotfasciaria Leech, ? okamotonis Matsumura) (19e). Different in colouring, juglansia- bright red-brown with whitish postmedian band. Apex of hindwing less acute than in the two preceding. Bes ' The larva was said to have been found on Juglans mandschurica, but as it was compared with that of Abraxas grossulariata some confusion must have occured. Ussuri district and Japan. excavata. plumosaria. nitobei. stratania. lerrarius. robiniaria. meridiona- lis. herefordi. betularia. carbonaria. insularia. funebraria. ochrearia. fasciata. fumosarius. 358 MEGABISTON; BISTON. By L. B. Prout. B. Hindtibia with 4 spurs (Acanthocampa Dyar)- Z. excavata Dyar. (=? albofasciaria Matsumura nec Leech). Evidently similar to juglansiaria but larger, apex of hindwing more acute, abdomen relatively smaller. Greyish white suffused with fuscous, the red mar- kings more brown, the white band apparently less sharply expressed, antemedian line more bent. Larva green the thorax and last 5 or 6 abdominal segments brown dorsally, some white streaks; thorns white at base, dark at tip, not rosy. On Morus alba. Japan. 114. Genus: Megabiston Warr. Close to Lycia and Biston m structure. Shape and markings more as in Phigalia g, though the apex of both wings is rather more pointed, especially in the 2. Antenna in ¢ strongly plumose, as in Nyssiodes. Tongue slight. Hindtibia (as in most Biston) somewhat swollen distally, with 4 approximated spurs. Cells less long than in most of the group. Larva with head bilobed, body nearly smooth, but with very small raised white elliptical spots on the first 6 abdominal segments, resembling Tachinid eggs. Only one species known. M. plumosaria Leech (= dorriesiaria Warr. nec Chr., tendinosaria Dyar nec Brem.) (191). Whitish, more or less densely dark dusted, the 992 on an average paler, but both sexes variable. Lines of forewing thickest and deepest black in posterior half, approximated between median and submedian veins. Larva wood- — colour, with numerous minute black or brown rings, mostly containing white central dots. On Thea chinensis. Japan. 115. Genus: Biston Leach. ' Head and body less densely hairy than in Lycia. Tongue sometimes well developed. ¢ antenna less plumose. Hindtibia usually with all spurs. Wings more densely scaled than in Dycia, ground-colour usually white; forewing usually more elongate. Larva with protuberances, at least on the 5th abdominal segment; head rather large, face flat, crown notched. Palearctic, Indo-Australian and Nearctic. The type species, stra- taria Hufn., is nearer to Lycia than the other species, agreeing in the more hairy face, weak tongue and the 2-spurred hind-tibia, and is also exceptional in having the g antenna bipectinate to the apex; but the scaling and general aspect and the larva seem to show that GuENEEs generic division (here followed) is more natural than LepERERs. B. nitobei Matsumura (= tripartita Wilem., moltrechti Ob.) (19 f.) may be placed here provisionally. but probably requires a new genus. Breast as densely hairy as in Lycia, abdomen less so; hindtibia with 4 approximated spurs; forewing with distal margin crenulate, call longer posteriorly than anteriorly, hindwing with 2rd radial better developed than usual. Very distinct in the sharp division of the forewing into 3 areas by fine black lines, the antemedian straight. Japan and Sidemi (Manchuria). B. strataria Hufn. (= prodromaria Schiff., marmorata Sulz.) (19f, g). A handsome species, very distinet from the following in the longer, narrow hindwing, the brown bands, etc., as well as in the structure. In ‘the name-type the ground-colour remains white, coarsely dusted with black. — ab. terrarius Weymer (= octodurensis Favre, breigneti Brascassat) has the white areas suffused with yellow-grey, the brown bands wanting, the black lines distinct. Thus transitional towards the following. — ab. robiniaria Frings (= nigri- cans Ob.) is almost uniform blackish. — meridionalis Ob. from S. Frahce is white with sparser dark dusting and paler brown bands. — Larva twig-like, with pairs of protuberances on several of the segments, those on the 5th abdominal largest; variable, grey, brown or mottled. On oak, birch and many other trees. The pupa hibernates. Moth in March and April, at rest on tree-trunks by day. Central and parts of Southern Europe; Asia Minor; Transcaucasia. — hybr. herefordi (!) T'wtt (strataria J x betularia ©), so far as yet known, lacks the definete brown bands of strataria and is intermediate towards betularia. B. betularia L. (= p-graecum Poda) (19 g). White, with black lines and cell-marks and coarse blackish dusting. Q larger (often much larger) than 3. — ab. carbonaria Jordan (= doubledayaria Will., nigra Heyl.) (19g). Black with a white dot at base of forewing and a few white scales in costal area of hindwing. Men- delian form which is supplanting the type, especially in manufacturing districts. — ab. insularia Th.-Mieg is a much rarer, intermediate form, the white ground-colour heavily dotted and mottled with black. — ab. funebraria Lambill. is a modification of carbonaria in which the costal margin of the hindwing remains pure white, traversed by 2 black lines. — ab. ochrearia Mansbridge has the ground-colour ochraceous instead of white. — ab. fasciata ab. nov., has a grey median band crossing both wings (see AIGNHR-ABArt, Ann. Mus. Hungar. vol. 4, p. 527). — fumosarius Alph. Ground-colour smoky, the dusting black. Transcaucasia, as a local race. Unknown to me, perhaps a variety of cognataria with the lines obsolete. — Larva firm, twig-like, with a pro-- jection on each side of the 5th abdominal segment. Very variable in colour, green, brown or purplish, etc., BUZURA. By L. B. Prout. 359 susceptible to changes in its environment, as shown by the experiments of Poutron. On most trees and even on low plants like Artemisia. Pupa robust, dark red-brown or black-brown, hibernating in the ground, almost without cocoon. The moth is common in May—July on treetrunks by day, or at light by night. Europe. Transcaucasia, Altai, Issyk-kul, EH. Siberia and Japan. B. cognataria Guen. (= parva Leech (19g). Very similar to betularia, the white ground-colour in cognataria. addition to the coarse black sprinkling bearing a much more minute smoky-brown dusting, which gives to the wings a different tone. Postmedian line of hindwing in general nearer to distal margin, often thickened, less deeply inbent at the median veins. Sometimes there are faint indications of brownish bands, giving a remote resemblance to strataria. N. India to Japan; also in N. America. B. robustum Gélr. (19 h) differs in its larger size, more brownish tone, yellowish g antenna and espe- robustwm. cially in the much more variegated underside, which is mottled with brown and white or at least has the costal and distal margins whitish for a greater or less extent. Often — especially in the g — the distribution of the colours on the upper surface more definitely recalls strataria than in the preceding species. In the name- type the collar is yellowish. — ab. albicollis Warr. has the collar white. — Yokohama and Tokio, March—April. albicollis. Larva on various species of dwarf oak. B. tortuosa Wilem. (19 g) is also brownish grey, but duller and much more uniform, very much smaller, tortuosa. with brownish, not much variegated underside, that of the hindwing having a postmedian line near the cell- spot, not (as in robustwm) corresponding to that of upperside. g antennal pectinations dark grey. Japan: Oshima and Nikko. B. fasciaria J/otsch. is unknown to me, unless it be a banded form of tortuosa. Cinereous whitish, fasciaria. forewing with a broad blackish cinereous median band, waved lines and a posterior ,,lateral~ (? costal) spot. Hindwing beneath with an oblique median stripe. Distal margins above and beneath black-dotted. Japan. B. huberaria Ballion (= concinna Warr.) (19 g) differs from betularia in being almost or entirely free Auberaria. from black speckling, the antemedian and postmedian lines distinct, black, sometimes accompanied by dark bands; in WARRENS type specimen a median line is also well developed. Underside similarly but less sharply marked. Ili district and Koko-Nor. I bave not seen BALLIoNs type, from Omsk (W. Siberia) but believe I am safe in sinking concinna. B. hypoleucos Kusnezov. Very similar to huberaria, considerably smaller, more greyish white, ante- hypoleucos. median line less oblique, postmedian with longer projection at radials. Underside pure satiny white, almost markingless except for the discal spot. Ussuri district. B. thoracicaria Ob. (19g) is unknown to me, but according to STauDINGER belongs here. It seems thoracicaria. to be very near tortuosa (perhaps even the same, but less robust, with rather shorter antennal pectinations. more greyish in colour, abdomen with a dark dorsal spot on 2rd segment. Ussuri district and Korea. B. comitata Warr. (= bloeckeri Kusnezov, regalis Leech nec Moore) (19h). Larger than huberaria, comitata. the postmedian line forming a broader curve anteriorly; but chiefly distinguished by the brown band at base and on the body (metathorax and base of abdomen) and brown cloudings in distal area. — jesoensis Matsu- jesoensis. mura seems to be an aberration or local form with more conspicuous cell-marks, rather heavier dark markings and some greyish costal suffusion on forewing. — Amurland and Ussuri districts, Ichang and Japan. B. regalis Moore (19h). Close to comitata but sufficiently distinct in its strong suffusion, thicker regalis. black lines, ete. Distributed in the Himalayas but perhaps not truly Palearctic. B. emarginaria Leech (19k) and the species which follow are characterized by their irregularly emargina- shaped distal margin and form the genus Hubyjodonta Warr. emarginaria is distinguished by the rather broad hee and not much interrupted brown borders. The white ground-colour is not very heavily speckled. W. China: Pu-tsu-fang. B. quercii Ob. Wings more deeply emarginate, more strongly black-dotted, hindwing with large quereii. black cell-spot, borders darker. W. China: Tien-tsuen. B. clorinda Ob. is shaped more like emarginaria but the brown borders are rather narrower and broken clorinda. up into a narrow black-edged submarginal band and some marginal spots. Will perhaps sink to falcata Warr., from Darjiling. W. China: Tse-kou. B. erilda Ob. Rather small, distal margins less crenulate, the band and spots more yellow-brown ¢”ilda. than in clorinda, cell-spot of forewing much smaller. W. China: Tse-kou. 116. Genus: Buzura Walk. Differentiated by Hampson (as Section II of Biston) by having the tongue better developed, face less hairy, hindtibia with the median spurs more normally placed, not (as in true Biston) close to the terminal or superans. confusa. sup pressa- ra. benescripta. thibetaria. obscuraria. andalusia- { ria. rag usaria. dalmatina. phasidaria. antiquaria divergaria. 360 NYCHIODES; ANTICYPELLA. By L. B. Prout. wanting. g antennal structure much more variable, its apex always simple. Chiefly belongs to the Indian Region, but reaches the Palearctic and Aethiopian. A. Antenna of gunipectinate (Amraica Moore). B. superans Bilr. (= recursaria Leech) (24a). Recognizable at a glance by its large size, strong build, long uniseriate 3 pectinations and grey wings, the forewing with brown subapical patch and (except in a few (29) brown basal area. Larva undescribed, except that it is wonderfully stick-like. Has been bred by Dr. Culpin at Shanghai. Distributed throughout China and Japan. Perhaps a greyer race of the Indian recursaria Walk. — confusa Sigr. is smaller and (especially on the underside) lighter; in my sole example the antemedian line is much more regularly curved and the forewing beneath lacks a dark subapical spot which is always present in superans. Koslofska (Ussuri district). B. Antenna oft § bipectinate (Buzura). B. suppressaria Guen. (= multipunctaria Walk.) (191i). White, irrorated almost throughout with brown and black and with 3 (on the hindwing 2) irregular yellow bands. The ¢ also usually with traces of black antemedian and postmedian lines. India and Burma; 1 9 labelled ,,Japan‘“*, ? im error. Has been bred at Dharmsala from larvae on Dalbergia sissoo; stick-like, nearly cylindrical, face flat, crown bifid, prothorax with 2 slight dorsal points, penultimate segment slightly raised; brown with indefinite dark dots and spots, showing a tendency to form transverse belts, the eminences and the anterior claspers also darkened. — bene-- scripta subsp. nov. from W. China has the black lines present in both sexes, fine, in the g often quite sharp; median yellow band wanting, irroration in the g sometimes comparatively slight. Type (a ¢ from Chung- king) in coll. Brit. Mus. C. Antenna of $ subpectinate or serrata, with fascicles of cilia (Blepharo- ctenta Warr.). B. thibetaria Ob. (19h). A very distinct species and not variable. The thick black lines and light brown bands on the white ground, the large, pale-centred cell-mark of the hindwing, the black-belted abdo- men and yellow anal tuft are unmistakable. gi antenna serrate. Central and W. China. 117. Genus: Nychiodes Led. Palpus short, rough-scaled. Tongue rudimentary. Antenna in the ¢ strongly bipectinate, in the 9 shortly so. Femora somewhat hairy. Both wings (especially hindwing) with distal margin crenulate. Fore- wing with lst—2rd subcostal stalked. Only 2 or 3 species known. Palearctic. N. obscuraria Vill. (= lividaria Hbn.) (191i). Very variable geographically, best recognized by the structural characters, though there are but few other species in which the lines are similarly approximated and of like form. The name-type is iron-grey, mixed in places with brown and usually with some narrow pale shading distally to the postmedian line. Spain and North Africa to Transcaucasia. — andalusiaria Mill. is smaller, whitish, dusted and strigulated with black. Mountains of Castile. — ragusaria Will. (= bel- lieraria Ragusa) is fuscous, the lines weak or obsolete. Sicily. — dalmatina F. Wagner (191) is in general more uniform iron-grey, postmedian line of both wings sharply angulated, underside lighter, without discal marks. Dalmatia. — phasidaria Rghfr., from the Caucasus, is said to be dingy cinereous, with antemarginal band very faintly brownish. — antiquaria Sigr. is almost unicolorous grey, mixed with yellowish, an outer band pale, the forewing without the Ist line. Zerafshan to the Ili district. — divergaria Stgr. is generally smaller, the distal margins less deeply crenulate, ground-colour more mixed with" pale scales, presenting altogether a very powdery appearance, lines obsolescent, underside paler with larger, more conspicuous cell-dots. Meso- potamia, N. W. Kurdistan and the Southern Taurus. I suspect a separate species. — Larva short and com- pact, with small head and with dorsal points on the 3rd and 8th abdominals; brown with bright orange-red collar and indistinct dark dorsal lozenges. On Prunus, Erica arborescens, etc., hibernating. Moth in June— July and again in September. amygdalaria. N. amygdalaria H.-Sch. (191) closely resembles obscuraria but appears rougher-scaled (probably on account of the coarse black irroration), the antemedian line is still more strongly curved, the postmedian (at least of the forewing) angulated almost as in obscuraria dalmatina, on the hindwing placed nearer the distal margin. Hindwing with median line present. Abdomen narrowly white at the incisions. S. E. HKurope to Mesopotamia and Palestine. 118. Genus: Antiecypella Vey. According to Meyrick differs from Hemerophila in that the hindwing beneath has a basal fovea. I cannot find this in the examples before me, but maintain the genus as it is certainly no Nychiodes. Tongue developed. Forewing with Ist—2rd subcostal stalked, their stalk connected by a short bar with costal. Publ. 5. VIT. 1915, EREBOMORPHA; MEDASINA. By lL. B. Provr. 361 A. diffusaria Leech (= gigantaria Ségr.) (19i). Brown with characteristic grey shading proximally to the subterminal line. Underside almost unicolorous. Ussuri district and Central China. 119. Genus: Erebomorpha Walk. Palpus moderate, rough-scaled. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate. Thorax and abdomen hairy beneath. Hindtibia in ¢ long, dilated, with a ridge of hair. Forewing with a small fovea; distal margin smooth; 1st—2nd subcostal stalked. Hindwing with distal margin toothed at some of the veins. The genus contains only very few species, but these are among the largest of the Geometridae. It belongs properly to N. India. The typical section, with 9 antenna simple, is not represented in the Palearctic Region. 3B. Antennain 2 binectinata (Mesastrape Warr. = Stygomorpha Th.-Mieg). E. consors Béilr. (24a). Totally distinct from all other Palearctic species. Probably a local form of the Indian fulguraria Walk., but with the white markings broader and some other slight differences. Japan to W. China; Korea; Ussuri district. 120. Genus: Miedasina Moore. Differs from Hrebomorpha in neuration, the Ist subcostal vein of the forewing arising from the costal, rarely anastomosing with the 2nd subcostal. Variable in shape and some other characters, the hindwing never with the prominent tails of Hrebomorpha. Size moderate to large. Range chiefly Indo-Australian. M. scotosiaria Warr. (24 b) is a very glossy, dark fuscous species with the lines pale, somewhat sinuous, the postmedian the most characteristic, placed rather near the distal margin, projecting teeth basewards on the veins and somewhat broken basewards at the 3rd radial; the veins in the distal area are also finely pale; sometimes the entire area distally to the subterminal js pale on the forewing. Variable in size, moderate to rather large. Antennal pectinations very !ong and curved, rather strongly ciliated (forming the type of WARRENS genus Deinotrichia). Distal margin of hindwing regularly crenulate. W. China: Pu-tsu-fang. Described from Sikkim. M. albidaria Walk. (= indentata Warr.) is another Indian species which reaches China. Dirty white, the lmes weakly expressed except as 3 costal spots on the forewing (often also a fourth proximally to the origin of the white subterminal), the postmedian line, however, marked by distinct vein-dashes, especially on the hindwing, on the forewing with a dark M-shaped mark from the 3rd radial to the Ist median, usually accompanied distally by a second dark mark. Forewing relatively long. Hindwing crenulate, slightly pro- minent in the middle. Chang Yang; Omei-shan; Dharmsala. M. nikkonis Bé/r. (20 a) differs in its more greyish tone, smaller but blacker costal spots, stronger black dashes on the postmedian line, the M-mark not specially developed, hindwing longer and narrower, the distal margin less prominent in the middle. Japan: Nikko. M. subpicaria sp. nov. (20a). Also white with large costal spots, but larger, broader-winged, the lines (except postmedian dots) wanting, the submarginal shades characteristic. Underside white, with large black cell-spots (which show through faintly above), both wings with black costal spots, the apical and mar- ginal (on hindwing subapical and submarginal) patches blacker and better defined than above. Omei-shan (type g and 2) and Chang Yang, in coll. Brit. Mus. Perhaps a large form of obliterata Moore. M. subdecorata Warr. (20a). Smaller, much more densely strigulated with fuscous, lines present, cell-spots present, on hindwing large, strikingly black, underside with the black markings more concise. Omei- shan, only one (a2 ¢) known. Scarcely a form of the preceding, as the wings appear narrower. M. corticaria Leech (20a). Very distinct, easily known by its large size, and characteristic distal area with strong dark cloudings and irregularly developed subterminal line — thickest between the 3rd radial and the fold of the forewing. Central China: Ichang and Chang Yang. M. stolidaria Leech (23a). Again very distinct, recognizable by the fuscous transverse striation on the light brown ground-colour and the large costal spots; otherwise the markings are. rather indefinite. Cen- tral China: Chang Yang; W. China: Ni-tou. M. differens Warr. (20 a) is quite like a Boarmia except in the neuration. It may be compared with B. invenustaria (21 e), but has the lines thicker, more conspicuous brown shades accompanying them, the discal mark of the hindwing is larger, somewhat triangular, obliquely (or almost vertically) placed in relation to the postmedian line instead of parallel to it. W. China: Omei-shan, IV 46 diffusaria. consors. scolosiaria. albidaria. nikkonis. subpicaria. subdecorata. corticaria. stolidaria, differens. japygiaria. barcinona- ria. fidelensis. lederi. abruptaria. brunneata. fuscata. murina. maura. praestanta- ria. emaria. dejeant. sul plagiata. 362 HEMEROPHILA. By L. B. Prout. 121. Genus: Hemerophila Steph. Face with appressed scales. Palpus generally rather short, shortly scaled. Tongue present. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate, apex usually simple. Pectus hairy. Femora not or scarcely hairy. Hindtibia in ¢ generally with hair-pencil. Forewing without fovea; Ist and 2nd subcostals stalked or separate. Hindwing with distal margin crenulate. — Egg with more or less irregular hexagonal positive reticulation, a shining white knob at each angle. Larva twig-like with very slight protuberances, tapering gradually anteriorly. Pupa enclosed in a tough silken cocoon. The genus is widely distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa. A. Antenna of Qnot bipectinate (Hemerophila). H. japygiaria Costa (= fractaria Stgr., rhizolitharia Rb/.) (20a). A pretty species and variable but not difficult to recognize. The lines and the shades which accompany them are thicker and deeper black, the antemedian more dentate, the postmedian more sinuous posteriorly. — ab. barcinonaria Bell. is a much darker, almost unicolorous dull brown form. — fidelensis JZendes also has the ground-colour brownish instead of dirty white or ochraceous. 8. Fie! (Portugal). — Egg rather long-oval, finely reticulated. Larva nearly uniform leather-brown with some blackish dots. On olive. Pupa glossy dark brown, in a silver-grey cocoon on the under- side of a leaf, well protected. S. Europe and N. Africa, in a succession of broods. H. lederi Chr. (24b). Antennal pectinations considerably shorter than in abruptaria, wings more greyish, less variegated, the only prominent markings being the lines; postmedian of forewing running to distal margin close to apex, with a shorter but sharper bend between 3rd radial and Ist median. Hindwing weakly marked except at inner margin. Transcaspia: Germob in June. Unknown to me. H. abruptaria Thnbg. (= petrificata Hbn.) (20b). Wood-brown with darker brown and fuscous mar- kings, the 2 generally paler than the 3. Very characteristic is the pale area at the distal margin of the hind- wing — more constant in this species and often more elongate than that of japygiaria. — ab. brunneata Tutt (= dalmata Galv.) has the ground-colour more uniformly of a warm brown. Forms a local race on the Dal- mation Islands. — ab. fuscata Tutt (= unicolor Tutt theobromaria Trt.) is a melanotic aberration, almost entirely or entirely sooty-fuscous or blackish. Not rare in London. — mutrina Ob., from the Maritime Alps, is a greyish form, especially in the 2, which (according to the figure) is almost violet-grey. — mauraQOb., from Tunis, is darker grey-brown with fuscous cloudings (not nearly unicolorous, like ab. brunneata and fus- cata). — Egg shiny, reddish, the micropyle placed in a small depression at the broader end, forming a rosette of rounded cells. Larva light brown or grey, variously mottled, very responsive to changes of environment. Feeds chiefly on lilac and privet. The pupa hibernates in a cocoon on the surface of a twig or branch, concealed by gnawed fragments; it is rather long and narrow, moderately smooth, very dark red-brown. Moth April— May, a partial second brood in Ju’ y—August. Central and §. Europe, N. Africa and the Brusa district. H. praestantaria Piing. Forewing more pointed, hindwing less deeply crenulate. Pale grey, irrorated (in places strigulated) with dull grey-brown; cell-spots distinct; forewing with antemedian line marked by veindots, sometimes connected, postmedian arising not far from the apex, regularly dentate and slightly obli- que to hind-margin beyond middle, accompanied by a brownish shade distally; this line continued on the hind- wing, nearer to and about parallel with the distal margin. Underside greyer, cellspots stronger, ocellated, postmedian line broken into small dashes on the veins. Pectinations shorter than in abruptaria, 2 antenna shortly serrate. Central Asia: Togus-torau. H. emaria Brem. (20b). Less variegated than abruptaria, the forewing divided by the black lines into 3 areas, the proximal and distal darker, the central pale (varying in breadth). The antemedian line, after running almost straight from near base of hindmargin in the direction of the cell-dot, makes an acute angle basewards in the cell, then becoming obsolete. BRemmr describes and figures the species as grey, the examples which I have seen are much more brown. 8. EH. Siberia; Korea; N. E. China. H. dejeani Ob. (20b). Much larger than emarza, more richly coloured, the limes somewhat ditte- rently formed, postmedian of both wings placed further from distal margin, apex of forewing pale. Very variable, the dark clouding sometimes red-brown, sometimes deep fuscous, in some examples encroaching considerably on the anterior part of the median area. W. China and Hou-kow (Tibet). H. subplagiata Walk. (= retractaria Walk., senilis Bétlr., jugorum Feld., lignata Warr.) (20h). Still more variable, scarcely larger on an average than emaria, rather narrower-winged, coloration showing the same general range as in abruptaria, but in addition with some still more variegated forms, in which the basal area and sometimes parts of the costa! are white. Best known by the twice acutely angulated antemedian line. ’ Widely distributed in N. India: Shanghai; Japan. conjunctaria, H. conjunctaria Leech (20b) is rather larger, costal margin of forewing rather more curved, lines thicker, the antemedian curved rather than angled inwards between the two acutely projecting teeth, hind- HEMEROPHILA. By L. B. Prout. 363 wing less variegated, with the line more crenulate, white spots at apex and hinder angle and a dot in the middle. A white band at back of thorax. W. China: Pu-tsu-fang; only the 2 known. H. nycthemeraria Hbn. (20b). Testaceous with a rosy tinge, the markings dark brown; costal area nycthemera- of forewing pale; postmedian/line of hindwing almost straight. Underside violet grey, postmedian line with ae strong black dots (minute teeth) on the veins. Antenna of 3 bipectinate to apex. — Larva on Genista, Cytisus and Juniperus in March and April; grey, with stronger warts and swellings than that of abruplaria. Pupa elon- gate, dark red, with browner wings; in a slight cocoon, Moth May—August, only known from Valais, 8. France and Portugal. H. serraria Costa was scarcely known until recently, when DanNneuL rediscovered it and Count TuRatri serraria. has published much on it. I have not seen it. Rather large and ample-winged, perhaps as dejeani though with more strongly dentate hindwing. Colouring about as in average specimens of dejeani, antemedian line more bent outwards, approaching the postmedian, which is strongly bent outwards in middle, then inwards. Post- median line of hindwing rather near the discal dot. Larva less slender and more uniformly cylinderical than in typical Hemerophila, purple-brown with fine yellow lateral lines, anteriorly and on last few segments with dark dorsal stripe. Italy: Genzano (S. of Rome) and Calabria. H. grummi Alph. (24b). Also large, still broader winged, hmdwing only weakly crenulate. Perhaps grummi. brighter brown than most dejeani, first line weak and incomplete, postmedian still staighter than in dejeani, not reaching costal margin, on both wings accompanied distally by a more reddish brown band. 8. Ferghana and Issyk-kul. Unknown to me. H. maderae B. Baker (25d). Aberrant in that the ¢ antennal pectinations are very long and con- maderae. tinue to the apex, distal margin of fore- as well as of hindwing definitely crenulate. Otherwise it resembles a rather large, long-winged, brightly coloured abruptaria ab. brunnea. I have only before me one damaged example and it is said to be variable; the antemedian line seems to curve strongly in the middle and reach the costa nearer the base than in abruptaria, but becomes nearly obsolete. Madeira. H. amphidasyaria Ob. (20c). Aberrant in the same respects as the preceding, though the g anten- amphidasy- nal pectinations are less extremely long. A large and robust species, probably variable, as the only example aria. before me (a ¢ from Yokohama) has the ground-colour entirely brown, the dark cloudings more restricted, the postmedian line of the hindwing more proximally placed. Ussuri district and Japan. H. (?) sealaria Chr. is only known to me from the diagnosis. Forewing elongate, subacute, grey- scalaria. yellowish, with sparse, reddish-grey strigulae, the 2 lines black, obliquely placed, the first dentate on the sub- median vein, the outer suberect, obtusely dentate, discal dot and an undulate line fuscous, hindwing paler, with a dot in the middle and a slightly bent postmedian line, a waved fuscous sulbtemimel shade, all the fringes yellowish. Length of a forewing 20 mm. Helenendorf (Transcaucasia). H. strictaria Led. (20 c) is referred by StaupinGeR to Synopsia but the tongue, though not very strictaria. long, is perfect and the Ist and 2nd subcostals of the forewing are separate. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate to the apex. Hasily known by the relatively long hindwing and pointed apex of forewing. Otherwise the approximated lines and the form of the postmedian recall the quite differently shaped 8. solieraria and one or two other species. — ab. confluens Stgr. has the lines confiuent except at inner-margin, forming a narrow, confluens. forked band. — The Ural, the mountains of Central Asia and the Amur-Ussusi district. H. dolosaria Leech (= oberthuri Th.-Wieg) (20 c¢). This and the following species will perhaps prove dolosaria. to belong to Gnophos, but their structure is somewhat intermediate and the early stages unknown. Both are distinguished by the large, more or less ocellated cell-spot and the less oblique lines than in most Hemero- phila. Except in the cell-spot and darker colour, dolosaria resembles the Indian Hirasa contubernalis Moore, but the lines of the forewing are differently shaped, the postmedian rather more dentate. Chang Yang. Also in Yunnan. @ 8H. punctilinearia Leech (20 c¢). Smaller and rather more brownish-tinged, distal margin more oblique, puncetilinea- lines more highly crenulate, ete. W. China: Huang-mu-Chang; Kulu. Tile B. Antenna of 2 bipectinate (Phthonandria Warr.) H. atrilineata Bily. (= brunnearia Herz) (20c). Except in its large size and pectinate 9 antenna atrilineata. this species much resembles nycthemeraria. The ground-colour, however, is deeper brown and the antemedian line is acutely angled inwards on the cell-fold. The eggs are scattered on the back of a leaf of Morus alba, on which the larva feeds. Larva twiglike, head rounded, slightly bilobed, brown. True legs large, black Imed. Body robust, 5th abdominal segment with a dorsal collar; tubercles of Ist and 5th abdominals ele- vated, white. Mottled red-brown, blackish and white without definite pattern. An irregular pale dorsal and 364 SYNOPSIA; SPARTOPTERYX: PHASELIA; BOARMIA. By L. B. Proot. subdorsal line and white blotches on abdominals 1, 4 and 5. A divided black bar before the collar on abdominal 5, with 3 white dots below tubercle 11. Pupa in a thin cocoon. Japan, Korea, W. China and Dharmsala. 122. Genus: Synopsia Abn. Characters of Hemerophila but with the tongue vestigial. Distal margins loss crenulate. Forewing with Ist subcostal shortly stalked with 2nd, anastomosing for a long distance with costal, rarely absent. Larva slender, tapering anteriorly, nearly smooth but with the tubercles large and prominent, especially the posterior trapezoidals of the 5th abdominal. Pupa somewhat elongate, not very glossy. Only one species seems strictly referable to this genus. sociaria. S. sociaria Hbn. (= fagaria Wrnbg. nec Thnbg.) (20 c). Shape and coloration as in Boarmia (e. g. some forms of repandata), generally with heavy dark shading between the antemedian and median lines of the forewing. The postmedian line is shaped somewhat as in H. japygiaria but with stronger projection staudingera- hehind 2nd median. Underside paler, much more weakly marked. — ab. staudingeraria Martorell is larger and almasq, “arker. Bred at Barcelona from Doryenium. — almasa Schawerda is decidedly smaller, with the black-brown unitaria. bands more strongly developed. Herzegovina: Mostar. — unitaria Sigr. is unicolorous fuscous, less marked, propinqua- and is the prevailing form at Sarepta and in the Altai. — propinquaria Bsd. (= luridaria Frr.) is much ria. paler, whitish, less dusted and clouded with fuscous, the lines distinct. The principal form in parts of Spain, but occurs also in 8. Russia, Greece, Asia Minor, etc. — Egg oval, ribbed, yellow, later dark purple-red. Larva wood-brown, the blackish dorsal line accompanied on the Ist—6th abdominals with dark streaks and here white bordered; subdorsal line and lateral stripe yellowish white, interrupted. The larva of the form propin- quaria lighter. On Spartium, Genista, Artemisia and other plants. Pupa blackish brown, the segments lighter. sociaria is double brooded and inhabits a wide area in 8. and Central Europe and W. and Central Asia. 123. Genus: Spartopteryx Guen. Face smooth. Palpus and tongue short. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate to the apex. Forewing with Ist and 2nd subcostals shortly stalked and continuing approximated, free from costal. 9 semiapterous, the wings being extremely narrow, almost linear; abdomen robust, with long ovipositor. Only one species known. kinderman- S. kindermannaria Sig. (= serrularia Led. nec Hv.) (20d). Characteristically marked, the post- nana. median line of the forewing twice bluntly bent or curved, then running very obliquely to the hindmargin much before its middle, accompanied distally by a fine white line; subterminal line accompanied proximally by an interrupted dark line or narrow band. Underside more brown, both wings with narrow white postmedian band, hindwing also mixed with white proximally. Distributed in N. W. Mongolia. 124. Genus: Phaselia Guen. Palpus still shorter than in the preceding genera. Tongue obsolete. Antenna in both sexes bipectinate to apex. Thorax with double posterior crest; tegulae short and thick. Hindtibia with terminal spurs only. Abdomen rather long and strong. Wings relatively rather narrow. Forewing with cell very long. Hindwing with costal vein closely appressed to cell to beyond its middle. Only 2 species known, forming an exceedingly distinct genus which StaupineER has unaccountably merged in Synopsia. serrularia. Ph. serrularia Lv. (= phaecoleucaria Led.) (20d). Recognizable by the serrate brown outer band of the forewing; antemedian line with 3 projections, the one on the median vein at least as strong as that on the fold. Sarepta; W. and Central Asia, June—July. — Larva yellow-green, the head and a broad dorsal stripe red- brown; a short conical dark (dorsal?) point on the anal segment. On Ephedra distachya and Spartium in May narynaria. and June. — narynaria Ob. is a very large form from Fort Naryn, Turkestan. deliciosaria. Ph. deliciosaria Led. (251i). Antemedian line of forewing projecting very acutely on fold but not on cell; postmedian approaching distal margin at Ist radial, afterwards extraordinarily sinuous, crossing the algiricaria. ill-defined, posteriorly dentate outer brown band. Syria and Palestine. — algiricaria Ob. has the projection of the antemedian line still more prolonged, that in the cell almost entirely wanting, the hindwing more weakly marked and some other slight differences. Algeria and once at Albarracin, Spain. 125. Genus: Boarmia 77. Face generally rough-scaled or with small projecting tuft. Palpus rough-scaled, rarely very short or long. Tongue developed (except in tenietarta). Antenna in ¢ bipectinate or ciliate, the apex generally simple. BOARMIA. By L. B. Provt. 365 Thorax hairy beneath. Femora glabrous or slightly hairy. Hindtibia in ¢ generally dilated, with hair- pencil. Forewing nearly always with fovea; Ist—2nd subcostal separate, stalked or coincident. Hindwing with distal margin nearly always waved or crenulate. Larva generally twig-like, frequently with some humps or protuberances. A very large and cosmopolitan genus or group of genera, very difficult to subdivide satisfactorily al- though showing considerable variation in structure, chiefly in the secondary sexual characters of the g. I have indicated as separate sections a few of the groups which present the most noticeable differences in habitus, and which have been regarded by some noticeable differences in habitus, and which have been regarded by some systematists as genera; the typical section, with pectinate ¢ antenna. I have separated (so far as they are known to me) according to the neuration, the group Cleora corresponding in part to Mnyricks Selidosema, Boarmia to his Diastictis. Meeodome ni Lone rather robust; 2 with longs ovipositor. Antenna of ¢ strongly pectinate. Wingsrather narrow (Jankowskia Ob.). B. athleta Ob. (= fuscaria Leech) (20d). Easily recognized by its shape and coloration. Face rather athleta. flat, palpus short. Forewing with lst and 2nd subcostals widely separate, discocellulars oblique inwards. OBER- THURS figure of the underside does not show the usual (though variable) ochreous admixture at the costal margin of the forewing, on which account Lencu failed to recognize the species. Japan and across Palearctic China. B. Build very robust. Antenna of g¢ plumose, with longish apical part simple. Forewing elongate. Neuration of Cleora (Phthonosema Warr.). B. tendinosaria Brem. (? Sigr.) (20d). A large species, showing somewhat the coloration of Biston tendinosa- superans Bilr. (24 a), yet so distinct that I cannot conceive how StauDINGER has confused the two if he really Ee knew both. Unfortunately he does not notice the antennal structure. fendinosaria further differs in having the antemedian not followed by brown costal spot, etc. Japan and Ussuri. B. serratilinearia Leech (20e). Similar to tendinosaria but rather more violet-grey, ground-colour serratilinea- pale but rather strongly irrorated, antemedian line not black, postmedian finely and regularly dentate, scar- fog cely curved outwards at radials, followed by a conspicuous tawny band, which becomes more rust-coloured at hindmargin. Underside more dusted than in tendinosaria, with a vague dark grey costal half-band or shade between the postmedian and the distal margin. W. China: Mou-pin. — dubitans Herz (as superans vur.) is dubitans. clearly, according to the description and figure, a form of serratilinearia, if not even a synonym. Very slightly broader-winged, the teeth in the postmedian line less marked, the antemedian of the forewing black in its posterior half. Korea and once in Amurland. C. Build less robust. Antenna of ¢ bipectinate. Forewing with lst—2nd sub- costalseparate or short-stalked (Cleora Curt. = Alcis Hbn.). B. rimosa Bilr. (20 d) somewhat recalls tendinosaria in the scheme of markings, but is in shape and rimosa. structure a normal Cleora and is further abundantly distinct in its much darker red-brown colour and finer, rather widely separated lines. Japan. B. charon Bitlr. (20 e) is an anomalous species. Fovea small and slight, antennal pectinations short, charon. ending in tufts of cilia as in biitineri, colour and markings not altogether dissimilar to those of Nychiodes livi- daria but with a well developed, on the forewing very strongly curved, median line, a dentate whitish sub- terminal, the postmedian more dentate, etc. Japan and Central China (Chang Yang). B. solieraria Ror. (25c). I do not know the typical form and am not quite satisfied that harterti 1s solieraria. the same species. Whitish grey, antemedian line of forewing so oblique as to be almost parallel with costa, obsolete anteriorly to the acute angle, postmedian somewhat sinuous; hindwing with 1 or 2 brown lines in proximal part, which is not dark-strigulated; subterminal line black-edged proximally. Larva on juniper. S. France and Spain. — harterti Rothsch. (= powelli Ob., as solieraria form) is much darker, more brown, harterti. postmedian line of forewing very straight; hindwing dark-strigulated from base to postmedian line; subter- minal not black-edged proximally. Algeria. B. powelli 05. (as Calamodes) seems to me likely, according to the figures, to be nearly related to powelli. soheraria. Larger, more brownish (yet less dark than harterti), subterminal line of fore- as wellas of hindwing above and beneath with a median line as dark as the postmedian though not reaching the costa but terminating just proximally to the cell-spot. Algeria: S. Oran. Possibly nearer to bastelicaria (25d). B. haroldi Ob. This and the following may also belong in this vicinity. Light brown with the distal haroldi. marginal line finely black. Antemedian line curved near costa, not acutely angled, postmedian rather straight from middle of hindmargin to near apex, then bent at right-angles; subterminal broad, undulate. Hindwing with the 2 dark lines nearly straight, approximated, the postmedian placed very near the discal dot; a pale subterminal on a somewhat darkened distal area. Underside very weakly marked, discal dots large and con- spicuous. Larva brown, on juniper. Algeria. Variable in colour. haroldaria. terraria. occitanaria. melanaria. nobilitaria. castigataria. perversaria. correptaria. subflavaria. abstersaria. marcentaria. buaicolaria. bastelicaria. fortunaria. i tenietaria. fascinataria. 366 BOARMIA. By L. B. Provr. B. haroldaria Ob. is somewhat larger, rather uniform pale brown-grey, more weakly. marked. Post- median line of forewing chiefly marked as veindots, on hindwing median, more continuous, placed close proxi- mally to the cell-dot; postmedian line of hindwing more sinuous. Algeria: Sebdou in June. B. terraria B.-Haas, founded on a single ¢ from 8S. Oran, appears intermediate between haroldi and haroldaria, as sharply marked as the former but with the lines placed nearly as in the latter, postmedian line of hindwing nearly straight from 1st radial to inner margin. Antennal pectinations somewhat longer than in solieraria. B. occitanatia Dup. (20e). Palpusshort. Pectinations rather long. Forewing somewhat more pointed, hindwing costally somewhat more elongate than in the most typical Boarmia; but GUENEE, in erec- ting the genus Calamodes, exaggerates the deviation. Whitish, the postmedian line of the forewing characterized by the teeth on the 5th subcostal and Ist radial veins, then incurved, then straight; subterminal line rather straight. Underside more powdered, with large cell-dots, postmedian line marked with dark teeth on the veins. — melanaria Ob. is a much darker form from Géryville, Algeria. Grey, with the basal and distal areas fuscous. — Larva uniformly cylindrical, earth-grey or brown with prothorax more flesh-coloured, an uninterrupted dark erey dorsal stripe (on the middle segments brown). On thyme, hibernating. Pupa smooth, dark reddish, tinged with green on the wing-cases. Moth from August to October. S. and W. France and Spain. B. nobilitaria Stgr. Size of perversaria, colour and markings more as in solieraria. Light violet-grey, forewing with 2 oblique black limes, antemedian from one-fourth of inner margin, obsolete in anterior half, postmedian parallel with it (and with distal margin), from somewhat beyond middle of inner margin to near costa. Hindwing with the 2 lines somewhat divergent, the proximal weak. Underside somewhat darker grey, almost markingless. §S. Ferghana and N. W. Issyk-kul. B. castigataria Brem. (= suitunaria Chr.) (20 e). Quite distinct in the whitish, fmely brown-dusted ground-colour, very straight postmedian line of forewing, parallel with distal margin, rust-brown shadings in distal area, etc. Amur and Ussuri district. B. perversaria Bsd. (20 ec). Hindtibia not dilated. Lines formed somewhat as in rhomboidaria or secundaria, but the wings both above and beneath more smoothly scaled and glossy, light violet-grey, on the upper side with some brown shading, beneath with broad dark border. Larva on Juniper. 8. Castile, N. Italy, Valais, Carniola, June—July. — correptaria Z. is more reddish, antemedian line more oblique, post- median more dentate, less pale-edged distally. Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Cyprus and Asia Minor. Larva reddish, the double dorsal line black, the dorsal pattern lozenge-shaped, edged laterally with yellowish white; ventral area yellowish white, with a black dash on each segment. On Cypress in the spring. Moth in May and Sep- tember. — subflavaria J/il. is according to OBERTHUR a light clay-colour (or yellowish white) race of perversaria. Larva exclusively on Genista, similar to that of rhomboidaria, partly washed with greenish. Alpes Maritimes. B. abstersaria Bsd. (20) is according to PiNe@uLeR a good species near perversaria, though it was long supposed to be a form of rhomboidaria; more whitish than rhomboidaria, sharply marked (at least in the Q), antemedian line less irregular, underside without the distinct dark apical patch which is generally developed in rhomboidaria. Pyrenees. ? Bukovina. B. marcentaria Piing. Variable, similarly coloured to the preceding but smaller, narrower winged, postmedian line angled closer to the costal margin. Central Asia: Nia River. B. buxicolaria Mab. (25d) is unknown to me. It seems to be very near abstersaria, if not, indeed, identical. Perhaps rather smaller, pale yellowish grey, the lines somewhat ferruginous. Larva pale yellow with small markings, feeding on Buxus sempervirens in February and March. Imago in May, a partialf 2nd brood later. 8S. France. B. bastelicaria Bell. (25d) slightly resembles the solieraria-occitanaria group, but is noticeable for its long palpus, long hindwing, with crenulate distal margin almost as in Hemerophila. Rather dark grey, fore- wing with antemedian line oblique, somewhat curved costally, median line very near it, obsolete anteriorly, postmedian from rather near apex, parallel therewith and crenulate at first, very strongly incurved behind cell, reaching middle of inner margin; cell-dots conspicuous. Postmedian line of hindwing crenulate. Corsica. — fortunaria Vazquez is more brownish, the postmedian line of the forewing less deeply curved. Murcia. B. tenietaria Sigr. Comparable with perversaria (20 e), with some suggestion of occitanaria in the shape and markings of the forewing. Light brown-grey, dark-dusted, antemedian line as in correptaria, postmedian rather nearer distal margin, median obsolete. A brown shade between the postmedian and the subterminal. Terminal line black, interrupted at the veins. Hindwing without antemedian line, cell-dot distinct. W. Algeria. Aberrant in structure; tongue rudimentary, g antenna bipectinate to apex. B. fascinataria Stgr. is very distinct in its strongly dentate (in part zigzag) black lines on the light erey, dark-dusted ground. Forewing with antemedian acutely angled near costa, but somewhat interrupted BOARMIA. By L. B. Prout. 367 at the angle; discal dot large, followed immediately by a blackish, anteriorly dentate median shade; postmedian profoundly dentate, running from near apex and meeting median shade on hindmargin, met near the apex by an oblique black streak from distal margin. Hindwing with large discal dot, followed by curved median line and dentate postmedian. Expanse about 30 mm. W. Algeria. B, bituminaria Led. (25 h) has about the shape of cinctaria but is somewhat larger. Smoky grey, not bitwminaria. glossy. Antemedian line of forewing angled near costa, then somewhat oblique, postmedian somewhat as in cinctaria, lunulate-dentate, median shade central, distinct but not sharp; a rosin-brown band between the postmedian line and the subterminal; fringe yellowish grey, dark chequered. Hindwing similar. Underside dull smoke-grey, very weakly marked. Altai, Uliassutai, Amur and Ussuri districts. B. crassestrigata Chr. (20 f) would perhaps be better referred to Hemerophila, as the fovea is wanting. crassestriga- The name-typical form is easily recognized by its ochraceous or reddish colouring, as well as by the ocellated Be discal spots. — discreparata Graes., said to be the common form in the Ussuri district, is light ash-grey with diserepara- darker (brownisch) bands. — crassestrigata inhabits Ussuri, Korea und Japan. ae B. biittneri Hedem. (= ochraceata Stgr., appositaria Herz nec Leech) (20 f) is still brighter ochreous, biitineri. more uniform, the lines deep ochreous, median and antemedian less convergent on hindmargin. This species also lacks the fovea and makes such a distinct impression that Sta uDINGER has referred it to Angerona (earlier to Gonodontis !); it forms the genus Heterarmia Warr. The antennal pectinations terminate in tufts of cilia. Amur, Korea. B. koreana Alph. has perhaps about the colouring of appositaria, though the incorrect figure looks koreana. nearer biutinert. Pectinations long. Fovea developed. Lines nearly as in biitineri, though the less curved post- median suggests a relationship with castigataria. Distal area more uniformly darkened than in appositaria, a complete, dentate pale subterminal. Said to be not uncommon in Korea. B. appositaria Leech (20 f) somewhat resembles biitineri, but is by no means so near to it as LEECH appositaria. supposed. Antennal pectinations long, not ending in tufts of cilia, fovea developed, neuration intermediate towards that of the subgenus Boarmia, whereas in biitineri the Ist and 2nd subcostals are free. Smaller, more brown (not or scarcely ochraceous), distal area irregularly darkened, rendering conspicuous in places the light subterminal line. Kirin (Manchuria), Korea, Chang Yang and Mou-pin. B. incongruaria Leech (20f) is coloured like the darkest appositaria and with the same distal sha- incongrua- dings, but has short, stiff pectinations, slighter fovea, Ist—2nd subcostal only quite shortly stalked, wings Gute rather narrower, underside and hindwing quite weakly marked. W. China: Omei-shan. - B. montanaria Leech (20f) comes very close to incongruaria in shape and structure, but the dark montanaria. cloudings are much stronger even than in appositaria and it is easily distinguished by the large discal spot of the forewing and the strongly dotted (on the veins) postmedian line of the hindwing. W. China: Omei-shan, Ni-tou and Che-tou. B. rybakowi Alph. is unknown to me, but should be recognizable at once by the g antenna (unless rybakowi. ALPHERAKY has mistaken the sex of his specimen), for the pectinations are said to be very short and are figured as mere lamelles, without ciliation. Otherwise similar to montanaria but lighter, greyer brown, the dark cloud less dark, not extending beyond the subterminal line, proximal area and hindwing not clouded. W. China: Oupin (Kan-su). B. conjungens Alph. (20g). Size, shape and general aspect of Hemerophila dejeani Ob. (20 b), but with a conjungens. fovea. Very like the light, grey-brown, not very strongly banded examples of dejeani but with the lines of the forewing placed nearer together, postmedian less oblique, its subcostal projection less long. Amdo district. B. cinctaria Schiff. (= pascuaria Brahm, projecta Walk.) (201). Very variable, but recognizable in cinctaria. most of the forms by the elongate white, often black-ringed cell-marks and the rather strongly curved black antemedian line, preceded (basewards) by a strong, similarly curved fuscous band or thicker line. — ab. cami- caminariata. nariata Fuchs is unicolorous smoke-colour. — nigraria Rb/. (= erebaria Krulik.) is virtually a synonym, repre- nigraria. senting the most blackened examples. — ab. submarmoraria Fuchs (— pascuaria Huene nec Brahm) has the sulmarmor- median area whitish, the basal and distal areas of the forewing and, to some extent, the distal of the hindwing aria. strongly darkened. — ab. maculata Rewter-is smaller and darker than the name-type, more unicolorous, with maculata. the discal spot much larger. — ab. consimilaria Dwp. (= consimiliaria R6l.) lacks the discal marks. The ground- consimila- colour is commonly in this form whitish (lucialata Fuchs), the lines strong, rather widely separated. — ab. ria. deletaria Ab/. is a strange form, parallel to Hr. leucophaearia ab. nigrolinearia, the distal area mostly whitish, deletaria. the ordinary markings more or less obliterated, median area of forewing somewhat clouded, with black lines on the veins. — insolita Bélr., from Japan and the Ussuri (and ? Altai), would scarcely need separat ng from insolitu. / rhomboida- 1a. australaria. fimbriaria. millherata. perfumaria. rebel. minor. psoralaria. 368 BOARMIA. By L. B. Provt. lucialata except on geographical grounds. Whitish, the white cell-mark not or scarcely dark-ringed, subbasal band well developed, postmedian line rather weak except on the veins. Larva smooth, light green with bluish green and white longitudinal lines. On birch, sallow, heath and various other plants. The pupa hibernates and the moth appears in April—May. Widely distributed from Spain to Japan, in the more central latitudes of the Region. B. rhomboidaria Schiff. (= gemmaria Brahm) (20g). Violet-grey much shaded with brown and dusted with blackish, the appearing rougher than perversarta, which it resembles in the course of the lines. Underside more whitish, very variable in the amount of dark dusting, which tends to become stronger anteriorly and generally forms a dark patch near the apex of the forewing, leaving free a spot at the apex itself and one be- hind the 3rd radial. — ab. australaria Curt. has a strong bright ochreous admixture and sharp markings. I have only seen it from 8. England. — ab. fimbriaria Steph. is an extraordinary aberration with the ground- colour very light yellow-brown, scarcely dark dusted, the entire distal area of both wings dark fuscous. — ab. millierata Gmpbg. is transitional, smoky grey, the lines normal, the entire distal area moderately infuscated, but with the subterminal line, however, indicated. — perfumaria Newman is almost entirely without the brown admixture, the violet-grey ground-colour often darkened. A local race in London, etc., but known as an aber- ration in France. — ab. rebeli Azgner is almost entirely unicolorous, blackish. Traces of a pale outer line usually remain on the forewing. — gen. aest. minor Fuchs scarcely differs from the principal form except in the con- siderably smaller size. — Egg pink, cylindrical, equally suddenly rounded off at both ends, with thick and _ regular ribs longitudinally and thin sharp ones transversely ; the stellate area shows the usual hexagonal pitting, with glowing white knobs at the angles. Larva elongate, twiglike, with slight lateral protuberances on the 2nd abdominal; colour adaptive to the branches on which it rests, sometimes unicolorous, sometimes with dorsal lozenges. Polyphagous, hibernating. Pupa rather slender, deep red-brown, the wings mottled with blackish. Partially double-brooded, common in a great part of Europe, also Syria, Transcaucasia, Persia and the Altai. B. psoralaria Jill. (= consimilaria Will. nec Dup.) is a Jittleknown species which has been confused with rhomboidaria but is clearly distinct, the egg hibernating and the larva lacking the lateral projections. The perfect insect is smaller, more greyish, the abdomen ringed with black; MimuimReEs figure shows also 2 characteristic dark streaks (costal and subcostal) distally to the subterminal line of the forewing. Larva cylin- drical, head flattened in front; clay-coloured, with interrupted brown longitudinal lines, spiracular line rather pale, undulate, continuous; venter partly whitish. On Psoralea bituminosa, Malva and Cytisus, May to the end of July. Cannes. flavolinearia, B. flavolinearia Leech (20f). A striking species and quite isolated. Antenna of g rather short, with nooraria. decoloraria. dissimilis. manuelaria. huebneri. long pectinations, cell of forewing slightly longer than usual. Distinguishable at a glance by the light yellow, ochreous-edged lines. Japan, apparently rare. B. nooraria Brem. (25¢). Dirty light yellowish, irrorated with blackish, the lines olivaceous fuscous, the median and postmedian on both wings dentate, parallel, approximated, some dark dusting between them forming a sort of band. Distal area nearly as in the following. Ussuri district. B. decoloraria Leech (20g). Probably closely related to nooraria, which I do not know in nature; it might even be identical but that the postmedian line of the forewing is quite differently formed and the median area not darkened except at the hindmargin of the forewing. Forewing beneath sufused with olive- brownish, distally pale between the veins; hindwing paler, rather uniformly irrorated, the lines very weak; both wings with distinct cell-dot. Central and W. China. B. dissimilis Stgr. (24¢c) g unknown. 2 of the size and shape of the following, grey with dark dusting, without the brown tinge of the allied species; antemedian line of forewing strongly curved outwards, post- median almost right-angled on 3rd radial, then very strongly incurved, bending outwards again (more strongly than in secundaria) at hindmargin. Underside light grey with cell-marks and postmedian line. Ussuri district. ? Japan. B. manuelaria H.-Sch. (25g). Rather similar to secundaria, forewing with distal margin more oblique, colour more olivaceous brown, or even almost green, postmedian line of hindwing fine and generally sharp, placed comparatively near the distal margin. Antennal pectinations slightly fusiform. — ab. huebneri nom. nov. (= licaria Hbn.-Gey. nec Vill.) is darker, less greenish. — Egg elongate, green at first, changing to dark purplish, on strong magnification seen to be marked with longitudinal sulci, the transverse being still slighter. Larva greenish grey with black, lozenge-shaped dorsal markings and oblique dark lateral dashes accompanied by yellowish shading. On oak, probably hibernating, full fed in May or June. Moth in July—August, very local, Spain, Portugal, S. France, W. Germany and Dalmatia. Publ. 31. VIL, 1915. — BOARMIA. By L. B. Prout. 369 B. basifasciaria Leech (20 g as basifuscaria). A rather broad-winged species, very distinct in the strongly pasifascia- sinuous median line and the dark band between this and the antemedian line, continued, though less darkly, to rid, the base. Japan: Oiwake. B. angulifera Bélr. (20 g) has approximately the same markings as repandata but is considerably smaller, angulifera. median area of forewing mostly pale, proximal and distal areas darkened, subterminal line rather deeply lunu- late-dentate, almost parallel with distal margin throughout, strongly dark-shaded proximally. Hindwing rather weakly marked. Forewing beneath with dark distal-marginal band, enclosing light spots at apex and in middle. — ab. albifera Warr. Median area clear white, without any grey suffusion. Japan, Ussuri district, albijera. Korea and W. China. B. obliquaria Motsch. (20 g) differs from angulifera in its stronger, more oblique antemedian line, con- obliquaria. tinued on the hindwing near the base and as a darkening of the abdomen, much smaller cell-dot of forewing, lighter hindwing and weakly marked underside, without the dark marginal band. Subterminal line bent nearly as in repandata. Japan. In the forewing the 1st subcostal arises from the base of the 2nd and anasto- moses with the costal; in angulifera it is free. B. grisea Btlr. (20g) bears some superficial resemblance to the two preceding, but is somewhat grisea. larger, rather more robust, the antennal pectinations very long. Both wings are smoky grey, the proximal and distal areas tinged with red-brown, the principal lines rather strong and black, postmedian lime nearer to distal margin, especially on hindwing. — albiféra ab. nov. has the median area white. Intermediates aibifera. also oceur. Japan and Korea to Central China; ?Omeishan. Neuration of obliquaria. B. mavi sp. nov. (20h). Not quite so long-winged as grisea, less robust, pectinations less long. Fore- mavi. wing with discal dot smaller, post-median line less strongly bent outwards posteriorly, an almost black cloud on the red-brown distal border. Hindwing with postmedian line much nearer to the cell-dot. Underside less strongly irrorated than in grisea, both wings with distal area strongly darkened, hindwing with niedian and postmedian lines both rather distinct. As in grisea, the Ist subcostal of the forewing is shortly stalked with the 2nd and anastomoses shortly with the costal. Suiling, Shen-se, W. China. Type in the British Museum, presented by Mr. Witrrep A. Maw. B. fortunata Blachier (= obscura B. Baker, buchlei Kilian) (20h) is a very distinct species. Face fortunata. rather prominent, palpus strong, with projecting scales. Forewing not broad, distal margin less oblique than usual, scaling dense and rough. Very variable, the large light blue-grey or whitish grey discal spot generally characteristic. Underside smooth-scaled, somewhat smoky, both wings with dark discal spot (on forewing large), thick curved postmedian line and dark border. The name-type is taken to include all the more variegated forms. — wollastoni B. Baker is more unicolorous, grey. — fortwnata inhabits the Canary Islands and Madeira. wollastoni. B. secundaria Hsp. (20 h) somewhat recalls small, sharply marked rhomboidaria, though the antennal secundaria. pectinations are considerably longer. Among other differences may be mentioned the generally whiter ground- colour, the more conspicuous whitish spot at middle of distal margin and the differently formed postmedian line, which is less angularly broken anteriorly and curves outwards at the posterior margin. — ab. (gen. aest., pr. p.) aterrima Hormuz. is a strongly darkened form, blackish brown, distally without white admixture, lines aterrima. weak. Bukowina; ?Greece. — Larva tapering anteriorly, red-brown, with dark dorsal lozenges and yellow lateral spots. On Pinus sylvestris, hibernating. Pupa red-brown. Imago in pine-woods, July and August. Distri- buted in Central and parts of S. Europe, wanting in the West. — fallentaria Sigr. is whitish-ashy or grey, not fallentaria. brownish. Taurus. B. simpliciaria Leech (= lectonia Swinh.) (20h). I cannot understand how Luzcu can have describedsimpticiaria. this as a variety of the preceding, except that the underside is similar. Besides being less sharply marked it differs essentially in the postmedian line, which lacks the tooth on the Ist radial and the strong inward curve in the posterior part. Japan. — faustinata Warr. (= praepicta Warr.) is a lighter violet grey or whitish faustinata. form with comparatively slight dark dusting. W. China and as an aberration in Japan. — Neuration as in obliquaria (in secundaria it is as in angulifera). B. ribeata Cl. (= abietaria Schiff.) (20h) is distinguished structurally from the other European ribeata. species by the absence of the fovea (genus Deileptenia Hbn., | Meyr. restr.]), but is also quite easy to distinguish by its shape and markings. The name-typical form is brown-grey with an olivaceous admixture, usually with a characteristic row of fuscous spots proximally to the subterminal line. — ab. sericearia Curt. is glossy sericearia. blackish, with the markings only weakly indicated. Extreme examples are absolutely unicolorous. England. — Larva rugose, the tubercles placed on minute protuberances; grey-brown or ochreous brown, with pale dorsal patches. On yew and other Coniferae, oak, birch, etc.; hibernating. Moth in July and August. Central Europe; Russia; Japan. IV 47 songaria. variolaria. umbraria. decosteraria. powell. mandchuri- aria. venustaria. repulsaria. leucophaea. pagina. nigrofasci- aria. repandata. destrigaria. muraria. nigricata. nigropallida. ochronigra. conversaria. 370 BOARMIA. By L. B. Prov. B. songarica Alph. (= subtuscaria Stgr.) (20h). Build slender, face smooth, antennal pectinations not very long; Ist and 2nd subcostal of forewing free. Characterized by the mottled, brownish or sandy co- louring and the obsolescence of the lines, which are scarcely indicated except as costal spots and vein-dots; subterminal line dentate, thick, rarely very distinct, strongly bent proximally in the middle, in part dark- shaded proximally. Underside still more weakly marked. Ili district and Issyk-kul, probably also Zerafshan and other localities in Central Asia. — variolaria Sigr. is probably a form of songarica, differing chiefly in its very distinct coloration. The ground-colour is whitish grey very strongly dusted with dark smoke-brown, so as to appear predominantly dark-coloured. The lines are sometimes distinct, sometimes obsolescent, the characteristic subterminal line very conspicuous, white. Ferghana. B. umbraria Hbn. (20 h) resembles rhomboidaria but is much more strongly black-marked above and beneath and sometimes attains a great size. The median line of the forewing, which in rhomboidaria is bent round distally to the cell-spot, in wmbraria is placed proximally to or sometimes crosses it. Underside characte- ristic, all the lines and some dark spots well expressed on a light ground. — ab. decosteraria Ob. is much suffused with blackish, especially on the forewing. — powelli Ob., from Algeria, is a smaller form, with the ground-colour rather uniformly greyish or brownish, the white patches of the type almost entirely suppressed. Markings normal. — Larva closely similar to that of »homboidaria, generally of a slightly vinous grey-brown; in addition to the lateral protuberance on the 2nd abdominal it bears a slight, elongate, oblique one on the Ist. On olive, hibernating. Moth in two broods, distributed from the Mediterranean lands to Transcaspia. — B. mandschuriaria Brem. (= dembowskiaria Ob.) (20 h) is very variable, but unmistakable on account of its white ground-colour and blackish markings. According to Mryrick it agrees in structure with ribeata. Amur and Ussuri district. B. venustaria Leech (201) is evidently related to the acaciaria group of the Indo-Australian and Afri- can Regions (Chogada Moore), the build, shape and pattern recalling selenaria, the ¢ antennal structure rather characteristic, the pectinations, though long, ceasing rather abruptly at about one-half or two-thirds, a long apical part remaining simple. venustaria does not vary and is recognizable at a glance. Japan: Oiwake. B. repulsaria Walk. (201) belongs to a small subsection of the acaciaria group in which the 9 an- tenna is bipectinate (Carecomotis Warr.). On account of the narrower wings and different neuration (1st and 2nd subcostals both well free) it cannot be united with the section Ophthalmodes, in which this is also the case. Size of venustaria, rather narrower, dark, dingy brown-grey, the median area only a little lighter, nar- rower, cell-marks more broadly dark-edged, postmedian line continuous but not sharp, curved outwards at radials. g antennal pectinations longer and coarser. Described from Hong-kong, but Dr. Sxrrz has taken it at Shanghai and WiteMAN an example on Japan. Also inhabits Formosa. B. leucophaea Btlr. (= elegans Ob.) (201) has the cell-marks similar to those of cinctaria but is larger. with longer antennal pectinations, median area not paler than the rest of the wing, postmedian line more strongly dentate, the white spot on the forewing between this and the subterminal (indicated in some cine- taria) very strongly and. charcteristically developed. — ab. pagina Wailem. is a lighter, greyer Q form, the 99 of leucophaea are generally less brown than the 3g. — Japan and the Ussuri district. B. nigrofasciaria Leech is regarded by Pineeter as distinct from the preceding. It is characteri- zed by the strong black median line (on the forewing bent round the cell-spot), obsolescence of the charac- teristic white outer spot and stronger development of a longitudinal line behind this (between the 2nd and 3rd radials). Greund-colour rather more violaceous grey, sometimes much less dark-dusted. As more or less intermediate forms occur, I doubt its validity. Japan. B. repandata L. (= bistortae Vadlot) (20i) and a group of nearly allied forms or species are gene- rally characterized by the course of the postmedian line of the forewing, which bends suddenly basewards at the fold, thus forming a second conspicuous projection, in addition to the usual anterior one. repandata is excessively variable and some of the forms are difficult to classify. The name-type has a cinereous ground- colour and rather strong brown and fuscous markings. — ab. destrigaria Haw. has the ground-colour paler but more strongly dusted, the fuscous lines subobsolete, subterminal line distinct. — ab. muraria Curt. is rather uniform grey, almost without brown admixture, in general weakly marked. Forms a local race in many parts of N. England and Scotland, also according to StaupINGER in the Amdo district. — ab. nigri- cata Fuchs (= fumosae Gregson, nigra Tutt) is almost or altogether black, sometimes with the subterminal line remaining whitish. England and Germany. — ab. nigropallida Mansbridge is a modification of nigricata with silvery grey patches in the middle of the wing. — ab. ochronigra Mansbridge is another modification of nigricata, with the subterminal shades yellow ochreous instead of whitish. — ab. conversaria Hbn. is a beau- tiful form (or group of forms) with the median area black; the succeeding area is sometimes clear white. — BOARMIA. By L. B. Provwt. 371 sodorensium Weir is a small leaden grey form from the Hebrides, adapted to the gneiss rocks on which it sodorensi- rests. — depravaria Stgr. is another small grey race, probably less dark and more unicolorous than the deiiatenctis preceding, but I cannot compare them. Distributed in Central Asia (Ferghana to Ih, Ala Tau, etc.). — ; deversata Sigr. is similar to conversaria, ground-colour greyish, median band narrower posteriorly, followed deversata. distally by a roundish black spot behind the 3rd radial. Kentei and Alai Mountains. — Larva twig-like but without humps, sides puckered, face flattened. Very variable, the ground-colour some shade of brown, commonly with dark spots or marblings. Polyphagous, hibernating. Pupa glossy, red-brown, in a very slight cocoon in the earth. On the wing in June and July; Europe to Transcaucasia. B. admissaria Gwen. (20 i) represents repandata in Afghanistan, N. India, Tibet and China and is fully admissaria. as variable. It needs exhaustive study, as the antennal pectinations vary in length. Individual examples are sometimes scarcely separable from repandata, but as a rule the species (or race) shows the following charac- teristics. Wings relatively more elongate, the forewing above and especially beneath with more dark clouding in the distal area, the space between the median and postmedian lines, on the other hand, very commonly pale or even white, the median line generally well developed, postmedian line of hindwing generally more bent or angled at the Ist radial. The name-type has the median area rather light yellow-grey, the dark markings mode- rately well expressed. — nudipennis Warr. is more violet-orey, the lines well marked, the clouding in the nudipennis. distal area almost obsolete. Antennal pectinations long. N. W. Himalayas. — ab. (?) iterata Bélr. (201i). Ground- terata. colour about as in the type, median line very strong and thick. Distributed. — ab. (?) trikotaria eld. The trikotaria. space between antemedian and median lines filled up into a narrow dark band, the distal half of the median area broadly whitish. Distributed. — ab. (?) subnitida Warr. Rather dark grey, paler in the disc, the lines submitida. weak. — nobilis Alph. Variegated, the median area almost entirely pale, the distal (also on the hindwing) nobilis. strongly clouded with brown. W. China. — obsoletaria Leech (201). Almost unicolorous light brownish, with obsoletaria. cell-dots and remnants of the dark markings. Tibet: Hou-kow. — perspicuata Moore (= vicina Moore). perspicuata. Much brighter ochreous brown, the median and postmedian lines acutely angulated onthe fold; dark borders on ander surface strong. Antennal pectinations long but rather less in number than in some of the forms. Dharmsala to Central China. B. maculata Sigr. (21a) has been proved by the genitalia to be a distinct species from repandata. maculata. Purer ash-grey than European repandaia, with less irroration, almost always with three distinct black lines, distally to the third a black spot as in repandata deversata (which should possibly be removed here?). ¢ an- tenna with longer pectinations. Distributed in Siberia, entirely supplanting repandata in Amurland. — bastel- bastelbergeri. bergeri Hirschke is the Kuropean representative of maculata, variable but in general larger and more strongly marked. From repandata, apart from the structure, it may generally be differentiated by the less bent ante- median line, strong median shade, usually approximated thereto, and more strongly marked underside. 92 upper- side less characteristic, median shade less thick, less straight, more distally placed. Larva closely similar to that of repandata. Distributed from Switzerland to Bukowina, overlooked until recently. It flies at the end of July and in August, thus later than repandata. — Whether maculata is structurally distinct from admissaria remains to be investigated; I am inclined to doubt it. B. picata Btlr. (21a) resembles admissaria ab. trikotaria but with still darker distal area; equally picata. noticeable on the hindwing (where the subterminal line shows up preminently) and on the underside. The forewing beneath has a very conspicuous light median band, not (as in trikotaria) encroached upon in the middle by a strong dark projection from the distal area. Apparently not variable, except that the @ is ligh- ter. Japan. B. columbinaria Leech (21 a) is similar to some of the most mottled grey forms of admissaria, but easily columbina- , distinguished by the admixture of light blue-grey scales in the fuscous parts, giving it quite a distinctive ae tone. Antennal pectinations much shorter. Central China: Chang Yang. B. extinctaria Hv. (= exustaria Ségr.) (21 a) again resembles the greyer, most weakly marked forms eatinctaria. of repandata, but differs in the course of the postmedian line of the forewing, which is less bent, and in the underside, which lacks the distinct light apical and mid-terminal spots of repandata. The antennal pectina- tions are perhaps shorter. Grey, with all 3 lines generally indicated, but very weak, the antemedian proxi- mally and the postmedian distally accompanied by indistinct yellow-brown bands. Distributed throughout Asiatic Russia. t B. moupinaria Leech (21a) is a sober grey species with the postmedian line more straight than moupinaria. in any other of the group, almost entirely parallel with the distal margin. A tinge of yellowish is noticeable in the basal area and on the postmedian line. Forewing beneath somewhat smoky, darker distally, hindwing dirty whitish. W. China: Mou-pin, only the type known. B. moesta Bélr. (= cinerea Bélr.) (21) is darker and more brownish grey than mowpinaria, somewhat moesta. more mottled, without the yellowish line, the postmedian line more bent (though less so than in repandata), the subterminal more deeply dentate. Ground-colour whiter beneath than above, but with strong dark dusting, the basal half of the hindwing the whitest, both wings darkened distally to the postmedian lme. Japan. subrepanda- ta. granitaria. sublimis. southi. arenaria. nigridorsa- ria. venustula- rid. pryeraria. lenticularia. lichenaria. cineraria. amoenaria. maeoticaria. jubata. nigrocinta. obscura. 372 BOARMIA. By L. B. Provt. B. subrepandata Stgr. (21 b). Easily distinguished by its smaller size and by having the antemedian and postmedian lines of the forewing at the hindmargin more oblique and more approximated. Underside not sharply marked. Hindtibia of g without the strong dilation and hair-pencil of repandata. Zerafshan, Ferghana and Issyk-kul. B. granitaria Moore (21) differs from the species of the repandata group in the strong dark blue- grey shading as well as in the non-dilated hindtibia. On the forewing only a patch in the middle of the distal margin and the distal part of the median area remain light brown, the latter area crossed by an ill- defined patch of blue-grey in the middle. Distributed in the N. W. Himalayas. — sublimis Bir. has the ground- colour more whitish brown, the median area of the forewing and a great part of the hindwing almost entirely free from blue-green suffusion. Dharmsala. B. southi nom. nov. (= divisaria Leech nec Walk.) (21 b) is coloured and marked somewhat like mottled examples of perspicwata, but is considerably smaller, shorter-winged, the postmedian line nearly straight (espe- cially beneath), the underside quite different, light brown-grey with uniform fine dark irroration, a cell-dot and a rather thick postmedian line, the latter darkest on the veins. W. China: Pu-tsu-fang. B. arenaria Hufn. (= viduata Schiff., angularia Thnbg. [nom praeocc.], viduaria Bkh.) (21b). A pretty and distinct species, the wings rather broad, white, the forewing in addition to the very sinuous black lines with a good deal of dusting and mottling, a white spot remaining free in middle of distal area. — Larva nearly cylindrical, with slight lateral protuberances; dull red-brown or grey-brown, intermixed with paler. On lichens on oak and birch. Pupa dark red-brown, hibernating in a slight cocoon. The moth appears in May or June and according to XamsBevu flies in broad day-light at a great height, settling on the tree-trunks. Local in Central Europe. B. nigridorsaria Guen. (21 b). Antennal pectinations much shorter, the lines in the type form obso- lescent, dusting less strong, only the blotches proximally to the subterminal line well developed. Thorax above black. Variable. — ab. venustularia Walk. has the forewing somewhat suffused with brownish (distally with blue-grey or blackish), the lines developed. — Dharmsala, etc. B. pryeraria Leech (21 a) is larger, bright ochreous, with very large rounded cell-spot and strong discal blackish clouds, continued on the hindwing. Japan, the type unique. B. lenticularia Leech (21b). Only the 2 is known, but the species is perhaps related to nigridorsaria, not altogether unlike a large ab. venustularia of that, but sufficiently distinct in the coloration and markings. Wings rather longer, cell-spots larger, postmedian lme broken into vein dashes, on hindwing further from cell- spot. W. China: Wa-ssu-kow. B. lichenaria Hufn. (= pictaria Thnbg.) (19 k). Size and shape nearly as in viduata, markings somewhat similar, but the very irregular course of the postmedian line of the forewing is quite unmistakable. Moreover there is nearly always a strong moss-green admixture in the ground-colour and the white distal spot is wanting. The pectinations reach to the apex of the antenna, on which account it has been separated generically (Cleo- rodes Warr.). — ab. cineraria Bkh. is ash-grey or whitish. — Larva with dorsal humps on the abdominal seg- ments, greenish grey with blackish markings, beautifully assimilated to the tree-lichens on which it feeds. Hiber- nates. Pupa slender, deep red brown, in a slight network cocoon among the lichen. Moth in June and July Central and parts of 8. Europe, the Taurus and Transcaucasia. B. amoenaria Stgr. (24) is said to be nearest to maeoticaria, but the forewing with a pale grey me- dian area, antemedian line only obtusely dentate on the subcostal and median veins, postmedian weakly curved in S-shape, with only a very small acute angle near the costa. Ussuri district. B. maeoticaria Alph. (= decoloraria Alph.) (24b). Antennal pectinations as in lichenaria. Wings brown-grey, sometimes with a green suffusion, median area not lighter, antemedian line right-angled outwards in the middle, postmedian very characteristic, the tooth outwards near the costa being much broader than in amoenaria and followed by a long, strong inward curve. S. E. Russia and Asia Minor. Forms the genus Asovia of ALPHERAKY. B. jubata Thnbg. (= glabraria Hbn., teneraria Hbn., plancaria Hbn., dilatata Wrnbg. nec Hufn.) (21 ¢) is easily distinguished from nigridorsaria, to which probably it most approximates, by the very large cell-spot of the forewing and the white thorax, merely black-spotted posteriorly. — ab. nigrocincta Fuchs has a black band between the antemedian and median lines of the forewing. — ab. obscura Fuchs is almost uniformly suffused with blackish grey. — The life history has been rather fully described by PRocuNnow (Ent. Zeit. Guben vol. 19). Egg elongate-oval, with irregular longitudinal furrows; its colour yellow-green. The larva is without humps; light green of two shades, with longitudinal rows of black spots and dashes. On tree-lichens, especially Usnea barbata, hibernating. Pupa slender, glossy yellow-brown. Moth in July—August, local, chiefly in pine-woods. Central Europs and again in E. Siberia and Japan. BOARMIA. By L. B. Prout. 373 B. leechi Pring. (= nigrofasciaria Leech [nom praeocc.]|) (21 c) is characterized by the pale ground- leechi. colour and dark median band with very irregular proximal edge and strongly dentate distal edge. Palpus and tongue rather short, antennal pectinations long, reaching to near the apex. W. China. Closely related to fuli- ginea Hmps. from India. B. ningpoaria (Leech, MS.) sp. nov. (21¢). g. Face flat, nearly smooth. Palpus short. Antennal pecti- ningpoaria. nations short and slender. Forewing with 1st subcostal arising free, sometimes anastomosing with costal; brown with a yellower line or narrow band representing the postmedian, except at costa, where there are one or two blackish spots; antemedian and median lines strong, approximated, the latter preceding (or curving outwards so as to touch) the elongate black cell-mark; some dark dusting in basal and distal areas and between the antemedian and median lines; subterminal line much interrupted, chiefly indicated as a whitish dot behind the 3rd. Hindwing very weakly marked, the yellow line faint or obsolete. Underside of forewing more weakly, of hindwing more strongly marked than above. China: Ningpo (type and cotype), April and June; Hong-Kong (1 3), March all 3 in coll. Brit. Mus. — reformat: subsp. nov. has the yellow shade suppressed, reformata. a complete postmedian line of fuscous dots; hindwing above with both lines developed. Chungking, June, 1 g in my collection. B. semiclarata Walk. is a variable species, but distinguished by its ochreous hindwing and under- semiclarata. side, more reddish forewing above, with large cell-spot and strongly bent or angulated postmedian line. Very commonly there is a large clear spot in the middle of the distal area and many examples show strong black cloudings in the basal area and distally to the postmedian line. In the name-type the hindwing is only strigu- lated with fuscous in the inner-marginal part and is often in part very light, whitish ochreous. N. W. Himalayas.— — quadrifera Walk. (= subochrearia Leech) (21 c) has the entire hindwing strigulated, though generally blackest quadrifera. at the inner margin. N. W. Himalayas and Omei-shan. B. punctimarginaria Leech (21c) is perhaps not a Boarmia. Face smooth and narrow, fovea very punctimar- strongly developed, neuration somewhat intermediate towards the following section, the 1st—2nd subcostal ETE being moderately stalked. A dark and weakly-marked species, but recognizable by the small, sharp white dots which represent the subterminal line. Kiukiang. B. bilinearia Leech (21 c). Systematic position also doubtful. Face smooth, fovea slight, 2nd subcostal bilinearia. of forewing long-stalked with 3rd—5th. Rather glossy, characterized by the position and shape of the black lines. W. China: Mou-pin. D. Antenna of ¢ Diipic © ot ul aiife: Forewing with Ist—2nd subcostal long-stalked or coincident (Boarmia Tr.). B. atlanticatia Sigr. (21) according to a single example before me somewhat resembles a narrow- atlanticaria. winged solieraria (25 ¢), but has stronger tongue, shorter antennal pectinations, more crenulate-margined hind- wing and Ist—2nd subcostal of forewing coincident. The 2 principal lines (the latter white-edged distally) are approximated at inner margin (with dark shading between them), but diverge abruptly about at the 2nd median and the postmedian becomes crenulate or dentate: both are more or less obsolete costally; on the hindwing the postmedian bends strongly about the Ist radial. Larva smooth, elongate, on Juniperus phoenicea in February, producing moths April-May. Andalusia, — In holli 0b., from Algeria, the lines are more nearly holli. ° parallel, the postmedian more crenulate throughout. B, tenuisaria Stgr. (24 b) is perhaps related to atlanticaria, but according to the figure and description tenuisaria. resembles Apleroneura epione Prout (from §. Africa), though longer-winged. A rather small species, the palpus short and slender, antennal pectinations long, reaching the apex, hindtibia not dilated, fovea scarcely developed, systematic position doubtful. Light grey-brown (pale with strong brownish strigulation), the 2 lines of fore- wing oblique, the antemedian somewhat curved anteriorly, postmedian running towards, but not quite reaching apex, bent outwards about the 3rd radial. Hindwing with distal margin strongly waved or crenulate, postmedian line bent near costa, otherwise fairly straight. Palestine: Jordan Valley. B. coreatia Leech (= sidemiata Sigr.) (21 c) is rather robust, the rather short antenna bearing in the ¢ corearia. very long pectinations which suddenly decrease and leave a moderate apical part simple; thus rather related to the subgenus Phthonosema. The pale median area, brown, blackish-spotted distal area, reduction of median Ime of forewing to a costal spot, presence of discal mark (generally elongate) on hindwing only and other characters render this an easily recognizable species. Both wings beneath with strong cell-spot and postmedian Ime. Amurland and Korea; ?Chang Yang (a local form or ally, too worn to describe). B. phantomaria Graes. (= moltrechti Ob.) (19k). Pectinations also long. Similar to tendinosaria but phantoma- more unicolorous dark smoke-grey, the lines black, at hindmargin of forewing thick, a conspicuous white sub- Ga. terminal spot behind the 3rd radial. Underside smoky grey, without the postmedian line of tendinosaria. Amur and Ussuri district. eosaria. obscuraria. viertliz. approxima- ria. roboraria. infuscata. melaina. isabellaria. argula. menetriesi. lunifera. 374 BOARMIA. By L. B. Provr. B. eosatia Walk. (= smuosaria Leech) (21 c) is a handsome species, perhaps related to the two prece- ding but very distinct in the more violet-grey ground-colour, more red-brown markings and in having the black lines more sinuous, thickened in places, especially at the hindmargin of the forewing. Chusan Islands to Ningpo. B. obscuraria Leech (21 e). Very distinct in the deep red-brown colouring and rather Hemerophila- like markings; the distal margin of the hindwing is strongly crenulate as in that genus, but the wings are elon- gate and the fovea developed. In some respects it somewhat recalls rimosa or phantomaria. Antenna rather short, very strongly pectinate. W. China: Pu-tsu-fang. _ _B. viertlii Bohatsch is said to come between secundaria and ribeata but according to Mpyrick has the neuration of the section Boarmia. Antennal pectinations quite different from those of secundaria, tapering towards their tips, median area of forewing considerably narrower, antemedian line more curved, postmedian less so, distal area more regularly darkened, without the quadrate pale spot, behind the 3rd radial vein. From manuelaria (25g) it also differs in the tapering pectinations, the postmedian line of the hindwing is placed further from the distal margin, the subterminal line shows no dark shading proximally. Larva in May, on oak. Moth at the end of June and in July, only known from Hungary and Marasch (Taurus). B. approximaria Leech (21d) except in neuration resembles a large ribeata, but the antemedian line is straighter, the postmedian of the forewing more oblique from its angle to the h‘ndmargin and the underside, as in the succeeding group, is weakly marked, only the cell-spots and postmedian line being present: W. China: Ni-tou and Pu-tsu-fang. B. roboraria Schiff. (= consobrinaria Hbn. nec Bkh.) (21d). This species and its Asiatic forms or allies represent the largest Boarmia. It further differs from punctinalis in having the discal lunules blacker, not pale-centred, the lines more thickened and blackened at the hindmargin, the subterminal less deeply den- tate, underside of forewing with a dark subapical mark which is wanting in punctinalis. — ab. infuscata Sigr. (21d) is much darker, the upper surface densely dark-dusted throughout. — ab. melaina Schulze is a more extreme melanotic development, satiny black, with the underside also infuscated. — Larva like a knotted oak-twig, the 2nd abdominal segment much swollen and bearing a pair of dorsal protuberances, the 3rd. with protuberances beneath, the 8th with a dorsal ridge; brown with lighter and darker mottlings, no very definite pattern. On oak, hibernating. Pupa stout, with strong sculpturing, dark chestnut-brown. On the wing in June and July, found resting on tree-trunks by day, often visiting ,,sugar late at night. Europe and Trans- caucasia. — isabellaria Stgr., founded on 2 specimens (Urga and Kentei) is perhaps a mere aberration. Fus- cous irroration wanting, lines extremely distinct. — arguta Bilr. (= amurensis Stgr.) (21 d) represents roboraria in 8. E. Siberia and Japan. The ground-colour is appreciably darker, the black markings much stronger, a black spot distally to the postmedian of the forewing. Underside normal or with stronger postmedian line, sometimes with increased dark dusting and larger subapical cloud. Recorded as an aberration from the Kentei district. — menetriesi Stgr. (= kidsicola Gmbg.) is puzzling, perhaps a small, narrow-winged, weakly marked aberration of roboraria arguta, but said to have the cell-mark of the forewing pale-centred; underside almost unmarked except the discal lunules. Amurland: Kidsi, one only. B. lunifera Bélr. (21d). Closely related to roboraria, on an average still Jarger, ground-colour almost as strongly dusted as in ab. infuscata but with more brown admixture, the lines strong, deeply lunulate-dentate, their course somewhat different (very noticeable is the oblique posterior and of the postmedian of the forewing), their thickening at the hindmargin not appreciable, the underside glossy violet-grey with darker submarginal band, the forewing with white apical spot. Japan. invenustaria. B. invenustaria Leech (21 e). Differs from roboraria in having the discal marks pale-centred, lines less suffusaria. Sinicaria. punétinalis. consobrina- ria. humperti. grisearia. marginata. blackened at hindmargin, the median obsolescent, postmedian much less bent, followed by a stronger brown shade (superficially recalling the subgenus Phthonosema), underside more dusted. — ab. suffusaria Warr. Uni- formly suffused with dull grey, obliterating the markings. — Japan and Amurland. — sinicaria Leech has the postmedian line sharper and blacker, subterminal better defined, more bent, cell-mark of hindwing black, rarely pale-centred. W. China. B. punctinalis Scop. (= urticaria Hujn., griseonigra Goeze, bandevillaea Gsoff., consortaria F’.) (21 e). This species, generally known by its youngest name, is variable in colour, but generally easy to recognize. Hindwing beneath with hairy clothing between 2nd submedian vein and fold, such as becomes highly developed in the subgenus Serrada. The typical form is slightly more brownish than that of roboraria. — ab. consobrinaria Bkh. is nearly uniform grey, with dark band before the subterminal line. — ab. humperti Humpert (21 e) is unicolorous blackish, only the somewhat interrupted) subterminal line white. — grisearia Bartel is very small, very uniform grey, feebly marked, the underside not black-dusted. Orenburg. — marginata Herz is also small, rather uniform grey-white, but with a dark border between the subterminal line and termen. Upper Amur and Korea. BOARMIA. By L. B. Prout. 375 — Larva twig-like, with 2 large dorsal protuberances on the 2nd abdominal segment, small latera} warts on the 3rd, 4th and 5th and two dorsal points on the 8th; variable, green or brown, commonly with dark marblings. On oak, birch, blackthorn, etc., full fed in August or September. Pupa short and stout, with ‘distinct sculpturing ; dark red-brown. Moth in June. Central and S. Europe, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia. — conferenda Bilr. is conferenda. possibly a distinct species, as the antennal pectinations seem somewhat coarser and less rigid, and the hair on hindwing beneath is more developed, but otherwise it differs little from the strongly brown-grey-dusted forms of punctinalis. A more distinct brown band commonly accompanies the postmedian line. Ussuri district, Japan, Korea, W. China. B. displicens Bilr. (= molata Warr.) (21e). Smaller than punctinalis, distal margin of hindwing less ‘splicens. crenulate, irroration and lines thicker and blacker, discal spots smaller, blacker, not pale-centred. Japan and Ichang. B. definita Bily. (21 e) is related to the two preceding but unmistakable on account of the brown definita. proximal and distal areas, very thick black median shade approximated to the antemedian, large but not annu- lated cell-spot of forewing and whitish area between this and the postmedian. Fovea Slight. — ab. fusecomar- /uscomargi- ginaria Leech (= nigrifumata Warr.) (21 f) has the distal area (sometimes also on the underside) predominantly ia smoke-colour. — Japan: Tokyo, Oiwake, Oyama, etc. B. fumosaria Leech (21f). Quite distinct in its shape, scheme of colouring and the very long antennal fumosaria. pectinations. Face rather flat. The colouring strongly recalls fuscaria, but the two could not be confused. Japan. B. tchraparia Ob. (= tachraparia Leech), (21 {) described as a Hemerophila, appears to be probably tchraparia. a Boarmea and may be provisionally mtroduced here. The build is said to be rather slender, the antenna rather long. Both wings red-brown, the median area of the forewing (distally limited by a weakly S-shaped line) and the corresponding part of the hindwing more mixed with blackish. Cell-spot most conspicuous on hindwing. Underside paler. Ta-chien-lu. B. sordida Bélr. (as Selidosema) (21 f) is similar in structure to fumosaria (211), but much smaller and sordida. _ lighter-coloured, the forewing with apex and distal margin rather more rounded. Its nearest relatives are Indian, but it may readily be distinguished by the reddish-brown clouds proximally to the subterminal line. Japan. B. catotaeniaria Pow). (21 {) agrees in structure and coloration with sordida but is erratic in shape, the catotaenia- more strongly projecting middle part of the distal margin of the hindwing, and sometimes of the forewing being bes quite exceptional in Boarmia. — ab. restrictaria Leech has the dark median area of the hindwing restricted to restrictaria. the narrow median shade itself, the blotch at hind-angle of forewing also restricted and removed somewhat from the distal margin. — Central and W. China. B. seitzi sp. nov. (24b). g, 26 mm. Palpus and tongue short. Antenna with long pectinations. Hind- seitzi. tibia dilated. Forewing with Ist—2nd subcostal coincident, arising from stalk of 3rd—5th near its base. Light yellowish brown. Forewing with costal margin fuscous to nearly one-fourth and spotted with fuscous beyond: antemedian line nearly obsolete; postmedian expressed by a V-shaped costal mark and a series of vein-dots, parallel with distal margin; an interrupted submarginal series. Hindwing with discal spot very large, proximally to it a broad band of fuscous dusting accompanying the median line. Forewing beneath more strongly dark irrorated, especially in proximal half, forming a diffuse band just proximally to the cell-spot, postmedian line and subterminal band almost continuous; hindwing beneath mere nearly as above. Collected by L. Kua- PHECK, in Shantung, type incoll. Szrrz. Related to catotaeniaria but smaller, shorter-winged, etc.; all the fuscous markings have a slight chocolate tinge. B. jejunaria Leech (= leptoptera Alph.) (21 f) is a rather isolated species. Build rather slender, wings jejunaria. ample, delicate, light violet-grey with a more yellowish tinge at base and distally to the postmedian line; the latter broken into dots in its posterior part. W. China: Ni-tou, etc. B. olivacearia Leech (211) and the following species are excentric in having all the subcostal veins olivacearia. stalked, the 1st—2nd, however, as in many of this group, coincident throughout. Face rounded, without tuft, palpus rather short, antennal pectinations long. An obscurely marked insect, a grey slight, very glossy suffusion overspreading a great part of the wings; costal area of forewing freer from the suffusion, thus more brownish, distally to the fine, dentate postmedian line brighter reddish brown. W. China: Wa-shan. B. insolitaria Leech (211). Only the 9 known, probably near olivacearia though superficially very insolitaria. distinct in its reddish brown colour and very pale grey patches, occupying most of the costal region of the fore- wing and the distal part of the hindwing. Central China: Chang Yang. 376 ; BOARMIA. By L. B. Provr. ornataria. B. ornataria Leech (21h). Build more robust than ordinary, palpus and tongue quite short. Easily known by the extraordinary mottling of light ochreous, ferruginous, olivaceous and fuscous, with-ill-defined light ochreous line distally to the postmedian, followed again by interrupted ferruginous band and vague den- inornataria. tate subterminal. — ab. inornataria Leech is a duller form, with the ochreous admixture and line almost wan- ting. — Japan, Shanghai and Chekiang. Also in Assam. Perhaps a form of retrahens Moore, the type of the (perhaps justifiable) genus Calicha Moore. E. Antenna of both sexes bipectinate. Forewing with lst subcostal usually arising from costal (Ophthalmodes Guen.). irrorataria. B. irrorataria Brem. and Grey (= senex Bilr.) (23a). This and the other Ophthalmodes species are cha- racterized by the large ocellated discal spots both above and beneath and are general]ly more or less green. irro- rataria is less large than most of the group, the cell-spots not very broadly dark-bordered, the hindwing with more or less strong fuscous irroration between median and postmedian lines. The name-type is very pale green, hedemanni. easily fading to dirty whitish. N. E. China, Japan and Korea. — hedemanni Chr. is of a fuller and deeper green, the underside sometimes darker and with a rather dark submarginal band. Amur and Ussuri district and W. China. Also as an aberration in Japan. sinensium. B. sinensium Ob. Brighter green than hedemanni, the markings less blackish brown, postmedian line less deeply dentate, median line of hindwing crossing the cell-spot, the fuscous irroration wanting. W. China: Tien-tsuen. albosignaria. B. albosignaria Brem. andGrey (= saturniaria Graes., ocellata Leech) (21g). White without a tinge of green, the postmedian fuscous line broken into dots or obsolete, but its position indicated by some ill-defined light brown shading; discal spots large, broadly dark ringed; underside with black marginal bands; interyupted juglandaria. in the middle. — ab. juglandaria Ob. has much stronger dark markings (large brown spots) on the upperside. — Ussuri, Japan and China. F. Build robust. Antenna of ¢ dentate-fasciculate. Forewing with lst—2nd subcostal separate (Ascotis). selenaria. B. selenaria Schiff. (21g). A variable species, but recognizable at once by the long forewing, the ocellated cell-spots and the antennal structure. The name-type is white with only slight brown irroration ex- cept as a narrow band-like accompaniment to the lines. Distributed from Central France to S. Russia, Trans- caucasia and the Altai. — In warmer latitudes (S. Europe to Palestine, Szechuan, Korea, Shanghai, etc.) a dianaria. much more brown-grey form occurs, dianaria Hbn. Specimens from India and §. China differ little trom some artemis. of these. — artemis Stgr. is a small white race, almost without brown irroration and bands. Amur and Ussuri sordida. district. — ab. sordida Warr. is another small form, but is dirty yellowish-white or yellowish- grey, the lines of cretacea. the forewing obsolete. I have seen it from Korea and Chekiang. — cretacea J Bilr. (21 g) is another modification of dianaria, very large, the lines and bands very sharply expressed, und, side also sharply marked. Japan. — Egg elongate, light grey or yellow-green. Larva without humps, yellow- or reddish, dorsal line broken up into very variable black-brown spots. On various low plants, in Europe hibern S Rppa. Moth in 2 gene- rations, very widely distributed, reaching the Congo, the Cape and Ceylon. G. Build robust, Antenna of $ dentate-fasciculate. Forewing with Ist—2nd subcostal long-stalked (Cusiala Moore). stipitaria. B. stipitaria Ob. (= doerriesiaria Chr.) (21g). White with zigzag black lines, accompanied by ill- defined brown bands, the cell-mark not ocellated. The hindwing has a rather characteristic shape, being much more strongly and irregularly convex than in selenaria, markedly crenulate. Only a slight modification of piperitaria. the Indian boarmioides Moore. — ab. piperitaria Ob. (19 k) has the markings much more blurred, duller, the black lines almost or altogether obsolete. — Ussuri district, Japan and Korea. H. Build not robust. Antennal ciliation much shorter, usually in paired fascicles, rarely simple (Kctropis Hbn.). erepuscula- B. crepuscularia (? Schiff.) Hon. (= biundularia Hsp. part., nec Bkh., ?alba Gauckler, bistortata HO. ra. nec Goeze) (21g). Confusingly similar to bistortata, but biologically distinct. Distal margin of forewing on an average slightly less oblique, ground-colour white with slight yellowish suffusions (never ochreous, ferruginous or umber-brown), the bands which normally accompany the lines in bistortata at most only feebly and vaguely indicated, the black postmedian line itself standing out conspicuously. The @Q is still whiter than the 3, delameren- generally unmistakable. — ab. delamerensis B. White is so densely powdered with blackish fuscous that this ‘'S- appears as the ground-colour, only fine white irroration generally remaining. Common in N. England. — ab nigra. nigra Th.-Mieg has no white remaining except a slight subterminal line. Chiefly from S. Wales. — pallidaria pallidaria. Krylik., from B, Russia, may be synonymous with the type. It is described in Russian and the Latin diagnosis merely reads: ,,var. multo pallidior“. — Egg smaller than that of bistortata; other assumed differences (less’ ’ Publ. 9. IX. 1916. BOARMIA. By L. B. Provr. 377 elongate form and more yellowish colour) have proved inconstant. — Larva very variable and showing no abso- lutely constant difference from that of bistortata; oftener dark or dull in colour, the V-shaped dorsal markings perhaps less often completely developed. On various deciduous trees, June to August. The moth is single brooded, appearing in May and June, thus intermediate between the two broods of bistortata, only in very warm seasons sometimes already in April. It is generally common in England and Irland and is known to me from Germany and Switzerland, probably overlooked in some localities but certainly much less distri- buted than bistortata. — hybr. gen. aest. bacoti Tutt (crepuscularia g x bistortata 9). Greyish, the lines ten- ding to be weak, some fuscous subterminal suffusion. — lIutamentaria Graes. is a form from the Amur and Ussuri districts and probably N. Japan, which still needs biological investigation. It is small and yellowish in tone, the bands and a median shade yellower. StauprNnerR considered it very near English crepuscularia but as it occurs from the end of June to the beginning of August it might rather be a second-brood form of bistortata or even (as STAUDINGER suggested) of excellens, but GRAESER says that the g antennal ciliation is longer than in the former, the face broader and the eye more prominent. 9 ovipositor long. From crepuscu- laria it differs in its somewhat smaller size and less sharp black lines. Neuration the same. : B. bistortata Goeze (— biundularia Bkh., crepuscularia Dwp.) (21g). This spezies, the crepuscularia of most continental authors but not of HUBNER, is far more variable than true crepuscularia, but in the rare cases in which it is almost equally white it appears always to develop conspicuous brown or ochreous bands proximally to the antemedian line and distally to the postmedian. Nearly always, however, the ground-colour itself is more mixed with brown. — ab. fasciata (Reuter, ubi?) Petersen is said to be very light, the postmedian line of both wings broadened into a black band. — ab. striata Aigner is rather dark-mottled, with the marginal dots extended into longitudinal dashes. — ab. defessaria rr. (= passetii Th.-Mieg, schillei Klem., tristis Riesen) is dark fuscous throughout, with a white subterminal line. Only distinguishable from certain crepuscularia ab. delamerensis and nigra by its somewhat more brownish tinge. — gen. aest. baeticaria Scharfenb. (= stri- gularia Steph.) is smaller and paler than the spring form, sometimes as pale as crepuscularia but then of a dead greyish white (not yellowish) and weakly marked. — laricaria Haw. is a local race in the South of England, of a much brighter ochreous tone, sometimes very large. Confined to the spring brood, its progeny in July pro- ducing baeticaria. — Ege smooth, though without gloss, only at the micropylar end reticulated; variable in shape; yellow-green; protected by a covering of wool from the end of the abdomen of the parent. — Larva stout (perhaps slightly more so than crepuscularia larva), head and prothorax relatively small, mesothorax much swollen, 8th abdominal with a horseshoe-shaped prominence; face with a dark V-shaped mark; body variable, generally yellowish brown with darker mottlings, usually a distinct V-shaped dark dorsal mark on 2nd ab- dominal, sometimes also on 3rd and 4th abdominal. Polyphagous on deciduous trees or even on yew, etc. Many larva feed up rapidly in May and June and produce a second brood in July or August, others feed much more slowly and the pupae hibernate. Pupa stout and compact, dull red-brown. The moth appears in March and April. Widely distributed in Europe, Asia, Transcaucasia, perhaps also in Eastern Asia. — hybr. gen. aest. ridingi Twit (bistortata ¢ x crepuscularia 2) resembles weakly-marked f. baeticaria, but generally with fuscous subterminal suffusion. B. grisescens Warr. seems to me to be probably an eastern race of bistortata, certainly exceedingly close. It was founded on 29 only (Ningpo) and said to differ from eacellens in its smaller size (46—52 mm.), the entire absence of the dark blotch at (distally to) the middle of the postmedian line, as well as in the line itself bemg much less sinuate and dentate. A ¢ from Ningpo, taken in April, agrees with this description and is coloured about as in the most reddish grey (or fleshy tinged) examples of excellens, neuration, etc. as bistortata. — A small race which is frequent in Japan (Hakodate, Oiwake, etc., June—July), measuring only 26—38 mm, also evidently belongs here; it is variable in colour, but generally has the peculiar reddish- grey tone (some 29 paler with rather strong bands, as in certain 9 bistortata) and except in this and its straighter lines and less suffused and irrorated underside (commonly showing a postmedian Jine and sometimes cell-dots) it seems indistinguishable from bistortata. The markings distally to the postmedian line are variable. On account of the rather straight lines and the locality I take this race to be obliqua Warr., described from Hakodate. B. dentilineata Moore may be a small, suffused, rather weakly marked race of bistortata, but the stalk of the 1st—2nd subcostal of the forewing commonly arises from the cell (in bistortata almost always from the stalk of the 3rd—5th). Forewing perhaps slightly narrower. Dirty white or very pale yellow-brown, with rather strong brown irroration, the lines (especially of forewing) very weak or obsolete, on the other hand the dark dashes on the veins, especially on and distally to the postmedian line, strongly developed. The dark spots in the distal area much less conspicuous than in eacellens. 2 ovipositor long. Larva scarcely distinguishable from the ferruginous-and ochreous-varied forms of bistortata: the V-shaped mark on the face scarcely darkened, the ventral area little variegated. Bred by Hocxrne at Dharmsala from geranium, emerging at the end of IV : 49 bacoti. lutamenta- rid. bistortata. fasciata. striata. defessaria. baeticaria. laricaria. ridingi. grisescons. obliqua. dentilineata. pulverost. eacellens. concinnata. anterrupla. consonaria. nigra. farracearia. fuliginaria. tristis. pracclarata. eatersaria, inalbata. cornelseni. obscurior. costipuncta- ria. opertaria. petrosa. tristaria. 378 BOARMIA. By L. B. Provt. March. Distributed in N. India, a similar form at Chungking, Huang-mu-shang and Ta-chien-lu. — pulverosa Warr. is rather narrower winged, dull grey, powdered all over with olive fuscous. Stalk of Ist—2nd sub- costal well separated from that of 3rd—5th. Kulu, common. B. excellens Bélr. (= incertaria Sigr.) (21h). In general larger than the 3 preceding, especially the 9, which has a very stout abdomen but not (or scarcely) extended ovipositor. Postmedian line more dentate and sinuous but never very sharply expressed, the dark marks on and distally to it behind the 3rd radial strongly developed. The ground-colour varies from dirty white (in the Q) to dirty light grey or dull pale fleshy brownish. Japan and Ussuri, about the end of May. B. concinnata Wileman is very distinct in the irregularly crenulate distal margin of the hindwing and the strongly excurved antemedian line of the forewing; postmedian line remote from distal margin, with black teeth on the veins in its anterior part, shghtly incurved behind the 3rd radial of the forewing. The name- type is whitish, only slightly mixed with brown. Hakodate, in April. — ab. (?) interrupta W2leman (21h) is rather smaller, much more brown, only a part of the median area of forewing and the basal and costal parts of hindwing remaining paler. Tokio, in April: only one known. B. consonaria Hbn. (= tetragonaria Curt.) (21h) differs from the crepuscularia group in its tone of colour as well as in the shape and position of the postmedian line. The 9 is much more whitish than the ¢ and shows a stronger, darker quadrate spot between the postmedian and subterminal Jines of the forewing. — ab. nigra Bankes is unicolorous blackish except a very small patch of white distally to the cell. Kent. — Egg longitudinally ribbed, yellow, marked with orange red. — Larva elongate, transversely wrinkled, with 2 minute warts on the 8th abdominal; yellowish brown clouded with grey and with reddish. On birch, beech, oak, ete. The pupa hibernates and the moth appears in May. Central Europe, 8. E. Siberia and Japan. B. farracearia Leech (21h) is quite unlike all the other Hetropis species, the coloration resembling that of granitalis sublimis, though the broad wings more recall Gnophos. W. China. — fuliginaria Leech has the suffusions darker, less blue (more smoke-colour), somewhat more extended. Central China: Ichang. Only one example known. B. tristis Bélr. (25 g) is also very distinct, not only in its blackish smoky wings, with white admixture in parts, especially on the hindwing, but also in the absence of the fovea (genus Abaciscus Bilr.). Dharmsala, etc. B. praeclarata Piing. Rather smaller and narrower-winged than extersaria, antenna more slender, hindtibia of g with strong yellow hair-pencil. Wings white, forewing with brown basal patch, costal spot oppo- site the cell-spot, larger subapical costal spot, weak, nearly straight median line (shade) and some shading to the subterminal line. Hindwing with discal dot, otherwise weakly marked. Koko-Nor. B. extersaria Hbn. (= luridata Bkh. nec Hufn.) (21 h). Whitish brown, very densely dotted and strigu- lated with dark brown, cell-spot rather large, median shade of forewing usually strong, a very characteristic (though in size variable) white spot (expansion of the subterminal line) in middle of distal area. Distributed in Central Europe. — ab. inalbata Ob. has the black lines rather approximated, the white dusting and white subterminal obsolescent. — ab. cornelseni P. Hoffmann is glossy black with white band distally to the postmedian and incomplete white subterminal. — In 8. E. Siberia and Japan eatersaria is represented by a somewhat smaller, darker race, obscurior Stgr., in which the white distal spot is generally very small. — Larva elongate, with slight dark-coloured dorsal prominences on the 2nd and 5th abdominals; brown, often tinged with green, dorsum with pale quadrate spots, sides with very dark blotches. On oak, birch and other trees. The pupa hibernates and the moth flies in May—June. <- B. costipunctaria Leech (21h). Ground-colour quite different, pale violet-grey, less uniformly dotted and strigulated, usually with a blackish spot at hindmargin of forewing uniting the median and postmedian lines, the pale distal spot ill-defined and inconspicuous but reaching the distal margin. Japan: Oiwake. B. opertaria Leech (21h). Slightly larger than costipwnctaria, much more mixed with brown, leaving only traces of the violet-grey colour in the median area: the dark markings much less developed. Perhaps not really distinct. Japan. B. petrosa Bilr. (21 i) is a larger and broader-winged species, hindwing with more strongly crenulate distal margin than in any preceding Hetropis. Bright ochreous brown, dusted and clouded with more reddish brown, all the usual lines present, though not very sharp, the postmedian dentate, nearly parallel with distal margin. Japan. B. tristaria Leech (211). Wings slightly narrower, the hindwing not appreciably crenulate. Dull dark brown-grey, the lines still less prominent than in petrosa. Kiukiang, Central China. BOARMIA. By L. B. Prout. 379 B. conjunctaria Leech (211) has the markings shaped more as in rhbmboidaria, to which, indeed, it conjuneta- bears considerable superficial resemblance on the upper surface, though it is rather more mottled and the wings ae narrower. Underside paler, greyer, very feebly marked.* Ta-chien-lu. B. dilectaria Leech (211). Larger and much more brightly coloured, cell-spots sharply black, median délectaria. line wanting, the others widely separated, the postmedian with a characteristic shape. Abdomen of 3 hairy beneath, approaching the section Paradarisa. Ta-chien-lu. B. recurvaria Leech (211i). Smaller and less variegated than dilectaria, median line developed, curved, recurvaria. antmedian more bent and more oblique, hindwing lighter. Pu-tsu-fang. Also at Darjiling. Perhaps a colour form of the far darker conspurcata Walk., which also occurs at Darjiling. B. tripartaria Leech (211). A species standing quite apart. Coloration of forewing a little like that of tripartaria. grisea Bilr., quite different in structure and shape, the thicker, differently formed black lines and uniform hindwing. Face smooth, palpus short. W. China: Pu-tsu-fang. B. cilicornaria Piing. strongly suggests a small, weakly marked arenaria. Forewing white, with a cilicornaria. tinge of yellowish and with brown-black strigulation and. markings; an irregular spot near the base, curved rows of spots representing the antemedian and postmedian lines, discal spot and a spot on costa representing the median, subterminal line dentate, nearly straight, chiefly indicated by a dark band which accompanies it proximally. Hindwing whitish, weakly marked except at inner margin. Japan: Nikko. — B. sitteatia Guen. (= brunnearia Leech) (211i). Light brown, coloured and marked like appositaria sinearia. Leech but with different antenna (rather shortly ciliated), the lines finer, postmedian of hindwing less curved. Central China to Shanghai. Rare on Japan. — noctivolans Btlr. (= glareosaria Graes.) (25 d) differs in having noctivolans. the median area whitish, the median line oftener obsolete, the rest of the wing in general with coarser dark dust- ing. Japan and the Ussuri district. 1 have similar, though less extreme, examples from Shanghai. B. punctulata Schiff. (= scopularia Thnbg. nec L.) (211). Whitish grey with fine dark irroration, the punctulata. lines (including the subterminal) starting from thickened, generally equidistant costal spots. Median lme some- times obsolete in middle of wing, sometimes on the other hand thickened; subterminal! line irregular, its proxi- mal dark shading interrupted. — ab. obscuraria Paws is blackish grey with the markings obsolete. — ab- albes- cens ab. nov. is whitish, almost entirely without dark dustmg. — Larva without humps, of moderate thickness, green with yellow lines and incisions, or greenish grey or purplish. On birch or sometimes alder in July, the pupa hibernating and the moth appearing in May and June. Distributed in Europe. — ignobilis Btlr. is not ignobitis. quite so broad-winged, on an average smaller, darker or more darkly marked, postmedian line with an outward curve at the median veins and followed distally, on both wings, by a more or less distinct dark shade. Japan. Probably the E. Siberian forms recorded by STAUDINGER also belong here. ; obscurarid. albescens. I. Build not robust. Antenna of g with very long, very slender ciliation (Myrioblephara Warr.). B. duplexa Moore is a North Indian species, with the forewing olive-green (fading to yellowish), dupieaa. generally not very heavily dark-dusted, the hindwing generally whitish, except towards inner margin, with a distinet cell-dot and with the postmedian line parallel with the distal margin. Otherwisse quite similar to nigrilinearia. Recorded by Lescr from Pu-tsu-fang and Omei-shan. — nigrilinearia Leech (221), notwith- nigritinea- standing the darker dusting and the different position of the postmedian line of the hindwing, seems to me to be rid. merely a form of dwplexa. The anterior bend in the postmedian line of the forewing is perhaps less acute. W. _ China: Kia-ting-fu. B. decoraria Leech (221). Only the 2 is known, but it gives quite the impression of a Myrioble- decoraria. phara. Very distinct in the broad, almost clear white median area and the brown admixture in the basal area of forewing and distal area of both wings. Underside much more weakly marked. W. China: Mou-pin. K. Antenna of 6 with moderate or long ciliation, abdomen with a pair of strong lateral tufts of hair (Diplurodes Warv.). B. parvularia Leech (23b). Brown with a slight reddish timgs and with very strong blackish irrora- parvularia. tion, often condensed into dark clouding in posterior part of median area and in the neighbourhood of the median vein of the forewing distally. Characteristic is the postmedian line of the hindwing, which is very near the cell- dot and very acutely angulated. Gifu. Probably a form of semiparata Walk. L. Antenna of ¢ densely ciliated, abdomen clothed with long hair below (Gasterocome Warr.). B. sinicaria Leech (= orta Bastelb.) (22k). Build rather robust, wings glossy, easily known by the sinicaria. broadly dark-edged discal mark of the forewing and the broad dark distal margins, that of the forewing sending out a strong proximal projection to meet the cell-mark. W. China: Omeishan. Also on Formosa. Probably a broad-winged, dark-marked form of the Indian pannosaria Moore. 380 HIRASA; SYSSTEMA; MICRABRAXAS; ELPHOS. By L. B. Prout. conspicuaria. B. conspicuaria Leech (as Phyllabraxas) (22k). Much less smoothly scaled than sinicaria, belonging to quite a different group. Closely similar to ewryzona Hmps. but with the postmedian band straighter and with a conspicuous white cell-spot. W. China: Pu-tsu-fang. 126. Genus: Hirasa Moore. Like Boarmia or Hemerophila, but the forewing with the Ist and 2nd subcostals arising separately and anastomosing. No fovea. Range: India to Japan. Only a few species known. In the type species (scrip- turaria Walk.) the 3 antenna is simple; pawpera and probably the other two Palearctic species belong ! to the section Hirasodes Warr., im which it is bipectinate. paupera. H. paupera Bilr. (22h) is closely similar to scripturaria but larger, the median shade better expressed, some stronger dark clouding in proximal and distal areas, subterminal line in part better expressed, more deeply dentate. Japan. austeraria. H. austeraria Leech (23 b). More densely dark-dusted, postmedian line of forewing further from ante- median, less angulated on Ist radial. Pu-tsu-fang, 1 9. latimargina- H. latimarginaria Leech (23). Less dusted than either of the preceding, first Ime obsolescent, post- TVA. median of forewing obsolescent anteriorly, that of hindwing straighter, placed nearer the discal dot. Some slight dark shading in proximal and distal areas. Ichang, 1 9. 127. Genus: Sysstema Warr. Face smooth and flat. Palpus rather short, with moderately appressed scales. Antenna in ¢ with long pectinations, apex simple. Forewing with costal margin curved, Ilst—2nd subcostal coincident, arising from stalk of 3rd—5th; fovea wanting. Hindwing with distal margin scarcely smuous except between radials. Erected for a few Indian species which differ sufficiently from Boarmia in the ensemble of characters- more slender build, smooth face, neuration, etc. projectaria. S. projectaria Leech (23b). Easily known by the broad median area, with strong distal projection in the middle. The white band which usually follows is sometimes almost obliterated by dark dusting and on such specimens the hindwing is also more densely irrorated. W. China. 128. Genus: Mierabraxas Bil. Differs from Boarmia in the simple g antenna, generally broad, glossy, rather delicate wings, with less oblique distal margin, and in having the 2nd subcostal vein of the forewing stalked with the 3rd—5th. Face rather smooth. Hindtibia of g thickened, with the 2 pairs of spurs rather approximated. Hampson treats this as a subgenus of Boarmia but I doubt the relationship; it seems to me much nearer to Psyra, perhaps not separable therefrom (face rather smoother, palpus rather shorter, forewing not falcate). Range: N. India to W. China. punctigerd. M. punctigera Btlr. Forewing olivaceous with fuscous dusting and some faint brownish clouds, espe- cially in the middle of the area distally to the median line; lines represented chiefly by long black dots on the veins, median line rather more connected, curved, placed well beyond middle of wing; cell-mark broken into a group of dots; subterminal line with pairs of small fuscous spots distally, the pair between the radials largest. nigropuncta- Hindwing whitish with grey irroration and olivaceous fringe. Dbarmsala and Sikkim. — nigropunctaria (Leech, mm M.S.) form. nov. (23b) is rather larger, with all the spots relatively larger, accompanied by whitish edging, median shade ee Pu-tsu-fang, 1 9 ,in coll. Brit. Mus. pongaria. M. pongaria Ob. (22h) is less glossy and much paler, more mixed with white, the markings reduced, the cell-spot simple. W. China: Ta-chien-lu and Moupin. PIA ae M. nigromacularia Leech (22 k). Smaller and narrower-winged, the pattern recalling an gee getee or aru. a Lowxaspilates, the structure agreeing with the present genus. Pu-tsu-fang. a 129. Genus: Elphos Guen. Differs from Boarmia in having the palpus upturned and fringed with long hair in front, the wings very broad. Antenna of ¢ bipectinate, fovea developed. An Indo-Australian genus, only one species known from Japan. The species mostly attain a great size. XANDRAMES; TEPHRONIA. By L. B. Prout. 6 381 E. insueta Béilr. (22k). Very similar to some of the Indian species but generally distinguishable by the insueta. larger admixture of white, especially as a sort of band following the postmedian line. Not quite so large as pardicelata Walk. (especially the 9) and with quite different underside — the white ground much more spotted and mottled with smoke-colour and with larger dark blotches at the distal margins. Japan. A single 2 from Omei-shan perhaps represents a local race, flees distinctly banded, ete. 130. Genus: Kandrames Wcore. Differs from Hiphos in the shorter palpus, scarcely crenulate distal margins, etc. Forewing with 2nd subcostal stalked with 3rd—5th (in Hilphos often from the cell). Range: Himalayas to Japan and Formosa, A. Antenna in 2 bipectinate (Xandrames). X. dholaria Moore is an Indian species which has wrongly been confused by Hampson with /ati- dholaria. feraria Walk. \t differs in the white apical patch of the hindwing (sometimes extending as a band along the distal margin about to the 3rd radial) and in other points. It occurs in the N. W. Himalayas, at Dharmsala and other Palearctic localities. — sericea Bilr. (24a) represents dholaria in Palearctic China and Japan. It sericea. is rather darker, with rather broad white band, but similar examples occur in India as aberrations. X. latiferaria Walk. has in place of the white apex or border of dholaria a characteristic submarginal latiferaria. white line on the hindwing. This arises from the costal margin near the apex, closely approaches the distal margin at the radial fold, is here bent and runs rather straight to the anal angle. Distributed in Japan and China. X. xanthomelanaria Powy. is recognizable at once by the convex proximal edge of the broad light sub- ranthomela- apical band and by the yellow coloration of this band and of the narrow border of the hindwing. W. China. nee, B. Antenna in @ simple (Duliophyle Warr.). X. agitata Btlr. (23a). The ¢ is easily identifiable from our figure; sometimes the small clear sub- agitata. costal patch distally to the cell-mark is whitish. In the 9 this patch is quite white, sometimes broadned, and the patch distally to the subterminal line is also mostly white from the 2nd radial to near the anal angle, forming with the anterior patch an oblique, interrupted band. — angustaria Leech is darker, especially the hind- angustaria. wing, in which the light subterminal is not traceable at all. Omei-shan, only one example (¢). Except that the postmedian line of the hindwing is straighter I can see no difference that might indicate a species. X. majuscularia Leech (= diluta Warr.) (23 a). Larger and lighter, most of the fuscous clouding bemg majuseula- suppressed; 2 without white patches; underside much lighter. Possibly, as WARREN surmised, a mere aber- Pee ration, but the postmedian line on both wings different. Japan. vibe 131. Genus: Vephronia Hon. Face smooth and flat. Palpus minute, slender. Tongue rudimentary, perhaps sometimes wanting. Antenna in g bipectinate. Hindtibia with terminal spurs only (in fingalaria spurless). Wings elongate, with long cells. Forewing in both sexes with large, long fovea, 1st and 2nd subcostals coincident, 3rd and 4th sepa- rating very near the apex, sometimes coincident. Hindwing with costal closely approaching subcostal beyond middle of cell, 2nd subcostal stalked with Ist radial, 2nd radial present, though very weak. — Larva stumpy, tapering at both ends; head small, flattened in front, rounded above; tubercles prominent. On lichens. — Geographical distribution restricted, exclusively Palearctic. This remarkable genus and the two which follow are probably’ misplaced by StauDINGER, but their true position is uncertain. : T. sepiaria Hufn. (= cineraria Schiff.) (22). Forewing brownish ashy, antemedian and postmedian sepiaria. lines black, widely separated, the latter with strong proximal curve between the 2nd radial and 2nd submedian veins, sometimes broken into vein-dashes; median shade usually indistinct except at costal margin, curved similarly to the postmedian. Hindwing paler, with fine, sinuous postmedian line. — ab. carieraria H.-Sch. carieraria. is much darker, the forewing grey-blackish, the lines whitish-edged on the reverse sides. — ab. nigra ROl. is nigra. quite unicolorous blackish. — chapmani form. nov. is rather narrower winged and rather lighter than the name- chapmani. type, forewing with the black lines more sharply expressed, the antemedian more deeply curved basewards behind the cell, discal dots oftener present, hindwing nearly white, its postmedian line nearly parallel with distal margin, sometimes broken into vein-dots. Spain: Navalperal (province of Avila, at western extremity of Sierra de Guadarrama), 5th August, 7 3g (presented to me by T. A. CHapman). — Larva brown-grey, with greenish white dorsal line and row of subdorsal spots. Full fed about June. Imago in erage Central and 8. Europe, the Canary Islands, N. Africa, Palestine and Asia Minor. fingalaria. cebennaria. cremiaria. 382 MANNIA. By L. B. Provr. T. fingalaria Mill. (25 c) is unknown to me but must be regarded as a separate species, the hind- tibia being without spurs. Darker than sepiaria, though not as dark as ab. carieraria, slightly larger, forewing with apex more acute, median line approximating to antemedian posteriorly, postmedian line rather nearer the distal margin than in sepiaria. Maritime Alps, in July. T. cebennaria Chrét. is whitish, more or less tinged with smoky brown, silky and shining rather than irrorated. Antemedian line generally indicated by 4 dots placed in a zigzag; median shade represented by a black costal mark; postmedian nearly straight, broken into dots, followed by a more or less broad, well de- fined blackish subterminal band. Differs from sepiaria and fingalaria in the dotted lines, from cremiaria in having a dark terminal line, interrupted at the veins; from all 3 by the subterminal band. Ardéche. Struc- ture not indicated. T. cremiaria Frr. (= corticaria [?Hbn.] Dup. nec Schiff.) (22 a). Ground-colour more whitish than in sepiaria, with strong dusting, the veins in part darkened; antemedian line in general more excurved anteriorly, then more oblique, but variable; median shade generally well developed, often continued distinctly on hind- wing; postmedian line less strongly sinuous, on both wings broken into dots or teeth; terminal line generally wanting. Palpus and tongue appear slightly better developed. Larva very similar to that of sepiaria, with yellowish tubercles. S. Tyrol, France and Castile. The British Museum has light examples from Many, labelled ,,Hanover“. oppositaria. obscuraria. syriaca. codetaria. lepraria. fatimaria. oranaria. castiliaria. 132. Genus: Mannia gen. nov. Nearly related to Tephronia, the hindtibia with all spurs developed, costal vein of hindwing in the type species anastomosing with subcostal to near the end of the cell, cell sometimes less long, with stronger fold, 2nd subcostal generally shorter-stalked (in oxygonaria separate), 2nd radial apparently less developed. Type of the genus: oppositaria Mann. Exclusively Palearctic. ; M. oppositaria Mann (22a). Superticially very similar to sepiaria, not quite so narrow-winged, an- tennal pectinations not (as in sepiaria) fusiform, antemedian line of forewing angled outwards on median vein, postmedian of hindwing angled near costa, then running straighter across the wing or even subconcave. July— August; Dalmatia, Asia Minor, N. E. Caucasus. — obscuraria Stgr., from Astrabad (N. Persia) is much darker. — syriaca form. nov. is rather smaller, paler (whitish ashy), the lines slender, well expressed, the postmedian of the forewing followed in the 9 by a more or less conspicuous smoky band. Syria, probably Beyrout, collected by DrtacRanes, 4 examples in my collection. M. codetaria Ob. (24c). Rather lighter grey than oppositaria, the lines rather sharply expressed, a median line and one distally to the postmedian being indicated in addition to the two principal. Probably the costal vein of the hindwing is only closely appressed to the subcostal, not anastomosed, as Mryrick, who knew codetaria, does not mention the pecularity and I have a crippled g from Spain (Tragacete) which provisionally refer here and in which the veins in question do not anastomose. If the lat-named determination is correct, codetaria has longer pectinations and occurs also in a darker race on Teneriffe, March—April. Descri- bed from Sebdou, Algeria, taken in August. SrauprnerR adds Chiclana (Andalusia). M. lepraria Ab/. Considerably larger than 7. sepiaria, the lines of the forewing on the reverse sides shaded with brownish, the postmedian sharply dentate on the veins. Hindwing lighter. Fringes not dark- chequered. Otherwise similar to sepiaria but with 4 well developed spurs. Costal vein of hindwing not men- tioned, presumably not anastomosing. Buda-Pesth. M. fatimaria 6.-Haas (= ismailaria Ob.) is very distinct from codetaria and oranaria. White-grey, the forewing dusted throughout with black-brown; the antemedian line runs obliquely out from costa to median vein, is very acutely angled, strongly curved inwards and again angled outwards at hindmargin; median area strigulated with black and light brown; post-median line with sharp black dashes on the veins and a proximal curve behind the 3rd radial, also indicated by dashes on the hindwing. Underside uniform grey, postmedian line feebly indicated. Costal vein of hindwing not mentioned. South Oran (Algeria). M. oranaria Sig. is unknown to me. Bane-HAAS considers it an Hgea, but according to STAUDINGER the costal vein of the hindwing anastomoses with the subcostal even more strongly than im oppositaria. Forewing dark grey, with indistinct dentate blackish antemedian line and dentate black, distally white-bordered post- median. Hindwing lighter grey with a very faint postmedian row of dots. Superficially very like Hgea cacu- minaria, the line distally to the postmedian not so sharply white, the whitish streaks on the median and sub- median veins wanting. Antennal pectinations as in sepiaria. Oran (Algeria). — castiliaria Stgr. (251) is possibly a form, possibly a near ally of oranaria, smaller and paler, with the lines broken up into dots. The larva was beaten from low plants, especially Thymus vulgaris, but was not specially observed. Castile. PACHYCNEMIA; RHOPTRIA; GNOPHARMIA. By L. P. Provr. 383 M. oxygonaria Piing. Larger, forewing with sharper apex, costal margin more sharply arched at base, oxygonaria. hindwing more elongate, with longer inner margin; forewing grey mixed with brownish, the lines finely blackish, on the reverse sides whitish margined, antemedian from one-fourth of costa obliquely to the median vein and from here in a sharp angle to the hindmargin, post-median from quite near the apex, gradually receding from the distal margin, slightly undulate, at the 2nd submedian bent, thence running outwards to the hindmargin near the anal angle. Hindwing pale grey, distally a little darker-dusted, a fine dark, distally lighter-edged posunedian line. Merv. 133. Genus: Pachyenemia Steph. / Face rounded, rather prominent, with appressed scales. Palpus moderately elongate. Tongue developed. Antenna rather short, in ¢ somewhat thickened, lamellate, with minute ciliation. Abdomen slender. Wings smoothly scaled. Forewing without fovea; very elongate, costal margin gently curved, distal margin smooth, gently curved, oblique but short, costal vem widely semoved from Ist subcostal, 2nd subcostal arising free. often anastomosing or connected with the lst or with the 3rd—4th. Hindwing elongate but more ample than forewing, 3rd submedian vein running to the anal angle. Only one species known, of quite peculiar ' ‘habitus. In repose the wings are more closely folded than in most Geometrids. P. hippocastanaria Hbn. (= degenerata Hbn., difformaria Hbn.) (22 a). Forewing glossy whitish grey, hippocasta- densely irrorated with red-brown, the basal and distal areas sometimes lighter; lines thick, obscurely whitish, naria. the antemedian strongly angulated. Hindwing dirty whitish, feebly marked. — Larva cylindrical, wrinkled trans- versely, grey-brown, marbled with darker brown, with black dorsal dots and rows of whitish subdorsal and lateral spots. On Calluna, resting rigidly, like a twig of the plant. The moth is double brooded, April and again in July—August. Local in Central and 8S. Europe, N. Africa and perhaps Asia Minor. 134. Genus: Rhoptria Guen. Face with appressed scales. Palpus moderate, stout, coarsely scaled. Antenna in g thick-ned and flattened, very minutely ciliated. Forewing with apex rather sharp, distal margin moderately oblique; neu- ration very variable, lst subcostal generally arising from 2nd and anastomosing with costal. its base, however, always very slender, often obzolete, so that it arises from the costal; other irregularities aiso occur. Hindwing with costal margin rather long and straight, apex rounded, distal margin subcrenulate. Only 1 or 2 species. The shape and facies are so distinct as to justify the provisional retention of GuENEN’s genus, although it would be quite possible to follow LepERER and merge it in the already heterogeneous Gnophos. R. aspetaria Hbn. (= collata Hbn.) (22a). Very variable in the intensity of the markings, but it is asperaria. not necessary to subdivide the banded forms, all of which show the same general distribution of the colours, an oblique median band being pale, a band proximally to it (the true ,,.median shade“) very dark (at least in part), a distal band moderately deme. — ab. pityata Rbr. is almost or quite unicolorous. — Larva short, without pityata. © protuberances, ventral surface slightly flattened, segmentation distinct. Variable in colour, grey cr washed with ochreous, or dull reddish, or vinous, the limes not sharply expressed, the spiracular line oftenest brick-red. On Cistus monspeliensis. asperaria is probably single brooded and flies freely by day. Distributed in the Medi- terranean lands. R. semiorbiculata Chr. (= exculta Bilr.) (22 a) may be provisionally referred to this genus. Pale grey semiorbicu- with a slight rufescent tinge, the lines thickened at costa, angulated subcostally, thence oblique and undu- lata. late, continued on hindwing; median line of forewing not or scarcely indicated except as a large spot at costa: a dentate subterminal line, dark-edged proximally and distally. Amur and Ussuri district, Japan and W. China. — brunnearia Leech is smaller, pale brown, the forewing with a blackish blotch near the hinder angle, brunnearia. the dentate subterminal line almost wanting. Omei-shan, one example, perhaps a mere aberration. 135. Genus: Gnopharmia Sigr Face with strong protuberance. Palpus moderate, rough-scaled. Tongue developed. Antenna of ¢ bipectinate with long branches, apex simple. Forewing with fovea; margins seinen straight; Ist—2nd subcostal coincident. Hindwing with distal margin rounded, not crenulate. Only 2 or 3 species, all Palearctic, ranging only from Palestine to Central Asia. I have seen only the type species (colchidaria), which combines the aspect of Gnophos with the structure of Boarmia or Tephrina. g G. colchidaria seems to be very variable, in part at least geographically. Some of its forms bear a decided superficial resemblance in coloration to those of Gnophos variegata but it is easily distinguished by colchidaria. cocandaria. objectaria. maculifera. rubraria. subrubraria. mardinata. eolaria. fuscobrun- nen. paerlita. incolaria. lichenea. 384 PSEUDOGNOPHOS; GNOPHOS. By L. B. Provt. its shape, its small black discal dots, straighter postmedian line, etc. — colchidaria Led. (22 a) is the darkest form, the upper surface being mostly dark fuscous. Ili and Issyk-kul and probably Transcaucasia. — cocan- datia Hrsch. (= degeneraria Sigr.) is paler, the upperside fuscous grey or yellowish grey, underside dirty whitish with broad fuscous border. Transcaspia and Mesopotamia. — objectaria Stgr. (= cocandaria Chr. nec Hrsch.) has the upperside greyish, variegated with ochreous or reddish, the distal area darker, the underside white with the black border very broad. The prevailing form in the Zerafshan district, but also recorded from the same localities as the preceding. G. maculifera Sigr., also from Zerafshan, is considered to be perhaps a Darwinian form of colchidaria. It is whitish grey with the bands formed of blackish grey spots. The underside sometimes lacks the dark borders. Samarkand. G. rubraria Sigr. is distinguished by the brown-red coloration of the forewing. Variable, the markings not sharp except the costal spots, ight subterminal line and in some examples black marginal dots. According to the figure, broader-winged than the preceding. §S. E. Taurus, Antiocha and Palestine. — subrubraria Stgr., from Ferghana, is a more greyish form, thus intermediate towards colchidaria. 136. Genus: Pseudognophos Svégr. Face not protuberant, scarcely rough-scaled. Palpus short, moderately stout. Tongue developed. Antenna in g simple. Forewing with distal margin smooth, oblique; 1st—2nd subcostal coincident; fovea wanting (?). Hindwing with distal margin weakly undulate. Probably a superfluous genus, differing little, if at all, from some of the smoothest-margined species of Boarmia; but I have seen only the gd. Ps. mardinata Sigr. (22a). A not very striking species, the dirty-white (in places slightly yellowish) ground-colour very densely irrorated with fuscous, the usual limes of Boarmia present, but only moderately strong; antemedian indented near costa, then curved outwards, median shade irregular, strongest in the angle of the median vein and its 2nd branch, then bending basewards to touch the antemedian on the fold, postmedian line forming a series of lunules, the deepest placed on the folds, a dark distal spot between the radials. Underside less strongly irrorated, weakly marked. Mesopotamia: Mardin. 137. Genus: Gnophos 77. Face usually prominent, with appressed scales. Palpus short or moderate, shortly rough-scaled. Antenna in ¢ simple, or bipectinate with short or moderate branches. Fovea wanting or (in a few doubtfully placed species) slight. Forewing usually broad, with distal margin less oblique than in Boarmia, sometimes crenulate; all veins present, the anastomoses of the subcostals very variable. Hindwing with distal margin often crenulate or dentate; 2nd radial wanting. A variable genus in structure and one which has never yet been quite satis- factorily defined. Often more easily recognized by markings than structure, the ringed discal spots and the general grey coloration being characteristic though not universal features. A few 929 are apterous or semi- apterous. — Egg usually with more or less strong longitudinal (interpolar) ridges and slighter transverse ones, forming a reticulated pattern. Larva rather stout and rugose, generally with small humps or raised points on the 8th abdominal segment. On low plants. A few more slender, smoother, Rhamnus-feeding species are perhaps not truly congeneric. The moths are mainly mountain species and are to be found sitting on rocks with wings outspread. Chiefly Palearctic, with stragglers in N. India, Africa and America. A. Distal margins crenulate. Antenna in g bipectinate (Ctenognophos subgen. nov.). G. eolaria Guen. (= obtectaria Walk., paganata Feld., tenebrosaria Moore) (22b). The type of my subgenus Ctenognophos. A large species, variable on the upperside but with a distinctive and fairly constant underside — glossy greyish white with postmedian row of dots and broad fuscous marginal band. Above varied brown and fuscous, sometimes with partial or complete whitish band in the neighbourhood of the dentate black postmedian line. — ab. fuscobrunnea Warr. is ,,dull rufous brown without any pale dusting.‘‘ — ab. paerlita Bilr. is more uniform greyish, the lines broken into dots. — Distributed throughout the Himalayas, and rea- ching W. China. G. incolaria Leech (22) seems sufficiently distinct from all the forms of eolaria, forewing rather less acute at apex, the brown coloration giving place to dark blue-grey, the median area white with slight brown clouding distally to the cell. Hindwing beneath with the dark border narrowed. Only known from Kwei-chow. G. lichenea Ob. (22 b). Forewing still more rounded, rather less broad. May be known by the remarkable mixture of olive, pinkish, black and white scales, the white sometimes prominent as a patch towards the end Publ. 9. TX, 1919. GNOPHOS. By L. B. Prov. 385 ot the cell. Underside dull brown-grey, feebly marked. W. China and Chang Yang. In this species and the 3 following the Ist and 2nd subcostal veins are free. G. theuropides Ob. (22) differs in its pale ground-colour (light grey) and more definite markings. theuropides. There is nearly always a pale band distally to the postmedian line, followed by an olive-green shade which forms the proximal edging of the dentate subterminal line. W. China and Tibet. G. mandarinaria Leech (22b). Also closely similar, ground-colour almost white, the, dentate black mandarina- lines rather thick and sharply expressed. W. China: W seven, Me G. punctivenaria Leech. Ground-colour almost as white as in mandarinaria but with a very slight punetivens- violet-grey (or sometimes more rosy) tinge. Larger, the lines not quite so deeply dentate, chiefly emphasized ie as black dots or dashes on the veins. Saiveraine! Tha very indistinct, not deeply dentate, its proximal oliva- ceous edging weak or interrupted. W. China. G. fumosa Warr. is very close to ventraria Guen. (which will be described and figured in vol. 12 of the fumosa. ,,Macrolepidoptera‘‘) but the forewing is said to be more rounded at the apex; both wings smoky fuscous, with only the central area towards the costa slightly paler; the markings always very indistinct. Underside like ventraria but with a submarginal fascia always darker. Not variable. Japan. G. stevenaria Bsd. (= lapidisaria Frr.) (22 b). A rather small or moderate-sized light violet-grey species stevenaria. with large costal spots at the origin of the fine (usually broken into dots or almost obsolete) dark lmes and of the usually obsolete median band. Hindwing strongly crenulate, generally with a longer tooth at the 3rd radial. Underside dirty whitish, strongly irrorated with grey and slightly darkened from the postmedian line to the distal margm. — cataleucaria Stgr., a frequent aberration, if not a local race, in the Mardin district, cataleucaria. has the underside cleaner white proximally and darker fuscous distally, the discal dots sharply expressed. A dark form from the Crimea perhaps indicates another race. stevenaria has a local distribution from 8. E. Europe to Palestine and Transcaucasia. B. Distal margin (at least of hindwing) crenulate or undulate. Antennain ¢ nearly always simple (Gnophos). G. dumetata 77. (= temperata Hv.) (22c). Larger than stevenaria, more brownish, with less enlarged dumetata. costal spots, upperside usually with conspicuous discal dots, that of the forewing sometimes lost in the median shade. Underside without darkened distal area, postmedian line usually indicated by vein-dots. — daubearia B. daubesria. is a form with brown-whitish ground-colour, chiefly from the South of France. — scopulata Fuchs is treated scopulata. by STAUDINGER as the same as daudeaia, but Fucus denies this, as the ground-colour is more ashy whitish (not brownish) and the postmedian line better developed. Rheingau. — saturata Fuchs is dark chocolate brown, saturata. with still darker borders. Hungary. — The egg hibernates. Larva somewhat elongate, without protuberances, only the tubercles rather prominent; flesh-colour, darker dorsally, the black dorsal line broken on the thorax and Ist—4th abdominals into dashes, followed, at the ends of these segments, by transverse yellow marks; side with yellow spots. Reared by MILLIERE on Rhamnus (the form daubearia). Very local in Central and S. Europe, August—October. Like eolaria and stevenaria, this species has the Ist subcostal ne from the 2nd and/ana- stomosing with the costal. G. zacharia Stgr. is quite differently coloured, clear grey (not brown), strongly dark dusted, without zacharia. dark distal band, etc. Face concolorous with wings, not (as in sartata) black. Amasia, in the autumn. G. furvata Schiff. (22b). A large, rather obscurely coloured species, grey with a tinge of brown, the furvata. median area usually somewhat darker, the discal spot of the forewing somewhat annular, approaching the form prevalent in the obscurata group. The @ is generally larger and lighter than the §. — Egg barrel-shaped, with well-developed longitudinal ribs, the furrows crossed by slight ladder-like ridges. Larva stout, cylindri- eal, with 2 small dorsal points on the 8th abdominal and slight anal points; yellowish or reddish brown with dark dorsal line, distinct only on the first few segments. On low plants, hibernating young. Moth in July— August, Central and parts of Southern Europe. G. approximaria Leech (22 as approximataria). Narrower winged than fwrvata, much more glossy, approxima- darker brown with slight olivaceous tinge and with some light bluish scales here and there. Median area not ie: darkened, except by a thick median line placed near the posomedian: Evidently related to the following, but darker, less variegated, much less green, forewing with 2nd subcostal arismg from stalk of 3rd—sth, anasto- mosing with 1st. W. China: Pu-teu-fang. G. muscosaria Walk. (= vitreata Moore} is a more greenish Indian species of similar shape but with muscosaria. the 2nd subcostal arising from the cell and usually free. Underside lighter than in approwimaria, especially distally and on the hindwing, the postmedian line more distinct. The name-typical form has a strong cupreous admixture, especially in the distal area, and the green parts are more or less olivaceous. Chiefly from IV 49 386 GNOPHOS. By L. B. Prout. sempervi- Sikkim, but I have seen a nearly similar example from Omei-shan. — sempervirens nom. nov. (= vitreata rns: Hmps. nec Moore) is a mach more uniform, sap green form. N. W. Himalayas. Also from Ta-chien-lu. nimbata. G. nimbata A/ph. (22 c) is distinguished by its elongate forewing (the distal margin unusually oblique for this genus) and by its light flesh-coloured or yellowish tinge. The markings are rather weakly expressed, on the glossy underside scarcely discernible. Ferghana, Issyk-kul, Ili and Kashgar. perspersata. G. perspersata 7’. (— respersaria Hbn., nom. praecocc.) (22d). Both wings with as light brown tinge and with strong browner irroration and strigulation. All the 3 lines of the forewing present, but usually weak, somewhat dark-spotted at the costal margin and on the vems. Discal dots very small. Under surface without chalcea. the dark sprinkling, discal dots present, postmedian line faintly discernible. Neuration of dumetata. — chalcea ' cchrea. Ob. is a more whitish-grey Spanish form with distinet lmes. — ochrea Ob., also from Spain and Portugal, is darker, rather uniform ochraceous brown, weakly marked. — Larva cylindrical, without protuberances, dark grey with fine yellowish dorsal and subdorsal lines and yellow lateral spots, followed on the abdominals by small dark spots. On Rhamnus, Genista and Spartium. Moth in June—July m Spain, Aargau and Dalmatia. sartata. G. sartata Tr. (= immundata Warr.) (22). Rather broad-winged, distal margin of hindwing strongly and rather unevenly crenulate. Forewing with Ist subcostal free. Not very variable, now greyer, now browner, always with a dusted appearance, median shade rather thick, postmedian line dotted, a characteristic light _ spot in middle of distai area. Underside generally with conspicuous, broad brown or fuscous distal border, with whitish apical and central spots. Face black. 9 considerably larger than g. Larva moderately slender, reddish grey with black tubercles. On Rhamnus and low plants, in the spring. Flies in June and July. Corsica, Sicily, 8. E. Europe, Asia Minor, Syria and Transcaucasia. snelleni. G. snelleni Chr. (25 b). Size of sartata, somewhat similar on the upperside but more variegated with brown, the dark markings rather better expressed, median shade of both wings more bent, a lighter spot at apex; underside yellowish white, with black discal spots, median shade and broad distal border, the latter with the white apical and mid-terminal spots very sharply contrasted. Face brownish, not black. Transcaspia to Central Persia. accipitraria. G. accipitraria Guen. differs from snelleni in its very much larger size (often quite a giant among the Gnophos species), lack of pale apex to forewing both above and beneath, less developed black border on the hindwing beneath and the substitution, on the under surface of both wings, of a postmedian line or shade superba. for the median. Distributed in the N. W. Himalayas. — superba subsp. nov. (22k) is a large, clearer grey form, the yellow-brown shade confined to some of the veins, but here exceedingly bright, discal spots enlarged, underside purer white with deeper black markings, the distal border of the hindwing restricted to a large spot anteriorly to the Ist radial but not reaching the costal. W. China: Omei-shan (type, g, May—June); Mou-pin (cotype, 2, July) both in coll. Brit. Mus. obscurata. G. obscurata Schiff. (= lividata F., notata Walk. , bivinctata Fuchs) (22d). An extremely variable species in coloration, generally recognizable by its deeply crenulate hindwing, weakly marked underside, large discal rings and by the form of the lines. ScHIFFERMULLER’s type, as diagnosed by Fasricrus (who needlessly changed the name) represented the moderately dark ash-grey form, generally with the black lines sharply ex- pressed, from which the slightly more brownish-mixed examples (anthracinaria Hsp.) or purplish-tinged (quadri- pallidemar- yustulata Don.) need not be separated. — ab. pallidemarginata Ob. has both wings pale from the (obsolescent) a sin ene subterminal line to the distal margin. — obscuriorata Prout (= saturata Prout, mediorhenana F. Fuchs, atra Linstow, maugrabinearia Ob.) represents the various shades of very dark brown and black which the species calceata. assumes in parts of England and Germany, chiefly on peat soil. — calceata Stgr. (= serotinaria Haw. nec Hbn.) mundata. is a local race from the chalk soil of the South of England with the ground-colour whitish. — ab. mundata Prout (= calceata Ob.) is a beautiful and rare aberration of calceata with no dark dusting at all-white with fasciata. black lines and rings. — ab. fasciata Prout ( = bicolor Ob.) also occurs among calceata, but only in the Folkstone argillacea- district, and has the median area alone darkened. — argillacearia Stgr. (= pullata Dup.) is a clay-coloured ™a- or sandy (sometimes almost reddish) form which occurs locally on sandstone soils in England and France, I ' belliert. think always as a mere aberration. — bellieri Ob. is also brownish but much more variegated with white, Jafauryata. the lines very strong and sharp, underside well marked. Corsica. — lafauryata Ob. is a dwarf race, of a dark zeitunaria. colour but dotted here and there with ochreous, the markings strong. Bordeaux and Dax. — zeitunaria Sigr. is a large race, otherwise similar to lafauryata. S. E. Taurus. — For a more detailed account of the variation see Trans. City Lond. Ent. Soc. vol. 13, p. 31—30; OpERTHiR Et. Lép. vol. 7, p. 307—309. — Egg irregularly GNOPHOS. By L. B. Prout. 387 oblong, about twice as long as broad, with deep longitudinal furrows, connected by slighter transverse ones; glossy, red. Larva short and stout, grey marbled with brown, dorsally blackish, the tubercles tipped with white, 8th abdominal with a pair of small pointed eminences. On Helianthemum, Poterium, etc., but will eat almost any low plant. Hibernates. Moth July—September, Europe and Asia Minor. G. mardinaria Sigr. Scarcely distinguishable on the upperside from weakly marked examples of ob- mardinaria. scurata ab. argillacearia, the black marginal line obsolescent. Underside more yellowish than in obscurata, but characterized by having a broad dark (sometimes blackish) distal border to both wings. In the forewing the 2nd subcostal vein arises from the cell, while in obscwrata it is from the stalk of the 3rd—5th; but this may prove variable. The distal margin of the hindwing has longer teeth. Mesopotamia. Generally larger than obscurata. G. canariensis 2b/. appears quite like a rather small, rather dark, weakly marked obscurata, but the g canariensis. genitalia show it to be a separate species. Canaries. G. crosi Th.-Mieg (= omaria Ob.) is superficially very closely similar to the most yellowish crosi. brown or reddish brown forms of obscurata but distinct in structure, the antenna of the g being shortly bi- pectinate, on which account it should possibly be referred to the following group. The discal mark of the hind- wing is sometimes small or obsolete and the underside is almost markingless. W. Algeria: Mascara to 8. Oran Geryville and Aflou), August—September. G. onustaria H.-Sch. (= oneraria Guen., serraria Guwen., catenulata Rbr.) (22d). Similar to obscurata onustaria. calceata but less glossy, the dusting coarser, a slight brown tinge in places, postmedian line more sinuous, with longer teeth on the veins, distal margin with the dark line of obscwrata broken up into dots, underside less weakly marked. The distal margin of the hindwing appears less deeply crenulate. Spanish specimens are often very small, but I can find no evidence of two races. — Egg yellow changing to reddish, marked with not very strong longitudinal ridges and slight, irregular transverse ones. Larva rather stout, roughened and with lateral pro- tuberances; pale brick-colour. On Polygonum, Rumex, etc. in 2 broods, the second hibernating, S. Europe to Syria and N. Persia. G. pentheri RO/. is said to be near ambiguata, the § antenna with the ends of the jomts more sharply pentheri. projecting, the forewing with blunter apex, the colour much lighter white-grey, the distal margin quite unmarked. Only known from high altitudes in Herzegovina, July. G. ambiguata Dup. (= meyeraria Lah., ophthalmicata Led.) (22). Distal margin of hindwing again ambiguata. less strongly crenulate than in onustaria, of forewing smooth. Colour and markings similar but more uniform, the Imes less deeply dentate, underside weakly marked. Altogether a rather sober-looking species. Inhabits the mountains of Central Europe, the Altai and Ala Tau. — pullularia H.-Sch. (= vepretaria Spr.) (22d) is a pullularia. more densely irrorated, thus darker race from Central and N. E. Germany. — ab. nigrescens Hannemann is nigrescens. unicolorous black-grey with black veins. — graecaria Stgr. is more whitish, weakly marked. Greece. — Larva graecaria. short and rugose, the tubercles pointed, especially the lateral ones; brownish yellow with light dorsal spots bounded by curved dark stripes. On low plants, hibernating. Imago in July. G. fractifasciaria Ping. Similar to ambiguata but with longer palpus, more slender g antenna, finer fractifasci- dark dusting and more sharply angulated postmedian line. Distal marginal dots sharply black. Alexander He Mountains, Central Asia. G. orbicularia Ping. is also related to ambiguata, but smaller and more slenderly built, the forewing orbicularia. more pointed, more finely and regularly scaled, the lines less dentate, the postmedian line and the g antenna more as in fractifasciaria. Issyk-kul. G. piingeleri Bohatsch (== orbicularia 2 Piing., nec 3). 3g considerably larger than orbicularia, the piingeleri. forewing longer but not so pointed, both wings unicolorous grey, densely scaled, the postmedian line’more distinct and less dentate, not whitish edged distally. Discal spots subobsolete, marginal line wanting, fringe conco- lorous, unmarked. Underside lighter, almost markingless. 2 smaller and more robust than'g, with more pointed forewing. Alai district. Piincrner’s 9, at first misidentified, was from Togus-Torau. G. stemmataria Hv. is only known from the original description. It is said to be shaped like Cosymbia stemmataria. orbicularia, only rather larger. Brownish grey, irregularly irrorated, discal spots small, black or brown-black, with a’small or distinct white pupil; postmedian line very fine, scarcely noticeable, but marked with black vein-dots; a blackish terminal line. Underside somewhat paler, discal spots not very sharply expressed, here not white pupilled, hindwing with a slight dark shade before the distal margin, no other markings. Noor- Zaisan. G. pullata Schiff. (22 d) somewhat resembles on the upperside certain forms of glwucinuria (supinaria) pullata. but is characteristic on the underside, which is glossy uniform grey with a white postmedian lie or narrow band. Costal margin of forewing proximally rather more curved than in most of the allies, apex not very sharp, nubilata. conferata. impectinata. canitiaria. albarinata. pyrendica. orphninaria. deliciaria. perd ita. difficilis. grumi. korlata. uniformis.’ stoliczkaria. farinosata. vastaria. 388 GNOPHOS. By L. B. Provr. hindwing moderately deeply crenulate. The name-type is light grey with a sligth bluish tinge, the lines ex- pressed chiefly by dark (rarely biack) dots on the veins. — nubilata Fuchs (22 d) is dark glossy smoke-colour with a whitish line (usually interrupted) indicating the distal edge of (obsolete) postmedian line. Rheingau. — conferata Sigr. (— conferta Ob.) is an intermediate form, a dusting of the pale ground-colour remaining, the white line (or band) broader. 8. Tyrol, Carinthia, Styria, Puy-de-Dome. — impectinata Guen. (22 d) is a very pale, whitish (in OBERTHUR’s figure slightly brownish) form from the Basses-Alpes, 8. Carniola and with the type in Switzerland. — canitiaria Gwen., also from the Basses-Alpes, was differentiated by the pectinate ¢ antenna. STAUDINGER considers the type to have a wrong head affixed, but OBERTHUR denies this and be- lieves it wil! prove a twin species. — ab. albarinata Mill. is a development of impectinata, white with the median area forming a grey band. — pyreiaica Ob. is a rather dark, more brownish race, with the median- area somewhat differentiated in colour and sharply light-bounded, recalling obscurata bellieri. Pyrenees-Orien- tales. — Hee oval, finely shagreened, red. Larva stout, cylindrical, with small dorsal points on the 8th abdominal; light grey, dorsal line blackish on thorax and posterior segments, yellow-grey between, white- edged throughout and accompanied by some oblique dark streaks; lateral light stripe black-edged above; venter violet-grey with double mid-ventral line of blackish spots. On low plants, hibernating. Imago in July, in Central Europe. G. orphninaria Hmps. On an average rather larger than pullata, distal margins more strongly crenulate, ground-colour more brownish, the irroration dark blue-grey, so strong as to leave only the median area and a _ Spot in the middle of the distal area brownish. Afghanistan and Kashmir, July—September. G. deliciaria Ob. is much brighter, the coloration of the upper surface about as in variegata, the lines much more sharply expressed than in the two preceding, the postmedian of the forewing more angulated at the lst radial. The underside is much less uniform than in them, the forewing showing, in addition to the pale brownish postmedian band a marginal band of the same pale colour, containing only a few dark marks, the hindwing predominantly pale brownish. Ta-chien-lu; ?Hou-kow (Tibet), a darker 9 ex coll. Lmncu. G. perdita Stgr. ,,Dark grey dusted with yellowish, with large dark central dots, otherwise almost markingless; one observes merely traces of the dentate dark postmedian line and the whitish subterntinal.“ Expanse 34 mm. (German measurement.) Vladivostok. Founded on a double confusion, Lencu having (pro- bably in error) determined it as paerlita Bilr., which StavDINGER misread. When re-discovered, it will probably require a new name. G. difficilis Alph. (= desparataria Fuchs) (22d). Size of pullata, forewing more elongate, coloration of upperside somewhat as in orphninaria but rather lighter, without conspicuous pale patch in distal area. Underside pale brownish with some dark dusting, leaving clear a broad pale band distally to the (scarcely indicated) postmedian line; distal area somewhat darkened; apex and a spot in middle of distal area lighter. Hindtibia of g dilated. — grumi nom. nov. is a more uniformly light-brown race from Gounansy, Tétoune (?Tatung) Mountains, W. China (Kan-su). Mentioned by ALpHERAKY, Rom. Mém. vol. 9, p. 58. Possibly the same as — korlata Fuchs, which is said to be smoothly scaled, colour especially in basal and median area clay-yellowish, with the costal margin clay-colour and the veins brown. Korla. — uniformis Stgr. is much more uniform leaden grey, only in the median area very slightly mixed with yellow-brown scales, discal rings scarcely pale-centred, on the underside more sharply prominent than in typical difficilis. Ala Tau and Eastern Thian-Shan. Possibly as eparate species or a form of the following. — difficilis inhabits Ferghana, Kashgar, the Issyk-kul district, ete. May—June. G. stoliczkaria Moore (22 e) is very similar to weakly-marked difficilis but the distal margin of the hind- wing less crenulate, the ¢ hindtibia not dilated. Very light brownish, finely and uniformly dusted with darker brownish, the discal rings not very sharp, lines only indicated by dots on the veins, distal margin with weak dark dots or lunules. Underside paler, almost unmarked. Ak Masjid, 8. of Yarkand, early June. G. farinosata Chr. Yellowish grey, closely irrorated with fuscous, antemedian line faint, postmedian dentate (median area rather narrow), discal rings normal. Underside dirty whitish, with blackish band close to the distal margin, that of the forewing leaving free an apical spot and interrupted between 3rd radial and Ist median, that of hindwing similar, but narrowly joined proximally between the veins mentioned. Trans- caspia. G. vastaria Stgr. On an average rather larger than variegata, rather narrower winged, hindwing less crenulate, ground-colour similar, light yellow-grey, the fine darker grey irroration not arranged in striae, no darker yellow clouding, the grey clouding weak, chiefly apparent in the distal region, especially anteriorly, the lines rather more approximated; underside whitish with narrow, interrupted blackish borders — subapical, enclosing a white apex, and (still smaller) posterior fragments alone remaining. Discal dots rather variable. rubefactaria. J antenna appreciably ciliated. Issyk-kul and Kashgar. — rubefactaria Ping. is a bright reddish race from Togus-Torau. GNOPHOS. By L. B. Prout. 389 G. praestigiaria Ping. Very near the preceding, forewing narrower and more pointed, hindwing more praestigia- deeply crenulate, ground-colour duller, not so reddish as in rubefactaria, the black borders of the underside oe more indistinct but more regular, not interrupted in the middJe. Togus-Torau and a somewhat greyer form from Aksu. G. rufitinctaria Hmps. (22) has the colours more as in variegata, sometimes more reddish. Variable rufitineta- but easily distinguished from both vastaria and variegata as follows: costal margin of forewing more arched, ene hindwing still more strongly crenulate than in variegata, discal ring of forewing larger, colours differently ar- ranged, the strongest grey shading being in the median area, distal margin with deeper black dots, fringe more sharply chequered. The underside is intermediate between the two allies. Antenna of g not appreciably ciliated. Koksar, etc. (N. W. Himalayas). In this species and vastaria, as in variegata and mucidaria, the 1st subcostal of the forewing regularly anastomoses with the costal; this and the pattern of the underside suggests that STAUDINGER’s interposition of several species with other neuration and pattern is not quite natural. G. glaucinaria Hbn. (22). Very variable in colour, generally recognizable by its shape and facies glaucinaria. but especially unmistakable on the under surface; here the forewing is more or less smoky as far as the post- median line (or occasionally clearer but with the line itself sharply expressed), then with a broad whitish band, finally with a dark border, leaving free a whitish spot at apex and more or less white interruptions in the middle and posteriorly; the hindwing less or not at all darkened proximally, otherwise similar. The name- typical form is variegated, the ground-colour pale yellowish, a strong blue-grey-dusting in the median and subterminal regions. — plumbearia Stgr. (— ?panessacaria Trimoulet) (22e) is a small, dark leaden-grey plumbearia. form with indistinct fine pale lines. It is recorded as a local race from 8. W. Germany and probably S. W. France. — ab. milvinaria Fuchs occurs among plumbearva but differs in having the dark grey mixed with ochre-yellow. milvinaria. Middle Rhine. — falconaria Frr. (= sartaria H.-Sch.) is almost unicolorous cinereous with a slight viola- falconaria. ceous tinge. Frequent in the Alps, etc. — supinaria Mann is like the most glossy, weakest-marked falconaria supinaria. on the upperside but beneath more resembles pullata, both wings showing a broadened dark border, fre- quently not at all relieved with whitish except at apex of forewing. Croatia, Dalmatia, etc. — Egg red, re- eularly oval, with longitudinal rows of minute cells. Larva similar to those of obscwrata and pullata but with a well-marked light lateral band. On low plants, hibernating. The moth appears in May and again in August and may be regarded as one of the commonest species of the genus, though chiefly confined — apart from the following doubtful races — to Central Europe and Asia Minor. — pollinaria Chr., unknown to me, is probably pollinaria. a separate species. Forewing more pointed, ground-colour yellowish-ashy, densely irrorated with fuscous, the distal area darkened, especially beneath; according to the figure the subterminal line on the upperside has a distinct fine blackish proximal edging. Asia Minor, Transcaspia and Issyk-kul. — sibiriata Guen. (22) is sibiriata. also likely to be a species. Rather large; distal margin of forewing slightly more oblique than in glaucinaria, colour ochraceous, strongly dusted and marbled with fuscous, the markings on the upperside vague, the postmedian line apparently more sinuous anteriorly; underside of both wings sharply marked, otherwise nearly as in supinaria. Altai, Uliassutai and Amdo districts. G. crenulata Rbr. (25 k) is possibly a form of glaucinaria but is undescribed and little can be stated crenulata. definitely from the figure. Larger, the ground-colour apparently about as in sibériata, little variegated, post- median line strongly expressed both above and beneath, crenulate. Distal dark border beneath not broad, separated from the margin by a pale space, on the hindwing not interrupted behind the 3rd radial. Anda- Jusia: Sierra Nevada in August. — etruscaria Stgr. is doubtfully referred here, but is said to be bluish grey, etruscaria. dark dusted, the markings weak excepting the cellmark and postmedian lime, hindwing almost unmarked. Underside much less sharply marked than in glaucinaria, more as in swpinaria. Vallombrosa (Apennines) in June. G. gnophosaria 0b. (described as Psodos) (22 e) is unknown to me, but seems likely to belong here, as gnophasa- Lezcu has suggested. The coloration of the upperside is nearly as in name-typical glaucinaria but the lines te are more sharply blackish, that of the hindwing placed further from the discal rmg. The underside is charac- terized by strong discal spot and postmedian line on both wings, the border of the hindwing somewhat as in weakly-marked glaucinaria, that of the forewing traversed by a continuous pale subterminal line on a some- what irregular blackish ground. Ta-chien-lu. G. ochrofasciata Stgr. (22 f) resembles glaucinaria in the markings of the upperside but the hindwing cchrofasci- is less deeply crenulate and the coloration is nearer that of variegata, ochreous brown with blue-grey dusting in Ohi the basal area and distally to the postmedian line. Underside with cell-spots and dentate postmedian line, but without the sharp colour contrasts of glawcinaria. Hindtibia of 3g dilated. Uliassutai, Issyk-kul, Koko-Nor. G. finitimaria Fuchs is perhaps a pale, weakly marked form of ochrofasciata, the upperside more finely finitimaria. and regularly dusted, without such definite dark shading proximally to the subterminal, the distal area greyer, creperaria. agnitaria. mutilata. 390 GNOPHOS. By L. B. Provr. the discal marks smaller, scarcely pupilled, frmge of forewing dark-spotted, underside more weakly marked. the postmedian line not dentate. Krassnoiarck, E. Siberia. Stauprneur records transitions from Kashgar and Koko-Nor. G. creperaria Hrsch. (25g) is a little-known species and the underside has been neither described nor figured. Apparently similar to echrofasciata but with more sharply defined areas, the basal and post- median entirely blue-grey, the median brighter ochreous than in the species named, the distal darker; post- median line, according to the figure, rather straight; discal rings small; hindwing aot very deeply crenulate. Possibly near orphninaria and deliciaria. Siberia: Irkutsk, Dauria, etc.; ?Kan-su. G. agnitaria Sigr. (24) appears to be somewhat smaller and narrower, dark-coloured with a strong sprinkling of dirty yellowish, the dentate postmedian line light-edged distally; discal rings normal. Both wings beneath grey in proximal half (with scarcely noticeable discal dots), bounded by a narrow dark band, to which follows a light yellowish white band, fading out gradually into the darker, light-dusted distal area; fringes beneath light yellowish, with dacker tips, that of forewing weakly chequered. Askold. G. mutilata Stgr. resembles variegata and mucidaria but has the forewing much more pointed, the hind- wing scarcely crenulate, the g antenna more strongly serrate than in variegata, but not pectinate. The ockreous lines of the forewing are frequently connected at the hmdmargin in K-shape. Underside without distinct markings except the cell-spots. Asia Minor, Syria and Mesopotamia. lutipennaria. G. lutipennaria Fuchs. Size and shape of ochrofasciata, but nearly uniformly ochre-yellow, with fine variegata. cymbalaria. corsica, lingolaria. luticiliata. subvarieg1- ta. annubilata. mucidaria. and regular brown strigulation, discal rings not very strong; the lines at costa of forewing light-bordered on reverse sides, the postmedian line broken into dots, on the hindwing connected by a dark proximal shade. Underside yellowish grey, irrorated, the forewing with light curved stripe, the distal area darkened by stronger dusting. Koko-Nor and Amdo. G. variegata Dup. (= mucidata T7r., nec Hbn.) (22f). A pretty species with its mixture of bright ochreous and blue-grey on the upper surface, the scaling in part laid on in very fine transverse striation, as in some species of Glossotrophia. The under surface is also characteristic, being somewhat analogous to that of glaucinaria but with the dark border much broader or when (as frequently happens) it is narrowed it is the proximal part that chiefly remains, more or less broken in the middle. In the name-type the blue-grey admixture is comparatively slight. — In ab. cymbalaria Mill. (= corneliaria Mill.) the blue-grey becomes predominant, though a slight ochreous admixture remains in the median area, at least as an edging to the lines. — corsica Mill. is much darkened, at least in the distal area, which is almost fuscous. Said to be constant in Corsica. — Larva very rough, with strong transverse folds, the tubercles prominent, pointed, the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th abdominal segments with dorsal humps; yellowish grey, with angulated dark dorsal markings. On Asplenium ruta muraria, hibernating. In captivity it will accept various low plants. Distributed in Southern Central Europe, Asia Minor, Syria. G. lineolaria Piing. Similar to variegata but larger, with more elongate, more pomted forewing and especially distinct structurally in having more strongly developed, upcurved palpi. Reddish grey, except in a few places densely marked with fine black lines, and with the normal markings; subterminal line only indicated at the costal margin. Underside somewhat glossy, yellowish, without cell-spots, distal dark band very broad with lighter patches in the middle and on the forewing with'light apex. Central Asia: Alexander Mountains. G, luticiliata Chr. (25d). Smaller than the adjacent species, forewing narrower, hindwing less crenulate; the markings show a similar transversely striated arrangement. The yellowish ground-colour is strongly overspread with blue-grey shading, leaving only clearer bands in the neighbourhood of the blackish lines and ocellated cell-spots; fringes yellowish, gradually becoming light grey distally. Underside pale yellowish with black-grey cell-spots and submarginal band, the forewing also with some dark shading in the cell. Transcaspia. — subvariegata Stgr. is predominantly ochreous, only “some scattered strigulation remaining grey; underside much less sharply marked. Palestine. G. annubilata Chr. (25d). Size of a small mucidaria and similar in shape. Antenna of ¢ probably not pectinate (CHRISTOPH says ,,less ciliated“). Ground-colour light yellow grey, but stronger darkened with small black-brown transverse strigulae, towards the distal margin particularly dark. Antemedian line broad, curved outwards, postmedian angled obtusely near the costal margin, then somewhat oblique, slightly dentate outwards; discal marks very pronounced. Underside nearly similar to that of mucidaria, the hindwing lacking the broad dentate band. Transcaucasia. G. mucidaria Hbn. (22). Extremely like variegatu, but the g antenne with very short pectinations, while that of variegata has merely strongly projecting joints. A puzzling intermediate occurs in Corsica. Gene- rally distinguished further by its rather less rounded forewing, less blackened costal spots, median area rarely grey at costa, underside less sharply marked. A variable species both in size and colouring. The name-type GNOPHOS. By L. B. Provr. 391 has a fleshy-ochreous ground, with grey lines and spots. — grisearia Sigr. is said to be predominantly grey, but STAUDINGER quotes GUENEE’s var. A, which is pale ochreous with the grey almost confined to a subterminal shade. S. France and Andalusia. — subsignaria Stgr. is a more unicolorous greyish form, with unmarked underside. Sicily and §. France. — ab. herrichii Ob. has also a somewhat greyish tone but with very sharp markings, some ochreous admixture remaining in the median and terminal areas. STAUDINGER includes it in his confused var. grisearia. — lusitana Mendes is the darkest known form, densely irrorated almost throughout with blackish, only in the median and terminal areas with slight brownish tone. Portugal. — ochracearia Sigr. is deeper ochreous, inclining to reddish ochreous, with comparatively slight grey admixture. Murcia and frequent in S. Algeria. — Larva very similar to that of variegata but with the dorsa] humps ending in double points. On low plants. The moth double-brooded, distributed in 8. Europe and Algeria. G. dubitaria Sigr. differs in its colour, which is very light clay-colour or brownish grey-white, with light wood-brown markings, partly marked with extremely fine black strigulation, as in variegata, and in its sharply marked underside, which is also as in variegata; but the antennal pectinations are at least as long as in muci- daria. Mesopotamia and N. Persia. — graecaria Stgr., from Greece, is more mixed with grey on the upperside beneath quite as in the name-type. — Perhaps dubitaria is nothing more than an eastern race of mucidaria. G. evanidarizg Piing. is an insignificant species, dirty grey-brownish with imdistinct grey markings, underside whitish, sometimes with discal spots indicated, otherwise unmarked. Probably related to mucidaria, shaped more like mutilata, distinguished by its weaker build, very slender, finely ciliated antenna and by the underside. Aksu district, Chinese-Turkestan. G. tholeraria Piing. Size of the preceding (i. e. of a large mucidaria), more yellowish, more coarsely irrorated, markings more distinct, distal margin with dark dots between the veins, a proximally dark-shaded subterminal line present, forewing less elongate, underside yellowish, discal spots and postmedian line distinct, dark antemarginal shades, gj antenna somewhat thicker, but only extremely shortly ciliated. With the prece- ding. G. exsuctaria Piing. is very similar to evanidaria, but is larger, the forewing less narrow and pointed: both are slenderly built. Forewing moderately broad with apex rounded, distal margin slightly undulate, ob- lique; grey and ferruginous, irregularly clouded; antemedian line and discal ring rather indistinct, postmedian shortly dentate, right-angled on Ist radial. Hindwing weakly crenulate. Underside yellowish giey, mixed with lighter, distal part yellower, irregularly limited, forewing with cell-spot. Issyk-kul. G. minutaria Leech (= ephyrinaria Ob.) (22f) is distinct’ from all the forewing in its Cosymbia-like appearance, the large white, black-ringed discal spots standing out sharply on the more or less darkened me- dian area. The g is smailer and darker-marked than the 9. Underside grey, with curved postmedian line followed by a distally ill-defined paler band. W. China. Near albistellaria Warr. from Hinge which is rather smaller and much darker. G. cinerea Bil. (22 {) may perhaps be placed here but is very anomalous, the neuration, except in the absence of the 2nd radial of the hindwing, being entirely that of an Acidalia, to which also its minute size and smooth face approximate it. Easily known by the yellowish centre of the discal spots and indistinct yello- wish lines. Dharmsala to Sikkim. — lilliputate Pouj. is probably a form of the same, perhaps even a synonym. The lines and cell-spot are described as olivaceous and perhaps it is on the whole more weakly marked but the figures are unrecognizable and my only example is too worn to allow of characterization. W. China: Mou-pin and Omei-shan. G. dolosaria H.-Sch. (22f) is a small and insignificant species which would perhaps be better trans- ferred to Rhoptria. Dull brown-grey with small black discal dots, the ordinary lines best marked on the veins. Distal margin of hindwing only weakly undulate. Underside scarcely lighter, weakly marked. Crete, Greece, Macedonia and Western Asia Minor. G. tibiaria Rbr. (221). Rather larger, wings relativery longer, distal margin of hindwing almost smooth, with an inappreciable sinuosity in the middle (thus nearer to Section D in shape). Brown, the forewing with dark dusting, the hindwing with a fairly distinct discal dot. Underside rather lighter, both wings with discal dot and postmedian line of dots better indicated. 9 abdomen robust. Only recorded from 8. W. France. G. benesignata Bell. (25d). Size and shape of tibiaria, forewing more fuscous, much more sharply marked, the pale transverse lines being indicated and a series of black vein-streaks appearing in the median area (the anterior ones confined to its distal part); hindwing with a strong postmedian line of black dots. According to Rampur the antenna differs, being more strongly crenulate, but MaBiLuE bred similar examples among tibiaria. Corsica. Unknown to me. grisearia. sublsignaria. herrichi. lusilana. ochracearia. dubitaria. graecaria. evanidaria. tholeraria. casuctaria. minularia. cinerea. Uilliputata. dolosaria. tibiaria. benesignata. poggearia. palaestinen- Sis. gruneraria. lentiginosa- ra. myrtillata. anastomosis. obfuscaria. nivea. sericaria. sacraria. adjectaria. serolinaria. tenebraria. 392 xNOPHOS. By L. B. Provr. G. poggearia Led. (22{). Larger than dolosaria, similarly coloured but somewhat more variegated. Forewing with apex more acute, hindwing rather more undulate; discal dot of forewing larger, postmedian line usually faintly brown, but chiefly indicated by small blackish vein-dots. Underside much more coarsely dusted than upper. Syria and the Taurus. G. palaestinensis Calberla (22). Forewing in ¢ with fovea. Pale straw yellow, densely irorrated with brown; discal spots present on both wings, on the hindwing indistinct; lines brown, the antemedian gently curved, indistinct, median shade thick (sometimes obsolete), postmedian midway between this and distal mar- gin, angulated on the Ist radial, not toothed on the other veins, present (except in costal area) on the hind- wing. Underside yellowish, with the discal marks distinct, that of the forewing large and round, that of the hindwing narrow and elongate, a brown postmedian stripe also present, on the forewing not reaching the hindmargin. This stripe distinguishes palaestinensis from gruneraria. Palestine. G. gruneraria Sigr. (25d). Near poggearia but larger (size of serotinaria), both wings with broad cho- colate-coloured, not black-dotted postmedian line. Further differs in its much lighter, dirty yellow underside. Greece: Taygetos, Veluchi. G. lentiginosatia Leech (22 ¢) is a species quite apart, the broad white wings strongly spotted and clouded with fuscous, the cell-spots large but not ocellated. W. China. G. myrtillata Thnbg. (= canaria Hbn., limosaria Hsp.) (22g). A variable species, frequently of very large size, the 9, however, considerably smaller than the g. I know of no species with which it is likely to” be confused. The name-type is a dark fuscous-grey form which prevails in Scotland, Scandinavia, Russia, the Caucasus and Altai, etc. — ab. anastomosis Strand has the markings very sharply black, the antemedian and postmedian lines of the forewing anastomosing behind the middle, then separating again. — obfuscaria Hbn. is a cinereous form from the Pyrenees, the mountains of Italy, ete. In the Alps both forms occur. — nivea Schawerda is a large whitish mountain form from Herzegovina. — Egg roundish oval, laid with its micropyla uppermost; reddish purple, brightest at the micropylar end, ribbed longitudinally and crossed by numerous rings of transverse ribs. Larva stout, cylindrica], rugose, the 8th abdominal with a pair of small dorsal points; greenish brown or more greyish. On low plants, hibernating. Imago in July, common in many localities. ; G.. sericaria Alph. (22 g) resembles myrtillata but has the distal margins much more crenulate, the apex of the forewing more acute, the wings less opaque, whitish-grey, strongly irrorated, the postmedian line removed further from the discal dots, which are smaller. Thian-Shan. C. Distal margin of hindwing undulate. Antenna in g bipectinate. (Latascia Hbn.; ty pe dilucidaria, Hmps. et Warr. usus, mea sel.) G. sacraria Sigr. Much smaller than the European species of this group, palpus exceptionally small. Variable in colour, grey to grey-brown, finely and densely irrorated with dark scales. Forewing with indistinct traces of antemedian line, small but distinct round cell-spot (mostly weakly pale-centred), postmedian line consisting of dots. Hindwing with the cell-spot usually weak or obsolescent, postmedian line as on forewing. Underside lighter, in the 9 white, almost unmarked except that the forewing sometimes shows the cell- spot distinctly and occasionally a dark postmedian line is present. Palestine, October—November. G. adjectaria Stgr. resembles luticiliata subvariegata, but is distinguished at once by the pecti- nate g antenna. ¢ about 22—24 mm in expanse, dull brownish, the discal ring and postmedian line not very strong, sometimes almost obsolete, hindwing with basal half lighter (dirty white-grey), distal half darker clouded. Underside dirty white-grey, quite weakly marked. 92 larger and lighter. Palestine, November. G. serotinaria Schiff. (22 ¢). Less variable than some of the species, generally distinguishable from the two following by its yellowish tone, with brown irroration, lines, and shading before the subterminal (especially at hindmargin). Antemedian line bent outwards in and again behind the cell, thickened at costa and on the veins (in sordaria and dilucidaria nearly straight); postmedian generally rather thick, always with marked teeth or dashes on the veins; discal rings large. Forewing beneath more strongly dusted but never unicolorous snoky, both wings with cell-spot and traces (sometimes distinct) of postmedian line. Hindtibia of 3 dilated. — ab. tenebraria 7. Wagner (=dognini Th.-Mieg, aenearia Ob.) is very much more densely dusted (sometimes almost entirely covered) with dark brown. Rather prevalent in the Pyrenées Orientales. — Larva cylindrical, the abdominal tubercles conspicuous, the 8th abdominal with 2 short dorsal points; greenish yellow, with triangular brown dorsal spots. On low plants, hibernating. Moth in July, distrikuted in the Alps, also in the Pyrenées Orientales. According to Kruntkovsky, the white form from the Ural which has been recorded as serotinaria is different in shape, etc., and cannot belong here. a CO Publ. 9. IX, 1915. GNOPHOS. By L. B. Prout. 393 G. sordatia is a variable species, less yellow than serotinaria, generally more brownish-tinged and less strongly glossy than dilucidaria, the 3 antennal pectinations rather shorter, hindtibia not dilated, the lines commonly with coarser dark dots or short dashes on the veins, postmedian of forewing acutely dentate at Ist radial. Forewing beneath usually somewhat infuscated but never of the uniform glossy dark smoke-colour of dilucidaria. — sordaria Thnbg. is a rather small, in general weakly marked form, the lines more or less sordaria. broken into vein-dots. It inhabits Scandinavia and Finland. — ab. distineta Strand has the lmes black and distincta. uninterrupted, the postmedian rather well expressed on the underside. — ab. strandiata Fuchs is much more strandiata. densely irrorated, the lines almost or quite effaced. — Egg oval, brown-red, with strong longitudinal and slight transverse ribs, near the micropyle of more equal strength and with knots at the angles. Larva stout, grey- yellowish, with not very prominently darker dorsal pattern. — mendicaria H.-Sch. (= dilucularia F717.) (22 g). mendicaria. Considerably larger (generally surpassing dilucidaria), darker both above and (especially on the forewing) beneath, the markings generally as in ab. distincta. Face black. — ab. radiata Hirschke has the marginal dots pro- tadiata. longed into conspicuous longitudinal dashes. — Larva (probably not different from that of sordaria) similar to that of serotinaria but with longer dorsal points, darker dorsal line, ete. This race inhabits the Alps, the mountains of Silesia and Hungary, etc., July. G. dilucidaria Schiff. (= ? myopata F.) (22¢). Generally more glossy, silvery whitish or very light dilucidaria. grey, easily known by its white face; the almost uniform, glossy dark smoke-colour of the forewing beneath (with pale line beyond the middle) is also characteristic. Moderately variable, the band proximally to the sub- terminal lme often strongly developed. Hindtibia of g dilated. — ab. epicearia Peyer is said to be rather epicearia. larger, more tinged with reddish (? brownish), the subterminal dark band wanting. Alsace. — ab. brunnea brunnea. Vorbr. uw. Miill.-Rutz is perhaps similar. ,,A duller, darker, more strongly brown form with sharper markings.* Switzerland. — ab. interrupta Hirschke has the median area narrow and irregularly broken, the postmedian interrupta. line placed close to the discal rmg, bent along the 3rd radial vein. — Egg oval, with small, not strong hexagonal cells arranged m longitudinal rows; light yellow when laid, changing through orange to carmine. Larva short and thick, distinctly carinated laterally and with small dorsal prominences on the 8th and 9th abdominals; yello- wish or reddish grey, with fine, interrupted brown lines and light yellow lateral stripe. On low plants, hiberna- ting. Flies in July and August; common and pretty generally distributed in the mountains of Central Europe, also recorded from the Ural and a variety from Issyk-kul. G. sproengertsi Pring. superficially resembles a small dilucidaria but has the g antennal pectinations sproengertsi. of caelibaria, hindwing little more undulate than in that group, but the sexes alike. Underside with dark distal border, preceded by a narrow pale band. Alpes Maritimes: St. Martin-Vésubie, in July. D. Distal margins almost smooth. Antenna in g bipectinate. 9 partly or altogether apterous (Hlophos Bsd.). G. iveni Hrsch. (22h). The ¢ differs from those of the other species of the section in its longer, nar- wweni. rower wings, rather deeper sinus between the radials of the hindwing and longer antennal pectinations. The name-type is dark grey. 9 apterous, not further described. Ferghana and Ili district. — ab. perruptata Fuchs perruptata. has a black, proximally dentate distal stripe on both wings. — clarior Stgr. is a much lighter, more yellow- clarior. grey form from Samarkand. — gilvaria Sigr. is very likely a separate species, as the wings appear to be some- gilvaria. what broader and the pectinations somewhat longer. Straw-yellow or sand-yellow, sprinkled rather thickly with distinct dark strigulae. Central Asia, exact locality not recorded. G. zelleraria Frr. (22h). ¢g slenderly built, rather glossy, weakly marked, very easy to recognize by zelleraria. the underside, which is pale with a strong though narrow dark band close to the distal margin. 9 with robust body and short, rounded wings, unfitted for flight but much less aborted than in most of the other species of the section, beneath marked as in the g. Local in the higher Alps and to Herzegovina. — occidentalis Ob. occidentalis. is a very pale, weakly marked western race, with the band beneath usually narrowed, sometimes quite fecble. France and Asturias. — Larva stumpy, greenish grey, with white-yellow subdorsal and lateral stripes. On low plants. Moth in July—August. G. unicoloraria Rbr. (251) is perhaps an extreme form of zelleraria occidentalis, which name it would wnicolora- supplant. Subdiaphanous grey, the markings obsolete except a postmedian line, on forewing angled at 3rd mas radial. No trace of the dark border beneath. Andalusia( ?) G. andereggaria Lah. (22h). Near zelleraria but rather darker grey, much mottled with whitish, the anderegg- veins in the 3 more strongly yellow, underside without dark marginal band, antennal pectinations somewhat, | @7@. longer. 2 with rather smaller, narrower wings than zelleraria, the forewing more pointed. — ab. mauricauda mauricaida. Ob., from Styria, is much darker, almost uniform fuscous above and beneath. — Valais, Piedmont, Styria and §. France, very local and scarce, July— August. IV 50 eaelibaria. senilaria. jugicolaria. zirbilzensis. spurcaria. operaria. hoefneri. thibetaria. tenebraria. wockearia. seplaria. innuptaria. alticolaria. 394 ORPHNE;:PSODOS. By L. B. Provr. G. caelibaria H.-Sch. (251). Essentially smaller than the two preceding, the g antenna with very short, clubbed pectinations, the 9 wings reduced to mere vestiges, the forewing not quite as long as the body, ending in a point. Very variable. The name-type is a small, light, bluish ash-grey form, rather weakly marked. It inhabits the mountains of Austria, Piedmont, etc. — senilaria Fuchs is still smaller, lighter, the lines rudi- mentary or wanting. Bavarian Alps, Styria, etc. — jugicolaria Fuchs agrees with the preceding in the lack of the lines but is of a strongly yellow tone. Stilfser Joch. Perhaps an aberration of spurcaria. — zirbitzensis Pieszczek (22g) is another very small form, but is much darker, copiously dusted with black-grey, the lines strong, blackish. N. Styria: Zirbitzkugel. — spurcaria Lah. (= scalettaria Mill.) (22h) is larger than the name-type, more variegated, recalling the colouring of andereggaria. Switzerland, Bavaria, etc. Also recorded from the Ala Tau. — Larva stout, rough, with interrupted reddish dorsal stripe and yellowish lateral stripe. On low plants, hibernating. Imago in July. G. operaria Hbn. (= nitelaria Hsp.) (22h). On an average rather larger than caelibaria, antennal pectinations almost as short, but scarcely clubbed, 2 with paler, still more vestigial wings. Postmedian line of forewing more sharply angulated on the Ist radial, commonly with stronger teeth on the veins. Distal margin with a row of dark dots, which are wanting in caelibaria. The name-type is coloured nearly like that of caelibaria, or slightly more brownish-tinged. Austrian Alps, Silesia and Northern Carpathians. — hoefneri Rb. is larger, more strongly marked and much more mixed with yellowish (coloration of andereggaria). N. Styria: Zirbitzkugel. — Egg oval, shagreened, flesh-colour. Larva short and stout, reddish yellow with blackish subdorsal stripe and dark edging above the light lateral stripe. On low plants. The moth flies in July. ; E. g¢@ unknown. G. thibetaria Ob. (22 i). it is very doubtful whether this species, founded on a single 2 from Ta-chien-In, is even referable to Gnophos. The figure suggests some possible affinity with Micrabraxas pongaria Ob. (22h). It. should be recognizable by the mottled white and grey forewing with dark central shade and olivaceous (or, in the description, ,,fulvous‘‘) antemedian and postmedian lines or bars, the almost unmarked hindwing, etc. Forewing beneath glossy grey with 2 pale lines or bars, hindwing less glossy, paler, a slight postmedian line marked with distinct dark dashes on the veins. 138. Genus: Orphne Hobn. Related to Gnophos, Section D, differmg chiefly in the hairy face and shaggily haired palpus. Fore- wing in g with costal margin somewhat concave in the middle, 2 wings shortened and rounded, nearly as in Gnophos zelleraria. Only 2 or 3 species known. P. tenebraria is locally variable, especially on the under surface. The upper is always very dark and weakly marked, although the black discal dots seem to be always present. The name-typical form tenebraria Esp. (= torvaria Hbn., horridaria Hbn. nec Schiff., olivacea Warr.) (23 b) shows a decided tinge of brownish and has the lines discernible on the upperside or at least their position indicated by vague pale shading on their reverse sides. The under surface shows a whitish submarginal band in varying intensity, sometimes clear white. Alps and Apennines, only at bigh altitudes. WaRREN’s type of olivacea was said to be from Spiti, N. W. India, probably in error. — wockearia Sigr. is an extreme underside development, the white submarginal band very sharply expressed, slender, in addition with an apical patch on the forewing white. 8. Tyrol. — septaria Guen. Upperside uniform dark leaden grey, not brownish, underside with the pale bands obsolescent or entirely wanting. Pyrenees, from about 3000 m. — innuptaria H.-Sch. (23) differs little from septaria, but is not quite so dark, not entirely free from a slight brownish tinge, extremely glossy, the underside almost entirely unicolorous. Styria and Carinthia. — Egg oval, granulated, light brown. Larva short and stout, smooth, dull greenish with indistinct light lateral stripe. On low plants. The moth appears in July and August. 139. Genus: Psodos 77. Face and palpus with long projecting hairs. Antenna in g simple. Breast and femora hairy. Fore- wing with the Ist and 2nd subcostal veins frequently coincident. Hindwing with costal margin relatively long, distal margin smooth. A small genus of closely allied Palearctic (mostly European) species, all inhabiting the high moun- tains, where they fly in the sunshine. All are of small size and, with the exception of the type species quadri- faria, of very uniform aspect. P. alticolaria Mann (23 b) is recognizable on the upperside by the well-expressed, curved, not appreciably dentate lines, but is especially characteristic beneath, the thick, curved postmedian dark line being followed by two conspicuous white distal bands, the outer of them almost touching the margin except at the apex. The name-type is the largest, most brownish form. It inhabits the highest Alps and other great altitudes in PSODOS. By L. B. Prout. 395 Austria, Piedmont, ete. — faucium Favre (= frigidata Vorbr. wu. Wiill.-Rutz), from Valais, is smaller and rather jaucium. darker, the postmedian line more dentate, the white bands more slender. Perhaps a separate species. — gedren- gedrensis. sis Rondow is still darker, in certain lights with more of a leaden or bluish tinge, the pale markings not very sharp, at least above. Pyrenees, at 2800—3000 m. elevation, flying in late July and August. Only a slight modification of fauciwm. P. alpinata Scop. (= horridaria Schiff., carbonata Schr.) (23c). The most obscurely marked species alpinata. of the genus, the lines and discal dot above faintly indicated, with very slight pale shading distally to the post- median, the underside uniform blackish. Hgg long oval, glossy, with hexagonal reticulation; yellow, soon be- coming brown, or according to H. FrscueR covered with blood-red spots. Larva undescribed. Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, etc., June—July. A variety said to occur in the Sajan mountains. P. noricana Wagner (23c). Rather larger, less brownish tinged, the lines slightly better expressed, noricana. more dentate, the underside with the distal area slightly paler than the rest, more as in coracina. — Egg long oval, yellow-green, becoming bronzy brown. Larva similar to that of coracina, in its earliest stages much more brightly coloured; greyish yellow with dark dorsal line, thick black oblique subdorsal streaks and bluish white lateral stripe. Local in the Alps of Lower Austria, Styria and the Tyrol, flying in July. P. spitzi Rb/. resembles on the upperside very dark, very sharply marked coracina but with a yellow- spitzi. brown costal spot distally to the postmedian line of the forewing; under surface, on the contrary, confusingly like that of alticolarta. Carniola: Triglay, at an elevation of 2400 m., taken at the end of July among coracina; Carinthia: Karawanken. Possibly a form of coracina. P. coracina Hsp. (= chaonaria Frr., trepidata Dup. im err.) (23). Somewhat variable in colour but coracina. always smooth-scaled, strongly glossy, with a silvery admixture and without the greenish tinge of the follo- wing species; lines similarly dentate. Underside with strong cell-spots and curved postmedian line, the distal area more or less markedly paler. Q lighter than g. — ab. wahlbergi Lampa (= argentea Sp. Schneid., argen- wahlbergi. tacea Hirschke) has the ground-colour, especially of the forewing, predominantly silver-white, with only very slight dark dusting, the cell-spot and 2 lines standing out very sharply, usually also some spots proximally to the subterminal. Commonest in the 9. Ege very similar to that of noricana. Larva light brown, similarly marked to that of noricana. Moth in July, Scotland, Scandinavia, the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, etc. P. canaliculata Hochenw. (= trepidaria Hbn.) (23 c). Closely similar to the preceding but less strongly canaticuiata. glossy, on account of a strong, fine irroration, ground-colour with a distinct greenish tone and admixture of rust-yellow scales. 2 often less narrow-winged than in coracona. Rather variable, dark specimens more preva- lent than the paler, more silvery-mixed ones. — Egg relatively large, oval, smooth. Larva violet-brown, finely shagreened with white, sides blackish grey, dorsal line very indistinct except on thorax, segment-tcisions with pairs of anteriorly converging dashes on a yellow ground. Pupa smooth, glossy yellow-brown, anal end in ¢ finely pointed, darker. Moth in July. Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, Bosnia and Herzegovina. P. bentelii Ratzer is a little-known species, related to canaliculata. g considerably larger, dark slate- bentelii. grey, almost blackish, sometimes without the green irroration of canaliculata; postmedian line of forewing almost parallel with distal margin, meeting the line of the hindwing; cell-spot of forewing nearer the postmedian line; underside with very distinct, dark median area, its distal edge very strongly curved at costa. 9 considerably more sharply marked, especially on the underside. Local in Southern Switzerland, July—August. P. altissimaria Ob. is only known to me from the figure and description. Blackish brown with altissimaria. scattered yellowish scales. discal spots present, the lines sinuous, the pale subterminal line lunulate, on the hindwing with a band before the middle quite different from that of any of the other species. The underside somewhat recalls that of gnophosaria, which I have referred to Gnophos, but is darker, with uninterruptea dark band proximally to the subterminal line of the hindwing, etc. From the high mountains of E. Tibet, with- out more exact locality. P. quadrifaria Sulz. (= alpinata Schiff. nec Scop., equestrata Bkh.) (23 c) is distinguished at once by quadrifaria. the yellow band on each wing, above and beneath. The name-type is rather small, brownish, the bands on the whole broad. — ab. stenotaenia Schwingenschuss has the bands greatly narrowed. Glockner. — pyrenaea Ob., stenotaenia. the Pyzenean race, is on an average larger, blacker, the bands on an average slightly narrow, though less so Bore than in stenotaenia. — An aberration (?) with the yellow bands much dusted with dark scales has been mentio- ned as a possible hybrid with alpinata (Mttipr-Rutz). — Larva brownish, with dark dorsal line, oblique sub- dorsal streaks and yellowish lateral area, On low plants. Moth in June and July, Alps and Carpathians, etc. 396 SONGARICA; PYGMAENA; ITHYSIA; ATOMORPHA. By L. B. Provt. 140. Genus: Songarica Gmpbg. Structural characters unknown, as GUMPPENBERG merely founds his genera on the wing-shape and IT am not acquainted with the species. ,,Costal margin arched, distal margin flexuous, all the angles distinct.“ Antenna filiform, but the sex of the example is not indicated. motlicularia. S. mollicularia Hv. About the size of Cosymbia punctaria. Uniform, soft greyish fawn-colour, without fusca. unistrigata. destrigala. pravala. homochro- mata. falsaria. dark shadings, only a rather broad median area (rather more than one-third the wing-length) slightly darker, bounded by fine whitish, very finely crenulate lines, which run parallel with the distal margin except near the costa, where they are curved proximally; a fine whitish subbasal line also present. Hindwing with the post- median line continued, curved parallel to the distal margin. Underside without markings, ground-colour nearly as above. Noor-Zaisan. 141. Genus: Pygmaena Bsd. Differs from Psodos in the more slender, narrower wings, those of the 92 extremely narrow (unfitted for flight), g¢ antenna with short pectinations, forewing in the g with a fovea. Only one species. P. fusca Thnbg. (= venetaria Hbn., canitiaria Frr.) (23d). g dirty brown-grey to black-grey, 9 rather - lighter, both wings with black discal dot, forewing also with 2 lines which vary much in distinctness. — ab. unistrigata Strand lacks the antemedian lme. — In ab. destrigata Strand both lines are wanting. — Larva short, thick, with transverse skin-folds; dark reddish brown, with black, yellow-edged dorsal stripe and yellow lateral stripe. On Jow plants, hibernating. Scandinavia, Finland and the highest Alps. 142. Genus: Athysia bn. Face with rough projecting hairs. Palpus rather short, rough-scaled. Tongue short. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate to apex, with short branches. Pectus hairy. Legs slightly (the ¢ femora more strongly) hairy. Wings of § long and narrow, forewing pointed, Ist subcostal anastomosing or connected with costal, 2nd free. Only one species, no doubt related to the Nyssia group. I. pravata Hon. (23d). g quite unmistakable on account of the curved white band of the forewing from the base to near the apex and the white veins. 2 light grey to yellowish, more yellow at the segment- incisions, the thorax dorsally brown. — Larva smooth, nearly cylindrical, pale yellowish much dotted with red- brown, dorsal line fine, double, extremely ill-defined, subdorsal and lateral lines and an intermediate one pale, continuous, finely edged with red-brown, dorsal area somewhat darker, traversed by similar fine lines (from a preserved larva in the British Museum). Sarepta, common in May. Liodes homochromata Mab. (25h) as homogrammata), placed by STAUDINGER between Jthysia and Narraga, is probably not determinable until the structure can be examined, although MaBiLiE gives a good figure. Small, wings not very broad, rather recalling a narrow-winged Dichromodes, an appreciable bend at the extremity of the 3rd radial of the hindwing. Antenna bipectinate. Forewing uniform shining blackish grey with some iridescent yellowish scales. Fringe and hindwing paler. Underside similar, costa of forewing suffused with fulvous. Corsica: Bastia, « single ¢ believed to have been bred from Gerista corsica. 143. Genus: Atomorpha ‘ig’. _. Face rounded. Palpus short. Antenna in ¢ ciliated. Body relatively robust. Foretibia extremely short, furnished with one or two terminal claws. Wings somewhat broader than in Narraga, distal margins smooth. Forewing with cell rather long, 1st—2nd subcostal coincident, connected by a bar with 3rd—4th. Hindwing with costal closely approximated to cell for some distance, sometimes anastomosing, 2nd subcostal sometimes. shortly stalked with Ist radial, 2nd radia] wanting. An interesting little genus, recalling Lithostege except in the neuration, but connected with the following through the American Fernaldella, which has the foretibial claw but is otherwise almost a Narraga. All the species are Palearctic. I have seen very little material and do not know the type species falsaria. The genus was described by ALPHERAKY under the preoccupied name of Atomophora which STAUDINGER (probably by oversight) changed to Atomorpha; the change was accepted by ALPHHRAKY and is here maintained. A. falsaria Alph. Rather longer-winged (snore Narraga-like) than the following, greyish white, coarsely dusted with brown, the large cell-spot and 2 lines formed by agglomerations of the brown scales; antemedian line broad, straight, vertical, postmedian still broader, forming a sinuous band from costa about 2 mm. before the apex to hindmargin adjoining the anal angle. Hindwing regularly but in general rather less densely irro- NARRAGA; ISTURGIA. By L. B. Provr. 397 rated. Underside similar, but with the bands paler. Foretibia with a single claw. Hindwing with costal not anastomosing, 2nd subcostal not stalked. Tarsi not described. Kan-su at the end of June. A. hedemanni Chr. (25h). Broader winged, Ist line bent inwards behind the subcostal vein, distal area with some large brown blotches. Hindwing with large vague cell-spot and strong distal cloudings. Fringes. strongly chequered. Underside similar, hindwing less infuscated. Fore-tibia with 2 claws. Hindwing with costal anastomosing, 2nd subcostal stalked. Transcaspia. — mabillearia D. Luc. (= marmorata B.-Haas) is probably nothing more than a local form of the preceding, agreeing entirely in shape and structure, but lighter, especially the hindwing, which has not the fringe chequered. Said, however, to be very variable. — ab. alba D. Luc. lacks the distal blotches of mabillearia. Both these forms inbabit Tunis. I find that ,,Lithostege** marmorata, mentioned on p. 175 as unknowa to me in nature, is nothing but a synonym of the present species and must there be entirely deleted. A. punctistrigaria Chr. is unknown to me. Forewing whitish, more or less irrorated with fuscous, with 3 rows of fuscous spots and a short apical dash. Hindwing greyish, distally infuscated, inner margin with 2 fuscous spots. Askhabad. 144. Genus: Narraga Walk. Face with appressed scales. Palpus with long projecting hairs. Tongue weak. Antenna of 3 bipectinate to apex. Foretibia without claw. Wings narrow, erected in repose. Forewing with 1st—2nd subcostal coin- cident, anastomosing or connected with costal and with 3rd—4th subcostal. Hindwing with costal anastomo- sing with subcostal (in nelvae closely approximated), 2nd subcostal staJked with ist radial. Only 2 species yet known. N. fasciolaria Hufn. (= cebraria Hbn., zebraria Dup.) (23d). Very variable but easily known by its shape, structure, the light, dark-spotted fringes and varied underside. The latter is generally yellow brown with rather darker bands and with white spots, those of the forewing confined to the costa and hindmargin (that at apex purest white), the hindwing in addition with a distal row and elongate ones in the cell and along the radial fold. The name-typical form (though varying) is local in Central and 8. Europe, Asia Minor, Central Asia and according to StaupincrR Amurland and N. China. — tessularia Metzner (= baltearia Frr., atro- macularia H.-Sch.) (23d) is smaller, whiter, with sharply blackish bands. Ural and as an aberration (?) in S. Hungary and Transcaucasia. — fumipennis subsp. nov. is rather small and narrow-winged, upper surface uniform smoke-colour, only the fringes normal, forewing beneath smoke-colour with yellow costal spots and apical band, the latter continuing (but narrowing) to just behind the 3rd radial, hindwing beneath yellow with indistinct dark bands, darkened where they pass between the elongate light spots of the cell and radial fold. Pekin in August, one only (a ¢) known to me, in coll. Brit. Mus. Perhaps a species, as the palpus appears shorter, put HeRz mentions Pekin specimens as agreeing with the darkest Huropean; intermediate aberrations occur in Europe and ALPHERAKY mentions one from Kan-su. — Larva slender, smooth, green, with white lines, the dorsal finely dark-edged. On Artemisia campestris. The pupa hibernates and the moth is double brooded. N. nelvae Rothsch. (23d). Closely similar to fasciolaria, but easily separated by the broader wings and the neuration. Algeria. 145. Genus: Isturgia Hbn. Face with strongly projecting hairs or tuft. Palpus moderate, with long projecting hairs. Antenna in g with short or quite moderate pectinations. Femora slightly or scarcely hairy. Forewing with fovea; lst—2nd subcostal coincident, generally connected with costal by a short bar near their base (vestige of Ist subcostal ?). — Larva of moderate proportions, nearly cylindrical, smooth. The moths fly m the sunshine and commonly rest with the wings closed over the back in the manner of butterflies. Occurs in the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. I. carbonaria Cl. (= picearia Hbn.-Gev., atomaria obsoletaria Stichel nec Zeit.) (231). A pretty and distinct species, white with dense blackish dusting and narrow blackish bands, all angulated outwards in the middle. — ab. roseidaria Hbn. has less dark marking and the white ground mixed with yellowish. Prevalent in Lapland. — Larva convex above, carinated laterally, dingy brown, rather paler ventrally, a pale lateral stripe dark-edged above, a broad pale medio-ventral stripe. Has been reared on birch and sallow, probably also eats low plants. The pupa hibernates. N. Europe, the Alps and the mountains of Silesia, flying in May and June. hedemanni. mabillearia. alba. punetistri- garia. fasciolaria. tessularia. fumipennis. nelwae. carbonaria. roseidaria. 398 BICHROMA; FIDONTA. By L. B. Provr. cretacea. I. cretacea Stgr. Unknown to me, perhaps not congeneric. Shape of carbonaria, pectinations much shorter. Forewing dirty chalk white with fine olive-grey dusting and 3 ill-developed dark bands, the two outer approximated at hind-margin, diverging a little anteriorly, the distal running to the costa almost at apex; distal margin with large black lunate spots; fringe with dark dividing le. Hindwing grey-white, towards the distal margin somewhat darker. Transcaspia. Yumbaria. I. limbaria F. (= conspicuata Schiff., auroraria Hbn. part., circumdataria Vill., roraria Hsp. nec F.) (23 d, e). Ground-colour above always bright yellow, lines entirely obsolete; very variable in the extent and arrangement of the dark dusting. Underside of forewing without dark border, bindwing paler yellow, densely dusted so as to appear olivaceous or even fuscous, always with white of whitish streaks along the folds, or at least the radial one. The typical form has litile dusting on the upperside of the forewing except along the costal quadripunc- margin, but has a very conspicuous black distal border. — ab. quadripunctaria Fuchs “That ¢ in addition distinct ee black discal dots) —-ab, fumata Mathew las the yellow ground-colour more tinged with smoky and both wings delimbaria.densely dusted with blackish throughout. — faints Sigr. is a small race with the black border narrowed, Bee wanting on the hindwing, qadlensidle lighter. Digne. — pedemontaria Sigr. is similar, but with the hindwing beneath almost unicolorous yellow. Piedmont and Alpes Maritimes. -— anzascaria Siar. is larger, paler at the margin, the wings ochraceous yellow, the black border either entirely wanting on both wings or with vestiges rablensis. remaining on the forewing only. N. Piedmont: Val d’Anzasca. — rablensis 7. has the gronnd-colour rather lighter than the type, more irrorated with black, the distal border in the @ dissolved into black irroration, styriaca. though still denser than on the rest of the wing. Carniola and Carinthia; also from Macugnaga. — styriaca Schwingenschuss is somewhat smaller and narrower than rablensis, the § more uniformly and densely irrorated and with less developed dark border, underside more whitish. Styria. — Larva green or brown, with light longitudinal lines and yellow lateral stripe. On broom. The pupa hibernates, the moth appearing in May, a second generation in July—August. Local in Central Europe. Re esapts rorarw. I. roraria #. (= adspersaria #., auroraria Hbn. part., spartariaria Hbn., conspicuaria Hsp., spartiaria Tr.) (23 e). Very similar to limbata rablensis but with the irroration more regularly distributed on the forewing above and especially on both wings beneath; forewing above with broader distal border; hindwing beneath acquestriga. without a trace of white streaks. — ab. aequestriga Hirschke lacks the dark border of the upperside. Silesia. — Larva very similar to that of limbaria, green with pale longitudinal Jines. On Genista and Spartium. The pupa hibernates. Moth in June—July. Local in Central Europe, especially eastward, also recorded from Transcaucasia. . 146. Genus: Biehroma Gmpbg. ey Related to Isturgia but with more protuberant face and especially distinguished by the foretibia, which has a strong apical claw. Only one species. famula. B. famula Hsp. (= concordaria Hbn.) (23). A striking and very distinct species, perhaps least un- like some forms of atomaria 3, but with stronger contrast between the colouring of the fore- and of the hind- wing, larger cell-spot of the former, more slender lines of the latter, etc. Underside very prettily marked; fore- wing orange to beyond the postmedian line, then with a row of ime black spots, then concolorous with hind- wing; hindwing white, latticed with brown. — Larva elongate, green with brownish head, dark dorsal line and broad whitish- yellow lateral stripe. On broom. The pupa hibernates. Very local, Spain and Portugal to W. ‘ Germany, Berlin, Central Italy, April—July, two generations in southern localities. 147. Genus: Fidonia 7’. Also related to Isturgia but with the palpus Jonger, tongue wanting, antennal pectinations much longer. Two species, inhabiting ie Western Mediterranéan countries. Probably LepprER was justified in regarding them as genera. : tar; ' A. Hairy clothing‘not more shaggy than in Isturgia. Forewing a idt—2nd subcostal short-stalked (Athroolopha Led.). pennigera- F. pennigeraria Hon. (ZB @)),,, Recognizable at a glance by its large size and nearly uniform yellow Bue hindwing, only with quite narrow dark bor ders. The underside i in a measure reverses the pattern, the forewing being yellow with dark costal (and at times distal) margin and dark apex, the hindwing more mixed with fuscous, with a whitish postmedian band. Forewing above variable; in the name-type the white bands are more dentate and inclined to break up into spots, the antemedian band is almost V-shaped. Distributed in chrysitaria. the Iberian Peninsula, 8. W. France and N. Africa. — chrysitaria Hbn. (23 c) is on the whole darker, the fore- wing with distinet white stripes, the antemedian less acutely angulated in the cell and falling more perpendicularly on the hindwing; hindwing with costal margin longer and free from fuscous shading. Underside of forewing without dark discal mark, of hindwing very variable, its pale band straighter. Probably a separate species EMATURGA. By L. B. Prooutn. 399 Sicily, S. Andalusia and Central and §. Algeria. — ab. nevadaria Ribbe is a modification of chrysitaria without nevadaria. the dark border of the hmdwing. — ab. prieta Ribbe has the hindwing above almost entirely darkened. — kaby- Prieta, ; ; : ; : : ; F kabylaria. laria Ob. (23 e). Forewing mostly dark, antemedian and Saenmnins) white lines nearly obsolete, postmedian very slender, though tollowed by some light dustmg. Distal border of hindwing very dark, sometimes broadened. The dark parts of the underside similarly intensified, but the forewing without dark discal mark. Smaller than normal chrysitaria, both wings with distal margin more rounded towards the apex, but probably only a modification of that race (or species). Algeria: Collo and Philippeville; also from the Eastern Sahara. — The larva of pennigeraria has been described and figured by Mriurere. Rather long, cylindrical, without projec- tions, very dark vinous, dorsal line nearly black, slender on thorax, interrupted at the incisions on abdomen, subdorsal fine, light, also interrupted on the abdomen, lateral stripe white, very broad, undulate, marked by a fine black line above and large dots of the same colour below. On Santolina chamae-cyparissus, which according to RrBBE was refused by newly hatched larvae of chrysitaria. Halimium occidentale is also mentioned as a food-plant. Moth in May—June. B. Hairy clothing (especially of face and palpus) very shaggy. Forewing with lIst—2nd subcostal coincident (Fidonia). F. plummistaria Vill. (= plumistaria Bkh.) (23 e). Another striking species, variable but always un- plummista- mistakable, quite different. from the preceding in the black-banded wings, ete. 9 narrower-winged, sometimes mia quite small. — ab. auritaria Hbn. is a remarkable aberration with the dark colour suffusing both wings through- awritaria. out excepting some mostly small, scattered yellow spots, placed chiefly near the distal margin, on the fore- wing also in front of the 3rd radial. — ab. confluens Ob. Forewing black to the antemedian line and from the confluens. median to the subterminal. — ab. albicans 0b. Black markings greatly reduced. — ab. (?) albosignata Neubgr. Seas from Portugal, is larger, the forewing white, not yellow, only the veins and distal margin remaining yellowish. ; — Ege somewhat cylindrical, with rounded ends, micropylar end narrow; longitudinal ribs distinct in the middle, transverse ribs less developed, white knobs at the angles. Larva less elongate than the preceding, equally smooth and cylindrical, yellowish brown, dorsal line broken into dark lozenges, subdorsal reddish, slender, uninterrupted, lateral stripe narrow, pale yellow, feebly undulate. On Dorycnium, easy to rear. Double brooded, the pupa hibernating, moth in March—April and less abundantly in September. S. W. Europe, N. Italy, Switzerland (Mont Saléve) and N. Africa. 148. Genus: Ematurga Led. Like Isturgia but the g antenna with much longer pectinations, the fovea rudimentary. Probably a superfluous genus, yet the genitalia also seem to remove it from Isturgia, the latter showing the characters of Macaria. Only one species known, unless zliaria (unknown to me) be a second. E. atomaria L. (= isoscelata Scop., pennata Scop., aceraria Hufn., artemisiaria Fuessl., picta Geoff., atomaria. microcosma Geoff.) (231). Very variable, the variation rather difficult to classify, bemg in large measure indi- vidual, in part racial and further complicated by marked sexual dimorphism. The name-type (¢) is yellowish with irroration and moderately distinct bands fuscous; the corresponding 2 more whitish, the bands conse- quently sharper. — 3-ab. ochrearia Rbl. entirely lacks the dark markings. — g-ab. ustaria Fuchs has the dark goes age irroration much increased, in part confluent, leaving only scattered spots and dots of the yellow ground. g-ab. unicoloraria Sigr. is uniform fuscous (in ‘the N. English form nearly black), only the fringes showing inter NAO ATE spots. A large form of wnicoloraria possibly constitutes a local race in the Brusa district ‘and N. Syria (Shar- ria. Deresy). — ab. obsoletaria Zett. is a small-dark form, with the bands broadened and more confluent. Especially obsoletaria. in Lapland and Finland. — orientaria Sigr. (= transalpinaria Frings) (23 f) is freer from fuscous irroration, the orientaria. bands narrowed or subobsolete, the dark border in the ¢ generally strong. In the 3 a pretty and ipateliee form, chiefly characteristic of warm countries. Italy, Greece, Asia Minor ete. — krassnojarscensis Puchs is krassnojars- described as smaller than the name-type, with narrower wings, the forewing more pointed, light grey-yellow CED with fine, dirty brown dusting, the distal area not darkened, the transverse stripes distinct. Krasnoiarsk, Siberia. — meinhardi Krudik. on the contrary, is larger than the name-type, the wings above and beneath ferruginous, not yellowish, the fuscous bands broader and more confluent. Semiretshje. — Larva without meinhardi. protuberances, very variable in colour and markings; brown, ochreous, grey or’ violet- -grey with pale dorsal spots or lozenges. On Calluna, Erica, Papilionaceae, etc. The pupa hibernates. The moth is on the wing from April to June and there seems to be a partial second generation. Abundant in a great part of Europe, Central Asia and across Siberia. Amurland specimens are rather dull in colouring. — iliaria Alph. 1s probably, accor- itiaria. ding to STAUDINGER, a separate species, smaller, much paler, the gg mostly almost unicolorous yellow, not dusted, or with very slight brown bands. Valley of the Ii. 400 BUPALUS; SELIDOSEMA. By L. B. Prout. 149. Genus: Bupalus Leech. Also nearly related to [sturgia, distinguished by the less projecting hairs on face, short palpus, plumose $ antenna and strong sexual dimorphism. The moths — or at least the gg — fly in the sunshine and rest (like some others of the group) with the wings closed together over the back. The genus is Palearctic only. piniaria. B. piniaria L. (= mughusaria Gmpbg., 2 = tiliaria L.) (23). The sexes are nearly similar in shape, the abdomen of the 2? much stouter. The gg have always quite light ground-colour and nearly always blackish or very deep brown distal borders; the 292 have darker ground-colour and are as a rule much more unicolorous. The name-typical g has the ground-colour white and belongs chiefly to colder climates; the normal @ is albidaria. bright brownish orange. — g-ab. albidaria Dziurz. lacks the dark markings except the borders. The immacula kollert. and nivalis of the same author are transitions. — g-ab. kolleri Dziurz. has a thick postmedian line (narrow anomala- band) present on the forewmg. — g-ab. anomalarius Huene is small, strongly dark-dusted, the borders not ae io. very black. — g-ab. tristis Dziurz. is much darkened, the hindwing often entirely black. — g-ab. flavescens flavescens. B.-White has the ground-colour yellow. In Southern England it entirely supplants the foregoing white forms. Gees — g-ab. dziurzynskii Koller (23 g) combines the ground-colour of flavescens with the markings of kollerit. — aaiten g-ab. hirschkei Dziurz. (= ? iberarius Kolenati) lacks the apical cloud of the forewing but has the transverse nigricarius. stripes well developed. Hochschwab, Tyrol, ?Spain. — g-ab. nigricarius Backhaus (= tristis Th.-Mieg, nigri- fuscantaria. cans Dziurz.) both wings almost entirely black or dark fuscous. — 9-ab. fuscantaria Krulik. (23 g) is a nearly unicolora. uniform infuscated form, perhaps corresponding to nigricarius. — 9-ab. unicolora Strand is uniform ochreous. — strigata. Q-ab. strigata Dziwrz. is a banded form, corresponding to hirschkei. Other aberrations have been named by Dzturzynsxi. — Larva smooth, cylindrical, green with longitudinal white, dark-edged lmes running from head to anal end. On Pinus sylvestris, often in such abundance as to defoliate whole tracts of forest. The pupa hibernates. Moth in May—June. Central and N. Europe, Castile, Transcaucasia, Altai, E. Siberia. vestalis. B. vestalis Stgr. (23g) is larger, broader winged, white, with large cell-spots and quite differently shaped blackish border to the forewing. Forewing beneath also with the dark clouding more restricted. 92 unknown. Amurland: Raddefka; Japan: Hakodate. Apparently not common. cembraria. B. (?) cembraria Motsch. may be mentioned here, though I cannot at all identify it. ,,¢. Form of pimaria but larger. Cinereous testaceous, forewing above distally broadly infuscated, with a line and two transverse spots fuscous, hindwing above in the middle somewhat fuscous; underside transversely marked in the middle by a dark line; antenna strongly pectinate; legs reddish testaceous.““ Amur. 150. Genus: Selidosema Abn. Characters of Boarmia, subgenus Cleora, which Meyrick unites with it. Antenna in ¢ rather short, plumose. Wings in ¢ ample, 2 considerably smaller; hindwing perhaps relatively larger than in Boarmia, its distal margin slightly or quite moderately crenulate. Not a very scientifically grounded genus, yet some- what different in aspect and habits from Boarmia. Larva without protuberances, living on low plants. Range not definitely ascertained. plumaria. S. plumaria Schiff. (= brunnearia Vill., ericetaria Vill., vespertaria Hsp.) (23g). Brown or purple- brown with dark discal dots or spots, the lines and distal band usually indicated on the forewing, but very variably, the lmes wanting on the hindwing. 2 much smaller-winged than 3g, with stout abdomen, moderately pyrenaearia. well marked. It is distributed in Central and Southern Central Europe, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia. — pyrenaearia Bsd. has a very strongly expressed dark median line but the dark marginal band obsolescent. Pyrenees and palidaria. Spain. — pallidaria Stgr. is a very weakly marked, cinereous whitish form from Sicily, Dalmatia, etc. — syriacaria Symacane Stgr. shows a similar pale ground-colour but the discal spots, median line of forewing and submarginal bands scandinavi- are well developed. Syria. — scandinaviaria Sigr. is dark violet-grey, the median line present, the distal bands ‘ ease strong and broad. Scandinavia. — oelandica Wahlgren is a modification of the preceding, perhaps less dark grey, with an additional dark band occupying the entire space between median and postmedian lines, which oliveirata. are both black. Oeland. Perhaps not separable from the following. — oliveirata Mab. Similar to scandinaviaria granataria. but with a broad fuscous median band on the forewing. Portugal. — granataria Rbr. seems to be also an aberration of plumaria, with the median shade of the forewing composed of 3 spots, the pale subterminal line (band) unusually distinct. Andalusia. — Egg oval, with rows of hexagonal cells, each marked at four of the angles with minute raised darker knobs. Larva smooth, with a point at anal extremity; grey. with irre- gular double dark dorsal line and pale lines on the sides, the lower one edged above with reddish brown. On Calluna and other low plants, hibernating. The moth frequents heaths or rough chalk-hills, etc. July—August. modestaria. S. modestaria Ping. is considerably smaller and more slenderly built, the pectinations of the g an- tenna less bushy, decreasing in length towards the tip; face more protuberant; palpus shorter. Forewing Publ. 26. TX. 1915. ITAME. By L. B. Prout. 40] pale brownish grey, witb quite sparse dark strigulation, cell-spot elongate, thick; lines obsolescent, widely separated, distal area with some vague spots. Hindwing with small, weak cell-dot. Underside with the cell- dots. Syr-Daria: Baigacum. S. taeniolatia Hbn. (23g). More Boamia-like than the preceding, though rather short-winged. Brown taeniolaria. with strong dark irrocation, tending to form strigulation in the distal area; lines denticulate, strongest on the costa of the forewing; median shade also present. Larva smooth, tapering slightly anteriorly; yellow grey (sometimes darker grey), with numerous longitudinal grey lines. On Genista, also on Prunus spinosa. taeniolaria is common in 8. France and Spain, but is also known from Switzerland (Canton Geneva). S. erebaria Ob. (23 g) is distinguished by the peculiar curved form of the narrow median area. Pro- erebaria. bably related to the following. Algeria. S. ambustaria Hbn. (= duponcheliaria Lef.) (23g). More variegated than taeniolaria, the ground- ambustaria. colour being lighter, the brown strigulations and cloudings richer, the black lines sharply expressed. The discal Spots are conspicuous both above and beneath, that of the forewing large and roundish. Underside well marked. 2 wings much smaller, scarcely fitted for flight. — Larva brighter yellow than that of taeniolaria, with squarer head. On Hypericum. Inhabits Sicily and N. Africa. S. combustaria Piing. Very near ambustaria, rather smaller and stumpier, lighter and more yellowish, combusta- wanting the dark strigulae, subterminal line much more bent proximally in the middle, underside much more Lia feebly marked. Jordan Valley. 151. Genus: [tame bn. Characters of Macariw but with the distal margins smooth or nearly so, the antenna in the ¢ (in the type species vincularia also in the Q) bipectinate. A widely distributed genus, reaching Australia and North and South America. Commonly known as Thamnonoma Led. A. 9 fully winged (ltame). i. vincularia Hbn. (23 h). May be known at a glance by the large dark cell-spot of the forewing and the vincularia. red-brown outer band (less dark in the 9) cut by light veins. — Larva rather slender, with small bifid dorsal prominences on the Ist, 2nd and 8th abdominal segments and lateral carination; reddish brown dorsally, bluish grey ventrally, with a fine, uninterrupted brown dorsal line and a broad pale lateral stripe. On Rhamnus infectorius. Moth in two generations, 8S. France, Spain, Portugal and Algeria. I. spodiaria Lef. (= semicanaria Frr., cerataria Guen.) (23h). Rather longer winged and less robust. spodiaria. Light grey or brownish grey, clouded with darker, more bluish grey distally to the postmedian line. On the underside this clouding becomes brown and very conspicuous, at least on the hindwing and the anterior part of the forewing. S. Italy, Sicily, S. Spain and N. Africa. I. berytaria Sigr. (23h). Near spodiaria but still longer winged, 2 abdomen robust, ground-colour less berytaria. brownish grey, discal spot of forewing larger, underside with less well defined brown distal shades, the hindwing here characteristic, though very variable, the region of the cell-fold and radial fold, as also the inner margin, whitish grey, the rest darker grey mixed with brownish, some fuscous clouding in the cell and the distal area, a fuscous (sometimes strong, sometimes very slight) postmedian band or double line. Syria and Palestine. I. buffonaria Mill. (25 h), only known from the type 2, which was bred at Hyeres as long ago as 1855, bufjonaria. still requires elucidation. It is a tiny, narrow-winged species, with both wings rather acute at the apex, clay yellowish (rather reddish in the figure) with slight brown dusting; forewing with 2 sharply defined brown lines, the anterior vertical, though slightly flexuous, the postmedian nearly parallel with the distal margin, broadly shaded with brown distally; discal dot large, brown; distal margin with 8 dark dots; frmge short. Hindwing without markings. I. wauaria L. (23h). Variable, but easily distinguished from all the other Palearctic species, its nearest wauaria. relatives being N. American. The shape approaches that of Macaria lituraia. Lines obsolete, except at costa and as small vein-dots, median shade on the contrary very strong, at least anteriorly, normally forming a large, somewhat V-shaped mark; the dark red-brown costal mark before the subterminal is nearly always conspicuous. — ab. v-nigraria Hatchett (= fuscaria Thnbg. nec Vill.) has both wings strongly infuscated, the v-nigraria, V-mark showing in deeper black, postmedian dots also just traceable. — ab. alba ab. nov. has the ground-colour alba. almost pure white. — halituaria Guen. is a more unicolorous ashy or violaceous grey (less brownish mixed) halituaria. race, with better developed antemedian line, no whitish irroration on hindwing, etc. According to GUENEE _ a species, with much longer antennal pectinations. Altai and E. Siberia. — Egg elongate oval, brown-red, with strong, somewhat irregular polygonal reticulation and whitish knobs at the angles; hibernating. Larva mode- rately stout, green or purple-brown, the lines white, lateral stripe broad, yellow, tubercles black, setae more ol 402 DIASTICTIS. By. L. B. Provr. conspicuous than in most Geometrids. On gooseberry. wauaria is distributed in Northern and Central Europe, Central Asia and N. America, flying in July. EN ae e I. costimaculata Graes. Very similar to wauaria, forewing relatively somewhat bioader, light clay “4. yellowish, somewhat darker distally, median costal spot less oblique, not forming with the cell-spot a V-shaped mark, underside brighter, golden-yellow. Amurland. sparsaria. I. sparsaria Hbn. (= tephraria Bsd., acquiaria Mill.). Although known since the days of Hipner, this species has remained a rarity, confined to a few localities in N. and Central Italy. Whitish grey with darker irroration, discal and terminal black dots and fine dark lines, accompanied by brown shading; the post- median of the forewing makes two very slight curves, separated by a very slight angle or bend opposite the discal dot. Hindwing very bluntly (scarcely noticeably) elbowed at the 3rd radial. June and again in late summer. gesticularia. I. gesticularia Hbn. (= graellsiaria Feisth.) (23 h) may be known by its very pale colour, rounded hind- wing, slender greyish lines, the median straight, present on both wings, the postmedian marked with dots on the inquinata- veins. — inquinataria Bsd. is a very small form from Andalusia, according to GuENEE with rather less straight ™“ median shade. I have not seen it. — The larva is said to feed on oak. gesticularia inhabits Spain, Portugal and Algeria, May—July. contamina- I. contaminaria Hbn. (=? numerata F.) (231). Forewing slightly more pointed, hindwing with an ™* appreciable sinus in middle of distal margin. Rather more ochreous, with stronger irroration, the lines more brownish, less straight, the postmedian stronger, usually a brownish smear at the median branches, running towards the distal margin. Central France to Central Italy. fulvaria. I. fulvaria Vill. (= brunneata Thnbg. nec Goeze, pinetaria Hbn., quinquaria Hbn., sylvaria Curt.) (23 h) differs from all the other tame species in its brigkt ochreous colour. In the ¢ the lines are very in- conspicuous, on account of an almost uniform red-brown irroration; in the 2 they are well expressed. — In ab. unicinetata Strand the median line,is strong on both wings, but there are no other markings. — sordida Bilr. (described as Cleogene) is rather duller coloured, weakly marked, the abdomen dorsally more tinged with fuscous. Japan. — Egg oval, pink, with strong, regular hexagonal reticulation and small bright white knobs at the angles. Hibernating. The larva feeds up in the early months of the year on Vaccinium, especially V. uliginosum. It is nearly cylindrical, but somewhat folded laterally, the colouring arranged in a multitude of longitudinal lines, mainly green dorsally but with reddish-brown subdorsal stripe, white tinged with yellow laterally, dirty whitish ventrally. N. Europe, the moutains of Central Europe, parts of Siberia, Japan and N. America, thus very widely distributed. unicincata. sordida. “ B. Q@wings rudimentary (Dysmigia Warr.). loricaria. I. loricaria Hv. (= vinctaria Z., julia Hulst) (231). The g¢ shows a delicate light violet-grey ground- colour which is not infrequent in this genus, but is characterized by the row of rust-coloured spots which pre- cedes the subterminal line. The 2 wing-stumps are rather more brownish, with distinct discal dots and lines. Egg apparently similar to that of wauaréa but less elongate, the cells between the reticulation less deep. Local, Scandinavia to the Ural, Kentei Mountains, N. E. Siberia and N. America. Flies in July. 152. Genus: Diastictis bn. Ditfers trom Jtame (which, however, could probably be sunk to it) in the longer paipus and more pointed forewing. artesiaria. D. artesiaria Schiff. (= festucaria Hbn.) (231i). Coloration of the preceding, recognizable by its shape, the nearly straight, yellowish-white ‘postmediar line and the less developed, more irregular rust-coloured shades beyond (strongest in the middle of the wings). — The egg hibernates. Larva blue-green, with dark, whitish- edged dorsal line, whitish subdorsal and yellowish lateral stripe. On Salix, in May. Moth in July, occasionally later. Central Europe, Russia, the Caucasus, Kentei Mountains and Amurland. serenaria. D. serenaria Sigr. (24). Very near the preceding, somewhat broader-winged, larger and lighter, with better developed dark transverse markings, especially a fuscous band (more mixed with rust-colour in the middle) distally to the postmedian line. Uliassutai district. latefasciata. D. latefasciata Sigr. is doubtfully referred to this genus and I have no personal knowledge of it. Not quite so large as serenaria, forewing dirty ash-grey with very broad dark dull brown median band, not quite LITHINA. By L. B. Provr. 403 reaching the costa, almost straight-edged proximally, its distal edge gently curved outwards, midway between this band and the apex the costal commencement (broken into spots) of a submarginal band. Hindwing dirty light grey, with an extremely indistinct darker band in the middle, only at its distal boundary somewhat more distinct. Forewing beneath darkened proximally, with broad lighter distal part and light, strongly dark stri- culated costal margin. Uliassutai district. D. anomalata Alph. (= adzearia Ob.) (24). Ground-colour more white, more strongly irrorated, than anomalata. in the typical species and recognizable at a glance by the strongly incurved postmedian line, white subterminal (especially at the apex) and other characters. Amdo, Koko-Nor and W. China. 153. Genus: Lithina Hon. Face smooth or ending in slight pointed tuft below. Palpus shortish or moderate. Antenna in ¢ simple. Forewing without fovea; apex more or less pointed, distal margin smooth, 1st subcostal free, or very rarely connected with 2nd, 2nd from cell, often anastomosing or connected with 3rd—4th. Hindwing with costal margin rather long, distal margin smooth. — Larva smooth, cylindrical, of normal proportions. Range: Pale- arctic and Neavctic. Certainly not related to Chiasmia; the genitalia show Ennomid affinities. L. chlorosata Scop. (= innata FI., petraria Hbn.) (231). Quite distinct from all other Palearctic spe- chlorosata. cies, forewing light brown, the lines finely whitish, proximally dark shaded, subterminal line rather straight, sometimes indistinct. — Larva moderately elongate, dull green with brown lines and white spiracular stripe, feeding at night on bracken (Pteris aquilina). The pupa hibernates and the moth appears in May. Very common in many parts of Central Europe and extending to Asia Minor, N. Persia, the Altai, Amdo district, S. E. Siberia and Japan. L. rippertatia Dup. (231). Variable, in the name-typical form easy to recognize by the thick black les rippertaria. of the forewing, the postmedian curved, somewhat angulated at the Ist radial, both very slight (obsolescent) in their anterior part. — ab. ravouxi 7'/.- Mieg has the black lines united by a thick longitudinal cne in front ees of the 2nd submedian vein. — ab. pallidaria Sigr. lacks the black bands. — ab. (?) irrorata Chr. is in some pallida. measure transitional; irrorated with fuscous, the lines indistinct, fuscous, not black. N. E. Siberia and Ih district. — A very local species, inhabiting S. France, N. Italy, S. E. Russia, Transcaspia, the Kentei Mountains, ete. — Larva very like that of artesiaria, moderately elongate, smooth, bluish green with fine dark dorsal line, fine geminate whitish subdorsal and broad straight white lateral stripe. On Salix. — flavularia Ping. differs jlavularia. from the name-type in having the ground-colour uniform sandy yellow with fine browner irroration. Aksu, together with — ab. analogaria Piing., which corresponds to ab. pallidaria, lacking the black lines. analogariz. L. tancrearia Sigr. (231). Superficially rather like a more whitish, more strongly brown-clouded tancrearia. rippertaria, but with the postmedian line far more bent outwards in its anterior part. Structurally very distinct in its more protuberant face, moderately ciliated ¢ antenna and in having the Ist—2nd subcostal of the fore- wing coincident, thus not a true Lithina. Transcaspia, Issyk-kul and Thian-shan. L. convergata Vill. (= scutularia Dup., permutataria Frr., peltaria Bsd.) (231) is characterized by convergata. the proximal curve of the postmedian line and usually by the conspicuous yellow shading of both the lines. More glossy and less coarsely dusted than partitaria, especially in the 3. Moderately variable. — Larva rather short, cylindrical, grey, with numerous longitudinal dark lines and broad, straight, white lateral line. On Ros- marinus officinalis, extremely sluggish. The perfect insect emerges from the middle of October. 8S. France, Spain and Piedmont. L. jordanaria Sigr. is described as similar to convergata but with the yellow stripes broader and differently sordanaria. formed; antemedian slightly curved outwards, in segments, postmedian running into the costal margin near the apex. HE. Palestine. L. partitaria Hbn. (= bipartita Ror.) (231i). Colouring more washed-out than m scutularia Dup., more partitaria. coarsely irrorated, the yellow lines variable, pale, the postmedian not incurved or only so in its middle part. — ab. faeculenta 7h.-Mieg is more vinous, little irrorated except at costa, the yellow lines better expressed. — faeculenta. ab. litoralaria Trt. is much larger, with brown lines edging the yellow ones on the reverse sides. S. Remo, litoralaria. ete. — Larva moderately elongate, nearly cylindrical, slightly attenuated at the extremities, segmentation distinct; yellowish grey, washed with greenish on the sides of the first. 4 or 5 segments; dorsal line very fine, double, interrupted, a sagittate brown pattern on the Ist—6th abdominals, a rather broad, waved, whitish lateral line. On Teucrium in the autumn. The pupa hibernates and the principal emergence takes place in the spring, but some pupae lie until August or September. 5. France, Spain and Algeria. — obliterata Stgr. lacks obliterata. the yellow lines. The sole example before me (from Tkout, Algeria) has the forewing slightly more elongate and shows on the underside a distinct dark postmedian line (faintly traceable also above), placed nearer the distal margin than the postmedian line of partitaria. Algeria and Murcia. _ binaevata. austaularia. unicolora- ria. clathrata. cingularia. cancellaria. retata. fasciata. ornataria. -nocturnata. jaurata. chretieni. punctata. centralasiae. glarearia. lutea. saburraria. legataria. pygmaearia. lutearia. 404 CHIASMIA. By L. B. Prout. L. binaevata Mab. (25 d) is closely similar to scutularia but with more of the grey, strongly dusted ground-colour of partitaria. Food-plant and life-history as in scuwtularia, which it represents in Corsica, — austautaria Ob. (24¢) is referred by StauDINGER as a variety or aberration to binaevata. It is distmmguished by having broad blackish shades proximally to the first yellow line and distally to the second; cell-dot sharply black. Oran. — ab. unicoloraria Ob. lacks the blackish shades, thus it is not clear in what respect it differs from scutularia, except that the postmedian line is probably shaped more as in partitaria. 154. Genus: Chiasmia Zobn. Characters of Macaria, the fovea not very strongly developed, distal margin of forewing not excised in anterior part, that of hindwing only slightly prominent at the vein -ends (especially 2nd subcostal and 3rd radial). Probably not separable from Macaria on a scientifically grounded system, the slight difference in habitus being evidently due to its having acquired a diurnal flight. Contains properly only a few Palearctic species, but we have followed WARREN in adding the sétrigata group, which extends into the Indian fauna. Ch. clathrata L. (23k). Extremely variable, though the dark transverse stripes and dark veins give to nearly all the forms a characteristic latticed appearance. Fringes sharply chequered (white and fuscous). Antennal ciliation short. — ab. cingularia Hbn. (= albicans Ob.) is almost or entirely without dark markings except the median line, which is sharply expressed. — ab. cancellaria Hon. (= radiata Haw.) has all the trans- ~ verse markings present, but narrowed into mere lines. — retata Haw. is almost the same or slightly intermediate towards the type. — ab. fasciata ab. nov. has the median area of both wings darkened into a broad band. — ab. ornataria Krulik. has the distal area of both wings broadly dark fuscous, with white subterminal spots small or almost obsolete. — ab. nocturnata Fuchs (= nigricans Ob.) (24¢) is dark throughout both wings, ex- cepting the subterminal spots and the chequered fringes. — aurata Trti. (23 k) has the ground-colour deeper gold-yellow, without any white admixture. Sicily. — chretieni Th.-MWeg. Ground-colour pure white, without yellow admixture (except slightly on the underside). La Grave (Hautes-Alpes); also in N. Britain, etc. Thus the colour-changes appear analagous to those of Bupalus piniaria. — punctata B.-Haas. Ground-colour also pure white, reduced to spots and dots by extension of the black markings. Juldus district, in numbers. — centralasiae Krulik. is a very small, very dark race from Prshevalsk (EK. of Issyk-kul), approaching ab. noctur- nata. Perhaps synonymous with punctata. — Egg oval, dark green, with regular (chiefly hexagonal) reticu- lation and strong white knobs at the angles. Larva smooth, cylindrical, reddish or brownish green with in- distinct lines and broad white lateral stripe, dark edged above. On clover, lucerne, etc. Moth in May—June and again in August, flying in sunshine. Generally common in Europe, Western and Central Asia and across Siberia to Japan. The eastern specimens before me show a combination of the chretient and cancellaria characters. Ph. glarearia Brahm (23k) differs in having stronger dark irroration, much weaker and difterently placed transverse markings, no darkened veins and in having the § antenna dentate-fasciculate. Inter- mediate towards Jsturgia — ab. lutea Gillm. Markings almost entirely suppressed, the dark irroration indicated at the costal margin of the forewing only, the lines shown by some slight irroration. — Egg oval, flattened, granulated. Larva green with red-brown dorsal spots, or reddish grey; subdorsal line and lateral stripe whitish. On Trifolium lupulinus. Moth in April—May and again in August, Central and Southern Europe and distri- buted to Central Asia. Ch. saburraria Hv. is said to be related to the preceding but ash-grey mixed with brownish, with 2 brown lines and black discal dots. Irkutsk and Amurland. Ch. legataria H.-Sch. (251) is also unknown to me in nature and no description exists. According to the figure it is very distinct in its larger size, more elongate wings, bright yellow, finely dark-dusted ground- colour, red-spotted costa, reddish fringes, ete. Both wings have a dark discal dot, the forewing two somewhat interrupted dark lines, the hindwing one, all accompanied by some ase gis shading at the hind (inner) margin. Asia Minor and W. Kurdistan. Ch. pygmaearia Leech (23 k) and thé following species belong to a group of closely allied forms which range from N. India and Sumatra to Formosa and Japan and differ from true Chiasmia in the longer forewing, with more curved distal margin and more strongly developed fovea. pygmaearia is easily recognizable from our figure but is possibly only a form of the Indian radiata, which, however, has broader dark markings and less curved median shade. Chang Yang. Ch. lutearia Leech (23k). Larger, longer-winged, antennal ciliation rather stronger, the dark markings much increased, both wings with large cell-spot. Japan: Oiwake. TEPHRINA. By L. B. Prout. 405 155. Genus: Tephrina Guen. Characters of Jiame and Diastictis, generally diftering from the former in its longer palpi (with more exposed 3rd joint) and from the latter in the less acute apex, but almost certainly not a biologically or struc- turally tenable genus. Forewing with Ist subcostal frequently arising from costal. Distributed in all the great faunistic regions; some of the species have a very wide range in the Old World. T. arenacearia Schiff. (= irradiata Walk., impertiata Walk.) (23k). Variable, but the variation is arenacearia. individual, sexual and seasonal rather than geographical. Recognizable by its rather pointed forewing, position of the postmedian line and generally a clear pale line accompanying it proximally. Ground-colour very pale straw-yellowish, the forewing in the gj generally almost entirely suffused with reddish grey, in the 9 much treer from suffusion, except a band distally to the postmedian; both sexes here often with a row of dark spots, which, however, vary greatly in number and intensity. — gen. aest. flavidaria Hv. (= discriminaria flavidaria. Walk.) has the groundcolour deep, bright ochreous (perhaps deepest in some eastern specimens). — Larva smooth, slender, yellowgreen, with white longitudinal lines and lateral stripe, head with a purple-brown dash on the side. On Coronilla varia and probably other allied plants, June and September. The pupa probably hibernates, the moth appearing in May and again in August. Local in E. Europe, also ranging from N. Persia to Amurland, Korea, N. China and Japan. Very common in N. China. T. (?) flavescens Alph. is coloured like arenacearia f. flavidaria but has short palpus, larger discal dot, /lavescens. Ist line obsolescent, postmedian formed into a narrow brown band, on hindwing incomplete, anterior half of fringe of forewing brown. Ordos (N. China) in September. T. murinaria Schiff. (= myosaria Hsp., 9 disspersaria Hbn.) (23 k). Rather broader-winged, the ground- murinaria. colour not or scarcely yellowish, with dense brown or fuscous irroration, postmedian line further from distal margin. Antennal pectinations quite short. In the name-type the markings are well expressed. — ab. cine- cineraria. tatia Dup. is a less marked, nearly unicolorous form. — Larva very similar to the preceding, with more rust- brown markings. On clovers and vetches. Times of appearance, etc., as in arenacearia, but murinaria has a more westerly range, extending from §. France to Issyk-kul. T. grisolaria Hv. (251, as griseolaria) differs from murinaria in its considerably longer antennal pec- grisolaria. tinations, darker, more olive-grey tone, with stronger black irroration, stronger black discal spots, lines chiefly marked as dots on the veins, hindwing lighter than forewing, underside less yellowish, etc. From the Steppes of S. E. Russia. T. cinigeraria Alph. (251) is not a true Tephrina. Build more slender, palpus shorter and more cinigeraria. slender, forewing with 1st—2nd subcostal anastomosing strongly with costal. Antennal pectinations long and slender. The whitish ground-colour above and beneath is almost entirely obscured by fuscous dusting, leaving free only the ill-defined lines. Amdo and Koko-Nor. T. vapulata Bilr. (= capulata Kirby, Leech) has rather elongate wings, the apex of the forewing some- vapulata. what pointed, and might equally well be placed in Diastictis. Proximal area weakly marked, postmedian line followed by a brownish band, with small blackish spot or dot behind the 3rd radial of the forewing. Japan. T. assimilaria Rbr. (23k). By the shorter palpus this species belongs rather to Jéame, in so far as assimilaria. the two genera are separable (see above). The underside is characteristic; it somewhat recalls that of J. spodi- aria (23 h), but the hindwing shows longitudinal whitish streaks in the cell and between the veins and the fore- wing shows a similar tendency in the distal area, especially on the ferruginous brown apical patch. — Larva of moderate length, cylindrical, light yellowish green marked with uninterrupted lines; differmg from those of arenacearia and murinaria in that the head is concolorous, the lines not white (dorsal dark green, subdorsal greyish). On Genista corsica and Ulex. Double brooded, only known from Corsica and Sardinia. T. hopfferaria Stgr. (23k). A rather large species, also with comparatively short palpus, coloration hepfferaria. nearly as in murinaria, irroration coarser and more, irregular, stronger on underside lines not very strong, discal dots large and black, underside brighter yellowish, with darker yellow veins. Very distinct in having the antennal pectinations reduced to scarcely more than strong serrations. Asia Minor to Transcaucasia. T. catalaunaria Guen. (231). Slightly rounder-winged than murinaria, antennal pectinations much catalauna- longer, the median shade commonly well developed on both wings, postmedian line generally followed by a bee dark shade, often with a distinct row of spots, cell-dots generally small or subobsolete. Palpus rather long. Catalonia and Murcia, probably a straggler from Africa, as it is there widely distributed as far as the bigs: also in India. pumicaria. perviaria. disputaria. indotata. semilutata. pruimosaria fentoni. fuscata. biskraria. bleusei. latimargina- ria. miniosaria. 406 OSTEODES; ENCONISTA. By L. B. Provr. T. pumicaria Led. (= osyraria Guen., ?inconspicuaria Hbn.) (231). Near catalaunaria but much smaller, cell-marks much larger in proportion, lines weakly expressed, but the postmedian marked by a distinct dark spot on costal margin of forewing. Andalusia, Syria, Southern Taurus and Caucasus. T. perviatia Led. Another small species, generally distinguishable by its white or whitish band between the median and postmedian lines. The rest of the wing is mostly ash-grey dusted with brown, the antemedian line sometimes lost in the general darkening, the median shade blacker. Syria and Palestine and a variety/(?) in India. T. disputaria Guen. A rather striking species, the lines, especially on the forewing, thickened into (or accompanied by) broad blackish shades, which, however, become obsolete towards the costa. The name- type has the ground-colour decidedly tinged with red-brown. — ab. indotata Walk. (= martiniaria Ob.) (23 1) is the commoner and at the same time the more striking form, the ground-colour being whitish. — Distributed from the Cameroons across N. Africa and Persia to India and Burma. Other forms of it will be given in vol. 12. T. semilutata Led. A variable species, bearing no resemblance to the others of the genus; moreover the g antenna is not pectinate, scarcely even dentate, furnished with fascicles of cilia. The name-type is dirty yellowish grey, with the dark shade proximally to the subterminal line rather well developed. Altai. Also, though rarely, in E. Asia. — pruinosaria Brem. (= dictynna Bélr.) (23 1) is rather bright red-brown (yel- lowish strongly irrorated with reddish). Common in §. E. Siberia, Korea and Japan. Very generally there is a conspicuous roundish dark spot behind the 3rd radial proximally to the subterminal shade. — ab. fentoni Btlr. (= corearia Herz nec Leech) only differs from pruinosaria in colour, being bright, clear ochreous. — ab. fuscata Herz is much darker than pruinosaria, dark rust-brown, almost fuscous. Korea and Ningpo. T. biskraria Ob. (24.c) has about the shape of semilutata, the colour between the forms pruinosaria and fentoni, antemedian and postmedian lines stronger, the former less curved, the latter on the hindwing sometimes double. Some dark spots sometimes follow the postmedian distally. Antenna in the ¢ bipectinate. Algeria. T. bleusei 7'h.-Mieg is said to resemble biskrarza. Possibly an aberration of it. Light yellow ochreous, only with an extremely vague, slightly excurved postmedian line of small spots on the forewing above, both wings beneath also with darker cell-dot. Oran: Ain-Sefra. 156. Genus: Osteodes Guen. Face with a sharp projecting tuft. Palpus rather long. Antenna of ¢ with 2 pairs of fascicles of cilia to each segment. Wing-margins entire, or the hindwing nearly smooth, slightly sinuous or bent in the middle. Forewing with strongly developed fovea; Ist subcostal arising from costal, generally anastomosing or connected with 2nd. The typical species are African but the range of the genus is probably wide, as it seems evident that the genus called Discalma by Myrick and Tephrinopsis by WARREN is not separable from it. Perhaps, even, it should be treated as a subgenus of Tephrina. 0. latimarginaria bl. (231). Easily distinguished from all other Palearctic species by its light bone- colour and very broad dark borders, that of the forewing interrupted by a roughly triangular patch of the ground-colour at apex. Hindwing beneath with some additional clouding at inner margin (only faintly indi- cated above) and the border traversed by an irregular, pale subterminal line. Belongs chiefly to the region of the Gulf of Aden, but has been taken in 8. Algeria. 157. Genus: Eneonista Led. Face prominent, rounded. Palpus short or shortish. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate to apex, in 9 strongly serrate or minutely pectinate. Pectus hairy. Foretibia with strong apical hook. Both wings with distal margin smooth. Costal margin of hindwing rather long. A small genus, confined to the S. W. Palearctic Region, sho- wing within its limits some structural variation, probably (as Mryrick and JoANNtS accept) of generic value. A. Forewing with Ist subcostal commonly arising from costal, 2nd always from cell. g with fovea (Enconisia). E. miniosatia is an extremely variable species, but splite up mainly into two races, true intermediates being quite rare. The shape and structure, however, suffice for its recognition. — miniosaria Dup. (23 1) has the ground-colour whitish, rather coarsely but irregularly irrorated with fuscous and usually with some reddish scales; forewing with 3 more or less strong dark lines and a dark shade proximally to the subterminal, the latter continued on the hindwing; postmedian line variable in position. Rare aberrations are very densely SCODIOMIMA; DYSCIA. By L. B. Prout. 407 dusted with fuscous almost throughout. Chiefly in the Pyrenées Orientales, Spain and Portugal. — dupon- cheli nom. nov. (= perspersaria Dup. in err.) (231) is more unicolorous or spotted, with the lines entirely o1 almost entirely obsolete. Prevalent in 8. France and Piedmont, recorded also from Spain, the Southern Tyrol, Dalmatia and N. Africa. — Larva smooth, regularly cylindrical, dorsal area violaceous with a brown dorsal line and pale yellowish subdorsal; lateral stripe broad, white, with yellow spots; venter more flesh-coloured, with 3 blackish lines. A rarer variety is green dorsally. On Genista and Ulex, producing the moth in August— September. E. exustaria Stgr. (23 1) is on an average rather smaller, the postmedian line generally finer and sharper, the subterminal shade placed further from the distal margin, thus close to the postmedian line; distal area conspicuously lighter than the rest of the wing. Cell-spots rather large and black. Oiclasicle mixed with brighter brown. Antennal pectinations shorter. Palestine, Tangier and Mogador. B. Forewing with lIst—2nd subcostal stalked, their stalk anastomosing or con- nected with costal. Fovea wanting. Middle offace with an oval prominence, the extremity of which is truncate and rugose (Paronychora Joan.). E. oberthiiti Vazquez (24d). Ground-colour whitish, but almost entirely covered with dark irroration; lines well expressed. Occurs in September. Madrid, Salamanca and Portugal (Serra da Guardunha). — in- clerata Joan., from Madrid and Serra da Guardunha, has the whitish ground-colour predominant, the irrora- tion being greatly reduced. — ab. perfusaria Joan. is unicolorous brownish grey, finely irrorated, the lines wanting, thus parallel to miniosata duponcheli. Madrid and Salamanca. C. Forewing with 2nd subcostal arising from stalk of 3rd—Sth. Fovea wanting (Onychora Meyr.). . E. agaritharia Dardoin (24d). larger than oberthiri, the g with more ample hindwing. Easily recognized by its almost uniform brown-grey colour, only at times a little more brown in the median area or with the lines slightly indicated; scaling rather smooth and glossy, dark irroration fine, slight and inconspi- cuous. 2 smaller and narrower than g. Larva elongate, smooth, cylindrical, recalling Selidosema; grey, washed with flesh-colour and vinous and with numerous very fine darker and lighter longitudinal lines. Only recorded trom 8. France and Andalusia. — mauretanicaria Sigr. is diagnosed as darker, more distinctly striated and dotted. According to Joannis probably a separate species, with still smoother scaling, the sexes alike in size. N. Africa. D. Face nearly as in Section B. Forewing with Ist and 2nd subcostals ari sing from cell, free. Fovea wanting (Scodionista Joan.). E. amoritaria Piing. Size of exustaria, abdomen more slender, pectinations much longer. Reddish sand-colour, discal dots variable in size, lines not very distinct, consisting of small dashes on the veins con- nected by a very fine line, pale subterminal line with some dark shading proximally. Palestine. 158. Genus: Seodiomima Sig’. Characters of Dyscia, palpus of moderate length, with long projecting hairs beneath, hindwing with 2nd subcostal very shortly stalked with Ist radial. A perhaps unnecessary genus, created for the single spe- cies here given. S. crocallaria Stgr. (24d). Forewing very pale yellowish with indistinct brown irroration; discal spot large, paler in the centre; antemedian and postmedian lines present. Hindwing more evita, almost unmarked. Underside pale and weakly marked. Transcaspia. 159. Genus: Dyseia Hon. Face more or less rough-scaled, but without tuft. Palpus generally short. Tongue rudimentary or wanting. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate. Pectus and femora hairy. Wings with distal margins smooth, costal margin of forewing almost straight or even faintly subconcave. No fovea. All veins present, Ist and 2nd sub- costals usually free. 2 with abdomen robust, wings sometimes reduced. — Larva with raised abdominal warts, 8th abdominal segment with thorn-like dorsal process, anal end with 2 strong points projecting backwards. — A not very extensive genus, Palearctic and Aethiopian. The more robust species appear to show some affinity with Crocallis. A. Antenna in 9 simple (Dyscia). D. emucidaria Hbn. (24d). Slenderly built, forewing greyish ochreous with rather sparse dark dusting, sometimes with a slight rosy suffusion, hindwing white, towards distal margin becoming concolorous with forewing; discal marks elongate, equally distinct on the underside; the postmedian dots are also usually indi- cated beneath. The spots or blotches in distal area of forewing are variable. 9 smaller, with stout abdomen. Larva very variable in colour, clay-yellowish to purple-black, the lines wavy. On Artemisia campestris, hiber- nating. Moth in June—-July, only known from S. France. duponcheli. exustaria. oberthiiri. inclarata. perfusaria. agaritharia. maurelani- caria. amoritaria. crocallaria. emucidaria. penulataria. 408 DYSCIA. By L. B. Provr. D. penulataria Hbn. (= favillacearia Dup. nec Hbn., ?rubentaria Rbr.) is more robust, the lines some- times better indicated, the postmedian crenulate, rather strongly curved anteriorly on the forewing. The original figures show a reddish grey ground-colour, coarse irroration, and a darkening in the distal area. I have not seen examples agreeing with them. Turerry-Mrec doubts its distinctness from Jentiscaria. Recorded from Digne, the Pyrenees, Spain and Portugal and N. Africa, but StaupINGER includes here the following form and hispanaria. perhaps plebejaria. HUBnur figures also a strongly intuscated aberration. — hispanaria Mill. (24d). is a redder form, superficially recalling Hnconista miniosata; g dusted with brown, 9 clearer reddish. In contrast to the preceding species, the 9 is larger than the 3. — Larva argillaceous grey, the dorsal and subdorsal lines brown, lateral stripe yellowish. Chiefly on Dorycnium, possibly double brooded. Described from Barcelona; recorded also from the Pyrenées Orientales. According to THreRRY-Mrne a good species, of less robust build than penulatarsa, with more silky, weakly-marked wings. plebejaria. D. plebejaria Ob. Similar to hispanaria (24 d) but smaller, with larger cell-spots, that of the forewing more or less pale-centred. Algeria: near Sebdou, February and August. fagaria. D. iagatia Thnbg. (= belgaria Hbn., belgiaria Bkh., mediopunctaria Don.) (24 e). Face nearly smooth. Tongue present, though rudimentary. Thorax not robust, not densely hairy. 9 with stout abdomen and narrow wings. Variable. The name-typical form is moderately strongly irrorated, the markings strong, including a well-developed postmedian line on the hindwing. Northern Central Europe, 8. E. Russia and the Caucasus. — alvarensis. alvarensis Wahlgren is rather a light form and weakly marked, the lines only distinct at the margins. Oeland. favillacea- Probably differs little from the following. —- favillacearia Hbn. is cinereous, not densely irrorated, the lines ™4- somewhat broken into vein-dots, that of the hindwing almost or quite obsolete. Austro-Hungary and Galicia, fleischman- Jli and Issyk-kul. — ab. fleischmanni Rb/. is almost unicolorous black-grey. Taken among favillacearia. — ris. psoricaria Hv. is a dark, densely irrorated form from the Ural, Transcaucasia and Transcaspia. — albidaria albidaria. Stgr. 3 almost white, with little irroration, markings strong. England, W. France, Belgium and N. W. Issyk- kul, often together with the type. — Larva dungy brown, with a whitish dorsal stripe and some grey markings on the sides. On Calluna and Erica, hibernating and feeding up in the early spring. The moth appears in June or sometimes earlier. It inhabits northern central Europe, Russia and the Caucasus. A eonspersaria. D. conspersaria Schiff. (= cunicularia Hsp.) (24d). Wings broader than in fagaria, especially the turturaria. cuniculina. ’ raunaria. duponti. holli. albirosea. lekkearia. lentiscaria. distinctaria. hindwing; 2 not smaller or narrower than g. Markings generally weak, postmedian line of dots on both wings more parallel with distal margin. The name-type is yellowish white, with more or less strong fuscous irroration. — ab. turturaria Bsd. ( = conspersaria Hbn.) is whiter, much less densely dusted, but various transitions occur. S. France, Carniola, W. Asia Minor, ete. — ab. cuniculina Hbn. is still whiter, the dusting wanting. S. Russia, Italy, Brusa district, etc.; as a local race in the Pyrenees. A similar example is before me from Quetta. — Larva reddish grey, with double white dorsal line, expanding in the middle of each segment, fine wavy yello- wish white subdorsal and indistinct brownish lateral line. On Salvia and Artemisia. Moth in May—July. Central and S. Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor, Ferghana, Issyk-kul. — raunaria Frr. is a smaller, rounder- winged, chalky white insect with rather sparse irroration, a postmedian row of fuscous dots, etc. Said to have shorter palpus, which would indicate a separate species. Carinthia, Istria, Fiume and Herzogovina. D. duponti 7.-Mieg. Shape and facies of the preceding. Pure white, without a trace of the ordinary lines of Dyscia but with orange spots on the forewing mixed with some black scales, namely a large cell-mark and 2 submarginal spots at 4 mm. from the termen, placed about as in fagaria. Algeria. D. holli 0b. Rather larger than duponti, with similar black-mixed submarginal blotches but with the ground-colour of the forewing and the inner and distal margins of the hindwing almost as red as in hispa- naria (24d). Algeria, in May. — albirosea Rothsch. is evidently a form of holli, the ground-colour rather paler, costal margin of forewing with 2 brick-red patches, the submarginal blotches less developed, hindwing with brick-red dots in abdominal area. Algeria and Morocco. Also known to me from Cape Colony. D. tekkearia (25 a) is described as nearest to conspersaria, whitish cinereous with brownish irroration, the lines not broken into dots, antemedian not very distinct, postmedian angulated near the costal margin of the forewing, both lines well expressed on the hindwing; the median shade of the forewing is indicated by a costal spot close to the cell-spot. Achalzik, Transcaspia. D. lentiscaria Donz. (= turturaria H.-Sch., nec Bsd.) (24 e) is distinguished by its more strongly hairy thorax, hairy face and less short palpus, clothed with longer hair. In markings not unlike fagaria, colour rather more yellowish. 2 not smaller than 3. — distinetaria B.-Haas, from St.-Ildefonso, Castile, is clear white, little irrorated, the lines weak, rust-brownish, not black. — Larva brownish grey, with broad red-brown dorsal line, the other lines indistinct. On Helianthemum, hatching in April and scarcely growing till August or September, AUG 13 192% Publ. 30. VIII. 1920. XENOBISTON; CROCOTA; SIONA. By L. B. Provr. 409 then feeding up rapidly. 8. France and Spain. A variety reported from 8. E, Armenia. — aspersaria Stgr. (= in- aspersaria. spersaria Sigr., nec Guen.) is narrower winged, the thorax not quite so densely hairy, less yellowish above, the antennal pectinations yellowish (in lentiscaria darker). Issyk-kul and Ili district. D. leucogrammaria Ping. Robust build and wing-shape recall aspersariqa. Different from all the other leuwcogram- species in having distinct white lines (on forewing 2, on hindwing 1) on the brown-grey, white-dusted ground- gs colour. Antemedian line dentate outwards on median and submedian veins. Cell-spots rather large, dark grey. Aschabad, second half of May. B. Antenna short, in Q bipectinate (Zuleika B.-Haas). D. nobiliaria B.-Haas may be separated at a glance from all its similarly coloured allies by the nobiliaria. white or whitish costal margin of the forewing. 92 considerably larger than g. Underside in 4 mostly dark grey. in @ rather lighter. Algeria. 160. Genus: Kenobiston Warr. Apparently quite like Dyscia subgenus Zuleika, but the ¢ hindtibia with terminal spurs only. Forewing with 2nd subcostal connected with 3rd—4th. Only one species. X. casta Warr. Whitish grey, the © paler, the median area of the forewing bright flesh-colour or sal- casta. mon-colour. Egypt: Wady el Natron. 161. Genus: Crocota Abn. Face with tolerably appressed scales. Palpus moderate, rough-scaled. Tongue developed. Antenna in 6 bipectinate to apex. Femora glabrous. Forewing with distal margin entire; fovea wanting; Ist subcostal from cell, connected or sometimes anastomosing with costal; 2nd from cell, usually connected with 3rd—4th. Hindwing with distal margin feebly sinuate between the radials. 9 smaller and more pointed-winged than 4, with robust abdomen. — Egg oval, smooth, shining, with very slight raised hexagonal pattern. Larva of mo- derate proportions, cylindrical, carinated laterally, without humps. Feeding on low plants and hibernating. Probably the genus should be restricted to the 3 Huropean species (all inhabitants of the mountains at elevations of 1000 m. and upwards), though various others have been referred here by different authors. C. lutearia F. (= tinctaria Hbn.) (24 e) is distinguished by its uniform bright orange-yellow colour “earia. in both sexes. — In ab. quadripunctaria Th.-MWieg both wings have a black discal dot above and beneath, — quvadripunc- Larva brownish, the dorsal line interrupted, pale-edged, dark subdorsal and lateral lines uninterrupted. On eine: low plants, hibernating. The moth is on the wing from the end of May to July, flying by day. Alps, S. France, N. Italy, the Carpathians and the Ural. C. niveata Scop. (= illibaria Hbn.) (24e, f). Closely related to lutearsa but shining whitish. Larva niveata. closely similar to the following but more brightly coloured. Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Transsylvania, ? Tyrol. Flies in July. C. peletieraria Dup. (24f). g blackish grey with blacker discal dots, 9 scarcely distinguishable from peletieraria. that of niveata. The ¢ genitalia show that it isnot a mere race of that species, the tegumen being differently shaped and the spines on the clasp collected on a decided projection, which is not the case in either of the allies. Larva pale yellow-brown, rich red-brown and black, the colours arranged in longitudinal lines; dorsal red-brown band with black spot in the middle of each segment, the next red-brown band black at the margin of the segments, the next band wholly dark. Has been reared from the egg on Lotus and dandelion. Moth in July, only known from the Pyrenees and Cantabrian Mountains. 162. Genus: Siona Dup. Differs from Crocata in the simple ¢ antenna, narrower wings, especially the long costal margin and produced apical part of the hindwing, in having the Ist and the 2nd subcostals of the forewing generally free and in the earlier stages. Larva rather elongate, anteriorly tapering considerably. Pupa in a spindle- shaped yellow cocon, recalling that of a Zygaenid. Only one species known. S. lineata Scop. (= dealbata D.) (24f). White; upperside with the veins somewhat greyish; underside lUincata. with the veins more infuscated, also the folds, forewing with a large discal spot, a postmedian line usually present, at least on the forewing. Egg oval, somewhat flattened at the ends, orange, with quite shallow, irre- gular pitting, only stronger at the micropylar end. Larva ochreous or brownish-grey, the markings consisting of numerous irregular wavy lines. On various low plants, hibernating. Moth in June, widely distributed from S. W. France to 8. E. Siberia, IV 52 rufolinearia. bluethgeni. indica. angulifera. cuneata. boarmiaria. graeseri. hastigera. punctigera. obliquaria. fixseni. arrizanaria. 410 PSYRA; LOXASPILATES. By L. B. Prout. 163. Genus: Psyra Walk. Differs from Loxaspilates in having the face not tufted, the palpus rather short, with 3rd joint small and concealed; wings broader; 2nd radial of forewing more normally placed than in most Loaaspilates, 1st sub- costal usually anastomosing with costal. Range; India to Japan. P. rufolinearia Leech (24 f). Distinguished by its large size, sinus in distal margin of forewing between apex and 3rd radial, lines marked by black dots on the veins but without black blotches, median line fine and reddish brown, placed rather far distally to the discal dot. Mou-pin, W. China, only the type (9) known. Probably nearest diplotata Feld from India. P. bluethgeni Ping. Distal margin of forewing without excision, slightly bent at 3rd radial; mixed whitish and brown with straight antemedian and median brown lines, the latter the sharper, faintly curved postmedian and whitish subterminal; on the latter stand small black wedge-shaped spots between 5th subcostal and 3rd radial and a bent mark between 2nd median and hindmargin. Japan: Nikko. P. indica Bilr. (24g). Vinous brown, forewing with faint, slightly sinuous lines arising from black costal spots, a subterminal sinuous black line also marked with small black spots from costa to 3rd radial. Hindwing with fuscous suffusion between the median and postmedian lines. Dharmsala. P. angulifera Walk. (24g). Purplish grey with the lines represented by vague brownish shades but marked with deep black, yellow-edged, mostly wedge-shaped spots. Dharmsala, etc. P. cuneata Walk. (251). Variable, sometimes exceedingly like angulifera but always distinguishable by its light yellow-brown ground-colour. N. W. Himalayas to Japan and Formosa. P. boarmiaria Graes. (24g). Smaller than cuneata, rather lighter still, the black marks at inner margin reduced, not wedge-shaped, etc. Apex of forewing not produced. Radde, Central Amurland. 164. Genus: Loxaspilates Warr. Face with slight or strong projecting tuft. Palpus rather elongate, with 3rd joint distinct. Antenna in 3 nearly simple. Femora glabrous. Hindtibia in 3 dilated. Forewing without fovea; rather narrow, with acute apex and oblique distal margin; Ist subcostal usually free; 2nd from stalk of 3rd—5th; 2nd radial usually arising before the middle of the angled discocellulars. Range: N. India, Tibet and China. L. graeseri (Piing. in litt.) nom. nov. (= boarmiaria Piing. nec Graes.) (24g). Remarkably like Psyra boarmiaria but distinguished by the structural characters (longer palpus, straight, oblique distal margin and free 1st subcostal vein of forewing), the more uniformly sized black spots and the whiter, weakly marked hindwing, with more conspicuous black cell-dot. Tibet: Koko-Nor. Evidently near the following. L. hastigera Bélr. (25k). Forewing pale straw-yellow, clouded with smoky brownish near base and distally to the postmedian and subterminal lines, which are represented by strong black wedges; very charac- teristic are the still longer antemedian wedges. N. W. Himalayas: Dharmsala and Rala. — punctigera subsp. nov. has clearer, brighter yellow forewing, with the wedges reduced to dots (the postmedian tending to form very short dashes), the hindwing purer white. Kashmir: Sonamarg, type in coll. Brit. Mus.; a second example from the Scind Valley. Perhaps a separate species. L. obliquaria Moore (= subfalcata Pouj.) (25b). Variable, straw-colour or more ochreous, with or withoutZdecided darker irroration, best recognized by the arched costal margin and slightly falcate apex and the nearly straight postmedian line, parallel with the distal margin or slightly more oblique; the subterminal blackish dots vary much in development. Afghanistan and N. W. Himalayas to W. China. L. fixseni Alph. (25 k) seems (from the figure) doubtfully distinct from obliquaria, but the postmedian line of the forewing shows an angle close to the costal margin, the subterminal line is perhaps more sinuous, edged distally by a more regular brown line, without black spots and the postmedian line of the hindwing extends further anteriorly. Amdo district. L. arrizanaria Bastelb. (25k) differs from the more brownish yellow forms of obliquaria in that the postmedian line is more oblique, running nearly into the apex, and on the inner margin makes a curve base- wards. The incomplete line of the hindwing is more proximally placed. Described from Formosa, where it is constantly smaller than obliquaria, but I have before me 3 large specimens from W. China (Pu-tsu-fang and Ta-chien-lu), which should probably be treated as a separate race. ASTRAPEPHORA; ASPITATES. By L. B. Prout. 411 L. straminearia Leech (24 g) is smaller, the wings less elongate, the lines diffuse and shadowy. Other- stramineu- wise closely similar to obliquaria, but the palpus and frontal tuft appear somewhat shorter. Omei-shan. rie 165. Genus: Astrapephora Aliph. Characters of Aspilates, apparently scarcely differing except in its more slender build, sharply triangular, pointed forewing and abnormal pattern. Face rough, palpus shortish, rough. Forewing with Ist and 2nd subcostal veins free. Only one species. A. romanovi Alph. (24g). A very striking insect, recognizable at a glance by the peculiarly shaped, romanovi. longitudinal dark markings of the forewing. @ smaller and narrower, more ochreous, especially the hindwing. Amdo, Koko-Nor. 166. Genus: Aspitates 77. Face shortly rough-scaled, without tuft. Palpus moderate, occasionally rather short, shortly rough- scaled. Tongue rather wealk. Antenna of 3 bipectinate to apex. Femora glabrous or slightly hairy. Hindtibia not or scarcely dilated. Forewing™with apex generally acute, fovea wanting (except in punctaria), 2nd sub- costal not stalked with 3rd—sth (except in revocaria). — Larva elongate, smooth, anal end with 2 points pro- jecting backwards. Perhaps distributed in most of the faunistic geo, but not very sharply defined. A. Antenna in 2 bipectinate (Conchia Hbn. = Megaspilates Warr.). A. mundataria Cram. (24g). Shining white, the forewing with costal margin narrowly brown except mundataria. towards apex, first line strongly oblique and curved, second nearly parallel with distal margin. Hindwing weakly marked. Ural to N. Mongolia. — tonghata Feld. is larger, the markings broader and darker. Korea and Japan; tonghata. transition in Amurland. B. Antenna in @2@ not bipectinate (Aspitates). A. geholaria Ob. (241i). Only the 2 known to me. Palpus short, abdomen robust, scarcely a true geholaria. Aspitates. Less pure white than mundataria, forewing with 2 fine lines besides a submarginal brown band or shade, hindwing with the line developed at inner margin, not at apex. N. China: Pekin and Gehol. A. formosatia Hv. (= gloriosaria Bsd., niponaria Feld.) (25k). Variable in size and somewhat in depth formosaria. of colouring, but quite unlike all the other species, the pale costal margin and the whitish shade proximally to the fine oblique postmedian line of the forewing may be mentioned as characteristic. Larva violet-grey with a lighter admixture, a black dorsal stripe distinct on the anterior segments, a black lateral stripe ill-defined above. On Caltha and Lysimachia, hibernating. Moth in June and July. ‘Very local in Central and E. Europe, commoner in Palearctic EH. Asia. A. punctaria Leech. Systematic position doubtful. Neuration of formosaria (1st subcostal arising from punctaria. 2nd, anastomosing with costal) but the forewing with a fovea. Very distinct. Forewing ochreous brown with dark mottlings and a rather dark distal band ‘preceded by fuscous spots; hindwing very characteristic, Vile tish with a row of rather large postmedian spots. Tibet: Hou-kow, only the type known. A. smirnovi Rom. (25 k) unknown to me in nature, appears to be another striking species. Forewing smirnovi. deep yellow with reddish brown basal patch ending mm a point on median vein and not sxiondine behind sub- median fold, dark cell-dot and reddish fuscous postmedian band, much broader than in gilvaria and ochrearia and containing between the 3rd radial and 2nd median veins two roundish white ‘spots. Hindwing reddish white-grey with dark postmedian line. Transcaucasia: Tiflis. A. acuminaria Hv. (= stschurovskyi Hrsch., glessaria Chr., opulentaria Sig.) (24h). Palpus rather acuminaria. short, rough-scaled. Pectinations not long. Further characterized by the less smooth distal margin of the hind- wing, the sinuous postmedian line, dark-shaded distally and not reaching the costal margin, etc. Distributed in Central Asia. A. curvaria Hy. (= sterrharia Stgr.) (24h). Suggestive of narrow-winged gilvaria, agreeing in colour, curvaria. but with the line of the forewing curving behind the 2nd median vein and running nearly to the base. E. Siberia, Uliassutai, S. E. Altai and N. W. China. A. gilvaria Schiff. (24h). Forewing in the typical form pale yellowish or straw-colour, with a vague gilvaria. cell-spot and distinct oblique outer line, running from the fold to the costal margin close to apex. 9 narrow- winged. — ab. sublataria Fuchs has the upperside almost markingless. — ab. conspersaria Sigr. is more or one less densely irrorated with fuscous. Perhaps not distinguishable from the North American orciferata Walk., ria. nigricans. orientaria. insignis. albaria. collinaria. ochrearia. unicolorata. alba. aestiva. trilinearia. revocaria. strigillaria. herpeticaria. grisearia. baeticaria. castiliaria. j 412 PERCONIA. By L. B. Prout. which, however, seems to have rather shorter palpus. Recorded from the §. H. Altai and the Changai Mountains. — ab. nigricans Jowrdhowille is a more extreme development, almost or quite unicolorous fuscous. Recorded as a rare aberration in Europe. — orientaria Alph. is a form from the Caucasus, Thian Shan, Sajan “and Amdo districts, etc., with little or no dark irroration. — insignis Alph. is, according to its author, an aberration ~ of orientaria, whitish with but little tinge of yellow, the dark irroration partial and irregular. But the entire race is very variable. — Larva ochreous grey, with blackish, ochreous-edged dorsal line and various other fine darker and paler longitudinal lines. On low plants, hibernating. Moth in July—August, widely distributed in Europe (except the North), Central Asia and to E. Siberia. A very close relative in Arctic America, W. Canada, etc. (see above). A. albaria Bartel (24h) is perhaps another form of gilvaria, but the Q is still narrower-winged and the palpus and tongue ‘appear shorter, the g antennal pectinations decreasing less in length apically. Whitish. the outer line more curved and running further from the distal margin on both wings. Ural. A. collinaria Holt-White (= hesperis Warr., canaria Rbl.) (24 i). Near gilvaria, forewing above and both wings beneath deeper, brighter yellow, the line shorter and more curved. Canary Islands. A. ochrearia Rossi (= citraria Hbn.) (241i). Forewing less elongate than in gilvaria, much yellower, the markings more blue-grey (not brown), on the hindwing much more strongly expressed; postmedian line less oblique, more sinuous, forewing also with a distinct antemedian line. Hindwing with 2nd subcostal stalked. Not very variable, the 9 often, the ¢ more rarely with much more copious irroration. — ab. unico- lorata Seeb. has both the wings unmarked on the upperside. — ab. alba Krawsse is almost white, with sharp markings. — gen. aest. aestiva Schawerda is generally smaller and paler, more spotted. — Egg deep yellow, oval, but with one end flattened and containing a deep micropylar depression; surface with weak hexagonal pitting. Larva similar to that of gilvaria, pale ochreous brown. On various low plants and flowers, hibernating. Moth in May—June and August—September, England, France, 8. Europe, N. Africa, Asia Minor and Syria. A. trilinearia Leech (25) is a very distinct species, the forewing brown with 3 white lines, the 2nd ~ and 3rd sinuous. Palpus rather short and stout. ¢ unknown. W. China: Wa-shan. A. revocaria Sig. is doubtfully placed, the palpus rather short, wings broad, distal margin of hindwing at least as irregular as in Perconia, forewing with 2nd subcostal arising from stalk of 3rd-5th. Easily recognized by the shape and the short, thick apical streak. STAUDINGER’s type has darker dusting, discal dots and fine dark line accompanying the pale one. Underside unmarked. Syria. 167. Genus: Pereonia Abn. Essential characters as in Aspitates, palpus and tongue rather strong, forewing with 2nd subcostar occasionally stalked with 3rd—5th, hindwing with distal margin sinuous, slightly concave from 2nd subcostal to 3rd radial. — Larva with the posterior trapezoidal tubercles raised on abdominal segments 2—-6 (especially those on the 5th); points at anal end less developed. — Only the 3 Palearctic species have been detected. Often merged in Aspilates, but the larva and the genitalia suggest that the separation is justified. P. strigillaria Hbn. (= respersaria Hbn.) (25k). White, with fuscous irroration; all the lines present, usually also a subterminal dark line, thus Somewhat Acidaliid in aspect. Median line (or shade) variable in position and in thickness. — ab. herpeticaria Rbr. (= dilatata Strand). Antemedian and median lines of fore- wing thick and closely approximated, sometimes confluent into a band. — grisearia Stg?. (25k) is a greyer form the white ground-colour nearly suppressed. Frequent in N. Europe, etc., but not very sharply sepa- rabie from the name-type. Most British examples are intermediate. — cretaria Hv. is a clearer white, weakly marked formfrom S. E. Russia, sometimes quite markingless. — Egg long-oval, straw-coloured, micropylar end broad, with”a circular indentation. Larva somewhat thickened posteriorly, grey mottled with brown, the dark dorsal line usually interrupted on the middle segments. On heather, broom, ete.,’ hibernating. Moth in May—June, Europe, Asia Minor and the Tarbagatai Mountains. P. baeticaria Rbr. (251 [boeticaria]). Similar to large strigillaria, dirty brownish, apices rather sharper, cell-dots usually larger, very black beneath, fringes dark-spotted. Andalusia. —castiliaria Stgr. (251) is a paler, more yellowish form, the lines showing up distinctly. Castile. innocentaria. P. innocentaria Chr. (251). Ground-colour chalky white, recalling strigillaria cretaria but generally of larger size and distinguished by the markings. ¢ with strong, 9 with slight, dark irroration. Forewing with weak (sometimes obsolete) curved antemedian line, both wings with denticulate postmedian line and a brown median shade, that of forewing complete, rather oblique, placed distally to the cell-dot, that of hindwing obsolete at costal margin. Transcaspia. a — a a at ee COMPSOPTERA; CHEMERINA. By L. B. Provr. 413 168. Genus: Compsoptera Blanch. Face rough-haired, crown with a strong pointed crest. Palpus rather short. Antenna in ¢ bipectinate to apex. Thorax densely hairy, more or less crested in front. Femora hairy. Wings rather narrow. Forewing pointed, without fovea, 1st subcostal anastomosing with costal, 2nd arising from cell, anastomosing with Ist and then with 3rd—4th. Hindwing with costal closely approximated to subcostal to beyond middle of cell. — Larva moderately slender, tapering a little at the extremities, without protuberances, the segmentation distinct. — Only known as Palearctic, but with related genera in Africa and Australia. C. opacaria Hbn. (241) is the only species with deeply coloured forewing and is further characterized by the oblique whitish line, running towards the apex. The name-type is the paler form, forewing reddish grey, though very variable in tone. — ab. rubra Stgr., occurring in the g only, is deep brick-red. — Larva grey, with dark dorsal lines, which alternately approach and separate, enclosing dorsal lozenges of the ground-colour; these lines are marked with a black spot on each abdominal segment. On Genista and Dorycnium. A very local species, inhabiting S. France, Italy, Corsica, Spain and Portugal. C. argentaria H.-Sch. (= yaminaria Ob.) (241i). Near opacaria in shape and structure but very distinct in colour and in the peculiar longitudinal markings, especially the dark, white-edged line from 2nd median to near distal margin, where it is suddenly bent and runs forward to the apex. Dr. Szrrz informs me it has been bred from Sarothamnus larvae. Sicily and Algeria, considered a great rarity. C. jourdanatia Villiers (251). Narrower, more slenderly built. Recognizable at a glance by the white veins and irroration, and the extraordinarily oblique postmedian line, which runs, in a series of irregular lunules, from the apex to the hindmargin near the base. — ab. obscura B. Baker is much darker, forewing fuscous brown with the lines black, hindwing also infuscated. — Larva similar to that of opacaria but smaller and without the black spots. On thyme. S. France, Spain and Algeria. — anargyra Jvti. is rather broader-winged, lighter srey brownish, more strongly mottled with white. Sardinia. C. simplex Btlr. (= violentaria Chr.) is a robust species with nearly the scheme of marking of opacaria, but quite different in colour, forewing light ochreous brown, with dark oblique line from apex. — ab. punctaria Leech (25 1) differs in having the line broken into vein-dots. — 8. E. Siberia and Japan. ! 169. Genus: Chemerina Bsd. Another rather primitive genus, according to Mnyrick perhaps derived from Compsoptera. Build more slender, face smoother, vertex similarly tufted. Antenna of $ with apex simple. Femora not hairy. Forewing with 1st subcostal remote from costal, 2nd arising from stalk of 3rd—5th. Only one species has been referred here; a second may, however, be provisionally united with it, although the crest on the head is less developed and the 1st subcostal is connected by a bar with the costal. Ch. caliginearia Rbr. (= ramburaria Bsd.) (6 i). An obscure species, with somewhat the scaling and co- loration of Pachycnemia hippocastanaria, to which the 2 bears some superficial resemblance in her narrow wings, etc. The ¢ is larger and ampler-winged. Antemedian line strongly curved, with a pale yellow-brown shade proximally, postmedian rather variable, with a similar shade distally; subterminal line generally broken into dots. — ab. andalusica Ribbe is unicolorous reddish grey, lacking the distinct pale bands of the name- typical form. — Larva slender, smooth, cylindrical, tapering a little anteriorly; dorsal area dark grey with blackish lines, ventral area paler, somewhat bluish; lateral stripe yellowish, very distinct, with a small ferru- ginous dot on middle of each segment. On Cistus, hatching in April and feeding up very rapidly. Most of the year is spent in the pupa state. Moth in the early spring or even in January. Local in the Mediterranean coun- tries. Ch. modesta Bélr. (= tristis Leech). Sexes very dissimilar in shape, 9 formed somewhat as in cali- ginearia, ¢ hindwing with long inner margin and irregularly shaped distal margin. Rather darker and less glossy than caliginearia, the lines parallel, strongly dentate, the median area sometimes a little darkened. Japan. Perhaps nearer to the Australian Chlenias than to Chemerina. opacaria. rubra. argentaria. jourdanaria. obscura. anargyrd. simplex. punctaria. caliginearia. andalusica. modesta. 414 Additions and Corrections to Volume 4. Additions and Corrections to Volume 4. P. 1 line 24 from bottom, for obscura ab. nov. read: ab indigena Lambuil!. 14 from bottom, for ,,larvae‘‘ read ,,larva‘. 39 P. 3 line 20 to aescularia add: ab. astrigatia Rb’. Both transverse lines wanting, apical streak distinct. Bred from Acer campestre at Rodaun. line 21 delete the synonym mellearia Scharfenb. » 27 to tenuis Bir. add: (= membranaria Christ.) (3a, fig. 1, as mexbranaria). ,, 14 from bottom, add: also known from §. E. Siberia. , 13 from bottom, for A. membranaria read: A. punctigera nom. nov. (= membranaria Leech nec Christ.) (3a, fig. 2, as tenuis). line 10 from bottom, delete: but also in S. E. Siberia. Pao line) ii tors on ePly ac sread) sel. ,, 25 to aequilinearia Walk. add: (= trilineata Walk., equilinearia Rosenst.) P. 6 line 20 after berytaria for Hbn. read: Stgr. », 21 at the end of ononaria add: ab. blanca Ribbe, from Andalusia, is almost unicolorous whitish-yellow. P. 6 line 6 from bottom, to discoidania add: In ab albida Aibbe, from Andalusia, the forewing is whitish-yellow, the hindwing darkened. P. 14 line 17 after Syria add: and N. Africa. , 24 after Spain add: and Algeria. P. 18 line 20 from bottom add: Here follows the genus Chlororithra Btlr., of which the only known species is the N. Indian Ch. fea Btlr. This is figured on Pl. 1 g, but will be dealt with in Vol. 12, as it has not yet been proved to occur in the Palearctic Himalayas. iPS 1Onlinemss stores sreade isc: » 16 for C. pannosa read: S. pannosa. , 22 for ,,weekly“ read: ,,weakly“. P. 20 line 24 after Japan add: and Korea. » 6 from bottom add: The figure bas omitted the bright pink spot at apex of hindwing, which is the most characteristic feature ond was clearly shown in the original drawing. P. 21 line 3 to nigromacularia add: (3b g, 2¢ Q). » 23 to C. quadrinotata Btlr., for (5a) read: (5 b). P. 22 line 11 for G. flagellaria read: G. albistrigata Warr. (= flagellaria Pow)., flagellata Pow). 7. tab.). WaRREN’s name has priority. Add Japan to the localities. P. 23 line 23 from bottom, for north-eastern China read: Japan. : P. 27 line 14 to Microloxia add: M. (?) rhoisaria Chrét. Described from the 9, tibial armature not noticed, perhaps a Chlorissa. Wings broad, pale green, very finely strigulated with white, more weakly than in pulmentaria, costa of forewing yellowish white; antemedian line angled at both folds, postmedian 7s :—<—-=- '-Fr-” Additions and Corrections to Volume 4. 415 straight at first, then elbowed, inbent, angled inwards on fold, accompanied distally by a very fine whitish line; fringe with a fine pale line at base, then a darker green band. Hindwing with antemedian line almost obsolete. Larva short and thick, carinated laterally, flattened ventrally, incisions well marked; folded trans- versely (4 folds to a segment), granulated; green, with indistinct double darker dorsal line, lateral ridge yellowish, spotted with rose-colour, central line fine, uninterrupted, yellow. In May on Rhus oxyacantha. Biskra. P. 28 line 17 to E. prasinaria add: The larva of prasinaria is probably that described by BrcxEr (Bull. Mose. Vol. 40: 1, p. 114) from Astrachan or Sarepta, feeding on Artemisia nutans. A form of sma- ragdaria or prasinaria has recently been recorded by Turatt from Sardinia and the larva (feeding only on Santolina) circumstantially described by Krtemr (Ent. Mitt. Deutsch. Ent. Mus. Vol. 2, p. 110). P. 28 line 19 from bottom, to albocostaria Brem. add: (= albicostaria Sigr., albocostria Pryer). P. 29 line 20 from bottom, for 29 read: 30. Genus. » 9 from bottom, for 30 read: 31. Genus. ~ P. 30 line 1 for 31 read: 32. Genus. , 20 at the end of fimbrialis add: ab. moskovita Gmpbg. ,,Fringes not variegated, ferru- ginous, at the base whitish“. — ab. obsoleta Skala. White lines. above almost obsolete, beneath indistinct. — magnata Fuchs is a large form from Transcaspia, with more elongate, less strongly angled wings and weakly marked fringes. P. 30 line 24 at the end of the genus Thalera add: T. prouti Th.-Mieg is unknown to me. ¢ ex- panse 25 mm or rather more (in set specimens), colour similar to that of fimbrialis, scaling rather thin. Forewing with costa white, tinged with rosy, and dotted with brick-red, an indistinct row of white vein- dots about 4 mm. from distal margin; terminal line brick-red, dotted with white on the veins; fringe white proximally, brick-red distally. Hindwing with the excision between the radials weak; distal margin and fringes as on forewing. Syria: Akbés. P. 30 line 25 for 32 read: 33. Genus. P. 31 line 8 to dijuncta Walk. add: (= inoptaria Walk., claripennis Bilr.) , 10 from bottom, to dispartita Walk. delete (2h). P. 32 line 5 for 33 read: 34. Genus. ,, 11 trom bottom, for 34 read: 35. Genus. P. 33 line 19 for 35 read: 36. Genus. ,» 24 from bottom, for 36 read: 37. Genus. P. 34 line 9 for 37 read: 38. Genus. , 21 to X. olympiaria H.-Sch. add: (= pallida Warr.). WaArren’s type, although faded, is green, not whitish as in ab. cremonaria. P. 41 line 5 to rhoda subsp. nov., for (7 a) read: (7 e). ,, 14 to &. poliaria Hmpsn., for (1 a) read: (7 a). P. 42 line 3 to R. cuprinaria Chr., for (= phoenicearia Hmpsn.) (1a) read: (= phaenicearia Hmpsn.) (7 a). P. 43 line 21 delete sinensis subsp. nov., which sinks to bisinuata Warr. ,, 11 from bottom, to R. bisinuata Warr. add: (= sinensis Prout). WaARREN’s locality , Japan is erroneous, the species is only known from Central and W. China. P. 44 line 22 to 7. orientis, for (1 a) read: (7 a). P. 45 line 21 at end of Somatina add: Sect. B. Antenna of g with less short pectinations (Orthoserica Warr.). S. mirandaria Leech (25 a). Described as Boarmia! Probably a form of rufigrisea Warr., from the Khasia Hills, rather smaller, paler and duller, the grey subbasal and costal markings more extended, all con- fluent. Ichang in June, only the type known. P. 45 line 22 from bottom, to C. persimilis Moore. for (1 a) read: (7 a) ,, 3.from bottom, for ,,ae“ read: ,,are“. P. 48 line 10 after 5f add: as amataria. , 26 for grisearia Petersen read: griseata Petersen (also in the margin, and in line 25 from bottom). line 25 from bottom, for temparature read: temperature. 416 Additions and Corrections to Volume 4. P. 48 line 24 from bottom, to 7. convectaria Walk., for (1 a) read: (7 e). , 19 from bottom, to 7. correspondens Hmpsn., for (1 a) read: (7 e). P. 52 bottom line, to the footnote add: p. 80, 4 m. P. 53 line 18 from bottom, to gastonaria Oberth. add: (= obscuraria Bang-H.). Banc-Haas has mista- ken the form candicans for the name-type. P. 54 line 13 for tinr read: tiny. P. 57 line 24 at end of immorata add: ab. albofasciata Rb/. White stripes wanting except a relatively broad one (1 mm) in the middle; subterminal white spots normal. — ab. luctuata Rb/. Black except the subterminal spots. — ab. bistrigata Galvagni. Median area of both wings with 2 sharply prominent, appro- ximated blackish stripes the outer projecting distally in small streaks along the veins. — ab. unistrigata Galvagni. Similar to bistrigata, but with only the outer of the two stripes. P. 59 line 27 for ,,than“ read: them“. . 62 line 8 after ab. infuscata, delete the words: I will take drawing from H.-Sch. . 67 line 12 for Wallengreen read: Wallengren. . 69 line 29 from bottom, as further synonym to subpunctaria add: (? = maritimaria Brd.) . 70 line 14 to A. caricaria Reutti, for (3k) read: (4 k). ie ,, 23 from bottom, for ,,hindtarsus less than half“ read; ,,hindtarsus rather more than half.“ lac} ine) las) lage) » 17 from bottom, for ,in the from‘ read: ,,in the form‘. P. 74 line 15 from bottom, at the and of nigropunctata add: ab. catenaria Brd. has the dark irrora- - tion and distal lines intensified. P. 75 line 28 for ,,some‘ read: ,,same“. P. 83 line 18 after fucata add: (31). P. 85 line 8 after G. iszbellaria, introduce: G. romanarioides Rthschd. Rather narrower winged than romanaria, the dark dusting not arranged in fine transverse strigulation, antemedian line not excurved behind the cell, postmedian less excurved near the costa, terminal black dashes more nearly joined into a single line, less thickened in the middle of the interspaces, pale line at base of fringe much less prominent. S. Algeria in April. P. 88 line 12 after plumularia add: (7 c). » 17 from bottom, for ,,in this form in“ read: ,,in this form is‘. ,, 13 form bottom, after ,,distinct‘‘ add: ,,The type is in my collection“. P. 89 line 17 after C. filacearia insert: C. (?) luteofasciata Rthschd. Systematic position entirely doubtful; I have only seen the 2. Forewing with areole open, hindwing with 2nd subcostal very shortly stalked or from a point. Wings glossy white, somewhat recalling gastonaria candicans, forewing with a single narrow, bright golden-brown band parallel with the distal margin, hindwing unmarked. Length of a forewing in g 7.5, in 9 10 mm. S. Algeria, in June. P. 90 bottom line add: occurs also in Algeria. P. 94 line 5 for ,,abont‘' read: ,,about*‘. BS 6 for Guilhemle read: Guilhem-le. P. 99 line 5 from bottom, after the form roseata, insert: ab. subfuscaria (Rbl.) Schawerda is darker brown with darker markings. Bosnia. P. 106 line 11 from bottom, after ibycata, introduce: Pt. vilaflorensis Rb/. Smaller tham libycata, with narrower, more elongate wings, darker, more reddish yellow colour, smaller black dots in the fringes, darker face and different ¢ antenna, the joints projecting much less at their extremities and bearing shorter fascicles of cilia. Teneriffe: Vilaflor. P. 113 line 19 at the end of seriata add: ab. hauderi Kawiz has the same ground-colour as the other southern forms, but is more strongly and evenly grey-dusted, the dark lines wanting, the light subterminal distinct. P. 120 line 5 from bottom, to incarnaria add: occurs also in Switzerland. P. 121 line 18 to eugeniata add: occurs aJso in Algeria. — ab. jacobsi Prowt. Forewing with a moderately distinct dark central band, recalling that of degeneraria. Gibraltar. P. 122 line 24 from bottom, after 3 h insert: as oenopararia. P. 123 line 1 after 4 e insert: as circuttata. a a = Publ. 30. VITT, 1920. Additions and Corrections to Volume 4. 417 P. 123 line 25 from bottom, for ,,ont‘‘ read ,,out*. P. 124 line 23 from bottom, between herbariata and fimbriata introduce: Pt. sordida Rthschd. appears to be related to herbariata but very dark, the lines almost lost in a rather uniform coarse fuscous speckling; ‘5 are traceable on forewing, 3 on hindwing, discal mark on hindwing distinct. 2nd subcostal of hindwing very long stalked with Ist radial. S. Algeria. . 125 line 24 from bottom, for intermediata read: intermediate. . 126 line 18 to pecharia add: (4 f). . 127 line 13 for eatinacta read: extincta. . 128 line 13 to perpulverea, for (7b) read (5 e). . 129 line 11 after 31 insert: as amoenaria. . 131 lme 7 from bottom, for altough read: although. 132 line 14 from bottom, to lutulentaria add: aurata Mendes, from S. Fiel, Portugal, is rather larger andl brighter gold-yellow than the name-typical, Spanish form, the lines rather paler. P. 133 line 18 after 4 f insert: misprinted fusciovenosa. P. 135 line 12 from bottom, for bilinenaria Fuchs read: bilinearia (also in margin). P. 138 line 19 from bottom, at the end of aversata add: ab. latefasciata Vorbr. and Miill.-Rutz. Dark band extended proximaly so as to enclose the discal dot. P. 140 line 25 at the end of Ptychopoda add: Pt. microptera Warr. Very small, very narrow, glossy bone-colour with coarse dark irroration, a sinuous dark central line on the forewing standing out strongly and a dark cell-dot at about two-thirds; hindwing with cell-dot and faint lines. — ab. granulosa Warr. is more regularly dusted, thus appearing darker grey, the cell-dots wanting. Sudan and Heliopolis (Egypt); ? Biskra. P. 146 line 23 to calaritana add: ab. badiatia T'rti. corresponds to the puppillaria aberration of the same name. — ab. nolaria 7'rti. corresponds to puppillaria ab. nolaria. , 24 for punctaria Schiff. read: punctaria Hbn. P. 151 line 22 from bottom, for var. read: ab. P. 152 line 5 for p. 151 read: p. 128. P. 154 line 29 from bottom, for anthophilaria read: antophilaria (also line 23 from bottom and line 14 from bottom). P. 155 line 15 at the close of antophilaria add: Egg clliptical, yellow, later red. Newly hatched larva lignt reddish, with broad red-brown subdorsal stripe. After lst moult very variable in colour, bluish or greenish to light grey or brownish, always with broad light, dark-bordered dorsal stripe; head relatively large. On flowers of Statice gmelini (BARTEL, Mitt. Minch. Ent. Ges., Jahrg. 5, p. 22). P. 156 line 5 from bottom for occidental read: ,,accidental“. P. 160 line 21 from bottom, for magna form. nov. read: chouika Oberth. P. 161 line 9 from bottom, for symularia read: similaria. P. 164 line 7 to bipunctaria add: pallidata Vorbr. and Miill.-Rutz. Tne pale, whitish chalk-form has recently been thus named. P. 172 line 25 after 6e insert: as flavicornuta. 22 from bottom, for ,,bearning“ read: ,,bearing“. 8 from bottom, at the end of griseata add: ab. brunnescens Skala is light grey-brown Ine) Ine} Ins} Ine} Ie} ine) Ine} 2) 29 instead of pale-grey. P. 174 line 16 from bottom, to distinctata, instead of (12a) read: (13 ¢). P. 175 line 12 L. marmorata, delete the whole account here. Compare p. 397. P. 176 bottom line, after A. poneformata introduce: A. bohatschi Ping. is also similar to praeformata but much smaller, without red admixture, the anterior part of the line in the basal area and of the anteme- dian band not so deep black, the postmedian band sharper, strongly bent near the costa, the double subter- minal Jine distinct. Andalusia. P. 177 line 4 after tangens insert: (= conjuncta Krausse). » 11 for confluens read: conflua. P. 178 line 1 to fraternata, delete (12a). 1V 53 418 Additions and Corrections to Volume 4. . 178 line 5 after 11b insert: as obritaria. . 184 line 7 from bottom, after terranea, delete (12 ¢). 191 line 7 from bottom, for L. fasciaria Leech read: . pallida Warr. (= fasciaria Leech), founded on a worn 9 said to be from Japan. . 191 bottom line add: Central China. . 198 line 7 from bottom, for ,,liue‘ read: ,,line“. PHEW A 3 from bottom, after 13a imsert: as seseriata. 39 P. 199 line 3 to muléilinearia add: (13 d). P. 199 line 19 to confusaria add: (13 ec). ,, 26 to sideritaria delete (13 b). P. 205 line 18 from bottom, for rhamnata read: transversati. P. 206 line 3 from bottom, for (13 b) read: (13 n). P. 211 line 17 after stlaceata insert a comma. P. 212 line 1 to ab. rufescens add: (= intcrmedia Schawerda). P. 215 line 18 for ,,whitly*‘ read: ,,wholly< . ' P. 216 line 8 from bottomadd to C. var‘ata: ab. interrupta Schawerda has the median band interrupted. - P. 219 line 18 from bottom, after 81 insert: as serrata. P. 220 line 8 to phaiosata add: According to TmERRyY-MirG this sinks to pendearia (p. 232). Pro- bably STAUDINGER was in error regarding the ¢ genitalia. P. 220 line 9 from bottom, to planifasc’ata, for (13 ec) read: 13 d). P. 226 line 23 to ignobilis add: (11 i). P. 232 line 24 to pendearia delete (12 d). P. 233 line 17 from bottom, for ,,relationshig‘‘ read: ,,relationship‘‘. ,, 16 from bottom, to nitidaria add: (13 n). , 8 from bottom, to rotundaria add: (13 n). P. 236 line 28 from bottom, for ,,stotu‘: read: ,,stout‘‘. P. 237 line 1 poliotaria, for (13) read: (13 n). — * from bottom, after 71 insert: as xigrifuscaria. P. 238 line 1 after 13a insert: as ramataria. P. 240 line 2 P. 242 line 21 to perplexata add: (71 as perplexaria). 2 bo reclamata, for (13 ¢) read: (13 b). 4 casearia for (13 ¢) read: (13h). 2? P. 248 line 18 from bottom, to molluginata add: ab. constricta Wehrlt has the median band of the forewing constricted. P. 249 line 16 from bottom, centrostr garia, after 13b insert: as centrosignaria. P. 263 line 10 to ab. tricolorata add as further synonym: (= leucotaenia Schawerda). P. 272 line 28 nymphulata, for (13 f) read: (13 g). , 7 from bottom, after 13 g insert: as tschrachiaria. P. 275 line 25 from bottom, homogrammata add: (25h). : , 98 from bottom, after 13 f insert: as spissilinearia. P. 277 line 2 after illuminata insert: (25 e). P. 278 line 14 to valerianata add: laevilignata Brd., from Doubs, is said to be extremely like vale- rianata but more fulvous, perhaps only a form of it. Probably not identifiable. P. 278 line 3 from bottom, variostrigata delete (13 f). P. 279 line 26 from bottom, to carpophagata add: (25 e). ,, 19 from bottom, to teriolensis add: (13k). P. 280 line 14 silenicolata after 12 m inSert: as stleniculata. ,, 19 from bottom, to terrenata add: (25h). —— ee) ro fg bo e's) bo = @ P. 294 line P. 295 line P. 296 line P. 297 line P. 298 line longitudinal streak P. 299 line P. 300 line P. 301 line P. 302 line 22 botom line P. 303 line P. 304 line 29 22 P. 307 line P. 309 line P. 312 line . 315 line . 317 line . 320 line . 321 line 2? Additions and Corrections to Volume 4. 12 from bottom, syriacata add: (25 f). e 25 for pumbeolata read: plumbeolata. 26 from bottom, carearia for (13 h) read: (13 ¢). 25 biornata add: (13 m). 13 from bottom, bohatschi add: (25 f). 11 from bottom, nephelata add: (25 f). 12 orphnata add: (25 e). 3 druentiata add: (25 e, as tricendaria). 17 from bottom, moecha add: (25 e). 1 rubellata add: (25 e). 7 assectata add: (13 b). 10 extensaria for (13 g) read: (13 i, as prolongata). 15 sydya add: (25f, as sytya). 22 rebel add: (131). 28 costisignata add: (25 e). 16 from bottom, mitigata add: (251). 6 from bottom, graciliata add: (25 e). 9 graeseriata add: (12 m). 24 from bottom, phoeniceata read: (121. 13 0). 8 from bottom, after ,,lighter‘‘ insert a comma. 419 12 from bottom, to coronata add: ab. lanceolata Vorbr. and Miill.-Rutz has a blackish from the antemedian line to the V-shaped projection of the postmedian. 6 from bottom, for N. consueta read: C. consueta. 10 ab. nigrosericeata add: (12 m). 12 flavovenata add: (111). 16 minuta add: (7 f). 8 for ,,blackisch‘‘ read: ,,blackish‘‘. 13 from bottom, after ,,which‘ insert: ,,extend‘. 11 for ,,medial‘‘ read: ,,median‘‘. 15 to plurilineata add: (7 f). 23 to aemulata add: (25 a). for ,,slendery“ read: ,,slenderly“. 4 for ,,put‘ read: ,,but*. 18 for ,,tough“ read: ,,though‘. 19 for ,,typical‘‘ read: ,,tropical“. 22 for ,,longescaled‘“‘ read: ,,long-scaled‘‘. 4 for ,,indefinately“ read: ,,indefinitely“. 20 from bottom, after 23 a insert: misprinted barthelu. 12 from bottom, for,,deffinite’‘ read: ,,definite‘‘; for ,,suffusian‘ : 3 for ,narrow-winged‘ read: , narrower-winged‘. 23 for ,,sinous“ read: ,,sinuous‘‘. 11 for ,,Shangai‘ read: ,,Shanghai“. 8 from bottom, for HUBNER’s read: HUBNER’S. 15 from bottom, for O. incertaria read: C. incertaria. 14 from bottom, for ,,Shangai“ read: ,,Shanghai“. 12 for ,,surface‘‘ read: ,,surfaces‘. 12 for ,,perphas“ read: ,,perhaps‘‘. 6 from bottom. for ,,Indo-Australien“ reaa. ,,{ndo-Australian™. , suttusion‘. 420 . 322 line . 323 line . 331 line . 332 line . 334 line : . 335 line 336 line . 359 line Additions and Corrections to Volume 4. 3 for ,,wit‘* read: ,,with“. 1 for 0. margaritata read: C. margarivata; after 15i insert: as marguritaria. 7 for ,,Nill.< read: ,, Vall.‘ 22 for ,,netword“ read: ,, network‘. 24 from bottom, for ,,larve‘‘ read: ,,larva‘. 15 from bottom, for ,,Palestina‘‘ read: ,,Palestine‘‘. 3 after Arctic, delete the comma. 26 for ,,black-marken‘‘ read: ,,black-marked“. 3 from bottom, to fenestratus read: (16 b, as specularis). 20 for ,,elongata‘‘ read: ,,elongate“. 13 for ,,lst an 2nd‘ read: ,,1st and 2nd‘. 22 from bottom, for ,,described as from Korea‘‘ read: ,,described from Korea as‘. 3 for ,,femors‘‘ read: ,,femora‘‘. 10 to rufescentaria the citation of the plates should run: ,,(16d; 16 e as consociaria)'‘. 19, for ,,Chungkung“ read: ,,Chungking“. 7 from bottom, after ,,middle‘‘ add a comma. 2 from bottom, for ,,Mst.‘‘ read: ,,Ms.“‘ 12 for ,,red-browu“ read: ,,red-brown‘. 20 from bottom, for ,,simpel‘ read: ,,simple‘‘. from bottom, for W. ,,India“ read: 8. ,,India‘. for ,,thicken“ read: ,,thicker“. 22 for ,,tingend“ read: ,,tinged“. 24 for ,,elevatoin“: read: ,,elevation‘‘. 25 for ,,stringulated“ read: ,,strigulated“. 14 parallelaria for (17 a) read: (17 d). 15 after ,,species“ insert a comma. 22 from bottom, for ,,HAmPSsPon‘ read: ,, HAMPSON‘. from bottom, for ,,defined‘an ill‘‘ read: ,,an ill-defined‘. from bottom, latifasciaria, after 17h insert: as latefasciaria. 23 for ,,4th and 5 th“ read: ,,4th and 5 th segments‘. 3 from bottom, sulphurea for (17h) read: (171). 16 from bottom, after 17 i insert: as phoenicotaeniata. 10 for ,,violett-grey‘‘ read: , violet-grey“. 21 from bottom, after 18d insert: as roesslerstammaria. 15 for Hihcrinaria read: Hilicrinia. 16 for trexlert read: trexleri (thick type) and add the name in the margin. 22 for ,,Grece‘‘ read: ,,Greece‘. 27 for ,,falcigere Btlr. (III. Lep.)*‘ read: ,,falcigera Btlr. (Ill. Lep.)“. 16 from bottom, for ,,(19 as)“ read: ,,(19 a, as buraetaria)‘. 23 for fasciata read: fasciaria. 6 from bottom, ab. holmgreni, for (18 k) read: (18 ]). 18 from bottom, after 19 e insert: as hannoviensis. 15 from bottom, for ,,micropylar and“ read: ,,micropylar end“. 4 after ,,green“ insert a comma. 25 from bottom, for ,,call read: ,,cell“. 12 from bottom, for ,,definete‘‘ read: ,,definite“. 23 from bottom, read: ,,(perhaps even the same)“. 22 from bottom, for ,,2rd“ read: ,,2nd“. ; , 4 rd fy ~ rd wr WW Fa ares CRG Ce eee . d0U 361 362 363 364 365 367 368 369 370 372 374 375 . 376 . 377 . 381 . 382 384 386 388 . 390 . 391 392 394 396 397 398 400 403 404 405 408 line line ” line line line line line ” line » line line line line line line 21 9 17 Additions and Corrections to Volume 4. tor serrata read: sarrate. for ,,binectinata‘‘ read: ,,bipectinate’. after 24b add: as scotosaria. 24 for ,,Dalmation“ read: ,,Dalmatian“. 16 4 8 13 18 7 15 24 23 22 21 13 6 1 4 18 9 4 14 25 from bottom, for ,,Ussusi‘ read: ,,Ussuri“. for ,,loss“ read: ,,less‘‘. delete the last 11 words. for ,,brownisch“ read; ,,brownish“. from bottom, for ,,lamelles‘‘ read: ,,lamellae“. for ,,the appearing“ read: ,,thus appearing“. from bottom, for ,,licaria‘‘ read: ,,2licaria“. for basifasciaria read: basifuscaria ; the name given on the plate must therefore stand. after 20h insert: as mandschuraria. for ,,blue-green“ read: ,,blue-grey“. 2 from bottom, for ,,Gmb7.‘‘ read: ,,@mpby.“ from bottom, for ,,and“ read: ,,end“. from bottom, for ,,Gsoff.‘ read: ,,Geoff.“ from bottom, for ,,Serr1da‘‘ read: ,,Serraca‘. from bottom, for ,,the somewhat interrupted)‘ read: ,,the (somewhat interrupted)“. for. fuscaria read: athleta. after 21f insert: as tschraparia. from bottom, for ,.excentric‘‘ read: ,,e..entric“. after 21g insert: as albosignata. for ,,spezies“‘ read: ,,species‘*. from bottom, for ,,larva‘‘ read ,,larvae‘. for ,,broadned‘ read: ,,broadened‘‘. from bottom, for ,,pecularity read: ,,peculiarity“; after ,,which‘‘ insert: from bottom, for ,,lat-named‘ read: ,,last-named“. for ,,Antiocha“ read: ,, Antioch“. for ,,as‘‘ read: ,,a‘‘. for ,,sligth“ read: ,,slight*. for ,,conferata‘ read: ,,confertata‘. from bottom, for ,,as eparate‘ read: ,,a separate‘. from bottom, for ,,stronger“ read: ,,strongly*. from bottom, for ,,antenne“ read: ,,antenna’. after , upperside“ insert a comma. from bottom, for ,,forewing“ read: ,,foregoing“. 24 from bottom, for Latascia read: Catascia. 24 21 7 from bottom, for P. tenebraria read: O. tenebraria. from bottom, after homochromata delete ,,(25h as homogrammata)'. from bottom, for Hbn.-Gev. read: Hbn.-Gey. 11 from bottom, for ,,1 dt‘‘ read: 1 st‘. 14 after 23¢ insert: as dziurzynskaria. 12 from bottom, for ,,scutularia Dup. read: ,,convergata Vill.‘. lines 1, 2 and 6 for scutularia read: convergata. » 21 from bottom, for ,,Ph. glarearia“ read: ,,Ch. glarearia“. line 6 for ,,imperfiata Walk. read: ,,imperviata Walk. line 9 from bottom, to D. tekkear-a add ,,Christ.‘‘. 422 NOTHOMIZA. By L. B. Prout. Appendix *). 33°" Genus: Nothomiza Warr. Most characters as in Hphoria, to which MzyRtck sinks it. Face not protuberant. g antenna not pec- tinate (though usually serrate), 1st and 4th discocellulars somewhat convergent, distal margins less rounded. Indo-Malayan Region to Japan and Formosa, only a few species. A. Antenna in ¢ serrate (Nothomiz2). N. formosa Bilr. (151). Median area of forewing orange-reddish, proximal and distal areas viola eous grey, the colours not sharply defined. The costal spots, which characterize the typical section of the genus, are here large and pale yellow; a small apical yellow spot, usally divided by the 5 th sibzostal vein. Japan. B. Antenna in gthickened andflattened (Caberodes Hmps., nez Guen.). N. achromaria Guen. Distal margin of forewing convex. Light grey, smoothly and not very thickly scaled, both wings with minute dark discal dot, lines whitish, slender, narrowly dark-edged in median area; antemedian straight; postmedian slightly bent near costa, then straight, sligatly obliq ie, present also on hind- wing except at costa, placed near the discal dot. N.W. Himalayas (Dharmsala, etz:.). N. simpliciaria Leech (as Euchloris). Green with minute discal dots and very slender rustcoloured terminal line, forming a spot at apex of fringe of forewing. Ckang Yang. Probably a form of viridis Warr., from India. *) This appendix has not becn added in the German edition. Brag oe = i=] 02 0) Co ODO GO CO OF 09 CD 20 tO pe pe 4¢ PPP eR PRR Se Seo SAA o 6e¢ DOSOHODHDNAHMHAWANVAARAWAG “poe Soa mom Ro © RoR eo oO — B =) iat i ARAM WAWUHASCHOWHDDHINWE wo SOURWUAWNWDPAIUWDHAWAOAPNOR FADE HDOPRWWOMRWN Corrections to the Plates in Volume 4. Corrections to the Plates in Volume 4. for membranaria ss tenwis s, badiaria 55 praecisaria s, abyssumata ss marcotensis 5, eatraordinaria s, invalidaria 3, oenopararia ss amoenaria » erschoffiata s, tabiascaria ;, adelphata 5, confinaria : walkeri », sedataria - pulveraria 5, vittaria s, filacearia ss contiguaria ;, consolidata > cubicularia 5, slranvinata > extarsaria ss eriopodata ss circuitata +» fusciovenosa s, beckeraria s, luridata + coenosaria >, frigidaria o ss may be an aberration may be Ac. invalida. is Ae. ignobilis. is Ac. nupta. is Ac. swperciliata. for privata s. subpunctaria + amataria - kindermanni ;, duplicata 3; flavicornuta s, polycomata ss consobrinaria +: boisduvaliata ;, bicolor ;, albiceraria ;, plicataria 5 nigrifuscaria ;, costaria 5. subochreala », kioudrouaria + naparia ». vetulina », exullata 5, teslata 3, scotica > serrata = ravaria s, flavocinctaria ;, louchignearia >, ?internata 5, alpicolaria » putridaria ° 3, permixtaria :, unicala read: on os ss tenuis punciigea praccisaria badiaria alyssumata mareotica donovani invalida oenoparia lerpnaria erschoffi tabianaria adelpharia sacraria rufigrisea leuraria coniaria transiens exilaria eburnata submutata obscura sylvestraria eriopodata extlarsaria circuilaria fuscovenosa rubellata diffinaria confinaria- 2 sentinaria Ac. superior. privataria suppunctaria amata exsecuta coassala flavicornata polycommata viretata annexala tonchignearia intuscala dharmsalae nigrifasciaria castaria subochraria kioudjrouaria indistincta velutina excullata achatinata obliterata serraria subravaria flavicinctata tonchignearia intersecta obsoletaria permiataria bulgariata corollaria —DOAOENWR WWM ASH — PEONMR Oe NWwWOTWE Dep bo 7 WO DOE Lo 1 or (oy) SW DS OVW | Ore -7* =) CAE GU EP OO En ise Sy Hye 52. HTD = bo i) TS Shroom oY Oo no bo bo OX Ot Or ik) Fig. or) 33 for procellaria on) 33 junerata obliterata luteata adjouaria deflavata. silaceata mactaria chrysoprasis aurata oberthiiri bissurate obritaria pulveraria obscura nigrilineata cognata ligusticala sileniculata ramataria seseriala centrosignaria tschrinaria spissilinearia tschrachiaria prolongata togata gigantaria adustaria bipunctata platyleucaria pusata specularis evonymaria sulphurea consociaria albinotoria cretacea latefasciaria advenaria coreata himalaica roesslerstammaria . alternata signata aestivaria pluviata richardi marmorinaria consimilata buraetaria hannoviensis mandschuraria ischraparia albosignata Tephrina approximataria bartheli plumistraria dziurzinskaria pumicaria tricentiala aurita sytya griseolaria boeticaria read: ” 423 procellata pupillala nebulata flammeolaria stellata umbrosaria insulala mactata fissisignis aliena oberthuri Jissurata. obsitaria pallescens subobscura lamae dietzei cognata silenicolata ramalaria seseraria centrostrigata tchrinaria spissilineala tchratchraria extensai ra pint gigantearia adustata subnotata platyleucata pusaria fenestratus flavescens cesadaria - rufescentaria albonotaria cretea latifasciaria pluviaria corearia himalayica roeslerstammaria alternaria signaria aestimaria hebesata richardsi nigricaria consimilaria buraetica hanoviensis mandschuriaria tchraparia albosignaria Tephronia approximaria barteli plummistaria dziurzinskit graciliaria ‘druentiala amita sydyt grisolaria baelicaria Fe ‘Bete ote al ec Al < | ae c ie ‘ ’ en - 5 Aes, : ae on De Gin ect Sar | ; . J atiipoeete se ek bie ap} WEE ; jae ral a s Sse ey ytd Gln! 2 : ute ha : e 5 ges = coke } ras Srhevoiny 24 y ‘ ha ; . P | Sy i é Ks ee = ‘ ; 7 ; ; , 3 F ries é tae A “ae. - mre ve 5 > ¢ , ; A : “ Hc we * aia t fot . : r s 4 Ke = “i ‘ . ws ‘ - be hat a m ~ ” Ari ~! " ¥ . 4 s Sei 3 a : j 4 , ee <3 Re a 3 : Abn Sat OO gence Pa A % = Publ. 8. I. 1916. List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. Alphabetical List of the forms of the Palearctic Geometrae with references to the original descriptions. * signifies that the form is figured at the place quoted. abafii Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 253. abafii Lithost. Uhryk, Rovart. Lap. 5s p. 7. abbreviata Hup. Steph. Brit. Insect. 2, p. 144. abditaria Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. abjecta Endr. Bélr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 371. ablataria Cab. Fuchs Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk. 52, p. 144. ablunata Sten. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 110. ablutaria Cid. Bsd. Gén. Ind. meth. p. 203. abmarginata Ptych. Bhisch. Wien. Hnt. Zschr. 1885, p. 145. abraxaria Cid. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 6, p. 137. * abraxaria Neol. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 6, p. 72. * abraxina Cid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 443. abruptaria Hem. Thnbg. Dissert. Entom. 4, p. 59. * absinthiata Eup. Cl. Icon. Ins. rar. * abstersaria Bo. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 197. abstersata Cid. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. abstinentaria Lythr. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 62, p. 377. acardia Hil. Stich. Zeitschr. Wiss. Insect.-Biol. 1911, p. accentuata Disc. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 270. accessaria Acid. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 6, p..64. * accipitraria Gn. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 300. aceurata Kup. Stgr. Iris 1892, p. 251. accurataria Acid. Christ Bull. Soc. Moscou 1880 (2), p. 47. aceris Alsoph. Dup. Hist. Nat. Leg. 7 (2). * achatinata Lygr. Hbn. Smmilg. Bur. Schmett. Geom. * achatinellaria Lygr. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 5, p. Ble os achrolopha Photose. Piing. Iris 12, p. 299. achromaria Cid. Lah. Faun. Suisse Geom. p. 128. * acidaria Rhodostr. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 204. actaeata Hup. Walderdorff, Corrbl. Zool.-Min. Ver. Regensb. 1869, p. 82. acuminaria Asp. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1851, p. 636. acuminaria Phal. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897) p. acutangulata Cid. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 3, p. 3. * acutaria Crasp. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1897) p. 19. acutaria Dal. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. acutaria Gon. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. adauctata Rhodostr. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 160. addictata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1908, p. 194. adelpharia Acid. Piing. Stett. Zg. 1894, p. 76. adherbariata Ptych. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 306. adjectaria Gn. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 312. * adjunctaria Acid. Bsd. Gen. Ind. méth. p. adjunctata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 344. adlata Cid. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 294. admirabilis Jot. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. admissaria Bo. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. ¢ adonidaria Our. Oberth. Et. Comp. Lép. 6. * adornata Orthol. Stgr. Iris 8, p. 334. adscriptaria Eup. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (IL) p. 200. adulteraria Acid. Hrsch. Fedtsch. Reise, p. 60. * adumbraria Cid. H.-Schdfj. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 6, p. 79. * adustaria Ochod. Fisch..Wald. Bull. Soc. Moscou 1880, p. 88. adustaria Sel. Leech, Hntomolog. 1891, Suppl. p. 42. adustata Ligd. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 114. advenaria Cepp. Hbn. Beytr. Gesch. Ins. 2. * advolata Microl. Hv. Bull. Soc. Moscou 10 (2), p. 51. aegyptiaca Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. I. * aemulata Hor. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * aequata Acid. Stgr. Hor. Entom. Ross. 14, p. 440. aequata Eup. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 256. aequestriga Ist. Hirschke, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60, p. 416. aequifasciata Acid. Christ. Bull. Soc. Moscou 1880 (2), p. 45. aequilinearia Sarc. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 21, p. 292. aequilineata Anait. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1632. aequistrigata Hup. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 194. aerata Per. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 643. aerosa Eustr. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 451. aescularia Alsoph. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 102. aestimaria Mac. Hbn. Smml,;. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * aestiva Cid. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 1884, p. 269. IV 138. * By jos IGS, 162. * aestiva Cos. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 46, p. 98. aestiva Cos. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 145. aestiva Ell. Rbl. Ann. Wien. Hofmus. 18, p. 624. aestiva Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 125. aestiva Sel. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II) p. 157. aestivaria Hemith. Hbn. Beytr. Gesch. Schmett. 1 (4), p. 22. * aetheriata Par. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1888, p. 391. aexaria Ang. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 20, p. 261. alfinis Cid. Moore, Lep. Atkins, p. 277. affinitata Cid. Steph. Ill. Brit. Entom. 3, p. 297. affinitata Ptych. B.-Haas, Iris 20, p. 82. agaritharia Enc. Dard. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1842, p. 201. * agilata Chlorocl. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 118. agitata Xand. Bélr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 396. agnes Lygr. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 441. agnitaria Gn. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 62. * aggregata Hup. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 315. agrestaria Pseudot. Dwp. Hist. Nat. Lép. 7 (2), p. 257. * agrionides Vith. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 15, p. 137. agrostemmata Ptych. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 512 alaudaria Cid. Frr. Beytr. 6, p. 11. * alba Asp. Krausse, Arch. f. Naturg. 78, alba Atom. D.-Zwe. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. alba Bo. Gauckl. Ent. Nachr. 24, p. 371. alba Hipp. Gillm. Societ. Entom. 24, p. 42. alba It. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 401. abla Ping. Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 491. * albaria Asp. Bartel, Iris 15, p. 221. : albaria Thal. Hsp. Schmett. Abbild. 5 (10), p. 268. * albescens Bo. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 379. albescens Cid. Rb/. Berges Schmett.-Buch (IX) p. 355. albescens Opisth. Ckll. Entomologist 1888, p. 112. albicans Acid. Prt. Seitz, Grob- Slathrimetith 4, p. 72. albicans Cid. Strand, Nyt. Mag. Naturv. (1901) 39, p. 65. albicans Fid. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 20, p. 70. albicearia Acid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. albicillata Cid. LZ. Syst. Nat. (X)-p. 527. albicinetata Lygr. Piing. Iris 21, p. 298. albicollis Bist. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 199. albida Cid. Herz, Ofv. Finsk. Forh. 45 (15), p. 17. albida Ptych. Rbb. Iris 1912. Beih., p. 302. albidaria Acid. Stgr. Cat. Pal. Lep. (III), p. 275. albidaria Asth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), p. 79. albidaria Bup. Dziurz. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 57, p. 12. * albidaria Dysc. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Hur. (II), p. 173. albidaria Med. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, p. 1582. albidaria Rhodom. Hrsch. Fedtschenkos Reise, p. 69. albidior Cid. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 9, p. 344. albidulata Eup. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 54. albifera Bo. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 369. albifera Bo. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 434. albifrontaria Pet. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. albigirata Cid. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir, Lep., p. 489. albilinea Mark. Th. M. le Natural. 29, p. 260. albimacula Cid. Prt. Seitz, Grob- Sehmety, 4, p. albinea Noth. Tgstr. Cat. Faun. Fenn. p. 319. albiocellaria Cos. Hbn. Beytr. Gesch. Schmett. ees albiplaga Triph. Oberth. Bt. d’Ent. 11, p. 34. albipunctaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 642. albipunctaria Rhodom. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 1438. albipunctatus Gar. Hmps. Faun. Ind. Moths. 3, p. 234. albirosea Dysc. Rothsch. Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8 (1911), p. 232. albitorquata Ptych. Piing. Iris 21, p. 293. albocostaria Euchl. Brem. Mém. Acad. Sci. Pét. (7) 8, p. 76. * albocrenata Cid. Curt. Brit. Entom., p. 603. * albofasciata Cid. Gauckler, Ent. Nachr. 1900, p. 371. albofasciata Cid. Moore, Lep. Atkins, p. 277. albofasciata Eup. Stgr. Hor. Hnt. Ross. 14, p. 479. albolinearia Pom. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 679. albomacularia Atich. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 51. albomacularia Photosc. Leech. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 673. 54 p. 168. 79, p. 488. * By ith ss = p. 49. 259. 426 albomaculata Dal. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 215. albomarginata Acid. Habich, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 53, p. 424. albonotaria Zeth. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir., p. 73. * albosignaria Bo. Brem. wu. Grey, Beitr. nordl. China, p. 21. albosignata Fid. Neubgr. Societ. Entomol. 22, p. 2. albostrigaria Cid. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 85. * alboundulata Hemith. Hed. Hor. Entom. Ross. 14, p. 511. * albovenaria Hipp. Brem. Mém. Acad. Sci. Pét. (7) 8, p. 75. * albulata Asth. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 616. albulata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 109. alchemillata Cid. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 526. alexandraria Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 230. alexandraria Hier. Prt. Gen. Ins. 129, p. 205. * alexandraria Rhodostr. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 205. alfacaria Orthol. Sfgr. Stett. Zg. 1859, p. 219. alfacariata Cid. Rmb. Cat. Andal. * algeriensis Ptych. Baker, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 118. algidata Cid. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 162. algiricata Cid. D. Luc. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1904, p. 197. alhambrata Cid. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1889, p. 219. aliena Cid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 6, p. 230. alienata Gon. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 164. alinea Euchl. Burr. Ent. Rec. 12, p. 115. allardiata Ptych. Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1869, p. 59. * alliaria Eup. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1870, p. 129. alliata lod. Héfn. Jahresb. Land.-Mus. Karnth. 1880, p. allongata Ptych. Stgr. Iris, 10, p. 308. * almasa Syn. Schawerda, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 62, SB. p. 138. alniaria Enn. LZ. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 519. alpestris Cid. Neuburger, Societ. Entom. 19, p. 20 alpheracii Hel. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 207. alpherakii Orthol. Hrsch. Hor. Ent. Ross. 12, p. 338. alpina Nyss. Sulz. Abgek. Gesch. Ins. * alpinata Ps. Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 228. altaicata Eup. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal., altenaria Eup. Sigr. Stett. Zg. 1861, p. 401. alternaria Mac. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * alternata Caloc. Stgr. Iris 8, p. 332. alternata Cid. Mill. Faun. Frid. p. 50. alticolaria Ps. Mann, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ver. Wien 1853. p. 75. altitudinum Cid. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 210. * aluta Dipl. Wilem. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 337. alyssumata Ptych. Mill. Icon. 3, p. 197. * amasa Lux. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1. p. amasina Eup. Bohatsch, Iris 1893, p. 1. amata Tim. ZL. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 524. ambigua Gel. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2. p. 49. * ambiguata Gn. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. 8 (1), p. 223. * ambusta Lobog. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 346. * ambustaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 653. ambustaria Selid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * amdoénsis Triph. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 9, p. 67. amelia Cid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 406. amita Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. oe 3 amoenaria Bo. Stgr. Iris 10, p. sf amoenaria Comib. Oberth. Et. d’ ee suDe ose amoenata Cid. Steph. Ill. Br. Ent. 3, a 228. amoenata Lithost. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 128. * amoritaria Enc. Piing. Iris 15, p. 145. * amphidasaria Hem. Oberth. Et. d’ Ent. 5, p. 46. * amphitritaria Chlorissa Oberth. Diagn. Lép. Askold, p. 8. amplexata Eup. Christ. Bull. Soc. Moscou, 1880 (2), p. 119. amplicata Terpna Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 24, p. 1124. amplicata Photosc. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 25, p. 1404. amplipennis Ptych. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 111. * amurensis Abr. Hed. Hor. Ent. Ross. 16, p. 44. amurensis Asth. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 97. 266. p- 330. 105. amygdalaria Nych. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 82. anaitaria Acid. Herz, Ofv. Finsk. Foérh. 45 (15), p. 14. anastomosis Gn. Strand, Nyt. Mag. Naturv. (1904), p. 42. andalusica Caloc. Rbb. Iris 1912, Beih., p. 317. andalusica Chem. bb. Iris 1912, Beih., p. 329. andalusiaria Nych. Jill. Iconogr. 60. * andereggaria Gn. Lah. Faun. Suisse Lép., p. 67. * andresi Acid. Draudt, Int. Ent. Zschr. 5, p. 374. angelica Myrt. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 413. angelicata Eup. Barrett, Entom. Month. Mag. B..,. p. 278. angeronaria Ambl. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 215. * anglicata Eup. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. * anglicata Eup. Mill. Iconogr. 3, p. 102. * angularia Enn. Hbn. Beytr. Gesch. Schmett. 2 _areuaria Acid. Hbn. List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. angularia Par. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 569. angularia Polythr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 652. angulifera Bo. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 396. angulifera Psy. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, p. 1687. angustaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 646. angustaria Naxa Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19, p. 545. angustaria Xand. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 327. angustifasciata Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 427. angustifasciata Cid. Strand, Arch. Math. Naturv. 25, p. 17. anicularia Hil. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mosc. ae (1), p- 160. ankeraria Erann. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1861, p. 292. annexa Lygr. Schima, Verh. Zool.. -Bot. Gee Wien, 1809, p. 257. annexata Anait. Firr. Beytr. 3 (22), p. 122. * annosata Cid. Zett. Ins. Lap. p. 962, annubilata Acid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 156. annubilata Gn. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 103. * annulata Cos. Schulze, Naturf. 6, p. 92. * annuligera Hemist. Warr. Novit. Zool. 16, p. 125. anomala Sci. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 425. | anomalarius Bup. Huene, Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1901, p. 317. * anomalata Diast. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 26, p. 455. anseraria Asth. H.-Schdjf. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 134. * ansulata Acid. Zed. Hor. Ent. Ross. 8, p. 19. * antelataria Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 237. * anthophilaria Rhodom. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * antiplasta Avich. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 305. antiquaria Nych. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 172. anzascaria Ist. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 199. apicata Crypt. Prt. Seitz, Grofi-Schmett. 4, p. 191. apicata Gar. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 617. apiciata Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 227. apicinotaria Photosc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 675. apicipicta Comib. Prt. Gen. Ins. 129, p. 101. apicipunetata Acid. Christ. Bull. Soc. Moscou 1880, p. 54 appensata Acas. Hv. Bull. Soc. Moscou 1842 (3), p. 356. appositaria Bo. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 46. appropinguaria Orthol. Ségr. Iris 5, p. 208 approximans Cos. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 150. approximaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 4, 25. approximaria Cab. Pri. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 318. approximaria Gn. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 327. approximaria Opor. Weaver, Zoolog. 1852, p. 3495. approximata Cid. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 16, p. 466. approximata Orthol. Prt. Seitz, Groli-Schmett. 4, p. 158. aptata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * aquata Hor. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * aqueata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * aquilaria Hypos. Whkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1485. areearia Bo. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N.-H. Soc. 14, p. 507. arceuthata Eup. Frr. Beytr. 4, p. 145. * arctica Lygr. Strand, Nyt. Mag. Naturv. 1901, p. 39. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * arecufera Cos. Reuter, Tidskr. Entom. 1890, p. 202. * arenacearia Thep. Schiff. Wien. Verz., p. 102. arenaria Bo. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 518. arenaria Cor. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 20, p. 231. arenaria Gloss. Prt. Seitz, GroBb-Schmett. 4, p. 82. arenaria Lomogr. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 152. arenaria Metall. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 144. * arenosa Ephor. Btlr. Il. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 46. * arenosaria Acid. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1879, p. 325. argentacea Ps. Hirschke, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60, p. 416. argentaria Comps. H.-Schdjff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 98. * argentaria Eg. Bang-Haas, Iris 24, p. 48. argentaria Myrt. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 196. argentataria Comib. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 237. argilata Ptych. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. I, p. 469. argillacea Gar. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 100. * argillacearia Gn. Sgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (11), p. 166. arguta Bo. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 372. arida Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith., p. 105. * arida Gon. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 394. aridaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 653. aristidaria Our. Oberth. Et. Lép. Comp. 5, p. 847. * aristonaria Heterol. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 20, p. 120. armoraciaria Pseudot. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 20, p. 71. * arrizanaria Lox. Bastelb. Entomol. Zeitschr. 23, p. 34. artemidora Brab. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 10, p. 33. artemis Bo. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 58. artemisiata Eup. Const. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1884, p. 203. artesiaria Diast. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 102. List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. 42 asbestaria Ptych. Z. Stett. Zg. 1549, p. 216. asellaria Ptych. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 18. * asiatica Cid. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 70. asinata Lithost. Frr. Beytr. 3 (22), p. 123. * askoldinaria Arich. Oberth. Hit. d’Ent. 5, p. 52. * asperaria Rhop. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * aspersaria Dysc. Stgr. Iris 9, p. 401. assectata Hup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 346. assimilaria Acid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 154. assimilaria Teph. Amb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1832, p. 34. * assimilata Hup. Dbl. Zoolog. 14, p. 5142. : assimilis Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith., p. 118. * aterrima Baptr. Btlr. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. ¢ athleta Bo. Oberth. Et. @Ent. 9, p. 25. * atlantica Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 247. atlantica Ptych. Sitr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 3, p. 210. atlanticaria Bo. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1859, p. 218. atomaria Hmat. ZL. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 521. atraria Hup. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 3, p. 121. * atrata Odez. ZL. Syst. Nat. (X) 1, p. 524. atrata Prot. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, Tf. 31. * atrilineata Hem. Bélr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 405. atrisignis Eup. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 114. * atromaculata Rh. Galv. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 53, p. 8. atropicta Hup. Dietze Biolog. Hupith. p. 87. * atrostrigata Photosc. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir., p. 87. * atrox Plag. Zerny, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1908, p. 270. attenuaria Ptych. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1833, p. 37. * auberti Croc. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1883, p. 48. aucta Lythr. Krausse, Int. Ent. Ztschr. 6, p. 132. auctata Rhodostr. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 442. aurantiaca Hydr. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 646. aurantiaca Obeid. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 6, p. 56. * aurantiacaria Scard. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 72. * aurantiaria KHrann. Hbn. Smmilg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * aurantiata Epirrh. Ff. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 201. aurata Chi. Trti. Natural. Sicil. 18, p. 46. * aurata Cid. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 664. aurata Gon. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 331. * aurata Ptych. Mendes, Broteria 10, p. 175. aureliaria Xen. Mill. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 11, p. 268. * aureolaria Ptych. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 102. auricruda Ptych. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 438. aurigena Hustr. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 230. auritaria Fid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * austautaria Lith. Oberth. Hit. d’Ent. 6, p. 83. * austeraria Hir. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 430. australis Bo. Curt. Brit. Entomol. XVII. australis Ptych. Z. Isis 1847, p. 511. austriacaria Cid. H.-Schdjff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 78. * autumnalis Kup. Dietze, Bi log. Eupith. p. 135. * autumnaria Enn Wrnbg. Stett. Zg. 1859, p. 361. autumnata Opor. Bkh. Nat. Hur. Schmett. 5, p. 293. aversata Ptych. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 526. axantha Abr. Rayn. Entom. Rec. 15, p. 9. axiata Acid. Piing. Iris 21, p. 296. axillaria Pseudot. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. 9, p. 339. azela Hast. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 403. azonaria Cid. Oberth. Et. d Ent. 8, p. 32. * badiaria Cos. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 153. badiaria Rhodostr. rr. N. Beytr. (2) IV, p. 115. * badiata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 111. baeticaria Perc. Rmb. Catal. Andal. * baikalensis Acas. B.-Haas, Iris 19, p. 138. bajaria Erann. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 101. bajularia Com. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 97. balestraria Ptych. D. Luc. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1909, p. 72. balsaminata Cid. Frr. Beytr. 6, p. 166. baltearia Nar. Prr. Tif. 474. (1845). bandanae Eup. Gregs. Young Natur. 8, p. 111. barcinonaria Hem. Bell. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1862, p. 127. * barteli Arich. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 304. * barteli Eup. Dietze, Iris 1908, p. 162. * basifusearia Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 426. basochesiata Cid. Dwp. Hist. Nat. Lép. 8, p. 558. * bassiaria Cid. Feisth. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1835, p. 133. * hastelbergeri Bo. Hirschke, 18. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. Ver. 5, p. 106. bastelbergeri Cid. Piing. Ivis 15, p. 155. * bastelbergeri Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 51. * bastelicaria Bo. Bell. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1862, p. 380. * beckeraria Acid. Led. Vers. Hur. Spann. p. 94. -I1 begrandaria Eup. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 211. bela Erann. Bllr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 406. belemiata Ptych. Mill. Iconogr. 2, p. 486. * belgaria Dysc. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * bella Microl. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 448. bella Eup. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 115. * bellaria Acas. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1897) 20. bellaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 573. bellieri Gn. Oberth. Et. Lép. Comp. VII. * belluaria Percnia Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 217. benescripta Buz. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 360. benesignata Gn. Bell. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 30. * benestrigata Ptych. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 119. * bentelii Ps. Ratz. Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 8, p. 224. berberata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 113. bergunensis Hup. Dietze, Stett. Zg. 1875, p. 248. bermeja Lomogr. bb. Iris 1912, Beiheft, p. 330. beryllaria’ Xenochl. Mann, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. p. 63. * berytana Osic. Rbl. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 61, p. 142. berytaria Apl. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 261. berytaria It. Stgr. Ivis 5, p. 200. betularia Bist. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 521. biangularia Xyl. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897). p- 210. * bicauliata Hydrel. Prt. Seitz, Grob-Schmett. 4. p. 268. * bicertaria Ptych. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 290. bicolor Caloc. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 201. bicolor Heterol. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 340. bicolorata Cid. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 608. bicolorata Hydrel. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 642. bidentata Gon. Cl. Icon. * bifalsaria Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 65. * bifasciata Cid. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 335. bifidaria Col. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 301. bifissana Lithost. Rbl. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 61, p. 142. bigeminata Cid. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 131. * bilinearia Aper. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 211. bilinearia Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag.'Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 422. bilinearia Emmec. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 546. bilinearia Gon. Swinh. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 423. bilinearia Lep. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 205. bilineata Cid. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 525. bilineata Lob. Wil. Entomologist 44, p. 61. bilineata Rhynch. Leech, Entomolog. 1891, Suppl., p. 48. bilunaria Sel. Hsp. Schmett. Abbild. 5, p. 73. * bilunata Eup. Zett. Ins. Lapon. p. 960. Wien §, | bimaeularia Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 92. bimacularia Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 669. bimaculata Bapt. fF. Syst. Ent. p. 635. binaevata Lith. JZab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1869, p. 56. * biornata Eup. Christ. Stett. Zg. 1867, p. 238. biparata Mac. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p. 380. bipartaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 649. bipartita Tim. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 48. ; bipunctaria Orthol. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 111. bipunctata Bapt. Fuchs, Societ. Entom. 18, p. 43. bipunctularia Phil. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 19 (1897), p. 555. biriviata Cid. Bkh. Hur. Schmett. 5, p. 394. biselata Ptych. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 618. biskraria Teph. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1884, p. 134. bistortata Bo. Goeze, Entomol. Beytr. 3, p. 438. bistriaria Nem. Hbn. Zutr. 1, p. 25. * bistrigata Cid. Zr. Ochsenh. Schmett. Hur. 6 (2), p. 59. bistrigata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. * bituminaria Bo. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p. 378. * blandiata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. (Anhg.), p. 316. bleusei Teph. Thierry-M. le Natural. 1905, p. 192. bloeckeri Best. Kusn. Hor. Ent. Ross. 35, p. 42. * blomeri Disc. Curt. Brit. Entom. 9, Tl. 416. * bluethgeni Psy. Piing. Iris 16, p. 299. * boarmiaria Bo. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 282. boarmiaria Psy. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1892, p. 232. bogulimaria Cid. Rb/. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1901, p. 803. bohatschi Cid. Aign. Rovartani Lapok 9, p. 144. behatschi Eup. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 111. * boisduvaliaria Croc. H.-Luc. Explor. Algér. p. 391. borealis Rhodostr. Swinh. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 427. * borearia Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 237. boryata Eup. Rbdl. Ann. Wien. Hofmus. 1906, p. 32. bosporaria Lithost. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 182. * bradyi Ven. Prt. Trans. City-Lond. Soc. 1904, p. 33. bremeraria Nax. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Hur. (II), p. 155. * 428 brephos Cid. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 9, p. 22. * breviculata Eup. Donz. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1837, p. 478. * brevifasciaria Eup. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 21 (1867), p. 70. britannica Nyss. Harr. Entomologist 43, p. 197. bruandaria Micr. Mill. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 7, p. 243. brullei Cid. Lef. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1836, p. 399. brumata Oper. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 529. brunnearia Anait. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 553. brunnearia Aniseph. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), p. 107. brunnearia Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 339. brunnearia Eustr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 365. brunnearia Gn. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 335. brunnearia Hem. Herz; Ann. Mus. Petersb. 9, p. 367. * brunneata Cid. Pack. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 11, p. 47. brunneata Eup. Sigr. Iris 1899, p. 400. brunneimargo Bapt. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 314. brunnescens Orthol. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 162. * bucephalaria Ptych. Chret. le Natural. 31, p. 45. biittneri Bo. Hedem. Hor. Ent. Ross. 16, p. 54. * buffonaria It. Mill. Iconogr. 2, p. 368. * bulgariata Cid. Mill. Iconogr. 2, p. 433. * bupleuraria Thal. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 97. buraetica Hrann. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 376. * burgaria Orthol. Hv. Bull. Soc. Moscou 1843 (3), p. 551. burmesteri Gn. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1888, p. 402. busambraria Eup. Ragusa, Natural. Sicil. 8, p. 229. * butleri Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 78. * buxicolaria Bo. Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1872, p. 490. * byssata Cid. Awriv. Nord. Fjaril., p. 245. cacularia Mac. Oberth. Wt. d’Ent. 15, p. 24. * eacuminaria Eg. Rmb. Cat. Lép. Andal. 2. * eaeca Kup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 84. eaelebs Breph. Hbn. Beytr. Gesch. Ins. 1, p. 21. * eaelibaria Gn. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 72. caeruleata Cid. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 278 caeruleolineata Hast. Moore, ep. Atkins. (3), p. 260. eaeruleoviridis Huchl. Burr. Ent. Rec. 12, p. 11°. caerulescens Chlorissa Burr. Ent. Rec. 20, p. 1382. eaesiata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 112. eaespitaria Cid. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1880 (2), p. 112. cajanderi Acid. Herz, Ofv. Finsk. F6rh. 45 (15), p. 13. calabra Rhodostr. Pet. Spec. Ins. p. 38. * calabrica Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 156. * ealaritana Cos. 7'rti. Zschr. Wiss. Insect.-Biol. 1911 (7), p. 210. ealcearia Lept. Whkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 20, p. 182. calcearia Ptych. Z. Stett. Zg. 1849, p. 217. ealeeata Gn. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (I), p. 72. ealcularia Orthost. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 3, p. 260. ealiginea Eup. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 445. ealiginearia Chem. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1832, p. 35. * ealligraphata Hor. H.-Schaff. Deutschl. Ins. 1. p. 163. eallunaria Eup. Dbl. Zoologist 1850 (App.) p. 105. ealunetaria Ptych. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1859. p. 217. cambriea Ven. Curt. Brit. Ent. 16. * camparia Ptych. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 6, p. 65. * canaliculata Ps. Hochw. Schrift Ntrfrsch. Frd. Berl. 6, p. 336. canariensis Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 105. * canariensis Gn. Rbl. Ann. Wien. Hofmus. 24, p. 324. eancellaria Chi. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * ecandicans Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 53. * candida Abr. Rayn. Entom. Rec. 15, p. 9. eanitiaria Gn. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 309. canteneraria Ptych. Bsd. Icon. I, p. 76. * eantiata Ptych. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 91. capitata Cid. H.-Schdff. Deutschl. Insekt. 165. * eapitulata Cid. Stgr. [eis 10, p. 104. ecapnaria Ptych. Piing. Iris 21, p. 292. eapreolaria Piing. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 105. capriata Ches. Prt. Entomolog. 1904, p. 60. cararia Lomogr. Hbn. Beytr. Gesch. Schmett. 2. * earbonaria Ist. Cl. Icones. * earearia Kup. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), p. 69. earicaria Acid. Reutti, Lep.-Fauna Baden p. 113. earieraria Teph. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 93. * earissima Agath. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 50. earnifrons Ner. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 169. earniolica Nyss. Harr. Entomologist 43, p. 197. carnosaria Rhodostr. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 345. carpheraria Ptych. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. p. 659. carpinaria Hnn. Hbn. Smmilg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * * Soc. 14, List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. carpinata Noth. Bkh. Nat. Eur. Schmett. 5, p. 295. carphopagata Eup. Rmb. Cat. Lép. Andal. * earpophilata Hup. Sigr. Iris 1897, p. 108. carringtoni Cid. Rbl. Berge Schmett. (IX), p. 345. caschmirensis Our. Bastelb. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 5, p. 175. casearia Cid. Const. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1884, p. 202. * cassandrata Eup. Mill. Iconogr. 3, p. 382. * easta Cid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 447. easta Xen. Warr. Entomologist 36, p. 226. * castanea Xanth. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 30. eastanearia Col. Lamb. Hist. Nat. Pap. Belg. 1902. eastaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p eastigaria Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Hur. Schmett. 3, p. 121. castigata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * eastiliaria Lithost. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1877, p. 204. castiliaria Mann. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 180. * castiliaria Perc. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 357. castiliaria Ping. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 392. catalaunaria Teph. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 207. cataleucaria Gn. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (I11), p. 344. eataria Abr. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 207. eatenaria Cid. Rbl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 351. catotaeniaria Bo. Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 313. * cauchiata Eup. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. 8, p. 440. * eauteriata Hil. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1859, p. 217. cembrae Cid. Kitt. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 62, p. 215. cembraria Bup. Motsch. Bull. Soc. Moscou 1866, p. 3. centaureata Eup. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 114. centralasiae Chi. Krul. Bull. Soc. Oural-Nat. 31, p. 120. centralisata Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 245. centralisata EHup. Sigr. Iris 1892, p. 250. » centrostrigaria Cid. Woll. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 1, p. 119. centumnotata Cid. Schulze, Naturf. 6, p. 93. * } cerussaria Eup. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1855, p. 215. * cervantaria Ptych. Mill. Iconogr. 3, p. 21. * cervinalis Caloc. Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 565. cervinaria Rhynch. Moore, Lep. Atkins, p. 233. chaerophyllata Od. Z. Syst. Nat. (XII), 1 (2), p. 866. chaleozona Abr. Rayn. Entom. Rec. 15, p. 9. chalybeata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * chaoticaria Lithost. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 9, p. 55. * chapmani Teph. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 381. characteristica Acid. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 162. * charon Bo. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 397. chenopodiata Orthol. Z. Faun. Suec. p. 332. chesiata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 340. chiachiaria Arich. Oberth. Kt. d’ Ent. 18, p. 27. * chimakaleparia Cid. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 18, p. 37. * chinensis Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19, p. 570. chinensis Cyst. Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p: 632. chinensis Hor. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 561. chionata Hydrel. Zed. Hor. Ent. Ross. 8, p. 20. * chloérata Chlorocl. Mab. Pet. Nouy. p. 96. chlorochrota Photon. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 41, p. 518. chlorophyllaria Euchl. Hed. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. chlorosaria Thal. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 33, p. 81. chlorosata Lith. Scop. Entom. Carn. p. 222. chretieni Chi. Thierry-M. Le Natural. 32, p. 34. christophi Hel. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 191. * christyi Opor. Pri. Entom. Rec. 11, p. 122. chrysitaria Fid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * chrysoprasaria Hemist. Hsp. Schmett. Abbild. 5, p. 37. * chrysoprasis Eustr. Oberth. Ht. d’Ent. 10, p. 34. * ciliaria Ligd. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1597), p. 450. cilicornaria Bo. Piing. Iris 16, p. 296. * cinetaria Bo. Schiff Wien. Verz. p. 101. cineraria Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 102. cineraria Bo. Bkh. Nat. Eur. Schmett. 5, p. 165. cineraria Cid. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 451. * cineraria Teph. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. 7 (2), p. 440. cinerarius Apoch. Hrsch. Fedtschenkos Reise p. 64. * cinerascens Eup. Zgstr. Not. Faun. Flor. Fenn. p. 32. cinerascens Rhodostr. Moore, Lep. Atkins, p. 264. cinerata Xyrt. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 213. cinerea Bo. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 409. cinerea Cript. Bélr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 228. cinerea Gn. Bilr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 108. * cinerea Probl. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 387. cinereata Ches. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 286. cinereata Cid. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 662. cinereata Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 263. cinereata Triph. Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. (Haust.) 3, p. 263. % Ot a bo 510. * List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. cinereostrigaria Ell. Kleem. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1892. (SB.), p. 67. — cingularia Chi. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. cingulata Cid. 7ngstr. Act. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn. 1875, p. 32. cingulata Cos. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 53, p. 49. cinigeraria Teph. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 9, p. 59. * cinnamomeata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 109. * circellata Ptych. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 482. cireuitaria Ptych. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * circulata Cid. Rbl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 352. circumdataria Cos. Bastelb. Illustr. Zschr. Ent. 3, p. 274. cireumsripta Lygr. Strand, Nyt. Mag. Naturv. (1901), p. 39. cirtanaria Ptych. Luc. Explor. Algér. p. 395. * citrata Cid. Z. Faun. Suec. p. 332. citrina Thin. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 401. citrinata Our. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 335. elara Cid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 255. elarior Gn. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 194. elarissa Par. Biélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 49. * elathrata Chi. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 524. claudata Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p elavaria Arich. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 435. elavaria Lar. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 325. eleriea Metabr. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 419. eloraria Chlorissa Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Sebmieny. Taf. 68. * clorinda Bist. Oberth. Et. Lép. Comp. VIII. coangulata Cid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 247. coarctaria Orthol. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 102. coarctata Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 216. coarctata Cid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 227. ecoaretata Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 228. coarctata Cid. Prt. Seits, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 262. coarctata Opor. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 195. coarctata Orthol. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 160. eoartata Noth. Piing. Iris 12, p. 298. * ecoassata Lithost. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * cocandaria Gnophar. Esch. Fedtschenkos Reise p. 45. cocciferata Eup. Mill. Iconogr. 3, p. 45. coctata Ligd. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, codetaria Mann. Obverth. Bt. d’Ent. 6, p. 80. coelestinaria Eg. Alph. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. op. p. 456. coelinaria Orthol. Gras/. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1863, p. 322. * coenosaria Acid. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1855, p. 209.* cognata Cid. Thnbg. Lissert. Ent. IV, p. 60. cognata Eup. Steph. Ill. Br. Ent. 3, p. 288. cognataria Bist. Guén. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 208. eognataria Lomogr. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p. 97. cohorticula Kup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 119. * colehidaria Gnophar. Led. Ann. Soc, Ent. Belg. 1870, p. 39. * eollata Crasp. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 193. collinaria Asp. Holi-White, Butt. Moths Tener. collustrata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Bupith. p. 107. * ° coloraria Polythr. H.-Schdjf. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6; p. 136. columbata Anait. Metzner, Stett. Ze. 1845, p. 188. columbinaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 348. columbinaria Dal. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 217. combustaria Selid. Piing. Iris 16, p. 298. * comis Cid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 443. comitata Bist. Warr. Novit. Zool. €, p. 50. comitata Pel. Z. Syst. Nat. (10), p. 526. compararia Ell. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 289. 3 comparia Ac. Gar. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1911, p. 342. completa Ac. Hmbg. Bull. ae Ent. Fr. 1911, p. 144. completa Ptych. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 152. complicata Microlygris, Bilr. ul, Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 3, p. 57. * comptaria Tim. Whkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1615. coneavilinea Chlorissa Burr. Ent. Rec. en p. 132. concinna Arich. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 421. concinnaria Acid. Dup. Hist. Nat. lbp. Suppl. 4 p. 19. * concinnata Bo. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend! TOUR Spa 32: concinnata Cid. Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. 3. concolor Eup. Dietzel Biolog. Eupith. p. 85. * concordaria Ptych. Piing. Seitz. GroB-Schmett. 4 p. 93. * concremata Eup. Dietze Iris 1903. p. 360. conditaria Asth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), p. 85. conferenda Bo. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 395. confertata Gn. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II.), p. 167. confinaria Gloss. H.-Schdff. Syst. crete. Hur. 3; p. 2. * confinaria Neol. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 460. confiscaria Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, Pp: 33d. 4 conflua Abr. Strd. Arch. Naturv. 22 (5), p. 28. * - 210. oe fi © 429 conflua Anait. I’. Hoffmann, Ent. Rundschau 28, p. 189. conflua Lom. Sird. Arch. Math. Naturv. 22 (1900), Nr. 5. confluens Fid. Oberth. Kit. d’Ent. 20. * confluens Hem. Stgr. Iris 9, p. 273. confluens Lythr. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 20, p. 71. confuciaria Tan. Whkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br Mus. on p. 522. confusa Acid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 400. confusa Buz. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 47. coniusa Heter. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 321. * eonfusa Phthon. Warr. Novit. Zool. 9, p. 367. confusaria Arich. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 437. confusaria Hemith. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 144. confusaria Triph. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 661. confusearia Cid. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 7, p. 176. congeneraria Lyc. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * congruata Acid. Z. Isis 1847, p. 508. coniaria Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 72. * conioptera Ptych. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 651. conisaria Disc. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 509. conjunctaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 344. conjunctaria Hem. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 431. * conjunctata Cid. Led. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p. 21. conjunctiva Acid. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 67. conjunctiva Kup. Hmps. Faun. Ind. Moths. 3, p. 400. conjunctiva Lythr. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 155. conjungens Bo. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 26, p. 456. consanguinaria Ptych. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p. 92. consanguinea Cid. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 406. consecraria Rhodom. Rmb. Cat. Andal. * consecrata Ptych. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 305. * consentaria Cid. Frr. Beytr. 5, p. 10: * ' consimilaria Bo. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lep. 7 (2), p. 386. * consimilaria Lux. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 304. consimilaria Neol. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 461. * : consimilis Cid. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, ,p. 326. econsobrinaria Bo. Bkh. Scriba Beytr. Ins. Gesch. 1. * consobrinaria Trichopt. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat: Hist. (8), 20. consociata Ptych. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 390. consolidata Ptych. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. ere Wien 1883, p. 93. consonaria Bo. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett.-Geom. * © consors Hreb. Biélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 52. * econspectaria Cid. Mann, Wien. Ent. Mon. 1859, p. 104. * conspersaria Asp. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 357. conspersaria Dysc. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 106. conspersaria Myrth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 315. conspicuaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 443. conspicuaria Camb. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897). p- 88. conspicuaria Lobog. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist: 19° (1897). p. 551. conspicuaria Pog. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 454. conspicuata Her. Hirschke, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1899, ‘p. 357. conspureata Abr. Bilr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 3, p. 48. conspurcata Obeid. Leech, Annu. Mag. Nat. Hist, 19 ager, p. 458. constantina Kup. B.- Baie Ent. Month. Mag.\21, p. 244... constirpataria Ang. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. *2, p. 145. eonstricta Calleul. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 210., constricta Cid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8B-Schmett. 4, p. 229. . constricta Cid. Prt. Trans. City-Lond. Soc. 17, p. 23. eonstricta Cid. Strand, Arch. Math. Naturv. 25 (1903), Nr. 9 constricta Cid. Strand, Entom. Zeitschr. Gub. 14, p. 61. constricta Eup. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 276. constricta Lygr. Strand, Nyt. Mag. Naturv. (1901) 39. constrictata Eup. Mill. Iconogr. 4, p. 143.* ) consueta Chlorocl. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 442. contaminaria It. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * . contaminata Eup. Zell. Isis 1846, p. 197. i contaminata Gon. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 331. conterminata Eup. Zell. Isis 184€, p. 197. contigaria Lux. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 22, i. 754. contiguaria Zeth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1867), p. 223. continua Cid. Strand, Arch. Math. Naturv. 25 (1903), Nr. 9. continuaria Mac. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1852 (1), p. 160. continuata Abr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 10, p. 269. continuata Cid. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. er Nat. 1901, p. 56. contraria Centr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19 p. 546. contrastaria Bapt. Muchs, Stett. Zg. 1901, p. 378. 430 contrita Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 261. conturbata Catacl. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1703. convectaria Tim. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 23, p. 800. convergata Lith. Vill. Linn. Entomol. 2, p. 382. * convergenata Lygr. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 88. * conversaria Bo. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * conviva Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 363. cooptata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 335. coracina Ps. Esp. Schmett. Abbild. Nat. 4 (2), p. 74. * coreulata Acid. Prt. Stett. Ze. 1894, p. 161. corculata Cid. Hufn. Berl. Mag. 4, p. 616. eoreulina Asth. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 400. eordiaria Hil. Hbn. Beytr. Gesch. Schmett. 2. * corneliaria Gn. Mill. Cat. Raison. p. 156. corearia Bo. Leech, Entomolog. 1891, Suppl. p. 44. cornelseni Bo. P. Hoffmann, Internat. H. Zeitsciw. 2, p. 38. corollaria Gid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 152. * coronata Chlorocl. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * coronillaria Pseudot. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. correptaria Bo. Z. Isis 1847, p. 18. correspondens Ag. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 157. correspondens Tim. Hmps. Fauna Ind. Moths. 3, p. 459. corrivallaria Acid. Kretschmar, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1862. p. 136. * corroborata Eup. Dieize, Iris 1908, p. 170. corrugata Philer. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 13, p. 275. corsicaria Pseudot. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 2, p. 32. * corticaria Med. ee Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. me (1897), p. 419. corticata Hor. Ochsenh. Schmett. Hur. 2, p. 208. corticosa Eup. on Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 296. corussaria Cid. Oberth. Et. d’Ept. 5, p. 55. * corydalaria Cid. Graes. Berl. Ent. Ztschr. 1888, p. 411. corylaria Ang. Thnbg. Diss2rt. Entom. 1, p. 4. corylata Cid. Thnbg. Dissert. Entom. 4, p. 61. cossurata Ptych. Mill. Bull. Soc. Ital. 1875. p. 254. costimacula Eustr. Prt. Seitz, GroB- Schmett. 4, p. 207. costimacularia Eup. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897). p. 69. costimaculata Cid. Rbil. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX) p. 345. costimaculata It. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. costinotaria Cid. Zeech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 p- 670. costipunctaria Bo. Leech, Entomolog. 1891, Suppl. p. 47. * * costipunctaria Trichopt. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897). p. 667. costisignata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 367. costistrigaria Our. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. costovata Cid. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 334. cotangens An. F'risich, Int. Ent. Zschr. 1911, p. 163. cottei Apoch. Oberth. Et. Lép. Comp. VII. * couaggaria Cyst. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 202. couloniata Ptych. Balestre, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1907, p. 24 crassestrigata Bo. Christ. Bull. Soc. Moscou 1880 (2), p. 75. crassipunctata Arch. Alph. Stett. Zg. 49, p. 69. eremiaria Teph. Frr. N. Beytr. 3, p. 92. * eremonaria Xen. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 179. crenularia Lept. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 205. erenularia Phal. eech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 209. erenularia Spil. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 301. crenulata Gn. Rmb. Cat. Andal. * creperaria Gn. Hrsch. Hor. Ent. Ross. 12, p. 337. erepuscularia Bo. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. creta Kup. Dietze, Iris 1908, p. 173. eretacea Bo. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. eretacea Ist. Sgr. Iris 5, p. 197. eretaria Perc. Hv. Faun. Voly.-Ural. p. 395. cretea Our. Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 601. cribraria Orthost. Hbn.'\Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * crocallaria Scod. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 202. * crocoptera Thin. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir, Lep. 4, p. 489. crosi Gn. Thierry-M. le Naturaliste 32, p. 127. crucigerata Agl. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 3, p. ae % cruciplaga Car. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 23, p. 937. cruentaria Lythr. Demais. Bull. Soc. Reims 14, p. 30. cruentaria Pseudom. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867. cuculata Cid. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 602. cuculliaria Eup. Rbi. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 316. eulmaria Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eup. 3, p. 155. culminaria Eg. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mose. 16 (3), p. 552. eulpini Abr. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 312. * cumulata Acid. Alph. Hor. Ext. Ross. 17, ea 160. * cumulata Pog. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 2, p. 60. ecuneata Hipp. Burr. Entom. Rec. 17, p. 202. * (5) 4, p. 375. 1888, p. 403. (1897 ), (1897), p. 191° List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. euneata Psy. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 21, p. 483. cuniculina Dysc. Hon. Beytr. 2, p. 38. * eupreata Cid. H.-Schdff. Deutschl. Ins. p. 151. * cupressata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * cuprinaria Rhodostr. Christ. Hor. Ent. Ress. 12, p. 261. * eupriscotia Bo. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 508. eurvaria Arich. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 441. * curvaria Asp. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1852 (1), p. 167. curvilinearia Abr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 19 (1897), p. 449. * eurzoni Eup. Gregson, Entomologist 17, p. 200. cyanata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * eyenaria Lithost. Guen. Seitz, Grob-Schmett. 4, p. 172. eydoniata Chloroc. Bkh. Syst. Eur. Schmett. 5, p. 354. cymbalariata Gn. Mill. Iconogr. 3, p. 57. * eyparissaria Min. Mann. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1854. p. 568. cythisaria Pseud. Jung, Verz. Schmett. Eur. eythisaria Pseud. Mill. Iconogr. 2. * p. 40. daemionata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 339. dahurica Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 381. dalmata Hem. Galv. V. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1907, p. 30. dalmataria Lomogr. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 47. dalmatina Nycb. F. Wagn. Entom. Zeitschr. 23, p. 18. danilovi Stamn. Hrsch. Hor. Knt. Ross. 12, p. 388. dardoinaria Croc. Donz. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1840, p. 59. *_ datinaria Lar. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 13, p. 32. * daubearia Gn. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 183. davidaria Terpna Pouwj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 64, p. 307. * dearmata Gymmnosc. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 358. debiliata Chlorocl. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * debilis Spil. Bélr. Il. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 47. * debilitata Cid. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 52. debrunneata Eup. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 109. deceptans Mac. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 333. deceptoria Lythr. Vill. Linn. Entomol. 2. decipiata Cid. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. Ao p. 300. decipiens Eup. Dietze, Iris 1909, p. 279. declinans Erann. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Teas! 14, p. 448. declinata Pter. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 59. decolor Acid. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 269. decolor Tripb. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 197. decoloraria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 424. decoloraria Het. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 498. decolorata Arich. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 374. decolorata Iod. Vill. Linn. Ent. 2, p. 385. decoraria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. aoe decorata Acid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 111. deecorata Terpna Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 678. decurrens Cid. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 275. decussata Schist. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 107. defasciata Cid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 225. defasciata Orthol. Rbl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX) p. 329. defectata Asth. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 108. defessaria Bo. Frr. Beytr. Schmett. 6, p. 46. * definita Bo. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 407. defixaria Mac. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 23, p. 932. deflavata Caller. Prt. Seitz, GroB®-Schmett. 4, p. 345. * deflexaria Our. Schultz, Societ. Entom. 25, p. 84. deflorata Cid. Hrsch. Hor. Ent. Ross. 12, p. 338. defoliaria Erann. Cl. Icones 7. * defricata Cid. Piing. Ivis 16, p. 293. * defumata Cid. Stich. Berl. Entom. Zschr. 56, p. 87. Lb degeneraria Ptych. Hbn. Smmle. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * degener Abr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 419. degenerata Cid. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 333. degenerata Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 215. degenerata Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4 p. 225. dejeani Hem. Obverth. Ht. d’Ent. 10, p. 30. dejeani Photosc. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 18, p. 40. * delamerensis Bo. B.-White, Entomologist 10, p. 128. delecta Eustr. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 6, p. 229. delectans Thin. Bélr. Ill. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 45. * deleta Cid. Ckll. Entomolog. 1889, p. 100. deleta Hipp. Burr. Entom. Rec. 17, p. 202. deleta Lygr. Strand, Arch. Math. Natury. 25, p. 15. deleta Tim. Rbl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX) p. 327. deletaria Bo. Rbl. Berge, Schmetit.-Buch (IX) p. 401. deletaria Lomogr. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 261. deletata Cid. Fuchs. Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 53, p. 58. deliaria Probl. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 13. delicatula Ptych. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 24. List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. deliciosaria Phas. Zed. Verh, Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1855, iy alas! ee delictata Ptych. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 99. delimbaria Ist. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 198. delineata Comib. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 356. * delitata Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 61. * delinaria Sel. Hin. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * demaisoni Lythr. Prt. Seitz, GrofB-Schmett. 4, p. 155. demandataria Ac. Esp. Schmett. Eur. Abbild. 20. * demetata Eup. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 136. deminuta Abr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 419. demolita Cid. Prt. Trans. Lond.-City Soc. 1906, p. 32. demptaria Cos. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 53, p. 49. demptaria Cos. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 150. denhami Lyc. Harr. Entomologist 43, p. 197. denigraria Erann. Uffeln, Entom. Zeitschr. Guben 19, p. 14. denigrata Cid. Gillmer, Societ. Entomol. 24, p. 42. denotata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * dentata Hor. D. uw. Luc. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1907; p. 343. dentataria Coen. Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 513. denticlathrata Pom. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 367. denticulata Eup. Yr. Ochsenh. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 132. dentifascia Cid. Hmps. Faun. Ind. Moths. 3, p. 386. dentifascia lod. Warr. Novit. Zool. 4, p..212. dentifascia Phys. Hmps. Faun. Ind. Moths. 3, p. 386. dentifera Cid. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 275. dentigera Hemist. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 30. dentilinearia Bo. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 631. dentilineata Lept. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 228. denudaria Ptych. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 127. * depeculata Stamn. Led. Ann. Soc. Belg. 1870, p. 40. * depravaria Bo. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 177. depravata Ptych. Sigr. Cat. Pal. Lep. (III), p. 272. depressaria Ptych. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 289. depulsa Cos. Bastelb. Iris 20, p. 263. depunctata Acid. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. I, p. 500. derivata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 113. descitaria Ptych. Christ. Iris 6, p. 94. deserticoia Eup. Dietze, Biol. Hupith. * desertorum Eup. Dietze, Biol. Hupith. p. 101. * desiderata Cid. Stgr. Iris 9, p. 376. * designata Cid. Hujn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 612. designata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 47. * despectaria Eup. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p. 382. desperata Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 236. ° destinata Lygr. Méschl. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1860, p. 375. * destrigaria Bo. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 276. destrigaria Enn. Galvagni, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Wien 1902, p. 712. destrigata Pygm. Strd. Nyt. Magac. Naturv. 1904. determinata Ptych. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1876, p. 141. detersata Hor. Piing. Iris 12, p. 299. detracta Hemist. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 22, p. 521. detritaria Ptych. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 180. * detritata Eup. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 11. * deverrata Bup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupithec. p. 77. * deversaria Ptych. H.-Schdjf. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 17. * deversata Bo. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 177. dharmsalae Disc. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 169. dholaria Xand. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 634. diagrapharia Holot. Piing. Iris 12, p. 296. * dianaria Bo. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * diaphanaria Ptych. Bang-Haas, Iris 24, p. 42. diaphanaria Zam. Piing. Iris 16, p. 295. * didymata Cid. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 528. dieckmanni Hipp. Graes. Berl. Entom. Ztschr. 32, p. 384. dietzei Eup. Pri. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 288. * differens Med. Warr. Novit. Zool. 4, p. 398. difficilis Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 92. * difficilis Gn. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 178. * difficta Ochr. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 22, p. 576. diffinaria Gloss. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 83. * diffluata Ptych. H.-Schdff. Neue Schmett. p. 28. * diffusa Culp. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 22, p. 597. diffusaria Ant. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 432. diffusaria Arich. Leech, Ann. Mag.. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 435. digitaliaria Eup. Dietze, Biolog. EHupith. p. 36. * digna Lygr. Th. Mieg. Le Natural. 1904, p. 141. dignata Acid. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. (1), p. 499. dijuncta Hemist. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 32, p. 123. dilectaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 345. dilectaria Cid. B.-Haas, Ivis 24, p. 44. dilectaria Lomogr. Hbn. Beytr. Gesch. Schmett. 2. * 431 dilucidaria Gn. Schiff. Wien. Verz. (Anhg.) p. 15. diluta Comib. Warr. Novit. Zool. 2, p. 88. dilutaria Ptych. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. p. 3. * dilutata Opor. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 109. dimidiaria Cid. JZotsch. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1866 (1), p. 97. dimidiata Ptych. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 602. diniensis Orthol. Neuburger, Societ. Entom. 20, p. 171. dioptasaria Hipp. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 55 (2), p. 41. disclusaria Acid. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1880, p. 52. discoidaria Hel. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 128. discreparata Bo. Graes. Berl. Ent. Ztschr. 1890, p. 82. disjunctaria Cid. Lah. Contrib. Faun. Sicil. p. 24. disjunctaria Ptych. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Ztschr. 1870, p. 124. dispar Rhodostr. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 205. disparata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * dispartita Hemist. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 22, p. 520. displicens Bo. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 395. disputaria Teph. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 489. dissidiata Ptych. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 497. dissimulata Catacl. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1833, p. 46. * dissimilis Bo. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 52. * dissoluta Cid. Strand, Nyt. Mag. Natury. 1902, p. 40. distans Bapt. Warr. Novit. Zool. 2, p. 143. distinetaria Asth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), p. 80. distinetaria Disc. Bang-H. Iris 24, p. 49. distinetaria Eup. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 121. * distinetaria Gn. Strand, Nyt. Mag. Naturv. 1902, p. 40. distinetaria Hemith. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, p. 1607. distinctaria Ptych. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 496. distinctata Bapt. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. Geom. * distinetata Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 225. distinctata Lithost. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 3, p. 104. * ditaria Thal. Vill. Hnt. Linn. 2, p. 302. divergaria Nych. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 171. divergens Cid. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 118. * diversaria Hrann. F'. Ent. Syst. p. 157. diversata Epirr. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 305. divineta Eucr. H.-Wh. Butt. Moths Teneriffa p. 86. * divisa Cid. Strand, Nyt. Mag. Naturv. 39 (1901), p. 65. divisaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 443. divisaria Phyll. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist 1897, p. 423. divitiaria Stamn. Sigr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 66. djrouchiaria Neol. Oberth. Kt. d’ Ent. 18, p. 34. * dodoneata Eup. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 344. * dohlmanni Ptych. Hed. Hor. Ent. Ross. 16, p. 257. dolabraria Plag. LZ. Syst. Nat. (XII), p. 861. dolomitana Cid. Habich, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 52, p. 13. dolosa Pach. Bllr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 442. dolosaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 425. dolosaria Gn. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur 3, p 74. dolosaria Hem. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 425. donovani Acid. Dist. (vide extraordinaria Stgr.). donzelaria Pimg. Dup. Hist. Nat: Lép. 7 (2), p. 478. * dorsocristata Terpn. Pouwj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 313. * dotata Lygr. LZ. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 526. druentiata Hup. Dietze, Iris 1901, p. 254. dubiosata Cid. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 216. dubiosata Triph. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus 25, p 1352. dubitans Bo. Herz, Ann. Mus. Pet. 9, p. 365. * dubitaria Gn. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 192. dubitata Triph. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 524. dumeei Lom. Joann. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1912, p. 248. dumetata Gn. 7'’r. Ochsenh. Schmett. Eur. 6 (1), p. 163. duplexa Bo. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 239. duplicaria Cer. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 24, p. 1632. duplicaria Lithost. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * duplicata Ortbol. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 385. duponcheli Enc. Pri. Seitz, Grob-Schmett. 4, p. 407. * duponti Dysc. Thierry-M. Le Natural. 32, p. 14C. duponti Ell. Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 75, p. 32. * duroata Lith. Th. Mieg Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1894, p. 91. dziurzynskii Bup. Koller, Int. Ent. Ztschr. 5, p. 341. t ebenica Erann. Delah. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1896, p. 156. eburnata Ptych. Wocke, Breslau. Ent. Ztschr. 1850, p. 464. ebuleata Our. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 32. effeminata Ptych. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 151. . efformata Anait. Gwen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 500. efformata Hemist. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 354. * effractaria Enn. rr. Beytr. 4, p. 112. * effusaria Ptych. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 13. effusaria Tim. Alem. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 1894, p. 184. 432 effusearia Enn. Rbl. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 327. egenaria Eup. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 121. * egenata Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 239. electaria Asth Leech, Ann. Mag: Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), p. 181. elegans Diloph. Btlr. Ill. iD yp- ane Br. Mus. 2, P- 5oee elegans Bo. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 10, p. 31. elegans Trichopt. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het, Br: Mus. 2) pede.) eliela Cid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 403. elimata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1908, p. 66. elinguaria Croc. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 520. elongaria Mac. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 308. elongaria Ptych. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1833, p. 38. * elongata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 118. * elvira Rhodom. Th.-Mieg. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 54, p. 46. elyra Acid. Swinh. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 16, p. 628. emaculata Opisth. Graes. Berl. Ent. Ztschr. 1892, p. 317. emanata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1908, p. 192. * emarginaria Bist. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 322. * emarginata Ptych. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 524. emaria Hem. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 74. * emina Cid. Schawerda, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 62, SB. p. 138. emma Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 75 emucidaria Dysc. Hbn. Hist. Nat. Lep. 7 (2), p emundata Ep. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p emutaria Acid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom 2 ennomaria Hyper. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 103. eolaria Gn. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 294. equestraria Hnn. Ff. Gen. Insect. p. 285. erectaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 651. erectaria Erann. Piing. Iris 15, p. 155. * erectaria Microlygris Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897). p. 450. * 42 p. 651. : erebaria ‘Selid. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 9, p. 40. * erebearia Cid. Leech, Ann: Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 660. ericeata Eup. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1833, p. 50. * ericetata Cid. Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. 3, p. 298. eriopodata Ptych. Grasl. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1863, p. 324. * erosaria Enn. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 103. erriguata Eup. Rmb. Cat. Andal. * erschoffi Orthol. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 9, p. 65. erschoffi Ptych. Christ. Hor. Ent. Ross. 9, p. 5. * erubescens Anait. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 285. esther Syn. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 412. eteocretica Cid. Rbl. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1906, p. 233. etrusearia Chlor. Z. Stett. Zg. 10, p. 203. etruscaria Gn. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 189. eucireota Probl. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 50. * eucosma Disc. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 471. * eugeniata Ptych. Mill. lconogr. 3, p. 118. * euphorbiata Ptych. Balestre, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1906, p. 80. euphrasiata Cid. Mill. Iconogr. 3, p. 143. * euphrasiata Eup. H.-Schdff. Corr.-Bl. Ins. 1861, p. 130. eurata Gloss. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 83. eurymede Cyst. Motsch. Kt. d’Ent. 1860, p. 30. eurypyle Cyst. Men. Bull. Soc. Ac. Pet. 17, p. 217. eurytaenia Cid. Rbi. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1908, p. 30. euxinata Eup. Bohatsch, Iris 6, p. 4. evanescens Cid. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 420. evanescens Cid. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 104. * evanescens Sel. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, evanidaria Gn. Piing. Iris 14, p. 188. * eversmannaria Baptr. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 76. * evonymaria Arti. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 103. exactata Eup. Sigr. Stett. Zz. 1882, p. 78. exalbata Schist. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * exalbidata Eup. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 315. exangulata Cid. Warr. Novit. Zool. 16, p. 127. exanthemata Cab. Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 215. exanthemata Culc. Moore, Lep. Atkins p 266. exaridaria Ep. Graes. Berl. Ent. Ztschr. 1890, p. 82. excaecaria Rhodom. Fuchs, Societ. Entom. 18, p. 3. excavata Zam. Dyar, Proc. Un. Stat. Mus. 28, p. 952. excellens Bo. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 13, # 275. excellens Our. Biélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 9§. * excelsata Lithost. Hrsch. Fedtschenkos Reise, p. 70. * excentricata Cid. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross, 16, p. 459. excisa Cith. Béilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 445. excisaria Camp. Exp. Schmett. Abb. 19, 2. * exculata Gn. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 408. Excultata Caloc. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1880 (2), p. 94. exhausta Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 259. p. 404. List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. exiguata Eup. Hbn. Smmilg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * exilaria Ptych. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. I, p. 449. exliturata Cid. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 25, p. 1195. eximiata Cid. Fuchs, Ent. Ztschr. Gub. 18, Nr. 32. exoletata Hor. H.-Schdff. Deutschl. Ins. 163, p. 7. expallidata Eup. Dbl. Zoolog. 14, p. 5142. expansa Triph. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 274. expansata Cid. Prt. Seitz, Grob-Schmett. 4, p. 244. expiata Cid. Piing. Iris 16, p. 292. * exportata Noth. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 73. * exsecuta Trichob. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 5, Tbl. 133. * exsoletaria Avich. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1897), p. 442. exstirpata Acid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 69. exsuctaria Gn. Piing. Iris 16, p. 298. * exsul Gon. Tchetrerikov, Rev. Russ. Ent. 4, p. 78. extarsaria Ptych. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 67. * extensaria Eup. rr. N. Beytr. 5, p. 96. * extenuata Gloss. Prt. Seitz, GroBschmett. 4, p. 82. externata Oul. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 80. extersaria Bo. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * extimaria Acid. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 23, p. 782. extineta Nyss. Harr. Entomologist 43, p. 197. extineta Ptych. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 15. extinetaria Bo. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1851 (2), p. 638. extinetaria Phig. Stndfs. Stett. Ze. 1847, p. 62. extradentata Orthol. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 158. extraversaria Eup. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 77. extremaria Car. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 552. extremata Eup. fF’. Mant. Ins. p. a1. exustaria Enc. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 315. eynensata Eup. Grasi. Ann. Soc. Ent. Er. 1863, p. 326. * fabiolaria Lygr. Oberth. Bt. d’ Ent. 10, p. 35. fabrefactaria Cid. Oberth. Ht. d’ Ent. 5, p. 56. * faecaturia Apl. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * faeculenta Lith. Thierry-M. Le Natural. 1893, p. 162. fagaria Dysc. Thnbg. Ins. Suec. 1, p. 7. faleata Hor. B.-Haas, Iris 20, p. 84. faleataria Palaeom. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 613. falekii Ptycb. Hedem. Hor. Ent. Ross. 16, p. 515. * faleonaria Gn. Frr. N. Beytr. * faleonaria Heterol. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, p. 1665. fallentaria Bo. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 13, p. 452. falsaria Atom. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. Bd. 6. * falsaria Gloss. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 68. * famula Bichr. Hsp. Schmett. Abbild. Nat. 4. * farinaria Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 100. farinata Lithost. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 610. farinosa Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 78. * farinosata Gn. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 3, p. 98. * farracearia Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 340. fasciaria Bist. Motsch. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 39, p. 197. fasciaria Caloc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 662. fasciaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 650. fasciaria Ell. 2. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 523. ; fasciaria Erann. Linstow, Entom. Ztschr. Stuttg. 21, p. 102. fasciaria Lobog. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 551. fasciaria Photosc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 672. fasciata Bist. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 358. fasciata Caloc. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 289. fasciata Chi. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 404. fasciata Cos. Prt. Entomolog. 45, p. 3. * fasciata Croc. Gillm. Entom. Wochenbl. 25, p. 118. fasciata Euc. Sigr. Iris 8, p. 332. fasciata Gn. Pri. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 386. fasciata Lyc. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 356. fasciata Noth. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 184. fasciata Orthol. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 162. fasciata Orthol. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 163. fasciata Pseudot. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 12. fasciata Ptych. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 145. fasciata Rhod. Rbl. Berge Schmett. (IX), p. 326. fasciata Triph. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 198. fasciata Triph. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 68. fascinataria Bo. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 395. * fasciolaria Narr. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. p. 606. fastigata Cid. Ping. Iris 21, p. 301. fathmaria Ptych. Oberth. Bt. d’Ent. 1, p. 63. * fatimaria Mann. Bang-H. Iris 19, p. 140. - fatimata Ptych. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 288. bs Publ. 17. I. 1916. List of the fatuaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 571. faucium Ps. Frr. Faun. Val. (Suppl.), p. 29. fausta Scord. Th.-M. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 47, p. 384. faustinata Chlorissa, Mill. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon (Nr. 5) 1 p. 26. * favillacearia Scod. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. 4, p. 386. * favillacearia Dysc. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. fedtschenkoi Cid. Hirsch. Fedtschenko, Reise p. 70. * feliciaria Orthol. D. Luc. u. Joann. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 76 p. 362. * fenestrata Eup. Mill. Revue u. Magaz. 1874, p. 243. fenestratus Gar. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 404. fennica Cid. Reuter, Act. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn. 1893, p. 75. fentoni Teph. Btlr- Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 45. * * ferraria Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 3, p. 162. * ferrugaria Cid. Prr. N. Beytr. Taf. 650. * ferrugata Cid. Cl. Icon. * ferruginaria Hydrel. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 654. ferruginata Cid. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. 4, p. 5). * fervidaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 646. festinaria Lygr. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 57. festivata Catacl. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 243. festucaria Diast. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. fidelensis Hem. Mendes, Broteria 8, p. 71. * fidonaria Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 229. fiduciaria Chondr. Anker, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1854, SB. p. 111. figuraria Ptych. Bang-Haas, Iris 20, p. 80. filacearia Oleta H.-Schdff. Syst. Eur. Schmett. 3, p. 27. * filaria Cid. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1848 (3), p. 228. filiceata Ptych. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * filigrammaria Opor. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 160. * fimbrialis Thal. Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 216. fimbriata Opor. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 355. fimbriata Ptych. B.-Haas, Iris 20, p. 81. fimbriolaria Hucr. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. fimbriolata Ptych. Steph. I. Brit. Ent. (Haust.) 3, p. 306. fingalaria Teph. Mill. Cat. Alp. marit. p. 159. finitimaria Gn. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 52, p. 149. firmata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * fissisignis Hustr. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 4, p. 228. fissurata Lithost. Mab. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 58. fixseni Gand. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 100. * fixseni Lox. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 10, p. 62. * flabellaria Zam. Heeger, Beitr. Schmett.-Kunde, p. 6. flaccata Acid. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 309. * flaeccidaria Acid. Z. Stett. Zg. 1852, p. 184. flagellaria Gel. Pouwj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 64, p. 310. flammeolaria Hydrel. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4. flava Eil. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 233. flava Pseudom. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 233. * flavaria Hyp. F’. Mant. Ins. II, p. 187. flavaria Pseud. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 233*. flayata Gand. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 660. flaveolaria Ptych. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * flavescens Arti. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 329. * flavescens Cos. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 143. flavesecens Lyc. Prt. Seitz, Gro®-Schmett. 4, p. 356. flavyescens Teph. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 6, p. 68. * flavicaria Ther. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 104. flaviceps: Rhynch. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 419. flavicinetata Cid. Hin. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * flavicornata Lithost. Zell. Iris 1847, p. 20. flavicostaria Rhynch. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897). p. 303. flavidaria Car. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 552. flavidaria Teph. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1852 (2), p. 162. flavidula Pol. Bast. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 52, p. 56. flavimacularia Hypeph. Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (1897), p. 29. flavipes Caloc. Mén. Bull. Acad. Petersb. 17, p. 112. flavipicta Hir. Wil. Entomologist 1911, p. 343. flavisinuata Abr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 420. flavissima Opisth. Krulik, Societ. Ent. 23, p. 12. flavobasalis Abr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 448. flavocingulata Cid. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 299. flavofasciata Cid. Thnbg. Dissert. Ent. 4, p. 62. * flavolinearia Bo. Leech, Entomolog. 1891, p. 47. flavolineata Cid. Stgr. Stett. Ze. 1883, p. 182. flavomacularia Arich. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), * * * p. 438. flavomacularia Lygr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 678. Palaearctic Geometrae. 433 flavomarginaria Arich. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 83. * flavomixtata Cid. Hke. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1899, p. 357. flavovenaria Arich. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 437. flavovenata Coll. p. 562. flavularia Lith. Piimg. Iris 15, p. 15 Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), Same ’ flexulata Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 236. flexuosaria Cid. Boh. Vet Acad. Hdl. Stockh. 1852, p. 135 fleischmanni Dysc. Rbl. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60, p. 17. florentina Nyss Stefan. Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 1882, p. 221. floslactata Acid. Haw. Lepid. Britann. p. 350. fluetuata Cid. LZ. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 527. foedata Bapt. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 404. foedata Ptych. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (0) 4, p. 439 foliata Cos. Muchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. oe p. 48. foraria Perenia Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 217: formosa Noth. Btir. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 47. formosaria Asp. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1837, p. 54. fortificata Cid. B.-Haas, Iris 24, p. 43. fortifieata Schist. Zr. Ochsenh. Schmett. Eur. 6 (2), p. 261. fortunaria Bo. Vasquez, Bol. Soc. Espan. 5, p. 116. fortunata Bo. Blach. Feuille jeunes Natural. 17, p. 103. fractifasciaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 658. fractifasciaria Eustr. Zeech, Ann. Mag. p. 563. fractifasciaria Gn. Piing. Iris 14, p. 189. * fractilineata Ptych. Z. Isis 1847, p. 518. fractistriga Cid. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 6, p. 65. * fraterna Arich. Bilr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 53. fraternata Anait. H.-Schdff. Neue Schmett. p. 27. * fraudulentata Anait. H.-Schdff. Neue Schmett. p. 26. * fraxinata Eup. Crewe, Entomol. Annual. Lond. 1865, p. 116. frigida Otopl. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), 1, p. 450. frigidaria Acid. Méschl. Wien. Ent. Mon. ae a 373. * Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), frigidaria Cid. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. . 269. frugaliata Mac. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, a 78. frustata Cid. Zr. Ochsenk. Schmett. Eur. 6 é@ VA Sic. XD fueata Gloss. Piing. Iris 21, p. 294. fulgidaria Cid. Zeech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 ete fulgurata Anait. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 498. fuliginaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat Hist. 19 (1897), p. 340. fuliginata Ptych. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 353. fuliginosa Croc. Rothsch. Novit. Zool. 19, p. 126. fulminaria Ag]. Zed. Hor. Ent. Ross. 8, p. 17. * fulminata Cid. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 218. * fulva Cepph. Gillm. Arch. Ver. Mecklenb. 57, p. 183. fulvata Breph. Pall. Reise Russ. Reich 2, p. 732. fulvata Cid. Forst. Nov. Spec. Ins. p. 76 fulvida Cid. Bélr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 422. fulvipennis Cid. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soe. 14, p. 517. fulvipennis Eup. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 114. * fulvoundata Cid. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 1901, p. 381. fulvocinetata Cid. Rmb. Cat. Andal. * fumaria Lyc. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 273. fumata Cid. Hv. Faun. Lep. Volg.-Ural. p. 424. fumata Ist. Mathew, Entomol. Rec. 19. p. 21 fumataria Cid. Leech. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 649. fumidaria Lign. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. fumidaria Percnia Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 455. fumipennaria Erann. Hellweger, Kntom. Zeitschr. p. 210. fumipennis Narr. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 397. fumosa Cid. Pré. Entom. Rec. 1, p. 321. fumosa Gn. Warr. Novit. Zool. 2, p. 129. fumosae Eup. Gregs. Young Natur. 8, p. 111. fumosaria Acid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 73. * fumosaria Bo. Leech, Entomologist 1881, Suppl. p. 44. fumosarius Bist. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 9, p. 140. fumosata Lar. 77rti. Ball. Soc. Ent. 16 1911, p. 292. * funebris Photose. Warr. Novit. en 2, p. 117. fureata Cid. Thnbg. Dissert. Ent. 1, p. 13. furcata Eup. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. is, p 304. furvata Gn. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 108. fusea Croc. Reutti, Faun. GroBh. Baden p. 120. fusea Er. Porritt, En. Month. Mag. 48, p. 90. fusea Lygr. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 447. fusea Photose. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 289. fusca Pygm. Thnbg. Dissert. Entom. 4, p. 53. * fuseantaria Enn Steph. Il. Brit. Wnt. 3, p. 167. fusearia Ang. Prt. Entomol. Ree. 15, p. 149. 55 . 641. * Guben 20, 434 fusearia Arti. Wagn. Societ. Entom. 18, p. 92. fusearia Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 655. fusearia Mac. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 45. fusearia Fseud. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 159. fuseata Hrann. (Mosley) Harr. Entomologist 17, p. fuseata Lygr. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 212. fuseata Teph. Herz, Ann. Mus. Pet. 9, p. 374. * fuseescens Abr. Bitlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 392. * fuscicostata Eup. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 3, p. 11. * fuscilinea Croc. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soe. 18, p. 32. fuscofasciaria Heterol. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 230. fuscolimbata Cid. Tgstr. Act. p. 3l. fuscomarginaria Bo. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 45. fuscomarginata Cid. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (11), p. 196. fuscomarginata Mac. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 407. fuscomixtata Ptych. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 98. fuscoundata Cid. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 306. fuscovenosa Ptych. Géze, Entom. Beytr. 3. fuseulata Ptych. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 1884, p. 264. 111. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn. I, gachtaria Orthol. Frr. Beytr. 6, p. 185. * gadmensis Anag. Rdtzer, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. 8, p. 224. gaigeri Croc. Sigr. Stett. Zg. 1885, p. 349. galiata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 113. gaschkevitschii Bo. Motsch. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 39. p. gastonaria Acid. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 1, p. 60. * gayneri Olig. Rothsch. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 434. gayneri Pseud. Rothsch. Novit. Zool. 8 p. 433. geholaria Asp. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 6 p. 18. * gelidata Eup. Mdéschl. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1860 p. 375. gelinaria Eup. Zuc. u. Joann. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 76 p. 359. * gemellata Eup. H.-Schdff. Corrbl. Ins. 1861 p. 131 geneata Cid Feisth. Ann. Soc. Ent. I'r. 1835 p. 131. * genistaria Pseud. Vill. Linn. Entom. 2 p. 328. georgi Cid. Meissl. 19. Jahrb. Wien. Ent. Ver. p. 47. * gerardini Orthol. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1907 p. 310. germinata Noth. Piing. Iris 21, p. 297. gesticularia It. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. gianellaria Acid. Trti. Natural. Sicil. 8. p. 44. * gigantaria Chlorissa Sigr. Iris 5. p. 143. gigantea Euchl. Mill. Icon. Chen. 3, p. 423. * gigantea Eup. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 109. gigantearia Obeid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 458. gilvaria Asp. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 102. gilvaria Gn. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 194. giraffata Percnia Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 205. glaciata Cid. Germ. Faun. Ins. Eur, 15. * glarearia Chi. Brahm, Ins.-Kal. II (1), p. 320. glaucaria Gel. Whkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, p. 1613. glaucaria Hipp. Brem. Mél. Biol. Acad. Sci. Pét. 3, p. 111. glaucinaria Gn. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * glaucofasciata Breph. Géze, Entom. Beytr. 3 (3), p. 206. gluptata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 365. gnophosaria Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 101. gnophosaria Gn. Oberth Wit. d’Ent. 18, p. 28. * goodwini Hydrel. Bankes, Entomologist 40, p. 33. goossensiata Hup. Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1869, p. 78. gothicata Cid. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 388. gottrensis Cid. Favre, Cat. Val. p. 292. gracilaria Cid. B.-Haas, Iris 19, p. 139. graciliata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1908, p. 163. graciliata Ptych. Mann, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1867, p. 841. gracilipennis Ptych. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 25. gracilis Spil. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 371. graecaria Gn. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 167. graecaria Gn. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 192. graecaria Gon. Bang-H. Iris 24, p. 47. graecarius Nyss. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (1), p. 70. graeseri Lox. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 410. * 197. * graeseriata Eup. Rdtzer, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 1882, p. 391. graminaria Micr. Z. Stett. Zg. 10, p. 204. | granataria Selid. Rmb. Catal. Andal. * grandificaria Gel. Graes. Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 33, p. 266. grandinaria Ang. Mothsch. Etud. Ent. (1860), p. 37. grandis Catacl. Prt., Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 266.. * granitalis Cid. Béilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 426. granitaria Bo. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 246. List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. graphata Eup. Zr. Ochsenh. Schmett. Hur. 6 (2), p. 144. grata Par. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 368. grataria Cid. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 52. gratiosata Eup. H.-Schdff. Neue Schmett. p. 27. * grisea Anon. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 172. grisea Bo. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 396. grisea Hyp. Warr. Novit. Zool. 9, p. 273. grisearia Abr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 446. grisearia Bo. Bartel, Iris 15, p. 220. grisearia Caloc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 555. grisearia Ell. Fuchs, Stett. Ze. 1877, p. 143. grisearia Gn. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Hur. (Il), p. 167. grisearia Heter. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 549. grisearia Noth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 216. grisearia Percnia Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 455. grisearia Perc. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 175. grisearia Rhodostr. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 204. grisearia Sel. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 224. grisearia Zeth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 224. griseata Caloc. Bastelb. Intern. Ent. Zeitschr. 2, p. 98. griseata Chlorocl. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 110. griseata Cid. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 190. griseata Lithost. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 116. griseolata Cos. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 23. eriseolimbata Cab. Oberth. Diagn. Nouy. p. 9. grisescens Acid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 155. grisescens Bo. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 434. grisescens Chlorocl. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 22. grisescens Cid. Huene, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 51. p. 256. grisescens Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 247. : grisescens Eup. Dietze, Biol. Eupith. p. 70. * grisescens Eup. Petersen, Iris 1909, p. 291. grisescens Orthol. Neuburger, Societ. Entom. 19, p. 44. egrisolaria Teph. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1848 (3), p. 225. grossulariata Abr. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 525. grumaria Rhodostr. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 26, p. 454. grumi Gn. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 385. grummi Hem. Alph. Stett. Zg. 1888, p. 69. gruneraria Gn. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1862, p. 266. guancharia Acid. Alph. Rom. Mém.. Lép. 5, p. 227. * gueneata Eup. Mill. Icon. 1, p. 258. * gueneata Opor. Prt. Entom. Rec. 10, p. 95. guinardaria Eup. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 211. guriata Cid. Hmich, Hor. Ent. Ross. 9, p. 43. * guttata Perc. Fidr. Reise Noy. 5, Tbl. 130. * | gynochromaria Ptych. Homberg, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1911, p. 204. : gyrata Cos. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * haasi Cid. Hedem. Hor. Ent. Ross. 16, p. 268. * habenata Crasp. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 193. haberhaueri Trichod. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1864, p. 170. * habichi Ptych. Schawerda, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 58, p. 252. hadassa Syn. Bélr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 400. hadenata Chlorocl. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 45, p. 102. halimaria Microl. Chret. Le Natural. 31, p. 18. halimodendrata Acid. Hrsch. Fedtsch. Reise, p. 60. * halituaria It. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 94. halterata Loboph. Hujfn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 608. - hanoviensis Lyc. Heymons, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1891, p. 446. * hanseni Arich. Hed. Hor. Ent. Ross. 16, p. 259. * haroldi Bo. Oberth. Et. Lép. Comp. 7. haroldaria Bo. Oberth. Kit. Lép. Comp. 7. harrisoni Nyss. Harr. Entomolog. 43, p. 197. harterti Bo. Rothsch. Novit. Zool. 19, p. 127. hastata Cid. 2. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 527. hastigera Lox. Btlr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 112. * hastulata Cid. Hbn. Beytr. 2, p. 110. * haworthiata Eup. Dbl. List. Brit. Lep. Lond. 1850. hazeleighensis Abr. Rayn. Entomol. Rec. 15, p. 9. hebesata Mac. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 23, p. 931. hebudium Cid. Wkr. Entomologist 14, p. 221. * | hebudium Eup. Sheldon, Entomol. Record 11, p. 344. heecata Cid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 448. hedemannaria Euc. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 5, p. 55. * hedemanni Atom. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 121. * hedemanni Bo. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 79. hedemanni Lept. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 33. * helenae Poec. Harr. Entomologist 17, p. 111. helianthemata Ptych. Mill. Iconogr. 3, p. 134. * at hellwegeri Cid. Rbl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 360. List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. helveticaria Eup. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 208. hemana Noth. Béilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 444. hemiglaucaria Bo. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 506. hemionata Xanth. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 108. henricaria Hyp. Oberth. Ht. d’Ent. 6, p. 82. * hepaticata Lept. Swh. Trans. Ent. Soc. L. 1894, p. 200. herbacearia Hipp. Mén. Mél. Biol. Ac. Sci. Pét. 3, p. 112. herbaria Microl. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * herbariata Ptych. /. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 497. herbicolens Rhodostr. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 18838, p. 173. herbidaria Bo. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 283. hercegovinensis Cid. Rb/. Verh. Zool.-Bot. G. Wien 51, p. 799. herpeticaria Perc. Rmb. Catal. Andal. * herzi Hel. Stgr. Cat. Pal. Lep. (III), p. 398. hesperidata Acid. Rmb. Cat. Andal. * hethlandica Cid. Prt. Entom. Rec. 13, p. 336. hethlandica Cid. Rb/. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 344. heyeraria Cab. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 85. * hibernica Cid. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 248. hilariata Cid. Schawerda Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 61, p. 175. hilariata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1908, p. 180. himalayiea Pseud. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir, Lep. 4, p. 485. hippocastanaria Pachyen. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * hirschkei Bup. Dziurz. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 57, p. 11. * hirschkei Eup. Bastelb. Entom. Zeitschr. Guben 1908, p. 98. hirtaria Lyc. Cl. Icones 7. * hispanaria Dysc. Mill. Iconogr. 2, p. 265. * hispanaria Ptych. Piing. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 128. * hispidaria Apoch. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 99. hockingii Cid. Btlr. Ill. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 115. * hoefneri Gn. RbIl. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1903, p. 425. hofgreni Cid. Zampa, Entom. Tidskr. 1885, p. 113. hofmanni Phal. Schreiber, Ber. Nat. Ver. Regensbg. 9, p. 58. holli Bo. Oberth. Et. Lép. Comp. 9. holli Dysc. Oberth. Kt. Lép. Comp. 9. * holliata Ptych. Homberg, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1909, p. holmgreni Erann. Zampa, Entom. Tidskr. 1885, p. 97. holosericata Ptych. Dub. Hist. Nat. Lép. Suppl. 4, p. 109. homochromata Ith. Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1869, p. 57. * homogrammata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1908, p. 101. honesta Lomogr. Prt. Entomologist 41, p. 79. honestata Acid. Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1869, p. 62. * honoraria Ell. Schiff. Wien. Verz. (Anhg.) p. 315. hopfferaria Teph. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 458. hornigaria Ptych. Stgr. Cat. Pal. Lep. (III), p. 267. hortensiaria Cid. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1889, p. 251. huberaria Bist. Ballion, Hor. Ent. Ross. 4, p. 29. * hiibneri Bo. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 368. huenei Opor. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 194. hunii Poec. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1897, p. 256. humeraria Ptych. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1606. humifusaria Cingl. Zv. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1837, p. 57. humiliata Ptych. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 614. humilio Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 61. humperti Bo. Humpert, Entom. Zeitschr. Guben 12, p. 1898. hyalinata Ptych. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 89. * hybrida Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 136. * hyreana Caloc. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 181. hydrata Cid. 77. Ochsenh. Schmett. Eur. 7, p. 217. hyemalis Breph. Giorn. Calend. Ent. p. 18. hyperboreata Eup. Sigr. Stett. Zg. 1861, p. 400. hypoleucos Bist. Kusn. Hor. Ent. Ross. 35, p. 42. * hypomelathiaria Sel. Oberth. Ht. Lép. Comp. 8. — hypospilata Coll. Gwen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 358. hyreanaria Orthol. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 212. 229. iberaria Cid. Rmb. Cat. Andal. * iberica Cid. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 297. iberica Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 36. * ibicaria Theria H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 71. * icterata Eup. Vill. Biolog. Eupith. p. 95. icterica Cid. Djakonow, Rev. Russ. Ent. 8, p. 12. idaria Obeid. Oberth. Hit. d’ Ent. 18, p. 35. * ignobilis Acid. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 22. ignobilis Bo. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 397. ignobilis Cid. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881. p. 423. ignorata Cid. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 235. ignorata Lithost. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 285. ignotata Orthol. Sigr. Iris 9, p. 400. iliaria Emat. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 181. iliensis Hel. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 189. * illaborata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 357. illataria Hyb. Fchs. Jahrb. Nass. Nat. 53, p. 52. illibaria Pseud. Sieb. PreuB. Prov.-Bl. 25, p. 431. illineata Cid. Prt. Seitz, Grob-Schmett. 4, p. 247. illitata Cid. Wilem. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 324. * illiturata Gel. Whkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1563. illuminata Hup. Joan. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1891, p. 80. illunaria Sel. Hsp. Schmett. Abbild. 1. * imbella Crasp. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 22. imbutata Carsia Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. imitaria Acid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * immanata Cid. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 323. immistaria Acid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Hur. Schmett. 4. p. 68. * immorata Acid. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 528. immundata Eup. Z. Isis, 1846, p. 194. immutata Acid. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 528. impallescens Cid. Christ. Iris 6, p. 95. impararia Dyschl. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. p. 354. impectinata Gn. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 309. improbata Psych. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 307. * impunetata Cid. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 16, p. 469. impurata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. inaccepta Zeth. Prt. Entomologist 43, p. 6. inaequata Cid. Warr. Novit. Zool. 12, p. 443. inamata Bapt. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 22, p. 755. inamoena Cid. Béilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 444. inanata Caloc. Christ. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 106. incanata Acid. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 528. incarnaria Ptych. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 66. * incertaria Cryps. Leech, Entomol. 1891, Suppl. p. 49. incertata Triph. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 67. incisaria Ptych. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 147. * incisarius Nyss. Zed. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1870, p. 39. * inclarata Enc. Joann. Broteria 10, p. 26. ; inclinata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1906, p. 59. incolaria Gn. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 330. incolorata Heterol. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 449. incompositaria Metabr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 452. incomptaria Span. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 239. inconclusa Bo. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. 21, p. 382. inconiusa Metabr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 415. incongruaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 425. incongruaria Cor. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 20, p. 270. inconsiderata Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 226. inconspicua Rhodostr. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 391. inconspicua Syn. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 412. inconspicuaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 664. inconspicuata Eup. Bohatsch, Iris, 1873, p. 12. incultaria Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 3, p. 162. * incursata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. *. incurvaria Eup. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 14, p. 644. . incuryaria Hor. Hrsch. Hor. Ent. Ross. 12, p. 339. indecretata Ner. Hmps. Faun. Ind. Moths 3, p. 532. * indica Psy. Bilr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 99. * indicataria Somat. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 23, p. 809. indictinaria Endr. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 81. * indigata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * indigenata Eucr. Vill. Linn. Ent. 2, p. 383. * indistineta Atop. Btlr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 118. indistincta Lomogr. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 261. indotata Teph. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1681. indrasana Cyst. Zeech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 459. inexpectata Cid. Krulik. Mat. Faun. Flor. Ross. 9, p. 150. inextricata Hustr. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, p. 1691. infernaria Cid. B.-Haas, Iris 24, p. 45. infidaria Cid. Zah. Faun. Suisse, Geom. p. 126. infirmaria Ptych. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1883, p. 37. * infracta Chlorom. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 342. * infumata Cid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 255. infumata Cid. bl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 354. infumata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 136. * infumata Schist. Th.-Mieg, Le Naturaliste 32, p. 47. infusearia Mac. Rbi. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 395. infuseata Anait. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 176. infuseata Bo. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 165. infuseata Caloc. Rbl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 336. infuseata Acid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. Eur. 4, p. 62. * infuseata Cid. Gmpbg. Syst. Geom. Zon. temp. 3, p. 288. infuseata Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 222. infuseata Cid. Rbl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 344. infuseata Cid. Tgstr. Cat. Faun. Fenn. p. 30. * * 436 infuseata Cos. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 150. infuseata Cos. Reuter, Tidskr. Entom. 1890, p. 202. infuseata Orthol. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Hur. (II), p. 177. infuseata Ptych. Prt. Seitz, Gro’-Schmett. 4, p. 127. infuseata Sel. Strand, Nyt. Maz. Naturv. 39, p. 56. innocentaria Perc. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 125. innotata Eup. Hujfn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 616. innotata Mac. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 54, p. 54. * innuptaria Orph. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 73. * inops Comost. Prt. Gen. Ins. 129, p. 237. inoptaria Hemist. Whkr. Cat. Lep. Met. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1555. inornata Ftych. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 349. inornataria Bo. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 45. inornataria Opisth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 298. inquinata Cid. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 448. inquinataria It. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 219. insignata Chlorissa Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (IIL) p. 263. insignata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * insignis Asp. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 185. * insolata Bo. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 396. insolitaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 428. insolitaria Croc. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 54, p. 55. insolitaria Hemist. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 236. instabilis Philer. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 201. * insuavis Ptych. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 109. * insueta Elph. Bilr. I. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 48. * insularia Bist. Thierry-M. Le Natural. 1886, p. 237. insulariata Gymnosc. Staint. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. p- 118. insulata Cid. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 330. (3) 1, insulata Cid. Schawerda, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 61. p. 175. | insulicola Lygr. Stgr. Cat. Pal. Lep. (III), p. 291. intaminata Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4. p. 66. integraria Orthol. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 209. intermedia Abr. Tutt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, XLIX. intermedia Opor. Clark, Entom. Rec. 7, p. 289. intermedia Ptych. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 426. intermedia Rhodostr. Kempny, Jabrb. Wien Ent. p. 63. intermediaria Cid. Alph. Hor. intermediaria Mac. Leech, Ann. Mag. p. 307. internata Oul. Piing. Stett. Zg. 1888, p. 348. interpositaria Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 231. interpunctaria Myin. H.-Schdff. Eur. Schmett. 3, p. 34. * interrubescens Phib. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p-. 513. interrupta Bo. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 313. * interrupta Cid. Hirschke, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 60, p. 417. interrupta Gn. Hirschke, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60, p. 417. Ver. 5, Ent. Ross. 17, p. 211. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), interruptaria Arich. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 434. interruptaria Caloc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 560. interruptaria Cyst. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1862, p. 39. intersecta Cid. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 71. intersectaria Lygr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 667 intersectaria Mac. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 310 intricata Eup. Zett. Ins. Lapon. p. 962. intricata Hor. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 73. inturbata Eup. Hbn. Smmilg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. inusitata Cid. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 398. inustata Acid. H.-Schaff. Syst. Eur. Schmett. 3, as 24. * invalida Ptych. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 489. invenustaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 324. invenustaria Pseud. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897)* p. 233. inversarius Amorph. Rbl. Ann. Wien. Hofmus. 18, p. 265. * invisa Eup. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. ve irriguata Hup. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * irritaria Eup. Stgr. Iris 1892, p. 253. irroraria Hyp. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 342. irroraria Naxid. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 251. irrorata Acid. Baker, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 215. * irrorata Lith. Christ. Iris 6, p. 95. irrorataria Bo. Brem. u. Grey, Beitr. nordl. China p. 20. irrufata Cos. Warr. Novit. Zool. 12, p. 441. isabellaria Gloss. Mill. Icon. 2, p. 453. * isabellaria Bo. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. oe ny islandica Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 257. islandicaria Cid. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. ae Dp. 186. isolata Cid. Kane, Entomologist 31, p. 85. List oft the Palaearctic Geometrae. isometra Gnophosema Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 321. istriaca Hup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 37. * istriana Lyc. Galv. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 51, p. 625. istrianus Nyss. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 335. italicata Min. Mill. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. 113. * italica Nyss. Harr, Entomologist 45, p. 317. iterata Bo. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 389. iveni Gn. Hrsch. Fedtschenko, Reise p. 66. * jacularia Rhodostr. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * jaguararia Arich. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 198. jaguarinaria Arich. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 6, p. 17. * | jakima Ptych. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 401. jameza Cid. Béilr. Ann. Mag. ‘Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 452. jankowskiaria Euchl. Mill. Ob. Diagn. Lep. Askold, p. 8. janthinarum Cos. Stich. Berl. Hunt. Zeitschr. 1901, p. 20. japanaria Philer. Leech, Entomologist 1891 Suppl. p. 53. | japonaria Ligd. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 449. * | kala Hypos. | kioudjrouaria Disc. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 18, jJaponaria Oper. Leech, Entomologist 1896, Suppl. p. 48. jJaponensis Als. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 374. japonica Anag. Bllr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 224. Japonica Oz. Prt. Gen. Ins. 104, p. 94. jJapygiaria Hem. Costa, Faun. Napol. p. 70. * jasioneata Eup. Crewe, Entomologist 1881, p. 198. jejumaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 416. joannisiata Ptych. Homberg, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1911, p. 306. - johansoni Lygr. Lampa, Entomol. Tidskr. 1885, p. 107. jordanaria Croc. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 310. jordanaria Lith. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 353. jourdanaria Comps. Vill. Ann. Soc. Linn. Par. 5, p. 480. * jubata Bo. Thnbg. Mus. Nat. Acad. Ups. p. 75. * jugicola Orthol. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1870, p. 125. jugicolaria Gn. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 62, p. 375. | juglansiaria Zam. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1888, p. 396. junctata Orthol. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 65. ° junctilineata Calleul. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 24, junctilineata Med. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 18, p. 41. juniperata Cid. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 527. kabylaria Fid. Oberth. Le Natural. 1880, p. 156. Swh. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 12, p. 153. Kalischata Cid. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1870, p. 127. Kkashgara Orthol. Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 236. kashmirensis Acid. Moore, Lep. Atkin. p. 253. kashmirica Sten. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 277. kentearia Adg. Sigr. Iris 5, ae 375. kenteata Mac. Sigr. Iris 9, 273. kernaria Our. Oberth. Et. Vent, IS; jos 2B kerteszi Cid. Aigner, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 4, p. 525. * kesslitzi Acid. Hke. 21. Jahresb. Ent. Ver. Wien (1911), p. 93. kezonmetaria Cid. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 18, p. 38. * kiliani Epis. Rb/. Ann. Wien. Hofm. 13, p. 373. kindermannaria Spart. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. _ 168. kindermanni Trichod. Brem. Lep. Ost- eae 89. * p. Bi. klosi Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 82. * knautiata Eup. Gregson, Entomologist 7, p. 255. * kniupfferi Schist. Huene, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 49, p. 30. kollariaria Cid. H.-Schdjf. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 149. * kolleri Bup. Dziurz. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 57, p. 8. korbi Ches. Bohatsch, 19. Jahrb. Ent. Ver. Wien, p. 163. koreana Bo. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 9, p. 180. koreana Dind. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 9, p. 181. * korlata Gn. Fuchs, Societ. Entom. 18, p. 43. krassnojarscensis Emat. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 62, p. 135. kthnei Sel. Kiihne, Entom. Zeitschr. 22, p. 70. kuldschaensis Eup. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 255. kuldschaensis Stigma Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 164. * kurzi Cid. Hirschke, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60, p. 415. labda Rhodom. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, p. 129. * labradorensis Cid. Pack. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 11, p. 46. labradoriensis Carsia Sommer, Iris 10, p. 256. lacerataria Thal. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 32, p. 387. lacernigera Cid. Btlr. IU. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 107. * lachrymosa Prot. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 402. lactaria Cid. Lah. Faun. Suisse Geom. Suppl. p. 153. lactea Acid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 373. lactearia Iod. Z. Syst. Nat. (X) 1, p. 519. lacteolata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1906, p. 56. lacteomarginata Cid. Raynor, Entom. Rec. 19, p. 239. p- 1123. List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. lacticolor A‘br. Dom.-Rayn. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1906, p. 130. lactoaria Tod. Curd, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 10, p. 116. lacunaria Ag. Hed. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 512. * laevigata Ptych. Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 230. laetata Orthost. F. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 456. lafauryata Gn. Oberth. Kt. Lép. Comp. 8. * Jahayei Ping. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. Dp. LIX. lakearia Kuld. Oberth. Kt. d’ Ent. 18, p. 40. lamae Cid. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 9, p. 145. lamata Cid. Stgr. Iris 9, p. 277. lambessata Ptych. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. 67. laminaria Heterol. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 71. * lanaria Micr. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1852 (1), p. 163. lanceata Eup. Hbn. Verz. bekannt. Schmett. p. 324. langei Nyss. Harr. Entomologist 43, Dy 197. langi Orthol. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 108. * languidata Acid. Prt. Seitz, Gro’-Schmett. 4, p. 76. languidata Obeid. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Jus. 24, p. 1122 lantoscata Eup. Mill. Cat. Rais. A. marit. 2, p. 201. lapidata Coen. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett Geom. * lapidea Par. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 403. lapidisaria Gn. Frr. N. Beytr. 353 *. lapponaria Poec. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. ae lapponica Cid. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 297. laquaearia Eup. H.-Schdff. Syst. Scbaictts Eur. 3, p. larentiaria Cid. Brd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1854, p. 26. largeteauaria Triph. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 6, p. 19. * largeteaui Obeid. Oberth. Et. @ Ent. 10, p. 32. * laria Disc. Oberth. Ht. d’Ent. 18, p. 30. * laricaria Bo. Haw. Lep. Britann, p. 276. lariciata Eup. Frr. N. Beytr. p. 135. * lasithiotica Cid. Rbl. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1906, p. 233. latefasciata Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 382. latefasciata Cid. Strand, Arch. Math. Naturv. 25 (1903), p. 17. latefasciata Cos. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 150. latefasciata Diast. Sigr. Iris 9, p. 275. latefasciata Ven. Strand, Nyt. Mag. Naturv. latelineata Acid. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1901), laterata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1093, p. 360. lateritiaria Gar. Pouj. Bull. Mus. Paris, févr. 1895. latifasciaria Anon. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 225. latifasciaria Caloc. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 56. latifasciaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 644. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), latifasciaria Heterol. p- 228. latifasciaria Trichob. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 568. latifasciaria Trichod. Prt. latifasciatia Xenosp. Leech, Warr. Novit. Zool. 10, p. 265. latifasciata Abr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 417. latifasciata Cid. Hirschke. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60, p. 415. latifasciata Opor. Prt. Entomolog. 23, p. 55. * latifasciata Opor. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 196. latiferaria Xand. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. latifusata Orthol. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. latimarginaria Our. p. 209. latipennata Eup. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 282. latipennis Eup. Warr. Novit. Zool. 12, p. 443. latsaria Hydrel. Oberth. Ht. d’Ent. 18, p. 32. * laureata Ptych. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 62, p. 373. lauta Ptych. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 25. lavata Eup. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 1901, p. 124. lavieata Eup. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 1902, p. 218. lecerfiata Ptych. Homberg, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1910, p. 18. lectonia Bo. Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 626. leda Prot. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 46. * ledereri Lygr. Brem. Lep. Ost.-Sibir. p. 88. * ledereri Trichod. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 283. lederi Hem. Christ. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 166. leechi Photosc. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 26, p. 458. leechi Trichod. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 283. lefuarius Nyssiiod. Hrsch. Hor. Ent. Ross. 8, p. 317. legataria Chi. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. * legatella Ches. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 109. lennigiaria Cos. Muchs, Stett. Zg. 1883, p. 268. lenticularia Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p- 341. 124. p- 39. 1892, p. 316. lateraria Arich. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 438. | Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 170. Mus. 21, p. 445. | Mus. 25, p. 1298. latimarginaria Hir. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 432. Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. 19 (1897), p. 190. latimarginaria Phal. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), ! | limitata Syn. Warr. | linearia Cos. Hbn. | lineolaria Gn. Ping. Iris 14, p. 188. 437 lentiginosaria Gn. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p- 329. lentiginosaria Oc. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 55. lentiscaria Dysc. Donz. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1837, p. 13. * lentiscata Kup. Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1869, p. 75. leopardaria Obeid. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 6, p. 17. * leopardina Abr. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir 4, p. 490. leopardinata Terpna Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 634. lepraria Mann. bl. Wien. Ver. Polyxena, 4, p. 2 lepsaria Eup. Sigr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 74. leptogrammata Eup. Sigr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 74. leuca Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 121. * leucomelanaria Terpna Pouwj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 64, p. 311. leucophaea Bo. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 395. leucophaearia Erann. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 101. leuraria Acid. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 69. * libanaria Orthol. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 163. * libyeata Ptych. Bartel, Kntom. Zeitschr. Guben, 20, p. lichenea Gn. Oberth. Ht. d’Ent. 11, p. 33. * lignata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * liguriata Eup. Jill. Lep. inéd. 1884. * lilliputata Gn. Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, Lond. 1867, * p. 308. * | limaria Ep. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 97. * limbaria Cid. Hin. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * limbaria Ist. 7. Ent. Syst. 3 (2), p. 161. limbata Eup. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 476. limbofasciata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 103. limbopunetata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 85. limbosignata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 119. Novit. Zool. 4, p. 396. linariata Eup. F. Mantisse, p. 207. Smmleg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. Novit. Zool. 4, p. 387. . p. 218. * * * * * lineata Aspil. Warr. lineata Sio. Scop. Entom. Carn. linogrisearia Ches. Const. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 161. * liquidaria Poec. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1848 (3), p. 222. lissas Hemist. Prt. Gen. Ins. 129, p. 227. literata Cid. Don. Nat. Hist. Brit. Ins. 14, p. 80. * literataria Hyst. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 ee 648. lithographata Eup. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 3, p. 9. lithosiaria Cyst. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. ieee 24, p. 1125. litigiosaria Ptych. Bsd. Gen. Ind. méth. p. 226. liturata Mac. Cl. Icon. * livida Cid. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 449. livida Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 92. * lividata Ptych. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, livinaria Cid. Zah. Faune Suisse xe Suppl. 2 lobaria Ptych. Chrét. Le Natural. 31, p. 30. lofthousei Ven. Prt. Trans. City-Lond. Soc. 1904, p. 33. longaria Ptych. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 66. longimacula Percnia Warr. Novit. Zool. 4, p. 89. loricaria It. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1837, p. au lozonaria Pseud. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 18, p. = lucellata Ptych. Ping. Iris 15, p. 154. lucida Sphagn. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 351. * lueidaria Kran. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 305. * lucidata Hemist. Don. Brit. Ins. 3, p. 67. lucigera Eup. Biélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 115. * luecillata Hor. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 435. luctuata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. (Anhg.) p. 316. luctuosaria Cid. Oberth. Diagn. Nouv. p. 10. ludifieata Cid. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 7, p. 174. ludovicaria yee Oberth. Diagn. d Esp. ee p. 10. ludovieata Cid. J/7ill. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1887, p. 218. * lugdunaria Cid. H.- -Schajy. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 139. lugens Cid. Oberth. Ht. d Ent. 11, p. 34. lugubrata Lygr. Méschl. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1862, p. 136. * luminosata Lithost. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 127. * lunaria Sel. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 103. : lunata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 88. lunifera Bo. Bélr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 395. luridaria Percnia Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 451. luridata Acid. Z. Isis 1847, p. 20. / luridata Orthol. Hujfn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 526. lusitana Gn. Mendes, Broteria 8, p. 69. * lutamentaria Bo. Graes. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1888, p. 401. lutea Abr. Chill. Entomologist 1889, p. 2. lutea Abr. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 310. lutea Chi. Gillm. Societ. Entomolog. 24. pe ett 5 ib idly * 438 List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. lutea Hyper. Stoll, Cram. Pap. Bxot. 4, p. 157. * lutea Lygr. Strand, Arch. Math. Naturv. 22, p. 31. lutearia Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 99. lutearia Chi. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 50. lutearia Croc. #. Entom. Syst. p. 143. lutearia Lythr. Vill. Hnt. Linn. 2, p. 309. luteolaria Mag. Tengstr. Cat. Lep. Faun. Fenn. p. 27. luteolaria Ptych. Const. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1863, p. 73. * luteolata Opisth. ZL. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 525. lutescens Ptych. Prt. Seitz, Gro’8-Schmett. 4, p. 99 luticiliata Gn. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 3, p. 100. * lutipennaria Gn. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 53, p. 1900. lutosaria Eup. Bohatsch, Iris 1893, p. 29. lutulentaria Ptych. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 153. lyeaenaria Agath. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir 4, p. 486. lythoxylata Anait. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * mabillaria Palacom. Powj. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 2, p. 57. mabillearia Atom. D. Lue. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1907, p. 180. mabillei Agl. Th.-MWieg, Le Natural. 15, p. 162. macescens Acid. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 439. macilentaria Ptych. H.-Schajf. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 3, p. 20. * macraria Lim. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 195. mactans Gar. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 393. mactata Cid. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. a 3 macularia Abr. Herz, Ann. Mus. Pet. 9, p. 354. macularia Coll. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 19 eon p. 562. macularia Pseud. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 521. maculata Bo. Reuter, Act. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn. 9, p. 64. maculata Bo. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 177. maculata Callabr. Swinh. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1894, p. 433. maculata Naxid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 373. maculicaudaria Euct. Motsch. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1866 (1), p. 196. matulifera Gnopharm. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 187. maculosa Thin. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 336. maderae Hem. B.-Bak. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 216. maderae Ptych. B.- Bak. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 213. maderensis Cos. B.-Bak. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 216. maeoticaria Bo. Alph. Trudy 10, p. 36. maeoticaria Eup. Bohatsch, Iris 1893, p. 19. maerens Cid. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 245. magna Acid. Prt. Grob-Schmett. 4, p. 80. magna Orthol. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 160.- magnaria Ep. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 29. * magnifica Gand. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 214. * majoraria Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 96. majuseularia Xand. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 420. maligna Mac. Bllr. I. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 3. * malyata Cid. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1832, p. 43. * mancipiata Ptych. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. ms maneuniata Ptych. Knaggs, Ent. Month. Mag. 2, 130. mandarinaria Gn. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897 ) p. 133. mandarinaria Hipp. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 2 6, p. 235. mandsechuriaria Bo. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. jos (7a mandschurica Eup. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 118. mandsehuricata Cid. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 86. * manicaria Ptych. H.-Schdff. Syst. Eur. Schmett. 6, p. 67. * manifesta Acid. Prt. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8 (1911), p. 705. | meyeraria Gnoph. Lah. F. Suisse Geom. p. 65. manitiaria Ell. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 355. * manuelaria Bo. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 73. maracandaria Artem. Hrsch. Fedtschenko’s Reise p. 62. marcentaria Bo. Piing. Iris 15, p. 157. * marecidaria Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 99. mardinaria Gn. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 345. mardinata Eustr. Sigr. Iris 7, p. 293. * mardinata Pseudogn. Sitgr. Iris 12, p. 395. * mareotica Ptych. Draudt, Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 5, p. 374. margaritaria Centr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19, p. 545. margaritata Ell. L. Syst. Nat. (XII), p. 865. marginaria Hrann. J’. Mant. p. 194. marginaria Heterol. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 232. marginata Abr. Sird. Arch. Naturw. 22 (5), p. 28. marginata Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 64. marginata Arich. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 423. marginata Bo. Herz, Ann. Mus. Pet. 9, p. 372. * marginata Cid. Mathew, Entom. Rec. 18, p. 281. marginata Eup. Styr. Iris 8, p. 257. marginata Lom. ZL. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 527. marginata Ur. Hmps. Il. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 8, p. 104. * marginepunctata Acid. Goeze, Ent. Beytr. (3) 3, p. 385. marina Hemith. Bélr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 399. * maritima Cid. Strand, Schrift. Naturf. Ges. Danzig 10, p. 286. maritima Orthol. Seeb. Ann. Soc. Hsp. 8, p. 112. * maritimata Ptych. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 511. marmoraria Caloc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 559. marmoraria Disc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 78. marmorata Lithost. B.-Haas, Iris 20, p. 83. marmorataria Phal. Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. 19 (1897), p. 207. * massiliata Eup. Mill. Iconogr. 2, p. 45. | matertera Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 78. * mathewi Chlorissa Bankes, Ent. Rec. 20, p. 210. mattiacata Cos. Bastelb. Ilustr. Zeitschr. Ent. 3, p. 274. mauretanica Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupitk. p. 42. * mauretanicaria Enc. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Pai. (III), p. 355. mauritanica Ptych. Baker, Ent. Month. Mag. 21. p. 243. mavi Bo. Prt. Seitz, Grob-Schmett. 4, p. 369. * maxima Probl. Th.-Mieg, Le Natural. 1905, p. 192. mayeri Kup. Mann, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1852, p. 134. mediangularis Cid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8B-Schmett. 4, p. 259. * mediaria Ptych. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * mediofasciata Lom. Héfner, Jahrb. Nat. Land. Karnth. 24 p. 4. mediolineata Cid. P.t. Seitz, Gro8-Schmctt. 4, p. 241. * mediolucens Cid. Réssl. Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 38, p. 154. medioprieta Orthol. Rbb. Iris 1912, Beiheft, p. 314. mediorhenana Gn. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 57, medmaria An. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 24, p. 1521. megaspilata Disc. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. Ae meinhardi Emat. Krulik. Rev. Russ. Ent. 8, p. 273. meissli Acid. Schawerda, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 61, p. 80. melana Opor. Pri. Entom. Rec. 11, p. 122 melanaria Arich. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 521. melancholica Eustr. Bilr. Ill. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 3, p. 58. * melanoplagia Scot. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soe. 14, p. 512. melanops Lux. Bastelb. Entom. Zeitschr. 22, p. 176. melanozona Abr. Rayn. Entom. Rec. 15, p. 9. melinaria Chlorissa H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3. * mellinata Lygr. F. Mant. p. 206. membranaria Als. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 55 (2), p. 73.’ menadiaria Microl. Th.-MWieg, Le Natural. 15, p. 40. mendica Sci. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 446. mendicaria Gn. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 72. * menetriesi Bo. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 165. meonaria Rhodostr. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 170. merana Nyss. Burrow, Entom. “nes 1906, Dp: 132. meridiaria Ptych. Mill. Iconogr. 1, p. 100. meridionalis Eup. Mab. Ann. Soc. Hat. Fr. 1868, p. 73. meridionalis Pseud. Galvagni, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1908, p. 158. merklaria Ptych. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1884, p. 133. merularia Brann. Weym. Jahresb. Wiss. Ver. Elberfeld 1884, ean hs mesogrammata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. * mesoleucata Lithost. Piing. Iris 12, p. 105. metaria Eustr. Oberth. Ht. a’Ent. 18, p. 39. * methaemaria Ac. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 651. metohiensis Ptych. Rb/. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1900, p. 451. mevesi Lythr. Lampa. Tidskr. Ent. 1885, p. 103. } * miata Cid. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 526. microgynaria Orthol. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 516. middendorfii Leucobr. Mén. Bull. Phys. Math. Ac. Sci. Pét. 17, p- 221. miegata Polythr. Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 314. * nillefoliata Eup. Réssl. Verz. Schmett. Nassau, p. 153. mnillierata Catacl. Gmpbg. Syst. Geom. Zon. temp. 2, p. 139. millierata Coen. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 321. mnillierata Triph. Brd. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. 59. milvaria Hor. Christ. Iris 6, p. 95. milvinaria Gn. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 52, p. 148. mimosaria Ptych. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 6, p. 66. mimulina Opisth. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 388. minima Sel. Strd. Nyt. Mag. Naturv. 39, p. 56. minimata Cid. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 86. miniosaria Enc. Dup. Hist. Nat. eee 7 (2); p- 368. * miniosata Photosc. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Arce 25, p. 1354. minna Cid. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 424. lis minor Abr. Herz, Ann. Mus. Pet. 9, p. 353. * f minor Rhodostr. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 6, p. 71. minorata Cid. Tr. Ochsenh. Schmett, Eur. 6 (2), p. 148. minorata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 108. * p. 41. * List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. minuseularia Ptych. Rbb. Iris, Beiheft 1912, p. 305. minuseulata Eup. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 225. * minuta Cid. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 117. * minuta Coll. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 421. minutaria Gn. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 328. miranda Abr. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 441. mirandaria Hem. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 427. mirandus Gar. Bllr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 599. misera Noth. Béilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 448. mitigata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1908, p. 168. mixticolor Hypoch. Prt. Seitz, Grok-Schmett. 4, p. 337. * mnemosynata Hup. Mill. Cat. raison. p. 409. modesta Chem. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 443. modesta Das. Sfgr. Hor. Hnt. Ross. 14, p. 445. modesta Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 110. * modestaria Cid. Hrsch. Trudy 4, p. 169. modicaria Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 94. moecha-Hup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 373. * moeniata Orthol. Seop. Ent. Carn. p. 226. moeroraria Babtr. Frr. Beytr. 6, p. 9. * moesta Bo. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 407. moestata Cid. Nolck. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. p. 68. mollicularia Song. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1848 (8), p. 229. molliculata Cid. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép..Phal. 2, p. 276. molluginata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * molossaria Avich. Oberth. Kit. d’Ent. 10, p. 32. * monacharia Phig. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 335. monadaria Ptych. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 475. mongoliata Cid. Stgr. Iris 9, p. 278. mongolica Euchl. Sigr. Iris 9, p. 271. moniliata Ptych. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 117. : moniliferaria Triph. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 18, p. 41. * monoehroaria Min. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 109. * monodii Orthol. Th.-Mieg, Le Natural. 1886, p. 237. montana Neol. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 460. * montanaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 418. montanaria Centr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19, p. 546. montanata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 113. monticola Cid. Strand, Nyt. Mag. Naturv. 1902, 40. monticolaria Cid. H.-Schajf. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 79. monticolaria Mac. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 308. montium Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 91. * montivagata Caloc. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. 8 (1), p. 368. * moorei Acid. Cotes u. Swinh. Cat. Moths Ind. p. 532. morosa Pet. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 403. mortuaria Narr. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 314. moseovita Thal. Gmpg. Nov. Act. Leop. 64, p. 508. mosquensis Ptych. Heyne, Societ. Entomol. 14, p. 105. moupinaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 428. moupinaria Myrt. Oberth. Kt. Lép. Comp. 5, p. 32. * mucidaria Gn. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * mucronata Orthol. Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 222. * multifaria Hyst. Swinh. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 429. * multiflorata Eup. Mill. Iconogr. 2, p. 194. * multilinearia Triph. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), ' p. 555. multipunetata Cid. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 316. multistrigaria Cid. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 306. multistrigaria Ur. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, p. 1535. mundaria Dipl. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 238. mundata Anait. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 216. mundata Gn. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 386. mundataria Asp. Cr. Papil. Exot. 4, p. 243. * mundulata Anait. Gwen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 496. munitata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * muraria Bo. Curt. Brit. Entom. 3, p. 113. muricata:Ptych. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 606. muricolor Rhodostr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 4, p. 61. murinaria Teph. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 105. murinata Min. Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 229. musauaria Lygr. Frr. Beytr. 7, p. 112. * muscicapata Cid. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 102. museigera Acas. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 421. muscosa Arac. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 51. * muscosa Rhodostr. Bastelb. Entom. Zeitschr. 21, p. 217. muscosaria Cid. Christ. Iris 6, p. 96. muscosaria Gn. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, p. 1596. museularia Acid. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 18. * muscularia Gon. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 164. museulata Anait. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 218. * museulata Tydrel. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 100. * 1870, 439 mustelata Ptych. Rmb. Cat. Andal. * mutilata Gn. Sigr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 457. mutilata Ptych. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1876, p. 140. , myra Tarad. Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 593. myricaria Oper. Cooke, Entomologist 1882, p. 57. myrtillata Acid. Dadd, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 57, p. 11. myrtillata Gn. Thnbg. Ins. Suec. 3, p. 50. mystica Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. 112. * naevata Cos. Bastelb. Iris 13, p. 83. nanata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. napoleon Ptych. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 110. * narzanica Stamm. Alph. Trudy 10, p. 23. naseraria Cid. Oberth. Wt. d’ Ent. 18, p. 34. * nasifera Orthol. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 331. nasuta Sci. Prt. Seitz, Grob-Schmett. 4, p. 338. nayas Hemist. Geoffr. Fourc. Ent. Par. 2, p. 276. neapolisata Cid. J/ill. Iconogr. Tbl. 131. * nebularia Abr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 447. nebulata Cid. 7’. Ochsenh. Schmett. Eur. 6 (2), p. 164. nebulata Orthol. B.-Haas, Iris 20, p. 82. nebulosa Thin. Btlr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. 17, p. 203. necessaria Amorph. Z. Stett. Zg. 1849, p. 206. neglectata Philer. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 225. negrita Stigma Th.-Mieg, Le Natural. 1905, p. 193. nelyae Narr. Rothsch. Novit. Zool. 19, p. 126. nemoraria Acid. Hbn. Smmlg.- Eur. Schmett. Geom. * nemoriata Hemist. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 9. neogamata Cid. Piing. Iris 21, p. 299. nephelata Eup. Stgr. Iris 9, p. 282. neriaria Comit. H.-Schdjff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 62. * neurbiaria Cid. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 18, p. 36. * neurogrammata Acas. Piing. Iris 21, p. 296. nevadaria Fid. Rbb. Iris 1912, Beiheft p. 338. nexata Ptych. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * nexifasciata Cid. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 420. nielseni Ptych. Hedem. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 514. * nigerrima Cid. Muchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 53, p. 57. nigerrima Odez. Th.-Mieg, Le Natural. 32, p. 47. nigra Abr. Rayn. Entom. Rec. 15, p. 9. . nigra Bo. Bankes, Entomol. Month. Mag. 1905, p. 89. nigra Bo. Thierry-M. Le Natural. 8, p. 237. nigra Breph. Tutt, Brit. Noct. 4, p. 14. nigra Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 231. nigra Gon. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 331. nigra Teph. Rbl. Mitth. Ver. Polyxena, Wien 4, p. 2. nigra Tim. Rbl. Berge’s Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 327. nigraria Bo. Rbl. Berge’s Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 402. nigrata Cid. Rbl. Berge’s Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 354. nigrescens Cid. Hiihne, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 255. nigrescens Gn. Hannemann, Entom. Zeitschr. 25, p. 220. nigrescens Orthol. Ckll. Entomologist, 1889, p. 55. nigricans Cid. Prt. Trans. City-Lond. Soc. 17, p. 21. nigricaria Krann. Hbn. Smmig. Eur. Schmett. Geom. nigricarius Bup. Backhaus, Hntom. Nachr. 1881, p. 277. nigricata Bo. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 1875, p. 331. : nigrifasciaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 662. nigrifulvaria Cid. Hmps. Journ. Bomb..N. H. Soc. 14, p. 514. nigrilinearia Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), + * p. 341. nigrilinearia Hrann. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 320. nigrilinearia Saur. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), p. 76. nigrilineata Gar. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 326. nigripunctaria Bapt. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19, p. 198. nigrisparsa Ang. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 370. nigrita Cid. Rb/. Berge’s Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 354. nigritaria Hup. Sigr. Hor. Hnt. Ross. 14, p. 480. nigrociliaria Huct. (Leech) Th.-M. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 47, p. 383. nigrocineta Bo. Muchs, Stett. Zg..1875, p. 232. nigrocostata Ptych. Hirschke, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60, p. 414. nigrodorsaria Bo. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 232. nigrofascia Cid. Rdl. Berge’s Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 347. nigrofasciaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 414. nigrofasciaria Kup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 85. * nigrofasciaria Hup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 112. * nigrofasciata Cid. Rbl. Berge’s Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 344. nigrofasciata Cid. Wagner, Entomol. Zeitschr. 23, p. 18. nigrofasciata Lom. Schéyen, Troms. Mus. Aars. 1882, p. 29. nigrofulvata Mac. Collins, Entomol. Rec. 17, p. 45. 440 nigrolimbata Ang. Joann. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1908, p. 45. nigrolineata Ptych. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 98. nigromacularia Comib. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 237. nigromacularia Micrab. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 235. nigromarginaria Metabr. (1897), p: 453. nigropallida Bo. Mansbridge, Entomologist 45, p. 94. nigropunctaria Micrab. Prt. Seitz, Gro&-Schmett. 4, p. 380. * nigropunctaria Bap. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897. p. 198. nigropunetata Acid. Hujfn. Berl. Magaz. 3, p. 610. nigropunctata Chlorocl. Chant. Entom. Mag. 1, p. 184. nigropunciata Hemith. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 353. * nigroradiata Abr. Rbl. Hoffm.-Spul. Schmett. II. p. 88. nigrosericeata Chlorocl. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 363. nigro-unicolorata Lom. Haverkampf, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 48, p. 187. * nigrozonaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 654. nikkonis Med. Bélr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 406. niko Opisth. Christ. Iris 6, p. 95. nimbata Gn. Alph. Stett. Zg. 1888, p. 68. niphonaria Eup. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), p. 68. niphonica Orthol. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 452. nisaria Hydrel. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p- 49. nitidaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 657. nitidata Ptych. H.-Schdaff. Neue Schmett. p. 28. * Nivearia Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 96. niveata Croc. Scop. Entom. Carn. p. 217. niveipicta Kup. Bastelb. Iris 20, p. 263. nobiliaria Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 79. * nobiliaria Dysc. Bang-H. Iris 19, p. 141. * nobilis Bo. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 6, p. 61. nobilitaria Bo. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 173. nobilitata Eup. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 76. noctivolans Bo. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 598. nocturna Ptych. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 148. nocturnata Chi. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 51, p. 207. nolaria Cos. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * nomadarea Anait. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 3, p. 182. nooraria Bo. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 75. * norbertaria [od. Réssl. Stett. Zg. 38, p. 365. noricana Ps. Wgn. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 1898, p. 715. normata Mac. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 26, p. 455. norvegica Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 262. norvegica Cid. Strand, Nyt. Mag. Naturv. 40 (1902). notata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 61. * notata Heterol. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 449. notata Lithost. B.-Haas, Iris 19, p. 138. * notata Mac. LZ. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 523. notha Breph. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Noct. * novata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 348. nubiferaria Neol. Leech, Ann. M. N. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 462. nubigena Xenochl. Woll. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 1, p. 118. nubilaria Schist. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * nubilata Cid. Tutt, Entom. Rec. 16, p. 303. nubilata Gn. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 1872, p. 429. nudaria Caloc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 662. nudaria Ptych. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 44. nudilimbaria Eucr. Mab. Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr. p. CLY. nudipennis Bo. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 320. nugata Cid. Mldr. Reise Novara, Lep. Tfl. 132. * numidaria Anait. H.-Schdjf. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 80. * numidaria Ptych. Zuc. Explor. Alger. p. 395. * numidiata Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 239. * nuneupata Amn. Ping. Iris 21, p. 289. nupta Acid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 400. nuptaria Hil. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 80. * nymphaeata Asth. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 99. * nymphulata Asth. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 486. nycthemeraria Hem. Hbn. Smmlg. Schmett. Eur. Geom. * Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 obductata Cid. Mdéschl. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1860, p. 374. * obeliseata Cid. Hbn. Beytr. Gesch. Ins. I. * oberthueri Tristr. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 336. oberthiiri Enc. Vasquez, Bol. Soc. Hspan. 5, p. 119. oberthuri Kuld. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 26, p. 458. oberthtiri Neol. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 461. * oberthiiri Prot. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 8, p. 597. oberthiiri Pseud. Alph. Ivis 8, p. 201. oberthiiri Triph. Hedem. Hor. Ent. Ross. 16, p. 264. * oberthuriata Ptych. Balestre, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1907, p. 23. List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. obfusearia Gn. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * obfusearia Ptych. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1893, p. 102. objectaria Gnopharm. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 181. obliqua Syrr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 439. obliquaria Aspilon. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19, p. 546. obliquaria Bo. Motsch. Ktud. Lép. (1860), p. 37. obliquaria Dal. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 216. obliquaria Eup. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 70. obliquaria Het. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 497. obliquaria Lox. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 649. obliquaria Pseudom. Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. 19 (1897), p. 202. obliquaria Scard. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 202. obliquilinea Caller. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 229. obilquilineata Catacl. Hmps. Faun. Ind. Moths 3, p. 349. obliteraria Ptych. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 105. obliterata Chlorissa Whr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1558. obliterata Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 263. obliterata Lith. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 353. obliterata Orthol. Prt. Seitz, Gro8®-Schmett. 4, p. 163. oblongata Cid. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2. p. 472. obnupta Dipl. Swh. Proc. Zool. Soc. L. 1885, p. 855. * obseura Abr. Tutt, Proc. Hnt. Soc. Lond. 1897, XLIX. obseura Apoch. Kiihne, Entom. Zeitschr. Guben, p. 79. * obscura Bo. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 1875, p. 233. obscura Breph. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 1. obscura Cid. Béilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 450. obseura Col. Aign. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 4, p. 527. * obseura Comps. B.-Bak. Entom. Month. Mag. 21, p. 244. obscura Erann. Helfer, Ent. Zeitschr. Guben 9, p. 188. obscura Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 63. * obscura Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 88. * obscura Nyss. Harr. Entomologist 43, p. 197. ebseura Ptych. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 1875, p. 227. obseura Ptych. Mill. Ann. Soc. Lyon 1883, p. 168. * obscura Ptych. Rbi. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 314. obseuraria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 431. obseuraria Hem. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 431. obseuraria Mann, Sgr. Iris 5, p. 178. obseuraria Nych. Vill. Linn. Entomol. 2, p. 225. obseuraria Oar. Baker, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1894, p. 45. * obseurata Anait. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 177. obscurata Carsia Schéyen, Entom. Tidskr. 1881, p. 122. * obseurata Cid. F. Hoffm. Entomol. Zeitschr. 22, p. 205. obseurata Erann. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (II1), p. 334. obseurata Gn. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 108. obseurata Hyp. Lambill. Cat. Lép. Belg. 1905. obseurata Lithost. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 284. obscurata Noth. Sp. Schneid. Troms6 Mus. Aarsb. 28, p. 124. obseurata Opor. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 187. obseurior Bo. Sigr. Ivis 10, p. 60. obseuriorata Gn. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 386. obseurissima Eup. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 287. obsitaria Anait. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p. 100. obsoleta Cid. Mathew, Entom. Rec. 18, p. 281. obsoleta Euchl. Burr. Entom. Rec. 13, p. 115. obsoleta Tim. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 49. obsoletaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19, p. 347. obsoletaria Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 153. obsoletaria Comib. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 238. obsoletaria Cos. Lambill. Cat. Lép. Belg. 1905. obsoletaria Emat. Zett. Ins. Lapon. p. 957. obsoletaria Ptych. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1833, p. 39. * obstinata Kyrt. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 213. * obyallaria Orthol. Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1866, p. 561. *_ obvallata Cid. Led. Hor. Ent. Ross. 8, p. 20. * oceata Cid. Piing. Iris 16, p. 294. * Oceataria Erann. Hrsch. Fedtschenko’s Reise, p. 63. * occidua Eup. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 293. occitanaria Bo. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lep. 7 (2), p. 360. * ocellaria Cos. Hbn. Abbild. Schmett. * Geom. ocellata Cid. LZ. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 527. ocellata Gn. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 143. * ocellata Probl. Friv. Magy. Tud. Ters. Evk. p. 185. * ochracae Eup. Gregs. Entomologist 1907, p. 171. ochracearia Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 643. ochracearia Cid. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 295. ochracearia Gn. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 346. ochracearia Rhod. Fuchs, Societ. Entom. 18, p. 3. ochraceata Acid. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III) 1, p. 273. ochraceata Lithost. Stgr. Iris 10, p.- 72. ochrata Ptych. Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 227. ochrearia Asp. Rossi, Mant. 2, p. 53. * ochrearia Bist. Mansbridge, Entomologist 41, p. 112. Publ. 21. 7. 1916. ochrearia Dal. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 217. ochrearia Ell. Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1903, p. 231. ochrearia Emat. Rbi. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. ochrearia flydrel. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 p. 78. ochrearia Lomogr. Bang-H. Iris 24, p. 47. ochreata Cid. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 267. ochreata Cid. Prt. Entom. Rec. 8, p. 54. ochreata Cid. Sigr. Iris 8, p. 335. ochreifusa Cos. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 149. ochrifasciaria Asth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), p. 84. ochrofasciata Gn. Sigr. Iris 8, p. 362. * ochroleueata Acid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. Geom. * ochroleucata Cid. Awriv. Nord. Fjaril. p. 244. ochronigra Bo. Mansbridge, Entomologist 45, p. 94. ochrovittata Eup. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 3. p. 5. * octodurensis Bist. Favre Mitth. X, p. 36. octomacularia Asth. Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. 20 (1897), p. 85. odessaria Lithost. Bsd. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1848, p. 30. oenoparia Ptych. Piing. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 122. ogilviata Hup. Warr. Novit. Zool. 12, p. 443. okbaria Ptych. Chrét. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 79, p. 506. olbiaria Cid. Mill. Iconogr. 2, p. 157. * Olivacea Cid. Mathew, Hntom. Rec. 18, p. 281. Olivacea Our. Stndfs. Handb. Pal. Grof-Schmett. p. 143. * olivacearia Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 426. olivaceo-marginata Chlorissa Burr. Ent. Rec. 20, p. 132. olivata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 112. Oliveirata Selid. Mab. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1876, p. 109. oliveomarginata Kran. Swinh. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 14, = IBID pigs Xenochl. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 3, Taf. 87. omissa Syn. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 409. omniparens Eup. Dietze, Iris 1908, p. 171. ononaria Apl. Fuesl. Arch. Ins. 3, p. 1. * onustaria Gn. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 73. * opacaria Comps. Hbn. Smmlg. Kur. Schmett. Geom. * Operaria Gu. Hon. Smmig. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * opertaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 343. Opificata Anait. Led. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1870, p. 40. * opis Lom. Bétlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 442. F opisthographata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1906, p. 66. oppositaria Mann. Mann, Wien. Ent. Mon. 1864, p. 178. * orana Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 101. * oranaria Mann. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 179. orbicularia Cos. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * orientalis Abr. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 24. * orientalis Bapt. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 170. orientaria Asp. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 184. orientaria Emat. Stgr. Cat. Schmett. Eur. (I), p. 74. orientata Cid. Stgr. Cat. Pal. Lep. (III), p. 302. orientata Eup. Sigr. Cat. Pal. Lep. (III), p. 314. orientis Tanaot. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 44. * ornata Acid. Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 219. ornataria Bo. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 45. ornataria Chi. Arul. Rev. Russ. Ent. 7, p. 32. ornataria Comib. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 238. ornataria Mac. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 310. orphnata Eup. Bohatsch, Wien. Ent. Zeitschr. 1883, p. 1888. orphninaria Gn. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 503. ossea Prot. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 402. ossiculata Ptych. Led. Hor. Ent. Ross. 8, p. 18. * ostrinaria Ptych. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * ovifera Comost. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 358. ovulata Eustr. Borgmann, Ent. Nachricht, 1880, p. 278. oxybiata Cid. Mill. Rev. Magac. Zool. 1877, p. 161. oxycedrata Eup. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1833, p. 47. * oxydata Eup. 77. Ochsenh. Schmett. Hur. 6 (2), p. 114. oxygonaria Mann. Piing. Iris 12, p. 297. * 414. (1897), * paerlita Gn. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 389. pagina Bo. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 312. * palaearctica Photose. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 68. palaestinensis Chlorissa Fuchs, Societ. Entom. 18, p. 51. palaestinensis Cid. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 296. palaestinensis Gn. Calb. Iris 4, p. 51. pallescens Alc. Bast. Iris 22, p. 178. pallescens Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 110. * pallescens Lithost. Stgr. Iris 9, p. 276. pallescens Lygr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 3, p. 118. pallida Brab. Moore, Lep. Atkins. 3, p. 271. * pallida Calc. Hedem. Hor. Ent. Ross. 16, p. 50. * IV List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. 44] pallida Cid. Lambill. Cat. Lép. Belg. 1905. pallida Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 248. pallida Kup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 67. * pallidaria Ang. Prt. Entomol. Rec. 15, p. 149. pallidaria Bo. Arul. Rev. Russ. Ent. 9, p. 313. pallidaria Epirr. Wendlandt, Entom. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 22. p. 222. pallidaria Hyp. Lambill. Cat. Lép. Belg. 1905. pallidaria Lith. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (IL), p. 172. pallidaria Orthol. Lambill. Cat. Lép. Belg. 1905. pallidaria Pseud. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. Tl. Soc. 14, p. 647. pallidaria Sel. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 51. pallidaria Sel. Sigr. Cat. Pal. Lep. (III), p. 351. pallidata Lar. Sigr. Cat. Pal. Lep. (III), p. 281. pallidata Ptych. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 111. pallidimargo Med. Swinh. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 15, p. 627. pallifasciaria Photosc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897). p. 674. palmata Ptych. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 279. paludata Carsia Thnbg. Mus. Nat. Ac. Ups. p. 76. * palustraria Kup. Dbl. Zoolog. 1850, App. 15. pamphilata Stamm. F/dr. Reise Novara, Tfl. 132. * pannosa Span. Moore. Lep. Ceylon 3, p. 433. * pantaria Abr. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 863. pantarioides Abr. Spitz, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1808, p. 262. pantellaria Kup. Jill. Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 1875, p. 250. papilionaria Hipp. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 522. paradoxaria Sparta Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1862, p. 267. paralellaria Ep. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 104. parallelaria Euc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 550. parallelaria Eup. Bohatsch, Iris 1893, p. 22. parallelaria Hemist. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 241. parallelaria Lobog. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897, p. 550. parallelolineata Cid. Retz. Gen. Spec. Ins. 1 de Geer. pareata Hor. Piing. Iris 21, p. 301. parthenias Breph. Z. Faun. Suec. (II), p. 308. partitaria Lith. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * parva Gar. Hed. Hor. Ent. Ross. 16, p. 45. parvaria Cid. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 52. parvilunaria Sel. Bartel, Entom. Nachricht. 26, p. 340. parvula Cid. Retz. Gen. Spec. d. Geer (II 1, p. 258). parvularia Bo. Leech, Entomolog. 1891, p. 47. parvularia Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 571. parvularia Gymnosc. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 3, p. 114. parvulata Hydrel. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 100. * passetii Anag. Th.-. Le Natural. 1884, p. 437. passetii Breph. Th.-M. Le Natural. 6, p. 487. pastoraria Acid. Joann. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1891, p. 80. patruelis Eup. Dietze, Iris 1906. * paulusi Coen. Rbl. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1906, p. 78. paupera Bup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 127. * paupera Hir. Bélr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 406. paupera Osic. Bilr. Trans. Hnt. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 418. pauperaria Stamn. Hy. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1848 (3), p. 224. pauperrimata Cid. Christ. Hor. Ent. Ross. 22, p. 310. pauxillaria Eup. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. Lep. p. 210. pecharia Ptych. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1863, p. 266. pectinataria Cid. Knoch, Beytr. Ins.-Gesch. 1, p. 55. * pedaria Phig. F. Mant. p. 191. pedemontaria Ist. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 199. peletieraria Croc. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. 8 (1), p. 140. * pellagraria Cab. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 55. pelloniaria Rhod. Gwen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 169. pellucida Eg. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 396. peloponnesiaca Lygr. Rbl. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1902, p. 97. pendearia Cid. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 18, p. 39. * pendularia Cos. Cl. Icones 7. * penguionaria Photose. Oberth. Ht. d’Ent. 18, p. 42. * pennaria Col. LZ. Faun. Suec. p. 324. pennigeraria Fid. Hbdn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * pentheri Gn. Rb/. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1901, p. 801. penulataria Dysc. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * percandidata Hydrel. Christ. Iris 6, p. 96. perdita Gn. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 61. peremptaria Mac. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Br. M. 33, p. 929. perezaria Rhodostr. Oberth. Ann. Soc. H. N. Esp. 1875. (4), 1D Co perfasciata Cid. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 262. perfidata Kup. Mann, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1855, p. 547. perfumata Acid. Reuter, Act. Faun. Flor: Fenn. 9, p. 62. perfusearia Enn. Rbl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 388. 56 442 List perfuseata Cid. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 325. perfuseata Enn. Prt. Seitz, Grob-Schmett. 4, p. 323. peribolata Orthol. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. Tfl. 92. * permixtaria Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. * permutata Acid. Stgr. Iris 9, p. 272. pernotata Bup. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. 2, p. 316. perpetuata Carsia Zed. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1870, p. 40. * perplexaria Orthol. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 212. * perplexaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 663. perpulverea Ptych. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 650. perpusillaria Cleta Hv. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1847 (3), p. 82. * perruptata Gn. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 56, p. 54. persica Our. Wén. Cat. rais. Obj. Zool. M. Pét. p. 267. persimilis Crasp. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 254. personata Acid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8B-Schmett. 4, p. 60. * perspersata Gn. Tr. Ochsenh. Schmett. Hur. 6 (1), p. 166. perspicuata Bo. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 630. perspicuata Lygr. Piing. Iris 21, p. 297. pertubatrix Eup. Dietze, Iris 1906. * perversa Cid. Hirschke, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60, p. 415 perversaria Bo. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 197. perviaria Teph. Zed. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1855, p. 213. * peterseni Cid. Prt. Seitz, Grob-Schmett. 4, p. 260. petitaria Hier. Christ. Stett. Zg. 48, p. 165. petrosa Bo. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 372. phaenicotaeniata Heterol. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir Lep. IV, p. 487. phaiosata Cid. Stgr. Iris 8, p. 337. phantomaria Bo. Graes. Berl.- Ent. Zeitschr. 1890, p. 83. phasidaria Nych. Rghfr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1873, p. 572. phasma Disc. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 441. philipparia Gloss. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, Bh. philolaches Rhodostr. Oberth. Ht. d’Ent. 15, ae phoebearia Probl. Ersch. Hor. Ent. Ross. 4, p. wae phoeniceata Eup. Dietze, Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 392. * phryganea Naxid. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1871, p. 325. pica Proteo. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, Tb. 30. * picaria Abr. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 652. picata Bo. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 408. picata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * piceata Cid. Steph. Ill. Brit. Entom. p. 234. piceata Eup. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 297. * pickettaria Ang. Prt. Entomol. Rec. 15, p. 149. pictaria Camb. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 267. pictaria Hydrel. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. pilosa Ul. Warr. Novit. Zool. 4, p. 386. pilzii Lyc. Stndfs. Handb. GroB-Schmett. p. 59. * pimpinellata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * pinguis Antil. Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 660. piniaria Bup. LZ. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 520. pinicolaria Ell. Bell. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861, p. 29. * pinnaria Orthol. Christ. Hor. Soc. Ross. 22, Pe a piperatum Meg. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 6, p. piperitaria Bo. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 5, p. 46. * pityata Rhop. Amb. Ann. Sc. Obsery. 1829. * placida Cid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 441. plagiata Anait. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 526. plagiogramma Ar. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 509. * plana Chlorissa Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 340. plana Cryps. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 300. planaria Eg. Chréf. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 79 (4), p. 509. planifasciata Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 220. * platyleucata Bapt. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, p. 1628. plebejaria Dysc. Oberth. it. Lép. Comp. 9. plumaria Sel. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 106. plumbaginata Ptych. Homberg, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1912, p. 268. plumbata Cid. Curt. Brit. Entomol. Tb. 643. * plumbata Ches. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (IIL), p. 286. plumbearia Acid. B.-Haas, Iris 20, p. 78. plumbearia Gun. Stgr.. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 167. plumbeata Abr. Chil. Entomologist 1989, p. 2. plumbeolata Eup. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 360. plummistaria Fid. Vill. Linn. Entom. 2, p. 326. plumosaria Megab. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. plumularia Anth. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 231. plumularia Lythr. Frr. Beytr. 1, p. 68. * plurilinearia Asth. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 545. plurilinearia Catacl. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), 1a (ofS), plurilineata Hor. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 273. plurilineata Lygr. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 1834, 645. * p. 43. 24, p. 1123. | porphyraria Lythr. of the Palaearctic Geometrae. pluristrigata Our. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 318. plusiaria Huchl. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. Eur. Lep. p. 189. poecilata Cid. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 62, p. 135. poecilata Hup. Piing. Stett. Zg. 1888, p. 349. poggearia Gn. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1855, p. 212. * polata Cid. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lep. 8. * poliaria Rhodostr. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 503. poliotaria Cid. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 517. politata Ptych. Hbn. Vogel u. Schmett. 1. * pollinaria Gn. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 3, p. 100. * | pollutaria Lom. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * polycommata Noth. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 109. polygrammata Cid. Bkh. Nat. Hur. Schmett. 5, p. 160. polystigmaria Acid. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 649. pomona Hemist. Geoffr. Journ. Ent. Par. 2, p. 264. pomonaria Poec. Hbn. Beytr. Gesch. Schmett. 2. * ponderata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1906, p. 64. poneformata Anait. Stgr. Iris 8, p. 331. pongaria Micrab. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 18, p. populata Lygr. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 525. porata Cos. iL Syst. Nat. (X), p 522. porosa Acid. Krulik. Rev. Russ. Ent. 9, p. 310. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 75. * porphyriata Microlygris Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 276. porracearia Pseud. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 180. porrittii Cid. Robs. u. Gardn. Entomologist 42, p. 64. 27. * postalbaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 645. postalbida Cid. Wilem. Trans: Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 325. * postgenitata Gymmnosc. Dietze, Iris 1908, p. 189. postmutata Photose. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 204. postochrea Anait. Hmps. Faun. Ind. Moths. 3, p. 343. postpositaria Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 234. powelli Bo. Oberth. Kt. Lép. Comp. 8. praecanata Acid. Stgr. Iris 8, p. 330. praecisaria Rhodostr. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 205. praeclarata Bo. Piing. Ivis 12, p. 297. * praeditaria Sci. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 226. * praefecta Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB- Schmett. 4, p. 219. praeformata Anait. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * praepicta Ectr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 33. praepositaria Cid. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 232. praerupta [od. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 49. praesignata Eup. Bohatsch, Iris 1893, p. 21. praestantaria Hem. Piing. Iris 15, p. 156. praestigiaria Gn. Piing. Iris 15, p. 158. * praeustaria Ptych. Mann, Wien. Ent. Mon. 1857, p. 155. prasinaria Ell. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 96. prasinaria Euchl. Hy. Bull. Soc. Mose. 10 (2), p. 52. pratana Oar. Ff. Ent. Syst. 3 (2), p. 161. pratti Hipp. Prt. Gen. Ins. 129, p. 71. prattiaria Ang. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. pravata Ith. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * pressaria Mac. Christ. Iris 6, p. 95. pretiosaria Chlorissa Sigr. Stett. Zg. 38, p. 202. prieta Fid. Rbb. Iris 1912, Beiheft, p. 339. primigena Phthor. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 291. primordiata Cid. Rdtzer, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. 6, p. 181. privata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 137. * privataria Cos. Bastelb. Illustr. Zeitschr. Ent. 3, p. 274. probaria Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 78. * procellata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 114. proclivata Ptych. Muchs, Stett. Zg. 1902, p. 317. procumbaria Comib. Pryer, Cistul. Entom. p. 232. proditaria Mac. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 81. * 2 p. dl. * -productaria Kuld. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 671. productaria Phal. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 208. projectaria Syss. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1897), p. 427. promiscuaria Ptych. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 665. promptata Cid. Piing. Iris 21, p. 300. promulgata Cid. Piing. Iris 21, p. 299. propagata Cid. Christ. Iris 6, p. 95. propinqua Cid. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 420. propinquaria Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 91. propinquaria Syn. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. 1, p. 227. propriaria Eustr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 564. propugnataria Photosc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1807), p. 676. proserpina Cid. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 9, p. 183. * prospicua Noth. Prt. Seitz, GroB- Schmett. 4, p. 183. prospicuata Cid. Prt. Trans. City-Lond. Soc. 17, p. 24. protensa Ptych. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 107. * proterva Eup. Btly. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 445. ——— List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. protrusa Gel. Btlr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 50. * proximaria Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 93, proximaria Mac. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 309. proximaria Orthol. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1833, p. 40. * proximaria Ptych. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 93. pruinaria Cars. Hv. Bull: Mosc. 1851 (2), p. 639. pruinata Pseudot. Hujfn. Berl. Mag. 4, p. 520. pruinosaria Teph. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 82. * pruinosata Holot. Stgr. Iris 10, p- 303. prunaria Ang. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 520. prunata Lygr. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 526. pryeraria Arich. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 51. pryeraria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 420. pryeraria Hypeph. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 56. pryeri Cor. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 393. pryeri Mac. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 393. pseudogaliata Cid. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 317. * pseudolariciata Hup. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Bur. pseudomacariata Lobog. Pouj. Ann. Soc. p. 308. * pseudoterpnaria Ping. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. 9, p. 267. pseudozibellinata Hup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 46. * psoralaria Bo. Mill. Natur. Sicil. 4, p. 278. psoricaria Dysc. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1848 (2), p. 221. pudicaria Acid. Motsch. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1866, p. 197. pudicata Anait. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2. p. 497. puella Breph. Hsp. Schmett. Abbild. 4 (1), p. 163. * puengeleri Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Kupith. p. 47. * plingeleri Cid. Stertz, Iris 15, p. 96. * piingeleri Gn. Bohatsch, 19. Jahrb. Ent. Ver. pulchella Camb. Amps. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 124. * pulchellata Kup. Steph. Brit. Hntom. (Haust.) p. 280. pulcheraria Pseud. Herz, Ann. Mus. Pet. 9, p. 362. * pulcherrimata Cos. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 53, p. 49. pulchra Comib. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 302. * pulechraria Lygr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 566. pulchrata Moer. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 193. pulchrata Orthol. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 204. * pulehrifascia Ac. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 651. pullata Gn. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 108. pullularia Gn. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 6, p. 72. * pulmentaria Chlorissa Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 9, p. 349. pulveraria Anag. ZL. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 521. pulverata Hier. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 193. pulverata Lomogr. Bang-H. Iris 24, p. 46. pulvereisparsa Ner. Hmps. Proc. Zool. p. 268. * pumicaria Teph. Zed. Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges.Wien 1855, p. 213. * pumilata Gymnosc. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * punctaria Abr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 448. punetaria Asp. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. 20 (1897), p. 319. punetaria Comps. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 319. punctaria Cos. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 522. punetaria Croc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 310. punctata Chi. Bang-H. Iris 24, p. 49. punctata Naxid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. punctatissima Cid. Stgr. Iris 19, p. 317. punctigera Lox. Prt. Seitz, GroB®-Schmett. 4, p. 410. punctigera Micrab. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Brit. Mus. 7, p. 113. * punctigera Triph. Strand, Arch. Math. Naturv. 25, Nr. 9. eae. Hem. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), - 426. puncuilifiearia Hydrel. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), p. 80. punctilinearia Rhynch. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 55. punctimarginaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 422. ee ae Phibal. 5 Bes ancdmnaryindria Telen. Warr. Novit. Zool. 10, p. 264. punetinalis Bo. Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 215. punctipes Cid. Curt. App. Ross. Sec. Voy. p. 73. punctisignaria Abr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 447. punctistrigaria Atom. Christ. Iris 6, p. 95. (II), p. 199. Ent. Fr. 1895. Wien, p. 163. Soc. Lond. 1896, (5) 6, p. 128. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. punctivenaria Gn. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 331. punetularia Cos. Lambill. Cat. Lep. Belg. 1905. punctularia Hyp. Lambill. Cat. Lep. Belg. 1905. punctulata Bo. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 106. punctumnotata Cid. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 223. pupillata Cid. Thnbg. Dissert. Ent. 4, p. 62. * puppillaria Cos. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * 443 purpuraria Lythr. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 522. purpurata Dind. Bast. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 4, p. 248 purpurata Lythr. L. Syst. Nat. (XII), p. 864. purpurea Hyp. Warr. Novit. Zool. 9, p. 372. purpureomarginata Ptych. Bhtsch. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1879, p. 409. purus Cab. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist: (5) 1. p. 404. pusaria Cab. LZ. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 522. pustulata Comib. Hufn. Berl. Mag. 4, p. 520. putata lod. L. Syst. Nat. (X) 1, p. 5238. putridaria Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Kur. Schmett. 6, p. 78. * pygmaearia Chi. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 339. pygmaearia Emm. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * pyraliata Lygr. pas ne Verz. p. 117. pyrenaea Ps. Oberth. Kt. d’ Ent. 8, p. 42. | pyrenaearia Cid. Obert. ‘Yet. d’Ent. 8, p. 45. * pyrenaearia Sel. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p- 191. pyrenaica Odez. Gmpg. Nov. Act. Leop. Nat. pyreneata Kup. Mab. Pet. Nouv. 3, p. 168. pyropata Lygr. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * pythonissata Cid. Mill. Iconogr. Thl. 111. * 49 (1), p. 364. quadraria Heterol. Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. 19 (1897), quadriannulata Cid. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 331. quadricalearata Rhodostr. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 38. * quadrifaria Ps. Sulz. Abgek. Gesch. Ins. * quadrifasciata Cid. Cl. Icon. * quadrifera Bo. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 35, p. 1687. quercifoliata Hup. B.-Haas, Naturalh. Tidskr. 11, p. 544. quadrimaculata Pseud. Hatchett, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1, p. 245. * quadrinotata Comib. Bétlr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 107. * quadripunetaria Ist. Muchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 52, p. 150. quadripunectata Als. Hsp. Schmett. Abbild. 5, p. 205. * quaerulata Cid. Piing. Iris 16, p. 294. * querearia Enn. Hbn. Smmilg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * quereimontaria Cos. Bastelb. Stett. Zg. 1897, p. 120. quercinaria Enn. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 520. p- 231. * rablensis Ist. Z. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1868, p. 25. radiata Agl. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1567. radiata Gn. Hirschke, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60, p. 415. radicaria Hor. Lah. Geom. Suppl. 2, p. 26. radiomarginata Cos. Joannis, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1908, p. 45. ragusaria Nych. Mill. Natural. Sicil. 3, p. 196. * ramalaria Cid. Fldr. Reise Novara, Lep. 4. * ramosa Arich. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. ramosaria Cleta Vill. Linn. Entom. 2, p. 329. * raunaria Dysc. Frr. N. Beytr. 6, p. 160. * rayaria Cid. Zed. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p. 381. * 35, p. 1688. ravouxi Lith. Thierry-M. Le Naturaliste 32, p. 46. ravulata Triph. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 221. rebeli Acid. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 62. rebeli Bo. Aign. Rovartani Lapok 13, p. 70. rebeli Hup. Bohatsch, Iris 1893, p. 23. recens Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 349. reciprocaria Bo. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. 21, p. 365. reciprocatus Tan. Leech, Ann. May. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 223. reclamata Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 240. * reetangulata Chlorocl. LZ. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 528. rectifascia Vind. Wil. Entomologist 45, p. 259. te Cid. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. 101. pectitanciuts Cid. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 517. rectilinearia Ner. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 241. rectilinearia Photosc. Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. 19 (1897), p. 675. rectistrigaria Tim. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1851 (2), p. 637. reeurvaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 342. recurvilineata Hydrel. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 256. reducta Eup. Bastelb. Iris 20, p. 263. reformata Bo. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 373. regalis Bist. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 234. regelaria Malac. Tgstr. Cat. Faun. Fenn. p. 29. regina Hum. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 162. * reikjavikaria Eup. Sfgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 197. rejectaria Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 249. relaxata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 367. * relegata Cid. Piing. Iris 22, p. 299. relegata Oper. Prt. Entomologist 41, p. ' relictata Hup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 345. ° remotata Acid. Guen. Spec. Gén. _Lép. Phal. remutata Ptych. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 520. Wien 1853, 2, p. 458. | renataria Ptych. Oberth. Hit. d’ Ent. 3, p. 46. 444 renitidata Gyps. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * renodata Cid. Piing. Iris 21, p. 300. repagulata Ptych. Prt. Seitz, GroB8-Schmett. 4, p. 117. * repandaria Ep. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 508. repandata Bo. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 524. repulsaria Bo. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 21, p. 374. residuata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * residuata Eup. Nolck. Lep. Faun. Esti. 1, p. 290. ; restitutaria Sarc. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1527. restrictaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897). p. 336. retata Chi. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 348. reticularia Abr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 449. reticulata Eustr. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 114. reversa Orthol. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 163. revocaria Asp. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 203. * rhoda Rhodostr. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 41. * rhodogrammaria Ptych. Piing. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 119. * rhomboidaria Bo. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 101. ribeata Bo. Cl. Icones. * ribesata Abr. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 161. richardsi Mac. Prt. Entomologist 41, p. 79. riguata Catacl. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * rimosa Bo. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 372. riparia Eup. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 76. * rippertaria Lith. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. 8 (1), p. 159. * rivata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * rivinata Cid. Fisch.-Réssl. Abb. Schmett.-Kunde I. * rivosulata Eup. Dietze, Stett. Zg. 1875, p. 254. * rivularia Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 93. rivularia Noth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 550. | rivularia Photosc. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 550. rivulosa Pet. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 410. robiginata Ptych. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1863, p. 267. robiniaria Bist. Frings, Societ. Entom. 13, p. 81. roboraria Bo. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 101. robusta Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 76. * robustum Bist. Béilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 371. roeslerstammaria Hil. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Hur. (II), p. 160. roessleraria Lygr. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Zg. 1870, p. 329. rogata Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 248. romanaria Gloss. Mill. Icon. 3, p. 52. romanovi Astr. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 26, p. 457. rongaria Obeid. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 18, p. 35. * roraria Ist. /’. Gen. Ins. p. 285. roscidaria Ist. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * rosea Chlorissa Gmpg. Nova Acta Ac. Leop. 64, p. 492. rosearia Chlorissa Culot, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1910, p. 270. rosearia Hil. Bang-H. Iris 20, p. 85. rosearia Heterol. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p- 230. rosearia Osic. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 204. rosearia Rhodom. Fr. Ochsenh. Schmett. Eur. 6 (2), p. 98. roseata Kyrt. 7Th.-Mieg, Le Natural. 32, p. 247. roseata Rhodostr. Hrsch. Hor. Ent. Ross. 22, p. 201. * roseata Rhodostr. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 41. roseata Tim. Hirschke, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60, p. 414. roseimarginata Spil. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 301. roseofasciata Ptych. Christ. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 114. rosinaria Sir. Oberth. Kt. Lép. Comp. 5, p. 32. * rosmarinata Eup. Mill. Iconogr. 2, p. 104. * rossica Nyss. Harr. Entomologist 43, p. 197. rosthorni Limb. Rothsch. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 540. * rotaria Lythr. Ff. Syst. Ent. Suppl. p. 453. rotundaria Cab. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 289. rotundaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 659. rubearia Cos. Lambill. Cat. Lép. Belg. 1905. rubefactaria Gn. Ping. Iris 15, p. 158. rubellata Acid. Rmb. Cat. Andal. Taf. 21. * rubellata Apl. Vill. Linn. Ent. 2, p. 385. rubellata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 357. ruberata Anait. Rbl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 332. ruberata Cid. Frr. Beytr. I, p. 67. * ruberrima Cos. Bastelb. Illustr. Zeitschr. Ent. 3, p. 274. rubescens Caloc. Rbl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 336. rubidata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 113. rubiginata Acid. Hujfn. Berl. Magaz. 3, p. 610. rubra Comps. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Bur. (II), p. 175. rubraria Apl. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 5. * rubraria Gnopharm. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 184. * rubraria Hydr. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 646. rubraria Ptych. Stgr. Cat. Schmett. Pal. (II), p. 149. * * ! List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. rubrifusa Het. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 498. rubripunetata Pyrrh. Warr. Novit. Zool. 16, p. 125. rubrodotata Triph. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 25, p. 1353. rubrofasciata Rhodostr. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4. rudolphi Loboph. Lampa, Entom. Tidskr. 1885, p. 105. rufaria Ptych. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * rufata Ches. fF. Syst. Ent. 3 (2), p. 181. rufescens Eup. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 445. rufescens Lyge. Gmpbg. Syst. Geom. Zon. temp. 3, p. 322. rufescentaria Zeth. Motsch. Et. d’Ent. 1860, p. 35. ruficiliaria Cos. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 6, p. 135. * ruficiliaria. Hol. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 78. * ruficinetata Cid. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 544. ruficostata Ptych. Z. Stett. Zg. 1849, p. 215. rufigrisea Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 77. * rufilinea Rhodostr. Prt. Seitz, Gro®B-Schmett. 4, p. 40. rufilunaria Hol. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (IIL), p. 272. rufitinetaria Gn. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 503. rufofasciaria Cab. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 316. : rufolinearia Psy. p. 219. rufolimbata Caller. Wil. Entomologist 44, p. 33. rufomixtata Gloss: Rmb. Cat. Andal. * rufonotaria Metabr. Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. 19 (1897), p. 451. rufotineta Chlorissa Burr. Ent. Rec. 20, p. 132. rufotinetata Gloss. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 83. ruminata Ptych. Jill. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. 115. * rupicapraria Theria Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 105. ruptata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * rusicadaria Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 78. * rusticata Ptych. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 111. rybakowi Bo. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 6, p. 61. * Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), sabaudiata Triph. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. 8 (1), p. 370. * sabinata Noth. Hbn.-G. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. Tbl. HOGI sabulosa Ptych. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 105. * saburraria Chi. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1851 (2), p. 640. sacra Bap. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 404. sacraria Gn. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 292. sacraria Rhodom. L. Syst. Nat. (XII), p. 8638. sagittata Cid. F. Mant. p. 212. sagittifera Cid. Gmpbg. Nov. Acta Leop. 3, p. 292. saisanaria Eup. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 75. sajana Breph. Prt. S2itz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 1. sajanaria Cid. Prt. S2itz, Grob-Schmett. 4, p. 224. salicata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * salubraria Ptych. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 13. * sambuearia Our. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 519. sancta Acid. Bllr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 413. sanetaria Ptych. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 387. * sandbergi Opor. Lampa, Entom. Tidskr. 6, p. 111. sandosaria Cid. H.-Schdfj. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 79. * sanguiflua Pseudom. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 233. * j sanguinaria Lythr. Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. Suppl. 4, p. 36. sanguinaria Rhodom. Hsp. Schmett. Abbild. Nat. 5, p. 173. * sanguinea Rhodostr. Th.-Mieg, Le Natural. 1889, p. 197. sanguiniplaga Hydrel. Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, . 655. santoninata Eup. Mab. Pet. Nouv. 1871, p. 168. sardoa Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 151. * sareptanaria Mac. Stgr. Cat. Lep.-Hur. (Il), p. 160. sartata Gn. Tr. Ochsenh. Schmett. Eur. (6) 1, p. 175. sartata Orthol. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 198. * sartharia Ptych. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 149. sarthularia Ptych. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 268. satsumaria Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 91. saturata Cid. Guen: Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. p. 269. saturata Gn. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 1902, p. 73. saturata Microl. Bang-Haas, Iris 19, p. 137. * satyrata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * saurucki Hor. Schaw. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 61, p. 175. saxea Cid. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 327. seabraria Ptych. Chrét. Le Natural. 31. p. 44. sealaria Hem. Christ. Iris 6, p. 95. sealptata Eup. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 134. * scandinavaria Sel. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 351. schaefferi Cab. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 80. * schiefereri Eup. Bohatsch, Iris 1893, p. 31. schmidii Eup. Dietze, Stett. Zg. 1872, p. 112. schneideraria Cid. Zed. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1855, p. 214. * * fh LL a List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. schneideri Cid. Sandb. Entom. Tidskr. 1885, p. 199. sehneideri Opor. Lampa, Entom. Tidskr. 6, p. 111. schéyeni Acid. Sp.-Schneid. IEntom. Tidskr. 1883, p. schultzi Enn. Siebert, Societ. Entomol. 22, p. 33. schultziaria Cid. Heider, Societ. Entomol. 19, p. 177. sechwederi Lygr. Teich, Korr.-Bl. Nat. Ver, Riga 1908, p. 37. scintillans Nin. Vh.-MWieg, Seitz, Grob-Schmett. 4, p. 317. * scopariata Hup. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1832, p. 49. * scopulata Gn. Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 1889, p. 221. scoriata Eup. Sigr. Stett. Zg. 1857, p. 265. scorteata Hor. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (111), p. 321. scortillata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1903, p. 351. seotaeata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. * seotosiaria Med. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 420. seotosiata Hor. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 434. scripturata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * secundaria Bo. Hsp. Schmett. Abbild. Nat. * sedataria Acid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 97. Seitzi, Bo. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 375. ae selenaria Bo. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 101. selinata Eup. H.-Schdjj. Corrbl. f. Ins. 1861, p. 131. semenovi Cid. 4/ph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 26, p. 458. 80. * semiclarata Bo. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 24, p. 1029. semifasciata Cid. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 243. semigraphata Eup. Bsd. Cat. Doubs. p. 98. semihyalina Kran. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 645. semilutea Teph. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p. 379. * Semiorbiculata Rhop. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p- 103. semipectinata Iod. Retz. Gen. Spec. Ins. p. 48. semistrigata Disc. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 99. semisuffusa Cid. Ckll. Entomologist 1889, p. 55. semitaria Eucr. Piing. Iris 14, p. 333. Semitata Gloss. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. $4. semiturpis Abr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 4, p. 396. sempervirens Gn. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 386. sempionaria Cid. Rédtzer, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 6, p. 181. senata Lithost. Christ. Stett. Zg. 1887, p. 166. senectaria Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. .6, p. 79. * Senescens Philer. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 223. senillaria Gn. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 1901, p. 375. senilis Hem. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 48. ** Sentinaria Hol. Hbn.-G. Zutr. Smmlg. Hxot. Schmett. Separata Eup. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 476. Separata Rhodostr. Th.-Mieg, Le Natural. 1889, p. 197. Sepiaria Teph. Hjn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 516. Septaria Orph. Stgr. (Guen.) Cat. Pal. Lep. (III), p. 348. serenaria Diast. Sigr. Iris 8, p. 364. * Seriaria Naxa Motsch. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 39 (1), p. 196. seriata Cid. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 278. Seriata Ptych. Schrk. Faun. Bo. 2 (2), p. 57. sericaria. Gn. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 180. * sericata Triph. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 444. sericea Myrt. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 439. sericea Xand. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1581, p. 409. sericearia Bo. Curt. Brit. Entom. 3, p. 113. Sericeata Ptych. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * seriopunctata Loxasp. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 498. * Serotinaria Gn. Schiff. Wien. Verz. (Anhg.) p. 315. Serpentata Ptych. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4. serraria Cid. Z. lsis 1846, p. 200. Serraria Huchl. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 141. serraria Hem. Costa, Atti Ac. Napol. 9, p. 41. * serrataria Cid. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 219. serratilinearia Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 323. serrularia Phas. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1847 (3), p. 81. * sertata Acas. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * seseraria Triph. Oberth. Ht. d’Ent. 18, p. 37. * setaceata Eup. Dieize, Iris 1900, p. 308. sexalata Myst. Retz, Gen. Spec. Insect. Sextiata Hup. Mill. Icon. 2, p. 370. * shanghaisaria Mac. Whkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 23, p. 926. shetlandica Cid. Weir, Entomologist 13, p. 290. * siaolouaria Tristr. Oberth. Wt. Lép. Comp. 5, p. 28. * sibiriata Gn. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 300. sibirica Orthol. B.-Haas, Iris 20, p. 82. sicanaria Rhodostr. Z. Stett. Zg. 1852, p. 180. sideritaria Triph. Oberth. Kit. d’Ent. 10, p. 34. * Sieversi Rhodostr. Christ. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 115. Signaria Mac. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * Signata Gar: Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1886, p. 392. * 445 signigera Hil. Bil. Ul. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 112. * signigera Eup. Bllr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Mist. (5) 4, p. 442. | silaceata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 113. silenata Eup. (Assm.) St/s. Bresl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1549, p. 15. * | silenicolata Eup. J/ab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1866, p. 562. similaria Arich. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. flist. 19 (1897), p. 434. similaria Gon. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 227. similaria Orthol. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897). p. 554. similaria Our. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p..192. * | Similaria Phyll. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 441. _ simonyi Hucr. Rbl. Annal. Wien. Hofmus. 9, p. 67. simplaria Acid. Prr. N. Beitr. 6. p. 183. * : simplex Comps. BGtlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 394. simplex Pseudot. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 6, p. 54. simpliciaria Bapt. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 23, p. simpliciata Anait. Zr. Ochsenh. Schmett. Hur. 10 (2), p. simplicior Bapt. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 793. 210. 412. _ simplifiecata Orthol. Th.-Mieg, Le Natural. 29, p. 200. | Sordidaria Lythr. Zett. Ins. Lap. p. simplonica Caloc. Wackerz. Stett. Zg. 1890, p. 143. sinapiaria Arch. Powj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 64, p. 309. Sinearia Bo. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2. sinensaria Myrt. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ips Oe, sinensis Orthol. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 196. sinensis Rhodostr. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, p. 43. siniearia Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 324. sinicaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 421. * 19) (1897), * sinicaria Cab. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 315. sinicaria Eup. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), p. 65. sinicaria Mac. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 26, p. 1650. sintenisi Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 242. sinuosa Sci. Wil. Entomologist 43, p. 345. sinuosaria Crasp. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), p. 108. sinuosaria Eup. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1848 (3), p. 230. sinuosaria Heter. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 548. P sinuosaria Iod. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 244. sinuosaria Phig. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 321. Siterata Cid. Hujfn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 522. smallmani Poec. Harr. Entomologist 43, p. 197. smaragdaria Huchl. F. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 192. smaragdularia HEuchl. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 142. smirnovi Asp. Rom. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 106. * snelleni Gn. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 3, p. 96. * sobrinata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * sociaria Syn. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * sodaliaria Ptych. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, 65. * sodorensium Bo. Weir, Entomologist 14, p. 220. * solidaginis Eup. Muchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 55, p. 78. solieraria Bo. Rbr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1834, p. 30. * solitaria Apost. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 3, p. 101. * songariea Bo. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 176. ~* sophia Eup. Bélr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 444. sordaria Gn. Thnbg. Dissert. Entom. 4, p. 60. = sordida It. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 418. sordida Bo. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 406. sordida Bo. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 435. 754. E sordidaria Sel. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 205. sordidata Cid. F. Ent. Syst. p. 185. sordidata Eup. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 330. sorditaria Erann. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * southi Bo. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 372. * spadicearia Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 113. spangbergi Ang. Lampa, Entom. Tidskr. 1885, p. 95. sparsa Arich. Btlr. Entomologist 23, p. 316. sparsaria It. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. sparsata Coll. 77. Ochsenh. Schmett. Eur. 2, p. 133. specularia Cor. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 649. specularis Gar. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 623. 3 spissilimbaria Ptych. Mab. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 59. spissilineata? Hup. Metzner, Stett. Zg. 1846, p. 241. spitzi Ps. Rbl. 17. Jahresb. Wien. Ent. Ver. 1906, p. 54. spodiaria It. Zef. Guér. Mag. 1 (1831), cl. 9. * : splendens Nin. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Lep. Br. Mus. 2, sponsaria Hipp. Brem. Mém. Acad. Sci. Pét. (7) sproengertsi Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Hupith. p. 114. spurearia Gn. Lah. Faun. Suisse Lép. p. 63. * squalidaria Ptych. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 405. * ily © p- ; 8 le > P- oe | staudingeraria Syn. Martorell, Cat. meth. Lep. Barcelona, p. 140. “446 staudingeri Eup. Bohatsch, Iris 1893, p. 11. staudingeri Kuld. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 207. * staudingeri Lithost. Hrsch. Hor. Ent. Ross. 8, p. 317. staudingeri Ptygm. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 85. staudingeri Rhodostr. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 186. * steganioides Acid. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 51. * stellata Cid. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893. p. 367. stemmataria Gn. Hv. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1848 (3), p. 227. stenotaenia Ps. Schwingenschuss, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 59, p. 330. stertzi Eup. Rbl. Ann. Wien. Hofmus. 24. p. 338. stevenaria Gn. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 187. stigmatica Phot. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 680. stigmatica Rhodostr Btlr Ill. Typ. Het. Br: Mus. 2, p. 110. * stigmaticata Eup. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 137. stipitaria Bo. Oberth. Kt. @ Hunt. 5, p. 45. * stoliezkaria Gn. Moore, (Cot. u. Swinh.) Nr. 3415. stolidaria Med. Zeech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 420. strabonaria Cos. Z. Bresl. Entom. Zeitschr. 1851, p. 68. * stragulata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * straminea Prot. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 370. straminearia Asth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20 (1897), 7 Qs straminearia Lox. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 234. straminearia Trig. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 306. strandi Eup. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 62, p. 379. strandiata Gn. Fuchs. Societ. Entom. 18, p. 73. strataria Bist. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 514. stratata Hor. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 323. * stratonice Cyst. Cr. Papil. Exot. 4. * strenioides Prot. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 46. * striataria Comib. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 239. striatifera Bo. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 503. * strictaria Hem. Led. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1853, p. 378. strigata Bup. Dziurz, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 57, p. 8. * strigata Cid. Pack. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 11, p. 50. strigata Rhodostr. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 154. strigillaria Perc. Hbn. Beytr. 1. * striolata Ptych. Stgr. Ivis 5, p. 146. * striolata Thin. Btlr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. 17, p. 202. strix Oenosp. Bélr. Ill. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 105. * stulta Heterol. Bily. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4. p. 370. stupida Cid. Alph. Rom. Mém. Lép. 9, p. 73. styriaca Ist. Schwingenschuss, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 61, SB. p. 46. suavata Cid. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880, p. 99. suavis Chlor. Swink. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 670. subaerata Chlorocl. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. subalbida. Arich. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 425. * subangularia Cos. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 354. i subangulata Cid. Koll. Hiig. Kaschmir 4, (Lep.) p. 490. subatrata Hup. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 197. subbadiata Cid. Strand, Arch. Naturv. Krist. 25 (9), subbrunneata Eup. Dietze, Iris 10, p. 112. p. 21. subbyssata Cid. Strand, Arch. Math. Naturv. 25 (1903), Nr. 9. | subeaerulescens Hipp. Burr. Entom. Rec. 17, p. 202. subcinetata Chlorocl. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. subeonspicua Rhodostr. Prt. Seitz, Grof-Schmett. 4, subcordaria Hil. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. subdeleta Lom. Chil. Entomolog. 1889, p. 99. 298. p. 41 subfasciaria Cid. Boh. Acad. Hmdl. Stockh. 1852, p. 133. suplasciata Caloc. Reuter, Act. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn. 9, p. 68. subfasciata Ptych. Prt. Seitz, Grob-Schmett. 4, p. 133. subfenestrata Eup. Sigr. Iris 1892, p. 259. subferrugineata Dal. Pouj. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1895, p. 307. * subflavaria Bo. Mill. Catal. Will. Catal. raison. p. 404. subfulvata Eup. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 357. subfulvata Eup. Bartel, Iris 15, p. 218. subfuseata Lithost. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 284. subgriseata Cid. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 246. subhastata Cid. Nolck. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1870, p. 68. sublactata Acid. Haw. Lepid. Britann. sublataria Asp. Iuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 53, p. sublimis Bo. Bilr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 103. * sublongaria Ptych. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 388. sublunaria Sel. Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent. 3, p. 170. * submacularia Gel. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 242. submaculata Phr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 8, p. 448. submarmoraria Bo. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 267. submundulata Anait. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 217. submutata Acid. Zr. Ochsenh. Schmett. Eur. 6 (2), p. 277. 56. 71, * | | superans Terpna Bitlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 398. subfalearia Hast. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1880 (2), p. 46. | List oft the Palaeartic Geometrae. submutulata Acid. Rbl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 321. subnitida Bo. Warr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 421! subnotata Bapt. Warr. Novit. Zool. 2, p. 127. subnotata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. * subobseura Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 252. subobseleta Hipp. Burr. Entom. Rec. 17, p. 202. subochraria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. 19, p. 647. suboechraria Ptych. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 144. suboechreata Cos. Woodforde, Entom. Rec. 13, p. 296. subornata Acid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 79. suboxydata Eup. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 112. subpicaria Med. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 361. * subplagiata Hem. Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 21, p. 319. subpulehrata Eup. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 221. * subpuncetaria Acid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. Geom. * subpunctaria Tristr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 192. * subpurpuraria Plag. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897). p. 227. subpurpurata Ptych. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 387. * subravaria Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 235. * subrepandata Bo. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 175. subrosearia Rhodom. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 176. subroseata Cos. Woodf. Entom. Month. Mag. 46, p. 114. subroseata Het. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 449. subrubraria Gnopharm. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 184. subrufaria Ptych. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 386. subsacraria Rhodom. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. Pal. (IJ), p. 176. subsaturata Ptych. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. (2), p. 542. subsequaria Eup. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 76. * | Subsericeata Ptych. Haw. Lep. Britann. p., 352. subsignaria Gn. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 191. subspersata Xyl. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 5, Tb. 125. * substraminata Ptych. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 122. * substrigaria Acid. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 391. subtacineta Eup. Hmps. Faun. Ind. Moths 3, p. 399. subtaminata Bapt. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 315. subtilata Acid. Christ. Stett. Zg. 1867, p. 236. subtiliaria Comost. Brem. Mém. Ac. Sci. Pét. (7) 8, p. 76. * subtiliata Eup. Christ. Hor. Ent. Ross. 12, p. 262. * subtilis Eup. Dietze, Iris 1906, p. 66. subtristata Cid. Haw. Lep. Brit. p. 332. subumbrata Eup. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 110. subvariegata Gn. Stgr. Iris 10. p. 311. * subvicinaria Orthol. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 211. subviridis Cid. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 14, p. 517. succenturiata Eup. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 528. sudataria Apl. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * suffumata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. (Anhg.) p. 316. suffumata Tim. Prt. Seitz, Gro8B-Schmett. 4, p. 48. suffusa Abr. Zutt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, p. XLIX. suffusa Abr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 417. suffusa Anait. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 177. suffusa Cid. Carrington, Entomologist 14, p. 73. * suffusa Ligd. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 213. suffusa Lom. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 312. suffusa Rhodostr. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 41. suffusa Syn. Prt. Seitz, GroB’-Schmett. 4, p. 318. sulphurea Opisth. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 6, p. 128. superans Buz. Bil. Ul. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 2, p. 48. superans Probl. Btlr. Cistul. Entom. 3, p. 122. superba Gn. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 386. * superciliata Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 67. * supergressa Cid. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 448. | superior Acid. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 400. superpositaria Cid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 224. supinaria Gn. Mann, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1854, p. 566. | suplata Cid. Frr. Beytr. Taf. 323. * suppressaria Buz. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1. p. 210. | supproximata Orthol. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 210. suppunctaria Cos. Z. Isis 1847, p. 496. suspecta Abr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 1, p. 417. suspectata Eup. Dietze, Stett. Zg. 1871, p. 120. sydyi Eup. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1885, p. 351. sylvanaria Hyp. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. p. 431. * sylvata Abr. Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 220. sylvestraria Ptych. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * sympathica Cos. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 166. * syrene Chlor. Geoffr. Fourc. Hnt. Par. 2, p. 286. syriaca Mann. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 382. syriacaria Mac. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Hur. (II), p. 160. syriacaria Sel. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal, (III), p. 351. syriacata Acid. Neuburger, Societ. Entomol. 19, p. 115. List of the Palaearctic Geometrae. syriacata Hup. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 14, p. 477. syriatica Pseud. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 1, p. 113. * syringaria Phal. LZ. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 520. szechuanensis Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 73. tabianaria Acid. 77ti. Natural. Sicil. 18, p. 43. * tabidaria Rhodostr. Z. Isis 1847, p. 506. tabulata Cid. Piing. Iris 21, p. 299. tacetaria Cid. Fr7. Beytr. 602. * taezanowskiara Cid. Oberth. Kit. d’Ent. 5, p. 54. * taeniaria Rhodostr. Frr. N. Beytr. 3, p. 131. taeniata Cid. Steph. Ill. Brit. Entom. 3, p. 299. * taeniolaria Sel. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. taicoumaria Nax. de 7O. Ent. Lep. Jap. p. 48. tamaria Cid. Oberth. Et. d’ Ent. 8, p. 26. * tamarisciata Eup. Prr. N. Beytr. 2, p. 153. * tanerearia Lith. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 201. tanerei Comib. Graes. Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 33, p. 264. tandjrinaria Neol. Oberth. Kt. @ Ent. 18, p. 34. * tangens Anait. W. Fritsch, Int. Entom. Zeitschr. 5, p. 163. tantillaria Eup. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 210. taochata Triph. Zed. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1870, p. 40. * tarfata Eup. Zuc.-Joann. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 76, p. 365. tauaria Cid. Stgr. Stett. Zg. 1882, p. 70. taurica Cid. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (IIL), p. 295. taurica Ptych. Bang-Haas, Iris 20, p. 78. tehraparia Bo. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 18, p. 25. * tehraria Disc. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 18, p. 29. * tehratchraria Asth. Oberth. Ht. d’ Ent. 18, p. 32. * tehrinaria Hydrel. Oberth. Et. d Ent. 18, p. 29. tectata Opor. Fuchs, Jabrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk. 53, p. 58. tedalvivata Eup. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 62, p. 125. tekkearia Dysc. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 123. * temeraria Mac. Swinh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 492. temerata Bapt. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 116. tempestaria Cid. H.-Schajf. Syst. Schmett.: Hur. * tempestivata Gymuosc. Zell. Isis 1847, p. 502. tendinosaria Bo. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 73. * tenebraria Gn. F. Wagner, Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 4, p. 209. tenebraria Nyss. Rb/. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 60, p. 17. tenebraria Orph. Hsp. Schmett. Abbild. Nat. 5. * tenebraria Orthoi. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * tenellata Eup. Dietze, Iris 1900, p. 165. * tenera Hydrel. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 102. * tenerata Leptost. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1880 (2), p. 88. tenerata Oper. Stgr. Iris 8, p. 332. tenerifensis Eup. Rbl. Ann. Wien. Hofm. 1906, p. 22. tenietaria Bo. Sigr. Iris 12, p. 394. tenuiata Eup. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * tenuiata Mac. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Pal. (III), p. 333. tenuis Als. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 445. tenuisaria Bo. Stgr. Iris 12, p. 394. tenuisaria Comib. Graes. Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 32, p. 385. terentius Ptych. Baker, Entom. Month. Mag. 21, p. 244. teriolensis Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 54. * ternata Acid. Schrank (= commutata Frr.) N. Beytr. 77, pad. * terpnaria Ptych. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 129. * terranea Noth. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 441. terranea Zola Bitlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 446. terraria Bo. Bang-H. Iris 20, p. 85. terrarius Bist. Weym. Jahresb. Wiss. Elberfeld 1884, p. 73. * terrenata Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 58. * terrestaria Rhodostr. Zed. Hor. Ent. Ross. 6, p. 90. * terrosa Hypeph. Btlr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 101. * tersata Hor. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 109. tersulata Hor. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Hur. (II), p. 192. tessellaria Acid. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 228. tessularia Narr. Metzner, Stett. Zg. 1845, p. 186. testacea Zancl. Béilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 405. testaceata Cid. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 263. testaceata Hor. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * testaceata Hydrel. Don. Nat. Hist. Br. Ins. 16, p. 51. * testaceolata Cid. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II) p. 191. testaria Amygd. F. Ent. Syst. p. 1438. testata Lygr. Z. Faun. Suec. p. 331. tetralunaria Sel. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 106. tetrica Arich. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 451. tetricata Hor. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 433. teucraria Eg. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 196. textaria Ptych. Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1861, p. 153. * textilis Naxa Wkr. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 1743. thalictrata Eup. Piing. Iris 1902, p. 137. * | | theuropides Gn. Oberth. Wt. d’Ent. 15, p. 447 thaumasia Dasy. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 168. * thaumastaria Lign. Rb/. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1901. p- 800. thedenii Cid. Lampa, Entom. Tidskr. 1885, p. 110. therinata Cos. Bastelb. Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. 53, p. 208. thermosaria Eup. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soe. 14, p. 644. 22). * thibetaria Buz. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 9, p. 32. * thibetaria Ur. Bast. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 5, p. 157. thingvallata Cid. Sigr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II), p. 183. tholeraria Gn. Piing. Iris 14, p. 188. * thoracicaria Bist. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 9, p. 26. * thulearia Cid. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 156. thules Cid. Pri. Entom. Rec. 8, p. 163. thules Cid. Weir, Entomologist 13, p. 293. * tianschanica Cid. Alph. Hor. Ent. Ross. 17, p. 213. * tibetaria Rhodostr. Sigr. Iris 8, p. 331. tibiale Babtr. Hsp. Schmett. Abbild. 4, p. 568. tibiaria Gn. Rmb. Ann. Sci. Observ. 1829. * tigrata Obeid. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 202. tiliaria Enn. Hbn. Beytr. Gesch. Ins. 2. * timozzaria Cid. Const. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1884, p. 202. * tinagmaria Myrt. Guen. Spec. Gén. Lép. Phal. 2, p. 55. tindzinaria Eulygd. Oberth. Ht. d’Ent. 18, p. 26. * tineata Ptych. Th.-Mieg, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 54, p. 486. tonchignearia Photosc. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 18, p. 38. * tonghata Asp. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 4, Tbl. 129. * tophaceata Cid. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 113. torniplaga Heterol. Pri. Seitz, Gro8B-Schmett. 4, p. 341. * torpidaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 658. torrida Ambl. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 621. tortuosa Bist. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 310. tortuosaria Abr. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 446. totarubra Ptych. Zambill. Cat. Lep. Belg. 1905. touranginii Breph. Berce, Faun. France Lep. 4, p. 169. | transiens Cleta Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 88. * transversa Abr. Tutt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, p. XLIX. transversa Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 85. * transversa Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 122. * transversata Philer. Hufn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 600. trapezaria Croc. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 184. treitschkei Breph. Prt. Seitz, Gro8-Schmett. 4, p. 1. triangulifera Cid. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 275. triangulum Pseud. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 11, p. 32. * tribunaria Eup. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 76. * tricotaria Bo. Fidr. Reise Novara, Lep. 4. * tridentifera Opisth. Moore, Lep. Atkins. p. 230. trifasciata Anon. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soe. 14, p. 497. trigeminata Ptych. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 354. trilinearia Asp. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 235. trilineata Cos. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 150. trimacularia Opisth. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 298. * trimaculata Lomogr. Vill. Linn. Entom. 2, p. 384. trinotata Hil. Metzner, Stett. Zg. 1845, p. 184. tripartaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 343. tripunctaria Cid. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 666. | tripunetaria Eup. H.-Schdjff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 6, p. 77. * | tripunetaria Myrt. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 195. trisignaria Eup. H.-Schdff. Syst. Schmett. Eur. 3, p. 120. * tristaria Bo. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 344. | tristata Cid. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 526. | tristriata Ptych. Stgr. Iris 5, p. 150. tristrigalis Rhodostr. Bélr. Ill. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 110. * tristrigaria Cid. Don. Nat. Hist. 13, T. 481. * tristis Bo. Bélr. Il. Typ. Het. Br. Mus. 7, p. 102. * tristis Bup. Dziurz, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 57, p. 9. * tristis Caloc. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 201. * troglodytaria Ptych. H.-Schaff. Syst. Schmett. Hur. 6, p. 66. * trunecaria Heter. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), Te PIR * | truneata Cid. Hujfn. Berl. Magaz. 4, p. 602. tundraeata Cid. Popp. Act. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn. 28, p. 6. * tunkunata Opor. B.-Haas, Iris 24, p. 45. turanicus Micr. Stgr. Ivis 12, p. 393. turbata Cid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * turbidaria Acid. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * turbulentaria Acid. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 7, p. 151. turfosata Eup. Draudt, Speiser, Schmett. O.- u. W.-PreuB. p. 72. turturaria Dysc. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 185. tusciaria Croc. Bkh. Scriba, Beytr. Ins.-Gesch. p. 217. * 448 uliata Eup. Stgr. Iris 9, p. 281. ulicata Cid. Rmb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1834, p. 394. * ultimaria Eup. Bsd. Gen. Ind. meth. p. 210. umbelaria Acid. Hbn. Smmlg. Hur. Schmett. Geom. ~* umbraria Bo. Hbn. Smmlg. Eur. Schmett. Geom. * umbraria Philer. Leech, Entomologist 1891, Suppl. p. 53. umbrifera Cid. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 4, p. 443. umbrifera Orthol. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 158. umbrosaria Cid. Motsch. Ht. Ent. (1864), p. 36. unangulata Cid. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 332 uncinata Cid. Piing. Iris 13, p. 121. * undata Eup. Frr. Beytr. 4, p. 54. * ‘ | undata Mesot. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 70. * undata Zola Stgr. Iris 10, p. 70. undosata Eup. Diz. Stett. Zg. 1875, p. 250. * undulans Loph. Hmps. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soe. 14, p. 645. undularia Arich. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19 (1897), p. 438. undularia Hydrel. Leech, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1897), p. 20. undulata Caloc. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 524. undulata Cid. Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 147. * undulata Cid. Strand, Nyt. Mag. Naturv. (1901), p. 39. undulosa Photosc. Alph. Stett. Zg. 1888, p. 69. unedonata Eup. Jab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1867, p. 649. * unicinetata Opor. Strand, Nyt. Magac. Natury. 39, p. 69. unicolaria Cos. Lambill. Cat. Lép. Belg. 1905. unicolor Acid. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 55. unicolor Anag. Hirschke. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. = 415. fr aiee Cid. Rbl. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 345. unicolor Cid. Rb/. Berge, Schmett.-Buch (IX), p. 349. unicolor Croc. Prt. Seitz, GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 332. unicolor Oper. Lambill. Cat. Lép. Belg. 1905. unicolor Orthol. Th.-Mieg. Le Natural. 1884, p. 437. unicolor Syn. Wil. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911, p. 299. unicolora Bup. Strd. Schrift. Naturf. Ges. Danzig 10 (n. p. 285. unicoloraria Ang. Leech, unicoloraria Emat. Stqr. unicoloraria Gn. Rmb. Cat. Andal. unicoloraria Lith. Oberth. Et. d’ Ent. 6, p. 83. unicolorata Asp. Seeb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1898, p. 140. unicolorata Cab. Teich, Stett. Zg. 1892, p. 356. unicolorata Rhodostr. Stgr. Cat. Lep. Eur. (II). unicoloria Enn. Hsp. Schmett. Abbild. 19. * unidentaria Cid. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 308. unifasciata Cid. Haw. Lep. Britann. p. 335. unifasciata Noth. Rb/. Berge, Schmetit. Buch (IX), p. uniformis Gn. Sigr. Iris 5, p. 188. uniformis Ptych. Stgr. Iris 10, p. unilinea Euchl. Burr. Ent. Ree. unilinea Rhodostr. Prt. Seitz, unilobata Cid. Haw. Britann. p. 331. unio Myrt. Oberth. Et. @ Ent. 9, p. 32. * unipuncta Anth. Swink. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. unistriga Tristr. Warr. Novit. Zool. 10, p. 268. unistrigata Pygm. Strd. Nyt. Magac. Naturw. unitaria Eup. H.-Schdfj. Syst. Schmett. Eur. unitaria Syn. Stgr. Hor. Ent. Ross. 7, p. 162. unostrigata Ptych. Baker, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. : urzhumaria Als. Krul. Rev. Russ. Entom. 8, p. 242. usgentaria Lithost. Christ. Rom. Mém. Lép. 2, p. 131. usitata Hipp. Btir. Ill. Typ. Met. Br. Mus. 2, p. 49. * ussuriaria Hemith. Brem. Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 77. * ussuriensis Eup. Dietze, Biolog. Eupith. p. 94. * ustaria Emat. Fuchs, Stett. Zg. 1901, p. 154. ustata Noth. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mose. 1880 (2), p. 91. ustipennis Cid. Hmps. Faun. Ind. Moths. 3, p. 367. ustulataria Prot. Christ. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1881 (2). p. 63. Wien 60. * F.), 52. Suppl. joe elligHle Entomologist 1891, Cat. Lep. Eur. (IT), * p- p. 154. 333. Axi Pees Julby GroB-Schmett. 4, p. 38. aS bo iil, zonaria Ag. Don. Ins. Chin. Tbl. 44. * zonaria Nyss. Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 100. zonata Loboph. Thnbg. Diss. Entom. 4, p. 50. * IV 57 450 List of the new species and varieties. List of the new species and varieties described in vol. 4. abafii (Cidar. alaudaria) Prt. . . aceentuata (Discol. tchraria) Prt. aestiva (Cos. annulata) Prt. . alba (Itame wauaria) Prt. pasecmrer fs albescens (Boarmia punctulata) Prt. albifera (Boarmia grisea) Prt. . albimacula (Cidar. variabilis) Prt. . angustifasciata (Cidar. unangulata) Prt. . antiplasta (Arichanna) Prt. apicata (Cryptoloba) Pri. . . approximans (Cos. linearia) Prt. approximata (Orthol. mucronata) Prt. arenaria (Gloss. confinaria) Prt. aurata (Gonodontis) Prt. . barteli (Arichanna) Prt. .. benescripta (Biston suppressaria) Prt. bicauliata (Cidaria) Prt. bicolor (Caloc. tristis) Prt. . bicolor (Heterol. laminaria) Prt. bifalsaria (Acidalia) Prt. brunneimargo (Bapta bimaculata) Pri. butleri (Acidalia) Prt. : eandicans (Acid. gastonaria) Prt. cantiata (Ptych. ochrata) Prt. citrinata (Ourapt. sambucaria) Prt. elaudaia (Acid. floslactata) Prt. coangulata (Cidaria) Prt. : coaretata (Cidar. designata) Prt. coneordaria (Ptychopoda) Piing. coniaria (Acid. pallida) Prt. conjunctiva (Acid. floslactata) Prt. conjunctiva (Lythria purpuraria) Prt. constrieta (Cidar. pectinataria) Prt. constricta (Hup. pini) Pri. Sabie: contaminata (Gonod. acutaria) Prt. eontrita (Cidaria) . 2 Gh ase corticosa (Hupithecia) Prt. eulpini (Abraxas) Prt. decolor (Triphosa sericata) Prt. defasciata (Cidar. abraxina) Prt. degenerata (Cidar. fulvata) Prt. delictata (Ptych. dimidiata) Prt. delitata (Acidalia) Prt. demaisoni (Lythria purpurata) "Prt. demptaria (Cos. linearia) Prt. dentigera (Hemist. chrysoprasaria) Prt. denudaria (Ptychopoda) Prt. diffinaria (Glossostrophia) Prt. duponcheli (Encon. miniosaria) Prt. egenata (Cidaria) Prt. emma (Acidalia) Prt 6 eucireota (Problepsis) Prt. eucosma (Discoloxia) Prt. eurata (Glossostrophia) Prt. exhausta (Cidaria) Prt. £8 expansata (Cidar. intersecta) Prt. exstirpata (Acid. subpunctaria) Prt. extenuata (Gloss. confinaria) Prt. extradentata (Orthol. mucronata) Prt. fasciata (Biston betularia) Prt. fasctata (Lycia hirtaria) Prt. fasciata (Chiasma clathrata) Prt. fasciata (Orthol. bipunctaria) Prt. fasciata (Pseudot. pruinata) Prt. page . 253 - 270 . 145 . 401 - otg . 369 . 259 . 247 . 305 5 gal - 150 - 158 6 18% 331 . 304 . 360 . 268 . 201 . 340 OD . 314 78 fasciata (Triphosa amdoénsis) Prt. . flavescens (Art. evonymaria) Prt. flavescens (Cos. pendularia) Prt. flavescens (Liycia hirtaria) Pr. fumipennis (Narraga fasciolaria) Prt. fumosa (Hucten. maculicaudaria) Prt. . fumosaria (Acidalia) Prt. ale A fuscomixtata (Ptych. serpentata) Prt. grumi (Gnophos difficilis) Prt. . hispanaria (Ptychopoda) Piing. hiibneri (Boarmia manuelaria) Prt. huenei (Operophthera brumata) Prt. humilis (Acid. ignobilis) Prt. illineata (Cidar. bilineata) Prt. infuseata (Acid. albiceraria) Prt. infuseata (Anaitis annexata) Prt. infusecata (Cidar. munitata) Prt. infuseata (Cidar. procellata) Prt. infuseata (Cos. linearia) Prt. . infuseata (Ptych. biselata) Prt. intaminata (Acid. marcidaria) Prt. irroraria (Hypox. pluviaria) Prt. islandica (Cidar. alternata) Prt. languidata (Acid. flaccata) Prt. latefasciaria (Trichod. kindermanni) Prt. latifasciata (Cos. maderensis) Prt. latifasciata (Opor. christyi) Prt. latipennata (Hupithecia) Prt. leuraria (Acidalia) Prt. ; lutea (Abrax. picaria) Prt. . . lutescens (Ptych. muricata) Prt. maculosa (Thinopt. crocoptera) Prt. magna (Acid. decorata) Prt. . magna (Orthol. peribolata) Prt. magnifica (Gandar. fixseni) Prt. marginata (Acid. submutata) Prt. mediangularis (Cidavia) Prt. mediolineata (Cidaria) Prt. . mixticolor (Hypochr)si;) Prt. 5 mundata (Acid. marginepunctata) Prt. napoleon (Ptych. albitorquata) Prt. nasuta (Scion. anomala) Prt. : nigrilineata (Garaeus parva) Prt. ningpoaria (Boarmia) Prt. oberthueri (Tristoph. subpunctaria) Prt. obliterata (Orthol. bipunctaria) Prt. obsoleta (Tim. rectistrigaria) Prt. obscura (Breph. parthenias) Prt. . obseurata (Anaitis simpliciata) Prt. obseurissima (Anaitis simpliciata) Prt. obseurissima (Eup. castigata) Prt. oenoparia (Ptych. ostrinaria) Piing. orientis (Tanaotrichia) Prt. pallida (Cidar. bilineata) Pri. . . perfasciata (Cidar. blandiata) Prt. perfuscata (Enn. quercinaria) Prt. personata (Acidalia) Prt. ci peterseni (Cidar. alchemillata) Prt. philipparia (Gloss. romanaria) Prt. piceata (Eup. tantillaria) Prt. planifasciata (Cidaria) Prt. List of the new species and varieties. postmutata (Photose. amplicata) Prt. praefecta (Cidaria) Prt. . . ae prospicua (Anaitis polycommata) Prt. pseudo-orbicula (Cos. pendularia) Prt. quadricalearata (Rhodostr. sicanaria) Prt. . rebeli (Acidalia) Prt. reclamata (Cidaria) Pri. Pace reformata (Boarmia ningpoaria) Prt. repagulata (Ptych. mancipiata) Prt. reversa (Orthol. bipunctaria) Prt. rhoda (Rhodostr. bicolor) Prt. % rhodogrammaria (Ptychopoda) Pring. roseata (Rhodostr. poliaria) Prt. rubraria (Apl. ononaria) Prt. rufigrisea (Acid. moorei) Prt. Page rufilinea (Rhodostr. cinerascens) Prt. rufotinetata (Glossostrophia) Prt. sajana (Breph. parthenias) Prt. Sajanaria (Cidar. incursata) Prt. : szechuanensis (Acid. umbelaria) Prt. Seitzi (Boarmia) Prt . MOE el hgat semifasciata (Cidar. berberata) Prt. semifuseata (Cidar. coerulata) Prt. semitata (Gloss. romanaria) Prt. - sempervireus (Gnophos muscosaria) Prt. serrataria (Cidar. serraria) Prt. sinensis (Rhodostr. vinacearia) Prt. southi (Boarmia) Prt. . ; subcinectata (Chloroclystis) ‘Prt. subconspicua (Rhodostr. inconspicua) iprt. subfasciata (Ptych. dilutaria) Prt. page 2,04. | 219 5 Alfeye3 142 subobsecura (Cidar. obscura) Prt. subornata (Acid. ornata) Prt. subpicaria (Medasina) Prt. subravaria (Cidaria) Prt. . .. . substraminata (Ptychopoda) Prt. subtaminata (Bapta foedata) Prt. suffumata (Tim. amata) Prt. suffusa (Anaitis suffusa) Prt. suffusa (Rhodostr. bicolor) Prt. suffusa (Synegia hadassa) Prt. superciliata (Acidalia) Prt. superpositaria (Cidar. tianschanica) Prt. syriaca (Mannia oppositaria) Prt. terpnaria (Ptychopoda) Prt. torniplaga (Heterolocha) Prt. transiens (Cleta ramosaria) Prt. treitschkei (Breph. puella) Prt. trilineata (Cos. maderensis) Prt. tristis (Calocalpe) Prt. umbrifera (Orthol. mucronata) Prt. unicolor (Acid. steganioides) Prt. unicolor (Crocall. elinguaria) Prt. unicoloraria (Cos. pendularia) Prt. unilinea (Rhodostr. calabra) Prt. variegata (Cidar. ruberata) Prt. . . variegata (Triphosa dubiosata) Prt. venata (Cos. porata) Prt. virgulata (Acid. virgulata) Prt. virilis (Garaeus) Prt. volutata (Cidaria) Prt. 452 A. Abaciscus Btlr. 378 abafii Prt. Cid. 253 abafii Uhr. Lith. 172 abbreviata Steph. Hup. 295 . abditaria H.-Schaff. Cid. 227 abietaria Goeze Kup. 276 abietaria Schiff. Bo. 369 abjecta Btlr. Hndr. 330 ablataria Fchs. Cab. 318 ablegata Stgr. Cid. 261 . . ablunata Guen. Sten. 340 ablutaria Bsd. Cid. 231 abmarginata Rothsch. Ptych. 1 abnobaria Riti. Ac. 151 abnormis Mr. Saur. 190 abrasaria Cid. 227 abrasaria H.-Schdff. Cid. 228 Abraxaphantes 7 abraxaria Alph. Neol. 308 abraxaria Neol. 309 Abraxas 152 Abraxas Leech, 309 abraxata Leech Cule. 307 abraxina Bilr. Cid. 225 Abraxinae Intr. III abruptaria Thnbg. Hem. absinthiata Cl. Bup. 285 . absinthiata Eup. Intr. IT absorpta Warr. Car. 192 abstersaria Bsd. Bo. 366 abstersata H.-Schaff. Cid. 223, abstinentaria Fchs. Lyth. 156 acaciaria Bo. 370 acardia Stichel Hil. 344 Acasis Dup. 181 g Acanthocampa Dyar 358 accentuata Prt. Disc. 270 accessaria H.-Schdjf. Ac. 81 accipitraria Guen. Gn. 386 accretata Fchs. 91 accurata Stgr. Eup. 281 accurataria Christ. Ac. 53 aceraria Hujn. Emat. 399 aceraria Schiff. Als. 3 achatinata Hbn. Lygr. 362 211 achatinellaria Ob. Lygr. 211 achilleata Mab. Eup. 289 . achrolopha Piing. Phot. 203 238 Cid. 239 achromaria Cid. achromaria Lah. Acidalia Tr. 51 Acidalia Intr. III 49, 52, 56, 154, 391 Acidaliinae 34 Acidaliinae Intr. V, 2 acidaria Slgr. Rhod. 42 Acolutha Warr. 273 acquiaria Mill. It. ae actaeata Wdrff. Hup. 282 Actenochroma 10 actuaria Wkr. Ac. 60 INDEX. Index. The number immediately behind the name refers to the page. The names with a capital initial are those of genera, the names in italics are synonyms or have been pl. 29 4f Ye o lla , 201, 306, 313, 380 incidentally mentioned. acuminaria Hy. Asp. 411 . . acuminaria Leech Phal. 326 . acutangulata Christ. Cid. 223 acutangulata Christ. Cid. 246 acutaria Leech Crasp. 45 acutaria Leech Dol. 333 acutaria Leech Gon. 331 acutaria Roqu. Cos. 148 adaequata Bkh. Cid. 262 | adauctata Sigr. Rhod. 40 | adelphata Ac. 60 | aerosa Bllr. adauctata Stgr. 41 addendaria B.-Wh. Opor. addictaria Dtz. Eup. 282 adelpharia Piing. Ac. 60 adherbariata Stgr. Ptych. adjectaria Stgr. Gn. 392 adjouaria Ob, Cid. 237 adjrouaria Cid. 237 adjunctaria Bsd. Ac. 65 adjunctata Diz. Eup. 294 admissaria Guen. Bo. 371 adlata Sigr. Cid. 243 adonidaria Ob. Our. 335 adornata Sigr. Orth. 164 adscriptaria Sigr. Eup. 296 adspersaria F. Ist. 398 . adpersaria Hbn. Hyp. 342 adulteraria Ac. 56 adulteraria Hrsch. Ac. 55 . adustaria Pisch.-W. Och. adustaria Leech Sel. 325 adustaria Ligd. 313 : adustata Schiff. Ligd. 313. advenaria Hbn. Cepph. 342 . advolata Hv. Micr. 26 9 adzearia Ob. Diast. 403 . aegyptiaca Diz. Eup. 293 “‘aegyptiaca Rbl. Coen. 349 aemulata Hbn. Hor. 302 aenearia Ob. Gn. 392 aequaria Fchs. Croc. aequata Stgr. Ac. 80 aequata Sigr. Eup. 287 aequestriga Hke. Ist. 398 aequifasciata Christ. Ac. 52 aequifasciata Christ. Ac. 78 aequilinearia Wkr. Sare. 5 aequilineata An. 175 332 aequilineata Whr. An. 175 aequistrigata Sigr. Eup. 289 aerala Mr. Crypt. 190 aerata Mr. Perat. 316 Eustr. 208 . aerugaria Schiff. Er. 351 aeruginaria Hbn. Hemist. . aescularia Schiff. Als. 3 aestimaria Hbn. Mac. 347 aestiva Diz. Eup. 294 aestiva Fehs. Cid. 227 aestiva Fehs. Cos. 144 aestiva Pchs. Ptych. 124 aestiva Hormuz. Cos. 146 . 196. 153 . 31 | affinitata Steph. aestiva Prt. Cos. 145 aestiva Rbl. Hil. 344 aestiva Schaw. Asp. 412 aestiva Sigr. Sel. 325 .. aestiva V.-M.-R. Op. 339 aestivalis Guen. Sel. 325 aestivaria Hbn. Hemith. 23 | aestivaria Mac. 347 aetheriata Graes. Parab. 315 aethiopata Heinem. Bap. 170 aexaria Whkr. Ang. 334 . affectata Hv. Phil. 204 affinis An. 175 -affinis Mr. Cid. 259 affinis Warr. An. 178 . . affinitata B.-H. Ptych. 124. affinitata Cid. 261 affinitata Ptych. 125 Cid. afra Bak. Ptych. 112 agaritharia Dard. Enc. 407 . Agathia Guen. 14 aggregata Guen. Eup. 284 agilata Christ. Chlor. 299 . agitata Btlr. Xandr. 381 . aglossaria Bsd. Croc. 333 . 260 . | Aglossochloris Prt. 28 agnes Bil. Lygr. 213 Agnibesa Mr. 269 agnitaria Sigr. Gn. 390 agraria Joan. Ptych. 93 agraria Rbl. Ac. 62 agrestaria Dup. Pseud. 13 agrionides Bllr. Cyst. 308 | agrostemmata Guen. Ptych. 136 - | aguilaria H.-Schajfj. Cid. 261 , Alana Wkr. 319 alaudaria Frr. Cid. 253 alba Gauckler Bo. 376 alba Gillm. Hipp. 17 alba Krausse Asp. 412 alba Luc. Atom. 397 alba Mr. Bpt. 315 alba Prt. It. 401 alba Swinh. Ping. 11 albaria Bart. Asp. 412 . albaria Hsp. Thal. 30 albarinata Mill. Gn. 388 albeolata Rmb. Asth. 272 . albescens Chil. Op. 339 albescens Prt. Bo. 379 albescens Rbl. Cid. 256 albiangularia H.-Schdff. Ag. 15 albicans Bhtsch. Ac. 76 albicans Ob. Chi. 404 albicans Ob. Fid. 399 albicans Ob. Pseud.*343 albicans Prt. Ac. 72 albicans Strad. Cid. 225 albicaria Brd. Lom. 316 5 albiceraria H.-Schdjff. Ac. 61 albicillata L. Cid. 253 F albicinetata Ping. Lygr. 213 pl. le Selon LOG albiclathrata Warr. Ap. 44 albicollis Warr. Bist. 359 albida Herz Cid. 251 albida Rbb. Ptych. 91 albida Rbl. Hel. 414 albida Stichel Cid. 219 albidaria Dziurz. Bup. 400 albidaria Hirsch. Rhod. 154 albidaria Leech Asth. 272 albidaria Sigr. Ac. 76 albidaria Sigr. Dysc. 408 albidaria Wkr. Med. 361 albidior Alph. Cid. 248 . albidior Warr. Probl. 50 albidulata Stgr. Eup. 277 albifasciata Prt. Cid. 263 albifera Prt. Bo. 369 albifera Warr. Bo. 369 albifronsata Grasl. Eup. 291 albifrontaria Leech Pet. 319 albigirata Koll. Cid. 229, 239 . albilineata Stgr. Cos. 151 albimacula Prt. Cid. 259 albimacularia Firr. Cid. 258 . albinea Tgstr. Noth. 183 albinigrata Warr. Pere. 306 albinotaria Zeth. 330 2 Rayal albiocellaria Cos. 141, 145, 148 albiocellaria Hbn. Cos. 144 albiocellaria Cos. 145, 148 albiplaga Ob. Triph. 198 : albipunctaria Alph. Rhod. 154 albipunctaria Leech Cid. 252 albipunctata Haw. Eup. 285 albipunctata Hmps. Gar. 327 albipunctata Hujfn. Cos. 142 albipunctata Warr. Hyp. 350 albirosea Rotsch. Dysc. 408 albistellaria Warr. Gn. 391 albistrigata Warr. Gel. 22 . albitorquata Piing. Ptych. 110 albitorquata Ptych. 112 albocostaria Brem. Huchl. 28 . albocrenata Curt. Cid. 251 albofasciaria Leech Zam. 357 albofasciaria Matsum. Zam. 358 albofasciata Mr. Cid. 259 . . albofasciata Gauckler Cid. 247 albofasciata Stgr. Hup. 292 albolineata Pack. Cid. 250 albomacula Dziwrz. Bup. 400 albomacularia Leech 303 albomacularia Leech Phot. 204 albomaculata Leech Dal. 333 albomarginata Hab. Ac. 57 . albonotaria Brem. Zeth. 330 albopuncta Dziurz. Bup. 400 albosignaria Brem.-Gr. Bo. 376 albosignata Neubg. Fid. 399 albosparsata Eup. 279 albostrigaria Brem. Cid. 248 alboundulata Hed. Hemith. 23 albovenaria Brem. Hipp. 17 albovenaria Brem. 18 albovenaria Leech Rhyuch. 346 albovittata Guen. Tri. 170 albulata Hv. Cid. 262 as albulata Hujfn. Asth. 272 .-. albulata Hufn. 117, 268 : albulata Schiff. Cid. 262 alchemillata ZL. Cid. 260 . . alchemillata Schiff. Cid. 257 Alcis Hbn. 365 Aletis Intr. III . Aleucis Curt. 314 alexandraria Prt. Hier. 27 alexandraria Sigr. Cid. 224 alexandraria Stgr. Rhod. 42 alfacaria Stgr. Orth. 164 alfacariata Cid. 236, 238 alfacariata Rmb. Cid. 240 algericaria Ob. Phas. 364 pl. Ta . 10d 3b . 13a | amoenaria Stgr. Ptych. 129. INDEX. algericata Luc. Cid. 233 algeriensis Bak. Ptych. 120. algidata Mdschl. Cid. 222 alhambrata Stgr. Cid. 243 aliata Heinem. Ac. 68 aliena Bilr. Cid. 252 . aliena Burr. Huchl. 28 alienata Sigr. Gon. 331 . allardiata Mab. Ptych. 95 alliaria Sigr. Eup. 280 alliata Hufn. Hemist. 32 allongata Stgr. 114 almasa Schaw. Syn. 364 alniaria L. Enn. 323 . alniaria Schiff. Enn. 323 . alpestrata Hbn. Cid. 231 alpestris Neub. Cid. 264 alpherakii Hrsch. Oberth. 164 . alpicolaria H.-Schdff. Cid. 242 alpina Sulz. Nyss. 355 .. . alpinata Hoffm. Cid. 226 alpinata Schiff. Psod. 395 alpinata Scop. Psod. 395 . Alsophila Hon. 2 Alsophila Intr. I, IV altaicata Guen. Eup. 292 altenaria Sigr. Kup. 294 alternaria Hbn. Mac. 346. alternata Cl. 201 alternata Cid. 256 alternata Euc. 198 alternata Mac. 346 . alternata Mill. Cid. 257 alternata Sigr. Cal. 200 alternata Tan. 16 alticolaria Mann Psod. 394 . altissimaria Ob. Psod. 395 altitudinum Stgr. Cid. 224 alutacearia Bsd. Hor. 301 alvarensis Wahlgr. Dysc. 408 alyssumata Mill. Ptych. 107 alyssumata Ptych. 131 amasa Bilr. Lux. 350 amasina Bhtsch. Kup. 291 amata LZ. Tim. 47 . amata L. Tim. 77 amataria L. Tim. 48 . ambigua Bilr. Gel. 22 ambiguata Dup. Gn. 387 . Amblyechia Guen. 350 ambusta Warr. Lob. 191 . ambustaria Hbn. Sel. 401 ambustaria Leech Cid. 242 amdoénsis Alph. Triph. 198 amelia Btlr. Cid. 241 amita Diz. Hup. 290 . Amnesicoma Warr. 204 amniculata Hbn. Cid. 247 | Amoebe Hbn. 229 Amoebotricha Warr. 232 amoenaria Ob. Comib. 20 . amoenaria Stgr. Bo. 372 amoenata Christ. Lithr. 173 | amoenata Mchs. Ptych. 136 amoenata Steph. Cid. 222 . amoritaria Piing. Enc. 407 ' Amorphogynia Warr. 356 amphidasaria Ob. Hem. 363 amphitritaria Chlor. 23 amphitritaria Sigr. Chlor. 25 amplexata Christ. Eup. 289 amplicata Wkr. Phot. 203 amplificata Wkr. Trp. 12. . amplipennis Bilr. Ptych. 102 Amraica Mr. 360 amurensis Hed. Lom. 313 amurensis H.-Schdff. Asth. 272 amurensis Stgr. Bo. 374 .. . amygdalaria H.-Schdff. Nych. 360 Ake | Amygdaloptera Gmpp. 167 = i) WMNWhW eo gg omit io} =) jon) =e CO OF OF O Fm amylaria Lah. Min. 167 Anagoga Hbn. 320 Anagoga 330 anaitaria Herz Ac. 57 Anailis Dup. 175 Anaitis 57, 172, 174 analogaria Ping. Lith. 403 anargyra Trti. Comps. 413 anastomosis Sird. Gn. 392 andalusiaria Mill. Nych. 360 andalusica bb. Chem. 413 andalusica Rbb. Cal. 200 andereggaria Lah. Gn. 393 andres Drt. Ac. 54 angelicata Barr. Eup. 285 angelica Bllr. My. 313 Angerona Dup. 333 Angerona 329 angeronaria Guen. Ambl. 350 . anglicata Gmpp. Eup. 285 anglicata H.-Schaff. Kup. 296 anglicata Mill. Hup. 283 angularia Hbn. Enn. 323 angularia Leech Cid. 227 angularia Leech Ep. 341 angularia Leech Hydr. 269 angularia Leech Pol. 169 angularia Thbg. Bo. 372 angulata Geoffr. Tim. 48 angulifera Bilr. Bo. 369 angulifera Whkr. Psy. 410 . angustaria Leech Cid. 250 angustaria Leech Naxa 9 angustaria Leech Xandr. 381 angustaria Naxa 9 é angustifasciata Prt. Cid. 247 angustifasciata Strd. Cid. 258 Anhibernia Stgr. 314 Ania Steph. 138 anicularia Hv. Hil. 344 aniculosata Rmb. Ac. 63 . animata Fisch-R. Hil. 344 Anisephyra Warr. 46 Anisoble Warr. 233 Anisodes 34, 141 Anisopteryx 3, 175 Anisozyga Intr. [Il ankeraria Slgr. Hr. 352 annexa Schima Lygr. 211 annexata Frr. An. 176 . annosata Zeit. Cid. 235 . annubiata Sigr. Ac. 56. . annubilata Christ. Gn. 390 annularia #&. Cos. 145 annulata Cos. 141 annulata Hnups. Phys. 274 annulata Schulze Cos. 145 annuligera Warr. Hemist. 31 anomala Btlr. Scion. 338 . anomala Warr. Chior. 25 anomalarius Huene Bup. 400 anomalata Alph. Diast. 403 Anonyehia Warr. 338 anseraria Hke. Asth. 272 . ansulata Ac. 52, 56 ansulata Led. Ac. 55 Antallacta Warr. 269 antelataria Stgr. Cid. 238 Antepione 335 Anthemoctena Warr. 153 Anthometra Bsd. 87 anthophilaria Hbn. Rhod. 154 anthracinaria Hsp. Gun. 386 anthrax Dtz. Chior. 299 Anthyria Warr. Ptych. 99 Anticypella Meyr. 360 Antilyeauges Prt. 51 antiplasta Prt. Ar. 305. . antiquaria H.-Schajf. Ptych. antiquaria Stgr. Nych. 360 anzascaria Sigr. Ist. 398 Apericallia Leech 327 92 Nee 453 pl. 19h moore wom Rar oorte to we 4h 18d 6a . 4d 4b 454 aphrodyte Schaw. An. 176 apicata Hr. Gar. 327 apicata Prt. Crypt. 191 apicearia Peyer. Gn. 393 apiciaria Schiff. Ep. 341 apiciata Sigr. Cid. 227 apicinotaria Leech Phot. 202 apicipicta Prt. Comib. 20 . . apicipunctata Christ. Ac. 70 Apithecia Prt. 266 Aplasta Hbn. 6 Apocheima Hbn. 354 Apochlora Warr. 322 Apostates Warr. 43 Apostates 35 appendicularia Hbn. Acas. 182 appensata Hv. Acas. 181 appositaria Bo. 367 : appositaria Leech Bo. 367. appropinguaria Stgr. Orth. 162 approximaria Haw. Cab. 318 approximaria Leech Bo. 374 approximaria’ Leech Gn. 385 approximaria Weav. Opor. 196 approximata Prt. Orth. 158 approximata Stgr. Cid. 239 approximataria Gn. 385 aptata Dup. Cid. 229 aptata Hbn. Cid. 229 aquata Hbn. Hor. 301 aqueata Hbn. Cid. 230. . aquilaria Wkr. Hyp. 350 . aquitanaria Const. Ptych. 119 aquitanaria Ptych. 151 arceuthata FPrr. Eup. 283 Archaeobalbis Prt. 10 arctata Z. Cid. 255 arctica Paua. Cid. 263 arctica Schéy. Cid. 229 arctica Strd. Lygr. 211 arcticaria Germ. Cid. 222 arcuaria Hbn. Ac. 81 arcufera Rtr. Cos. 148 arenacearia Schiff. Teph. 405 . arenaria Hufn. Bo. 372 arenaria Leech Ac. 70 arenaria Leech Met. 12 . arenaria Prt. Gloss. 82 arenaria Stgr. Lom. 317 arenicola Rothsch. Eup. 296 arenosa Btlr. Ephor. 321 . arenosaria Ac. 62 arenosaria Haw. Cab. 318 arenosaria Stgr. Ac. 61 . argentacea Hke. Psod. 395 argentaria B.-H. Egea 4 argentaria H.-Schdaff. eos 413... 5 argentaria “Leech My. 314- 5 argentataria Leech Comib. argentea Sp.-Schn. Psod. se argentifusa Tan. 16 argilata Guen. Ptych. 115 argillacea Bllr. Gar. 327 argillacea Prt. Ac. 151 argillacearia H.-Schaff. Kap. 275 argillacearia Stgr. Gn. 386 argusaria Bsd. Cos. 144 arguta Btlr. Bo. 374. . argutaria Hemist. 32 Arichanna Mr. 303 arida*Btlr. Gon. 331 . arida Dtz. Hup. 289 aridaria Leech Cid. 252 aridata Z. Ptych. 126 . aristidaria Ob. Our. 335 aristonaria Wkr. Heter. 340 armoraciaria Ob. Pseud. 14 . arnearia Whr. Cor. 339 arnoldiaria Ob. Col. 332 arrizanaria Bast. Lox. 410 Artemidora Meyr. 329 pl. | assimilata Dbl. Eup. | atrisignis Bélr. Eup. INDEX. pl. artemidora Ob. Brab. 190 6e¢ artemis Stgr. Bo. 376 artemisiaria Fuessl. Emat. 399 23 f artemisiata Const. Eup. 279 artesiaria Schiff. Diast. 402 . Artiora Meyr. 329 artriosa Geoffr. Rhod. 39... 2k Asaphodes Meyr. 234 asbestaria Z. Ptych. 116 Ascotis 376 asellaria H.-Schaff. Ptych. 107 4c¢ asellaria Ptych. 96, 97, 131 . 231 | asiatica B.-H. Gon. 331 asiatica Stgr. Cid. 226 asinata Frr. Lith. 173 asinata 2. label! ee nO askoldaria Christ. My. 314 . . 15 askoldaria Ob. Cid. 229. ... 9 askoldinaria Ob. Ar. 304... 14 aspersaria Hbn. Rhopt. 338 22 aspersaria Stgr. Dysc. 409 Aspilates Tr. 411 Aspilonaxa Warr. 9 assectata Diz. Eup. 2938 ..: . 13b assimilaria Rmb. Teph. 405 . 23 assimilaria Sigr. Ac. 62 286 . assimilis Dtz. Eup. 292 associata Bich. Liygr. 212... . 8f Asthena Hbn. 271 Asthena 195, 266 Astheninae Warr. 266 Astrapephora Alph. 411 aterrima Btlr. Bap. 171 aterrima Horm. Bo. 369 athleta Ob. Bo. 365 : Athroolopha Led. Fid. 398 atlantica Stgr. Cid. 249 atlamtica Stin. 114... . atlanticaria Sigr. Bo. 373 atomaria Hufn. Lyc. 356 . . atomaria LZ. Emat. 399 ... atomaria L. Emat. 57 Atomophora Alph. 396 Atomorpha Sigr. 396 Atopophysa 255 Atopophysa Warr. 267 atra Linst. Gn. 386 atra Rbl. Cid. 231 atraria B.-H. Stigma 87 atraria H.-Schdjf. Eup. 287 atrata F'chs. Ptych. 138 20d sew 5 CO OF on bo w moo 1 atraba Ti. O Gini ale wkeece lc: deed atrata Odez. Intr. IIT atrata Wil. Prot. 321 atrifasciaria Stefan. Rhod. 154 atrilineata Btlr. Hem. 363 2 QOT ch... school atrofasciaria Schille Cid. 226 atromacularia H.-Schdjf. Narr. Ci!) ne F atromarginata Mab. ’Ptych. 118 atromarginata Ptych. 101 atropica Diz. Eup. 286 atrostrigata Brem. Phot. 202 . atrox Zerny Plag. 337 attenuaria Rmb. Ptych. 96 . attenuaria Ptych. 97, 154 Auaxa Whr, 529 auberti Ob. Croc. wo od moe 23d 4d 332 l6¢ | aucta Krausse Lyth. 156 auctata Guen. Cid. 222 auctata Stgr. Rhod. 39 5 aurantiaca Alph. Obe. 397 aurantiacaria Brem. Scard. aurantiaria Erann. Intr. V aurantiaria Hbn. Er. 352 . aurantiata F.-Epirr. . aurata F'chs. Ptych. 138 aurata Mendes Ptych. 418 aurata Mr. Cid. 252 aurata Prt. Gon. 331 ao 2k elifea: 321 15i 7 TSike lb 5 Magni aurata Trti. Chi. 404 aureocincta Ob. Ang. 334 . 23k aureolaria Ptych. 89, 92, 98, 132 aureolaria Schiff. Ptych. £0 auricruda Bitlr. Ptych. 123 aurigena Btlr. Hustr. 208 . auritaria Hbn. Fid. 399 auroralis Schiff. Ptych. 99 auroraria Bkh. Ptych. 99 auroraria Hbn. Ist. 398 . austautaria Ob. Lith. 404 austeraria Leech Hir. 386 austerata Hbn. Eup. 286 australis Curt. Bo. 368 australis L. Ptych. 112. australis Z. Ptych. 112 austriacaria H.-Schdjf. Cid. 230 autumnalis Diz. Eup. 294 autumnalis Stichel Cid. 263 . autumnalis Strém. Cid. 263 . autumnaria Weav. Opor. 196 autumnaria Wnbg. Enn. 323 autumnata Bkh. Opor. 196 . autumnata Guen. Opor. 195, 266 Auzea 328 aversata Guen. Ptych. 138 aversata DL. Ptych. 137 | aversata Ptych. 120, 127, 134 axantha Rayn. Abr. 310 axiata Piing. Ac. 70 . 5 axillaria Guen. Pseud. 14 azela Bilr. Fast. 166 (Bd. 2) azonaria Ob. Cid. 246 azonaria Cid. 225 B. bacoti Tutt Bo. 377 badiaria Frr. Rhod. 36 . badiaria Rhod. 40 badiaria Stgr. Cos. 145 badiarja Trti. Cos. 418 badiata Leech Cid. 232, badiata Schiff. Cid. 264 baeticaria Scharf. Bo. 377 baicalata Brem. Cid. 228 baikalensis B.-H. Acas. 181 bajaria Schiff. Er. 351 . bajularia Schijf. Comib. 19 . bajutzaria Franz. Cid. 227 balestraria Luc. Ptych. 140 baltearia Frr. Narr. 397 bandanae Gregs. Eup. 279 bandevillaea Geoffr. Bo. 374 . Bapta Steph. 314 Baptria Hbn. 170 barcinonaria Bell. Wem. 362 barteli Dtz. Hup. 287 barteli Prt Ar. 304 . balsaminata Err. Cid. 250 basifasciaria Leech Bo. 369 . basifuscaria Bo. 369 ... . basochesiata Dup. Cid. 246 . bassiaria Feisth. Cid. 238 bastelbergeri Cid. 234 bastelbergeri Diz. Eup. 279 bastelbergeri Piing. Cid. 236 bastelbergeri Hke. Bo. 371 bastelicaria Bell. Bo. 366 . beckeraria Led. Ac. 62 . beckeraria Ac. 56, 63 bela Btlr. Er. 352... . belemiata Mill. Ptych. 129 . belgaria Hbn. Dysc. 408 belgiaria Bkh. Dysc. 408 bella Btlr. Micr. 189 . bella Stgr. Eup. 290 bellaria Leech Acas. 182 bellaria Leech Cid. 232 . bellata Frr. Ptych. 115 . bellieraria Rag. Nych. 360 245 3d 40 - 10m aie 5 ilfeyah 2b 9e . 23d . Zle . 23k eaell Ok . 20¢g . 200¢g . 10a bellieri Ob. Gn. 386 belluaria Perc. 307 . ioe benescripta Prt. Buz. 360 benesignata Bell. Gn. 391 benestrigata Prt. Ptych. 119 bentelii Rdtz. Fsod. 395 berberata Schiff. Cid. 243 berberata Cid. 242 ab Aa bergunensis Diz. Eup. 282 bermeja Rbb. Lom. 316 bertrandi Rothsch. Cid. 244 beryllaria Mann Xen. 34 . berytana Rbl. Osic. 337 berytaria Hbn. Apl. 6 berytaria Stgr. It. 401 Bessophora Meyr. 189 betularia ZL. Bist. 358 biangularia Leech Xyl. 329 biangulata Haw. Cid. 247 . bicauliata Prt. Hydr. 268 bicertaria Stgr. Ptych. 134 Bichroma Gmpp. 398 bicolor Caloc. 199 bicolor Mr. Amnes. 204 bicolor Ob. Gn. 386 bicolor Prt. Cal. 201 bicolor Prt. Heter. 340 bicolor Rhod. 41 bicolor Warr. Rhod. 40 bicincta Geoffr. Ptych. 90 . bicinctata Fchs. Opor. 195 bicolorata Bkh. Cid. 24 bicolorata Hufn. Cid. 216 bicolorata Mr. 269 bicolorata Plem. 152 bicoloria B.-Bak. Gymn. 298 bicommata Schr. Cid. 263 . bicuspidaria Ghil. Cid. 253 bidentata Cl. Gon. 331 bidentafa Gonod. Intr. II, IIT bidentata Hufn. Cid. 243 bifalsaria Prt. Ac. 65 bifalsaria Ac. 61 bifasciata Haw. Cid. 261 bifidaria Haw. Col. 332 bifissana Rbl. Lith. 173 bigeminata Christ. Cid. 228 bilbainensis F'chs. Cid. 227 bilinearia Mchs. Ptych. 135 bilinearia Leech Aper. 327 bilinearia Leech Bo. 373 bilinearia Leech Emm. bilinearia Leech Lept. 328 bilinearia Swink. Gon. 331 bilineata Btlr. Asth. 272 bilineata Cid. 265 bilineata Leech Rhynch. 345 bilineata ZL. Cid. 248 . bilunaria Hsp. Sel. 324 . bilunata Zett. Eup. 276 bimacularia Leech Ac. 77 . bimacularia Leech Cid. 253 . bimaculata Pehs. Bpt. 314 binaevata Mab. Lb. 404 biobsoleta Rid. Cos. 145 biornata Alph. Eup. 287 biornata Christ. Eup. 287 biornata Cucullia 287 biparata Led. Mac. 349 . bipartaria Leech Cid. 259 . bipartita Prt. Tim. 48 bipartita Rmb. Lith. 403 bipunctularia Leech Phil. 205 : bipunctata Orth. 161, 164 bipunctaria Schijf. Ortb. 163 bipunctala Fchs. Bpt. 314 biriviata Bkh. Cid. 227 biselata Hufn. Ptych. 126 biselata Hufn. Ptych. 60, 89, 100, 118, 125, 128 bisetaria Dup. Ptych. 123 bisetata Rott. Ptych. 126, 128 . ta . 10b Sh - 10k - 10b 16 £ . 10m > Bil, Be INDEX. pl. bischoffaria Hbn. Chior. 299 bischoffaria Lah. Ptych. 112 bisinuata Rhod. 44 bisinuata Warr. Rhod. 43 biskraria Ob. Teph. 406 24. ¢ Biston Leach 358 Biston Intr. IIT, IV, 152, 324 bistortae Vallot. Bo. 370 201 bistortata Ketr. Intr. I bistortata Goeze Bo. 377 .. . 21g bistortata Rbl. Bo. 370 21g bistriaria Hbn. Nem. 24 bistriata Hed. Hr. 352 ... . 181 bistrigaria Giorna Hr. 352 . . 181 bistrigata Dtz. Kup. 285 bistrigata Dtz. Eup. 291 bistrigata Galv. Ac. 415 bistrigata Haw. Gymn. 298 . . 12m bistrigata H.-Schdff. Cid. 245 bistrigata Tr. Cid. 249 . bituminaria Led. Bo. 367 . . biundularia Bkh. Bo. 377 . . . 21g biundularia Esp. Bo. 376 . 21 ¢ biwinctata F'chs. Gn. 386 22d biwittaria Btlr. Gon. 331 blanca Rb/. Aplasta 414 blandiata Schiff. Cid. 262 .. itg blandiata Cid. 241 Blepharoctenia Warr. 360 bleusei Th.-M. Teph. 406 bloeckeri Kusn. Bist. 359 .- blomeri Curt. Disc. 271 blomert Laz. Intr. IL bluethgeni Piing. Psy, 410 Boarmia Tr. 364 Boarmia 14, 152, 400 boarmiaria Graes. Psy. 410 . 2 boarmiaria Piing. liox. 410 . . % Boarmiinae Intr. V boarmioides Mr. Bo. 376 bogumilaria bl. Cid. 232 bohatschi Aign. Cid. 249 . . 101 bohatschi Eup. 279 bohatschi Sigr. Eup. 287 . =| ZS tt bohatschi Piing. 419 boisduvaliaria Luc. Croc. 333 . 1l6¢ boisduvaliata Dup. An. 175, 176 6k boloniensis Geoffr. Kup. 281 . 12d bombycaria Bsd. Nyss. 355 . 19d bombycata Hbn. Ches. 180 6b borealis Herz Cid. 253 borealis Prt. Cid. 248 borealis Swinh. Rhod. 40 borearia Prt. Cid. 237 boreata Curt. Cid. 221 8k boreata Hbn. Oper. 193 . 6e boreata Pack. Cars. 179 | boryata Rbl. Kup. 295 | bosporaria H.-Schaff. Lith. 173 12 ¢ Brabira Mr. 189 Braceinae Warr. 303 bradyi Prt. Ven. 266 breigneti Brasc. Bist. 358 bremeraria Stgr. Naxa 9 1d Brephinae 1 Brephinae Intr. V brephoides 2 Brephos Zinck. 1 Brephos Intr. I, 2, 5 brephos Ob. Cid. 255 . . lda breviculata Donz. Eup. 282. . 13¢ breviculata Eup. 277 brevifasciaria Leech Hup. 289 . 13i breviusculata Wkr. Mac. 345 . 18 g prigthoni Tutt Cos. 143 britannica Harr. Nyss. 355 bruandaria Mill. Micr. 26 brullei Lef. Cid. 254 brumata LZ. Oper. 194 .... 6 brumata Oper. Intr. V, 3, 192 brunnea Aign. Eup. 291 brunnearia Lamb. Cos. 143 (2) brunnearia F. Ptych. 98 brunnearia Herz Him. 363 brunnearia Leech Eustr. 209 brunnearia Leech Anisept. 46 . brunnearia Leech Ana. 178 brunnearia Leech Bo. 379 . brunnearia Leech Rhopt. 383 brunnearia Vill. Lel. 400 . . brunnearia V.-M.-R. Gn. 393 brunneata Goeze Ac. 66 . brunneata Pack. Cid. 222 brunneata Sigr. Eup. 277 brunneata Thnbg. I. 402 . brunneata Tult Hem. 362 brunnescens Prt. Orth. 162 . brunnescens Rbl. Er. 352 brunnescens Skala Lith. 419 brunneimargo Pri. Bpt. 314 brunneofasciata Andreas Ptych. brussearia Mann An. 177 bubonaria Warr. Seb. 357 . . bucephalaria Chret. Ptych. 130 biichlei Kilian Bo. 369 . ns biittneri Hed. Bo. 367 buffonaria Mill. It. 401 bulgariata Mill. Cid. 246 . buloveci Warr. Lyc. 356 bungaria H.-Schdaff. Orth. 162 . Bupalus Leach 400 bupleuraria Schiff. Thal. 30 . buraetica Stgr. Er. 351 . burgaria Hv. Orth. 163 . busambraria Ragus. Hup. 281 butlert Leech Cid. 252 butleri Prt. Ac. 78. . . butyrosa Warr. Ac. 61 . buxicolaria Mab. Bo. 366 Buzara Whkr. 359 byssata Aur. Cid. 234 byssinata Tr. Ptych. 115 . c. Cabera Tr. 317 Cabera 314. cacavena Wkr. Mac. 349 cacularia Ob. Mac. 347 . cacuminaria Rmb. Egea 4 caeca Diz. Eup. 285 CHAVIS JENNI Boo co 5 6s « 6 caelibaria H.-Schajf. Gn. 394 . caerulata Gmel. Ac. 80 caeruleata Guen. Cid. 235 caeruleata Frr. Kup. 279 . . . caeruleolineata Mr. Hast. 166 caeruleoviridis Burr. Euchl. 25 caerulescens Burr. Chlor. 24 caesiata Schiff. Cid. 235 . . caespitaria Christ. Cid. 249 . cajanderi Herz Ac. 66 cajanderi Herz Ac. 57 calabra Pet. Rhod. 37 calabraria Hbn. Rhod. 37 calabrica Dtz. Kup. 297 calcarata V.-M.-R. Cid. 235 calaritana Jrti. Cos. 146 . Calearitis Hed. 344 caleearia Wkr. Lept. 328 . calcearia Z. Ptych. 112 calceata Ob. Gn. 386 calceata Stgr. Gn. 386 calcularia Led. Orth. 8 . Calicha Mr. 376 caliginea Btlr. Hup. 278 caliginearia Rmb. Chem. 413 Callabraxas Btlr. 209 Callabraxas 152, 273 Callerinnys Warr. 345 Calleulype Warr. 209 Calleulype Warr. 210 Calliclystis Dtz. 298 callidaria Joann. Cid. 218 Te . 16¢ ld 61 456 calligraphata H.-Schdaff. Wor. callunae Spr. Kup. 285 . callunaria Dbl. Kup. 285 callunata Rmb. Ptych. 125 Callygris Th.-M. 210 Calmodes 365, 366 Caloealpe Hbn. 199 Calocalpe 202, 204 Calospilos Hbn. 309, 311 Calostigia Hbn. 229 Calothysanis Hbn. 47 calunetaria Stgr. Ptych. 125 pl. 302 251 2 12 calunetaria Ptych. 110, 112, 126 Cambogia Guen. 273 Cambogia 266 cambrica Curt. Ven. 266 cambrica Ven. 268, 270 caminariata F'chs. Bo. 367 Campaea Lam. 322 campanulata H. fee Hup. 286 camparia H.-Schiff. Ptych. 111 camparia Ptych. 110, 112 campata Rmb. P iyeh. 110 canaliculata Hchw. Psod. 395 . 2 canaria Hbn. Enn. 323 . canaria Hbn. Gn. 392 canariaria Rbl. Asp. 412 canariensis Dts. Eup. 289 canariensis Rbl. Gn. 387 cancellaria Hbn. Chi. 404 candicams Prt. Ac. 53 candida Rayn. Abr. 309 candidaria Leech Cab. 318 candidata Schiff. Asth. 117, 172 candidissima Stgr. Fydr. 269 canitiaria Frr. Pygm. 396 canitiaria Guen. Gn. 388 canteneraria Bsd. Ptych. 112 . canteneraria Ptych. 112, 113 canteriata Stgr. Hil. 344 cantiata Prt. Ptych. 91 capitata H.-Schdff. Cid. 250 capitulata Stgr. Cid. 250 capnaria Piing. Ptych. 122 capreolaria Hsp. Wr. 352 capreolaria Schiff. Ping. capriata Prt. Ches. 180 capulata Ky. Teph. 405 cararia Hbn. Lom. 316 . carbonaria Cl. Ist. 397 . carbonaria Jord. Bist. 358 carbonata Schr. Psod. 395 carbaria Leech Bup. 286 Carecomotis Warr. 370 cariata Schrk. Ac. 66 caticaria Reutti Ac. 70 . carieraria H.-Schaff. Tephn. Carige Whr. 192 carissima Btlr. Ag. 15 Carmiltis 105 carnearia Mann Ptych. carnifrons Btlr. Ner. 26 carniolica Harr. Nyss. 355 carnosaria Sigr. Rhod. 36 carpheraria Hmps. Ptych. carpinaria Haw. Enn. 324 carpinaria Hbn. Hon. 323 carpinata Bkh. Noth. 184 carpinata Noth. 186 carpophagata Amb. Hup. carpopbilata Stgr. Eup. 280 carringtoni Rbl. Cid. 233 Carsia Hbn. 179 Cartographa Gmppg. 210 cascbmirensis Bast. Our. cassandrata Mill. Eup. 2 casearia Const. Cid. 242 cassiata Tr. An. 176 casta’ Bilr. Cid. 253 casta Warr. Xenob. 409 castanearia Lamb. Col. 332 1) 129 335 321 Die wee 4e 4e 9d 381 5 Ie INDEX. castanearia Mr. Pseudom. castaria Leech Cid. 255 . castigata Wup. 147 castigata Hbn. Eup. 287 castigataria Brem. Bo. 422 castiliaria Sigr. Mann. 382 castiliaria Stgr. Euchl. 28 castiliaria Stgr. Lith. 173 . castiliaria Stgr. Piimg. 321 Cataclysme Hbn. 265 Cataclysme 166 catalaunaria Guen. Teph. cataleucaria Stgr. Gn. 385 cataria Guen. Abr. 312 . Catascea Hbn. 392 catenacia Brd. Ac. 415 catenaria Mr. Cid. 253 catenaria Rbl. Cid. 241 catenulata Rmb. Gn. 387 catotaeniaria Pouwj. Bo. 375 . cauchiata Dup. Eup. 284. . caustolomaria Mr. Cor. 339 . cebennaria Chret. Tephr. 382 cebraria Hbn. Narr. 397 célataria Wkr. Diplod. 23 cellularia Guen. Perc. 307 Celonoptera 158 cembrae Kitt. Cid. 216 cembraria Motsch. Bup. 400 Cenoctenocha Warr. 331 centaureata Schiff. Eup. 281, 291 Sage 404 centralasiae Krul. Chi. centralisata Stgr. Cid. 246 centralisata Stgr. Kup. 281 centrata F. Ac. 67 centrata F. Hydr. 269 centrofasciaria Leech Som. Centronaxa Prt. 8 Centronaxa 9 centrostrigaria Woll. Cid. 249 . centumnotata Schze. Cid. 221 Cepphis Hbn. 342 cerasi F. Col. 331 . 3 491 cerataria Guen. It. Ceratodalia Intr. I certata Hbn. Caloc. 199 . cerusaria Lah. Ac. 69 cerussaria Led. Hup. 284 cerussina Btlr. Ptych. 106. cervantaria Jill. Ptych. 109 cervinalis Caloc. 197, 198, 200, cervinalis Scop. Cal. 199 cervinaria Mr. Eyst. 206 cervinaria’ Mr. Rhynch. 345. cervinata Hbn. Caloc. 153, 199 cervinata Schiff. Lav. 157 . cesadaria Wkr. Anax. 529 chaerophyllata L. Od. 7 chalcea Ob. Gn. 386 chalcedonaria H.-Schaff. Cid. 226 chaleozona Rayn. Abr. 309 chalybeata Hbn. Cid. 257 chaonaria Frr. Psod. 395 . . chaoticaria Alph. Lith. 175 chapmani Prt. Tephr. 381 characteristica Alph. Ac. 55 charon Billr. Bo, 365 . Chemerina Bsd. 413 chenopodiata Hbn. Pel. 264 . chenopodiata L. Orth. 159 Chesias Z'r. 179 Chesias Intr. I chesiata Diz. Hup. 297 . chiachiaria Ob. Ar. 305 . Chiasma Hbn. 404 Chiasma 56, 403 chimaeraria Mill. Ptych. 123 chimakaleparia Cid. 244 ; chimakaleparia Ob. Cid. 252 chinensis Leech Cid. 254 chinensis Leech Hor. 301 405 . 3 45 328. 6e e po bo bo bo mm ra rp -I = . 23d - l4e ..20e Bed iyaaat 6 i . 13a . a foo} = chinensis Swinh. Cyst. 308 chionata Led. Hydr. 268 . Chlenias 413 chloérata Mab. Chlor. Chloroclysta 215, 220 Chioroclystis Hbn. 298 Chloroglyphica 16 Chloromachia Warr. 18 chlorophyllaria Hed. Kuchl. 2 chlorosaria Graes. Thal. 30 chlorosata Scop. Lith. 408 . . chlorovenosata Christ. Hustr. 208 choaspitis Ob. Noth. 183 Chogada Mr. 370 Chondrosoma Anker 354 chretieni Th.-M. Chi. 404 christophi Hed. Phil. 206 . Christophiella Berg 213 christyi Prt. Opor. 195. chrysidia Btlr. Asth. 273 chrysippus Dan. Intr. Ill chrysitaria Hbn. Fid. 398 Chrysocraspeda 35, 101 Chrysoctenis 89 Chrysolene 47 chrysoprasaria Hemist. 31 chrysoprasaria “sp. Hemist. 30 2 chrysoprasis Ob. Bustr. 208 . . 10 Cidaria Tr. 214 Cidaria 195, 204 : ciliaria Leech, Ligd. 313 cilicornaria Piing. Bo. 379 cinerae Gregs. Eup. 275 cineraria B.-H. Ptych. 122 cineraria Bkh. Bo. 372 cineraria Bilr. Cid. 247 cineraria Dup. Teph. 405 Cimeraria Leech Ac. 52... cineraria Schiff. Tephr. 381 cineraria Schoy. Cid. 234 . F cinerarius Lrsch. Apoch. 354. . 19b d 298 basalt} : 9od 3h cinerascens Strd. Cid. 263 cinerascens Jr. Rhod. 40 .. 5 cinerascens Rhod. 41 cinerascens Stichel Cid. 263 cinerascens Tgstr. Hup. 292 cinerala Ff’. Ac. 80 . 3 4 cinerata Ff. Ptych. 126 .... 4 cinerata Geoffr. Cid. 223 ... 9 cinerata Stgr. Kyrt. 157 cinerata Wnbg. Mac. 346 . . 18 cinerea Btlr. Bo. 371. 2 cinerea Bllr. Crypt. 191 cinerea! -Bilne) Gre oO Wese eee cinerea Bllr. Probl. 49 cinerea Leech Crypt. 191 cinerearia Stgr. Min. 167 cinereata Mr. Cid. 221 . cinereata Prt. Cid. 263 cinereala Steph. Ptych. 126 0 cinereata Steph. Triph. 197... 5i cinereata Stgr. Ches. 180 | cinereostrigaria Kleem. Ell. 322 ' cinetaria Schiff. Bo. 367 . 20f Cinglis Guen. 140 cingularia Hbn. Chi. 404 cingulata Fchs. Cos. 149 cingulata Vgstr. Cid. 258 cinigeraria Alph. Teph. 405 . . 251 cinnamomeata Diz. Wup. 290 | circellata Guen. Ptych. 117 circuitaria Hbn. Ptych. 123 4e circuitaria Ptych. 75 circularia Ff. Cos. 142 4n circularia Wnbg. Cos. 146 4o circulata Rbl. Cid. 246 circulifera Geoffr. Cos. 145 40 | circumdataria Bast. Cos. 148 circumdataria Vill. Ist. 398 . . 23d,e | cireumscripta Strd. Lygr. 211 cirtanaria Luc. Ptych. 97 Citheeia Stgr. 299 Publ. 31. /. 1916. citraria Hbn. Asp. 412 citrata LD. Cid. 221 citrata Cid. 220 citrina Warr. Thin. 337 eitrinata Prt. Our. 335 clarior Sigr. Gn. 393 clara Prt. Cid. 255 clarissa Bllr. Parab. 315. clathrata Z. Chi. 404 claihrata L. Chi. Binl. Il 56 . 2 claudata Prt. Ac. 67 eclavaria Haw. Lar. 157 clavaria Leech Ar. 304 cluwaria 153 Cleogene 402 Cleora Curt. 365, 400 Cleorodes Introd. II clerica Btlr. Met. 305 Cleta Dup. 88 Cleta 35, 95, 96, 105 cloaria Hbn. Chior. 24 cloaria Dup. Chlor. 25 clorinda Ob. Bist. 359 coangulata Prt. Cid. 247 coarctaria Schiff. Orth. 158 . coarctata Prt. Cid. 216, 227, 225, 262 coarctata Prt. Opor. 195 coarctata Prt. Orth. 160 coartata Piing. Noth. 183 coassaria Bsd. Lith. 173 coassata Hbn. Lith. 173 cocandaria Christ. Gnoph. 384 cocandaria Hrsch. Gnoph. 384 cocciferata Mill. Eup. 295 coctata Guen. Ligd. 313 codetaria Ob. Mann. 382 Codonia 141 coelestinaria Alph. Egea 4 coelinaria Grasl. Orth. 161 Coenina Whkr. 349 coenonaria Ac. 84. Coenopalpe Hbn. 300 coenosaria Ac. 82 coenosaria Led. Ac. 64. Coenotephria Pri. 238 coércita Luc. Ptych. 102 coerulata Cid. 264 coerulata F. Cid. 263 cognata Cid. 218 cognata Steph. Eup. 288 cognata Thnbg. Cid. 217 cognataria Guen. Bist. 359 cognataria Led. Lom. 316 cohorticula Diz. Hup. 292 colataria Leech Gel. 22 . colchidaria Led. Gnoph. 384 coilata Hbn. Rhopt. 383 collata Warr. Ac. 58 collinaria H.-Wh. Asp. 412 . collinaria Metzn. Cid. 222 Collix Guen. 299 collustrata Diz. Hup. 289 colonaria H.-Schaff. Ac. 59 . coloraria H.-Schdff. Pol. 169 colorata F. Lyzr. 211 Colotois Hbn. 331 columbata An. 175 columbata Metzn. An. 176 columbinaria Leech Bo. 371 columbinaria Leech Dal. 333 combusta Swinh. Cid. 241 sombustaria Piing. Sel. 401 cometifera Warr. Orth. 164 Comibaena Hbn. 19 . 247 6h 8c Comibaena Introd. II, 10, 23, 27 comis Btlr. Cid. 219 . comiltata Hbn. Cid. 243 . comitata LD. Pel. 242, 264 comitata Warr. Bist. 359 . commanotata Haw. Cid. 221 communifasciata Don. Cos. 148 IV 4 Bch . 10m . 10m 5 ELIA INDEX. commutaria Hbn. Lom. 316 . commutata Frr. Ac. 55 . Comostola Meyr. 32 compararia Sigr. Ell. 322 compararia H.-Schdff. Ac. 73 completa Rbl. Cid. 216 completa Sigr. Ptych. 131 complicata Btlr. Micr. 207 compositata Guen. Cali. 210 compressaria Rothke Hr. 352 compressata Guen. Hup. 287 Compsoptera Bich. 412 comptaria Bsd. Cid. 225 comptaria Whkr. Tim. 48 concatenata Hufn. Ptych. 67 138 RNS ee Sek oly concavilinea Burr. Chior. 24 Conchia Hbn. 411 Conchylia 173 concinna Warr. 303 concinna Warr. Bist. 359 . concinnaria Dup. Ac. 79 | concinnata Steph. Cid. 221 | concinnata Cid. 220 > concinnata Wil. Bo. 376 concolor Diz. Hup. 285 | concoloraria Led. Ac. 88 . concordaria Hbn. Bicnr. 398.. concordaria Piing. Ptych. 93 concordata Wkr. Cid. 248 concremata Diz. Eup. 278 conditaria Leech Asth. 273 | conferata Stgr. Gn. 388 conferenda Bilr. Bo. 375 conferta Ob. Gn. 388 confinaria Frr. Cab. 318 confinaria H.-Schaff. Ac. 64, 65, 83 confinaria H.-Schdff. Gloss. 82 . confixaria H.-Schdff. Cid. 226 conflua Hojffm. An. 176 conflua Hoffm. An. 177 conflua Strd. Lom. 313 confluens Ob. Fid. 399 confluens Ob. Lyth. 156 confluens Stgr. Hem. 363 confuciaria Whkr. Tan. 16. confusa Bélr. Ac. 67 . confusa Wil. Het. 188 confusa Hke. Cid. 229 confusa Stgr. Buz. 360 confusaria Leech Ar. 304 confusaria Leech Triph. 199 confusaria Stgr. Cid. 245 confusaria Sigr. Hemith. 25 confusaria Triph. 237 congeneraria Hbn. Lyc. 356 congruata Z. Ac. 79 . congruata Zett. Ac. 81 conjugata Bkh. Ac. 63 conjunctaria Led. Cid. 249 conjunctaria Leech Bo. 379 . conjunctaria Leech Hem. 362 . conjunctiva Hmps. Hup. 297 conjunctiva Prt. Ac. 67 conjunctiva Prt. Lyth. 155 conjungens Alph. Bo. 367 | coniaria Prt. Ac. 72 coniferata Curt. Cid. 217 conioptera Hmps. Ptych. 113 h conisaria Hmps. Disc. 270 conisaria Hmps. Discol. 268 | consanguinaria, Led. Ptych. 92 consanguinaria Led. Ptych. 56 consanguinea Bélr. Cid. 243 consecraria Rmb. Rhod. 154 consecrata Stgr. Ptych. 94 consentaria irr. Cid. 249 . consimilaria Dup. Bo. 267 consimilaria Leech Lux. 350 consimilaria Leech Neol. 309 consimilaria Mill. Bo. 368 consimilaria Rbl. Bo. 367 4i consimilis Warr. Cid. 219 consobrinaria Bkh. Bo. 374 consobrinaria Hbn. Bo. 374 . consobrinaria Leech Trich. 186 consobrinata Curt. Cid. 219 consociaria Christ. Zeth. 330 | consociata Sigr. Ptych. 108 consolidata Ac. 64 consolidata Gregs. Cid. 221 . consolidata Led. Ptych. 106 consonaria Hbn. Bo. 378 . consors Btlr. Ereb. 361 consortaria F', Bo. 374 conspectaria Mann Cid. 226 conspersaria Hbn. Dysc. 408 | conspersaria Leech My. 314 conspersaria Schiff. Dysc. 408 conspersaria Sigr. Asp. 411 conspicuaria Hsp. Ist. 398 conspicuaria Leech Bo. 380 . conspicuaria Leech Camb. 274 conspicuaria Leech Lob. 191 conspicuaria Leech Pogon. 306 | conspicuata Hke. Hor. 301 conspicuata Schiff. Ist. 398 couspurcata Bilr. Abr. 310 . conspureata Leech Oboe. 305 conspurcata Wkr. Bo. 379 consputa Bast. Abr. 310 consueta Bélr. Glor 298 constantina B.-Bak. Eup. 279 constirparia J’chs. Ang. 334 constricta Prt. Call. 210, 235 constricta Prt. Cid. 229 | constricta Prt. Kup. 276 constricta, Sird. Cid. 234 constricta Stird. Cid. 225 constricta Strd. Cid. 263 constricta Strd. Lygr. 211 constricta Warr. Cid. 259 . constrictata Guen. Kup. 291 constrictata Mill. Kup. 292 contaminaria Hbn. It. 402 contaminata Pri. Gon. 331 contaminata Scop. Ac. 56 . conterminata Z. Eup. 297 contestata | Voi RN Cidh 23600 contigaria Wkr. Lux. 350 contiguaria Dup. Ac. 64, contiguaria Hbn. Ptych. 105 contiguaria Leech Zeth. 330 contiguaria Wkr. Lux. 350 contiguata Haw. Ac. 63 continua Strd. Cid. 219 continuaria Hv. Mac. 347 continuata Mechs. Cid. 256 continuata Arul. Cid. 225 continuata Warr. Abr. 311 contorta Warr. Par. 200 contraria Leech Centr. 9 contrastaria Fchs. Cid. 226 contrastaria Fchs. Bpt. 314 contristata Don. Cid. 257 contrita Prt. Cid. 261 contubernalia Mr. Hir. 365 conturbata Whr. Cat. 266 convectaria Whr. Tim. 45 convergata Vill. Lith. 403 convergenata Stgr. Lygr. 212 convergens Warr. Loxot. 346 . conversaria' Hbn. Bo. 370 conviva Diz. Hup. 281 cooptata Diz. Hup. 291 cooptata Hup. 279 cophanata Krul. Cid. 257 Cophocerotis 165 coraciata Hbn. Cid. 220 coracina Hsp. Psod. 395 -coreularia Rbl. Ac. 59 corcularia Ac. 120 corculata Hufn. Cid. 226 corculata Prt. Cid. 227 . 58 457 458 corculina Bil. Asth. 272 . cordiaria Hbn. Hil. 344 corearia Herz Teph. 406 corearia Leech Bo. 373 . corearia Leech Fseud. 343 corneata Chret. Asth. 272 corneliaria Mill. Gn. 390 cornelseni Hoffm. Bo. 378 corollaria H.-Schaff. Cid. 246 . coronata Hbn. Chlor. 298 coronillaria Hbn. Pseud. 14 correlata Warr. Cid. 232 correptaria Z. Bo. 366 correspondens Alph. Agl. 29 correspondens Hmps. Tim. 48 . corrigata F'. Ptych. 90 ¢ corrivallaria Kretschm. Ac. 71 corroborata Diz. Eup. 294 corrugata Bilr. Phil. 205 . corsica Mill. Gn. 390 corsicaria Rmb. Pseud. 14 corticalis Scop. Ang. 334 corticaria Dup. Tephr. 382 corticaria Leech Med. 351 corticata Tr. Hor. 301 . corticosa Prt. Eup. 296 corticulata Firr. Eup. 291 . corussaria Ob. Cid. 220 . : corydalaria Graes. Cid. 232 . corylaria Thnbg. Ang. 334 corylata Thnbg. Cid. 251 . Corymicia Whkr. 338 Corypha Wkr. 329 Corythea Dup. 216 cosignata Bkh. Eup. 278 : cossurata Mill. Ptych. 112 . costaestrigata Haw. Noth. 184 costai Calb. Od. 7 costaria Cid. 255 costimacula Prt. Hustr. 207 costimacularia Leech Eup. 277 costimaculata Graes. It. 402 costimaculata Rbl. Cid. 225 costinotaria Leech Cid. 244 . costipunctaria Leech Cal. 201 costipunctaria Leech Bo. 378 costipunctaria Leech Trich. “gh 4 costisignata Dtz. Eup. 294 . costistrigaria Leech Our. 335 costovata Haw. Cid. 223 Cosymbia Hbn. 141 Cosymbia Intr. III, IV. 35. 81, 121, 154 cotangens Fritsch An, 177 cottei Ob. Apoch. 354 couaggaria Guen. Cyst. 308 . couloniata Ball. Ptych. 139 Craspedia Hbn. 52, 79 Craspediopsis Warr. 45 . 14h crassestrigata Christ. Bo. 267 20 crassipunctata Alph. Arch. 11 crataegata L. Op. 339 cremiaria Frr. Tephr. 382 cremonaria Stgr. Xen. 34 crenularia Leech Lept. 328 crenularia Leech Phal. 326 crenularia Leech Spil. 345 crenulata Btlr. Culp. 21 crenulata Rmb. Gn. 389 creperaria Hrsch. Gn. 390 crepuscularia Dup. Bo. 377 . crepuscularia Ectr. Intr. I crepuscularia Hbn. Bo. 376 . creta Diz. Eup. 281 cretacea Bilr. Bo. 376 cretacea Stgr. Ist. 398 cretaceata Pack. Eup. cretaria Hv. Perc. 412 cretaria Stgr. Ac. 56. . cretea Swinh. Our. 335 cribraria Hbn. Orth. 8 . crinitaria Stgr. Ptych. 127 284. Ig ih . Wa aQ INDEX. crocallaria Sigr. Scod. 407 Croeallis Tr. 332 Crocallis 407 crocoptera Koll. Thin. 336 Crocota Hbn. 409 crosi Th.-M. Gn. 387 crucigerata Christ. Agl. 29 cruentaria Bkh. Lith. 155 cruentaria Hufn. Lyth. 155 . cruentaria Guen. Lyth. 156 cruentaria Mr. Pseud. 328 cruentata Scop. Rhod. 39 . Crypsicometa Warr. 315 Cryptoloba Warr. 190 Cryptoloba 185 Ctenognophos Prt. 384 cubicularia Peyer Ptych. 112 cuculata Hujn. Cid. 246 cuculliaria Rbl. Eup. 275 Culeula Mr. 307 culmaria H.-Schajff. Cid. 253 culminaria Hv. Hgea 4 . culpini Prt. Abr. 312 Culpinia Prt. 21 | cumulata Ac. 62, 64 cumulata Alph. Ac. 56. cumulata Christ. Pog. 317 cuneata Burr Hipp. 17 cuneata Don. Cid. 250 cuneata Whkr. Psy. 419 . cuneifera Warr. Abr. 309 cunicularia Esp. Dysc. 408 . cuniculina Hbn. Dysc. 408 cupestrata Frr. Cid. 218 cupreata H.-Schdff. Cid. 245 cupressata Hbn. Cid. 218 . cuprinaria Christ. Rhod. 42 ru curata Ev. Coen. 300 curcumata Mr. Cid. 253 curvaria Hv. Asp. 411 . curvaria Leech Ar. 305 . curvata Warr. Rhod. 43 curvilinearia Leech Abr. curzoni Gregs. Bup. 285 Cusiale Mr. 376 cuspidaria Bird, Our. 334 cuspidata Thnbg. Cid. 215 cyanata Hbn. Cid. 236 . cyanata Cid. 234 Cyclophora 141 cycnaria Guen. Lith. 172 cydoniata Bkh. Chior. 299 Cyllopoda 35 cymaria Btlr. Cid. 246 . Cymatophoridae Intr. I cymbalaria Mill. Gn. 390 cyparia Guen. Naxa 9 cyparissaria Mann Min. 167 Cystidia Hbn. 208 cythisaria Schiff. Pseud. 13 . 310 D. daemoniata Diz. Eup. 297 dahurica Stgr. Cid. 216 |, Dalima Mr. 333 dalmata Galv. Hemer. 362 dalmataria Guen. Lom. 516 . dalmatina Wgn. Nych. 360 . danilovi Hrsch. Stamm. 168 dardoinaria Donz. Croc. 333 dartfordi Tutt Enn. 323 Dasycephala Stgr. 332 Dasyeorsa Prt. 332 Dasypteroma Sigr. 353 Dasyuris Guen. 234 | datinaria Ob. Lar. 157 daubearia Bsd. Gn. 385 davidaria Ob. Stamn. 168 . davidaria Pouj. Hyp. 350 davidaria Pouj. Trp. 13 dealbata I. Siona 409 . 24d - 10a oO p08 . 10b 1f dearmata Diz. Gymn. 295 debiliata Hobn. Chlor. 299 debilis Bilr. Spil. 345 . debilitata Leech Cid. 241 debrunneata Stgr. Eup. 276 deceptans Stgr. Mac. 347 deceptaria Vill. Lith. 156 decidua Warr. Ptych. 127 decipiata Stgr. Cid. 240 decipiens Diz. Kup. 294 decipiens Th.-M. Obe. 307 decisata Wkr. Bap. 171 Declana Intr. I1 declinans Stgr. Er. 353 declinans Stgr. Hyst. 206 . declinata Stgr. Pter. 353 decolor Prt. Triph. 197 decolor Sigr. Ac. 56 decoloraria Alph. Bo. 372 . decoloraria Esp. Cid. 222 . decoloraria Leech Bo. 368 decolorata Hbn. Cid. 262 decolorata Sigr. Ar. 304 decoraria Leech Bo. 379 decoraria Newm. Cos. 142 decorata Ac. 79, 81 decorata Schiff. Ac. 80. decorata Warr. Trp. 12 decosteraria Ob. Bo. 370 decrepitata Zett. Cid. 224 decurrens Mr. Cid. 250 decussata Schiff. Schist. 171 deducata Wkr. Cor. 339 defamataria Wkr. Ac. 54 defasciata Prt. Cid. 225 defasciata Rbi. Orth. 159 defectata Christ. Asth. 273 . defessaria rr. Bo. 377 delinita Btlr. Bo. 375 defizaria Wkr. Ac. 65 defixaria Whkr. Mac. 347 : deflavata Prt. Ryhnch. 345 deflavata Stgr. Cid. 250 . deflexaria Schultz Our. 334 defloraria Ptych. 135 | deflorata Ersch. Cid. 225 defoliaria Cl. Er. 352 . defoliaria Erann. Intr. V defracta Strd. Cid. 251 defricata Piing. Cid. 255 defumata Stichel Cid. 233 degeneraria Hbn. Ptych. 134 . degeneraria Ptych. 94, 115 degeneraria Stgr. Gnoph. 384 degenerata Haw. Cid. 258 degenerata Hbn. Pach. 383 degenerata Prt. Cid. 215, 225 Deileptenia Hbn. 369 Deilina Intr. IIT Deinotrichia Warr. 361 dejeani Ob. Hem. 362 dejeant Ob. Hemer. 367 dejeani Ob. Phot. 203 delamerensis B.-Wh. Bo. 376 : deleataria Thnbg. Cid. 229 delecta Leech Par. 209 delectans Bilr. deleta Burr Hipp. 17 Geleta Ckil. Abr. 309 deleta Ckil. Cid. 223 deleta Rbl. Tim. 48 deleta Strd. Lygr. 213 deletaria Mr. Lom. 317 deletaria Rbl. Bo. 367 deletata Fchs. Cid. 226 deliaria Brem. Probl. 51 deliaria Guen. Probl. 49 delicatior Warr. Culp. 21 delicatula Warr. Ptych. 127 deliciaria Ob. Gn. 388, 390 deliciosaria Led. Phas. 364 | delictata Prt. Ptych. 99 Wii 227 7d - la > LO _ 4f 5a > PL. delimbaria Stgr. Ist. 398 delineata Warr. Comib. 20 delitata Pri. Ac. 61 7b Delocharis 42 delunaria Hbn. Sel. 325... Il6Oa demaisoni Prt. Lyth. 156 demandata Fchs. Ptych. 138 4 demarginata chs. Lom. 312 . 15 dembrowskiaria Ob. Bo. 370. . 29 demetata Christ. HKup. 280 ihe deminuta Warr. Abr. 311 demolita Prt. Cid. demptaria Fchs. Cos. 149 demptaria Prt. Cos. 150 denhami Harr. Lyc. 356 denigraria Uffeln Er. 352 denigrata Gillm. Cid. 248 denigrata Warr. Asth. 273 denotata Eup. Intr. I denotata Guen. Eup. 292 . We denotata Hbn. Hup. 286 pt 2718 dentaria Hbn. Gon. 331 . 16f dentata Zue. Ifor. 302 dentataria Swinh. Coen. 349 . 181 dentatolineata Rmb. Gloss. $3 . denticlathrata Warr. Pom. 274 13m denticulata 77. Eup. 288 » 12 denticulata Thnbg. Cos. 145 . 4o dentifascia Hmps. Cid. 219 . » 13d dentifascia Hmps. Phys. 274 . 11i dentifascia Warr. Iod. 832. . . 2i dentifera Mr. Cid. 251 dentigera Prt. Hemist. 30 dentilinearia Bkh. Ac. 67 dentilinearia Mr. Bo. 377 dentilinearia M7. Lept. 325 dentistrigata Haw. Noth. 154 denudaria Prt. Ptych. 127 depeculata Led. Stamn. 165 depleta Warr. Triph. 199 depravaria Stgr. Bo. 371 depravata Stgr. Ptych. 135 depravata Ptych. 94 depressaria Sigr. Ptych. 109 depulsa Bast. Cos. 142 . depulsa Cos. 145 depunctata Guen. Ac. 69 derasata Schr. Cid. 262 . derassaria Schille Cid. 229 derivata Schiff. Cid. 243 . descitaria Christ. Ptych. 113 desertaria Frr. Egoa 4. deserticola Dtz. Eup. 291 desertorum Diz. Eup. 289 desiderata Stgr. Cid. 244 designata Cid. 227, 228 designata Diz. Eup. 279 designata Hufn. Cid. 227 . Desmonaxa Prt. 9 desparataria Fchs. Gn. 388 despectaria Led. Hup. 277 desperata Stgr. Cid. 236 desperata Stgr. Cid. 237 destinata Ifschlr. Lygr. 212 destrigatia Galv. Enn. 224 destrigaria Haw. Bo. 370 destrigata Sitrd. Pygm. 396 determinata Ptych. 93 determinata Stgr. Etych. 92 detersata Piing. Hor. 301 detracta Hemist. 32 detracta Wkr. Hemist. 31 .. 2h detritaria Stgr. Ptych. 118 detritata Stgr. Kup. 294 Deuteronomos Prt. 323 deverrata Diz. Eup. 277 deversaria H.-Schdff. Ptych. UGXegn Seo S . deversaria Ptych. 84, 190 deversaria Ptych. 115 deversaria Ptych. 137 deyersata Stgr, Bo. 371 3f tn ees . 10¢ . Wm 3h 1b De . 22d Te INDEX. Pl. deviridata Strd. Cid. 229 dharmsalae Bilr. Disc. 271 . dholaria Mr. Xandr. 381 diagrapharia Piing. Hol. 29 dianaria Hbn. Bo. 376 Dianthoecia 82 diaphanaria B.-H. Ptych. 116 diaphanaria Piing. Zam. 357 Diastictis Hbn. 402, 405 Dichromodes 396 dictyides Wallengr. Eustr. 207 Se diciynna Btlr. Teph. 406 . . . 231 9¢ 1 76 3b didymata Z. Cid. 231 dieckmanni Graes. Hipp. Dierna 328 dietzei Pri. Eup. 285 .. differens Warr. Med. 361 . difficilis Alph. Gn. 388 . difficilis Diz. Eup. 287 difficta Ochr. 27 difficta Wkr. Ochr. 19... . 2b diffinaria Gloss. 82 diffinaria Prt. Gloss. 83 diffisata Dtz. Eup. 287 diffluata H.-Schaff. Ptych. 93, 100 17 diffluata H.-Schdajf. Ptych. 136 3k,4 ¢ | difformaria Hbn. Pach. 383. . 22a diffusa Wkr. Culp. 21. . > AE diffusaria Leech Antic. 361 > Ug) a diffusaria Leech Ar. 304 . 14¢£ diffusaria Wkr. Anag. 320 . 15h digitaliaria Diz. Kup. 276 . 2d digitata Djak. Cid. 254 digna Th.-M. Lygr. 211 dignata Ac. 70 dignata Guen. Ac. 69 dijuncta Wkr. Hemist. 31 dilatata Strd. Pere. 412 dilatata Wnbg. Bo. 372... . . . 21e dilectaria B.-Haas Cid. 218 dilectaria Hbn. Lom. 316. 5 dilectaria Leech Bo. 379 . . . 21i Dilophodes Warr. 306 dilucidaria Frr..Gn. 393 . . dilucidaria Hmps. Catasc. 392 dilucidaria Schiff. Gn. 393 . . 22¢ diluta Warr. Comib. 21... 3b diluta Warr. Xandr. 381 . . . 23a dilutaria Hbn. Ptych. 115 dilutaria Hbn. Ptych. 126, 129 dilutaria Hbn. Ptych. 132 dilutaria Led. Ptych. 133 . diluta Haw. Ptych. 89 dilutata Haw. Ptych. 126... 4f dilutatata Opor. 267 dilutata Schiff. Opor. 9 dimidiaria Cid. 223 dimidiata Hbn. Bap. 170. . dimidiata Haw. Ptych. 138 . dimidiata Hufn. Ptych. 99 . dimidiata Ptych. 100 dimidiata Ptych. 103 dimidiata Ptych. 129, 137, 138 Dindica Mr. 13 diniensis Neub. Orth. 159 dioptasaria Christ. Hipp. 18 © Dioptidae Intr. III Diplodesma Warr. 23 diplotata Fldr. Psyra 410 Diplurodes Warr. 379 dira Btlr. Wr. 352 . . directaria Graes. Cid. 243 Discalma Meyr. 406 disceptaria Fisch.-R. Cid. 224 . disclusaria Ac. 70 disclusaria’ Christ. Ac. 68 discoidaria 7 discoidaria Bsd. Hel. 6 . discolor Strém. Hr. 352 . discolor Warr. Gar. 326 Discoloxia 268 195 Li 18 k | Discoloxia Warr. 270 | discophora Fias. Probl. 50 . discreparata Graes. Bo. 367 discriminaria Wkr. Teph. 405 discutaria F'chs. Ptych. 105 disjunctaria Cid. 227 disjunctaria Lah. Cid. 223 disjunctaria Stgr. Ptych. 115 | dispar Stgr. Rhod. 37 disparata. Hbn. Eup. 288 . dispartita Wkr. Hemist. 31 disperata Stgr. Pseud. 343 dispersaria Hbn. Veph. 405 . ine displicens Btlr. Bo. 375 disputaria Guen. Teph. 406 dissidiata Guen. Ptych. 93 dissimilata Rmb. Cat. 265 dissimilata Rmb. Cid. 240 dissimilis Stgr. Bo. 368 dissimulata Gel. 22 | dissimulata Stgr. Cat. 265 dissoluta Sétrd. Cid. 262 dissolutaria Pet. Cid. 226 | distans Warr. Bpt. 315 distans Warr. Gar. 326 distinctaria B.-H. Dysce. 408 distinctaria Cid. 215 . . distinctaria Guen. Ptych. distinctaria Hemith. 25 distinctaria H.-Schdff. Hup. 29 distinctaria Leech Asth. 273 distinctaria Strd. Gn. 313 120 | distinctaria Wkr. Hemith. 23 . | distinctata Christ. Lith. 174 | distinctata H.-Schaff. Bpt. 314 | distinctata Stgr. Cid. 215 . | ditaria F. Comib. 19 . | Dithalama Meyr. 44 | Dithecodes 45 Dithecodes Warr. 46 divapala Wkr. Chlorom. 18 divergaria Stgr. Nych. 360 divergens Btir. Cid. 227 diversaria F. Hr. 352 diversata Schiff. Epirr. 5 diversilinea Warr. Anon. 338 divincta H.-Wh. Bucr. 34 divisa Strd. Cid. 218 divisaria Christ. Ac. 62 divisaria Leech Ar. 305 . divisaria Leech Bo. 372 . . divitiaria Stgr. Stamn. 168 djrouchiaria Ob. Neol. 309 dodoneata Guen. Eup. 295 doerriesiaria Christ. Bo. 376 dognini Th.-M. Gen. 392 dohlmanni Hed. Ptych. 98. dohoni Kénig Abr. 309 dolabraria L. Plag. 337 dolomitana Hab. Cid. 245 dolosa Btlr. Pach. 332 . dolosaria Gn. 392 dolosaria H.-Schdff. Gn. 391 dolosaria Leech Hem. 363 domialla Geoffr. Ac. 58 donovani Dist. Ac. 54 ... donzelaria Dup. Piing. 321 Doratoptera 7 dorriesiaria Warr. Megab. 358 dorycniata Bell. Ptych. 125 . Dosithea Dup. 52, 79 dotata LZ. Lygr. 211 dotata Stgr. Lygr. 213 doubledayaria Mull. Bist. 358 : draudti Diz. Kup. Drepanidae Intr. I druentiata Diz. Eup. 290 . drupisaria Pet. Eup. 292 dryadaria Rmb. HEnn. 324 drypisaria Dtz. Eup. 292 dubiosata Alph. Cid. 258 280, 296 . | dubiosata Whr. Tript. 198 , 459 112e 1g , lle 460 Pl. dubiosata Triph. 201 dubitans Herz Bo. 365 dubitaria Stgr. Gn. 391 dubitata, 2. Driph. 97 © 52 ou dubitata Triph. 206 Duliophyle Warr. 381 dumeei Joann. Lom. 312 dumetata Schr. Cid. 248 dumetata Tr. Gn. 385 . . . . 2e duplexa Mr. Bo. 379 duplicaria Hbn. Lith. 172 duplicaria Stgr. Liye. 356 duplicaria Wkr. Car. 192 . 7 duplicata F. An. 177 : 6 duplicata Hbn. Lith. 173 . 6 duplicata Warr. Orth. 160 12 duponchelaria Lefr. Sel. 401 . 28 duponcheli Prt. Enc. 407 . . . 23 duponchellaria Luc. Amygd. 168 6 duponti Mab. Ell. 322 duponti Th.-M. Dysc. 408 duponti Th.-M. Olth. 158 duroata Th.-M. Lith. 173 .. 6e Dysehloropsis Warr. 29 Dyscia Hbn. 407 Dysethia 41, 188 Dysethiodes 188 Dysmigia Warr. 402 Dysphania Intr. IIL Dyspteris 188 Dysstroma Hbn. 220 Dystroma 215 : dzuirzynskii Koller Bup. 400 23 g E. Earophila Gmpg. 264 ebenica Delah. Hr. 352 ebuleata Guen. Our. 335 .. . 17d eburnata Ac. 35 eburnata Ptych. 106, 107, 109, 124 eburnata Wocke Ptych. 105 . 4¢ eburneata Christ. Micr. 189 . . 6d eburnivena Warr. Rhynch. 346 15 e Ectropis Hbn. 376 ectypata Mab. Oar 86 .... Te edentula Krul. Gon. 331 effeminata Stgr. Ptych. 126 efferata Wkr. Ligd. 313 ... 15d efflorata Z. Ptych. 118 .... 4d efformata Guen. Ann. 177 effractaria Prr. Enn. 324 effusaria Christ. Ptych. 123 . . 3i effusaria Klem. Tim. 48 effusaria Rbi. Enn. 324 effusaria Stgr. Cid. 251 effuscata Galv. Ptych. 138 Egea Dup. 4 Egea 382 egenaria H.-Schaff. Kup. 280 . 13¢ egenata Prt. Cid. 239 Eilierinia Hobn. 344 Bilicrinia Intr. TV electaria Leech Asth. 273... . 7g elegans) iin: Dilevs06 seen sees elegans Btlr. Tiich. 186 elegans Ob. Bo. 370 S . 201 eliela Bilr. Cid. 248 ... .. 10h elimata Diz. Hup. 297 elinguaria Z. Croc. 382. .. . 16g Ellopia Tr. 322 elongaria Leech Mac. 347. . . 18f elongaria Ptych. 120 elongaria Rmb. Ptych. 126... 4f elongata Dtz. Eup. 292 Elphos Guen. 380 eluta Wil. Dipl. 24 elutata Prr. Cid. 243 elvira Th.-M. Rhod. 155 elyra Swinh. Ac, 75 INDEX. emaculata Graes. Op. 339 emanata Dtz. Hup. 297 emarginata Leech Bist. 359 . emarginata LZ. Ptych. 138 emaria Brem. Hem. 362 Ematurga Zed. 399 emina Schaw. Cid. 257 emma Prt. Ac. 75 Emmeltesia Steph. 258 Emmesomia Warr. 187 Emmiltis Hbn. 87 Emmiltis 51, 52, 86 emissaria Wkr. Ac. 54 emucidaria Ev. Rhod. 36. . emucidaria Hbn. Dysc. 407 . emundata Christ. Ep. 243 emutaria Ac. 76 emutaria Hbn. Ac. 75 Eneonista Zed. 406 Endropiodés Warr. 330 Energopteryx Th.-M. 336 ennomaria Guen. Hyper. 320 Ennomos Jr. 323 Ennomos 403 ennomosaria Wkr. Pseud. 343 . Entephria Hbn. 234, 236 | eolaria Guen. Gn. 384 eosaria Wkr. Bo. 374 Ephoria Meyr. 321 Ephyra 141, 268 | ephyrinaria Ob. Gn. 391 Bpifidonia Btlr. 215, 327 Epione Dup. 341 epione Prt. Apleron. 373 Epiplemidae Intr. 1 Epirranthis Hbn. 5 Epirrhoé Hbn. 216, 232, 255, 256 Episauris bl. 181 epixantha Stichel Cid. 235 equestraria #. Enn. 323 | equestrata Bkh. Psod. 395 , Erannis Hbn. 351 Brannis Intr. 1V erasa Warr. Dith. 46 erebaria Krul. Bo. 267 erebaria Ob. Sel. 401. evebearia Leech Cid. 242 | Erebomorpha Whr. 361 | erectaria Leech Micr. 207 . erectaria Piing. Er. 351 eremita Scop. liye. 356 . ericeata Rmb. Eup. 296 | ericetaria Vill. Sl. 400 ericetata Steph. Cid. 262 erilda Ob. Bist. 359 eriopodata Grasl. Ptych. 118 eriopodata Ptych. 96, 101 erosaria Schiff. Enn. 324 . erosata Hufn. Ptych. 138 . erriguata Rmb. Eup. 277 erschoffi Alph. Orth. 161 . erschoffi Christ. Ptych. 135 . erschoffiaria Ptych. 135 erubescens Sigr. An. 176 erutaria Bsd. Ven. 266 . Brythrolophus Hips. 44 Eschatarchia Warr. 269 esterelata Mill. Ptych. 104 esther Bilr. Syn. 319 eteocretica Rbl. C.d. 238 etruscaria Stgr. Gn. 389 Buacidalia Ob. 96 Bubolia Guen. 158 Bubyjodonta Warr. 359 Bucestia Hbn. 180 Huchloena Hbn. 341 Huchloris Tntr. II, 21 Euchloris Hbn. 27 | Euchoeeca Hbn. 270 FEuchoeca Intr. I eucircota Probl. 51 Nw bo eb ier in) bo - 1b eucircota Prt. Probl. 50 ... Tb eucosma Prt. Disc. 270 Bulga, Le EHucosmia 198 Eucrostes Hbn. 33 Kuctenurapteryx Warr. 336 EHucymatoge Hbn. 274, 300 eug»niata Mill. Ptych. 121 . . te Hulype Intr. II, 152, 282, 254 Eumera Stgr. 324 Huphanessa Pach. 141 euphorbiata Ball. Ptych. 139 euphorbiata Schiff. Min. 167. . 6¢ euphrasiata H.-Schaff. Kup. 292 12e euphrasiata Mill. Cid. 261 Huphyia Hon. 244, 265 Kupithecia Curt. 274 Hupithecia Intr. Il, 1V eurata Prt. Gloss. 83 eureliaria Mill. Xen. 34 eurota Gloss. 82 eurymede Motsch. Cyst. 308 . 14h eurypyle Men. Cyst. 308... 14h eurytaenia Rbl. Cid. 232 . 10f Burythecodes 335 euryzona Hmps. Bo. 380 Husarca H.-Schaff. 4 Fustroma 170, 206, 250 Eustroma Hbn. 207 Butriphosa 200 euxinata Bhisch. Eup. 296 evanescens Bilr. Cid. 258 evanescens Btllr. Selen. 338. . 17¢ evanescens Stgr. Cid. 241 evanidaria Piing. Gn. 391 eversmannaria H.-Schaff. Bep. 171 Hvis 89 evonymaria Schiff. Art. 329 . 17b exactata Stgr. Hup. 277 exalbata Hbn. Schist. 171 .. 6d exalbidata Sigr. Eup. 288 . . 12h exangalata Warr. C.d. 217 .. 81 exaridaria Graes. Ep. 342 exanthemata Mr. Cale. 307 . 14f exanthemata Scop. Cab. 318 . 15¢ excaecaria Mechs. Rhod. 154 excavata Dyar. Zam. 358 Lo fa] = excellens Bilr. Bo. 378... . 21h excellens Btlr. Our. 335 .. . Te excelsa Dtz. Eup. 288 excelsata Hrsch. Lith. 174 .. 8a excelsata Lith. 172 : excentricata Alph. Cid. 255. . 81 excisa Bilr. Cith, 299) 929s). 13 excisaria Hsp. Camp. 328 . 15 i excultata Christ. Cal. 200 8d exemptaria Hbn. Ac. 74 4k exhausta Prt. Cid. 259 exiguata Hbn. Eup. 277 .. . 12m exilaria Guen. Ptych. 104 .. 4a,4c exilaria Guen. Ptych. 97, 122 eximiata Fchs. Cid. 227 ... Ye exliturata Whr. Cid. 227 . . . TH exoletata H.-Schdjf. For. 302. 13m expallidata Dbl. Hup. 285 . . 12f expallidata Guen. Bup. 128 expansa Mr. Triph. 198 ... 5k expansata Prt. Cid. 244 expiata Pting. Cid. 217 exportata Stgr. Noth. 184 expressata Christ. Trich. 186 . Sa expressata Noth. 184 exquisita Aign. Art. 329 exsecuta Fidr. Tri. 169... . 66 exsoletaria H.-Schaff. Nov. 302 13m exsoletaria Leech Ar. 305 exstirpata F'chs. Ac. 67 exstirpata Prt. Ac. 69 exsuctaria Piing. Gn. 391 exsul Tchetr. Gon. 331 extarsaria H.-Schaff. Ptych. 118 4d extensaria Prr. Eup. 293. . . 131 extenuata Prt. Gloss. 82 externata H.-Schdff. Oul. 182 . . 2Lh extersaria Hbn. Bo. 378 extersaria Ptych. 99 extimania Hbn. Croc. 3382 . extimaria Wkr. Ac. 77 extincta Harr. Nyss. 355 extincta Stgr. Ptych. 127 eatincta Ptych. 100 extincta V.-1/7.-R. Ell. 322 extinctaria Hv. Bo. 371 : extinctaria Stndjs. Phig. 353 extradentata Prt. Orth. 158 extraordinaria Stgr. Ac. 54 extraversaria H.-Schdjf. eM MMM kes on, ARP ee vs extremaria Leech Car. 192 extremaria Wkr. Tim. 48 . extremata /'. Eup. 282 extremata Warr. Ac. 54 exulta Btlr. Rhopt. 383 exsultata Cal. 200 ; exustaria Stgr. Bo. 371 . exustaria Stgr. Ene. 407 eynensata Grasl. Eup. 283 EF. fabiolaria Ob. Lygr. 211 . jabiolaria Lygr. 213 fabrefactaria Ob. Cid. 251 faecaturia Hon. Apl. 6... faeculenta Th.-M. Lith. 403 fagaria Thnbg. Ac. 81 fagaria Thnbg. Dysc. 408 . fagaria Wnbg. Syn. 364 fagata Scharf Oper. 193 fagicolaria Robs. Eup. 285 faillata Trti. Ptych. 92. falcata B.-H. Hor. 301 falcata Warr. Bist. 359 falcataria Mr. Pal. 7 faleataria Mr. Pal. 8 faleigera Btlr. Oberth. 350 jaleki Stgr. Ptych. 90 falckii Hed. Ptych. 90 falconaria Frr. Gn. 389 faleonaria Wkr. Heter. 340 . fallentaria Stgr. Bo. 369 falsaria Alph. Atom. 396 falsaria Gloss. 83, 84, 107 falsaria H.-Schdjf. Gloss. 82 falsaria Leech Ac. 65 Ae famelica Dtz. Bup. 294 . famula Hsp. Bichr. 398 farinaria Leech Ac. 64. farinata Hujn. Lith. 175 . farinosa Dtz. Hup. 283 farinosa Warr. Arch. 11 farinosa Warr. Rhod. 43 . farinosata Christ. Gn. 388 farracearia Leech Bo. 378 fasciaria Leech Cal. 200 fasciaria Leech Cid. 247 fasciaria Leech Lob. 191 fasciaria Leech Phot. 202 . fasciaria LZ. Ell. 322 . fasciaria Mots. Bist. 359 fasciaria Wnbg. Lar. 157 . fasciata Garb. An. 177 fasciata Gillm. Croc. 332 fasciata Linst. Hr. 352 fasciata Pet. Oper. 193 fasciata Prt. Bist. 358 fasciata Prt. Chi. 404 fasciata Prt. Cos. 150 fasciata Prt. Gn. 386 fasciata Prt. Lyc. 356 fasciata Prt. Noth. 184 fasciata Prt. Orth. 162 fasciata Prt. Orth. 163 fasciata Prt. Pseud. 14 fasciata Prt, Triph. 198 Eup. ; — Pl. 6f 16¢ 1 a ) CO = Co DY 09 0 or —2 AS 02 09 (11) 23f Ve . 24e . 20¢ 6e 4b 1d 6 ya INDEX. jasciata Rbl. Rhod. 39 fasciata Rtr. Bo. 377 fasciata Stgr. Cal. 200 fasciata Stgr. Ptych. 93 fasciata Stgr. Triph. 198 | fasciata Tutt, Cid. 223 fascinataria Stgr. Bo. 366 fasciolaria Hufn. Narr. 397 . fastigata Piing. Cid. 251 fathmaria Ob. Ptych. 96 fatimaria B.-H. Mann. 382 | fatimata Stgr. Ptych. 105 | fatimata Ptych. 97, 132 fatuaria Leech Cid. 247 | faucium Frr. Psod. 395 fausta Th.-M. Cid. 255 . faustinata Mill. Chlor. 25 | faustinata Warr. Bo. 369 favillacearia Dup. Dyse. 408 favillacearia Hbn. Dysc. 408 | favillacearia Hbn. Ac. 81 fecunda Swinh. Cid. 252 fedtschenkoi Hrsch. Cid. 218 feliciaria Luc. Orth. 159 fenestrata Mill. Hup. 284 fenestratus Bélr. Gar. 326 fennica Rtr. Cid. 260 fennica Pet. Cid. 260 fentoni Bétlr. Teph. 406 Fernaldella 396 ferrata H.-Schdff. Cid. 231 ferreata Fchs. Bup. 287 ferrugaria Haw. Cid. 226 ferrugata Cid. 239 ferrugata Cl. Cid. 227 ferrugaa Stgr. Cid. 226 ferrugata Santh. Intr. III ferruginaria Mr. 269 ferruginascens Krul. Pel. 264 ferruginata Dup. Eup. 288 ferruginata Dup. Eup. 288 fervidaria Leech Cid. 251 . festicaria Hbn. Dias . 402 festinaria Christ. Lygr. 213 festivata Sigr. Cat. 265 fibulata Hufn. Cid. 223 . . fidelensis Mendes Hem. 362 Fidonia Tr. 398 fidonia 44, 86 fidonaria Stgr. Cid. 224 fidoniata Gn. Mac. 348 fiduciaria Anker Chondr. 354 . figuraria B.-H. Ptych. 130 filaria Hv. Cid. 245 — filacearia Cleta 88, 92 filacearia H.-Schdff. Cleta 89 filicata Hbn. Ptych. 130 filigrammaria H.-Schdfj. Opor. 196 filigrammaria Oporin. 194 fimbrialis Scop. Thal. 30 . fimbrialis Thal. 21 fimbriaria Steph. Bo. 368 fimbriata B.-H. Ptych. 124 fimbriata Haw. Opor. 195 fimbriata Schiff. Ptych. 126 fimbriolaria Hbn. Bucr. 33 fimbriolata Ptych. 100 fimbriolata Steph. Ptych. 127 fingalaria Mill. Tephr. 382 . finitimaria F'chs. Gn. 389 firmata Hbn. Cid. 219 fissisignis Btlr. Eustr. 208 fissurata Mab. Lith. 172 . fixseni Alph. Lox. 410 . fixseni Brem. Gand. 214 . . flabellaria Heeg. Zann. 357 . flaccata Sigr. Ac. 76 . flaccata Ac. 56 flaccidaria Z. Ac. 76 . flagellaria Pouj. Gel. 22 flagellata Pouj. 22 , Woe ee an Woe KHoMmnNrom Pi. mo > Ila . 16b » Io 9e 9e¢ 19b gO bo jon ys bo Or = Fh Eb ot et ° Ser Pl. flammeolaria Hufn. 269 10h flava Mr. Hil. 345. 18d flava Mr. Pseud. 328 flavaria F', Hyper. 320 flavaria Leech Pseud. 345 . . 18¢ flavata Mr. Gand. 214 flaveolaria Hbn. Ptych. 95 4a) flaveolaria Tr. Cleta 89. 7d flavescens Alph. Teph. 405 flavescens B.-Wh. Bup. 400 flavescens Prt. Art. 329 16d flavescens Prt. Cos. 143 flavescens Prt. Lyc. 356 flavescens Swinh. Pseud. 325 flavicaria Schiff. Ther. 343 . 1sc¢ flavicata Sp.-Schn. Lygr. 211 flavicata Thbg. Hydr. 269 10h flaviceps Btlr. Rhynch. 345 18e flavicinctaria Cid. 235 flavicinctata Hbn. Cid. 235 . 9¢g flavicornata Z. Lith. 172 . 6e flavicornata Lith. 174 flavicostaria Leech Rhynch. 346 18 e flavidaria Ev. Teph. 405 flavidaria Leech Car. 192. . lid flavifrontaria Leech Hipp. 17 flavifusa Warr. Cid. 221 flavifusata Wkr. Oenosp. 22 flavimacularia Leech Hyp. 319 15¢ flavipedaria Men. Cal. 201 flavipes Men. Cal. 201 flavisinuata Warr. Abr. 310 flavissima Krul. Op. 339 flavistrigata Warr. Cid. 241 Th flavobasalis Zeech Abr. 310 flavocingulata Stgr. Cid. 236 flavofasciata Huene Abr. 309 flavofasciata Thbg. Cid. 262 10h flavolinearia Leech Bo. 368 . . 20f flavolineata Stgr. Cid. 231 flavomacularia Leech Ar. 304 . l4c flavomacularia Leech Lygr. 213 11 b flavomarginaria Brem. Ar. 305 14d flavomixta Hke. Cid. 236 . 9b flavovenaria Leech Ar. 304 . 14b flavovenata Leech Coll. 300. 1li flavularia Piing. Lith. 403 fleischmanni Rbl. Dysc. 408 fletcheri Tutt Cab. 318 flexilinea Warr. Mac. 348 1s¢ flexosaria Bhtsch. Cid. 261 flexulata Cid. 234 flexulata B.-H. Cid. 236 florentina Stefan. Nyss. 355 floridaria Piing. Ptych. 93 floridaria Piing. Ptych. 135 . . 3k floslactata Haw. Ac. 66 .. . i floslactata Ac. 35, 52, 67, 68, 70, 71, 137 fluctuata LZ. Cid. 223 fluctuata Cid. 224 fluctuata Xanth. 152 fluidata Led. Cid. 249 .... Ib fluviata Hbn. Cid. 228 .... QYe fluviata Orth. Intr. IV foedata Btlr. Ptych. 101 4¢ foedata Leech Bpt. 315 foedata Warr. Bpt. 315 . . . 152 foliata Fchs. Cos. 148 ‘folognearia Stgr. Ptych. 117 foraria Guen. Perc. 306 formosaria Hv. Asp. 411 fortificata B.-H. Cid. 239 fortificata Tr. Schist. 171 fortunaria Vasq. Bo. 366 fortunata Blach. Bo. 369 fossaria Tayl. Cid. 222 fractaria Stgr. Hem. 362 .. . 20a fractifasciaria Leech Cid. 244 . Ti fractifasciaria Leech HKustr. 208 13d fractifasciaria Ping. Gn. 387 fractilineata Z. Ptych. 103 4 462 Pl. fractilineata Ptych. 104 fractistrigata Alph. Cid. 215 franckaria Lamb. Ang. 334 fraterna Bilr. Ar. 304 . 14b fraternata H.-Schdff. An. 178 . 13 ¢ fraudulentata H.-Schajf. An. 177 fraxinata Crewe Eup. 293 121 fraxinata Eup. Intr. I freitagaria Méschl. Wil. 344 frigida Bilr. Otopl. 186 . 13b frigidaria Ac. 66, 72 frigidaria Guen. Cid. 232 ... 9 frigidaria Moschl. Ac. 65 . 5 frigidata V.-M.-R. Psod. 395 frugaliata Guen. Mac. 349 frustata Tr. Cid. 244 2... 9k jrustata Tr. Cid. 240 fueata Piing. Gloss. 85 ... 31 fucata Gloss. 82 fulgidaria Leech Cid. 252 fulgurata Guen. An. 178 . .. Se fulgurata An. 175 fulgurata Wkr. Ereb. 361 fuliginaria Leech Bo. 378 fuliginata Haw. Ptych. 135 fuliginea Hmps. Bo. 373 fuliginosa Rothsch. Croc. 333 fulminaria Led. Agl. 29 fulminata Alph. Cid. 256... lle fultaria Vill. Cos. 148 fulva Gillm. Cepph. 342 fulvaria Dziurz. Bup. 400 fulvaria Vell. It. 402... . . 2h julvata F. Cid. 222 ie. Aan fulvata Forst. Cid. 215... . 8g fulvicans Geoffr. Ac. 66 4i fulvida Leech Cid. 259 . 7k fulvimacula Hmps. Cid. 259 13 m fulvipennis Bilr. Kup. 286 13h fulvobasalis Warr. Abr. 312 fulvocinctata Rmb. Cid. 244 fulvostriata Goeze Ac. 66 ... £1 fulvoundata Fchs. Cid. 263 . 10k fulvularia Hufn. Ang. 334 . . 161 fumaria Haw. Lyc. 356 fumata Hv. Cid. 252 fumata Math. Ist. 398 fumata Nitsche Orth. 159 jumata Steph. Ac. 55, 66 . 4) fumataria Leech Cid. 260 . Th fumidaria Hbn. Lign. 351 18 i fumidaria Leech Perc. 307 . . 1l4e fumidata 77ti. u. Ver. Acas. 182 fumidotata Wkr. Cid. 234 fumipennaria Hellw. Er. 352. fumipennis Prt. Narr. 397 fumitaria Cid. 258 fumosa Prt. Cid. 216 fumosa Prt. Euct. 336 fumosa Warr. Gn. 385 fumosae Gregs. Eup. 279 fumosaria H.-Schdff. Cid. 252 fumesaria Leech Bo. 375... 21f inviaaasEhaky Jey ea MG) 5 5 ib ok tual fumosarius Alph. Bist. 358 fumosata Jrti. Lar. 157 fumosus Gregs. Bo. 370 funebraria Lamb. Bist. 355 funebraria Th.-M. Er. 352 funebris Warr. Phot. 202. junerata Hbn. Cid. 256 . furcata Stgr. Eup. 295 furcata Thnbg. Cid. 265 furcifascia Wkr. Cid. 255 furvata Schiff. Gn. 385 sete22ib fusca; Biir!) Het wsS eee. = e6rd! fusca Leech Sel. 325 fusca Meyr. Het. 188 fusca Ritti. Croc. 332 fusca Stgr. Phot. 203 fusca Thbg. Pygm. 396 .. fuscantaria Krul. Bup. 400 . » Bae a TE . We . 10k lld . 23d . 23¢g INDEX. fuscantaria Steph. Enn. 324 fuscaria Cid. 234 fuscaria Leech Bo. 365 . fuscaria Leech Mac. 346 fuscaria Prt. Ang. 334 fuscaria Stgr. Pseud. 343 . fuscaria Thbg. It. 401 fuscaria Wgn. Art. 329 fuscata F. Ac. 56 ees fuscata Herz Teph. 406 fuscata Hufn. Min. 167 fuscata Hvkf. Br. 352 fuscata Leech Cid. 235 | fuscata Mosley Er. 352 fuscata Prt. Lygr. 212 | fuscata Tutt Hem. 362 | fuscescens Bilr. fuscata Wnbg. Eup. 284 . . Abr. 311 . fuscicostata Christ. Eup. 284 fuscobrunnea Warr. Gn. 384 fuscofasciaria Le2ch Heter. 340 fuscolimbata Tgstr. Cid. 229 fuscomarginaria Leech Bo. 375 fuscomarginata Stgr. Cid. 225 fuscomarginata Warr. fuscomixtata Prt. Ptych. 98 fuscostigma Alph. Eup. 284 . fuscoundata Stgr. Cid. 263 | fuscovenosa Ptych. 127, 129 fuscularia F'chs. Ptych. 105 G. gachtaria Frr. Orth. 164 gadmensis Rdtz. Anag. 320 ga'geri Stgr. Croc. 332 . galiata Schiff. Cid. 257 Gandaritis Wr. 214 Gandaritis 209, 213 Garaeus Mr. 326 gaschkevitchii Motsch. Av. 305 . Gasterocome Warr. 379 gastonaria Ob. Ac. 53 gastonaria Ob. Ac. 52 gayneri Rothsch. Pseud. 154 gedrensis Rnd. Psod. 375 | gegenaria Alph. Rhod. 154 geholiaria Asp. 411 | geholiaria,Ob. Asp. 411 | Gelasma Warr. 22 gelata Guen. Cid. 235 gelata Stgr. Cid. 235 gelatella F. Ches. 180 gelida Bulr. Chlor. 25. . gelidata Moschl. Eup. 293 gelinaria Luc. Eup. 280 gemellata H.-Schaff. Eup. 291 geministrigata Fchs. Ptych. 92 gemmaria Brahm Bo. 368 gemmata Hbn. Cid. 228 geneata Feisth. Cid. 217 genistaria Vill. Pseud. 138 . gensanaria Leech Cor. 339 gentianata Mill. Cid. 242 . Geometra Tr. 16 Geometridae Intr. IV Geometrinae 303 Geometrinae Intr. V georgi Meissl. Cid. 226 gerarding Ob. Orth. 161 germiniata Piing. Noth. 184 gesticularia Hbn. It. 402 . gianellaria Trti. Ac. 64 gigantaria Stgr. Antic. 361 gigantaria Sigr. Chlor. 25 | gigantea Mill. Buchl. 28 ~ | gigantea Stgr. Eup. 276 gigantearia Leech Obe. 308 . gilvaria Schiff. Asp. 411 gilvaria Sigr. Gn. 393 giraffata Guen. Pere, 307 . Mae. 345 Pl. . Ik 20d 21 f eS elsih: LOM: ' fuscovenosa Gioeze Ptych. 133 . 4f lo¢ 10 b l4e 23h - Lon . 4g 24 fh . *4f | glabraria Hbn. Bo. 372 glaciata Germ. Cid. 235 glarearia Brahm Chi. 404 glareosaria Graes. Bo. 379 glauca Geoffr. Comib. 19 glaucaria Brem. Hipp. 17 glaucaria Brem. Hipp. 18 glaucaria Wkr. Gel. 22. glaucinaria Hbn. 389... . glaucofusa Hmps. Rhod. 41 glaucomictata Mann Eup. 282 . Glaucopteryx Hbn. 234 glessaria Christ. Asp. 411 gloriosaria Bsd. Asp. 411 . Glossosirophia 52, 64 Glossostrophia Prt. 82 Glossostrophia Ptych. 105, 390 gluptata Dtz. Eup. 281 Guopharmia Sigr. 383 Gnophos Tr. 384 Gnophos 11, 14, 378 gnophosaria Leech Ac. 63 gnophosaria Gn. 395 gnophosaria Ob. Gn. 389 . Gnophosema Prt. 14. Gonodontis Hbn. 330 Gonodontis 367 | goodwini Bks. Hydr. 268 goossensiata Mab. Eup. 285 gothicata Cid. 248 gothicata Guen. Cid. 254 gottrensis Frr. Cid. 236 eracilaria B.-H. Cid. 247 graciliata. Diz. Hup. 295 . . graciliata Mann Ptych. 117 gracilior Btlr. Hol. 85 gracilipennis Warr. gracilis Bllr. Spil. 345 . graccaria B.-H. Gon. 331 graccaria Sigr. Gn. 387 graecaria Sigr. Gn. 391 g-aecarius Sigr. Nyss. 356 graellsiaria Feisth. It. 402 graeseri Prt. Lox. 410 3 graeseriata Rdtz. Eup. 296 graminaria Z. Micr. 26 grammania Bsd. Hap. 284 granadaria Stgr. Ptych. 94 granataria mb. Sel. 400 grandaria Fldr. Perc. 307 erandificaria Graes. Gel. 22 grandinaria Motsch. Ang. BBL grandis Prt. Cat, 266 @anitalis Bilr. Cid. 251 gianitalis Bo. 375 granitaria Mr. Bo. 372 . graphata Eup. 278 graphata Hed. Mac. 346 graphata Tr. Eup. 291. graslinaria Stgr. Eup. 285 grata Btlr, Parep. 341 grataria Leech Cid. 232 gratiosaria Graes. Ochr. 19 gratiosata H.-Schdff. Hup. 282. grawinaria Fisch.-R. Ac. 55 . griphodeata Rmb. Cid. 223 grisata F. Ptych. 137 grisea Bilr. Anon. 338 . grisea Bilr. Bo. 369, 379 . grisea Diz. Bup. 279 grisea Th.-M. Ptych. 120 grisea Thnbg. by: Sins grisearia Bart. Bo. 374. grisearia Cal. 201 grisearia Pchs. Bll. 322 grisearia Vill. Oper. 194 grisearia Leech Abr. 310 grisearia Leech Cal. 200 grisearia Leech Het. 188 . grisearia Leech Noth. 184 grisearia Leech Perc. 306 . grisearia Leech Selen. 338 Ptych. 115 i 5d 226 Rw RO Sco) Tr eR EA = me LON is) loon oad ates tL GL seililse . l4e IAL, grisearia Leech Zeth. 330 grisearia Noth. 186 srisearia Pet. Tim. 48 erisearia Sigr. Gn. 391 grisearia Stgr. Perc. 412 grisearia Stgr. Rhod. 42 griseata Bast. Cal. 199 . griseata Ches. 179 griseata J”. Ptych. 98 griseata Schiff. Lith. 172 . griseata Sigr. Chlor. 299 eriseata Stgr. Cid. 262 erisescens Diz. Eup. 286 erisescens Diz. Chlor. 299 grisescens Horm. Orth. 159 grisescens Huene Cid. 263 grisescens Lah. Ptych. 112 grisescens Neub. Orth. 163 grisescens Pet. Kup. 294 erisescens Stgr. Ac. 65 . grisescens Stgr. Cid. 249 grisescens Warr. Bo. 377 griseolaria Teph. 405 griseolata Stgr. Cos. 142 gciseolimbata Ob. Cab. 318 griseonigra Goeze Bo. 374 . erisolaria Hv. Teph. 405 grossulariata Z. Abr. 309. grossulaiata Abr. Intr. IIT, erumaria Alph. Rhod. 41 erumi Prt. Gn. 388 erummi Alph. Hem. 363... . 2 erunearia Stgr. Gnu. 392 fay guancharia Alph. Ac. 63 . guancharia Alph. Ptych. 81 Gubaria 347 gueneata Mill. Eup. 281 gueneata Prt. Opor. 196 guinardaria Bsd. Eup. 283 guinardaria H.-Schaff. Eup. 295 guriata Hmich Cid. 218 guitats Fidr. Perc. 307 . guitata Huene Cid. 216 Gymnoseelis Mab. 298 gynochromaria Hmbg. Ptych. 194 gypsaria Bsd. Ac. 55 Gypsochroa Hbn. 8 gyraria Tr. Cos. 147 . gyrata Hbn. Cos. 145 bo or CD Or oe 6d 4d 121 . id 14e H. haasi Hed. Cid. 261 . ’ habenata Warr. Ac. 58 haberhaueri Led. Tri. 170 habichi Schaw. Ptych. 137 hadassa Bllr. Syn. 318. . hadenata Fichs. Cilor. 298 Haematopsis 85 hahnearia Gmppg. Cid. 236 Haggardia Intr. IV Halia 346 halimaria Chret. Micr. 26 . Hart halimodendrata FErsch. Ac. 58 4 halimodendronota Fchs. Ac. 58 4 halituaria Guen. It. 401 halterata Hujfn. Lob. 185 hanna Btir. Ac. 75 hanna Ac. 94 hanoviensis Heym. Lyc. 356 hanseni Hed. Ar. 304 harri-oni Harr. Nyss. 355 haroldi Ob. Bo. 365 haroldaria Ob. Bo. 366 harterti Rothsch. Bo. 365 hasperi Warr. Asp. 412 hastata L. Cid. 257¢ it: hastata Cid 153, 21s [owe hastata Eul. Inter. I{1 hastedonensis Lamb. Phil. (205 Hastina Mr. 136 ; Leal Wo oF Rule INDEX. Pi. hastigera Btlr. Lox. 410 25 Ik hastulata Hbn. Cid. 256 10 e hastulata Hbn. Cid. 254 .. . 10e haworthiata Dbl. Hup. 275 . . hazeleighensis Rayn. Abr. 310 headi Tutt Cos. 144 headi Tutt Cos. 144 hebesata Wkr. Mac. 348 : hebridium Rbs.-Gd. Cid. 262 hebudium Sheld. Kup. 276 hebudium Weir Cid. 262 hecate Btlr. Cid. ABE hedemannaria Ob. Cal. 200 hedemanni Christ. Bo. 376 hedemanni Christ. Atom. 397 . hedemanni Stgr. Lept. 328 helenae Harr. Poec. 354 helianthemata Mill. Ptych. 121 7d helianthemata Mill. Ptych. 119. 120, 122 helianthemata Ptych. 104 Heliothea Bsd. 6 hellwegeri Rbl. Cid. 243 helveticaria Bsd. Eup. 283 . . 12¢ helvolaria Rbs.-Gd. 325 hemana Btlr. Noth. 184 Hemerophila Steph. 362 Hemerophila 375 hemionata Guen. Xanth. 309 Hemistola Warr. 30 Hemithea Dup. 23 Hemithea 45 Hemitheinae 10 Hemitheinae Intr. Il, V. 125, 34, 6, 2 henricaria Ob. Hyp. 343 . heparata Schiff. Kuch. 270 hepaticata Swinh. Lept. 328 herbacearia Hew. Hipp. 17 herbaria Hbn. Micr. 26 herbaria Micr. 27 herbariata #. Ptych. 123 . herbariata Ptych. 125 herberti Orth. 163 oie herbicolens Bétlr. Rhod. 42 hercegovinensis Rbl. Cid. 230 herefordi Tutt Bist. 358 Herochroma 10 herpeticaria Rmb. Perc. 412 herrichii Ob. Gn. 391 hesperidata Rmb. Ac. 79 Heterophleps H.-Schaff. 187 Heterophleps 191 Heteralex 7 : Heterarmia Warr. 367 Heterocallia Leech 327 Heteroctenia Meyr. 47 Heterolocha Led. 340 Heterostegane Hmps. 316 hethlandica Prt. Cid. 222 hethlandica Rbl. Cid. 231 hethlandicaria B.-H. Cid. 235 hexaptera Latr. Myst. 185 . 8a heaapterata Schiff. Lob. 185 . 6f heydenaria Stgr. Hup. 291 . . 12e heyeraria H.-Schdff. Cab. 318 hibernica Prt. Cid. 249 hiemata Hufn. Oper. 194 . Hierochthonia Prt. 27 hilarata Guen. Ag. 15. hilariata Diz. Kup. 280 hilariata Schaw. Cid. 230 himalaica Pseud. 343. . . himalayica Koll. Pseud. 343 Hipparchus Leech 16 hippocastanaria Hbn. Pach. 383 A eee ed AeA aD Dial Hirasa Mr. 380 Hirasa 363 hirschkei Bast. Hup. 295 hirschkei Dziurz. Bup. 400 hirtaria Cl. Lyc. 356 . > Use . LOh 4e 61 . 18d . 18d . 19e hirlaria Lye. 354 hispalata Rmb. Cid. 236 ; hispanaria Mill. Dysc. 408 . hispanaria Piing. Ptych. 128 hispidaria Schiff. Apoch. 354 | hispunaria = hispanaria | hockingii Bllr. Cid. 241 hoefneri Rbl. Gn. 394 hofgreni Lampa Cid. 254 hofmanni Schrb. Phal. 325 Holaretias Prt. 85 holli Ob. Bo. 373 holli Ob. Dysc. 408 holliata Himbg. Ptych. 125 holmgreni Lampa Er. 352 . holosericata Dup. Ptych. 132 holosericata Ptych. 115, 527 holosericeata Btlr. Ptych. 127 Holoterpna Piing. 29 Holothalassis Hbn. 16 homochromata Mab. Ith. 396 homog-ammata Diz. Hup. 275 honesta Prt. Lom. 316 . | honestata Mab. Ac. 80. honorifica Hsp. Cmp. 323 honoraria Schiff. Cmp. 323 . hopfferaria Stgr. Teph. 40 . horishana Matsum. Euct. 336 Horisme Hbn. 300 Horisme 206, 244, 299 hormiga Dgn. Kup. 297 hornigaria Stgr. Ptych. 107 horridaria Hbn. Orph. 394 horridaria Mr. Mac. 348 horridaria Schiff. Psod. 395 . hortensiaria Graes. Cid. 223 . hortulanaria Graes. Cid. 223 hortulanaria Stgr. Cid. 24 hospitata Tr. Kup. 297 . huberaria Ball. Bist. 359 . hiibneri Prt. Bo. 368 hiigeli Fidr. Naxa 9 huenei Strd. Lom. 312 huenei Prt. Oper. 194 hiinii Ob. Poec. 35 humeraria Wkr. Ptych. 106 humifusaria Hv. Cingl. 141 humiliata Hufn. Ac. 59 humiliata Ptych. 115, 132 humiliata Hufn. Ptych. 133 humilis Prt. Ac. 61 humperti Hump. Bo. 374 hyalinata Christ. Ptych. 137 hybrida Diz. Hup. 294 hybridaria Selys Cos. 147. -. hydrata Tr. Cid. 260 Hydrelia Hbn. 267 Hydrelia 255, 270, 273 Hydriomena Hon. intr. I. II, 262 Hydrochroa 16 hyemaria Bkh. Phig. 353 . hyemata Bkh. Noth. 183 hyemata Huene Oper. 194 hyperbolica Swinh. Coen. 350 Hypephyra Btlr. 319 hyperboreata Sigr. Eup. 293 Hyperythra Guen. 320 Hypochrosis Guen. 337 hypoleuca Hmps. Arch. 11 hypoleucos Kus. Bist. 359 hypomelathiaria Ob. Sel. 325 Hypoplectis Hbn. 342 Hyposidra Guen. 350 hypospilata Guen. Col. 299 . Hypoxystis Prt. 342 hyrcana Stgr. Cal. 200 hyreanaria Stgr. Orth. 162 Hyria Steph. Ptych. 99 hyriaria Warr. Lom. 316 . | Hysterura Warr. 206 Hysterura 207 10s 463 Pl. — bo owr © ota | aa . 18] Td 25 h 2 Wie 3m sostlis 15i . 23k 40 moO 464 iberaria Rmb. Cid. 223 iberarius Kolen. Bup. 400 iberica Dtz. Eup. 276 iberica Sitgr. Cid. 225 ibericata Stgr. Cid. 240... . ibicaria H.-Schajf. Ther. 351 icterata Vill. Eup. 288... . icterica Djak. Cid. 232 idaea Swinh. Dith. 45 idaria Ob. Obee. 307 . ignobilis Ac. 59. 72, 74 ignobilis Bilr. Bo. 379 ignobilis Bélr. Cid. 226 . ignobilis Warr. Ac. 60 . ignorata Sigr. Cid. 234 ignorata Stgr. Lith. 173 ignorata Stgr. Orth. 165 ignotata Stgr. Orth. 165 iliaria Alph. Emat. 399 iicaria Vill. Camp. 323 iliensis Alph. Hel. 6 . iliensis 7 illaborata Diz. Eup. 278 illataria Fchs. Ther. 351 illibaria Hbn. Crocot. 409 illibata Schiff. Lith. 172 illicaria Hbn. Bo. 368 illineata Prt. Cid. 248 illitata Wil. Cid. 250 illiturata Wkr. Gel. 22 . 27 illuminata Warr. Abr. 312 illunaria Esp. Sel. 325 . illunaria Hbn. Sel. 324 . illustraria Hbn. Sel. 325 imbella Warr. Ac. 74 imbulata Hbn. Cars. 179 . imitaria Acid. 47 imitaria Ac. 75 imitaria Hbn. Ac. 76 immaculata Ob. Op. 339 immaculata Thnbg. Buchl. 25 immaculata Tutt Cid. 223 immanata Haw. Cid. 222. . immistaria H.-Schdjf. Ac. 62 immmistaria Ac. 68 immorata L. Ac. 56 . immundata Warr. Gn. 356 immundata Z. Eup. 275 immutaria Hbn. Ac. 63 immutata L. Ac. 70 . ame immutata Ac. 60, 67, 70. 71 impallescens Christ. Cid. 235 impuraria Guen. Dyschl. 29 . impauperata Wkr. Ac. 65. . impectinata Guen. Gn. 388 . impedita Wkr. Dz. 10 impersonata Ac. 51, 52 impersonata Pryer Ac. 60 impersonata Wkr. Ac. 52. . imperviata Wkr. Teph. 405 . impexa Bilr. Ptych. 102 implicata Mesol. Intr. IT implicata Vill. Cid. 225 impluviata Hbn. Cid. 263. . improbata Sigr. Ptych. 125 . improbata Z. Gymn. 298 . impunctata Pel. Mes. 166 impunctata Sigr. Cid. 239 impurata Hbn. Eup. 288 . inaccepta Prt. Zeth. 330 inaequata Warr. Cid. 226 inalbata Ob. Bo. 378 inamata Wkr. Bpt. 314 inamoena Btlr. Cid. 227 inanata Christ. Cal. 201 incalearata Chreét. Ptych. incanata Haw. Ac. 63 incanata Hujn. Lith. 172 . 151 Pi. | | incanata | incanata INDEX. incanata L. Ac. 65 L. Ac. 55 Rtr. Cid. 223 Schiff. Ptych. 112 . incanata Z. Ac. T4. hac incarnaria H.-Schajj. Ptych. AD). ce... Ae eee eee incarnaria Hbn. Ptych. 51, 121 incertaria Leech Cryps. 315 . incanata | ineertaria Stgr. Bo. 378 . | incertata Stgr. Triph. 198 incertata Triph. 198 inciliata Zett. Cid. 260 | incisaria Sitgr. Ptych. 109 incisaria Ptych. 110, 112, 1138 incisarius Led. Nyss. 355 inclarata Joann. Enc. 407 inclinata Détz. Eup. 281 | inclinata Led. Ptych. 103 . incolaria Leech Gn. 384 | incolorata Koll. Heter. 340 incompositaria Leech Met. 309 incomptaria Leech Span. 19 | inconfusa Warr. Metabr. 305 Incongruaria Leech Bo. 367 . incong-uaria Wkr. Cor. 329 inconsiderata Sitgr. Cid. 223 f | inconpsicua Bilr. Rhod. 41 ' inconspicua Bilr. Rhod. 38 inconspicua Bilr. Syn. 318 inconspicuaria Hbn. Teph. 406 inconspicuaria Leech Cid. 260 . inconspicuata Bhisch Eup. 278 incontata Christ. Noth. 184 . . incultaria H.-Schdjf. Cid. 239 . incursata Hbn. Cid. 224 incuryvaria Ersch. Hor. 302 indecora Warr. Cid. 245 indecretata Hmps. Ner. 26 indentaria Warr. Med. 361 indica Bilr. Psy. 410 indicataria Wkr. Som. 44. indictinaria Brem. Endr. 330 indigata Hbn. Eup. 292 indigenata Vill. Eucr. 33 . indistincta Bélr. Atop. 267 indistincta Mr. Lom. 317 indotata Wkr. Teph. 406 . indrasana Leech Cyst. 308 . inequaliata Pack. Lob. 185 . inesata Mill. Ptych. 118 imexpectata Krul. Cid. 257 inextricata Wkr. Eustr. 208 . infans Moschl. Breph. 1 infermata Rmb. Ptych. 126 . infernaria B.-H. Cid. 224 infidaria Cid. 235 infidaria Lah. Cid. 236 . 4 infirmaria Rmb. Ptych. 119 infirmaria Piych. 96, 151 infracta Wil. Chlorom. 18 infrequentata Haw. Cid. 235 infumata Diz. Eup. 294 infumata Fchs. Er. 352 infumata Prt. Cid. 255 infumata Th.-M. Schist. 171 infumata bi. Cid. 253 injumata Scoria Intr. IV infuscaria Leech Ptych. 115 . infuscaria Rb/. Mac. 346 infuscata F. Lith. 172 3 infuscata Gmpg. Cid. 248 . infuscata Kane Cid. 249 infuscata Pri. Ac. 62 . infuscata Prt. An. 176 infuscata Prt. Cid. 222 . infuscata Prt. Cid. 263 infuscata Prt. Cos. 150 infuscata Prt. Ptych. 127 infuscata Rbl. Cid. 232 infuscata Rbl. Cal. 199 infuseata Reut. Cos. 145 | ingrata Wil. Culp. 21 . aote. Oe | | innata F. Lith. 403 .. . . i | infuscata Sigr. Bo. 374 . a infuscata Stgr. Cid. 263 .. . 1 infuscata Stgr. Enn. 323 1 infuscata Sigr. Orth. 158 infuscata Strd. S 1. 324 infuseata Tgstr. Cid. 222 innocentaria Christ. Perc. 412 . innotata Eup. Intr. I : innotata Fchs. Mac. 346 : innotata Hujn. Eup. 293 . | innuptaria H.-Sehdff. Orph. 394 ‘ : inops Pit. /Com-.done. ee) ee | inornata Hew. Ptych. 61 inornata Haw. Ptych. 136 ; inornata Ptych. 137, 138 inornata Leech Bo. 376 inornataria Leech Op. 340 inquinata Scop. Ptych. 123 inquinata Bftlr. Cid. 253 inquinataria Bsd. It. 402 inscriptata Don. Opor. 195 insignata Bkh. Eup. 278 . insignata Hbn. Bup. 279 . insignata Stgr. Chlor. 24 | insignis Alph. Asp. 412 | insolitaria Leech Bo. 375 . . . 2 _ insueta Bilr. Elph. 381 insolala Bir? ANcwiS- ss Sees insolicola Stgr. Lygr. ‘211 insolita Bilr. Bo. 367 insolitaria Fchs. Croc. 332 1 insolitaria Leech Hemist. 31 . 2 inspersaria Hbn. Hypox. 342 . 18 inspersaria Lamb. Hyp. 342 inspersaria Stgr. Dysc. 409 inspersata Schrk. Ac. 67 inspersata Stgr. Ligd. 313 instabilis Alph. Phil. 206 instilata Hufn. Ac. 79 insuavis Bilr. Ptych. insularia Th.-M. Bist. 355 | insulariata Stitn. Gymn. 298 | insulariata Wallgr. Cid. 226 insulata Bast. Gon: 331 .. . 25g insulata Cid. 208 insulata Haw. Cid. 250 - insulata Schaw. Cid. 230 intaminata Prt. Ac. 66 integraria Stgr. Orth. 161. intensa Ckll. Abr. 311 interjectaria Bsd. Ptych. 127. 132, 133... >. wee intermaculata Sigr. Mac. 345 .- intermedia Bks. Hydr. 268 intermedia Clark Opor. 196 intermedia Dtz. Eup. 276 . intermedia Dtz. Eup. 285 . intermedia Harr. Op. 339 intermedia Kempny Rhod. 39 intermedia Sigr. Ptych. 130 | intermedia Tutt Abr. 311 | intermediaria Alph. Cid. 237 | intermediaria Gmppg. Ell. 322 intermediatia Leech Mac. 347 . 18h internata Cid. 244 internata Piing. Oul. 182 . interpositaria Stgr. Cid. 224 interpunctaria Scterrha 153 Sa 9¢ | interpunctaria H.-Schdjf. Myin. interrogata Alph. Cid. 242 . . 10 interrupta Goeze Ac. 79 . : interrupta Hke. Cid. 243 interrupta Hke. Cid. 251 interrupta Hke. Gn. 393 interrupta Hke. Lygr. 211 interrupta Warr. Cid. 259 interrupta Wil. Bo. 378 . . 2 interruptaria Fldr. Cyst. 305 . 1 pe =z | interruptaria Leech Cal. 201 Publ. 3. 17. 1916. interruptaria Leech 303 . interruptata Rbl. Cid. 249 intersecta Geoffr. Ac. 79 intersecta Stgr. Cid. 244 intersectaria Leech Lygr. intersectaria Leech Mac. intricata Stgr. Hor. 301 intricata Zett. Eup. 283 inturbaria Frr. Eup. 275 . inturbata Hbn. Hup. 275 . TInurois 3 inusitata Guen. Cid. 248 inustata H.-Schdjf. Ac. 59 invalida Bilr. Ptych. 127 . invenustaria Bo. 361 invenustaria Leech Bo. 374 invenustaria Leech Pseud. 343 inversaria Ril. Amorph. 356 invisa Bilr. pup 284. Todis Hbn. 32 3 iodisata Stgr. Ner. 26 . Jotaphora Warr. 18 iridicolor Btlr. Jot. 15 irradiata Wkr. Teph. 405 . irriguata Hbn. Eup. 277 irritaria Sigr. Kup. 277 aroraria Leech Lom. 316 . irroraria Prt. Hyp. 342 irrorata Bak. Ac. 81 . irrorata Mr. Nax. 192 wrorata Btlr. Car. 192 : irrorata Christ. Lith. 403 irrorata Spr. Cid. 263 347 irrorataria Brem.-Gr. Bo. 376 . : irrufata Warr. Cos. 150 isabellaria Mill. Gloss. 84. isabellaria Sigr. Bo. 374 islandica Gmpg. Cid. 255 islandica Prt. Cid. 258 islandicaria Stgr. Cid. 228 ismailaria Ob. Mann. 382 isogrammaria H.-Schdff. es US cane : isolata Kane Cid. 249 isometra Warr. Gnoph. 14 isoscelata Scop. Emat. 399 isthmensis Stigma 87 istriaca Diz. Eup. 276 istriana Galv. Lyc. 356 istrianus Stgr. Nyss. 356 Isturgia Hbn. 397 italica Harr. Nyss. 355 italicata Dtz. Bup. 292 italicata Guen. Eup. 291 italicata Mili. Min. 167 Itame Hbn. 401 iterata Bilr. Bo. 371 . Ithysia Hbn. 396 iveni Hrsch. Gn. 393 . J. jacobaearia Bkh. Hypox. jacobsi Prt. Ptych. 417 jacularia Sterrha 153 jacularia Hbn. Rhod. 36 . jaguararia Guen. Ar. 305 . jaguarinaria Ob. Ar. 305 jakima Btlr. Ptych. 102 jameza Btir. Cid. 229 Jankowskia Ob. 365 jankowskiaria Mill. Euchl. 28 janthinarium Cos. 142 japanaria Leech Phil. 205 japonaria Leech Ligd. 313 japonaria Leech Oper. 194 japonensis Warr. Als. 3. japoniata Stgr. Ligd. 313 japonica Btlr. Anag. 320 japonica Prt. Oz. 10... . japygiaria Costa Hem. 362 jasioneata Crew. Eup. 287 EV 213 3h, 4m 21e isd co ale} is 23 f | kantalaria Fidr. kardakowi Krul. Cid. 218 | kashmiriea Cid. 215 | kashmirica Warr. Sense rare INDEX. jasioneata Kup. Intr. I jejunaria Leech Bo. 375 jesoensis Mats. Bist. 359 joannisiata Hmbg. Ptych. 110 joannisiata Ptych. 106 johansoni Lampa Lygr. 213 jordanaria Stgr. Croc. 333 jordanaria Stgr. Lith. 403 jourdanaria Vill. Cenies: 413 . jubata Thnbg. Bo. 372 . jugicola Sitgr. Orth. 161 jugicolaria F'chs. Gn. 394 juglandaria Ob. Bo. 376 juglansiaria Graes. Zam. 357 jugorum Fildr. Hem. 362 julia Btlr. Cith. 299 . julia Hulst It. 402 juliaria Haw. Sel. 325 . junctata Stgr. Orth. 163 junctata Orth. 162 junctilineata Wkr. Call. 210 juniperata LZ. LZ. Cid. 218 . jurassica V.-M.-R. Cid. 238 K. kabylaria Oberth. Fid. 399 kala Swink. Hyp. 350 . kalischata Stgr. Cid. 240 Ourwosare Orth. 161 Ac. 79 kashgara Mr. kashmirensis Mr. Sten. 340 kawrigint Christ. An. 178 . kempnyaria Galv. Br. 351 kentearia Sigr. Ang. 334 kenteata Stgr. Mac. 349 kernaria Ob. Our. 335 . kerteszi Aign. Cid. 256 kesslitzi Hke. Ac. 77 kezonmetaria Ob. Cid. 256 kidsicola Gmpg. Bo. 374 kiliani Rbl. Epis. 181 kindermannaria Stgr. Spart. 3 364 & kindermanni Brem. Tri. 170 kindermanni Tr. 169 kioudjrouaria Ob. Disc. 271 . kioudrouaria Leech Disc. 271 klosi Diz. Eup. 284 knautiata Gregs. Hup. 285 kniipfferi Huene Schist. 171 | kollariaria H.-Schdaff. Cid. 230 kolleri Dziurz. Bup. 400 korbi Bhisch. Ches. 180 korbt Diz. Kup. 297 | koreana Alph. Bo. 367 koreana Alph. Dind. 13 korlata Fchs. Gn. 388 Krananda Mr. 349 kraBnojarscensis F'chs. Cid. 222 kraBnojarscensis F'chs. Emat. 399 kithnei Kiihne Sel. 525 | Kuldseha Alph. 165 Kuldscha 164 kuldschaensis Alph. Stigma 87 kuldschaensis Stgr. Eup. 287 kuret Hke. Cid. 258 Kyrtolitha Stgr. 157 | Kyrtolitha 237 L. Rhod. 154 . f labradorensis Pack. Cid. 222 labradoriensis Somm. Cars. 179 | lacerataria Graes. Thal. 30 lacernigera Bilr. Cid. 241 | lachrymosa Bilr. Prot. 321 _ lactata Haw. Ac. 66, 67 9b 6a 4i | latefasciata | latentaria Curt. Cid. Pl. lactea Btlr. Ac. 54 3g lactea Ac. 53 lactearia LZ. Tod. 32 : 2h lacteolata Diz. Eup. 288 | lacteomarginata Rayn. Cid. 247 lacticotor Rayn. Abr. 309 lactularia H.-Schaff. Asth. 272 13¢ lacunonn Hicd Ae elo. en ee lals laetaria Lah. Cid. 230 .... 9b laetata Brem. Ree 9 1d laetata F’. Orth. 8 1d laevigata Ptych. 124, 125 laevigata Scop. Ptych. 118 .. 4d laevilignata Bsd. Eup. 420 lafauryata Ob. Gn. 386 lahayeOb. Bincsa liter, mee ales: lakearia Ob. Ku. 165 . 61 lamae Alph. Cid. 255 geal! lamata Stgr. Cid. 239 lambessata Ob. Ptych. 94 . 4b laminaria H.-Schdff. Heter. 340 18 b Lampropteryx Steph. 233, 254 lanaria Hv. Micr. 357 ¢ 19e lanceolaria Wood. Eup. 277 . . 12m lanceolata V.-M.-R. Chlor. 421 lanceata Hbn. Eup. 297 130 lang2i Harr. Nyss. 355 langi Christ. Orth. 159 . lla languidata Prt. Ac. 76 languidata Wkr. Obe. 308 14h lantascata Mill. Eup. 292 lapidata Hbn. Coen. 300 131 lapidea Btlr. Parep. 341 18 a lapidisaria Frr. Gn. 385 22b lapponaria Bsd. Poec. 355 19d lapponica Sigr. Cid. 225 lapsariata Oberth. Avich. 304 laquaearia H.-Schdff. Eup. 276 13 f Larentia Tr. 157 Larentia Intr. II, 152 arentiaria Bsd. Cid. 230 Larentiidae Intr. 1 Larentiimae 152 Larentiinae 2, Intr. largetani Obe. 308 largeteanaria Ob. Triph. 198 61 largeteani Ob. Obe. 308 . eS 4s pia Days §. Seer Sab 2 EVE laria Ob. Disc. 271 . laricaria Haw. Bo. 377 lariciata Frr. Eup. 296... . 1 Lasiogma Meyr. 202 lasithiotica Rbl. Cid. 243 lassulata Rghfr. Ligd. 318 15d lata Matsum. Our. 335 . l7e latefasciata Prt. Cos. 150 latefasciata Stgr. Cid. 220 13¢ Strd. Cid. 258 Stgr. Diast. 402 Sird. Ven. 266 V.-M.-R. Ptych. 418 latelineata Graes. Ac. 62 art Zola? eee 4 latefasciata latefasciata latefasciata b b latevittata Trti. Cid. 257 lateraria Leech Ar. 304... . 1: laterata Diz. Eup. 291 laterinata Pouj. Gar. 327 lateritiaria Pouj. Gar. 327 lateritiata Mr. Cid. 245 laticolor Harr. Op. 339 latifasciaria Hdnr. Ptych. 137 latifasciaria Leech Anon. 338 1 latifasciaria Leech Cal. 201 . . 1 latifasciaria Leech Cid. 245 7 latitasciaria Leech Heter. 341 . latifasciaria Leech Tri. 169 latifasciaria Prt. Tri. 170 latifasciata Hke. Cid. 254 latifasciata Prt. Opor. 195, 196 latifasciata Warr. Abr. 311 latiferaria Wkr. XNandr. 381 latifoliata Mill. Cid. 239 9h | latifusata Wkr. Orth. 165 59 466 INDEX. Pl | Pi. Pl. latimarginaria Leech Pir. 380 . 23 b limbata Stgr. Eup. 276 luctuata Schiff. Cid. 245 ...104d latimarginaria Leech Our. 335. 17e Limbatochlamys Rothsch. 16 luctuosaria Ob. Cid. 247 latimarginaria Leech Phal. 326 16b limbofasciata Diz. Kup. 289 ludificata Stgr. Cid. 240 latimarginaria Leech Trig. 349 19b, ¢ | limbolaria Guen. Hyper. 320 ludovicaria Ob. Lygr. 210 .. Sd latimarginaria Rbl. Ost. 406 . 231 limbosignata Diz. Hup. 292 ludovicata Mill. Cid. 243 latimarginata Warr. Ptych. 103 3f limbosignata Nolck. Cid. 256 . 10e lugdunaria H.-Schdff. Cid. 261 13.e latipennata Prt. Hup. 282 limbounctata Dtz. Eup. 285 lugens Ob. Cid. nee UO Gl latipennis Warr. Bup. 282 Limeria Stgr. 140 lugubrata Brem. Lygt. 212 latirupta Wkr. Cid. 249 . . . 1db limitata Bkh. Ptych. 97 da lugubrata Stgr. Cid. 248 . . . 10d latoniata Mill. Kup. 296 | limitata Scop. Orth. 159 2 Gil lugubris Stgr. Cid. 225... . 10d latsaria Ob. Hydr. 268... . 10g | limitata Warr. Syn. 319 . 1b luminosata Christ. Lith. 174 . 12¢ laureata Fchs. Ptych. 137 . . 3k | limosaria Esp. Gn. 392 . 22g lunaria Schiff. Sel. 325... . 16a lauta Warr. Ptych. 128 | linariata F. Eup. 276 . 12d lunata Diz. Eup. 285 lautaria Hbn. Ac. 81 linearia Hbn. Cos. 149... . Se lunifera Bilr. Bo. 374 ... . 21d lavata Mchs. Kup. 282 linearia Lamb. Cos. 143 lunularia Hbn. Sel. 325 . . . 16a lavicata Fchs. Eup. 297 .. . 12¢ linearia Lamb. Cos. 146 luridaria Bkh. Orth. 158 laxata Krul. Cid. lineata Scop. Siona 409 .. . 24f luridaria Leech Perc. 306... 1l4e lecerfiata Hmbg. Ptych. 101 . 3f lineata Warr. Asp. 10 .... le luridata Bkh. Bo. 378 . .. . 21h lectonia Swinh. Be. 369 20 h lineata Warr. Hydr. 269 . . . 13f luridata Hufn. Orth. 158 leda Btlr. Prot. 321 é 15h | lineata Warr. Mac. 349 luvipostonay Wiile INCs BO ge gg th In ledererata Guen. Ptych. 119 . te lineataria Don, Cid. 228 ... OF luridata Stgr. Gloss. 88... . 4h ledereri Mdéschl. Lygr. 212 . 8g lineolaria Piing. Gn. 390 Ihobatee ney As ues HE G0, 4 5g UE ledereri Stgr. Tri. 170 lineolata Schiff. Mes. 166° . . We Luscialata Bo. 368 lederi Christ. Hem. 362 24 b | linogrisearia Const. Ches. i180 luscinata Z. Cid. 249... . . 13b leechi Alph. Phot. 203 . 5h | linulata Guen. Cid. 261 ... . 10g lusitans Mendes Gn. 391 leechi Piing. Bo. 373 21¢ liquidaria Hv. Poec. 355 lutamentaria Graes. Bo. 377 leechi Stgr. Tri. 170 3 ti lissas Prt. Hem. 31 lutea Okll. Abr. 310 lefuarius Hirsch. Nyssiod. 357 . 19e lissas Prt. Hemist. 30 lutea Gillm. Chi. 404 legataria H.-Schdff. Chir. 404 251 literata Don. Cid. 263 lutea Prt. Abr. 310 , legatella Schiff. Ches. 180. ¢ 81) literataria Leech Hyst. 206 . . .13n | lutea Stoll Hyper. 320 lenata Christ. Lith. 174 .. . 13b Lithina Hbn. 403 | lutea Strd. Lygr. 211 lennigiaria chs. Cos. 144 a ban Lithina 348 lutearia Cleog. 167 lenticularia Leech Bo. 372 . . 21b lithographata Christ. Eup. 288 13h lutearia #. Crocot. 409 . Y4e lentiginosaria Leech Gn. 392 . 22¢ lithosiaria Wkr. Cyst. 308 . . 14h | lutearia Leech Ac. 66 31 lentiginosaria Leech Ocoel. 328 16 ¢ Lithostege Hbn. 171 lutearia Leech Chi. 404 . 23 k lentiginosaria Mr. Gonod. 331 Lithostege 396 | lutearia Vill. Lyth. 155 5¢ lentiscaria Donz. Dysc. 408. . 24e lithoxylata Anait. 166 luteata Shiff. Tydr. 269 . 10h jentiscata Mab. Eup. 294 . . 131 litigiosaria Bsd. Ptych. 93 . . 4b | luteiceps Fidr. Kuct. 336 17d leopardaria Ob. Obe. 307. . . 17a litigiosaria Ptych. 92, 94 | luteifrons Swinh. My. 314 leopardinata Mr. Trp. 12 .. Ig littoralaria Trti. Lith. 403 luteofasceata Rothsch. Cleta 417 leopardinata Mr. Trp. 18 liturata Cl. Mac. 347... . 18g luteolaria Const. Ptych. 90 . . da lepidaria Christ. Cid. 225 ; | liturata Macar. 401 | luteolaria Tgstr. Mac. 346 lepraria Rbl. Mann. 382 livida Btlr. Cid, 227 plete eae | luteolaria Vill. Cos. 149 lepsaria Stgr. Hup. 286 livida Dtz. Eup. 287 luteolata Z. Op. 339... . . 17h leptogrammata Stgr. Eup. 275 lividaria Costa Rhod. 154 .. 6a lutescens Pri. Ptych. 99 Leptomeris 52 liwidaria Hbn. Nych. 360. . . 19% | luticiliata Christ. Gn. 390 . . 25d Leptomiza Warr. 327 lividata Cl. Ptych. 137 | lutipennaria Fchs. Gn. 390 leptoptera Alph. Bo. 375 . . . 21fF lwidata F. Gn. 386... . . 22d lutosaria Bhtsch. Kup. 275 Leptornis Billg. 16 lividata Haw. Ptych. 97 ... 4c | tutesata Rmb. Ac. 58>... . 4h Leptostegna Christ. 189 lividellaria Peyer Ptych. 118 . 44 | lutulentaria Stgr. Ptych. 132 . 3i leuca Diz. Eup. 293 livinaria Lah. Cid. 226 | lutulentata Ptych. 182 .... Si Leucetaera Warr. 314. lobaria Chret. Ptych. 104 Luxiaria Whr. 350 Leucobrephos 2 Lobogonia Warr. 191 | lycaenaria Koll. Ag. 15 ... Lh leucogrammaria Ping. Dysc. 409 | Lobophora Curt. 185 Lycauges Btlr. 52, 53 leucomelanaria Pouj. Trp. 12. Le | Lobophora 152, 181, 186, 215 | Lycia Hbn. 356 leucophaea Btlr. Bo. 370. . . 201 lobulata Hbn. Noth. 184... 6f. g¢ | Lyciscaria Ob. Pseudom. 328 leucophaearia Er. 367 lofthousei Prt. Ven. 266 | Lygranoa 187, 188 leucophaearia Schiff. Er. 352 . 18k Lomaspilis Hbn. 312 Lygris Hbn. 210 Leucophthalmia 141 Lomographa Hobn. 316 Lygris 207, 214, 250 leuraria “Pris Ae: 699.9. = . . om longaria H.-Schdff. 114... . 4d lynceata EY Cid 2G. secre libanaria Prt. Orth. 163... 12b longaria Ptych. 125 Lyncometra Prt. 215 libanotidata Guen. Eup. 281. . 12e longimacula Warr. Pere. 307 lyra Swinh. Ochr. 19 .... 2b libycata Bril. Ptych. 106... Sf Longula Stgr. 54- lythoxylata Hbn. An. 195 .. 8a lichenaria Leech Bo. 372 : . . 19i loricaria Hy. It. 402)... . . 23% Lythria Hon. 155 é lichenea Ob. Gn. 384... . . 22b lotaria Bsd. Cid. 230 . so: 95), Lythria Intr. TV, 152 lidunaria Cleor. Intr. IL Loxaspilatis Warr. 410 lienigiaria Led. Cid. 219 ... 8i Loxochila 16 ligaminata Bv. Hor. 302 . . . 251 Loxotephria Warr. 346 M. Ligdia Guen. 313 Loxorhombia 7 lignata Hon. Cid, 228 .... Qf lozonaria Ob. Pseud. 344 . . . 19a mabillaria Powj. Pal. 7 ... le lignata Warr. Hem. 362. . . 20b lucellata Piing. Ptych. 94 .. Be mabillaria Pow. Pal. 8 Lignyoptera Led. 351 lucicolens Btlr. Phot. 202... 5h mabillearia Luc. Atom. 397 ligularia Guen. Cid. 228 ... Ve lucida Warr. Sphagn. 13 mabillei Th.-M. Agl. 29 liguriata Mill. Hup. 276 .. . 12d lucidaria Leech Kran. 359 . . 18h Maearia Curt. 346 ligusticata Donz. Eup. 285 . . 12i lucidata Don. Wemist. 30... 22g Macaria 399 ligustraria Lang. Er. 351 . . . 18i luciferata Wkr. Bpt. 314 . . . lie macedonia Stgr. Oul. 182... 8a ligustrata Schiff. Cid. 226 lucigera Btlr. Bup. 287 . . . 13h macellata Fisch.-R. Wup. 275 . 12k lilliputana Pouj. Gn. 371 lucillata Guen. Hor. 302 macescens Btlr. Ac. 53. . 3k limaria Christ. Bp. 342... . 19a lucinda Btlr. Chior. 298 .. . 18k macilentaria H.-Schajf. Ptych. “92 4 limbaria F’. Ist. 398 . . . . . 23d. e | luciolata Fchs. Bo. 367 macilentaria Ptych. 91, 94 limbaria Hon. Cid. 225 luctuala Hbn. Cid. 256... . 10e macraria Guen. Ac. 58 .... 4h limbata Hormuz. Lom, 312. . 15a luctuata Rbl. Ac. 415 macraria Stgr. Lim. 140 3b Pl. macrocalata Wkr. An. 178. 8e¢ macrocheila Stgr. Cith. 299 13 1 macronata Stgr. Hyp. 343 18 ¢ | mactans Btlr. Gar. 327 mactata Fidr. Cid. 251 . 101 | macularia Herz Abr. 312 | macularia Leech Coll. 300 5 Ke macularia L. Pseud. 343 . . 186 | maculata Bilr. Nax. 192 . lle maculata Com. 33 maculata Hbn. Lom. 312 . 15d maculata Mr. Comost. 33 maculata Rér. Bo. 367 maculata Sigr. Bo. 371 £2 Dal maculata Swink. Call. 209 5 iil a maculicaudaria Motsch. Huct. 336 17d maculifera Sigr. Gnoph. 384 maculifera Warr. Ocoel. 328 maculosa Prt. Thin. 336 maderae B.-Bak. Hem. 363 . 25d maderae B.-Bak. Ptych. 100 5 maderae Ptych. 89 maderensis B.-Bak. Cos. 150 . 56¢ madoniata Fchs. Ac. 63 = S maeoticaria Alph. Bo. 372 24 b maeoticaria Bhtsch. Hup. 289 maerens Stgr. Cid. 262 magdalenaria Bell. An. 177 . Se magistraria Trti.-Ver. Cid. 260 magna My. 314 . 15d magna Prt. Ac. 80 magna Prt. Orth. 160 magnaria Wil. Ep. 342 18 b magnata Mechs. Thal. 415 magnata Mill. Kup. 283 magnifica Prt. Gand. 214 sf majoraria Leech Ac. 73 . 4n55'¢ majoraria Lah. Eup. 289 . . . 121 majuscularia Leech Xandr. 381 23 a Malacodea Tgstr. 193 Malenydris Hbn. 229 maligna Bilr. Mac. 348 malmundariense Donck. Abr. 310 malvata Rmb. Cid. 241 9k malvata Cid. 245 mancipiata Sigr. Ptych. 117, 122 mancuniata Knaggs Ptych. 116 mandarinaria Leech Gn. 385 22b mandarinaria Leech Hipp. 18 1i mandarinaria Leech Phys. 274 111i mandschuraria Brem. Bo. 370 20h mandschurica Stgr. 285 mandschuricata Brem. Cid. 253 10 b manicaria H.-Schd/f. Ptych. 103 4e manifesta Prt. Ac. 58 5g manitiaria H.-Schajf. Ell. 322 Mannia Pri. 382 manniaria H.-Schaff. Eup. 297 13k manuelaria H.-Schaff. Bo. 368 25¢ manuelaria Bo. 374 maracandaria Hrsch. Artem. 32916 d marcentatia Piing. Bo. 366 mareidaria Leech Ac. 66 mardinaria Stgr. Gn. 387 mardinata Sitgr. Hustr. 209 mardinata Sigr. Pseud. 384. . 22a mareotensis Ptych. 110 mareotica Drt. Ptych. 110 .. 3¢ mareotica Drt. 125 margaritaria Camp. 323 margaritaria Leech Centr. 9. . margaritata L. Camp. 323 .. 1 marginaria fF. Er. 352 marginaria Hbn. Lom. 312 . . 1 marginaria Vill. Bp. 341 . 1 marginaria Lamb. Cos. 146 marginaria Leech Heter. 340 marginata Chrys. 102 marginata Fchs. Ptych. 138 . marginata Herz Bo. 374 marginata L. Lom. 312 marginata Math. Cid. 228 31 ms - io 2 | mellearia Scharf. Er. 352 . INDEX. | inarginata Prt. Ac. 64 _ marginata Stgr. Eup. 290 marginata Warr. 303 ANG marginata Warr. Thin. 337 marginepunctata Goeze Ac. 63 marginepunctata Ac. 35, 52, 56, 63, 64, 82, 84, 151 marginepunctata Ptych. 105 marginepunctata Steph. Ptych. 117 : Se se aa marginepurpuraria Bast. Anag. 320 See Ns (eet mariest Btlr. Cid. 250 . marina Btlr. Hemith. 23 maritima Seeb. Orth. 164 maritima Strd. Cid. 216 | maritimata Guen. Ptych. 136 | marmoraria Leech Disc. 271 marmorata B.-H. Atom. 397 | marmorata Leech Cal. 201 marmorata Sulz. Bist. 358 marmorata Hbn. Lygr. 212 marmorataria Leech Phal. 326 marmorinaria Esp. Er. 352 martertera Diz. Kup. 283 martiniaria Ob. Teph. 406 massiliata Mill. Hup. 295 mathewi Bankes Chlor. 24 mattiacata Bast. Cos. 147 . . maturaria Christ. Nyssiod. 357 maugrabinearia Ob. Gn. 386 maura Ob. Hem. 362 mauretanica Diz. Kup. 277 mauretanica Ptych. 109 mauretanicaria Stgr. Enc. 407 mauricaudaria Ob. Gn. 393 mauritanica Bak. Ptych. 108 . mayi Prt. Bo. 369 . 2 maxima Th.-17. Probl. 50 mayeri Mann. Eup. 292 mecysma Swinh. Ac. 73 Medasina Mr. 361 mediana Pnz. Chior. 299 . mediangularis Prt. Cid. 259 mediaria Hbn. Ptych. 94 . mediaria Ob. Ptych. 95. mediata Wkr. Cid. 249 . . medionigricans Rtt. Cid. 216 mediofasciata Hofn. Lom. 312 mediolimbata Pou. Lept. 328 . mediolineata Prt. Cid. 241 mediolucens Réssl. Cid. 217 medionotata Warr. Eup. 297 medioobscuraria Uffeln Er. 352 medioprieta bb. Orth. 159 mediopunctaria Don. Dysc. 408 mediorhenana Fchs. Gn. 386 mediorufaria Fchs. Cid. 221 mediovittaria Mr. Cid. 247 medmaria Wkr. An. 178 Megabiston Warr. 358 | Megalochlora Meyr. 16 Megametopa Alph. 353 megaspilata Warr. Disc. 271 7 Megaspilates Wkr. 411 megearia Ob. Oar. 86 . | meinhardi Arul. Emat. 399 | meissli Schaw. Ac. 57 | melaina Schz. Bo. 374 melana Pri. Opor. 195 melana Clark Opor. 196 | melanaria LZ. Ar. 304 melanaria Ob. Bo. 366 melancholica Bitlr. Eustr. 208 . | melanicterata Led. Pol. 169 . melanoparia Grasl. Coll. 300 | melanops Basf. Lux. 350 melanozona Rayn. Abr. 310 Melanthia Dup. 253 mellearia Scharf. Als. 3 | mellinata F. Lygr. 212, ., , Pl. ld a sec mellinala Lygr. 211 membranaria Christ. Als. 3... 3a mendica Bilr. Scion. 338 menadiaria Uh.-M. Micr. 27 mendicaria Leech Som. 45 .. Sf mendicaria H.-Schaff. Gn. 393 22 « mendicaria Leech Som. 73 menetriesi Sigr. Bo. 374 mensuraria Schiff. Orth. 159 meonaria Guen. Rhod. 40 . . a meonaria Rhod. 41 merana Burr. Nyss. 355 meridiaria Mill. Ptych. 134 meridionalis Galv. Pseud. 343 meridionalis Mab. Eup. 295 meridionalis Ob. Bist. 358 merinata Guen. Eup. 276 merklaria Ob. Ptych. 95 merularia Weym. Er. 352 mesogrammata Dtz. HKup. 278 Mesoleuca Hbn. 253 mesoleucata Piing. Lith. 176 Mesostrape Warr. 361 Mesotype Hbn. 166 Metallolophia Warr. 12 metaria Ob. Hustr. 209 . £ metohiensis Rbl. Ptych. 108 mevesi Lampa Lyth. 155 meyeraria Lah. Gn. 387 . . . 2 miata L. Cid. 220 . aaa micantaria Esp. Hemist. 32 . Micrabraxas Btlr. 380 microgynaria Hmps. Orth. 163 Microbiston Stgr. 357 microcosma Geoffr. Kmat. 399 . 2 Microloba Hmps. 189 Microloxia Warr. 26 Microlygris Prt. 207 Micronidia Mr. 314. microptera War. Ptych. 418 microsaria Bsd. Ptych. 1238 . 4 middendorfii Mer. 2 ...:. 1 miegata Pouj. Pol. 169 .. . 11 Milionia Intr. If millefoliata Kun. 279 millefoliata Rdssl. Eup. 289 millierata Brd. Triph. 197 millierata Gmpp. Bo. 368 millierata Gmpp. Cat. 265 millierata Stgr. Coen. 300 millierata Stgr. Hup. 296 milvaria Christ. Hor. 302 milvinaria F'chs. Gn. 389 mimosaria H.-Schdff. Ptych. 123 Mimomiza Warr. 328 mimulina Btlr. Op. 339 mimosaria H.-Schdff. Ptych. 123 Mimomiza Warr. 328 mimulina Bélr. Op. 339 minervae Gisil Rhod. 154 minima Sérd. Sel. 325 minimaria Warr. Ptych. 115 minimata Stgr. Cid. 258 Pao 4¢ miniosa Warr. 47 A 5d miniosaria Duwp. Ene. 406 231 miniosaria Ene. Disc. 408 miniosata Enconista 322 miniosata Wkr. Phot. 202 6k minna Bitlr. Cid. 233 Minoa Tr. 167 minor Alph. Rhod. 36 minor F'chs. Bo. 368 minor Herz Abr. 310 minor Stgr. Cid. 233 minorata Diz. Eup. 290 minorata Tr. Cid. 261 10g minuscularia Rbb. Ptych. 113 minuscularia Ptych. 112 minusculata Alph. Eup. 295 minuta Bilr. Cid. 241 .... 7 minuta Btlr. Coll. 300 minuta Leech Saur, 190 468 minutaria Leech Gn. 391 . minutata Dbl. Eup. 285 minutata Schiff. Eup. 285 miranda Bilr. Abr. 311 mirandaria Leech Som. 414 mirandus Btlr. Gar. 326 mirificaria Celon. 188 misera Btlr. Noth. 184 . miserata Stgr. Ptych. 100. mitigata Dtz. Eup. 294 Mizxochlora Warr. 16 mixtata Stgr. Cid. 239 mixticolor Prt. Hypochr. 337. . mnemosynata Mill. Kup. 296 modesta Btlr. Chem. 413 modesta Diz. Hup. 277 modesta Diz. Eup. 290 modesta Stgr. Das. 332 modestaria Hrsch. Cid. 228 modestaria Piing. Sel. 400 modicaria Leech Ac. 74 modicata Hbn. Eup. 288 moecha Diz. Kup. 290 . molleri Warr. Trp. 13 molleri Warr. Trp. 13 moeniata Scop. Orth, 159 moerens Alph. Cid. 254 moeroraria Frr. Bep. 171 . moesta Bilr. Bo. 371 . . moestata Nolck. Cid. 254 molata Warr. Bo. 375 moldavinata Car. Pel. 264 mollicularia Hv. Song. 396 molliculata Guen. Cid. 238 molluginata Hbn. Cid. 248 molossaria Ob. Ar. 304 . moltrechti Ob. Bist. 358 . moltrechti Ob. Bo. 373 . . monacharia Stgr. Phig. 353 monadaria Guen. Ptych. 126 mongoliata Stgr. Cid. 240 mongolica Stgr. Euchl. 28 moniliata Bkh. Ptych. 112 moniliata Schiff. Ptych. 47 . moniliferaria Ob. Triph. 199 monochroaria H.-Schdff. Min. : 167 monodii Th.-M. Orth. 159 Monotaxis 168 monotonica Strd. Cab. 318 montana Leech Neol. 309 montanaria Leech Bo. 367 montanaria Leech Centr. 9 montanata Schiff. Cid. 225 . monticola Strd. Cid. 262 he ae roe Voy =) i c d monticolaria H.-Schdff. Cid. 224 monticolaria Leech Mac. 347 montium Diz. Eup. 286 montivagata Dup. Cal. 200 . montivagata Phil. 205 moorei Cat. Swinh. Ac. 77 morosa Bllr. Pet. 319 morosaria H.-Schaff. Ptych. 93 mortuaria Stgr. Oar 86 moskovita Grupp. Thal. 415 mosquensis Heyne Ptych. 138 moupinaria Leech Bo. 371 moupinaria Ob. My. 314 moupinata Pouj. Cid. 232 mucidaria Gn. 390, 391 mucidaria Hbn. Gn, 390 mucidata Tr. Gn. 390 mucronata Scop. Orth. 158 . mucronata Scop. Orth. 159 mughusaria Gmpg. Bup. 400 multifaria Swinh. Hist. 206 . multiflorata Mill. Eup. 283 multilinea Phot. 203 multilinearia Leech Triph. 199 multilineata Mann Eup. 275 multiplicata Stgr. Lith. 173 . multipunctaria Wkr, Buz. 360 , -alSet ok 4b . Ala lo bo Oo we Meh be ho Im Ww > 13d a Uy 6e 19i INDEX. multipunctata Stgr. Cid. 234 multistriata Btlr. Micr. 207 . multistriga Ob. Cat. 265 multistrigaria Haw. Cid. 231 multistrigaria Wkr. Our. 335 mundaria Leech Dipl. 24 . mundata Prt. Ac. 63 mundata Prt. Gn. 386 mundata Stgr. An. 176 mundataria Cr. Asp. 411 . mundulata Guen. An. 176 mundulata An. 175, 176 munitata Hbn. Cid. 222 munitata Cid. 227, 245 muraria Curt. Bo. 370 muricata Hujn. Ptych. 99 muricolor Warr. Rhod. 42 murina Ob. Hem. 362 murinaria Schiff. Teph. 405 murinata F. Ptych. 138 murinata Scop. Min. 167 . musauaria Frr. Lygr. 212 muscicapata Christ. Cid. 234 muscigera Bilr. Acas. 182 muscosa Bast. Rhod. 38 muscosa Bilr. Arac. 15 muscosaria Christ. Cid. 237 muscosaria Wkr. Gu. 385 muscosata Donz. Cid. 244 . muscularia Sigr. Ac. 53 muscularia Sigr. Gon. 351 musculata Sigr. An. 176 musculata Sigr. Hydr. 268 mustelata Rmb. Ptych. 131 mutata Tr. Ac. 65 .- : mutilata Sigr. Gn. 390 mutilata Sigr. Ptych. 93 Myinodes Meyr. 4 myopata F. Gn. 393 myosaria Esp. Teph. 405 . myricaria Cooke Oper. 194 Myrioblephara Warr. 379 Myrteta Wkr. 313 Myrteta 336 myrtillata Dadd Ac. 71 myrtillata Thbg. Gn. 592 mystica Diz. Eup. 291 Mysticoptera MWeyr. 185 mytilata Leech Bpt. 315 N. naemata Fidr. Orth. 165 naevaria Hbn. Lom, 312 naevata Bast. Cos. 145 namurcensis Lamb. Cos. 143 namurcensis Lamb. Cos. 142 nana Dziurz. Bup. 400 nana Lamb. Abr. 310 nanata Hbn. Eup. 293. . naparia Leech Atop. 267 napoleon Prt. Ptych. 110 napoleon Ptych. 112 Narraga Whkr. 397 Narraga 396 narynaria Ob. Phas. 364 narzanica Alph. Stamn. 165 naseraria Ob. Cid. 255 nasifera Warr. Orth. 161 . nassata F. Cid. 260 nassata Haw. Cid. 260 nasuta Pri. Sion. 338 Naxa Whkr. 9 Naxidia Hmps. 192 neapolisata Mill. Cid. 223 nebularia Leech Abr. 310 nebulata B.-H. Orth. 164 nebulata Cid. 231, 236, 238, 244 nebulata Haw. Eup. 295 nebulata Scop. Buch. 270 nebulata Thnbg. Opor. 196 nebulata Tr. Cid. 239 ay il il 212k . 8b,13e 5b 6b 6e ‘gaa - 10¢ 21 Oh Sf 95 Pl. nebulosa Btllr. Thin. 336 nebulosaria Frr. Ven. 266 .. 9d necessaria Z. Amorph. 356 . . 19d neddaria Swinh. Buc. 180 neglecta Th.-M. Oboe. 307 neglectata H.-Schaff. Eup. 275 12k neglectata Stgr. Phil. 205 neglectata Weav. Opor. 185 . . 9f negrita Th.-M. Stigma 87 nelvae Rothsch. Narr. 397 F nemoraria Frr. Ac. 69 .... 4k nemoraria Hon. Ac. 68 ... 4k nemoraria Hbn. Ac. 67, 68. 69 nemorata Bkh. Ac. T4. 2... 4k Nemoria 31 nemoriata Sigr. Hemist. 31 neogamata Piing. Cid. 238 Neolythria Alph. 208 Neotephria 237 nepetata Mab. Hup. 269 .-. . 121i nephelata Sigr. Eup. 288... 25 £ Nephodia Intyr. I neriaria Comib. 21 | neriaria H.-Schdjff. Comib. 20. 2b Neromia Sigr. 26 neurbiaria Ob. Cid. 237 ... 9K neurbouaria Cid. 237 neurogrammata Piing. Acas. 182 neustria Malac. 2 nevadaria Abb. Fid.’ 399 nevadaria Rmb. Orth. 164 nexata Hbn. Ptych. 97 .... 4a nexifasciaria Btlr. Cid. 263 nexifasciata Leech Oper. 194 . Sb nielseni Hed. Ptych. 103... 3f nigerrima Th.-M. Od. 7 nigerrima F'chs. Cid. 221 nigra Bankes Boa. 378 nigra Heyl. Bist. 358 nigra Prt. Cid. 231 nigra Prt. Gon. 331 nigra Rayn. Abr. 310 nigra Rbl. Mac. 347 nigra Rbl. Tephr. 381 nigra Rbi. Tim. 48 nigra Th.-M. Bo. 376 nigra Tutt. Bo. 370 nigra Tutt Breph. 1 nigralbata Warr. Pogon. 306 nigraria Rbl. Bo. 367 nigrata Rbl. Cid. 256 nigrescens Ckll. Cid. 254 . nigrescens Chil. Orth. 158 nigrescens Hannem. Gun. 387 nigrescens Hmps. Oar 86 nigrescens Huene Cid. 263 nigricans Dziurz. Bup. 400 nigricans Jourdh. Asp. 412 nigricans Ob. Bist. 358 nigricans Ob. Chi. 404 nigricans Prt. Cid. 235 nigricaria Hbn. Er. 352 nigricaria Rbl. Ven. 266 nigvicarius Backhaus Bup. 400 nigricata Fchs. Bo. 370 nigrifasciaria Leech Cid. 237 . Ti nigrifulvaria Hmps. Cid. 252 . 71 nigrifumata Warr. Bo. 375 a) Aik nigrilinearia Leech Bo. 379 . 221 nigrilinearia Leech Cid. 255. . 111i nigrilinearia Leech Er. 352 nigrilinearia Leech Saur. 190 nigrilineata Prt. Gar. 326 nigrimacularia Leech Micr. 380 nigripunctaria Leech Bpt. 315 nigripunctaria Leech Micr. 380 nigripunctata Ac. 61 nigripunctata Warr. Hor. 302. Ti . 19¢ 2 10ie . 24¢ Alas . 1a 22k 23 b nigrisparsa Bilr. Ang. 334 5 Ga nigrinta Rbl. Cid. 254 nigritaria Sigr. Eup. 275 . 2 Jy nigrobarbata Stgr. Ptych. 119. 4e nigrobasalis Spul. Breph. 1 nigrociliaria Leech Huct. 336 nigrocincta chs. Bo. 372 nigrocinctaria Pchs. Ptych. 91 Pi, oA te) nigrounicolorata Hvkf. Lom. 312 nigrocostata Hke. Ptych. 90 nigrodorsaria Guen. Bo. 372 nigrofascia Rbl. Cid. 228 nigrofasciaria Diz. Eup. 291 nigrofasciaria Goeze Cid. 2 nigrofasciaria Leech Bo. nigrofasciaria Leech Bo. 373 nigrofasciata Gmppg. Cid. 216 nigrofasciata Neub. Wr. 352 18 k nigrofasciata Rbl. Cid. 231 nigrofasciata Schoy. Lom. 312 nigrofasciata Wagn. Cid. 236 nigrofulvata Coll. Mac. 347 nigrolimbata Joann. Ang. 334 nigrolinearia Kr. 367 nigrolineata Chret. Ptych. 139 nigrolineata Prt. Ptych. 98 nigromacularia Leech Comib. nigromarginaria Leech Met. 306 nigronotaria Brem. Car. 192 nigropallida Mansbr. Bo. 370 nigropunctata Ac. 76 nigropunctata Chant. Chlor. nigriopunctata Hufn. Ac. 74 nigropunctata Warr. Hemith. 299 nigroradiata Rbl. Abr. 310 nigrosericeata Haw. Chlor. 299 nigrosparsaria F'chs. Cid. 149 nigrostriata Lutz. Cos. 142 nigrovittata Warr. Hor. 302 . nigrozonaria Leech Cid. 234 . niko Christ. Op. 339 nikkonis Bilr. Med. 361 nimbata Alph. Gn. 386 . ningpoaria Leech Bo. 3738 . Ninodes Warr. 317 niphonaria Leech Eup. 286 . niphonica Bilr. Heter. 340 niphonica Btlr. Orth. 165 Niphonissa Btlr. 330 niponaria Fldr. Asp. 411 . Nipteria Intr. I nisaria Christ. Hydr. 267 . nitelaria Esp. Gn. 394 . nitidaria Bsd. Ac. 55 . nitidaria Leech Cid. 233 . nitidata H.-Schdff. Ptych. 134. nitobei Matswm. Bist. 358 nivea Btlr. Our. 353 . nwearia Ac. 70 nwearia F. Ac. 79 . niwearia Hbn. Lith. 172 niwearia Leech Ac. 68 . . nivearia Stnin. Lith. 172 . niveata Scop. 409 . . niveata Steph. Cid. 262 niveipicta Bast. Kup. 275 nivicincta Btlr. Cid. 251 nobiliaria B.-H. Dysc. 409 nobiliaria H.-Schdff. Cid. 237 . nobilis Alph. Bo. 371 nobilitaria Stgr. Bo. 366 nobilitata Sigr. Hup. 297 . noctivolans Btlr. Bo. 379 . nocturna Stgr. Ptych. 107 nocturnata Fchs. Chi. 404 nogentina Th.-M. Cab. 318 Nola 8 nolaria Hbn. Cos. 145 . . nomadaria H.-Schdff. 176 . Nomenia 168 nooraria Brem. Bo. 368 norbertaria Réssl. lod. 32 noricana Wgn. Psod. 395 . normata Alph. Mac. 347 , 21b 1d 21 2¢, 3b 14d (iat Ak | obliterata B.-Wh. INDEX. norvegica Prt. Cid. 262 norvegica Strd. Cid. 235 notata B.-H. Lith. 175 notata Diz. Hup. 250 notata L. Mac. 346 nolata Wkr. Gn. 386 . notata Warr. Heter. 340 notha Hbn. Breph. 1 Nothopteryx Prt. 183 Nothopteryx 182, 185 Notodontidae (ntr. I noyata Diz. Eup. 294 nubiferaria Leech Neol. 309 . nubigena Woll. Xen. 34 nubilaria Hbn. Schist. 171 nubilata Bhtsch. Kup. 279 nubilata Fchs. Gn. 388 . nubilata Tutt Cid. 231 nudaria Christ. Ptych. 115 nudaria Leech Cal. 200 . nudaria Piing. Ptych. 127 nudilimbaria Mab. Hucr. 33 nudipennis Warr. Bo. 371 nugata Pldr. Cid. 215 numantiaria H.-Schaff. iB) 5g numerata EF. Tt. 402 Lyth. numidaria H.-Schdff. ‘An. 178. numidaria Luc. Ptych. 91 numidiata Stgr. Cid. 240 nuncupata Piing. Amn. 204 nupta Bilr. Ac. 68 3 nuptaria Brem. Hil. 344 Nyehiodes Zed. 360 nycthemeraria Hbn. Hem. 363 nympha Bilr. Com. 33 nymphaeata Stgr. Asth. ales nymphulata Guen. Asth. 272 Nyssia 396 Nyssia Dup. 355 Nyssiodes Ob. 356 oO. Oar Prt. 86 obductata Mdschl. Cid. Obeidia Whkr. 307 Obeidia Intr. IIL } obeliscata Hbn. Cid. 217 . oberthueri Prt. Tristr. 336 oberthivi Alph. Pseud. 344 . oberthivi Bilr. Prot. 321 . oberthiiri Hed. Triph. 197 oberthii Leech Neol. 309 oberthiivi Phot. 203 oberthinn Th.-M. Hem. 363 . oberthiiri Vasqu. Enc. 407 oberthuri Alph. Ku. 165 248, oberthuriata Ball. Ptych. 139 obfuscaria Hbn. Gn. 892 obfuscaria Leech Ptych. 115 obfuscata Warr. Cid. 234 . objectaria Stgr. Gnoph. 384 Cid. 217 obliterata Hujfn. Euch. 270 obliterata Mr. Med. 361 obliterata Prt. Cid. 263 obliterata Prt. Orth. 163 obliterata Stgr. Lith. 403 obliterata Whr. Chlor. 25 obliqua Warr. Bo. 377 obliqua Warr. Syrrh. 320 obliquaria Leech Asp. 10 . obliquaria Leech Dal. 335 obliquaria Leech Kup. 290 obliquaria Leech Pseud. 325 obliquaria Leech Scard. 321 oblqiuaria Motsch. Bo. 369 . obliquaria Mr. Lox. 410 obliquaria Mr. Lux. 350 obliquaria Ptych. 112 obliquaria Schiff. Ches. 180 , Pl. . 19k _ Wea . 20¢ 25 b 6b | oblongata Thbg. Wup. | obscura Helf. obliquaria Z'rti. Ptych. 110 obliquilinea My. Cal. 345 obliquilineata Hips. Cat. obliquisigna Mr. Disc. 271 oblita Allen Opor. 176 obliteraria Leech Ptych. oblongata Kup. 277 oblongata Guen. Cid. 266 102 250 281. oblongata Wkr. Cid. 250 obnupta Dipl. 24 obrutaria H.-Schaff. Eup. obscura Aign. Art. 329 . obscura Aign. Col. 332 obscura B.-Bak. Bo. 369 . obscura B.-H. Comps. 415 obscura Btlr. Cid. 252 obscura Chil. Abr. 310 obseura Diz. Kup. 281 obscura Dtz. Eup. 285 obscura chs. Bo. 372 obscura I’chs. Ptych. 105 obscura Harr. Nyss. 355 Er. 352 obscura Kiithne Apoch. 354 obscura Mill. Ptych. 112 . obscura Pet. Opor. 196 obscura Peyer Cid. 263 obscura Prt. Breph. 1 obscura .Rbl. Ptych. 116 obscura Tutt Abr. 311 obscura Warr. Leth. 330 obscuraria Bak. Oar 86 obscuraria Leech Bo. 374 . obscuraria Leech Noth. 185 . obscuraria Paux. Bo. 379 obscuraria Rothke Orth. 158 obscuraria Stgr. Mann. 382 obscuraria Vill. Nych. 360 obscurata Hoffm. Cid. 230 obscurata Lamb. Hyp. 342 obscurata Prt. An. 177 obscurata Schiff. Gn. 386 obscurata Schiff. Hyp. 63 obscurata Schoy. Cars. 179 obscurata South Cid. 258 obscurata Sp.-Schn.Noth. 184 obscurata Stgr. Cid. 235 obscurata Sigr. Hr. 352 obscurata Sigr. Lith. 172 obscurata Sigr. Opor. 195 obscurior Sigr. Bo. 378 obcurior Th.-M. Tri. 169 obscuriorata Prt. Gu. 386 obscurissima Prt. Hup. 287 obsitaria An. 175 obsitaria Led. An. 178 . obsoleta Burr. Huchl. 28 obsoleta Math. Cid. 228 obsoleta Prt. Tim. 49 . obsoleta Rid. Cos. 145 obsoleta Skala Thal. 415 obsoletaria H.-Schaff Cid. 242 obseletaria Lamb. Cos. 142 obsoletaria Leech Bo. 371 obsoletara Leech Comib. 20 obsoletaria Mill. Ptych. 121 259 obsoletaria Rmb. Ptych. 119 . obsoletaria Schille Cid. 263 obsoletaria Stichel Ist. 397 obsoletaria Ww. Ptych. 117, 120, 121 obsoletaria Zett. Hmat. 399 obstinata Kyrt. 165 obstinata Sigr. Kyrt. 157 obstipata I. Cid. 228 . obstipata Orth Intr. 1V obtectar'a Leech Ptych. 123 obtectaria Wkr. Gn. 384 obtusicauda Warr. Tristr. obvallaria Mab. Orth. 160 obyallata Led. Cid. 245 469 PL. 16m or 09 10a 201 2a Td 4£e + 23 £ 47) obvallata Cid. 238 occata Piing. Cid. 234 occataria Hirsch. Kr. 353 occidentalis Delah. Ches. occidentalis Ob, Gn. 393 occidua Prt. Eup. 293 . occitanaria Dup. Bo. 366 . ocellaria Bdt. Cid. 264~ ocellaria Haw. Cos. 146 ocellaria Hbn. Cos. 144 . ocellata Cid. 223 ocellata Friv. Probl. +9 ocellata ZL. Cid. 216 ocellata Leech Bo. 376 ocellata Frobl. 50, 51 Ochodontia Led. 153 ochracae Gregs. Eup. 279 ochracea Culot Cid. 223 ochracearia Fehs. Rhod. 154 ochracearia Leech Cid. 215 ochracearia Rbl. Ell. 322 ochracearia Stgr. Cid. 231 ochracearia Stgr. Gn. 391 ochraceata Lamb. Lygr. 211 ochraceata Stgr. Ac. 58 ochraceata Stgr. Bo. 367 ochraceata Stgr. Lith. 173 ochrata Ptych. 91, 98, 132 ochrata Scop. Ptych. 90 ochrea Ob. Gn. 386 ochrearia B.-H. Lom. 316 ochrearia Dup. Ptych. 97 . ochrearia Hbn. Ptych. 90 . ochrearia Joann. Ell. 322 ochrearia Leech 269 . . ochrearia Leech Dal. 333. 2 ochrearia Mansbr. Bist. 358 ochrearia Rbl. Emat. 399 ochrearia Rossi Asp. 412 . ochreata Mr. Cid. 247 ochreata Prt. Cid. 223 ochreata Schille Cid. 221 ochreata Stgr. Cid. 215 ochreifusa Prt. Cos. 149 ochrifasciaria Leech Asth. 272 ochrilinea Warr. Bpt. 315 ochrofasciata Sigr. Gn. 389 . Ochrognesia Warr. 18 ochroleucaria H.-Schdff. Ac. 62 ochroleucata Aur. Cid. 231 ochroleucata H.-Schdff. Ac. 52. 54 ochroleucata H.-Schdjff. Ac. 59 ochroleucata Ptych. 81 ochronigra Mansbr. Bo. 370 ochrovittata Christ. Eup. 287 Ochyria Hbn. 222 Ocoelophora Warr. 328 octodurensis Fur. Bist. 358 octodurensis Fur. Orth. 164 octomacularia Leech Asth. 272 odontata Mill. Cid. 261 odessaria Hv. Lith. 172 Odezia Bsd. 7 Odezia 170 oelandica Wahlgr. Sel. Oenochrominae 2 Oenochrominae Intr. V, 5 oenoparia Piing. Ptych. 122 oenoparia Piing. Ptych. 93 Oenospila Swinh. 22 ogilviata Warr. Eup. 291 okamotonis Matsum. Zam. 357 okbaria Chrét. Ptych. 108 okokaria Pack. Ac. 65 olbiaria Mill. Cid. 231 olgaria Ob. Nyssiod. 357 olivacea Math. Cid. 228 olivacea Stjs. Our. 334 . olivacea Warr. Cid. 244 olivacea Warr. Orph. 394. . olivacea Warr. Rhodostr. 43 180 400 Pl. : 13 0 3h INDEX. Pi. olivacearia Leech Bo. 375 . 21 f olivaceomarginata Burr. Chlor. 24 olivaria Leech Acas. 182 12b olivaria Leech Phal. 326 16 b olivata Schiff. C.d. 229 9e olivata Warr. Lobog. 191 oliveirata Mab. Sel. 400 oliveomarginata Swinh. Kran. BiG so Lael 18 h oloraria Rossi. Ptych. “116 4d olympiaria H.-Schdff. Xen. 34 omararia Ob. Gn. 387 omicata F'. Ptych. 97 ahs 4b omicronaria Schiff. Cos. 145 to omissa Warr. Syn. 319 ommatophoraria Guen. Probl. 49 5a omniparens Diz. Eup. 294 oneraria Guen. Gn. 387 22d ononaria Fuesl. Apl. 6... le onustaria H.-Schdff. Gn. 387 . 22d Onychia 164 Onychora Meyr. 407 opacaria Hbn. Comps. 413 241 opalina Warr. Met. 12 operaria Hbn. Gn. 394 . 22h -Operophthera Hbn. 193 Operophthera Intr. II, 1V opertaria Leech Bo. 378 21h ophthalmicata Led. Gn. 387 . 22 ¢€ Ophthalmodes Guen. 370, 376 opificata An. 175 opificata Led. An. 178 . 1lb opis Bilr. Lom. 313 wapete, sella! opisthographata Diz. Eup. 295 | Opistograptis Hbn. 339 Oporinia Hbn. 194. 266 Oporobia 165 oppositaria Herz Bo. 367 | oppositaria Wann Mann. 382 . : opulentaria Stgr. Asp. 411 orana Dtz. Eup. 289 oranaria B.-H. Ptych. 121 oranaria Sigr. Mann. 382 orbata Piing. Cid. 260 orbicularia Cos. 141 orbicularia Hbn. Cos. 1438 orbicularia Piing. Gn. 387 orbicularia Piing. Gn. 387 bo bo eb aed orbiculopendula Tutt Cos. 143 orcadensis Prt. Kup. 279 orientalis Hed. Ang. 334 orientalis Osth. Cid. 256 orientalis Sigr. Abr. 311 orientalis Bapta 351 orientalis Sigr. Bpt. 314 orientaria Alph. Asp. 412 | orientaria Sigr. Emat. ooh orientaria Sigr. Cid. 25 ovientata Sigr. Kup. 383 orientis Prt. Tan. rn “pve A: ornata Ac. 77, 78, 79. 30, 81 ornata Ac. 111, 151 ornata Scop. Ac. 79 ornata Scop. Ac. 52 ornataria Esp. Ac. 80. ornataria Arul. Chi. 404 | ornataria Leech Bo. 376 | ornataria Leech Comib. 21 ornataria Leech Mac. 348 . orphnaeata chs. Ac. 63 orphnata Bhtsch. Eup. 289 Orphne Hbn. 394 orphninaria Hmps. Orsonoba 349 orla Bast. Bo. 379 . Orthobrachia 315 Orthocabera Warr. Gn. 358, 313 390 . 22k orthogrammaria Guen. Cid. 225 Ortholitha 1538, 231, Orthonama Hbn. 222 Ortholitha Hbn. 158 241, 338 orthostigialis Warr. Orth. 8 Orthostixinae 2 Orthostixis Hbn. 8 Orthostixis 2, 9 Osicerda Wkr. 337 ossea Btlr. Prot. 321 osseata Haw. Ptych. 133 . osseata Schiff. Ptych. 133 . ossiculata Led. Ptych. 94 . ossularia Hbn. Ptych. 81 Osteodes Guen. 406 ostrinaria Hbn. Ptych. 102 ostrinaria Hbn. Ptych. 122 osyraria Guen. Teph. 406 . otoplecta Warr. 186 ouanguemetaria Ob. Cid. Oulobophora Stgr. 182 Ourapteryx Leach 334 Ourapteryx Intr. IV ouvrardi Ob. Lept. 328 . ovifera Comost. 34 ovifera Warr. Com. 33 ovulata Borgm. Eustr. 207 oxybiata Mill. Cid. 223 oxycedrata Rmb. Eup. 296 . oxydata Tr. Hup. 288 . oxygonaria Piing. Mann. 383 Ozola Wkr. 10 225 P. Pachyenemia Steph. 383 Pachyligia Bélr. 332 pacuviaria Ob. Cid. 249 paerlita Btlr. Gn. 384 | paerlita Btlr. Gn. 388 paganata Fidr. Gn. 384 pagina Wil. Bo. 370 palaearctica Stgr. Phot. 202 Palaeomystis Warr. 7 palaestinensis Calb. Gn. 392 palaestinensis Mechs. Chlor. 25 palaestinensis Fchs. palaestinensis Stgr. Cid. 245 paleacata Guen. Ptych. 112 pallescens Ckll. Opor. 196 pallescens Diz. Eup. 290 pallescens Stgr. Lith. 173 f pallescens Warr. Het. 188 pallida Clark Opor. 196 pallida Diz. Eup. 282 pallida Diz. Eup. 290 pallida Hed. Cale. 344 pallida Lamb. Cid. 264 pallida Mr. Brab. 190 . pallida Prt. Cid. 249 pallida Prt. Opor. 195 pallida Warr. Ac. 71 pallida Warr. Eucr. 34 . pallida Warr. Lob. 419 pallidaria F'chs. Ptych. 105 pallidaria Hbn. Ptych. 90 pallidaria Krul. Bo. 376 pallidaria Lamb. Orth. 158 pallidaria Leech Bpt. 314 pallidaria Leech Sel. 325 . pallidaria Prt. Ang. 334 pallidaria Stgr. Lith. 403 pallidaria Sigr. Sel. 400 pallidaria Waldt. Epirr. 5 pallidata Bkh. Ac. 70. . pallidata Lamb. Lygr. 211 pallidata Ptych. 68 pallidata Schiff. Ptych. 115 pallidata Stgr. An. 177 pallidata Sigr. Lar. 157 pallidata 7Trti. Er. 352 pallidata V.-M.-R. Orth, 415 pallidemarginata Ob. Gn. 386 palmata Sigr. Ptych. 120 | palpata Wkr. Cith, 299 Chlor. 25 . pallifasciaria Leech Phot. 203 . SH oirh =O = bo (=) Oe oy, . 16¢ 6.¢ 3c 4k 4d INDEX. 471 Pl. Pl. paludala Carsia 160 | pellagraria Guen. Cab. 318 phaiosata Sigr. Cid. 220 $1 paludata L. Ac. 79... | pellonaria Christ. Rhod. 37 Phalaena LZ. 325 paludata Thnbg. Cars. 179 | pellonaria Hmps. Rhod. 40 . 7 6! Phalaena 329 palumbaria Schiff. Orth. 158 | pellucida Sigr. Egea 4 Phanauta Warr. 345 palustraria Dbl. Eup. 278 ; peloponnesiaca /tbl. Lygr. 212 phantomaria Graes. Bo. 373 19k pamphilata Fldr. Stamn. 168 peltaria Bsd. Lith. 403 . 23 i Phaselia Guen. 364 panessacraria Trimoul. Gn. 389 Pelurga Hbn. 264. Phasiane 345 : pangiaria Fldr. Sten. 340 pendearia Ob. C.d. 232 phasidaria Rghfr. Nych. 360 pannosa Mr. Span. 19 . pendearia Ob. Cid. 220 phasma Btlr. Disc. 270 13 m pannosaria Mr. Bo. 379 pendularia Cl. Cos. 142 : Ln Phibalapteryx 206, 300 pantaria L. Abr. 312 pendularia Cl. Cos. 141, 145. Phigalia Dup. 353 pantaroides Spitz Abr. 511 147, 150 philearia Brab. Rhod. 154 pantellaria Mill. Eup. 276 | penduloorbicula Tutt Cos. 143 Philereme Hbn. 204 pantherata Hbn. Abr. 311 penguionaria Ob. Phot. 204 . 61 Philereme 202, 206, 242 papilionaria Hipp. Intr. 11 | pennaria ZL. Col. Gon. 331 16h philipparia Prt. Gloss. 84 papillionaria L. Hipp. 17. pennata Scop. Hmat. 399 . 23 f philolaches Ob. Rhod. 43 Parabapta Warr. 315 pennigeraria Hbn. Fid. 398 . 23 « philolaches Rhod. 36, 44 Paradarisa 379 pentalineata Vill. Ptych. 97 4b phoebearia Hrsch. Probl. 51 da paradoxaria Sigr. Sparta 159 . pentheri Rbdl. Gn. 387 phoebearia Schr. Sel. 325 . . 6a parallelaria Ac. 73 penulataria Hbn. Dysc. 408 phoenicearia Hmps. Rhod. 42. 7a parallelaria Bhtsch. Hup. 294 peralba Swinh. Ac. 71 phoeniceata Rmb. Eup. 296 12) parallelaria Leech Emm. 187 Peratophyga Warr. 316 phoenix Swinh. Syrrh. 320 parallelaria Leech Euct. 336 percandidata Christ. 269 Photoscotosia Warr. 202, 198, 214 parallelaria Leech Hemist. 31 percomptaria Guen. Trp. 141 phryganea Rmb. Nax. 192 parallelaria Leech Lob. 191 . Perenia Guen. 306 Phthonandria Warr. 363 parallelaria Schiff. Hp. 341 . . 18b Perconia Hbn. 412 Phthonosema Warr. 365, 373. 374 parallelaria Vill. Cid. 232 .. 9d perdita Stgr. Gn. 383 Phthorarcha Meyr. 3 parallelaria Warr. Ac. 72 perelegans Warr. An. 177 Phygmatophora Gmpg. 189 parallelolinearia Retz. Cid. 232 9d | peremptaria Wkr. Mac. 349 Phyllabraxas Leech 305 Paralophia Warr. 233 perezaria Ob. Rhod. 38 Physetobasis Hmps. 274 Paralygris Warr. 209 perfasciata Prt. Cid. 262 pica Wil. Prot. 321 .... . 15h Paraplaneta Warr. 266 pertidata Mann. Kup. 276 picaria Mr. Abr. 310 parcata Piing. Hor. 301 . 13 1 | perfluaria Bsd. Ptych. 116 .. 4d picata Bilr. Bo. 371... . . 21a pardicelata Wkr. Elph. 331 perfumaria Newm. Bo. 368 picata Hbn. Cid. 247 ... . 10b Parec ipsis Warr. 345 | perfumata Ac. 65 picata Lar. Intr. II Pareilicrinia Warr. 345 perfumata Rtr. Ac. 55 picearia Hbn. Ist. 397 . . . . 23f Parepione Warr. 341 | perfusaria Joann. Enc. 407 piceata Prt. Eup. 297 ... . 130 Paronychora Joann. 407 perfuscaria Rbl. Enn. 324 Ppiceata Steph. Cid. 233 parthenis Z. Breph. 1 ....4la | perfuscata Haw. Cid. 221 . . 8k pickettaria Prt. Ang. 334 partheniata Cid. 234 perfuscata Prt. Enn. 323 picta Geoffr. Emat. 399 . . . 23f particolor Warr. Cryps. 315 peribolata Hbn. Orth. 160 .. 8a pictaria Curt. Bpt. 314 partitaria Hon. Lith. 403 . . . 231 | peribolata Hbn. Intr. II 161. pictaria Mr. Hyde. 269 parva Hed. Gar. 326 | 241, 242, 258, 260 pictaria Thbg. Bo. 372 . 19 i parva Leech Brit. 359 | permixtaria H.-Schaff. Cid. 246 10a Ppictavorum Ob. Hnn. 323 parvaria Leech Cid. 261 permutata Stgr. Ac. 63 onl pierretaria Guil. An. 177 8¢ parvilunaria Bart. Sel. 325 | permutataria Frr. Lith. 495 . . 233 pilosa Th.-M. 209 parvula Retz. Cid. 216 | permutataria Hbn. Lom. 316 15 f pilosa Warr. Uliol. 5 parvularia Hbn. Emm. 87 .. 4a | pernotata Guen. Eup. 284 pilosaria Schiff. Phig. 353 . . 19¢ parvularia H.-Schdjf. Gymn. 298 | Pero Intr. IV pilzii Stfs. Lye. 356 parvularia Leech Bo. 379. . . 23b | perochraria Dbl. Ptych. 90 . . da pimpinellata Guen. Kup. 294 . 12f parvularia Leech Cid. 257 . . Th | perochraria Fisch.-R. Ptych. 97 4a pimpinellata Hbn. Eup. 292 . 12e parvulata Sigr. Hydr. 267 | perochraria Guen. 91 pinetaria Hbn. It. 402... . 23h pascuaria Brahm Bo. 367 . . 20f perpetuata Led. Cars. 179 pinguedinata Z. Ptych. 116. . 4d pascuaria Huene Bo. 367 | perplexaria Sitgr. Orth. 163 Pingasa Mr. 11 passeraria Frr. Cid. 222... 8k perplexata Leech C.d. 242 Ti pinguis Swinh. Antil. 51 5b passerinaria H.-Schaff. Stamn. perpulchra Btlr. Cid. 252 pini Retz. Hup. 276 .... . 13k NG Smear sey beets sets les eer IGA perpulverea Hmps. Ptych. 128 5e piniaria LZ. Bup. 400, 404 . . 23f passetii 7h.-W. Anag. 320 perpusillaria Hy. Cleta 88 fa | pinicolaria Bell. Ell. 322 . 25 b passetii Th.-M. Bo. 377 perruptata Fchs. Gn. 393 pinnaria Christ. Orth. 163 passetii Th.-M. Breph. 1 persica Men. Cur. 335 . 17¢ piperata Steph. Bup. 289 . . . 12i pastoraria Joann. Ac. 63 persimilis M7. Crasp. 45 Ja | piperatum Alph. Megam. 353 . 125 ¢ patatala Fldr. Heter. 341 personata Prt. Ac. 60 Unita | piperitaria Ob. Bo. 376. . . . 19k patruelis Diz. Eup. 290 perspersaria Dup. Ene. 407. . 231 Pityata Rmb. Rhopt. 383 paucisignata Krausse Ac. 151 perspersata Tr. Gn. 386 . 22d placida Bitlr. Cid. 258 .... 8e paullula Swinh. Pseud. 154 perspicuata M7. Bo. 371 placidaria rr. Cid. 244 . . . 9k paulusi Rbl. Coen. 350 perspicuata Priing. Lygr. 212 plagiata An. 175 paupera Btlr. Hir. 380 . perturbatrix Diz. Eup. 294 plagiata Bilr. Probl. 51 . . . 5a paupera Btlr. Osse. 337 pervagata Christ. Cid. 242 10m plagiata Z. An. 177... 2... 6k paupera Diz. Hup. 294 perversa Hke. Cid. 217 Plagodis Hbn. 337 pauperaria Hv. Stamn. 168 . | perversaria Bsd. Bo. 366 . 20e plana Wil. Chlor. 26 pauperrimata Christ. Cid. 222 perviaria Led. Teph. 406 plana Wil. Cryps. 315 pauxillaria Bsd. Eup. 293 Petelia H.-Schdff. 319 planaria Chrét. Egea 4 paucillaria H.-Schdff. Gymn. peterseni Prt. Cid. 260 plancaria Hbn. Bo. 372 . 2le 2D Sede. + PEASE AER eet, Petovia 6 planifasciata Prt. Cid. 220 . . 13d pecharia Sigr. Ptych. 126 petraria Hbn. Lith. 403 23 i platyleucata Wkr. Bpt. 315 15e pecharia Ptych. 96, 113 petraria Lith. Intr. Il plebeja Geoffr. Ptych. 133 4f pectinataria Knoch Cid. 229 petrificata Hbn. Hem. 362 . 20b plebejaria Ob. Dysc. 408 pedaria Ff. Phig. 353 ... petrosa Bilr. Bo. 378 . 211 Plemyria Hbn. 152, 216 pedemontaria Sitgr. Ist. 398 p-graecum Poda Bist. 355 9a Plemyria Snell. 253 pedilata Fldr. Ac. 78 phaenicotaeniata Leech Heter. plenaria Leech Arth. 273... 7¢ peletieraria Dup. Croc: 409 . SAO Wc. ape, So nen Ee aes ALITA plenaria Myrt. 313 phaeoleucaria Led. Phas. 364 . 20d Plerocymia Hbn. 157 pelitaria Christ. Hier. 27 . 472 Pleuroprucha 141 plicataria Leech Disc. 271 plumaria Esp. Phig. 353 . plumaria Schiff. Sel. 400... plumbaginata Hmbg. Ptych. 94 plumbaria F. Orth. 158 plumbaria Orth. 184 plumbata Curt. Cid. 216 plumbata Newm. Cid. 216 plumbata Stgr. Ches. 180 plumbea Rbil. Abr. 311 plumbearia B.-H. Ptych. 96 plumbearia Leech Ac. 75 . plumbearia Sigr. Gn. 389 plumbeata Ckil. Abr. 312 ~ plumbeolata Haw. Eup. 275 plumnboscriptaria Christ. Ptych. DSi eh aes plumistaria Bkh. Fid. 399 plumistaria Fid. 399... . plummistaria Vill. Fid. 399 plumosaria Leech Megab. 358 . plumularia Bsd. Anth. 88. plumularia Frr. Lyth. 155 plurilinearia Leech Cat. 265 . plurilinearia Mr. Asth. 2738 . plurilineata Wr. Hor. 302. plurilineata Whr. Lygr. 211 plurilineata Lyg. 210 pluristrigata Warr. Our. 335 plusiaria Bsd. Euchl. 28 pluyiaria I’. Hyp. 342 pluviata Ff. Mac. 348 podevinaria H.-Schaff. Cid. 231 poecilata Fchs. Cid. 248 poecilata Piing. Eup. 288 Poecilopsis Harr. 354 poggearia Led. Gn. 392 Pogonitis Christ. 317 Pogonopygia Warr. 306 polata Dup. Cid. 234 polata Hbn. Cid. 234 polata Ww. Opor. 196 poliaria Hmps. Rhod. 41 . poliotaria Hmps. Cid. 237 politata Hbn. Ptych. 129 . pollinaria Christ. Gn. 389 pollutaria Hbn. Lom, 312 polycommata Schiff. Noth. 183 polygeammata Bkh. Cid. 249 . polygrapharia Bsd. Cid. 224 Polyphasia Steph. 220 Polyplocidae Intr. I polystictaria Hmps. Acas. 182 polystigmaria Hmps. Ac. 74 Polythrena Guen. 168 Pomasia Guen. 274 pomoeraria Cid. 227 pomoeriaria Hv. Cid. 227 . pomonaria Hbn. Poec. 354 ponderata Diz. Eup. 280 poneformata Stgr. An. 176 pongaria Ob. Micr. 380 . pongaria Ob. Micr. 394 pontissalaria Brd. Cid. 229 populata Cl. Lygr. 213 populata LZ. Lyge. 211 porata ZL. Cos. 146 porata Cos. 143 porata Wnbg. Cos. 145, 147 . porosa Arul. Ac. 57 porphyraria H.-Sch. Lyth. 156 porphyriata Mr. Micr. 207 porrinata Z. Calor. 24 Ca porrittii Rbs. u. Gd. Cid. 233 postalbaria Leech Cid. 254 postalbida Wil. Cid. 217 postgenitata Diz. Gymn. 298 posticata F. Cid. 250 postmutata Prt. Phot. 204 postochrea An. 175 postochrea Hmps. An. 178 (o's) eH bo bo bo See EQ G Hho © O io rt -1S 1 or 1 Oo 0) WH OD a = fmw-l Hho _ — oO 5) Sain LG INDEX. postpositaria Stgr. Cid. 224 potentillaria Frr. Cid. 238 .. 9h powelli Ob. Bo. 370 powelli Ob. Bo. 365 praecanaria Hv. Rhod. 36 aeronal praecanata Sigr. Ac. 55 .+.. 31 praecisaria Stgr. Rhod. 40 3d praeclarata Piing. Bo. 378 praeditaria Leech Scion. 338 praefecta Prt. Cid. 219 praeformata Hbn. An. 176 .. Sd praejormata An. 175 praepicta Warr. Bo. 369 praspositaria Stgr. Cid. 224. . Ye praerupta Bilr. Iod. 32 : 21 praesignata Bhtsch. Eup. 294 prasstantaria Piing. Hem. 362 praestigiaria Piing. Gn. 389 praetoraria Hmps. Tain. 337 pracustaria Lah. Ptych. 132 prasinaria Hv. Euchl. 28 . . 2 prasinaria Schiff. Hil. 322 . . 1s prasinaria F. Pseud. 138 ... 41 prasinata Wrnbg. Calor. 24 . 2 prasinus Bilr. Tan. 16 prasonaria Swinh. Tan. pratana F’. Oar 86 EP eel SIG pratand sd. 7Nc..ne ad) “aie pratanaria Turt. Oar 86 ac pratti Prt. Hipp. 17 prattiaria Leech Aug. 334 - pravata Hbn. Ith. 396... . 23d precursaria Gregs. Opor. 195 pressaria Christ. Mac. 347 2 ees 43. 144 pretiosaria Stgr. Chlor. 25. . 2c pretiosaria Chlor. 23 prieta fbb. Fid. 399 prieta Rbb. Onth. 159 primaria Haw. Ther. 351. . . 181i primigena Sigr. Phthor. 3. . 1b primigena Phthor. 175 primordiata Rdlz. Cid. 236 .. 9¢ primulata Mill. Eup. 287 Prionia 337 Pristopera 328 privata Diz. Eup. 294 privataria Bast. Cos. 148... 5c privataria Cos. 148 probaria H.-Schdff. Cid. 231 Problepsis Led. 49 Problepsis 45 Probolosceles Warr. 21 procellaria Cid. 253 procellata Schiff. Cid. 253 . . 10c¢ proclivata Fchs. Ptych. 94 .. 3f procumbaria Comib. 21 procumbaria Pryer Comib. 20 2b proditaria Brem. Mac. 348 18¢ prodromaria Schiff. Bist. 358 . 19f productaria Leech Ku. 165 f productaria Leech Phal. 326 16 b progemmaria Hbn. Br. 352 isk progressiva Hukjf. Hr. 352 projecta Wkr. Bo. 367 20 projectaria Leech Sysst. 380. 23 b prolongata Diz. Eup. 2938 . 25 fi prolongata Fimb. Ptych. 114 . 4d prolongata Z. Eup. 293 . syle proluaria Frr. Eup. 288 . 124 Prometopidia Hmps. 353 prominata Hujfn. Ac. 56... 4e promiscuaria Leech Cid. 259 promiscuaria Leech Ptych. 134 promptata Piing. Cid. 2538 promulgata Piing. Cid. 264 promutata Guen. Ac. 638 . .. 4th propagata Christ. Cid. 239 propinqua Bilr. Cid. 258 propinqua Warr. Cid. 215 propinquazia Bsd. Syn. 364 propinquaria Bsd. Syn. 364 propinquaria Leech Ac. 78 . . 31, 5 Pl. propriaria Leech Hustr. 208. . 13d propugnata Schiff. Cid. 227. . 9e propugnataria Leech Phot. 202 1l¢ prosapiaria L. Ell. 322.°. . . Ibi prosapiaria Robs.-Gd. Croc. 332 proserpina Alph. Cid. prospicua Prt. Noth. 183 prospicuata Prt. Cid. 235 protensa Btlr. Ptych. 102. . Te Proteostrenia Warr. 321 proterva Bilr. Hup. 295 .. . 138i protrusa Btir. Gel. 22 . . .. 2d prouti Th.-M. Thal. 415 provincialis Ob. Op. 339 provinciata Mill. Eup. 296 proximaria Leech Ac. 78... 5f proximaria Leech Mag. 347 . 18i proximaria Leech Ptych. 101 . 7e proximaria Ptych. 102 proximaria Rmb. Orth. 160 proximaria Rmb. Orth. 162 pruinaria Hv. Cars. 179 6¢ pruinata Hufn. Pseud. 13 a ili pruinosaria Brem. Teph. 406 . 2381 pruinosata Sigr. Hol. 29 ... 2¢g prunaria 2. Aug. 384 ... . 16i prunata ZL. Lygr. 211 Se prunata Lygr. 211, 250 pryeraria Leech Ar. 3038 14a pryeraria Leech Bo. 372 21 a pryeraria Leech Hyp. 319 25a pryert Btlr. Cid. 250 . 10k | pryeri Bllr. Cor. 339 . ilizén pryert Btlr. Mac. 347 ... . 181 pryeri Billy. Mac. 347 9... 2 2 Asi¢ mnyert, Buln deine ae et eels Pseudocollix Warr. 299, 300 pseudogaliata Sigr. Cid. 223 Pseudognophos Sigr. 384 pseudolariciata Stgr. Kup. 279 pseudomacariata Pow. Lob. 191 Pseudomiza Bilr. 328 Pseudopanthera Hon. 343 | pseudoseparata Diz. Eup. 281 | Pseudosterrha Warr. 153 | Pseudoterpna Hbn. 13 pseudoterpnaria Guen. Ping. 11 1f Pseudothalera Warr. 322 pseudozibellinata Diz. Eup. 275 Psilonavza Warr. 9 | psittacata Hbn. Cid. 220 . .. 8i Psodos Tr. 394 psorataria Jill. Bo. 368 Psoricaria Hv. Dyse. 408 Psychidae Intr. IL psychinaria Ros. Ac. 88 Psychophora Ky. 232 Psyra Wkr. 410 Psyra 380 | ptelearia Ptych. Intr. IIL Pterotocera Stgr. 353 Ptochophyle Warr. 47 Ptychopoda 35, 51, 81 | Ptychopoda Curt. 89 pudicaria Motsch. Ac. 68... 4i | pudicaria Motsch. Ac. 69, 71 pudicata An. 175 pudicata Christ. Cid. 225... 9d pudicata Guen. An. 178 .. . 12b puella Bsp. 2 kee hte hay puellaria Rmb. Ac. 63 y 4th pueng2leri Diz. Hup. 278 | piing-leri Bhtsch. Gn. 387 ping :leri Stertz Cid. 230 Piingeleria Roug. 321 pulchellata Steph. Eup. 276 pulcheraria Herz Pseud. 344 pulcherrima Fchs. Cos. 149 pulchra Sigr. Comib. 19 ... 38a pulchraria Bv. Disc. 271 pulchraria chs. Ptych. 92 ee Publ. 5. II. 1916. pulchraria Leech liygr. 213 . . pulchraria Rothsch. Wypochr. 337 pulchrata Alph. Orth. 164 pullata Dup. Gn. 386 pullata Schiff. Gn. 387... . pullularia H.-Schdjff. Gn. 387 . pulmentaria Gwen. Chlor. 25 pulveraria Hufn. Er. 352 . pulveraria L. Anag. 320 pulveraria Leech Ac. 72 pulverata B.-H. Lom. 316 pulverata Thnbg. Epirr. 5 pulverata Warr. Hier. 27 pulvereisparsa Hmps. Ner. 26 pulverosa Warr. Bo. 378 pumicaria Led. Teph. 406 — pumilata Hbn. Gymn. 298 punctaria LZ. Cos. 148 punctaria Cos. 143, 396 punctaria Leech Abr. 311 . punctaria Leech Asp. 411 punctaria Leech Comps. 413 . punctaria Schiff. Cos. 146, 147 punctata B.-H. Chi. 404 punctata Bilr. Nax. 192 punctata F. Bpt. 315 punctata Scop. Ac. 59 —. punctata Warr. Cab. 318 . punctatissima Stgr. Cid. 231 punctigera Btlr. Micr. 380 punctigera Prt. Lox. 410 punctigera Strd. Triph. 197 punctilinearia Leech Cid. 259 punctilinearia Leech Hem. 363 punctilinearia Leech Hydr. 269 punctilinearia Leech Rhynch. 345 a wOoonwnwrpyp =o 5s 5 Fe ew eh w Chore le) 13 n ae bo bo [S) 1 Bisr ee p punctimarginaria “Leech Bo. 373 21¢ punctimarginaria Leech Tel. 206 punctinalis Scop. Bo. 374 punctipes Curt. Cid. 234 punctisignaria Leech Abr. 310 punctistrigaria Christ. Atom. 397 punctivenaria Leech Gun. 385 punctularia Lamb. Cos. 146 punctularia Zamb. Hyp. 342 punctulata Schiff. Bo. 379 .. punctumnotasa Haw. Cid. 222 pupillaria Brahm Cos. 142, 145 pupillaria Hbn. Cos. 141 pupillaria Z. Cos. 147 pupillata Hbn. Cid. 256 puppillaria Hbn. Cos. 145 purissima 7h.-M. Our. 335 purpuraria ZL. Lyth. 155 purpuraria Trti. Ptych. 122 purpurata L. Lyth. 156 : purpurascens Warr. Syn. 319 . purpureomarginata Bhtsch. Ptych. 122 purus Bilr. Cab. 318 . pusaria L. Cab. 318 pusata Cab. 318... : pusillaria Hbn. Ptych. 123 . pusillata Hbn. Hup. 297 pusillata Schiff. Hup. 296 . pusillata Schiff. Ptych. 123 . pustulata Hufn. Comib. 19 . pustulata Comib. 20, 21 putata LZ. Jod. 32 . putataria L. Hemist. 32. yes putridaria H.-Schdff. Cid. 223 putridaria H.-Schdff. Cid. 246 puziloi Ersch. Tim. 49 Pygarge H.-Schdff. 52, 56, 81 pygmaea Tgsir. Ven. 266 pygmaearia Hbn. Emm. 87 . pygmaearia Leech Chi. 404 pygmaearia Ptych. 97 Pygmaena Bsd. 396 pygmaeola Hbn. Kup. 278 IV we IND ye . 134 INDEX. Pylarge H.-Schaff. 52, 56, 81 pyraliata Schiff. Lygr. 2138... 8¢ pyraliata Cid. Intr. TV 153 pyrenaea Ob. Psod. 395 pyrenazaria Bsd. Sel. 400 pyrenazaria Ob. Cid. 230 pyrenaica Gmpg. Od. 7 pyrenaica Ob. Gn. 388 Eyreneata Mab. Bup. 276 pyropata Hbn. Lyge. 213 . S¢ Pyrrhorachis Warr. 33 pytonissata Mill. Cid. 222 .. Si Q. quadraria Leech Heter. 341. . 18a quadriannulata Haw. Cid. 257 quadricalcarata Prt. Rhod. 38 5c quadricalcarata Rhod. 36, 37 quadrifaria Sulz. Psod. 395. . 236 quadrifasciaria Tr. Cid. 227 9e quadrifasciata Cl. Cid. 226 9d quadrifasciata Cid. 234 quadrifera Wkr. Bo. 373 . 21e quadrilunaria Hsp. Sel. 525 l6a quadrimaculata Hatch. Pseud. 343 quadrinotata Btlr. Comib. 21. 5b quadripunctaria chs. Ist. 398 quadripunctaria Th.-M. Croc. 409 quadripunctata Bien. yd». 268 1: 3e quadripunctata Don. Poych. 188 4¢ quadripunctata Hsp. Als. 3. 1b quadripustulata Don. Gn. 386 quadristrigaria Guen. Cid. 249 . quaerulata Piing. Cid. 243 quercaria Hbn. Enn. 324. . quercifoliata B.-H. Eup. 295 quereii Ob. Bist. 359 quercimontaria Bast. Cos. 147 quercimontaria Cos. 141, 146 quercinaria Hufn. Enn. 323 quercinaria Enn. Intr. V quinquaria Hbn. It. 402 23h R. rablensis Z. Ist. 398 Rachela Hulst 193 radiata Delah. Cos. 142 radiata Haw. Chi. 404 radiata Hke. Gn. 393 radiata Wkr. Agl. 29 radicaria Lah. Hor. 301 . . 1: radiomarginata Joann. Cos. 148 ragusaria Mill. Nych. 360 ramalaria Mldr. Cid. 238 ramataria Cid. 238 ramburaria Bsd. Chem. 413 . 61 ramosa Wkr. 303 . l4a ramosaria Ptych. 97 ramosaria Vill. Cleta 88 rara Btlr. Rhod. 42 raunaria Frr. Dysc. 408 ravaria Led. Cid. 235 ravaria Cid, 234 ravouxi Th.-M. Lith. 403 ravulata Sigr. Triph. 199 reaumuraria Mill. Oar 86 rebeli Aign. Bo. 368 rebeli Bhtsch. Hup. 293 rebeli Prt. Ac. 62 recens Dtz. Eup. 251 recessaria Guen. Ac. 81 : recictaria Bsd. Gymn. 298 . . 12m iw) = 13a 3e 13 n 7¢ reciprocata Wkr. An. 178 . 8e¢ reciprocata Wkr. Tan. 16 reclamata Prt. Cid. 240 . 13b rectangulata ZL. Chlor. 299 13k rectifasciaria Lamb. Cid. 264 rectifasciaria Led. Cid. 225 9b rectilinearia Leech Ner. 26 rectilinearia Leech Phot. 203 rectistrigaria Hv. Tim. 48 recursaria Leech Buz. 360 recurvaria Leech Bo. 379 . recurvilineata Mr. Fydr. 269 reducta Bast. Eup. 276 reduplicata Warr. Gand. 214 reformata Prt. Bo. 373 regalis Leech Bist. 359 . regalis Mr. Bist. 359 regina Stgr. Hum. 324. regina Hum. 332 reikjavikaria Stgr. Eup. 275 rejectaria Stgr. Cid. 242 relaxata Dtz. Eup. 294 relegaria Tgstr. Mal. 193 . relegata Prt. Oper. 194 relegata Piing. Cid. 235 relictata Dtz. Eup. 291 remifascata Prt. Cid. 263 remissa Wil. Ptych. 123 remotata Guen. Ac. 59 remotata H.-Schaff. Ac. 52 remutaria Hbn. Ptych. 137 remutata Ac. 93 remutata L. Ptych. 128 remutata Schiff. Ac. 66 . renataria Ob. Ptych. 95 renitidata Hbn. Gyps. 8 renodata Piing. Cid. 246 renularia Hbn. Ptych. 118 . repagulata Prt. Ptych. 117 . repandaria Hufn. Ep. 341 repandata L. Bo. 370 repulsaria Wkr. Bo. 370 residuata Hbn. Kup. 296 resinaria Peyer, Cid. 216 . respersaria Hbn. Gn. 386 . 22d respersaria Hbn. Perc. 412 25 ik restituta Wkr. Sarc. 5 restitutata Wkr. Ligd. 313 15d restrictaria Leech Bo. 375 retata Haw. Chi. 404 reticularia Leech Abr. 310 . 15b reticulata Mr. Kustr. 208, 209 101 reticulata Schiff. Eustr. 207 8e retractaria Wkr. Hem. 362 20 b retrahens Mr. Calicha 376 reversa Prt. Orth. 163 reversaria Dup. Ptych. 126... 4f reversata Tr. Ptych. 126 . 146 reversata Tr. Ptych. 128 4f revocaria Stgr. Asp. 412 reynaldiata Rouast, Ptych. 107 4e Rhadinomphax Prt. 34 rhamnata Schiff. Phil. 205 8b rheticaria Lah. Viyth. 155 . 15¢ rhizolitharia Rbl. Hem. 362 . 20 a rhoda Prt. Rhod. 41. . . Te rhodogrammaria Piing. Ptych. LO a ey 3h rhodogrammaria Piing. Ptych. 93 Rhodometra Meyr. 153 Rhodostrophia 35 Rhodostrophia 45, 94 rhosiaria Chret. Microl. 414 rhomboidaria Schiff. Bo. 368 20 ¢ rhomboidaria Bo. 366, 379 Rhoptria Guen. 383 Rhynchobapta Hmps. 345 ribeata Cl. Bo. 369 20h ribesaria Bsd. Lygr. 211 Se ribesata Sigr. Abr. 310 richardi Prt. Mac. 348 . = Sst richardsi Mac. 348 ridingi Tutt Bo. 377 riguata Hbn. Cat. 265 9i riguata Hbn. Cid. 245 rimata Now. Cid. 223 rimosa Btlr. Bo. 365. . . 20d 60 474 Pi. ripae Agrotis Intr. IL riparia H.-Schdaff. Kup. 292 rippertaria Dup. Lith. 403 . . 231 rivata Hon. Cid. 257... . . 10a rivinata Pisch.-R. Cid. 260 . . 10f rivinitata Cid. 261 rivosulata Dtz. Hup. 285 Yivularia Leech Ac. 77 «cones De rivularia Leech Noth. 184 ... 12a rivularia Leech Phot. 294 rivularia Noth. 183 rivulata Schiff. Cid. 260 .. . 10f rivulosa Bilr. Pet. 319... . 15h robertata Roug. Hup. 284 robiginata Stgr. Ptych. 1382. . 5b robinearia Frings Bist. 358 roboraria Schiff. Bo. 374... 21d robusta Diz. Hup. 283 robustum Bilr. Bist. 359 . . . 19h roederaria Stjs. Hup. 276 . . . 12d roesleraria Brem. Lyge. 212 . 8¢g roeslerstammaria Stgr. Hil. 344 18d rogata Stgr. Cid. 242 rogenhofert Graes. Cid. 246 romanaria Mill. Gloss. 84 .. 31 romanaria Mill. Gloss. 82, 83, 85 romanarioides Rothsch. Gloss. 416 romanovi Alph. Astrap. 411 . 242 rongaria Ob. Obe. 307 . . . . 14h roraria Hsp. Ist. 398... . . 23d,e roraria Ff. Ist. 398... .. . 23e rosacea Kief. An. 176 rosaria Leech Syn. 319... . lbd¢g roscidaria Hbn. Ist. 397 rosea Gmpg. Chlor. 25 rosea Ob. Rhod. 154... . . 6a rosea Rbl. Ac. 76 rosearia Rhodom. 153 rosearia B.-H. Wil. 344 rosearia Culot Chlor. 24 rosearia Leech Heter. 341 . . 1 rosearia Leech Osic. 337 1 rosearia Jr. Rhod. 154 roseata Aign. Ac. 76 roseata Hrsch. Rhod. 39 roseata Hke. Tim. 48 roseata Prt. Rhod. 41 roseata Th.-M. Kyrt. 157 roseata Trti. Ptych. 99 roseimarginaria Spil. 345 roseimarginata Leech Spil. 345 18 f roseofasciata Christ. Ptych. 128 roseolimbata Pouj. Ptych. 103 5d rosinaria Ob. Sir. 335 rosmavinata Mill. Eup. 296 . l8o rossica Harr. Nyss. 355 | rosthorni Rothsch. Limb. 16 . 2a rostrifera Anon. 338 rotaria F. Lyth. 156 rotundaria Haw. Cab. 318 rotundaria Leech Cid. 233 . . 13n rubearia Lamb. Cos. 146 rubefactaria Pig. Gn. 388 rubellata Ac. 62 | rubellata Diz. Hup. 291... . 25e | rubellata Eup. 279 rubellata Ptych. 151 rubellata Rmb. Ac. 56 . .. ds14h noone, VEO INNS (Na Gg 5 6 a Je rubentaria Rmb. Dyse. 408 ruberata Frr. Cid. 263... . 10k ruberata /?bl. An. 177 ruberrima Bast. Cos. 147 rubescens bl. Cal. 199 moulaveryynenien Isl ys 5 a 4 a Io | rubidata Schiff. Cid. 252... 10m rubiginaria F’chs. Ptych. 1382 . 5b rubiginata Ac. 60 rubiginata Hufn. Ac. 58... 4h rubiginata Schiff. Cid. 216 . . 8h rubra Stgr. Comps. 413 INDEX. Pl. rubraria Prt. Apl. 6... .. Je rubraria Stgr. Gnoph. 384 rubraria Sigr. Ptych. 185 .. 4¢ rubricata Schiff. Ac. 58 ... 4h rubridisca Warr. Cid. 234 — rubrimargo Hemist. 31 rubripunctata Warr. Pyrrh. 33 rubrociliata Goze Rhod. 39 rubrodotata Wkr. Triph. 198 .. 61 rubrofasciata Hufn. Rhod. 39 rubroviridata Don. Cid. 220. . 8i rudolphi Lampa Lob. 185 rufaria Ac. 151 iabiha Jaloyp. Jina, Mb 5 5 5 “bis rufaria Hbn. Ptych. 92, 94, 100 rufaria Ptych. 81 rufata Ches. 179 rufata Ff. Ches. 180 ..... 6b rufescens Btlr. Hup. 276 rufescens Gmpg. Lygr. 212 rufescens Strom. Cid. 221 rufescentaria Motsch. Zeth. 330 16 d, ruficiliaria Brem. Hol. 85 ruficiliaria H.-Schaff. Cos. 147 40 ruficiliaria Cos. 141, 146, 149 ruficinctata Guen. Cid. 235 ruficinctaria Guen. Cid. 231 ruficostata Z. Ptych. 120 rutigrisea Prt. Ac. 77 .... 3m rufilaria Hv. Hol. 85 rufilinea Prt. Rhod. 40 rufillaria H.-Schaff. Ptych. 119 4e rufinotata Btlr. Trich. 187 . . 13a rufinularia Stgr. Hol. 85 rufipennaria F'chs. Er. 352 rufitinctaria Hmps. Gen. 389 . 22e rufofasciaria Leech Cab. 318 rufofasciata Hsp. Ell. 322... 15i rufolimbaria Hed. Culp. 21 Zi rufolinearia Leech Psy. 410 . . 24f rufomixtata Rmb. Gloss. 83 fee rufomixtata Gloss. 84 rufonotaria Abr. 306 rufonotaria Leech Met. 305 . . 14d rufotineta Burr. Chlor. 24 rufotinctata Prt. Gloss. 83 rufularia H.-Schajf. Ptych. 119 4e ruginaria Costa Lyth. 156 rumigerata Don. Ptych. 1388 . 4¢ ruminata Mill. Ptych. 107 rupestrata Schiff. Cid. 238 9h rupestrata Steph. Noth. 184. . 6f, rupicapraria Schiff. Ther. 351. 18i rupicapraria Theria 314 rupicola Woll. Cid. 226 .. . 12¢ ruptata Hbn. Cid. 251 rusicadaria Dtz. Eup. 283 russariaria H.-Schdff. Cid. 249 12 b russata Schiff. Cid. 221 : .. Sk rusticata Ac. 35 rusticata Ptych. 90, 97, 1380 rusticata Schiff. Ptych. 1381 . 4f rybakowi Alph. Bo. 367 Ss. sabaudiata Dup. Triph. 197 . 5h sabaudiata Triph. 198 sabinata Hbn. Noth. 183... 6f sabulosa Prt. Ptych. 105 . 7d saburraria Hv. Chi. 404 sacraria 1538, 154 sacraria B.-H. Gloss. 82... 31 sacraria L. Rhod. 153 j sacraria Rhod:; Intr. IV sacraria Slgr. Gn. 392 sagittata #. Cid. 248 ... .10m sagittata Cid. 244 sagittifera Gmpg. Cid. 254 . . 10e saisanaria Stgr. Hup. 281 sajana Prt. Breph. 1 sajanaria Prt. Cid. 224 salicata Hbn. Cid. 231 salicata Cid. 223 saltuata Spr. Ac. 55 . . . salubraria Stgr. Ptych. 101 salutaria Christ. Ptych. 101 sambucaria ZL. Our. 334 3 sancta Btlr. Ac. 69 sanctaria Stgr. Ptych. 104 sandalica Schaw. Orth. 164 sandbergi Lampa Opor. 196 sandosaria H.-Schdaff. Cid. 244 sanguiflua Mr. Pseud. 328 sanguinaria Dup. Lyth. 156 sanguinaria Hsp. Rhod. 154 sanguinaria Hbn. Ptych. 99 sanguinea Th.-M. Rhod. 38 sanguiniplaga Swinh. Hydr. 269 Santolinata Mab. Eup. 279 . Sarcinodes Gn. 5 sardoa Diz. Kup. 196 sardoniata Hmbg. Psych. 93 sareptanaria Sigr. Mac. 348 sarothamnaria Brown Rhod. 154 sartaria H.-Schdaff. Gn. 389 sartata Alph. Orth. 161 sartata Orth. 162 sartata Tr. Gn. 386 .. . sartharia Stgr. Ptych. 113 . sarthularia Sigr. Ptych. 113 satsumaria Leech Ac. 77 7 satsumaria Ac. 81 saturaria Wgn. Anag. 320 saturata B.-H. Micr. 27 saturata Fchs. Gn. 385 saturata Guen. Cid. 227 saturata Prt. Gn. 386 ! saturata Steph. Cid. 221 saturniaria Graes. Bo. 376 satyrata Hbn. Hup. 284 Sauris Guen. 190 saurucki Schaw. Hor. 302 saxea Wil. Cid. 258 sawicolata Led. Cid. 239 . scabiosata Bkh. Hup. 289 . scabraria Chret. Ptych. 96 scabrata Hbn. Cid. 231 . scalaria Christ. Hem. 363 sealettaria Mill. Gn. 394 scalptata Christ. Eup. 281 scandinavaria Stgr. Cel. 400 Seardamia Guen. 321 schaefferaria F'chs. Ptych. 127 schaefferaria Lah. Cos. 174 schaefferi Brem. Cab. 318 schiefereri Bhtsch. Eup. 279 schillei Klem. Bo. 377 schistacea Leech Cid. 259 . schistaceata Z. Orth. 164 Schistostege Hbn. 171 Schistostege 175, 255 schmidtii Diz. Hup. 291 schneideraria Cid. 247 schneideraria Led. Cid. 231 . schneideri Lampa Opor. 195 196 schneideri Sandb. Cid. 221 schoyeni Sp.-Schn. Ac. 66 schultzi Sieb. Enn. 323 schultziaria Heid. Cid. 243 schwederi Teich Lygr. 211 Scinneria Dyar. 232 scintillans Th.-M. Nin. 317. Scionomia Warr. 338 scitularia Rmb. Cid. 261 Scodiomima Stgr. 407 Scodionista Joann. 407 scoparia Bsd. Eup. 238 scopariata Rmb. Eup. 283 Scopula Schr. 52, 79 scopularia Thnbg. Bo. 379 scopulata F'chs. Gn. 385 ' seoriaria Trti. Cid. 223 4¢ _17b DODO Te To e | 6h . 2216 9c 5 tur 19) . 12h . 12h _ 121i eel Pl. scoriata Sigr. Eup. 296 scorteata Stgr. Hor. 301 scortillata Diz. Hup. 292 scotaeata Diz. Eup. 291 scotica B.-Wh. Cid. 218 scotica Stgr. Cid. 217 .... Sh scotiosata Guen. Hor. 302 scotosiaria Warr. Med. 361 . . 24b scriptaria H.-Schdff. Hup. 27 . 12k seripturaria Wkr. Hir. 380 scripturata Cat. 265 servpturata Cid. 240 seripturata Hbn. Cid. 244 9k scutata F. Ptych. 99 . aa ena! ral seutularia Dup. Lith. 403 . . 231 seytularia Hbn. Ptych. 128 . . 4f seutularia ver-H. Ptych. 126 Af scutulata Schiff. Ptych. 126 . 4f seutulata Schiff. Ptych. 99 4 ¢ Sebastosema Warr. 357 sebdovensis Dtz. Kup. 297 secundaria Hsp. Bo. 369 . . . 20h sedataria Ac. 69 sedataria Leech Ac. 75... . 7 seeboldiata Réssl. Ptych. 121 . 4 seitzi Prt. Bo. 375 . gene selenaria Schiff. Bo. 376 . . . 21 Selenia Hbn.. 324 Selenia Intr. I, Il], 329 Seleniopsis Warr. 338 Selidosema 375 Selidosema Hbn. 400 selinata H.-Schaff. Hup. 282 13¢ semenovi Alph. Cid. 225, 254. 10d semicaesia Warr. Hup. 281 . . 25f semicanaria Frr. it. 401 23h semiclarata Wkr. Bo. 373 semifasciata Huene Cid. 223 semifasciata Prt. Cid. 243 semifuscaria Piing. Ptych. 124 3i semigraphata Bsd. Hup. 289 . 12i semihyalina Mr. Kran. 349. . 18h semilutea Led. Teph. 406 semiorbiculata Christ. Rhopt. SIS? Jip ei Na ie hair Se semiparata Wkr. Bo. 379 semistrigata Christ. Disc. 271 semisuffusa Chil. Cid. 229 semitinctaria Mab. Hup: 295 semitaria Piing. Hier. 27... 2i semitata Prt. Gloss. 84 semitata Gloss. 83 semiturpis Warr. Abr. 310 sempervirens Prt. Gn. 386 sempionaria Rdtz. Cid. 223 senata Christ. Lith. 174 .. . 13b senectaria H.-Schaff. Cid. 240. 91 senescens Stgr. Phil. 295 senex Bilr. Bo. 376 .... . 23a senilaria F'chs. Gn. 394 senilis Bilr. Hem. 362 ... . 20b sentinaria Hbn. Hol. 85 . .. 4i separata Stgr. Eup. 281 separata Thnbg. Cid. 243 . separata Th.-M. Rhod. 38 sepiaria Hufn. Tephr. 381 . . 22a septaria Guen. Orph. 394 septentrionalis Diz. Kup. 283 : serenaria Stgr. Diast. 402 . . 24c¢ serenata Stgr. Hup. 285 serenata T7rti. Ac. 57 seriaria Motsch. Naxa 9 oes eld seriata Mr. Cid. 259..... 7h seriata Schr. Ptych. 112 Dose ara! seriata Ptych. 81, 105, 106, 109, LOE Sea TS sericaria Schaw. Gn. 392. . . 22¢ sericaria Triph. 197 sericata Bilr. Triph. 197 . . . 11f sericea Bilr. My. 313... . 15d sericea Bilr. Xandr. 381 .. ., 24a sericearia Bkh. Er. 351, . . . 18i INDEX. sericearia Curt. Bo. 369 sericeata Hbn. Ptych. 95 sericeata Ptych. 92, 153 sericeata Warr. Chlor. 279 serotinaria Haw. Gn. 386 serotinaria Schiff. Gn. 392 serpentaria Ptych. 98 serpentata Hujfn. Ptych. 97 . serpentata Hufn. Ptych. 85, 91, 232 serpentinata Led. Cid. 229 Serraca 374. serravia Costa Hem. 363 serraria Guen. Gn. 387 . serraria Stgr. Euchl. 28 serraria Z. Cid. 219 serrata Brem. Ang. 334 serrataria Prt. Cid. 219 serratilinea Leech Bo. 365 serrularia Led. Spart. 364 serrularia Hy. Phas. 364 sertata Hbn. Acas. 182 seseraria Ob. Triph. 198 seseriata Triph. 198 sesquistriataria Knoch Camp. BISNIS aae eae eee tae eo setaceata Diz. Eup. 291 sexalata Retz. Myst. 185 sexalisata Hbn. Myst. 185 sextiata Mill. Eup. 291 shanghaisaria Wkr. Mac. 346 . : shetlandica Weir Cid. 225 sialouaria Ob. Tristr. 336 sibiriata Guen. Gn. 389 sibirica B.-H. Orth. 159 sibirica Fchs. Ang. 334 sicanaria Rhod. 36, 37 Sicanaria Z. Rhod. 38 sicula Z. Ptych. 91 sidemiata Stgr. Bo. 373 siderifera Mr. Cid. 233 sideritaria Ob. Triph. 199 . sideritaria Leech Cal. 201 . sieversi Christ. Rhod. 39 . signaria Hbn. Mac. 346 signata Btlr. Gar. 327 signata Mac. 346 er signigera Btlr. Wil. 344 signigera Bllr. Eup. 286 silaceata Schiff. Cid. 250 silaceata Cid. 208, 211, 229 silenata Assm. Eup. 279 silenicolata Mab. Eup. 280 . sileniculata Eup. 280 silvatica Haw. Cid. 257 . similaria Anis. 61 similaria Leech Ar. 304 similaria Leech Av. 305. similaria Leech Orth. 161 . similaria Leech Our. 335 similaria Mr. Ac. 77 similaria Mr. Gon. 331 similaria Wkr. Anis. 61 similata Thnbg. Ptych. 97 simonyi Fbl. Eucr. 34 simonyi Eucr. 33 simplex Alph. Pseud. 14 simplex Bilr. Comps. 413 simplaria Frr. Ac. 55 simpliciaria Leech Bo. 369 . simpliciaria Wkr. Bpt. 314 . simpliciata An. 175 simpliciata Haw. Kup. 289 simpliciata Tr. An. 177 simpliciata Wkr. Cid. 222 simplicior Btlr. Bist. 314 . . simplificata Th.-M. Orth. 160 simplonica Wack. Cal. 199 simulata Hbn. Cid. 217 . sinapiaria Pouj. Arch. 11 sinearia Guen. Bo. 379 . sinensaria Leech My. 213 me Pee . ale DADWW oe Ron roo sinensis Alph. Orth. 162 sinensis Prt. Rhod. 43 sinensium Ob. Bo. 376 singularia Nolck. Eup. 275 singulariata Vill. Wor. 301 Sinicaria Leech Abr. 310 sinicaria Leech Bo. 374 sinicaria Leech Bo. 379 . sinicaria Leech Cab. 318 sinicaria Leech Kup. 287 sinicaria Leech Gand. 214 sinicaria Wkr. Mac. 348 sintenisi Sigr. Cid. 244 sinuata Schiff. Cid. 246 sinuicosla Prt: Oz. 10 Sinuosa Wil. Scion. 338 sinuosaria Bilr. Phig. 354 sinuosaria Hv. Kup. 290 sinuosaria Leech Het. 188 sinuosaria Leech Bo. 374 . sinuosaria Leech Crasp. 45 sinuosaria Leech lod. 32 Siona Dup. 409 Siona 255 Sirinopteryx Bitlr. 335 siterata Hufn. Cid. 220 siterata Cid. 152 smallmani Harr. Poec. 355 smaragdaria Ff. Huchl. 27 smaragdaria Huchl. 31 smaragdularia Stgr. Euchl. 28 smirnovi Rom. Asp. 411 snelleni Christ. Gn. 386 snelleni Hed. Euch. 330 sobrinata Hbn. Hup. 29€ . sociaria Hbn. Syn. 364 . sociata Bkh. Cid. 257 ... . sodaliavia H.-Schaff. Ptych. 111 sodaliaria Ptych. 110, 112 sodorensium Weir Bo. 371 soldaria Trti. Asth. 272 solidaginis Fchs. Kup. 287 solieraria Rmb. Bo. 365 solieraria Bo. 363 solitaria F'chs. Croc. 332 solitaria Christ. Apost. 44 Somatina Guen. 44 Somatina 49 Songarica Gmpp. 396 songarica Alph. Bo. 370 sophia Bilr. Hup. 287 sordaria Thrbg. Gn. 393 sordiata Fuessl. Ang. 334 . sordiata L. Min. 167 . sordida Btlr. Ar. 304. sordida Bitlr. Bo. 375 sordida Btlr. It. 402 sordida Rothsch. Ptych. 417 sordida Warr. Bo. 376 sordidaria Leech Sel. 325 sordidaria Wkr. Tim. 48 . sordidaria Zett. Lyth. 156 sordidata F. Cid. 2635 sordidata Wil. Eup. 297 sorditaria Hbn. Hr. 351 sororiata Dup. Orthol. 160 sororiata Hbn. Cars. 179 soubryand Vill. Ches. 180 southi Prt. Bo. 372 spadicearia Schiff. Cid. 226 . spangbergi Lampa Ang. 334 spania Stichel Cid. 219 Spaniocentra Prt. 19 sparsa Bitlr. Ar. 304 . sparsaria Hbn. Coll. 300 sparsaria Hbn. It. 402 sparsaria Wkr. Hmm. 87 sparsata Jr. Coll. 300 Sparta Stgr. 188 spartariaria Hon. Ist. 398 spartiaria Tr. Ist. 398 . . spartiata Hbst. Ches. 180 . 475 bo eb Ebr eH bb BOON orn OO) Se Oo a ow ie} : 20¢ 476 Spartopteryx Guen. 364 spataceata Scop. pee 136, LST spataceata Wrnbg. Ac. 66, 67 specularia Mr. Cor. 339 specularia Mr. Gaz. 326 Sphagnodela Warr. 13 Spilopera Warr. 345 Spilopera 341 spissilimbaria Mab. Ptych. 101 spissilineata Meten. Hup. 275 spissistrigaria Trti. Cat. 265 spitzi Rbl. Psod. 395 splendens Bélr. Nin. 317 spodiaria. Lef. It. 401 spodiaria It. 405 spoliata Stgr. Ptych. 138 . sponsaria Brem. Hipp. 17 sproengertsi Diz. Eup. 292 sprongertsi Piing. Gn. 393 spurcaria Lah. Gn. 394 spuria Hbn. 2 . : spuriaria Ac. 66 spuriaria Christ. Hol. 85 . squalidaria Costa Ell. 322 squalidaria Stgr. Ptych. 116 Stamnodes Guen. 168 staphyleata Huene Lom. 312 staphyleata Scop. Lom. 312 . staudingeri Alph. Ku. 165 . staudingeri Alph. Rhod. 41 . staudingeri Bhtsch. Eup. 277 staudingeri Christ. Ptygm. 189 Paces eae ene Lo staudingeri Hrsch. Lith. 174 staudingeri Lith. 172 staudingeraria Mart. Syn. 364 stegania Dup. 316 steganioides Bllr. Ac. 54 . steganioides Btlr. Ac. 52 Stegomorpha Th.-M. 361 stellata Warr. Cid. 237. stemmataria Hv. Gn. 387 Stenoramia Hmps. 340 stenotaenia Schwing. Psod. 395 stepparia Bsd. Lith. 173 . steroparia Piing. Hemist. 32 Sterrha 89, 90, 107, 153 sterrharia Stgr. Asp. 411 stertzi Rbl. Eup. 282 stevenazvia Bsd. Gn. 385 stevensata Webb Hup. 296 Stigma Alph. 86 stigmata Mr. Ac. 77 stigmatella Z. Poec. 364 stigmatica Bilr. Rhod. 43 stigmatica Rhod. 42 stigmatica Warr. Pseudoth. 322 stigmaticata Christ. Eup. 280 . stipitaria Ob. Bo. 376 stoliczkaria Mr. Gn. 388 . stolidaria Leech Med. 351 strabonaria Z. Cos. 149 . stragulata Hbn. Cid. 216 . stragulata Hbn. Cid. 217 stramentata Ptych. 132 ef ied straminata Tr. Ptych. 117, 122, HSA We elk 42: A straminata Tr. ‘Ac. 59. straminea Btlr. Cab. 318 . straminea Warr. Call. 345 straminea Btlr. Prot. 321 straminearia Leech Asth. 273 straminearia Leech Lox. 411 straminearia Leech Trig. 349 strandi Krul. Cid. 227 strandi Pchs. Kup. 284 strandiata Fichs. Gn. 393 strataria Hufn. Bist. 358 . stratata Wi). Hor. 302 stratonice Cr. Cyst. 308 Strenia 56 He fore nd = or ive} | subfasciata Pir. Ptych. | subhastata Nolck. Cid. 254 . | subherbariata Réssl. Ptych. 100 INDEX. strenioides Btlr. Prot. 321 striaria Hbn. Cab. 318 . striata Aign. Bo. 377 striataria Leech Comib. 30 strictaria Led. Hem. 363 . strigaria Herz Ac. 72 strigaria Hbn. Ac. 72 : strigata Dziurz. Bup. 400 strigata Geoffr. Ac. 66, oi strigata Mill. Temith. strigata Pack. Cid. 222 strigata Stgr. Rhod. 39 strigata Thnbg. Euch. 270 strigilaria Hbn. Ac. 74... . strigillaria Hbn. Comps. 412 strigularia Steph. Bo. 377 striolata Bllr. Thin. 336 striolata Stgr. Ptych. 108 strix Btlr. Oenosp. 22 . strobilata Bkh. Eup. 276 strobilata Hbn. Kup. 276 .. . stschurovskyi Ersch. Asp. 411 . stulta Btlr. Heter. 340 stupida Alph. Cid. 227 styriaca Schwing. Ist. 398 suavata Christ. Orth. 165 , suaveolaria Fchs. Ptych. 136 suavis Swinh. Thal. 30 subaerata Hbn. Chlor. 272 subalbida Warr. Arich. 303 subalpinaria Lamb. Ang. 334 subangularia Haw. Cos. 148 subanguiata Koll. Cid. 246 . subangulata Stgr. Cid. 247 subatrata Stgr. Eup. 285 subbadiata Strd. Cid. 264 subbreviata Stgr. Eup. 295. subbrunneata Dtz. Eup. 290 subbyssata Sird. Cid. 234 subeaerulescens Burr. Hipp. 17 subcandidata Ac. 74 subcandidata Wkr. Ac. 74 subciliata Dbl. Eup. 275 subcinctata Prt. Chlor. 298 subconspicua Prt Rhod. 41 subcordaria H.-Schdajff. Hil. 344 subcurvaria Ob. Tristr. 336 subdecorata Warr. Med. 361 subdelata Ckll. Lom. 312 subduplicaria Costa Cid. 232 subfalearia Christ. Hast. 166 subfalearia Hast. 167 subfaleata Pouj. Lox. 410 subfaleata Warr. Cid. 250 subfasciaria Bhitsch. Cid. 262 183 subfasciata Rir. Col. 201 subfenestrata Stgr. Eup. 284 subferruginsata Pouwj. Dal. 333 subflavaria Mill. Bo. 366 subflavida Warr. Rhod. 40 subfulvata Haw. Bup. 288 subfuscaria Stgr. Bo. 370 . subfuscata Haw. Eup. 287 subfuscata Sigr. Lith. 172 subgriseata Stgr. Cid. 249 subherbariata Stgr. Ptych. 124 | sublactata Haw. Ac. 67 sublataria chs. Asp. 411 sublimis Billr. Bo. 372, 378 | sublongaria Stgr. 114 sublunearia Steph. Sel. B25 submacularia Leech Gel. submarmoraria chs. Bo. o submundulata Stgr. An. 176 submutata Ac. 82 submutata Tr. Ac. 64 .. submutulata Rbl. Ac. 64 subnitida Warr. Bo. 371 subnotata Hbn. Eup. 289 ieee FOSw Reoc = orFOW z = oO tie} DD Rae a A bo > LONG ali el od Nowa Rep A . 10e 4¢ 3g 8a 4c, 41 subnotata Warr. Bpt. 314 subobscura Prt. Cod. 252 subochraria Cid. 244, 253 subochraria Leech Bo. 373 subochraria Leech Cid. 251 . subochraria Stgr. Ptych. 91 subochreata Cid. 251 subochreata Woodf. Cos. 142 subochreata Woodf. Cos. 149 subornata Prt. Ac. 79 suboxydata Stgr. Eup. 290 . subpicaria Prt. Med. 361 . subplagiata Wkr. Hem. 362 subpulchrata Alph. Eup. 281 subpunctaria Ac. 73, 75 subpunctaria H.-Schaff. Ac. 69 subpunctaria Leech Tristr. 336 subpunctaria Ob. Tristr. 336 subpurpuraria Leech Plag. 338 subpurpurata Stgr. Ptych. 104 | subravaria Prt. Cid. 235 3 | subrepandata Stgr. Bo. 372 . subrosearia Stgr. Rhod. 154 subroseata Haw. 75 | subroseata Warr. Heter. 340 subroseata Woodf. Cos. 142 subrubraria Stgr. Gnoph. 384 subrufazia Stgr. Ptych. 103 subrufata Haw. Coen. 300 subsacraria Stgr. Rhod. 154 subsaturata Guen. Ptych. 100. subseparata Christ. Eup. 282! . subsequaria H.-Schajff. Hup. 292. ‘ subsericata ‘Stgr. Triph. 197 R subsericeata Haw. Ac. 71 subsericeata Haw. Ptych. 116 subsignaria Stgr. Gn. 391 subspersata Fldr. Xyl. 329 subspicaria Med. 361 substituta Whkr. Cid. 250 substraminata Prt. Ptych. 122 substraminata Ptych. 121 substrigaria Ac. 73 substrigaria Stgr. Ac. 72 . . subtacincta Hmps. Bup. 275 subtaminata Prt. Bpt. 315 subtilata Ac. 78 subtilata Christ. Ac. 80 subtilata Christ. Ac. 52 subtiliaria Brem. Com. 338 subtiliata Christ. Eup. 290 subtilis Diz. Eup. 291 subtristata Haw. Cid. 257 . subumbrata Dtz. Kup. 297 subumbrata Hbn. Eup. 297 subumbrata Schiff. Eup. 289 . subvariegata Stgr. Gn. 390 subversaria Leech Ptych. 136 subvicinaria Stgr. Orth. 162 succenturiata L. Eup. 288 sudataria Hbn. Apl. 6 sufflata Guen. Mac. 348 suffumata Cid. 229 suffumata Lamb. Ptych. 138 suffumata Prt. Tim. 48 suffumata Schiff. Cid. 233 suffusa Carringt. Cid. 253 suffusa Leech Cryps. 315 suffusa Prt. An. 177 suffusa Prt. Ligd. 313 suffusa Prt. Lom, 312 suffusa Prt. Rhod. 41 suffusa Prt. Syn. 318 suffusa Tutt Abr. 311 suffusa Warr. Abr. 311 suffusaria Warr. Bo. 374 suffusata Guen. Ptych. 136 . suffusata Tr. Ptych. 136 . sulcaria Hbn. Ac. 72. . sulphuraria Frr. Ac. 62 sulphurea Btlr. Anax. 329 Td 3m = 2h 9d e.ge dg eo INDEX. 477 Pi. Pi. Pi. sulphurea Btlr. Ap. 339 171 taunicata chs. Cid. 254 tetragonaria Curt. Bo. 378 . . 21h superans Bilr. Trp. 12 . lg taurica B.-H. Ptych. 92 tetralunaria Hufn. Sel. 325. . 16a superans Bllr. Buz. 360 24 a taurica Stgr. Cid. 231 tetrica Bilr, 303. ..... . 14a superans Btlr. Probl. 50 5a tchrapavia Ob. Bo. 375 . 21 f tetricata Guen. Hor. 301 superba Prt.-Gn. 386 ¥ 22 k tchraria Ob. Disc. 270 8b teutonaria L. Cos. 145 superciliata Prt. Ac. 67 a 4n tchratcharia Ob. Asth. 272 13 ¢ textaria Led. Ptych. 111... 4d supergressa Btlr. Cid. 25 f tchrinaria Ob. Hydr. 268 . 13d textilis Wkr. Naxa9 .... Id superior Btlr. Ac. 68... .. 4m tectaria Leech Ptych. 184... 4f Thalera Hbn. 30 ; superpositaria Prt. Cid. 224 tectaria chs. Opor. 195 Thalera 21, 31 supinaria H.-Schdff. Gn. 389 tekkearia Christ. Dyse. 408 . 25 a Thalerura Swinh. 22 suplata Frr. Cid. 229 telaria H.-Schdff. Rhod. 36... 3d thalictrata Ping. Eup. 282. . 13¢ suppressaria Guen. Buz. 360 . 19i Telenomeuta Warr. 206 Thamnonoma Led. 401 supproximata Stgr. Orth. 162 lla temeraria Guen. Ptych. 81 thaumasia Stgr. Dasypt. 353 . 19a suppunctaria Z. Cos. 149... 5e temeraria Stgr. Swinh. Mac. thaumastaria Rbl. Lign. 351 surtur B.-H. Gon. 331 YEE og ilts) Lo) thedenii Lampa Cid. 326 suspecta Warr. Abr. 311 . . . 15b temerata Schiff. Bpt. “315 aos Lose theobromaria Trti. Hem. 362 suspectata Diz. Kup. 294 temperata Hv. Gn. 385 Thera Steph. 216 suspectata Mdoschl. Cid. 222 tempestacia H.-Schdff. Cid. 230 9b Therapis Hbn. 343 suspensa Retz. Cos. 142 4 n tempestivata Z. Gymn. 298 Theria Hbn. 351 sybillaria Swinh. Ac. 60 Tb tendinosaria Brem. Bo. 365. . 20a therinaria Fchs. Ptych. 135 sydyi Stgr. Hup. 293. . 25 f tendinosaria Dyar Megab. 358 19f therinata Bast. Cos. 144 ... 4m svlvanaria H.-Schdff. Hyp. 342 tenebraria Hsp. Orph. 394 . . 23b theuropides Ob. Gn. 385 . . . 22¢ sylvaria Curt. It. 402 23 h tenebraria Hbn. Orth. 158 thibetaria Bast. Our. 335 sylvata Schiff. Hydr. 268 . . 10g tenebraria Rbl. Nyss. 355 thibetaria Ob. Gn. 394... . 221 sylvata Scop. Abr. 311. . 5 1155 Jo tenebraria Wgn. Gn. 392 thibetaria Ob. Buz. 360 19h sylvestraria Dwp. Ptych. 92 . 4b tenebricosa Dtz. Hup. 282 Thinopteryx Btlr. 336 sylvestraria Hbn. Ac. 70 . . 4b tenebrosaria H.-Sch. Hup. 283 . 12h tholeraria Piing. Gn. 391 sylvestraria Hbn. Ptych. 117 4d tenebrosaria Mr. Gn. 384 . . . 22b thomasata Warr. Cid. 225... 9b sylvestraria H.-Schdff. Ac. 71 . 4k tenellata Diz. Eup. 295 thoracicaria Ob. Bist. 359 . . 19¢ sylvestraria Ptych. 121, 122 tenera Stgr. Hydr. 267 thulearia H.-Schdff. Cid. 255 . 10e sylvestrata Bkh. Ac. 73. 4k tenerata Christ. Lept. 189 6c thules Prt. Cid. 223 sylvestrata Hbn. Bpt. 315 . . be tenerata Stgr. Oper. 194 ... 6f thules Weir Cid. 262 sympathica Alph. Cos. 151... 5¢ teneraria Hbn. Bo. 372... . 21e thymiaria L. Thal. 30 a Sp oae Synchlora Intr. 11 : teneraria Sigr. Hgea aN Sonia! 18) thymiaria Schiff. Hemith. 23 . 2d Synegia Guen. 318 tenerifensis Rbl. Eup. 295 thingvallata Stgr. Cid. 222 Synopsia Hon. 364. tenietaria Stgr. Bo. 366 Thysanodes 192 syriaca Prt. Mann. 382 tenuiata Hbn. Hup. 275 .. . 12k tianschanica Alph. Cid. 224 9G syriacaria Mac. 348 .... . 25¢ tenuiata Stgr. Mac. 348 . . . 181 tibetaria Ob. Stamn. 168 6b syriacaria Stgr. Sel. 400 tenuifasciata Hofn. Cid. 235 tibetaria Stgr. Rhod. 43 3e syriacata Neubgr. Ac. 71 tenuilinea Thal. 31 tibiale Bapt. 7 : syriacata Guen. Pseud. 348 . . 18¢ tenuis Btlr. Als. 3 . does Se Ose tibiale Hsp. Bapt. 170 . YES 6 syriacata Stgr. Mac. 348 . . . 25¢ tenuisaria Graes. Comib. 20. . 3¢ tibiaria Rmb. Gn. 391 . 22 sytiacata Sigr. Bup. 281 .. . 25f tenuisaria Stgr. Bo. 373 . . . 24b ~ | tigraria Obeid. 307 . . 14 syringaria LZ. Phal. 325... 16b tephraria Bsd. It. 402 tigrata Guen. Obe. 307 . . 14 Syrrhodia Hon. 320 Tephrina Guen. 405 tigrinata Christ. Lyge. 210 aS Systema Warr. 380 Tephrinopsis Warr. 406 : tiliaria L. Bup. 400 . 23 szechuanensis Prt. Ac. 73 Tephronia Hbn. 381, 383 tiliaria Hbn. Enn. 324 ‘ Tephrosia 253 tiliaria Bkh. Hun. 323... . 15k 7 tephrosiaria Guen. Ping. 11 timandra Alph. Pseudom. 328 @ terentius Bak. Ptych. 95 Timandra Dup. 47 tabianaria Trti. Ac. 57... . 3k teriolensis Diz. Hup. 279 . . . 13k Timandra 76, 151 ; tabiasearia = tabianaria ternata Schr. Ac. 55... .. 4i timozzaria Const. Cid. 257 . . 10a tabidaria Rhod. 37 ternata Schr. Ac. 52, 65, 66, 73. tinagmaria Guen. My. 314 . . 15d tabidaria Z. Rhod. 38... . 2k Verpna H.-Schdff. 12 tinctaria Hbn. Grocot. 409 . . 24e tabulata Ping. Cid. 218 Terpna 13, 141 tindzinaria Ob. Hulygd. 305 . 17a tacetaria F. Cid. 263 terpnaria Prt. Ptych. 129 .. 3i tineata Th.-M. Ptych. 96 tachraparia Leech Bo. 375 . . 21f Terpne Hbn. 16 _titea Cr. Phig. 354 taczanowskiaria Ob. Cid. 242 . 10m ! terranea Btlr. Zola 264 .. . 126 tiandjraria Neol. 309 taenaria F'rr. Rhod. 38 - | terranea Btlr. Noth. 184 togata Hbn. Kup. 276 . . . 13k. taeniata Steph. Cid. 258 . .. Se terraria B.-H. Bo. 366 tonchignearia Ob. Phot. 204 Poul! Taeniocampa 233 terraria Guen. Ptych. 81 tonghala Fldr. Asp. 411 taeniolaria Hbn. Sel. 401. . . 23¢ terrazius Weym. Bist. 358 tophaceata Schiff. Cid. 238. . 9h taeniolata Hv. Hor. 302 . . . 251i terrenata Diz. Hup. 280 .. . 25h tophaceata Cid. 231, 247 : Taeniophila Stgr. 314 terrestravia Led. Rhod. 37 .. 3d tornifascia Rothsch. Kup. .295 taicoumaria de VO. Naxa 9 5) Wl terrestraria Rhod. 40 torniplaga Prt. Heter. 341 . . 18a tamaria Ob. Cid. 253... . . 13b terrestraria Led. Rhod. 37 .. 3d torpidaria Leech Cid. 247..: . Ti tamariscata Kup. Intr. I terroraria Arul. Lye. 356 torrida Mr. Ambl. 350 } tamarisciata Mrr. Hup. 254 . . 121 terrosa Btlr. Hyp. 319... . 25a tortuosa Wil. Bist. 359 eel Otc taminata Schiff. Bpt. 314. . . 17b tersata Schiff. Hor. 301 131 tortuosaria Leech Abr. 310 . . loa Tanaorhinus Bilr. 16 tersulata Stgr. Hor. 301 torvaria Hbn. Orph. 394 + 2 238) Tanaotrichia Warr. 44 tessellaria Bsd. Ac. 57. . . 4g totarubra Lamb. Ptych. 99 Tanaotrichia 43 tessularia Metzn. Narr. 397 . 23d touranginii Berce Breph. 1 tancrearia Stgr. Lith. 403 . . 231i testacea Retz. Er. 352 ... . 18k Traminda Saalm. 151 tancrei Graes. Comib. 20 . : . 3a testacea Bilr. Zand. 330 . 16e transalpinaria Frings Hmat. tandjrinaria Ob. Neol. 309 . . 15a testaceata Don. Hydr. 268 10g BU) ke ch eeteDone tangens Fritsch An. 177 testaceata Hydr. 255 transiens Prt. Cleta 88 . ‘ . 4a tantillaria Bsd. Kup. 297 testaceata Hbn. Hor. 301 transmutata R6b. Ptych. 104 . 4¢ taochata Led. Triph. 197... 5h testaceata Prt. Cid. 263 transversa Diz. Hup. 285 tarfata Luc. Hup. 288 testaceolata-infuscata Cid. 248 transversa Diz. Hup. 293 tartaricus Stgr. Microb. 357. . 19e testaceolata Stgr. Cid. 249 . . 101 transversa Tutt Abr. 311 _ tauaria Newm. Apoch. 354 ~ 915) testaria Ff. Amygd. 168 ... 6a transversaria Krul. Pseud. 343 tauaria Stgr. Cid. 224 9a testata L. Lygr. 211 transversata Hufn. Phil. 205 . -8b 478 Pl. transversata Phil. 205 transversata Thnbg. Cid. 248 . 10d trapezaria Bsd. Croc. 332 tremulata Scctos. 199 trepidaria Hbn. Psod. 395 . 23¢ trepidata Dup. Psod. 375 . . 23¢ trexleri Schaw. Mac. 347 triangulifera Mr. Cid. 250... 8e. triangulum Ob. Pseud. 343 . 19a tribunaria H.-Schdff. Eup. 280 13¢ Trichobaptria Prt. 169 Trichochlamys Hulst 234 Trichodezia Warr. 169 Trichopleura Stgr. 202 Trichopterygia Hmps. 186 Trichopterygia 184 Trichopteryginae (Warr.) 181 tricolorata Schr. Cid. 263 tridentifera Wr. Op. 339 . trifasciata Bkh. Cid. 263. trifasciata Cyr. Rhod. 37 trifasciaia Scop. Ptych. 97 . . trigeminata Haw. Ptych. 128 . trigeminata Ptych. 78, 125, 127, 129 Trigoniplaga 213 Trigonoptiia Warr. 349 trikotaria Fidr. Bo. 371 trilinearia Bkh. Cos. 149 a H He bo © =] Ino f Van tar lem trilinearia Leech Asp. 412 25 c trilinearia Sib. Hr. 352 . 18k trilineata Hufn. Ac. 67 trilineata Hujn. Ptych. 138 . 4g trilineata Prt. Cos. 150 trilineata Scop. Ptych. 90 .. 4a trilineaia Warr. Rhod. 43, 44. Ta trimacularia Leech Op. 339 . 17h trimaculata Vill. Lom. 316 . 15f trinotata Don. Acas. 181 6¢g trinotata Metzn. Eil. 344 . 18 e tripartaria Leech Bo. 379 . 211i tripartita Wil. Bist. 358 LOG Triphosa Steph. 197 Triphosa 201, 204 triplicaia Geoffr. An. 177 . 6k tripunctaria Bup. 280 tripunctaria H.-Schdff. Eup. Ze (5) Gree sy lie tripunctaria Leech Cid. 241. ; tripunctaria Leech My. 313 . trisignaria H.-Schdff. Eup. : trisignata Mr. Phot. 203 ... 61 tristaria Leech Bo. 378 . 214 tristata L. Cid. 256 : . 19e mains Jeph 180, Bhs) 9g 5 5 5 5 2a tristis Caloc. 199 : tristis Dziurz. Bup. 400 tristis Leech Chem. 413 tristis Prt. Cal. 201 12b tristis Riesen Bo. 377 tristis Th.-M. Bup. 400 tristriata Stgr. Ptych. 117 tristrigalis Bilr. Rhod. 42 .. 3e tristrigaria Don. Cid. 217 Tristrophis Btlr. 336 tritomata Fisch.-Wald. Wil. 344 tzoglodytaria H.-Schaff. Ptych. 120 troglodytaria Ptych. ee tromsoensis Fchs. Cid. 225 .. Q9e truncaria Leech Heter. 39 flo ne 16¢ truncata Hufn. Cid. 221 Sk truncata Cid. 220 truncata Lar. Inter. II tsermosaria Ob. Cid. 252 101 tundraeta Popp. Cid. 234 tunkunata B.-H. Opor. 196 turanicus Stgr. Micr. 357 turbaria Steph. Cid. 260 10f turbata Hbn. Cid. 229 . 9a turbidaria Ac. 72 turbidaria Hbn. Ac. 58 4h -unicolor Lamb. Oper. INDEX. turbulata Strd. Cid. 260 . turbulentaria Stgr. Ac. 58 turfosata Drt. Hup. 292 turpidaria Ac. 69 turturaria Bsd. Dysc. 408 turturaria H.-Schdff. Dysc. 40 Sieeewe ‘ turturaria Tr. Orth. 158 tusciaria Bkh. Croc. 332 typica Clark. Opor. 196 typicaia Guen. Ptych. 107 tysfjordensis Strd. Cid. 222 Uv. uliata Stgr. Eup. 294 ulicata Rmb. Cid. 219 Ulioiepis Warr. 5 ulmata F. Abr. 311 ultimaria Bsd. Kup. umbelaria Ac. 74 umbelaria Hbn. Ac. 72. umbraria Hbn. Bo. 370 . umbraria Leech Phil. 205 . umbricosta Prt. Ptych. 115 umbrifera Btlr. Cid. 241 umbrifera Prt. Orth. 158 umbrosaria Motsch. Cid. 250 unangulata Haw. Cid. 247 uneinata Cid. 234 unecinata Piing. Cid. 237 undata Bhtsch. Eup. 275 undata Frr. Eup. 275 undata Sitgr. Mes. 166 undata Stgr. Zola 264 undosata Dtz. Eap. 280 undularia Leech Ar. 304 . undularia Leech Hydr. 268 undulata Z. Cal. 201. undulata Leech Cid. 248 undulata Scop. Orth. 163 undulata Strd. Cid. 254 undulataria Hufn. Phil. 204 unduliferaria Motsch. Cid. 248 unduligera Btlr. Hemist. 31 undulosa Alph. Phot. 203 unedonata Mab. Eup. 294 unicata Guen. Cid. 246 unicinctata Strd. It. 402 unicinctata Strd. Opor. 196 unicolor Prt. Croc. 332 unicolor Hke. Anag. 320 194 295 unicolor Rbi. Cid. 225 unicolor bl. Cid. 238 unicolor Th.-M. Orth. 159 unicolor Tutt Hem. 362 unicolor Wil. Syn. 318 unicolora Strd. Bup. 400 unicoloraria Herm. Ang. 334 unicoloraria Ob. Lith. 404 unicoloraria Rmb. Gn. 393 . unicoloraria Stgr. Emat. 399 unicolorata Hbn. Min. 167 unicolorata Lamb. Opor. 195 unicolorata Seeb. Asp. 412 unicolorata Sigr. Rhod. 39 unicolorata Teich Cab. 318 unicoloria Hsp. Enn. 324 unicolaria Lamb. Cos. 143 unidentaria Cid. 234 unidentaria Haw. Cid. 227 unifasciata Don. Cos. 148 unifasciata Haw. Cid. 261 unifasciata Rbl. Noth. 184 uniformata Bell. Cat. 265. uniformata Fchs. Er. 252 uniformis Sigr. Gn. 388 uniformis Stgr. Ptych. 115 unilinea Burr. Euchl. 28 unilinea Prt. Rhod. 38 unilinearia Hemist. 31 Pl. eLOnk 24e 6i | 16¢ 4¢ 1 0 SWANS, rep tO tep epi ep he ier He bo OK = = Oris: 91 3h unilinearia Scharf. Cos. 147 unilobata Haw. Cid. 257 unimacularia Ping. Hil. 345 unio Ob. My. 314 - unipuncta Swink. Ptych. 129 unistriga Warr. Tristr. 336 unistrigata Galv. Ac. 415 unistrigata Schk. Pygm. 396 unistirpis Btlr. Asth. 273 unitaria H.-Schdff. Eup. 289 unitaria Stgr. Syn. 354 unostrigata Bak. Ptych. 100 unostrigata Rbl. Ptych. 120 ursularia Don. Apoch. 354 urticaria Hujfn. Bo. 374 urzhumazvia Krul. Als. 3 usgentaria Christ. Lith. 173 usitata Btlr. Hipp. 17 usneata Fidr. Arch. 11 ussuriaria Brem. Hemith. 23 ussuriensis Diz. Kup. 287 ustaria Fchs. Emat. 399 ustata Christ. Noth. 183 . ustipennis Hmps. Cid. 229 ustulataria Christ. Cab. 318 . ustulataria Hufn. Plag. 337 . uvaria Wkr. An. 178 . V.: vacua Swink. Dith. 46 vacuaria Diz. Eup. 286 vaga Btlr. Comib. 20 vagipardata Wkr. Obe. 307 . valerianata Hbn. Hup. 278 . valesiaria Piing. Ptyeh. 125 valesiaria V.-M.-R. Piing. 321 valida Diz. Eup. 289 valida Fldr. Hipp. 18 .. validaria Lamb. Hipp. 342 vallantinaria Ob. Cid. 245 vallata Bilr. Hipp. 18 vallata Hipp. 31 vallesiaria Lah. Cid. vapulata Bitlr. Teph. varia Hed. Cat. 200 .. . variabilis Warr. Cid. 269 variaria Leech Cid. 269 variaria Leech Phal. 326 variaria Leech Dal. 333 variata Schiff. Cid. 216 variata Cid. 218, 219 variata Vill. Ac. 58 p variegata Dup. Gn. 380 variegaia F. Ptych. 99 . variegata Gn. 390, 391 variegata Haw. Hup. 277 . . variegata Prt. Prt. Cid. 253 variegata Prt. Triph. 198 variegata Scop. Ac. 65 variegata Stgr. Hor. 301 variegata Wil. Gon. 331 variolaria Stgr. Bo. 370 variolata Stgr. Cid. 217 variostrigata Alph. Eup. 278 vazleyata Porr. Abr. 310 varonaria V.-M.-R. Cid. 230 vashti Bilr. Phil. 206 vashti Phil. 199, 242 vastaria Christ. Rhod. 36 vas‘aria Rhod. 42 vastaria Stgr. Gn. 388 vastata Wkr. An. 178 v-ata Haw. Chlor. 298 .. . velitschkouskyi Rbl. Ptych. Tie vellicata Dtz. Eup. 293 velutina Warr. Phot. 203 venata Prt. Cos. 149 venata Prt. Cos. 151 venerata Christ. Mac. 348 . . venerata Th.-M. Tristr. 336 veneris Bilr. Tristr. 336 239 405 I Pr CWO FE an Pl. 4o . 15d bo fon nis sR =r a) ao . 2¢g 8h . lie . LTg veneta Btlr. Hemist. 31 venetaria Hbn. Pygm. 396 . venipicta Warr. Eustr. 209 vehosata Ff. Hup. 273 ventraria Guen. Gn. 385 vehulata Ob. Eustr. 209 Venusia Curt. 266 vyenustazia Leech Bo. 370 . venustata Stgr. Lith. 155 venustularia Whr. Bo. 372 vepretaria Spr. Gn. 387 veratraria H.-Schaff. Bup. 283 verberata Scop. Cid. 288 . verecundaria Leech Mac. 348 verecundaria -Leech Phig. 354 . vernaria Hbn. Hemist. 30 vernar.a L. Hemist. 32. vernetaria Ob. Orth. 161 versicoloraria Christ. Ende. 330 verticata Warr. Cid. 260 vartumnaria Lef. 354 . vesicularia Wkr. Cor. 339. ._ vespertaria Hsp. Sel. 400 .~ vespertaria #. Hp. 341 . vespertaria Schiff. Cid. 232 vestalis Stgr. Bup. 400 . vestalis Walch Cid. 253 . vestigiata Swinh. Hemist. 21 vestita Hed. Arac. 15. . vesubrata Mill. Ptych. 106 . veterata Gregs. Ptych. 116 veternata, Christ. Cal. 200 vetulata Phil. 206 vetulata Schiff. Phil. 204 . vetulina Phot. 203 vetustata Schiff. Cid. 216 . vetustata Stgr. Phil. 205 vibicaria Cl. Rhod. 39 . vibicaria Hufn. Tim. 48 vibicaria Rhod. 37 vicariata Diz. Hup. 294 vicina Mr. Bo. 371 vicinaria Dup. Orth. 162 . vicinata Wnbg. Ptych. 112 vidua. F. Breph. 1 . : viduaria Bkh. Bo. 372 . viduata Schiff. Bo. 372 . viduata Sigr. Cid. 238 viertlii Bhtsch. Bo. 374 vigilata Mann Ac. 64 villaflorensis Rbl. Ptych. 417 viminata Dbl. Kup. 278 vinacearia Mr. Rhod. 43 vinacearia Rhod. 36, 40, 42, 44 vinctaria Z. It. 402 vincularia Hbn. It. 401 vinculata Stgr. Cid. 258 violacearia Graes. Anag. 320 violacearia Herz Anag. 320 violacearia Lamb. Orth. 159 violacearia Ptych. 120 violacearia Stgr. Ptych. 119 violata Thnbg. Ac. 80 wiolentaria Christ. Comps. 413 viperata Alph. Cid. 229 virata Rbl. Croc: 332 INDEX. virellata Krul. Pseud. 14 virescens Gilr. Dind. 13... 1g virescens Luc. Enn. 323 viretata Hbn. Acas. 181 ... 5g viretata Acas. 186 virgata Clark Opor. 195 virgata Hufn. Mes. 156 ... 66 virgata Tult Cid. 231 virgaurcata Dbl. Kup. 294. 12 f virgaureata Kup. 280 virginalis Bilr. Abr. 311 virginea Alph. Cid. 266 virgularia Hbn. Ptych. 110, 112, Ss cs aes io lee: Obey wom aad virgularia Ptych. Inte. Ill virgulata Schiff. Ac. 72 . . 4k virgulata Schiff. Ptych. 73, 112 4d viridaria F. Cid. 229. . . 9a viridata Z. Chlor. 24 .... 2e viridata Chlor. 26 viridata Mr. Apith. 266 3 viridescens Warr. Phal. 326 5 viridicinctaria Peyer Cid. 230 . 9 viridifasciata Goeze Cid. 220 8 viridifasciosa Hsp. Ell. 322 . 6 viridifrons Warr. Huchl. 28 viridimaculata Ckll. Pseud. 343 viridis Burr. Huchl. 28 viridulata Zett. Cid. 220 . .. Si viridulata Hufn. Chior. 299 . 13 k virilis Prt. Gar. 327 . 16 b visperaria Mchs. Cos. 145... 40 vitalbata Hor. 205 vitalbata Schiff. Hor. 301 183 1 vitellinaria Hv. Ac. 62 vitiosata Frr. Cid. ...... 8h vilreata Hmps. Gn. 385 vitreata Mr. Gn. 385 vitrigera: Bilr. Cor. 339 vittaria Hbn. Cleta 88 vittata Bkh. Cid. 228 Cutie MiG OE vittata Mr. Tan, 16..... 2a wittata Thnbg. Ac. 58 4h vitticosta Wkhr. Met. 12 v-nigraria Hatsch. It. 401 vogesiaria Peyer Cid. 238 volgaria Guen. Euchl. 28... 2f volitans Btlr. Trich. 186 ... 8a volitans Noth. 184 volitaria Joann. Ptych. 103 . . 4e volloni Luc. u. Joann. Ptych. 96 volutata Ping. Cid. 221 vulgaris Bilr. Probl. 50 ... Tb vulgaris Steph. Oper: 194 .. Ge vulgata Diz. Hup. 286 vulgata Haw. Hup. 286 fa vulpinaria H.-Schaff. Ptych. 131 vulpinaria Ptych. 90 vusarmana Wkr. Cos. 141,142 4n Ww. wahlbergi Lampa Psod. 395 walkeri Leech Ac. 77 . wauaria L. It. 401 webbi Prt. Ven. 266 wendlandti Fchs. Cid. 248 wendlandtiata Fchs. Lom. 312 whitelyi Béilr. Call. 210. witzenmanni Sindfs. Lith. 173 wockearia Stgr. Orph. 394 wollastoni B.-Bak. Bo. 369 wollastoni Bak. Cos. 150 . XK. Xandrames Mr. 381 Xanthabraxas Warr. 309 xanthomelanaria Pouj. Xandr. 381 Xanthorhoe Hbn. 152, 222, 229, 284 Xenobiston Warr. 409 Xenochlorodes Warr. 34 Xenoplia Warr. 306 Xenospora Warr. 201 xerophilaria Piing. Heter. 340 Xyloseia Warr. 329 Xynoma Prt. 5 Xyridacma Meyr. 5 Y. yaminaria Ob. Comps. 413 yerburii Btlr. Our. 335 yesoensis Matsum. Buct. 336 yokohamae Bilr. Cid. 246 Ypsipetes Steph. 262 Z. zacharia Stgr. Gn. 385 zachera Btlr. Mac. 347 . Zamacra Meyr. 357 Zamacra Intr. I Zanclidia Prt. 330 Zanclopera Warr. 349 zargi Bak. Ptych. 108 zebraria Dup. Narr. 397 zeitunaria Stgr. Gn. 386 zelleraria Frr. Gn. 393 . zephyrata Mill. Ptych. 126 . Zermizinga Intr. IV Zethenia Motsch. 330 zibellinata Christ. Eup. 275 ziczaccata Schoy. Cid. 219 zimmermanni Graes. Mac. 348 zimmermanni Hed. Hemist. 31 zimmermanni Hed. Hemist. 30 zirbitzensis Piesz. Gn. 394 Ziridava Wkr. 299 Zola Warr. 264 zonaria Don. Ag. 15... . zonaria Schiff. Nyss. 355 .—~ zonata Thnbg. Lob. 186 zonata Whgr. Pal. 265 “ Zonosoma 141, 151 Zuleika B.-H. 409 zumsteinaria Lah. Orth. 162 Zygaena 409 - 479 5 £ a HG} Ia, a 6h Indispensable for every collector, trader and for all museums ! Lepidoptera-Catalogue of all Faunas Our new price-current No. 58 of December 1919, the greatest and most voluminous of all butterfly-statements, being published till now, completely worked up, arranged atter ,Seitz, Macro- lepidoptera of the World‘. Almost all the prices are changed in Marks and Pfennigs, 110 pages, four-columned, a com- plete register of Families, Species and Authors. It contains ca: 12000 Palaearct. Macrolepidoptera, 3500 Microlept, 1500 Caterpillars (prepared larvae), 12000 Exotical Lepidoptera Our list remplaces dear catalogues and scientific works, serves aS memorandum book, as no other of the new statements contains an exact register with all generas and families, is used as a permanent collection-register for all species being in trade, serves as etiquette-list, if onlytwo exemplars are employed, serves as base for the valuation if exchange and for all the trade of insects. As the charges for print are amounting to nearly 18000 Marks, it is not possible to send this list gratis, but only if you are willing to pay 5 shillings or 1.50 dollars in anticipation or to transmit 1 Sterl. or 5 dollars on account of a later command. — Transmitted amounts will be compensated in orders of butterflies (but not those of utensils, books a. s. 0.), if the are in the lowest-amount of | Sterl. 1.— or 5 dollars and paid during three months. 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Foundet in 1869 Institut for Graphical Arts and Printing Scientific reproduction, scientific plates, charts and works IN PARTICULAR: Chromolithography /Phototypy / Microphotography TYPOGRAPHY LYTHOGRAPHY Higly recommended by the most eminent scientific instituts and reviens Alexander Heyne Naturalien und Buchhandlung Berlin-Wilmersdorf Landhaus- Strasse 26a Landhaus- Strasse 26a Large stock in European and Foreign Lepi- doptera, Coleoptera and all others Insects, Biological Objects, Entomological Books and Apparatus, Lists ond demand Retail and Wholesale, Export, Import, Exchange OCT 18 199) 42, G10 The Macrolepidoptera of the World | A systematic description of the hitherto known Macrolepidoptera edited in collaboration with well-known specialists by Dr. Adalbert Seitz, Professor I. Section 4. Volume: he Palearctic Geometrae. Plates. | iv IEYN SkUT GARE. Verlag des Seitz’schen Werkes (Alfred Kernen) 1921. o~, * ¢ ‘ 2 ‘] gay 7 we (4 4 hen e 3 t oe i? a ¢ : % | 5 re ate hg CAllir shts reserved. t . f = see es : 4 i" , ‘ SHA UL Sena ; 4 roby te 7 Pe. 1 ; ; , \ a 3 ' ee >. ; vi r tail ; , CY UOT CUI CLA SOCUREM OS Pretace. While the fourth volume of the German edition could yet be completed in 1914 and 1915, the out- break of the World’s War prevented the communication of the publisher and editor with the author, and the English edition could only be brought to a finish after the resumption of the literary connection. This volume concludes the first principal part of the Macrolepidoptera of the earth comprising the whole palaeartic range in which 15 444 species have been included, and a much greater number of which than in any of the previous volumes are to be looked upon as a reproduction of butterflies that have never before been represented in pictures. It was only by means of the water-colours painted in a thorough life-like style by Miss Prout in the British Museum from the stock of the collections of Lzzscu, Wireman and others, that we were enabled to show pictorially many species of which only the type or very few specimens had been known hitherto. With this volume the number of illustrations of the palaearctic part has been increased to 12 247, which are more by 2247 than we had in view at first, and held out in our prospectus. Of course, by reason of this extra performance, the number of parts, which was calculated to be fifteen, was also exceeded by five in this volume; yet, owing to the greater completeness offered in the illustrations, we hope to have raised the utility of the work and also to have deserved the indulgence requested for the limits of the last vo- lume with respect to the elaboration of the Geometrides. As to the text, which exceeds the initial program by ten sheets, we have, after exhaustive delibera- tions with the author, Mr. L. B. Prowut, above all taken the practical point of view into account, and abridged the diagnoses as much as possible with coloured species that cannot be mistaken in the pictures, while forms that are harder definable, as for instance the Boarmia, Gnophos, Acidalia etc, we have brought out in a more detailed way. On the other hand, with some species, as for instance Medasina and others, an illustration was not necessary in some isolated cases, when, according to specialists, coloured figures would not have rendered a material aid for their definition. Thus, for instance, with many Hwpithecia of confused minute markings and great variation in the colouring, unenlarged pictures were declared to be valueless and even misleading, and for this very reason great and richly illustrated monographs of this kind have renounced such pictures. We, therefore, thought it more to the purpose to make use of the available space in such cases by the combination of easily recognisable distinctions in the description and scrupulous statement of biological and geographical details. We should like to point out that the irregularity in the treatment, devoting, for instance, to the variegated and in the figure sufficiently recognisable Abraxines 2 to 3, but to the more difficult distinguish- able Acidalias and Boarmias 10 to 20 lines, is but a specious one, and that contrary to the restriction to what was necessary and indispensable consistency has been aimed at. Only the elementary descriptive list, which has to be looked upon as an addition not provided for in the prospectus, was not yet completed at the outbreak of the war in 1914. The impossibility of obtaining the more up-to-date foreign writings as a close control of the proofs, resulted in the absence of some of these proofs. But they refer almost without exception to quite inferior and mostly insignificant aberrational or secondary species, so that they will hardly be missed. We have willingly complied with the suggestion communicated to us from among the circle of subscribers, prior to the completion of the fourth volume, also to put to the synonyms the reference to the pictures. A double reference being saved thereby, we regret that this desire has not been made known to us before the table of contents of the earlier volumes was finished. As the publications of new descriptions were very much facilitated on the issue of the separate chap- ters of the ,,Macrolepidopteras‘“ by the classification of what was already known, it was certain that within the well-nigh 8 years from the appearance of these 4 volumes, many new specimens, hitherto difficult to define, should be found and published. In order to instance one case, we may quote the profusion of the names of ,,Parnassius that have been enumerated since 1907 — the year in which this chapter appeared in the ,,Macro- lepidopteras‘‘. The danger, threatened in this way, by an obsoleteness of the first volumes before the com- pletion of the work, had been anticipated, and we intend to safeguard the work against this danger by an occasional edition of supplementary numbers, in which everything necessary to be known is to be supple- mented in the text as well as by coloured plates, thus keeping the work always up to the mark. These supple- mentary numbers will appear in loose sequence subordinate to the productiveness of new discoveries of the different years. As intimated in the introduction to the earlier volumes in a work which by all means must be looked upon as a first attempt as to its scope and arrangement, numerous defects are unavoidable. Many of them might only have been avoided by a more careful and slower elaboration of the prodigious material, whereby many faults would have been omitted and a more thorough penetration into the subject been produced. But we have, as emphasised again and again, not been desirous to admit a further rise of the price of the work +o yyy ba) II PREFACK. By Dr. A. Sxrrz. and its time of publication, and have sacrificed to the main object of the work — cheapness, quickness, completeness — many other qualities which might have been aimed at. Our intention was by no means to make the whole lepidopterological literature dispensable in every instance. But above all we wished to create a manual affording a quick and easy insight into the numerous collections, where to this very day often great treasures are lying dormant, unknown and unclassified. First and foremost, the museums ought to have an opportunity for arranging their collections, and make them available to visitors without bur- dening the officials with the wearisome labour of definition from borrowed authoritative works, for the scientific activity of these officials is required in another direction. The multifarious appreciative remarks sent to us in this respect have inspired us with the hope that some gaps which this work cannot be exempt of, will be leniently dealt with. So as to incite a tendency to indulgent criticism in those who think the work has not come up to their expectations, we have endeavoured to surpass what had been promised by us with respect to the illustrations. This has not only been done by the increase of the figures from 10 000 to 12 000, but above all by putting in place of the three-colour process plates as promised in the prospectus, much more valuable and elaborate lithographic plates. Through the favourable reception the work found at its publication, the publisher, of course, in foregoing the profits in view for him, was permitted to produce the much dearer lithographic plates instead of the more schematic and cheap ones attached to the prospectus. The utility of the work has been considerably increased by this additional performance, and we request to take this as a compensation for those cases in which some pictures may be looked upon as somewhat of a failure in their execution. The unexceptional faultless turning out of 12 000 illustrations is beyond an attainable limit. Nor do the main objects of the work mentioned above admit the production of something that is fully unobjec- tionable from an artistic point of view. With a sufficient distinctness of the illustrations, we have looked upon our task as solved, and even deemed it useful, when a great choice of the models is in view, not to choose for reproduction particularly large and uncommonly beautifully developed animals, but have throughout stuck toaverage specimens, of which we could assume they would mostly resemble those that were ca- sually compared with them. But, in opposition to certain critical utterances, we beg most emphatically to state herewith that in this process we see an advantage and not a disadvantage of our work as a manual. With the completion of the palaearctic part an acceleration in the publication of the exotic numbers might have taken place, but for the sheer impossibility of intercourse with foreign countries, together with the great interruptions by the blockade of Central Europe, which rendered the furtherance of the work in every respect difficult. But for all that it was possible to bring the first great main division of the Exotics and the treatment of exotic Rhopalocera almost to a close. Only the completion of the Lycaenides, which are now in print, is still wanting. Besides the Grypocera could also be prepared and begun, and the Hetera- cera could be advanced in both the American and Indo-Australian division. But the collection of materials for the supplementary numbers of the principal part terminating with this volume, could also be begun, and unless new convulsions in the political life of the Kuropean continent thwart the designs elaborated, we feel confident to be able to finish the missing parts of the complete work in a short time. We have been confirmed in this belief by the favourable reception the present volume has found in its German edition. From no part of the public we have heard an averse comment, but the elaboration of the Geometrides was, with respect to its uniformity pointed out to us as the most successful portion of the whole work. Mr. L. B. Prout, the author of the work who, in spite of the very narrow limits allowed as to space, succeeded in the exhaustive treatment of the abundance of forms in the family of Geometrides, has received his well-earned share of admiration from the public. But we also owe thanks and appreciation to the publisher who, notwithstanding the great disturbances in the political situation of the world, and the increase of ex- penses, was not restrained from bestowing the same care upon the getting up of the work as upon those earlier volumes brought to a close while peace was yet prevailing. Moreover I should also like to give thanks to all of them who, by written communications or loans of originals and aberrations, made a completeness in the illustrations of this volume possible, a completeness not inferior to that of the former volumes. Above all the supply of numerous models is owing to the author’s care and the guidance, which he gave to Miss Prout in the production of them. I should likewise render thanks to the collectors who, through loans of originals and aberrations, have made a completeness in illustrating the present volume possible, which completeness is in no way inferior to the former volumes. The supply of models for the illustration is particularly to be ascribed to the care with which the author guided and directed the artist, Miss Prout, in the production of them. The very valuable collaboration of my assistant, Dr. Josef Schramm, has, I am sorry to say, been brought to a sudden end at the outbreak of the war. Wounded at the beginning of the war, he was but a short time absent from the battlefields, and died a hero’s death for his country as an Austrian officer of reserve on February 23rd. Beside this indefatigable collaborator, I should also express my thanks to the late Oberrech- nungsrat Zdenko Zalezny of Briinn, for having taken the trouble to point out a great number of irregularities in the citation and denomination of the plates, which shortcomings could be amended in the ,,Rectifications™. Darmstadt, October 1920. Dr. ADALBERT SEITZ. i Hh tt wy) + 1 : te aye ah . > + 1 ¥ e , i =f 5 ' ‘Sea! Wesabe sterli fates vay ae Eas Brephos 1 Alsophila 1, 3 Phthorarcha 1 Hgea 1 Myinodes 1 Hpirrhantis 1 Aplasta 1 Heliothea 1 Odezia 1 Palaeomystis 1 Gypsochroa 1 Orthostixis 1 Centronaxa 1 Naxa 1 Aspilonaxa 1 Ozola 1 Archaeobalbis 1, 3 Pingasa 1 Metallolophia 1 Terpna 1, 3 Dindica 1 Pseudoterpna 1, 3 Agathia 1 Aracima 1 Limbatochlamys 2 Tanaorhinus 2 Hipparchus 1 Iotaphora 1 Ochrognesia 2 Spaniocentra 2 Comibaena 2, 3, 5 Culpinia 2 Gelasma 2, 3 Oenospila 2 Hemithea 2, 5 Diplodesma 2 Chorissa 2 Neromia 2, 3 Microloxia 2 Hierochthonia 2, 3 Kuchloris 2, 3 Aglossochloris 2 Holoterpna 2, 3 Dyschloropsis 2 Thalera 2 Hemistola 2 Todis 2 Comostola 2, 5 Eucrostes 2, 3 Xenochlorodes 2, 3 Rhodostrophia 2, 3, 5, 7 Apostates 7 Tanaotrichia 7 Somatina 5 Craspediopsis 5, 7 Anisephyra 5 Ptochophyle 5 Timandra 5, 7 Problepsis 5, 7 Antilycauges 5 Acidalia 3, 4, 5, 7 Glossostrophia 3, 4, 7 Holarctias 4 Oar 7 IV. Volume Index of Plates. The numbers refer to the plates. Stigma 5 Emumiltis 4 Arthometra 7 Cleta 4, 7 Ptychopoda 3, 4, 5, 7 Limeria 3 Cinglis 4 Cosymbia 4, 5, 7 Ochodontia 7 Rhodometra 5, 7 Lythria 5, 6 Kyrtolitha 8 Larentia 6 Ortholitha 6, 7, 8, 11, 12 Kuldscha 6, 7, 11 Mesotype 6 Hastina (Bd. 2) 48 Minoa 6 Amygdaloptera 6 Stamnodes 6 Polythrena 11 Trichobaptria 6 Trichodezia 7 Baptria 6 Schistostege 6 Lithostege 6, 8, 11, 12, 13 Anaitis 6, 8, 11, 12, 13 Chesias 6 Hpisauris 12 Acasis 6, 11, 12 Oulobophora 6, 8 Nothopteryx 6, 11, 12 Lobophora 6 Mysticoptera 8 Otoplecta 13 Trichopterygia 8, 11, 13 Kmmesomia 12 Heterophleps 6, 11 Sparta 6 Leptostegna 6 Ptymatophora 6 Microloba 6 Brabira 6 Sauris 12 Lobogonia 11 Carige 7, 11 Maxidia 7, 11 Malacodea 12 Operophthera 6, 8 Oporinia 9 Triphosa 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13 Calocalpe 5, 7, 8, 11, 12 Photoscotosia 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 Philereme 5, 8, 11 Telenomeuta 11 Hysterura 12, 13 Migrolygris 12, 13 Kustroma 7, 8, 10, 13 Paralygris 12 Callabraxas 11 Calleulype 8 Lygris 7, 8, 11, 13 Gandaritis 8, 11 Cidaria 6—13 | ! | Zola 12 Pelurga 10 Cataclysme 7, 9, 12, 13 Apithecia 13 Venusia 9 Atopophysa 8, 13 Hydrelia 7, 10, 12, 13 Discoloxia 7—13 Asthena 7, 10, 13 Cambogia 12, 13 Physetobasis 11 Pomasia 13 Eupithecia 12, 13, 25 Gymnoscelis 12 Chloroclystis 13 Cithecia 13 Collix 11, 13 Coenopalpe 13 Horisme 7, 13, 25 Arichana 14, 17, 23 Bulygdia 17 Metabraxas 14 Dilophodes 17 Pogonopygia 14 Perenia 14 Culeula 14 Obeidia 14, 15, 17 Cystidia 14 Neolythria 14, 15, 17 Xanthabraxas 15 Abraxas 15 Lomaspilis 15 Ligdia 15 Myrteta 15 Bapta 15, 17 Crypsicometa 15 Parabapta 15 Peratophyga 15 Lomographa 15, 25 Ninodes 15, 17 Pogonitis 15 Cabera 15 Synegia 15 Petelia 15 Hypephyra 15, 25 Hyperythra 19 Anagoga 15, 25 Piingeleria 15 Ephoria 25 Proteostrenia 15 Scardamia 15 Ellopia 2, 15, 23, 25 Campaea 15 Ennomos J5 Kumera 15 Selenia 16 Phalaena 16 Garaeus, 16, 17, 25 Apericallia 16 Heterocallia 16 Leptomiza 16 Pseudomiza 16, 19 Ocoelophora 16 Xyloscia 16 Artemidora 16 Artiora 16, 17 Auaxa 16 Zethenia 16 Zanclidia 16 Endropiodes 16 Gonodontis 16, 25 Colotois 16 Dasycorta 16 Pachyligia 16 Crocallis 16, 17 Dalima 16 Angerona 16, 17 Ourapteryx 17, 25 Euctenurapteryx 17 Tristrophis 17 Thinopteryx 17 Hypochrosis 17 Osicerda 17 Plagodis 17 Scionomia 17 Anonychia 17 Opisthograptis 17 Heterolocha 17, 18 Parepione 18 Epione 18, 19 Cepphis 19 Hypoxystis 18 Therapis 18 Pseudopanthera 18, 19 Hilicrinia 18, 19 Spilopera 18 Callerinnys 18 Rhynchobapta 18 Loxotephria 18 Macaria 18, 19, 25 Krananda 18 Trigonoptila 19 Coenina 18 Hyposidra 18 Luxiaria 18 Amblychia 19 Lignyoptera 18 Theria 18 Hrannis 18, 19 Megametopa 25 Dasypteroma 19- Phigalia 19 Chondrosoma 19 Apocheima 19 Poecilopsis 19 Nyssia 19 Amorphogynia 19 Lycia 19 : Nyssiodes 19 Microbiston 19 Sebastosema 19 Zamacra 19 Megabiston 19 Biston 19 Buzura 19, 24 Nychiodes 19 Axticypella 19 ‘Hrebomorpha 24 IV Medasina 20, 23, 24 Hemerophila 20, 24 Synopsia 20 Spartopteryx 20 Phaselia 20, 25 Boarmia 20—25 Hirasa 22, 23 Sysstema 23 Micrabraxas 22 Hlphos 22 Xandrames 23, 24 Tephronia 22, 25 Mannia 22, 24 Pachycnemia 22 Rhoptria 22 Gnopharmia 22 Pseudognophos 22 Gnophos 22—25 Orphne 23 Psodos 23 Pygmaena 23 Ithysia 23 Atomorpha 25 Narraga 23 Index of Plates. Isturgia 23 Bichroma 22 Fidonia 23 Ematurga 23 Bupalus 23 Selidosema 23 Itame 23, 25 Diastictis 23, 24 Lithine 23, 25 Chiasma 23, 24, 25 Tephrina 23, 24, 25 Osteodes 23 Enconista 23, 24 Scodiomima 24 Dyscia 24, 25 Erocota 24 Siona 24 Psyra 24, 25 Loxaspilates 24, 25 Astrapephora 24 Aspilates 24, 25 Perconia 25 Compsoptera 24, 25 Chemerina 6 Soa MO abe eA CH US 1 aescularia parthenias culminaria j renitidata faecaturia rubraria berytaria ay textilis ME / . pseudoterpnaria CNY Pseudoterpnaria U coronillaria armoraciaria corsicaria pruinata +0. japonica pruinata 0 Y9, lahayei crassipunctata ae leopardinata _ dieckmanni : oi : = lycaenaria vallata muscosa Naot aye . mandarinaria admirabilis papilionaria albovenaria valida Pars I. Fauna palaearctica 4. IV COE ean ORCS TR OF mls 2 rosthorni b ZH! X - difficta 9 pannosa difficta 3 argentataria i glaucaria diffusa ambigua striataria amoenaria —_ nigromacularia j aestivaria aestivaria wssuriaria nigropunctata a protrusa : ~ a ONE faustinata beryllaria advolata amiphitritaria ~ halimaria mundaria Viridata obliterata pulmentariaS —cloraria pulmentaria 9 tok a a compararia saturata pulverata petitaria prasinaria correspondens 0 correspondens pruinosata chrysoprasaria fe) | | —" . veneta lactearia parallelaria detracta J Ay carnifrons AN praerupta dentifascia sinuosaria subtiliaria indigenata 9 indigenata 3 pulverata og. MG vibicaria strigaria o strigaria 9 sicanaria calabra tabidaria sieversi auctata Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. Se IV Pics Cle pg Eee sale Byars 3 a sie tenuis pulverei- “e sparsa flagell ata praerupta macraria or td ; ria aonei Ae i. apne chlorophytaria diaeraeiet nigromacularia nubigena simonyi dispar staudingeri a. = _._-—~praecisaria — rara__tristrigalis lucellata consecrata determinata riyularia He we Ds " Dr 12” “asso lecerfiata nielseni subpurpu- nocturna Celvan- depressa- alot rata taria na quata tibetaria q __mediaria libycata yy a as incisatia g Marcotensis incisari . Ay nl - 7 sartharia sublonga- lactea o lactea® extraordina- ra 4 ; +, uniformis Freee gw he ee : - eps : all Posie Sat Vg : nudaria descitaria invalida- jnfyscaria aemaliiuta attenuaria rhodogram- Capnaria- enopararia 2 squalidaria E oa) itel & ane oF Rk auricruda effusaria Per Ge E as 8 ; ! . s improbata hispanaria belemiata amoena- aequifas- ffinitata 'termedia Jutulen- erschoffiata B B ria Gata tata k ‘ NW, floridata 5D tony e Sees io Ie < es imperso- be accura-. cineraria arenosa- tablasca- adelphata | mata = "™ACescens 47 ria ; : praecanata miarcidaria lutearia’ romana- propin- tia quaria fucata permutata confinaria z= 5 | y waliceri axiata sedataria confusa fumosaria substrigaria pulveraria hanna honestz Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. uta congruata as > nay IV (eo LINUCHSIRS eS CkO vena Mime nge' Be serpentata ochrata nexata pygmaearia perpusillaria vittaria filacearia y humifusaria Rr. ak aureolaria flaveolaria luteolaria numidaria macilentaria rufaria moniliata consangui- naria ~ muricata litigiosaria lambessata ossiculata renataria a Gimidiata subsaturata foedata fractilineata exilaria fatimata merklaria contiguaria consolidata vesubiata asellaria camparia cubicularia_canteneraria fathmaria xtaria seriata 2 F ois i eens # f teerala ; longaria pallidata subsericeata straininata laevigata extarsaria eriopodata "OD De? incarnaria eugeniata ostrinaria circnitata herbariata calune- valesiaria rusticata “SS SY elongaria pecharia diluta- fusctovenne: humiliata ria - rubraria tessellaria Marginepunctata luridata rubiginata halimodendrata guancharia floslactata frigidaria caricaria albipunctata corrivalaria virgulata G2 ee ae a WA adulteraria annubiata griseolata orbicularia albiocellaria nolaria quercimon- ruficiliaria | mattiacata taria visperaria annulata pupillaria punctaria badiaria gyrata Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. de ae SOM rie RiP Oo 5 te of, y) deliaria ocellata phoebearia ” : ae 7 Ee 5 superans confusaria insignata inops ingui : ath enries rales atlan- : ania ignobilis frigidaria 4picipunctata robiginata jakima algeriensis napoleon j;-, candicans maderae decoraria maderensis privata majoraria quadricalcarata / polystigmaria mauritanica miniosa tee perpulverea Unostrigata satsumaria rivularia : soo extremaria amataria manifesta \\, plumularia cruentaria ochroleucata kuldschaensis rotaria obsoleta lutearia atrostrigata palaearctica | i rie C eechi Sabandiacs taochata dubitata J dubitata 2 cinereata ¢' pallifasciaria montivagata oberthiiri expansa apicinotaria Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. “sacraria g atrifasqgria ~ sangui~ H ot : Se naria ; % a —. P danilovi i danilovi U narzanica legatella y virgata nubilaria gg exalbata 9. exalbata U a i : S castili "s : : flavicornuta aria | a = ie tenerata externata ; ustata paludata imbutata pn y = . os obvallaria kashghara me. COarctaria : chenopodiata dt poisduvaliata Beas cee ff boisduvaliata rubrodotata penguionaria © amplicata bicolor dejeani largeteauaria Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. eucircota \ sedataria butleri calaritana 7 = x “rosearia haberhaueri ad o junctata bipartaria hockingii marmoratia RHODOSTROPHIA- LARENTIA 7 delitata plumularia Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. personata albiceraria oD) sybillaria leechi adustaria denudaria Sanctaria rufomixtata <2 tied Gp F helianthe- subs Perec 2 substraminata benestrigata Fae “— destinata rhoda LS f minuta .. pee a bimacularia plurilineata megaspilata mite fumataria albofasciata inconspicuaria fatuaria =e albiplage nigrifulyaria melancholica fervidaria subochreata Werner u. Winter, Frankfurt a. M, ad nat. repr IV ORTMOLTRA- LARENTIA 8 fc tay ae! relegata A transversata Bp coelinaria A 4 fulgurata J ee Uy SS - Were vetulina J eB a: PUL we Caria junctilineata @ © reticulata ple, Sra _tria 2S ee ae a 14 enen” G deleta ! fulvata yraliata an = \ <7 4 » Mh distinctaria’* roessleraria _pyropata b 1 + & , SS makaleparia Variolata variata mo mar cupressata y ae = ignotata 3 \ iy = punctum ay, vinculata munitata dimidiana excentricata inte exangulata _ taeniata Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. ie aptata ¢ laetaria kollariaria schneideraria fidonaria annosata e? Aue hel ye “J' christy achromaria neurbouaria scripturata Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. frustata \ , ; turbat dissimilata sandosaria #) a suffumata quadrifasciata gi “ primordiata, verberata incultaria c : touchignearia internata cupreata vallantinaria malvata ¢ malvata 9 alpicolaria a\n) mandschuri- alaudaria sig y s , albicillata 9 hecate ~ oe ,. nits oo * Se alchemillata ¥ alchemillata rivinata ; molluginata & sy bifasciata sata A sl i = a : S albu a a latsaria obliterata we 8 Tee SS , albostrigaria, albostrigaria | iat . 9 q infuscata_ testaceolata 2 — autumnalis taczanowskiaria badiata berberata rubidata derivata alhambrata sagittata comitata Pars I. Fauna palaearctica 4. —— ORTHOLITHA- PHILEREME hee integraria alpherakii ‘ fissurata usgentaria opificata supproximaria brunnescens coloraria miegata angularia OSE terraiiea sinuosaria grisearia_ confusa. ~ ae conspicuaria f Re a ad mig : Seal z ay A ee Yv Riese pilata Mineulata funebris propugnataria —— umbraria divergens plurilineata ignobilis nigtilinearia ° mandarinaria ~ flavovenata - maculata bipunctularia Pars |. Fauna -palaearctica 4. ; Werner u, Winter, Frankfurt a. M. ad nat. repr. IV Pee MIAe EUPITHECIA 12 a nigrilinearia rivularia porphyriata regelaria multifaria 5 Ae libanaria duplicata muscigera 3 amoenata tristis pudicata uplicata B grandis | 4 4 : mediari- terranea bicauliata eucosma bosporaria tonspectania (dequata gularia we indigata SS liguriata conterminata oblongata gueneata N ey i : x extraver- saria insigniata venosata alliaria euphrasiata pimpinellata distinctaria assimilata vulgata Virgaureata trisignaria lariciata castigata subnotata De de! Satyrata silenata scopariata succenturiata subfulvata icterata exalbidata —s disparata cognata " oxydata ligusticata subumbrata Se Bi Be © denticulats impurata inturbata valerianata tenuiata graphata undata plumbeolata ultimaria es iata ericeata phoeniceata oxycedrata sobrinata exiguata schiefereri breviculata graeseriata nigroserigeata gemellata sileniculata sinuosaria pumilata Pars I. Fauna pa laearctica 4. Werner u. Winter, Frankfurt a, M, ad nat. repr IV Ci a aU dele lA 13 ue tribunaria i Ws egenaria scalptata | ernotata RE ie subse- gapleka brevifas _quaria” larla Sa -pictaria affinis ochracearia sophia occidua phoeniceata rosmarinata igatz Sonsor lanceata alfaca- rata complicata centr caespitaria reclamata signaria > sf g planifas- clata \ cassandraté xtremata thalictrata selinata niphonaria cerrusaria tschrachiaria fulvipennis i ! ochrovittata signigera lucigera massiliata RROUOWNS costimacu- {erijo- @elaria lensis corticata hy pospilata Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. Werner u. Winter ad nat. repr. ” flavomarginaria : incompositaria "gromarginat luridaria conspurcata nubiferaria confinaria oberthiiri ia Vag : ars ii langnidata Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. Werner u. Winter, punctisignaria limitata Lt aurantiacaria albifrontaria -pcinaria macularia nigrofasciatia simplicior distinctata bipunctata trimaculata ochrearia exatithemata fuscantaria orientalis adustatia coc astigma distans ciaria 2 ciaria Y erosaria pulveraria’ vio} prasinaria honesta dilectaria griseolimbata quercaria illuminata i 4 q i Ss tinagmaria sericea \ incertaria Clarissa splendens cumulata hadassa purpurascens e 1onoraria regina artina paiaearc Werner u. Winter ad nat. repr. io) is consociaria Inaccepta acutaria “prunaria prunaria 9 Pars I. subspersata Fauna palaearctica 4. viridescens lentiginos va pennaria 9) Variaria prunaria latimarginaria 2) ¥ corylaria 2 variaria a Maracandaria evonymaria corylaria f Vs G spe 16 py) I aexaria Winter ad nat. repr cularis a 4 i" F “ — : Z 7 5 * : t S ; U ’ af I ” _ F ; ‘ - d J 4 SHES Taha c ' ; Vg sambucaria 4 olivacea y ili Nee , . = nigrociliaria Pee tans subpunctaria subpurpuraria “evatiescens \ Pe Me a t ' ‘ pee ¥ ee grisea . trimacularia | tridentifera deducata _— phoenicotaeniata falconaria sulphurea amearia ~ pryeri ablunata Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. Werner u. Winter ad nat. repr. a i an fasciari stulta Mmarginaria SHA) laminaria vespeitaria # vespertaria 2 syriacata % eg Ji CA fds CEN at Ve . Taare invenustaria e “deflavata i i convergens f roseimar- Cervinatia ginaria a; ixaria US AY eace F — defixaria? temeraria intersectaria intermediaria ornataria richardi tenuiata A, j ez leucophaearic 4 3 » ankeraria defoliaria 9 bela 3 contigaria Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. HETEROLOCHA-CO macularia : a flavicep marginari< consimilata Se aa Vendarld o aestivaria mw coreata re ; subcordaria notata pluviata roximaria margina- tia 2 wae id: aquilaria oliveomar ginata dentataria Werner u. Winter ad nat. repr. IV ls POs bles OSes ie 19 aoe ~ buraetaria thaumasia 9 cacularia hispidarige® Wlatimarginaria ennomaria ) ke \ lapponaria lapponaria A italica 7 wnecesSaria ; necessaria A\\ Z hannaviensis#=* uy \7 huberaria songs ; A thibetaria ae _ diffusaria obscuraria # dalmatina J dalmatina 2/ 2 “ 6 AY lichenaria # lichenaria 9 piperitaria emarginaria obliquaria phantomaria Pars I. Fauna palaearctica 4. Werner u. Winter ad nat. repr. soy MEDASINA-BOARMIA - aoe: - uit subdecorata C att tendinasuria o Be e dl bittneri flavolinearia \ obliquaria grisea angulifera rhom-— § mandschu- raria leucophaea admissaria iterata ® obsoletaria venustaria repulsaria Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. Werner u. Winter ad»nat. repr as BOARMI, pryeraria subrepandata i atlanticaria a puncti- jubata 1cti= nae Marginaria bilinearia -—corea =" humiperti displicens obscuraria invenustaria J fumosaria Ce eiahs..iile sordida A. catotaeniaria fuscomarginaria ie An \ Ye Sei GF . Z Se ait . wr” = | selenaria extersaria costipunctaria opertaria dilectaria sinearia trista recuryaria punctularia Pars I. Fauna palaearctica 4. Werner u. Winter ad nat. repr ts —-— : TEPHRINA=ELPHOS gli ppocastanaria eas peraria colchidaria oppositaria seplaria iniorbi gulata \ impectinata r : 4 plumbearia ~~ sibiriata jsueta ¥ insucta 9 ae ; cane ; Mars ie Patina palaearctica 4. Werner u. Winter ad nat. repr. IV oe Oia et eC ON | Sa 23 Ng oO Od eS stoli oe . irrorataria | . b ; i 4 ey Hil daria | iY sj ay it oeh | a st eae e Waite j \ 3 aig Be | pa = innuptaria alticolaria projectaria parvularia nigropunctaria latimarginaria : ss ae 4 | : a C . ‘ - : a oF | (Fr alpinata noricana coracina canaliculata quadrifaria f \ pennigeraria Radi * tas “SE Vee 1G : d ; ay shite soit jes : % : ae Beit fusca J! asciolaria Q tessularia tessularia Nelvae # nelvae U nelvae ay See kabylaria 2 yrientaria orientaria vestalis fulvaria 2 Sons : partitaria artesiaria chlorosata _~ me : Nesey glarearia — pygmaearia _ assimiliaric hopfferaria : mS ‘ catalaunaria micaria indotata latimarginaria pruinosata : M - Ey F g TOSALTA duponcheli exustaria Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. Werner u. Winter ad nat, repr. —e IV SAU Ae COMBO iaaA 24 s superans tenuisaria adjectaria U. BaiGenanin maeoticaria Ry TS Srummi eae codetaria anomalata dissimilis agnitaria serenaria qd | crocallaria conspersaria fos _ % lentiscaria lutearia ¥' niveata 2 i a lineata 2 rufolinearia’ curvaria o acuminaria acuminaria 9 IER / collinaria geholiaria ochrearia ochrearia 9 argentaria Pars I. Fauna palaearctica 4. Werner u. Winter ad nat, repr. IV SA mee AINA 25 mirandaria pryeraria aN argillacea ies piperatum fingalaria _ solieraria trilinearia benesignata bastelicaria rubellata. carpoph agata Pee wi % fe alienata 2S homogrammata eater ; noctivolans 9 hedemanni buffonaria : extinctata N griseolaria cinigeraria caelibaria 2 geticigsaria eget crenulata innocentaria boeticaria unicoloraria cuneata castiliaria pruinosata jourdanaria punctaria Pars |. Fauna palaearctica 4. Werner u. Winter ad nat. repr. . | * ; ' ’ = i i . 3 ' ey 7 ib wed hay i ane a pra e aitines