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Introduction.

The giant continent of America, which extends from the eternal snows of the arctic polar region
further south than any other continent, is better adapted than any other to the production of an inexhaustible
wealth of the most varied animal forms. Open almost everywhere to the moisture-laden east winds from
the Atlantic, it admits the fertilismg rains far into the interior, and thus develops an extensive and finely
branched network of watercourses, which, in conjunction with the varying conditions of climate and warmth
in the successive zones, call into being a fauna of quite unique variety.

Originating from the circumpolar arctic fauna, the entire fauna from southern Canada to Texas
acquires a character approaching that of Europe and central Asia. Not only that the dominant animal
forms in temperate North America belong, for the most part, to groups which also play a principal role in
the temperate zone of the Old World, the geographical distribution shows also here the most striking
analogies. Among the Lepidoptera, Argynnis, Melitaea, Vanessa, Apatura, Arctiids and Catocalas figure
prominently in both, and as a single outstanding difference, the preponderance of the Hesperids in America,
as against the prevalence of Satyrids in the Old World, is manifest even on superficial consideration. But
the sum total of the forms to be observed in the northern temperate zone is almost equal in both
hemispheres, while one half of the eastern temperate lands — corresponding roughly to the whole of the
western — contains about the same number of Lepidoptera as that, namely about 6500 forms.

This is changed as soon as we reach the tropical zone in America. Quite suddenly all resemblance
to the fauna of the Old World vanishes. The singular and highly characteristic Morpho, Ithomia, Melinaea
and Heliconius, Castnia and Glaucopis, Pericopis and Cyllopoda, the wonderful forms of neotropical Erycinids
the tailed Hesperids, etc., have no counterparts in the Old World. They give to the South American fauna
such a distinct individuality, even compared with that of the cooler parts of North America (north of
Mexico), that the lepidopterous fauna of South America may well be designated the most characteristic of
the world. What its principal pecularities are, has already been pointed out in the introduction to this
work, and will be further considered below.

That in spite of all this we have decided not to separate the North from the South American
fauna, as has hitherto been done in zoogeography, under the terms Neotropical and Nearctic, is due to the
fact that a basis for any sharp delimitation is wanting here, as it is between the Indian and Australian
faunistic regions. Just as the limits there drawn by Watuace are arbitrary, so also in America the
otherwise applicable principle of faunistic division fails us. Let us, for example, compare the conditions in
America with those of the much more compact continent of Africa: south of the Sahara there is no species
of Euchloé, no Aporia, no Procris, no true Zygaena, no Vanessa, no Pararge, no Ocnogyna, in short all the
species are absent which in North Africa are the commonest, not to say the most obtrusive representatives
of the butterfly world. On the other hand the north has no Huphaedra, no Cymothoe or Euryphene, all the
groups of Papilio and Pierids which are distributed throughout the rest of Africa are wanting, we seek in
vain for Amawris, which is so characteristic of the whole of tropical Africa, and so on.

In America there is no such insuperable barrier as is formed by the great Sahara desert of Africa,
with its absence of vegetation. Thus we find the otherwise purely South American Neotropids pushing
northwards into California, the genus Heliconius into Florida, while Argynnis, Colias, Catocala, etc., extend
their range southwards on the heights of the Andes; in a word, the two faunas so encroach upon one
another that we prefer to draw no boundary at all rather than an artificial one; and we do this so
much the more willingly because these theoretical considerations fit in with a series of practical ones.

Among the characteristics of the lepidopterous fauna of America, which are most prominent in
South America, we would mention its richness in species. It used to be said that the double continent
of America alone contained about as many species as all the rest of the world. This comparison was
applicable so long as we had not learned to distinguish all the numerous local forms of certain Malayan

4 INTRODUCTION. By Dr. A. Sxrrz.

and Indo-Chinese butterflies, which result in the appearance of a single species, on all those larger and
smaller islands of the Malay Archipelago, in a dress similar, yet with constant differences according to the
locality. But since the species of the Old World have been split up into such a large number of races or
local varieties, or subspecies, rainy- and dry-season forms, mountain forms and those of the lowlands, the
more compact South America, being for the most part more regularly tempered, without pronounced rainy
season, has lost very much of its preeminence.

Now when one takes into consideration that any butterfly, of whatever species, would be able to
fly from Canada as far as to Cape Horn without meeting with any direct, insurmountable obstacle — neither
such a sharply defined desert as separates Northern from Central and Southern Africa, nor a sea, as between
Australia and India — it is not easy to understand how it is that we find Castnias, Neotropids, Hesperids
or Catagrammas in almost every district of America in distinct forms, mostly unconnected with one another
by transitions. In this is manifest a creative energy of unusual richness, such as occurs in no other
country to the same extent.

The lavish endowment of its species with brilliant and conspicuous colours is the second principal
characteristic of the American fauna. In India and tropical Africa there are also plenty of gay species,
which fact we do not leave out of account; but while the Old World everywhere produces, side by side
with the gay and richly ornamented forms, multitudes of others which are tawny, white or neutral brown
in colour, many of the open places in the South American woods are alive with the little gold- and silver-
marked Syntomids or the azure blue giant butterflies. None of the Old World species can vie with
Argopteron aureipennis in its pure golden under surface, or show such rich adornment of silver as Dione
moneta, or such brilhant blue ground colour as Morpho cypris. And even those colours which have not the
metallic or silky gloss are nevertheless extremely elegant and pleasing in their arrangement. Very frequently
they consist of bright red, orange or blue-green bands or longitudinal spots on a deep black ground,
resulting in more quiet richness and fulness of colour than a stiffer, more overloaded scheme of markings.
Such crude contrasts of colour as occur in the Papilio agamemnon group, in Newrosigma and in Catphisus,
are rare in America. A deeply coloured, though almost always only unicolorous band suffices to make
Epicalia, Chlorippe and Prepona, Callicore and <Adelpha the most beautiful forms which a refined taste
could imagine.

The phenomenon of mimicry, which was fully discussed in the introduction to the first part of this
work, appears in America in an altogether special and characteristically modified manner. There are many
localities im South America, often quite circumscribed in extent, in which almost all the lepidopterous species
that occur in any numbers have one and the same wing-pattern indifferently, whether they be butterflies
or moths, whether stoutly-built Swallowtails or weak Pierids or shy Nymphalids. In Colombia one may
see flying about a single flowermg shrub a number of butterflies all coloured and marked alike, but
belonging to four entirely different groups. They are all black with an oblique scarlet band on the
forewings. The first is a Pierid (Pereute leucodrosyme), the second a Heliconius (Heliconius melpomene), the
third a Swallowtail (Papilio euterpinus) and the fourth (Adelpha isis) a species of Nymphalid allied to
Limenitis. In certain districts of Southern Brazil a yellow band on the forewing and dentated longitudinal
stripes on a brownish yellow ground provide the general scheme, which is followed by Pierids (Perhybris,
Dismorphia), Danaids (Lycorea), Heliconians (Heliconius narcaea) and even some moths (Chetone). I have
elsewhere spoken of a tendency of certain districts to produce uniformity in their inhabitants, and
although kindred phenomena are not wanting in India, or particularly in Africa, they are far less
conspicuous there than in America.

Just as the present mammalian fauna of South America is wanting in gigantic forms, so too its
Lepidoptera are for the most part of only medium size. Only in Caligo, Morpho, some Sphingids and the
giant Noctuid Thysania agrippina do we find great dimensions attained; there are no actual parallels to the
huge Attacus, or to Ornithoptera with its great uncouth females. And as in size, so also in shape there is
not the same tendency towards grotesque, unintelligible forms as one is struck by m many
genera of the Old World, such as Leptocircus, Sericinus, Drurya antimachus, ete. Beyond the development
of tails in normally untailed families (Nymphalidae, Erycinidae, Hesperidae) there is little that is very strange
in the aspect of the American Lepidoptera,

In addition to these peculiarities of the American fauna, there are some others which are not so
difficult to explain. In a large number of districts, especially in South America, there are no regular wet
and dry seasons. In the neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro sudden changes are possible on almost any day
of the year, and the rainless periods are variable both in their duration and in the time of their arrival.
Thus the conditions there — as we have already briefly mentioned — do not lend themselves in the same
pronounced way to the development of seasonal dimorphism as in many localities of the Old World, where
the conditions of weather are perfectly regular, the rains and the heat of the sun being confined to certain months.

Polymorphism also does not seem, in another respect, to be developed to the same degree as in
the Old World; namely, in its local conditions. Although in Papilio lysithous, for example, we observe the
same conditions which obtain in many Indian species, namely that in different districts it mimics the different

DSI

INTRODUCTION. By Dr. A. Surrz. 5

Aristolochia-Papilios which occur there — e. g. in South Brazil as P. pomponius, mimicking P. perrhebus, in
Rio de Janeiro in the form /ysithous, copying P. agavus — yet without doubt such cases are wanting in

America as that of the Indian P. memnon, in which some 30 different forms of female belong to one almost
constant male form.

The strict localisation of Lepidoptera in America is easily explained by the peculiarities of the
conditions of vegetation. Like the Old World steppes, the prairies of North America and the Pampas of
South America are not adapted to produce a great abundance of forms or even a moderate number of
showy and elegant species. Hence we find Morpho, the larger Nymphalids, Castnia, ete., disappear rather
suddenly from the district as soon as we leave the great Southern and Central American forest region. Hence,
also, the West Indies, which are either poor in forests or altogether devoid of them, are far behind the
neighbouring mainland in respect of their lepidopterous fauna, while conversely the East Indian Archipelago
is especially rich in species.

It greatly surprises those who visit different parts of the American continent to notice the great
resemblance between northern and southern districts which are separated by vast tracts of land differing
entirely from both. The Argentine pampas produce species altogether analogous to those of the United
States, often even the same species, while they are absent from the whole of the Neotropical forest region
which intervenes. Almost at the same latitude where the last Morpho leaves us, whether northward or
southward, we find Colias, Pyrameis carye and Deiopeia flying. Huptoieta claudia occurs both in the United
States and in Uruguay in hardly distinguishable forms, while in the intervening tropical South America it is
entirely absent, bemg supplanted by the very different Hupt. hegesia. Nothing analogous is known in the
Eastern Hemisphere: the numerous Acraeas of South Africa vanish in the tropical zone and do not reappear
north of the Sahara; Argynnis, which in America appears again in Chili and Argentina after missing the
tropics, vanishes finally in the East on reaching the tropical region; neither South Africa nor Australia
possesses any species of the Nymphalid group, which is so plentifully represented in the North. On the
contrary the well-represented Precis, Amauris, ete., of South Africa do not reappear in North Africa or in
Europe, and of other characteristic genera of the Old World, such as Teracolus and Charaxes, scarcely one
species in a hundred extends from one temperate zone across the tropics to the other.

The role which the individual families play in the American fauna will be easily seen from the
special part; attention need only be called here to a few points which result from a comparison of the
fauna of the New World with that of the Old.

The Papilios of temperate North America surpass those of the corresponding latitudes of the Old
World. San Francisco, St. Louis or Washington has two or three times as many species of Papilio as
Spain, Algiers or Asia Minor, while on the other hand Parnassius, rich as it is in forms in the Old World,
has only a few somewhat scattered, subordinate forms in the New.

The Pierids are pretty equally represented on both sides of the Eulantic, especially since some
have been transplanted during the last century.

The Danaids show an extremely close parallelism. With only a single species crossing the 40th
degree of N. latitude, their number so increases in the tropics as to become dominant, and the number of
very closely related forms would be almost equally the same in the Western Hemisphere as in the Eastern
if we reckoned the Neotropids, about to be mentioned.

But the Satyrids are considerably less prominent in the temperate zone of the New World than in
that of the Old. In the tropics, where the Satyrids wane and tend to give place to other groups, the
contrast becomes less.

Preeminent among American forms are the Ithomiidae, related to Danais, and which have been
designated Neotropids, from their characteristic occurrence in the Neotropical region. Even the earliest
naturalists who made any adequate observations in South America, such as Bares and Watacr, were
astonished at the enormous number of individuals, as well as the multitude of species which occurred
together in small and circumscribed localities; Barzs even wondered how the species, often deceptively
similar to one another, managed to find out their right mates for copulation. Haasr, on morphological
grounds, compares with this group, so rich in species, the genus Hamadryas of the Old World, which is
equally poor in forms; from the biological standpoint it is better compared with Huploea.

The Nymphalids, as one of the most universal groups, occupy a prominent position in both
hemispheres. It is hard to say on which continent their preponderance over certain other families of
Rhopalocera is the most conspicuous. I[t is the Nymphalids which include most of the forms that are
common to both hemispheres. Vanessa antiopa, Pyrameis cardui and atalanta, Polygonia c-album, Argynnis
tridaris, freija, frigga, chariclea, ete., connect the American fauna with the eastern and to a certain extent
form a bridge.

The Erycinids of the Old World do not come anywhere near the wealth and variety of forms to
which this family attains in America. To little over 100 species of the Eastern Hemisphere there are above
{000 in the Western, and at the same time the former are comparatively uniform structurally while the
latter show manifold differences, America not only produces a number of original forms in this family, but

6 INTRODUCTION. By Dr. A. Srrez.

it is also rich in examples of mimicry, in which Erycinids copy members of the Nymphalids, Ithomiids and
even protected Heterocera. Thus Themone pats mimics a Mechanitis, Themone poecila a Phyciodes, Ithomeis and
Compsotheria copy Neotropids, Lyropteryx olivia resembles in flight a Calodesma of quite the same colouring,
and the little Syrmatia, with their quick, buzzing flight, bear, as they dash past one, more resemblance to
flies than to butterflies.

The Lycaenids show, in the northern Nearctic region, many forms belonging to the genus Lycaena
or nearly related thereto; but as one proceeds further south Thecla-like forms increase, much as in the Old
World. These Neotropical forms greatly exceed in size and brilliance the Indian Arhopala.

The most interesting American group is unquestionably the Hesperids, which in many South
American localities occur in such a wealth of forms and individuals as to surpass, in variety and abundance,
all the rest of the Lepidoptera. The long-tongued species appear to be the sole fertilismg agents for some
plants, and the picture of the white-flowered bushes thickly covered with black Hantis abides vividly in the
memory of everyone who has collected in South America.

Among the Heterocera the Zygaenids are far less prevalent than the Syntomids, which are
extremely well represented and often lavishly adorned with metallic colours. Here a wide field is opened
for mimicry. The moths which are still commonly designated ”Glaucopids” appear in the most wonderful
garb, some copying the predacious Hemiptera, others beetles, but the largest number Hymenoptera. The
strongest Hymenoptera in the world, the species of Pepsis, which wound bird-spiders with their sting and
carry them off as food for their offspring, are copied by a very large number of Syntomid species. Under
the name of ”Marimbondo” this wasp is dreaded in America both by men and animals, on account of its
terrible sting, so that in fact no better model could be found for protective resemblance. Entire genera of
Syntomids, such as Macroeneme, almost exclusively copy these giant wasps.

The Castniids present, in some measure, a transition from the moths to the Hesperids. The true
Castniids, such as the genera Castnia, Gazera, ete., are absolutely confined to America and indeed to its
tropical and subtropical parts. We see in them moths with entirely the habits of butterflies, which not
only feed, like many day-fliers, at flowers which grow in the sun, but also station themselves on points of
vantage at the extremities of the foliage where they drive off their enemies, play with their own kind, and
lay wait for the passing females.

The Arctiids of North America present many similar forms to those of the Old World, several
genera and some species, such as Arctiw caja, Parasemia plantaginis, Phragmatobia fuliginosa, being common
to both hemispheres, without belonging to the holarctie polar fauna. The specifically American forms do
not make their appearance in numbers till further south, where they appear of an entirely different build
and colour; as Kepantheria° and Halesidota, which are specially developed in Central America, and the
curious Palustra, whose larva is aquatic. But although the most singular forms of “tiger-moths” live in the
tropics, the gayest and most beautifully marked are found in temperate North America, such as Apantesis,
Platyprepia, Haploa, ete.

The Lithosiids, which in America, as in the Old World, are represented mostly by small forms,
are often, especially in tropical America, brightly coloured and of diurnal habits. In North America itself
scarcely 50 forms occur, they seem to reach the height of their development in the warm valleys of the
Andes, just as in the East the slopes of the Himalayas have been shown to be particularly favourable to
their production. No species are known which are common to both hemispheres; indeed hardly any genera,
if we follow Hampson (as against Krrsy and Dyar) in removing Utetheisa from the family Lithosiidae.

The Liparids of America, in so far as we accept the present composition of this family, are
considerably less prevalent than those of the eastern world. Ocneria dispar, the "gypsy-moth”, is an
introduced species, whereas Orgyja untiqua, which is widely distributed in the west of the Old World, and
reaches far north, is to be regarded as indigenous. We assume this to be so, although the species is
common at some of the European ports (particularly Hamburg) and the larva is fond of spinning up on
bales of merchandise, where the sluggish female also lays its eggs, so that every year large numbers are
probably dispersed to the four winds. In the genus Gynaephora the Liparids of America possess the species
G. groenlandica and rossii, which reach the farthest north of all the Heterocera —- perhaps of all Lepidoptera.

The Limacodids, a family of universal distribution, are very plentifully represented in South and
Central America, and develop elegantly marked, though small forms, many of them with a silky or metallic
gloss on the wings. From temperate America about 50 forms are known, which is about 7/10 of the total
of known species. From the whole of America perhaps three times as many are known, or over '/s of the
total of known forms. It is remarkable that the northern part of America produces a far larger number
of forms than that of the Palaearctic Region, which in many districts is very poor in Limacodids; thus in
the whole of Europe only two species occur, i. e. less than 1/2 per cent. of the known species.

The Psychids as still constituted at present, do not form a homogeneous family. The case-making
of the larvae and the degeneracy of the female are due to convergence, though they have repeatedly been
taken to indicate relationship. In America the Psychids play only a small role; only 15 per cent. of the

INTRODUCTION. By Dr. A. Serrz. if

200 known forms inhabit the western continent, and only about a dozen of these occur in temperate
North America.

Tt might appear singular that a family whose females are each and all immovable should have such
an enormous range as the Psychids, which are represented in the remotest islands, such as New Zealand,
Teneriffe, ete., and often by characteristic species. But it must not be forgotten that their larvae are
extremely active and endowed with great powers of resistance, and many, if not all the species are
parthenogenetic, i. e. capable of propagating without previous copulation. Nothing would be more erroneous
than to infer the existence of a submerged continent from the occurrence of the Psychids on both coasts
of the Atlantic. Their transplantation from America to the Old World and vice versa could very easily be
effected by drift-wood. I have fished out from the Plata River floating boughs on which a number of cases
of Oiketicus platensis were spun up, some containing sound larvae, others hving pupae. It appears that the
larva is capable of making its case watertight. I found large Psychid cases on the coast of North-Shore
in the harbour of Sydney, Australia, which were spun up on the rocks, and over which every wave washed
at flood-tide; they contained uninjured larvae. Thus their transplantation by means of drift-wood is not at
all improbable; indeed they are not even threatened by many special dangers for their long and troublesome
voyage. Psychid larvae can fast for a very long time, and when this is no longer possible to them, any
food is accepted. The larvae of Amicta febretta, which I took im numbers in North Africa from a dry
desert-plant, were fed up to the pupal stage in Europe on pear-peel; and inasmuch as a single female
Psychid is sufficient to increase the range of a species, the greater wonder is that no species of this
family is cosmopolitan, indeed that there is none which is possessed by America in common with the
Palaearctic fauna.

The Lasiocampids as a whole are not yet sufficiently well known to allow of our forming a
definite judgment as to their distribution. Without doubt America has over one-third of the 800—1000
existing forms. With the very large number of species which are already known from South America, it
must be assumed that a more thorough exploration of the interior of Brazil will bring to light many more.
As at present constituted, the group is not even homogeneous, so that many alterations are to be expected
when the Neotropical forms, in particular, are fully worked out. As the family is now constituted, America
possesses numerous exceptionally interesting forms. The larvae of the genus Megalopyge, remarkable for
their peculiar tufts of hairs, are dreaded in America on account of the inflammation which these hairs
cause. In one lady who came under my treatment they had produced swellings on the arm and breast,
with several days’ fever, so that their effects even exceed in intensity those of the hairs of Thawmatopoea.
Sometimes there is an unusually pronounced sexual dimorphism in this family, as in Heliconisa pagenstecheri,
whose female was long known as Dirphia costorv. In the New World, as in the Old, some of the
Lasiocampids are of economic importance.

The Saturnids, of which there are somewhat over 400 species in all, are almost equally divided
between the New World and the Old. In this magnificent group the relative richness of America is shown
by its attaining, in the number of its Saturnids, to a total equalling those of the great continents of Asia
and Africa combined. Against six for the whole of Europe, some 40 forms inhabit temperate North America.
The Ceratocampids, too, which are related to the Saturnids, and of which there are about 50 forms,
belong to America alone; whilst the Brahmaeids of the east possess hardly more than a dozen forms. On
the other hand America is somewhat behind the Old World in respect of the true Bombycids.

The American Sphingids, in comparison with those of the Old World, show a proportion of 3:5,
370 out of about 1000 known forms occurring in the New World. The exhaustive work of RoruscuiLp
and Jorpan has thrown a very full light on the distribution of this family. America is particularly rich in
gigantic hawk-moths, such as Pachylia, Cocytius, Pholus, Pseudosphinx, ete. One would expect, from the
extensive powers of flight of most Sphingids, that quite a number of representatives of this group would
be common to both hemispheres, which, however, is not the case; only quite a few species, such as Celerio
lineata and gallii, appear in both without any very material differences.

In the Notodontids we have another heterogeneous group, in the composition of which alterations
will certainly be made — at least by its splitting up into several groups — when it is worked out morpho-
logically with a regard for the finer anatomical details.*) It is therefore of little value to fix the number
which belong to the Western Hemisphere, out of the 600 odd species at present placed in the Notodontids.
They form by far the greater part; the genera osema, with grass-green forewings, Nystalea, with its
noctuid habits, the North American Datana, Heterocampa, etc., are rich in species which play an important
part in the western continent on account of their richness in individuals.

In the Noctuids, conditions are much the same as in the Old World, especially as described in
dealing with the Palaearctic Noctuids (vol. II, p. 11): in the south more diurnal species, in the north duller
coloured genera (Mumestra, Acronicta, Agrotis, Hudena, ete.) which sleep by day; but in the north, in
addition, a wide distribution of the Catocalids, lightly sleeping night-fliers which are specially adapted for

*) As Packarp has done for the North American species.

8 INTRODUCTION. By Dr. A. Serrz.

their resting posture, but have preserved their bright colour on the underside as well as on the hindwing,
which is concealed beneath the grey forewing. In the tropies of America the Noctuids recede in point of
numbers, as only a few groups, such as Hyblaea, Laphygma, Prodenia, ete., appear in large number at
times; however, the western tropical species frequently develop gigantic forms, such as Erebus and before
all Thysania agrippina, which has the largest expanse of wings of all the known Lepidoptera.

The Geometrids show a very uniform distribution throughout the world. Their relatively weak
flight makes them insecure on islands, and is a hindrance and menace to their propagation in the smaller
storm-beaten islets. This general rule holds also for America, and so does the other rule, that the generally
duller and darker colours of the temperate climate give place to brighter and often beautifully marked
colouring in the warmer regions. As many species extend far northwards, there is a possibility of com-
munication between the two hemispheres in respect of their Geometrid fauna; and although there are far
fewer Geometrids than Noctuids common to the two, yet several species, such as Hugonia magnaria (alniaria),
Hydria undulata, Anagoga pulveraria, ete., occur in both without any essential differences.

Among the larger Geometrids, the genera Azelina, Clysia, Oxydia, Prochoerodes and Sabulodes are
particularly prominent in America. In their habitus they borrow a good deal from the forms of other
groups which inhabit the same region, but without showing any mimetic tendency. As in the Hastern
Hemisphere, metallic colours are only developed exceptionally in the American Geometrids (Ophthalmophora);
on the other hand we are confronted with true American schemes of colour and markings in the brightly
coloured bands on a black ground which occur in Scordylia, Nelo, Sangala, ete.

The above is in broad outline a comparative picture of the American fauna and that of the Old
World. It ought to be mentioned that some groups, such as the Cymbidae, are not represented at all in
America; others, such as the Nyctemerids, only by a few forms, which might probably be better referred
to some other group. It is very strange that the nearest representative of the tropical American genus
Urania belongs to South-East Africa; cases like this belong to the at present still very numerous geo-
graphical puzzles.

Publ. 24. IX. 07.

Diurna, Butterflies.

With the exception of the Neotropical Brassolids, all the American butterflies are day-loving insects.
Even the dark-coloured Satyrid genera and the colourless Haetera and Ithomia fly by day, though in the
dusky shade of the woods. What was said in the Introduction as to the colouring and the scheme of
marking of the Lepidoptera of the New World, is applicable in a special degree to the colours of the
frequently gorgeous butterfly-wings. In spite of the very considerable abundance of true Rhopalocera,
they do not in America preponderate over the second group of Diurna, the Grypocera, to such an extent
as in the Old World.

A. Rhopalocera, true Butterflies.

The differences from the Grypocera are given in vol. 1, p. 7. The distribution of the Rhopalocera
in America extends from Greenland to Cape Horn. In the islands lying to the south of this there do not
appear to be any butterflies. These attain in the American genus Morpho, allied to the Satyrids, a high
degree of development; among the Nymphalids we find in Agrias evidently modern forms, and among the
Ithomuds the most prononced examples of Mimicry.

Division I: Papilionina.

The Papilionina do not in America attain the same dimensions as in the Old World, for example
in the Indo-Australian Ornithoptera. The largest American Papilionid is Pap. homerus, an island species.
The genus Parnassius, rather prominent in the north of the Eastern Hemisphere, is much less so in America.
The Pierids are similar to those of the Old World in their habits, and extend, like these, far into the north
polar region. (SeE1vz.)

Family I: Papilionidae, Swallowtails.

Palpi short, lying close to the head, occasionally long and projecting (Teinopalpus, North-India).
Antennae of three types according to the structure of the segments: the fine sensory hairs beneath and
laterally almost equally distributed over the proximal part of each segment, or there is a cavity on each
side covered with sensory hairs (reminding one of the Nymphalids), or there is only one row of such
cavities present (reminding one of the Pierids); the upperside scaled or naked. Mesothorax very strongly
built, the sternum completely fused with the episternum, the suture (as in the Pierids) outwardly quite
wanting. Fore legs fully developed; fore tibia with spur on the underside; claw simple, very rarely cleft
as in the Pierids*); paronychium and pulvillus wanting. Cell of both wings closed; in the forewing the
second discocellular (between the 1. and 2. radial) the longest, the 2. radial arising from the lower angle of
the cell, the 3. discocellular standing in or almost in the prolongation of the median, hence four veins arising
from the hinderside of the cell, upper submedian vein often present as a short transverse vein arising from
the median near the base, 3. submedian vein short, free, running into the hmdmargin; hindwing with pre-
costal vein, and one submedian vein. — Egg round or flattened, without prominent sculpturing. — Larva

fotos)
before the first moult with rows of bristle-bearing tubercles, which in the later stages disappear, or are

*) In one species of Leptocircus.

columbus.

ascanius.

12 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan.

replaced by fleshy processes or hard spines; on the neck a fleshy, reversible fork of a red or yellow
colour, secreting a scent, and being stretched out in defence (the osmaterium); lives free, but some species
bend down the edge of a leaf so that a sort of tunnel is formed in which the larva conceals itself; some

larvae are gregarious. — Pupa fastened at the anal extremity and by a thread encircling the thorax and
wing-cases, or lying in a loose cocoon on the earth or just under its surface; three moveable abdominal
segments.

The family is cosmopolitan, but only a few forms cross the polar circle. Except Africa, where the
Aristolochia-Papilios are wanting (only Madagascar has one species), the tropics are characterised by their
richness in that group and the Kite-Swallowtails, whilst the temperate zone of both hemispheres possesses
in Parnassius a type which is not met with in the true tropics; Baronia brevicornis, indigenous to Guerro,
West Mexico, is the most southerly form recalling Parnassius.

Whilst in the Old World there are quite a number of genera besides the large comprehensive genus
Papilio, all the American forms belong to only four genera: Papilio, Ewryades, Parnassius and Baronia.

1. Genus: Papilio, Swallowtails.

Forewing always with median spur (1. submedian), at least one of the discocellulars placed
longitudinally; hindwing with precostal cell. All the species have the pupa attached by a girth. The so-
called genus Papilio falls into 3 divisions, which are sharply separated from one another in the larva, pupa
and imago. This natural classification was founded by Horsrrenp in 1856, but not recognised by later
authors (Erich Haase excepted). The forms of the first group, the Aristolochia-Papilios, so tenacious of
life, have a strong smell, and are often mimicked by species of the other two divisions, and in consequence
of this similarity the models and mimics have been erroneously regarded by some authors as closely allied.

A. Aristolochia-Papilios.

Antenna without scales, underneath on both sides with a cavity on each segment. The outer
ventral row of spines of the tarsi not separated from the dorsal spines by a spineless longitudinal depres-
sion. — Larvae on Aristolochia, rarely on allied plants; densely covered with very short hairs, velvety,

only the head, the prothoracic plate and the legs being shiny; each segment with a belt of fleshy tubercles,

which bear hairs, but no strong spines: the anterior tubercles often prolonged. — Dorsum of the pupa
incurved, wing-case strongly expanding sideways; on each side of the abdomen dorsally a row of humps
or lobes, which often form an almost unbroken ridge. — Tropical insects, represented in North America by
2 species (P. philenor and polydamas).

The American Aristolochia-Papilios are divided into 2 sharply characterised subdivisions.

Section A.

Body with red spots. Cavities-of the antenna very distinct; precostal cell distally widened, cell of the
hindwing more or less pointed. — Here belong most of the forms. They are almost all woodland species; some
are only found in the shade of the forest. The butterflies are taken in open spaces in the woods, on their outskirts,
and on the banks of rivers, where they frequent flowers, or imbibe moisture from the damp sand. The o’o7 are
generally good fliers, while the 9? are mostly slow and heavy on the wing. Some species inhabit marshes, others
occur only in dry, sandy places in the woods.

Ascanius-Group.

The species of the ascanius-group, with which we begin, have a spatulate tail. The two sexes are similar.
The o7 has on the hindwing a hindmarginal fold, covered with white wool.

P. columbus H.-Sch. (= gundlachianus Fidr.; grotei Blake) (1a). The brightest coloured American
Papilio, which may be recognised by the brilliant blue bands on the forewing. — The dark ash-grey Jarva
is striped longitudinally, the head and thoracic legs are black; the black longitudinal stripes in part
margined with white; the anterior and posterior segments bear long pointed tubercles which are partly
white. — Flies in Cuba, and occurs not infrequently in the mountainous eastern part of the island, espe-
cially near the coast, where it is met with on flowers, and sometimes also drinking at pools.

P. ascanius Cr. (1a). A broad white band traverses both wings; on the hindwing it is more or
less red. — The larva is light brown, and bears pointed tubercles on all the segments. The imago, which
hitherto has only been observed in the province of Rio de Janeiro, flies in the neighbourhood of Rio over
marshes, where it can only be followed with difficulty and often by wading in the water; the species of
Aristolochia on which the larva feeds only grows in such situations. According to Mr. J. Arp the species
is by no means scarce at Rio de Janeiro in these swamps, but only in exceptional cases goes far from them;
and it is on account of this inaccessibility of its haunts that good specimens are not common in collections.
Larva October to April.

i it) Oe

PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. 15

P. agavus Drury (1b). The red anal spot of the hindwing very large, Z-shaped. The abbreviated
white band of the hindwing is somewhat variable. Although the species is quite common even in gardens
in the neighbourhood of Rio, especially in damp, shady places, we are still ignorant of its early stages.
The insect frequents flowers, and is easy to catch. — Minas Geraés southwards to Rio Grande do Sul,
westwards to Paraguay and the adjoinmg parts of Argentina; not extending to the foot of the Andes.

P. proneus Hin. (= phryneus Lwe.) (1b). Both wings with narrow white band, the red sub-

agavus.

proneus.

marginal spots of the hindwing straight or slightly curved; anal spot not V-shaped. — Minas Geraés to-

Parana; near Rio only in the Organ Mountains.

P. chamissonia. Both wings with white band, that on the hindwing abbreviated; cell-spot of the
hindwing not extending further towards the base than to the 2. median; red anal spot V-shaped. — The
larva is brownish black, with an oblique white band, extending laterally from the 6. segment to the tubercle
on the 7. The pupal stage lasts three weeks. The butterfly is very common and is one of the earliest

spring species (August). From August to April there are at least three generations. — diodorus Hopj.
(= campeiro Foett.) (1b) has entirely white fringes. The breadth of the white band is variable. Minas
Geraés; in the interior from Sao Paulo: Goyaz; Bahia. — The form chamissonia (= ascalus Godt.,

echedorus Boisd., eurydorus Luc.), described by Escuscnonrz, occurs near Petropolis, in Sao Paulo, Parana
and S. Catharina. Near Rio itself the species is absent. In this form the fringes are partly black, at least
at the extremities of the veins. The specimens with a broad white band on the hindwing may be
designated as ab. bunichus Hdn.; these are especially common in Sao Paulo and in the Organ Mountains.

P. perrhebus. Wings entirely without bands. The larva lives on Aristolochia ciliata, and bears
on all its segments tubercles which are partly white and partly yellow; an oblique band on the 6. and
7. segment is yellow. We know two geographical forms of this species. — In Brazil, from Sito Paulo to
Rio Grande do Sul, in Paraguay, and in the neighbouring parts of Argentina, occurs a dark form, in
which the head, the palpi, and the submarginal spots on the upper surface of the hindwing are distinctly

diodorus.

wa

u

chamissonia.

bunichus.

red; this is perrhebus Boisd. (1a). — The form from Buenos Aires, the province of Entre Rios, and perrhebus. ~
Uruguay, is damocrates Guen. It is much paler; the head and palpi are black, and the submarginal spots damocrates.

on the upper surface of the hindwing are not bright red. The species is especially common near rivers.

P. phalaecus Hew. (1b). The only Aristolochia-Papilio with a spatulate tail which has hitherto been phataecus.) ~~

found in tropical America between Costa Rica and Paraguay. The body is very hairy. The white band,
which traverses both wings, is intersected by black veins. — Eastern Ecuador.

P. photinus Dowb/. (1d). Upper surface with blue gloss, especially in the o. Wings without bands;
hindwing with two rows of red spots. — Mexico to Costa Rica; a common species.

P. alopius Godm. & Salv. Spots on the hindwing smaller than in P. photinus, at least partly white,
those of the inner row very small, partially wanting. — West Mexico; Nicaragua. ;

P. dares Hew. (1d). Only one 2 known, which is in the British Museum (coll. Hnwrrson). Tail
short; forewing with a small white spot on the disk; hindwing with two rows of red spots, which are larger
than in photinus. — Nicaragua.

photinus.

alopius.

dares.

ea

P. montezuma Westw. (1a). Forewing without band. Hindwing with a row of red submarginal montezuma.

spots. — Mexico to Nicaragua; one of the commonest species.

Aeneas-Group.

The following forms, which have white marginal spots, we unite as the wencas-group. The species are
partly hard to differentiate, especially as the two sexes are often very unlike. Very little is known about the
earlier stages. Many of the species inhabit marshy woods, where the larvae live on Aristolochia. In consequence
of the inaccessibility of these forests, quite a number of forms are still very rare in collections, and there are cer-
tainly still some species which have hitherto escaped the net. Scent-organ of the o mostly with white wool, more
rarely with black scales.

P. hahneli Stgr. (1c). One of the most remarkable of the American Papilios, and doubtless the
best discovery of the successful collector after whom the species is named. Tailed. Forewing with three
yellow-grey bands or patches; hindwing with area of the same colour, occupying the greater part of the
wing. — Massauary, near Maués, Amazon River. Collecting in the neighbourhood of the Amazon, from
Para to the foot of the Andes, seems to be more difficult nowadays than formerly. It is true the steamboat
takes the collector from place to place, but in the neighbourhood of the larger settlements there is no
longer much for him to seek, and living has become extraordinarily expensive. And it is difficult to find
a place near the forest fit to live in and secure against flagrant robbery, and the collector is very

hahneli.

s

triopas.
niithras.

chabrias.

coelus.

quadratus.
spoliatus.

pizarro.

steinbachi.

Rlagesi.

aeneas.

Specularis.
dido.
marcius.

linus.

damis.

» pyromelas.
eucharia.
locris.

{4 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan.

dependent upon chance in this respect. — P. hahneli has not been again discovered; but so many Amazon
species are represented in collections by only a few specimens that it must be assumed that the real
haunts of this insect are not yet known.

P. triopas. Forewing with two bands. Hindwing small, recalling the Old World Troides (= Orni-
thoptera). The form from the Lower Amazon and Dutch and French Guiana is the commoner in collections;
this is triopas Godt. (1c). — The form from British Guiana, which is called mithras Grose-Smith, has smaller
and paler spots. — A woodland species like its allies. The 2 flies slowly near the ground, whilst the co” has
a swifter flight and generally remains at a considerable height.

P. chabrias Hew. (1c). The forewing in both sexes has a row of submarginal spots, which however
are often wanting in the 2. The central area of the hindwing is situated somewhat further towards the
margin than in P. triopas, consequently the cell-spot is smaller. —- Upper Amazon, from Ega to Ecuador
and Peru. Neither this nor the preceding species has so far been found in the large district between
Obidos and Ega.

P. coelus Boisd. (o’ = vercingetorix Oberth.) (1d). Forewing with a white spot, obsolete at the
margins, which fills up the extremity of the cell, and extends on to the disc. Hindwing with red band on
the disc, in the o7 composed of four spots, in the 2 of six. — French Guiana, the o in Oserrair’s Col-
lection, one 2 in the Paris Museum.

P. quadratus. Forewing long; hindwing in both sexes with a band consisting of yellowish white
spots on the dise close to the cell, and on the under surface in addition with a red spot at the hind angle. —
In the name-typical form quadratus Stgr. (2b), of which only one o is known, the forewing has a yellowish
white spot before the 2. median. The specimen was taken near Manicoré on the Rio Madeira. — In spoliatus
Stgr. neither sex has a spot on the forewing. Upper Amazon; rather rare, near Iquitos, Pebas, 8. Paulo de
Olivenga and other places.

P. pizarro Stgr. Abdomen in the o quite black, in the ? with a red spot before the apex on the
underside. Forewing without spots, also none in the fringes. Hindwing with whitish yellow area, which in
the o consists of three or four spots, in the 2 of three to six. — Upper Amazon.

P. steinbachi fothsch. (2a). This fine species has recently been discovered by J. Srutypacur in the
eastern part of Bolivia. Forewing in both sexes with a large white spot before hindmargin; hindwing with
a red band. Santa Cruz de la Sierra, between the end of February and June; also received from Mapiri.

P. klagesi Ehrm. (2a). The o of this peculiar little Papilio is not known; only four 92 have been
found. The hinder angle of the cell on the forewing is quite rounded; ‘neither the fore- nor the hindwing
has distinct frimge-spots. Forewing with a white band before the hindmargin; hindwing with a band com-
posed of red spots. Abdomen entirely black, even at the tip. — Suapure, on the Caura, Orinoco, taken
by S. M. Kuaces and his brother in February and March, 1899. Perhaps the species belongs to the
lysander-group.

P. aeneas. Palpi black, as in the preceding species. Abdomen in the 2 with a small red spot
beneath before the tip. Sexes very different. co’ with green spot on the forewing; hindwing with red non-
opalescent central area, not extending further towards the base than to the middle of the cell. In the 2
the forewing is either entirely black, or bears one or more white obsolete spots on the margins. Guiana;
Upper Orinoco; Amazon from Parad upwards; eastern slopes of the Andes of Peru and Bolivia. Several
geographical forms. A woodland species, about whose earlier stages nothing is known. — aeneas L.
(= gargasus Hbn.; aeneides EHsp.; bochus Lue.) (2b) inhabits the three Guianas. The green spot of the
is removed from the cell, and is usually wider before than behind the submedian vein. The 2 occurs in two
forms: 9-f. specularis ”. @ J. has on the forewing a large white spot before the {. median, and usually
several smaller ones, of which one is in the cell. In the second form, 2-f. dido Rk. ¢ J., the forewing has
no white spots. — marcius Hdn. (2b) is the subspecies from the Lower Amazon. The o is similar to that
of aeneas, but the last red spot but one on the under surface is larger. We know only one form of the 2;
in this the white spot of the forewing usually extends to the 2. median, and the median red spots of the
hindwing are close together. — linus f. ¢ J. from the Middle Amazon (Santarem, Obidos, Massauary) was
unknown to Bates. The red spots on the underside of the hindwing of the o are paler than in the last
subspecies, and stand closer together and nearer to the cell. In the 2 the red spots are united into an
uninterrupted band. — damis &. ¢ J. inhabits East Peru. The green spot of the o is larger than in the
preceding forms, and the spots on the under surface of the hindwing are reddish white. The ? occurs in
two forms: 9-f. pyromelas F&. ¢ J. (2b) has entirely black forewing; the red spots of the hindwing are
confluent, forming a band. In ?-f. eucharia hk. ¢ J. the forewing has a large white area with undefined
margins. — locris #. & J. is in the ~ similar to the last subspecies, but the red spots on the hindwing
are larger. The 2 has always a white area on the forewing; the red spots on the hindwing are separated

PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. 15

from one another, the spot before the 1. median being the largest. Bolivia. — bolivar Hew. (2a) inhabits
ihe Upper Amazon and the Orinoco. The red area on the hindwing of the & is small, and is whitish yellow
on the under surface. Forewing of the 2 black, with white spots on the fringes; hindwing with a whitish
yellow area.

P. dardanus Fabr. (= tros Fabr.; opleus Godt.) (2c). Tailed. Forewing in the o with a green
spot before the hindmargin; the red area of the hindwing not opalescent. 2 with a white area on the
forewing, with obsolete margins. — An exclusively Brazilian species, which hitherto is only known from
the province of Rio de Janeiro.

P. orellana Hew. (2c). The most beautiful species of the aeneas-group. Forewing in both sexes
black, bluish in a side-view, with white spots on the fringes. Hindwing in the o7 with a very large red
area, not opalescent: in the 2 with a broad red band. — Upper Amazon, from Ega to Iquitos.

P. sesostris. Forewing in the o' with very large green area which touches the cell; hindwing either
black or with a red spot before the hindmargin. Forewing of the 2 with at least two white spots; the red
band on the hindwing generally broad. Scent-organ of the co’ with white wool, except at the base, which
is black. Mexico to the Amazon, in three subspecies. — The northern form is zestos Gray (3a). The @
has always a red spot on the hindwing. In the 2 the band on the upper surface of the hindwing is bright
red. South Mexico to Costa Rica. — tarquinius Bovsd. occurs from Panama to Ecuador and North Venezuela.
The upper surface of the hindwing of the o has mostly a red spot as in zestos, but the band on the under
surface is more obliquely placed. In the 2 the second white spot on the forewing is somewhat larger than
in zesfos, and the band on the under surface of the hindwing is nearer to the cell. — sesostris Cr.
(2 = tullus Cr.) (2d) has very rarely a red spot on the upper surface of the hindwing of the o7, and the
spots on the under surface are placed somewhat nearer to the margin. In the 2 the two white spots on
the forewing are widely separated from the cell. Orinoco; Guiana; Para to Peru; Bolivia; Goyaz.

This species is a strong flier, which appears never to leave the woods.

P. childrenae. The green area of the o is larger than in P. sesostris, covering also a part of the
cell. The 2 has a transverse row of spots before the apex of the forewing, as well as two spots on the

dise posteriorly. Distributed from Guatemala to Ecuador in two subspecies. — childrenae Gray (3a) is the
Central American form, which is found from Guatemala to Panama. Forewing of the o7 with a white spot
before the apex. Band on the hindwing of the 2 bright red. — oedippus Luc. has in the o7 no white spot

before the apex of the forewing, or only a very small one. In the 2? the band on the hindwing is a some-
what yellowish red on the inner side. Colombia and Ecuador.

P. erlaces. Palpi always black. Fringes of both wings spotted with white. Forewing of the 7
with a gray-green spot before the hindmargin; hindwing with three red, strongly opalescent spots. In the
2 the margin of the 8. abdominal segment red all round; forewing with large cell-spot and 2 or 3 discal
spots. Ecuador to Bolivia. — lacydes Hew. (2 = equestris Oberth.) (8b) has rarely a white spot on the
forewing of the ~, the spots on the under surface of the hindwing small, almost entirely white. In the 2
the cell-spot of the forewing large; band of the hindwing white. In Eastern Ecuador. — xanthias R. & J.
(5b). Forewing of the & almost always with one or two white spots; spots on the under surface of the
hindwing varying from white to red. Cell-spot of the 2 triangular, second discal spot larger than the first;
band on the hindwing pale yellow. North-east Peru, southwards to Huénuco. — erlaces Gray (Ba) is the
most southerly form. It inhabits South-east Peru, Bolivia and North Argentina. Forewing of the & rarely
without large white spots; hindwing on the underside with 5—7 red spots. Forewing of the 2 usually with
3 white spots besides the cell-spot; band on the hindwing red.

P. burchellanus Westw. (= socama Schaus). Sexes similar. Palpi black. Forewing black, only with
fringe-spots. Hindwing with a row of separated red discal spots. Resembles P. panthonus Cr. (3b), which
however has red marginal spots. — In the interior of Brazil: Farinhapodre, Goyaz; rare in collections.
On pl. 3 a specimen of panthonus is figured by oversight as burchellanus.

P. drucei Btl/r. (2 = opalinus Bilr.) (3b). Palpi generally black, sometimes red. Forewing in the ~
with a green spot, separated from the cell; in the ? unicolorous, but the fringes spotted. Hindwing in the
with 3, occasionally 4, opalescent spots; in the 2 with a band composed of 5—7 spots, sometimes rather
strongly opalescent. Eighth abdominal segment of the 2 edged with red all round. — Upper and Middle
Amazon, and the eastern slopes of the Andes from Ecuador to Bolivia.

P. cutorina Styr. (2 = mazeppa Grose-Smith) (3c). Palpi red. Forewing of the o with a green
spot; in the 2 without spot, the fringes spotted with white. -Hindwing in the o’ with two contiguous red
spots on the upper surface, the spots on the under surface yellowish white; in the 2 the wing has a
yellowish white band on both surfaces; 2. and 3. radials close together, the transverse vein between them
not oblique. — Upper Amazon and slopes of the Andes of Ecuador and Peru. ’

P. phosphorus. Palpi red. Forewing somewhat transparent distally; o’ with dirty-green spot; hind-
wing rather strongly dentate, the red spots remote from the cell. Tibiae armed with spines, not thickened.

bolivar.

dardanus.

orellana.

zestos.

tarquinius.

sesostris.

childrenae.

oedippus.

lacydes.

xanthias.

erlaces.

burchellanus.

drucet.

cutorina.

phosphorus.

gratianus.

yuracares.

autumnus.

bogotanus.

diceros.

vertumnus.

lycimenes.

erythrus.

paralius.

zeuxis.

erithalion.

eauca.

sadyattes.

16 "PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay.

2 with grey-green area on the forewing before the hindmargin, which occurs in no other 2 of the Aristolochia-
Papilios. Colombia; Guiana; Lower Amazon; East Peru; perhaps more widely distributed. A rare insect;
probably a swamp species which escapes observation. Two subspecies: — phosphorus Lates (3c) oecurs in
British Guiana and at the Lower Amazon. The green spot on the forewing of the o is narrow and separated
from the cell. The forewing of the 2 has a row of 4 white spots on the grey-green area (always?). —
gratianus Hew. (3c) inhabits Colombia and East Peru. The green spot on the forewing of the o7 is much
broader than in the preceding form; hindwing with only 3, or rarely 4, red spots, the series not curved.
Forewing of the 2 with two white spots; the posterior spots of the hindwing large.

P. vertumnus. Palpi red. Forewing in the o with a green spot; in the 2 unicolorous or spotted
with white. Hindwing of the o’ with triangular red area, which consists of 3 or 4 spots, of which the
posterior one is usually the longest; in the 2 with a broad red band, consisting of 5—7 spots, of which
the four posterior ones are more or less completely connected. One of the commonest species, which is
often met with in the woods, settlmg in damp places at the edge of the brooks. Distributed from Colombia
to Bolivia, Guiana and Parad, but not yet found in Venezuela and Brazil proper.*) — yuracares Rh. & J.
is the Bolivian subspecies. Only the & is known. The green spot touches the cell, and encloses at least
one white spot. Hindwing with at least 4 red spots, of which the anterior two are separated; 5 ome spots
on the under surface. Found by J. Sreinsacn from January to April. — autumnus Stgr. (3d).. o7: the
green spot larger than in the preceding; hindwing with 3 red spots: 4 small red spots on the under sut-
face or: fonemtie with very large yellowish area; cell-spot especialy large. East Peru: Chanchamayo;

undoubtedly extending further south. — bogotanus F/dr. Only the o& known to us. Forewing without

white spot; hmdwing with rather large red area, the spots on the under surface small. Rio Paleazu north-
wards to “Bogoté’”. — diceros Gray (= cixius Gray; © = cutora Gray). o&: forewing usually without
white spots in the green area; when present they are transverse, and somewhat obliquely placed; red area
of the hindwing smaller than in the preceding forms, the spots on the under surface on the contrary
generally larger. 2: forewing with chalky-white area, consisting of 2—4 spots, occasionally only one double
spot present. Para to Iquitos. — vertummnus Cr. (3c) is distinguished in the o from all the other forms
of the species by the short-haired middle and hind tibiae. The 2 as in the Amazon form, or the forewing

with only one white spot, of which there is sometimes merely an indication. Guiana.

P. lycimenes. o’: somewhat smaller than P. vertumnus, the red area of the hindwing less triangular
and its last spot smaller. ¢: forewing slightly transparent at the apex; the spots somewhat yellowish, not
pure white, the cell-spot usually large and extended across the cell; band of the hindwing less bright red
than in P. vertumnus. Tibiae of the o' not thickened. Guatemala to Ecuador, in several subspecies. —
lycimenes Boisd. is the Central American form. Forewing with a large green spot, which almost always
encloses at least one white spot; often a spot in the cell: hindwing with 4—6 red spots. In the ¢ the
yellowish white spot before the 1. median much larger than the preceding one; band of the hindwing
broad, almost always a uniform bright red. Guatemala to Panama; also on the small islands on the west
coast of the Republic of Panama. — erythrus &. & J. (8d). o: the green spot broader than in the
preceding form, reaching to the hindmargin of the wing. 2: the spot before the 1. median of the forewing
larger than in the preceding form; the band of the hindwing paler. Central and East Colombia and North
Venezuela. — paralius hk. & J. (4a). Small. o%: forewing with round yellow-white spot before the
2. median; band of the hindwing short and narrow. 2: spot on the forewing purer white than in the
previous subspecies, the cell-spot reduced; the spot before the 2. median the largest; band of the hindwing
almost straight. West Ecuador. ;

P. erithalion. o: tibiae not thickened. Hindwing without distinct red spot behind the 2. median
on the upper surface. 2: the spot before the 1. median of the forewing smaller than the preceding spot:
band on the hindwing broad, pale on the innerside. Costa Rica to North Venezuela. — zeuxis Luc.
(= rhameses Douwb/., rhesus Kol/., rhamases Fldr., abilius Fldr., rhamses Boisd.) (4a). o: the green area
much narrowed anteriorly, enclosing a large white spot before the 2. median; hindwing with 2 or 3 small
red spots. 2: the posterior spot of the forewing larger than the preceding one. North Venezuela and
eastern side of the Cordillera of Bogota. — erithalion Boisd. (4a) from Central Colombia (Rio Magdalena)
has in the o rarely a white spot on the forewing, which is placed before the 1. median or between the
radials. 2: the spot before the 1. median smaller than the preceding one; generally a few small spots
outside the cell. — cauca Oberth. &: the green ‘area of the forewing wanting or merely indicated. 2: band
on the hindwing narrow, curved, separated from the cell. Cauca valley. — sadyattes Druce (4a). o: the
green area very variable, generally reduced, often wanting; all specimens with at least one white spot,
which is placed before or behind the 3. radial, often a green spot in the cell. 2: band of the hindwing
almost unicolorous bright red. Costa Rica to Panama.

*) Faunistically we understand by Brazil the eastern part of the continent from the province of Goyaz and Pernambuco
to Rio Grande do Sul. In this district we find a fauna which is quite different in many respects from that of the rest of South America.

Publ. 28. X. 07. PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. 17

P. polyzelus. o 2: forewing without green area, rarely with a small white spot in the o7; band

of the hindwing narrow, nearer to the margin than to the cell. Mexico to Honduras; common. — In polyzelus.
polyzelus Fidr. (= candezei Borre) (4a), from East and South Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras, the tibiae
of the & are not thickened, resembling those of the 2. — In trichopus &. & J., from West Mexico, the ¢richopus.

tibiae of the o are thickened and bear fine hairs, as well as the 1. segment of the tarsi; the band of the
hindwing is on the whole broader than in the preceding.

P. iphidamas. <: tibiae and 1. segment of the tarsi thickened and covered with fine hairs. 2:
forewing at the margin less deep black than in P. erithalion. Mexico to Ecuador and North Venezuela. A
common species, which is not easy to distinguish from P. erithalion and P. lycimenes, and is consequently
often mistaken for them. — iphidamas F. (= panares Gray, achelous Hop/f:, incandescens Btlr.) is the iphidamas. —
Central American form. o: forewing distally not transparent; the green area usually reduced, always
enclosmg one or two white spots; often a white spot in the cell; band of the hindwing gradually widened
posteriorly, a narrow spot behind the 2. median. : cell-spot on the forewing large, usually some small
spots beyond the cell; the spot before the 2. median smaller than the preceding one, or obliquely cut off
towards the base; band of the hindwing almost unicolorous bright red, its inner margin evenly curved. |
South Mexico to Panama. — phalias Rf. & J. (4b). o7: the green area widest posteriorly, reaching to the phalias.
hindmargin; hindwing with three red spots separate from the cell. 2: forewing slightly transparent at the
apex; cell-spot very large; the spot before the 1. median much larger than the preceding one; band of
the hindwing very broad, pale on the inner side. Colombia: Magdalena Valley and Cordillera of Bogota. —
elatos &. « J. o: the green area smaller than in the preceding subspecies; hindwing with three small e/atos.
red spots. Cauca Valley. — calogyna &. & J. (4b). o: forewing exteriorly somewhat more thickly scaled calogyna.
than in phalias and elatos, usually a white spot before the 2. median; hindwing with 3 small red spots,
close together. 2: the spot before the 1. median of the forewing larger than the preceding one; band of
the hindwing bright red, its inner margin usually white. West Ecuador and west coast of Colombia. —
teneates f. & J. o&: the green area narrow, separated from the cell, usually enclosing one or two white teneates.
spots. 2 not known with certainty. North Venezuela and North Colombia.

P. anchises. Apex of the forewing distinctly, though only slightly, transparent. o7: tibiae and
1. segment of the tarsi thickened and covered with fine hairs; hindwing blue, strongly iridescent. 2: the
spot before the 1. median larger than the preceding spot. Colombia to South Brazil and Paraguay. The
black-brown larva has on the first and on the penultimate segment two dorsal spots, and on each of the
thoracic segments and the 8. and 9. abdominals one lateral spot; on the 6. and 7. segments is an oblique
lateral band, sometimes broken up into spots. The dorsal humps on the pupa are three-edged and rather
small. — alyattes Fidr. (4b, c). &%: the green area separate from the cell, enclosing at least one white alyattes.
spot, placed before the 2. median, many specimens with a second spot before the 1. median; the last spot
on the inner surface of the hindwing larger than in P. iphidamas phalias. 2: cell-spot narrow; band of the
hindwing entering the end of the cell, black outer margin wider than in iphidamas. Colombia, in the
Magdalena Valley and probably on both sides of the Cordillera of Bogota. — serapis Boisd. o: the green serapis.
area very long and narrow, only a little wider posteriorly than anteriorly; band of the hindwing consisting
of at least five spots. 2: cell-spot large, almost triangular, the spot before the 1. median very large and
the band on the hindwing very broad. North Colombia. The distribution of serapis and alyattes is only ;
very imperfectly known. — osyris F/dr. (= xenares Fidr., toxaris Fidr., severus Fldr.) (4b). o: the green osyris. |~
area of the forewing and the band of the hindwing broader than in serapis. 2: the cell-spot usually
extending transversely across the cell; the band of the hindwing very little paler internally than externally.
Venezuela. — cymochles Doubl. (= anacharsis Fidr.). %: forewing with one to three spots; hindwing cymochles.
with three, occasionally four, red spots. 2: spots of the forewing purer white than in the preceding sub-
species; cell-spot small; band of the hindwing almost unicolorous red, broadest in the middle. Trinidad,
Paria Peninsula and Orinoco. — anchises L. (= telmosis Bates, toxaris Fldr.) (4c). o: green area narrow, anchises.
sometimes wanting; hindwing more strongly dentate than in the other forms, the red spots usually widely
separated. %: forewing without cell-spot or with merely a cell-streak, often without any spots; hindwing
with a row of six or seven red spots, separated from one another. Dutch and French Guiana. — thelios thelios. '
Gray (= hierocles Gray, aglaope Gray [partim]}) (5a). co: the green area triangular, enclosing one or two
rather large white spots; hindwing with three or four red spots, of which the one before the 2. median is
the largest. 2: forewing with at least two white spots, the one before the 2. median the largest; hindwing
with seven or eight separated spots. Lower Amazon, from Para to Santarem; occurs in dry, sandy places
in the forest, not in the swamps. — etias 2. & J. co: palpi sometimes almost without red scales; hindwing efias. \
without a red spot before the 1. radial, or this spot very small. 2: spots on the forewing pure white, cell-
spot very small, two large white spots before and behind the 1. median. East Bolivia, found by J. Sremvpacu
in December, January and April-May. — orbignyanus Lwe. (4c). The red band on the hindwing of the & orbignyanus.
is uniformly curved and becomes gradually narrower anteriorly; the forewing has at least one large white
spot. In the 2 a spot in the cell of the forewing and at least two on the disc; hindwing with a band from

Vv 3

foetterlei.

hedae.

nephalion.

numa.
panthonus.

aglaope.

lysimachus.
callicles.

euristeus.

Lysander.

parsodes.

y arbates.
brissonius.
bari.

echemon.

ergeteles.

pisander.

eurybates.

18 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan.

the subcostal to the hindmargin. Paraguay; northern part of Entre Rios; Matto Grosso; Goyaz. —
foetterlei 2. & J. (4c). White spots on the forewing of both sexes very large and the band on the
hindwing very broad. In the interior of the province of S°o Paulo.

P. hedae Foett. (5a). Only one 2 known; palpi red; on the forewing a very broad white band,
with the edges diffuse; hindwing for the most part pale red, whitish towards the base, the marginal spots
slightly yellowish. Icarahy, near Rio de Janeiro.

P. nephalion Godt. (= osymanduas Hbn., proteus Boisd., stilbon Koll., haemon Fidr) (4d, 24).
Marginal tooth at the 3. radial of the hindwing projecting more than in P. anchises L. Forewing in both
sexes with two or three large white spots. Hindwing of the o with three red spots on the upper surface,
and usually a fourth separated from them; in the 2 with a band composed of five spots, and commonly a
sixth or even a seventh (very small) spot. The larva is brown-black, with a yellow longitudinal stripe on the
sides. The butterfly is not rare, and occurs in Brazil proper southwards to Rio Grande do Sul, as well as
in Matto Grosso, Paraguay and the adjoining parts of Argentina. A forest-species.

Lysander-Group.

The following species, which form the lysander-group, have red instead of white marginal spots. The hind
tibiae of the o& are always dilated and with fine hairs. The species occur together with those of the aeneus-group,
and are sometimes very common. The red spots on the hindwing have no opalescent gloss.

P. panthonus. Forewing in both sexes black, with reddish marginal spots; hindwing with a
regularly curved row of separated red spots. Scent-wool white. Guiana and Brazil, in two subspecies. —
numa Boisd. (= jaguarae Foett.), from Brazil (Sao Paulo and Minas Geraés), has small, widely separated
spots. — In panthonus Cr. (8b, 5a), from the three Guianas, the spots on the hindwing are somewhat
larger.. This form most probably occurs also on the north side of the Lower Amazon.

A

P. aglaope Gray. ©: forewing with a blue-green band, which has at least one large white spot,
placed before the 2. median; hindwing with four spots, separate from the cell. The 2 occurs in two forms:
?-f. lysimachus Honr. has on the forewing a straight row of three spots; ?-f. callicles Bates has on the

forewing a large spot behind the 1. median, a smaller one before it, and a streak in the cell. — This
species is rather rare; it has hitherto only been taken on the Lower Amazon, in South-east Peru and in
eastern Bolivia. — Cramer has figured as euristeus a butterfly from Surimam which perhaps also belongs

A

here, but the figure is too bad to be referred with certainty to any one species. Is it the & of klagesi Ehrm.2

P. lysander Cr. (= phrynichus Fildr.). © with white scent-wool in the fold of the hindwing. Outer
margin of the forewing in the 2 rounded; the last two red spots on the hindwing separated, standing
obliquely one under the other: 9-f. parsodes Gray (= sonoria Gray) has a large white area on the
forewing, composed of several spots; in the 9-f. arbates Sto// (= anaximenes Fidr.) the forewing has only
one white spot; whilst in the °-f. brissonius Gray (5b) the forewing has no white spot at all. A o with
yellow instead of red spots on the forewing has been described as ab. bari Oberth. — This species is
known from the whole of the Amazon, East Peru and East Ecuador, as well as from the Guianas and
Bogota; it has not hitherto been found in Bolivia nor in Brazil proper.

P. echemon resembles the preceding species; but the forewing is narrower, the outer margin being
incurved in the o’, straight in the 2, the cell of the forewing is narrower at its extremity, the 3. radial of
the hindwing is usually much nearer to the 2. radial than to the 1. median, and the fold of the hindwing
in the o& has no white wool. On the Lower and Middle Amazon and in the Guianas. Two subspecies. —
Hiipner’s figures agree with the form from the Amazon: in the o& echemon Hon. (= echelus Hon.) the
blue-green band of the forewing is narrow and placed, like the white band of the °, separate from the cell.
From Para to Santarem. — ergeteles Gray (= echephron Bates, echion Bates, polyphron Fildr.) has in the
co a broader blue-green band, and in the 2 the white spot before the 2. median is contiguous to the cell,
or the forewing is without spots. ¢f. ergeteles Gray is the form of the 2 with a white area; in the ?-f.
pisander F7dr. the white spots are only indicated by a few white scales. From Obidos to the Rio Negro,
north side of the Amazon: Guiana. — Whilst P. lysander is a swamp species and flies heavily over the
wettest places in the shade of the woods, P. echemon prefers drier localities in the woods, and is often
found on the flowers which hang down from the trees over the narrow paths in the forests.

P. neophilus. In the o the cell of the hindwing on the upper surface is red nearly to the pace
In both sexes the 2. median of the hindwing arises at “the same height as the subcostal. Colombia to
Paraguay and South Brazil, but not from Rio de Janeiro to Pernambuco, where P. zacynthus occurs. —
eurybates Gray (= euphales Gray) (5c). o with large white spots on the forewing; the red spots on the
hindwing not blackish towards the base, with the exception of the first and last, the middle ones touching
the cell on the under surface. 2 with 2 white spots between the 3. radial and 2. median, rarely with the
spots merely indicated, the red band on the hindwing broad. Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso; Paraguay

PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. 19

(transition to the next form). — consus R. ¢& J. o7: the green area between the 2. median longer than consus. -~
broad, the white spot before the 2. median rounded, usually smaller than the preceding spot; on the

hindwing the cell-spot and the part of the discal spot next to the cell are blackish red; the spots on the

underside smaller than in ewybates. In the 2 the white spots are large; the band on the hindwing is

usually separate from the cell. East Bolivia. — olivencius Bates (5c). White spots on the forewing in olivencius.
both sexes small or indistinct; the red spots on the hindwing in the o long on the upper surface, short on
the under. In the 2ab. anaximenes Fildr. the spots of the hindwing are very long. East Peru to the anaximenes.|~~
Cordillera of Bogotdé, and on the Amazon downwards to the Rio Negro. — ecbolius k. d J. o: the green ecbolius. »
spot behind the 2. median of the forewing about as long as broad, the white spot before this vein distinct

and transverse as the preceding spot; the red spots on the hindwing shorter than in olivencius. In the

the forewing has a large white spot before the 2. median and another before the 1. median, the outer

margin of these spots almost parallel with the outer margin of the wing. Lower Amazon, upwards to

Obidos. — neophilus Hdn. (= gargasus Hon. [partim], aeneides Esp. [partim]), the first described form, neophilus.
inhabits the Guianas. co”: the green area is broader and the red spots on the underside of the hindwing

smaller than in the & of ecbolius. In the 2 there are no white spots on the forewing, or they are small,

rarely are they large; the third spot on the hindwing longer than the others, the spots on the upper surface °

further from the margin than in olivencius. — parianus k. ¢ J. from Trinidad, Cumana and the Orinoco. parianus. _-~
The green area of the o behind the 2. median longer than it is broad, enclosing three white spots; the
spots on the under surface of the hindwing paler than in the Bolivian form, to which parianus comes near,
the spot before the 2. median placed close to the cell: In the 2 the band of the hindwing is somewhat
more curved than in the other subspecies; the narrow middle spots are placed close to the cell on both surfaces.

P. zacynthus. Band on the forewing in the o greenish blue. The spots on the under surface of |
the hindwing of the 2 paler than in P. neophilus. Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro northwards, in two geo-
graphical forms. Not rare in damp localities overgrown ais bushes. The larva is grey-brown, with a BG
yellow lateral stripe. — The form from the province of Rio de Janeiro, zacynthus F. (5b), occurs in the zacynthus. ~
neighbourhood of the town of Rio, but is much rarer than P. nephalion. The forewing is not transparent
at the apex; the 2 has a spot in the cell of the forewing. — The northern form, from “Pernambuco, Bahia
and Rio Tapajos, is polymetus Godt. (5b). The tnertne: is transparent at the apex and the ? has no spot polymetus. | ~~
in the cell, or only a very small one.

P. arcas. In the & the cell of the hindwing above is red from about the middle; in the ¢ the
forewing has a large white spot placed obliquely across the cell. Mexico to the Guianas and Colombia, not
found further south. — mylotes Bates (= docimus Gray, caleli Reak., tonila Reak., aleamedes Fildr., mylotes.
aristomenes F/dr.) (5d). o&: the green spot before the 1. median long and usually enclosing a white spot;
the cell mostly also with a white or green spot, no green streak at the hindmargin. The band on the
hindwing in the 2 separate from the cell and bright red on both surfaces. Mexico to Costa Rica; very
common in the lowlands. — mycale Godm. & Salv., from Panama and the small islands on the Pacific coast mycale.
of that Republic, forms a transition from the preceding to the following form. In the © the green area
before the 2. median is always large; the cell-spot on the hindwing and the adjoining parts of the discal
spot are tinged with brown. The band on the hindwing of the 2 is bright red and usually placed close to
the cell. — arriphus Boisd. The forewing of the © has almost always a green spot also before the arriphus.
1. median; hindwing with a cell-spot on the upper surface, the band sometimes pale and narrow: o-ab.
agathokles Ko//. In the 2 the band on the hindwing is pale red and includes also the extremity of the agathokles.

cell. Colombia, from the Rio Magdalena and Rio Meta; common in “Bogota” collections. — antheas antheas.
k. & J. The green band of the @ reduced, no spot before the 1. median; the band of the hindwing
usually very pale, in the 2 likewise paler than in arriphus and mostly shorter. Cauca Valley. — arcas Cr. arcas. ~
(¥ = eurimedes Cr.) from Venezuela and Guiana. The red band of the hindwing in both sexes is broader

than in the other subspecies; in the & the extremity of the cell of the hindwing is red also beneath, and
in the 2 the cell-spot is much larger than in arriphus.

P. timias. Both sexes with two large white spots on the forewing, in the o placed in the green
area; red cell-spot on the hindwing in the o& large; 2 with a rather small cell-spot or none at all. West
Ecuador, from Guayaquil upwards. Many northern species occur in this district which are wanting in East
Ecuador and Peru. — Gray’s timias (5d), whose 2 was named bimaculatus by Hmwrrson, occurs about timias.
Guayaquil and in the neighbouring districts. The cell of the forewing in the ~ has no distinct green spot;
the first spot on the under surface of the hindwing is at least as large as the last. In the 2 also there is
no distinct cell-spot on the forewing and the discal spots are small. — potone &. & J. has in both sexes potone.
a distinct cell-spot on the forewing. Paramba and Ambato, taken by Rosznpere ata height of 3500 ft.

Section B.

The following Aristolochia-Papilios are very different from the preceding groups. The body is never spotted
with bright red, and the wings never have bright red spots or bands. The antennae have no deep sensory grooves

orsua.
philenor.

acauda.
wasmuthi.

obsoleta.

devilliers.

zetes.

streckerianus.

archidamas.

vincentius.
lucianus.
xenodamas.
dominicus.
neodamas,

antiquus.

20 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay.

and their terminal segment is very short. The cell of the hindwing is rounded at the apex and its lower angle is
at least as large as the upper. The scent-organ on the hindwing of the o is never woolly and the tibiae are never
thickened. — The larva bears on the first thoracic segment strongly elongated fleshy protuberances, and the dorsal
humps of the pupa are narrow, laterally compressed and rather long.

Polydamas-Group.

This polydamas-group also differs essentielly in habits from the red-spotted butterflies. They are inhabitants
of the open country, seldom met with in the shade of the forest. The oo’, which are quick fliers, are fond of
resting on damp sand or mud to imbibe the moisture, whilst the 9? visit several common species of flowers.

P. philenor is a well-known North American butterfly, distinguished by the bright green or blue
gloss of the outer part of the hindwing beneath. Its original home was undoubtedly the Southern Atlantic
States, whence it has spread to Mexico and again in the west as far as Northern California. In the central
part of the United States, from Colorado northwards, the species is absent; in the east, on the contrary, it
extends as far as the south of Canada, where it is met with from time to time as an immigrant. Its
distribution northwards, in places where the original food-plant (Aristolochia serpentaria) is not found, has
been made possible by the cultivation of Aristolochia sipho as an ornamental plant. — orsua Godm. & Salv.
is a small tailless form from the Tres Marias Islands with strongly glossy hindwing. — philenor LZ.
(= astinous Drury) (6a) mhabits the United States and Mexico. The species varies geographically but
little, yet some of the Mexican specimens are tailless, which seems never to occur in North America. This
ab. mex. acauda Oberth. (== nezahualeoyotl Streck., corbis Godm. & Salv.) oceurs together with ordinary
specimens. As ab. wasmuthi Weeks a colour variety is described which recalls the celebrated ab. calverleyi
of P. polyxenes Fabr. In this aberration the marginal spots are enlarged into a broad band. Specimens
without submarginal spots on the upper surface are ab. obsoleta Hhrm. The species has several gene-
rations in the Southern States. The specimens of the spring brood are in general more rough-haired than
those of the summer. The butterfly is very common, and flies in great numbers about flowering trees,
or sips at the flowers of low plants or at wayside pools. In feeding and flying the wings have a quivering
motion as in the allied species.

P. devilliers Godt. (6a). Hitherto known with certainty only from Cuba; the older authors assigned
it to Florida also, which is perhaps due to an error. Tailed. Forewing with a submarginal row of white
spots; hindwing on the upper surface with a submarginal band, and on the under with one or more silver spots.

P. zetes Westw. (6a) has on the upper surface of both wings a yellowish band, and on the under
surface of the hindwing a silver band. Haiti; only a few specimens in collections.

The following species are all without tails. To some extent the form of the wings recalls the so-
called Ornithoptera from the Oriental Region.

P. streckerianus Honr. (= mathani Oberth.) (6a) is a native of the dry open country of North
Peru. The spots on the body are greenish yellow. Forewing without band, the band on the hindwing
very variable, opalescent in the 2.

P. archidamas Boisd. (= bias Kirby, ex Roger) (6b). The spots on the body reddish. Upper sur-
face of both wings with a band composed of spots; under surface of the hindwing for the most part dirty
white. Chile; all the year round in the open coast districts. The earlier stages are very similar to those
of P. polydamas.

P. polydamas. The spots on the body reddish; upper surface of both wings with a band composed
of spots; under surface of the hindwing black-brown, with red or yellowish red submarginal spots. Distributed
from Virginia to Argentina; varying but little geographically on the continent, on the Greater and Lesser
Antilles on the contrary developed into a different form on almost every island. One of the commonest
Papilios on the continent; an inhabitant of cultivated ground which accompanies the settler everywhere; it
is especially common where the ground cleared for cultivation has been again neglected. The larva varies
from brown-yellow to dark black-brown; the tubercles are long, in dark specimens red. The pupa is strongly

curved, and has three long, compressed humps on the abdomen; the thoracic horn is long. — vincentius
Rk. & J. Above like the continental form; under surface of the hindwing with white costal streak; sub-
marginal spots large. St. Vineent. — lIucianus hk. & J. The band on the upper surface broad; under
surface of the hindwing with costal streak at the base; submarginal spots large. St. Lucia. — xenodamas
Hbn. (= cebriones Dalm., eurydamas Kirby, ex Roger). Band on the upper surface of the hindwing broad,
placed close to the cell; under surface of the hindwing at the base with a large bluish grey spot and costal
streak. Martinique; formerly erroneously given as inhabiting Brazil. — dominicus Rk. ¢& J. The posterior
spots on the upper surface of the forewing smaller than in xenodamas; band on the hindwing curved. Under
surface of the hindwing with costal streak, but without the large spot below it. Dominica. — neodamas

Luc. The upper spots of the band of the forewing wanting or small, the hinder spots further from the
margin than in the preceding forms. Band on the. hindwing almost straight. Guadeloupe. — antiquus

PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay. 21

R. & J. Similar to the next form; the four anterior spots of the band of the forewing small: band on the
hindwing narrower than in the next subspecies; submarginal spots on the under surface of the hindwing

large, yellowish red. Antigua. — thyamus #. & J. Similar to polydamas; submarginal spots on the under thyamus.
surface of the hindwing much more yellowish than in the continental subspecies. St. Thomas. — lucayus /ucayus.
R. & J. Under surface paler than in P. polydamas; the white transverse streak at the anal angle of the
hindwing extending at least beyond the 2. median; the red submarginal spots as in the continental form,

but larger. Bahamas. — polydamas JL. (6b) is the continental form, which occurs from Georgia to polydamas.
Argentina. It is also found on Cuba, but the Cuban specimens are usually distinguished by the deeper

black marginal area on the under surface of the hindwing. The hand on the upper surface varies much

in breadth. The submarginal spots on the under surface of the hindwing are always narrow and red. —

polycrates Hopf. (= hypodamas Gwen.) differs from the preceding form on the upper surface principally polycrates. -

in the more distal position of the spot before the 2. median on the hindwing, and on the under surface in

the large silver spots which stand at some of the red ones. The harpe of the o has only one tooth

instead of the two of all the preceding forms. Haiti and probably Porto Rico. — jamaicensis Rk. & J. is jamaicensis.
very similar to polycrates, but the submarginal spots on the under surface of the hindwing are larger and

the silver spots connected with them smaller. Jamaica.

P. philetas Hew. (6b). Abdomen of the o yellowish white above. Under surface of the hindwing philetas.
greenish yellow, with red submarginal spots. South Ecuador and North Peru.

P. madyes. Similar to the previous species; submarginal spots on the under surface of the
hindwing yellow. The scent-scales different in the geographical forms, which is also the case in some of the
other species of the polydamas-group. Peru and Bolivia. — plinius Weym. from North Peru. Forewing above plinius.
with four small spots. Hindwing beneath ochre yellow (discoloured?); submarginal spots small. Only one

specimen known; found by Sritsen between Moyabamba and Chachapoyas. — chlorodamas G'wen. (= marsyas dlorodamas.

Stgr.), the commonest form in collections. Bands of spots on the upper surface broad, on the forewing

white (%o, 2) or yellow (oo). In Hudnuco and Junin, East Peru. — crispus &. & J. Spots on the crispus. |
upper surface much smaller than in chlorodamas. South-East Peru. — madyes Douwbl. Under surface of madyes.
the hindwing streaked with black on the veins. Bolivia. — tucumanus Ff. & J. (6b), like madyes, but the tucumanus.
apex of the forewing beneath not washed over with yellow; hindwing beneath smoky brown. Tucuman.

P. polystictus (= protodamas auct.). Forewing above with three to seven submarginal spots;
hindwing with two rows of spots. Abdomen in the o” yellowish white above. Brazil, Argentina and
Paraguay. Larva similar to that of P. polydamas; tubercles shorter, never red. Thoracic horn of the
pupa long, inclined somewhat forwards, dorsum of the pupa behind the horn more or less suffused with
yellow. Larva gregarious in its earlier stages. This common butterfly flies in open spaces in the forest
and on its borders, and is especially fond of feeding on the flowers of Lantana. The food-plant of the
larva grows in woods and on the banks of rivers. — In janira R. & J. the spots on the upper surface are janira.
large. Rio de Janeiro; Minas Geraés. — In polystictus Btir. (6b) the spots are smaller and sometimes polystictus.
partly obsolete. Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay; Argentina.

P. eracon Godm. & Salv. (6c). Forewing with a row of submarginal spots. Hindwing with a eracon.
uniformly curved band of spots, placed about midway between the cell and the outer margin. Under
surface of the hindwing with red submarginal spots, each with a yellowish white dot at the outer side.

West Mexico, hitherto only known from Colima and the province of Guerrero.

P. belus. Forewing of the o without white spots on the upper surface; hindwing with one to
seven white spots on the disc, the first of which is always large; the forewing of the ? is similar to that
of the ~ or it has a large pale yellow area. Hindwing beneath in both sexes with white dots outside the
red submarginal spcts. The o& is called by Bares a swift and bold flier; the ° with yellow area on the
forewing he found on flowers at the edge of the forest. The $ of this, as also of the following species,

are much more rarely caught than the oo. — chalceus &. & J., from the province of Guerrero, West ctalceus.
Mexico, has an almost straight band on the hindwing, and on the under surface there is before the sub-
costal nervure a red submarginal spot, which is wanting in the other subspecies. — varus Koll. 07: varus.

hindwing with a band of spots diminishing in width posteriorly. The 2 occurs in two forms. The common

form is 2-f. latinus F/dr., it is similar to the o, but the forewing has some submarginal spots and the first /atinus. -
spot of the band of the hindwing is about as large as the second. The very rare form with large yellowish

area on the forewing, occupying the extremity of the cell and the adjacent part of the disc, is ?-f. varus

Koll. Distributed from Guatemala to North-East Ecuador and North Venezuela; the co common in Bogoté-
collections. — belus Cr. (6c) is the form which inhabits the Guianas, the Amazons, East Peru and Goyaz. belus.
In the @ the hindwing has usually only one white spot, yet specimens occur which have a row of small

spots in the disc. Two forms of the 2 are known; $f. belus Cr. (= caburi Kuye) is similar to the o and

has on the hindwing either only one spot or a complete row; in ab. amulius “sp. the spots on the under amutius.

amazonis.
belemus.
cochabamba.

procas.
topas.
copanae.
rhipidius.

~ laodamas.

lycidas.

~ CFASSUS,

lepidus.

bo

2 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan.

surface of the hindwing are yellow (only known from Esper’s and Marryn’s figures). The second variety
of the 2 is 2-f. amazonis &. & J. (6c); it has a yellow area on the forewing like the ?-f. varus of the sub-
species varus Koll. — belemus Bates from the south side of the Lower Amazon has a straight band on the
hindwing; only the form of the 2 similar to the o7 is known. — cochabamba Weeks. ©: hindwing usually
with a broad straight macular band; sometimes the last five spots small, very rarely wanting. Scent-scales
short as in the Mexican subspecies. The 2 is not known. South-East Peru; Bolivia.

P. laodamas. Similar to the preceding species. Hindwing above with a broad macular band; the
red submarginal spots on the under surface narrow, not accompanied by white dots. The 2 resembles the o’,
but the middle spots on the hindwing are large, whilst the first is small. Mexico to Colombia. — procas
Godm. & Salv. o: the band on the hindwing is usually contiguous to the cell or crosses its extremity, it
is rarely separated from the cell (ab. iopas Godm. & Salv.). 2: band on the hindwing usually occupying
the extremity of the cell. West Mexico, known from the provinces of Michoacan, Jalisco and Guerrero. —
copanae Reak. (= chrysodamas Bates). Band on the hindwing in o separate from the cell; the red sub-
marginal spots on the under surface of the hindwing narrower than in procas. Scent-scales longer than in

the preceding form. East Mexico to Honduras. — rhipidius &. @ J. Hindwing in both sexes with very
large greenish white central area, which in the o7 fills up the cell almost to the base, in the 2 to the first
quarter. Costa Rica. — laodamas Fldr. (6d) is the best-known form, which is very common in Bogota-

collections; it is known from the west coast, the Magdalena Valley and the Cordillera of Bogota. The first
spot on the band of the hindwing is very large and reaches almost to the base; it touches the cell, as do
the next two or three spots. The 2 is not known.

P. lycidas Cr. (= erymanthus Cr.) (6d) is easy to recognise by the white stripe before the hind-
margin on the upper surface of the hindwing; this stripe is shorter in the 2 than in the o7. — Guatemala
to Bolivi ia and Pard. Appears not to vary geographically. There is only one form of the 2 known. The o
occurs commonly at the edges of water-courses. Like the allied species the butterflies first fly a few times
round the places where they are going to alight to drink, as if they wished to make sure of the absence
of enemies; but they are not easily disturbed when once they have begun to drink.

P. crassus Cr. (6d). A very long-winged species, distributed from Costa Rica to Rio de Janeiro.
Forewing with white patches in and below the cell; hindwing with large white costal area, which in the o7
reaches to the base. In the o-f. lepidus Fld. the white patches on the upper surface of the forewing
are wanting. — The black-brown larva (probably variable in its ground-colour) has no spots. The thoracic
hump of the pupa is very long and divided at the tip.

B. Fluted-Papilios.

Here belong the greatest part of the Swallowtail species. Although the forms have followed very
different lmes of development and often in their outward appearance have not presery ed the shghtest resem-
blance to one another, yet this apparently heterogeneous mixture of species is distinguished by sharply
marked characters from the other two divisions of the Swallowtails, namely the Aristolochia-Papilios and the
Kite-Papilios. The segments of the scaleless antennae are somewhat narrowed at the base; the fine sensory
hairs are almost equally distributed over the ventral surface or confined to two large, noneimipresced lateral
areas. The tarsi are likewise not scaled; the dorsal spines of the segments are separated from the ventral
spines by a spineless, impressed lateral space. The abdominal margin of the hindwing in both sexes is
curved downwards, forming a kind of groove; a scent-organ is wanting on the hindwing. The tibiae of
the o” are never thickened nor covered with fine hairs. — The larva is either smooth, without humps, or
the tubercles are hard and spiny, not fleshy. The third and fourth thoracic segments are enlarged, so that
the larva appears thinner in front and behind. Many of the larvae bear on the thorax on both sides a
sort of eye-spot and on the middle of the body a saddle-patch: Plants of very many families serve as
food, partly herbs (Umbelliferae, Composites, etc.), but still more often the leaves of trees. — The pupa is
wrinkled like leather and often resembles a piece of wood. The head is produced into two tubercles or is
truncate, and the thorax bears a usually rather short horn. The wing-cases are expanded much less in
mussel- -shape than in the Aristolochia- -Papilios, and the humps on the abdomen, if present at all, are very short.

The Fluted-Papilios occur in all tropical and temperate regions (New Zealand excepted), and extend
northwards with one species as far as the arctic zone. They are therefore the most widely distributed
division of the Swallowtails. In their habits they differ quite as much from one another as is their garb.
Most species are good fliers, which if frightened hurry away in frantic haste. They almost all visit flowers,
especially the o7o’, and are fond of resting on damp sand or mud. Here their difference in character from
the Aristolochia-Papilios becomes apparent, in that they do not crowd together in thick clusters, but rest
singly round the outside of the crowd formed by Pierids and Kite - Papilios. Very many of the Fluted-
Papilios wear the dress of other butterflies. Im America Danaids, Heliconids, Pierids, and especially

PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay. 23

Aristolochia-Papilios serve as models. In some cases only the 2, or one of the ?-forms, is mimetic. Among
the American Fluted-Papilios are found a number of powerfully built species with the costal margin of the
forewing dentate. We find something similar in the.c’o of the Indo-Australian Pierid genus Prioneris, and
in the Nymphalid genera Charawes, Eulepis, Euxanthe and Palla, which are all Old World insects. The
dentition of the costal margin of these butterflies is evidently a phenomenon accompanying the strengthening
of the margin, which is closely related to the acquisition of a strong flight.

Sexual dimorphism is very common among the Fluted-Papilios; as a rule one ?-form resembles
the o, whilst the other is mimetic. Sharply pronounced seasonal dimorphism is not observed among the
American Fluted-Papilios, yet in the few North American forms which belong here, the butterflies which
emerge from the hibernated pupae are generally smaller and more hairy than the summer brood, showing
also slight differences in the markings. The trimorphism in both sexes of P. polyxenes and P. bairdi is
very note-worthy.

Machaon-Group.
The species of the machaon-group have ringed larvae, which live on Umbelliferae, partly also on Artemisia.

P. polyxenes. Abdomen black, dotted with yellow. Palpi yellow. The posterior yellow spots of
the discal band of the forewing remote from the cell, the discal.band sometimes wanting. _ Geographically
and individually very variable. The earlier stages very similar to those of P. machaon. The forms of
North and Central America fly like P. machaon in cultivated districts, over meadows and fields covered with
flowering fodder-plants, especially clover, at little distance from the ground. The South American forms
only occur at considerable elevations. We have here the same phenomenon which we observe in Asia of
P. machaon, which is likewise a high mountain species south of the Himalayas, in North-East India, Sikkim
and Burma. — americus Kol/. (= sadalus Luc.) occurs in three varieties. In the form melasina Rk. & J.
(Sa) the yellow band on the wings is very much narrowed, sometimes reduced to a small spot, whilst in
the true americus Koll. the band is broad, especially on the hindwing; the pale yellow area on the under-
side of the hindwing not seldom reaches to the base. The black form lives especially in the Cauca Valley,
Colombia, but also occurs elsewhere together with the ordinary form. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and
North Peru, occurring only at considerable heights, found up to about 3000 m. — stabilis Rk. & J., very
similar to the usual americus form, always with a broad yellow band, the last spot of the band of the
forewing shorter than in americis, the band on the hindwing beneath sharply defined at the basal side.
Costa Rica to Panama, common at a height of 1000 to 1300 m. — asterius C7. (= asterias /.) is in some
districts very variable, in others pretty constant. The & is much more variable than the 2. We distinguish
three principal forms of the o, which are connected by intermediate stages and occur all three together in
many districts. o-f. asterius Cr. has a macular band which traverses the extremity of the cell of the
hindwing. Specimens with almost pure white spots on the upper surface are ab. semialba Ehrm. The o7-f.
asterius occurs from New England to South Mexico. The second variety is o7-f. curvifascia Skinn. from
Mexico and Guatemala; in this the band of the hindwing is placed outside the cell and is almost uniformly
curved. The most striking form is the o-f. ampliata Mén. (= asterioides Reak.), in which the band is
broken up into small spots, which are often partly absent from the forewing. This black form is common
in West Mexico, but also flies singly in East Mexico, and one specimen has been bred in Colorado. The ?
of asterius is much less variable. A few striking aberrations of both sexes have been named: in ab.
calverleyi Grote the submarginal spots are very strongly enlarged and merged into a broad band; in ab.
alunata Shinn. & Aar. on the contrary the submarginal spots on the hindwing are very small and bluish. —
polyxenes F. (Sa). The 2 resembles the o, the band of the hindwing is on the whole somewhat broader
than in o-f. asterius. Cuba. — brevicauda Saund. (= mediocauda Himer). Sexes similar to one another,
wings broad and short, outer margin of the forewmg somewhat rounded. Inhabits Newfoundland, Anticosti
and the districts adjoining the lower course and the estuary of the St. Lawrence River; June to August;
the larva on parsley and other Umbelliferae near the coast and the river.

P. bairdi Edw. Either similar to P. machaon, but the anal ocellus with black pupil, or similar to
P. polycenes, ov standing between the two in its markings. These three forms, which occur together in
Colorado, are: f. oregonia HKdw. (= brucei Hdw.) (8a), machaon-like, known from Colorado, Oregon,
Washington Territory, West Canada and British Columbia. The second form, which is known from Utah,
Colorado and Arizona, is f. hollandi Ldw.; the abdomen is machaon-like, whilst the wings resemble those
of the following form. In f. bairdi Hdw. (= utahensis Streck.) (8a), which is found in Arizona, Colorado
and Utah, the black abdomen is spotted. The identity of the three forms has been established by breeding.
Such non-seasonal trimorphism in both sexes is rare. The butterfly flies in Colorado together with
P. polyzenes asterius, and in Oregon and further north with P. zelicaon, but the insects are independent of
one another. Whilst the larvae of the allied species feed on Umbelliferae, those of P. dairdi live on a
Composite (Artemisia); the larvae of all these butterflies are very similar to one another.

americus. =~
melasina., 2—

Stabilis.

asterius. -—~
semialba. » —
curvifascia. °

ampliata. | ~~

calverleyi.
alunata.
polyxenes. -~
brevicauda..-—

oregonia.

hollandi.
bairdt.

nitra.

zelicaon.

coloro

indra.

pergamus.

aliaska.

melonius.

oviedo.

autocles.
nealces.

cinyras.

brasiliensis.

thoantiades.

homothoas.

cresphontes.

24 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay.

P. nitra Edw. (8b). Wings shorter than in P. bairdi; very similar to f. bairdi; perhaps only a
northern subspecies. — Known from Montana and West Canada; in the mountains in June and July.
P. zelicaon Luc. (= zolicaon Boisd.) (8b). The yellow discal area behind the 2. median of the

forewing extending close to the cell; underside of the abdomen black, with or without an indication of
yellow lines. — On the west coast a common insect, descending into the lowlands. From Arizona north-
wards to Alaska and eastwards to Colorado. Found up to a height of 3000 m. The larvae on Umbelliferae.
The ab. coloro Wright is founded on an old, dark yellow coloured specimen.

P. indra. Thorax above anteriorly with yellowish lateral stripes. Spots on the wings whitish
yellow, much paler than in the allied species; the size of the spots rather variable. — A western mountain
species, which is difficult to catch; it occurs up to a height of 3500 m, and by preference inhabits rocky
land, where the butterfly suns itself on the rocks. It does not frequent flowers and is a shy, swift flier.
No satisfactory observations of the earlier stages have been made. The larva according to Epwarps lives

on Artemisia. There are two subspecies. — The northern form with short tail is the true indra Reak. (8b);
it occurs in Colorado, Nevada, Utah and northern California. — The form which flies in the mountains near
the coast of South California at 600 —1000 m height is pergamus Edw.; it is distinguished by its

long tail.

P. machaon. This Palaearctic species is represented in America by the subspecies aliaska Scudd.
(= joannisi Verity) (8b). The black band on the hindwing is broader than in the geographically nearest
subspecies kamtschadalus. Aliaska is rather common in July and August in Alaska, at the mouth of the
River Yukon and on other rivers, as well as in the neighbourhood of lakes, probably everywhere in the
lowlands where Umbelliferae grow. The insect is however still rare in European collections. Eastward
aliaska occurs as far as Hudson’s Bay.

Thoas-Group.

The following species of the thoas- group have all a spatulate tail. The larvae bear a saddle-spot before
the middle and a large diffuse sidepatch on the last segments.

P. thoas. The spatulate tail has a yellow spot in the middle. The species occurs from Texas and
the West Indian Islands southwards to Buenos Aires, but is wanting on the Lesser Antilles. It. is every-
where common and flies in the open country, in gardens and plantations. Yhoas is a very bold flier, which
often mounts high in the air.. The larva lives on Piperaceae and Citrus. — melonius f. & J. is the sub-
species from Jamaica: it has no cell-spot on the upper surface of the forewing. The reddish yellow spots
on the under surface of the hindwing are very large. — oviedo Gundl. (= epithoas Oberth.) occurs on
Cuba. The upper surface of the forewing, and especially the under surface, are more extended yellow and
have also a deeper tint than in the other subspecies. — autocles Fk. & J., occurring from Texas to
Nicaragua, has no cell-spot; the yellow areas are pale. — nealces R. ¢ J. is distributed from Nicaragua
to North-West Ecuador and eastward, to Trinidad and the Lower Orinoco. The forewimg has always a
cell-spot: the yellow tint is somewhat deeper than in autocles, but less deep than in the next subspecies;
very common in Bogoti-collections. — thoas L. comes from the Guianas and the Lower Amazon. Deep
yellow; forewing with cell-spot, the first spot near the apex of the wing usually small. — cinyras Men. is
a large form, which inhabits the Middle and Lower Amazon and the eastern slopes of Ecuador, Peru and
Bolivia; the submarginal spots of the forewing are almost always absent. — brasiliensis 2. d: J. (7a),
from Brazil, Paraguay and North Argentina, is often still larger than cinyras; the cell-spot of the forewing
is absent or small, the first spot near the apex of the wing is mostly large and produced into a point. —
thoantiades Burm. occurs in Argentina, especially in the province of Buenos Aires. It is a small form,
usually with narrow, pale yellow band.

P. homothoas Rk. & J. (7c). Tail shorter and more rounded at the tip than in the thoas-forms
from South America; no cell-spot on the forewing. Genitalia quite different from the organs of P. thoas;
instead of the long anal clasper of thoas there is a short fork, the teeth of which are curved right and
left; harpe broad, rounded. Orinoco, Colombia, Marguerita Island off the coast of Venezuela.

P. cresphontes Cr. (7a). Usually considered a slightly different variety of P. thoas. No cell-spot
on the forewing; the fifth discal spot projecting further than the sixth. Claspers of the o separate above,
the anal hook quite short, the lower part of the anal segment likewise quite different from that of P. thoas ;
harpe broad, rounded. A common species in eastern North America, occurring as far as Costa Rica in
the south and southern Canada in the north; but the imsect is a wanderer, which is found only now and
then in the northern districts. In the United States it does not extend westward beyond the Mississippi
plain, except in the Southern States. Its true home is the region adjoining the Gulf of Mexico. It occurs
also on Cuba.

Publ. 30. X. 07. PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. 25

P. paeon. Sexes similar, as in the preceding species. Tail without yellow spot at the tip, the
marginal spot behind the tail large. The larva on Pastinaca sativa and probably other Umbelliferae,
resembling bird-droppings; thorax strongly swollen; in paler specimens the markings, which resemble those
of the fhoas and eresphontes larvae, scarcely visible. The pupa, in which stage the species remains about

three weeks, is of the same shape as in the previous species. — In thrason F/dr., from Colombia and North thrason. :
Venezuela, the marginal spot behind the tail is very long, extending to about the third quarter of the
tail. — paeon Boisd. (7c) is the southern form, in which the marginal spot only extends to the middle of paeon. /

the tail; the black marginal lines on the under surface of the hindwing broad, strongly curved between the
veins. Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia; formerly (perhaps erroneously) recorded from Chile.

P. caiguanabus Poey (= numicus Hopf.) (Sc). A species which has a peculiar appearance owing caiguanabus |

to the absence of the yellow discal bands and the enlargement of the submarginal spots. — Only on Cuba,
rather rare, commoner in the eastern part of the island than in the western.

~ P. aristor Godf. (Sd). From Haiti; the only known specimen (Goparr’s name-type, which was in aristor.
the Paris Museum, seems to have been destroyed) is in the large collection of Mons. Coarntes OsrrrHir;
it was found near Port au Prince. Forewing with two rows of yellow spots; the discal row curved, not
extending to the hindmargin, the outer row complete; hindwing with a row of yellow spots. Underside of
the forewing with a yellow spot in the cell.

P. aristodemus. Wings marked similarly to those of P. thoas; cell of the forewing beneath quite
yellow: tail black above, beneath with a yellow patch in the middle. Cuba, Haiti and Porto Rico; two
subspecies. — temenes Godt. (7c) is the form from Cuba; the yellow discal band is broad and the forewing temenes. ~
has 5—7 submarginal spots. — In aristodemus Hsp. (= daphnis Gray; cresphontinus Kirby), from Haiti and aristodemus
Porto Rico, the discal band on the forewing is narrow and the row of 4 submarginal spots is strongly curved.

P. andraemon. An almost straight yellow band from the apex of the forewing to the middle of
the hindmargin of the hindwing, a transverse area in the cell of the forewing and a short costal band out-
side the cell. Hindwing strongly dentate; tail with spot in the middle. The larva lives upon Citrus and
Ruta; the second and third segments have a pale transverse band and the olive-brown segments 5—7 are
laterally spotted with white, the 10. and 11. segments also bear white spots. — andraemon Hon. (8b), andraemon.
which occurs on Cuba, has no distinct submarginal spots on the upper surface of the forewing. — bonhotei bonhote:.
Sharpe is the form from the Bahamas, with pale markings and distinct submarginal spots on the upper sur-
face of the forewing. — tailori &. & J., from Great Kayman, has no distinct cell-spot on the forewing. tailori.

P. machaonides Hsp. (= lycoraeus Godt.) (9a) takes the place in Haiti of the preceding species, machaonides.
which is wanting there. The discal band of the forewing is interrupted, the posterior part contiguous with
the cell-spot, forming an oblique band. Nothing is known as to the habits of this beautiful insect. The
negro republics of St. Domingo and Haiti are as good as closed against the white collector. —

P. thersites /. (9a) is similar to the well known P. lycophion Hbn. In the o the yellow band thersites, (-——

on the forewing is very broad and the cell-spot very large. In the $ the forewing has a curved yellow

band. — Jamaica. The larva like that of P. lycophron.

P. ornythion Boisd. (7b). Forewing without cell-spot; discal band narrow; forewing beneath with ornythion.
a row of narrow spots between the discal band and the submarginal spots. — Yucatan, West Mexico and
Guatemala.

P. lycophron. Submarginal spots on the hindwing above and beneath large, hindwing beneath
with a row of strongly curved reddish yellow crescents. The ? occurs in two forms in many districts; it
is always unlike the o. The larva, which lives on Citrus, is mottled with brown; the yellow lateral spots
are large. Mexico to Argentina and South Brazil; several subspecies; is said to occur also on St. Lucia. —
In pallas Gray the @ has a discal band broken up into spots; the submarginal spots on the forewing are pallas.\”
distinct. In the 2 the first or the first two submarginal spots are wanting; tail short; hindwing with three

rows of spots. Mexico to Costa Rica. — hippomedon fdr. (= theophron Fidr.). A small form with Aippomedon.
rounded hindwing; submarginal spots on the hindwing small; tail short. 2 not known. Colombia and North
Venezuela. — phanias fk. ¢ J. Similar to the following subspecies; in the o the band on the forewing phanias.

interrupted by broad black veins; submarginal spots of the hindwing above and of the forewing beneath smaller.
£ with strongly dentate hindwing; tail narrow, not spatulate; submarginal spots on the hindwing nearer to
the margin than in the following form. East Ecuador to Bolivia and Goyaz. — lycophron Hdn. (= astyalus lycophron.
Godt., mentor Dalm.) (8d) is the form from Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, the commonest of all. In the
& the veins intersecting the bands of the forewing are narrowly black and the submarginal spots on the
under surface usually very large. The 2 in two forms: ?-f. oebalus Boisd. is grey-yellow posteriorly on oebalus.
the forewing and from the base to the dise on the hindwing; 9-f. pirithous Boisd. (8d) has a black-brown pirithous.
upper surface with a row of yellow submarginal spots.

V 4

7

epidaurus.

androgeus.
piranthus.

laodocus.

canadensis.

‘ turnus.
' glaucus.
fletcheri.

—™ rutulus.

ammont.
—~/ arizonensis.

daunus.

eurymedon.

26 PAPILIO: By Dr. K. Jorpay.

P. androgeus. As in the preceding species the sexes are different and the 2 occurs in many
districts in two forms. Tail narrow, pointed. Hindwing above with narrow bluish submarginal crescents,
beneath with a regular row of reddish yellow crescents between cell and outer margin. Larva on Citrus;
similar to that of P. lycophron; as in that species the pupa has on the upperside of the abdomen two rows
of small tubercles. The butterfly is common in the open country, in gardens and at the edges of woods.
West Indies and Mexico southwards to Paraguay and South Brazil. — epidaurus Godm. & Salv. occurs on
Cuba, Haiti and St. Lucia and also inhabits Central America from Mexico to Panama. co: the yellow area
very broad: 2: forewing with indications of a yellow band outside the cell; the grey-blue scaling on the
hindwing dense. — androgeus Cr. (co = policaon Cr.) (10a). o: the yellow area less pale than in the
following subspecies. 2 in two forms: ?-f. androgeus Cr. (10a) has on the forewing two large yellow
patches, sometimes also a small spot; in the $-f. piranthus Cr. these spots are wanting or are merely
indicated, the metallic scaling of the hindwing is not dense and extends into the cell. From Colombia to
Bolivia, Matto Grosso and Paré. — laodocus /. (10a) inhabits Brazil proper, southwards to Parana. The
yellow area of the o” is pale, the small spots placed before the extremity of the cell are smaller and often
entirely wanting. Only one 2-f. known; this is similar to the 9-f. androgeus of the preceding subspecies,
but the upper yellow spot is smaller than the second.

Glaucus-Group.

The following species of the glawcus-group, with the exception of P. p/lwmnus, have in the hindwing a
broad, strongly asymmetrical cell. The abdomen is striped longitudinally, not spotted. On the forewing the
marginal band is connected with the 5. transverse band by a costal hook-shaped spot, whilst on the tailed hindwing
a band running along the hindmargin forms a large V with the median band. The larva has an eye-spot on each
side of the 3. thoracic segment and on the 4, segment a black transverse dorsal line, which, however, is wanting
in pilumnus. The eggs are laid singly on leaves. The larva spins on the upper side of a leaf a silk cushion on which
it rests. The edges of the leaf are more or less bent together by the threads. —- The species occur in North
America and Mexico, and inhabit the open country.

P. glaucus. The subapical hook-mark of the forewing is yellow in the middle, black at the edges;
hindwing beneath more or less orange proximally to the black postdiscal line. The 2 occurs in two forms,
with the exception of the northern districts. Larva polyphagous, especially frequent on Rosaceae, lime,
birch, ash, etc., in the North one generation, in the Middle States two and in the South three generations.
The butterfly is very common; it visits flowers, and is also fond of feeding on putrid or strongly smelling
substances. The motion up and down is rather swift, and when the insect is frightened and takes to flight,
it hurries away with violent flapping of the wings in an irregular zigzag course. Two geographical forms. —
canadensis i’. ¢ J. is a small form wilh broad black hindmarginal hand on the hindwing; the yellow sub-
marginal spots on the under surface of the forewing form a continuous line. From Newfoundland to Alaska
and onlmenth to New England. — glaucus L. (o’ = turnus L., antilochus L., australis Mayn.). The black
abdominal margin of the hindwing narrower than the interspace between it and the cell; the 3. black band on
the forewing on the whole shorter than in the northern form. The 2 is dimorphic. Intermediate specimens
are rare. The 2 resembling the o is 9-f. turnus LZ. (9b); in the second form the ground-colour is brown-black
and the bands consequently stand out only very faintly: 9-f. glaucus (9a). From southern New England
to Florida and the Mississippi Plain. o’o’ with enlarged irregular black markings are the ab. fletcheri Kemp.

P. rutulus Luc. (9b). Forewing more pointed than in glawcus, the hook-mark much less scaled
with yellow; hindwing without orange spot proximally to the black postdiseal line. Harpe of the o” with
simple dorsal hook and the apex of the harpe dorsally to the apical spime not rounded. ab. ammoni
Behrens is founded upon dark yellow specimens (turned yellow?) from Nevada, and ab. arizonensis Edw.
refers to specimens with broad black bands. — The larva lives upon willow, it is very similar to that of
glaucus, but the thoracic spot is more oblong. The insect is an inhabitant of the west side of the
continent, where it occurs from British Columbia to Arizona and Colorado. It is there fully as common as
glaucus im the east and is chiefly found at the lower levels, although it also occurs in the mountains.

P. daunus Boisd. (= multicaudata Kirby) (9c). An extremely variable species both im the extent
of the black bands and in individual size. Hindwing more strongly dentate than in the preceding species.
The tooth behind the tail nearly always prolonged to a short pointed tail. The hook-mark on the
forewing is always scaled with yellow along the centre, the bands are narrower than in rutulus, the 4.
black band of the forewing is narrower than the apical yellow cell-space. Southern specimens are on the
whole larger than northern ones. — Larva on Rosaceae, very similar to that of g/aucus. The insect occurs
from British Columbia and Alberta southwards to Guatemala; it is a species of the mountainous and prairie-
hike districts, which speeds along in swift, untiring flight, without stopping at flowers.

P. eurymedon Luc. (= lewisi Kirby, arizonensis Wright) (9c). Ground-colour paler than in the
allied forms, the black bands broad; the hook-mark on the forewing not filled up with yellowish white

PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. 27
either above or beneath. Dorsal hook of the harpe of the o’ shorter than in the allied species. Specimens
eceur sometimes in high mountains in which the marginal band of the forewing in the middle is about as
broad as the yellowish white discal area, they are f. mont. albanus /7dr. — Larva on Rhamnus californica:
the 5. and 4. segment above with small ring-spot, the black and yellow transverse dorsal line posteriorly
on the 4. segment rather broad. A common mountain species, distributed from British Columbia to
Colorado. The butterfly visits flowers, especially thistles and mint, and frequently drinks at puddles in
large numbers. Its flight is swift and agile.

P. alexiares. A broad-banded Mexican butterfly. The distal margin of the forewing is straight or
very feebly concave; the hook-mark on the underside centred with yellow and this yellowish scaling
continuous with the grey or yellowish line situated on the black postdiscal band. On the disc of the
hindwing beneath. more or less large orange-coloured patches. Early stages not known. Eastern Mexico;
two subspecies. — garcia R. & J. (9b). Yellowish apical cell-area about as broad as the black band placed
at its distal side. The black marginal band not broader in the middle than the yellow discal band; the
yellow submarginal spots on the under surface of the hindwing narrow, more or less distinctly separated
from one another. Monterey, province of Nuevo Leon. — alexiares Hopf. The yellow parts more or less
dusted over with black, the black bands broader than in garcia, the posterior yellow submarginal spots are
wanting on the upper surface of the forewing, whilst the submarginal spots on the under surface form a
rather broad continuous band. Cuesta de Misantla, in Vera Cruz.

P. pilumnus Boisd. (9c). A less specialised form than the preceding ones. Cell of the hindwing
almost symmetrical, tibiae and tarsi pale greenish. Hindwing above with 2 sharply defined orange spots;
the proximal arm of the large V of the hindwing on the under surface divided longitudinally by a grey
line. — The larva recalls that of froiluws. The insect occurs in the open, high-lying Savannas of Arizona
and Mexico southwards to Guatemala.

The two following species, froilus and palamedes, like the preceding forms, are Nearctic and form
the transition to the mimetic anchisiades-group, which they approach rather closely in the early stages
and in structure.

P. troilus. Black; thorax and abdomen with small yellowish spots; both wings with a row of sub-
marginal spots, those on the forewing smaller in the ? than in the o7; hindwing with bluish grey-green
discal area. On the under surface the hindwing has a discal and a submarginal row of orange-coloured
spots and distally to the discal row large metallic blue spots. The larva has a large eye-spot on each side
of the 3. thoracic segment and large blind spots on the 4. ‘Tt lives on the upper side of a leaf in a tube
which is formed by the edge of the leaf being so strongly bent over to the middle rib that it comes to lie
close against the upper surface. It is mostly found on sassafras and benzoin, Lauraceae, but also lives on
other plants, as Magnolia, Prunus, Pirus, ete. Hibernates as pupa. Two broods. The butterfly usually
hovers only a few feet above the ground, flying nimbly in quest of the flowers on which it feeds. Canada
to Florida and Texas. — In troilus L. (= ilioneus Abb. & Smith) (8c) the submarginal spots on the under-
side of the hindwing are bluish grey-green. Canada to Georgia and Texas, westward as far as the foot of
the Rocky Mountains. In ab. radiatus Streck. the submarginal spots of the hindwing on the upperside are
enlarged to longitudinal stripes. Specimens also occur in which the submarginal spots of both wings extend
to the outer margin. — texanus ELhrm. has on both wings larger submarginal spots than the preceding sub-
species; many specimens have a pale subbasal band on the under surface. Florida; Texas (?).

P. palamedes. Antenna brown; tibiaé and tarsi green; abdomen striped with yellow. Markings
on the underside of the wings pale yellow: 2 rows of spots on the forewing besides the marginal spots, the
discal row doubled towards the costa; on the hindwing a discal band and a row of islormoenes inl spots, and
in addition, especially.in the 2, blue spots are present outside the discal band. On the under surface the
hindwing has a narrew subbasal band and the discal band is dentate and more or less orange like the sub-
marginal spots. The larva is very similar to that of troilus and has the same habits. On Magnolia. The
butterfly is common in Florida in the spring. Distributed from Virginia southwards as far as North-East

Mexico. The ? is more brownish black than the o’. — palamedes Drury (= chaleas fF’, chalcus F., flavo-
maculatus Goeze). The discal spots of the forewing are large, the cell has nearly always a spot. Virginia
to South Florida and Texas, yet also found even in Nebraska. — leontis FR. & J. (8c). A small form with

reduced discal spots: forewing without cell-spot on the upperside or with only a very narrow streak.
Monterey, province of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. (On pl. 8 the name is erroneously printed /eontia.)

Anchisiades-Group.

In the species of the wchisiades-group the pronotum and thorax are at least partly spotted with red or
yellow-red. The abdomen is black and has no light markings except a basal lateral spot and streak. The cell of
the forewing beneath is not streaked with yellow and the hindwing has no blue spots. The larvae, so far as is

albanus.

garcia.

alexiares.

pilumnus,.

troilus.
radiatus.

texanus.

palamedes,

leontis.

hyppason.
ptilton.

amosis.
paraensis.

pelaus.

imerius.

oxynius.

epenetus.

chiansiades.

pharnaces.

erostratus.

rogeri.

idaeus.

anchisiades.

28 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay.

known, are marmorated; the light colour forms before the middle, especially laterally, ‘a large irregular spot; on
each side a subdorsal row of tubercles. The larvae are shiny and superficially resemble those of Tenthredinidae;
they rest in larger numbers on leaves or the trunk and are mostly found on Citrus. Pupa resembling a short
broken-off twig; the thoracic horn not long.

P. hyppason Cr. (= hippason Fsp.) (10b, c). Tailless. Pronotum spotted with red. Hindwing
beneath with red basal spot behind the cell. Subcostal of the hindwing much more proximal than the
2. median. Sexes different from one another, each variable in itself. o-f. hyppason Cr. (— hippasonides
Grose-Smith) has a broad band on the forewing, mostly abbreviated. In o-f. ptilion Rk. & J. the band of
the forewing is narrow and placed farther from the cell. The 2 occurs likewise in 2 principal forms: 9-f.
amosis Cr. has a black forewing, on which scarcely a trace of white discal spots is visible. In ?-f.
paraensis Bates, on the contrary, the forewing has one or several white or yellowish white spots. These
forms occur together, though not everywhere. — The Guianas to Para, the Amazon upwards to Peru and
southwards to South-East Bolivia; not known from Brazil proper, Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia. The
butterfly is found at the edges of swampy woods and has a swift flight.

P. pelaus. With spatulate tail. Sexes similar, but the markings in the 2? somewhat enlarged and
on the hindwing more numerous than in the o7. Black, forewing with oblique white band from the costa
to the anal angle; hindwing with complete (?) or incomplete (o) row of pale red submarginal spots;
beneath there are usually also small discal spots present, which sometimes in the 2 also occur above. West
Indies. — pelaus F. (= ornofagus Weidem., peleus Gmel.) (7b) has a proportionately broad white band on
the forewing, which above, at least in the 2, also enters the extremity of the cell. Jamaica and Cuba;
perhaps the specimens from Porto Rico also belong here. — In imerius (Godt. (= augias Mén.) the band
of the forewing is narrower anteriorly, on the other hand its last spot is on the whole broader than in the
preceding form, and the spots on the hindwing are smaller. Haiti.

P. oxynius Hin. (— augustus Boisd.) (10b). Similar to pelaus, but the band of the forewing only
indicated; the marginal spots of both wings large. — Only known from Cuba. Larva on Xanthoxylum,
gregarious by day, resting on the trunk and branches.

P. epenetus Hew. (10h). Tailless; the 2 paler than the &; forewing without spots except at the
margin; hindwing with large yellowish white marginal spots and in the 2 usually also some small discal
spots. — From Western Ecuador, not known from the east side of the Andes. Hannsca found the larvae
in June in large numbers on Citrus.

P. chiansiades Westw. (= chinsiades Kirby) (10d). On the upper surface of the forewing before
the hindmargin a large yellowish white spot; on the hindwing posteriorly some red discal and submarginal
spots, the spots of the two rows separated from one another; the tooth of the 3. radial prolonged into a
short pointed tail. The 2 and the earlier stages not known. — Eastern slopes of the Andes of Ecuador
and Peru, likewise on the Upper Amazon.

P. pharnaces Dowb/. (= phanostratus Godm. & Salv., polycharmus did.) (10c). More or less distinetly
tailed, hindwing with two separated rows of red spots, the proximal spots in the o often very small. —
Mexico, distributed from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

P. erostratus Westw. (— herostratus Fldr., 2 — rhetus Gray) (10c). Like the preceding species,
but in the o& the spots on the upper surface of the hindwing yellowish white. In the ¢ the spots red also
above, larger than in the 2 of pharnaces, the marginal spots of both wings also somewhat larger than in
the foregoing species. Tail long and narrow. — Guerrero in West Mexico (where pharnaces also occurs),
Guatemala and British Honduras. Commonest in hilly country at a height of about 5000 ft.

P. rogeri Boisd. Forewing lighter in colour from the apex of the cell outwards, the dark basal
area rounded distally; hindwing with suggestion of a small tail; some red spots on the disc, in two separate
rows, in the © the proximal spots very small, usually only indicated; in the 2 all the spots larger than in
the o. — Larva not known. Yucatan and British Honduras.

P. anchisiades. A widely distributed variable species. Hindwing posteriorly somewhat prolonged,
therefore more or less triangular; the tail is wanting or is only somewhat longer than the other marginal
teeth, yet in the 2 sometimes as long and pointed as in the following species. The red spots of both the
rows of the hindwing on the underside partly contiguous, or at least two pairs placed quite close together.
Larva on Citrus, often resting together in hundreds on the stems. A very common insect, which is fond

of drinkmg- at moist places on the banks of rivers; not a forest species. — idaeus F. (= pandion F/dr.,
pandonius Sfgr.). Forewing usually with a distinct white spot at the end of the cell above and beneath or
only beneath. Central America, from Mexico to Panama. — anchisiades Esp. (= anchises LZ. partim,

theramenes F/dr,, pompeius Kirby) (10d). Very variable. Forewing with two white spots posteriorly of

PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. 29

the 1. median vein, either on both sides or only beneath, on the underside also a spot betore the {. median,
rarely present above, and sometimes one before the 3. radial. In other specimens the white spots are
wanting above: the forewing is dark from the base to the apex of the cell and then paler, and has a row

of white spots beneath. From Colombia to Para and Bolivia. — capys Hbn. (= evander Godt.) (10¢). capys.
Forewing without white spots on the upperside; the disc paler, the dark proximal area rounded; on the
underside a row of white spots, one of which is placed in the cell. Hast Bolivia, North Argentina, Paraguay

and Brazil.

P. isidorus. Forewing on the under surface either without white cell-spot, or the spot small, not
extending transversely across the cell. Hindwing posteriorly shorter than in anchisiades, the tail short,
narrow: the last submarginal spot more distal than the large spot placed before it. The harpe of the 7
not dentate. Larva not known. Panama to Bolivia; a species of the Andes. — chironis hk. & J. Fore- chironis.
wing above with 2 white spots between the 2. radial and 2. median and a small cell-spot; the spots beneath
much larger, the spot between the 3. radial and 1. median the largest. Chiriqui. — brises f. & J. Fore- brises. v
wing above without spots, beneath with 2 or 3 spots, but without cell-spot. In Bogotd-collections, probably
from the Magdalena and Cauca Valleys. — flavescens Oberth. The white spots on the underside of the flavescens. /
forewing reduced. The spot placed between the 2. and 3. radial of the hindwing usually white above or y
beneath or on both sides. East side of the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador and North Peru. — isidorus Douwbl. isidorus. ~
(10d). The white patch on the under surface of the forewing usually enters the cell and is often also
indicated above; the red spots of the hindwing on the whole larger than in red-spotted specimens of
favescens, the two spots placed between the 2. radial and 2. median separated also on the upper surface.
Eastern slopes of the Andes of Bolivia and Peru, northwards to Huanuco.

P. rhodostictus. Differs from isidoruws chiefly in that the white cell-spot of the forewing at least
beneath extends across the cell, the spots on the upper surface of the hindwing are merged in pairs
into 3 or more rarely 2 large patches, and the harpe of the & is almost symmetrical. Costa Rica to
Ecuador. Larva not known. — rhodostictus Bélr. & Druce (10d), from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, has a rhodostictus.
narrow cell-spot and the discal spot placed before the 3. radial is the largest or the most clearly developed. —
pacificus /’?. @ J. The discal spot between the 3. radial and 1. median is larger than the preceding one; pacificus.
cell-spot large. West Colombia and West Ecuador. — nymphius &. & J. Forewing on the upper surface zymphius. —
without cell-spot, the spot between the 3. radial and 1. median on the under surface larger than the
preceding spot. Central and East Colombia, not rare in Bogota-collections. The spots on the hindwing are
sometimes whitish.

y,

Torquatus-Group.

In the species of the forquatus-group the palpus is yellow; the thorax is likewise yellow or at least spotted
with yellow and the abdomen has at least a yellow lateral line. Both sexes are tailed, but the tail in the @ is
sometimes short and pointed. In colour the oo’ and 99 are always different; on the whole the 92 are more black,
the oo more yellow. The larvae are similar in colour to bird-droppings and bear 4 rows of rather long tubercles.
The thoracic hump of the pupa is large.

P. himeros. Both wings with yellow band, which is broader in the o than in the 2; tail with
yellow apical spot; submarginal spots of the hindwing in the & yellow, in the 2 red except the 2 anterior .
ones. Brazil; a rather rare species. — baia ft. d& J. The yellow markings reduced or narrowed. Bahia. — baia.
himeros //opff. (= mentor Boisd., herodotus Oberth.). The yellow band on the forewing is contiguous to himeros.
the cell and is broader than the black marginal area. Minas Geraés; Rio de Janeiro.

P. lamarchei Sir. (11a). Only the & know. The yellow band narrower than in himeros, forewing lamarcei.
without yellow spot distally of the anterior angle of the cell; hindwing very strongly dentate, tail without
yellow spot at the tip. Harpe short and rounded, whilst in himeros it is long and pointed. — In Northern
Argentina and Bolivia, not rare.

P. hectorides Hsp. (= torquatinus Msp., pandrosus Godt., chirodamas Hon.) (11a). In the & the
band is still narrower than in /amarchei. Hindwing with red spots on the disc. In the 2 the band is absent
or is white: on the forewing it is curved anteriorly towards the costa and on the hindwing does not extend
to the abdominal margin; the submarginal spots of the hindwing are red and narrow. The 2 occurs in
three principal forms: 2-f. hectorides Esp. (= mecentius Douwb/., argentus Gray) (11a) has a white band on hectorides.
both wings: in ¢f. catamelas hk. ¢& J. the band is developed on the hindwing, but on the forewing merely catamelas.
indicated; in 2-f. melania Oberth. it is slightly indicated on both wings or entirely absent. These forms melania.
occur together. — Larva on Citrus and Piperaceae, resting gregariously on the upperside of leaves. The
butterfly is common. It is a swift flier, which is found especially at the edges of woods and in the neigh-
bourhood of thickets. Brazil and Paraguay.

garleppt.
interruptus.

torquatus.

tolus.

et

~ tolmides.

) orchamus.

| leptalea.

V/ torquatus.

theras.
caudius.
patros.
flavida.
cleolas.

polybius.

tasso.

peleides.

30 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay.

A

P. garleppi. o similar to torquatus, but the yellow band broader and the marginal tooth of the
1. median of the hindwing longer; 2 or 3 small spots composed of yellowish and bluish scales placed before
the red anal spot of the hindwing; on the underside the posterior discal spot placed at the 2. median is
very small and bluish. The anal tergite is long and slender; harpe produced into a long point and
furnished with a long poimted process at the ventral margin. The @ is not known. East Bolivia, East
Peru and the Upper Amazon are the home of the insect. Two subspecies. — garleppi Sfgr. Band of
the forewing not imterrupted. Bolivia. — interruptus ,Stgr. Band of the forewing interrupted. Upper
Amazon and East Peru. Mt 44 )

P. torquatus. o7: the band of the forewing is interrupted between the 2. and 3. radial, rarely
there is a yellow spot almost filling up the gap; on the under surface of the hindwing a row of red discal
spots, of which the last is placed proximally to the last submarginal spot. The 2 very different from the o’,
resembling certain Aristolochia-Papilios which occur together with it; wings brown-black, with or without
white patches on the forewing; hindwing above with two rows of red spots, the proximal row incomplete,
some of the spots merged together in pairs into 2 or 3 large patches. The anal tergite of the o spatulate;
the harpe broad, denticulate. Larva shiny, as if polished (which is also the case in all the allied species),
mottled with light colour, with irregular pale patch before the middle; the colour of bird-droppings. The
butterfly is found in forests and in their neighbourhood; the 2 is a true woodland species, like the
Aristolochia-Papilios whose dress it wears, whilst the o’o’ disport themselves more in open, sunny localities.
Mexico to Brazil, not known from the temperate part of South America (South Brazil, Argentina). — tolus
Godin, & Salv. %: band of the forewing narrow, the anterior spot long, the 2. short. 2: forewing without
white discal spofs; hindwing with 2 separated rows of red spots. Tail in both sexes long and spatulate.

Mexico, apparently rare. — tolmides Godm. & Salv. ©: band broader than in folws, tail narrower, no spots,
or only very small ones, before the upper angle of the cell of the forewing. 2 not known. Chiriqui and
Sevilla Island; likewise rare in collections. — orchamus Boisd. o7: the spots before the upper angle of

the cell of the forewing small, the first long spot of the yellow band as long as the 2., or somewhat longer,
the submarginal spots of the hindwing usually very distinct. 2 with a white spot placed across the cell of
the forewing and another spot before the 1. median, as well as usually also a spot before the 3. radial and
an indistinct spot behind the 1. median: 4—6 large red spots on the hindwing, cell with spot, tail short,
non-spatulate. Colombia; North Venezuela. — leptalea Rh. ¢& J. 7: yellow band of the forewing narrower
than the black marginal area, narrower than in all the other forms of this species; the spots before the
apex of the cell small; the submarginal spots of the hindwing distinct, the apex of the cell on the under
surface black as far as the base of the 1. median; tail spatulate. 2 similar to that of orchamus, the white
spot between the 2. and 3. spot of the forewing and the cell-spot smaller. West Ecuador. — torquatus Cr.
(= pelaus #) (lib). o%: the spots before the apex of the cell of the forewing mostly larger than in the
other forms, the two subapical spots of the band broad, the 1. shorter than the 2., the band at least half
as broad again as the black submarginal area; the submarginal spots of the hindwing usually strongly
darkened by black scaling. The 2 very variable; the tail always slender, commonly short; 5 principal
forms: 9-f. theras R. & J., forewing with cell-spot, which however does not extend across the cell, and one
or more spots on the disc; 2-f. caudius Hbn. has no cell-spot, but several discal spots, of which the one
placed between the 1. and 2. median is the largest; 2-f. patros Gray (11b) has no white spots on the
forewing, the patches on the hindwing are red; 2-f. flavida Oberth. (= flava Haase) resembles patos, but
the patches on the hindwing are yellow-white; 9-f. cleolas &. & J. has no spots on the forewing, but on
its under surface a yellowish white submarginal band. These different forms of the 2 occur only partly
together, the first 4 are known from the Upper Amazon, but the 5. form, which we have from Bolivia,
may also be found there. East and South Venezuela, the Guianas, the Amazons and the eastern slopes of
the Andes of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. — polybius Swains. (2 = tros Hbn., trojanus Boisd.) (11b) inhabits
Brazil, Matto Grosso and Paraguay. In the ~ the spots before the apex of the cell of the forewing are
small and the submarginal spots on the underside rather large; on the hindwing beneath the cell is entirely
or almost entirely yellow; the tail broad. The 2 occurs only in one form: forewing with spot in the cell
and a large patch between the 1. and 2. median: tail spatulate, with rounded tip.

P. tasso Sgr. (La). o: band of the forewing abbreviated, the subapical part wanting. ¢ with
broad white band, which begins on the forewing at the 3. radial and extends to the hindmargin of the
hindwing; the cell of the forewing beneath with a few yellow streaks; the tail non-spatulate. — Only a
few old specimens known, which probably came from Brazil.

P. peleides Hsp. Perhaps an artefact; only known from Jasnonsky’s figure; is it perhaps a West
Indian representative of torquatus not rediscovered? co’: forewing with a yellow macular band of almost
uniform breadth, curved forward to the costa; hindwing with yellow submarginal spots, the last of the row
red, as well as one placed proximally to it at the hmdmargin; tail spatulate.

PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay. 31

Zagreus-Group.

The remaining Fluted-Papilios are powerfully built insects with strong neuration in the forewing. The
frons is either quite black or bears a yellow mesial line, never a yellow lateral streak along the eye. In the
mimetic eugrews-group the antennae are long, yellow, with thin club; the frons has a yellow mesial stripe, the
breast is diagonally streaked with yellow, the abdomen is for the most part yellow, the costal margin of the fore-
wing is not dentate, the cell of the forewing is broad and the hindwing is rounded, without a tail. The species
resemble T/thorea species, but are much more powerfully built. The earlier stages are unknown. The 9? are very
rare in collections; they are similar to the o’o.

P. zagreus Doub/. ({1c). The spots of the forewing orange, the marginal ones yellow; hindwing
orange, a marginal band enclosing a yellow submarginal spot, a basal subcostal area, a patch in the
extremity of the cell, as well as several spots on the disc, black. — Venezuela and Colombia, southwards
to Bolivia, descending on the Amazon as far as Ega; varying individually, but not distinctly geographically.

P. ascolius. Hindwing without black spots in the cell and on the disc. Chiriqui to West Ecuador,
occurring in Colombia together with the preceding species. Geographically and individually variable. —
zalates Godm. & Sulv. is the most northern form. The cell area of the forewing is dusted with black, the
subapical cell-spot is narrow, the discal spots are short, the marginal area of the hindwing narrower than
m the other forms and the hindwing beneath deeper orange. Republic of Panama, found in various locali-
ties. — daguanus Rk. d& J. The cell-spot of the forewing as in zalates, the discal spots on the contrary as
in ascolius, the discal spot between the {. and 2. radial much shorter than the one placed behind it; hind-
wing pale, much less orange than in ascolivs, the black basal streak broad, entering the cell, behind this
streak a large black spot on the disc. West Colombia, at the Rio Dagua. — ascolius Fldr. (11c). The
basal area of the cell of the forewing always pure pale yellow, between the 3. radial and 1. median two
spots touching the cell: cell of the hindwing and the adjoining parts of the disc orange. Magdalena Valley
and Cordillera of Bogota. — rosenbergi Dr uce. The subapical cell-spot of the fonarnitas large, the discal
spot between the {. and 2. radial usually small, sometimes absent, rarely large, the following discal spots
on the whole larger than in the preceding forms, whilst the posterior submarginal spots are smaller; the
hindwing mostly very pale, yet sometimes more orange than the palest specimens of ascoliws. West Ecuador,
found by RosenserG at a height of 1000 to 3500 ft.

P. bachus. The orange area of the hindwing of the preceding species is here only represented by
a narrow variable band; however, the veins are often more or less yellowish on the underside. The 2 is
not known. Colombia to Bolivia. Two subspecies. — bachus Md. (11¢c). The yellow spots of the fore-
wing above and beneath quite pale, only the proximal cell-spot and the posterior discal spots somewhat
orange. Colombia: found by Dr. Biircrr at the beginning of the rainy season in the Cordillera of Bogota;

rare in collections. — chrysomelus f. ¢ J. The forewing orange above and beneath from the base to the
dise, at the costal margin more or less pale yellow. Peru and Bolivia, moe rare. From Ecuador no specimen
of bachus has become known to us. — OB US 1 BUjl. Hep . CU BDO,

Scamander-Group.

P. hellanichus, scamander, birchalli and ranthopleura belong to the scamander- group. The frons is black
and the otherwise . black palpus has a white dot. The costal margin of the forewing is feebly dentate, especially
near the base, but the dentition only becomes distinct if the margin is denuded. Only the larva of scamander is
known; when full- -grown it is black- brown beneath, green elsewhere, and bears a transverse band before and behind
on the 3. thoracic segment, as well as two diagonal “bands on the abdomen, which are usually united on the back,
forming an X-shaped mark. The young larva on the contrary is brown and has on the middle segment and on
each of the posterior ones a large grey patch, The pupa is green or brown-grey; it is fastened low down on the
stem, usually close to the ground. On Magnolia, Canella and Citrus.

P. hellanichus Hew. (11d). The yellow spots on the upper surface of the wings are large. The
imsect reminds one superficially of machaon, with which, however, it is not closely allied. The markings of
the under surface as well as the structure prove that hellanichus is the southern representative of scamander.
The cell has also on the upper surface a yellow spot, which on the forewing is sometimes very small, on
the hindwing always large. The spots of the discal band have almost all reddish tips. 2 quite similar to
the &. — Uruguay and the adjoining parts of Argentina and Brazil, especially in the neighbourhood of the
river and on the islands in the estuary of the La Plata.

P. scamander. Cell of the forewing without spot, that of the hindwing sometimes with a small

zagreus.

zalates.

daguanus.

ascolius. “~

rosenbergi.

bachus.

chrysomelus.

hellanichus.

spot; a pale yellow curved discal band, broken up into spots, on both wings. o and ? very similar. Larvae °

and pupae described above. Brazil, common in hilly country, though not everywhere. Three geographical
forms, which completely intergrade. — grayi Boisd. The Submarginal macular band of the forewing evenly
curved, the discal band broadest posteriorly; the red discal spots on the under surface of the hindwing

>

separated from the discal band. Bahia to Parané. — eurymander Hopf. The first 2 or 3 submarginal eurymander.

grayi.

ey

eae

4

/
V

scamander.

godmani.
birchalli.

: xantho-

pleura.

diaphora.

morelius.
victorinus.

amphissus.
vulneratus.

cephalus.

ardhytas.
panthias.
phaeton.

clearchus.

a

32 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan.

spots of the forewing more proximal than the other spots of this row, the submarginal spots of the hind-
wing partly pale yellow: the basal area of the hindwing beneath pale, often partly yellowish, the red discal
spots small or absent. Santa Catarina and the adjoining districts of Rio Grande do Sul. — scamander
Boisd. (11d). Diseal band of the upper surface more yellow; under surface of the hindwing pale yellow,
with black veins and without red discal spots. Abdomen laterally pale yellow. Rio Grande do Sul.

P. birchalli. o7: body black, claspers usually with pale yellow spot. Forewing above with 2 rows
of spots before the margin; the anterior spots of the proximal row more or less indistinct; hindwmg with
broad discal band and a row of submarginal spots; the markings for the most part greenish; tooth of the
3. radial only a little more projecting than the other marginal teeth. Beneath the forewing has a cell-spot,
an oblique row of discal spots and a row of submarginal spots abbreviated anteriorly; on the hindwing is
a discal and a submarginal row of red spots, the middle discal spots small, the last one large and yellowish
white. In the 2 the markings of the upperside are more bluish and the discal band of the hindwing is
very broad. Panama and Colombia; according to Druce it occurs also in North Argentina, which appears to
us doubtful. — godmani &. ¢ J. The last spots of the discal band of the hindwing above indistinet and
the band broader in the middle than the black marginal area. Panama: Chiriqui and Bugaba. — birchalli
Hew. (11d). The discal band of the hindwing above narrower than in godmani and its two last spots
distinct. Colombia: Magdalena and Cauca Valleys.

P. xanthopleura Godm. & Salv. (12c). Sides of the abdomen yellow; under surface of the hindwing
without discal band, the red submarginal spots large. The 2 in two forms: 9-f. xanthopleura is similar to
the o7, whilst °-f. diaphora Stgr. has a large pale yellow area on the upperside of the forewing. —
Upper Amazon.

Homerus-Group.

All the following Fluted-Papilios are distinguished by a strongly dentate costal margin of the forewing in
the o’, which is weaker in the ¢. The black abdomen is never spotted, but the underside of it m some forms is
yellowish olive-brown. The antennae are short and the frons is broad. Like the preceding species they are forest
insects, which occur in the mountains, especially at medium heights.

P. victorinus. A Central American species, occurring from Mexico to Costa Rica. o7: two rows
of pale yellow spots on the upper surface between two rows of bluish grey spots, which are distinct
especially on the hindwing. Hindwing beneath with a row of red, black-edged discal spots and a row of
crescent-shaped submarginal spots: tooth of the 3. radial only very little prolonged. Larva.green above,
grey beneath, anteriorly with two transverse grey, spotted, dorsal bands; abdomen laterally grey, dorsally
with two angle-shaped spots. Two broods. — morelius f. d& J. Discal spots of the forewing small or
absent, no cell-spot on the underside. West Mexico. — victorinus Doubl. (11d). o7: discal row of the
forewing consisting of at least 3 spots; usually a row of bluish grey postdiscal spots present; discal spots
of the under surface of the hindwing larger than the submarginal spots. The 2 in two forms: 2-f. victorinus
Doubl. (= helleri 7dr.) is similar to the o7, but the spots of the upper surface, especially of the hindwing,
are mostly larger; in 2-f. amphissus Hop/f. the hindwing has a bluish or greenish discal band, much
broadened posteriorly. East Mexico to Nicaragua. — vulneratus Bt/r. The discal spots of the upper
surface of both wings larger than in the two preceding subspecies; hindwing without bluish spots distally
to the discal row. Costa Rica, only one o& known (in coll. F. Ducanr Gopmay).

P. cephalus Godm. &@ Salv. o: tailed, two rows of spots on the upperside of the forewing, the
submarginal row uniformly curved. Underside of the hindwing with bluish crescents distally to the discal
spots. — Chiriqui, one o in coll. Staupincer; perhaps only a tailed specimen of P. cleotas archytas (the
genitalia should be compared!).

P. cleotas. Forewing above with a submarginal row of spots, curving in front towards the costa, and
an oblique discal row of larger patches posterior to the lower angle of the cell; hindwing with discal band
and submarginal spots. Under surface of the hindwing with a row of red discal spots, which are proximally
more or less yellow, the last spot always pale yellow. The 2 in two forms, one similar to the o, the other
with broad bluish or greenish band, diffuse proximally. Distributed from Costa Rica to South Brazil, but
not known from Bolivia to Ecuador, nor from the Guianas, the Orinoco or the Amazon, being replaced in
these districts by P. aristews. — archytas Hop/ff. (o° = laetitia Bilr.). o: the cell-spot and the middle
discal spots of the forewing smaller than in the next form. In the dimorphic 2, ?-f. archytas Hopff.
is similar to the o, whilst 2-f. panthias Rk. & J. has bluish or greenish markings on the upperside.
Costa Rica; Panama; Brava Island on the west coast of Panama. — phaeton Lucas (= phaéton
Doubl.) (13a) mbabits Colombia. o7: the markings on the upper surface very variable. The cell-
spot of the forewing usually more oblique than in archytas, sometimes absent (ab. clearchus //dr.),
and the anterior submarginal spots larger than the posterior ones; tail distinct; harpe dentate at
the dorsal margin, with a strong apical hook curved inwards, the dorsal prong of the fork short.

Publ. 30. XII. 07. PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. 33

The 2-f. phaeton Zuec. is similar to the co”. The second form, 2-f. syndemis nov., has a broad bluish band
on the hindwing; the discal spots of the upper surface of the forewing are bluish, the middle ones only
indicated, those of the under surface are only represented by a few indistinct little spots; hindwing above
with distally convex bluish crescents outside of the discal band; discal band of the underside reduced, con-
sisting of small, black-edged red spots; tail long; one specimen, from Bogota, in the Tring Museum. —
coroebus Fidr. o: the cell-spot of the upper surface of the forewing is absent, or it is more or less distinct
but diffuse (ab. philocleon F/dr.); the discal spot between the 3. radial and 1. median usually more proximal
than in phaeton, the submarginal spots smaller; on the hindwing the discal band broken up into spots; the
3. and 4. spots reduced; the dentition of the harpe more regular and the dorsal process longer than in
phaeton. The form of the 2 similar to the ois 2-f. dione &. d J.; in the second form, the ?-f. coroebus Fldr.,
the markings of the upperside are bluish and the discal band on the upperside of the hindwing is strongly
widened posteriorly, also the discal spots of the hindwing beneath are reduced. East side of the Cordillera
of Bogota; Northern Venezuela. — cleotas Gray (= lycortas Fidr.). 07: discal band of the upper surface
of the forewing more oblique than in the other subspecies; a row of nebulous bluish grey spots between
the cell and the submarginal spots: harpe terminating in a two-pronged fork, whose prongs are straight and
approximately of equal length. In the 2 the middle vaginal lobe is short, the side one narrow and pointed.
The two colour varieties are: 2-f. cleotas Gray, similar to the o’, and 2-f. adaea f&. ¢ /., in which both wings
above haye a discal and a postdiscal row of bluish patches. Brazil, from the province of Rio de Janeiro
(Petropolis) to Rio Grande do Sul; according to Boisduval also in Uruguay, but the statement appears to us doubtful.

P. aristeus. Cell-spot of the forewing very large, the discal spot between the 3. radial and 2. median
very long, forming with the cell-spot a large pale yellow area. The 2 resembles the o’, or the markings
of the upperside are bluish and the discal band of the hindwing is broad; both forms on the underside
with large, more or less distinct pale yellow cell-patch. South America and Panama. — aristeus Cr. (oo =
bari Olerth.). ©: the cell-spot of the forewing rhombiform, the discal spot placed before the 1. radial long,
the next extending almost to the submarginal row, the third small and indistinct; discal band of the hind-
wing above only distinct posteriorly. Only one form of the 2 known (Cramer’s figure): forewing with long,
indistinct grey-blue longitudinal streaks and hindwing with very broad bluish band. French and Dutch
Guiana: one & in coll. Coarntes Oserruiir. — ctesiades &. ¢& J. Cell-patch of the forewing longish, nearly
reaching to the base, two large, long discal spots, as well as a long triangular spot behind the 2. median
and the cell; discal spots of the upper surface of the hindwing small, red. Upper Amazon. — desmias hk. & J.
Cell-spot shorter and narrower than in ctesiades, a small spot in the apex of the cell, a second distally to
it, two large discal spots and behind the base of the 2. median a spot which is smaller than in ctesiudes;
hindwing as in Jitias. Province of Sao Paulo, Brazil; one o in coll. F. Ducann Gopmayn. — bitias Govit.
(= eurotas Fidr.; ctesias Fidr.; lacordairei Borre) (13a). o7: cell-spot of the forewing more transverse than
in the preceding subspecies: discal band of the hindwing never complete, only indicated, or interrupted in
the middle. 2 dichromatic: 2-f. bitias Godt. resembles the o7; 2-1. therapes &. ¢& J. is similar-to the ?-f.
aristeus, but the bluish streaks of the forewing are shorter and the band of the hindwing is narrower, also
the cell-spot of the under surface of the forewing is partly pale yellow. Common on the east side of the
Andes of Ecuador and Peru; upper course of the Rio Negro; Bogota and Chiriqui; the last two localities
appear to us doubtful. — vilcanotus &. & J. Cell-spot of the hindwing and costal spot of the hindwing
brownish yellow. Vilcanota, South Peru. — coelebs &. & J. Cell-spot of the forewing narrow, transverse,
the discal spot between the 1. and 2. median narrow, triangular, not reaching -to the cell, the submarginal
spots large, indistinct grey-blue spots between them and the cell; hindwing with broad pale yellow discal
band, submarginal spots large, pale yellow. On the underside the cell-spot of the forewing smaller than in
bitias and lenaeus. North-west Peru and Northern Central Peru (Tambillo, Chachapoyas), as well as South-
west Ecuador. — lenaeus Doub/. Cell-spot of the forewing transverse, not so oblique as in bitias, a discal
spot before the 3. radial, the discal spot behind the 1. median proximally narrowed and abbreviated; discal
band of the hindwing complete, or narrowly interrupted. Rather common in South-East Peru and East
Bolivia, the 2 not known or at least not described.

P. judicaél Oberth. (13h). co: cell-spot of the forewing narrow, transverse and like the 4 discal
spots brown-yellow; hindwing strongly dentate, tailed. Cell-spot. of the under surface of the forewing large,
brown-yellow, the submarginal spots small; discal band of the hindwing dirty white, orange-red distally. —
Only one @ in coll. Oserruiir, from Huambas, Amazonas, North Peru.

P. garamas. &: both wings on the upperside with a pale yellow discal band and a row of sub-
marginal spots; margin of the hindwing strongly dentate, with spatulate tail; discal band of the underside
of the hindwing brownish orange distally. The ¢ similar to the o’, or the yellow discal band is absent and
the hindwing has very strongly curved, more or less reddish, discal crescents. Central America. — ab-
derus Hopff. (12b). #: forewing with 4 submarginal spots, often with indication of a fifth, the discal band
of the hindwing enters the cell, the submarginal spots are absent; the orange-red teeth of the discal band
of the hindwing beneath of equal breadth on both sides of the veins, shorter than in the following sub-

Vv 5

syndemis.

coroebus.
philocleon.

dione.

cleotas.

adaea. (7

aristeus.

ctesiades. iy

asmias. s/
bitias.

therapes.

vilcanotus.
coelebs.

enaeus.

Judicaél.

abderus.

amerias.

garamas.

amisa.

baroni.

Y electryon.

syedra.

homerus.

Jelskit.

mercedes.

warscewiczi.

cacicus.
zaddadit.

34 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan.

species. One form of the similar to the o. but the submarginal spots of the upper surface of the hind-
wing often indicated and the teeth of the discal band reddish-yellow also above: ?-f. abderus Hopff.; in
the second form, ?-f. amerias fk. & J. (12b), the forewing has besides the submarginal spots a row of
brown-grey nebulous discal spots, the red crescents of the hindwing very large. Vera Cruz in East
Mexico. — garamas Hbn. (” = asclepius Hén.; cincinnatus Boisd.; concinnatus Gray). o: submarginal
spots of the upper surface of the hindwing distinct; the yellow-red teeth of the discal band of the hind-
wing beneath less long than in abderus, the part of each tooth placed before the vein shorter than that
placed behind it. Forewing beneath without nebulous brown-grey discal spots. The ¢-f. amisa Rk. & J. is
similar to the co, being distinguished in colour from 2-f. abderus chiefly by the distinct submarginal spots
of the upperside of the hindwing; 92-f. garamas Hobn. is similar to the 2-f. amerias, but the nebulous discal
spots of the upper surface of the forewing are crescent-shaped, the discal crescents of the hindwing are
shorter, the blue spots larger and the submarginal spots thinner than in 2-f. amerias. Both sexes larger
than. the East Mexican subspecies. West Mexico: Guadalajara, Cuernavaca, Oaxaca. — baroni Rk. & J.
Forewing with 5 submarginal spots, the 5. spot much nearer to the margin than the 4.; submarginal spots
of the hindwing indicated, the discal band entering the cell; on the under surface of the forewing the sub-
marginal line interrupted at the 2. radial, the posterior part of the lne being much nearer the margin than
the broader anterior part. The dorsal prong of the fork of the harpe much shorter than the ventral prong.
Guerrero, 1 o& in the Trmg Museum. — electryon Bates. co: the cell-spot of the discal band of the fore-
wing narrowed towards the costa; no submarginal spots on the upperside of the hindwing. Beneath the
band of the forewing is strongly dentate on the disc and there are no nebulous spots present distally to this
band; upper prong of the harpe curved downwards. The 2 not known. Guatemala and (?) Honduras. —
syedra Godm. & Salv. Cell-spot of the forewing of equal width anteriorly and posteriorly; 5—7 submarginal
spots on the forewing, the 3. the largest; discal band of the hindwing more strongly dentate than in
electryon, large blue spots distally to it; no submarginal spots. Beneath the apical area of the forewing and
the basal area of the hindwing pale brown (as in daroni), the yellow-red margin of the discal band of the
hindwing more deeply coloured than in electryon and broader between the veins. The 2 similar to the o7;
the discal band of the upperside of the hindwing partly yellow-red distally. The upper prong of the harpe
of the & reduced to a tooth, the ventral prong long. Costa Rica and Chiriqui. A large form.

P. homerus /. (12a). Similar to the preceding species; the discal band of the forewing continued
round the apex of the cell to the costal margin, the cell-spot sometimes isolated; discal band of the hind-
wing beneath non-dentate, brown, its proximal margin yellowish white, large black spots proximally to the
red submarginal spots. — Larva on Thespesea, green above, brown beneath, marked similarly to that of
scamander. Thoracic horn of the pupa short. The insect is apparently not rare at certaim places in the
interior of Jamaica, but is difficult to catch, as it flies at a considerable height above the ground. Accor-
ding to Aaron occurs also m St. Domingo.

P. warscewiczi. Abdomen woolly beneath, brownish yellow like the breast. Forewing without
cell-spot, 2 almost parallel rows of spots between cell and margin; hindwing with discal band and sub-
marginal spots, tailed. Beneath the apical area of the forewing and the hindwing are pale brown (all that
is visible when the butterfly holds the wings closed together); cell of the forewing with white or yellow
spot; hindwing with dentate discal band. The 2 not known to us. Ecuador to Bolivia; a mountain species. —
jelskii Oberth. Discal spots of the forewing and discal band of the hindwing not sharply defined. Discal
spots of the underside of the forewing large and brown, the marginal area much widened before the middle;
the brown postdiscal spot between the 3. radial and 1. median larger than in the other forms, the sub-
marginal spot between the 1. and 2. median orange in the middle. The two prongs of the harpe (0)
straight. the upper one much longer than the lower. South Ecuador, North and North-West Peru. —
mercedes &. ¢ J. Discal spots of the forewing on the whole larger than im je/skii, the blue spots of the
hindwing broader, the brown marginal area of the underside of the hindwing narrower before the middle,
submarginal spot between the 1. and 2. median of the hindwing not orange beneath. The two prongs of
the harpe (c’) straight, generally of equal length or the lower one somewhat shorter than the upper. East
Peru: Hudnuco and Junin. — warscewiczi Hopf. (= soratensis Godm. & Salv.) (12b). Discal spots of the
forewing much smaller than the submarginal spots; discal band of the hindwing broken up into spots, often
only indicated, on the under surface often entering the cell and like the submarginal spots brown. The
upper prong of the harpe (o’) strongly curved. South-East Peru and Bolivia.

P. cacicus. Forewing with interrupted discal band, a variable cell-spot, rarely absent, a row of
bluish grey postdiscal spots and a row of yellowish white submarginal ones, the last or the last few of the
submarginal spots more or less orange: on the hindwing a yellowish white median band, a postdiscal row
of blue spots and a submarginal row of yellowish white ones. The 2 occurs in 3 forms. Venezuela, Colombia,
Eeuador and East Peru. — cacicus Luc. (12c). o: the cell-spot of the forewing, if present, more or less
transverse. The 3 forms of the 2 are: 2-f cacicus Duc., similar to the o; 2-f. zaddachi Dewitz, discal
band of the forewing not interrupted and like the large cell-spot brownish orange, hindwing without discal

PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay. 35

band on the upper surface: 2-f. nais R. d& J. like 9-f. zaddachi, but the markings of the forewing white. nais.
Mérida in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. — inca R. & J. The cell-spot of the forewing much more inca. /
oblique than in the preceding subspecies, forming with the median vein an acute angle; discal band of the
hindwing convex distally, posteriorly strongly narrowed; the tail narrow, non-spatulate. Chanchamayo.

P. euterpinus Godm. & Salv. (12c). Tailless; markings of the upper surface yellowish red. The 2 euterpinus.
similar to the o7, somewhat paler and larger. — From West Colombia to North Peru. The butterfly is an
enlarged copy of the Pierid genus Pereute. The insect is usually considered as nearly allied to zagreus, but
according to the structure and markings it belongs to the homerus-group near to cacicus. The butterfly is
still very rare in collections.

C. Kite-Swallowtails.

Antenna with more distinct club than in the Aristolochia- and Fluted-Papilios, scaled on the upperside,
but the scales, like those of the tibiae and tarsi, easily fall off, the fine sensory hairs are distributed as in
the Fluted-Papilios. The dorsal spines of the tarsi are separated from the ventral spines by a spineless,
impressed interspace. The wings in most species are thinly scaled, the scales often modified to fine hairs;
the blue or green bands of many species of the Eastern Hemisphere are only covered with fine hairs on
the underside, the pigment lying in the membrane of the wing, in the American Kite-Papilios also the
membrane of the wing is green at least at the base, with the exception of the dark mimetic species. In a
great number of these Papilios the 1. or 1. and 2. subcostals of the forewing are distally fused with the
costa; the cell of the hindwing is mostly narrow and its anterior margin incurved between the subcostal
and the 1. radial. The abdominal margin of the hindwing in the o is widened and usually bent over; in
this fold lies a scent-organ, which is rarely absent; the scent-scales are sometimes very different in nearly
allied species; but the organ also varies geographically. The apical margin of the 8. abdominal dorsal
segment of the o, which becomes visible after the removal of the genitalia, is smoothly scaled, the small
scales standing erect; except in the Kite-Swallowtails this character is found in no American Papilio; the
10. dorsal segment of the oo of the American Kite-Papilios is likewise characteristic; this anal process is
divided into three parts by two narrow incisions, only in P. celadon the process is simple in consequence
of the absence of the two side parts. — Unfortunately the larva of only very few species is known. The
3. thoracic segment is swollen, as in the larvae of the Fluted-Papilios; the thoracic segments and the anal
segment often bear dorsally short thorns, also traces of tubercles are usually found on the other segments;
the pattern consists of small spots, transverse lines or short longitudinal streaks, eye-spots and oblique
bands are wanting. — The pupa is shorter than in the other Papilios, the head and thorax are not at all
or only weakly curved upwards, the thoracic horn is long and four-sided, the lateral carina forming the
prolongation of the raised edge of the case of the hindwing; the abdomen has two dorsal carinae, which
converge in front and behind: the anal segment is longer than broad. — The butterflies are in great part
longwinged insects with triangular hindwing. The long-tailed forms with the wings spread out remind one
of a paper kite. The Kite-Papilios are nimble fliers. Although the mimetic forms usually imitate the
sluggish flight of their models (Aristolochia-Papilios, Pierids, Danaids etc.), yet they show great adroitness
and speed when they take to flight in alarm. The oo” often congregate in great crowds in moist places,
at the edge of rivers, lakes, puddles etc., where they drink with a quivering motion of the half opened
wings; they also visit flowers. The Kite-Papilios are insects of the open, sunny part of the wooded
districts, of the clearings in the forests and their edges. Naturally this refers more to the o’o than to
the 22; the latter, of many species at least, are only rarely taken by the collector, because they have
different habits, remaining in the thickets and woods and not joining the crowds of oo drinking at the
water; the 22 of many very common forms are not yet known at all. The Kite-Papilios do not extend so
far north as the Fluted-Papilios.

Lysithous-Group.

The species of the lythisous-group are characterised by red basal spots on the under surface of the wings.
Haase rightly recognised these forms, so similar in appearance to the Aristolochia-Papilios, as belonging to the Kite-
Papilios; all other authors have erroneously classified them with the Aristolochia- and Fluted-Papilios. The bright-
coloured larvae are striped longitudinally and bear a V-shaped saddle-spot before the middle; the thorax is spotted.
The pupa is short; the abdomen elarged in the middle. The species are found from Mexico to Argentina.

Pe pausaniys. A copy of Heliconius elytia L. According to Bares the butterfly certainly has the
sailing and circling flight of the Heliconians, yet is not, like the Heliconians, a species of the forest shades,
bit is found on the muddy banks of rivers and lakes or flies round the tops of high trees. Wings above
green-blue, with large pale yellow area on the forewing, hindwing short, often truncate. The scent-organ
is wanting in the o%. The 2 resembles the o’. From Costa Rica to Northern Brazil (Goyaz), — prasinus prasinus.
k. & J. Wings above strongly metallic; discal spots of the forewing longer than in the following form,
the white submarginal spots of the hindwing very small, the anterior ones only indicated, the red basal
spots of the underside smaller than in the remaining subspecies. Costa Rica. aa cleombrotus Streck. from cleombrotus.

!

pausanias.

microdamas.

protodamas.
choridamas.

xenarchus.
eridamas.

“ phaon.
ulopos.
therodamas.

metaphaon.
pharax.

clusoculis.

pithonius.

euryleon.

haenschi,

anatmus.

hipparchus.

36 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan.

West Colombia and probably Panama; as in prasinus the forewing without pale apical area; costal area of
the upperside of the forewing almost black, in prasinus almost as metallic green as the disc; underside of
the hindwing without pale (yellow-green or reddish) streaks between the veins. — pausanias Hew.
(= hermolaus Guen.) (12a). Apex of the forewing with large grey area; under surface of the hindwing
between the veis with pale streaks, extending to the submarginal spots. Central Colombia to Bolivia,
Orinoco, the Amazons and Goyaz.

P. microdamas Burm. (12a). A yellowish band from the costal margin of the forewing to the
anal angle of the hindwing; under surface without red basal spots on the forewing, with 4 spots on the
hindwing. @ similar to the o’. — Paraguay, Northern Argentina, Caraca in Brazil; a lowland species.

P. protodamas Godt. (= hyperion Him.). Forewing with yellowish area consisting of 3 large patches,
or with 1 or 2 rows of spots; hindwing with yellowish grey-blue band; forewing beneath without basal
spots, hindwing with 3. The scent-organ of the o wanting. Larva black, with grey and white, partly
yellow stripes, the thorax dotted with white and yellow. Thoracic horn of the pupa rather thin. Two
individual forms of the butterfly are known: in f. protodamas Godt. the forewing has two rows of spots,
the upper ones of which are more or less merged together; in f. choridamas Boisd. (13b) the forewing
has a very large cell-spot and two discal patches, also large. — The butterfly is entirely Brazilian; it is
found from Minas Geraés to Rio Grande do Sul; but the f. choridamas does not appear to extend so far
south, being only known to us from the provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Geraés.

P. phaon Boisd. Similar to the preceding species; the spots on thorax and abdomen red, the
posterior abdominal segments with red lateral spots. Very variable. Spots on the upper surface of the
forewing bluish yellow-grey or purer white-yellow; discal band of the hindwing grey-blue, rarely red.
Under surface without distinct cell-streaks, forewing without basal spots, hindwing with 3. Scent-scales
present in the o. Mexico to West Ecuador and Venezuela. The following forms have been described as
species: ab. loc. xenarchus Hew., hindwing with broad red band; ab. loc. eridamas Ieak., the red band of
the hindwing narrow, the spots composing it separated; these two forms only known from East and South
Mexico; ab. phaon Boisd. (13b), forewing with submarginal spots, but without discal spots, the band of
the hindwing just entering the apex of the cell; ab. ulopos Gray (= immarginatus Oberth ), forewing without
spots or with only indications of them, band of the hindwing broad, entering more or less far into the cell;
ab. therodamas F7ir., with discal and submarginal spots on the forewing and narrow, slanting band on the
hindwing, separated from the cell; ab. metaphaon But/. has on the hindwing a very large blue-green discal
area, occupying a good part of the cell; in ab. pharax Godm. ¢ Salv. the hindwing has a red anal spot
and the discal band is remote from the cell. All these forms are connected with one another by transitions.

P. euryleon. The spots of the breast and abdomen red, the posterior abdominal segments with red
lateral spots. Forewing above with yellowish grey area before the hindmargin, hindwing with red discal
area or band. Beneath the forewing without red basal spot, the hindwing with three, but the spot placed
im the cell commonly only indicated or quite absent, the discal band smaller than above, pale red. 2 similar
to the o or different from it; in the latter case forewing with cell-spot and two discal bands, all white,
recallng pausanius and protodamas ft. choridamas. Scent-organ of the & usually present. Costa Rica to

Ecuador. — clusoculis bul. (13¢). Discal area of the forewing white-grey; the red band of the hindwing
broad, always entering the cell. @ similar to the o’, the red band of the hindwing somewhat
broader. Costa Rica; Chiriqui. — pithonius &. ¢& J. o%: forewing with small or large grey spot; hind-

wing with 3—5 red discal spots, the red submarginal spots of the under surface of the hindwing very
small or only indicated. ? with large cell-spot on the forewing and 2 large discal spots. West Colombia
and Cauea Valley. — euryleon Hew. (13¢). o: hindwing above mostly with 4 spots placed close to the
cell and two small, less distinct spots before the abdominal margin: the discal spots on the underside pale
red. $: the cell-spot of the forewing narrowed anteriorly, the band of the hindwing entering the cell.
Magdalena Valley, Cordillera of Bogota. — haenschi 2. d& J. o7: area of the forewing lighter grey than
in ewryleon, composed of two spots, the anterior spot projecting distally; hindwing with small cell-spot, which
is rarely absent, and 3—5 spots placed close to the cell; beneath the forewing has a large white spot
between the 1. and 2. median, a grey spot behind it; hindwing with 3 pale red spots, the 1. and 2. touching
the cell, a 4. spot often indicated. ¢: the cell-patch of the forewing does not extend across the cell, band
of the hindwing running from the 1{. radial to the abdominal margin, entering the cell, behind the cell
proximally whitish, as in the 2 of the Aristolochia-Papilio P. iphidamas calogyna. c& with scent-organ. In
Western Ecuador. — anatmus &. & J. co: the grey area of the forewing extending from the hindmargin
costad as far as the 2. median or beyond, often a grey streak in the cell; hindwing with 3 red spots,
separated from the cell, often only the 3. spot distinct; beneath the forewing without white spot and the
discal spots of the hindwing usually grey. 2 not known. Scent-organ absent in the o. East Ecuador.

P. hipparchus Sfgr. (13d). o: forewing with a row of grey submarginal spots; hindwing with pale
reddish discal band, extending from the 1. radial to the abdominal margin. 2 not known. Cauca Valley,
Colombia.

PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay. 37

P. harmodius. o and & different. The spots on head, thorax and coxae yellowish white. o*: fore-
wing somewhat transparent apically, before the hindmargin a white area of variable extent, but never
reaching to the 3. radial; hindwing with a band of red discal spots. Beneath the cell of both wings streaked
with black, forewing with red costal basal spot, hindwing with 3 basal spots. In the 2 the hindwing similar
to the o, or the macular band white or yellow; the forewing either without spots, or with white cell-patch
and two large discal patches. Colombia to Bolivia; a species of the Andes, very common in the eastern

valleys of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Larva not known. — isus Oderth. (= aristogiton Stgr.). o°: the white
area of the forewing large, extending from the hindmargin to the 2. median or beyond; discal band composed
of 6 or 7 white-centred spots. 2 not known. — Cauca Valley, Colombia. — halex Rk. & J. Forewing as

in the preceding subspecies; hindwing with 5 red discal spots. 2 on the forewing with white area from
the 3. radial to the 2. median and a small cell-spot; hindwing with 5 pale red discal spots. Colombia; in
Bogota-collections. — xeniades Hew. co: the white spot of the forewing very variable, always extending
to the hindmargin of the wing, usually excised at the costal side, always small on the underside; hindwing
with 3—5 discal spots, which are red above, rarely whitish in the middle, and beneath always reddish
white with red distal margin. &: dichromatic: 9-f. androna Rk. d& J. (13d) with quite small grey scaling
in and behind the cell of the forewing and 5 red discal spots on the hindwing; the second form, ?-f.
virginia Kirby, is very similar to the 2 of P. erlaces /acydes, forewing with large white cell-spot and two
large discal patches, band of the hindwing white with faint red margins. Xeniades occurs in Ecuador and
West Colombia. — imaus &. & J. (14a). Not constantly different from the o of the following subspecies,
forewing above mostly with white streak at the hindmargin, beneath the white spot is usually smaller than
in harmodius Doubl. 2 as the 9-f. virginia, but the cell-spot narrowed anteriorly, the anterior discal spot
reduced and the band of the hindwing yellow above, almost white beneath. Eastern slopes of the Andes
of North and Central Peru. — harmodius Doud/. (13¢). o*: forewing above and beneath always with large
white spot, not quite reaching to the hindmargin. 2: the white cell-spot does not extend across the cell;
three discal spots, the 1. small, the 2. as long as the 3.; hindwing with red discal spots, larger than in
the o&. South-east Peru (from Chanchamayo southwards) and Bolivia. The o’o’ common, of the ? only
{ specimen known (in coll. Cuartes Opertaiin).

P. trapeza fk. & J. (13c). Forewing narrower in the middle than in harmodius, the hindmargin
shorter, a white spot at the hindmargin, not extending to the 2. median; hindwing triangular, sharply dentate,
with 2 to 4 red spots from the hindmargin forwards, the posterior spot the largest. Beneath the white
hindmarginal spot of the forewing is longer than in all the forms of harmodius. 2 unknown. — East Ecuador
and North-East Peru.

P. xynias Hew. (13c). Forewing with large pale green area at the hindmargin: hindwing acutely
dentate, with short, narrow tail and a few red discal spots posteriorly. Beneath the forewing has a white,
very faintly green hindmarginal spot, which is smaller than the spot on the upper surface. No scent-scales.
2 not known. — Eastern slopes of the Andes of Bolivia and Peru.

P. ariarathes. Another widely distributed and very variable species, which has more spiny tibiae
and a narrower cell in the hindwing than the allied species. Spots on head and breast yellowish grey.
Forewing beneath with 2 red basal spots, the hindwing with 3. In the o& the forewing usually with grey-
white or yellowish band or area from the hindmargin forwards; hindwing with red discal spots, of which
often only the one placed at the abdominal margin is distinct. ¢ almost always with white discal spots on
the forewing. Scent-scales of the o present. Larva unknown. Colombia to Bolivia, distributed eastwards

to Para and Goyaz. The butterfly is individually and geographically variable; the 9? resemble the 92 of

Aristolochia-Papilios and adopt in the different districts their likewise variable dress. The forms all inter-
grade, We differentiate 6 geographical forms, whether correctly must be ascertained by further ivestigations
based on a larger material than we have seen. The butterfly according to Bates flies with great rapidity
in sunny places near plantations; it is no rarity, but is not taken in great numbers. — ariarathes Esp.
(= acestes Boisd.) (14a). o&: forewing with large white spot from the hindmargin to the 2. median, almost
as large beneath as above: on the hindwing 4 to 6 separated discal spots, placed separate from one another
and from the cell. 2 with 5 or 6 red discal spots on the hindwing, three long, extending nearly or quite
to the cell; in 2-f. ariarathes Esp. the forewing has 1 to 3 white discal spots and often a narrow cell-
spot; in 2f. eumelea &. & J. these white spots are only indicated. French and Dutch Guiana. — menes
k. é J. F: forewing with white band, extending from the hindmarein to the 1. or 2. median, the posterior
spot often small or absent, the spot before the 2. median 4—6 mm. long, also always present beneath; hind-
wing with 3 or 4 red spots midway between cell and margin. 2 with large discal spot from the 3. radial
to the 1. median and a smaller one behind it, sometimes also with indication of spots before the 3. radial
and in the cell; 5 or 6 discal spots on the hindwing, remote from the cell. British Guiana. — evagoras
Gray (13d). %: forewing with narrow band, placed at the 3. radial about midway between cell and outer
margin or nearer to the cell; beneath the band is replaced by 2 or 3 distinct spots; discal spot of the
hindwing partly near to the cell, the band more curved than in the other forms. 2 with 3 white or yellowish

sus.

halex. »
xentades. »

androna.
virginia.

imaus.

harmodius.

trapeza.

xynias.

artarathes.

eumelea.
menes.

evagoras.

metagenes.

gayi.
anargus.
cyamon.

leuctra.

lus.

branchus.
belephantes.

SY belesis.

hephaestion.

/ thymbraeus.
» aconophos.

y platydesma.

harrisianus.

Oedipus.

—J/ lysithous.
brevi-
fasciatus.
extendatus.
rurik.
pomponius.

38 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan.

diseal spots and a rather large cell-spot on the forewing; the apical half or two-thirds of the cell of the
hindwing red, as are also 6 large discal spots, abdominal margin at least partly red. Venezuela. —
metagenes f. & J. o: forewing usually with a band reaching from the hindmargin to beyond the 3 radial,
merely indicated on the underside; hindwing with 4 or 5 spots placed separate from the cell. ¢: forewing
with the long white discal band which is also peculiar to the Aristolochia-Papilios P. anchises thelios and
P. aglaope, this band consists of two large spots with a smaller one placed before and behind them; hind-
wing with 6 red spots, 3 of which are contiguous to the cell. Para. — gayi Lucas. © and 2 very variable;
3 principal forms: f. anargus &. @ J. (13d), forewing without band or spots; f. cyamon Gray (= charoba
Kirby) (148d), @ with narrow band on the forewing, on the whole somewhat more distally placed than in
the o' of evagoras, 2 with narrow, indistinct band on the forewing, with cell-spot on the hindwing, the spots
on the hindwing sometimes yellowish white; in f. gayi Luc. (= aristagoras Fldr.; arianus Stawd.) the o7 has
on the forewing a more or less square hindmarginal spot, whilst the 2 has 1 or 2 large discal spots, usually
also a small third spot and often a cell-spot in addition. These different forms are not separated geograph-
ically. Distributed from Colombia to Bolivia and the Amazon downwards to Manios. — leuctra kh. & J. ot:
forewing with a pure white area, of almost even width, reaching from the hindmargin to the 1. median,
above about 6 mm. broad and on the underside only a trifle narrower: hindwing with 6 long red discal
spots, the 3 middle ones contiguous to the cell. Goyaz, Brazil.

P. ilus #. (= hostilius Fldr.; guaco Stgr. (14a). o@: under surface without red basal spots on the
forewing, with 4 red basal spots on the hindwing. Forewing with or without a patch in the extremity of
the cell, with 2 or 3 white spots on the disc, the posterior one, placed behind the 3. median, the largest.
North Venezuela, Northern Colombia, Panama; rare in collections.

P. branchus Doub/. Head and breast with red dots, a spot on the forecoxa white. Wings opaque;
forewing with or without white spots; hindwing with broad red discal band. Under surface without red
basal spots on the forewing, with 4 such spots on the hindwing. Sexes similar. In the f. branchus Doudi.
(14b) the forewing has a variable white central area, which is absent from f. belephantes Godm. & Salv. —
Mexico to Costa Rica.

P. belesis Bates (14b). Similar to the preceding species, hindwing with a band of 6 to 7 red spots,
parallel to the margin, placed nearer to the margin than to the cell. Forewing in f. belesis Bates without
white spot, in f. hephaestion Fldr. with a spot between the 2. and 3. radial and sometimes the indication
of a second spot behind the 3. radial. — Mexico to Nicaragua.

P. thymbraeus. The small spots on head and breast grey-yellow, often slightly reddish. Upperside
of the wings slightly but yet distinctly metallic blue or green; forewing without markings, but with white —
fringes; hindwing with a slender tail and 1 or 2 rows of spots between cell and margin. Under surface
with red costal basal spot on the forewing and 4 basal spots on the hindwing. Larva on Chirimoya; the
thorax dotted with blue and yellow; striped with white and black from the 4. segment backwards, the
white stripes with small blue and yellow spots, the sides blue, from the 5. segment dotted with yellow.
Pupa green, as in the allied species, appearing constricted at the base of the abdomen. The butterfly flies
in the open country the whole year through, and is rather common at a height of 500 to 1560 m. —
thymbraeus Boisd. (14b) is distributed from East Mexico to Honduras. The hindwing in co? and 2 has
2 rows of red spots. — In aconophos Gray the hindwing has only one row of red spots, the discal row
is absent. Central and West Mexico.

P. lysithous. A polychromatic species. The different individual forms with one exception were
originally described as species and have been regarded as such until recently. The forms are connected
with one another by intergradations; moreover, the specific identity of 3 of the varieties (pomponius, rurik,
lysithous) has been proved by breeding. Underside of the forewing with 2 red basal spots, hindwing
with 3; all the forms with a tail. Larva on Anona, resting by day on the upperside of a leaf at the
middle vein, on the lower branches and root-shoots, near Petropolis all the year round, except in June and
July (middle of the dry season); black with yellow longitudmal stripes and white-yellow saddle-spot. The
pupa as in the allied species green with yellow lateral streak. Brazil and Eastern Paraguay. The principal
forms, which do not everywhere occur together, are the following: f. platydesma 2. & J. (= harrisianus
auct.) (14b), the white band of the forewing very broad, continued over the cell to the costal margin:
f. harrisianus Swains. (= claudius Boisd.; athous Fldr.), the white band of the forewing broad posteriorly,
strongly narrowed anteriorly, not entering the cell, the part from the lower angle of the cell to the costal
margin narrow or absent, as in the preceding form the posterior submarginal spots of the hindwing large;
tf. oedipus Fldr. (=sebastianus Oberth.) (14a), forewing with double spot from the 1. median backwards,
hindwing without white band, the 4 posterior submarginal spots large: f. lysithous Hén. (14a), band of the
forewing narrow, often abbreviated (ab. brevifasciatus Weym.), hindwing with small submarginal spots, the
discal band usually only extendmg to the 1. median, sometimes longer and more distal (ab. extendatus
Weym.); t. rurik Eschsch. (= rurikia id. in tab., laius Boisd.), band of the forewing abbreviated, hindwing
without white band, the 4 posterior submarginal spots rather large; f. pomponius Hopf, band of the fore-

PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jornan. 39

wing indicated, or like that of the hindwing entirely absent; f. eupatorion Luc., both wings without discal eupatorion.
band, forewing with yellowish marginal band and the marginal spots of the hindwing enlarged (probably
an aberration, only the type known, in col. Coartzs Oserruiir).

P. asius F. (= astyages Drury; manlius Perty) (14d). A rather common Brazilian butterfly, distributed asius. | _.
from Bahia to Rio Grae do Sul and westward into Eastern Paraguay. A broad band, narrowed towards
the costa on the forewmg, beginning at the costal margin of the Gnertns distally to the cell and ending
before the abdominal margin of the hindwing; hnadiatta triangular, with long tail. On the underside the
hindwing has 4 red basal spots, two of these placed at the costal margin, in addition a red streak before
the abdominal margin and 3 red spots near the anal angle. The 2 similar to the o’, very rare in collections.
The larva not known to us.

Marcellus-Group.

In the marcellus-group there is on the underside of the hindwing a red line running from the costal margin
to the anal angle, which at least at the costal margin is edged with black at both sides. The species have bands
on the wings, and the triangular hindwing is tailed. The 1. subcostal of the forewing is free; in one species
(bellerophon) it is entirely absent.

P. marcellus Cr. (= ajax act.) (14c). The common Asimina Swallowtail of North America. Antenna
brown-yellow; tibiae and tarsi green: forewing with 8 greenish white bands, the green colour in the mem-
brane; the red line of the hindwing beneath margined with white proximally. Scent-scales of the 7 long.
The larva with 6 fine black transverse lines on each segment, the lines usually partly contiguous. The
frontal prominences of the pupa divergent, the thoracic horn vertical, the lateral carina continued to the
cremaster, not interrupted. Foodplants: Asimina, especially A. triloba, also Ericaceae and Lauraceae. This
species is one of the classical examples of seasonally variable butterflies. In the specimens which hibernate
as pupa once or twice the hairs of the frons are long, whilst they are short in the butterflies emerging
from non-hibernated pupae. The principal forms are: forma hib. marcellus Cr. (= walshi Hadw.), the spring marcellus. |
form with broad white bands, sometimes red discal spots appearing on the upper surface of the hindwing
(ab. abboti Edvw.): forma hib. loc. floridensis Holl. is the spring form from Florida, which has broader abboti.
black bands than marcellus; forma hib. telamonides [V/dr. (14c) is the later spring form, which forms the /0ridensis.
transition to the summer form, forewing somewhat longer than in f. hib. marcedlus, the black bands broader, celamoniges a
the fringes of the tail more extended white; forma aest. lecontei &. & J. (= marcellus auct. non Cramer), lecontei. ee
large, the black bands broad. — P. marcellus occurs from Southern Canada to Florida and Texas and west-
ward into the prairie districts of the Mississippi Plain. Very common where pawpaw trees are found. The
flight of the summer brood is more elegant than that of the spring specimens. The butterfly often travels
northwards in considerable numbers, flying swiftly near the ground. Indeed in the northern districts where
it occurs it is only an immigrant, not a permanent inhabitant.

P. marcellinus Dowbl. (= sinon F. non Poda) (14c). Forewing with pale green bands and a row magellinus. Y
of submarginal spots: hindwing with black submedian band extending to the black distal margin; the red
line on the under surface of the hindwing broad, reaching to the brown margin. Scent-scales of the <7
long. — Jamaica.

P. celadon Liicas (= sinon Godt. non Poda) (14¢). Similar to the preceding species, but on the celadon. , ~
forewing the pale green discal band is continuous with the 3. and 4. pale green cell-bands, not with the :
4. and 5.: the red line on the underside of the hindwing thin, shorter than in marcel/inus. The anal tergite

of the & is not divided, as the lateral prongs are absent. — Cuba; perhaps also in Florida.
P. zonaria Bilr. (=sinon F. non Poda) (14c). The pale bands narrow; the 4. and 5. pale green zonaria. Vv
cell-bands of the forewing continuous with the discal band, narrow, separated from one another. — Haiti.

P. philolaus Boisd. (14d). Antenna black; the 7. pale green band of the forewing only represented philolaus.
by a spot; hindwing with 2 red spots posteriorly; on the under surface the red line of the hindwing edged
with black at both sides, undulate anteriorly. Scent-scales of the o short, broad, irregular, produced in a
number of filaments. The 2 in 2 forms: 9-f. philolaus Boisd. similar to the o7, the underside paler; 9-f.
niger Eimer (= nigrescens Kimer ; felicis Fruhst.) (14d), the pale green bands of the membrane of the wings niger.
sealed with black, the wings therefore black with slight traces of the bands. — Larva not known. The
butterfly common from Mexico to Nicaragua, in low situations, often resting in crowds on the sand at the
edge of rivers.

P. xanticles Bates (— plaesiolaus Stgr.) (146b). The pale bands yellow, the 7. band of the forewing -xanticles. (~—
continuous with the broad discal band, not as in philolaus replaced by a single spot. Two forms of the 9:
the one similar to the o&, which doubtless exists, has not yet to our enouiledee been discovered: the second
form, 2-f. philenora Haase (= sheba R. ¢ J), is black, with the exception of the yellow submarginal and philenora. ——
the red anal spots. Scent-scales of the o as in philolaus. — Panama and at the foot of the Santa Marta
in North Colombia. '

P. oberthueri &. & J. (14d). Similar to philolaus, the pale bands broader, the white discal area at oberthueri.
the 2. median about 11/2 times as broad as the black marginal area; hindwing narrower than in philolaus,

e

arcesilaus.

epidaus.

tepicus.

— fenochionis.

bellerophon.

fortis.

\_* neosilaus.

, eimeri.

agesilaus.

autosilaus.

glaucolaus.

40 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan.

the black median band only extendimg to the cell; the latter less pointed than in philolaus. The scent-scales
of the o longer. The 2 not known. — San Pedro Sula, Honduras (in coll. Cartes Oserruiir). Our figure
is too small.

P. arcesilaus Lucas (= anaxilaus Fidr.) (14d). Antenna black. Forewing with 6 greenish bands
and a row of submarginal spots, the 6. band short, separated from the discal area. Scent-scales of the o
long. North Venezuela and Colombia.

P. epidaus. Antenna black: wings white, semitransparent, distally almost glassy. The 2. black
band of the forewing extends to the hindmargin beyond the middle and the discocellular band is continued
to the 2. median or to the posterior angle of the wing. Larva not known. Mexico to Honduras. —
epidaus Doubl. (15c). The 2. black band of the forewing not more than half as broad athe light inter-
space between the 2. and 3. bands, generally narrower, the 5. band not extending far beyond the 2. median,
not reaching to the marginal band; the posterior part of the median band, on the underside, thin or merely
indicated. From East Mexico to Nicaragua, from whence specimens of this form have recently come. —
tepicus k. dé J. 1. and 2. bands of the forewing broader than in the preceding form, 5. band posteriorly
joined to the marginal band; hindwing longer and the costal margin shorter than in the other forms. West
Mexico: province of Jalisco. — fenochionis Godm. & Salv. 5. band of the forewing prolonged to the hinder
angle, hindwing much more extended black than im the previous subspecies. South-Western Mexico: Oaxaca,
Guerrero.

P. bellerophon Daim. (= coresilaus Godt., swainsonius Swains.) (15a). The only Papilio in which
the 1. subcostal of the forewing is absent. Forewing semitransparent, with 4 black bands. 2 similar to
the o&, with somewhat broader hindwing. Scent-organ of the o woolly. — Brazil: Minas Geraés, Parana,
Santa Catarina, rather rare.

Protesilaus-Group.

The species of the following protes/laus- group with the exception of agesilaus are hard to differentiate
without the assistance of their genitalia. The red line on the under surface of the hindwing is only edged with
black at one side. These white, black-banded butterflies include some of the commonest Papilios of South America;
but this apples only to the oo’, the 92 on the contrary being very rare in collections, The oo often rest in
dense clusters on damp sand or mud, The larva of only one of the species (P. stenodesmus) is known with certainty;
it is green, dorsally spotted with black and with transverse bands, sometimes the black markings are absent until
a transverse line on the prothorax. The dorsal horn of the pupa is very long. The butterflies are tropical.

P. agesilaus. Easy to recognise by the red line of the hindwing being edged with black distally.
Distributed from Mexico to Bolivia and Goyaz in Brazil, not yet known from Nicaragua and Costa Rica, |
where, however, the insect certainly occurs. — fortis Rk. & J. from South-West Mexico: Guerrero, Atoyae,
Oaxaca. The black bands broad, 1. and 2. bands of the forewing about ?/; as broad as the interspace,
both continued to the hindmargin, or the 2. band at least extending beyond the 2. submedian; the white
submarginal band not broader than the black postdiscal band, the latter not divided longitudinally by a
pale lme; abdominal margin of the hindwing black, the two red anal spots surrounded with black. —
neosilaus Hopf. The black bands narrower than in fortis, the 1. and 2. bands of the forewing at most
half as broad as the white interspace, the transparent submarginal band broader than the black postdiscal
band: abdominal margin of the hindwing partly white, the red anal spots anteriorly broadly edged with
white, much less broadly surrounded with black than in fortis. East Mexico, Guatemala, British Honduras,

Honduras. — eimeri f. d J. The transparent submarginal band of the forewing between the 4. and 5.
subcostal at most as broad as the black postdiscal band which is placed at its proximal side. West Colombia,
upper Cauca Valley and Panama. — agesilaus Guér. (= conon Hew., septemlineatus Eimer) (15¢). . Post-

discal band of the upperside of the forewing without light median line, narrower than the costal half of
the transparent submarginal band; subbasal band of the upper surface of the hindwing only represented
by a thin streak placed on the 2. median. Very variable in size. Central and East Colombia, North
Venezuela. — autosilaus Bates. Postdiscal band of the forewing divided longitudinally by a pale streak,
subbasal band of the hindwing present on the upperside. Orinoco, Guiana, the Amazon, Goyaz, the eastern
slopes of. the Andes from Ecuador to Bolivia, as well as Paraguay, not vet known from South-East Brazil:
like the preceding subspecies very common.

P. glaucolaus. In order to differentiate this and the following species with certainty, it is necessary
to compare specimens from the same districts, and at times to take the sexual organs into consideration.
In glaucolaus the black postdiscal band of the forewing is widely separated from the lower angle of the cell.
or the teeth of the hindwing are very obtuse and the posterior submarginal spots suffused with brown.
Scent-scales of the o& as long as in protesilaus; the harpe has at the dorsal edge a very long tooth and the
central and ventral processes are short, the latter not reaching to the ventral edge of the clasper. From
Panama to Guiana, Upper Amazon, southwards to Matto Grosso, not yet known to us from South-East Peru,
Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil proper and the Lower Amazon. Only oo in collections. A common species.
Larva not known. — glaucolaus Bates (15a). Greenish, bands 1 and 2 of the forewing not extended beyond

Publ. 6. VI. 08. PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. 44

the 2. submedian vein, the 6. band 2 to 3 mm distant from the lower angle of the cell, not narrowed before

the 2. radial, the transparent submarginal band at least twice as broad at the 5. subcostal as the black
marginal band. Panama; Colombia, with the exception of the province of Cauca, perhaps also in North
Venezuela. — melaenus #. ¢: J. The black bands broader than in the preceding form, the transparent melaenus. _y
submarginal interspace of the forewing usually only little or not at all broader at the 5. subcostal than the
marginal band, in some specimens, however, much broader, in which case the interspace between bands 5

and 6 is narrowed correspondingly. West Colombia and upper Cauca Valley. — leucas /’. & J. Wings only /eucas.
distinetly green towards the base; postdiscal band of the forewing narrowed near the lower angle of the

cell and usually before the 2. radial. Hindwing more obtusely dentate than in protesilaus, the submarginal

spots tinged with brown, 2. band of the forewing from the cell backwards narrower above than beneath, the

side of the frons white. The harpe of /ewcas more obtuse than in glaucolaus, the dorsal tooth narrower and the
central process longer. Orinoco, Guiana, the Amazons, East Ecuador, East Peru and Matto Grosso; common.

P. molops. The 1. and 2. black band of the forewing broad and both or at least one of them
extending to the hindmargin, the 4. band usually reaching quite across the cell. The denticulate, deflexed
dorsal margin of the harpe rounded-dilated. 2 unknown. Tropical South America, widely distributed, but
only singly among the white butterflies of this group. — molops f. d J. Antenna brownish yellow; the molops. /
black lateral stripe of the abdomen as broad as the yellow-white stripe placed at its dorsal side; 1. and 2.
band of the forewing broad, the 1. not extending to the hindmargin, the other bands likewise broad, the
6. especially is broader than in all the other forms of the protesilaws-group, being at least as broad as the
interspace between bands 5 and 6: this 6. band close to the lower angle of the cell. Dorsal margin of the
harpe abruptly dilated. North-West Ecuador and West Colombia. — hetaerius &. @ J. (15b). Easy to hetaerius. ~
differentiate from the preceding form by the thinner black bands; it is so similar to the protesilaus forms
occurring together with hefaerius as to be easily mistaken for them, but is much smaller than the Colombian
protesilaus and has a much less sharply dentate hindwing. Sides of the frons always white; 1. and 2. band
of the forewing extending to the hindmargin, or the 2. band very little abbreviated; the white submarginal
lunule between the 1. and 2. radial of the hindwing narrower than the corresponding marginal lunule; the
interspace between the subbasal and median band on the under surface of the hindwing longer than in
protesilaus. Harpe somewhat different from the harpe of molops, dorsal and ventral edges more denticulate,
the ventral process longer and curved towards the ventral edge of the clasper. Guiana, Amazons, Colombia,
Ecuador (except the western side), Peru and Bolivia. — megalurus &. d J. Antenna black as in the megalurus.
Brazilian protesilaus; frons laterally white; the white subdorsal line of the abdomen thin; 1. and 2. band of
the forewing extend to the hindmargin, 6. band separated from the angle of the cell; the black markings
of the hindwing somewhat more developed than in /hetaervius, the red anal spot longer; tail long and broad.
Dorsal edge of the harpe less dilated than in the other forms of mo/ops. Brazil: Leopoldina, but probably
more widely distributed.

P. protesilaus. Submarginal spots of the hindwing white, rarely slightly yellowish, hindwing more
strongly dentate than in glawcolaus, the 1. and 2. band of the forewing on the whole shorter than in molops.
Frons sometimes entirely brown-black. The scent-scales very long and thin. The dorsal edge of the harpe
deflexed, lying flat on the harpe, strongly dentate. Larva not known. Mexico to South Brazil. — penthe- penthesilaus.
silaus F/dr. Large: dorsal streak of the abdomen very narrow; 1. band of the forewing extending to the
2. submedian vein, 2. band a little beyond it; 4. band short, triangular, rarely reaching to the 2. cell-fold;
6. band separate from the angle of the cell, somewhat narrowed before the 2. radial, posteriorly almost
always separated from the marginal band; red anal spot of the hindwing large, marginal teeth partly
strongly projecting, fringes white except a the extremities of the veins. Apex of the harpe pointed, dorsal
edge rounded. Mexico, the only form of this group which occurs so far north; it is found in Vera Cruz,
Yueatan, Atoyac, Oaxaca etc., in wooded districts, and in the South intergrades completely with the next
form. — macrosilaus Gray from Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras and Nicaragua. 1. and 2. bands macrosilaus.
of the forewing narrow, the 4. is absent or is only represented by a costal spot, the 6. somewhat angled
at the 2. radial and narrowed costad, posteriorly connected with the marginal band; the latter less sharply
defined and somewhat paler than in penthesi/aus, transparent, submarginal band with hairy scales; red anal
spot of the hindwing narrower than in penthesilaus. Apex of the harpe truncate, central process shorter
than in the Mexican form, spatulate, strongly dentate at the apex, ventral process not extending to the
clasper, curved backwards. — leucones kh. & J. Black dorsal line of the abdomen absent or thin; 1. band /eucones.
of the forewing thin, 2. extending to the hindmargin or nearly to it, the interspaces between 1. and 3. of
equal breadth at the median vein; the white marginal and submarginal spots of the hindwing large, the margin
only black at the extreme tips of the veins, but the fringes from the costa to the 2. radial partly black;
red anal spot large. Harpe similar to that of macrosilaus, some of the teeth of the ventral edge enlarged,
ventral process non-dentate, not extending to the lower edge of the clasper, the teeth of the spatulate
central process more or less curved dorsal. Manauré, at the foot of the Santa Marta in North Colombia:
probably this form inhabits the north coast of Colombia. — dariensis /?. & J. Dorsal line of the abdomen dariensis. ,
V 6

~ Sarchesilaus.

protesilaus.

nigricornis.

helios.

— ~ orthosilaus.

—_/ earis.

Stenodesmus.

dolius.

telesilaus.

42 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpay.

broad, the margin of the hindwing between costa and 1. radial entirely or almost entirely black. The
dilated part of the dorsal edge of the harpe distally with triangular tooth, ventral process denticulate from
the base to the tip. Very similar to archesilaus, forewmg at the base broader green, the black bands
somewhat thinner, band 1 not extending beyond the 2. submedian, band 4 rarely reaching to the 2. cell-
fold; hindwing less strongly dentate than in archesi/aus, the subbasal band of the forewing beneath narrower.
Wings of the 2 slightly yellowish, especially the anal region of the hindwing. Costa Rica, Panama and the
islands off the West coast of Panama. — archesilaus F/dr. (= rubrocinctus Limer partim) (15a). On the
whole considerably larger than protesilaus, hindwing more strongly dentate, the apex of the cell of the hind-
wing beneath more or ies edged with red. Colombia, West Ecuador and North Venezuela. — protesilaus L.
(15 Ol Bands 1 and 2 of the hindwing usually extend beyond the 2. submedian, band 4 mostly goes beyond
the middle of the cell and sometimes reaches to its hinder margin, the transparent submarginal band has
at least in the costal third brownish scales; hindwing more strongly dentate than in g/aucolaus leucas. Frons
in specimens from the Andes often entirely brownish black. Dorsal edge of the harpe dilated into a tooth,
which is sometimes absent in specimens from the Andes. Orinoco, Guiana, the Amazon from Par upwards,
and Eastern slopes of the Andes of Ecuador, Veru and Bolivia. — nigricornis Stgr. (= leilus Swains. partim).
Antenna usually black; frons brownish black, not white at the sides. Dorsal edge of the harpe with large
tooth. East Paraguay and Brazil.

P. helios ?. & J. (145b). Antenna and frons brownish black as in nigricornis. Wings brownish; fore
wing transparent; hindwing more sharply dentate than in nigricornis, the black postdiseal band straight, not
interrupted posteriorly as in the protesi/aus forms, the marginal and submarginal bands yellowish. Under
surface more yellow than upper; the red line of the hindwing distally edged with white. Dorsal edge of
the harpe not dilated into a large tooth, the apex of the harpe pointed, ventral process not denticulate. —
Brazil, only known to us from Parana.

P. orthosilaus Weym. (16c¢). Antenna yellow-brown, not black. Frons yellowish white at the sides.
Forewing transparent; hindwing strongly dentate, above also with a median band, the postdiscal band and
the black margin merged together into a broad marginal band, the yellowish marginal and submarginal
lunules smaller. — DaaeanEyy “and Goyaz in Brazil; rare, to our knowledge only 3 oo” at present known.

P. earis 2. & J. (16a). Antenna dark yellowish brown. Frons yellowish at the sides. Wings slightly
yellowish, beneath slightly reddish; bands narrow, 4. band of the forewing reduced to a small spot, 6. band
close to the lower angle of the cell; the yellowish marginal and submarginal spots of the hindwing narrow,
above and beneath smaller than in the name-typical protesilaus; himdwing beneath with long arrow-shaped
patch before the abdominal margin, this patch reduced in protesi/aus. Dorsal margin of the harpe slightly.
widened, ventral process non-dentate, not extending to the lower edge of the clasper, central process short,
broad, spatulate, strongly dentate. 2 not known. — Eastern Ecuador, probably more widely distributed.

P. stenodesmus f. d: J. (15b). Antenna black. Frons laterally white. Forewing distally transparent,
the bands thin, interspace between band 1 and 2 half as wide again as that between bands 2 and 3; hind-
wing longer than in protesilaus and telesilaus, usually slightly yellowish, strongly dentate, median band of
the under surface somewhat curved, placed nearer to the extremity of the cell than in protesi/aus and telesilaus.
Dorsal edge of the harpe not dilated. For larva and pupa see p. 40. — Paraguay; Brazil, from Petropolis
to Blumenau; a common species, usually mistaken for protesi/aus and telesilaus.

P. telesilaus. Body and wings yellowish; antenna brownish yellow, frons white at the sides; sub-
marginal and marginal spots of the hindwing yellow. Dorsal edge of the harpe slightly or not at all dilated;
central process either simple or ventrally denticulate at the base. Scent-scales shorter and broader than in
the other species of this group, with the exception of agesi/aus. Larva not known with certainty. Panama
to South Brazil; the oo” very common, often resting together with protesilaus, agesilaus, glaucolaus, etc., on
damp sand or mud. — dolius k. d J. Band 1 of the forewing not prolonged to the hindmargin; margin
of the hindwing more extended white than in the next subspecies; subbasal band of the underside of the
hindwing not entering the basal cell. Dorsal edge of the harpe only very feebly dentate, scarcely at all
dilated, central process not denticulate ventrally at the base. Panama and West coast of Colombia. —
telesilaus Fidr. (16a). Band 1 of the forewing continued along the 3. submedian; subbasal band of the
hindwing beneath entering the basal cell. Dorsal edge of the harpe dilated, denticulate, central process
with dentate ridge ventrally at the base. Central Colombia to Guiana and Para, distributed southwards to
Bolivia, Paraguay and Rio Grande do Sul.

Thyastes-Group.

In the species of the densely scaled thyastes-group the hindwing has on the under surface a red or brown-
yellow band, which runs about parallel with the outer margin and begins at the costal margin beyond the middle.
In all the species the 1. subcostal anastomoses with the costa, which does not occur in the ‘preceding groups.

P. marchandi. Hindwing beneath with brown-yellow discal band. Markings of the upper surface
yellow, both wings with yellow discal area and submarginal spots, the area of the forewing continued towards

PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jorpan. 43

the costa by several spots. Larva not known. Mexico to West Ecuador. — marchandi Boisd. (16b). The marchand.
brownish yellow diseal band of the hindwing beneath usually curved anteriorly. Discal area ot the upper

surface of both wings deep dark yellow. Mexico to Honduras, in hilly country, in Guatemala common up

to 2500 ft. — panamensis Oberth. The vellow colour on the whole paler than in the northern form, some- panamensis.
times pale yellow, the submarginal spots between the 2. radial and the 2. median of the hindwing larger,

the discal area of the forewing more deeply idented at the veins. Costa Rica to West Ecuador.

P. thyastes. Forewing with complete or interrupted yellow discal band and hindwing with large
yellow discal area; underside of the hindwing with red discal line. Ecuador to Bolivia; Brazil. — thyastinus thyastinus. Fa
Oberth. The submarginal spots between the 2. and 3. radial of the forewing separated by a corresponding

discal spot, discal band usually mterrupted at the 3. radial, the 1. submarginal spot is absent or small. Eastern

slopes of the Andes from North Ecuador to Central Peru, Upper Amazon. — zoros hk. & J. Like the preceding; zoros.

the 1. submarginal spot of the forewing sharply defined; the discal spot between 2. radial and 1. median ZB
usually truncate distally, the upper angle not rounded. South-East Peru and Bolivia. — thyastes Drury thyastes. 1~
(= diaphorus Hén.) (16b). Paler yellow than the Andes forms; discal band of the forewing not interrupted,

or only very slightly, the submarginal spot between the 2. and 3. radials quite close to the discal spot or

partly merged together with it; the black discal area of the hindwing not entering the cell. Southern

Brazil, only known from Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul.

P. dioxippus Hew. (16c). Wings on the upper surface with common green-yellow triangular area; dioxippus. ———
forewing with vestiges of costal bands; hindwing with 2 red spots at the anal angle. — Very common in
Bogotd-collections; Valleys of the Cauca, Magdalena and Meta Rivers, at moderate elevations. 2 not known.

P. lacandones. The discal area of the forewing extends costad to the lower angle of the cell or
beyond it. Guatemala to Bolivia. 2 not known. — lacandones Bates from Guatemala and Panama. Fore- /acandones., ~~
wing with 4 thin submarginal spots, discal area extending anteriorly beyond the 2. radial. — diores Iv. & J. diores.

(16b). Forewing broader, with 5 submarginal spots which are larger than in the preceding subspecies, discal
band not extending beyond the 2. radial, the subapical spot of the cell much smaller than in /acandones.
Eastern slopes of the Andes of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.

P. calliste. Bands and spots of the wings pale yellow or greenish yellow, similarly arranged as in
dioxippus ; submarginal row of the forewing curved; hindwing with 2, rarely 3 red spots, and with 2 very
large greenish yellow marginal spots from the 2. radial to the 1. median; underside of the hindwing with
pale marginal band. 2 not known to us. Mexico to Costa Rica. — calliste Bates (= lorzae Boisd.) (16b). calliste.
The two outer cell-bands of the forewing clearly developed and the last but two more or less indicated, the
discal area emarginate at the cell before the 2. median. Western Mexico, Guatemala and British Honduras.
— olbius &. é J. Larger than the preceding form; also the outer cell-bands of the forewing suffused with olbius.
black in the middle; discal band broader, the black marginal area on both wings consequently narrower
than in callisfe; submarginal line of the forewing only vestigial from the 1. median backwards. Costa Rica.

P. leucaspis. Frons entirely brownish black; abdomen yellowish beneath; the wings with common
triangular green-yellow area; the brown marginal area with blackish lines parallel to the margin. ¢ not known.
Colombia to Bolivia; a very common species in the Andes. — lamis Fk. & J. The posterior cell-spots of the /amis.
forewing large, very distinct also beneath. Colombia. — leucaspis Godt. (16c). The cell-spots of the fore- leucaspis. ,
wing smaller, usually only indicated beneath, the two outer posterior cell-spots more widely separated from
one another. Eastern slopes of the Andes, from Ecuador to Bolivia.

Dolicaon-Group.

The 7 following Papilios form the dol/caon-group. In these species no red or yellow band is present on
the under surface of the hindwing. In some species only the 1. subcostal of the forewing is eonfluent distally with
the costa, whilst in others the 2. subcostal also anastomoses with it.

P. serville. Forewing with broad black cell-band, which runs obliquely from the costal margin to
the marginal area, being united with the latter. In the forewing the 1. and 2. subcostal distally confluent
with the costa, the 2. subcostal rarely free. 2 not known. North Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia. Common.
— acritus fk. & J. The spots on head and breast small, also the yellowish lateral stripe of the abdomen acritus.
reduced, these markings sometimes absent; cell of the hindwing usually without blackish streaks. North
Venezuela, East and Central Colombia. — serville Godt. (= servillei Boisd., boliviana Weeks) (16¢). The servile. \
spots on breast and head always present, abdomen with 2 yellowish stripes on each side, of which the
upper one is broad: cell-streaks of the forewing distinct, the subapical area of the cell always shaded with
brown; the pale patches before the margin of the hindwing, on the under surface, more distinct than in
acritus. West Colombia and Ecuador to Bolivia.

P. columbus Koll. (= hippodamus Fildr., burtoni Peak.) (16c). Very nearly allied to serville; the columbus.
narrow green costal band of the forewing more oblique than in serville, marginal area of the forewing
beneath more purplish white, the blackish lines in it and the yellowish streak on the underside of the

\ fulva.

orabilis.
tsocharis.

salvini.

callias

44. PAPILIO; EURYADES. By Dr. K. Jorpan.

abdominal fold of the hindwing less distinct than in serville; the black distal area of the hindwing sometimes
touches the cell, but does not enter it. Specimens with yellowish instead of deep red anal spot are ab.
fulva Oberth. 2 similar to the o. Cordillera of Bogota to the West coast of Colombia, North-West Ecuador;
common; a ¢ in coll. H. J. Apams.

P. orabilis. Club of the antenna black; the black median band of the forewing does not extend
to the marginal area, hindwing with long red anal spot, which reaches to the 2. median. $ not known.
Guatemala to West Colombia. — orabilis Bt. The oblique discal band of the hindwing not marked above.
Costa Rica, Panama and (doubtfully) Guatemala. — isocharis R. @ J. (17a). Median band of the forewing
always extending to the 2. median; the black marginal area of the hindwing broader than in orabilis, with
an oblique spur pointing forwards, which corresponds to the posterior part of the discal band of the under
surface. West Colombia.

P. salvini Bates (17b). The black bands very much reduced, a narrow band in the middle of the
cell, not extending beyond the median vein; under surface glossy white; hindwing with black-brown discal band
which runs almost straight from the costal margin to the red anal spot. 1. and 2. subcostals of the fore-
wing distally confluent with the costa. 2 and larva not known. — Guatemala, British Honduras and
(doubtfully) Yucatan; most of the specimens in collections come from the woods in Northern Vera Paz,
Guatemala.

P. callias k. & J. (= columbus Hew. non Kollar) (17a). The short .cell-band of the forewing much

* broader than in salvini, the discocellular band also short and broad, confluent with the marginal area at the

hebrus.

deileon.

tromes.

dolicaon.

iphitas.

lower angle of the cell; hindwing shorter than in the preceding species; the marginal tooth placed before
the thin tail prolonged, thm. Hindwing beneath with black discal band, divided into two branches at the
extremity of the cell; this band in the 2 more distal, placed quite near to the marginal area, with which
it is almost confluent. — East Ecuador, Peru and the Amazons.

P. dolicaon. Head and breast black, dotted with white. Black cell-band of the forewing oblique
as In callias, but still broader than in that species, a macular band between the cell and apex of the wing.
Hindwing rounded, with thin tail, beneath with forked discal band, the proximal branch of the fork running
to the abdominal margin. The 1. subcostal anastomoses with the costa, 2. subcostal free as in callias. Larva
not known. Colombia to Paraguay and South Brazil. — hebrus &. ¢ J. The white subapical area of the
cell of the forewing narrowed costad; hindwing more strongly rounded than in the other subspecies. Under
surface of both wings purplish: the discal area of the forewing divided into spots by broad black vein-
streaks; hindwing yellowish. Colombia: Magdalena Valley and Cordillera of Bogota. — deileon F7/dr. (17a).
Marginal band of the hindwing beneath narrow below the 1. radial, at the 2. radial only 1—2 mm broad,
the proximal branch of the discal band traversing the cell at the base of the 2. median, the greenish white
apical spot of the cell much larger than the spot placed at its costal side. East Ecuador to Bolivia and
Matto Grosso, and the Amazon downwards to Para; according to Frnprr also from “Bogota”, but his spe-
cimens may be from the East side of the Cordillera of Bogota or from North-East Ecuador. — tromes
Rk. & J. Green-white subapical area of the cell of the forewing above very faintly shaded with black;
marginal band of the hindwing broad, the green-white spots placed at the apex of the cell between the 1.
and 3. radials small; marginal. band of the underside of the forewing below the 1. radial only about 1 mm
broad; the proximal branch of the discal band of the hindwing placed somewhat distally to the base of the
2. median, green-white apical spot of the cell at most as long as the spot placed before it between the
2. subcostal and the 1. radial. North Venezuela. — dolicaon Cr. Marginal band of the forewing beneath
at the 2. radial 3—5 mm broad in the o’, somewhat narrower in the 2; proximal edge of the marginal area
of the hindwing above remote from the cell; proximal branch of the discal band of the hindwing beneath
as in fromes distal to the base of the 2. median vein; the brownish yellow postdiscal spot between the 2. sub-
costal and 1. radial placed transversely to the veins. Orinoco; Guiana. — deicoon Fldr. The white sub-
apical spots of the forewing large; the black marginal area of the hindwing narrower than in the other
forms. Paraguay; Brazil, from Rio Grande do Sul to Goyaz.

P. iphitas Hn. (= dolicaon Godt. non Cramer) (17a). Similar to dolicaon ; yellow, the black marginal
area of the forewing narrower posteriorly; the oblique discal band of the hindwing on the upperside present
from the black marginal area at least to the 2. subcostal. 2 not known to us. — Brazil, in hilly country:
Espivitu Santo, Organ Mountains in the province of Rio de Janeiro, and Pernambuco.

2. Genus: Kuryades Bum.

Frons with short hairs. Tibiae naked, not woolly, furnished with a few bristles: tarsi short. Antenna
with strong club and a row of sensory grooves at each side. Stalk of the subcostal fork of the forewing
as long as the posterior branch (= 5. subcostal vein), 1. radial before the middle of the cell; basal cell of
the hindwing large, 2. subcostal vein very distal, branching from the cell at about the same height as the
2. median, apex of the cell rounded, the lower angle obtuse. The bipartite claspers of the o not quite

BARONIA. By Dr. K. Jonpan. — PARNASSIUS. By H. Sricnet. 45

closed together; the 2 after copulation with so-called pouch. Larva on Aristolochia, and like the pupa,
formed and coloured quite as in the Avistolochia-Papilios of the Papilio perrhebus group. In these Aristolochia-
Papilios we find already a rudimentary pouch; in Euryades it is large, bilobate. — This genus is confined
to the Rio Parana (with its tributaries), Argentina and Paraguay; 2 species, which are both sexually dimorphic.

E. duponcheli Lue. (17b). Tailed. o* velvety black, with a yellow band of large patches in the
middle and on the hindwing also 2 rows of red spots, of which the submarginal row is only more or less
indicated above. ¢ yellow-brown, black distally and in the cell of the forewing, the macular band above
only indicated by 2 subcostal patches, which are situated on the forewing; the red spots of the hindwing
above vivid red; under surface for the most part grey-yellow. — From Buenos Aires northward, commonest
in North-West Argentina.

E. corethrus Boisd. (17b, c). Tailless. co’ much paler than in duponcheli, semitransparent; hind-
wing also above with a band of yellow spots outside the red discal spots. 2 likewise paler than in the
preceding species, the margin more narrowly black, the very pale red submarginal spots of the hindwing
large, the discal row on the contrary replaced by black spots, only the last always dotted with reddish
grey, but often also the first and sometimes the next two as well. — Not quite so common as the pre-
ceding species and not so widely distributed; more in the neighbourhood of the Rio Parana and Rio Paraguay.

3. Genus: Baronmia Salv.

Antenna short, with broad club. Legs likewise very short, femora with long hairs, before the
extremity with some stiff bristles, tibiae rough with bristles; 1. segment of the tarsus about '/s as long as
the tibia; the spur of the foretibia reaching to °/1. Forewing rather narrow, 1. and 2. subcostals close
together, the 1. confluent with the costa and partly also with the 2. subcostal, the 3. absent, the 4. and 5.
rather long stalked; 1. radial arising from the cell; hindmargin of the cell almost straight, no median spur;
hindwing rounded, with large basal cell, the 1. subcostal, which closes it distally, very weak; precostal
forked, 2. subcostal branching off much more distally from the cell than the 2. median. Scales of the wings
rounded. — The only known species belongs in the neighbourhood of Parnassius. — Guerrero, West Mexico.

B. brevicornis Sal/v. (17c). My. O. T. Baron discovered this peculiar insect in the neighbourhood
of the town of Chilpancingo, recently destroyed by an earthquake, where the butterflies were flying in June
and July at a height of 4500 ft. He only took 5 specimens, which are in the collections of Gopmay,
Roruscuinp and the California Academy. Blackish brown, with pale yellow markings; all the spots of the
hindwing beneath are silvery white as well as the apical and submarginal spots of the forewing. 2 somewhat
larger than the o’, the light markings more extended.

4. Genus: Parmassius Lat.

For the general characters the reader is referred to the descriptions in Part I, Vol. I, p. 19. A
special distinguishing feature of the genus is the absence of the hindmarginal vein in the hindwing and of

duponchelt.

corethrus.

brevicornis.

the transverse vein present in the genus Papilio s. str. between median and submedian near the base of the-

forewing. A striking characteristic moreover is the pouch (Abdominaltasche, poche cornée) of the impregnated
female, mentioned in Euryades, which besides is only found in a few of the allied genera, namely in Hurycus
Loid., Luehdorfia Criig., also occurring in a single species of the genus Papilio (P. proneus Hbn.) (Jordan)
and in the whole family of Acraeidae. Exhaustive observations and investigations have been devoted
to the nature of this appendage. It is not an organ of the body, but a product of the insect itself, and is
produced during the copulation of the sexes in this way, that the o ejects from a gland at the anal ex-
tremity a secretion which hardens very quickly, and in the moment of ejection with the assistance of a
special membranous organ (peraplast) assumes a definite form and is attached to the abdomen of the 2
(StzzoLtp, THomson, ScuppEr). This product is therefore an independent creation of the organs of copula-
tion, but its form appears to depend on the peculiar structure of these, and is therefore to be regarded as
a valuable means of help in the differentiation of the species and in arranging them into natural groups.
Concerning the purpose of this peculiar appendage nothing is known with certainty. One would suppose
that it plays some part in oviposition, but this is contradicted by THomson’s observations in breeding Par-
nassius apollo L. in the Insectarium of the Zoological Gardens in London; he is of the opinion that the
pouch is without any utility after copulation. The fact that 9? of Parnassius species have been taken, in
the pouch of which a loose egg was found, permits the supposition that the insect carries this with it until
it has found a suitable place for laying.

The Parnassius forms are inhabitants of the mountains in the Northern temperate zone, entirely
wanting in the tropics, subtropics and the Southern temperate zone of America, even in those heights of
the Cordillera which would suit their conditions of life. Their area of distribution is confined to a Western
strip of North America. As Southern limit about 35° N. Lat. may be taken, in the East the principal chain

thor.

clodius.

altaurus.

claudianus.

baldur.

/usca.

’ menetriesii.

lorquini.

gallatinus.

smintheus.

46 PARNASSIUS. By H. Sricaen.

of the Rocky Mountains forming the boundary line, whilst northwards they extend in Alaska as far as the
polar circle; in the mountains they ascend to about 4000 m (14000 English ft.).

America possesses representatives of only two of the groups into which Parnassius can be naturally
divided according to the abdominal pouch, of which P. thor, clodius and the allied forms are to be classified
with the Palaearctic clarius-group with whitish, elongated, vesicular pouch, whilst the smintheus forms belong
to the apollo-group, in which the pouch is small, dark brown, carinate beneath, and pointed like a leaf.

P. eversmanni Mén. (vol. I, 10g) is represented in Alaska by a form with narrowed bands, to which
is to be applied the name of thor H. Edw., proposed for the 9. Ground-colour of the o7 yellow as in the
Asiatic form, markings of the wings agreeing rather closely with those of the 2 of P. clodius, but the bands
and spots narrower, and the discal band outside the cell somewhat further removed from it, less irregular
and more sharply defined; the hindwing without submarginal crescents, only 2 indistinct patches near the
dise, the basal and hindmarginal area blackish, at the usual places 2 ocelli filled in with red, the posterior
one connected with a black anal spot by a narrow band-like shading. 2 whitish with broadened bands, the
anal spot on the hindwing with two red dots, its connection with the posterior ocellus broader, near the

outer margin a row of sharp black lunules. Only 3 specimens (1 o, 2 9) known: at the upper course of
the Yucon River, June.

P. clodius Mén. (17d) is very nearly allied to eversmanni. Ground-colour white, only in the $ the
short costal band placed outside the cell connected with the hindmarginal spot by an irregular dusty band,
the glossy submarginal band of the forewing sharp but narrow, the o’ with small, the ? with larger,
crescent-shaped submarginal spots on the hindwing; on the latter the anal spot mostly centred with red.
Coast district of Oregon and California, southwards to about San Francisco. The biology is still unknown.
It is suspected that Viola is the food-plant, perhaps also Sedum and possibly Vaccinium or Rubus (dewberry)
(Wricut). Is commonly (even in recent works) confused with the specifically different P. clarius Eversm.
from Asia, or this name is applied to the mountain form of the species (see further below). — Ab. altaurus
Dyar is an aberration from the name-typical form with yellowish instead of red anal spots. — In the
Northern adjoining districts occurs a race, larger on the average, with much broadened marginal pattern
on the forewing. Marginal and submarginal bands are merged into a broad stripe, through the middle of
which runs only one row of small white crescents. ‘This form has been introduced as claudianus Stich.
(17). In the 2 the black band-pattern is less intensive but broader, the connection of the costal spot and
hindmarginal spot only shadowed as a narrow streak, on the hindwing very large marginal lunules, the
anal spot without red dot. Washington Ter., Vancouver Island, types No. 27918 to 27921 in the Kgl..
Zool. Museum Berlin. There are transitions to the typical form. — baldur H. W. Edw. (17e) occurs in the
mountains to the East of the district of the principal form. This is distinguished by reduced and less sharp
markings. In the o” the hindmarginal spot is mostly absent on the forewing and the anal spot on the
hindwing; the posterior ocellus is reduced as a rule; the 2 has no submarginal crescents on the hindwing,
the anal spot is rarely centred with red; in both sexes the white dusting very thin, somewhat transparent.
Sierra Nevada, about from the Emigrant to the Truckee Pass; also reported from the Wahsatch Mountains
(Utah). Varies rather considerably, and forms on the one hand transitions to the coast form, on the other
hand there oceurs a further reduction of the pattern. Specimens with point-like, reduced posterior ocellus
are not rare: ab. Iusca Stich. (17e); or those in which the two ocelli only remain as vestiges: ab. menetriesii
H. Edw. ({7e). On the other hand ab. lorquini Oberth., in which the ocelli are entirely absent, occurs
only sparingly. In the type of this form in addition all the black markings also are effaced except two
narrow oblong spots in the middle and at the end of the cell of the forewing and some blackish dusting
at the hmdmargin of the hindwing. — A further race from Montana, gallatinus Stich., is distinguished by
the band-pattern of the o” being in general weakly marked, while on the contrary there is a complete
discal band outside the cell, as in the ? of the typical form; hindwing without anal spot and with small
ocelh; the $ is more strongly marked, partly dusted over with black, the forewing with broader submarginal
band, on the hindwing the submarginal lunulus and the anal spot strongly developed. Gallatin County
(EtRoop).

P. smintheus Doub/. is an American representative of the Asiatic P. phoebus F. Ground-colour
chalk-white, forewing with the peculiar black spots of the apollo-group, in the typical form an incomplete
submarginal band on the forewing, the costal spot faintly centred with red, the transparent border narrow
at the outer margin, commonly only extending to the middle of the wing, interrupted by white marginal
spots, the white fringes spotted with black at the extremities of the veins; hindwing with 2 small ocelhi,
filled in with red, hindmarginal spot as a rule weakly indicated. 2 as a rule somewhat larger, forewing
with larger costal spots, filled in with red, strong hindmarginal spot and broader margin, hindwing with
larger ocelli, 1—2 anal spots filled in with red and a row of submarginal crescent spots. Extraordinarily
variable in size and markings, in the & the submarginal band of the forewing sometimes more strongly
developed, the glassy border very variously developed, the white patches of the same sometimes more

PARNASSIUS. By H. Sricust. AT

weakly, sometimes more strongly expressed, occasionally a stronger black spot in the hindmarginal area,
the costal spots also quite black, more copiously dotted with red or white; on the hindwing the anal spot
in individual instances more distinct and near the margin sometimes some blackish spots. In the 9%, parti-
eulary those from high lying localities, more copious black marking and partial darkening of the white
eround-colour are of no uncommon occurrence, also in both sexes individuals often oecur with yellowish
instead of red ocelli, which are usually referred to behrii (see further below). But this name must be
reserved for the Western race of the species. Specimens without red on the upper surface, in which even
the ocelli of the hindwing are reduced to black spots, are usually called ab. sedakovii Mén. This is,
however, an Asiatic form of P. phoebus F. and the name has been replaced by ab. mendica Stich. mendica.
The ege is semispherical, somewhat depressed at the top, the upper surface thickly granulated, the
colour ivory white with a faint greenish tint. Development variable, some eggs yield the larvae in the
same year, others hibernate. The young larva is nearly cylindrical, of black colour, the body covered with
small hairy tubercles. When fullgrown it attains a length of 23—25 mm (0,9—1,1 inch), the ground-
eolour is then black-brown, brown on the underside and the legs, the body covered with short stiff hairs
and marked with 4 rows of yellow, sometimes white spots; it has a fork-shaped, eversible yellowish gland
in the neck; the head is broad, with impressed suture, of black colour. Pupa cylindrical, stout, about
{5 mm (0,6 inch) long, the upper surface finely granulated, of yellow-brown colour with greenish reflection.
When the larva is about to pupate it draws a leaf or several leaves together into a sort of cocoon by
some silken threads, but pupae have also been found on the ground under pieces of wood without a trace
of a cocoon. Duration of the pupal stage unknown. The time of flight of the butterflies lasts from May
to September, but appears to depend on the temperature and other climatic conditions and the principal
time of emergence is the month of July (Courris). The oviposition seems to be irregular and regardless
of place, and it is left for the newly-emerged larva to find its food-plant; it was observed that the eggs
were laid on the stalks of grass or other plants (Composites, Artemisia, ete.), or even on stems or on the
ground itself, but always near to this. Various opinions have been advanced as to the food-plant; thus,
among others, Bruce suspected it was Castelleia integra, and also suggested Saxifraga, later he assigned
Sedum stenopetalum as the true food-plant; W. H. Epwarps reared the larvae on Sedum ternatum, but -
they also accepted other species of Sedum. By night they live concealed in secure hiding-places on the
sround, not coming out until the sun shines; they are commonly attacked by parasites (Tachinids). The
imagos are common where they occur, but are difficult to catch, not only on account of the natural
obstacles of the ground, but also on account of their rapid and high flight. Newly emerged males emit,
particularly at the time of copulation, a peculiar, pungent and disagreeable odour, which reminds one of
mice (W. H. Epwarps, Wricut, Reaxirt, Fruustorrer, etc.). Habitat of the typical race: the Rocky
Mountains in Wyoming and Colorado. 4
The species is very variable, but according to our experience with the European and Asiatic species
the formation of races in certain restricted localities is to be assumed as in the highest degree probable.
These races nevertheless intergrade with one another and in the region of flight of the one form are found
individuals with characteristics of the others and vice versa, so that the characters assigned to the following
forms are only to be taken in a very general sense. In doubtful cases the locality of the insect must
settle the question. — As hermodur H. Edw. only a strongly darkened form of the o is usually hermodur.
described. The original is recorded from the Southern part of the distribution-area. co’ (17e) from that
district for the most part differ in that the glossy border of the forewing is not interrupted by white spots
at the margin, the submarginal band is only very weakly developed, and the costal spots are occasionally
much reduced; 92 occur in a more or less darkened form. The name may be applied collectively to the
Southern race. South Colorado, Northern New Mexico. — In sayii W. H. Edw. (17d) the oo" are usually sayii.
larger, with larger deep red ocelli, and otherwise approach the Asiatic intermedius Mén.; in the 92 as a rule
a more copious sprinkling with black scales is noticeable, so that they agree in this with the 92 of the
previous form; the costal spots of the forewing are large and quite filled in with red, the glossy border
broad, only separated from the submarginal band by a row of luniform spots, the submarginal crescents of
the hindwing especially strongly marked and merged together into a broad band. Montana, Judith Moun-
tas. — From the Northern parts of the Rocky Mountains there is a smaller form described as nanus nanus.
Neumoeg. The type-specimen of this resembles the ab. mendica; in the & the red colour is entirely absent
on the upper surface of both wings, the greater part of the outer margin is glassy grey, on the hindwing
only the hindmarginal area is blackish and in the dise there is a black spot instead of the ocellus. The 2
is similar to that of hermodur, darkly dusted, with 2 costal spots filled in with red, hindwing with glassy
grey border, the red ocelli with white pupils, all the black markings vivid. British Columbia and Montana. —
In the West the species is represented by behrii W. H. Hdw. (17d); a rather large form, in which the o7 behrii.
usually has somewhat longer wings, the submarginal band is marked anteriorly by sharp black luniform
spots, which become obsolete posteriorly, the anterior ones of the costal spots usually centred with red,
the glossy border is confined to the anterior half, narrowed and so restricted by the white marginal spots
that it only remains as a row of blackish wedge-shaped spots; ocelli of the hindwing small. The red-

niger.

magnus.

apricatus.

‘a more certain confirmation of these records is wanting,

48 Alphabetical List of the American Papilionidae.

yellow colouring of the ocelli and the development of small submarginal spots on the hindwing are given
as special characteristics, but these features are not constant. The 2? as a rule have the costal spots on
the forewing strongly filled in with red, a strongly marked submarginal band, the dise more or less dusted
with black, on the hindwing the submarginal lunules are confluent as a sort of band and there are grey
spots at the margin itself. In aspect on the whole like sayii-2 or a lighter hermodur-?. California (Sierra
Nevada), Utah. Ab. niger Wright is an individual form of this local variety corresponding to the ab.
mendica; this has on the forewing only two black cell-spots, an insignificant costal spot, traces of a sub-
marginal band, the outer margin has no glossy border, both ocelli of the hindwing are reduced to black
points. Summit, South California, 2600 m. — Another large form of the species is magnus Wright, which
is only slightly different from belrii in that the submarginal band of the forewing is almost complete but
less sharply marked, and the glassy border is broader, extending to the hinder angle and less restricted by
white marginal spots; hindwing in the type-specimen without anal and submarginal spots, the anterior
ocellus very small, the posterior one also only moderately large, the latter with white pupil, the former
entirely red; 2 with costal spots copiously filled m with red and red-dotted hindmarginal spot on the fore-
wing, blackish shading in the disc, border broadly glassy grey; ocelli of the hindwing large, the posterior
one with white pupil, submarginal band not extra strongly marked, but the margin itself glassy. Enderby,
British Columbia. -- The most northerly representative of the species is apricatus Stich. (17d); distinguished
by the roundish shape of the wings and very strong black spotting; on the forewing the costal spots
changed to a short band, in which there is an almost square red spot anteriorly; submarginal band sharply
marhed, a large black spot in the hindmarginal area; on the hindwing the hindmarginal area broadly black,
a small anal spot, the ocelli large and filled in with deep red, in the posterior one some white dusting.
2 similarly marked to the o, somewhat dusted over with blackish, submarginal band of the forewing and
the glossy border broader and complete, hindwing with broader submarginal band and blackish glossy
border. In general very similar to the Asiatic phoebus forms. Kadiak Island (Alaska).

By older authors (Morris, Botspuvan) P. nomion Fisch, d. W. is recorded from the Rocky Mountains
and California, according to more recent accounts (Dyar, Wricut) the species occurs in Alaska. However,
and there appears to be a confusion with a form
of smintheus, especially as regards the records of earlier date.

Alphabetical List

with references to the original descriptions of the forms of the American Papilionidae.
* signifies that the form is also figured in the place cited.

anaximenes Pap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. VI, p. 64./°/4

abboti Pap. Mundt. Canad. Entomol. XV,
Mus.

p. 87.

abderus Pap. Hopff. Neue Schmett. I, p.
acauda Pap. Oberth. Et d’Ent. IV, p. 98.
aconophos Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Ins. Br. Mus. I, p. 65. *
acritus Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XII, p. 735.

adaea Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XII], p. 640.

aeneas Pap. Z. Mus. Ulv., p. 197.!-

agathokles Pap. Koll. Denkschr. Akad. Wien. (Math.) I, p. 352..\°

iil. Bx. Ins. MM, p. 11. */23

agavus Pap. Drury.
Gen. Ins. Lép. T. I. *

agesilaus Pap. Guér. & Perch. :
aglaope Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Ins. Br. Mus. I, p. 55. \°*
albanus Pap. Fldr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. G. Wien XIV, p. 314.
alexiares Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zt. XXVII, p. 31.

aliasca Pap. Scudd. Proc. Bost. Nat. H. Soc. XI, p. 407.
alopius Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Ins. Br. Mus. I, p. 58./°’~
altaurus Parn. Dyar. Bullet. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 52, p. I.
alunata Pap. Skinn. & Aar. Canad. Entom. XXI, p. 126.
alyattes Pap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 73.

amazonius Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 531.

amerias Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 646.

americus Pap. Koll. Denkschr. Akad. Wien (Math.) I, p. 354
amisa Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XI, p. 647.

ammoni Pap. Behrens. Canad. Entom. XIX, p. 199.

amosis Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. II, p. 139. *

amphissus Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zt. XX VII, p. 27.

ampliata Pap. Mén. Enum. Corp. anim. Mus. Petr. Lep. II, p. 99.

amulius Pap. Esp. Ausl. Schmett., p. 81. *
anargus Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. NII, p. 674.
anatmus Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XII, p. 666. *

Le anchises Pap. L.

Ulr., p. 1915
Ausl. Schmett., p. 53. *
Samml. Exot. Schmett. I, Taf. 98. *

anchisiades Pap. Esp.
andraemon Pap. Hbn.
androgeus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, p. 24 *

androna Pap. Rk. & J. Novit. Zool. XII, p. 668. *

antheas Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XII, p. 506.°"'~

antiquus Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 523.

apricatus Parn. Stici. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr., Vol. 51, p. 87. *
arbates Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. IV, p. 198. *

arcas Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. IV, p. 174. *

arcesilaus Pap. Luc. Rev. Zool., p. 131. *

archesilaus Pap. Fldr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. G. Wien XIV, p. 301.
archidamas Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. I, p. 321.

archytas Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zt. XXVII, p. 28.

ariarathes Pap. Esp. Ausl. Schmett., p. 57. *
aristeus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. IV, p. 139. *
aristodemus Pap. Esp. Mag. Neu. Ausl. Ins.,
aristor Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 60.
arizonensis Pap. Edw. Papilio Il, p- 4.
arriphus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gen. Leép. [, p. 393.°

ascanius Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, p. 20. * ?/2.

ascolius Pap. Fldr. Verh. Zool. epee G. Wien XIV, p. 312.
asius Pap. F. Spec. Ins. I, p.

astomis Pap. Esp. Ausl. Soele p- 248. *

autocles Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 557.

autosilaus Pap. Bates. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) V, p. 348.
autumnus Pap. Stgr. Iris XI, p. 142.!

[Ms tsh =

Publ. 5. XT. 09.

bachus Pap. Fidr. iver: zool.-bot. G. Wien XIV, p. 312.
baia Pap. R. & J, Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 614.

bairdi Pap. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. VI, p. 200.

baldur Parn. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. V1, p. 12.

bari Pap. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. IV, p. 72. *4./S.

baroni Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 647.

behrii Parn. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. III, p. 10.

belemus Pap. Bates. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) V, p. 228.
belephantes Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr. Am. Il, p. 208. *
belesis Pap. Bates. Ent. Mon. Mag J, p. 1.
bellerophon Pap. Daim. Ann. Entom. 1823,
belus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. II, p. 23. *
birchalli Pap. Hew. Trans. ae ae Lond. (8) I, p. 517.
bitias Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX,

bogotanus Pap. Fldr. Verh. Zool. ee *e. Wien XIV, p. 292.1
bolivar Pap. Hew.
bonhotei Pap. Sharpe. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1900, p. 201. *
branchus Pap. Doubl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XVIII, p. 373.
brasiliensis Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 560.
brevicauda Pap. Saund. Pack.’s guide Ins., p. 278.
brevicornis Bar. Sa/v. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 331.
brevifasciatus Pap. Weym. Stett. Ze. LV, p. 312.

brises Pap. R. & J. Novit. Zool. XIII, p. 610.

brissonius Pap. Hon. Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 87.°

bunichus Pap. Hodn.

p. 37.

cacicus Pap. Luc. Guér. Rev. Zool. (2) IV, p. 132.
caiguanabus Pap. Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cub. I, p. 442. *
callias Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIll, p. 739.

calicles Pap. Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) V, p. 361.!
calliste Pap. Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. I, p. 3.

calogyna Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIU, p. 481. *
calverleyi Pap. Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. II, p. 441. *
canadensis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIU, p. 586.

capys Pap. Hon. Sammlg. Exot. Schmett. I.

catamelas Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 616.

cauca Pap. Oberth., Et. dEnt. IV, p. 84, /

caudius Pap. Hon. Samml. Ex. Schm. I. *

celadon Pap. Luc., Guér. Rev. Zool. (2) IV, p. 130.
cephalus Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. II, p. 235. *
chabrias Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) If, p. 23. *!
chalceus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 529.
chamissonia Pap. Esaisci. Kotzeb. Reise ILI, p. 203. */
chiansiades Pap. Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. XXX, p. 101. *
childrenae Pap. Gray, Griff. An. Kingd. ee ps 673: S215
chironis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, . 610.

chlorodamas Pap. Guen: Mém. Soe. Piva! ‘Geneve 22, p. 369. * |

choridamas Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. I, p. 318.

chrysomelus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 628.

cinyras Pap. Mén. En. Corp. Mus. Petr. Lep. I. Suppl., p. 68. *

claudianus Parn. Stiai. Wytsm. Gen. Insect. fasc. 58, p. 15.

clearchus Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien XIV, p. 312.

cleolas Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 621.

cleombrotus Pap. Strec. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 37, p. 175.

cleotas Pap. Gray, Griff. An. Kingd. XV, p. 673. *

clodius Parn. Mén. Cat. Lép. Pét. I, p. 73. :

clusoculis Pap. Btir. Cist. Ent. I, p. 85.

cochabamba Pap. Weeks, Canad. Ent. 33, p. 265.

coelebs Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 643. *

coelus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 289.P/4

coloro Pap. Wright, Butt. West. Coast, p. 86. *

columbus Pap. H.-Schaff. Cor. Zool. Min. Ver. Regensb. 16, p. 141P

columbus Pap. Koll. Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. eer Math. Cl. I,
Beoolas

consus Pap. R.& J. Nov. Zool. XIU, p. 499.!./7

copanae Pap. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Il, p. 141.

corethrus Eury. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, Dr a ka

coroebus Pap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p.

crassus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. II, p. 23. *

cresphontes Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. Il, p. 106. *

crispus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 525. *

ctesiades Pap. R. &J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 642.

curvifascia Pap. Skinn. Ent. News XIII, p. 183.

cutorina Pap. Stgr. Iris XI, p. 139./

cyamon Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 60. *

cymochles Pap. Db/. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 14, p. 416.!

daguanus Pap. R. 2 J. Nov. Zool. XI, p. 625.

damis Pap. R. oe Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 456.

damokrates Pap. Guen. Mem. Soc. Phys. Genéve 22, p. 371. *’
dardanus Pap. F. Ent. Syst. UL 1, p. 10.715

dares Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (8) V, p. 561.273
dariensis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIll, p. 716.

Vv

Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond. (2) I, p. 97. *! 5

Sammlg. Exot. Schmett. II, Taf. 103. */3
burchellanus Pap. Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 101. * }5

Alphabetical List of the American Eapilonidze:

NW

49
dido 2

daunus Pap. wah Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 342.

deileon Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien 74, p. 300.
devilliers Pap. Godt. Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris Il, Lép. *
diaphora Pap. Stgr. Iris 4, p. 63.

diceros Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. a Mus. I, Ps 48. *!
diodorus Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 27, p. 93.

dione Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 639.

diores Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XI, p. 731.

dioxippus Pap. Hew. Ex. Butt. I. *

dolicaon Pap. Cr. Pap. Ex. I, Tab. 17. *

dolius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XI, p. 724.

dominicus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, 195, Oley
drucei Pap. Bt/r. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 434. *
duponcheli Eury. Luc. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1839, pola
dysmias Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 642.

earis Pap. R.& J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 723. *

ecbolius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIIL p. 500. ‘

echemon Pap. Hon. Samml. Ex. Schm. I, *€-1¢

eimeri Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 705.

elatos Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 481.0)"

electryon Pap. Bates, Ent. Month. Mag. I, p. 3.

epenetus Pap. Hew. Exot. Butt. II. *

epidaurus Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Lep. Rhop. Il, p. 224. *
epidaus Pap. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. I, p. 15. *

eracon Pap. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, p. 248.
ergeteles Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 52. *
eridamas Pap. Reak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Phil. 18, p. 248.
erithalion Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 295.’

erlaces Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 49. */ ~-
erostratus Pap. Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. V, p. 36. *
erythrus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 474. */

etias Pap. R.& J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 486. *

eucharia Pap. R.& J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 456. *!:

eumelea Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 672.

eupatrion Pap. Luc. Cast. Voy. Am. Sud. Zool. II. *
eurysteus Pap. Méschl. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien 32, p. 304.
eurybates Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 51. *P15
euryleon Pap. Hew. Exot. Butt. I.

eurymander Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zg. a, p. 29.

eurymedon Pap. Luc. Rev. Zool. (2) 4, p. 140.

euterpinus Pap. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) II, p. 150.
evagoras Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I 06 Wills
extendatus Pap. Weym. Stett. Ze. 55, p. 312.

fenochionis Pap. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. (4) Il, p. 150.
flavescens Pap. Oberth, Et. d’Ent. IV, p. 79.

flavida Pap. Oberth. Kt. d’Ent. 4, p. 115.

fletcheri Pap. Kemp. Entom. News 11, p. 481.

floridensis Pap. Holl. Butt. Book, p. 307. *

foetterlei Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. Xi, p. 487. #78

fortis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIU, p. 704,

fulva Pap. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 4, p. 74,

gallatinus Parn. Stich. Wytsm. Gen. Insect. fase. 58, p. 15.
garamas Pap. Hon. Sammi. Ex. Schmett. II. *

garcia Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 592.

garleppi Pap. Stgr. Iris V, p. 427.

gayi Pap. Luc. Guér. Rev. Zool., p. 193.

glaucolaus Pap. Bates. Ent. Month. Mag. I, p. 4.

glaucus Pap. LZ. Syst. Nat. (Hd. X), p. 460.

godmani Pap. R. & J. Novy. Zool. XIII, Be 632.

gratianus Pap. Hew. Exot. Butt. IL. “7

grayi Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 363.

haenschi Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 665. * Ee
hahneli Pap. Stgr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882 , p. 396. HOU.
halex Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 667.

harmodius Pap. Dé. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 18, p. 374.
harrisianus Pap. Swains. Zool. Il. HI, Ent. 1. *

hebrus Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 741.

hectorides Pap. Esp. Mag. Ausl. Ins. I, p. 5. *

hedae Pap. Foett. Rev. Mus. Paul. V, p. 620. *

helios Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, D- 720.

hellanichus Pap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *

hephaestion Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien 14, p. 298.
hermodur Parn, Edw., Papilio I, p. 4.

hetaerius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 711. *

himeros Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 27, p. 26.

hipparchus Pap. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. I, p. 20.

hippason Pap. Hon. Verz. bek. ‘Schmett., Dp: 87.
hippomedon Pap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. III, p. 393.
hollandi Pap. Edw. Butt. N. Amer. 24, p. 50.

7

50 Alphabetical List of the American Papilionidae.

homerus Pap. F. Ent. Syst. IIL. 1, p. 29.
homothoas Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 561.
hyppason Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, p. 46. *

idaeus Pap. F. Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 16.

ilus Pap. F. Ent. Syst. IIL 1, p. 17.
imaus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 668. *
imerius Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 69.

inca Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 653.

indra Pap. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 6, p. 123.
interruptus Pap. Stgr. Iris V, p. 427.

iopas Pap. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent Soc. Lond. 1897, p. 248.
iphidamas Pap. F. Ent. Syst. UL 1, p17. |
iphitas Pap. Hon. Samml. Exot. Schmett. II. *
isidorus Pap. Dol. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 18, p. 375.
isocharis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 738.
isus Pap. Obverth. Et. d’Ent. 4, p. 81.

jamaicensis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 522.
janira Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 527.
jelskii Pap. Oberth. Et, dEnt. 6, p. 113. *
judicaél Pap. Obverth. Et. dEnt. 12, p. 3. *

klagesi Pap. Ehrm. Entom. News XV, p. 215.''

lacandones Pap. Bates. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 4.
lacydes Pap. Hew. Equat. Lep. 1, p. 1.
lamarchei Pap. Stgr. Iris V, p. 428.

lamis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 733.
laodamas Pap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. III, p. 393. *
latinus Pap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 72.
lecontei Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 690.
lenaeus Pap. Dol. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. 1, p. 16. *
leontis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 599.
lepidus Pap. Fldr. Wien. ent. Mon. V, p. 72.
leptalea Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 620. *
leucas Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 709. *
leucaspis Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 55.
leucones Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 715.
leuctra Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 674. *
linus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 456. **'™
locris Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 457. *!
lorquini Parn. Oberth. Et. VEnt. 14, p. 7. *
lucayus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 521.
lucianus Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 518. *
lycidas Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. II, p. 25. *
lycimenes Pap. Boisd. Cons. Lép. Guatem., p. 7
lycophron Pap. Hbn. Samml. Exot. Schmett. Il.
lysander Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, p. 46. *
lysimachus Pap. Honr. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 32, p. 251. *
lysithous Pap. Hon. Sammi. Exot. Schmett. II. *

machaonides Pap. Esp. Ausland. Schmett., p. 191. *
macrosilaus Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 34.
madyes Pap. Dé/. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 18, p. 375.

magnus Parn. Wright. Butt. West Coast U. S., p. 80. *
marcellinus Pap. Dbl. List Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 8.
marcellus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. II, p. 4. *

marchandi Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. 1, p. 350.
marcius Pap. Hon. Samml. Exot. Schmett. [. *
megalurus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 712. *
melaenus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 709. *

melania Pap. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 4, p. 78. *

melasina Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 542.

melonius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 556. *

mendica Parn. Stiat., Wytsm. Gen. Insect. 58, p. 20.
menes Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 672. *

menetriesi Parn. Edw. Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 7, p. 164.
mercedes Pap. R. & J. Novy. Zool. XIII, p. 651.
metagenes Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XII], p. 673.
metaphaon Pap. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ,1874, p. 434.
microdamas Pap. Burm. Descr. Rép. Arg. V. Lép., p. 63. *
mithras Pap. Grose -mith. Rhop. Ex. III. *°&/!

molops Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 710. *
montezuma Pap. Westw. Arc. Ent. I, p. 67. *F/3.
morelius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 635.

mycale Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. II, p. 199. *
mylotes Pap. Bates. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) V, p. 346.

5d
58

nais Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 653.

nanus Parn. Neumoeg. Entom. Amer. 6, p. 6
nealces Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 558
neodamas Pap. Luc. Guér. Rev. Zool. (2) 4, p. 193. *

fe

neophilus Pap. Hon. Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 87.) |
neosilaus Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 27, p. 26.
nephalion Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 37.

niger Pap. Eimer, Artbild. Schmett., p. 214.

niger Parn. Wright, Butt. West Coast U. 8., p. 79. *
nigricornis Pap. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. I, p. 17.

nitra Pap. Edw., Papilio IL, p. 158. a ]
numa Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 289.9 |
nymphius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 612. *

oberthueri Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 696. *

obsoleta Pap. Ehrm. Canad. Entom. 32, p. 348.

cebalus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 360. AA
oedippus Pap. Luc. Casieln. Voy. Amér. Sud, Lép., p. 197.! 7
oedipus Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14, p. 299.

oibius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 732. a
olivencius Pap. Bates. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. @) V, p. 345.°-""
orabilis Pap. Btlr. Cist. Ent. I, p. 84.

orbignyanus Pap. Lyc. Rev. Zool. (2) 4, p. 192. *!

orchamus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 300.

oregonia Pap. Edw. Butt. N. Amer. Il. * ita
orellana Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) II, p. 23. *!!>
ornythion Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 354. k
orsua Pap. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. (6) III, p. 358.029
orthosilaus Pap. Weym. Entom. Nachr. 25, p. 195.

osyris Pap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 74.!° 17.

oviedo Pap. Gundl. Poey Rep. Nat. Cub. I, p. 279. *

oxynius Pap. Hon. Saml. Exot. Schmett. II]. *

pacificus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 612. *

paeon Pap. Boisd, Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 356.

palamedes Pap. Drury. Ill. Ex. Ent. I, p. 36. *

pallas Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 39. *

panamensis Pap. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 4, p. 75.

panthias Pap. Rk. & /. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 638. *

panihonus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. Ill, p. 154. *

paraensis Pap. Bates. Journ. Ent. I, p. 225. fete

paralius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool, XIII, p. 474. *%-°-

parianus Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 502.) |

parsodes Pap. Bates. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) V, p. 344.0.)©.
patros Pap. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 43. *

pausanias Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2), p. 22. *
pelaus Pap. F. Syst. Ent., p. 444.

peleides Pap. Esp. Ausl. Schmett., p. 150. *

penthesilaus Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14, p. 201.
pergamus Pap. Edw. Proc. Col. Ac. Sci. V, p. 423.
perrhebus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 305./2

phaeton Pap. Luc. Casteln. Voy. Amér. Sud, Lép., p. 197. * _
phalaecus Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 32./ / 9.
phalias Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 480.

phanias Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIIL, p. 575.

phaon Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 319.

pharax Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. II, p. 211. *
pharnaces Pap. Db/. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 18, p. 374.

philenor Pap. Z. Mant. Plant., p. 535.) 7

philetas Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 31.
philocleon Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14, p. 313.
philolaus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 256. 2
phosphorus Pap. Bates. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) V, p. 342. °!6
photinus Pap. Dbl. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 14, p. 415. /° /2
pilumnus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 340.

piranthus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. III, p. 18. *

pirithous Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 358. 5
pisander Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14, p. 295.!-/%
pithonius Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 665. *

pizarro Pap. Stgr. Exot. Tagf., p. 18. *F7s

platydesma Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 679.

plinius Pap. Weym, Stiib. Reisen, Lep., p. 73. *

polybius Pap. Swains. Zool. Il. Ent. IL. *

polycrates Pap. Hopff. Stett. Hg. 27, p. 24.

polydamas Pap. L. Syst. Nat. (Ed. X), p. 460.

polymetus Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 35.) '\°

polystictus Pap. Btl/r. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 435.
polyxenes Pap. F. Syst. Ent., p. 444. y
polyzelus Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14. p. 293.!
pompeius Pap. F. Spec. Ins. Il. App., p. 502. *

pomponius Pap. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 27, p. 25.

potone Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 508. '

prasinus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 648.

procas Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. II, p. 203. * _
proneus Pap. Hon. Saml. Exot. Schmett., Zutr., p. 25. */ 5
protesilaus Pap. Z. Syst. Nat. (Ed. X), p. 463.

protodamas Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 40.

Alphabetical List of the American Papilionidae. 51

Zool. XUI, p. 602.

ptilion Pap. R. & J. Nov.
Zool. XIII, p. 456.

pyromelas Pap. R. & J. Nov.

quadratus Pap. Stgr. Iris I, p. 337. */”

radiatus Pap. Streck. Lep. Rhop. Illst. Suppl. Ill, p. 17.

rhipidius Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NIIII, p. 533. *

rhodostictus Pap. Btlir. & Druce.
p. 364.

rogeri Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 278.

rosenbergi Pap. Druce. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. (7) 12, p. 221.

rurik Pap. Eschsch. Kotzeb. Reise III, p. 202.

rutulus Pap. Luc. Guér. Rey. Zool. (2) 4. p. 158.

sadyattes Pap. Druce. Ent. Month. Mag. 11, p. 36.'
salvini Pap. Bates. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 4.

sayii Parn. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Il, p. 78.
scamander Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 363.
serapis Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 298." '"
serville Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9. Suppl., p. 809.
sesostris pap: Cr. Pap. Exot. III, p- 34. *¢
smintheus Parn. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. 4. *
specularis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 457.
spoliatus Pap. Stgr. Iris 11, p. 138./14

stabilis Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 542.
steinbachi Pap. Rothsch., Entomol. 1905, p. 125./° /4
stenodesmus Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XUI, p. 722.
streckerianus Pap. Honr. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 28, p.
syedra Pap. Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. I. 18
syndemis Pap. Jord. Seitz, Macrol. 5, p. 33.

tailori Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. NII, p. 571.
tarquinius Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép.-I, p. 296.
tasso Pap. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. I, p. 19. *

telamonides Pap. Flidr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14.
telesilaus Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14, p.
temenes Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 63.

teneates Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 482.
tepicus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 700.
texanus Pap. Ehrm. Canad. Entom. 32, p. 348. __
thelios Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 52. *)°!
therapes Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 643.
theras Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 621.
therodamas Pap. Fidr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14, p. 299.
thersites Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 1, p. 97.

301.

thoantiades Pap. Burm. Descr. Rép. Arg. V. Lép., joa
thoas Pap. Z. Mant. Plant., p. 536.

thor Parn. Edw. Papilio 1, p. 4.

thrason Pap. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. G. Wien. 14. p. 309.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874,

78, p. 271.

p. 303.

thyamus Pap. Rk. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 523.
thyastes Pap. Drury. Ill. Ex. Ins. III, p. 47. *
thyastinus Pap. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 4, p. 75. *
thymbraeus Pap. Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. I, p. 302.
timias Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 50. *
tolmides Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. II, p. 229. *
tolus Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. II, p. 228. *
torquatus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. II, p. 123. *

trapeza Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 669. *
trichopus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 479.
triopas Pap. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 33.74

troilus Pap. Z. Syst. Nat. (Ed. X), p. 459.

tromes Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XII, p. 742.
tucumanus Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 526
turnus Pap. Z. Syst. Nat. (Ed. XID. p. 741.

ulopos Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. I, p. 69.

Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math.
vertumnus Pap. Cr. Pap. Exot. III, p. 32. */'/é
victorinus Pap. Dbl. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 14, p. 418.
vilcanotus Pap. R. & J. Novy. Zool. XIII, p. 643.
vincentius Pap. R. & J. Noy. Zool. XIII, p. 517. *
virginia Pap. Krb. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. i
vulneratus Pap. Btlr. Cist. Ent. I, p. 85.

varus Pap. Koll.

warscewiczi Pap. Hopff. Stett. Ze. 27, p. 29.
wasmuthi Pap. Weeks. Journ. N. York Ent. Soc. G., p.

xanthias Pap. R. & J. Novy. Zool. XIII, p. 464. *!
xanthopleura Pap. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. (4) II, p. 150.
xanticles Pap. Bates. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863, p. 241. *
xenarchus Pap. Hew. Exot. Butt. IL *

xeniades Pap. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, p. 561.
xenodamas Pap. Hbn. Saml. Exot. Schm. IL *

xynias Pap. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 12, p. 153.

yuracares Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIIL, p. 469. 7

zacynthus Pap. F. Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 15.019.
zaddachi Pap. Dewitz, Mitt. Miinchen. Ent. Ver. I, p. 85.
zagreus Pap. Dbl. Ann. Mag. Nat. H. 19, p. 174.
zalates Pap. Godm. & Salv. Biolog. Rhop. Il, p. 233. *
zelicaon Pap. Luc. Gueér. Rey. Zool. (2) 4, p. 136.
zestos Pap. Gray. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus. 1, p. 47. */-!
zetes Pap. Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, V,_p..36. =
zeuxis Pap. Luc. Guér. Rev. Zool. (2) 4, p. 190.!
zonaria Pap. Btlr. Cat. Diurn. Lep. Descr. Fabr.,
zoros Pap. R. & J. Nov. Zool. XIII, p. 729.

p. 240.

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PIERIDAE. By J. Roser. 53

2. Family: Pieridae, Whites.

In comparison with the other faunistic regions, America shows a great abundance of genera. Of the
40 odd genera of Pierids represented in this region 28 have no representatives in other regions, whilst of
the 23 Palaearctic genera only 12, of the 14 Indo-Australian only 4 and of the 13 African genera also only
4 are not represented in other faunistic regions. The American Pierid-fauna has consequently quite a cha-
racter of its own, so much the more as several of the endemic genera are very rich in species and the
species for the most part show a great abundance of individuals. Of the 28 American genera only one
(Neophasia) is confined to North America (accepting the Tropic of Cancer as its southern boundary), and
eyen this wears the garb of allied Palaearctic and Nearctic members of this family, whilst the remaining 27
genera are indigenous to South America. Of these again 3 genera inhabit exclusively the high mountain
ranges, 1 genus (Tufochila) is principally met with in the southernmost part of the continent and 2 genera
(Sphaenogona and Enantia) are island-dwellers. North America is relatively poor in species of Pierids, since
it only possesses about 50, the Palaearctic Region on the contrary showing about three times as many. The
whole of the genera which are represented in North America, but yet are not peculiar to this region, occur
also in the Palaearctic Region, with one exception (Nathalis).

Although the great majority of the American species only belong to the medium-sized butterflies,
yet the genera Catopsilia, Amynthia and Gonepteryx show also species which are not inferior in size to the
largest forms of this family from other regions. Though there is no large number of species in America
which equal in the beauty of the colour of the wings especially Oriental Pierids, the American Region is
not wanting in strikingly beautiful forms.

Whilst the other faunistic regions can only show a very small number of Pierid-species which pass
as so-called mimies (species of Pareronia), tropical and subtropical America possesses a great abundance of
them, as for example numerous species of the genera Dismorphia, Pereute and Archonias, which show so-
ealled mimicry in both sexes, whilst in the genus Perrhybris only the $2 of some species exhibit this con-
vergent development, the oo of only a few species having on the underside indications of a resemblance
to protected species of other families. Not only these, however, but also species of the genera Pieris, Tato-
chila, Dismorphia, Pereute, Hesperocharis, Appias, Terias, Catopsilia, Euchloé, Anthocharis etc., show striking
sexual dimorphism. Seasonal forms occur in North America much as in the Palaearctic Region, in the tro-
pical part of South America on the contrary they are practically non-existent on account of the want of
sesonal changes. Sharply defined local forms could only be developed to a very small extent owing to the
geographical conditions of the region; on the other hand the high mountain-ranges of South America show
a fauna of their own, whilst the large steppe-district in the most southerly part has some forms in common
with the south of North America as well as a few endemic ones.

Most of the American Pierids are not rare, many are even very common, although in comparison
with the richness in species and individuals of some other families of Lepidoptera they are not so conspi-
cuous as in the Palaearctic Region. Frequently large swarms of different species have been observed, even
of such as are by no means of common occurrence. Thus among others at the beginning of October 1874
on the Bermuda Islands an immense swarm of Terias lisa was observed, thousands of which fell victims to
the birds; these small butterflies flew further westward and had to travel about 600 miles to the next
resting-place (Cape Hatteras). The larvae of some species of Pierids on account of their abundant occur-
rence do serious damage to field and garden plants both in North and in tropical America; the north of the
United States has a dangerous enemy to the pine-forests in Neophasia menapia, and Pieris rapae, which was
introduced into North America about 1860, has increased to such an extent that it does even greater damage
there than in its original habitat, the Palaearctic Region.

In general the Pierids are of medium size, but some species are large butterflies. The main cha-
racter of the pattern consists in white colouring with dark, blackish stripes and spots; yet there are also,
particularly among the Exotics, a large number of species which in the size of the wings and the gorgeous-
ness of the colours equal the most beautiful forms of other families of Lepidoptera. In these brightly
coloured species the contrast between upper and under surface is very striking. Whilst a large part of the
species have on the whole the characteristic marking of the family (white-black), there are among the tro-
pical species also many with yellow, blue, red or black ground-colour on the upperside, and on the other
hand some with white upper, but variegated under surface. Thus the South American Pereute-species, with
their black ground-colour and red bands on the forewing both above and beneath, completely belie their
Pierid nature, and Archonias critias and allied species resemble the species of the weneas-group of the South
American Papilios.

54 PIERIDAE. By J. Roésmr.

Sexual dimorphism is well developed in many species from all the faunistic regions, seasonal dimor-
phism naturally only in those species which inhabit districts with sharply marked seasonal changes.

Antennae of varying lengths, e. g. in Leptidia rather short, in the South American genus Lepto-
phobia on the contrary very long, the club clearly defined or gradually thickened. Forelegs normally deve-
loped, therefore capable of use, with bifid claws. Proboscis well developed. The butterflies feed at flowers
and moist places on the ground. Palpi well developed, but variable. Male secondary sexual characters
(seent-organs) occur in the species of several genera, e. g. in Colias as a specially scaled spot on the hindwing,
in Catopsilia as broad patches of thick scaling, in Appias (Tachyris) as a pencil on the underside of the ab-
domen, in Dismorphia as large chalky spots of scales on the under surface of the forewing, from which the
scent is given off by rubbing against the strongly widened anterior part of the hindwing. Other species
(e. g. Pieris brassicae and its allies) possess feather-brush scales (Aurivillius), which are extended over the
greater part of the wing and apparently are the cause of the suppression of the dark markings in the oo’,
and other species again (e. g. Pieris buniae from South America) broad stripes of thick chalky scales along
the veins.

The Pierids — like most Rhopalocera — are sun-loving insects, but, in common with a few other
butterflies (mostly Satyrids), nevertheless extend into the Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine regions, without losing
anything in briliancy of colouring in comparison with allied genera from warmer districts. The high moun-
tains of South America and the south-eastern boundary of the Palaearctic Region each even possess two
genera quite peculiar to themselves, namely the former Phulia with about six species and Andina with
one Colias-like species, and the latter Mesapia and Baltia, of which the last-named is very nearly allied
to Phaulia.

The Pierids are as a rule moderate fliers, but some also fly unusually swiftly (Appias) and others
so slowly that they can be caught with the hand when on the wimg (Leuwcidia). They occur in one or
more generations.

The intellect is obviously very different in the various Pierids, for whilst for instance Pieris brassicae
and the Colias-species are capable of very quickly recognising danger when pursued by the collector, this
is much less to be observed in others (Pieris napi and rapae).

The swarming and migration of the butterflies, already referred to, have been regarded as nuptial
flights; Catopsilias and Pieris brassicae especially have been observed to form such swarms.

The eggs are oblong, are laid in an upright position singly or in clusters, sometimes in large num-
bers, on the underside of the leaves of the food-plant, and are of different colours.

The larvae are cylindrical, mostly of green or greenish ground-colour with light longitudinal stripes
and short hairs; none have yet been observed with spiny or such like processes. They do not possess the
fork on the neck characteristic of the Papilionid larvae, which is said to afford the insects protection from
their enemies by the emission of an unpleasant odour, neither has it been proved that — like many Papi-
lionid larvae — they acquire poisonous or at least nauseous properties from their food; nevertheless they
are not only unpalatable to birds, but is has also been observed that fowls which had been fed on these
larvae died, evidently in consequence of a poison contained in their bodies. They live on various shrubs
and herbaceous plants, such as Papilionaceae, Mimosas, Crucifers and Caparideae.

The pupa is attached to plants ete., by its abdomen, in an upright or hanging position, and is held
in this position by a girth. Some are of very singular form, such as the tube-shaped pupae of the species
of Anthocharis; but in general the Pierid pupae show few differences. The Palaearctic Zegris eupheme —
and probably not only the other Palaearctic species (Z. fausti), but also the North American Z. olympia —
pupates in a rather thick cocoon, but still possesses a remnant of the girth. This characteristic (recalling the
»Bombyeids«) is much more pronounced in the Mexican LEucheira socialis. The larvae of this species are
eregarious and go out at night in a procession to feed. The common web hangs down from a bough, in
the form of a pouch; the pupae are fastened in it head downwards (J. ALemay).

Some of the Pierids hibernate as pupae, some as larvae, and some — e. g. the Palaearctic Gonep-
feryx-species — as butterflies.

In the Palaeartic and Nearctic Regions the Pierids preponderate by their great number of indivi-
duals, in the tropics they are more restricted. Some Pierids have a very extensive range, thus Pieris rapae
and napi occur in the whole Palaearctic and the Nearctic Regions, Belenois mesentina in the southern
Palaearctic, Indian and African Regions.

Although — as already mentioned — the larvae do not appear to absorb poison from their food-
plants, the butterflies are very little pursued by the birds, and are therefore apparently unpalatable to them
or at least not much appreciated.

Several fossil Pierids have been found, which do not differ in size from the present-day species.

NEOPHASIA; EUCHEIRA; TATOCHILA. By J. Réser. 55

1. Genus: Neophasia Behr.

This genus is nearly allied to the Palaearctic Aporia Hon. It differs principally in the direction of
the precostal, which is not straight, but curved slightly inwards, the longer and slenderer palpi and the
more distinctly clubbed antennae. The costal of the forewimg only extends a little beyond the middle of
the costal margin, the subcostal is four-branched with two branches before the closing nervure of the
median cell, the third and faurth branches form a short fork and the third runs to the apex. The upper
radial is comeident with the subcostal almost to one-half, hence the upper discocellular is wanting. The
middle and lower discocellulars are about equal in length, the former is curved inwards, the latter is straight
and closes the middle cell, jommg the third median*) im an acute angle at its bend. The middle cell of
the fore- as well as of the hindwing is rather narrow. The upper and middle discocellulars of the hindwing
are about equal in length, and form together an almost straight line, the lower discocellular is longer, weaker,
and meets the third median vein at the bend. Two purely North American species belong to this genus.

N. menapia Fldr. (= tau Scudder, ninonia B.) (18a) is white above and beneath, thinly scaled,
therefore somewhat transparent, the forewing has black markings at the apex and the anterior part of the
distal margin, with white subapical spots, the costal margin is broadly black to the apex of the cell, also
the discocellulars, the rest of the costal margin narrowly black. Hindwing almost without markings. On
the similarly marked under surface of the forewing the black murkings are paler, the veins of the dirty-
white hindwing are black, there is also a submarginal band of the same colour. The 2 has on the upperside
paler black markings, some submarginal markings, and sometimes on the underside small red spots at the
distal margin of the hindwing. — Egg flask-shaped, fluted at the sides. Full-grown larva about 25 mm.
(1 inch) long, head cylindrical, abdomen terminating in two short tails, dark green with a broad white band
at each side and a narrow white band on the back, abdominal legs black, thoracic legs greenish yellow.
Pupa dark green, striped with white, similar to the Colias-pupae, but somewhat more slender. Larva on
various conifers, sometimes so abundant as to cause considerable damage. In the north-west of the United States.

N. terlooii Behr (= epyaxa Poling, Archonias lyceas Skinner) ({8a) is very similar in pattern to
menapia, but the black markings are more extended; the co” has white, the 2 red-brown ground-colour. The

larva lives in a common web on Arbutus. California. — princetonia Poling, from Illinois, is probably princetonia.

only a form of ferlooii. In the & both sides of the hindwing are sprinkled with pale red at the margin,
the 2 is deeper red beneath than above, and the veins are more broadly edged with black than in the 2
of menapia. — From lack of material I have not been able to decide with cortainty whether this species
belongs to this genus, but the agreement of the markings with menapia suggests a Neophasia.

2. Genus: EKueheira Westw.

Although this genus differs essentially from the preceding in the neuration, yet it is closely allied
to it in the life-history of the larva. The larvae live gregariously in a web, go out at night in a proces-
sion to feed, and pupate in the web with the head downwards. The subcostal of the forewing is entirely
free, hence the cell is closed by three discocellulars. The cell ts very narrow and long. Only one species.

E. socialis Westw. (18a), from Mexico, is a smoky grey butterfly with a white central macular band;
the 7 has in addition more distinct white submarginal spots on the upper and under surface of both wings.

3. Genus: Tatochila Bil.

This genus is almost confined to the southern part of South America and is closely allied to the
following genus, Pieris; it differs from this in the shorter middle discocellular and the almost straight lower
discocellular of the forewing, but principally in the uniform character of the markings. The species of this
genus appear to occur only in one generation. The butterflies fly from November to April.

T. volxemi Capr. (= achamantis Berg) (18a). Upper and under surface of the o white with a
large black spot on the discocellulars of the forewing and slight blackish markings at the apex of the fore-
wing above and beneath. o similar to the 2 of theodice Bi, but the marginal markings somewhat narrower,
the submarginal markings on the contrary somewhat broader, also a black stripe in the cell of the hind-
wing. — Argentina.

*) What the author calls the .,third median“ is really the third radial, there being three radial and two median branches
in the butterfly-wing. — Transl.

Bi eee
menapia. — Tha

terlooii. a
cL

¥

socialis. l“ 4

volxemti. zy

(a * autodice.

7 \ mercedis.
\

f SAY theodice.

GY gymnodice.

Yo argyrodice.

47 microdice.

A¢ macrodice.
ASS Sterodice.

4: Y arctodice.

if pyrrhomma.

6 xanthodice.

iy demodice.

56 TATOCHILA. By J. Rézsrr.

T. autodice Hbn. (= demodice Ségr.) (18b), from the most southerly part of Brazil (Rio Grande do
Sul), Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Bolivia (8—4000 m), is differentiated from the following species chiefly
by the yellowish red border of the eyes; markings and colouring are stronger on the underside. — The
pupa, found by Dr. Srrrz in Buenos Aires, is somewhat smaller than the pupa of Pieris brassicae, yellowish,
with a number of minute dark spots, the spiracles appear as larger dark spots and there are similar dots
also on the dorsum, the wing-cases are white, with a large dark spot at the discocellulars of the forewing,
larger dark spots at the distal margin and numerous minute dark spots on the rest of the wings, the cases
of the legs, palpi and eyes, at well as the thorax, are likewise dark (black-brown). The butterfly emerged
on 22. February. The larva is apparently not yet known.

T. mercedis Lschsch. (= polydice Bl. autodice Kirby, autodice Elw.) ({8b), from Chile, differs from
autodice, in addition to the previously mentioned characteristics, in the purer white upper surface, the weakly
marked under surface and the entire absence of the elliptical marking at the costal margin of the hindwing
beneath. The 9° have a more or less developed streak-shaped black spot at the inner margin of the fore-
wing above.

T. theodice Bdv. (= blanchardii Btlr.) (18¢), from Patagonia, Peru and Chile, is cream-white above
in the o, light yellow in the , particularly on the hindwing; it is the most distinct species im the genus. —
gymnodice Stgr., from Punta Arenas (Tierra del Fuego), is probably a local form. Ground-colour of the o7
pure white, the black markings somewhat narrower, underside of the hindwing without saffron-yellow stripes,
only the basal part of the costal margin sulphur-yellow and a similarly coloured stripe at the apex. The
2 has likewise narrower, but sharper black markings, the arrow-like spots on both wings are sharper and
are connected. — Larva: head grey and covered with very fine, short hairs, body grey, with broad yellow
subdorsal lines and a lateral row of small orange-red spots, and with raised black dots, sparsely scattered over
the whole body, each with a very short, fine hair, ventral legs and underside of the body dark greenish
yellow with small black spots, thoracie legs black. Food-plant: Tropeolum. Larva full-fed end of November
(A. G. Butrer). Flies from December to April.

T. argyrodice Sfgr. (184) is only known in the female. This species is well characterised by the
erey ground-colouring and the sharply defined tear-shaped yellow spots of the under surface. South coast
of Tierra del Fuego (Uschvaia).

T. microdice B/. (— xanthodice Mab.), from Chile and Patagonia, is smaller and with less mark-
ings, also beneath a paler colour than macrodice Stgr. (18c, d), from Bolivia. — sterodice Stgr., from the
east coast of Tierra del Fuego, is differentiated from this latter by a complete absence of yellow markings
on the under surface, it is also white, almost without markings on the upper surface of the o, which is
strongly glossy in the basal half. The 2 has not a trace of yellow on the upper surface, whilst the markings
are similar to those of the 2 of microdice. — arctodice Stgr. occurs in Colombia and Ecuador. This form
is very strongly marked with black, especially in the female: the upper surface of the $? is principally
brown-black (with yellow spots).

T. pyrrhomma spec. nov. (18d), from Peru (Huancabamba, 3000 m), may he regarded as a distinct
species on account of several important differences. The eyes are broadly (more broadly than in autodice)
edged with fiery red-yellow, the black stripe at the costal margin of the forewing above extends to the
base, the black spot on the discocellulars is distinctly smaller, the black marginal and submarginal markings
are less developed, the latter almost square, the upper surface of the hindwing entirely without markings
and strongly yellowish on account of the yellow colour of the under surface shining through. On the under-
side the veins are more broadly white, their margins more broadly grey-black than in microdice, the lower
discocellular of the hindwing without white spot, the grey-black stripe in the cell very narrow and forked
distally, besides the very sharply defined and broader saffron-yellow stripe at the costal margin there is also
a similar one between the submedian and the first median. The under surface of the forewimg is white,
the veins are very finely black, those in the apex sharply white and very narrowly edged with black, the
black spot at the end of the cell is small, the sulphur-yellow colouring of the apex reaches to the second
median, and submarginal markings are completely wanting on both wings. o’ unknown.

T. xanthodice Luc. (18d), from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, differs
from microdice and argyrodice on the under surface chiefly in the saffron-yellow stripes betwen the veins of
the hindwing, from microdice also in the absence of the white spot on the discocellulars on the underside
of the hindwing. On the under surface the apex of the forewing has saffron-yellow stripes and the anterior
veins are sharply edged with black to the apex of the cell.

T. demodice B/., from Chile, South Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, is distinguished from the
following form by the absence of the arrow-spots on both wings. It must be noticed that according to

Publ. 15. XIT. 09. PIERIS. By J. Roper. 57

BiancHarn’s insufficient description the name demodice cannot be employed with certainty for this species.
I have seen no specimens which agree with this description, which may be translated thus: ‘“‘Wings of the o7
above white, of the 2 yellow -blackish, in both sexes marginal spots, a row of arrow-spots and a black dis-
coidal half-hand: beneath the forewi ing yellowish at the apex, the hindwing entirely yellow, veins margined
with black, gold-yellow lines — 20—21 lines.” — sagittata form. nov., spec. nov.? (18e), from Peru (Huanca- sagittata. WI
bamba, 3000 m.), differs from this supposed demodice by the markings of the hindwing (shown in the figure),
- and further by the presence of four black submarginal arrow-spots on the forewing beneath, as well as by
the colouring and pattern of the underside of the hindwing. The latter has a light yellow g ground-colour, the
veins themselves are very narrowly light, but edged with blackish about as broadly as in orthodice, there is
a similar stripe in the cell, which shows no small white spot on the discocellular, between all the veins are
satfron-yellow stripes and at the distal margin four very pointed blackish arrow-spots; at the distal margin
there is an almost uninterrupted fine black marginal line, such as occurs in no other species of this genus.
Underside of the forewing white, the veins becoming more broadly black towards the: margin, the discocel-
lulars not broadly margined with black, four submarginal arrow-spots, apex of both wings light yellow.

2) k :
unknown.
cS C94)

T. stigmadice Sfgr., from Bolivia (Cocapata, 3500 m.), differs from immaculata here figured by the stigmadice. ZZ
much broader black spot on the discocellular and by the presence of 4—5 triangular black submarginal
spots on the forewing and 2—5 of such spots on the hindwing, as well as the saffron-yellow colouring of
the hindwing. — In immaculata form. nov. ({8e), from the province of Tucuman in Argentina, the sub- immaculatanae@
marginal markings are completely absent above and beneath; the under surface of the forewing is white
with small yellow stripes in the apex, the veins are narrowly black, the black line on the discocellular is
not widened: the hindwing is yellowish white, with bright yellow, sharply defined narrow stripes between
all the veins and at the costal margin, the veins themselves are very finely light, being narrowly edged with
erey-black, a similar stripe, indistinetly forked at the discal end, is placed in the cell, the discocellular is
light like the ground-colour. 2 yellowish, veins rather broadly dark, with submarginal arrow-spots on the
forewing and more distinct ones on the hindwing.

T. orthodice Heym. (18e), from the high mountains of Bolivia, has a white upper surface with the orthodice. F7”
markings as shown in the figure. Under surface of the forewing white with yellowish apex, in which the
white veins are dark-edged. Under surface of the hindwing sulphur-yellow, the veins broadly white, dark-
edged, saffron-yellow stripes at the costal and hindmargins, as well as in the cell, which has likewise a black-
ish stripe. 2 unknown.

4. Genus: Pieris Schrk.

This genus, distributed over the whole world, is considered as the typical representative of the family.
The subcostal of the forewing is four-branched with 2 branches before the apex of the cell, the third branch
is very short and runs into the costal margin shortly before the apex, the cell is large, not over broad, and
is closed by 2 discocellulars; the upper discocellular is wanting because the upper radial is coincident with
the snbcostal for some distance. The precostal of the hindwing branches off from the costal almost at right
angles and its pointed apex is curved distad. The costal margin of the forewing is smooth, the antennae
have in general a distinct club and are mostly of medium length, very long in some species, the palpi
mostly project beyond the head and are densely covered with stiff hairs in front, the end segment is as
long as or longer than the middle segment, slender and pointed, the middle segment is but little shorter than
the weakly curved basal segment. The larva is cylindrical, with very short hairs, and has light longitudinal
stripes. Pupa moderately slender, with obtuse tip to the head and several small protuberances on the dorsum,
sometimes with the wing-cases somewhat more produced. The species which belong here have probably all.
of them at least two broods, one of which in the temperate zones hibernates in the pupa.

P. monuste L. (= hippomonuste Hbn., feronia Stph., phileta F., albusta Sepp) occurs in several monuste. Lf
forms from the south of North America (the Gulf states) to Argentina, also in the mountains of the west.
The form from Surinam may be regarded as the nymotype of the species. — orseis Godt. (18e, f), from orseis. Sa
the southern states of Brazil, has the margin more broadly black with white apical spots, the 2 mostly with
yellowish ground-colour, especially on the hindwing, on the latter also rather large pointed black marginal

spots. cleomes /d/r., from the south of North America, is somewhat smaller and less blackly marked. — cleomes. wy
virginia Godt. (= 2 eubotea Godt.?) is the form from the Antilles. — Of evonina Bdv., from Cuba, 3 forms virginia. wo

are described: evonina with greenish white colouring of the o’, marginal marking narrow, reddish, brown; evonina. Ce
underside at the apex of the forewing pale and dirty ochre-yellow, hindwing of the same colour, without

spots: valei Vdr., upper surface white, marginal pattern narrow, black and dentate; under surface of the va/ei. fe
forewing brownish, of the hindwing whitish, faintly ochre-yellow; joppe Bdv., smaller than monuste, above joppe.

dull white, marginal pattern dark brown, a black spot at the apex of the cell. — automate Biim., from automate. he
Argentina, has only small blackish markings at the apex and the distal margin of the forewing. — suasa suasa. (%

V 8

JT

Sd
Sf

Sy amphissa.

Mf

sincera.

A buniae.
i ausia.
Jj if rusella.

I digentia.

40 sabella.

4! pharetia.

4

4g

diana.

44 o sublineata.

4 iA amaryllis.

4p Josepha.

4 ! gervasia.
| Josephina.
fi protasia.

krugit.

fl
ft

55 cruciferarum.

54

sevata.

tiburtia.

timotina.

imperator.

phaloé.

menacte.

rapae.

55 novangliae.

58 PIERIS. By J. Roper.

Bdv., from Chile, Peru and Bolivia, has somewhat more black markings than autodice. Larva violet, with
citron-yellow longitudinal bands, head, legs and underside greenish yellow. Pupa pale yellowish, with blackish
dots, a small hump on the middle of the dorsum. Lives on Cleome pentaphylla and other allied plants and
causes the same damage to agriculture and horticulture as brassicae and rapae in the Palaearctie Region.

P. sevata F/dr. (18f), from Colombia, Venezuela and Central America, is similar to monuste, but is
distinguished from it by a broad layer of scent-scales along almost all the longitudinal veins of the forewing
and also two veins of the hindwing. The under surface of the o7 is yellowish white, the apex of the fore-
wing somewhat darker yellow, the costal margin of the hindwing narrowly edged with ochre-yellow. In
tiburtia Fruhst., from Guatemala, the black apical spot has almost entirely disappeared and the black median
spot is reduced, apex of the forewing beneath yellowish white, hindwing beneath with more vivid gloss,
rose-coloured instead of yellowish, veins not suffused with black. — timotina Fruhst., from Peru, is larger,
with broader and more extended black margin, which is deeply dentate, a large black median spot, under
surface darker, median spot sharper and the veins more distinctly streaked with brown. — amphissa /rihst.,
from Bolivia, is smaller than ftiburtia, upperside yellowish white, entirely without markings, only the costal
margin of the forewing lightly suffused with brown, without median spot, underside of the forewing white
with yellowish apex and brown median spot, hindwing uniform pale yellowish white with orange-coloured
basal spot.

P. sincera Weym. ({18f), from Ecuador (Guayaquil), is greenish white above with black apical and
distal-marginal area on the forewing as well as very small binek marginal markings on the hindwing. The
underside is lighter and without markings except a yellow stripe at the costal margin of the hindwing.

(== endeis Godt.) (19a) is the giant of the American species of Pieris. From this
from the southern provinces, is distinguished
which in both sexes sometimes occur

P. buniae Hbn.
form, which occurs in the central provinces of Brazil, ausia Bdv.,
by a somewhat more extensive development of the black markings,
also in the middle and at the distal margin of the hindwing beneath; to ab. rusella Pruhst. belong 22 in
which the black band of the forewing is wanting (Bahia, Espiritu Santo). ?-ab. digentia /russt., from Bahia,
is remarkable for the specially broad black band of the forewing. — sabella Fruhs!. (= ausia Sfgr.), from
the Upper Amazon, has no markings at all on the under surface of the hmdwing. — pharetia Frivhst., from
Peru, is larger, the apical spot of the forewing beneath is effaced, the underside of the hindwing only with
traces of a brown transverse band or without even these. — imperator MWirby, from the Upper Amazon, is
the most darkly marked form; in it the 2 has also on the upperside of the hindwing abundant black markings
and on the upperside of the forewing a curved black band occupying half the costal margin and the dis-
cocellular. — phaloé Godt., from the Upper Amazon, is smaller and with less markings than imperator.
diana /7dr., from Colombia, has the black apical and marginal markings diffuse. — sublineata Schaus €58=a),

from Peru, is distinguished chiefly by the strongly yellow colouring of the hindwing beneath, — All the
forms of buniae have an even broader layer of scent-scales at the veins than sevata.
P. amaryllis /. (19a), from Jamaica, differs from josepha by the ,café-au-lait‘ colourmg. — josepha

Godm. and Salv. (19a). ae Mexico and Central America; also discovered by Herr L. Hartmann of Wiirz-
burg in Texas, is undoubtedly nearly allied to the preceding species, but must certainly be regarded as a
separate species on account of the peculiar form of the o’ and the style of marking of the 2. On the under
surface besides the black median spot of the forewing there are only quite small dark. markings present in
the middle of the wings. ab. gervasia /rwhst. is a female form which has a white under surface with grey-
yellow scales. — josephina Godt. is the form from San Domingo. — protasia /uhst., from Honduras and
Nicaragua, has a much smaller black median spot. — krugii Dew., from Porto Rico, is smaller, the distal
margin of the forewing move incurved, the black spots almost completely effaced.

P. menacte Bdv. (19)b), from southern Brazil and Paraguay, is white above with dark scaling (some-
times wanting) at the apex of the forewing. The 2 has much darker markings. The under surface is yellowish
white with more or less blackish scaling (sometimes absent) along the veins of the hindwing.

P. cruciferarum Bdv. (= casta Ky., marginalis Sewdd.) (18 f), from California, is plain yellowish white
aboye, beneath more strongly yellow, with ochre-yellow stripe and narrow black edging to the veins of the
hindwing.

P. rapae L. (19b) was introduced into Canada about 1860 and has since spread as far as Hudson’s
Bay and South Tees. The larvae cause great damage every year. ab. novangliae Scwdd. is a sulphur-yellow
form. — Larva light green, velvety, with a fine yellow longitudinal line on the back, paler laterally with

a narrow yellow stripe in which the black spiracles are placed, venter yellow-green, head brownish yellow,
20—30 mm. long. Lives on cabbages, Reseda, cress, etc. Egg pear-shaped with longitudinal ridges and trans-
verse folds, laid singly. Pupa yellow, greenish grey or beowenich with 3 yellow stripes.

PIERIS.- By J. Réser. 59

P. napi L., although distributed over the whole of North America, is much rarer there than in the
Palaearetic Region. The summer form napi differs from the spring form oleracea Harris by more abundant
dark markings, especially on the under surface, whilst in the Palaearctic Region on the contrary the spring
form has more makings; ab. virginiensis Hdw. (19b) is distinguished from oleracea m that the forewing has
an indistinct dark apical spot on the upper surface and on the under surface of the hindwing there is very
fine but broad dark scaling along the veins, but specimens also occur in which the whole of the hindwing
beneath is darkened except for the fine white veins; such specimens have also broad grey streaks at the
veins at the apex of the forewing beneath; ab. pallida Scudd. is purer white above and beneath, only the
2 has a small black spot on the upperside of the forewing. — The alpine and northern form bryoniae Ochs.,
which oceurs in Alaska as well as in some parts of the Palaearctic Region, has in the 2 yellowish ground-
colour on the upper surface and rather broad dark margins to the veins. This form is considerably lighter

napt. Ea

oleracea. %

virginiensis. If

pallida. IY

bryoniae. OO

than the Palaearctic form of the same name. — acadia Edw. is a large form, which comes between pallida acadia. a

and bryconiae in colouring and pattern. — frigida Scudd., from Labrador, is a whiter form and hulda dw. frigida.

(19 b), from Alaska, is similar to /rigida, but much smaller. — castoria Reak. (= rvesedae Bdv.), from Cali- ’ulda.
castoria. 6Y

fornia, is a form without much marking. — Larva brownish green, lighter at the sides, with small white
tubercles, black dots and a yellow lateral stripe, above which the black, red-yellow edged spiracles are placed,
head grey-green; 29—30 mm. long, on the same plants as vapae. Pupa greenish yellow, with black spots
and dots and yellowish margin to the wing-cases. Ege pear-shaped, likewise laid singly.

P. protodice Bdv. (19c¢), distributed from Canada to Guatemala, has white ground-colour, a large
median spot divided with white and in the o7 slighter, in the 2 stronger pattern of marginal and submarginal
spots on the forewing. The upper surface of the hindwing in the o” is almost without markings, in the 2 with
submarginal dentate markings as well as black marginal spots. The under surface has much paler markings
in hoth sexes. — In the winter form, vernalis dw., the o7 is smaller and less marked than the o7 of proto-
dice, the 2 on the contrary scarcely different from that of protodice. — Larva in the earlier stages unicolorous
orange-yellow, head black, in the later stages the head light straw-colour, posterior half light purple, a gold-
yellow spot on each side, the whole head sprinkled with black-brown, eyes purple, broadly edged with black.
Body alternately glossy gold-yellow and dark greenish purple, sometimes with uniform, in other cases with
unequally broad black band. The yellow colouring of the sides of the back and of the stigmatal band runs
into the purple of the infrastigmatal band. Beneath dull light green with reddish tinge. on the whole body
larger and smaller black spots, each of which bears a short black hair, also numerous small hairy tubercles
(from specimens preserved in glycerine). Pupa light bluish green, slightly suffused with yellowish on the
abdominal segments, a dull, broad yellowish lateral stripe on the abdomen, suprastigmatal ridges margined
with yellow. Head with small, dispersed blackish spots, wimg-cases with faint dark brown marks, veins marked
with small, separated, distinct black spots, a black spot on the basal protuberance, segments of the antennae
mostly marked in the same way. The spiracles are the same colour as the body. Larva on Brassica oleracea,
Lepidium virginicum and other Crucifers.

P. occidentalis Real. (19c), from the mountainous regions of the west of the United States, has the
dark markings more extended and less interrupted than pr otodice and the under surface, especially of the
hindwing, is strongly marked with green. — occidentalis is regarded by Scuppmr as the third generation of
protedice (only occuring in the west?). Thus it would seem that the carly stages do not differ from those of

protodice.

P. sisymbrii bdr. (19c¢), from the United States, is smaller than occidentalis, the black marginal mark-
ings are more sharply defined and divided by the veims, which are light here, but sharply dark im the rest
of the wings. The underside of the hindwing has black-green markings, broken up in a peculiar manner.
The 2 is quite similar to the 7%. — Egg long, narrow, conical, ground-surface and vertex flattened and
depressed, with longitudinal ridges, the interspaces hollowed out and crossed by numerous stripes; colourmg
at first light yellow, shortly before emergence red. Full-grown larva about 22 mm. long, cylindrical, moder-
ately narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly, light yellow, with black stripes crosswise, each segment sometimes
with a fold and in this case on the back small yellow protuberances of irregular size, each terminating in
a small fine hair: on all the segments behind the 2. and inclusive of the 12. are 2 stripes. The larva varies
very much. Time of development from the egg to the pupa in April — May 33 days, in May — June 30
days. Pupa cylindrical, narrow at the head, hollowed out at the sides, a short thick projection between the
eyes, mesothorax projecting, rounded, slightly keeled in consequence of a depression as deep as the meso-
thorax is high, which however is not uniformly rounded but rather angular, on each side of the dorsum and
the anterior abdominal segments are small, angular, inconspicuous elevations, the anterior ones the most
distinct; colouring dark brown, the whole upperside except the wing-cases irregularly covered with small
protuberances (the pupa is figured by Enwarps, Butterflies of North America, hanging free).

P. beckeri Edw. (19¢), from the United States, is similar to the Huch/o’-species. Upper and under
surface white, on the upperside of the forewing a large black median spot, divided with white, and smaller

protodice. oF

vernalis. 6¢ oa

occidentalis. of

sisymbrit. Co We

becker. 6: q

a 0 venosa.
,
} i itaticayae.

4) aripa.
43 balidia.

| rs a elodia.

as elodina.

ae eleusis.

ut helena.
4 { pylotis.

4 * olympia.

40 /tovaria.
sub-
J] flavescens,

maruga.

| gina.

G4 philoma.

tl euthemia,
q if penthica.

60 PIERIS. By J. Résmr.

and indistinct marginal and submarginal spots. Under surface with a large black median spot and two black
submarginal spots, as well as greenish markings at the apex of the forewing and at the distal margin, in
the middle and at the base of the hindwing, veins for the most part yellow. — Full-grown larva about
33 mm., colouring greenish white, strongly mottled or sprinkled with grey, and with a very distinct orange-
coloured belt between the segments, each segment with 16—18 pitch-black tubercles, terminating in black
bristles, head yellow. Pupa in general like that of protodice, but less angular; the frons ends in an obtuse
projection, the head part is rounded, with uneven upper surface, the dorsal side of the thorax is dark grey-
brown, the elevation above the wing-cases, which protodice possesses, is wanting in beckeri, the rest is grey,
on the wing-cases and the back of the first two abdominal segments almost white; a light stigmatal stripe
runs from the margin of the wings to the anal extremity, between thorax and abdomeu are 4 small spots
dorsally. Duration ‘of the pupal stage 15 days. Lives on Crucifers. The first generation flies in April, the
second from the end of June for 3-4 weeks. No differences have been found between the butterflies of the
two broods. '

P. venosa Scudd. (19 ¢), from California, is white on the upper surface with the veins scaled with
black in the anterior part of the forewing and black dots at the ends of the veins on the hindwing, as well
as a black spot on the forewing between the 2. and 3. median veins, on the yellowish white under surface
all the veins are rather broadly and very darkly margined, but the veins themselves light. ;

P. itaticayae Foett. (19d), from Brazil, is white on the upperside with yellow stripes between the
veins and black apical area on the forewing and small black marginal marking on the hindwing. The under
surface of the forewing is white, yellow at the costal and distal margins, the hindwing is darker yellow and
the veins with dark margins.

P. aripa Bdv. (19d), from Venezuela, has yellowish white upper surface, with black apical and
distal-marginal marking, the under surface is somew hat lighter with a black median spot on the hindwing
at the apex of the forewing the black marking of the upper surface shows through. — balidia Bdv., from
Mexico, is generally more yellow, especially on the underside of the hindwing. — elodia Bdv., from Mexico,
is not essentielly different. It would be most correct to unite all the three forms. P. aripa occurs from Mexico
to South Brazil, is nowhere rare and varies somewhat. The 9? have more yellowish ground-colour; probably
balidia, which I only know from the figure, is an aripa- 2. — elodina Stgr. 7./., from Bolivia, is larger and
on the under surface almost pure white.

P. eleusis Luc. (19d), from Colombia and Venezuela, differs from elodia by its much more pointed
forewing, broader apical and distal-marginal marking, and also by the black marking in the cell of the fore-
wing above. The 2 has a yellowish upper surface to the hindwing and broader black marking in the cell
of the hindwing. — helena /wec., from Ecuador, has a narrower black margin, less black dusting at the
costal margin and lighter, almost white, under surface.

P. pylotis Godt. (19d), from Brazil, is white above with broad black apical and distal-marginal mark-
ing, and also a black median spot on the forewing, the hindwing has black spots at the distal margin, but
is, however, not infrequently entirely white. The under surface is similar to the upper, but the distal margin
of the forewing is light grey, the hindwing has a black spot at the discocellular and an ochre-yellow one
at the base. The 2 only differs by a yellowish tone on the hindwing beneath.

P. olympia //d. (19e), from Venezuela, Colombia and Peru, has white ground-colour with black
distal-marginal area and a small black median spot on the forewing, the under surface is silver-white with
black submarginal markings on the forewing and fine black veins on the hindwing.

P. tovaria //dr. (19e), from Colombia and Venezuela, differs from olympia in the more normal
distal-marginal area and the absence of the black median spot of the forewing. The 2 has broader, but paler

marginal markings and the hindwing is yellowish beneath. — subflavescens Kirby, from Eeuador, has the “

hindwing yellowish beneath and the apex of the forewing sulphur-yellow. — maruga Fruist., from Ecuador,
is larger than fovaria, with much broader black margins, the underside of the forewing darker in the cell
and the stripes between the veins are sharper. — gina Frwhst., from Peru, is larger than maruga, forewing
more pointed, the black distal margin essentially broader, more e deeply indented proximally, the base of the
wing with less black scales, beneath the black band on the forewing broader.

P. philoma Her. (19e), from the high mountain ranges of Ecuador and Peru, is white above with
very broad black margins and a white subapical spot on the forewing. The under surface of the hmdwing
and the apex of the forewing are silver-white with sharp, thin black veins and stripes between the veins,
the forewing has also the corresponding submarginal marking on the upper surface.

P. euthemia /¥dr. (19 e), from Colombia and Venezuela, is distinguished from phi/oma by much
narrower black markings: the hindwing is white except for a narrow black margin.

P. penthica Koll. (19e), from Colombia, is also similar to philoma, somewhat larger, with less black
markings, the hindwing is blue in the posterior half, the under surface of the hindwing, in addition to the

je

L.

PIERIS. By J. Roser. 61

very fine, much less conspicuous black veins, has only traces of the black stripes between the veins at the distal
margin, on the other hand a rather large black spot on the discocellular. — stamnata Luc., from Venezuela,
is somewhat smaller, but otherwise differs little from penthica. — messala Fruhst., from Peru, has the fore-
wing more pointed, beneath the cell of the forewing is more broadly scaled with black and the subapical
black transverse band is somewhat narrower. — basiliola /ruhst., from Bolivia, is smaller and lighter, the
white subapical spot of the forewing broader, the black distal margin of the hindwing decidedly narrower
and the anal area of the hindwing above almost without blue-grey scaling.

P. subargentea Bé/r. (19e), from Peru, has the upper surface almost black, with white-yellowish
markings. The under surface of the forewing is similar to the upper, only the apex is bluish instead of black.
The underside of the hindwing is bluish with silvery sheen, the middle of the wing whitish, at the costal

margin a yellow stripe and the veins and the stripes between them are narrowly black. — lia Mrwhst., from lia

Bolivia, is larger and is less extended black.

P. caesia Luc., from Ecuador, is distinguished from tenuicornis Bil. and Druce (19+), from Central
America, by narrower black distal margins and the almost complete absence of the sulphur-yellow scaling
at the apex of the forewing beneath. The is black-brown except for the white median and apical markings
of the forewing and the yellowish middle of the hindwing, and has also a broad grey-brown submarginal
band on the underside of the hindwing. — semicaesia //d:., from Colombia, is a small form with narrower,
pale black-brown margins and impure blue on the under surface. — phanokia /ruhst. (= semicaesia [’/dr.?),
from Colombia, of which only 92 are known, is larger than caesia and has on both wings a much broader
margin above and beneath.

P. cinerea Hew. (191), trom Ecuador, has the upperside of the forewing white with the apical halt
black, in which a white apical spot is placed, the hindwing in the © is blue and in the ? black with yellow-
white costal margin. The under surface is quite similar except that there are small sulphur-yellow spots at
the apex of both wings, a stripe of the same colour at the costal margin and small ochre-yellow spots at
the base of the hindwing. The @ is paler coloured, the spots at the apices of the wings and stripe at the

costal margin of the hindwing on the underside are white instead of yellow. — litana Fruhst., from Bolivia,
is smaller, the black distal margin narrower, the under surface of the forewing purer white, that of the hind-
wing paler yellow. — menthe /op/f. is the slightly different form from Peru.

P. mandela Fidr. (20a) is the oldest name for a species particularly rich in female forms. P. man-
dela is the form from Venezuela with moderately broad black apical marking, in which are one larger and
several very small white subapical spots, and with very natrow black distal margin to the hindwing. The
under surface of the hindwing is lighter than in the better known /ocusta from Colombia. ¢ more like the
2 than the of the other forms, distinguished from the o by the broader black margin and the yellowish
tint of the rest of the hindwing. — apicalis Bétl., from the Upper Amazon, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador,
is larger in both sexes, in the o the black apical margin more sharply angled proximally, the distal margin
distinctly narrower posteriorly, the upper white subapical spot larger, the distal margin of the hindwing
broader in the posterior half, the under surface lighter; the 2 is similar to the mandela- 2, the proximal part
of the hindwing grey-brown to the end of the cell, the under surface of the forewing not sulphur-yellow at
the base, the hindwing has more red colouring, the brown parts are more coffee- brown and the submarginal
spots larger. — noctipennis Bélr. and Druce (20a), from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, has in the o7 a somewhat
broader black distal margin to both wings than mandela. The under surface of the hindwing is somewhat
darker and the yellow marginal spots are sharper and deeper yellow. The 2 has the upper surface of the
forewing more yellowish with black apical third in which a yellowish subapical spot is placed, the base is
yellowish grey-brown, the hindwing is black-brown with two small yellow subapical spots. — locusta fdr.
(20a), from Colombia, is scarcely different from noctipennis in the o, the 2 on the other hand,has the distal
third of the forewing and the whole of the hindwing a deep purple- ahrow n colour; a small “white subapical
spot on the forewing is sometimes present. The white colour of the middle part of the forewing is tinged
with red. The under surface of the hindwing is darker and the yellow submarginal spots are more indistinct.
— rubecula /ruhst. (20h), from Peru, has in the o three distinet subapical white spots, the black apical
and distal-marginal marking only reaches to the first median vein, the hindwing is more broadly margined
with black and the under surface of the hindwing is very light, with much yellow marking and vermilion
streaks at the base. The 2 has a black central longitudinal band from the cell to the distal margin of the
forewing. — xanthomelas sbsp. nov., from Ecuador (Coca), is in the female similar to rwbecula, the hindwing
has strongly yellowish ground-colour, which is also present on the basal part of the forewing, also the Ninde
wing is much darker, the black central longitudinal band of the forewing is shorter and narrower, the under
surface of the hindwing is much darker and the vermilion and yellow ‘Gincalke are longer and stronger. —
pallida subsp. nor., from Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz, 1V00 m.), has a smaller black apical part to the forewing
above, with its proximal edge rather straight, and broad, diffuse black distal margin to the hindwing. The
under surface, particularly on the hindwing, is very light and only diffusely marked. — tithoreides Bi/r.
(20b), from Eeuador (Balzabamba), has in the @ a broad black distal margin to both w ings, the hindwing

stamnata. IA
messala. GT

basiliola. II
subargentea. Go L

W

caesia. =~

tenuicornis. / SLA

semicaesia. 7 Y
phanokia. GE

P cinerea. GO L

litana. _- <4 Bi:

menthe. G/
mandela. » Gg ba

apicalis. S4O

noctipennis. fG%

locusta. YtE

rébecula. fA 7

xanthomelas. WF

paliida FAS
lithoreides. 77 6

of ' cocana.

~

4d ve permagna.
4109 molione.

AYO viardl.

77 laogore.

Vs bg eleone.

AI. a ochracea.

A714 doubledayi.
VIF luca.

416 conica.
1f euremoides.

SU smith,

74 eucosma.

V0 pinara.

Va. / oiantheia.

62 LEPTOPHOBIA. By J. Roser.

has a row of small white submarginal spots, under surface dark, yellow markings darkened, the red basal
markings and yellow spots reduced. 2 with yellow longitudinal central band on fore- and hindwing, a white
transverse median band and white submarginal spots on both wings. — cocana Fruhst., from Ecuador, is
only distinguished from rubecu/a on the upperside by the narrower black distal margin of the hindwing. The
under surface of the hindwing has white instead of reddish ground-colour, sharp dark marking and the yellow

and red markings very much reduced. 2 unknown. — permagna /)whst., from Peru (Chanchamayo), is simi-
lar to cocana, the red basal spots on the underside of the hindwing are enlarged and the submarginal
spots larger and whitish yellow. — molione Frwhst., from Paraguay, is the most southern subspecies and

has the least markings of any; it is smaller than rubecuda and has a much narrower, lighter grey-black distal
margin to the hindwing, which is proximally broken up into fine blue-grey scaling; the light grey under
surface of the hindwing recalls viardi in the fine yellow stripes between the nervures.

aA

P. viardi Ddv. (= habra Douhl.) (20b), from Honduras, is white above in the o’, with black, white-
spotted apical and distal-marginal markings and a large black median spot on the forewing, which however
is sometimes wanting, and entirely white hindwing. Underside of the hindwing similar to maindela, but much
lighter and the light yellow submarginal spots diverging from the margin from the middle of the distal
margin towards the inner margin, markings of the forewmg beneath as above, only much paler. 2 above
and on the under surface of the forewing black-brown with vivid yellow bands and spots, under surface of
the hmdwing as in the o, only darker. — laogore Godm., from Mexico and Guatemala, has lighter markings
on the underside of the hindwing and has no sulphur-yellow markings there.

5. Genus: Leptophobia Stir.

This genus cannot be maintained in the wide limits laid down by the author, but may be defined
according to the characters observed in the genotype eleone D.-H., with which only a few of the 15 species
included by Butler are congeneric. The principal characters of this genus consist in the formation of the
precostal, which is curved proximally, and in the shortness of the middle discocellular, which is scarcely 1/s
as long as the weakly curved and less obliquely placed lower discocellular. The subcostal is four-branched
with two branches before the apex of the cell, the upper radial is stalked with the subcostal almost to the
half. The long antenna (reaching to °/3 of the margin of the forewing) is not characteristic for the Lepto-
phobia-species, but occurs also im some species of Pieris.

L. eleone /).-/7. (= suadella Fidr.) (20c), from Colombia and Venezuela, has the forewing pointed
and the hindwing produced at the anal angle. The o is lemon-coloured above with broad black distal margin
and narrowly black hindmargin on the forewing, somewhat more than the anterior half of the cell being
also black. The @ is light yellow on the hindwing, almost white on the forewing, but marked like the o’,
though 92 also occur with light ochre-yellow forewing and lemon-yellow hindwing: ab. ochracea /crm. nov.
The under surface of the hindwing and the apex of the forewing are yellowish white, with a pearly gloss,
the rest of the forewing light yellow, the hindwing has two small black spots on the discocellular and small
black marginal spots. — In doubledayi Sfgr. i. /., from Bolivia, the tooth in the black distal margin is shorter
and the under surface of the forewing deeper yellow. — luca Fiwhst., from Bolivia and Ecuador, hasa
narrower black distal margin and no black border at the inner margin. — conica Firuhst., from Colombia,
is an aberration of eleone, in which the tooth in the black distal margin is prolonged. — euremoides is the
name given by Fruusrorrer to that form which is only margined with black towards the apex and in which
the cell is lightly sealed with black only at the costal margin. — The buttertlies fly over fields and in
thickets and are fond of being driven by the wind.

L. smithi Kirby (20c), from Bolivia and-Peru (3000 m.), has the wing-shape as in ecoue, is lemon-
yellow above in the oc’, light orange-vellow in the 9, the distal-marginal markings are much narrower and
the cell is not coloured with black. The under surface is more greenish than in ¢/cone and the black marginal
spots are wanting.

L. eucosma sch. (20c), from Peru, is larger than smithi, has the same yellow upper surface with
black apical marking on the forewing, the underside is much lighter and has small black dots on the veins
at the distal margin of the hindwing. — This species is only known to me from the figure, consequently I
cannot state positively whether it belongs in this genus.

L. pinara Fidr. (20c), from Colombia (and Peru?) (3000 m.), has the peculiar form apparent in the
figure. Upper surface white with black apical and distal-marginal markings, black median spot on the fore-
wing and slight traces of black colouring at the anal angle of the hindwing. Under surface white, on the
discocellular of each wing a black spot, as well as small black marginal spots on the hindwing, the latter
and the apex of the forewing glossy. — oiantheia /rwhst., from Peru, is smaller and has a narrower black
distal margin on both wings, smaller median spot on the forewing and pure white apex to the forewing beneath.

ITABALLIA. By J. Rézrr. 63

L. nephthis Hop//. (20c), from the mountains of Peru (3000 m.) and Bolivia, does not differ mater-
ially m shape from. the Pieris-species. The upper surface is white, the forewing has rather broad black mark-
ing at the apex and the distal margin, the anterior half of the cell being also black, and the hindwing
has a narrow black margin. The under surface is white, on the hindwing somewhat glossy, the forewing has
the marking as above, but somewhat reduced, the apex is light, the hindwing has a small black median
spot as well as a few very small black marginal spots at the posterior part of the distal margin. — aymara
Fruist. is an aberration with quite narrow black distal margin on the hindwing and interrupted subapical
band on the forewing.

L. erinna Hop/f. (20d), from Peru, is hkewise only known to me from the figure, hence I am not
certain of its generic position. The upper surface is slightly yellowish white with rather broad black mark-
ings at the apex and the distal margin and large black median spots on the forewing, the hindwing with
only very small black marginal markings. Underside similar, only with bluish instead of black apical and
marginal markings on the forewing; hindwing with small black dots at the distal margin. The 2 is yellower
above and beneath and has paler and somewhat more copious black markings at the distal margin of the
forewing.

L. cinnia Fiuhs?. (20d), from Ecuador, has white upper surface with rather broad black markings
at the apex and the distal margin, a black median spot and black costal margin on the forewing and also
an interrupted black marginal line on the hindwing. The under surface is white with a black median spot
on the forewing and strongly silvery gloss on the whole of the hindwing and at the apex of the forewing.
2 unknown. — falledra Fruhsf., from Colombia, has a broader black costal margin on the forewing, espe-
cially in the distal part of the cell, and a broader black distal margin.

6. Genus: Itaballia Kaye.

The character of this genus consists in the formation of the precostal, which is not placed at right
angles to the costal as in Pieris, but is strongly curved and in its distal part runs almost parallel to the
costal; otherwise it has no structural differences from Pieris. From Perrhybris, with which it was united until
recently, it is distinguished by the four-branched subcostal.

I. demophile L. (= molphea Cr.) (20e), occurring from Colombia to Paraguay, is white above in
the &, with black apex and black subapical half band, hindwing very narrowly margined with black, under
surface of the forewing white, marked as above, but the subapical band reaching to the costal margin, hind-
wing yellowish with very broad black-brown margin. 2 above and beneath yellowish, the subapical band
broader and reaching the costal margin above also, costal and distal margins of the hindwing broadly grey-

black. — calydonia Bdv., from Central America and Venezuela, is somewhat smaller, less marked with black
and the under surtace of the hindwing without any dark markings. — amathonte (7. is a very dark (per-

haps rainy seasonal) form of the 2. — charopus [iuhst., from Rio Waupes, is distinguished by a narrow black
costal margin of the forewing and the lesser development of the subapical spots, distal margin of the hind-
wing with moderately broad black scaling, veins suffused with black, beneath the subapical band of the fore-
wing and the distal margin of the hindwing narrower. — niphates /7whst. has the black spots much
narrowed, hindwing with quite narrow antemarginal line, under surface of the forewing also less marked with
black, hindwing diffusely margined with brown-black. Para. — nimietes Mruhst., from Bahia, is distinguished
from demophile by narrower and more sharply defined yellowish transverse bands on the forewing, under
surface with longer subapical band. — huebneri /russt., from Rio de Janeiro, is similar to amathonte. —
niseias Frvhst., from Paraguay, is similar to calydonia: small, distal margin of the upper surface broader,
markings otherwise as in charopus, under surface similar to niphates, but the black distal margin extending
to the anal angle, hindwing with a rather broad, complete band of uniform width, which is sharply defined
proximally. — minthe /rwhst., from Ecuador, is essentially smaller than charopus, the wings are more
roundish, the upper surface of the forewing with extended black apical spot, the hindwing however more nar-
rowly margined with black and in the anal angle with a narrow, densely scaled area, under surface of the
hindwing pure white, the black distal margin narrower; ¢ above with very broad white areas, the base of
the cell yellowish with grey scaling, hindwing mostly white, the black distal margin deeply indented. —
lucania Frwist., from Peru, is approximately as large as niseias, apical spots of the forewing narrower than
in minthe, black scaling on the hindwing less extended; ? with light ochre-yellow ground-colour, black distal
margin of the hindwing less indented, very broad at the anal end, beneath the distal margin of both wings
brown, the ground-colour suffused with ochre-yellow. — mustica Iruhst., from Bolivia, is very similar to
huebneri, bout the white central area of the hindwing more extended beneath; ¢ differing from /wcania in the
pale and diffuse yellowish ground-colour, under surface of the forewing whitish, yellowish towards the margin,
cell suffused with yellowish, distal border of the hindwing obsolescent and in the middle part much narrowed.

I. pandosia Hew. (20d), from Venezuela, is white above and beneath, with black margins and above
with black base, on the under surface of the hindwing with small red-yellow spots in the dark distal margin.

nephthis. hh 2

aymara. AIS

erinna. HE$Y

cinnia. Sean

falledra. id O

demophile. SEL

calydonia. Lie

amathonte. AE,
charopus. LO

niphates. 7I7
nimietes. SIZ ¥

huebneri. He J. ‘SI
niseias. LIZ

minthe. Sie (a

/ucania. SIE

mustica. LIL

pandosia, FZ. oie

1S, 7 Jeptalina.
AYO sabata.

Jy/ ophelia.
/9d ludovica.

494 marana.

144 pisonis.
4$ kicaha.

140° lypera.

/¢ ys paravicinit.

4 f \ pyrrha.

144

187 eleidias.
[$2 lucasi.

TS. 7 pamela.
WS g amazonica.

LE, ist incisa.
SSG malenka.

7: Ce a ostrolenka.
/5h bogotana.

/: ba Gg glessaria.

digitata.

[40 pandora.

64 PERRHYARIS. By J. Roser.

— leptalina Bufes (= pisonis Sfgr.) is the form from the Upper Amazon. — sabata /*rwhst., from Colombia,
is smaller than pandosia, has a diffuse transverse band on the discocellular and more deeply incised black
distal margin, the underside is yellowish, the white spots of the forewing are smaller and the black bands

sharper. — ophelia /rwhst., from Peru (October), shows a stronger development of the black markings, larger
white spots on the under surface of the forewing and a more intensively red band on the underside of the
hindwing. — ludovica Fwhst. is the dry-seasonal form of ophelia; it is decidedly smaller and has the sub-

anal band on the hindwing narrower (february).

I]. marana Doub/. (20d), from Ecuador, is similar to pandosia, but has on the upperside broader black
margins and on the underside of the forewimg a black subapical band as well as a similar median band on
the under surface of the hindwing, which in the basal part is divided by a red-yellow band; the 2, which
is yellowish white above, stronger yellow beneath, has on the upper surface of the forewing a black sub-
apical band and broader black margins. rat

I. pisonis Hew. (20d), from Colombia and Peru, differs from kicaha Reak., from Honduras, in that
the black subapical band is complete above and beneath. Both forms have beneath at the margin of the
forewing small white spots and at the distal margin of the hindwing a red-yellow macular band.

7. Genus: Perrbybris Hon.

This genus differs from Pieris by the three-branched subcostal, there are no other sharp structural
differences, but it is well characterised by the Heliconine-lke style of marking, strongly developed in the
oo only beneath but in the 22 on both sides, which makes it probable that it belongs to another evoluti-
onary stirps than the Peris-species. Following the example of Kay, we have removed the species with four-
branched subcostal, which are also well differentiated from Perrhybris in facies, especially by their slighter
sexual dimorphism, and placed them with the preceding genus Itaballia.

P. lypera Koll. (20e), from Colombia (and Central America?), is in the o white above with black
apical part of the forewimg and broad black distal margin on the hindwing, under surface of the forewing
like the upper, hindwing yellow with broad black margin, a similar longitudinal band in the anterior part,
in which is placed a short red band starting from the inner margin, and a black stripe at the costal margin.
? black above and beneath, similarly marked on both sides, on the under surface of the hindwing as in
the o a red half band. — paravicinii /rwhst., from Ecuador (Balzabamba), has longer and narrower wings,
a decidedly narrower black distal margin, on the underside of the forewing the cell is lighter, the apical
spot somewhat smaller, on the underside of the hindwing the margin narrower in the posterior half, the
subbasal band white and pointed, central area light yellow proximally, distally white stead of dark yellow.

P. pyrrha /’. (= iphigenia S:/u/z) is distributed from Central America to South Brazil (Sao Paulo)
and from the east coast to the Upper Amazon. The upper surface of the oo” presents the facies of a typical
White, whilst the 22 are similar to the Heliconines. The so-called type-form pyrrha occurs in Surinam, from
which digitata Fiwhst., from Espiritu Santo, is distinguished in the o& by a narrower black distal margin
and in the 2 by an uninterrupted yellow band on the forewing. — The o’o7 of pandora form: nov. (20e, f),
from Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, have a completely black hindwing except for a black marginal line,
and reduced black markings on the forewing, the 22 a much broken, light yellow (commonly sulphur-yellow)
band on the forewing. — eieidias Hbn. is probably a seasonal form from Surinam, with entirely white hind-
wing in the o and very narrow black median band on the hindwing in the °. — lucasi Fruhst., from Ca-
yenne, is a 2-form with very broad yellow band on the forewing, the red median band on the hindwing
being almost without dentition. — pamela Cr. is a ?-form with strongly developed black markings on the
hindwing. — amazonica /yuhst. (= pyrrha Stgr.), from the Upper Amazon, has in the o% a narrow black
margin on the hindwing and in the 2a moderately dentate band, red above and yellow beneath, on the
hindwing. — incisa Frwhst., from Bahia, Nas in the & a broader margin on the hindwing than amazonica,
in the 2 the much broken yellow band of the forewing is broadly margined with black near the base and
the red band of the hindwing is produced into fine points. — malenka Hevw., from Venezuela and Colombia,
has in the & the upper surface of the hindwing entirely white and the under surface with only a few pale
markings, the 2 has narrower wings, two red-brown bands reaching almost to the margim and only small
subapical spots, whilst ostrolenka S¢g., from Chiriqui and Panama, is almost without markings beneath in
the o and the 22 are much darker beneath than ma/enka-22. — bogotana Bt. (= Mylothris bogotana bi/r.),
from Santo Fé de Bogota, is in the 2 similar to malenka; the yellow-brown median spots of the forewing
and the somewhat shorter submedian longitudinal stripes are sulphur-yellow at the margins; above and well
separated from them are two yellow, obliquely placed spots and above the cell three oblong spots of the
same colour in the oblique subapical row instead of the quadripartite band in malenka. — glessaria Pruhst.,
from Ecuador (Napo and Coea), has in the o& above the marginal band deep black, but moderately broad,

Publ. 3. XII. 09. PEREUTE. By J. Roser. 65

on the under surface of the hindwing with very broad and deep black markings, the 2 is a beautiful red-
brown on the proximal two-thirds of the forewing above, with small but deep black markings, the yellow
band occupying all the distal part of the area between the first two median veins very broad and brightly
coloured, the hindwing is dark red-brown with broad and prominent black markings. The underside of the
forewing is marked like the upper, only with somewhat paler colour, the underside of the hindwing is almost
entirely black-brown and has only three narrow brick-red longitudinal stripes and at the anterior part of the
distal margin three large lighter spots (not flame-shaped). — flammula subsp. nov., from Peru (Chanchamayo), flammula. Y02
is a large form, in the o almost without any black at the distal margin of the hindwing, also beneath much
less marked than g/essaria, but with a considerable amount of sulphur-yellow at the distal and inner mar-
gins of the hindwing and some markings of the same tint also at the distal margin of the forewing. The 2
has on the upperside but little red-brown colouring, strongly mixed with yellow, the four flame-shaped spots
placed at the distal margin of the hindwing are lighter (yellower) than the proximal part and the black
markings are much reduced, there is a conspicuous yellow spot at the base before the subcostal, the yellow
band on the forewing is narrow and strongly dentate and the black markings are moderately developed.
The under surface of the hindwing has a distinctive grey-yellow colour, the black markings at the distal

margin are very pale in contrast to the rest of the black markings. — fruhstorferi form iov., from Panama, fruhstorferi. La
is a 2-form with almost entirely black forewing. -- carmenta Frwhst., from Peru, is probably the dry-seasonal ca7menta. FOF
form of flammula; it is considerably smaller and has fewer markings. — austriana /whst., from Bolivia, is austriana.fOF

marked like glessaria on the forewing, the hindwing has a very narrow black distal margin. 2 above with
lighter and more vivid yellow bands and spots than carmenta, distal margin of the hmdwing somewhat broader,
under surface of the forewing with more yellow spots, the under surface of the hindwing yellower and the
red median band more distinct. — The o’o of this species, like most Pierids, are fond of moist places on
the ground, the 92 of the forest.
P. flava Oberth. (20f), from the provinces of Leopoldina, Espiritu Santo and Bahia, must be regarded flava. ~ A$
as a separate species. The o is yellow above and beneath with black apex to the forewing, in which the
tooth-shaped projection between the 2. and 3. median veins, which all the forms of pyrrha possess, is want-
ing, the 2 has on the forewing a band which is sharply defined at both sides and on the hindwing a median
band which is likewise yellow but of a deeper tint.
P. lorena Hew. (20f), from Ecuador and Colombia, is white in the male above and beneath with /orena. - SOF
black bands, the under surface of the himdwing, in addition to the black markings of the upper surface which
may be seen in the figure, has also a black median band extending from the base to the middle of the
wing, which is divided longitudinally by a red stripe, and a black stripe at the costal margin. The very

differently coloured and marked 2 has the markings beneath much as above. — jumena Fruwhst., from Ecua- jumena. SO
dor, is distinguished by a much narrower white subapical band which has the black bordering much broader;
on the under surface the red band is reduced and its black border broader. — luteifera Mrwhst., from Peru /“teifera. SO

(Chanchamayo), shows in the o the white subapical band running to a point posteriorly, so that a wedge-

shaped instead of rectangular spot is formed, underside yellowish instead of white, underside of the hind-

wing in the marginal and basal areas more extended yellowish. — peruncta Fwhst., from Bolivia (Yungas peruncta. 400
de la Paz), has broader black bands and the white subapical transverse spot is more symmetrical and nar-

rower, the under surface of the hindwing is more broadly margimed with black than in Jlutei/era and the

subapical band much lighter red.

8. Genus: Pereute H-Schiff.

The species of this genus differ widely from the typical Pierids in facies; in the style of marking
they have a distant resemblance to some Heliconines, but the form of the wings is quite different; among
the Pierids they stand with Archonias completely isolated. In neuration they agree with Leodonta: the sub-
costal is three-branched with one branch before the discocellular, the 2, and 3. branches form a moderately
long fork, the precostal is weakly curved basad. The genus has its home about between 20° N. lat. and
30 S. lat.
P. autodyca Pdr. (21a), from the Brazilian province of Rio de Janeiro, is in the o black above, autodyca. FE;
scaled with grey at the apex and on the posterior part of the forewing as well as on the hindwing with
the exception of the distal margin, in the middle of the forewing the red band of the under surface shows
through indistinctly. The 2 is only scaled with grey on the basal part of both wings and bears on the
middle of the forewing a broad brick-red transverse band, which is divided by the black veins. The dark
under surface shows at the costal margin of the hindwing a large tear-shaped sulphur-yellow spot and at
the base two red spots; in the & the red band of the forewing is narrowed in the anterior part, the o” has
further a white-red longitudinal band on the middle of the posterior part of the forewing. —- bardela Fruhst., bardela. fe
from Rio Grande do Sul, which according to the description is smaller, on the upperside darker and there-
fore with less grey and rose-coloured scales, also on the underside of the forewing on the red transverse
band towards the costa whitish instead of rose-colour, can scarcely be distinguished from autodyca according
Vv 9

1f: / rosa.
/ if y, paula.

1, J swainsoni.

fy phalera.

Uff f cheops.

/, Uy charops.

Bos subvarians.
if » columbica.

44 cauca,

Li peruvianus.

7, ih meridana.
4 Ye praemeri-

dana.

leucodrosime.

OY reducta.

VE bellatrix.

140 beryllina.

shh latona.
af unicolor.

q callinira.

790 musia.
74/ sabrina.

7 Gd numatia.

66 PERBEUTE. By J. Résrr.

to my material; on the other hand a 2-aberration from Rio Grande do Sul with the band more pale red
deserves to be named separately as ab. rosa form. nov. — paula subsp. nov., fromthe province of Sao
Paulo, is in both sexes above more plentifully scaled with grey, also at the distal margin of the hindwing
in both-sexes are large spots of grey scales, the ground-colour of the 32 is not pure black, but black-brown,
and the under surface much lighter both in the ground-colour and in the colouring of the red band.

P. swainsoni Gray (21a), from Parana, Santa Catharina and Sao Paulo, differs from autodyca by
its larger form, above by a more distinct transverse band on the forewing and by the difference in the grey
scaling, which is confined to the inner margin of the forewing and the basal half of the hindwing, and
further by a yellow spot at the costal margin of the hindwing. On the under surface of the oo the red
median band present in the autodyca-o’o is wanting on the posterior part of the wing. Both species fly
together in Rio Grande do Sul and Sao Paulo. — Fruustorrer has based the subsp. phalera (2f) on speci-
mens from Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catharina, but with the exception of the darker colouring of the
under surface I have not been able to confirm the characters given by him.

P. cheops Sfgr. (21 b), from Chiriqui, has a bluish black upper surface with slight gloss, the o” has
a median band of yellow scales, a similar one in the anterior part of the cell and sparse yellow scales at
the inner margin of the forewing and on the basal part of the hindwing. On the lighter (black- brown) under
surface the yellow band of the mmomine is much broader and more Hesiod, at the costal margin of the
hindwing stands a yellow band and at the base are two red spots. The 2 has a broad red band and yellow
costal margin on the upperside of the forewing. Both sexes have yellow antennae.

P. charops Bdv. (21), occurring from Mexico to Panama (Chiriqui), is distinguished from the other
forms of this species by copious grey-white (co) or reddish (2) dusting at the distal margin of the forewing.
The median band of the forewing is brilliant yellow (co) or red (2) beneath. Both sexes have on the under-
side of the hindwing a long yellow stripe at the costal margin and a very small yellow stripe at the base.

— subvarians Sfgr. 7. / , from Colombia, has in the o less grey dusting on tho upperside, and the median
band of the underside is ; for the most part dull red instead of yellow. In the ? the submarginal red dusting
is absent from the upperside of the forewing. — columbica Fruhst., from Colombia, is distinguished by a

general reduction of the grey dusting, which remains more distinct, however, in the middle cell; yellow
spots are placed at the discocellular; median band of the forewing beneath yellow. This form appears to be
only a o-aberration of cauca subsp. nov., from the Cauca Valley in North Colombia. In this the grey dust-
ing of the o is uniformly reduced everywhere, the median band is red instead of yellow for more than its
basal half, and shows through on the upperside. The 92 have a very broad light red band on both sides of
the forewing. — peruvianus Sfgv. 7. /., from Peru, has a broad yellow median hand on the VOLS of the
forewing and distinct grey scaling on the apical part and the inner margin of the forewing; the hindwing
has but little grey scaling. The under surface of the forewing has a sharp, sulphur- salon median band.
? unknown. — meridana Frwhst., from Northern Venezuela, has a strongly darkened upper surface without
grey scales in and behind the middl e cell and on the distal part of the hindwing, distal part of the median
band on the underside of the forewing red. Amongst this form occurs ab. praemeridana Eyruhst., which has

the band of the forewing beneath entirely yellow. — This species has white antennae.
P. leucodrosime /voll. (21). With this species, from Colombia, begins the series of those species

which have also in the o a red band on the upper surface of the forewing. Ground-colour black, proximal
half of the hindwing and basal part of the inner margin of the forewing with blue-white scales, thorax and
abdomen with white hairs. The red band of the forewing above ends at the subcostal and is not prolonged
basad. The under surface is black-brown, the veins and the stripes between them are black, at the base of
the hindwing there are two small red spots. Antennae white. Specimens with the red band much reduced
are ab. reducta form. nov. — In bellatrix Fiwhst., from Peru, the red band of the forewing is lighter and
is not narrowed towards the margin, on the other hand the blue-white scaling on the proximal part of the
wing is reduced, under surface somewhat darker. — beryllina Fruhst., from Ecuador, has a narrower and
deep red band on the forewing. — latona Sti., from Venezuela, has on the upperside of the forewing only
a red spot at the end of the cell instead of the red band. Among this form occur also specimens with entirely
black forewing: ab. unicolor ab. nov.

P. callinira Stgr. (21 c), from Peru, has-black antennae. The upper surface as in /eucodrosime is scaled
with blue-white, the band of the forewing is of uniform breadth and in the middle cell continued somewhat
towards the base, the basal half of the costal margin is finely, but sharply yellow, on the under surface of
the hindwing the red basal spots are absent. ab. musia Frwhst., from North and Central Peru, is larger, the

red band much narrowed at both ends and rounded off. — sabrina Fruhst., from Colombia, has an essentially
narrower red band on the forewing and more abundant blue scaling at the base, at the costal margin of
the forewing the red band is tinged with yellowish. — numatia Fr ise from Bolivia, is smaller anal paler,

the red band broader, above in the middle more copiously scaled with black.

ARCHONIAS. By J. Roper. 67

P. callinice 7dr. (21¢), from Venezuela, Colombia and South Peru, has likewises black antennae. callinice. GI
The upper surface is black brown, the bluish scaling occupies the whole basal half of the hindwing but is
completely wanting on the forewmg. The light red median band of the forewing is only represented behind
the discocellulars by a very small spot, is distally rounded and does not reach the distal margin. The under
surface is as in callinira, but much lighter. The butterfly flies on forest-paths and is fond of drinking at
moist places on the ground.

P. telthusa Hew. (21 c), from Peru and Ecuador, differs much from the preceding species. Antennae fedthusa. G9
white. Upper surface black, with subapical yellowish macular band, small light submarginal spots, bluish
white inner-marginal part of the forewing and blue-scaled basal part of nee hindwing, which also shows
small bluish marginal spots. The under surface is black, the forewimg has the pattern of the upperside and
the hindwing a small yellow stripe at the costal margin and also three red basal spots. — magna subsp. magna. /7OF
nov., trom the Lower Amazon (Obidos), is larger, .the light area at the inner margin of the forewing is
smaller and completely scaled with blue, the blue spots at the distal margin of the hindwing are larger, the
under surface is darker and the yellow stripes at the costal margin of the hindwing very small. — boli- boliviana. WL,
Viana swdsp. nov., from Bolivia, has a broader and more strongly yellow subapical band on the forewing
above and beneath. The light area at the inner margin of the forewing is larger on both surfaces and only
scaled with blue at the margins, the blue spots at the distal margin of the hindwing are smaller, the under
surface is somewhat lighter (more brown) and the yellow stripes at the costal margin of the hindwing longer
and broader.

9. Genus: Avehonias Hon.

The characters of this genus are rather uncertain, the facies of the butterflies forms the best criterion
for deciding as to their genus. The subcostal is four-branched, the 2. branch OHS WENGE beyond the apex
of the cell and the 3. and 4. branches form a short fork in the apex of the wing; yet this character is not
constant even in one and the same species. It will be advisable to place in ns! genus only the tereas-like
forms which mimic Pupilio.

A. tereas Godt. (= iulus Hbn., 2 = marcius Hbn.). The specimens from Rio de Janeiro and Espiritu tereas. A4l

Santo may be regarded as the so-called typical form. It can scarcely be separated from uniplaga [’ruhst., ;
(21d), from Rio Grande do Sul and Sao Paulo. This form is said to have only one white median spot on uniplaga. fd
the forewing. which however among the material before me only occurs in one specimen from Santa Catharina;
the remaining eight specimens from Santa Catharina and Sfio Paulo have three median spots, one of which

is placed in the cell. The 2 has always somewhat more white marking on the forewing and more red, of
a deeper colour, on the hindwing. — critias F/dr. (21d), from Venezuela and Colombia, is very variable as critias. “ 799
regards the white marking on the forewing, the red marking of the hindwing is more extended and of eS)

a deeper tone than in tervcas. To ab. hades Taree belong specimens with the forewing entirely black above shades Lf
and to ab. nigripennis Lt/r. entirely black specimens — approximata Btlr, is the form ‘from Central America. /S/ipennis. -
agenuene p : oy approximata. Lt
— papilionides Frivist., from Honduras, has somewhat modified white spots on the forewing and three papilionides. Sy
intensively carmine-red spots on the hindwing; beneath the spots on the wings are yellowish. — regillus regillus. LV
Fvuhst., from Ecuador, is smaller than tereas, ‘the forewing has two white spots placed one under the other,
the hindwing three small pale red, lighter-margined ones. — archidona Fruhst., from Ecuador (Balzabamba), archidona. - &f2
has a completely black forewing or at least but little white marking, and on the hindwing above and beneath
yellowish or white instead of red spots. — rosacea Btl., from Ecuador (Quito) and Colombia, has light red ;osacea. L06
spots on the upper surface of the hindwing. — “In Santa Catharina fereas begins to fly early in September
as one of the first heralds of spring, and animates in well-watered valleys almost all the sweet-scented
flowering shrubs with its quiet beauty and its delicately coloured garb‘t (FReMsTORFER).
A. bellona (7. (= @ erycinia Cy., brassolis /., braselis Godt.), from Guiana, although regarded as a bellona / L07
separate species, is probably really another form of tereas, which is extraordinarily modified in the wooded
west. A. bellona is but little different from negrina //dr., from the Rio Negro. The o is black above with negrina. PA
large light yellow spots on the forewing and red streaks on the under surface of the hindwing, whilst im

the 2 the upper surface of the hindwing is also for the most part red. — cutila Fruist. (21d), from Ecuador, cutila. LOF
has large yellow spots on the forewing and three red streaks on the upper surface of the hindwimg. — phaloreia. L/0
phaloreia Firwhs/., from Peru, has black upper surface with small yellow spots on the forewing. — hyrnetho fAyrnetho. LIZ,

Fruhst. (21d), from Bolivia, has more rounded wings than the preceding forms, the spots on the forewing

are somewhat lighter yellow and a little larger, the upper surface of the hindwing is black, but the under

surface has narrow red streaks, a yellow stripe at the costal margin and yellow marginal spots. In the 2

the hindwing above is for the most part red. — sabrina Prvhst., from Argentina (?), has very intensive yel- sabrina. LZ
low spots on the forewing, of which the curved one in the cell is very large; the underside of the hindwing

is similar to that of hyrnctho, the yellow marginal spots are very small. Baron G. von PresseN observed this

species in large numbers and in both sexes in a thicket, so it may be assumed that the butterflies had

emerged in this thicket; hence we may further conclude that the larva is gregarious. The butterflies are

fond of settlmg on leaves.

pharnakia.

albimaculata.
lyceas.

Ii

- dismorphitis.
Dierks ;
dismorphina.

nigrescens.

¢

224

eurytele.

theano.

drusilla.

68 CHARONIAS; APPIAS. By J. Roser.

A. pharnakia Fruhst. (= archoniaoides Stgr. i. 7.) (21e), from Peru, is very different from all the
above mentioned Archonias-forms, and is probably a separate species. The upper surface is black-brown with
yellow spots on the forewmg as on the underside, the hindwing is entirely without markings; ? in the
middle part of the forewing above and beneath brick-red.

10. Genus: Charonias 2éb.

For the reasons given under Archonias it is necessary to place the following species in a separate
genus. In the neuration there is a slight difference in that the two discocellulars of the forewing are of
equal length and the upper discocellular of the hindwing is considerably shorter than the other two. The
palpi are somewhat longer and stronger than in Archonias. Above all the external appearance is important
in determining the genus.

Ch. eurytele Hew. (21e), from Ecuador and Colombia, is brown on the proximal part of the wing
and black on the distal part, in the latter are placed yellow spots; specimens with white sputs may be des-
cribed as ab. albimaculata ab. nov. The under surface is quite similar to the upper, but there are rather
large white submarginal spots at the distal margin of the hindwing. — In lyceas Godm. and Salv., from
Panama (Bugaba), there is only a streak-shaped spot of the brown colour of the forewing above present at
the inner margin, the under surface of the forewing is entirely black. — dismorphitis Bélr., from Chiriqui,
has the forewing deep black with light yellow spots and the hindwing light brown. — dismorphina Stgr.
i. L, from Colombia, likewise has the forewing very dark all over, with larger deep yellow spots, the hind-
wing being dark brown. — nigrescens Godm. and Salv., from Guatemala, is a still further darkened form.
— The 9? are only somewhat larger, otherwise not different.

Ch. theano Bdv. (21e), from Brazil (e. g. Sio Paulo) is black with whitish streak-shaped spots. The
? instead of white marks has dark yellow ones in the proximal and sulphur-yellow in the distal part of the
wings. The under surface is similarly, but more copiously marked, the hmdwing is yellow with black veins
and black distal margin in which white spots are placed.

11. Genus: Appias Hon.

In the neuration this genus agrees entirely with Pieris, but the o’o have a special characteristic,
namely two stiff tufts of hair (secondary sexual organs) on the anal claspers at the underside of the ab-
domen; the 2? are easily distinguished from those of Pieris by the peculiar colouring of the under surface,
which is weaker-marked and has a slight pearly gloss. The genus is represented in India by numerous
species, some of them beautifully coloured, and also in Africa yy several species, but in America there is
only one certainly distinct species, which until recently was classed with the genus Duptonowra. As the
synonymous generic name Tachyris, given by Wallace, indicates, the insects belonging to this genus are
extraordinarily active. According to the observations of Dr. A. Surrz the Appias (especially drusilla) are only
equalled in swiftness of flight among the butterflies by the representatives of the Hesperid genus Spathi-
lepia; in a few seconds they traverse long distances. They not only fly extremely fast but also manage to
take up their nourishment from flowers in the greatest haste. Only in imbibing water from the damp ground,
where these insects, particularly the males, sometimes settle in large crowds close together, do they allow
themselves time, and engage in this activity for the moment as an amusement.

A. drusilla Cr. (= ilaire Gor/t., margarita Hbn., albunea Dalm.) (21f) is distributed from Southern
Florida to South Brazil, and is common. The o is white above, with slight blackish apical marking on the
forewing, sometimes entirely without marking, beneath yellowish white without marking, only with a small
yellow stripe at the costal margin of the hindwing. The 2 Is white above on the forewing, on the hindwing
yellowish, and has broad black margins, beneath white with a reddish sheen and very weakly developed
markings similar to those on the upperside, as well as yellow dusting at the base of both wings, especially

‘the forewing. The specimen figured by W. J. Honranp in his Butterfly Book on plate XX XV as ? is accor-

hollandi.
Janeira.

poeyi.

ding to the shape of the wings a o” with strongly yellowish upper surface and more strongly developed
black marking at the apex and basal part of the forewing; this form deserves special mention as ab. hol-
landi ad. nov. — janeira Bénningh., hitherto only observed in the Botanical Gardens at Rio de Janeiro, has
also in the male yellow colouring at the base on the underside of the wings; v. BénnrncHatsen regarded it
as a distinct species. — poeyi Bélr., from the Antilles, has in the % no markings above and is somewhat
more yellowish beneath; the 2 has more strongly yellow ground-colour and _ slighter marginal marking on
the hindwing above, the underside is likewise more yellow than in drusilla-9.

CATHAEMIA: LEODONTA; CGATASTICA. By J. Rober. 69

12. Genus: Cathaemiia Hbn.

The forms belonging here were until recently united with MJesperocharis, but Rapct. Grorn erected
the genus Cunizza for them. This name, however, must give way to the older one given by Hipyer. It is
true that the only difference in the neuration is that in Hesperocharis the upper discocellular of both wings
is angled and has a short spur running into the cell, in Cathaemia on the contrary these veins are only
slightly curved and have no spurs, but the great difference in the style of marking and the shape of the
wings confirms the generic independence of the two.

C. hirlanda Sfoll., probably from Surinam, is distinguished from the better known ninguida /whst.
(= hirlanda Sigr.) (21f), from Peru, by the broader black distal margin of both wings. — obnubila Fruhst., from
South Peru, has the hindwing almost black, so that only the cell and a few postmedian spots remain white.

hirlanda. 3
ninguida. £90
obnubila. SLL

— fulvinota Bélr., trom Rio de Janeiro, is completely white above except for the yellowish basal part of fulvinota. Lf

the wings and the black costal margin of the forewing, the under surface is quite similar to that of hirlanda

except that it has a red-yellow instead of a red marginal band on the hindwing. — praeclara Fruhst., from praectara. CLG

Espiritu Santo, is in the o of a beautiful light yellow on the upperside of the forewing, on the hindwing
lemon-yellow with red band of the under surface showing through slightly, forewing with broad black distal
margin, which at the 1. median vein is united with a black band starting from the costal margin, hindwing
with narrow black margin, under surface similar to that of hirlanda, the black apical spot not joined to the
subapical band, but separated from it by a yellow band. In the 2 the black margin of both wings is broader. —
apicalis Fivist., from Ecuador, is intermediate between ninguida and obnubilu. — helvia Latr. (21f), said to
be from Mexico (?), of which only specimens from Colombia are before me, generally regarded as a separate
species, is in my opinion also a hirlanda-form, because I have specimens which unmistakably form a tran-
sition. In this form the red marginal band of the hindwing beneath is wanting, yet most specimens have
traces of it. The aberration which is suffused with light yellow on the upperside of the forewing and on
the underside of the forewing coloured with yellow over the whole surface is named by Fruustorrer ab.
serda; transitional forms, however, also occur.

13. Genus: Leodomta Btlr.

The species of this genus were formerly classed with Pereute. Although the two genera show no
essential difference in the neuration and in the organs, they are yet sharply separated by their external
appearance. But another character which is doubtless worthy of note consists in the formation of the anal
claspers of the %o’, which are much smaller in Leodonta than in Pereute. So far seven forms have been
described, which have all been regarded as separate species, but Ihave only been able to recognise in them
two species, one of which forms local races. — The butterflies fly over foot-paths and are fond of drinking
at moist places on the ground.

L. dysoni Douwbl. (21 e), from Venezuela, is the form which has the most white markings on the
upper surface, the hindwing is white with obsolete yellow spots at the base and broad black distal margin,
which occupies about '/; of the surface of the wing, at the distal margin are placed larger white spots, the
median band on the underside of the hindwing is white with one yellow streak in each marginal cell, and
the rest of the hindwing beneath is lighter than in the other forms. — zenobina Hopff. (21e), from Peru
and Bolivia, has a broader black distal margin on the hindwing above and darker. distal and basal parts on
the hindwing beneath. — intermedia subsp. nov., from Northern Colombia (Cauca Valley), is smaller, the
black distal margin of the hindwing is somewhat narrower than in zenobina and the basal part darkened,
the median band on the under surface of the hindwing is broader and. yellow, only the veins being very
narrowly whitish, on the upper surface of the forewing in the cell at the point of origin of the 2. median
vein there is a white spot, which also beneath is much larger than in the preceding forms. — In chiri-
quensis Sfgr., from Chiriqui, the black distal-marginal band of the hindwing reaches the discocellulars and
at the distal margin there are larger white spots, the white median band of the forewing is narrower. —
zenobia Fld; , from Colombia, is a smaller form with yellowish median band on the upperside, the basal
part of the hindwing is black, the light median band on the underside of the hindwing narrower, being
interrupted in the middle. — In tagaste Fldr. (21f), from Peru and Ecuador, the upper surface is for the
most part white, the hindwing has only a black margin. — marginata Schaus, from Venezuela (Merida), has
half the forewing white, and 2 rows of small white subapical spots, the hindwing being similar to that of dyson.

L. tellane Hew. (22a), from Colombia, is yellow above with broad black margins, in which are
placed yellow spots, the proximal part of the hindwing beneath is yellow, the base itself grey-brown.

14. Genus: Catastiela Bilr.

The only apparently certain difference in the neuration of this genus from that of Archonias consists
in the second subcostal vein branching off either immediately at the upper angle of the cell or shortly be-
fore or after it. The external appearance of the representatives of this genus differs from that of Archonias

apicalis. LID
helvia. £97

dysont. 2 IF

zenobina. OS:
intermedia. €F.

chiriquensis. —*

! ws
zenobia.
tagaste. oe
marginata. Z.

tellane. < [Z

14

4a

43 staudingeri

gi ~) pieris.

uf

yb eurigania.
ys nea.
a traminea

ah \ theresa.

Li

is

ooh pinava.
453 vapina.

54

notha.

corcyra.

innuba.

nimbice.
95) bryson.

sinapina.

colla.

70 CATASTICTA. By J. Rézer.

to such an extent that their generic separation seems fully justified. Although the Catusticta-species exhibit
a fairly uniform facies yet they form various groups, which however are mostly connected by transitions.
The genus is distributed from Mexico to South Brazil, but has its proper habitat in the mountains of the
west. The species doubtless vary considerably according to the locality, whether they also show seasonal
forms has not yet been ascertained. According to Pawn ‘Hauxet the oo” of the Catasticta- -species have a habit
of settling in the sunshine on water-washed stones at the banks of rivers, and drinking so greedily that the
water comes out again in drops at the anus at short intervals. Not infrequently they are washed away by
the water, which however does not harm them in the least, for immediately afterwards they rise like a water-
bird out of the waves, in order to settle anew on the stone where they can reach the refreshing liquid.

C. notha Lic. (22a), from Venezuela, is above white with black apical and distal-marginal marking,
very similar to the following species, beneath with white forewing, the apex of which is reddish grey, with
small yellow stripes, hindwing diffusely red-white with yellow stripes in the cellules, distinct triangular yellow
marginal spots and red basal spot.

C. corcyra Fidr. (22a), from Venezuela and Bolivia, is above very similar to the preceding, except
that on the hindwing the dark markings of the under surface show through. Underside of the forewing white
with black apex, jin which yellow stripes are placed, hindwing yellow with black-brown veins edged with
white, black-brown dentate median band and vestiges of a marginal lunate macular band. — In staudingeri
Bil., from East Peru, the latter is completely developed. In this form the under surface of the hindwing is
much lighter yellow and the black apical marking of the forewing only reaches to the second median vein.
The ¢ has broadened black-brown apical marking of the forewing and black-brown spots at the distal margin

of the hindwing above.
8

(22a), from Peru, is above white with black apical and subapical marking on the
The under surface is white with brownish and

C. pieris //opff.
forewing and also a black marginal line on the hindwing.
yellow markings on the apex of the forewing. The underside of the hindwing is white, with a lunate line
at the distal margin and in the middle, as well as similarly coloured markings at the base, where there is
also a dark red spot; each area of the wing has a yellow longitudinal stripe. — innuba Stgr. i. 1, from
Bolivia, has yellow ground-colour above and beneath.

C. eurigania //ew., from Ecuador, is undoubtedly only a local form of straminea Dtlr. (22a), from
Peru; the latter is distinguished by deeper yellow ground-colouring, the presence of three subapical yellow
spots on the forewing and somewhat different marking at the distal margin of the hindwing. The under
surface has the typical Cutasticta-marking.

C. theresa Bilr. (22a), from Chiriqui, has the outer margin of the forewing concave. The ground-
colour is dark brown a the yellow markings are narrower fon in ewriganiv. The “under surface is similar,
but the yellow markings are reduced in favour of the slightly glossy reddish-bluish colouring.

C. nimbice Bdv. (22b), from Mexico, has in the o straw-yellow, in the ? ochre-yellow markings on
the upperside. — bryson Stgreie% (22b), from Chiriqui and Guatemala, has broadened yellow markings on
the upper surtace, the undev surface is somewhat lighter, especially at the base.

C. sinapina Ltlr., from Peru, resembles ximbica on the upper surface, but the median band is more
distinetly divided by the veins and the spots of which it is composed are smaller, the submarginal spots
of the forewing and the marginal ones of the hindwing are larger, hindwing produced at the anal angle,
under surface entirely uniform, ground-colouring mustard-yellow and the veins and markings purple-brown.
Only known to me from the description.

C. pinava Dbl. (22b), from Bolivia and Peru, is above similar to the preceding species, but has
narrower yellow markings and the wings more rounded. The hindwing beneath is suffused with more glossy
white, and consequently lighter. The 2 has above much lighter yellow, almost white markings.

C. vapina Bilr., from Ecuador, is most closely allied to pinava, to which it is very similar on the
upper surface. All the pale markings are lighter, more sandy yellow, except those at the distal margin, which
are white. On the under surface colouring and markings are very similar to philvthea, but all the light areas
are larger and sharper, the ground-colouring of the forewing is light chamois, of the hindwing pearly white.
suffused with sulphur-yellow on the proximal half, the white marginal markings are as in manco, apex and
distal margin of the forewing similarly coloured. Only known to me from the description.

C. colla Di. (22b), from Bolivia and Peru, has above black-brown ground-colour with deep yellow
macular median band and a submarginal row of small yellow dots on the forewing, broader yellow median
hand and some yellow marginal spots on the hindwing. The under surface is very gay on account of its

CATASTICTA. By J. Roper. 71

silver-white, sulphur- and orange-yellow, and also brownish and black spots, the arrangement of which may

be seen from the figure. — jacinta Bi/r. (22b), from Bolivia (seasonal form?), has much more yellow on jacinta. LaF
the upper surface. The under surface is less variegated on account of the almost complete absence of the plesseni. “2S
silver-white markings. — plesseni subsp. nov., discovered by Baron G. v. Piessen in Ecuador (Banos), is

somewhat smaller than colla, and has above lighter yellow median bands and more distinct submarginal spots;
beneath all the yellow markings are likewise lighter and the ground-colour of the hindwing purer white,
without reddish flush,

C. chelidonis Hopff. (22¢), from Bolivia, has broader and more distinct yellow markings than philo- snelidonis 70
mene Sfgr. i. 2, from Bolivia (seasonal form?). The under surface in both forms is quite similar, only cheli- philomene.£I7
donis has more yellow markings on the forewing, particularly in the middle. — The small form from Ecuador
with sharper yellow markings may be differentiated as aequatorialis form. nov. ! aet E,

C. hopfieri Stgr. 7.7. (= pinaya Pt/r., nee Dbl.) (22c), from Bolivia, is much smaller than the preced- hopfferi.
ing species, but the submarginal yellow spots are much larger and both wings have small yellow marginal
spots. On the underside of the hindwing the median markings are separated from the marginal spots by a s
sharply defined band of silver-white heart-shaped spots, the yellow markings are not orange, but sulphur- ieee
yellow. — Specimens with darkened upper surface are in the market as forma obscurior Sigr. 7. 1. obscurior £67

C. teutanis Mew. (22¢), from Peru and Ecuador, gives on the upper surface the impression of a small teutanis. EA
Pareronia. Upper surface white, on the basal part of the forewing and the whole of the hindwing bluish
white on account of the dark colouring of the under surface showing through, the apical half of the fore-
wing black with small bluish white subapical and submarginal streaks, the hindwing with rather broad, deep-
ly indented black distal margin. Under surface with the exception of the middle part of the forewing brown-
black with slight yellow marginal and submarginal markings and two dark red basal spots on the hindwing.

LOS

C. ctemene //ew. (22c), from Ecuador, has the apex of the forewing produced. Upper surface white ctemene. ~~
with black-brown apical and basal parts and black-brown marginal spots on the forewing; in the dark apex
of the forewing are placed small white subapical spots. The underside of the forewing is white, that of the
hindwing bluish brown with diffuse Catasticta-markings.

C. prioneris Hopf. (22c), from Peru, is white above with black-brown markings at the margin and prioneris. LY
at the base. Under surface white with bluish brown and sulphur-yellow Catasticta-markings and two red
basal spots on the hindwing. 2 has much broader marginal markings, particularly on the hindwing. — cau- caucana. 669”
cana sulsp. nor., from Cauca in Colombia, is distinguished by the want of the white submarginal spots of
the forewing and slight black marking at the asta margin of the hindwing. The under sina is paler.
The have above larger white spots at the discocellular than prioneris-22. -

C. sisamnus /., from Peru, has black upper surface, a broad white median band and white marginal sisamnus. ‘286
and submarginal dots and spots. The markings of the under surface correspond to those of the upper, médian
band yellowish white with small yellow stripes, marginal and basal areas black-brown with small marginal

and submarginal spots and two red basal spots on the hindwing. — telasco Luc., from Ghiriqui, has on the telasco. 26)
hindwing narrower black distal margin and the white submersinel spots on the forewing are larger, the

median ‘band of the forewing is narrower and the under surtace somewhat lghter. — pitana Flar. (22¢), pitana, 67
from Colombia, has the median band still broader and very sharply defined, being in the o7 white, in the

2 white or yellowish; 22 with lemon-yellow median band and spots of the same colour may be distinguished

as 2-f. flava form nor. flava.) LOG

C. bithys Hln. (22d) occurs from Mexico to South Brazil. Upperside black-brown with narrow vhitish bithys. Lfo
macular median band, small white marginal and submarginal spots; sometimes one or the oiher row is want-
ing. Underside with small yellow stripes in the white median band of the hindwing, marginal part reddish
black-brown, with small marginal and submarginal yellow spots edged with black. 9 not different.

C. troezene Ildr- (22 d), from Colombia, has black-brown upper surface wilh white macular median troezene. | Yy
band, darkly dusted over, distinct submarginal and indistinct (in the forewing sometimes absent) marginal :
spots which on the hindwing are small but distinct. Under surface much ayrieed with sulphur-yellow.

C. troezenides Sty. 7. /. (22d), from Colombia, though very similar to /oczenc beneath, has less troezenides. fs
yellow marking and broader black-brown marginal marking. Above differmg somewhat in the greater part
of the hindwing being white. In contrast to the hindwing the forewing shows less white markings than troczene.

C. hebra Lic. (22d), from Colombia, is similar to troezenides above, but the black margin of the hebra. LS
hindwing is broader and dentate, the under surface however is rather different through the want of sharp
Cifastota marking. The underside of the hindwing is reddish brown with light pap mereinel and median
bands, distinct triangular sulphur-yellow marginal spots, oblong sulphur-yellow submarginal ones and sulphur-
yellow stripes in the proximal part of the wing.

oy 4 strigosa.

rf

semiramis.

if —_/ niobe.
if “\y suasa.
d | suasella.
} modesta.
fl —~\ actinotis.
fa manco.
d philothea.
, philoscia.
5 anaitis.
iis reducta.

if | boliviana.
4) sordida.

crowleyi.

|
ho

CATASTICTA. By J. Roser.

C. strigosa Btlr., from Peru, is in form, size and general appearance like helra, deep olive-brown,
the last third of the middle cell of the forewing shows sparse sulphur-yellow scaling, the cell is surrounded
by a row of oblong, pointed sulphur-yellow Sow streaks, the outer part of the first six streaks is divided
by the ground-colour, hindwing sulphur-yellow-brown, but the veins and the distal margin olive-brown, three
elongated light yellow spots bound the 2. to 4. interneural stripes. Under surface firemen to that of ctemene,
but the yellow spot on the forewing divided into narrow streaks by the broadly brown-edged veins. Only
known to me from the description.

C. crowleyi Bé/., from Venezuela (Monte Sierra and Culata), is similar to strigosa. Upperside dark
purple-brown with whitish ash-grey areas and spots, the distal margin of the hindwing and the veins are
sharply prominent; an orange-yellow spot at each side of the prothorax; under surface almost as in actinotis,
but the hindwing of light reddish brown colour, without sharp median band, the yellow spots only edged
with dark brown marks. Only known to me from the description.

C. semiramis Luc. (22d), from Colombia, is above obscure grey-black with indistinct yellowish white
submarginal and central spots, but beneath brilliantly marked. The hindwing is remarkable for the abundant
sulphur-yellow ge Ube which are paler on the forewing, and the sharp black and snow-white markings.

C. niobe Stgr. 7. /. (22d), from Bolivia, is above black-brown with indistinct yellowish submarginal
and central spots on the forewing and light subbasal band on the hindwing. The ground-colour of the hind-
wing beneath is a light sulphur-yellow, on which the black and the dark sulphur-yellow, black-edged mark-
ings stand out well. The forewing has black-brown ground-colour with light marginal, submarginal and
central spots, which are sulphur-yellow in the anterior part and white in the posterior.

C. suasa Stgr. i. 1, (22e), from Bolivia, has very dark, black-brown upper surface, with obsolete
whitish submarginal and central spots. The under surface of the hindwing is very variegated, with silver-
white, sulphur-yellow, reddish brown and black-brown markings. The under surface of the forewing has
black-brown ground-colour and white submarginal and central spots, as well as very small, white, anteriorly
yellow, oblong marginal spots. — suasella sulsp. nov., from Peru, is above much lighter (yellowish grey)
and beneath much less sharply marked; the light markings on the underside of the forewing are yellowish

and much more extended in the middle.

C. modesta Luc. (22e), from Peru, has the upper surface grey-brown with slight obsolescent light
submarginal and central markings. The under surface of the forewing is yellowish with brown and dark
yellow marginal markings, the underside of the hindwing is reddish brown with diffuse silver-white sub-
marginal and central bands and dark yellow markings. actinotis Dir. (22e 2), from Costa Rica and
Chiriqui, has more extended yellowish markings above and darker coloured under surface. The 2 is above
black-brown with yellow disc on the forewing, which is intersected by the dark veins; the underside the same.

C. manco Dbl. (= incerta Vogn.) (22e), from Bolivia, has black-brown upper surface with sub-
marginal and central markings on the forewing, and on the hindwing marginal and submarginal markings,
all ashy grey, as is also the base. The underside of the hindwing is silver-white with narrow black markings
and broad sulphur-yellow ones. The ground-colour of the forewing beneath is impure white with a marginal
lunate line, which is sharp and black in the anterior part, black-brown and not sharp in the posterior, the black-
brown submarginal band and similar coloured basal part with light stripes; in the apex there are sulphur-
yellow spots. — philothea Fi/., from Colombia, is above somewhat more yellow, on the underside of the
hindwing less yellow, but more strongly marked with black. — philoscia Fldr., from Venezuela, is less
yellow on the whole upperside and on the underside of the forewing still more yellowish; can scarcely be
separated from philothea.

(22e), from Ecuador, has ash-grey-yellowish upper surface with black-brown margins
The under surface is silver-white with sulphur-yellow, black and brownish

C. anaitis Hev.
and small light submarginal spots.
markings.

C. reducta Bilr., from Ecuador, is above like «nuitis, but much smaller and all the spots of the
upperside are ochre-yellow, irregularly coloured with purple-brown, the veins are much more broadly blackish,
the hindwing has a row of small white marginal spots, the macular band on the underside of the forewing
is lighter ochre-yellow and the forewing is more falcate. — boliviana Bil. differs in the light ochre-coloured
spots on the under surface, which shows searcely any admixture of dark. Only known to me from the des-
cription.

C. sordida Bilr., trom Bolivia, has the general colouring of anaitis, but is less yellow, the spot at
the end of the cell and the spots of the central row of the forewing next to the costal margin are smaller,
Distal margin of the hindwing blackish, occupying almost half the wing and crossed by spots of the ground-
colour. Beneath all the light marks are reduced and the brown areas much broader, the light bands are
eream-coloured, not pure white, and the yellow stripes and spots of a deeper colour.

Publ. 6. XII. 09. CATASTICTA. By J. Roser. 73

C. flisa H-Schédff. (22e), from Colombia, has black-brown upper surface with white macular median flisa. ITF
band, submarginal and very small marginal white spots; in the 2 the anal area of the hindwing is yellow.
The under surface is black-brown with a white macular median band, in which on the hindwing yellow
spots are placed, the marginal spots being present as above, but whitish yellow.

C. chrysolopha Koll. (= xeque Mengel) (22f), from Ecuador, has black upper surface, on the dirysolopha. #
forewing a white macular median band and small diffuse submarginal white spots, the hindwing has a median
band which is bright ochre-yellow in the middle and white anteriorly, and likewise small, diffuse submarginal
white spots. The under surfuce of the hindwing is yellowish white with sulphur-yellow and black markings,
The 2 has rounder wings, is paler above and beneath and has on the hindwing also small light spots.

C. apaturina Bil. (22f), from Ecuador, is very similar to the preceding species, but has smaller apaturina. °
white spots and on the hindwing a narrower and light yellow median band. The under surface of the hind-
wing has almost snow-white ground-colour and ash-grey submarginal markings and more black markings
in the middle.

C. toca Dbl. (22f), from Bolivia and Colombia, has black upper surface with white macular median toca. Lr
band and diffuse white submarginal spots. Under surface of the hindwing white with black marginal band
of lunate spots and black median band composed of wedge-shaped spots, and also black basal markings; in
each cellule is a sulphur-yellow streak. Under surface of the forewing black with white submarginal and
median bands as well as yellow marginal spots. — detrita form nov., from the Upper Amazon, is much detrita. of 7
paler above and beneath.

C. scaeva Sfgr. 7. 1. (22f), from Peru. Upperside dark brown with yellow or yellowish macular scaeva. “fb
median band and submarginal spots of the same colour, underside paler yellow than in toca with brownish
and (particularly on the hindwing) somewhat different markings; the line at the margin is composed of
acute triangles.

C. tomyris Fidr. (22f), from Colombia and Venezuela, is above similar to toca, but larger. Upper tomyris. LY)
surface black with white macular median band and small white submarginal spots on the forewing, hindwing
with yellowish median band. Under surface of the forewing black with submarginal and median macular
bands and yellow marginal spots. Hindwing light yellow with black lines of lunate markings at the distal te
margin, black central and basal spots and a sulphur-yellow stripe in each cellule. ¢ not different. — tamina tamina. 4
Sigr. i. /., from Bolivia, has above a broader median band on both wings and on the under surface of the
hindwing reddish-bluish colouring at the distal margin and in the‘basal area, with pure white ground-colour.

C. cora Zuc. (= zancle Fidr.) (22f,g), from Venezuela and Peru, is above dark grey with marginal cora. th
and submarginal black bands. The under surface of the forewing has submarginal and median white macular
bands with small yellow spots and yellowish white marginal spots. The under surface of the hindwing is
marked with a confusion of white, yellow, black, brown and bluish.

C. uricoecheae F/d/r. (22f), from Colombia, one of the most beautiful species of the genus, is very uricoecheae. L
similar to cora on the upperside of the forewing, but has dark red hindwing with black distal margin and y
black macular median band. The under surface is also very similar to that of cora, but much lighter.

C. cinerea Li/r., habitat unknown. Forewing above ashy grey, costal margin and veins broadly cinerea. A

black, distal quarter of the wing occupied by a broad black margin, in which are placed a row of whitish
green spots and a row of very small white marginal spots, basal half of the hmdwing ashy grey, irregularly
sealed with black, distal half black with a row of whitish grey spots and a row of small sulphur-yellow
marginal spots. Body blackish, palpi with two white lateral lines, throat with a small yellow spot at each
side. Under surface very similar to that of wricoechiae, but the grey areas more slate-coloured, the yellow
marks deeper in colour, all the light markings sharper and those on the forewing broader. Only known to
me from the description.

C. vulnerata Btlr., from Ecuador, is similar to wricoecheae, but the basal area of the forewing also vulnerata. #
is red, the median band narrower, the red of the hindwing more restricted and greyer, the median bands
are smaller, lighter red and diffuse, the inner margin is whitish. On the under surface the markings are
sharper, the yellow marks more glossy, the grey central band of the hindwing is fairly straight on its inner
side and is on that account broader, its white and yellow borders are narrower, the marginal spots broader,
somewhat less angled. Only known to me from the description.

C. tricolor Gtlr., from Ecuador, is also similar to wricoecheae, but all the spots on the upper surface tricolor. 47
of the forewing are glossy lemon-yellow, the scarlet of the hindwing is less brilliant, the spot towards the
base more reduced, a row of yellow marginal spots present. On the under surface the white and yellow

markings are so much reduced that the ground-colour appears grey.
4

C. paradoxa Str. i. J. (22¢), from Peru, is likewise a very beautiful species. Underside shiny black paradoxa. o
with light yellow submarginal and central spots on the forewing and bright yellow median band and sub-
marginal spots on the hindwing. Under surface of the forewing black with submarginal and median white

V 10

us teutila.

ya marcapita.

sf clara.

y eximia.

+ radiata.
afl emeris.

sf susiana.

Wt alma.

inl suadela.

74 CATASTICTA. By J. Rézsmr.

macular band and small yellow marginal spots. Under surface of the hindwing white with black marginal
line and black lunate line before it, black median sagittate spots and markings of the same colour in the
basal area, all the black markings edged with pale ochre-yellow and small ochre-yellow stripes in all the
cellules.

C. teutila Dbl. (= sebennica Luc.) (22g). Sexes rather different. Upper surface glossy blue-black,
@ with narrow white median band sprinkled with dark, and small marginal and submarginal spots of the
same colour, in the 2 the median band at least double as broad and dark yellow. Under surface grey-black,
forewing with the markings as above and small yellow marginal spots, hindwing with yellow, white and
black spots. From Mexico.

C. marcapita Thieme i. 1. (22g), from Bolivia, has the forewing black above with wedge-shaped
central yellow spot and yellow submarginal spots, upper surface of the hindwing yellow with black marginal
lunate line, blackish, diffuse central spots and narrowly black veins. Under surface yellow with black mar-
ginal lunate line on both wings, black submarginal band and blackish basal part of the forewing, black
wedge-spots and black markings in the basal part of the hindwing.

C. clara spec. nov. (22g), from Ecuador, has the upperside of the forewing light yellow with broad,
glossy black margin, in which are placed a row of light yellow submarginal spots and two light yellow
spots at the costal margin on the discocellulars. Upper surface of the hindwing light sulphur-yellow. strongly
dentate, the dentition edged with black and the veins narrowly black, basal part of both wings likewise
black. Under surface of the forewing white with black marginal and submarginal dentate markings, small
yellow spots in the apex, the discocellulars and the basal area black. Hindwing yellow with narrow black
marginal, medial and basal markings, all the veins narrowly black.

C. eximia spec. nov. (22g), from Bolivia, is similar to the preceding species, but smaller, hindwing
likewise dentate, though not so strongly. Above on both wings with larger black basal area, forewing light
yellow with black marginal and submarginal bands as well as black median spot, hindwing deeper yellow
with dentate black marginal band and submarginal black spots. Under surface of the forewing yellower,
that of the hindwing lighter, the latter with less deeply dentate black markings, likewise all the veins nar-
rowly black.

C. radiata Koll., from Colombia, is similar to nimbice, but yellower, the under surface of the hind-
wing is much marked with red, and in the centre of the hindwing are two white spots.

C. emeris Ddv. Size and shape as nimbice. Forewing whitish yellow with blackish, proximally dentate
margin, the apex uniformly blackish, a small blackish streak at the discocellular, joined to a larger spot at
the apex. Hindwing ochre-yellow, distal margin with a row of small, wedge-shaped black spots along the
veins. Under surface of the forewing as the upper, but with a row of yellow spots at the margin. Under
surface of the hindwing blackish with a row of yellow marginal spots and ten or eleven white spots marked
with yellow, the largest of which fills up the whole of the cell, a large blood-red spot at the base. Chile
and Brazil. — Only known to me from the description. This and the preceding species might well be placed
after nimbice.

C, susiana Hop/f. differs from chelidonis by the longer, narrower forewing, which has exactly the same
shape as in nimbice, and further by the ochre-yellow spots and bands of chelidonis being white, as well as by
the form of the discal band. The latter is considerably narrowed in susiana, especially in the forewing, where
it is only half as broad as in chelidonis and more divided into spots, the veins being broader. Its white
colour, which in the forewing is dusted with black atoms, has in the hindwing a slightly yellowish tinge.
The marginal dots at the end of the internervular folds, which are only indicated in chelidonis, here become
distinct but very small white triangles, on the other hand the small white spot in the cell is extremely
minute and indistinct. — Only known to me from the description; might be placed after chelidonis.

C. alma /Hop/f., from Bolivia, is rather unlike the other species on the upperside. It is distinguished
by its yellowish white ground-colour, by the deep black veins of both wings, by the broadly black costal
margin of the forewing, which occupies the greater part of the cell and of the base, and by the distal
margin of the forewing, which is broad at the apex, narrows behind and is proximally bounded by a sharp,
straight line and adorned in its whole length with small, fine, wedge-shaped yellowish white spots, whilst
the rather broad black distal margin of the hindwing mostly shows yellowish white dots between the veins;
the under surface of the hindwing resembles that of felasco and pitana Fldr., but its markings are much
more diffuse and indistinct. — Only known to. me from the description. Might well be placed after sisamnus.

C. suadela Hop/ff., from Bolivia, has the forewing broader than in swasa, the ground-colour of the
upper surface is darker, the median macular band reduced to small obsolescent spots, the submarginal spots
are very small, dot-like, but sharp, on the hindwing the median band is completely obsolete, the submarginal
spots are very small and indistinct. The under surface has smaller white spots and less yellow markings.
Should be inserted after swasa.

DAPTONOURA. By J. RépeEr. 75

15. Genus: Daptonoura Bilr.

The species of this genus resemble Appias, but do not show such strong sexual dimorphism. The
secondary sexual character peculiar to the Appias-o’o" (tuft of hair on the underside of the abdomen) is
wanting in those of Daptonowra. In the neuration this genus agrees with Pieris except in the shape of the
precostal, which is curved proximad. This genus is confined to tropical America. Recently the name Melete
Swains. has been employed for this genus, but it would be better to continue to use the well-hnown name
Daptonoura instead. Heliochroma Bilr. appears to belong here. The species of Daptonowra are extraordinarily
prone to the formation of local and aberrational as well as seasonal forms, but it is very difficult correctly
to fix the limits of either the species or the individual forms. The butterflies, which are very common locally,
love the shade of the woods, are fond of congregating at water and have a slow, gentle flight. They fly
principally im December to January, singly all through the summer.

D. lycimnia Cr. (= flippantha F.) (23a) peestmebbe comes from Surinam; the form from Venezuela, Jycimnia. fi
a specimen of which is figured, is probably not essentially different. Upper surface white with black apical
and distal margin of the forewing and narrow ones of the same colour on the hindwing; sometimes a black
spot in the middle of the costal margin of the forewing. Under surface yellow with broader black-brown
distal margin and a black-brown spot at the costal margin of the forewing on the discocellulars; ground-
colour yellow, lighter posteriorly on the forewing. — harti Bth., from Trinidad, is smaller than eurymnia harti. HE
Fidr., has the distal margin of the forewing more concave and the marginal band somewhat narrower,
especially behind the 2. median vein; the hindwing sulphur-yellow, the dark brown distal margin very
narrow; groqund-colour of the under surface glossy canary-yellow, the basal area deep orange. The 2 differs
but little. — phazania Frwhst., from Bahia, comes between lycimnia and pantoporia Hin. — pantoporia [Hbn., phazania. yh
from South Brazil, is a very variable form; it has the distal margin of the hindwing sprinkled with yellow ?4”/0P9r ia. JO
or sometimes only a narrow black marginal line. It includes the following forms: 2-f. fiora Fruhst. (23), fiora. JO
with dark yellow ground-colour on both surfaces, broader marginal bands and larger spots in the distal e774
margin of the hindwing above; $-f. pertho Fruhst., with pure white forewing and dark lemon - yellow pertho. W
hindwing margined with bright red. — limnoria Godt. forms the transition to pantoporia Hbn. (from Espiritu /imnoriae <
Santo and Rio de Janeiro), which again is only a little different from petronia Fiwhst., from Santa Catharina, petronia. G4
Theresopolis and Rio Capivary. Upper surface of the forewing slightly yellowish white with’ narrow black
apical and distal-marginal markings, the hindwing light sulphur-yellow with very narrow black margin. Under
surface deeper yellow with broader dark brown distal margin and spots of the same colour at the middle
of the costal margin of the forewing; as always, the posterior area of the forewing is much lighter, almost
white. With it occurs 2-f. daulia Fruhst., with the forewing white above instead of light yellow. — daulia. fee
paulista Frufst., from Sao Paulo, has broader black apical and distal-marginal markings on the forewing, paulista. PY
pure white upper surface and straw-yellow colour on the under surface. But o’o7 also occur in which the

upperside of the hindwing is a beautiful lemon-yellow and the underside almost the same, but deeper yellow: SAA
paula form nov. (23a). The 9 vary likewise; if the almost white 92 are referred to paulista, the strongly paula. !
yellow coloured 22 with broader black markings must be treated as paula-?. — gargaphia Mrulst., from gargaphia. F#

Rio Grande do Sul, is smaller than petronia, has the brown-black distal margin of the hindwing scarcely
visible in the @ and only about 1 mm. broad in the 2 and narrower markings at the apex and distal margin
of the forewing. Under surface in the o whitish yellow, in the 2 pale straw-colour; rare. Among it occurs:
f. amarella Fruhst., entirely yellow in both sexes, also the o with black cell-spot on the forewing. — amarella. GO
calymnia Fi/r. (— leucadia Fidr.), from the Rio Negro, is yellow and has a broad distal margin to both calymnia. JB
wings above and beneath and in the margin of the hindwing 4 yellow spots; f. theodora Fruhst., the rainy- theodora. SEO
season form, is more beautiful yellow, has still broader dark margins, is suffused with light yellow on the
basal half of the hindwing above and the underside, with the exception of the posterior half of the forewing, st
Marica.

is almost canary-yellow. — marica l’ruhst. (= leucadia Stgr.), from the Upper Amazon, has very broad
apical border and more or less yellowish ground-colour, also very narrow distal margin of the hindwing.
f. moesia Frvjist. differs from it in the much broader distal border of both wings.-— eurymnia Fld?., moesia. Ei

from Colombia, has above mostly an apical spot which is almost rectilinear towards the base, and very narrow eurymniafY
black distal margin on the hindwing. The under surface is sulphur-yellow. The dry-season form, asta Fruhst., asta. IIa
has narrower and more deeply incised apical spot on the forewing, yellowish instead of white upper surface :

and pale ochre-yellow under surface. — aelia M’idr., from Ecuador and Colombia, has the upper surface aefia. | VY
white with rather broad apical spot, unevenly defined proximally, and very narrow black margin on the

hindwing. The under surface is greenish yellow with conspicuous ochre-yellow basal spot on the hindwing. :
— huebneri Pilr. (23d), from Brazil (Leopoldina), is smaller than /imnoria, the black apical margin narrower, huebneri. vid <
regularly dentate proximally, the hindwing is glossy sulphur-yellow with broad orange-yellow, black-edged ‘
distal margin. The ¢ is likewise smaller than /imnoria, the median spot is sometimes connected by a stripe

with the distal margin, the hindwing as in the 7, but the orange-yellow distal margin broader. — napona napona. #WA
Fruhst., from Ecuador (Rio Napo), is larger than ae/ia, distal margin of both wings broader, that of the hind-

wing as in moesia, showing through from the underside, in the the apical third of the forewing beneath

\ pistoria.
38 atilimbata.
$hypoxantha.
Y ' palaestra.

yt pedrosina.
433 maeotis.

WW) iphigenia.
velia.

Mi

yur radiata.

yy myrtis.

at donata.

1p bianca.

pseudo-
myrtis.

wh

i ronica

es Sencati

ny :
/Y peruviana.

af? yolanda.
i) galatia.

ea ins.

e

Groiicians

laria.
ey ursella:

76 DAPTONOURA. By J. Roser.

light yellow like the hindwing, in the 2 the forewing pale yellowish, the hindwing sulphur-yellow, the black
distal margin with five diffuse canary-yellow spots, under surface of the forewing sulphur-yellow, of the
hindwing canary-yellow. o’-f. pistoria Fiwst., from the Rio Napo (Ecuador), has still broader distal margin
of both wings and pure white under surface. In o~-f. latilimbata 5¢lr., from Ecuador, the distal margin of
both wings is broad and brown. — hypoxantha subsp. nov., from Cuba, is smaller, has narrower black
margins and yellow under surface. — palaestra Hop/f., from Peru (Pozuzo), has deep black apical third,
regularly defined proximally, narrow, sometimes extremely narrow black margin, pure white upper surface
and very light yellow under surface with broader distal margin on the hindwing. With it occurs f. ped-
rosina Btir., with the under surface completely white. — maeotis Fruhst., from Peru, has the wings nar-
rower. Upper surface in both sexes entirely white, &% with obliquely placed black apical spot, which extends
to the 1. median vein, 2 with rectangular black median spot on the forewing, under surface light ochre-
yellow. Among them occur the following aberrant forms: iphigenia /rwhst., with broader, deep black apical
spot, wings on both sides pure white, o with thread-like black distal margin, widened into small spots at
the middle veins, 2 with broad black discocellular on the forewing and broader distal margin on the hind-
wing, marked with five white dots, under surface with grey-black distal margin on both wings; velia Fruhst.,
from Tarapoto, has the shape of macotis, 7 above purer white with equally broad, deep black distal margin
on both wings above and beneath as in iphigenia, under surface of the forewing pure white except the sub-
apical area, hindwing above beautiful light yellow; radiata Prwhst., from Tarapoto, has the apex of the fore-
wing slightly rounded, upper surface in the o yellowish white, distal margin moderately broad, hindwing
above yellowish, distal margin brown, running off proximally into fine streaks along the veins. — myrtis
Fruhst. (= lyeimnia Stgr,), from South Peru (Cuzco), has the upper surface white with narrow black apical
part and also narrow black margin on the hindwing, underside of the hindwing lemon-yellow, margin grey-
brown. — donata Fruhst., from Bolivia (Coroico), recalls peruviana Lue. Upper surface white, hindwing
especially at the inner angle slightly suffused with light yellow; under surface similar to maeoftis, underside
of the hindwing and (as usual) the costal margin of the forewing canary-yellow, apical spot narrow, black-
brown, proximally strongly undulate, black cell-spot pointed posteriorly, hindwing with very narrow black
marginal line, which only at the veins assumes the form of small pointed teeth; probably a dry-season form.
f. bianca Fruhst., from Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz), is above entirely white without any yellowish tinge,
with extended deep black apical spot and the distal margin of the hindwing scarcely 1 mm. broad, under
surface pure white with pale yellowish subapical area and the anterior half of the hindwing slightly suffused
with yellow; distal margin grey, on the hindwing about 2 mm. broad, cell-spot distinct. — pseudomyrtis
Fruhst., from Yungas de la Paz, recalls maeotis and in the shape of the wings aelia and myrtis, but differs
from myrtis by a somewhat more extended black distal margin on both wings and by the apical spot on
the underside of the forewing being brown instead of black. — monica Fruhst., from Bolivia, recalls iphi-
genia by the very broad apical margin of the forewing and the ventricose projection in the middle of the
hindwing; the dull chalk-white hindwing has a light yellow distal margin about 2 mm. broad, which is
adorned with some black spots. Under surface with brown distal margin and triangular spot at the apex
of the cell of the forewing, otherwise washed-out straw-yellow. — leucadia F/dr. (23a), from the Rio Negro and
Bolivia, is white above, with moderately broad black apical spot on the forewing and very narrow distal
margin on the hindwing; the black median spot of the forewing shows through somewhat above; underside
of the forewing light sulphur-yellow, darker at the costal margin, hindwing light ochre-yellow, the narrow
distal margin of the hindwing, the apical and the oblong median spot as well as the costal margin of the
forewing are grey-black.

D. peruviana Luc. (23a), from Peru (Pozuzo), occuring up to 10,000 ft., has white upper surface,
a narrow, sharply dentate apical spot on the forewing and very narrow, sharp distal margin on the hind-
wing; under surface whitish yellow with slight gloss, sharp black veins on the hindwing, diffuse apical spot
and similarly indistinct discocellular on the forewing. f. yolanda Fruhst., from Peru (Chanchamayo), is
small, has larger black apical spot, and the under surface of the hindwing is straw-yellow. — galatia
Fruhst., from Bolivia, has the upper surface yellowish, the black apical spot reduced and the under surface
almost without markings except for the black veins of the hindwing, only the apex of the forewing being
slightly tinged with grey. — regnidas Fruhst. (23), from Ecuador, shows extended black apical margin of
the forewing, which, however, is more feebly dentate. 2 orange-yellow.

D. laria Fidr. is the Colombian form of Iouisella Fruhst. (23a), from Peru, from which it differs
but little. Both, as also the following Bolivian form, are probably only forms of peruviana. In louisella the
upper surface is pure white, the not very broad apical spot of the forewing and the sharp and very narrow
distal margin of the hindwing are deep black; the under surface of the forewing is yellowish white with
grey-black apical spot, the hindwing is somewhat darker yellowish with ochre-yellow basal spot, grey-black
marginal line and the extremities of the veins black. — boliviana Fruhst., from Bolivia, has the wings still
more rounded than Jowisel/a, the apical spot less narrow and more strongly, dentate, hindwing with scarcely
perceptible black distal margin, ground-colour pure white, underside with light grey-brown apical spot, hind-
wing with narrow black marginal line and the extremities of the veins slightly tinged with black.

MATHANIA. By J. Roser. 77

D. polyhymnia Fd. (= phaenna Fruhst.) (23b), from Colombia, is lemon-yellow above with broad polyhymnia. TZ.
black margins, the discocellular of the forewing is slightly suffused with black, under surface deeper yellow
with broader grey-black margins, in which are placed diffuse yellow spots, rather broad grey-black dis-
ecocellular spot and similar costal margin of the forewing, as well as ochre-yellow basal spot on the hindwing.

D. isandra Bdv. (23b), from Mexico, is impure white above with small grey-black distal-marginal ‘sandra. IS}
markings on the forewing. Under surface of the hindwing light ochre-yellow with deep ochre-yellow basal
spot, forewing somewhat lighter, in the posterior part almost white, with grey scaling on the discocellular;
2 light orange-yellow. — Frunstorrer has named the Honduras form kleta. Its ¢? are above pale yellowish Aleta. SSD
white, beneath either light canary- or ochre-yellow.

D. ilorinda Bélr. (— chiricana Stgr.) (23b), from Veragua_and Chiriqui, has somewhat darker yellow florinda. SSG
ground-colour than polyhymnia, very narrow black apical and distal-marginal markings on the forewing and
black marginal line on the hindwing. The under surface is deeper yellow with broader black distal margin
on the forewing, in which yellow spots are placed, similar black marginal band on the hindwing and black
discocellular on the forewing. The female has broader marginal markings and the hindwing ochre-yellow
above and beneath. — monstrosa Btlr. (= panamensis Stgr.), from Veragua and Panama, has the upper
surface of the forewing white in the co’, in the 2 the hindwing somewhat ochre-yellow. Larva according to
H. Risse similar to that of Gonepteryx rhamni, lives on the calabash tree. — anceps Stgr., from Chiriqui, anceps. I07
has in the o only a yellowish tinge at the inner angle, the hindwing otherwise white, the ¢ has dull yellow
hindwing. — chagris Stgr., from San Juan on the Rio Chagres, has the forewing white beneath with yellow ctagris. SIZ
costal margin, the 2 has larger yellow spots in the black distal margin of the hindwing.

D. limbata Ky., from Ecuador, is white in the female, ash-grey at the base and the costal margin of the limbata. $09
forewing, the brown distal margin reaches to the anal angle, forewing with narrow ash-grey margin; under sur- \,

face white, without spots, hindwing somewhat yellowish, club of the antenna spotted with yellow. o7 unknown. ‘)

D. leucanthe F/d;., from Ecuador and Colombia, differs from inaequalis Bt/r., from Bolivia and lencanthe SOG
Peru, by its larger size. In inaequalis the distal margin of the forewing is straighter, the black apical margin /aequalis. J
narrower and proximally dentate, only the fringes (not the margin also) of the hindwing are blackish.
@ above white, 2 glossy orange, at the costal margin and in the cell of the forewing canary-yellow, beneath
the apical area of the forewing and the whole of the hindwing are ochre-yellow, the ? is beneath saffron-yellow.

D. salacia Godt. (= -vectielisa-Bilr.) (23.c,d), from Mexieo, is above white with narrow black apical
margin on the forewing and similar marginal line on the hindwing, at the costal margin of the forewing
is a subapical black spot, the markings of the under surface show through somewhat. The under surface of
the hindwing is yellow with brown distal margin and a similarly coloured median band, which extends from the
costal margin to beyond the 1. median vein, becoming gradually narrower, the forewing is white, with
ochre-yellow basal area, a large subapical yellow spot which is bounded by the brown apical marking and
proximally by a diffuse spot, and brown discocellular. The 2 is of more compact shape, with paler ground- 04
colour above and beneath and more developed brown markings (only known to me from figures). — cubana cubana.
Fruhst., from Cuba, is above purer white, on the under surface of the hindwing purer yellow, and has on
the forewing less black-brown markings in the ?, while on the other hand at the distal margin of the hind-

wing, especially above, they are somewhat broader.

monstrosa. £60

Salacia. g Ct oO

D. idiotica bi/r. (23) (locality unknown), for which Buruer has erected the genus Heliochroma and ‘diotica.
which is only known to me from the figure, probably belongs in this genus (not to Hesperucharis). Upper
surface of the forewing lemon-yellow, of the hindwing orange-yellow, under surface likewise orange-yellow .
except tor the yellow posterior part of the forewing; no markings on the under surface of the hindwing
except two small brownish spots at the costal margin; body blackish.

16. Genus: Miathamia Oberth.

This genus differs sufficiently from Pieris and Daptonowra not only in the peculiar contour of the
wings but also in neuration. The 2. subcostal vein does not arise as in Daptonoura at the upper angle ot
the cell, but far beyond it, not far from the apex; Mathania further differs from Pieris by the subcostal being
only four-branched and by the precostal being curved proximad. The palpi are strikingly hairy. The butter-
flies have mostly a leaf-like under surface. They appear to be purely inhabitants either of the high moun-
tains or of districts in western South America with temperate climate.

M. leucothea Moline (= gayi Blanch.) (23h), from Chile, is the most like the Daptonowra-species. leucothea. 46
The upper surface is pure white, the under surface yellowish white with more strongly yellowish apex to
the forewing and more or less inconspicuous dark clouded markings on the hindwing. It is true this species
does not altogether agree with the others in neuration and wing-contour, but unless a separate genus is
erected it is probably best to place it in Mathania. It is possible that the name Jeuwcothea really covers two
species; my material, however, is insufficient to settle this question.

NS

er

ft

sy!

“~ ‘eX
VX pallida.

» esther.
yan

‘i antipator.

4

NN cotastiot

x

agasicles.

gaujoni.

aureo-
maculata.

leucauia.

NN nera.

boliviana.

78 HESPEROCHARIS. By J. Roper.

M. agasicles Hew. (23b), from Bolivia and Peru, is above lemon-yellow with grey apex to the fore-
wing, the underside of the hindwing and the apex of the forewing bear undulate grey-green lines, through
the middle of the hindwing runs a distinct stripe (as in the Indian Hebomoia-species), the costal margin of
the hindwing is somewhat darker, the greater part of the forewing beneath is impure yellow and the veins
are distinctly visible.

M. gaujoni Pou. (= agasicles Hew?), from western Ecuador (Loja), is as large as esther, similar
in shape to Dapt. idiotica, but the shape of the forewing more falcate, hindwing somewhat lengthened at
the distal margin. Upper surface light lemon-yellow, apex of the forewing light brown-green. Under surface
of the forewing as above, but paler, apex marbled with. white-yellow. Under surface of the hindwing olive-
coloured, anteriorly much darkened and marbled like the apex of the forewing; it has a transverse, yellowish
olive longitudinal line. Between the three median veins are strongly darkened oblique. lines, which give the
hindwing the appearance of a leaf. Only known to me from the description.

M. aureomaculata Doyn. (23d), from western Ecuador (Loja), is similar to gaujoni, but the hindwing
is rounded at the anal angle. Upper surface light lemon-yellow, the apex of the forewing olive-brown, very
similar to that of gaujoni. Under surface of the forewing uniform lemon-yellow, the apex as above, but
almost the whole of the cell is occupied by an orange-yellow spot, which extends along the costal margin
and sends out rays between the adjacent veins. Under surface of the hindwing yellow, finely powdered with
olive-coloured atoms, more strongly so at the costal margin. and four yellowish submarginal dots. — A
before me from North-East Peru (Huancabamba) answers to this description; another o from Hillapani is
above very light yellow, almost white, also beneath much more whitish, the orange-yellow spot in the cell
of the forewing somewhat smaller and the yellow interneural stripes are narrower in the anterior part of
the wing and altogether absent in the posterior part: pallida subsp. nov. (234).

M. esther Oberth. (= aureomaculata Dogn.?) (23b), from Bolivia, is deeper yellow than agasicles,
particularly on the proximal part of the forewing, the apex of the forewing has even less grey marking.
The under surface of the hindwing is grey-greenish, darker at the costal margin, through the middle of the
hindwing from the base to beyond the cell extends an indistinct yellowish stripe; between the median veins
are placed four yellowish submarginal dots. The anterior proximal part of the forewing beneath is orange-
yellow, the rest light yellow..

17. Genus: Mlesperoeharis H.-Schiff.

This genus is distributed from Mexico to South Brazil. They are plain white or yellowish insects
with mostly small markings on the upper surface and characteristically modified lunate markings beneath.
Of the four subcostal veins only the first branches off proximally to the discocellulars, the second nearer
to the apex, the third and fourth branches form a short fork in the apex. Both radials run free, but the
upper discocellular is very small. The costal margin of the hindwing is somewhat flexuose, the precostal
curved proximad. The Hesperocharis are lively little insects, which fly in the most burning sunshine (between
10 and 1 o'clock), and therefore scarcely deserve their generic name.

H. antipator Druce. Upper surface of both wings pure white, hindwing very long. Under surface of
the forewing white, base, veins and apex spotted with yellowish scales; hindwing yellowish white with dark
veins. Nearly allied to lewcania Bdv., but differing from it by the elongated hindwing, whiter colouring and
complete absence of markings on the underside. Vera Paz. — Only known to me from the description.

H. Ieucania Bdv. Shape as in ?/aire (drusilla-~), wings rounder. Upper surface without spots, greenish
white as Catopsilia florella and pyranthe. Under surface of the forewing of the same colour, distal margin
broadly yellowish. Under surface of the hindwing anteriorly greenish yellow, in the middle more grey, but
little prominent oblique, curved, flexuose markings at the distal margin, interrupted by the veins. Brazil.
— Only known to me from the description.

H. catasticta spec. nov. (23e), from Sao Paulo, is superficially nearly allied to. the Catasticta-species.
Upper surface of the forewing pale sulphur-yellow, of the hindwing light ochre-yellow. The forewing has
a rather broad black distal margin, in which small yellowish subapical spots are placed, and also a very
irregular black spot on the discocellular and.a black costal-marginal stripe, the hindwing has black triangular
spots at the distal margin. Under surface of the hindwing yellowish white with black and.yellow marginal
spots, ground-colour of the hindwing white with black triangular distal-marginal spots, a submarginal lunate
band of the same colour, a large indistinct black spot near the inner margin; in all the cellules there are
placed yellow spots, at the base a red spot.

H. nera Hew. (23e), from Ecuador and Bolivia, is above white, at the base of the hindwing yel-
lowish and at the apex of the forewing grey-black. Under surface of the forewing white, apex paler grey
than above and yellowish, ground-colour of the hindwing white with diffuse grey-blackish marginal, sub-
marginal and median spots, as well as yellow streaks in the cellules of the hindwing and orange-yellow
basal spot. — The somewhat smaller boliviana form. nov. from Bolivia, which has very weak markings

HESPEROCHARIS. By J. Réper. 79
BAY,

beneath, appears to be a seasonal form. — nereis Fldr. (23f), from Colombia, has the apical marking of zereis.
the forewing above broken up into stripes and the under surface of the hindwing somewhat lighter’ —
amazonica Frwhst., trom the Upper Amazon, has broader black apical marking on the forewing and rather amazonica. S47
broad black distal margin on the hindwing. The under surface is white with grey-black markings and sharp

orange-yellow basal spot. — flavescens form. nov. (23e) (aberration or seasonal form?) differs from it beneath flavescens. PF:
by a large light yellow spot in every cellule of the hindwing and yellowish stripes at the proximal part of IB
the dark apex of the forewing. — nilios Fwhst., from the Rio Waupes, has a broader, dentate distal margin of xilios.

the hindwing and also darker and broader markings on the hindwing beneath, by which it is distinguished

from the less marked nymphaea Mosch/., from Surinam. — flaveola /ruhst., from Ecuador, is above and nymphaea. IP3
beneath a beautiful dark yellow, apex of the forewing beneath with obsolescent yellowish spots. — aphaia Hlageola AT
Fruhst., from the Rio Waupes, is a form of zilios with the upperside of the hindwing light yellow. — aida a, SIP
Frulist., from Peru, is smaller than the preceding forms and has the upper surface of the hindwing yellow. Z

— Among it occurs minia Frwhst., from Southern Peru, probably as a dry-seasonal form. Upper surface minia. IIT
white, hindwing without black. distal margin. — nirvana /*rwhst., from Bolivia, has the upper surface pure nirvana. he
white with only moderately broad black apical spot, under surface almost pure white with completely diffuse

black markings, only the apex of the forewing broadly suffused with light grey and a few remnants of black

spots at the costal and distal margins of the hindwing, where also a few traces of the interneural stripes

are preserved. To it belongs as a rainy-seasonal form vitha Fruhst., similar to amazonica, but the hindwing vitha. FG?
with narrower black distal margin, otherwise entirely white, slightly suffused with ochre-colour at the base.

Beneath at the apex of the forewing broadly grey-black with large whitish pointed spots, under surface of

the hindwing with thick grey-black reticular marking and the apex of the cell broadly margined with grey;

without orange-coloured interneural stripes.

H. costaricensis Bates (23f), from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, is above white with very slight dark costaricensis. 4
markings at the apex of the forewing. Under surface of the hindwing and of the apex of the forewing dingy
light yellow with indistinct dark markings, veins slightly dark, posterior part of the forewing white.

H. nereina Hopff. (23f), from Peru and Bolivia, is above yellowish white with blackish markings in nereina. AGE

the apex of the forewing and light yellow interneural stripes. The under surface of the forewing has yellow

apex with dark markings and much more distinct yellow stripes; the latter are still more conspicuous on

the hindwing and the hindwing has also blackish distal-marginal spots, a submarginal lunate line and black

veins. — elea Fruhst., from Bolivia and Peru, has dark yellow ground-colour above and beneath. — phainia e/ea. Sf4
Fruhst., from Peru, is a variety of nereina with white upper surface and delicate orange-coloured interneura] Pia. 7s
stripes beneath, — In chloris form. nov., from Bolivia (Coroico), the upper surface is delicately greenish aloris. IGS
yellow-white and the black apical marking of the forewing is broken up into separate small spots. The under

surface is purer white and the dark and yellow markings less sharp: 5

H. anguitia Godt. (23f), from South Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, S&o Paulo, Santa Catharina, Rio Grande anguitia. IGF
do Sul), is above white, sometimes (especially in the 2) yellowish white and very little or scarcely at all
marked with black at the apex and the distal margin of the forewing. The under surface of the hindwing
and of the apex of the forewing is yellowish, the rest of the forewing white, on the hindwing and at the
apex of the forewing blackish hook-shaped markings. Both the colouring and the markings of the under
surface are somewhat variable. The 92 have rounder wings and mostly even less markings. Seasonal forms
apear to occur, which, however, differ very little.

H. catogramma Koll., from Colombia, is alhed to angwitia, larger; hindwing obtusely dentate, upper- catogramma. oY,
side white with a slightly yellowish tinge, distal margin and apex spotted with black; hindwing without
spots. Under surface with pale saffron-yellow scaling on the forewing as above, only the spots are here
changed to fine streaks, veins of the hindwing black, a zigzag line parallel to the distal margin. — Only
known to me‘from the description. L

H. erota Zuc. (23e) occurs in the same localities as anguitia. It is somewhat larger, with more mark- erota. JUG
ings and has as characteristic mark a short, broad black streak, directed basad, on the under surface of
the hindwing at the lower discocellular.

H. marchalii differs from the preceding species by its somewhat elongated and dentate hindwing;
the distal margin of the forewing is also not smooth as in the other species. — marchalii Cucr. (23f), from marcalii. JG:
Colombia and Venezuela, is above slightly yellowish white with small, pointed marginal and submarginal
black spots on the forewing and a black distal-marginal line on the hindwing, which is somewhat thickened
at the ends of the veins. The under surface is marked quite similarly to the preceding species, but the black

streak at the lower discocellular is absent. — coloé Frwhst., from Peru and Bolivia, has the under surface coloé.. 477
pale sulphur-yellow and the hindwing more deeply dentate. — sulphurescens form. nov., from West Colom- sulphu-\ 40/
bia (Cauca Valley), has the upperside light sulphur-yellow and the underside somewhat deeper yellow. — /escens. fag

masonia Fruhst., from Ecuador, has dark sulphur-yellow upper surface and ‘‘more pointed“: (more elongated masonia. 449
posteriorly?) hindwing. Flies in April and again in October.

yo4 “ brephos.

195 | pygmaea.

40 6 exigua.

ho} y elvina.

80 LEUCIDIA; TERIAS. By J. Roser.

18. Genus: Leueidia Doi.

This genus contains the smallest forms of Pierids and is confined to tropical America, for the state-
ment that one species (#mpura Voll.) also oecurs on Timor in the Indian Ocean is undoubtedly incor-
rect. The Leucidias have an extremely weak flight, for they fly so slowly that they can be caught with the
hand in the air. The cause of this want of swiftness in flight lies probably (apart from the weakness of the
body) in the form of the wings; the forewing is so very much rounded that it can hardly be said to have
an apical angle. In structure this genus is more nearly allied with the superficially similar Pontia from India
and Africa. The antennae are scaled along the whole length and gradually thickened to a small club. The
subeostal is four-branched, the first branch arising far before the end of the cell and the second soon after it,
the third and fourth branches form a short fork. The upper radial anastomoses to the half with the sub-
costal, consequently the upper discocellular is wanting. The hindwing has an almost straight costal margin,
only very weakly emarginate, the simple precostal is curved proximally and the subcostal and upper radial
have a common stalk. It is doubtful whether the forms erected as separate species are really independent
or only forms of one or two species.

L. brephos Hon. (= leucoma Lates?) (24f), occurrmg from Venezuela to South Brazil (Sao Paulo),
is white with a very slight yellowish tone, sometimes there is a fine blackish line at the anterior part of the
forewing. The under surface is white.

L. pygmaea [vrittw. (24f), from Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, etc.), is above and beneath yel-
lowish white with narrow blackish distal margin on the upperside of the forewing.

L. exigua Prittw. (241), from Venezuela and the Brazilian province of Rio de Janeiro (Corcovado
and Leopoldina) is larger, yellow, and has a considerably broader black distal margin on the forewing,
which extends to the inner angle.

L. elvina God’. (= impura Voll.) (24f), from Brazil (e. g. Sio Paulo), has slightly yellowish white
upper surface and more strongly yellowish under surface, with rather broad black distal margin of the fore-
wing above. My specimens of this species completely agree with the description and figures of impura, said
to be indigenous to Timor.

19. Genus: Werias Swains.

This genus, which in the eastern hemisphere only extends a little.beyond the tropics, occurs in
America much further north, a few species advancing as far as the southern boundary of Canada. Though
the Terias are mostly only small species, their richness both in species and individuals makes them quite
a feature of the fauna. Their agility varies considerably; whilst the species with the apex of the forewing
pointed (e. g. gundlachia) are good fliers, the round-wingéd species (e. g. albula) scarcely surpass Leucidia.
With this genus begins the series of those Pierids which E. Scuarz includes under the general name of
“Dryads“; these are Pierids with the antennae short, strong, mostly without clubs, only gradually thickened
towards the end and but rarely having a distinctly formed club. The species of Verias are mostly small,
only exceptionally medium-sized, yellow or orange-coloured butterflies. The head is retracted; the eyes are
naked and very little prominent, the palpi moderately long and laterally compressed, with large basal joint
and small pointed terminal joint. The antennae are delicate, with gradually thickened, more or less distinct
club. The subcostal is four-branched, with two branches before the end of the cell, the upper radial is
partly coincident with the subcostal, consequently the upper discocellular is wanting. The hindwing is rounded
or bears a short tail. On the position of the upper radial of the hindwing Burier has based the genera
Sphaenogona (with ectriva Dbl. as type) and Pyrisitia (with proterpia F. as type). The origin of this vein is
however rather variable: it either arises from the cell or at the origin of the subcostal or it has a common
stalk with the latter. But as all sorts of transitions occur between these positions, the position of the upper

radial is of no use as a generic character. — The larvae are slender, with short, soft hairs and mostly
green. The pupae are somewhat curved, weakly compressed laterally, keeled on the dorsum, without lateral
spines and narrowed to a point anteriorly. — The species of 7vrias prefer open situations with low shrubs

and moist places, on which they often appear in large numbers, sometimes they congregate in great crowds,
which often traverse long distances, even over the sea. They probably occur without exception in at least
two generations, which are sometimes very different superficially, but the identity of the seasonal forms has
only been proved in very few exotic species. Doubtless they have likewise developed local forms, but con-
cerning this also very little is known with certainty. — A large number of Terias-species have been erected
which very probably might be united with those dealt with below. In many cases mere individuals, and
often also scarcely tenable local forms have been described as separate species. We cannot here go into
the classification of all these unimportant forms, that would rather be a task for a monographic work on
the genus. For the large African Region Car. Aurtyruiics only accepts eight species (including two doubtful
ones). As in the following pages 43 species in 86 forms are dealt with, no principal form at any rate will
be left unnoticed.

Publ. 2. TI. 1910. TERIAS. By J. Rospmr. 81

T. gundlachia Poey (24a), from Cuba, Mexico, Texas and Arizona, has the forewing rather sharply gundlachia. +
pointed and the hindwing prolonged into a tail. Upper surface orange-yellow with sharp, broad costal margin
and narrower and less sharp distal margin on the forewing. Under surface paler orange-yellow, on the
hindwing with brownish spots and reddish yellow dusting.

T. longicauda Bates (24a), from California, has the hindwing more pointed. The upper surface is longicauda.
lighter orange-yellow and the black margin of the forewing is- essentially different in form from that of
gundlachia. The ground-colour of the under surface is somewhat lighter, but the marking does not differ
from that of gundlachia.

T. proterpia F. (24a), from the Antilles and the north of South America (Mexico to Venezuela), proterpia. / 4
has the hindwing weakly angled and the forewing less pointed than in the preceding species. Upper surface
somewhat darker orange-yellow than gundlachia, im the 2 more yellowish and the black apical markings
somewhat broader. Under surface of the forewing light orange-yellow, of the hindwing yellow with small
and indistinct macular marking.

T. nicippe Cr. (24a) occurs from New England to the northern part of Brazil and on the Antilles. nicippe. » 4
Ground-colour of the upper surface quite similar to that of proterpia, but nicippe is distinguished by the
broad dark margins. The ¢ has paler ground-colour, sometimes yellow specimens occur: ab. flava Holl. ; flava. aL,
the under surface is yellow, slightly sprmkled with brownish, on the hindwing with larger red- prow spots.
Little is known of the first stages; the larva lives on Cassia and other Leguminosae. aL

T. mexicana Badr. (= boisduvaliana Fldr.) (24a), from Mexico, Arizona and Texas, is white above, mexicana.
sulphur-yellow on the anterior part of the hindwing, and has very broad, deeply sinuate black margins. The
underside of the forewing is white with yellow margin, that of the hindwing sulphur-yellow with brownish
markings in the centre and at the costal margin. — In bogotana. Fildr., from “Colona, the yellow colouring bogotana. ) .
on the anterior part of the hindwing is wanting.

T. gratiosa Dd/. & Hew. (24b), from Venezuela (known to me from Honduras), has the upper surface gratiosa. ¥ 4
of the forewing sulphur-yellow, the hindwing white, and at the costal angle a large light orange-yellow spot
and broad black-brown margins. The under surface is uniformly yellow with a small black spot at the disco-
cellular and slight, indistinct brownish markings at the distal margin. -——- ingrata [ldr. (= gratiosa Reak.), ingrata. ~ 4)
from Mexico and Central America, has yellow upperside of the hindwing and still broader dark margins. | /@*2¢«<o-

T. arbela Hon. (24b), from South Brazil, is above dark sulphur- yellow with rather broad black arbela. “ Hy

margin on the forewing and narrower margin on the hindwing; the latter varies somewhat, and is entirely
wanting in the 2, which has also paler ground-colour. Under surface yellow with more or less developed

red-brown marginal and central markings. — gaugamela F/dr., from Colombia and Mexico, has deeper gaugamela. Y
yellow ground-colour, broader and darker distal margin to the forewing and beneath more, but smaller red-

brown spots. — boliviensis S/gr. i. /., from Bolivia, has a large light orange-yellow spot at the apex of the boliviensis. 4
hindwing and broader dentate distal margin of the latter; the ? is paler and has more markings. — fabiola fabiola. — ¥&.
Fidr., from Venezuela, has narrow black margins and the hindwing above is light orange-yellow and less

pointed. — chloé Fidr., from Colombia, has broader black margin to the forewing, the hindwing sharply ailoé. ~ 4E7
pointed but less suffused with orange-yellow. — damaris [’dr. (= mexicana Bdv., damarina Stgr.), from damaris.~ 41

Mexico and Arizona, has deep yellow forewing and light orange-yellow hindwing, with sharply defined black
distal margin on the hindwing. Under surface of the hindwing straw-yellow with large and small brownish

_ spots. — pomponia /opff., trom Peru, is large, brilliant yellow, with strongly dentate black distal margin pomponia.~ 4
on the forewing and very narrow distal margin on the hindwing. — salome Ildr., from Ecuador, is very salome. ey,
similar to pomponia, but smaller, and with the hindwing more strongly suffused with orange-yellow. — limo- limoneus.

neus F/dr., trom Venezuela, is differentiated by longer wings, more acutely angled hindwing, lighter colour
on the upperside, broader, more deeply incised distal margin of the forewing and narrower, shorter bordering
of the hindwing. — theodes //dr., from Venezuela, is Spool only the 2 of constuntia. — Also theona theodes. ¥¥6
Fidr., described from a 2, appears to be only a somewhat aberrant female specimen. theona. 47,
T. ectriva Bt/r, Above very similar to salome, but the wings longer; forewing with broader dark ectriva. 444
_ brown distal margin, its irregularities less pronounced, angle of the hindwing less produced. Under surface
similar to that of constentia. Ecuador (Archidona). — Is the type of Burner’s genus Sphaenogona. Only
known to me from the description.
T. sybaris Hop/f., from Peru (Chanchamayo), is very large, in the female sulphur-yellow, with broad sybaris. FE:
black distal margin on the forewing, which has proximally four excisions. Hindwing angled, at the costal
margin whitish, at the apex spotted with black. Forewing beneath with a black stripe at the costal margin,
apex reddish. Hindwing marbled with red-brown, at the apex a large red-brown patch of scales and ex-
tending from the cell a reddish stripe.
T. xanthochlora Kol/. (24b), from Colombia and Chiriqui, has the hindwing only feebly angled. -canthochlora.
Upper surface sulphur-yellow with black-brown distal margin on the forewing, on the hindwimg in many
y 11

/ constantia.

graduata.

~~ westwoodi.

a ~ citrina.

AN _ reticulata.

¢ marmorata.

ust doris.

yat deva.
34. chilensis.

440 hahneli.
yul leuce.

ye dina.

4 43 athalia.

44 calceolaria.

¢ hecabeoides.
que aesiope.

wut Jaegeri.
ny thymetus.

82 TERIAS. By J. Roser.

eases a black distal-marginal line. 2 much paler. Under surface uniformly yellow with slight brownish
markings on the hindwing. — constantia //dr., from Venezuela, is paler yellow im both sexes and has
somewhat reduced black distal margin to the forewmg. The under surface of the hindwing has larger and
more reddish spots and the apex of the forewmg margined with dark rose-red.

T. graduata bi/r. Forewing above saffron-yellow, base blackish, distal margin rather broadly and
irregularly black, more than in constantia, but the irregularities less pronounced; hindwing on the abdominal
half white, apical half saffron-yellow, at the apex gold-yellow; distal margin with distinct black border.
Peru. — Only known to me from the description.

T. westwoodi Bdv. (24b), from Mexico, Costa Rica, Texas and Arizona, is above lemon-yellow, with
orange-yellow tinge at the distal margin of the hindwing, or else entirely orange-yellow. The dark brown,
dentate margin of the forewing is moderately broad, the border of the hindwing very narrow or only in-
dicated. The under surface is yellow with slight orange-yellow tinge at the distal margin and two black
dots at the discocellular of the hindwing ; sometimes the hindwing shows slight, indistinet orange-yellow
markings. — citrina Poey, from Cuba, is a small form with strongly orange-yellow colour at the distal
margin of the hindwing.

T. reticulata Bir. (24b), from Peru, is a conspicuous species, one of the largest of the genus. The
upper surface is canary-yellow with black-brown apex to the forewing and small black dots at the distal
margin of the hindwing at the extremities of the vems. The under surface of the forewing is somewhat
paler than the upper, at the costal and distal margins somewhat darker, and with a black spot on the
discocellular. The hindwing has dark yellow ground-colour and thick red-brown reticulate marking, also
some large spots of the same colour. — marmorata Pouj., from Ecuador, has beneath less distinct reti-
culate markings.

T.doris Stgr. 7. 7. (24b), from Bolivia, is perhaps only a gigantic form of the following species. It
is vivid yellow above with broad black-brown apical markings. The under surface is likewise vivid yellow,
with red apical margin on the forewing and some large red-brown spots on the hindwing.

T. deva Db/. (24c), from South Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, is above paler yellow than the
preceding species and has narrower apical marking. ‘The less vivid yellow upper surface has on the hind-

wing much more red-brown macular marking, — chilensis Blanch., from Chile, is smaller than deva and the
apical spot is straight on the proximal side. It flies in two broods: in November and again February to
April. The larva lives on Cassia. — hahneli Sfgr., from the Upper Amazon, is somewhat ‘larger than deva

and the black marginal marking of the forewing extends almost to the inner angle.

T. leuce Bdv. (24c¢), from South Brazil and Uruguay, differs from deva by the narrower but longer
apical and distal-mar ginal marking of the forewing and the fuller yellow ground-colour. The under Saree
has no red-brown markings on the hindwing, but sometimes slight blackish ones.

T. dina Gdv. Upper surface beautiful chrome-yellow, orange at the margin of the hindwing. The
forewing has a straight black distal margin, which extends to the inner angle and the costal margin. The
hindwing has the black distal margin before the fringes more than usually narrow. Under surface of the
forewing of a beautiful yellow with a small black median spot, under surface of the hindwing uniformly yellow
with a blackish dot near the base, two small blackish median spots, then an oblique row of ‘irregular brownish
spots of scales. 2 somewhat larger, with broader margin. Cuba, common. — athalia //dr., from Colombia,
is larger, costal margin of the hindwing more convex.

T. calceolaria Bilr. & Druce. © above deeper yellow than dina, black distal margin almost obsolete,
in the 2 the black apical area almost as in deva, triangular, hindwing with a golden yellow apical spot.
Honduras.

T. hecabeoides Mcn. (24c), from Haiti, is so like the extraordinarily variable Indian hecabe L. that
according to Minerrie’s figure scarcely any distinguishing characters can be found. Upper surface yellow
with broad, deeply sinuate distal margin of the forewing and narrow black margin of the hindwing. Under
surface yellow with blackish markings.

T. aesiope Men. (24) has the forewing marked quite similarly to that of the preceding species, but
the hindwing instead of the black distal margin has only black dots,at the extremities of the veins. The
yellow under surface shows irregular red-brown spots. — Haiti, C/

T. jaegeri Mén. (24c), from Haiti, is very similar to the Indian and Japanese /aeta Bdv. Upper
surface yellow with broad black apical and distal-marginal border, sharply cut off at the first median, under
surface grey with darker markings, proximal part of the forewing yellow.

T. thymetus /. (= perimede Prittw.) (24¢, d), from South Brazil (also recorded from Haiti), is above
very similar to /ewce, only somewhat lighter yellow, and has at the distal margin of the hindwing brownish
spots, but is sharply distinguished by the style of marking of the underside. This is yellow with slight
blackish markings in the middle of the hindwing and a large brownish spot at the apex of the forewing
and at the distal margin of the hindwing.

TERIAS. By J. Roser. 83

T. stygma Bdv. (24d). Size and shape of drigitta. Upper surface lemon-yellow, the forewing with
a broad triangular black spot, which is somewhat produced at the costal margin and reaches to the inner
angle. Under surface of the forewing yellow, with the band as above, but light rust-brown and_ slightly
reddish. Under surface of the hindwing ochre-yellow, with two brown dots at the anterior margin of the
cell, followed by a row of brown, interrupted zigzag markings, a large rust-brown spot at the outer angle
as in /isa, but larger. Peru. — stygmula Sdv., from Cuba, is very similar, but has smaller spots on the
underside. — nisella Fldr., from South Brazil (Rio), is based on a single female specimen whose principal
difference appears to be the sulphur-yellow colouring of the upper surface. Only known to me from the
description.

T. neda Godt. (24d), from Guiana, Venezuela and Nicaragua, is vivid lemon-yellow with black-brown
apical area to the forewing: at the distal margin of the hindwing are placed black dots. Under surface

yellow with very slight blackish markings on the hindwing. — tenella Bdv., from Brazil (Bahia, Santa
Catharina, Sao Paulo), is above lighter yellow and has continuous narrow black distal margin on the hind-
wing. Also the underside is lighter yellow. — circumcincta Bates, from the Amazons, venustula Ségr.,

from Chiriqui, and nelphe F7d;., from Mexico, as well as several other forms, differ so little that reliable
characteristics cannot be adduced.

T. nise Cr. (24d), from Surimam and Dominica, is also very similar to neda, but has narrower black
distal margin on both wings and extraordinarily light hindwing. The under surface is lighter yellow, the
markings not different.

T. venusta Bdv. Similar to nise, but smaller, the margin of the forewing proximally less dentate,
border of the hindwing reduced to some black marginal dots. Under surface light yellowish on both wings
and in both sexes, in the middle of the hindwing one or two small blackish dots as in nise and tenella, and
a row of distinct, oblique brownish spots. Jamaica, Colombia.

T. musa F. (= gentilis Bdv.). The same size as venusta, upper surface white, forewing with a
broad black marginal band, slightly sinuate proximally, base dusted with grey. Hindwing with beautiful
lemon-yellow margin, separated from the fringes, the latter white with small black spots. Under surface
whitish, slightly yellow distally, base of the forewing lemon-yellow, in the middle of the hindwing two very
small black dots. South America.

T. limbia F/dr. (24d), from Venezuela, has vivid canary-yellow forewing and almost white hindwing,
somewhat more strongly sulphur-yellow at the distal margin.. The black-brown distal border of the fore-
wing is rather broad, proximally dentate, the black distal border of the hindwing narrow. The under surtace
of the forewing is yellow, without markings, the under surface of the hindwing very light yellow, at the
margins somewhat deeper yellow, with two black dots on the discocellulars. The ¢ has the upperside pale
sulphur-yellow, no dark distal margin to the hindwing, the underside yellower, with blackish macular marking
on the hindwing.

T. lisa Bdv. & Lec. (== smilax Godt.) (24d) occurs from New England to Honduras and has also been
found on the Antilles and Bermudas. The upper surface is vivid yellow with rather broad black-brown
margins and a black dot at the discocellular of the forewing. The under surface is somewhat hghter yellow
with reddish distal margin, a large reddish spot at the apex of the hindwing, two small black dots on the
discocellulars of the hindwing, a similar one on those of the forewing and indistinct blackish spots on the
hindwing. The 2 is paler yellow and has broader dark margins, which on the posterior part of the hind-
wing are broken up into spots, the under surface is darker yellow and somewhat more marked than in
the @. Although this species is very common in places (enf. the note.on migration in the Introduction) the
earlier stages are still very insufficiently known. Larva green with two whitish stripes at each side, head
yellowish. Pupa dark green, slender, breast prominent. The larva lives on Cassia and clover. — euterpe
Mén., from Nicaragua, has broader black distal margin on both wings.

T. delia (7. (= demoditas Hbn., daira Godt.) (24d), from the Gulf States of North America, is above
yellow with broad black apical marking and a broad black mner-marginal stripe on the forewing, as well
as a large black spot at the apex of the hindwing. The under surface is sand-brown with the exception
of the yellow proximal part of the forewing, the hindwing has slight dark macular markings. — lydia Fidr.,
from Venezuala, has shorter, broader wings, the apex of the forewing more obtuse and the distal margin
less arched, broader hindmargin, proximally more deeply convex, and considerably narrower proximal band
on the forewing, the distal margin of the hindwing almost twice as broad.

T. jucunda Bd. & Lec. (= ebriola Poey, albina Poey) (24e), from the Gulf States of North America,
differs from delia in the longer marginal band of the hindwing and the lighter, grey to white under surface,
almost without markings. — lemnia F/dr., from Bahia, is distinguished not only by the broader border of
the forewing, the larger apical spot of the hindwing which is joined to the other marginal spots, and the
quite different under surface, which is glossy white, sparsely dusted with red-brown, but also in the greater
length of both wings.

stygma. 44

VEL

stygmula.
nisella. 46 9 /

“Usd

neda.

tenella. Ys S

circumcincta. 4
venustula. 4 F

nelphe.| “ge

nise. of

venusta. 4. IO

musa. YS

limbia. 40

euterpe.

4
delia. 4 OF

lydia. yY bY

4
Y6 6

Jucunda.

lemnia.

4 :
| _ persistens.

5

yd pyro.

ute eleathea.
lataea.
| plataea

\t vitellina.

is eugenia.
ta ’ cubana.
i) palmyra.

is hoenicia.

uk elathides.
wh sidonia.

ld ella.

yi tegea.
\\\ medutina.

yt priddyi,
NY muycale.
DN rrtaaine

\ albula.
\\ marginella.

sinoé.

\

A deflorata.

Ayona.

84 TERIAS. By J. Roser.

T. persistens Btl. & Druce. Allied to delia and eugenia, upper surface yellow, costal margim and base
broadly ash-grey, apex and distal margin broadly black-brown, a black-brown imner-marginal band distally
bordered with gold-yellow; hindwing with black-brown apical spot, under surface as in de/ia. Honduras.

T. hyona Mén. (24e), from San Domingo, is beautiful orange-yellow in the male above with black
margin, which is moderately broad on the forewing, narrow and sharply defined proximally on the hindwing.
The 2 has much paler upper surface. Beneath both sexes are almost alike; forewing in the middle orange-
yellow, at the distal margin and in the basal part yellow, with a subapical row of small black spots, fringes
reddish; hindwing yellow with some blackish dots near the base, some small red-brown spots at the apex,
to which extends a narrow band of red-brown spots running towards the mner margin, and small, very
indistinct red-brown submarginal spots.

T. pyro Godt.
blackish at the base.

Shape and size as hyona. Upperside of the forewing vivid orange-yellow, slightly
Forewing with a black margin, proximally indented. Hindwing at the distal margin
slightly dusted with blackish. Under surface of the forewing lighter than above, with a black dot in the
middle and a dark apical spot. Under surface of the hindwing light yellow, with an orange-yellow central
spot, some brownish scales and a very large round rust-brown spot at the apex, and also a row of small
black marginal dots. Antilles or South America.

T. eleathea Cr., from Surinam, is not essentially different from plataea [/dr. (24e), from South
Brazil (Sio Paulo, Santa Catharina, Rio Grande do Sul). The latter has yellow forewing and white hind-
wing, broad margin on the forewing and narrower one on the hindwing, also a black stripe at the imner
margin of the forewing, which is posteriorly edged with orange-yellow. The under surface is rather variable,
whitish to grey, the anterior part of the forewing yellow, mostly only with black dots at the discocellular
of both wings, not seldom with somewhat darker markings. The 2 has yellow or yellowish ground-colour
on the hindwing above, the black and orange-yellow stripe at the inner margin of the forewing is absent.
The under surface is mostly darker and more abundantly marked. This species also shows a number of
local forms, which have almost all been described as separate species, thus vitellina F/dr., from Venezuela
and Honduras, with white-scaled inner-marginal stripe and the under surface entirely without markings; —
eugenia Wall. (= rhodia Fidr.), from Venezuela, Colombia and St. Josef, with very dark yellow forewing

and sharp and broader orange-yellow inner-marginal stripe; — cubana H.-Schdff., from Cuba, with broad
black distal margin on the hindwing; — palmyra Poey (= lydia Fildr.), from Cuba and the Gulf States, in
which the black distal margin of the hindwing is reduced to a spot at the apex; — phoenicia Fldr., from

Colombia and Ecuador, has orange-yellow inner-marginal stripe reaching to the base and rather broad distal
margin on the hindwing; elathides Stgi., from Venezuela, is larger, and has no orange-yellow inner-marginal
stripe: the 2 is darker beneath. — All these forms can scarcely be separated from one another. Considerably
different on the other hand are: sidonia //d., from Mexico, in which the black inner-marginal stripe 1s
merged together with the black distal margin and the hindwing has very broad black distal margin; —
ella form. nov., from Ecuador, has no orange-yellow inner-marginal stripe, also the black imner-marginal
stripe is merged together with the black distal margin and the hindwing has a broad black distal margin

which is sharply defined proximally. — tegea Fldr., from Colombia, is larger than vitellina, with broader
wings, and may be recognised by the greater width of the inner-marginal band of the forewing and the
distal-marginal one of the hindwing. — medutina F/dy., from Venezuela, has narrower wings, the forewing

is more elongated and the hindwing shorter.

T. priddyi Lathy, from Haiti, differs from e/eathea in the yellow upper surface of the hindwing, the
shorter dark distal-marginal band of the forewing and the absence of the yellow stripe at the inner margin
of the forewing and of the dark distal margin of the hindwing, which is only represented by marginal spots-

T. mycale F/dr. (24e), from Brazil (Bahia, SAo0 Paulo), is very similar to eleathea. The dark distal
margin of the forewing is broader and confluent with the hindmarginal stripe, also the distal margin of the
hindwing is much broader. The under surface of the forewing is less yellow, otherwise not different.

T. smilacina Fld., from Colombia, was described from a 2. Upperside pale sulphur-yellow with black-
brown distal margin, hindwing with black marginal dots. Underside glossy white, at the discocellular a crescent-
shaped spot, a subapical red-brown macular band, a black dot at the costal margin near the apex of the
forewing: hindwing with spots at the discocellular, a subapical macular band and black marginal dots.

T. albula Cy., from Surinam, probably scarcely differs essentially from marginella Fldr. (24e), from
Venezuela. This*is white above and has moderately broad black margin on both wings. The under sur-
face is white, entirely without markings. — sinoé Godi. (= cassiae Sepp, nise Hbn.), from South Brazil, has
more or less broad distal margin on the forewing and entirely white wings. The under surface is white
or sometimes yellowish. The 2 has narrower and shorter distal margin on the forewing and some dark
markings on the hindwing beneath.

T. deilorata Koll., from Colombia, is similar to w/bula. Upper surface white, forewing with a yellowish
tinge, apex black, irregularly defined proximally, at the distal margin of the hindwing three to four blackish

CATOPSILIA. By J. Résur. 85

streaks. Under surface of the forewing at the base lemon-yellow, at the apex slightly dusted with red-
brownish. The hindwing has a scarcely perceptible yellow tinge and before the distal margin a stripe com-
posed of brownish atoms, which, however, is not at all conspicuous. Only known to me from the description.

T. agave Cr. (= jodutta Hbn., phiale Godt., mana Bdv.) (24f), from Surinam, has the forewing much agave. IGF
rounded and very narrow. Upper surface white with black markings at the apex and blackish dusting
at the base of the forewmg. Under surface white on the proximal part of both wings, otherwise yellow,
with a black dot at the discocellular of the hindwing and slight blackish markings on “the hindwing.

T. messalina 7. Shape and size as rahel. Upper surface white, distal margin of the forewing and messalina “yo
a marginal spot on the hindwing black. Under surface yellow, with a brown spot at the apex of the forewing,
a marginal spot and black scales on the hindwing. — Jamaica.

T. gnathene dv. Shape and size of albula. Upper surface white with a very slight greenish tinge, gnathene. 441
black distal margin, which is rather strongly widened at the apex and terminates in the anal angle of the
hindwing. Under surface of the forewing white, at the base and apex lemon-yellow, a longitudinal row of
reddish spots at the inner margin, a blackish spot at the apex, a violet subapical spot. Under surface of
the hindwing yellowish, with a small, light rust-brown lunular spot at the margin of the cell, a deep rust-
brown and a deep red-brown spot (less sharply defined) at its posterior margin. — Yucatan and Cuba.

T. phiale Cr. (24f), from the eastern part of tropical South America, is white with black margin to phiale. 44 J
the forewing and narrow black distal margin to the hindwing, before which is placed a light yellow band.
The under surface is light yellow and almost without markings except for two black dots at the discocellular

of the hindwing. — columbia /ldr. (= phialina Ségr. 7. /.), from Colombia and Bolivia, has somewhat columbia. 444
narrower distal margin on the forewing, proximally avai rectilinear, and the black distal margin of the
hindwing less developed. — Whether paula form. nov., from Sao Paulo, is a separate species or a form paula. Ag+

(perhaps a seasonal form) of phiale, I cannot say from the two male specimens before me. The black distal
margin of the forewing only reaches to the first median vein, that of the hindwing is broken up into small
dots and the under surface of the hindwing is dark yellow. Has two conspicuous black dots at the disco-
cellular and copious grey-brown macular marking. The apex of the forewing is likewise dark yellow.

20. Genus: Catopsilia //bn. 2

This genus has about the same range as Terias. In the mountains no species appears to ascend
beyond 2000 m. The species which belong here are mostly of considerable size and fine, sometimes con-
spicuous, colouring. The powerfully built body and the shape of the wings make the insects particularly
adapted for swift flight. They use this capacity for distant migrations, in which extraordinarily large crowds
sometimes participate, their passage often lasting for hours. Apart from this the common yates occur
in large swarms, enliven the damp banks of the rivers and contribute materially to the character of the
fauna of their district. The Cutopsilia-o’o" are not only immoderate water-drinkers, but are also attracted by
human sweat and urine, as Dr. Fr. Ouavs proved during his travels in South America. He also observed
swarms of Catopsilia on the stranded bodies of fishes. The 92 mostly remain in the woods and visit flowers,
on which of course “o are also to be met with when they seek the company of the 9%. — The rather
large head has prominent naked eyes, the palpi only project a little beyond the head, the antennae are
short and moderately soft, without distinct club, with truncate or indented tip. Subcostal four-branched,
the first branch beyond half way between the base and the discocellular, the second branch arising shortly
before the discocellular, the fourth branch running into the distal margin, the upper radial coincident with the
subcostal to '/s, the middle discocellular shorter than the proximally curved lower one. Hindwing rounded, in
some species prolonged into a tail at the submedian. The precostal is a mere knob. The larvae have the
usual Pierid shape and granulated skin, are grey or green and have a light lateral longitudinal stripe; they
live on Cassia. The pupae are rather variously shaped: as far as they are known they will be described

under the respective species. — Contrary to the usual custom I refer (with A. G. BurLer) menippe to the
following genus, from which it only differs in neuration by an unimportant deviation, whilst in its other
characters menippe agrees with Gonepteryx. — This genus contains some species which in beauty must be

considered as the climax of development among the Pierids.

C. eubule L. (= marcellina Cr.) (25a) oecurs from New England to Argentina, also on the Antilles. edule. .s AIT
Upper surface in the & lemon-yellow, lighter at the distal margins, and with black marginal line. Beneath
somewhat paler yellow with a silvery “eight”, edged with red-brown, on each wing at the discocellular, a
black marginal line and irregular dark markings on both wings. The 2 is somewhat paler yellow, has a
row of marginal spots on both wings, a large black median spot on the forewing and sometimes more or
less dark brown marking. The ander surface is deeper yellow and more marked than in the co’. — sennae L. sennae. a
= yamana feak.) is beneath deeper yellow and more abundantly marked, the 2 being pale orange-yellow

ny)

oo

my drya,

4g . cipris.

f Y) rurina.

4 \ intermedia.

ale é philea.

thalestris.

¢

\

a)

avellaneda.

AY solstitia.

~ neocypris.
Kyo irrigata.
§0\ virgo.

86 CATOPSILIA. By J. R6seEr.

above. — drya J. (= amphitrite Blanch.), from Peru, Chile, Cuba and Haiti, is a small, weakly marked
form. — eubule flies in June and again from September to October, drya in November to December and
from March to April. The o has as scent-organ on the upper surface of the hindwing near the costal
margin a spot of scales, oyer which the soft, widened inner margin of the forewing is stretched out to stir
up the scent, scattermg it with a pencil (retractile into a fold in the skin).

C. cipris Ff. (= bracteolata Bilr.) (256), from Brazil and Peru, has the hindwing prolonged into a
tail m both sexes. The o is very light orange-yellow, the broad distal margin of the forewing, which is
thickly covered with chalky scent-scales, and the considerably narrower distal margin of the hindwing
lighter; the upper surface has no markings except small marginal spots on the forewing. The under surface
is darker yellow with a silvery eight on both wings and more or less dark markings. The underside is
very variable. The 2 is lemon-yellow and has a large black median spot on the forewing, the under surface
is more greenish than in the o’. — neocypris Hln., from the same localities, is in both sexes suffused with
orange-yellow above at the margins and is also darker beneath. Probably a seasonal form. — irrigata Btlr.,
from Brazil, is an aberrant female form, more strongly marked above and beneath. — virge Btlr., from
Central America, is more strongly marked, has black marginal spots in both sexes, also in the o” a large
black median spot on the forewing, and the 2 is white above with narrow red distal margin.

C. rurina //dr. (25b), from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, occurs apparently only at
elevations of 1000 to 2000 m. The forewing in the o is orange-yellow except for the distal margin of
lemon-yellow scent-scales which occupies almost half the wing, the hindwing lemon-yellow with broad, light
orange-yellow distal margin, at the distal margin of both wings are placed small black-brown spots. The
under surface is yellow with a silvery double spot at the discocellular of each wing and more or less black-
brown markings. The 2 is very variable, from bright yellow to almost white ground-colour. stronger distal-
marginal markings and a large black-brown median spot on the forewing and also large red distal-marginal
spots or broad red distal margin on the hindwing. The under surface has paler ground-colour and more
red-brown markings, often united into large spots. — intermedia Bt/. is the Central American form; the
orange-yellow colour of the forewing of the o is almost entirely absent and the 2 has whitish ground-colour.

C. philea L. (= argante Hbn., corday Hbn., aricye Cr., melanippe C7., lollia et aricia Godt.) (25¢),
distributed from Texas to South Brazil, very common in some places, also observed in Illinois as a migrant,
is one of the most beautiful species of this genus. The upper surface in the o is a fine canary -yellow with
a large orange-yellow median spot on the forewing and broad orange-yellow distal margin on the hindwing.
The under surface is pale yellow with silvery median double spot and brownish markings. The secondary
male characters consist of a spot of scent-scales on the upperside of the hindwing, to which corresponds a
pencil found on the underside of the inner margin of the forewing, and a moderately broad band of scent-
scales on the upperside of both wings, only slightly contrasting in colour. The ¢ is less brilhant yellow,
the large orange-yellow median spot of the forewing is absent, but it has a large black-brown median spot
and marginal, submarginal and costal macular markings on the forewing, as w ell as dark marginal spots on
the hindwing. The ground- -colour of the under surface is redder than in the o*. — thalestris I//. (= hueb-
neri Fiwhst.), from the Antilles, also reported from Chile (?), has in the o a larger orange-yellow median
spot, also a large black-brown spot at the discocellular ef the forewing. The under surface is much more
marked and shows at the distal margin of the hmdwing large red- brown spots. The 2 has much more red
above and beneath and is much more strongly marked, especially on the under surface, which shows on
the hindwing a broad red-brown distal margin and a large median spot of the same colour. — Pupa regu-
larly canoe-shaped, dorsum strongly incurved, head prolonged into a long point.

C. avellaneda H.-Sch. (25d), from Cuba, is unquestionably the most beautiful species of the genus.
a the o the ground-colour of the upper surface of the forewing is canary-yellow, a broad margin ochre-yellow,
the distal margin narrowly red, the central and posterior part of the wing is gorgeous carmine, at the
discocellular is placed a red spot with black centre. The hindwing is less fiery carmine, in the cell yellow-
ish red, the long spot of scent-scales placed at the subcostal is white, the distal margin rather broadly
ochre-yellow. The under surface is red-yellow with white double spot in the centre of each wing and con-
tinuous black-brown submarginal spots. The 2 has the upperside of the forewing canary-yellow with red
distal margin and marginal and submarginal red-brown spots as well as a large red-brown spot at the
discocellular, the basal part of the wing is sprinkled with red. The hindwing is yellowish red, at the costal
margin light pmk, with marginal and submarginal red-brown spots. The under surface has dark yellow
ground-colour, the broad distal-marginal band is blue-red with red scales, the margin itself narrowly yellow;
the broad blue-red distal margin is proximally bordered by black crescent-shaped spots and at these as
well as at the base there is dark red colouring, at the discocellular of each wing are placed white, black-
edged spots (five on the forewing, two on the hindwing). — solstitia Btlr. (25d), said to be from Chile, but
probably an aberrant form of avel/aneda and therefore also indigenous to Cuba, is differentiated from the
latter by a narrower and proximally rectilinear ochre-yellow distal margin on the upper surface and by the

CATOPSILIA. By J. Roser. 87

carmine spots of the forewing being reduced proximally. On the supposition that the locality “Chile” is
correct, Burner regards solstitia as a separate species on account of a few small differences in the hairs
of the body.

C. editha Bil. (26a), from Haiti, is in the o lemon-yellow without markings, the under surface
is dark yellow with two white spots, surrounded with black-brown, at the discocellular of the hindwing and
also small black-brown macular markings. The 2 has the upper surface reddish yellow, especially on the
hindwing, with a large black median spot and marginal and submarginal black-brown spots on the forewing,
and also small black-brown marginal spots on the hindwing, the under surface is scarcely different from that
of the o. — fornax Bé/., from Chile (?), I regard as a 9-form of editha. The upper surface has much more

red, particularly a broad dark red marginal band on the hindwing, and the under surface, the proximal half

of which is yellow, has many more red markings.

C. argante F. (= larra F., cnidia Godt.) (25a) is distributed from the North American Gulf States
to Paraguay and very common. The o is above pale orange-yellow and without markings except the black
marginal spots. The rather narrow margin of scent-scales is little conspicuous, this species like several
others has a further scent-organ, consisting of a spot of scales on the upperside of the hindwing, which is
associated with a pencil on the underside of the inner margin of the forewing for scattering the scent. The
under surface is yellow with numerous brownish markings and sometimes white spots at the discocellular.
The 2 has similar ground-colour on the upperside, but more black marginal markings, also a black median
spot on the forewimg. The under surface is more strongly marked with dark. The pupa has extraordinarily
swollen breast, the head is produced into a poimt, on the thorax is an acutely angled elevation and along
the sides runs a ridge-like protuberance. — hersilia Cr. is a more strongly marked form. The o has in-
stead of the red marginal spots of the forewmg a narrow black marginal band and the 2 has more and
larger black spots. The under surface is also more marked. — rorata Bti., from Haiti, is a large form.
The o& has unusually bright yellow marginal band and the 2 with almost white ground-colour has much
black macular marking as well as red striation on the upper surface. Also the under surface shows in the
2 red-brown spots united into bands. — minuscula Bé/r., said to be from Havanna, but which I have from
Rio Grande do Sul, is a dwarf form of argante, scarcely half as large. — agarithe Bdv., from Texas
(argante?), Panama, Venezuela, Haiti and Brazil, would have to be regarded as a separate species according
to Barrens figure of the pupa. But Burnrr is in error; he has figured the pupa of philea, as I have
positive proof. The butterfly is similar to argante in the o’, but has a strongly marked light distal margin
of unequal width on the hindwing and the posterior part of the wing is yellow. The under surface shows
besides other markings on the forewing a red-brown macular band running from the apex towards the inner
margin. The 2 is above reddish yellow, with a large orange-yellow pateh at the discocellular of the fore-
wing, in which the black median spot is Dears The under surface is similar to that of the o, but more
strongly marked. — floridensis Newmdgen i. l., from Florida, is in the male entirely without markings above
the margin little lighter than the proximal part of the wing, beneath on the contrary rather strongly marked,
the band of red-brown spots running from the apex of the forewing towards the inner margin being parti-
eularly stiiking. The 2 is above almost as uniform as the o’, only somewhat lighter orange-yellow colour,
and has no markings at all except slight brownish ones at and near the apex of the forewimg and the very
indistinct small dark median spot on this wing.

C. trite L. (25b), from tropical America, has yellow upper surface with black distal margin on the
forewing, which in the 2 is somewhat broader. The margin of scent-scales is very narrow and inconspicuous,
the scent-apparatus on the proximal part of the wing is as in the preceding species. The under surface is
greenish yellow, lighter at the margin, and has hese sight submarginal markings on the hindwing an
oblique blackish band, peculiar to this species, on both wings. The ? ie lighter ground-colour eneatir

C. statira Cr. (26c) occurs very commonly in the whole of South America. The distal half of the
wing is covered with scent-scales and is strikingly lighter than the lemon-yellow proximal half. The upper-
side has no markings except a narrow black distal margin. The 2 has broader black distal margin and also
a black median spot on the forewing. The under cinta has slight dark markings. — wallacei //dr., from
Rio Negro and Peru, is uniformly yellow above and has the distal half of the wing very light beneath.

C. boisduvalii //dr. (26c¢), from Colombia and Central America, is cream-coloured, more strongly
yellow on the basal part, with narrow black apical margin. The under surface is light yellow, entirely
without markings.

C jada Bilr. (26b), from Guatemala, has in the o’ the proximal half of the wings ochre-yellow, the
distal half lemon-yellow, no markings, the under surface is reddish yellow, lighter on the distal half. The 2
is above yellow with black dentate distal margin and round black median spot as well as a subapical row
of four small ochre-yellow spots. The under surface is bluish white with reddish marginal and medial

edithas GO f

fornax.

50g

[eee

argante. Sh0

hersilia.

rorata.

_Fl
Ble

minuscula. a73
agarithe. f (@_

» floridensis. Si 13

trite. \ S/S o

Statira.

Zie

wallacei. F z/ 7

boisduvalii, 519

jada. ¥

So

markings. — jaresia D#l., from Peru, is only known m the female. Like the wrgante-2 it is orange-yellow jaresia. oy

rh \ godartiana.

a ) neleis.

a = butleri.

; af hartonia.

gh —! orbis.

ah menippe.

& calypso.

88 GONEPTERYX. By J. Résmr.

with black median spot, but has on both wings continuous black marginal markings. The under surface is
somewhat more reddish yellow than in jada, the markings almost the same.

C. godartiana Swains. (= orbis Bdv.) (26b), from Haiti and Porto Rico, has half the upper surface
of the forewing white and the other half yellow; the white distal half has a narrow yellow margin. The
proximal part of the hindwing is reddish yellow, shading imto greenish distally, a broad margin is white.
The under surface of the ema is in the anterior part yellowish with dark submarginal markings, in the
posterior part whitish. The proximal part of the hindwing beneath is reddish white, the margins are ‘erecnem
the distal margin broadly so; there are no markings except two white spots at the discocellular and a few
small blackish submarginal markings. The 2 has dingy reddish yellow upper surface with continuous black
marginal markings, large black median spot and a small hook-shaped submarginal spot on the forewing.
The hindwing has larger disconnected black marginal spots. The under surface is reddish yellow in the
proximal part, in the distal part almost white with reddish marginal markings, blackish submarginal markings,
large reddish median spot on the forewing and two white, brownish-edged median spots on the hindwing. —
neleis Bdv., from Cuba, Mexico and Guatemala, has the distal part of the upper surface less strikingly
white and there are no markings on the under surface, which is yellowish on the proximal half and whitish
on the distal half. The 2 is above much lighter, more yellowish and with less black markings, the ground-
colour of the under surface lighter. — butleri Scudd., from Mexico (Tehuantepec), is apparently only an
aberrant female with light chamois-coloured upper surface and the markings somewhat more brown-black. —
hartonia btlr., from Jamaica, is in the o& above very similar to godartiana, only the greenish tinge is
wanting; the under surface is quite similar to that of neleis, but has somewhat dark markings. The 2 is
similar to the neleis-2, but has no continuous marginal markings on the forewing above. On the under surface
the forewing is more yellowish, the hindwing more reddish, “alka less marked.

C. orbis Poey (26a) from Haiti and Cuba, is very peculiarly marked in the o above. The orange-
yellow colouring, which is spread over the whole upper surface in the 2, is only present in the o in a
large circular spot near the base. The distal half of the forewing is white, the rest of the wing yellow.
The hindwing is yellow, with broad white distal margin. The underside is reddish yellow with a
white , reddish bordered median spot on each wing, reddish marginal line and red-brown submarginal
markings. The 2 is entirely orange-yellow above and has black marginal and submarginal spots and also
a square black median spot. The under surface is more strongly marked with red-brown than in the co’.
The pupa is comparatively slender, without anything striking in its form, the head-part produced into a
short point. Larva on Poinciana pulcherrima, green with yellow venter, all the incisions light greenish
yellow. Pupa green, canoe-shaped, extremities pink and veins yellow (Borspuvat).

21. Genus: Gonepteryx Leach.

The few species of this genus would be better united under the generic name of Amynthia Swains.,
since they not only differ from Gonepteryx-species of the Old World by their gigantic size, but also possess
structural characters which well separate them from Gonepteryx. The fourth subcostal vein does not run
into the costal margin, as in true Gonepteryx, but into the much more produced apex. According to
E. Reurer the American species agree in the structure of the basal: joint of the palpi, but differ in this
from the true Gonepteryx-species. The species which belong here cannot be mistaken on account of their
wing-contour, and possess a further common characteristic in that the subcostal of the hindwing appears
especially developed on the under surface and is particularly conspicuous by its peculiar colouring. The
secondary male characters agree with Catopsilia, but are even more developed, the greater part of the wing
above being covered with chalky scent-scales, whilst the scent-organ at the costal margin of the lnaaheains
takes the form of a long, broad gland. One species is distributed from Paraguay, the other two have a
more restricted range. — Nothing appears to be yet known as to the earlier stages.

G. menippe Hbn. (= leachiana Godt.) (26-2) apparently occurs in the whole of tropical
America, not even shunning the Igher mountains. It surpasses the most conspicuous Indian Pierid,
Hebomoia glaucippe, both in size and in beauty. The upper surtace is light yellow, sometimes somewhat
darker, the apical third of the forewing is gorgeous orange-yellow, at the discocellular is placed a
large, square brown-red spot, before it sometimes also a smaller, but otherwise similar spot. The black-
brown distal margin varies very much in width; in most specimens it is as shown in our figure, not
infrequently it is reduced to marginal spots which are only connected by a marginal line, occasionally
it is entirely absent: ab. calypso form. nov. The hindwing has only rarely blackish marginal spots. The
eround-colour of the under surface is likewise rather variable, from greenish white to falllov with more
or less sharp, light, somewhat opalescent markings; there are always on both wings an ahlones much
interrupted reddish median spot and a more or less complete row of black submarginal dots; the sub-

KRICOGONIA; TERIOCOLIAS. By J. Rober. 89

costal of the hindwing is conspicuous by its colouring. The Q differs in the orange-yellow spot being somewhat
lighter and has also more blackish spots at the distal margin of the hindwing. Specimens in which the orange-
yellow spot is entirely absent are rare: ab. thetis form. nov. — FRUHSTORFER has based the subspecies metioche
on 2 specimens from Colombia; it is said to be characterised by darker, deeper and more uniform yellow ground-
colour, longer and narrower wings, larger size, larger, lighter and more divided median spots on the under
surface.

G. clorinde Godt. (= swainsonia Swains., godarti Perty, maerula Hbn.) (24g) is distributed from Mexico
to Paraguay, extremely variable in size, has the upper surface white with a faint greenish tinge, the large median
spot is either orange- or sulphur-yellow, on each wing is a small black median spot margined with red-yellow.
The under surface is greenish with white striation and an inconspicuous reddish median spot on each wing.
The © differs in having the yellow median spot much less developed and the median spots larger and much
more broadly surrounded with red-yellow. — nivifera Fruhst., from Central America, is said to be distinguished
by snow-white upper surface, darker, more orange-yellow median spots and yellowish-marbled under surface.

G. maerula F. (24¢) is distributed from Mexico to South Peru, but appears to be wanting in the east
of the district. The upper surface is lemon-yellow and has no markings except the black-brown median spot
and perhaps a few black marginal dots. The scent-organ on the hindwing is lighter. The under surface is green-
ish with light striation and-a white, reddish-bordered median spot on each wing; the subcostal of the hindwing
is distinctly prominent. The 99 are mostly whitish.and have a larger orange-yellow median spot on the hind-

thetis. a4
metioche. f 9

j an
clorinde. JH

niviferd. SH

maerula. WEL

wing. A canary-yellow Q-form is more rare: ab. flava form. nov. — To lacordairei Bdv. (= ecclipsis Cr.) belong flava eee
those specimens which have a plain yellow under surface without striation. — gueneeana Badv. is still less dif* gyenecana.£96

ferent; specimens with distinct black marginal spots should be referred here.

y 22. Genus: Kriecogonia Reak.

This genus has its area of distribution from southern North America to Venezuela and also occurs on
the Antilles. Apart from the much smaller size and the shape of the wings the only difference from Gonep-
teryz is that the long palpi extend far beyond the head. There is no difference in the neuration. The early
stages are still unknown. ;

K. lyside Godt. occurs from Texas and California to Venezuela. The upper surface is white, the proximal
part of the hindwing suffused with yellowish, the basal part of both wings yellow, the under surface slightly
yellow except for the almost white posterior part of the forewing, with no markings, only occasionally a black
median spot on the hindwing. The Q has less yellow at the base and the apex of the forewing is darker. —
terissa Luc. (= lyside Hbn.) is an aberration which is distinguished by a small black stripe at the costal margin

Ze

lyside. tof

terissa. tif

of the hindwing. — xanthophila form. nov. (26d), from Guatemala, is an entirely yellow form (only in the fe- canthophilaP %

male?). The underside of the hindwing is light, contrasting with the forewing. — castalia F’. is the form from
Jamaica. It has at the base only traces of yellow, and the under surface, especially of the forewing, is
even less yellow.

castalia. Z¥0

K. fantasia Btlr. (26d), from Nicaragua, has in the female greenish white upper surface, at the costal fantasia. IY

margin of the forewing a dark sulphur-yellow basal stripe and light brown apical and distal-marginal markings,
the hindwing is light sulphur-yellow. The underside of the forewing is glossy sulphur-yellow on the basal half,
the rest of the wing is light sulphur-yellow, hindwing as above, in the basal half darker sulphur-yellow. Is
probably only another aberration of lyside; a quite similar specimen from Cuba is before me.

23. Genus: Teriocolias Réb.

It is not practicable to allow atinas Hew. to remain in the genus Terias as it is much less closely allied
to this than to Colias. It differs from the latter in that the fourth subcostal vein does not run into the distal
margin but direct into the apex and that the lower discocellular of the forewing is wanting; the lower radial
arises direct from the subcostal. A fourth peculiarity of this genus is the clothing of the basal half of the
antennae with long, hair-like, moderately appressed scales, so that the antenna when only a little magnified
gives the impression of a Heterocerous antenna. Similar structures occur among the Erycinids, and also in the
American Gonepteryx and Catopsilia, but not, so far as I can ascertain, in Terias. Biological reasons are also
against its near relationship to Terias: that 1s to say, atinas flies in the high mountains, where species of
Terias never occur.

T. atinas Hew. (26d), from Bolivia, is above deep sulphur-yellow with a small black spot at the disco-
cellulars of the forewing, the basal part of both wings is black, at the distal and costal margin of the forewing
near the apex are placed small dark spots or dots. The under surface of the forewing is sulphur-yellow with
reddish distal margin and small dark marginal spots as well as two black dots at the discocellulars, the under

Vv 12

atinas. £44

54 pacts.

544 plesseni.

Ns palaeno.

\6

pelidneides.

ih pelidne.

90 COLIAS. By J. Raber.

surface of the hmdwing is yellow, densely dusted with brownish and with red-brown spots at the costal margin
and in the middle and two blackish dots at the discocellulars. The 2 has lighter ground-colour. — pacis Stgr.
i. 1. (26d), from Peru (3300 m), is above somewhat deeper yellow, beneath the reddish border of the forewing
is broader and the hindwing is more deeply dusted with red-brown. — plesseni- subsp. nov., from Chanchamayo
(Peru), was captured by Baron G, von Piessen on March 26 1906 on the way from Aroya to La Merced on the
eastern slopes of the Andes, where the species was flying together with Colias ewxanthe over lupine-fields. It
is above and beneath sulphur-yellow, has beneath no differently coloured border to the forewing and shows
only a little blackish dusting on the sulphur-yellow ground-colour apart from the blackish brown spots of
the hindwing.

24. Genus: Colias F.

About three-fourths as many species must be referred to the American Region as to the Palaearctic
if the conception of species is not applied too critically. But on a more thorough examination scarcely more
than twenty American species can be established, hence about half the number which the Palaearctic Region
produces. Considering the enormous size of the region this suggests an apparent poverty in species in America,
which however is explained when we remember that the species of Colias are in great part mhabitants of the
mountains, andthe American Region properly shows only one mountain range, although an enormous one. The
splitting up of Central Asia into a number of independent mountain ranges has apparently been very favourable
to the formation of Colias-species. This advantage 1s wanting in the American Region. On the other hand
it must further be taken into consideration that the most southern part of America possesses a few species, some
of them very conspicuous, for which the eastern hemisphere can offer no equivalent owing to the want of cor-
responding lands.

The genus Colias is unmistakeably characterised by its superficial appearance; whether the species comes
from the far north or the extreme south it is immediately recognised as a Colias. In neuration its special char-
acteristic is the entire absence of the precostal, in which the genus agrees only with the superficially very dif-
ferent Terias. The butterflies are mostly of medium size, some species are among the larger Lepidoptera. Antenna
rather short, with gradually thickened, but distinct club. Apex of the forewing rounded, forewing with four
subcostal veins, of which the first arises far before the discocellular; the upper radial arises from the subcostal,
hence the upper discocellular is wanting.

The genus has its principal area of distribution in Central Asia, where most of the species have their
habitat. It is almost exclusively confined to districts with a temperate climate. In North America, in the moun-
tains of tropical South America and in the plains of the southern part of South America, as already said, a large
number occur, in Africa only two species (local forms of Palaearctic species), but in the Indo-Australian Region,
except in the Himalayas and the Nilghini Hills, no species occurs. A few species extend far towards the north
(e. g., C. boothii to lat. 75°), and in Tierra del Fuego occurs one of the largest and most beautiful species (imper-
ialis). A few species occur in two generations, but most in only one. Sexual dimorphism is well developed
in most of the species, also dimorphism in the 99, which often occur in a pale and in a bright yellow or
orange-coloured form. Their flight is very quick and long-sustained. The gg of many species possess as secon-
dary sexual character at the costal margin of the hindwing above a more or less sharply defined small dise of
thick chalky scales (,,Mehlfleck**). — Egg cylindrical, feebly ribbed. Larvae long, of almost equal width through-
out, with very short hairs; they hibernate, live mostly on clover and allied plants, the species indigenous to
the north mostly on Vaccinium. Pupa with pointed head and raised, very sharp dorsal side of the thorax; like
most Pierid pupae they are placed upright, are hooked at the cremaster into a silken pad and are held upright
by a long, loose girdle.

C. palaeno L. (= philomene Hbn., lapponica Stgr., werdandi H.-Schaff.) (27a). I have before me
ad from Canada, from the collection of Herr Lropotp Hartmann of Wirzburg (to whon I am indebted for
the loan of his North American Pierids). It is above not distinguishable from German specimans (ewropome Hsp.),
but much more yellow on the under surface; the colourimg of the hindwing approximates to that of the 99 of
europome. — At Hudson’s Bay and in Alaska occurs pelidneides Stgr., which according to SrauDINGER differs
from palaeno in that the median spot of the hindwing beneath is not white, but reddish as in pelidne; pelidne,
however, commonly varies in this, yet this median spot is always much smaller in that species than in palaeno. —
Larva sea-green, velvety, with fine black dots, at the sides a bright yellow longitudinal stripe margined with
black beneath, below which the white, black-edged spiracles are placed, venter and ventral legs dull green,
thoracic legs yellowish, head green; on Vaccinium uliginosum. Pupa greenish yellow with strongly convex
dorsum. In the Palaearctic Region the butterfly flies from the end of June to the middle of August on
marshy ground.

C. pelidne Bdv. (= anthyale Stgr.) (27a), from Labrador and boreal North America, is paler yellow
than palaeno, and has narrower and less dark distal margin, the under surface is likewise much paler, greenish

COLIAS. By J. Rober. 91

on the hindwing, the median spots of the under surface are smaller, as also those of the upper surface, the latter
often absent. The Q is above yellowish white with only narrow, proximally diffuse dark margin to the forewing. —
labradorensis Scudder can scarcely be distinguished. The ¢ has narrower distal margin, which is almost broken
up into spots by small stripes of the ground-colour, and the Q has no dark distal margin. ab. moeschleri Gr.-
Grsh. is darker yellow, almost orange-yellow. — In Dr. StaupinGEr’s collection there are specimens which might
be treated as hybrids of pelidne and nastes; upper surface greenish yellow, veins black-brown, the dark margin
sharp. This form may be named standfussi. pelidne is not a constant form, but on the other hand does not
vary very much, so that no positive characteristics can be given for skinneri Barnes. — chippewa Hdw., from
the Mackenzie River (British North America), appears to be a transition between pelidne and palaeno; STRECKER
considers it a form of palaeno; it is an aberration very difficult to differentiate. The 2 is more like a 2 of palaeno
than of pelidne.

C. philodice Godt. (= dorippe Godt., palaeno Cr., europome Steph.) (27a) (the Common Sulphur or Puddle
Butterfly), is distributed from New England to Florida and westwards to the Rocky Mountains. This species is very
common and often occurs in swarms, enlivening the edges of the roads and clover fields. It only varies a little in
the width of the black margin. White 99 are distinguished as ab. alba Stgr. 7. 1. — ab. anthyale Hbn. is a form with

labrado~ t99

rensis.

moeschleri. SY

standfussi. 270
skinneri.go7
chippewa. ode

philodice. IGF

sd
alba 5

anthyal

narrow dark margins. — In Guatemala occurs guatemalena Stgr. v. l., a deeper yellow form with somewhat quatemalena s77

broader dark margin to the upper surface. The under surface is somewhat more strongly dark-marked. —
Egg light yellow to red, iridescent. Larva slender, green, with light green longitudinal stripes; lives on clover.
Pupa light green.

C. chrysomelas Hy. Edw. (27a, b), from the-coast districts of North California, is larger and in the chrysomelas. sd
4

male more glossy, also with broader dark margin than philodice. he under surface is dark orange, light yellow
in the middle of the forewing. The 2 is much lighter yellow and has in the broad distal margin of the forewing
larger, but diffuse yellow spots. The under surface is light yellow.

C. hageni Edw. (27b), from Canada, has the forewmg narrow and pointed, particularly in the male.
The upper surface in the g is beautifully yellow, the black distal margin of the forewing, contrary to that of
other allied species, broadest at the inner angle. The ground-colour of the under surface is but little different
from the upper. The Q is grey-yellow, has broader grey-black distal margin, in which large yellow spots are
placed, the under surface is grey-yellow.

C. alexandra Hdw. (27b) (the Alexandra Sulphur), from Colorado, is in the g above similar to philodice,
but has more glossy yellow ground-colour with orange-yellow tinge, particularly on the hindwing. The under
surface, however, is very different in both sexes, namely silver-grey on the hindwing with silvery median spot.
The 2 is light yellow, has a small dark distal margin to the forewing or none at all, but black median spot, and
is sometimes suffused with orange-yellow.

C. edwardsii Hdw. (27b), from Virginia, has the upperside lemon-yellow mixed with orange, with narrow
dark margins. The under surface is as uniform as in alexandra, but yellow, sprinkled with black on the hind-
wing, the distal margin is reddish. Probably a form of alexandra. ;

C. harfordi Hy. Hdw., from California, is lighter yellow above, with narrower dark distal margin, inter-
sected by the yellow veins, and is still less marked beneath, in the female showing the beginning of a submarginal
macular band on the forewing and narrower distal margin (proximally dentate) than barbara Hy. Edw. (27b, c),
which also occurs in California. The lemon-yellow gf has narrow dark distal margins, the almost sulphur-yellow 2

only a diffuse distal margin to the forewing. The under surface is similar to that of philodice.

C. boothii Curt. (27c), from arctic America (Boothia felix), occurring up to lat. 75°, appears to be very
rare. The markings in the sexes are not so different as is the case in the allied species. The ¢ has besides the
dark distal margin on the forewing an almost complete submarginal band and on the hindwing the beginning
of one. The under surface, particularly in the J, is strongly greenish. In ab. chione Curt. (as in the Palaearctic
nastes ab. insignata, vol. 1, pl. 25c) the dark distal margin of the forewing is wanting. — Flies from the middle
of July to the middle of August amd is fond of resting on the flowers of Oxytropis arctica and campe-
stris (CURTIS).

C. interior Scudd. (= occidentalis Scudd., emilia Hdw., astraea Wdw.) (27c), from South Canada and
the Rocky Mountains (the Pink-edged Sulphur), is very similar to plilodice, but the dark distal margins are
much narrower and the yellow ground-colour runs into them in streaks, the fringes are rose-red. On the under-
side the apex of the forewing and the anterior part of the hindwing are rusty orange-yellow. The 2 has almost
white upper surface and broader, but diffuse, distal margin to the forewing.

C. scudderi Peak. (27c) (= Seudder’s Sulphur), from Colorado, Utah, Montana and British Co-
lumbia, has broader, but grey-besprinkled dark distal margin. The 9 is usually white, very rarely yellowish,
and has only traces of dark margining. The under surface of the g is yellow, dusted with grey-green at the

hageni. SIE

é
alexandra. IS:

edwardsti. a) Zz

harfordi. 507

barbara. 5O8

boothii, JUL

chione. IVA

interior. S00

scudderi. JOE

st nastes.

\ rossit
n si

hela.
h moma.

streckert.
ev

iN behri.

4
44 imperialis.

ocuter

& rulilans.
\ cunning-
1S ham.

Aunt
Nrcaai

Wi.

92 COLIAS. By J. Rober.

apex and distal margin of the forewing as well as on the hindwing, particularly at the costal margin. The sil-
very median spot of the hindwing is edged with reddish. Larva on bilberry and willow. Hpwarps’ attempt at
breeding was unsuccessful, as the larvae died during the winter. — The butterfly flies in July at an altitude
of 9000 ft.

C. nastes Bdv. (27d) (the Arctic Sulphur), from Labrador, Greenland, Alaska and the Rocky Moun-
tains in British Columbia, is dark grey-green with grey-black margins and red fringes. The 2 is more yellowish
and has more distinct yellowish submarginal spots on both wings. The under surface of the forewing is impure
whitish, with greenish yellow scales, the rose-red fringes are conspicuous, the hindwing is yellowish green, lighter
at the margin, the white median spot is bordered with red and distally to it is placed a diffuse red spot, the rose-
red fringes are broader than on the forewing. The 9 has a somewhat lighter under surface and on the forewing
some small black submarginal spots. — rossii Gn., from Boothia felix, has in the g a gold-yellow centre to the
forewing above, the @ is white. —hela Strecker, moma Strecker and streckeri Gir.-Grsh., from Hudson’s Bay,
are aberrations which cannot be accurately fixed, as the species varies as strongly in America as in Lappland
(werdandt).

C. behri Hdw. (27d), from the mountains in the west of North America, principally of California, is
a very variable species. The 9 is above yellowish green, densely and regularly powdered with blackish, with
conspicuous yellow median spot on the hindwing. The dark distal margin is indistinct on the forewing, but
sharply defined on the hindwing. The fringes in the ¢ are yellowish, in the 9 rose-red. The under surface in
the 3 is green-grey, the median spot is indistinct on the forewing, but on the hindwing conspicuous, as above,
the costal margin of the hindwing is red. The 9 has darker under surface and red fringes.

C. imperialis Bilr. (27d), from Tierra del Fuego (Port Famine), is in both sexes so characteristically
marked that it is impossible to confuse it with any other known species. Upper surface in the g deep orange-
red, the distal margin on the forewing broad, occupying fully a third of the wing, but narrower on the hind-
wing, both wings with large black median spot, inner margin of the hindwing yellow, under surface greenish
yellow, middle of the forewing orange with light-centred black median spot and black submarginal markings
and similar ones at the inner margin, hindwing with orange-red median spot and indistinct orange-yellow spots
round the discocellular. 9 less vivid orange with broader marginal markings, im which orange-red spots are
placed, ground-colour of the under surface much more greenish than in the g, but with the same markings. The
locality of this species has not as yet been established with certainty, but is probably correct.

C. vautieri Guér. (27e), from Chile, is in the g above orange-red with broad black-brown margin and
median spot of the same colour on the forewing, the black-brown margin of the hindwing is much narrower and
is suddenly reduced towards the inner angle; the hindwing has-a smaller, indistinct dark median spot. The
under surface of the forewing is orange-red, at the margins and particularly at the apex yellowish, and has a
black median spot and a submarginal row of black spots, which are larger posteriorly. The under surface of the
hindwing is yellow, slightly orange in the middle, the reddish median spot has a light centre, a reddish diffuse
spot is placed at the base of the wing and in addition there is a row of small reddish submarginal spots; the
inner margin is greenish. The Q has above yellowish white ground-colour, broader dark distal margins on both
wings and light submarginal spots. The ground-colour of the underside of the forewing is impure white, of the
hindwing yellowish. ab. rutilans Bdv. are $g with broader dark margin.

C. cunninghami Btlr. (27e), from Keuador, is only known in the male. Similar to vautieri, but larger,
apical and distal-marginal border narrower, fringes orange-yellow. Under surface differing but little from that
of vautieri, the reddish spots of the hindwing larger, the black spots of the forewing on the contrary smaller,
fringes rose-red.

C. minuscula Btlr. (27e), from Keuador, is apparently nothing but a ,,miniature edition’: of cunning-
hanw. The 9 has white ground-colour, is similar to the vautieri-2, has on the upper surface of the hindwing less
marg nal marking, but is more strongly marked on the under surface, particularly of the hindwing.

C. meadi Hdw. (27d), from the mountains of Colorado, has orange-red ground-colour and almost uni-
formly broad, light-sprinkled, dark distal margin. In the g the median spot of the forewing is only indicated, in
the 2 distinct, with light centre. The latter has small yellowish spots in the dark distal margin. The under
surface is strongly yellow, in the middle of the forewing orange-red with conspicuous white, red-bordered median
spot on the hindwing, less conspicuous dark median spot on the forewing and rose-red fringes. No white 99
seem to occur in this.species. — Larva on clover, not different from the-elis-larva. Pupa shaped like that of
philodice, colouring green-yellow, ventral side more vivid than dorsal, head-projection yellow, a dark dorsal
costal line, small whitish spots on the whole body, wing-cases granulated. — Flies in July.

C. elis Strecker (Strecker’s Sulphur) (27f), from the western mountains of North America (Rocky
Mountains), has brilliant orange-red ground-colour and much narrower dark distal margin than meadi. The 9
has paler ground-colour and much more yellow submarginal marking. The under surface is more sombre on

COLIAS. By J. Rober. 93
account of the dark sealing. According to StRECKER white 99 also occur. The larvae hatch at the end of July,
in captivity they pupate in the middle of April. The full-grown larva is dark yellow-green, on the back
somewhat lighter than at the sides, densely covered with short black hairs which are placed on small tubercles,
each of which is surrounded with whitish, on each segment a black spot (occasionally absent), above the legs
a white stripe, head light green. Pupa lke that of meadt.

C. eurytheme Bdv. (= amphidusa Bdv.) (27f) is distributed from Canada to Mexico and from the
Atlantic to the Pacific; the species does not appear to ascend high in the mountains. It is extraordinarily
variable. — In hecate Weeks the wings are apparently somewhat more pointed, the veins in the apex of the fore-
wing are less prominently yellow, the ground-colour is somewhat deeper orange-red. Q-ab. alba Weeks is dis-
tinguished from the similar eurytheme-form ab. albina (= alba Sigr. 7. 1.) by more sharply defined and rounder
white spots in the dark distal margin. — keewaydin Hdw. is the winter form with paler ground-colour in both
sexes; the f has often a narrower dark distal margin. — The summer form eriphyle Hdw. (27e) has yellow ground
colour and is above only distinguished from philodice by the yellow veins in the apex of the forewing. — ariadne
Edw. (27f) suggests a distinct species on account of the localized distribution of the yellow and the orange-red
colouring and by the narrow distal margin. — californiana Mén., from New California, is compared by the
author with the European edusa; in the description no definite differential characters are given; the under sur-
face is said to be as in myrmidone. — autumnalis Cock. is similar to eriphyle, but smaller, with narrower margins,
the hindwing is more grey-green. Flies in the autumn and spring. — Full-grown larva with dark velvety green
back, on each side a narrow white line, on which are placed irregular shiny vermilion spots, some of them being
shaded with orange-yellow. Under surface green. Pupa green with a stigmatal yellow line, above which on
each segment is placed a brown dot, a subdorsal brown spot, which begins at the margin of the wing-cases and
occupies two or three segments. Egg greenish white, transparent, pointed at one end and obtuse at the other,
longitudinally ribbed, with oblique stripes between. :

C. christina Edw. (27f, g), from the Slave River, has slight orange-red ground-colour and is conspicuous
by the yellow basal part of both wings. The underside has no markings except the median spot. The 9 is almost
white, its forewing with only a@ little dark dusting at the distal margin and black, white-centred median spot.

C. lesbia F. is distributed from South Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) southwards and westwards into the
high mountains. Specimens from South Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina differ so little that they cannot be
separated. This form is in the male dark orange-yellow, specimens with violet reflections are not rare; the black-
brown distal margin is not sharply defined proximally. The under surface with the exception of the reddish
middle of the forewing is vivid yellow with the usual Colias-marking. The ground-colour of the upper surface in
the 2° is very variable: orange-yellow, yellow, yellowish or white with grey dusting; greenish grey specimens
also occur. The white Q-form has the name ab. heliceoides Capr. Probably the name pyrrhothea Hbn. (27¢)
applies to the form from South Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, whilst the paler specimens from Patagonia
should be regarded as the true lesbia. —andina Stgr., from Bolivia (8000—4000 m), is sprinkled with blackish
and has a larger reddish basal spot on the underside of the hindwing. — arena Stgr., from Tierra del Fuego (Punta
Arenas), has narrower forewing with more pointed apex, light orange-yellow upper surface and broader dark
distal margins. — antarctica Stgr., from Tierra del Fuego, is a white 9-form with unspotted distal margin. —
puna Fruhst., from Peru (Puno, 12 500 ft. elevation), has rounder wings, more thickly and darkly scaled, and
narrower dark distal margin to the hindwing. — Flies from November to January. CH. Darwin observed a large
swarm of these butterflies in Patagonia.

C. hecla Lef. (= boothii Bdv., groenlandica Riihl, glacialis Mc. Lachl., hela Strecker) (27 g) occurs in
Greenland and extends there to lat. 82°. It differs from the Palaearctic form sulitelma Auriv. by dark, duller
ground-colour; the under surface has the same character. — pallida Skinner & Mengel is a lighter form.

C. dinora Kirby (27g), from Ecuador (12 000—16 000 ft.), is orange-yellow, with washed-out, moder-
ately broad dark distal margin to the forewing; the hindwing has a submarginal row of small, dark, inconspi-
cuous spots. The under surface on the forewing is somewhat lighter, on the hindwing somewhat darker than
the upper, the median spot is white, small and margined with reddish. The 9 has lemon-yellow ground-colour
and yellow spots in the dark distal margin of the forewing — alticola Godm. d Salv., from Peru (8000 m),
is larger, has somewhat blue reflections, darker and broader distal margin to the forewing, also narrower distal
margin to the hindwing, more distinct median spot, sharper yellow colour on the basal part of both wings and
somewhat lighter, but more strongly marked under surface.

C. flaveola Bl. (27h), from Chile and Bolivia (mountains), is pale orange-yellow in the 9, in the rather
broad dark distal margin of the forewing are placed four large yellowish white subapical spots, the under sur-
face has dull sulphur-yellow ground-colour. Deeper orange-yellow coloured female specimens are common
and may be designated ab. saturata. — euxanthe I/dr. (= Scalidoneura hermina Bilr.) (27h), from Peru,
differs but little. The upper surface is deeper coloured and the under surface more strongly marked. White
© go by the name ab. alba Stqr. 1. l.

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inerapis.

94 MEGANOSTOMA; NATHALIS. By J. Rober.

C. dimera Dbl. dé Hew. (= erythrogramma Koll.) (27h) is ikewise a mountain species indigenous to Colombia,
Peru, Ecuador, etc., and apparently little variable. The upper surface of the forewing is orange-yellow, that
of the hindwing lemon-yellow. The dark margin of the forewing is moderately broad, that of the hindwing
somewhat variable, occasionally it is entirely wanting, as also the black median spot of the forewing. The
under surface is sulphur-yellow and has a row of reddish submarginal spots, a diffuse spot at the base and a
white, red-bordered median spot on the hindwing. The@ is above and beneath yellowish white.

25. Genus: Meganostoma Reak.

The species of this genus were formerly united with Colias. But apart from differences in neuration
the Meganostoma-species are even superticially characterised by the sharply pointed forewing. The 9? have
an organ which is only observable in newly emerged specimens on account of its being so very perishable,
namely soft, membranous, three-jointed structures on the tarsi of the middle and hindlegs, which have been
named eupronechiae by their discoverer REAKiRT. Their purpose is not known. Meganostoma is further well
differentiated from the other Pierids by the absence of a pad between the claws. The larvae live on Leguminosae.

M. eurydice Bdv. (= Q lorquini Bdv., wosnesenskii Mén.) (26 f) (the Californian Dog-face), from Cali-
fornia, has in the male a brilliant sheen on the upper surface only rarely occurring in Pierids. Occasionally
also the hindwing has a narrow black distal margin. The Q is unicolorous yellow with a large black median
spot on the forewing and reddish marginal spots. The marking of the under surface in both sexes is thoroughly
Colias-like. The larva lives on Amorpha californica. Ege spindle-shaped, thick in the middle, running
out into a rounded point, with longitudinal ribs. Full-grown larva cylindrical, of uniform thickness from
segment 3 to 11, densely covered with small black tubercles, on each of which a very fine black hair
is placed, from segment 3 to 11, a narrow white band above the legs, above this band on the 38. and
4. segments, in the middle of each segment, is a glassy, semicircular appendage, black with purple reflection;
on the remaining segments this structure is only occasionally found. Colour dark green, underside blue-green,
also the legs; head round, only a little depressed at the vertex, strongly covered with fine black dots, each
of which bears a short black hair. Pupation takes place six days after the larva ceases to feed. Pupa late-
rally compressed, the thorax projecting on the ventral side and forming a narrow prominence, abdomen pointed,
conical, mesothorax less projecting than in C. eurytheme and philodice, low, rounded, with a low keel, behind
which there is a slight incision. Head apple-green, a white stripe at the sides of the abdomen. Duration of
the pupal stage nie to ten days.

M. cesonia Stoll (= sesonia Mart., caroliniana Pet.) (26 f) (the Southern Dog-face) is distributed from
the United States of North America to Argentina. The 2 has reduced marginal marking, the black marking
at the distal margin of the hindwing is always absent. — cesonides Stgr., from Bolivia (3500 m), is smaller,
has narrower black distal margin, and the black dusting at the base is almost entirely absent. — cerbera Fidr.,
from Venezuela, has on the under surface of the hindwing red longitudinal stripes (is doubtless only an aber-
ration). — rosea Stgr. i. l., from Colorado, has small black stripes instead of the black distal margin of the
hindwing. — centralamericana Sigr. i. 1. has very broad black margin also to the hindwing and on the latter
orange-yellow spots before the black distal margin. — bernardino Hdw. is only a small form.

M. philippa F. (26 e), from Bolivia, has in the 3 the apex of the forewing rounded, in the 2 on the con-
trary it is rather pointed. In the marking there is no constant difference.

M. cynops Bilr. (26 e), from Haiti, has the apex of the forewing rounded in both sexes. The § has broad
black margin, in the 9 this is broken up into spots.

M. helena Reak. (26 e), from Bolivia, has, especially in the female, the forewing very sharply produced.
The g has no black margin to the light orange-yellow hindwing, in the 2 the hindwing is likewise without mark-
ings except the yellow median spot and on the forewing the margin is broken up into spots. The under surface
in both sexes has a considerable amount of red marking.

M. therapis Fidr. (26 f), from Venezuela and California, has the forewing sharply pomted. The ¢ is
lemon-yellow, the? light sulphur-yellow. Both have strongly reduced distal-marginal marking and on the under
surface much red marking.

Very probably the genus Meganostoma has only two species, eurydice and cesonia; all the other forms
described above I should consider only aberrant forms or slight local modifications of cesonia.

26. Genus: Nathalis Bdv.
This genus only embraces two small species, of which even the superficial appearance forbids any
confusion with other genera. The antennae have strikingly knob-like clubs. The palpi are rather hairy than
scaled and the subcostal has three branches, two of which branch off before the discocellular.

EUCHLOE; ANTHOCHARIS. By J. Rober. 95

N. jole Bdv. (= felicia Poey) (27h), from the southern States of North America, Mexico, Colombia
and Cuba, is lemon-yellow with black apex and black imnermarginal stripes on the forewing, also at the costal
margin of the hindwing there is a long black spot. The Q has the upper surface of the hindwing pale orange-
red. ab. irene Fitch (27h) is a Q-form with the hindwing deeper orange-yellow and more strongly marked
with black. —luteolus Reak., from Honduras, is a more orange-yellow form, strongly marked with dark.

N. plauta Dbl. @ Hew. (27h), from Venezuela and Colombia, has yellow upper surface, very broad black
distal margin to the forewing and a large orange-yellow spot at the anterior part of the hindwing. Under
surface of the forewing in the middle orange-yellow, at the margin greenish yellow, the hindwing greenish,
yellow at the margin. The Q has the upperside of the forewing almost black.

27. Genus: Kuehloێ Hon.

Of this genus, which is represented in the Palaearctie Region by nine species, there are only three in
the American Region. Antennae and palpi shaped as in the following genus Anthocharis. Of the five subcostal
veins only one arises before the apex of the cell. The upper radial is coincident with the subcostal almost to
V's. — Ege spindle-shaped, with small protuberances at the sides. Larva slender with small head. Pupa pointed
at both ends, the breast only a little raised.

E. ausonides Luc. (28 a) is distributed from Colorado to California, also occurring on Vancouver Island.
Upper surface white with black median spot and grey-black apical and subapical markings on the forewing.
Under surface white with black median spot on the forewing and yellow-green ,,parsley‘-marking on the hind-
wing and the apex of the forewing. — Larva on Crucifers, cylindrically slender, head small, round, green, black-
spotted, body entirely covered with black granules, each of which bears a short hair, longitudinally marked
with three pale-coloured stripes, a dorsal one and one at each side, the interspaces yellow, the lateral stripes
margined beneath with white to yellow; ventral legs greenish yellow, thoracic legs black. Pupa slender, cylin-
drical, thickest in the middle, uniformly pointed, grey-brown, and covered with fine dark longitudinal stripes.

E. creusa Db/. dé Hew. (28a), from the Rocky Mountains, is similar to the preceding species, but the
black median spot of the forewing is large and square. The markings of the under surface are grass-green and
the light spots on the hindwing are silver-white. Almost nothing is known of the early stages.

E. hyantis Edw. (28 a), from California, is above very similar to creusa, but on the underside of the
hindwing more yellow-green and the spots are there only white but not shiny.

28. Genus: Anthoecharis Bav.

This genus is only represented in America by four species. It differs from the preceding genus in that
two subcostal veins arise before the discocellular. The upper radial is only shortly coincident with the sub-
costal. Larva slender, narrower at both ends, with soft hairs. Pupa canoe-shaped, with strongly projecting
breast (boot-shape), produced into a point at the ends, weakly keeled on the back.

A. sara Luc. (= flora Wright) (28 a) is distributed all over the United States of North America. Upper
surface white with large orange-red apical spot, which is margined with black distally and proximally. Hind-
wing white. ab. reakirtii Edw. (28 a) differs from sara by the presence of black dots at the distal margin of
the hindwing. The 2 of sara has slightly yellowish upper surface and smaller and paler orange spot. ab. stella
Edw. has in the 3 the bordering round the orange spot less black, also the spot itself is smaller and paler; the
2 has yellow upper surface. ab. julia Hdw. (28 a) differs from sara in that the proximal black bordering of the
orange spot is interrupted and the hindwing has larger black marginal spots. — Earlier stages unknown.

A. thoosa Scudd. (28a), from California (which is only known to me from the figure), shows in pattern
no difference between the sexes, only’the ground-colour ofthe § above and beneath is white, that of the 2 yel-
lowish. Is probably scarcely a separate species, but a large, strongly marked form of sara.

A. cethura Fidr. (= angelina Bdv., cooperi Behr) (28 a), from California, has in the 3 the distal margin
of the forewing somewhat incurved. Upper surface white with small orange spot, very small dark apical mark-
ings, and black median spot. 9 with stronger black markings. ab. morrisoni Hdw. has larger and darker orange
spot also more black apical marking. — For this species GroTE has erected the genus Tetracharis.

jole. if

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chilensis.

96 MIDEA; ZEGRIS; EROESSA. By J. Réber.

A. pima Edw. (28 a), from Arizona, flies at the middle of March. Upper surface in both sexes yellow,
the black apical marking sometimes encroaches more or less on the yellow subapical spot. Under surface of
the hindwing yellow-green and marked with white.

OC TN kes FS) (BES we

29. Genus: Midea H.-Schaff. (‘7

The principal character of this genus consists in the shape of the wings, the forewing is somewhat fal-
cate. The neuration is scarcely different from that of Anthocharis. It is therefore purely a matter of opmion
whether the following species should be added to Anthocharis or associated in a separate genus.

M. genutia F. (= midea Hbn., Vherminieri Godt.) (the Faleate Orange-tip) (28 b) occurs throughout
the United States, in the north in one generation, in the south in two. Upper surface in both sexes white with
black median spot and black apical markings, the Jj with orange-yellow spot in the apex of the forewing. Under
surface white with grey-green markings on the hindwing and the apex of the forewmg. — Egg long, narrow,
thickest in the middle, moderately rounded towards the base, the latter broad and flattened, suddenly narrowed
towards the apex, so that the upper half is conical, the apex impressed, the micropyle surrounded by small,
irregular hexagonal cells, vertically ribbed, the number of the ribs about 16, of which half reach the tip and the
others terminate not far from it, the interspaces filled up by numerous fine grooves. Colour yellow-green. Dur-
ation of the egg-stage four days. Full-grown larva cylindrical, slender, head broad, colour dark yellow-green,
shiny, underside, ventral and thoracic legs lighter, a yellow band in the middle of the back from the 2. to the
13. segment, a broad white band above the legs, upperside decorated with six longitudinal rows of shiny black
tubereles, each with a short black hair which is thicker at the end. Pupa slender, abdomen long, round and
pointed, head with a pointed appendage, on the ventral side of the thorax an almost triangular, laterally com-
pressed lamp, which is hidden by the wing-cases; colour usually light yellow-brown with a reddish tinge and
darker on the mesothorax, the prolongation of the head brown, the wing-cases more or less spotted and striped
with black, at the back of the abdomen a row of small black spots, two to four on each segment, and a subdor-
sal row of small spots or dots.

M. limonea Bilr. (28 b), from Mexico, is much larger than genutia, has the upper surface of the hind-
wing yellow, and the forewing is not pure white as in genutia. The marking at the apex of the forewing is rather
different from that of genutia. 2

M. lanceolata Luc. (Boisduval’s Marble) (28 b) is distributed from North California to Alaska, but rare.
The upper surface is white with black median spot and slight blackish apical markings, which are enlarged
in the 9. The under surface is sprinkled with brown, the veins especially are distinctly scaled with brown. —
Larva green, laterally light blue with white stripes, also with small black dots, each with a short black bristle;
it lives on Turritis.

30. Genus: Begris Rbr.

The Palaearetic species of this genus are distinguished by their life-history. The larvae do not pupate
free like most other Pierids, but in a cocoon in which traces of the girdle are still present. As the larva of the
only American species is not yet known, it cannot be proved with certainty whether it belongs to this genus.
But according to the neuration and the marking of the under surface olympia belongs to the genus Zegris.

Z. olympia Edw. (28 b), from Texas, is white above, with large black median spot and small, shadowy
apical markings. The under surface has the markings shown in the figure, which are somewhat reduced in
ab. rosa Edw.

31. Genus: Eroéssa Dol.

This genus is nearly allied to the Palaearetic and North American Euchloé and Anthocharis, in it, how-
ever, both the radials of the forewing are free and the cell is consequently closed by three discocellulars. The
forewing has slightly undulate distal margin and five-branched subcostal, the two first subcostals arise before
the end of the cell, the third far behind it. The precostal is directed proximally. The palpi are very slender,
anteriorly long-haired. The only species of this genus inhabits the high mountains of Chile.

E. chilensis Guér. (28 c) has white ground-colour on the upper surface, with black apical half of the
forewing, in which is placed a large orange-red spot. The hindwing has a row of black marginal and submarginal

ANDINA; PHULIA. By J. Rober. 97

spots; in the Q the latter are larger and hook-shaped, also the orange-red submarginal spot 1s narrower and
there are two white spots in the apex of the forewing. Beneath the ground-colour of the hindwing in the J is white,
in the Q light yellow; the black spots placed in the middle of the hidwing are more distinctly edged with rust-
yellow in the 3. Apparently rare and local.

32. Genus: Andina Sigr.

This genus, containing only one species, inhabits the mountains of Bolivia at the highest limit at which
animal life can exist. The butterfly was discovered by G. GARLEPP at an elevation of about 5800 m. The upper
surface of the species presents the appearance of a pale-coloured Colias, the under surface is also Colias-like,
but the veins and the structure of antennae show that it is not very closely allied to this genus. The antennae
have distinctly knob-shaped clubs, the lower radial of the forewing arises directly from the subcostal, hence
the upper and middle discocellulars are wanting; the upper radial does not arise until far beyond the discocel-
lular. The hindwing has a well developed precostal, directed proximad.

A. huanaco Sigr. (28 c) is in the g white above, the smaller 2 yellowish, the base suffused with black-
ish, the forewing has a marginal and a shorter submarginal band as well as a large black median spot, hind-
wing without markings. Under surface of the forewing white resp. yellowish, costal margin and apex dusted
with grey, with smaller subapical spots and smaller median spot. Under surface of the hindwing dark grey,
more or less dusted with yellow-brownish, with a light median spot and a row of not very distinct blackish
submarginal spots. — GARLEPP says: ,,it flies only on the highest summits of the Cordilleras, amidst the wildest
boulders and most desolate masses of rock; [ cannot understand its choosing such wastes and deserts, or how
it can exist there at all, where it must sometimes be daily covered with snow and ice, where there is absolutely
no vegetation, and where only the condor makes his abode’. In these heights a tempestuous wind constantly
prevails, so that the insect can only fly in the brief lulls. Was taken in February.

33, Genus: Phulia 4.-Schiff.

The habits of this genus are almost the same as those of Andina, except that Phulia does not ascend
to the summits of the mountains, but stops at a height of from 4000 to 5000 m. The species fly at the same
time as Andina. — Whilst in Andina the second subcostal vein branches off at the discocellular, in Phulia
it mostly arises before the end of the cell, occasionally at the cell-end (nysias), on the other hand the lower
radial is always coincident with the subcostal, though sometimes only for a little way (nympha); the cell is there-
fore only closed by the lower discocellular. The species are very similar. The genus most nearly allied to this
and the preceding one is Baltia, from the highest mountains of the Palaearctic Region.

P. nymphula Bl., Stgr. (28 c) has been described from specimens from Chile, but Sraupincur identifies
a species from Bolivia (that figured as nymphula) with it. BLANCcHARD’s figure does not appear to be accurate;
so long as no Chilian specimens can be compared it remains uncertain whether the form figured is the true nym-
phula. It is one of the larger species of the genus.

P. nympha Sigr. (28 c, d), from Bolivia, is the largest species of the genus and has also the most mark-
ings both above and beneath. Very striking, particularly in the g, is the basally prolonged black median spot
on the upperside of the forewing.

P. nymphaea Sigr. (= nymphula Weym., nymphula Stgr.) (28 d), from Bolivia (IIhmani and Cocapota),
has rather reduced black markings on both surfaces. The 9, in addition to an increase of the black markings
on the forewing, has also rather large, wedge-shaped black spots on the upperside of the hindwing.

P. illimani Weym. (28d), from Bolivia (Illimani and Cocapota), has somewhat stronger black apical
marking, but no subapical one, and the black median spot is. wanting. The under surface of the forewing
has at the apex grey-yellow dusting only, but no black marking.

P. nymphagoga Sigr. 7. J. (28d), from Bolivia (Cocapota), is one of the smallest species, and has on
the forewing a considerable amount of black marking, also a black median spot, but in the g the hindwing is
entirely without markings. The 9 has on the forewing more black markings (the marginal macular band
reaches to the inner angle) and the hindwing has rather large black marginal spots, also small submarginal
spots, and is besides somewhat dark-scaled. The under surface, especially at the apex of the forewing, is more
marked with black than in the other small species.

P, nysias Weym. (28 e), from Bolivia (Illimani and Cocapota), is distinguished at once by the under
suriace of the hindwing, which (as in Andina huanaco) is grey with black spots. The 92 are vivid sulphur-

V 13

huanaco. hid

nymphula. * & '

nympha. Vb!
nymphaea, " b
ilimani. “ 64

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nysias. ! O4Y

ay

6
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at rialis.

Mrenia

98 PSEUDOPIERIS; DISMORPHIA. By J. Rober.

yellow and have more black markings, also on the hindwing small black marginal spots, and the veins of
the forewing are dusted with black.

P. nysiella Stgr. 1. 1. (28d), from Bolivia (Cillutincara, 3000 m), taken by GaRLEPP in January 1896,
is the smallest species, with broader forewing. Upper surface white, hindwing without markings, forewing
with sharply separated small black marginal spots, three larger black subapical spots and very small black median
spot. Under surface similar to that of nysias, but the hindwing lighter grey, with much yellowish scaling, fore-
wing with small, very indistinct subapical spots, median spot of the forewing absent. Q still unknown.

34. Genus: Pseudopieris G. ¢ 8.

With this genus begins a small group of genera which cannot with certainty be reckoned Pierids and
yet can still less be associated with any other family. The position of the last genus Styx especially is very
doubtful. Pseudopieris was formerly united with Dismorphia, but has rightly been separated from it. Although
there is no decisive difference in the neuration, yet the much more Pierid-like facies, as well as the form of the
short antennae, which do not at all possess the length characteristic of Heliconius or the Ithomiids, and also
the want of striking sexual dimorphism, present sufficient generic characters. — According to the observations of
Herr Ricu. Harnscu the forms of Pseudopieris do not differ essentially in habits from the Pteris-like Dismorphias.

P. nehemia is distributed from Mexico to South Brazil, and also occurs in the mountainous west. Upper
surface in both sexes white with black margin to the forewing. This is very narrow in nehemia, Bdv. (= cydno
Dbl. & Hew.) (28 e), only exceptionally somewhat broader. It is not much broader in viridula Fldr., from Co-
lombia, which has slightly greenish upper surface. This border is much broader in the apex of the forewing
in aequatorialis Fldr., from Ecuador. The underside in all these forms is white on the forewing, yellowish
on the hindwing and the apex of the forewing. A blackish spot on the discocellulars of the hindwing is occa-
sionally absent in nehemia, in the other forms apparently constant.

Whether P. penia Hopff. (28 e), from Peru, is a separate species, I must leave undecided. In this form

‘the black apical border is still broader than in aequatorialis, but in addition the border is strongly widened

in the middle of the distal margin. As there is no blackish spot at the discocellular on the under surface of
the hindwing, Hoprrer considers penia as a separate species. But as was shown in nehemia, the presence or
absence of this spot cannot be taken as a specific criterion.

35. Genus: Dismorphia Hbn.

This genus is distributed from the southern states of North America to South Brazil and from east
to west, especially developed in the western mountains, but most species have not a large area of distribution.
All the species differ so considerably both in superficial appearance and in neuration from their relatives that
they cannot be recognised as ,,Whites‘‘ without further examination. They doubtless represent another
branch of the Pierid stirps. Their nearest relatives — with the exception of Pseudopieris — are the Palae-
arctic Leptidia and perhaps Pseudopontia from West Africa. A great number of the species resemble Itho-
miids, Acraeids (Actinote) and Heliconines, which are protected by their bad smell and taste, yet cases of de-
ceptive similarity are not common. Sometimes only the female is a so-called mimic. The sexual dimorphism
in many species is so great that the identity of the sexes can only be proved with difficulty. — Bur.er not only
retained Htpner’s genus Hnantia (with melite as type), but also erected a further genus, Moschonewra (with
methymna as type). Since there is neither any necessity for such a division, nor are the characters given for
these genera tenable, the genus (which is also known under the name Leptalis Dalm.) is here retained in the
customary extent. — I am indebted for the following biological notes to Herr Rich. HAENscH, who made obser-
vations during his travels in South America, especially in Ecuador: larva and pupa are not known to him.
The Ithomiid-like species, such as orise, theonoe, ete., like the Ithomiids, are fond of the shades of the thick
forests of trees, whilst the more brightly coloured ones, praxinoe, astyocha, are also found in lighter places in
the woods. The $$ of the latter when flying assume a position in which the large light spot of scent-scales
on the upper surface of the hindwing is covered, so that they, like their 99, are not distinguishable from the
similarly marked Mechanitis. Forms like nemesis, critomedia, leonora, etc., prefer small clearings in the woods
and are fond of resting, with the wings spread out, on the tops of bushes upon which the sun shines. The
seasonally common yellow and white forms, such as medora, limnorina, Pseudopieris nehemia, ete., .make
their appearance at the beginning resp. end of the rainy season often in large numbers on scented umbelli-
ferous flowers by the wayside and at the edges of the woods; they do not differ noticeably from the true Pierids.
The mimetic forms are scarcely distinguishable in their habits from the similar Ithomiids; they occur in the
same localities as these, but do not fly in company with them. On the other hand their colouring regularly
corresponds with the local forms of Ithomiids, which is especially well seen in the theonoe-forms.

DISMORPHIA. By J. Rober. 99

D. cretacea S. & K. (28 e), from South Brazil (Espirito Santo), has white upper surface with broad cretacea. £50
black apex, which, especially in the Q, is strongly sinuate in the posterior part. The hindwing has small black
distal border. The under surface is yellowish white, the forewing without markings in the g, in the 9 with
a black subapical band and a black spot near the inner angle, the hindwing has 2 black-grey transverse bands,
of which one is placed in the centre, the other near the costal margin.

D. isodrita Bdv. (28 e), said to be from Brazil, known to me in one @ from Colombia, is scarcely speci- isodrita. ¥ 5]
fically different from cretacea. The black apical margin differs but little from that of cretacea, but has a very
small white subapical spot, the hindwing is entirely without markings. The under surface is more yellow and
the black subapical band of the forewing reduced to an indistinetly defined spot.

D. flavia Fldr. (H.-Schdff. 7. 1.), from Venezuela, is similar to isodrita, but is said to have shorter wings flavia. 634
and narrower cell. Unknown to me.

D. psamathe F’. (28 f), said to be from Guiana and Para, only known to me from South Brazil (Sao psamathe. 6 oF
Paulo and Santa Catharina), has in the black apex of the forewing a Jarge white spot. The 9? have mostly strongly
yellow hindwing. The under surface of the hindwing and the apex of the forewing are light ochre-yellow, the
hindwing has 2 grey-black transverse bands, in the gg the black subapical spot of the forewing is occasionally
absent.

D. acutipennis Bélr., from Trinidad, only before me in a f from Colombia, differs from psamathe only acutipennis. 6: 44
in having a lighter yellow under surface. — disjuncta form. nov. (28 f), from Rio Grande do Sul, is distinguished disjuncta. f° ry
by the proximal part of the black apical spot being broken up and the under surface as yellow as in
psamathe (seasonal form of psamathe?).

D. mercenaria Fldr. (28 f) comes from Venezuela, I have before me specimens from Peru; whether mercenaria. $50
these are different from Venezuelan specimens I cannot say. It has in the male a sontewhat narrower fore-
wing and differently shaped margin to the black apical spots, but is otherwise, especially in the female, not

different from cretacea. = verse tyra

: Al eae aS : = Co f
D. licinia Cr. (= galanthis Bates, phronima Ff.) (28 f), from the Upper Amazon (Peru), is distinguished Wein. 6ff
from mercenaria by the different shape of the proximal boundary of the black apical spot. The under surface

is somewhat lighter yellow.

G5e

D. aphrodite Fidr., from Brazil, is above chalk-white, distal margin black-brown with a white spot, aphrodite.
hindwing unicolorous. Under surface of the forewing in the ¢ sulphur-yellow in the middle, costal margin
and base saffron-yellow, small blackish dots at the costal margin, 2 unicolorous, costal and hind margins ochre-
yellow, black-brown apical band, hindwing in the 3 ochre-yellow, in the 9 much lighter, both beneath with
brownish stripes. Unknown to me.

669

D. marion G. ¢ S. (28 ¢), from Central America and South Brazil (Santa Catharina), is stmilar to marion.
psamathe, but has, in addition to the differences in the markings, both wings differently shaped. The under-
side of the forewing is less strongly marked.

D. thermesia Godt. (28 ¢), from Brazil (Sao Paulo), has the forewing very narrow in the male. In the thermesia. ‘660
2 the oblong black median spot of the forewing is absent. The under surface is pearly white with dark scale-
spots, the 2 has also black subapical markings on the forewing, which are wanting in the g. — thermesina thermesina. 66

Hopff., from Peru, has more black markings.

D. limnorina Fidr. (28 g), from Brazil (Minas Geraés), has peculiar wing-contour. The wings in the limnorina. bb
2 are entirely light yellow, in the ¢ light yellow in the posterior half. The underside has black submarginal
markings on the forewing in both sexes, but less in the g.

G63

D. dilis Bdv., from Brazil, is similar to licinia, but has on the forewing narrower and shorter black dilis.
markings. Under surface as in licimia. Only known to me from the description.

D. theugenis Dbl. (= colon Weym.) (28h), from Bolivia and Peru, has deep sulphur-yellow upper theugenis. ga?
surface with broad black apical marking and black median spot on the forewing as well as black margin to
the hindwing. The under surface is sulphur-yellow except for the white posterior part of the forewing, the
forewing has a black marginal spot in the middle of the distal margin and the hindwing 8 blackish transverse :
bands. 2 unknown to me. 2-+daz Jace

D. melite L. (28h), from South Brazil (Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul), has canary-yellow melite. Ag
upper surface with black marginal and central markings. The under surface as in the allied species is yellow
with 2 blackish transverse bands on the hindwing. The 99 have broader forewing and much lighter yellow

= ater nelle

oF
ava:
Gesmetia

&
amalia.

b

Q Ynirandola.

Zi. H0dob<

Jock, =
cauca.
Anes

ee
Ue

A ea
wah 8X*s a,
SNe tel,

BN edor, al.

Rs na.
® edorilla.

nn the hmdwing.
Ratbumacu Ag (te.

roser pina

S demeter.

Cd

N
w
Seah oe.

‘

othoé.

lelex.

By J. Rober.

100 DISMORPHIA.
sround-colour, almost white specimens are not rare: ab. alba form. nov. — jethys Bav. (= melite Jvoll.) (,,the
Mime‘ of the North Americans) occurs in Mexico, but probably also further south. This form has additional

black markings, such as a stripe from the base to the inner angle of the forewing.

D. cornelia Fidr. (28h), from Mexico, has ochre-yellow upper surface with black-brown markings
on the forewing and black-brown, irregular distal margin to the hindwing. The under surface with the excep-
tion of the whitish posterior part of the forewing is ochre-yellow with brownish spots and dots on the hindwing.
— amalia Stgr. (28h), from Chiriqui and Colombia, has much less dark marking on the forewing, especially
the broad median stripe is entirely absent, and the hmdwing has a uniformly broad dark distal margin.
The ground-colour is above and beneath lighter.

D. mirandola Hew. (29a), from Ecuador and Colombia, has black upper surface to the forewing with
yellow markings. The hindwing is clay-yellow on the anterior part (scent-spot), sulphur-yellow on the poster-
ior part, and has black markings. The 2 has on the forewing more and lighter yellow markings, the hind-
wing is light sulphur-yellow with black distal margin. The under surface in both sexes is light yellow with
silver-white spots and dark dusting. — cauca form nov., from West Colombia (Cauca Valley), has in the g
continuous yellow median band on the forewing, more reduced clay-yellow scent-spot on the hindwing, the
yellow marking near the base of the forewing wanting.

D. carthesis Hew. (29a), from Ecuador, is similar to mirandola, but has larger subapical spots on the
forewing, no yellow marking near the base of the hindwing, but a larger yellow spot at the inner margin. The
hindwing has a narrower yellow median band and much broader black distal margim. The under surface has on
the hindwing a broad yellow median band and broad black distal margin, in which are placed reddish white
submarginal spots.

-D. idonia Hew., from Ecuador, has the forewing similarly marked to that of carthesis, but the yellow
spot at the inner margin is absent. The yellow median band of the hindwing is more obliquely placed. The
under surface is entirely different: the grey-blackish hindwing has two yellow central transverse bands and
some small yellow marginal spots.

D. zaela Hew. (29a, b), from Colombia and Ecuador, has on the black-brown forewing in the g chrome-
yellow central and subapical spots. A large part of the hindwing is occupied by a grey scent-patch with a
silky gloss, the posterior part of this wing is proximally yellow, distally chrome-yellow, the distal margin black-
brown. The Q has light yellow markings on the forewing and a light sulphur-yellow hindwing with broad
black margin. The under surface in both sexes is marbled with white and grey-brown.

D. arcadia Fidr.
canary-yellow markings.
to that of zaela,

(29 b), from Colombia, is similar to the preceding species, but has in both sexes light
On the hindwing the g 3 has one yellow band and the 9 two.
but much yellower.

D. crisia Dru., from ,,Brazil*‘, is about the same shape as arcadia and the markings are similar. The inner
margin of the forewing is whitish, in the 2 the median spots are smaller. — Only known to me from Boisnu-
VAL’S description.

D. medora Dbl. (Q = casta Jvoll.) (29 b), from Colombia and Venezuela, has also a yellow spot at the
inner margin of the forewing; on the grey, silky scent-patch of the hindwing there is a sharply defined, oval
grey spot of scent-scales. The 2 has much broader yellow markings. — medorina Hew., from Bolivia, has
three larger yellow subapical spots on the forewing and the posterior yellow spot of the median band is separ-
ated from the other spots. The yellow band of the hindwing is orange-yellow in the anterior part. — medo-
rilla Hew., from Ecuador and Peru, has smaller yellow spots on the forewing and narrower yellow band on

D. proserpina S. ¢ K., from the Roraima, has above and beneath much lighter (almost white) markings
than demeter form. nov. (29 b), from Colombia and Venezuela, the latter has moreover on the scent-patch
of the hindwing no special, sharply defined scent-scale-spot like proserpina (separate species?); proserpina
I only know from the figures and descriptions. The under surface is much yellower in demeter but is otherwise
not different from that of proserpina.

D. othoé Hew. (29¢), from HEcuador and Colombia, is above black-brown with yellowish markings.
In the © the markings are more whitish and larger. The underside is pale yellow with blackish scale-markings.
D. zathoe Hew., from Colombia, is similar to othoé, but the median spots are smaller and yellower and |

the subapical spot is larger and white, also the band of the hindwing is more sharply yellow.

D. lelex Hew., from Ecuador, is somewhat larger than zathoe and has paler yellow markings, the median
spots of the forewing are larger, on the other hand instead of the one large white subapical spot there are two

—-~

The underside is similar -

DISMORPHIA. By J. Rober. 101

small yellowish spots. The hindwing is yellow and has only in the anterior part a proximally dentate black
distal margin. ;

~ OS

D. pimpla Hopff. (29c), from Bolivia, has the yellow subapical spots differently placed, also yellow pimpla. 6s7
dusting at the base of the forewing. The hindwing has the black margin narrow but uniform.

D. pallidula Bélr, (29c), from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, has white markings and a large, grey, oblong ean? -
scent-patch on the hindwing.

—~{ D. lysis Hew. (29¢), from Ecuador, has the white markings enlarged, no subapical spots, and the @ lysis. cif
has on the forewing a broad white median band reaching from the costal to the inner margin. The under y/
surface has pearl-white spots and much grey-yellow scale-marking. — peruana form. nov., from Peru, is some-“peruana. 0
what smaller, paler black and beneath with grey instead of yellow scales.

D. foedora Luc. (29d), from Venezuela and Peru, is white above with broad black apex and two sub- joeaora O07
basal stripes, of which the posterior one is joined to the border of the distal margin; the hindwing has a mode- aise oe
rately broad black border. The Q has on the forewing less black marking, on the other hand almost the whole Lore 33
posterior half of the hindwing is occupied by the black border. Both sexes have small white subapical spots.
The under surface is white with irregular dark markings. The @ has more and darker markings.

D. virgo Bates (29d), from Guatemala and Chiriqui, has black upper surface with white markings; virgo. 644
in the ¢ the scent-spot occupies the whole posterior half-f the hindwing and is shiny grey-white; the Q has 4)
on the hindwing a broad white median band. — lubifia Bilr., from Costa Rica, is distinguished by the white lubina.6 ie
median spot being divided by black veins. — luninfa Btlr., from Costa Rica, differs in the 2 from virgo in that lwnina. 6
the upperside of the hindwing is greenish at the inner margin.

D. lua Hew. (29d, e), from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, has very narrow forewing and broad hind- juq. 644
wing. Upper surface black-brown with yellow spots, anterior half of the hindwing in the 3 white-yellow.
2 with yellow bands and spots on the forewing and yellow hindwing broadly margined with black-brown. e
Under surface yellow with blackish bands on the hindwing, the 2 on the forewing also with subapical and
median black band. a

. D. lycosura Hew., from Peru, has almost black forewing with a large light yellow spot in the middle tycosura. 6 WY
and two small subapical yellow spots, hindwing grey-black with almost white scent-patch on the anterior part.
Under surface grey-black with large yellow spots in the middle of the hindwing and some red spots at its base, \
at the costal margin of the forewing three small yellow spots. Only known to me from the figure. Me wa :
D. leonora Hew. (29e), from Ecuador, has a smaller yellow spot in the middle of the hindmargin leonora. PP
of the forewing than lycosura, but also several small yellow spots. The hindwing is black-grey, on the grey-
white, silky scent-patch (friction-area) of the hindwing is placed a rather sharply defined yellow scent-scale-
spot, the inner margin of the hindwing is broadly grey-blue. The 9 is very different: white with broad black pe
margins, a black band in the cell of the forewing and three small white subapical spots. Under surface pearl-

white with yellow interneural stripes in the 3, whilst the @ has blackish markings which correspond more
to those of the upperside. = MWataning

D. niepelti Weym., which forms a transition to lewyi, differs from it in that the wedge-spot behind
the middle of the costa in the 3 is reduced to a streak and the whitish inner-marginal spot of the forewing ee
is so much enlarged that it extends beyond the median into the cell; from Ecuador.

D. lewyi Luc. (= nasua Fldr., Q kadenu Fidr.) (29e), from Venezuela, Colombia and Keuador, has lewy?. 596
black upper surface with subapical and postmedial yellow spots as well as whitish stripes at the inner margin — tage
of the forewing. The hindwing is black-brown, the scent-scale-patch is yellowish, the broad yellow inner j
margin is divided into spots by the black veins. The @ is yellowish white with broad black margins. Under Oe
surface pearl-white with yellow markings on the posterior and brownish markings on the anterior part of the = dolerla >

hindwing. In the 2 these markings are black-brown, also the forewing has black-brown subapical markings ff
and black-brown markings in the cell. — boliviensis Stgr. 1. 1., from Bolivia and Peru, has larger subapical boliviensis. TTL

and postmedial yellow spots on the forewing, but the light stripe at its inner margin is absent; the yellow
markings on the posterior part of the hindwing are somewhat lighter.

D. schausii Dogn., from Ecuador (Loja), has a similar female to that of lewyi. Upper surface black- schausiv. 64
grey with three white subapical spots and a small white spot at the costal margin at the discocellular, basal
part of the forewing white, upper surface of the hindwing black-grey, anterior part bluish white, under surface NB
of the forewing similar to the upper, but the subapical spots light yellow, hindwing black with yellow costal
margin, a small yellow stripe in the cell and three red basal spots.

D. critomedia Hbn. (= crisia Fidr.) (29e, f), from Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil (?), has on the critomedia. 644
black forewing a strongly curved broad white median band, which in the 9 is divided by a broad black stripe.
The hindwing is white with black margins. Under surface white with dark markings.

= ttome AL

fen ryope.

wv ;
lygdamis.

Nh Sncal =
“K rypostieta,

WN hippotas.

f

NN teresa.

x praxidice.

iN nemesis.

\ iridifaseia.

iy cinerascens.
\
melia.

\

acraeoides.

wy imetica.

Na unda.

\\

iN spio.

{
Weubana.
S
Nlysianac.
x tricolor.
rm (ob.

me ste
aieat. =

amphione.

arsinoe.
X

102 DISMORPHIA. By J. Réber.

D. euryope Luc. (29f), from Mexico, is above black with yellowish white median band on the forewing. _
The large friction-spot of the hindwing is light bluish, the scent-scale-spot on it white, from the inner margin to |

the middle of the hindwing runs a yellow band, divided into spots by the black veins.
from the figure.

Only known to me

The median band is much nar-
The 2 has
The underside has dull gloss, is grey-black

D. ines spec. nov. (291), from Ecuador, is a good deal like ewryope.
rower and snow-white, at the inner margin of the forewing there is a small yellow scale-stripe.
sulphur-yellow hindwing, broadly margined with black-brown.
and has white spots.

D. lygdamis Hew. (29f), from Heuador, has black upper surface with bluish markings. The under
surface is much more like that of a Catasticta than a Dismorphia. Only known to me from the figure.

D. hyposticta Fldr., from Venezuela and Colombia, has in the female yellow upper surface with broad
black-brown distal margin, interrupted median band and 3—4 small white subapical spots on the forewing,
the yellow ground-colour of the hindwing makes a tooth into the dark distal margin between the 3. median vein
and the lower radial. Under surface of the forewing similar to the upper, paler, with yellow marginal spots,
hindwing black-brown with a number of large yellow spots. Only known to me from the description.

has black-brown upper surface with white spots.
The @ has also black mark-

D. hippotas Hew. (29g), from Ecuador,
very similar to the g. Under surface impure white with yellowish spots of scales.
ings on the forewing.

D. teresa Hew. (= praxidice Hew.) (29g), from Ecuador, has black-blue, somewhat glossy upper sur-
face with white spots. The ¢ has besides the clay-yellow scent-spot at the costal margin of the hindwing a large
brand“ on the upper surface in the middle of the forewing. The 9 is very similar to the g. Underside
similar to that of hippotas.-

D. praxidice Het., from Ecuador, has more rounded forewing than teresa, somewhat darker under
surface, otherwise no constant differences.

D. nemesis Latr. (= atthis Dbl.) (29g), from Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, ete., has

The @ is,

a

the upper surface of the forewing dark ee sain small yellow spots, the anterior half of the hindwing (orale .

area) 1s shiny grey, the posterior part yellow. The Q is very different: white or yellowish with black mark-
ings, the hindwing has only a narrow black distal margin. The under surface is grey with lighter and yellow
spots. — viridifascia Bltr., from Costa Rica, has smaller, lmear yellow spots and on the hindwing a light greenish
band. @ with light brown margin.

D. cinerascens Salv. (29¢, 30a), from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, is black above and has on the forewing
white spots and on the hindwing a grey-blue, wedge-shaped band before the black distal margin. The 92
has black hindwing with a broad white median band. The under surface is similar to that of nemesis.

D. melia Godt. (30a), from Brazil (Santa Catharina and Sao Paulo), has the forewing black above with
yellow markings and the hindwing yellow with black markings. The Q is a so-called Acraeid-mimic, rather
similar to Acraea (Actinote) thalia and resp. anteas; this (Brazilian) form is acraeoides Hew. (80a), the other
form. mimetica Stgr., from Cayenne, has more y ellow sround-colour, but does not differ in the markings.

D. larunda Hew. (80a), from Ecuador, is a mimic of Heliconius. Upper surface black with yellow
median band and yellow submarginal spots as well as large red basal spot on the forewing and similarly marked
hindwing. The proximal part of the hindwing is beneath red, the broad black border has small white spots
and at the distal margin there is a yellow submarginal band.

D. spio Godt. (80a), from the Antilles, has the forewing sharply faleate in both sexes. In the @ the

yellow-red markings of the g are sulphur-yellow.

D. cubana H.-Sch. (80b), from Cuba, has the forewing only moderately pointed and resembles spio
in markings and colouring.

D. lysianax Hew. (30b), from the Upper Amazon, has the forewing completely rounded. Only the
2 is known, which differs from the 9 of cubana by the absence of the yellow subapical spots and further in that
the yellow median band is extended to the base in a narrow stripe at the costal margin.

D. tricolor S. d& HK. (80b) resembles Heliconius vicinus Mén. Only the 9 is known. Upper surface
“black, forewing with a broad yellow median band and red inner-marginal stripe, hindwing with red median
band and a yellow-red submarginal spot at the distal margin. Under surface similar, but the red on the hind-
wing reduced to small stripes, and white submarginal spots. Habitat still unknown.

D. amphione Cr. (30b, c), from Guiana, bears a superficial resemblance to certain forms of Heli-
conius erato. — arsinoe Fildr., from Colombia, differs in the larger and snow-white scent-scale-area on the hind-
wing; the inner margin of the forewing is red-brown and between submedian and median there is a small black

Visimomiaes stripe in the red-brown. — In astynomides Stgr. 7. l., from Venezuela, this black stripe is absent and the inner

ae

1A

t
~

DISMORPHIA. By J, Rober. 103

margin itself is very narrowly brown-red and the hindwing only differs from that of arsinoe by the red-brown
inner margin. — arsinoides Stgr., from Chiriqui, has the hindwing as in astynomides, but the yellow spots arsinoides. fl
of the central row are smaller and widely separated and the inner margin of the forewing is broadly black.
— praxinoe Dbl., from Mexico, differs from arsinoides in that the white scent-scale-area of the hindwing throws prazinoe. 4 Lt

", out some teeth into the black distal margin and the colour of the red-brown markings is lighter. — diserepans discrepans. 45

Bilr. (30c), from Colombia and Ecuador, has only very small yellow spots instead of the yellow median band.

— meridionalis form. nov., from Bolivia, has only two yellow subapical spots on the forewing and a yellow meridionalis He Y
median band, interrupted in the middle but broad, which does not touch the reduced red-brown markings.

— amphithea Fidr., from Mexico, is larger than amphione and has larger and broader, more falecate forewing. amphithea. 29
Unknown to me, probably not different from praxinoe. — egaena Bates, from Ega, is in the female very dark egaena. Mab
red-brown, has much yellow central and subapical marking and is very similar to Mechanitis polymnia egaensis

Bates. — rhomboidea Bilr., from Nanta (probably Hast Peru) (or Nauta, Upper Amazon ?), is the largest roma ge
form. In it the yellow subapical spots are entirely absent, the red-brown markings are much developed and

in the posterior part of the forewing reach the distal margin, the yellow median band is only represented

by some small spots at the costal margin. The 9 has red-brown hindwing with black wedge-shaped marginal

spots, the yellow median band is very broad and almost reaches the inner angle. Is perhaps a separate species.

Only known to me from the figure.

D. laia Ged. ~Shape and size as amphione. Forewing black with 3 red-brown spots: a long one in lata.)

\the cell, another at the inner margin, and the third, a small round one, is placed towards the middle of the Lp

wing and sometimes united with the first; in addition the distal half of the wing is distinguished by a band-

like spot, divided by the veins. Upper surface of the hindwing broadly glossy white along the costal

margin, then red-brown with black, dentate, rather broad margin. Under surface of the forewing glossy

white, margined with yellow at the apex, the other markings as above, but larger, under surface of the hind-

wing brownish with several lighter patches, the apex margined with red, a row of rather large yellow marginal ,
spots and 2 small spots of the same colour near the distal margin (at the distal angle). Surinam, Cayenne.

Only known to me from the description.

D. astynome Dalm. (= polymela Hbn.) (30c¢), from Brazil (Santa Catharina), is very similar to amphione, astynome. gay
but most probably a separate species. Instead of a row of yellow subapical spots astynome has only one such _ Winn
spot, oceasionally with a dot before it, and this is placed nearer to the apex than the row of spots in amphione.— 46
The inner margin of the forewing is always broadly black. The under surface is essentially different.\— astyocha astyocha. 4 ;
Hbn., from Rio Grande do Sul and Sao Paulo, differs in the yellow apical spot of the forewing being placed 2 2 &. ives (f
directly at the margin and the under surface being lighter and less marked.

D. dejone Hew. (30c), from Central America, has the forewing black above with white spots, the anterior dejone. Fal ;
half of the hindwing (scent-spot) light grey, shiny, posterior part of the hindwing red-brown with black margin.

Under surface of the hindwing grey-brown with a transverse row of yellow spots in the middle and a few

other yellow spots and dots. 9 unknown to me.

j D. sororna Bilr. (30d), from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, is a large species. The g has black forewing sororna. / git
with yellowish apical, subapical and central spots, the larger anterior part of the hindwing (scent-spot) is light
grey, with silky gloss, the posterior part is red-brown, margined with black. The 9 resembles the Lycorea- se
species; it has black forewing with the same rows of spots as the g, in addition a red-brown transverse band :
on the proximal half of the forewing, the hindwing is red-brown with black distal margin and some small 4
yellow marginal spots. The under surface resembles the upper. — hagaresa Bilr., from Costa Rica, is pro- hagaresa. “4?

_bably nothing more than a less marked form of sororna (seasonal form ?).

D. cordillera Fldr. (30d), from Colombia and Chiriqui, though specifically separated by Bur.er from cordillera. 43 4
sororna, appears really to belong to it as a seasonal form. The yellow spots of the forewing are larger, in the ¢
the posterior part of the hindwing is yellow and the @ also has lighter markings, hence the hindwing is
almost yellow. The under surface resembles the upper in markings and colouring.

D. orise Bdv. (30), from Guiana and Bolivia, but probably also occurring elsewhere, is very similar orise. ji
to Thyridia psidii L. and confusa Bilr., especially in the female. The perfectly transparent wings have black
margin and black median band, which, however, in the g only reaches the middle of the wing on account of
the scent-scale on the anterior half of the hindwing. 446,

D. rhetes Hew., from Colombia, differs from hewitsoni Kirby (30e, f), from Ecuador, only in the light ee
spots on the distal part of the forewing and on the hindwing being white (glassy), not bluish. This species
bears a general resemblance to several of the larger Ithomiids. :

D. theonoe Hew. (30¢), from Keuador, is very similar to Ithomia flora Cr. It is transparent and hag tneonse. 04 }
black margins and markings. — melanoe Bates, from the Upper Amazon, has broader black margins and bands; melanoe. J q E
it is regarded by Bares ag a mimic of Ithomia onega Hew.

D. siloe Hew. (30¢), from Colombia, has the posterior half of the hindwing red-brown. It has the general siloe. tye
aspect of an Ithomiid, but is not specially like any particular species. Wr

104 STYX. By J. Rober.

uv 1 D. theucharila Dbl. (30f), from Venezuela, also shows a general resemblance to an Ithomiid. The 9g F Be
_jyu nella. has the hindwing entirely brown with black markings and broad yellow basal band to the forewing. — nella ~
4 Bilr., from Colombia, is not different except that the spots of the middle row are not yellow but transparent
white.
D. lysinoe Hew. (30d), from the Upper Amazon, is similar to siloe, but has in the male only a broad
yellow marginal band, which is bordered anteriorly by a black band.

AM ysinoides. D. lysinoides Stgr. (30f), from West Colombia (Cauca Valley), is only known in the female. It is very yy
fe
/

4
4A . Lysinoe.

similar to lysinoe, but has on the underside of the hindwing a complete row of white marginal spots.
{we erythroe. D. erythroe Bates (80f), from the Amazons (S. Paulo de Olivenga), is rathér similar to Hypoleria aure-
ee _ liana, aureola, etc. It is rather variable, the red-yellow apical spot being sometimes divided into several spots,
Lda, ‘= sometimes there is also a red-yellow spot near the inner angle.

Ai batesi. D. batesi spec. nov. (= lysinoe var. Hew.) (30), from the Amazons, has not only very much red-yellow
marking on the forewing but also a very broad red-yellow band on the hindwing. The transparent parts of
the wings are bluish.

Y hee ioe D. leuconoe Bates, from the Amazon River (S$. Paulo de Olivenca), has a larger red-yellow subapical
. melanoides. spot and yellowish subapical band on the hindwing. The latter is entirely absent in melanoides form. nov.
\ (80f, g), from Ecuador (Coca), which also has smaller transparent spots on the forewing and somewhat broader ~
black distal margin to the hindwing. This species is very similar to Ithomia ida and ilerdina. ee
A fortunata. D. fortunata Luc. (30g), distributed from Mexico to Chiriqui, has a general Ithomiid-habitus, but ~
: 4Sol,-Without special resemblance to any particular species. The transparent wings have black margins and bands.
~ Sodan “The 2 has a whitish transparent subapical band, the g in its place some entirely glassy spots. — Whether ,
\- jthomiella. ithomiella form. nov. (30g), from Ecuador (Balzabamba), is a form of fortunata or a separate species I am unable
. to judge for want of sufficient material. The ¢ differs from fortunata-g in that the glassy median spot of the
forewing is broader but shorter and behind it there is another small glassy spot. The 2 is very different from
fortunata-2, as may be seen from the figure. Beneath the g has larger white marginal spots, also the 2 has
complete rows of larger and rounder white marginal spots, whilst the 2 of fortunata has only 3 white dots on
the apex of the forewing. spe
igh antherize. D. antherize Hew. (29h), from Mexico, is in the male similar to the fortunata-Q, it has no light markings ~
on the distal part of the forewing except a broad white subapical band. On the underside of the hindwing _
as argochloe. there is a large white apical spot. — In argochloe Bates, from Ega, the margims of the white band of thei
forewing are sinuous, the hindwing is darker and has a submarginal narrow light band. ”
. avonia. D. avonia Hew. (29h), from Ecuador (Quito and Balzabamba), has semitransparent yellow markings, _ A
\ pallida, Whilst pallida form. nov. (seasonal form ?), from Ecuador (Paramba and Chimbo), has much lighter, glossy mark- \ 7}
i ings, entirely white in the distal part of the wing. The under surface is similar to the upper, but both wings ™
¢ bear at the distal margin a row of white spots.
ReTinGeUs. D. pinthaeus L. (= eumelia Cr., vocula Cr.) (29h), from Guiana, the Amazons, etc., has yellow upper /
x = surface with black markings; in the 9 there is also a black stripe at the costal margin of the hindwing. The
eae under surface is similar to the upper, but has small white marginal spots and on the hindwing a red-brown
L imeTina. submarginal band. The species somewhat resembles the Ithomiid-genus deria Hbn. — amelina Hopff. (29h), —
from Peru, has narrower black bands and consequently larger yellow areas, also the red-brown marginal band
ela. on the underside of the hindwing is narrower. — ela Hew., from Ecuador, has in addition small yellowish \
submarginal spots at the ner margin of the hindwing and the submarginal band of the hindwing is yellow
\ instead of red-brown.
tthomia. D. ithomia Hew. (29h), from Ecuador, is similar to pinthaeus, but by the division of the postmedian
yellow band 4 yellow spots are formed on the forewing. also the distal margin of both wings has a complete

\ row of white spots.

RP methymna. D. methymna Godt. (80g), from Brazil (Minas Gergés), is above an exact copy of Heterosais gazoria
Godt. (86d), which flies together with it. Beneath the two species differ in that methymna has white marginal j/
spots on both wings and on the hindwing an indistinct red-brown submarginal band.

36. Genus: Styx Sigr.
As already said, the systematic position of this peculiar genus is altogether uncertain. The idea that
Styx infernalis might be the 2 of an Erycinid is however incorrect, since the g of infernalis is also known.
The external appearance of this insect is Pierid-like, similar to Davidina alticola, which is figured in vol. I,
pl. 19b. The neuration of the forewing shows no striking differences, on the other hand that of the costal margin
of the hindwing is not unlike certain Ithomiids. In the structure of the palpi and legs the genus shows great

Ay similarity to the Erycinids.

T emans: S. infernalis Stgr. (80g), from south-eastern Peru (Chanchamayo), is in both sexes transparent grey-
black with lighter central part of the wings. Only a few specimens of this species are known, so that it would

seem to be very rare or only to occur in a few restricted localities.

Publ. 13. XT. 09. Additions and Corrections. By J. Roser. 105

Additions and Corrections.
p. 57: read evonima instead of evonina.

Pieris elodia forma deserta Frwzhst., from Ecuador, has on the underside the apex to the forewing
pale straw-coloured and the same colour on the upper surface of the hindwing.

p- 60: eleusis belongs to the genus Leptophobia. When I worked out the genera Pieris and Leptophobia
T knew e/evsis only from the description.

p. 62.: Leptophobia gonzaga Frvwhst., from Ecuador (Papalacta), captured by R. Hannscu in the middle
of January, js somewhat larger than c/eone, hindwing more elliptical, ground-colour white, forewing similar
to that of pinara, the costal more extended brown-green, the anal margin powdered with blackish almost to
the middle of the wing. The black distal border of the forewing likewise extending at the hindmargin
proximally to the middle of the wing, otherwise almost of the same outline as in pinara, especially in the
proximal, median incision. At the apex of the cell of the forewing the black band is absent. Hindwing
with black diffuse basal area; distal margin yellowish with some black dots at the extremities of the veins.
Under surface: forewing whitish; distal border, as far as the black margin of the upperside shows through,
suffused with dull yellowish. Hindwing yellowish white, slightly glossy, with small black triangular spot at
the end of the cell and yellowish basal area. 9, upper surface: forewing broadly margined all round with
brown-black, so that the white ground-colour is reduced to a mushroom-shaped discal patch. Hindwing
yellowish, costal and anal region defined by a thim black line; the central area bearing 2 black dots. Under
surface as in the o. Fringes in both sexes yellowish. Only known to me from the description.

Lept. eleusis mollitica /iwhst., from Peru (Huancabamba), has a more pointed forewing and rounder
hindwing than helena. Upper surface. purer white, in the wet-season form distinctly more broadly margined
with black than in helena. Costal part of the forewing darker, more yellow instead of white. The dry-
season form appears to have a narrower border than the dry-season form of helena, but of a deeper black.

p-. 64: Perrh. pyrrha alethina PBtlr., from Costa Rica, is in the female similar to the malenka-?; t
subapical spots are absent, the spots of the median band are sharply yellow, the black spots of the ee
band larger and distinct, the black median band of the hindwing is absent. — Aberration?

p- 65: read anfodyca instead of autodyca.

p. 67: Archon. nigripennis has a black forewing and a small red spot on the hindwing; hades Fruhst. appears
to be synonymous with it. — In rosacea the three white spots on the forewing are small and well separated,
the hindwing has two deep rose-red oval spots. — approximata has the rose- red spot on the hindwing nearer
to the distal margin, it is broader, uniform in colour, and divided by three veins. The yellow spot on the
under surface is much smaller. Found in the Polochic Valley.

p- 68: Appias peregrina form. nov. (26c), from Guba, I consider a form of janeira Bénningh. The
latter I formerly regarded as an aberrant form of drusilla because the author said nothing about the very
different shape. It is not necessary here to describe the shape, as it can be seen from the figure. I have
before me two oo of peregrina; in these the upper surface is not glossy white, but strongly yellow, parti-
cularly on the hindwing, the proximal part of the costal margin ot the forewing is more strongly blackened
than in drusilla and the black border of the forewing is not extended to the inner angle, but scarcely to
the 1. median vein. On the underside the basal half of the cell of the forewing is yellow and the hindwing
has a subanal yellowish stripe from the base to the distal margin. — The existence of two American species
of Appias is consequently established.

p. 71: read tewtamis (= epimene Hew.) instead of teutanis. The 2 is black above and has on the
forewing a broad red median band, which gives it a resemblance to the red-banded species of Heliconius
Instead of froezene Fidr. read affinis Réb. spec nov. (22d). — Catasticta troezene Fdr., from Colombia, is
above yellow, similar to erimia (22g), but the wings are smooth-margined, the yellow median markings are
broader and more narrowed anteriorly, in the cell is a comma-shaped yellow spot, hindwing with much
broader and not dentate black marginal markings. Under surface similar to tomyris, but the white central
markings of the forewing are twice as broad and the dark central markings of the hmdwing much broader
and ee distally at the veins.

p- 72: Catasticta incerta Dogn., from Ecuador (Loja), is not really identical with manco; it is, if not
a separate ee: at least a good local form of manco. The upper surface is yellower, has much less black
marking and large white marginal spots. The ground-colour of the underside of the forewing is much
yellower, instead of the small grey triangular marginal spots in manco there are round resp. square yellow
spots in incerta, the hindwing has more black marking and deeper yellow spots.

p. 74: Catasticta poujadei Dogn., from Ecuador (Loja), is very similar to clara (22g), but smaller,
the uppper surface of the hindwing is almost the same, but the forewing has larger yellow spots, some of which

\Y 14

deserta. ff Ge gq

gonzaga. 4 6

ee fe?
mollitica.

e alethina. fo G4

peregrina. fe 4

nite we
ffinis. #- 6:
peer 46 6

incerta. wf

poujadei. fhe f

AQ jaliscana.

AY graphites.

Ay |paranensis.

Ne crocea.

NY sinoides.

i ore
NN igrocinta.

N ribbet.

106 Alphabetical List of the American Pieridae.

are crescent-shaped, and the white, streak-like apical spots are absent, the black distal margin is narrower.
In the shape of the wings it agrees more with ertmia (22g).

p- 78: In Hesperocharis jaliscana Schaus, trom Mexico (Guadalajara), the o is white, the ? lemon-
coloured, both with black apical and distal-marginal markings as far as the third median vein. Hindwing
beneath of a beautiful yellow with a red spot at the base, a black spot behind the cell and a row of smoky
erey angular spots at the costal margin and apex. Similar to Hesp. crocea.

Hesperocharis graphites Bates, from Guatemala, is large, yellow with black marginal markings and
less sharply black submarginal ones, black median spot on the forewing; under surface with much broken
black markings and ochre-yellow cell on the forewing.

Hesperocharis paranensis Schaws, from Parana (Castro), is white with slight greenish tint, distal
half of the costal margin narrowly black, small triangular black spots in the apex and at the distal margin
of the forewing. Under surface of the forewing whitish, apex and costal margin yellowish, a black dot at
the base, antemedian, median and postmedian irregular and angulated black lines, which are interrupted
by the veins, small black spots at the distal margin between the veins. A small species.

Hesperoch. (?) crocea Bates, from Costa Rica and Mexico, is above sulphur-yellow in the o’, deep
canary-yellow in the , in both sexes slightly dark marked at the apex of the forewing. The under surface
is ochre-yellow with the exception of the lighter posterior part of the forewing and has two blackish spots
at the costal margin of the hindwing and a similar spot at the point of origin of the 1. median vein. —
Apart from the very different facies, which agrees well with idiotica Btlr., crocea also differs somewhat from Hcs-
perocharis in neuration, since the upper discocellular of the forewing is absent in the o and very small in
the 2 and the other two discocellulars of the forewing are of very unequal length (lower discocellular longer).
It apears to me now, since I have examined specimens which are very probably congeneric with 7diotica,
that the genus Heliochroma Bilr. is justified. Jn shape the species of this genus are very similar to Dap-
tonoura, though the hindwing is more elongated at the inner angle, whilst in neuration they more nearly
approach Hesperocharis. ;

p- 81: Terias sinoides Capr., from Rio de Janeiro (Itaipu), is probably a small form of phiale. Upper
surface white, slightly yellowish, black distal margin of the forewing shorter and narrower than in phiale.
Hindwing without markings. Under surface with the exception of the posterior part of the forewing more
strongly yellow than the upper, in the middle of the hindwing some small blackish spots.

Terias citrina portoricensis Dew., from Porto Rico, is smaller and lighter than the Cuban form,
the violet spots on the under surface are more flesh-coloured.

Terias nigrocincta Dogn., from Ecuador (Loja), is similar to plataea, but has a lighter forewing and
the hindwing of the same colour. The black border of the inner margin of the forewing is joined to the
border of the distal margin, the orange-yellow stripes at the inner margin are absent. The hindwing has
large, proximally pointed, well separated black marginal spots. The yellowish under surface has on the
hindwing brownish spots and dark scales.

Dismorphia ribbei Godm. ¢ Salv., from Panama, is similar to fortunata, but the subapical band of
the forewing is divided and there is a small white apical spot. — Is it a separate species ?

Alphabetical List

with reference to the original descriptions of the forms of the American Pieridae.

* signifies that the form is also figured in the place cited.

acadica Pier. Edw. Pap. I, p. 87. alba Col. Réb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 94.
acraeoides Dism. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 1, p. 99. * alba Col. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 91.

actinotis Catast. Btlr. Cist. Ent I, p. 80. alba Dism. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 99.
acutipennis Dism. Bt/r. Entomolog. 1899>p. 26. albimaculata Char. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 68.
aelia Dapt. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V., p. 82. albina Col. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 93.
aequatorialis Pseudop. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V., p. 75. albula Ter. Cr. Pap. Exot. I. *

aequatorialis Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 71. alethina Perrh. Bi/r. Cist. Ent. I, p. 81.
aesiope Ter. Mén. Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. I, p. 85. * | alexandra Col. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. Il, p. 15. *
affinis Catast. Réb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 105. * | alma Catast. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 330.
agasicles Math. Hew. Boliv. Butt., p. 3. alticola Col. Godm. & Salv. Equator, p. 107.
agave Ter. Cr. Pap. Exot. I. * amalia Dism. Stgr. Exot. Schmett., p. 25. *
agarithe Catops. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 623. amarella Dapt. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 271.
aida Hesp. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 148. amaryllis Pier. F. Ent. Syst. II. 1, p. 189.

alba Col. Weeks. Illustr. of hitherto unfig. Lepid., p. 6. * amathonte Itab. Cr. Pap. Ex. Il. *

Alphabetical List of the American Pieridae.

amazonica Hesp. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 262.

amazonica Perrh. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 278.

amelina Dism. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 332.

amphione Dism. Cr. Pap. Exot. III. *

amphissa Pier. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 20, p. 139.

amphithea Dism. Fidr. Novara Lep. I, p. 143.

anaitis Catast. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 3.

anceps Dapt. Sfgr. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25, p. 9.

andina Col. Stgr. Iris VU, p. 64.

anguitia Hesp. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 146.

antarctica Col. Stgr. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelreise Lepid., p. 23.

antherize Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. IT. *

anthyale Col. Hon. Zutr. *

antipator Hesp. Druce. Cist. Ent. 1, p. 285.

antodyca Per. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 407.

apaturina Catast. Bir. Entomol. 34, p. 302.

aphaia Hesp. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 148.

aphrodite Dism. Fldr. Novara Lep. I, p. 139.

apicalis Cath. Fruhst. Soc.. Ent. 22, p. 132.

apicalis Pier. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 20.

approximata Arch. Bélr. Cist. Ent I, p. 174.

arbela Ter. Hon. Zutr. * E

arcadia Dism. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. VI, p. 410.

archidona Arch. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 116.

arctodice Tat. Stgr. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Lepid. 1899, p. 19. |

arena Col. Stgr. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Lepid., p. 23.

argante Catops. F. Syst. Ent., p. 470.

argyrodice Tat. Stgr. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr., p. 14.

ariadne Col. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 11.

aripa Pier. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 528.

arsinoé Dism. Fldr. Novara Lep. Il, p. 143. *

arsinoides Dism. Stgr. Exot. Schmett, p. 25. *

asta Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 178.

astynome Dism. Dalm. Anal. Ent., p. 39.

astynomides Dism. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 102.

astyocha Dism. Hon. Zutr. *

athalia Ter. Fldr. Novara Il, p. 208.

atinas Terioc. Hew. Boliv. Butt., p. 4.

aureomaculata Math. Dogn. Le Natural. 1887, p. 68.

ausia Pier. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 531.

ausonides Euchl. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 340.

austriana Perrh. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 131.

autodice Tat. Hbn. Samml. exot. Schmett. (1816—1836).

automate Pier. Burm. Descr. Argentin. 5, p. 35.

autumnalis Col. Coa. West-Amer. Scientist 4, p. 42.

avellaneda Catops. H.-Sadff. Corresp.-Blatt Regensb. XVIII,
p- 169.

avonia Dism. Hew.

aymara Lept. Fruhst.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, p. 563.
Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 22, p. 59.

Butt. N.-Amer, I. *
Spec. Gén. I, p. 529.
Proc. Calif. Acad. VI.

beckeri Pier. Edw.
balidia Pier. Bsd.
barbara Col. H. Edw.
bardela Per. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 115.
basiliola Pier. Fruhst. Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg.
batesi Dism. R6db. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 103. *
behrii Col. Edw. Proc Ent. Soc. Philad. VI, p.
bellatrix Per. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 284.
bellona Arch. Cr. Pap. Exot. I. *

bernardino Megan. Edw. Butt. N.-Amer. 3, p. 71.
beryllina Per. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 284.

bianca Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 179.

bithys Catast. Hon. Zutr. *

bogotana Perrh. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 294.
bogotana Ter. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 84.

boisduvalii Catops. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. VI, p. 68.
boliviana Catast. Bilr. Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) 17, p. 64.
boliviana Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 186.

boliviana Hesp. Rdb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p.'78.

boliviana Per. Réb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 67.

boliviensis Dism. Rdb. Seitz Macrol. 4, p. 101.

boliviensis Ter. R6b. Seitz Macrol 5, p. 81.

boothii Col. Curt. Ross 2nd Voyage, App. Nat. Hist., p. 65.
brevos Leuc. Hbn. Samml. Exot. Schmett. *

bryoniae P. O. Schmett. Eur. I, 2, p. 151.

bryson Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 70. *

buniae P. Hbn. Sammi. Exot. Schmett. *

butleri Catops. Scudd. Proc. Bost. Soc. XVI, p. 209.

22, p. 59.

201.

caesia Pier. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 299.
calceolaria Ter. Btlr-Druce. Cist. Ent. I, p. 110.
californiana Col. Mén. Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. I, p. 80.
callinice Per. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 79.

107

callinira Per. Stgr. Exot. Schmett., p. 24.

calydonia Itab. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I. p. 438.

calymnia Dapt. Fldr.. Wien. Ent. Mon. VI, p. 67.

calypso Gon. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 88.

carmenta Perrh. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 131.

carthesis Dism. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 71.

castalia Kric. F. Ent. Syst. IIL 1, p. 188.

catasticta Hesp. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 78. *

catogramma Hesp. Koll. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.
Nat. Cl. I, p. 361.

cauca Dism. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 99.

cauca Per. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 66.

caucana Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 71.

centralamericana Megan. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 94.

cerbera Megan. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 83.

cesonia Megan. Stoll. Suppl. Cram. *

cesonides Megan. Stgr. Iris VIII, p. 63.

cethura Anth. Flidr. Reis. Nov. Lep. II, p. 182. *

chagris Dapt. Stgr. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges Wien 25, p. 95.

charops Per. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 407. *

charopus Itab. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 274.

chelidonis Catast. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 330.

cheops Per. Stgr. Exot. Schmett., p. 23.

chilensis Ero. Guér. Voyage Coq., t. 15 f. 1. *

chilensis Ter. B/. Gay Faun. Chil. VII. p. 17. *

chione Col. Curt. Ross 2nd Voyage, App. Nat. Hist., p. 66. *

chippewa Col. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. II, p. 80.

chiriquensis Leod. Stgr. Exot. Schmett., p. 23. *

chloé Ter. Fldr. Novara Lep. II, p. 199.

chloris Hesp. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 79.

christina Col. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. II, p. 79.

chrysomelas Col. Henry Edw. Proc. Calif. Acad. VI.

chrysolopha Catast. Koll. Denkschr. Akad. Wisss. Wien,
Math. Nat. Cl. I, p. 359. *

cinerascens Dism. Sa/v. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7, p. 415.

cinerea Catast. Bi/r. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 367.

cinerea Pier. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, p. 563.

cinnia Lept. Fruhst. Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 22, p. 59.

cipris Catops. F. Ent. Syst. Hf 1, p. 212.

circumcincta Ter. Bates. Journ. Ent. I, p. 241.

citrina Ter. Poly. Mem. Cuba. *

clara Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 74. *

cleomes Pier. Bsd.-Lec. Lep. Amer. Sept., p. 43. *

clorinde Gon. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX. Suppl., p. 813.

cocana P. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 132.

colla Catast. Db/. Ann. Nat. Hist. 19, p. 388.

coloé Hesp. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 147.

columbica Per. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 283.

columbia Ter. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 86.

conica Lept. Fruhst. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 1907, p. 232.

constantia Ter. F/dr. Novara Lep. II, p. 200.

cora Catast. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 197.

corcyra Catast. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. III, p. 397.

cordillera Dism. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. VI, p. 409.

cornelia Dism. Fldr. Novara Lep. Il, p. 140.

costaricensis Hesp. Bates. Ent. Month. Mag. III, p. 49.

cretacea Dism. Sm.-Ky. Rhopal. exot. II, p. 14. *

creusa Euchl. Dbl.-Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. *

crisia Dism. Dru. Illustr. Exot. Ent. II. *

critias Arch. Fldr. . Wien. Ent. Mon. III, p. 327.

critomedia Dism. Hon. Zutr. Exot. Schmett. *

crocea Hesp. Bates. Ent. Month. Mag. III, p. 49.

crowleyi Catast. Bt/r. Entomolog. 34, p. 302.

cruciferarum Pier. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 519.

ctemene Catast. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 3.

cubana Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 171.

cubana Dism. H.-Scidff. Corrbl.-Regensb. 16, p. 120.

cubana Ter. H.-Schdff. Corrbl. Regensb. 16, p. 166.

cunninghami Col. Bt/r. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p, 358. *

cutila Arch. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 116.

cynops Megan. Bét/r. Cist. Ent. I, p. 171.

damaris Ter. Fldr. Novara Lep. II, p. 200.

daulia Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 172.

deflorata Ter. Koll. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.
Nat. Cl. I. p. 363.

deione Dism. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. VI, p. 68.

delia Ter. Cr. Pap. Exot. III. *

demeter Dism. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 100. *

demodice Tat. Bl. Gay, Faun. Chil. VU, p. 13.

demophile Itab. L. Syst. Nat. I. 2, p. 761.

deserta Pier. Fruhst. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 1907, p. 305.

detrita Catast. Rdb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 73.

108 Alphabetical List of the American Pieridae.

deva Ter. Db/. Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 78.

diana P. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 81.
digentia P. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 155.
digitata Perrh. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 278.
dilis Dism. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 427.

dimera Col. Dbl.-Hew. Gen. Diurn. Te pees
dina Per. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 666.

dinora Col. Kg. ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 358.
discrepans Dism. Bt/r. Entomolog. 1896, p. 26.
disjuncta Dism. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 99. *
dismorphina Char. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 68.
dismorphites Char. Bétlr. Cist. Ent. I, p. 80.
donata Dapt. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 266.
’ doris Ter. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 82. *
doubledayi Lept. R6b. Seitz Macrol. Dyes 62:
drusilla App. Cr. Pap. Exot. II. *

drya Catops. F. Spec. Gén. I, p. 616.

dysoni Leod. Dd/. Ann. Nat. Hist. I); ie 385.

ectriva Ter. Btlr. Cist. Ent. I, p. 175.

editha Catops. Bi/r. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 10.
edwardsii Col. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 11.

egaena Dism. Bates. Journ. Ent. I, p. 230.
eieidias Perrh. Hon. Sammi. Exot. Schmett. *
ela Dism. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 82.

elathea Ter. Cr. Pap. Exot. II. *

elathides Ter. Stgr. Exot. Schmett, p 28. *
elea Hesp. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 148.
eleone Lept. Dbl.-Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. *
eleusis Lept. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 331.

elis Col. Sreck. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1885, p. 24.

ella Ter. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 84.
elodia Pier. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 529.
elodina Pier. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 60.
elvina Leuc. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 138.
emeris Catast. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 408.
erinna Lept. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 335.

eriphyle Col. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. V, p. 202.

erota Hesp. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 329.
erythroé Dism. Bates. Journ. Ent. I, p. 232.

esther Math. Oberth. Bull. Ann. Soc. ent. France 1890, p. XX.

eubule Catops. L. Syst. Nat. I. 2, p. 764.
eucosma Lept. Ers&. Trud. Russk. VIII. t. 3 f. 1. *
eugenia Ter. Wallengr. Wien. Ent. Mon. IV, p. 33.

euremoides Lept. Fruhst. Int. Ent Zeitschr. 1907, p. 2

eurigania Catast. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 78.

eurydice Meg. Bsd. Bull. Soc. Ent. France 1855, p. 52.

eurymnia Dapt. Fldr. Novara Lep. II, p. 170.
euryope Dism. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 297.

eurytele Char. Hew. Exot. Butt. I Eut. & Leptalis. *
eurytheme Col. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 1852, p. 286.

euterpe Ter. Mén. Bull. Moscou 1832, p. 299.
euthemia Pier. F/dr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 80.
euxanthe Col. Fldr. Novara Lep. II, p. 196.
evonima Pier. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 493.
exigua Leuc. Prittw. Stett. Zg. 1865, p. 133.
eximia Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 74. *

fabiola Ter. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 85.

falledra Lept. Fruhst. Ent. Zeitschr. Stutte. 22, p. 59.

fantasia Kric. Bs/r, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 170. *
flora Dapt. Fruhst. Stett- Ent. Zeitg. 1907, p. 268.
flammula Perrh. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 65.

flava Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 71.

flava Gon. R6b.° Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 89.

flava Perrh. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 20, p. 4. *

flava Ter. Holl. Butt. Book, p. 296. *

flaveola Col. H.-Gay. Faun. Chil. VII, p. 19. *
flaveola Hesp. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p- 148.
flavescens Hesp. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 79. *
flavia Dism. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 76.

flisa Catast. H.-Saidff. Lep. exot. f. 93, 94.
floridensis Catops. Rb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 87.
florinda Dapt. Bt/r. Ann. Nat. Hist. 15). 294,
foedora Dism. Luc Rey. Zool. 1852, p. dos.

fornax Catops. Btir. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p.

fortunata Dism. Luc. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 1854, p. 5: _*

frigida P. Scudd. Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. VIII, p.
fruhstorferi Perrh. R6b. Seitz-Macrol, 5, p. 65.
fulvinota Cath. Btlr. Ann. Nat. Hist ig p- 284. &87)

galatia Dapt. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 272.
gargaphia Dapt. Frist. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 270.

gaugamela Ter. Fldr. Novara Lep., p. 199. *

gaujoni Math. Dogn. Le Natural. 1887, p 189.
genutia Mid. F. Ent. Syst. IL. 1, p. 193.

gervasia P. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 13.

gina P. Fruhst. Soc. ent. 20. III, p. 58.

glessaria Perrh. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22. p. 124.
gnathene Per. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 680.

godartiana Catops. Swains. Zool. Ilustr. I. *
gonzaga Lept. Fruhst. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 1907, p. 305.
graduata Ter. Btlr. Cist. Ent. I, p. 174.

graphites Hesp. Bat., Ent. Mo. Mag. 1, p. 32.

gratiosa Ter. Dbl.-Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. *
guatemalena Col Réb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 91.
gueneeana Gon. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 601.
gundlachia Ter. Poey. Mem. Cuba, p. 246. *
gymnodice Tat. Stgr. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Lep., p. 13.

hades Arch. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 282.

hagaresa Dism. Btlr. Cist. Ent. I, p. 82.

hageni Col. Edw. Canad. Entomol. 19, p. 218.

hahneli Ter. Stgr. Exot. Schmett., p. 28. *

hartfordii Col. H.Edw. Proc. Calif. Acad. VI.

harti Dapt. Bt/r. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1896, p. 348.
hartonia Catops. Bélr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 10.
hebra Catast. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 196.
hecabeoides Ter. Mén. Cat. Mus. Petrop. eps eeprom
hecate Col. Weeks. Illustr. of hitherto unfig. Lepid.
hecla Col. Lef. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 1836, p. 383. *
hela Col. Streck. Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc. Ul, p. 33.
helena Megan. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. II, p. 358.
helena Lept. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 332.

heliceoides Col. Capr. Ann, Ent. Belgique 17, p. 12.
helvia Cath. Latr. Humb. Bonpl. Obs. Zool. II, p. 12. *
hersilia Catops. Cr. Pap. Exot. II. *

hewitsoni Dism. Ky. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 355
hippotas Dism. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 12, p. 10.
hirlanda Cath. Sto//. Suppl. Cram. *

hollandi App. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 68.

hopfferi Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5 p. 71.

huanaco And. Stgr. Iris VII, p. 56.

hiibneri Dapt. Bélr. Ann. Nat. His, p. 847. sa),
hiibneri Itab. Fruhst. Stett. Ze. 1907, p. 275.

hulda P. Edw. Trans. Amer. Soc. II, p. 370.

hyantis Euchl. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. III, p. 205.
hyona Ter. Mén. Bull. Moscou 1832, p. 301.
hyposticta Dism. Fidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 77
hypoxantha Dapt. Rob. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 76.
hyrnetho Arch. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 116.

idiotica Dapt. Btir. Cist. Ent. I, p. 15.

idonia Dism. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 5.

illimani Phul. Weym. Weymer & Maassen, Lep. ges. v. Stiibel.
Da l25ses

immaculata Tat. Rb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 57.

imperator P. Ky. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 357.

imperialis Col. Bt/r. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 250. *

inaequalis Dapt. Bt/r. Ann. Nat. Hist. 17, p. 347.

incerta Catast. Dogn. Le Natural. 1887, p. 189.

incisa Perrh. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 278.

ines Dism. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 101. *

infernalis Styx. Stgr. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25, p. 93.

ingrata Ter. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1869, p. 465.

innuba Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 70.

interior Col. Scudd. Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1X, p. 108.

intermedia Catop. Bil/r. Cist. Ent. I, p. 81.

intermedia Leod. Rdb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 69.

iole Nath. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 589.

iphigenia Dapt. Fruhst. Stett. “Tis 1907, p. 266.

irene Nath. Fitch. Trans. N.-York State Agric. Soc. 1856, p. 485.

irrigata Catops. Bir. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 9.

itaticayae P. Foett. Revista Mus. Paulista V, p. 624.

isandra Dapt. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 490.

isodrita Dism. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 426.

ithomia Dism. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, p. 562.

ithomiella Dism. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 104.

jacinta Catast. Bt/r. Entomol. 34, p. 302.

jada Catops. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 11.

jaegeri Ter. Mén. Cat. Mus. Petrop. Lep. I, p. 84. *

jaliscana Hesp. Sataus. Ent. News IX (1898), p. 215.

janeira App. Bénningh. Verh. Ver. naturw. Unterh. Hamburg
1896, p. 30.

jaresia Catops. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 171.

Alphabetical List of the American Pieridae. 109

jethis Dism. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 423.

joppe P. Bsd.- Spec. Gén. I, p. 495.

josepha P. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 2, p. 150.
josephina P. God#. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 158.

jucunda Ter. Bsd-Lec. Lep. Amer. Sept., p. 52. *

julia Anth. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 4, p. 61.
jumena Perrh. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 279.

keewaydin Col. Edw. Butt. N.-Amer. Col., t. 4.
kicaha ltab. Reak. Proc. Ent. Sac. Philad. II, p. 349.
kleta Dapt. Fruhst. Stett. Ze. 1807, p. 278.

krugii Pier. Dew. Stett. Zg. 1877, p. 235 *

labradorensis Col. Scudd. Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1X, p. 107.
lacordairei Gon. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 600.

laia Dism. Cr. Pap. Exot. HI, t. 232 CD.

lanceolata Mid. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 338.

laogore Pier. Godm. & Salv. Biol. C. Amer. 2, p. 184.
laria Dapt. Fldr. Novara Lep. Il, p. 171.

larunda Dism. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 4.

latilimbata Dapt. Bt/r. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 18, p. 247.
latona Per. Bt/r. Cist. Ent. I, p. 13.

lelex Dism. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 6.

lemnia Ter. Bsd.-Lec. Reise Nov. Lep. I, p. 205.
leptalina Itab. Bates. Journ. Ent. I, p. 237.

lesbia Col. F. Syst. Ent., p. 477.

leonora Dism. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 7.

lewyi Dism. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852. p. 296.

leucadia Dapt. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. VI, p. 67.
leucania Hesp. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 493.

leucanthe Dapt. Fl/dr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 82.
leuce Ter. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 659.

leucodrosime Per. Kol/. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math. |

Nat. Cl. I, p. 358. *
leuconoé Dism. Bates. Journ. Ent. I, p. 232.
leucothea Math. Molina. Hist. Chile I, p. 115.
lia Pier. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 23, p. 58.
licinia Dism. Cr. Pap. Exot. II. *
limbata Dapt. Ky. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 361. )*°
limbia Ter. F/dr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 86.
limnoria Dapt. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 144.
limnorina Dism. Fldr. Novara Lep. II, p. 139.
limonea Mid. Bi/r. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 172.
limoneus Ter. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 84.
lisa Ter. Bsd.-Lec. Lep. Amer. Sept., p. 53. *
litana Pier. Fruhst. Int. Ent Zeitschr. 1907, p. 231.
locusta Pier. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 81.
longicauda Ter. Bates. Ent. Month. Mag. I, p. 32.
lorena Perrh. Hew. Exot. Butt. I Pier. *
lua Dism. Hew. Equat. Lep.. p. 5.
lubina Dism. B¢t/r. Cist. Ent. I, p. 83.
luca Lept. Fruhst. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 1907, p. 232.
lucania Itab. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 123.
lucasi Perrh. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 278.
ludovica Itab. Fruhst. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 1907, p. 287.
luisella Dapt. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 272.
lupina Dism. Bt/r. Cist. Ent. I, p. 111.
luteifera Perrh. Fruhst. Stett. Ze. 1907 p. 279.
luteolus Nath. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. Il, p. 350.
lyceas Char. Godm. & Salv. Biol. C. Amer. 2, p. 123.
lycosura Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. If Lept. *
lycimnia Dapt. Cr, Pap. Exot. IL.)4 tev.EF,
lydia Ter. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. Vv. p. 87.
lygdamis Dism. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 7.
ee Koll. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Nat.
Cl. [, p. 361. *
lysianax Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. Il, Lept. *
lyside Kric. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 98.
lysinoe Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. I Eut. & Lept. *
lysinoides Dism. Stgr. Exot. Schmett., p. 25. *
lysis Dism. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 6.

>

macrodice Tat. Stgr. Hamb. Magaih. Sammelr. Lepid., p. 21.
maeotis Dapt. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 265.
maerula Gon. F. Syst. Ent., p. 479.

magna Per. Réb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 67.

malenka Perrh. Hew. Exot. Butt. I Pier. *

manco Catast. Dbl. Ann. Nat. Hist. (2) 1, p. 121.
mandela Pier. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 80.
marana Itab. Dbl. Ann. Nat. Hist. 14, p. 421.
marcapita Catast. Réb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 74. *
marchalii Hesp. Guér. Icon. Régne Anim. Ins., p. 468.
marginata Leod. Sdaus. Proc. U. St. Mus. 24, p. 423.

_ neda Ter. Godt.

marginella Ter. F/dr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 97.
marica Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p 172.

marion Dism. Godm. & Salv. Biol. centr. amer. II, p. 184.
marmorata Ter. Dogn. Le Natural. IX, p. 189.
maruga Pier. Fruhst. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 1907, p. 231.
masonia Hesp. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 147.

meadi Col. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe. III, p. 267.
medora Dism. Db/. Ann. Nat. Hist. 14, p. 420.
medorilla Dism. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 81.

medorina Dism. Hew. Ent. Mo. Mag. 12, p. 9.
medutina Ter. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 97.
melanoé Dism. Bates. Journ. Ent. I, p. 232.
melanoides Dism. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 103. *
melia Dism. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX Suppl., p. 814.
melite Dism. LZ. Syst. Nat. I, 2, p. 755.

menacte Pier. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 517.

menapia Neoph. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. III, p. 271.
menippe Gon. Hon. Samml. Exot. Schmett. * 9%
menthe Pier. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 335.
mercenaria Dism. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 76.
mercedis Tat. Eschsch. Kotzeb. Reise III, p. 215. *
meridana Per. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 283.
meridionalis Dism. Réb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 102.
messala Pier. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 23, p. 58.

messalina Ter. F. Mant. Ins. II, p. 22.

methymna Dism. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 166.
metioche Gon. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 293.
mexicana Ter. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 655.

microdice Tat. B/. Gay Faun. Chil. VII, p. 14.
mimetica Dism. Stgr. Exot. Schmett., p. 25. *

minia Hesp. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 148.

minthe Itab. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 123.
minnuscula Catops. Btlr. Cist. Ent. I, p. 16.
minuscula Col. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 358. *
mirandola Dism. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 14, p. 180.
modesta Catast. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 292.
moeschleri Col. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. 27, p. 379.

moesia Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 172.

molione Pier. Fruhst. Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 22, p. 59.
mollitica Lept. Fruhst. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 1907, p. 305.
moma Col. Streck. Bull Brookl. Ent. Soc. III.
monica Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 179.
monstrosa Dapt. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 15, p. 225.
monuste Pier. Z. Mus. Ulv., p. 237.

morrisoni Anth. Edw. Pap. I, p. 143.

musa Ter. F. Ent. Syst. Ill 1, p. 195.

musia Per. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 115.

mustica Itab. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 123.

mycale Ter. Fldr, Novara Lep. II, p. 204

myrtis Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 179.

napi Pier. Z. Faun. Suec., p. 271.

napona Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 178.

nastes Col. Bsd. Icones, t. 87. *

Ene. Méth. 1X, p. 135.

negrina Arch. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. VI, p. 67.

nehemia Pseudop. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 528.

neleis Catops. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 629.

nella Dism. Bélr. Entomologist 29, p. 26.

nelphe Ter. Fldr. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1869, p. 466.

nemesis Dism. Latr. Humb. Bonpl. Obs. Zool. IL, p. 78. *

neocypris Catops. Hon. Sammi. Exot. Schmett. *

nephthis Lept. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 334.

nera Hesp. Hew. Exot. Butt. I Pier. *

nereina Hesp. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 336.

nereis Hesp. Fldr. Novara Lep. Il, p. 146.

nicippe Ter. Cr. Pap. Exot. III. *

niepelti Dism. Weym. Iris 1909, p. 26.

nigrescens Char. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 2,
p. 149.

nigripennis Arch. Btlr. Cist. Ent. I, p. 174.

nigrocincta Ter. Dogn, Le Natural. 1889, p. 134.

nilios Hesp. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 261.

nimbice Catast. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 409.

nimietes Itab. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 275.

ninguida Cath. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 260.

niobe Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 72. *

niphates Itab. Fruhst. Stett. Ze. 1907, p. 275.

nirvana Hesp. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 154.

nise Ter. Cr. Pap. Exot. I. *

niseias Itab. Fruhst. Stett. Ze. 1907, p. 275.

nisella Ter. Fldr. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien. 12, p. 474.

nivifera Gon. Fruhst. Stett. Ze. 1907, p. 294.

noctipennis Pier. Bt/r.-Druce. Cist. Ent. I, p..111.

110 Alphabetical List of the American Pieridae.

notha Catast. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 195.

novangliae Pier. Scudd. Bull. Soc. Ent. France. Ill, p. 57.

numatia Per Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 116.

nympha Phul. Stgr. Iris VII, p. 46. *

nymphaea Hesp. Nosail. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien. 26, p. 296. *

nymphaea Phul. Stgr. Iris. VII, p. 49. *

nymphagoga Phul. Rob. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 97. *

nymphula Phul. Bl-Gay. Faun. Chil. VII, p. 14. *

nysias Phul. Weym. Weymer & Maassen, Lepid. ges. von
Stiibel, p. 125. *

nysiella Phul. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 98. *

obnubila Cath. Fruhst. Stett. Ze. 1907, p. 260.

obscurior Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 71.

occidentalis Pier. Reak. Proc Ent. Soc. Philad. II, p. 349.

ochracea Lept. R6b. Seitz Gross-Schmett. 5, p. 62.

oiantheia Lept. Fruhst. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 1907, p. 232.

oleracea Pier. Harris. New Engl. Farmer VIII, p. 402.

olympia Pier. F/dr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 80.

olympia Zegr. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. III, p. 266.

ophelia Itab. Fruhst. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 1907, p. 287.

orbis Catops. Puvey. Cent. Lep.

orise Dism. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 415.

orseis Pier. Godt. Ent. Méth. IX, p. 141.

orthodice Tat. Weym. Weymer & Maassen, Lepid. ges. von
Stiibel, p: 124. *

ostrolenka Perrh. Stgr. Exot. Schmett., p. 36.

othoé Dism. Hew. ‘Irans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, p. 562.

pacis Terioc. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 90. *
palaeno Col. Z. Faun. Suec., p. 272.
palaestra Dapt. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 334.

pallida Col. Skinner & Mengel. Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad.

1892, p. 156.
pallida Dism. R6b. Seitz Maerol. 5, p. 104.
pallida Math. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 78. *
pallida Pier. R6b. Seitz Macrol.%5, p. 61.

pallida Pier. Scudd. Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. VIII, p. 183.

pallidula Dism. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 363.
palmyra Ter. Posy. Mem. Cuba. *
‘pamela Perrh. Cr. Papil. Exot. IV. *
pandora Perrh. Rd’. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 64. *
pandosia Itab. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1 Pier. *
pantoporia Dapt. Hon. Sammi. Exot. Schmett. *
papilionides Arch. Fruhst. Stett. Ze. 1907, p. 282.
paradoxa Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 73. *
paranensis Hesp. Scaus. Ent. News IX (1898), p. 215.
paravicinii Perrh. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 131.
paula Dapt. Réb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 75. *
paula Per. Rdb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 66.
pauia Ter. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 85.
paulista Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 172.
pedrosina Dapt. Btlr. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 144.
pelidne Col. Bsd. Icon. *
pelidneides Col. Stgr. Stgr. & Rebel. Catal. Lep. pal., p. 15.
penia Pseudop. Hopff. Stett. Ze. 1874. p. 334.
penthica Pier. Kol/. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.
Nat. Cl. I, p.£360. *

peregrina App. Rob. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 105. *
permagna Pier. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 133.
persistens Ter.EBt/r.-Druce. Cist. Ent. I, p. 110.
pertho Dapt. Fruhst. Stett. Ze. 1907, p. 269.
peruana Dism. Rdb. Seitz, Macrol. 5, p. 100.
peruncta Perrh. Fruhst. Ent. Zeitschr. Stuttg. 22, p. 59.
peruviana Dapt. Luc. Rey. Zool. 1852, p. 327.
peruvianus Per. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 66.
petronia Dapt.“Fruhst, Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 270.
phainia Hesp. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 147.
phalera Per. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 115.

haloé Pier. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 156.
phaloreia Arch. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 116.
phanokia Pier. Fruhst. Int.. Ent. Zeitschr. 1907, p. 231.
pharetia Pier. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 155.
pharnakia Arch. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 116.
phazania Dapt. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 267.
phiale Ter. Cr. Papil. Exot. I. *

philea Catops. Z. Syst. Nat. I. 2, p. 764.

philippa Megan. F. Syst. Ent. If 1, p. 211.

philodice Col. Godt. Enc.\Méth. IX, p. 100.

philoma Pier. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 79.

philomene Catast. R&b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 71.
philoscia Catast. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 78.
philothea Catast. Fldr. ‘Novara Lep. II, p. 151.

phoenicia Ter. Fldr. Novara Lep. II, p. 205.

pieris Catast. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p 332.

pima Anth. Edw. Can. Entom. 20, p. 158.

pimpia Dism. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 333.

pinara Lept. Fldr. Novara Lep. Il, p. 179.

Ppinava Catast. Db/. Ann. Nat. Hist. 19, p. 389.
pinthaeus Dism. Z. Mus. Ulv., p. 258.

pisonis Itab. Hew. Exot. Butt. [ Pier. *

pistoria Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 178.

pitana Catast. Fldr. Novara Lep. II, p. 157. *
plataea Ter. Fldr. Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien XII, p. 478.
plauta Nath. Dbl.-Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. *

plesseni Catast. Rob. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 71.
plesseni Terioc. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 90.

poeyi App. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 49.
polyhymnia Dapt. Fldr. Novara Lep. II, p. 170.
pomponia Ter. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 336.
portoricensis Ter. Dew. Stett. Zg. 1877, p. 237.
poujadei Catast. Dogn. Le Natural. 1887, p. 188.
praeclara Cath. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 260.
praemeridana Per. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 283.
praxidice Dism. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 153.
praxinoé Dism. Db/. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 16, p. 419.
priddyi Ter. Lathy, Ent. Mo. Mag. (2) 9, p. 223.
princetoria Neoph. Poling. Canad. Entomol. 32, p. 358.
prioneris Catast. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 331.
proserpina Dism. Sm. & Ky. Rhopal. exot. Il. *
proterpia Ter. F. Syst. Ent., p. 478. i
protodice Pier. Bsd.-Lec. Lep. Amer. Sept., p. 45. *
protasia Pier. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 179.
psamathe Dism. F. Syst. Ent. II. 1, p. 207.
pseudomyrtis Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 179.
puna Col. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 284.

pygmaea Leuc. Prittw. Stett. Zg. 1865, -p. 133.
pylotis Pier. Godt. Ent. Méth. IX, p. 158.

pyro Ter. Godt. Ene. Méth. IX, p. 137.

pyrrha Perrh. F. Syst. Ent., p. 464. ;
pyrrhomma Tat. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 56. *
pyrrhothea Col. Hon. Samml. Exot. Schmett. *

radiata Catast. Koll. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math. Nat.
(VG TG toe, Chey

radiata Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 179.

rapae Pier. L. Faun. Suec., p. 270.

reakirtii Anth. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 368.

reducta Catast. Bt/r. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 17, p. 54.

reducta Per. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 66.

regillus Arch. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 282.

regnidas Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 186.

reticulata Ter. Bt/r. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 539.

rhetes Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. II Lep. *

rhomboidea Dism. Bt/r. Entomolog. 1896, p. 26.

ribbei Dism. Godm. & Salv. Biol. C. Amer. 2, p. 178.

rorata Catops. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 4, p. 202.

rosa Per. Réb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 66.

rosa Zegr. Edw. Pap. Il, p. 45.

rosacea Arch. Btlr. Cist. Ent. I, p. 174.

rosea Megan. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 94.

rossii Col. Gn. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 1864. p. 99.

rubecula Pier. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 280.

rurina Catops. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 82. -

rusella Pier. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 155.

rutilans Col. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 642. *

sabata Itab. Fruhst. Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 1907, p. 287.
sabella Pier. Fruhst. Soc Ent. 22, p. 155.

sabrina Arch. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 116.

sabrina Per. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 115.

sagittata Tat. Réb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 57. *

salacia Dapt. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 144.

salome Ter. Fidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 84.

sara Anth. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 339.

saturata Col. Rdb. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 94.

scaeva Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 73. *

schausii Dism. Dogn. Le Natural. 1891, p. 89.
scudderi Col. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. IV, p. 217.
semicaesia Pier. F/dr. Novara Lep. Il, p. 176.
semiramis Catast. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 291.
sennae Catops. L. Syst. Nat. I 2, p. 764.

serda Cath. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 132.

sevata Pier. Fidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 81.

sidonia Ter. Fidr. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1869, p. 465.
siloé Dism, Hew. Exot. Butt. II Lept. *

Alphabetical List of the American Pieridae. {11

sinapina Catast. Bé/r. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 17, p. 54.

sincera Pier. Weym. Weymer & Maassen Lep. ges. a. Stiibel
R., p. 123. *

sinoé Ter. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 188.

sinoides Ter. Capr. Amn. Soc. Ent. Belg. 17 (1874), p. 13. *

sisamnus Catast. F. Syst. Ent. III 1, p. 44.

sisymbrii Pier. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 1852, p. 284.

skinneri Col. Barnes. Canad. Entomol. 29, p. 41.

smilacina Ter. Fidr. Novara Lep. II, p. 208.

smithi Lept. Ay, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 357.

socialis Euch. Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. I, p. 44.

solstitia Catops. Bi/r. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 4, p. 203.

sordida Catast. Bt/r. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 368.

sororna Dism. Bé/r. Cist. Ent. I, p. 82.

spio Dism. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 167.

stamnata Pier. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 330.

standfussi Col. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 91.

Statira Catops. Cr. Papil. Exot. II. *

staudingeri Catast. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 369.

stella Anth. Edw. Canad. Ent. 11, p. 87.

sterodice Tat. Stgr. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Lep., p. 18.

stigmadice Tat. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 62.

straminea Catast. Bi/r. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 17, p. 54.

streckeri Col. Gr.-Grsh. Hor. 29, p. 290. :

strigosa Catast. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 17, p. 54.

stygma Ter. Bsd. Spec. Gén. J, p. 661.

stygmula Ter. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 661.

suadela Catast. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 329.

suasa Pier. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 549.

suasa Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 72. *

suasella Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 72.

subargentea Pier. Bt/r. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2, p. 15.

subflavescens Pier. Ky. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 19, p. 362.

sublineata Pier. Sdhaus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1902),
p. 423.

subvarians Per. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 66.

sulphurescens Hesp. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 79.

susiana Catast. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 331.

swainsoni Per. Gray. Griff. An. Kingd. XV, p. 674. *

sybaris Ter. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 337.

tagaste Leod. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. III, p. 396. *

tamina Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 73.

tegea Ter. Fldr. Novara Lep. Il, p. 203.

telasco Catast. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 290.

tellane Leod. Hew. Exot. Butt. II Eut. *

telthusa Per. Hew. Exot. Butt. II Eut. *

tenella Ter. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 657,

tenuicornis Pier. Btlr.-Druce. Cist. Ent. I, p. 110.

tereas Arch. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 38.

teresa Dism. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 8.

terissa Kric. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p, 429.

terlooii Neoph. Behr. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 304.

teutamis Catast. Hew. Exot. Butt. Il Eut. *

teutila Catast. Db/. Ann. Nat. Hist. 19, p. 386.

thalestris Catops. ///. Mag. I, p. 205.

theano Char. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 411.

theodes Ter. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 85.

theodice Tat. Bsd. Voyage Astrol. Lep., p. 51.

theodora Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 172.

theona Ter. Fldr. Novara Lep. II, p. 202.

theonoé Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. I Eut. & Lept. *
therapis Megan. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon V, p. 83.
theresa Catast. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 348.
thermesia Dism. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 164.
thermesina Dism. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 333.

thetis Gon. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 89.

theucharila Dism. Db/. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 1, p. 123.
theugenis Dism..Db/. Ann. Nat. Hist. (2) 1, p. 124.
thoosa Anth. Scudd. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. IV, p. 257.
thymetus Ter. F. Mant. Ins. H, p. 30.

tiburtia Pier. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 139.

timotina Pier. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 139.

tithoreides Pier. Bt/r. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2, p. 18.
toca Catast. Db/. Ann. Nat. Hist. 19, p. 387.

tomyris Catast. Fldr. Novara Lep. IL, p. 148. *

tovaria Pier. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 80.

tricolor Catast. Bt/r. Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 368.
tricolor Dism. Sm. & Ky. Rhopal. exot. II. *

trite Catops. 2. Mus. Ulr., p. 248. »

troezene Catast. F/dr. Novara Lep. II, p. 154. *
troezenides Catast. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 71. *

unicolor Per. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 66.
uniplaga Arch. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 281.
uricoecheae Catast. F/dr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 78.

valei Pier. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 494.

vapina Catast. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 367.
vautieri Col. Guér. Voyage Coqu. *

velia Dapt. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 179.

venosa Pier. Scudd. Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. 8, p. 182.
venusta Ter. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 658.

venustula Ter. Stgr. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25, p. 93.
vernalis Pier. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. II, p. 501.
viardi Pier. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 439.

virginia Pier. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 141.

virginiensis Pier. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 13.
virgo Catops. Biir. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 9.
virgo Dism. Bates. Ent. Month. Mag. I, p. 5.

Viridifascia Dism. Bt/r. Cist. Ent. I, p. 83.

viridula Pseudop. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 75.
vitellina Ter. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. V, p. 86.

vitha Hesp. Fruhst. Soc. Ent. 22, p. 154.

volxemi Tat. Capr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 17 (1874), p. 11. *
vulnerata Catast. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20, p. 368.

wallacei Catops. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. VI, p. 68.
westwoodi Ter. Bsd. Spec. Gén. I, p. 666.

xanthochlora Ter. Koll.
Nat. Cl. I, p. 363.
xanthodice Tat. Luc. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 337.
xanthomelas P. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 61.
xanthophila Kric. R6b. Seitz Macrol. 5, p. 89.

Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.

yolanda Dapt. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 272.
zaela Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. II Lept. *
zathoé Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. Il Lept. *
zenobia Leod. Fldr. Novara Lep. II, p. 146. *
zenobina Leod. Hopff. Stett. Zg. 1869, p. 429.

NEQPHASIA—PIERIS

V. 18.

a
‘terlooii 9 iy 9
volxemi
b
“de
ercedis U
Cc
macrodice é macrodice 9
d
ft
j ’ xanthodice ¢
macrodice U pyrrhomma 4 pyrrhomma 6 U
e
immaculata 6
f
: cruciferarum

orseis 6 sincera

Pars Il. Fauna americana 1.

m

PIERIS

josepha

menacte 6 menacte 9°

ee

Tapae 9° virginiensis

sisymbrii ™ Fe “ 3}

occidentalis 4 occidentalis 9 aces

ass er pi:
eleusis 4 eleusis U pylotis &

a7 ?
tovaria 6 philoma ¢ euthemia 6

tenuicornis enuicornis

tenuicornis cinerea 6

Pars I]. Fauna americana 1.

Z

Pars I].

demophile 6

pandora 9 flava é flava 9

6 U
locusta

mandela

9

¢

noctipennis 9
locusta

tithoreides

Vviardi

smithi

)
nephthis

at pinara $

5

Ss

Pisoni

~ cinnia pandosia é marana &

lorena & lorena 9

Fauna americana 1.

charops 6
narops o

ninguida

traminea

S)

eris

prion

emiramis

Ss

semiramis 9

manco U

manco

anaitis

florinda

leucothea

salacia

catasticta

Bae f
Wy a EU
marchailii anguitia “

= anguitia

»

Coe
»

n

a>}

m
=

=

24.

longicauda

ina exigua

; - i
ae 2 C2 ie
a )
3
\
clorinde hin maerula

ee | CATOPSILIA

205.

GS?

Brocle é eubule oy argante

af
Ae

|

3

ee trite 2

( Turina } g
>

avellaneda avellaneda solstitia 6
Pars I]. Fauna americana 1.

peregrina U

Paes,
eee ee

| d
bs
i
3
rf

DANAIS. By R. Haensch. 113

3. Family: Danaidae.

Particulars as to the characters of this family are given in the Palaearctic part of this work (vol. I, p. 75).
The Danaids are distinguished from the Pierids especially by the aborted forelegs; from the Heliconines, Nymph-
alids and Satyrids by the basally bifurcate submedian of the forewing. The antennae are thin, without distinct club.
Cell of the hindwing long and closed. In America the true Danaids are only represented by a few species of the
genus Danais, which belong to the subgroup Anosia and are mostly met with in a large number of individuals
in wooded country (especially in North America). In South America on the contrary an externally very dif-
ferent subfamily, the Ithomiinae, is developed in numerous genera and hundreds of species, which are com-
monest at the tributaries of the Upper Amazon, in the valleys of the Andes, but occur singly as far as Argen-
tia and North America. A third small group, the Lycoreinae, forms the transition between the two before-
mentioned subfamilies and combines characters of both. Its representatives are most numerous in the central
part of America.

1. Subfamily: Danainae.

Wings broad, abdomen short. The scent-organ of the fg consists of scale-like structures or pouches on
the hmdwing. The forelegs of the 99 are short, clubbed at the end.

1. Genus: Danais Lair.

Powerful, mostly yellow-brown butterflies with dark margins and whitish dots. They have a long-
sustained flight and are fond of the open country, accompanying cultivation further and further into the prim-
eval forests as soon as a few clearings have been formed where the foodplants of the larvae, species of As-
clepias, can get a foothold. The larvae are bright-coloured, with transverse stripes, and provided with soft
appendages. Pupae bell-shaped, with gold ridges or dots.

A. Archippus Group.
Larvae with 2 pairs of fleshy appendages. Cell of the hindwing long. g with moderately small scent-spot.

D. archippus F’. (= plexippus L.) (vol. I, pl. 28c). Body black-brown, hairy, with whitish dots
and streaks. Wings above brown-yellow with dark veins and margins; at the distal margin a double row of
small whitish spots. Above the end of the cell of the forewing a black-brown patch with several brownish whit-
ish spots. On the under surface the hindwing is yellowish, the veins with broader edges and the white marginal
spots larger. — From Nicaragua southwards occurs a local race which I call nigrippus form. nov. In this the
whole apex of the forewing as far as the end of the cell is black-brown and the spots are pure white. This form
especially is found also in the north of South America. — Hunsr designates as fumosus a form of archippus with
dark black-brown ground-colour. — Larva yellowish with black transverse stripes and has on the 3. and on the
11. segment 1 pair of fleshy appendages. It lives on Asclepias curassavica and requires about 3 weeks for its
development. It is protected by its pungent, nauseous smell. Pupa light green, transparent, with golden dots.
In North America archippus has as many as four broods. The butterflies of the first appear at the end of May.
Sometimes they occur in large swarms. In America the species is found from Canada to Paraguay. The typical
northern form, however, extends southwards only to Central America.

D. erippus Cr. (31a) is very nearly allied to archippus, but always differs from it by the absence of
the black-brown inner margin of the forewing. Moreover the veins on the under surface of the hindwing are
' broadly margined with white. Larva yellowish with black head and transverse stripes. On the 2. and 11. seg-
ments 2 appendages each; the anterior ones are used as antennae. Pupa berry-shaped, thickest at segment 6,
transparent white-green with shiny gold dots. The habitat of ervppus is Brazil from whence it has spread south-
wards to Patagonia (Berg) and northwards to Central America and the West Indian islands.

D. cleophile Godt. The smallest American species; it differs from all the other forms in having the mar-

ginal and apical spots yellowish instead of white. The apex of the forewing is broadly black. This rare and
beautiful species occurs only on the West Indian islands, particularly Haiti, Cuba and Jamaica.

B. Gilippus Group.
Larvae with 3 pairs of fleshy appendages. Cell of the hindwing short. 3 with moderately large scent-spot.

D. gilippus Cr. (= vincetoxici Hbn., manuja Hrsch.) (81a). Similar to erippus, but smaller and with-
out the black transverse band in the apex of the forewing. Between the median veins of the forewing inside
the black margin 4 additional larger, white spots. Further a number of white spots are placed at the end of the
cell of the hindwing. Yeins in the dise of the hindwing beneath only narrowly edged with white. Abdomen
brownish. South America, especially at the coast near Rio de Janeiro, but also in Bolivia. — nivosus Godm.

15

archippus.

nigrippus.

jumosus.

erippus.

cleophile.

gilippus.

NLVOSUS.

plexaure.

berenice.

strigosa.

thersippus.
hermippus.

jamaicensis.

eresimus.

zanthippus.

erginus.

cleothera.

114 DANAIS. By R. Haensch.

é Salv. (= hermippus Druce), a form of gilippus, has much paler ground-colour and very large white spots:
especially at the apex of the cell of the hindwing; it inhabits northern Peru.

D. plexaure Godt. This small species is very similar to gilippus; but the imner row of white spots,
between the median veins of the forewing, is always larger, especially on the under surface. Moreover plexaure
has on the hindwing another row of white spots between the black distal margin and the apex of the cell. Further
the under surface of the hindwing in plexaure is always grey-brown, different from that of the forewing, whilst”
in gilippus it is red-brown; plexauwre occurs in southern Brazil and in Argentina. Larva on Asclepias curassa-
vica; very similar to that of erippus, but with another pair of false thorns on segment 5. The markings also
similar to those of erippus; the black is so much extended that the light ground-colour is almost entirely sup-
pressed except for 2 vivid yellow transverse bands. alse thorns black, bright red at the base. Pupa likewise
similar to that of ervppus.

D. berenice Cr. (= erippus F., gilippus Smith) (81a) is the same size as gilippus. Dark brown, the
veins little prominent. The white spots of the forewing are small; on the under surface of the hindwing they are
almost entirely absent. Veins on the underside of the hindwing more broadly margined with white on the disc.
The double row of small white marginal spots is usually incomplete. From the south of the United States and
the West Indies to South Brazil. Bares describes as strigosa a form from Guatemala of somewhat lighter
colouring, in which the veins, especially on the upperside of the hindwing, are dusted with grey. This form also
occurs in Mexico and Texas. — ab. thersippus Bat., from Panama, is according to GopMAN and SALYIN an unu-
sual form of berenice. It has dull, dark reddish brown ground-colour and dark brown distal margins. — hermip-
pus [ldr. (31a) approaches berenice, but is easy to recognise by the strikingly light, grey-brown colour and strongly
grey-white dusting in the disc. It has also particularly large white spots on the forewing. It inhabits Colombia.
— Larva of berenice on Asclepias curassavica and amplexicaulis. It is whitish violet with red-brown transverse
stripes and violet incisions, as well as a yellow lateral line. On segment 2, 5 and 11 is placed 1 pair of
appendages. Pupa greenish with black-yellow transverse line on the venter and golden dots. It is more elongate
than in archippus without the sharp ventral ridge. The butterflies appear in June. They fly in large numbers
in sunny places up to a height of 6000 ft.

D. jamaicensis Bat. Markings as in berenice. Colouring pale yellow-brown with brown margins. The
veins of the hindwing margined with grey as in strigosa. Smaller than berenice. It was once brought in large
numbers from Jamaica. Larva with transverse black and white stripes, dorsally with a short yellow band on
each segment and yellow spots at the ends of the white stripes above the legs. On segment 5, 6 and 11
is placed 1 pair of red appendages, the first pair the longest. The pupa is light green with very small black
dots and golden spots.

D. eresimus Cr. (31b). Differs from all the preceding in the relatively small cell of the hindwing, as
well as in the absence of the black and white margins on the underside of the hindwing. On the other hand it
has here near the dark brown distal margin a lighter broad band and between this and the apex of the cell
a second, undulate band, joined to the first at the ends. The colour of the upper surface is brownish, at the
base of both wings darker and at the distal margin black-brown. The black-brown costal margin of the forewing
is widened behind the apex of the cell into a triangle, the apex of which touches the opposite distal margin,
as in erippus; the white marginal and apical spots are likewise present. The abdomen is the same colour as
the wings. Cramer described the species from Surinam; but it also occurs in other parts of northern South
America; thus in Colombia, Peru and on the Amazons, though nowhere very common. Is fond of visiting
the banks of rivers. — xanthippus Fldr., from Brazil, is said to be most nearly allied to the preceding and to
differ from it by lighter colouring, whilst the blackish distal margin of the hindwing is broader and the light spots
on its under surface are absent. — erginus Godm. d& Salv. This form is likewise said to approach eresimus and
to be distinguished from it by the darker colour of the wings and more distinct white spots. The apex of the
forewing is almost black and the dise of the hindwing appreciably lighter. The habitat is northern Peru.

D. cleothera Godt. (81b). Very nearly allied to eresimus, but differs especially in the under surface of
the hindwing, the blackish veins of which, as in most other species, are margined with white. On the other
hand cleothera has also the two lighter bands there as in eresimus, and indeed the inner one is still darker
and therefore more distinct. The black costal margin is only widened as far as to the discocellular. The hind-
wing has mostly a double row of white marginal spots on the upper surface. GopaArT gives (erroneously) the
island of Timor as locality of cleothera; it occurs in Mexico, Central America and on the Antilles; according to
DouBLeDAY also in Venezuela.

2. Subfamily; Lycoreinae.

Wings elongate. Abdomen extending beyond the anal angle of the hindwing; posteriorly thickened
like a club. Antennae reaching to the end of the cell. Claws with appendages. g with 2 retractile tufts of
hair at the extremity of the abdomen. ‘The species of the two genera which belong here are confined to the

LYCOREA. By R. Haensch. 115

Neotropical region. They occur in open localities in the primeval forest. Their flight is irregular. The larvae
are similar to those of the Danainae; they are said to live on Solaneae.

2. Genus: Liycorea Dbl. ¢& Hew.

Large, stately, bright-coloured butterflies, mostly of yellow-brown ground-colour, with blackish margins
and streaks, as well as yellowish bands and spots and also white marginal dots. The species have all the same
scheme of markings, which is also repeated in many genera of the Ithomiinae, and of which I will therefore
here give a general description, afterwards referring to it for short as ,,Lycorea-habitus‘*. The figure of Lycorea
halia Hbn. on pl. 3l¢ may serve as an example. The ground-colour is mostly a peculiar reddish yellow-brown.
The apical half of the forewing is black-brown with an oblique band formed of yellow spots, which crosses the
apex of the cell, and with one or several yellow subapical spots. From the black-brown apical part 3 streak-
like projections run towards the base: one along the median, the others along the costal and hindmargin. On
the dise of the hindwing there is an oblong, band-like, blackish loop, open towards the base, from the costal
margin towards the apex and then back to the inner margin. The oblong space enclosed by this loop is often
yellow in a number of species from certain districts. The distal margin of the hindwing is black-brown and mostly
has above and beneath a row of white submarginal dots. This scheme of colouring can be recognised again
in most Lycoreas and many Ithomuds, though the pattern is often somewhat altered, the yellow being replaced
by brown or the black sometimes covering almost the whole hindwing.

The Lycoreas are feeble flers, prefer the edges of the roads and open places and are fond of visiting
flowering shrubs, where, as they hang on the flowers, they can scarcely be distinguished from the similar
Melinaea and Mechanitis.

Unfortunately very little is yet known as to the larvae. BoispuvAL mentions that they have flexible fleshy
appendages, which are arranged in pairs on some of the segments, also that they are similar to those of the
true Danaids and likewise live on Asclepiadeae. According to Guppy some at least of them are similar to those
of Tithorea, with only 1 pair of appendages on segment 2 and live also on cacao and on a plant similar to
caoutchouc.

L. eva F. Markings as in the figured form concolor (31 ¢), but the forewing has on the discocellular eva. ~~ |
the typical yellow oblique band, which at the costal margin encloses a blackish spot. In eva and the allied
forms the cell of the hindwing is only short, as the lower and middle discocellulars form only a very obtuse angle.
This form occurs in the north-east of South America, especially Guiana. — The figured local form concolor Stgr. concolor. ——~
(31c) differs from the nymotypical form in the absence of the yellow transverse band onthe forewing, which also
occurs in many Ithomiids, e. g. Hirsutis melanina, Melinaea chincha, Ceratinia bicolora, Mechanitis deceptus, ete.
All these forms occur, like concolor, on the eastern slopes of the Andes, in Peru and Ecuador. — pasinuntia Cr. pasinuntia.
This form is differentiated from eva in that the dark distal margin is merged together with the posterior half
of the band-loop into a large spot, as in the figure of ceres. Is found in the same localities as eva, and tran-
sitions also occur.

L. ceres Cr. (31c) is distinguished from the similar pasinuntia by the longer cell of the hindwing. Further ceres. “——
the yellow oblique band of the forewing is only half as broad at the costal margin and encloses no black spot
there; also the band is not joined to the 4. subapical spot. This form comes chiefly from Guiana. — The variety
with typical Lycorea-habitus I call faseiata form. nov. In it the loop and the distal margin of the hindwing are fasciata. ==
separated by the yellow-brown ground-colour, as in eva. Appears to occur especially in the north-west of South
America. —demeter Fidr. is a dark brown local form from Cuba and Haiti. It has a yellow macular oblique demeter. |_—
band like halia and 3—4 yellow subapical spots. A similar dark form of fasciata occurs on the Lower Amazon
near Manaos. — The larva of ceres is according to Guppy whitish with black head and segments and oblique,
approximated hook-shaped spots. On the 2. segment is placed a pair of long, flexible appendages. In the
full-grown larva the colour from the 4. segment onward is yellow. ‘The egg is conical, flattened, yellowish,
with numerous cell-like depressions. The larva is hatched in about 5 days.

L. cleobaea Godt. (31b). In this species the yellow transverse band of the forewing is broken up into cleobaea. ——
’ 3 spots, sometimes also the dise of the hindwing is yellowish. It was described from the Antilles, but is also

abundant in the north-west of South America to Bolivia. — In Central America, especially Honduras, it appears

mostly in the form atergatis Dbl. d& Hew., in which the yellow subapical spots of the forewing are very large, atergatis.
the 4. being united with the middle spot of the oblique band. — pales Fidr., from the Upper Amazon, has very pales. t=
small yellow spots and patches in the blackish apical part of the forewing, and the normally yellow spot at

the apex of the cell has assumed the yellow-brown ground-colour. — cinnamomea Weym. is an interesting rare cinnamomea
form from the Upper Amazon with mahogony-brown ground-colour. The markings are similar to those of

atergatis, but the yellow subapical spots of the forewing are very large and extend from the apex to the black

spot at the end of the cell, which is somewhat larger than in eva. Apparently very similar dark red-brown

forms occur both of eva and of atergatis. The first may be recognised by the short cell of the hindwing and

halia.

referrens.

discreta.

lamirus.

fenestrala.

decolorata.

albescens.

phenarete.

lanassa.

ilione.

116 ITUNA. By R. Haensch.

the very large, yellow subapical spots of the forewing; in the latter the cell is longer, the subapical spots are
smaller and the ground-colour is less reddish.

L. halia Hbn. (31c). This South Brazilian species differs from all the preceding in having only 3 suba-
pical spots on the forewing and in the yellow longitudinal spot in the dise of the hindwing. This band-hke spot
is characteristic of many South Brazilian species of Ithomiids and Heliconines, which closely resemble L. halia,
such as Hirs. pseudethra Bil., Mel. ethra Godt., Mech. nessaea Hbn., Cerat. euryanassa, Heliconwus narcaea Godt., etc.,
almost all of which fly together with halia. — As ab. referrens ab. nov. I designate a form in which this band-
spot shows the normal yellow-brown ground-colour. — A further form, in which the yellow transverse band of
the forewing is broken up into 3 spots, as in cleobaea, I call disereta form. nov. In this the yellow spot of the
hindwing also mostly assumes a brownish shade.

38. Genus: Htuma Dbl. & Hew.

Mostly large, imposing butterflies with transparent, dark-margined wings. The forms are all rather
closely allied. Cross vein of the hindwing almost straight and erect. 3 with 2 reversible hair-pencils at the anus,
as in Lycorea. Superficially the species are very similar to corresponding forms of Olyras, Thyridia, ete. They
are chiefly mountain species. They occur from Central America to South Brazil. The larvae according to
BoIspUVAL are similar to those of Lycorea in shape and habits.

I. lamirus Latr. (= completa Stgr.) (81c). In typical specimens the basal third of the forewing is
black-brown. But examples commonly occur which have at the base a large semitransparent triangle, which
often again is united beyond the median nervure with the spot between the median veins. This form I call
ab. fenestrata ab. nov. Both forms vary in the extent of the yellow-brown colour at the distal margin of the hind-
wing, which sometimes spreads over the whole of the disc. They occur on the eastern slopes of the Andes
of Colombia and Ecuador. — On the western slopes of the Andes of Ecuador occurs a local form which is
markedly distinct by the absence of the yellow-brown colour, and which I call decolorata form. nov. The dark
band-marking is otherwise similar to that of fenestrata, but weaker, especially the dark subapical band of the
forewing is wanting. On the other hand the anal angle of the hindwing is much more broadly blackish. — In
Central America occurs the fenestrata-like form albescens Dist. The glassy spots of the forewing are narrow and
oblong, and also yellowish brown, especially in the basal half, as is the hindwing except the dark margins and
the radial veins. — The pupa of lamirus is elongate, with obtuse tip, brownish with longitudinal rows of dark
double spots. The butterflies are fond of floating about in open places a few metres above the ground in the
sunshine and the g¢ drink in the heat of the day at moist places on roads and river banks.

I. phenarete Dbl. d& Hew. (31d), from Peru and Bolivia, is transparently yellowish and closely resembles
decolorata. The margins and bands are, however, much more sharply defined, the hindwing at the distal margin
more sharply dentate, and only the club of the antenna is yellowish. — lanassa Godm. d Salv. is a form of
phenarete with yellow brown inner margin to the forewing and the anal angle of the hindwing of the same colour.

I. ilione Cr. (81d), from South Brazil, is the smallest species of Itwna, and very similar to phenarete.
The yellow club of the antenna is much shorter. The colour of the wings is more vivid yellow, the band over
the discocellular of the forewing is broader, and on the under surface the margins and’ bands are partly
edged with white.

3. Subfamily: Ithomiinae.

This group, which is also known under the names Neotropids and Mechanitids, is by far the richest
in forms of the Danaids in America. It contains over %/10 of all the forms and like the Lycoreinae is confined
to America. Superficially many species recall on the one hand the Lycoreines and on the other the Helico-
nines, but are differentiated by the neuration, the long, thin antennae and in the ¢ very easily by the hair
pencil at the costal margin of the hindwing, which in the Lycoreines is placed at the anus and in the Heli-
conines is generally absent.

Concerning the early stages unfortunately very little is as yet known. The larvae are mostly cylindrical

with short tubercles, im some genera with long appendages on segment 2. They are said mostly to live -

on Solaneae. The pupae, in contrast to the long, thin bodies of the butterflies, are mostly short and stout.
They have often brilliantly shining, metallically glossy surfaces, the gloss of which, however, fades after
the death of the pupa.

The butterflies have mostly an elongated body, glossy wings and long antennae. The predominant colour
of the wings, in addition to the colourless, glassy tone, is a reddish yellow-brown tinge, combined with blackish,
yellow and white markings, this being the so-called ,,Lycorea-habitus‘. Blue, red or green is hardly ever met
with. According to the more brilliant or more dull colours,the different groups prefer more open places or the
dense, dark primeval forest. Their flight is mostly irregular and sluggish. In open, unwooded localities only
a few forms are occasionally met with.

—>

OLYRAS; EUTRESIS. By R. Haensch. 117

The area of distribution of the Ithomuds embraces the whole of tropical and subtropical America. Single
species occur also in California and in Argentina. “They also inhabit the mountains up to elevations of 3000 m.
Most species, however, are found below the Equator in the valleys of the Andes. Species of the genera Mecha-
nitis, Ceratinia and the small transparent Ithominae especially occur in great abundance. Among them are
found singly examples of similar, rare species of the genus Napeogenes. Many species have a wide range of
distribution and occur, though with slight variations, almost everywhere; others again favour exclusively
certain mountain-valleys. One can even sometimes take a few specimens of certain rare species daily m parti-
cular localities, although the species is not found elsewhere within a considerable distance.

4. Genus: Olywas Dbl. & Hew.

The few species of this genus are large, semitransparent, mostly rare butterflies. They may be distin-
euished from similar forms of other genera by the strongly sinuate inner margin of the forewing, especially in
the g, and the broad hindwing with the costal margin correspondingly curved. The $d have 2 hair-pencils at
the costal margin of the hmdwing. — They are mountain butterflies, and are fond of floating about im open
places mostly at a considerable height above the ground.

0. montagui Bilr. (81d). Forewing dark brown, with irregular, glassy spots in the distal half. Huind-
wing reddish brown with dark distal margin and glassy spot at the apex, which on the under surface is prolonged
as a band towards the mer margin (in many examples also on the upper surface). This rather rare species
flies on the eastern slopes of the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador; it superficially resembles Ituna lamirus and
also Dircenna olyras and, Napeogenes excelsa, which occur in the same localities, but are distinctly smaller. —
sticheli Hsch., from Eastern Peru, is very similar to the preceding, but is distinguished by a large red-brown
triangle at the base of the forewing. The dark distal margin of the hindwing moreover is broader and the white
spots on the under surface are -larger. — staudingeri Godm. & Salv. (= centralamericana Stgr. 7. 1.), from Central
America, is similar to the preceding, but has only one yellow-brown streak at the median of the forewing and
smaller yellowish vitreous spots. The colour of the hindwing is yellow-brown. In its apex is placed on the
upper surface only a small, transparent spot.

0. crathis Dbl. &@ Hew., from Venezuela, is similar to the preceding, and also to the following. The
oblong spot at the base of the forewing is broader, but light yellow-brown. The vitreous spots are smaller and
brownish. The hindwing is light brown with broad dark margin and 2 indistinct vitreous spots. — theon Bates
(31d). From Central America; here the vitreous spots are larger, and also the yellow-brown spot at the base
of the forewing. Hindwing unicolorous yellow-brown with narrower dark distal margin and light discal spot
on the under surface.

0. praestans Godm. & Salv. (81e) recalls the somewhat larger [tuna phenarete. The forewing is vitreous
with dark margins and oblique bands. The hindwing transparent yellowish with dark costal and distal margins.
On the under surface white double spots are placed at the distal margin and 3 white dots at the costal margin
of the hindwing. It inhabits north-eastern Colombia. — insignis Salv., from Central America, has red-brown
colour at the anal angle of the hindwing and on the underside only 1 white dot at the costal margin.

0. translucens Hew., from western Ecuador, is the smallest and rarest species. It is almost diaphanous,
only at the base slightly yellow, with dark margins and a transverse band on the discocellulars of the forewing
to the distal margin. On the under surface small white dots are placed at the distal margin.

5. Genus: Kutresis Dbl. & Hew.

Here also belong only a few forms, of similar size and colouring to Olyras, but without the strongly
sinuate margins. They likewise inhabit the mountains, from Peru to Central America.

E. hypereia Dbl. & Hew., the first described form and type of the genus, is very similar to the
figured theope (Sle). It is somewhat larger, has broader dark margins and bands, and the base of the forewing
and the whole dise of the hindwing are reddish yellow-brown. It flies in the mountains of Venezuela. — hyspa
Godm. & Salv. (= antioquensis Stgr.) is a local form of hyperia from Eeuador and Colombia, which is distin-
guished by much weaker red-brown colouring, especially in the dise of the forewing. — imitatrix Stgr. (31e)
resembles the species of Thyridia and of the transparent Aprotopos. But it is very nearly allied to the preceding
and differs chiefly by the absence of the red-brown colour on both wings, as well as by the blackish transverse
band across the middle of the hindwing. It occurs on the eastern slopes of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador. —
theope Godm. & Salv. (= dilucida Stgr.) (81e). This is the Central American form of hypereia, from Costa Rica.
It is distinguished especially by the paler margins and the narrower distal margin of the hindwing, which is
proximally edged with yellow-brown.

montlague.

slicheli.

staudingert.

crathis.

theon.

praestans.

insignis.

lranslucens.

hypereia.
hyspa.

imilatriz

theope.

clearista.

acrisione.

dercyllidas.

demylus.

hewitsoni.

oligyrtis.

confusd.

psamathe.

CUPVIFUSELM.

themisto.

megisto.

singularis,

118 ATHESIS; THYRIDIA; TITHOREA. By R&R. Haensch.

6. Genus: Athesis Dbl. ¢& Hew.

The species of this genus are similar to the-preceding, but mostly considerably smaller. They are distin-
cuished by the angled lower discocellular and the long cell of the hindwing. All are mountain species from
the north-west of South America.

A. clearista Dbl. & Hew. (81e), from Venezuela, has vitreous wings with dark margins and two oblique
bands over the discocellular and across the middle of the cell of the forewing. A streak along the median of
the forewing and the veins in the dise of the hindwing are yellow-brown. The long antennae are black.

A. acrisione Hew., a beautiful but rare species from Ecuador, is considerably larger; the apex of the
forewing margined with yellow-brown. Across the end of the cell of the hindwing to the inner angle runs a black
band, part of which is confluent with the distal margin. In the latter are placed also above large, white
submarginal dots.

A. dercyllidas Hew. (82a). The wings have the appearance of greenish glass; especially on the under
surface the glassy spots are more strongly margined with green. Some of the dark margins and bands on
the upperside are bordered with yellow-brown. On the underside they are yellow-brown with dark edges. In
the pattern and the greenish colouring the species recalls Colaenis dido; it fles in Colombia and Ecuador. —
GopMAN and SALvin designate as demylus a form from southern Ecuador with very narrow margins and bands.

A. hewitsoni Srnka. This species was figured by Hewirson as ¢ to dercyllidas, but recognised by SRNKA
as a separate species. It differs in the brownish tone of the hyaline spots and the narrower margins and bands
of both wings. In the oblique band across the end of the cell of the forewing is placed towards the distal margin
another oblong hyaline spot.

A. oligyrtis Hew. is a further form from Ecuador, similar to dercyllidas. It is said to have an in-
distinct band between the discoidal veins before the distal margin of the hindwing, and also 3 white dots at
the costal margin; in addition a black band from the apex of the hindwing to the 1. median vein.

7. Genus: Thyridia Hbn.

In this genus, which DousLepay and Hewrrson call Methona, belong only a few larger species with trans-
parent, black-marked wings and thin black antennae provided with stronger, yellow club. The cell of the
hindwing is small and closed almost at right angles to the median. The species belong mostly to the plains and
occur from Guiana to Argentina and westwards to the Upper Amazon.

Th. confusa Btlr. (= psidii Cr.) (32a). This species was long taken for the similar psidw of Linne,
which, however, belongs to quite another genus. The latter (pl. 84c) is easy to recognise, in addition to the
neuration, by the small reddish dots at the base of the forewing. confusa has transparent yellowish wings with
black margins and a transverse band on the discocellular of each wing, as well as a transverse streak through
the cell of the forewing. It occurs on the Lower and Uppér Amazon, and in Guiana, in the shady places of banks
of rivers. — psamathe Godm. d& Salv., from eastern Ecuador and Peru, is a local form with narrow bands and
margins. According to GobMAN and SALyin there is a corresponding form of Dismorphia orise, whose 9 very
nearly resembles that of Th. confusa and which occurs in the same localities as psamathe and is said likewise to
have narrower bands and margins. —curvifascia Weym., from Ecuador and the Upper Amazon, is a form in
which the black at the base of the hindwing is extended beyond the point of origin of the 1. median vein.

Th. themisto Hbn. (82a). May be distinguished from the similar confusa by the absence of the broad
transverse band on the discocellular of the hindwing. The larva according to W. Mixer lives on species of
Brunfelsia. It is deep velvety black with orange-coloured belts. The pupa is elongated, immovable,
white-yellow with narrow orange-coloured transverse bands and black stripes and spots. The species lives in
central and southern Brazil to Argentina. — FELpER describes as megisto a form of the preceding from Bahia,
which is said to be larger and to have the veins less margined with black. On the other hand the median band
of the forewing is much broader and the distal margin of the hindwing irregular.

Th. singularis Stgr., likewise from Bahia, is smaller than themisto and has the inner margin of the hind-
wing not dentate at the 2. median vein and on the upper surface edged with white. The costal margin of the
hindwing beneath is broadly yellow at the base and not interrupted with black on the precostal vein.

S. Genus: Withorea Dbl. é& Hew.

In this genus 2 quite different groups were formerly included and I am compelled to separate the second
group under the name of Hirsutis. The principal differences are the following: In Tithorea the eyes are hairy,
the tibiae of the middle and hindlegs are much longer than the femora. The $$ have only 1 hair-tuft at the
costal margin of the hindwing. In Hirsutis the eyes are naked; the tibiae of the middle and hindlegs are

HIRSUTIS. By R. Haensch. 119

not much longer than the femora and the 3¢ have 2 hair-tufts. The species of the genus Tithorea have short
broad wings with black ground-colour. They are not at all like the other Ithomiuds and recall the Danais-
species in the shape of the wings. They inhabit the north-west of South America to Panama.

T. humboldti Latr. (= flavomaculata Stgr.) (82a). A stately, velvety black butterfly with yellow
macular band across both wings and yellow subapical spots on the forewing. On the under surface the fore-
wing has also yellowish stripes at the base and behind them a double spot. The hindwing has beneath at the
base a yellowish streak and a further oblique band, as well as a brown spot outside the cell. In addition
both wings bear a row of white submarginal spots. From the Cauca Valley in Colombia, according to LATREILLE
also from the Amazons (?). — As albomaculata Hsch. I have designated a form in which the spots on the forewing
are white. It appears to be commoner than the typical humboldti, and occurs on the eastern slopes of Ecuador
and Colombia at elevations of ca. 1500 m.

T. cassandina Srnka, from Ecuador, is a smaller species, similar to albomaculata. The yellow spots
of the hindwing are very small, on the contrary the brown spot on the under surface at the end of the cell is
yery large. The submarginal spots on the underside are bluish white. The species recalls Heliconius cassandra Fldr.

T. bomplandi Guér. (82b) is the commonest species of the genus. On the upperside the forewing has
besides the spots of albomaculata also the white streak and double spot of the underside. The hindwing is marked
as in pavoniw (figured on the upper surface), only proportionately larger. Comes mostly from Colombia, but
also from Bolivia. — deseandollesi Stgr., from the Cauca Valley in Colombia, is a form in which all the nor-
mally white spots of the upper surface are yellow. —latreillei Stgr., likewise from the Cauca Valley, has the
yellow spots like descandollesi, but the band of the hindwing is much broader and behind it follows a further
yellow macular band almost as in huwmboldti. On the under surface the brown spot at the discocellular is much
smaller, but contimued by 2 smaller spots.

T. regalis Stich. (= dagua Stgr. 2. 1.) is very similar above to bomplandi, except that the white
spots at the discocellular of the forewing are perceptibly larger. Beneath on the contrary the ground-colour
is principally brownish except on the dise of the forewing and the bordering of the white spots and dots. The
species comes from the Rio Dagua in Colombia.

T. pavonii Bélr. (32b) is the smallest species of the genus and above similar to bomplandi. Streak and
double spot at the base of the forewing are yellowish. On the under surface some of the spots at the end of
the cell of the forewing are also yellowish and on the hindwing there are 2 complete rows of brown spots between
the rows of white dots and the oblique band. Burier describes the species from Panama and compares it with
the similar Heliconius peruvianus. But it occurs also in western Ecuador and Peru, as well as in Bolivia. In
Eeuador it flies with the confusingly similar Heliconius atthis in the same localities.

T. tamasea Hew., from Colombia, has some similarity to descandollesi, but the yellow spots at the base
and at the end of the cell of the forewing are absent; moreover the yellow band of the hindwing is narrower
and abbreviated. On the under surface both wings have whitish marginal dots. The forewing has a brownish
band near the median and 2 brownish spots near the apex. The hindwing has further 2 brownish bands at
the base and in the disc before the yellow spots. In an aberration from the same locality the band of the
hindwing is reduced to 2 spots, of which the distal one is partly brownish. On the under surface almost the
whole dise of both wings is brownish. — A further form, which I call lugubris form. nov., has the upper surface
of the wings unicolorous black-brown, only the minute white double dots in the distal margin of both wings
remain. On the under surface there are also a brown subapical band on the forewing and submarginal band on
the hindwing. The form comes likewise from Colombia.

9. Genus: Hirsutis gen. nov. .

The distinctive characters of this genus have already been given under J%thorea. It may further be
divided into 2 large groups, namely: a) Wings short and broad, patagia black-brown. b) Wings elongate,
patagia red-brown. The species of the first group recall Danas and Tithorea by their wing-contour; those of
the 2. group have pronounced ,,Lycorea-habitus*. The species are distributed over the whole Neotropical region
from Mexico to South Brazil. They are mostly found singly at the edges of the woods or at flowering shrubs
with the corresponding species of Melinaea, Mechanitis and Ceratinia.

a) Patagia black-brown.
H. pinthias Godm. & Salv. (32b). A stately butterfly with broad wings. Forewing black-brown with
12 irregular yellow spots. Hindwing red-brown with dark costal and distal margins. On the under surface
the hindwing has in addition a dark oblique band from the apex to the inner margin, at the beginning of this

humboldli.

albomacu-
lata.

cassandina,

bomplandi.

descan-
dollesi.
latreillei.

regalis.

pavonit.

tamasea.

lugubris.

pinthias.

tarricina.
hecalesina.

parola.

obscurata.

bonita.

duenna.

monosticla.

irene.

umbratilis.

helicaon.

lagarma.

anachoreta.

hippothous.

hermias.
neitha.

egaénsis.
melanina,

hermina.

napond.

brunnea.

pseudonyma

120 HIRSUTIS. By R. Haensch.

band is placed a larger, yellow spot. Both wings have beneath white distal-marginal dots. This form occurs
especially in Panama and Costa Rica.

H. tarricina Hew., from Colombia, is nearly allied to the preceding, but has at the apex of the hind-
wing 3 larger, yellow spots. —hecalesina [ldr. (82c), likewise from Colombia, has towards the dark distal
margin of the hindwing proximally a complete band, composed of large yellow spots. Moreover the whole
costai margin of the forewing is dark brown as far as the median. —Gopman and Satvyin designate as parola
a form from the Cauca Valley, in which the costal margin of the hindwing is only narrowly black, so that
the dark spot at the apex stands out distinctly. — On the other hand I call obseurata ab. nov. an aberration
from Colombia in which almost the whole hindwing except a spot at the imner angle is black-brown.

H. bonita Hsch. represents the Pinthias-group in eastern Ecuador. In this is placed on the hindwing
between apex and discocellular a rounded blackish spot and on the under surface in addition 2 further spots
in the dise, which form an oblique band with the subapical spot.

H. duenna Bates, from Guatemala and Honduras, differs strikingly from the preceding in a blackish
oblique band from the apex of the hindwing nearly to the middle of the inner margin, as well as in a reddish,
oblong spot at the base of the forewing. Moreover the collar is red-brown. Barres found the species only on
the tableland of Duenas in Guatemala. — monosticta Godm. d& Salv., from Panama and Costa Rica, is said to
be distinguished from duenna by the absence of the dark band on the upper surface of the hindwing, but to
have a macular band on the under surface.

H. irene Drury, from Jamaica, is a form similar to tarricina, with only 2 yellow spots at the apex
of the hindwing and 2 dark spots outside the cell, as well as a red-brown spot at the base of the forewing. —
umbratilis Bates, from Panama, differs from the preceding by the absence of the red-brown spot at the base
of the forewing and also of the yellow spots at the apex of the hindwing. The antennae are brownish, at the
base blackish.

H. helicaon Godm. d Salv. has larger, yellow spots on the forewing and 2 red-brown longitudinal spots
at the base. The hindwing has narrower margins and no dark spot on the disc. The habitat is Costa Rica.

H. tagarma Hew., from Bolivia, is a rare species with somewhat narrower wings, larger yellow spots
and large red-brown spot at the base of the forewing. The hindwing is light reddish yellow-brown with nar-
rower dark margin and yellow oblique macular band behind the discocellular. — In the local form anachoreta
Thieme, from Peru, the yellow oblique band is shorter and broader, and behind the discocellular of the hind-
wing is placed an oblong blackish spot. The antennae are black. Collar red-brown.

b) Patagia red-brown.

H. hippothous Godm. & Salv. (82c¢). This species forms the transition between the two groups. The
patagia are still darker brown; the hindwing broad, but with macular longitudimal band and the antennae except
at the base yellow-brown. The species differs from irene Drury in the two red-brown longitudinal spots at the
base of the forewing and the band-like spots in the dise of the hindwing.

H. hermias Godm. ¢& Salv. Markings as in the figured neitha Hpffr. Colour on the basal half of the fore-
wing and on the hindwing vivid red-brown. The bands and spots in the apex yellow. The black marking of
the hindwing is narrower. This is the form from eastern Ecuador, whilst neitha Hpffr. (832), from eastern Peru,
is distinguished by the yellow ground-colour of both wings, especially on the under surface. — egaénsis Bilr.,
from the Upper Amazon, is distinguished from the preceding by the rusty ground-colour of both wings and
by the very small white marginal dots of the under surface. — melanina Hsch. is a form of egaénsis, likewise from
the Upper Amazon. It differs in the absence of the yellow colourimg and has already been mentioned under
Lycorea concolor. — Whilst hermias and the allied forms have all a spear-shaped marking behind the end of the
cell of the forewing towards the distal margin, in

H. hermina Hsch. (32d) the yellow oblique band of the forewing is broken up into about 10 smaller
spots. This is a form of hermias from the eastern spurs of the Andes at the River Napo in Ecuador. — A further
form from the same localities, napona Hsch., is distinguished by narrower distal margin to the hmdwing and
the absence of the blackish macular band.

H. brunnea Hsch., from eastern Peru, is superficially similar to melannia in the absence of the yellow
colouring. In the markings, however, it approximates to napona. It has likewise narrow distal margin to the
hindwing and the dark macular band is only feebly indicated.

H. pseudonyma Sigr. has similar markings to hermias. It may be recognised by having mostly only
3 isolated blackish spots in the dise of the hindwing. The yellow oblique band of the forewing

ATH YRTIS. By R. Haensch. 121

encloses at the end of the cell only a smaller dark spot and terminates at the distal margin in a more spear-
shaped point. This species occurs in Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. — In southern Brazil occurs the similar
pseudethra Bilr. (82d), which is distinguished by the characteristic yellow longitudinal band of the hindwing
and has already been mentioned under Lycorea halia. — 1 have described as assimilis Hsch. the form of pseudo-
nyma without yellow colouring, in which it resembles melanina and brunnea. Assimilis is, however, easy to
recognise by the 3 isolated spots in the dise of the hindwing. It occurs, like the similar forms, on the Upper
Amazon. — As lateflava form. nov. I designate yet another form of pseudonyma with very broad yellow oblique
band on the forewing; this band is suddenly narrowed to a small, rounded point close to the distal margin.
Tn it are placed in addition to the spot at the end of the cell 2 small dark dots before the distal margin. This
form comes from Santa Cruz in South Bolivia.

H. harmonia Cr. (82d). In the typical specimens of this species from Guiana the dark longitudinal band
of the hmdwing is confluent with the dark distal margin into a large patch, as in Lycorea ceres and many
Ithomiuds. The forewing is pointed, especially in the g. The yellow oblique band ends in three points. — The
form with normal Lycorea-habitus and separated bands is mopsa F. In this the macular band of the hind-
wing is narrowed towards the inner margin; ground-colour red-brown. It occurs in Guiana and on the Lower
Amazon. — A local form with light yellow-brown ground-colour from the Antilles and Trinidad has been called
by GopArT megara (= flavescens Kirby). — According to Guppy the larva of this form is black with white dots
and 2 long, immoveable, antenna-like appendages on the 2. segment. It feeds by day on Echites sp. The eggs
are similar to those of Lycorea ceres, yellowish with numerous impressions, and are laid singly on the under-
side of leaves.

H. cuparina Bates in unknown to me. According to the description it approximates to the following
species (furia), as the yellow oblique band of the forewing is said to terminate obtusely. Batgss compares it with
the common form from the Amazon and says that it is only to be found at the southern tributary of the Middle
Amazon, the Tapajos.

In the following forms the longitudinal band of the hindwing is still more distinctly pointed proximally.

H. salvadoris Sigr. This large species resembles hippothous. It occurs also in Central America (San
Salvador, Honduras), but has lighter, yellow-brown ground-colour and larger yellow spots. It approaches the
following forms in the keel-shaped band of the hindwing.

H. furia Sigr. (832d) may be distinguished from the similar species by the yellow oblique band of the
forewing, which terminates obtusely at the distal margin, and by the proximally pointed longitudinal band of
the hindwing. It flies in Venezuela and Colombia. — In furina Godm. & Salv. the oblique bands of the forewing
are broken up into small yellowish spots. It is commoner and more widely distributed than the typical furia,
occurring in western Heuador and South Bolivia as well as in Colombia and Venezuela. — flacilla Godm. & Salv.,
from the Cauca Valley in Colombia, differs from the preceding in having 3 yellow spots at the apex of the hind-
wing, which are margined with black; also the base of the forewing is more broadly blackish and the brownish
basal streak-spots are correspondingly smaller.

10. Genus: Athyrtis Fidr.

In size and markings the species of this genus are very similar to those of Melinaea, but are distinguished
at once by the shorter antennae and the angled lower discocellular of the hindwing. (In the figure of Ath. mecha-
nitis, pl. 33a, the neuration is indistinct).

The few forms of this genus are all very rare and occur only on the eastern slopes of the Andes from
Colombia to Peru.

A. mechanitis Pidr. (35a) has the markings almost as in Mechanitis doryssus, but is considerably larger
and may be recognised by the angled lower discocellular of the hindwing. The base of the forewing and the hind-
wing are red-brown; the former with blackish apical half and 8 yellow macular bands, the latter with yellow
and black macular band, as well as dark distal margin. Both wings with small white marginal dots. —In
the local from oberthueri Srnka, from Keuador, the yellow longitudinal band of the hindwing is absent, and the
bands of the forewing are smaller. — In salvini Srnka, from eastern Peru, the red-brown colour is duller and
extends on the forewing beyond the discocellular. Apex and distal margin are black-brown with yellowish suba-
pical band. At the end and again in the middle of the cell there is a black spot. The hindwing has a central row
of 5—6 black spots and narrow, dark distal margin. — In a local form from the Upper Amazon, which I call
amanga form. nov., the whole apical half of the forewing is black-brown. In this is placed in addition to the
yellowish, very narrow subapical band a brownish band near the end of the cell. Of the two black spots in
salvim the distal one is suppressed in the dark apical half.

V 16

pseudethra.
assimilis.

lateflava.

harmonica.

mopsa.

megara.

cuparind.

salvadoris.

furia.

furina.

flacilla.

mechanilis.

oberthueri.
salvini.

amanga.

distincta.

zaneka.

maculosa.

discurrens.

menophilus.
cocana.

MACNiUS.
tarapolensis.

chincha.

messenina.

mothone.

MAYSAeUS,

divisa.

lucifer.

/lavosigqnata
hicetas.

199 MELINAEA. By R. Haensch.

A. distineta Hsch. Similar to mechanitis. The subapical band of the forewing is small, the median
band is proximally curved and encloses a large black spot at the end of the cell; the proximal band consists
only of a spot in the cell. The hmdwing has on the under surface at the end of the cell a large yellow spot which
shows through slightly above.

11. Genus: Melinaea dHbn.

This genus contains numerous stately species of rather large size and mostly of red-brown ground-colour.
They may be recognised by the long yellowish antennae and the long cell of the hindwing, with apparently
4-branched median. The Melinaeas are distinguished from the often very similar Mechanitis-species by the normal
forelegs, which in Mechanitis-$ 3 are reduced to a knob and which in the 99 have 4 joints to the tarsi. Moreover
Mechanitis has much shorter antennae. The Heliconius-species, which are likewise often very similar®* super-
ficially to Melinaea, are recognised by the small cell of the hindwing and the absence of the hair-brushes in the gg.
The Melinaea-species are distributed over the whole Neotropical region from Mexico to Argentina, but are mostly
not very abundant, occurring singly in company with the corresponding species of Mechanitis and Ceratinia.
The $3 have 2 pairs of hair-tufts, of which the first (at the base) is pencil-shaped, the 2. (at the end of the
cell) is broad and comb-like.

M. zaneka Bilr. (= dora Streck.) (82e). This beautiful, large species is distinguished from most of
the other forms by the absence of the dark longitudinal band in the dise of the hindwing. The forewing shows
the Lycorea-habitus, but without the yellow subapical spots. The dark distal margin of the hindwing is narrow
and only present in the apical half. The species occurs only in eastern Ecuador, mostly in the dusk of the
primeval forest on undergrowth. — In ab. maculosa Hsch. the ground-colour is darker red-brown. The hindwing
bears in addition one or two incomplete, dark longitudinal bands, as in menophilus. — In a further interesting
aberration, which I call ab discurrens ab. nov., the ground-colour is likewise darker. At the distal margin of the
hindwing are placed large dark brown projections and between the end of the cell and the apex a dark zigzag
line runs from the costal to the distal margin.

M. menophilus Hew. (= ishka Btlr.) (82a). A widely distributed species; it is smaller than zaneka,
has a broader, dentate oblique band on the forewing and on the hindwing 2 blackish macular longitudinal bands.
It occurs in the eastern Andes from Colombia to Peru. — In the local form cocana Hsch., from the upper
Napo in Ecuador, the two bands of the hindwing are united into a large spot, in which the veins still remain
finely brownish. — In the local form maenius Hew. the ground-colour is dark red-brown and the black bands
and patches are very large, partly comfluent. From the Upper Amazon (Teffé).— As tarapotensis form. nov.
(Bang.-H. 7. |.) I designate another form with duller ground-colour from Tarapoto on the Upper Amazon. Here
the oblique band of the forewing is narrower; the dark bands of the hindwing are larger and diffuse. On the
under surface the dark markings at the costal margin and in the dise of the hindwing are absent. — chinecha Druce
is a form of menophilus in which the yellow oblique band of the forewing is absent; it has already been mentioned
with the similar forms under Lycorea concolor. It comes like these from eastern Peru, and has the black
patches exactly as in menophilus.

M. messenina Fidr. has the appearance of Mechanitis messenoides Fldr. (331), the forewing similar to
menophilus, the hindwing is however black-brown except for a red-brown subapical spot. In eastern Colombia
and Heuador. — mothone Hew. (= cydippe Salv.) (82e). Here the yellow oblique band is absent. The colour
consequently appears plain black-brown with broad red-brown oblique band with black spots init. The following
from other genera have very similar markings: Mechanitis deceptus, Ceratinia bicolora and semifulva, Hyposcada
fallax, and also Heliconius aristiona and their varieties. mothone occurs on the eastern slopes of the Andes from
Colombia to Peru and Bolivia in slightly differmg forms.

All the preceding species of Melinaea have a broad black apex to the forewing. The following forms
have all a yellow or brownish subapical macular band.

M. marsaeus Hew., from the Amazons, is similar to menophilus, but has a narrower, curved yellow
oblique band, which has proximally another spur behind the middle. The black spots at the end of the cell and
in the basal part are joined together. In the black apical part are placed 3 oblong red-brown spots.

M. divisa Sigr. is similar to the preceding in the markings. The yellow oblique band is however suppressed
by the red-brown ground-colour. Moreover a yellow macular band is placed in the apex. — In the first deseribed
lucifer Bates (33a) the two longitudinal bands of the hindwing are confluent. Both forms occur on the Upper
Amazon.

M. flavosignata Sigr. (= egesta Godm. d& Salv.) has a broader yellow oblique band than menophilus and

a yellow macular band in the apex. The habitat is Colombia and Hast Peru. — In hicetas Godm. & Salv. (32e)
the yellow oblique band is suppressed by the red-brown ground-colour. Examples, however, occur like the

MELINAHA. By R. Haensch. : 123

figure, im which some yellow colour is to be seen at the costal margin. — In magnifica Hsch. the subapical spots
have also become completely red-brown. — orestes Salv. is said to be similar to lucifer, without the yellow spots
at the costal margin and in the apex of the forewing. The hindwing is as in /icetas. — phasiana Btlr. (88 a)
differs from magnifica in the red-brown, black-margined apex. It is very similar to Mechanitis mazaeus.
All these forms come from the Upper Amazon, from eastern Peru. — macaria Godm. d& Salv. has the forewing
as in flavosignata, except that the two oblong spots at the base are considerably larger. The hindwing has a
large black spot as in lucifer and messenina. From North-East Colombia.

M. mneme L. (= crameriGodm. & Salv.) (83a). has likewise a black-brown spot on the hindwing, which,
however, extends to the costal margin, the base and a subapical spot remain red-brown. The oblique band of
the forewing is narrower and in the middle dentate; the spots at the base are rounded. Fles only in Guiana
and on the Lower Amazon.

M. mediatrix Weym. (33b), a superficially very similar, but sharply separated species, occurs on the
contrary both on the Upper and Lower Amazon and also in Guiana. The forewing has at the base a pointed
double spot, the hindwing at the costal margin a red-brown band. Moreover, the hindmargin of the forewing
is broadly black, not so in mneme. — In the form mauensis Weym. the black patch of the hindwing is broken
up into 2 bands. — In a further form, which I call ab. anina ab. nov., the yellow oblique band of the forewing
is broken up into 2 small spots: one at the end of the cell, the other (oblong) in the black apical half at the
distal margin. From British Guiana.

M. satevis Dbl. & Hew. (33a) has the markings on the ferewing as in mneme, but the ground-colour
is a peculiar wine-red, as is the case in only a few other forms, such as Melinaea madeira and Ceratinia viola.
The hindwing is wine-red with dark distal margin and the indication of a longitudinal band in the apex, which
is more distinct on the under surface. On the underside the distal margin has small white marginal dots as
in mneme. Bolivia.

M. maelus Hew. (= pardalis Bates) has markings and colouring like ecydon Godm. & Salv. (83b), but
is distinguished by a yellow oblique band across the end of the cell of the forewing nearly to the distal margin,
which is absent in cydon. A very similar pattern recurs in Ceratinia castanea and anastasia. All these species
fly on the Upper Amazon. Hewrrson describes under maelus another form, which he considers a variety, but
which belongs to quite another species. I call it:

M. manga spec. nov. It has a lighter, red-brown ground-colour, a dark apex to the forewing with
red-brown spots and 2 very small yellow ones. The basal half and the hindwing are as in marsaeus, except
that the median band is stronger and wedge-shaped. From the Amazons.

M. madeira (Sigr. 7. 1.) (83b) has a yellow oblique band like maelus, but this is extended into the cell
and to the 1. median vein. The ground-colour is wine-red, the apex dark. The median band of the hindwing
consists of 3 larger oblong spots and 1 small one. This form from the Upper Amazon (Manicoré) appears to
be commoner than maelus and cydon.

M. maeonis Hew., from the upper Napo im Ecuador, has a pattern similar to that of maelus, but the
whole apical half of the forewing is black-brown except for the narrow transverse band and the 3 large suba-
pical spots. The hindwing has a dark distal margin and a curved macular band, which is connected at the
apex with the dark costal margin. — On the Ucayali in Peru occurs a nearly allied form, which I call zamora form.
nov. (Bang-H. 7. 1.). Here the ground-colour is much lighter, especially before the middle of the wing, and
the hindwing is distinguished by a light yellow longitudinal band between the costal margin and the dark median
band. The distal margin is only very narrowly edged with dark.

M. mnemopsis Berg (= boliviana Stgr. 7. 1.) (83d). This species has only the beginning of the yellowish
and dark bands of zamora at the apex of the hindwing. The distal margin is broadly edged with blackish, beneath
with distinct white dots. On the forewing the yellow median band is divided into 2 spots. This large form comes
from Peru and Bolivia.

M. scylax Salv. (= ribbei Weym.) (33c), from Costa Rica, has a unicolorous yellow-brown hindwing
with narrow dark distal margin. The forewing has the usual bands and spots with large black spots in
the disc.

M. lilis Dbl. & Hew., from Venezuela, and imitata Bates (= tachypetis Fldr.) (33¢), from Central
America and Mexico, are very closely allied. In lis the median band of the forewing is continuous and brown-
ish; in imitata it is yellow and divided Moreover, in lilis the central subapical spot is much larger. — In
the genus Ceratinia there are likewise 2 very similar forms from Central America and Venezuela: dionaea and
froterna, and again Heliconius telchinia and the allied forms are confusingly similar to the two Melinaeas.

M. ethra Godt. (= phasis Fldr.) (83d). This typical South Brazilian species may be at once recognised
by the yellow longitudinal band of the hindwing and the isolated yellow subapical spots of the forewing. It
has been already mentioned under Lycorea halia with the similar forms. It especially resembles Heliconius
narcaea (= eucrate), with which it flies together.

magnifica.
orestes.
phasiana,

macaria.

mnenme.

medialria.

MAWENSIS.
anind.

satevis.

maelus.
cydon.

Manga.

madeira.

maeonis.

eamora.

mnemopsis.

scylac.

lilis.
amilata.

ethra.

thera.
MNASLAS.

lecta.

equicola.

dae.

paraiya.

egind.

messalis.

parallelis.
dodona.

polymnia.

chimbora-
zona.

casabranca.

caucdénsis.

equicolotdes.

124 MECHANITIS. By R. Haensch.

The small M. thera Fldr. has also a similar pattern, but approximates more nearly to mnasias Hew. (33 d).
thera is the same size as mnasias and has the same markings with the addition of a large white subapical spot
on the forewing and small white marginal dots. It has further a yellow longitudinal band on the hindwing like
ethra. The typical specimens of mnasias from the Amazons have white marginal dots and 2 larger, yellow spots
in the end of the cell and before the oblique band. In the example figured from British Guiana these spots are
absent and the marginal spots are yellow. I consequently call this local form tecta form. nov.

M. equicola Cr. is very similar to the figured Mechanitis equicoloides (38e). The black spots at the end
of the cell of the forewing and at the distal margin form a band and before this is placed a yellow oblique band.
The black spot between the median veis in the dise is absent. On the hindwing the median band and the
very broad distal margin are confluent at the imner angle.

M. idae Fidr. (83c) is an entirely isolated species from Colombia and Ecuador. The yellow apical
spots are as in mneme, on the other hand the yellow oblique band is abbreviated and towards the base widened.
The hindwing is conspicuous by the absence of the longitudinal band and by the very broad dark distal margin.
On the under surface both wings have small white distal-marginal dots. The example figured is from Colombia;
the specimens from Ecuador differ in the smaller size and narrower distal margin of the hindwing, which is
sharply defined proximally. Ceratinia philetaera and Heliconiws clara have similar markings to idae.

M. paraiya Reak. (83c). Between the yellow subapical and median band are placed 2 spots in the
black apical half of the forewing and in the cell two black spots. The hindwing has dark distal margin and a
macular band. This common species occurs in Guiana and on the Amazons as well as in Central and South
Brazil; it is very similar to Mechanitis macrinus and also to Heliconius metaphorus. — In the allied egina Cr. the
median spots of the band of the hindwing are merged with the distal margin into a large spot. In the forewing
there is a third yellow spot between the two median ones. ‘This form flies especially in Guiana and on the
Middle Amazon.

M. messatis Hew. (33d) forms with the two following varieties a small separate group which closely
resembles Heliconius ismenius. Particularly striking are the numerous white spots on the forewing. The median
band of the forewing is only developed in the apical half. messatis occurs in Colombia, whilst the nearly allied
parallelis Btlr. fliesin Panama. The latter has a complete longitudinal band on the hindwing. — dodona Hp/fr.,
from Bolivia, has on the forewing besides the marginal dots yellow instead of white spots. The hindmargin of
the forewing is black, the band of the hindwing complete.

12. Genus: Wlechanitis F.

The differences between this genus and the often very similar Melinaea have already been given under
the latter. The species are smaller throughout, have long, narrow wings and shorter antennae. In colour
and markings the Lycorea-habitus predominates.

This genus has a very wide range; species occur almost everywhere from California to Argentina; many
forms, especially in the primeval forests of the plains, occur at times in such enormous numbers as are otherwise
attamed only by certaim colourless Ithomuds. At such times the bushes at particular places are literally
covered with them. Mechanitis also produces every possible variety of colouring. Most forms vary so much
that one can arrange an almost uninterrupted series of transitions between all the varieties. Many specimens
are indeed difficult to place with a definite species, and hybridisation apparently occasionally takes place
between nearly allied forms.

M. polymnia L. (83e). Typical examples of this very variable species, with small subapical spot and
large yellow median band on the forewing, occur especially in Guiana and on the Lower Amazon. The two
black spots at the end of the cell are mostly confluent. The median band of the hindwing is broad and dentate.
— chimborazona Bates is a local form from the western slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, with very broad
yellow median band at the costal margin of the forewing, which is suddenly narrowed into a streak behind
the cell. The gg have in the hindwing a very broad black median band; in the 99, however, this is only
present at the apex. — casabranca Hsch. is the local form from Central and South Brazil, which is easy to
recognise by the characteristic yellow longitudinal band in the hindwing. Moreover the yellow subapical spot
in the forewing is absent and the double spot at the end of the cell is widened at the costal margin. The median
band of the hindwing is narrow. — I designate as caucaénsis form. nov. the form from the Cauca Valley in
Colombia. This is distinguished by dark brown-red ground-colour, large yellow band-spot and small black
spots at the end of the cell of the forewing. The black spot in the cell is produced into a point. The broad
median band of the hindwing in the ¢ is almost edentate.

M. equicoloides Godm. & Salv. (83e). This and the followmg form differ from all the others in the
larger size and more powerful build. But the marking is similar to that of doryssus. Very striking are 2
black, isolated spots at the costal margin of the hindwing. Whilst the form equicoloides from the Upper Amazon

MECHANITIS. By R. Haensch. 125

has on the hindwing the usual pattern with black, dentate longitudinal band and similar distal margin, in
the allied sylvanoides Godm. ¢& Salv., from Guiana, the two bands are confluent at the inner margin. ‘The sylvanoides.
latter form is said to resemble Heliconius sylvana.

M. pannifera Bilr. (= plagifera Sigr.) (83e). Here the median band and the distal margin of the hind- pannifera.
wing are merged into a black patch asin Melinaea cocana ‘The costal margin and apex remain red-brown.
The yellow oblique band of the forewing is narrower than in polymnia, at the apex there is mostly a yellowish
spot. This form occurs both on the Amazons and in Guiana and Venezuela.

In M. messenoides Fidr. (83f) the black patch of the hindwing also occupies the whole costal margin, messenoides.
moreover the base of the forewing is also black, and the yellow subapical spot is absent. This species corres-
ponds exactly to Melinaea messenina. On the eastern slopes of the Andes, from Colombia to Peru. — Just
as in the Melinaea there is also in the Mechanitis a form without the yellow oblique band of the forewing,
namely deceptus Bilr. (= mothone Salv.). This is deceptively similar to Melinaea mothone. It occurs on deceplus.
the Upper Amazon in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. But there are also transitions to the preceding form, in
which yellowish colour is present at the discocellular of the forewing. — In meterus Hew., also from the Upper melerus.
Amazon, a form which is otherwise marked like deceptus, there are 2 more round yellow spots at the distal
margin of the forewing. — In nigroapicalis Hsch. the base of the forewing and the costal margin of the hind-
wing are red-brown. In many specimens the median band of the hindwing and the distal margin are com-
pletely separated. — mazaeus Hew. (34a) has in addition a red-brown patch in the apex of the forewing. mazaeus.
— In phasianita Hsch. this subapical spot is very large and the black marking in the apex is considerably phasianita.
less extended, so that this form has much the appearance of Melinaea phasiana. It occurs like mazaeus on
the Upper Amazon and its tributaries in Peru and Ecuador. — lucifera Hsch. again forms a transition to the lucifera.
forms with yellow oblique band and subapical spot. The marking is as in phasianita, but the subapical spot
and the oblique band are yellow, with brownish margin. This form, which may be recognised by the strikingly
large subapical spot, likewise occurs on the Upper Amazon in Peru.

nigroapi-
calis.

M. visenda Btlr. has a narrower, yellow oblique band on the forewing, which does not reach to the visenda.
end of the cell; on the other hand broader, black bands at the inner margin of the forewing and in the disc
of the hindwing, as well as narrow distal margin to the hindwing. It flies on the Lower Amazon and
Tapajos.

M. fallax Btlr., from Colombia, has likewise a narrower, yellow oblique band and small black spots fallaz.
at the discocellular of the forewing, as in messenoides Fldr. The costal margin and apex of the hindwing are
red-brown. The black median band is confluent with the distal margin.

M. egaénsis Bilr. (34a), from Ega on the Upper Amazon, has dark red-brown ground-colour. The egaénsis.
oblique band is large and one half of it brownish. The black spot at the base is large and wedge-shaped. The
hindwing has broad median bands and strongly dentate dark distal margin. — obscura Bilr. is a very dark obscura.
form of egaénsis with broader black bands and occurs at the same localities. — In plagigera Bilr. the black plagigera.
bands and patches are much narrower than in egaénsis; the subapical spot is smaller and yellow, like the more
elongated band of the forewing. From Prainha on the Amazon.

M. truncata Bilr. belongs to a small group with shorter wings, in which the apex of the hindwing truncata.
is almost truncate. It has a pattern like egaénsis. The wings are red-brown, the black streak at the inner
margin of the forewing is long. In the apex of the forewing is placed a large yellow spot with brown margins.
The form varies very much and flies together with egaénsis and obscura near Ega. — juntana Hsch. (84a) has juntana.
a very narrow, strongly dentate yellow band on the forewing, a similar black median band and very narrow
margin to the hindwing. The ground-colour is light yellow-brown. ‘The form flies in eastern Ecuador and
Peru, at the base of the Andes. It is at times very common at flowering shrubs. — A nearly allied form is
huallaga Sigr. (34a), from eastern Peru. It bears, however, a greater resemblance to phasianita and olivencia huallaqa.
on account of the absence of the yeJow markings and the smaller extent of the black ones on the forewing.
It is easy to recognise by the narrow distal border of the hindwing. — The similar olivencia Bates has broader, olivencia.
black bands and patches, as well as a yellow spot at the discocellular of the forewing. It occurs likewise |
on the Upper Amazon. — jurimaguénsis Stgr. has lighter, red-brown ground-colour than olivencia and the /W>
yellow spot at the discocellular of the forewing is absent. The median band of the hindwing is broadly dentate Ares
and sometimes confluent with the broad distal margin.

M. proceris Weym. ‘This small species has the appearance of juntana. It may, however, be recog- proceris.
nised by the black distal margin of the hindwing being broader and the black streak at the inner margin
of the forewing terminating obtusely. From Tonantins on the Upper Amazon.

With M. doryssus Bates (33f) we pass to another group of forms which are distinguished by long, narrow doryssus.
wings and mostly inhabit Central America or the adjoining north-west of South America. They have mostly

utenaia.
verilabilis.

saturala.

labotas.

lycidice.

eurydice.

dor yssides.
ovata.

isthmia.

arcant.
californica.

mantineus.

jranis.

peruana.

menapis.

elisa.

menecles.

ocond.

126 MECHANITIS. By R. Haensch.

a similar pattern as in the preceding forms, 1. e. on the forewing doryssus has in the black apical half an undulate
yellow oblique band and a subapical spot. The basal half of the forewimg and the hindwing are red-brown;
the former with 2 black spots and black margins, the latter with narrow median band and distal margin.
In Central America, from Costa Rica to Honduras. — Reaxirt designates as utenaia a form from Honduras
in which the oblique band of the hindwing is broken up into 2 spots. — veritabilis Bilr. is the form from
Colombia and Venezuela, with narrow wings. Here the club of the antenna is yellow-brown, in doryssus only
the base is dark. The ground-colour of the wings is darker. This form flies also on Trinidad. — saturata
Godm. & Salv.is a similar, larger form from Mexico with very narrow yellow bands in the forewing, broader black
apex and large basal spots. — labotas Dist. is a very light form from the volcano Chiriqui with yellow colour
at the end of the cell of the forewing and partly also at the base of the hindwing. Especially striking is the
2 of this local form, in which the black median band of the hindwing is only indicated at the apex, and is some-
times entirely absent.

M. lycidice Bates (34a). Smaller than doryssus. The forewing black with 3 yellow oblique bands,
and also red-brown base and 2 red-brown spots at the inner angle. The hindwing has broader, black median
band and before it an indistinct yellow longitudinal band. In the 9 the black band is proximally incomplete.
In Central America, from Costa Rica to Honduras. — eurydice Hsch. is a similar form from Peru. The black
marking in the dise of the forewing is reduced. The yellow subapical spot is prolonged into a band. The
median band is narrower and more strongly dentate. The hindwing has a broad yellow longitudinal band and
in the @ also the black macular band is complete. Antenna yellow-brown with dark base, in lycidice dark
with yellowish club. — doryssides Stgr. is very similar to the preceding, but has no yellow longitudinal band
in the hindwing and the spots in the disc of the forewing are brownish yellow. — ovata Dist., from Costa Rica,
has broader and more roundish wings than lycidice. The macular bands of the forewing are narrower. The
black longitudinal band of the hindwing is only present in the apex and the yellow marking before it is entirely
absent. — In isthmia Bates (84b), from Panama and Costa Rica, the black colour occupies almost the whole
of the forewing. The yellow median band is broken up into 2 spots. The black median band of the hind-
wing is very broad; yellow colour is absent. In the 9 the median band is only indicated by a spot before
the apex. — In a form from Honduras, which | call areana form. nov., the hindwing has a broad yellow longi-
tudinal band and also in the 2 a complete black band behind it. — californica Reak. In this form from Cali-
fornia the yellow spot on the discocellular of the forewing is said to be much narrower than in isthmia; behind
the end of the cell a yellow band runs from the costal to the hmdmargin.

M. mantineus Hew. (34c) is a species very different from the preceding forms, which is distinguished
by the almost complete absence of red-brown, even on the hindwing, and by the absence of the yellow subapical
spot in the forewing. The forewing has only one red-brown spot at the inner angle and the hindwing a fine red-
brown line before the distal margin. In addition to the yellow median line the forewing has 2 yellow spots
and a streak on the median vein. The hindwing has a yellow longitudinal band. ‘This interesting species,
which recalls Heliconius nattereri, occurs only on the western slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, but is not rare.

M. franis Reak. (83f) and the two following forms are nearly allied to polymnia caucaénsis. The ground-
colour of franis is reddish yellow-brown. The large yellow median spot in caucaénsis is here separated by
a black macular band into 2 parts, of which the proximal one is partly yellow-brown. — In the form peruana
Weym. the median band of the forewing is confluent with the distal margin; hence there remains of the yellow-
brown ground-colour only a longitudinal band pointed towards the apex in the otherwise black-brown wing.
— In the form menapis Hew. (33f) the black colour is still further increased, so that often only 2 small red-
brown spots at the base of each wing remain. Almost all transitions between the 3 forms are found. They
fly in Colombia, especially in the Cauca Valley.

M. elisa Guér. has the forewing similar to that of isthmia; the two yellow spots at the end of the cell
of the forewing (the remains of the oblique band) are here still further reduced and are placed near to the costal
resp. distal margim. On the other hand the two spots in the dise are enlarged. The zigzag band of the hind-
wing and the distal-marginal band are narrow. On the Upper Amazon and its tributaries in Ecuador, Peru
and Bolivia. — menecles Hew. is a form from the Amazon with small yellow spots in the forewmg and a
small red-brown spot below the yellow one near the mner angle. The hindwing has only the beginning of the
median band in the apical area. — In ocona Druce (= vilecanota Réb.) (84b) the ground-colour in the ¢ is
lighter yellow-brown. The yellow spots and the costal margin of the hindwing are semitransparent. Between
the two oblong yellow spots at the end of the cell and the distal margin is placed another oblong yellow spot,
so that here the usual oblique band is restored. The typical specimens come from the Upper Amazon, from
Peru. At the Upper Napo in Ecuador the form is similar to elisa, except that in the forewing the yellow double
spot of ocona is still present.

In the followig forms the two proximal yellow spots of the forewing are united into a broad oblique
band; the median band is only indicated by a few dots or is entirely absent.

APROTOPOS; CALLITHOMIA. By R. Haensch. 127

M. macrinus Hew. (= Q numerianus Flidr.) (34b) has mostly 3 oblong yellow spots in the black apical
third of the forewing as a remnant of the oblique band at the end of the cell. Between the median and its
first branch is generally placed another, triangular black spot, especially in the g. The latter has moreover
in the dise of the hindwing above a black longitudinal band, which is indicated beneath and in the Q only
at the apex, or the black band is entirely absent beneath also. This species is deceptively similar to Heliconius
metaphorus, with which it also occurs together. The examples from Colombia are distinguished by large black
spots in the basal part of the forewing and broad black longitudinal band on the hindwing; those from Panama
and Costa Rica have narrower wings, spots and bands. The specimens from Ecuador on the other hand have
a bright yellow oblique band and small yellow spots in the forewing; the black spot at the median is mostly absent.

M. nessaea Hbn. (84b) differs from macrinus in the yellow longitudinal band of the himdwing and the
two yellow dots at the end of the cell and the distal margin of the forewing. The species is especially common
in Central Brazil. — sulphurescens Hsch., from Bahia in Brazil, forms the transition to the following sub-
species. It differs from nessaea in the absence of the two yellow median dots; from lysimnia in the yellow
instead of white subapical spot. — lysimnia F'. (84b) is distinguished from nessaea by the white subapical

~~ spot and the absence of the yellow median dots in the forewing. — In ab. albescens Hsch. there is a white tri-

angular spot at the distal margin of the forewing and on the under surface the subapical spot is surrounded
by a white macular band, which shows through above. — The larva of lysimmia is blue-grey with white tubercles
and black stigmata. Pupa shiny gold-yellow, with a silver gloss on the ventral side, and with black dots and lines.
— lysimnia is one of the commonest species of Mechanitis and flies principally in Central and South Brazil.

13. Genus: Aprotopos Wirby.

Aprotopos is distinguished from the very similar Thyridia, as Mechanitis from Melinaea, by the aborted
forelegs, from Mechanitis by the shorter cell. The species of this genus may be recognised superficially by
1—2 red-brown dots at the base of the forewing.

The few species have mostly a wide distribution, but are almost everywhere only taken singly.

A. melantho Bates (34c). This Central American species differs from all the others in the intense colouring
of the wings. The normally vitreous spots of the forewing are almost entirely covered with black. The hind-
wing is dark red-brown with black distal margin and spot at the end of the cell. — In a form from the
voleano Chiriqui, which I call randolis form. nov., the whole apex of the hindwing as far as the end of the cell
is black-brown except for a small red-brown streak.

A. aedesia Dbl. & Hew. (34c) has the same scheme of markings as melantho, but the vitreous spots
of the forewing are much larger and especially at the base yellow-brown. The dise of the hindwing is likewise
light yellow-brown, not so red-brown as in the figure. The black spot at the end of the cell is connected
with the costal margin. Hspecially in Colombia and Venezuela.

A. ceto Fidr. (= colombiana Godm. & Salv.). This rare species has the markings as in psidw, on
the other hand a brownish ground-colour similar to aedesia. Colombia.

A. psidii L. (34c). The similarity of this species to Thyridia confusa has been already mentioned under
the latter. It occurs in Guiana and on the Lower and Upper Amazon, to the Andes of Peru and Ecuador.
Specimens from the first named districts have broader black margins and bands; those from Keuador and Peru
have been designated ino by FELDER.

A. hippodamia F’. (= pytho Fldr.), from Central and Southern Brazil, is a very similar, but smaller species
with broader bands on the forewing and narrower ones on the hindwing. — pallida Godm. d Salv. is a form
with brownish vitreous spots, similar to ceto; in Central Brazil.

14, Genus: Callithomia Bates.

In the species of this genus not the lower discocellular but the middle one is angled. The cell is long
and extends almost to the margin. They are mostly medium-sized species, which occur especially in the north-
west of South America and also in Central America.

C. hezia Hew. (36b) has very broad wings and strongly recalls Hirsutis pinthias in the marking. There
occur here as there also the corresponding varieties, in which a yellow macular band is present on the hind-
wing. hezia is the commonest form, from Central America, with black-brown, yellow-spotted forewing and
red-brown hindwing with dark apex. — hedila Godm. ¢ Salv. is a form from Guatemala with larger, partly

mMacrinus.

nessaded.

sulphures-
cens.

lysimnit.
albescens.

melantho.

randolis.

aedesia.

ceto.

psidit.

imo.

hippodamia
pallida.

hezi.

hedila.

tridactyla.

phagesia.

megaleas.

schulzi.
alexirrhoé.
zewxrip pe.
thornaz.
butes.

philomela.

infuscata.

hydra.
beronilla.

panamensis.

procne.

villula.

polymnides.

menans,

128 CERATINIA. By R. Haensch.

confluent yellow spots in the forewing. On the hindwing the black marking is broader and occupies nearly
half the wing. — In tridactyla Dew. (86b), from Colombia, there is a yellow macular band behind the diseocel-
lular of the hindwing, similar to that of Hirsutis hecalesina, and the base of the hindwing is black-brown.

C. phagesia Hew. (86a), from Ecuador, has similar markings; at the base of the forewing there is a
red-brown stripe, and the spots are larger and dirty white. In the hindwing the area before the apex is trans-
parent whitish.

C. megaleas Godm. & Salv., from Panama, is said to have in the forewing a red-brown base, 6 yellow
submarginal spots and a yellow oblique band. ‘The hindwing is red-brown with narrow black distal margin.

C. schulzi Hsch. (36 b), from the Lower Amazon, has large yellow spots im the forewing, and the basal
third red-brown. The hindwing has a median macular longitudinal band and large marginal teeth with yellow
dots. In the g the anterior half of the hindwing is transparent yellowish, in the 9 red-brown. — In alexirrhoé
Bates, from the Upper Amazon, near S. Paulo, the ground-colour is darker red-brown. The hindwing is
not yellowish-transparent and the marginal dots are white. — zeuxippe Bates, from the Cupari (a tributary of
the Amazon), has at the base of the forewing broad black margins. The apex is dark brown, with 3 yellowish
spots and red-brown margins. — thornax Bates, from the Upper Amazon, near Tabatinga, has blackish apex
with 4 yellowish spots and 6 brownish marginal spots. Hindwing with black teeth at the distal margin. —
butes Godm. cd Salv., from the lower Napo in Ecuador, is said to be similar to the preceding, but to have
yellowish spots in the apex of the forewing and a broad, dentate black distal margin to the hindwing. —
philomela Godm. d& Salv., from Colombia, is said to approximate to zeuxippe, but to have narrower forewing,
whilst the hindwing is semitransparent with black apex. The black macular band is placed nearer to the lower
end of the cell. — The last 5 forms all intergrade more or less with one another, being apparently local forms
still in course of development, so that it is very difficult to refer the transitional specimens to the individual
forms. — On the Ucayali in Peru there is further a peculiar form, which I call infuscata form. nov. Here the fore-
wing is yellow-brown with dark margins and in addition to the black median spot in the cell a roundish spot
is placed in the end of the cell and 3—4 oblong spots in the apical third. The hindwing has 2 macular bands,
in the dise and at the anal angle. This form recalls Hyposcada rezia. :

C. hydra Fidr. (= valera Stgr.), from Venezuela, has blackish forewing with 3 yellow macular bands
and brownish base. The hindwing is red-brown with dark distal margin. — In the somewhat larger beronilla
Hew. (36¢), from Colombia and Ecuador, the central macular band is absent and the proximal one is not divided
by a triangular black spot, as in hydra. — The nearly allied panamensis Godm. ¢ Salv., from Panama,
has a broad yellow oblique band, in which several roundish black spots are placed. The hindwing is broadly
black at the apex and distal margin. 3

C. procne Godm. ¢& Salv., from Colombia, is said to have the apex of the forewing black as far as
the end of the cell, and a broad yellow oblique band, which is divided by a red-brown stripe over the 2. median
vein.

C. villula Hew. (36c). This interesting species has exactly the markings and colouring of certain Cera-
tinia, e. g. praxilla and ocna; but it may be recognised by the angled middle discocellular, resp. not angled
lower one. On the under surface the hindwing has a white double spot at the costal margin near the middle
and 6 white distal-marginal dots. Colombia.

15. Genus: Ceratinia Hon.

This genus contains numerous species of very varied appearance, mostly of medium size. It may
be recognised by the very long cell of the forewing (especially in the 3) with angled lower discocellular, yet there
are differences in the neuration even in specimens of the same species. The species of this genus occur from
Mexico to Brazil and Argentina. Many forms of the plains are at times very common, whilst others from
the valleys of the Andes are quite local and rare. The wing-pattern and colouring in Ceratinia is very varied.
Although the Dycorea-habitus predominates, yet there are also many forms with vitreous or otherwise marked
Wings, so that similarities to almost all the markings which occur in other Ithomiid-genera may be found.

C. polymnides Hsch. The marking is similar to that of Mechanitis polymnia, with broad yellow
median band, without subapical spot on the forewing and with 2 black-brown zigzag bands in the dise and
at the anal angle of the hindwing. Upper and lower surface are without distal-marginal dots. In Central
Colombia. — In menans Hsch., from the same localities, the forewing has moreover 6 yellow distal-marginal
dots, which are largest in the apex. In the 3 the costal margin of the hindwing is lighter and transparent.

Publ. 32. V. 09. CERATINIA. By R. Haensch. 129

C. amica Weym., from Colombia and Heuador, is similar to polymnides, but has only 3 black dots
in the dise of the hindwing and a narrow black distal margin.. The yellow transverse band of the hindwing
is only half as broad. The similar baana Druce, from Peru, is said to be distinguished among other details
by white marginal dots on the under surface, which are wanting in amica.

C. mansuetus Hew., from the Upper Amazon, has similar markings to moebiwsi following hereafter.
The wings are shorter and more rounded. The forewing has in addition 3 yellow dots at the distal margin and
the hindwing 4 black spots in the dise, whilst the narrow distal border is strongly dentate at the inner angle.
In specimens from Peru the yellow dots on the forewing are absent. — moebiusi Hsch. (84d) has a broad
yellow oblique band in the forewing. At the inner angle of the hindwing there is a large black band-spot and
at the end of the cell 2 more isolated spots. fs

C. honesta Weym. (34d) is a similar species with differently formed oblique band and rounded black
spot in the hindwing. Of the two black spots at the end of the cell of the forewing the one at the costal margin
is here the longer, in moebiusi just the reverse is the case. This species flies on the eastern slopes of the Andes
of Ecuador, whilst the local form bicolora Hsch., in which the yellow oblique band is absent, occurs still
further east, on the upper Rio Napo. The latter resembles, besides the larger Melinaea mothone and Mecha-
nitis deceptus, especially Hyposcada fallax and Ceratinia semifulva. fallax is recognised at once by the large
black antennae and the short cell of the hindwing; semifulva, in addition to its smaller size, by the dark base
of the forewing and only 2 black spots at the end of the cell.

C. mamercus Hew. is similar to mansuetus, but smaller, with broader, short, distally convex yellow
oblique band. The black median band of the hindwing and the distal border, which is broad at the inner angle,
are united at the mner margim. In some specimens median band and distal border are joined into a large
patch. Flies on the eastern slopes of the Andes of Ecuador. — Thence comes also the similar aemilia Hew.,
with narrower oblique band and yellow marginal spots in the apex of the forewing. At the inner angle of the
hindwing is placed a distally divided black spot.

C. manaos Bates is similar to mamercus and rowena. Yellow band of the forewing extending into the
cell. Hindwing with 2 black macular bands. From the lower Rio Negro. — rowena Hew. is a smaller form
from Colombia with narrow yellow oblique band, double spot at the end of the cell, long wedge-spot and broad
streak at the base of the forewing, as well as large double spots at the inner angle of the hindwing. — In achaea
Hew., from eastern Ecuador, which is of the same size, the oblique band is divided into 2 spots at the end of
the cell and the inner angle of the forewing. The hindwing, including the costal margin, is for the most part
black-brown, only the apex is red-brown. — semifulva Salv. (84d) has already been mentioned under bico-
lora. It is the local form of achaea or a nearly allied species, without the yellow oblique band on the forewing.
Tt occurs, like all the similar forms, in eastern Peru and Ecuador, together with occulta Hsch., which has

53 more yellow spots in the apex of the forewing and white distal-marginal dots on the under surface.

C. apollinis Stgr. (34d) approximates to aemilia, but has larger yellow subapical spots in the forewing
and a large black spot at the inner angle of the hindwing. It flies on the Upper Amazon near Iquitos.

C. viola Hsch. (84 e) has a distally lobed yellow oblique band in the forewing, dark distal margin and
spot at the end of the cell of the hindwing. The ground-colour is dark brown-red. It flies on the Upper
Amazon, together with the similarly coloured Melinaea satevis and madeira. — In the local form boliviensis
Hsch. the ground-colour is lighter red-brown; the hindwing has a dark median band and broader distal margin.
— herbita Weym., from Surinam, has a similar yellow oblique band, and on the hindwing the median band
and distal margin dark.

In C. catilla Hew. (84 e) the apex is broadly black to the end of the cell, then follows proximally the
yellow oblique band. The broad black distal margin of the hindwing is united at the apex with the median
band. The ground-colour is dark red-brown. Bolivia.

C. cantobrica Hew. (34 ¢) has yellow spots at the apex and distal margin of the forewing and also a
curved yellow macular band. The distal border of the hindwing is narrower. The ground-colour is red-brown.
The habitat is Bolivia. — In the smaller pamina Hsch. the yellow spot is narrower and also proximally mavr-
gined with black. The yellow marginal dots are absent. This form comes from the frontier districts of Peru
and Bolivia.

C. pyrippe Hpffr., from Peru, is a form with broad yellow oblique band in the forewing and narrow
streak-like longitudinal band in the hindwing. — In tenna Hsch. (84e) on the other hand the oblique band
is narrow, the dark distal margin of the hindwing broader. Eastern Hcuador. — In napona Hsch., which
is the same size, the oblique band of the forewing is broken up into 2 spots; the two black basal spots are larger;
the distal margins have yellow marginal dots. — In ab. calva Hsch., which also flies on the upper Napo, the
black longitudinal band in the dise of the hindwing is absent. In the g¢ the anterior third of the hindwing is
semitransparent.

Vv 17

amica.

baanda.

manswetus.

moebiust.

honesta.

bicolora.

mamercus.

aemilia.

mandos.
rowend.

achaea.

semifulva.

occulta.

apollinis.

viola.

boliviensis.

herbita.

catilla,

cantobrica.
pamina.
pyrippe.
tenna.

napont.

calva.

ning.
callanga.

jenestella.
intermedia.

peruvianda.
hemimelas.

valora.

ninonia.

bari.
completa.

maculata.
latefasciata.

philidas.

mutilla.

pellucida.

vallina.

granadensis.

maends.

antonia.
antonina.

fimbria.

nemea.

philetaera.

lepriewrt.

ignorata.

130 CERATINIA. By R. Haensch.

C. nina Asch. is larger than napona and has a complete undulate transverse band in the forewing;
further 2 yellow spots near the end of the median. Bolivia. — In callanga Hsch. (84 e) the yellow oblique
band and the spots at the end of the cell have assumed the red-brown ground-colour. There is sometimes,
especially on the under surface, another red-brown oblique band in the apex of the forewing. This form occurs
at the boundary of Peru and Bolivia near Yungas.

C. fenestella Hew. (84 e) is a form similar to nina, with yellow oblique band and broader longitudinal
band on the hindwing; from Venezuela. — intermedia Bilr., from eastern Colombia and Ecuador, has the
oblique band as in fenestella; above yellow marginal dots, beneath white ones. Hindwing with abbreviated
longitudinal band. — In peruviana Sigr., from Peru, the hindwing in the ¢ is transparently yellowish at the
costal margin, in the 2 the marginal spots are yellow beneath. — In the form hemimelas Sigr., from Chancha-
mayo, the distal border and the longitudinal band of the hindwing are merged into one patch. — The Central
American form of fenestella, from Costa Rica, which I call valora form. nov., is larger and has very large, oblong
yellow spots in the apex of the forewing. On the upperside of the hindwing the white marginal spots are absent.

C. ninonia Hbn. (84 f) is a smaller species and. occurs in typical examples chiefly in Guiana and on -
the Lower Amazon. The dise of both wings is transparent in the g, but on the hindwing more brownish than
in the figure. The yellow transverse band of the forewing is very broad. The yellow marginal dots are rather
large in this and the following forms. — Bates describes as bari a form from Tocantins and Tapajos, which
is said to have a narrower hindwing and paler, yellow spots. — In the larger completa Hsch. (34 {), from
the Upper Amazon, the yellow oblique band is only half as broad and does not extend into the cell. — In the
form maculata Hsch., from the Lower Amazon, the band is divided into 2 yellow spots. This large local form
has very broad wings and large yellow marginal dots. — In latefasciata Hsch. the black spots at the end of the
cell of the forewing are small, hence the yellow oblique band is very broad. It flies on the Upper Amazon,
whilst the similar philidas Godm. & Salv. has its habitat in Colombia. The latter has a much broader black
median band on the hindwing and no yellow marginal dots on the upper surface of the hindwing.

The very similar C. mutilla Hew. (34 {), from British Guiana, has a pale yellowish oblique band and
in addition a red-brown spot towards the apex. The longitudinal band of the hindwing is mostly very broad.
— In ab. pellucida Hsch. the black spots at the end of the cell and the distal margin of the forewing form a
broad band; the longitudinal band of the hindwing, on the contrary, is narrower. This form flies together
with the preceding.

A similar form, from Venezuela, which I call C. vallina spec. nov., is larger and has very broad wings.
The longitudinal band of the hindwing is narrow and placed very far distad, so that the semitransparent discal
area becomes very large.

C. granadensis Hsch. stands rather isolated, only to some extent recalling philidas. The yellow oblique
band is very broad and in it are placed at the end of the cell the two black spots, which are here very small,
whilst the third in the end of the cell is very long and wedge-shaped. At the apex and again at the distal margin
there are 2 white dots. The hindwing is as in philidas, with narrower black longitudinal band. In Central
Colombia.

C. maenas (Bang-H. 1. |.) (34f) has the pattern somewhat like that of latefasciata, but the yellow
transverse band of the forewing and the yellow marginal dots are absent. It flies with the similarly coloured
forms of other genera on the Upper Amazon.

C. antonia Hew. (84g) has a yellow-brown ground-colour and different yellow macular band. The
yellow marginal dots are very large, but smallest in the apex of the forewing. — In the similar antonina Sigr.,
from the Upper Amazon, it is just the reverse, the marginal dots are largest in the apex, moreover the
macular band is much smaller, proximally edged with black. antonia from western Heuador differs more-
over in the longitudinal band of the hindwing, the spots of which are largest at the apex.

C. fimbria Hew., from Colombia, has a broad yellow oblique band on the forewing, which is divided
by a black macular band, so that there is a large yellow patch at the mner angle. The marginal dots of both
wings are white. — In the similar nemea Weym. (34 g), also from Colombia, the yellow band is narrower and
differently formed. ‘The hindwing is not transparent as in fimbria.

C. philetaera Hew. (84 f{) may be recognised by the large yellow median spot on the forewing and the
broad black distal border of the hindwing. In the distal margin of the forewing and mostly also of the hind-
wing are placed yellow dots, among them 2 larger ones in the apex of the forewing. The habitat of this easily
recognised species, which resembles Melinaea idae, is Colombia.

C. leprieuri Feisth., from Cayenne, has similar hindwing, which is black also at the costal margin,
and white marginal dots. The yellow median spot is distally rounded; the black spots at the end of the cell
are joined rectangularly with the spot at the median.

C. ignorata Hsch. (84f) has similar markings, but yellow marginal dots on the forewing, and the hind-
wing is red-brown, with black, yellow-dotted distal margin and black longitudinal band. This species flies

CERATINIA. By R. Haensch. 131

on the Upper Amazon. — In the local form michaélisi Hsch., from the Lower Amazon, the yellow patch is michaélisi.
divided by a black oblique band from the discocellular to the inner angle.

C. cornelia Guér., from Bolivia, has a narrow yellow oblique band on the forewing and 4 yellow spots cornelia.
in the broad black distal margin of the hindwing, as well as a black spot at the apex. — In the similar sellana sellana.
Hsch. the oblique band is divided into 2 spots; the middle marginal dots are absent in the forewing. The
distal margin of the hindwing is proximally widened into teeth.

C. fulminans Bilr. (84g) has a narrow yellow oblique band, strongly angled distally. The black spot fulminans.
at the end of the cell is proximally forked. The hindwing has a narrow distal border and a longitudinal band
of 3 black spots in the dise. The ground-colour is light yellow-brown. — This form from Colombia is repre-
sented in eastern Heuador by the dark red-brown satura Hsch. In this the yellow colour is wanting in the satura.
end of the cell of the forewing and at the apex of the hindwing.

C. angelina Hsch. (34 ¢), from the Ucayali (tributary of the Upper Amazon) has the pattern similar angelina.
to that of fulminans. But the yellow marginal band and the distal-marginal dots are absent. The apex is
more narrowly black, on the other hand the macular band im the dise of the hindwing is much broader, partly
confluent with the dentate distal margin.
In a smaller species, C. soror Srka., which is confusingly like Melinaea lucifer, the oblique band is like- soror.
wise absent. The apex of the forewing is, however, more broadly black and the yellow spots in it are merged
into one large one. In the hindwing longitudinal band and distal margin form a large black patch, as in Meh-
naea lucifer. This interesting species comes from Pebas on the Upper Amazon.
The description of C. acceptabilis Weeks, from Bolivia, has unfortunately not been obtainable. acceplabilis.
The large, broad-winged C. anastasia Bates has the pattern similar to anastasina Stgr. (35 a), ES
but behind the end of the cell of the forewing another yellow zigzag band, like that of fulminans, and 7 yellow
marginal dots. anastasia flies in the damp primeval forests near Kga on the Upper Amazon, whilst anastasina
occurs further up at the foot of the Andes in Peru. — castanea Btlr., from Rio Jurua, is a darker form of castanea.
anastasia, 1 which the yellow oblique band reaches to the hinder angle of the forewing. These 3 forms closely
resemble Melinaea maélus (= pardalis Bates) resp. cydon.

C. porsenna Srka. (= amabilis Stgr.) is similar to anastasius in size and markings. The yellow apical porsenna.
spots in the forewing are much larger and proximally edged with black. On the hindwing the median band
and the dark distal margin are united into a large patch. — This form flies, like the similar soror, on the Upper
Amazon near Pebas.

In C. fluonia Hew. and the allied forms the anterior half of the yellow oblique band of the forewing fluonia.
is curved distad, as may be seen in the figure of berna (84 ¢). flwonia has a four-branched, yellow macular
band, which enters the cell and nearly reaches the inner margin. The black double spot at the end of the
cell has also a corresponding curved projection towards the apex, as in pardalina (84g). The hindwing is
like that of berna. fluonia flies on the Upper Amazon, whilst the local form berna Hsch. (84 ¢) comes from berna.
the upper Napo in Heuador. ‘The latter has instead of the large macular band in the forewing only 2 oblong
yellow spots in the black apical area.

C. pardalina Hpffr. has a yellow oblique band in the forewing. The aberration figured (34 2) was des- pardalina.
eribed by Druce as tigrina. In the latter only a yellow spot at the discocellular remains of the band. Other- tigrina.
wise the marking and colouring is similar in both forms. Of the black colour in the apex of the forewing
only marginal dots remain in fluonia, whilst in the hindwing the black median band and the distal border are
widened. The species resembles the respective local forms of anastasia and Melinaea maélus. Both forms
fly on the Upper Amazon in Peru; tigrina may, however, occur further up. — pantherina Sigr., likewise from pantherina.
the Upper Amazon, is an intermediate form between fluonia and pardalina, in which red-brown spots appear
in the apex of the forewing. The black median band of the hindwing is as in fluoma.

C. thea Hew. recalls catilla (34), but the yellow median spot is rounder and does not extend so far thea.
to the hinder angle. In a smaller form, which SraupinceR named theatina (i. 1.) (85a), the yellow spot theatina.
is likewise rounder than in the figure. This form is, however, considerably smaller, has lighter ground-colour,
and at the end of the cell of the forewing there are only 2 small, black spots, whilst in thea a large black spot
extends into the yellow and is joined to the black costal and distal margin. The hindwing has in both forms
a black distal border and median band, which sometimes touch at the apex. They fly on the Upper Amazon
and its tributaries.

C. xanthostola Bates (35a) stands completely isolated. The hindwing is much shorter than the fore- zanthostola.
wing, which is not brought out clearly in the figure. In this the species recalls some Napeogenes-species. Very
striking moreover is the absence of the median band on the upper surface of the hindwing, as is also the case
in Mechanitis macrinus. In an aberration, which I have described as desmora Hsch., the black spot at the desmora.
base of the forewing above is absent and the black bordering at the proximal side of the yellow spot is much
narrower. Both forms fly on the Middle Amazon.

dionaea.
fraterna.

limpida.

mergelena.

megalopolis.

callispila.
cleis.

mylassa.
leucania.

decumana,
excelsa.

vallonia.

daéta.

euryanessda.

daétina.

evanescens.

laphria.

melphis.

1382 CHRATINIA. By R. Haensch.

C. dionaea Hew. I only know in typical specimens from Central America (Honduras, Guatemala), on
the other hand in Venezuela a local form occurs which I designate fraterna form. nov. (85a). In dionaea there
is proximally to the yellow oblique band a larger yellow spot which is joined to the red-brown basal part. In
fraterna there is instead only a small spot which is mostly confluent with the oblique band, but is proximally
edged with black. Moreover, in fraterna the yellow colouring is brownish and the distal-marginal dots are
smaller. In Mechanitis there are 2 corresponding forms: doryssus from Central America and verttabilis from
Venezuela. — limpida Hsch. is a peculiar form of fraterna, in which the yellow bands and spots are very broad
and transparent; a stripe at the costal margin of the hindwing is of the same colour. This mteresting local
form recalls Mechanitis franis and flies like the latter in the Cauca Valley in Colombia.

In C. mergelena Hew. (85a), from Colombia, the median band of the hindwing is reduced to a black
spot at the apex, which is connected with the broad black distal border. At the base of the forewing there
is further a proximal yellow oblique band, which is divided by a large, triangular black spot. — In mega-
lopolis Fidr., likewise from Colombia, this black spot is absent, so that a broad yellow oblique band is formed,
as in Mechanitis macrinus. The yellow spots at the end of the cell on the other hand are small, and also the
white marginal dots on the hindwing.

C. callispila Bates (35a), from Costa Rica, has a black-brown forewing with numerous yellow spots
and red-brown base. The hindwing is red-brown with dark distal margin, blackish apex and spot at the end
of the cell. — In cleis Bates, from Panama, the yellow spots in the dise of the forewing are much smaller.
The distal margin of the hindwing and the spot at the end of the cell are united into a large patch in the apical
third. — As mylassa Druce describes another form, from Veragua, with broad black apex and distal margin to
the hindwing, which, however, are not confluent with the spot at the discocellular. — leucania Bates, from
Panama, is similar to callispila, but has white spots in the forewing which form an oblique band at the end
of the cell. The hindwing has dark distal margin and a narrow longitudinal band.

C. decumana Godm. d& Salv. (= centralis Stgr.) (85 b). This fine, large species and especially the local
form excelsa Fidr. recall the similar Ituna lamirus and Olyras montagui. The markings resemble those of
callispila; the yellow spots are larger and transparent. On the hindwing the spot at the end of the cell is ab-
sent. In decumana the base of the forewing is black-brown, whilst excelsa has a red-brown stripe along the
median vein. Moreover, the hindwing on the upper surface of decwmana is uniformly red-brown in the disc, in
excelsa a transparent oblique band runs from the apex to the inner margin. decwmana flies in Panama and
Costa Rica, whilst eacelsa comes from Colombia. — SricHeL erected the genus Oreogenes for these two forms,
but the characters in the neuration are not constant.

With C. vallonia Hew. (85b) we come now toa group which is distinguished by a broad, transparent band
in both fore- and hindwing. The forms are all indigenous to eastern South America, especially Brazil. In
vallonia the yellow oblique band of the forewing forms a semicircle. Jn the cell is placed a triangular black
spot. The band of the hindwing is transparent red-brown. The antennae are yellowish, with dark base. The
species occurs on the Upper Amazon and in Guiana. — In the somewhat larger daéta Bdv. and the following
forms the band of the hindwing is yellow, antennae dark with yellow club. The apex of the forewing in daéta
is broadly black with 3 large white dots. At the hinder angle is placed a red-brown spot, whilst in the very
similar, but larger euryanessa Fldr. (35 b) this angle is black. The latter form has very delicate, transparent co-
lourmg, even in the apex of the forewing. The black oblique band before the end of the cell of the forewing
is posteriorly broad and dentate, in daéta posteriorly reduced. Finally in daéta and the following forms the
base of the hindwing beneath is yellow, but in euryanessa red-brown. The two forms occur together in numbers
in central and southern Brazil in the dense virgin forests. — Larva and pupa of ewryanessa according to SEITZ
are stout. The pupais rounded, yellow-brown, darker at the wings, adorned all over with small black wavy markings.
— daétina Weym.is a very rare form of daéta with dark mahogony-brown ground-colour and broad black bands and
margins. In addition to the two yellow bands there is a yellow spot on the discocellular of the forewing. — As
evanescens (= melphis Hbn.) I designate a very light, transparent form of daéta. Not only the very broad, light
yellow band of the hindwing, but also the whole dise of the forewing is transparent yellowish. The red-brown
colour is confined to the base and a spot at the hinder angle of the forewing and also a narrow stripe at the
distal margin of the hindwing. — laphria Dbl. (35 b) is anothe® very similar species from central Brazil.
Size and markings as daéta, but* not transparent. The white spots in the apex of the forewing smaller. Across
the end of the median a further black streak. The eggs of laphria are laid in clusters on the leaves of a Solanaceae.
The young larvae are yellow-brown with dark head; later they have 8 dark dorsal stripes which are connected
by transverse lines. The pupa is short and stout with metallic surfaces at the sides. The pupal stage lasts
about 11 days.

C. melphis Godt., from the Antilles, which is unknown to me in nature, is said to have black forewing
with 3 pale yellow-red bands and 83 white dots in the apex. The hindwing is yellow-red with black costal and
distal margins, and also a median band, which does not reach the distal margin.

CERATINIA. By R. Haensch. 138

As C. mysotis spec. nov. I designate a species from Venezuela similar to evanescens, with shorter wings, mysotis.
in which the red-brown colouring is absent except for the spot at the hinder angle. The hindmargin of the
forewing is broadly blackish to the median. Both wings have white marginal dots.

C. fiammetta Hew. is a peculiar, rare species from South Brazil of the size and pattern of laphria. On fiammelia.
the forewing the red-brown colour only extends from the base to 1/3, behind it there are 2 transparent spots
apically before the yellowish band. On the hindwing the red-brown is entirely absent; this is transparently
yellowish, with broad black distal margin and small white marginal dots.

C. metella Hpjfr. (85 b, c) (= alexia Druce), from eastern Peru, has in the g transparent yellowish metella.
wings with black margins and a half-band at the end of the cell of the forewing. The base of the forewing and
the proximal half of the hindwing are reddish yellow-brown. Both wings have small white distal-marginal
dots. In the 9 the wings are scarcely at all transparent, much more brightly coloured, with broader, black
margims. The dise of the hindwing is red-brown. — In the similar oulita Hew. the base of the forewing is oulita.
blackish, and the black margins are broader. It occurs further south at the boundary of Peru and Bolivia.
— trimaculata Weym. is a form from Colombia with very broad black costal and distal margins to the hind- trimaculata.
wing, so that im the @ only a smaller, yellow-red spot is present at the inner angle.

32

The 3 of C. norella Hew. has a deep black basal half to the forewing, in which a yellow spot is placed norella.
at the end of the cell. In the 2 the whole forewing is black except for the yellow spots in the disc and the
white marginal dots. The form occurs only in the valleys of the Andes of Hcuador, south-east of Cuénca.
— In the allied norellana Hsch., from the upper valley of the Napo in Heuador, the base of the hindwing norellana.
is not yellowish and the reddish colour only extends to the end of the cell. The part between this and the
broad distal margin is transparent blackish. This rare form occurs in open places in the primeval forests,
where it is fond of hovering round single trees at a few metres from the ground or resting upon projecting
branches. — nora Hsch. is another allied form from Peru. Here the forewing is as in norellana, the base trans- nora.
parent. The black spot at the end of the cell is isolated. The hindwing is only reddish at the anal angle, as
in lurida (35 c), the distal half is transparent yellowish.

C. lurida Bélr. (35 c) is marked like nora, but has white dusting instead of the yellow colour in the dise lurida.
of the forewing and at the end of the cell of the hindwing; also the underside of the abdomen is whitish, im
the preceding form yellow. — The smaller tricolor Salv. has similar markings to oulita Hew., but also white tricolor.
instead of yellow colour. In the Q there is an oblong white patch at the end of the cell of the hindwing. —
Whilst in fricolor the black spot at the end of the cell of the forewing is broadly connected with the costal margin,
in an otherwise very similar form, which I call florens form. nov., there is only a narrow, isolated streak at florens.
the end of the cell. — The last three forms are found at the boundary of Peru and Bolivia.

In the following species the wings are almost entirely vitreous.

Some, as C. oena H.-Schéiff. (85 ¢), have still a small red-yellow spot at the anal angle of the hindwing. oena.
The base of the wing is yellowish. This species flies singly in eastern Colombia and Heuador. — adelinda adelinda.
Hew., from Ecuador, is a very similar form, with broader, black distal margin, without white marginal dots
on the upper surface.

C. praxilla Hew. is an allied, somewhat larger species from eastern Heuador, without yellow colour prazilla.
at the anal angle of the hindwing. In contrast to ocna and most of the allied forms, prazilla, coeno, etc., have
black antenna and a white spot at the base of the hindwing beneath, the former a yellow streak and yellow
club to the antenna.

guttata.

C. guttata Weym. is a form of coeno Hew. (35d). It has a red-yellow spot at the anal angle of the 2.9.

hindwing. coeno itself, from Colombia and Venezuela, has the basal half of the hindwing dusted with yellow.
In the 3 the black distal margins are narrower. — ab. latilimbata Weym. is a form of coeno with broad black latilimbata.
margins and large white marginal dots, from Colombia.

In C. frater Salv., from Peru, the wings are dusted with whitish, and at the anal angle is placed a smaller frater.
yellow patch.

In C. cana Hsch., from Colombia, the wings are dusted with whitish, the yel’ow patch is absent. On cana.
the other hand a blackish band rung across the middle of the cell of the forewing.

C. statilla Hew. (35) is distinguished from the very similar frater by the yellow club of the antenna statilla.
and yellow underside of the abdomen, which is grey in frater. The end of the cell of the forewing is without
markings, whilst in atagalpa Hsch. a blackish band is placed across the end of the cell of the forewing. Both atagalpa.
forms come from eastern Peru.

C. antea Hew. (35d), from Heuador, the largest species of the genus, has colourless wings with broad antea.
black margins and small, white distal-marginal dots. The club of the antenna, base of the hindwing beneath
and underside of the abdomen are yellow. On the high bank of the upper Pastaza this interesting species was

eupompe.

gazoria.

fenella.

peridia.
hemime-
laena.

iquitensis.

amara.

tolosa.

olyrina.

larina.

aethra.

dueéssa.

quadrilis.

134 HETEROSCADA; NAPEOGENES. By R. Haensch.

found rather commonly among immense trees, together with the very similar Napeogenes glycera and lycora,
Ithomia linda, Hypoleria coenina, Threnodes coenotdes, etc.

The last species of this extensive genus, C. eupompe Geyer (= phlysto Fidr.) (35 d), from South Brazil,
stands quite isolated, much more recalling certain species of the genera Napeogenes, Ithomia and Pteronymia.
The wings are short, transparent yellowish, with black margins and a half-band across the end of the cell of
the forewing; on the under surface with rows of red-brown spots and whitish double spots. Antenna black,
collar red-brown. — Larva according to W. Mtrter rather transparent, above grey-green, head yellow, later
black. Pupa transparent green, with shiny gold lines and black spots.

16. Genus: Heteroseada Schatz.

This genus contains only 2 small, yellowish forms,-which occur in Brazil. The middle discocellular of
the hindwing is weakly curved proximally, the upper one in the ¢ is long.

H. gazoria Godt. (= yanina Hew.) (86d). This pretty little species is very similar to Pteronymia hemi-
aanthe (40d). The collar is red-brown, the abdomen beneath yellow. The wings are dusted with yellow
to beyond the end of the cell and have dark margins.

The somewhat larger H. fenella Hew. has broader borders, a broader half-band across the end of the
cell of the forewing and a red-yellow spot at the base. It closely resembles Napeogenes xanthone. — Both
species fly in Central Brazil.

17. Genus: Napeogenes Bates.

In this extensive genus there are many forms whose pattern and colouring recur in certain Ithomias,
so that they can only be recognized by the neuration. All the Napeogenes may be distinguished from the
similar species of other genera by the non-angled discocellular, the long cell and the apparently 5-branched
median in the hindwing. — The species are scattered over the whole Neotropical region, mostly mixed with
the corresponding species of other genera, but are usually rare, whilst the more vigorous Ithomias are met with
in large numbers.

N. peridia Hew. (85d), from Colombia, has similar markings to Callithomia tridactyla and Hvursutis
hecalesina; the hindwing is. however, distinguished by large yellow distal-marginal dots. — In hemimelaena
Godm. & Salv., from Panama, the yellow spots at the end of the cell of the forewing are united into one large
one, as in iquitensis (35d). The yellow spots at the apex and distal margin of the hindwing on the contrary
are very small and the apical half consequently much more strongly coloured with black.

N. iquitensis Stgr. (85 d), from the Upper Amazon, has in the black apical half of the forewing a broad,
curved, yellow band; in the red-brown basal half 2 black spots and on the red-brown hindwing a black mac-
ular band and dentate distal margin.

N. amara Godm. (35 d), from Central America, is smaller than peridia and has in the apical part of
the forewing fewer, but larger, yellow spots, and at the base a red-brown spot. ‘The marginal dots are smaller
and white. At the apex of the hindwing are placed 2 indistinct yellowish spots. — In the somewhat larger
tolosa Hew. (35 e) the ground-colour of the hindwing and the base of the forewing are lighter yellow-brown. The
yellow spots of the forewing are larger, the distal border of the hindwing narrower. tolosa inhabits Mexico
and northern Central America.

The interesting and rare N. olyrina Hsch. (85 e), from Bolivia, recalls Ceratinia excelsa and Olyras mon-
tagui. The black forewing has large whitish vitreous spots, the red-brown hindwing bears in addition to the
broad, dark marginal band a hyaline oblique band in the apical half, as in eacelsa.

N. larina Hew. (85 e), from eastern Colombia, has white spots on the forewing; of the marginal spots
those in the apex are larger; the base of the forewing is red-brown. In the dise of the hindwing are placed
3 isolated black spots. Ithomia candescens is very similar.

N. aethra Hew. (35 e), from the upper Napo in Heuador, has larger, band-like, yellow spots in the dise
of ‘the forewing and indistinct yellow marginal dots. The hindwing is dark-margined, with 4 black spots in
the dise.

N. duessa Hew. (85 e) may be recognised by the chestnut-brown ground-colour and the two black half-
bands at the apex of the hindwing. The forewing has a yellow median spot with black dot and a dark brown
base. This peculiar species flies on the Upper Amazon in Peru and Ecuador.

In N. quadrilis Hsch., from the Upper Napo, the ground-colour is yellow-brown and the yellow median

spot of the forewing is prolonged, forming an oblique band. In the dark-margined hindwing a large
black-brown spot is placed at the inner angle.

NAPEOGENES. By R. Haensch. 135

The following 5 forms are all very nearly allied; they have the usual ground-colour with black apical
half and black cell-spot on the forewing, also dark dentate marginal band on the hindwing and 8—5 black
spots in the disc. — N. terastis Hsch. (85 e) has a yellow median and subapical band on the forewing. —
Tt is the form from the Lower Amazon, whilst in zurippa Hew., from Bolivia, the median band is broken up
into 2—3 spots. — otaxes Godm., which, like the two following forms, occurs in Peru, has a pale, yellowish
median band and in the apex 2 dots of the same colour. — pyrrho Druce has still the yellow subapical band,
but the median band is absent. — In deucalion Hsch. the subapical band is also absent except for 2 yellow dots.

N. hygia Godm., from Surinam, which is unknown to me in nature, is said to resemble Mechanitis
polymnia.

N. stella Hew. (851). In this small species and its local forms from eastern Colombia and Heuador
the blackish colour in the distal half of both wings is almost entirely suppressed by the yellowish vitreous spots.
Calloleria jolaia has a very similar pattern and can only be distinguished by the neuration. — In the somewhat
larger glabra Godm., from Colombia, the wings are still more transparent and the marginal dots yellow. The
inner margin of the forewing is black. — aster Godm., from Heuador, has darker wings and smaller marginal
dots. — In the similar decora Godm. the margins of both wings are much broader. ‘The forewing has a dark
streak through the cell.

N. larilla Hew. (35f), from Heuador, has vitreous wings with dentate, dark distal borders and a spot
at the end of the cell on each wing. Im the 9 the wings are broader, the margin of the forewing red-brown
and the white marginal dots on the hindwing much larger. This rare species recalls Velamysta pardalis and
Dismenitis theudelinda, with which it occurs in the mountain forests up to heights of 2500 m.

N. cranto Fidr. (35 f), from Colombia, has the margins and a half-band across the end of the cell of
the forewing dark brown. ‘The base of the forewing and the hindwing are dusted with yellow. — The similar
paedaretus Godm. ¢& Salv., from Costa Rica, is more brightly coloured and has yellow-brown veins, also at the apex
and the dark costal margin of the forewing 2 oblong yellow spots. In the @ the base of the forewing is dark
and the hindwing is yellow-brown.

In the smaller N. harbona Hew. (35 f), from Hecuador, the wings are colourless, the margins black
above and red-brown beneath, with indistinct, white marginal dots.

N. apulia Hew. (385 f), from Colombia, has a pattern like Ceratinia ocna, with red-brown spots at the
inner angle of the hindwing. — In the somewhat larger nausica Weym., from Hcuador, the distal border of
the forewing is broader, the inner border narrower. The red-yellow spot at the inner angle does not reach
the base.

N. lycora Hew. (35g), from eastern Heuador, is similar to apulia, but the red-yellow colour at the
inner angle of the hindwing is absent; the base of the latter is slightly yellowish. Moreover, the club of the
antenna is yellow.

N. glycera Godm. (35 g) is confusingly like Ceratinia antea, but is somewhat smaller and the abdomen
is grey-white beneath, in antea vivid yellow. It flies together with the similar forms on the upper Pastaza
in Ecuador.

N. eunomia Godm., from Peru, corresponds to the similar Ceratinia frater from the same country. The
black margins are narrower, the base of the hindwing is yellowish.

N. flossina Bélr. (55 g), from eastern Colombia and Heuador, has transparent wings with narrow, dark
margins and at the base of both wings yellowish colouring. — A very similar form is hypsaea Stgr., from the
Cauca Valley in Colombia. In it the veins at the end of the cell of the forewing are not margined with dark,
and it is more weakly coloured at the base. The last two forms recall Hpiscada paradoava and other similar
Ithomias.

The following species, mostly smaller, have a dark oblique band across the end of the cell of the fore-
wing. N. ithra Hew., from the Lower Amazon, and potaronus Kaye (85 f), from British Guiana, have a post-
eriorly forked, dark oblique band and whitish patch. In ithra the wings are slightly reddish, the margins
narrow, dark brown, the base of the forewing and the distal margin of the hindwing yellow-red. potaronus
has colourless wings with broader, dark margins and red-brown spots in the distal margin of the hindwing.

N. cyrianassa Dbl. ¢& Hew. (35g), from the Amazons and Colombia, may be recognised by the teeth
of the black oblique band towards the apex. Hence the yellow oblique band is correspondingly sinuate. The

hindwing has a broad, dark-edged, yellow-red submarginal band. — In ercilla Hew., from the Upper Amazon,
the subapical band of the forewing is white and divided into spots. — glycon Godm., which is unknown to

me in nature, is said to be similar to cyrianassa, but with a triangular, black spot in the cell of the forewing. —
adulta Hsch. and dilutata Hsch. are local forms of cyrianassa from British Guiana. adulta is larger and more

terastis.
zurippa.
otaces.
pyrrho,
deucalion.

hygia.

stella.

glabra.
aster.
decora.

larilla.

cranto.

paedaretus.

harbona.

apulia.
nausica.

lycora.
glycera.

eunomia.

flossina.
hypsaea.

ithra.
potaronus.

cyrianassa.

ercilla.
glycon.

adulta.
dilutata.

inachia.

moles.
tunantina.

adelphe.

pheranthes.

pyrois,

corend.

lamia.

galinthias.

rhezia.

xanthone.
richard.

leptalina.

crispina.

benigna.

sulphurina.

Osuna,

azeka.

gracilis.

plerony-
miensis.

elva,

pharo.

136 NAPEOGENES. By R. Haensch.

brightly coloured. The base of the forewing is red-brown nearly to the end of the cell. In the apex is placed
a row of red-brown dots. The red-brown band of the hinuwing is broadly margined with black-brown. dilutata
has narrower wings and yellow-brown ground-colour, which is extended beyond the end of the cell of the fore-
wing and also borders the distal margin.

N. inachia Hew. (35 g) is very similar to cyrianassa, but the projection is absent at the end of the cell
of the forewing, which is more transparent yellowish at the base. The antenna is dark. — In the local form
moles Hsch., from British Guiana, all the margins and borders are broader. The disc of the hindwing is yel-
lowish. The wings are short and broad. — tunantina Bates, from the Upper Amazon, is said to be similar
to cyrianassa, but with oval subapical! spot on the forewing, so that the black oblique band at the end of the
cell is continued to the distal margin in the same width. — adelphe Bates, from the Lower Amazon, is lke-
wise said to be very similar to cyrianassa, with less transparent wings. Apical spot of the forewing almost
uniformly broad. The black oblique band gradually narrowed.

N. pheranthes Bates, from the Upper Amazon, is said to be similar to inachia, but with black collar
and patagia, which are red-brown in the other forms.

N. pyrois Bates, from the Lower Amazon, is likewise similar to inachia, but has no yellowish brown in
the forewing. The anterior half of the hindwing, moreover, is yellowish.

N. corena Hew. (86 b), from the Upper Amazon, as well as from eastern Peru and Ecuador, may be
recognized by the broad, yellow-brown subapical band of the forewing, which is quite similar algo in species
of other genera, e. g.: Dismorphia erythroé, Leucothyris ilerdina, lubilerda, Hypoleria sarepta and others.

N. lamia Hew. resembles Scada ethica (86d), but is appreciably larger and has larger white marginal
dots, especially in the hindwing, as well as a non-forked band over the end of the cell on the latter.

A similar form is N. galinthias Hpffr., from Bolivia, in which the dark marking over the end of the
cell of the hindwing is absent.

N. rhezia Hbn. recalls Ceratinia laphria, but the black spot in the cell of the forewing and the white
marginal dots on the upper surface are absent. The species occurs in Brazil.

In N. xanthone Bates (= yanetta Hew.) (86 b), from southern Brazil, the red-brown colouring on both
wings is absent except for 2 streaks at the base of the forewing. — ab. richardi Fruhst., from Central Brazil,
on the other hand has stronger red-brown markings at the base of the forewing and in the distal margin of
the hindwing.

N. leptalina Fidr., from Central Brazil, has similar markings to zanthone, but without red-brown at the
base of the hindwing. It recalls Dismorphia methymna.

N. crispina Hew., from Colombia, has a reddish base to the forewing and a dark spot at the costal margin
at one-half the length of the cell. The black distal margin is proximally dentate on the veins.

In N. benigna Weym., from Colombia, there is a reddish streak over the median of the forewing and
the half-band on the discocellular is broad at the median.

N. sulphurina Bates (= chinia H.-Schdff., pozziana Oberth.) (36 a) is a yellowish, dark-margined species
from the Amazons and Brazil, recognizable by the black streak over the median at the base of the forewing
and 2 white dots in its apex, as well as by the black antennae.

N. osuna Hew., from Bolivia, has broad black margims and in addition to the transverse band across
the end of the cell of the forewing an interrupted band across that of the hindwing, as well as a band through
the cell of the forewmg. — In azeka Hew. (35g) the markings are similar, but more delicate. The bands
through the cell of the forewing and across the end of the cell of the hindwing are here only indicated by the
absence of the yellow dusting (which isnot brought out well in the figure); also the oblique band at the end
of the cell of the hindwing is quite narrow from the middle onwards. Colombia and Heuador. — gracilis
Hsch., from Bolivia, is similar to the preceding, with narrower margins and broader half-band across the end
of the cell of the forewimg, and without the band through the middle of the cell and across the end of the cell
of the hindwing.

N. pteronymiensis Hsch., from Colombia, has a colourless forewmg and a yellow-dusted hindwing with
dark margins spotted with yellow-brown beneath and a half-band of the same colour across the end of the cell
of the forewing. Antenna dark with yellow-brown club. Apex of the forewing and distal margin of the hind-
wing with white marginal dots on the under surface.

N. elva Godm., from Colombia, which is unknown to me in nature, is said to have transparent wings
with the margins blackish above and reddish beneath.

N. pharo Fidr. (36 b), from the Upper Amazon, is a commoners pecies, with yellowish vitreous areas and
broad black margins, which have yellow-brown stripes beneath. The transverse band of the forewing is gradually

Publ. 31. V. 1909. SAIS; SCADA. By R. Haensch. 137

pomted. The antennae are black. — In the similar avila Hsch., from eastern Ecuador, the club of the antenna avila.

is yellow-brown, the wings are narrower and the forewing has beneath 7 white marginal spots, in pharo only

3—4 apical spots. —crocodes Bates, from the Upper Amazon, differs from the preceding by the black collar crocodes.
and patagia, which in the latter are red-brown.

N. thira Hew., from Peru, has the size and markings like sylphis Guér. (86a), from Bolivia, but a red- ee
yellow stripe in the distal margin of the hindwing. On the under surface both forms have yellow-brown, dark- ini
edged margins and 2 white dots in the apex.

The similar N. verticilla Hew. (86a) has only a dark half-band across the discocellular and towards the verticilla.
apex a smaller, white patch. —sodalis Hsch., which occurs together with the preceding at the boundaries of Peru sodalis.
and Bolivia, is similarly marked. It has, however, a yellow base to the costal margin of the hindwing beneath,
whilst in verticilla this is yellow-brown like the other margins.

18. Genus: Sais Hbn.

This small genus contains only a few forms of scarcely medium size, which are all very nearly allied and
occur in northern South America, but are mostly not common. The species may be recognized by the long cell
of the hmdwing with feebly angled middle discocellular and by the strongly aborted forelegs of the gg.

S. paraénsis Hsch. (36 c), from the Lower Amazon, has yellow-brown ground-colour; apex and 2 spots paraénsis.

at the end of the cell of the forewing, as well as distal margin and median band on the hindwing, black-brown,

Forewing with broad yellow oblique band. —badia Hsch. (= mosellina Stgr. 7. 1.), from the Upper Amazon, badia.

is a large local form with chestnut-brown ground-colour and smaller yellow oblique band. — camariensis Hsch., camariensis.
from British Guiana, has light yellow-brown ground-colour, a large red-brown spot in the apex of the forewing

and a yellow longitudinal band at the median of the hindwing. — In rosalia Cr., the oldest form, from Surinam, rosalia.
the apex is not black-brown but like the yellow-brown ground-colour. Otherwise this form is very near to paraénsis.

— In the larger virchovi Dew. the apex of the forewing is black-brown and the yellow oblique band very narrow virchovi.
and dentate. — mosella Hew. (36c), which likewise comes from Venezuela, has a red-brown spot at the apex of the mosella.
forewing, whilst the median band of the hindwing is almost entirely absent.

S. promissa Weym. and zitella Hew. (36 c) have broader wings and a yellow-brown apex to the forewing eet
with black-brown marginal teeth, much as Ceratinia pardalina. The spots of the median band and the distal- =
marginal teeth of the hindwing are merged together in pairs into black stripes, so that streaks of the yellow-brown
sround-colour are left between them. Both forms fly on the Upper Amazon, and promissa has a large, broad,
yellow oblique band, like paraénsis, whilst in zitella this is short and narrow.

19. Genus: Seada Kirby.

This genus includes only a few delicate, yellow and black forms, which are almost all very similar and
mostly occur in the neighbourhood of the equator. It has the forelegs of the $¢ strongly aborted in common
with the preceding genus and the superficially similar Aeria. It may be recognized especially by the long upper
discocellular, which to some extent forms a branch of the subcostal. — In size some forms are inferior even to
the true Ithomids and are hence the smallest of the whole family.

The Scada-species mostly occur in the thick undergrowth in the primeval forest, only coming into the
open spaces in dull weather, when they are found feeding at small, white star-shaped flowers.

The rare §. zemira Hew. (36d), from Heuador, is the only species which in addition to very broad black zemira.
markings has also a red-brown double spot at the hinder angle of the forewing.

S. kusa Hew. has somewhat narrower margins, it differs from the normal markings in that the oblique kusa.
band joins the inner margin of the forewing, cutting off a yellow spot at the hinder angle. It flies, like the smaller
ethica Hew. (36d), in Ecuador. In the latter a yellow spot at the apex of the hindwing is cut off by a blackish ethica.
transverse band across the end of the cell, as is also the case in Napeogenes lamia and Ithomia derasa from the
same localities. —excellens Srka. is a local form from Heuador, in which the black distal margins are almost excellens.
entirely suppressed, the marginal dots being very large and yellow. — quotidiana Hsch., from the middle Napo quotidiana.
in Eeuador, approximates to ethica; but the characteristic transverse band on the hindwing is absent.

S. zibia Hew. is a similar species from Colombia and HKeuador with more pointed apex to the forewing zibia.
and red-brown collar. — xanthina Bates (36d) is a similar form with broader, deeper black margins and more zanthina.
vivid yellow. It is the only Central American form; from Panama and Costa Rica. — amplificata Hsch., from amplificata.
eastern Colombia, is larger, with broad blackish margins and larger white marginal dots, especially at the apex
of the forewing.

V 18

philemon.

theaphia.

batest.
majuscula.

reckia.

ortygia.

klugt.

chiriquensis.

relata.
olyras.

lonera.

jemina,

bairdi.

euchylma.

visina.

suna,

marica.
steinheili.

138 DIRCENNA. By R. Haensch.

S. philemon Fidr., from Venezuela, is said to be very similar to reckia Hbn., but to have red-brown
collar and patagia.

S. theaphia Bates (36 d), from the Lower Amazon, is the smallest species of the genus and also of the
whole family. Hxamples occur in which the wing-expanse is less than 80 mm. It has very delicate, yellowish
wings and a straight, black oblique band at the end of the cell of the forewing. — batesi Hsch., a local form from
the Upper Amazon to Keuador, is larger, more vividly coloured, with broader black margins. — majuscula Hsch.
is a larger form from British Guiana. It has broad deep black margins and very small white marginal dots. On
the under surface there is a red-brown streak in the distal margin near the inner angle.

S. reckia Hbn., from northern Brazil, is a smaller species and may be recognised by the absence of the
white marginal dots on the upper surface. The yellow ground-colour is only slightly transparent.

In S. ortygia Druce (= garleppi Stgr. 7. l.), from Peru, the white marginal dots are likewise absent; but
it is considerably larger with very long, poimted wings. The dark margins, especially in the g, are very transparent;
the inner margin of the forewing very broad.

20. Genus: Direenna Dbl. ¢ Hew.

With this begins the group of the true Ithomias, in which the lower discocellular of the hindwing forms
a sharp angle with the median, so that the cell is short.

In Dircenna the palpi are strongly hairy, the cell of the hindwing is short. The forelegs of the 9° are
four-jointed. The genus comprises for the most part fine-looking species with transparent wings and short antennae.
Representatives of this genus are found almost everywhere from Mexico to Argentina; they are mostly not rare
and some, such as klugi from Central America and dero from Brazil, are among the commonest butterflies of
the respective districts.

D. klugi Hbn. (86e 5, 9). The g has longer hmdwing and more delicate colouring, which is not suf-
ficiently brought out in the figure; the hindwing in the’ g is yellowish, only at the inner angle yellow-brown,
not red-brown, in the 2 uniformly yellow-brown. Examples from the volcano Chiriqui in Costa Rica, which
I therefore call chiriquensis form. nov., are distinguished from typical specimens from Mexico, Honduras, etce.,
by brighter colouring and also by a much broader spot in the cell of the forewing. In the g the distal margin
of the hindwing is broadly coloured with red-brown near the dark border and proximally distinctly defined by
the transparent basal part.

D. relata Btlr. & Druce, from Costa Rica, has a blackish base to the forewing, blackish apex to the
hindwing and a broad, vitreous oblique band on the hindwing, especially in the 9. —olyras Fldr. (86 e) is a
very similar, larger and much more brightly coloured form from Colombia, which recalls Olyras montagui and
Ceratinia excelsa by the vitreous oblique band of the hindwing, especially on the underside (which is not visible
in the figure) and other markings. In the 9 the hyaline spots of the forewing and the oblique band of the hind-
wing are yellow. —lonera Bilr. & Druce is another, similar form from Costa Rica with blackish spot at the median
of the forewing and blackish ves. The disc of the hindwing is colourless. The abdomen is beneath black-brown,
not yellow as in olyras.

D. jemina Hbn. (86 e 3, 2) has a dark spot in the middle of the cell of the forewing and red-brown inner
margin and median. The hindwing in the ¢ is blackish at the inner margin, in the 2 with spots across the dark
median veins. The species varies somewhat, the ground-colour ranging from pale red-brown to yellow; it occurs
in Colombia and Venezuela, but is said also to be found in Nicaragua (= jambe Dbl. & Hew.). — bairdi Reak.
is said to be similar to yemina, with black inner margin of the forewing. The basal half of the hindwing is ochreous,
the distal half blackish with black veins. — euchytma Fidr. (86 f 3, 9) has shorter wings and red-brown inner
margin. Across the cell runs a forked, black oblique band and through the cell a half-band. The hindwing has
broad distal margin. The ground-colour of this wing is yellowish with red-brown veins. In Colombia and Vene-
zuela; common.

D. visina Hsch. (36 f), from eastern Ecuador, has almost colourless wings with very slight whitish smears,
as in olyras. The median of the forewing is broadly red-brown.

D. suna Hsch., from western Heuador, is a very similar, smaller species, in which only the club of the
antenna is yellow-brown. ‘The spot in the cell of the forewing is linear, as in marica. In the 9 the subcostal of
the forewing is also red-brown, as well as the veins in the disc of the hindwing.

D. marica Fidr. (836 {¢, 2), from Venezuela, and steinheili Stgr., from Colombia, are two nearly allied
forms with black antennae. In marica the patches at the end of the cell and the apex are yellowish, in stein-
heili whitish.

EPITHOMIA. By R. Haensch 139

D. mantura Hew. (86g) may be recognized by the broad band across the end of the cell of the forewing mantura.
to the distal margin. In this it recalls some Thyridia and Aprotopos. Bolivia.

D. loreta Hsch. (36 ¢), from Heuador, is a similar, larger species, without the band in the hindwing. loreta.

D. xanthophane Hp/fr., from Peru, has narrower, dark margins and vivid sulphur-yellow veins in the pune

dise of the hindwing, as well as a yellow base on the underside of the wing.

D. dero Hbn. (= celtina Burm.) (86 ¢3, 9) is somewhat smaller, with short, yellowish club to the dero,
antenna. The band across the middle of the cell of the forewing is somewhat curved. In the 9 the margins and
bands are broader. Southern Brazil to Paraguay and Argentina; very common. — rhoeo Fldr. is an allied form rhoeo.
from northern Brazil, with ochre-yellow colour, also on the veins, particularly in the hindwing.

D. hugia Schaus, from Bolivia, is said to have yellow-grey wings with brown veins and margins, which hugia.
are broadest at the end of the veins; with yellow spots at the end of the cell and the distal margin.

D. honrathi Srka. (36 g) is a rare species from Chanchamayo in Peru, with delicate, blackish margins, honrathi,
without spot through the cell of the forewing; with larger, whitish dots at the apex of the hindwing.

D. vandona Hsch. (37a) recalls the similar species .of Ceratinia, Napeogenes, etc., by the red-brown vandona.
patch at the inner angle of the hindwing. The wings are otherwise colourless except for the yellowish base of
the hindwing; the dark distal margins sharply defined. It flies together with ab. immaculata Hsch., in which immaculata,
the red-brown patch at the inner angle is absent, in the eastern Andes of Ecuador at the upper Pastaza River.

D. lorica Weym., from Guiana, is a smaller, colourless species with narrow, brown margins, without lorica.
band across the end of the cell of the forewing.

The beautiful D. varina Hew. (87a), from the eastern Andes in Ecuador, is a very distinct, brightly varina.
coloured and rare species. The base of the forewing and the hindwing are delicate red-brown; the apex of the
forewing black; across the end of the cell a broad yellow macular band with 3 dark spots: all semitransparent. —
In ab. partita Hsch. the yellow oblique band is broken up into separate spots by a black band across the end of partita.
the cell.

D. pulcheria Hew., from Ecuador, has the hindwing and the base of the forewing orange-coloured. pulcheria.
The greater part of the forewing is blackish with yellow spots in and below the cell.

D. euteles Ersch., from Cayenne, is not known to me. euteles.

D. lenea Cr. (2 = melanida Cr.) (87a g, 9), from the north-east of South America, has in the hindwing lenea.
a peculiar, blackish longitudinal band, which is interrupted at the apex. Between this and the dark distal margin
the colour is red-brown, proximally yellow in the g, reddish in the 9. The forewing has a yellow oblique band;
the base is red-brown, apex and end of the cell are black. — elvira Weym. is a very similar form, in which the elvira.
black and the red-brown band completely surround the apex.

D. methonella Weym. (37 a) has yellowish wings with black margins and half-band across the end of methonella.
the cell of the forewing. Behind the end of the cell of the forewing and in the dise of the hindwing the veins are
partly yellow-brown. In the 9 the margins are much broader and in the cell of the forewing there is a triangular
spot at the median. It flies in southern Brazil and Paraguay. — xantho Fildr., from Central Brazil, is a similar zantho.
form with yellow-brown spot in the cell of the forewing, yellow-brown veins in the hindwing and stronger yellow
dusting. Larva according to W. MU Lier on Solanum; the body is cylindrical, without appendages, greenish,
the head very large. The pupa is short, at the ventral side strongly convex, transparent green, the greater part
with a golden gloss. — D. hulda Fidr., from Venezuela, is said to be similar to xantho, but larger, with narrower hulda.
subapical spots in the forewing and without yellow-brown in the cell.

In D. obfuscata Bilr., from the Upper Amazon, the base of the forewing is black. The spots at the distal obfuscata.
margin yellowish. Hindwing near the base of the inner margin with large, transparent brownish spot and 2 smaller
ones at the apex.

D. zelie Guér., from Bolivia, is said to be allied to dero, with black margins and band across the end zelie.
of the cell. Veins at the base of the hindwing yellow.

D. epidero Bates, from the Amazons, has on the hindwing from the costal to the distal margin a black epidero.
transverse band, like Thyridia confusa; in the cell of the forewing a triangular, black spot is placed at the median.
— In ab. signata ab. nov. Stgr. 7. |. (37 b) there are red-brown spots in the black distal margin of the hindwing, signata.
sometimes also at the base of the forewing.

21. Genus: Epithomia Godm. & Salv.

This genus only contains a few forms, which were formerly placed in Dircenna. The species are distinguish-
able especially by the short hairy palpi, the 5-jointed tarsi of the 99, and also by the presence of the upper discocel-

agrippina.

fumantis.

alpho.

nikita,

heraldica.
plannota.

celemia.
lurida.

candescens.

splendens.

iphianassa.

anaphissa.
panamensis.

lycasle.
negrita.

boucardi.

pumensis.

140 ITHOMIA. By R.-Haensch.

lular in the hindwing. Superficially they resembles some species of Callithomia, Ithomia and Calloleria. Their
area of distribution is confined to north-west South America and Panama.

E. agrippina Hew. (= callipero Bates, 2 balboa Bates) is the same size as the figured alpho. Base of the
forewing and the hindwing red-brown, the latter with broad, dark margin. Forewing with 2 yellow oblique
bands across the end of the cell and at the apex, as well as a spot between these at the distal margin. The rest
of the apical half is blackish, also a spot in the cell. The species flies in Colombia and Panama. — In a form
from Colombia, which I call fumantis form. nov., the dark margin of the hindwing is proximally spot-like, irregular,
widened almost to the cell. The ground-colour is darker. The white marginal spots of the under surface are
very large. re

E. alpho Fidr. (87 b) has semitransparent wings with diffuse, yellow-brown colouring and similar markings
to agrippina. — In a form which like alpho comes from Venezuela, there is a median band in the hindwing which
is composed of 8 angular, dark spots. J call this form nikita form. nov.

22. Genus: Ithomia Hbn.

Formerly most of the small, transparent forms of the family were included under this name. At the
present time we understand by it a smaller, but still numerous group whose best distinguishing characters are
the large, oval scent-spot of the gg and the long cell of the hindwing with angled lower discocellular. Very striking
in many g<¢, e. g. hyala (87 ¢), are the large broad forewing and small hindwing; in the latter the costal margin
is strongly arched anteriorly by the scent-spot. In the 9 the cell of the hindwing is cut off rather straight, a vein
extending into the cell. The variety of colour and form in this genus is very great; it contains both gay-coloured
species which closely resemble certain Ceratinia and Napeogenes and also inconspicuous, colourless forms, which
are mimicked by species in the following genera. The area of distribution of the genus is correspondingly also
a very large one, including the whole of the Neotropical Region. North-Western South America, however, produces
the most representatives of this, as also of other genera.

I. heraldica Bates (37 b), from Costa Rica, has black-brown forewing with red-brown base, 3 yellowish
macular oblique bands and whitish subapical dots. The hindwing is red-brown with dark distal margin. — pla-
ginota Btlr. & Druce (87 b) is a similar, larger and more brightly coloured form from the same district. In it
the yellow subapical and marginal dots are more strongly developed; but of the oblique bands only the distal
one and the half of the median band in the cell are yellow. The base of the forewing is more broadly red-brown.

In I. celemia Hew. (37), from Colombia, the oblique bands are broken up into smaller spots. The
distal margin of the hindwing is broader and in it are placed yellow dots. —lurida Hsch. is a local form of the
preceding from the Cauca Valley in Colombia with very large, band-like spots in the dise of the forewing and
large dots in the apex of the forewing and the distal margin of the hindwing. — candescens Hsch. is a form of
celemia from Colombia and Venezuela with white instead of yellow spots and dots. — splendens Hsch. is coloured
hike candescens, but with very large, white spots and dots, corresponding to lurida.

I. iphianassa Dbl. & Hew. is a somewhat smaller, very variable species, of which anaphissa (87 ¢),
panamensis (87 ¢) and others are merely local forms. iphianassa, from Venezuela, best represents the Lycorea-
habitus and the pattern of the other forms can be derived from it. The scheme of markings is the same as in
anaphissa, but the base of the forewing and the hindwing yellow-brown. The latter with undulate distal margin
and black-brown longitudinal band, bent in hook-shape at the apex. The basal area, especially in the g, 1s
lighter yellowish, semitransparent, with dark dots at the end of the cell. The forewing has an indistinct, yellow-
brown median band and a yellow subapical band; between them is placed at the distal margin a roundish, yellowish
spot. The rest of the apex and 2 spots in the basal part are black-brown; apex with 2 or more whitish marginal
dots. — In anaphissa H.-Schdff. (= pepita Oberth.) (37 ¢), from Colombia, the distal margin of the hindwing
and the median band are united into a broad, black distal margin; also the apical half of the forewing is more
broadly black with larger, white marginal dots. — panamensis Bates (37 c), from Panama, has a much broader, dark
distal margin to the hindwing, which reaches to the end of the cell. The yellow subapical band of the forewing
is entirely suppressed except for 4 very small spots. This form strongly recalls Mechanitis macrinus. — lycaste F’.
is a very similar form from Kansas in North America with still more strongly black markings. — negrita Reak.,
from California, is another allied form, in which the black median spot of the forewing is enlarged, half of it
being on the hindwing. — In boueardi Druce, from Panama, the yellow median band of the forewing is absent.
The whole basal half is yellow-brown with large, black median spot. The broad distal margin of the hindwing
and a spot at the end of the cell are black. — As pumensis Reaxrrt designates a form of iphianassa, from Venezuela,
with larger black spots and red-brown basal part, without the yellow median band. The yellowish spot at the
distal margin is very small. The forewing has 3 white dots at the distal margin.

ITHOMIA. By R. Haensch. 141

I. phanessa H.-Schaff. and alienassa Hsch. (87d), from Colombia, have transparent yellowish wings.
phanessa has broad, yellow-brown submarginal distal border to the hindwing and in the cell of the forewing an
isolated, triangular spot. In alienassa the distal margin of the hindwing is black-brown with red-brown macular
streak, and across the middle of the cell of the forewing there is a dark half-band.

I. cleora) Hew. (= chimborazana Reak., spruceana Bates) (87¢ 4, Q), from western Ecuador, was
formerly often confused with the preceding two. It may, however, be recognised at once by the long, pointed,
blaek spot in the cell of the hmdwing. On the other hand the red-brown colouring varies very much. There are g¢
in which this is almost entirely absent and 2° in which the basal half of the forewing and of the hindwing are
almost entirely red-brown.

I. epona Hew. (37d) has transparent smoke-brown wings with darker margins; half-band across the
end of the cell of the forewing, as well as median spot in the cell. In the @ the distal margin of the hindwing
is broader, with whitish dots. The species flies in the mountains of eastern Heuador at elevations of 1500—3000
metres together with the similar Dismenitis hewitsont.

I. xenos Bates (37 d) is a similar species with narrower wings, from Costa Rica. The forewing has slightly
yellowish patch and a dark half-band through the middle of the cell. The distal border of the hindwing in the g
is very narrow. In the rare 9 the margins and patches are broader, at the median of the forewing and on the
hindwing proximally red-brown.

I. ulla Hew. (= radata Weym.) (37 e) is another species from Colombia, but with peculiar neuration.
BoIspDuVAt erected for it the genus Tagyris. The forewing is very broad; the discocellulars close the cell in arc-
shape and form an acute angle with the very small third section of the median vein. The scent-spot of the hindwing
terminates with a neck at the end of the cell, as in Hypoleria-species. ulla has behind the band at the end of the
cell of the forewing a yellowish patch and a yellow-brown subcostal. In the 2 the margins are broader and
there is also a half-band across the end of the cell of the hmdwing. — The same neuration is found in dimidiata Stgr.,
from the Cauca Valley and eastern Heuador. This species has slightly smoke-brown wings with brown margins,
but without half-band across the end of the cell and without yellow patch.

Another similar species is I. mira Stgr., from the Amazons, but with different neuration, red-brown
subcostal and small spot at the end of the cell of the forewing.

I. peruana Salv. (= abendrothi Hpfr.) (87 d) has transparent, yellowish wings with broad, black margins
and half-bands across the end of the cell and through the cell of the forewing. It occurs at Chanchamayo in
eastern Peru.

I. linda Hew. (37 d), from Ecuador, has exactly the appearance of Ceratinia antea and Napeogenes glycera,
with which it also flies im company. It is somewhat smaller and the ¢ is conspicuous by the broad costal margin
of the hindwing. —theuda Hew., likewise from Ecuador, is a very similar species with somewhat yellowish wings
and black antenna, whilst in true linda the club of the antenna is yellowish.

I. nigrimargo Bilr., from Keuador, approximates to the preceding, but has a red-brown spot at the anal
angle of the hindwing and is hence very similar to Ceratina adelinda and other forms.

I. lagusa Hew., from Colombia, and I. hymettia Stgr. (87d), from the Cauca Valley, strongly recall
certain Napeogenes-species. The neuration of the gg almost exactly agrees with that of this genus in the long
cell of the hindwing with the lower discocellular only weakly curved proximad. The forms may, however, be
recognized with certainty by the scent-spot of the gg and the recurrent cell-vein in the 9. In lagusa g the basal
third of the forewing is black-brown with oblong yellow-brown spot and broad half-band at the end of the cell.
In the 2 the dark margins at the base are narrower, at the apex and at the distal margin of the hindwing on the
contrary broader. hymettia has colourless wings, broad inner margin to the forewing and yellow-brown streak
at the median; further a half-band at the ena of the cell and in the 9 narrow, in the @ broad, dark margins
to both wings.

The beautiful I. ellara Hew. (37 e), from Bolivia, has colourless wings with broad black margins and
patches at the end of the cell and in the cell of the forewing, and large, transparent marginal spots. On the
under surface the markings are for the most part brown-red. The antenna has a yellow-brown club. — The very
similar eleonora Hsch., from the border of Peru and Bolivia, has narrower distal margins, without the transparent
marginal spots, but at the costal margin of the forewing a suggestion of a subapical band, and also black antenna. —
In an aberration, which I call ab. beata ab. nov., there is a large, yellow-brown spot in the distal margin at the
inner angle of the hindwing above. — avella Hew. (2 = cesleria Hew.) (87 e), from Colombia, is a similar, smaller
species with red-brown subcostal to the forewing and without the dark colouring in the cell of the hindwing. The $
has considerably narrower margins and patches than the figured 9.

The 3 of I. hyala Hew. (37 e) is conspicuous by the broad forewing and small hindwing. The wings are
slightly smoke-brown with dark margins and 2 half-bands through the cell and at its end. The base of the hind-
wing is yellow beneath. In the 2 the wings have the usual shape, somewhat as in diasia.

phanessa.
aluenassa.

cleora.

epona.

Lenos.

ulla.

dimidiala.

mira.

peruanda.

linda.

theuda.

nigrimargo.

lagusa.
hymettia.

ellara.

eleonora.

beata.
avella.

hyala.

diasia.

OssUunNG.

hippocrenis.

morenda.

aelia.

qucunda.

galata.

patilla.

leila.
terra.

terrana.
vuleana,

derasa.

travella.

salapia.

drymo.

napho.

pellucida.

agnosia.

pseudo-
agalla.

oenanthe.

Salcata.

142 ITHOMIA. By R. Haensch.

I. diasia Hew. (37 f) is a similarly marked species, without the striking forewing of the gg, with glossy
bluish wings margined with black. On the under surface the margins in this species are also black in exceptional
cases except for the costal margin of the hindwing, which is brown and at the base yellow.

As I. ossuna spec. nov. I designate an interesting species from Colombia, which is similar in pattern and
colouring to the preceding species except for the distal margin of the forewing. This is much widened before the
inner angle and red-brown.

I. hippocrenis Bates, from southern Central America, is similar to diasia, but has a much broader spot
at the end of the cell of the forewing and also a white patch, as well as red-brown margins on the under surface. —
morena Hsch. is another similar form from western Kcuador. The wings are colourless; the markings as in diasia,
only the half-band in the cell is reduced, and the margins are beneath red-brown with dark edges.

I. aelia Hew. (= centromaculata Weym.) (87g) has whitish-dusted forewing with dark margins and
veins, as well as broad band across the end of the cell of the forewing. The hindwing is light red-brown with
dark costal and distal margins. This rare species flies in Eastern Colombia.

I. jueunda Godm. d& Salv., from Panama, has similar forewing, but colourless hindwing with broad,
black-brown distal margin and a red-brown spot in it near the inner angle. The species thus recalls ossuna and
is distinguished by the absence of the half-band in the cell of the forewing. — galata Hew., from Colombia, is
also similar, with narrower band at the end of the cell of the forewing, and moreover yellow-brown, dark-edged
distal margin to the hindwing.

I. patilla Hew. (= psyche Bates) (37 f), from Central America, has a black-brown apical half to the
forewing with a large white subapical patch; the base and the hindwing are colourless, with dark red-brown
margins. — leila Hew., from Mexico, is larger, with broader bands and spots, and white dots in the apex of the
forewing and at the distal margin of the hindwing. :

I. terra Hew. (37 f), az well as terrana Hsch. and a third form, which I call vulcana form. nov., may be
recognized by the broadly dark-margined veins at the end of the cell of the hindwing. terra is one of the most
widely distributed and commonest Ithomias; it occurs in north-western South America, from Colombia and
Venezuela to Bolivia. The wings are transparent, shiny bluish, with triangular, black spot at the end of the
cell of the forewing and small white spots near it at the costal margin. The black margins of the upper surface
are beneath red-brown with dark edges. Whilst terra occurs in the eastern part of the Andes in Heuador, the
smaller terrana is found in the west. The wings in this form are colourless, with broader margins and large, white
patch at the apex of the forewing. On the under surface the colour of the margins is yellow-brown. vulcana,
from Costa Rica, has the colouring as terrana, with narrower, black-grey margins and smaller white patch. In
size it is intermediate between terra and terrana. On the under surface the margins are yellow-brown with fine,
dark border. The scent-spot of the J in vulcana is yellow-brown, in the other two forms black-brown.

I. derasa Hew. (= mellilla Weym., soigena Weym.) (87) has dark-shaded vems at the end of the cell
of the hindwing, like the very similar Napeogenes lamia and Scada ethica, which species likewise have yellow-
dusted wings. derasa was described by Hewirson from Nicaragua. But I find no difference between it and the
form described from eastern Ecuador by WEYMER as soligena. — From thence also comes travella Hsch., which
is similar to the preceding; but the dark marking at the end of the cell of the hindwing is absent and the band
at the end of the cell of the forewing is broader. — salapia Hew. (87 f) has the wings more weakly dusted with
yellow and broader, black margins, without white dots in the anal margin and with red-brown central line in
the margins of the underside.

I. drymo Hbn. (= diaphana Cr., phono Geyer) (87g g, Q) is a small, inconspicuous species, common
in Brazil, with colourless, dark-margined wings and broad half-band across the end of the cell of the forewing. ~
At the costal margin follows a small, white spot. In the 2 the margins are somewhat broader and across the
end of the cell of the hindwing is placed a triangular, dark spot. — napho H.-Schdjff. (= phono Hew. p., naxo
Oberth.), from Colombia, is a very similar form with slightly smoke-brown wings and without the spot at the
discocellular of the hindwing in both sexes. — pellucida Weym. is also a very similar species with longer oblique
band at the end of the cell of the forewmg. It is said to occur both on Trinidad and in Brazil.

I. agnosia Hew. (37 £), from Colombia and Venezuela to Peru, is a common species with similar markings
to the preceding, but distinguishable by the large, white patch at the end of the cell of the forewing.

I. pseudo-agalla Reb. (37 g), from western Ecuador, has smoke-brown wings with dark margins; yellow
spot at the end of the cell and yellow-brown median vein on the forewing.

I. oenanthe Weym. (37g) has more pointed forewing with brownish margins, which are vivid yellow-
brown on the under surface. The half-band at the end of the cell of the forewing is pointed. It flies in the Cauca
Valley of Colombia and is closely allied to terra.

I. saleata Schaus, from Colombia, is said to have transparent, whitish wings, with black-brown veins
and margins. Forewing sparsely scaled with white at the end of the cell and the costal margin. On the under

CALLOLERIA. By R. Haensch. 143

surface the margins are light reddish brown with dark edges; forewing with 3 white apical spots. Hindwing
yellowish at the costal margin, at the distal margin with small, white dots.

Whilst in the forms already dealt with the dark oblique band of the forewing was more or less distinctly
forked, in the following otherwise similar species it is simple, tapering to a point posteriorly.

I. amarilla Hsch. (87 g) has very similar markings and colouring to travella, but the oblique band is
gradually pointed posteriorly. It flies with the latter on the upper Napo.

I. aquinia Hpjfr., from Peru, is very similar to salapia, but with a simple oblique band. The 3"? median
vein is not darkly coloured.

I. ardea Hew. (88 a) is very similar to agnosia, with the oblique band on the forewing prolonged to the
distal margin. It varies much in size and flies in Bolivia.

I. drogheda and hamlini Weeks, from Venezuela, are not known to me.

23. Genus: Calloleria Godm. & Salv.

Here belong a number of smaller forms which are almost all nearly allied and have mostly a red-brown
ground-colour, with yellow oblique band on the forewing. The neuration of the gg shows in the hindwing between
costal and subcostal on the under surface a raised ridge, as well as an indistinctly angled lower discocellular with
very long lower and very short upper divisions, so that it appears almost without angle; moreover with recurrent
cell-yeins as continuation of the lower radial. In the 2 the -neuration is very similar except for the raised ridge.

The area of distribution extends over northern South America and the Isthmus of Panama to Costa Rica.

C. dorilla Bates (88 a), from Panama and Costa Rica, has between the red-brown base and the black-
brown apex an irregular, yellow oblique band which is connected with a yellow spot placed at the inner margin.
The triangular, dark spot in the middle of the cell is mostly only indistinct; on the other hand the two at the
end of the cell are very large and connected. In the apex are placed a larger and a smaller yellow spot, as well
as several yellow dots at the distal margin. The hindwing is red-brown with dark distal margin and spot at the
end of the cell. — The very similar azara Hew. (38 a), from eastern Heuador and Colombia, has lighter, narrower
wings. The two spots at the end of the cell are smaller than in dorilla, so that the yellow oblique band is broader
at the costal margin. Only one of the yellow dots at the distal margin is present here. The distal border of the
hindwing is broader. —tutia Hew. (88 a) has even more transparent wings with narrower yellow oblique band
and smaller apical spots; between the two appears another large, transparent, yellowish subapical spot. The
hindwing has narrow distal margin and a distinct longitudinal band. This form flies in Venezuela and Costa
Rica. — tosea Schaus, from Colombia, is a local form with yellow apex to the forewing and yellow colour between
the median band of the hindwing and the distal margin. — chanchamaya Hsch. has similar markings to tutia,
without the yellow spots in the apex of the forewing, with stronger, black macular band in the disc of the hindwing
and yellowish colouring between the dise and the costal margin. It flies at’ Chanchamayo in Peru.

In true C. hopfferi Weym. the yellow oblique band in the forewing is absent, the specimen figured represents
a local form, which I call onoma form. nov. (38 a). Both forms fly on the Upper Amazon; they may be recognised
by the red-brown colour of the large subapical spot of the forewing and resemble Ceratimia pardalis resp. tiarina.
The marking is otherwise similar to that of chanchamaya. The distal margin of the hindwing, especially in hopffert,
is broken up into several spots.

C. poecila Bates (88a) is a commoner, widely distributed species from Colombia, Hcuador and the
Upper Amazon. It hasa broad, distally dentate yellow oblique band and at the end of the cell 2 separated, roundish
black spots. — callichroma is the name given by SraupDINGER to a form of poecila from Heuador with narrow, yellow
band. — In poecilana Hsch., from eastern Ecuador, the median band of the hindwing is united with the distal
margin into a large, blackish spot. — In azarina Weym., also from Heuador, there is a large black spot in the
dise of the hindwing, which reaches to the base. — nigronascens Hsch., from the Upper Amazon, has the hindwing
black except the apex, which remains red-brown.

C. selenides Weym. (38 a), from the Upper Amazon, has a yellow oblique band, widened in the middle
towards the apex, which is also proximally bordered with black. The broad median band of the hindwing is
continuous. ;

C. porrecta Hsch., from Bolivia, has longer, narrower wings, narrow yellow oblique band, similar to
tutia, and large blackish spots at the end of the cell. The hindwing has 3—4 sagittate spots in the dise. In the
blackish apex of the forewing is placed a lighter, sometimes yellow-brown patch.

C. robusta Hsch., from Bolivia, is the same size as dorilla. The narrow, yellow oblique band is broken
up into 2 spots. The hindwing is narrow, with dark margin. — In fuscens Hsch, the oblique band is also broken
up into spots, but its colour is the same as the ground-colour: transparent, faintly red-brown. The hindwing
has 3 sagittate spots in the disc and narrow, proximally dentate distal border.

amarilla.

aquinia.

ardea.

drogheda.
hamlint.

dorilla.

azara,

tutia.

tosca.
chancha-
maya.

hopfferi.
onoma.

poecila.

callichroma.
poecilana.
azarina.
nigronas-
cens.

selenides.

porrecta.

robusta.
fuscens.

singularis.

melano-
ptera.

nise.

peruensis

espriella.
tarapotis.

radiosa.

cayand.

jolaia.

conveniens.

doto.

adelphina.

virginiana.

evanides.

consobrina.

anchiala.

144 HYPOSCADA. By R. Haenseh.

C. singularis Reb. is a form from western Ecuador with narrow, delicate wings. The yellow oblique band
is narrow, not dentate towards the apex, provided with a projection towards the base. The median band of
the forewing is broad, shadowy. ‘The antenna is dark with brownish club.

C. melanoptera Hew., from Ecuador, is a peculiar form with blackish wings, the cells of which are trans-
parent yellowish brown, as also 3 larger spots at the distal margin of the forewing. On the under surface there
are some quadrate reddish spots at the distal margin of the hindwing. It appears to be a melanistic aberration.

C. nise Cr. (Q = selene Cr.) (88b g, 9) has a yellowish, broad oblique band in the forewing, reaching
to the inner angle, where it is strongly denticulate. The ground-colour in the ¢ is faintly red-brown, in the 9 dark
red-brown. The hindwing has a narrow median band, which is connected with the costal margin in bow-shape
and in the ¢ forms the border of a transparent, ight longitudinal band. mise flies on the Lower Amazon, as
well as in Guiana and Venezuela. — peruensis Hsch. (38 b) is a similar form from the Upper Amazon, from Peru.
The ground-colour is light red-brown in both sexes, with transparent longitudinal band at the base of the hindwing.
The yellow oblique band of the forewing is still broader, not transparent, with small dark spots at the end of
the cell. The dark spot in the cell is very faint. — espriella Hew., from Heuador, is a more strongly coloured
form with dark apex to the forewing, without the transparent longitudinal band in the hindwing. — As tarapotis
form. nov. I designate a form from the Lower Amazon, in which the yellow oblique band is almost entirely absent
except for an indistinct spot at the costal margin. The colour, as in espriella, is vivid red-brown to the apex.

In C. radiosa Hsch., from eastern Ecuador, the apical half of the forewing is blackish, with radiate,
yellow macular band. The dark spot at the base is elongate-pointed. The hindwing has a macular median band
and dentate, dark distal margin.

C. cayana Salv. (38 b), from Guiana, has in the blackish apex a peculiarly formed, yellow oblique band
with approximated spot at the inner angle. The spot in the cell is absent. The hindwing has a broad median
band and both wings whitish marginal dots.

C. jolaia Hew. (38 b), from Colombia, resembles Napeogenes stella. In the dise of the forewing there
are a number of yellow spots, and in the distal margin of both wings large, yellow marginal dots; in the cell of
the forewing a black, rounded spot and at the apex of the hindwing the commencement of a median band. —
In ab. conveniens Hsch. the spots in the forewing are united into an angular band at the end of the cell.

C. doto Hbn. (88 b), from the Lower Amazon, is a very aberrant species with diaphanous wings; the
margins and the discocellular of the forewing are margined with dark. The median of the forewing and a broad
submarginal band on the hindwing are yellow-brown.

24. Genus: Hyposeada Godm. & Salv.

It is not possible to differentiate this genus very sharply from Leuwcothyris, as there is a gradual transition
in the characters. Thus a number of forms which approximate to one another, as iderdina and ima, have been
placed in two different genera. I therefore only leave in this genus the forms which are allied to the typical species
and place the others with the similar forms of Leucothyris.

Hyposcada is distinguishable by the long, thin antennae and the short cell of the hindwing. Costal and
subcostal run at a distance from one another. Upper and middle discocellulars of the hindwing are short and
almost equal in length. They are medium-sized butterflies of mostly red-brown ground-colour, which recall
many species of Ceratinia. They occur especially in north-west South America, some also in Central America
and are for the most part not common.

H. adelphina Bates (88 c), from Colombia and Panama, has a broad, red-brown base to the forewing
and red-brown hindwing with broad black distal margin. The rest of the forewing is black with a large number
of white spots. Also at the apex of the hindwing are placed 2—8 white dots. The under surface is similarly
marked to the upper. — virginiana Hew., from Mexico and northern Central America, has narrower wings. The
red-brown colour of the forewing reaches nearly to the end of the cell and the two white spots there are small
and roundish. Especially worthy of note is the under surface, which is brown also in the whole apex of the fore-
wing. —In a third form, from Costa Rica, which I call evanides form. nov., the ground-colour of the forewing
is black-brown except for two red-brown streaks at the base, and the same beneath. The wings are narrow as
in virginiana, the white spots as in adelphina.

H. consobrina Godm. d& Salv. (38 ¢) is similar to the preceding, with larger, yellowish spots, without
the two spots in the end of the cell of the forewing. It flies in eastern Ecuador, at the foot of the Andes.

H. anchiala Hew., from the Upper Amazon to Peru and Heuador, has smaller white spots m the black
apical half and a black streak at the median of the forewing, as well as black margins to the hindwing and
a broad, spot-like median band in the disc.

Publ. 30. VIT. 1909. LEUCOTHYRIS. By R. Haensch. 145

H. abida Hew., from Colombia, is similar, somewhat smaller, without black streak over the median of abida.
the forewing, with narrower median band on the hindwing. Both wings have small white marginal dots.

H. kezia Hew., from the Upper Amazon, has the markings like anchiala. But in the apex of the forewing kezia.
there are only three white spots, the others are replaced by an irregular, yellow-brown band at the end of the cell. —
In rezia Hsch. (88 c) the whole apex of the forewing is also yellow-brown except for the three indistinct whitish rezia.
spots, to each of which a black oblong spot is joimed. This form flies on the Ucayali.

H. fallax Sigr. (88 c) is an interesting species from Chanchamayo in Peru, which strongly resembles fallac.
Ceratinia bicolora and semifulva, as well as the larger Mechanitis deceptus and Melinaea mothone, by the black
wings with broad red-brown bands. But it may be recognised, apart from the neuration, by the long, thin black
antenna and the differently placed black spots situated at the end of the cell and in the cell of the forewing.

H. aesion Godm. ¢& Salv., from Panama, is similar to abida, smaller, without the white marginal dots aesion.
and without the median band on the hindwing.

H. iliinissa Hew., from the Upper Amazon, is similar to the preceding, with larger white spots and an illinissa.
additional one in the cell of the forewing. The red-brown hindwing has in addition to the dark border a black
submarginal band, curved correspondingly to the distal margin.

In H. similia H.-Schdff. (88 d) the whole base of both wings is black-brown like the hindwing; on the similia.
hindwing remains only a yellow-brown submarginal band at the distal margin. ag

25. Genus: Leucothyris Bdv.

This genus is as at present constituted rather extensive and might better be divided into several subgenera.
Externally two principal groups are already differentiated: the first has shorter, rounded wings with broad whitish
bands, often also with red-brown colour, especially at the apex of the forewing. The second has more pointed
apex and peculiar whitish macular marking, especially at the apex and at the distal margin of the forewing,
without brownish colouring. In the neuration, however, both forms fluctuate between the typical short Hypo-
scada-cell of the hindwing and long thin antenna and long cell and shorter antenna with distinct club. In typical
Leucothyris the costal and subcostal are said to run close together. The cell of the lindwing in the ¢ is longer
anteriorly than posteriorly; the middle discocellular longer than the upper.

Considering the large number of forms which belong here it is not surprising that representatives of the
genus are found in the whole Neotropical region; but as in most Ithomiids, the eastern slopes of the Andes from
Colombia to Bolivia produce the greatest abundance of forms. The range of distribution of the separate forms
is mostly very restricted. Almost every large river-valley has its distinct local form, which sometimes occurs
there in great abundance, but a few hundred metres higher or lower, or about 10 miles to either side, is no longer
met with.

On this account some forms of this and other genera remain for decades great rarities, until the restricted
locality is at last revisited by some collector, who then obtains the coveted species in abundance.

L. ida Asch. (88 d), from the Upper Napo in Eeuador, has black wings with milky vitreous spots and ida.

a red-brown submarginal band on both wings. The latter is very broad in the apex of the forewing, as is also

the case in a large number of similar forms. ‘ida is distinguishable especially by the two white dots in the apex

of the forewing, moreover the forewing has four white spots and a triangle at the base. The hindwing has

a large whitish discal longitudinal band. In the g the spots and band are smaller. — idina Hsch. is a smaller local idina.
form from the Upper Amazon with indistinct dots in the apex of the forewing and broader, light red-brown apical

band. Moreover, on the hindwing the red-brown submarginal band is lighter and broader. — kena Hew., from kena.
eastern Eeuador, is considerably smaller than ida. The two vitreous spots at the apex of the forewing are con-
fluent and completely enclosed by the red-brown subapical band. At the end of the cell three vitreous spots form

an oblique band and the other three spots are also larger. — In ilerdinoides Stgr. (88 d) the two vitreous spots ilerdinoides.
at the apex are absent, on the other hand there are two at the end of the cell. The red-brown subapical band

of the forewing is broader. — Another similar form, which I call lerda form. nov., differs from the preceding in lerda.
having only one spot at the end of the cell of the forewing, on the other hand there is another at the lower angle of the

cell in the disc. These forms fly on the Upper Amazon, but each of them probably occurs in a separate district.

Whilst the preceding forms have a short cell, like. Hyposcada, in the following, otherwise very similar
formas, the middle discocellular of the forewing, and hence also the cell, begins to be apppreciably longer anteriorly.

V 19

tlerdina.

lerida.

lerdina.

lubilerda.

ilerda.

sexmacu-
lata.

confluens.
lota.

escurd.

praemona.

agarista.

janarilla.

priscilla.
gunilla.

ligilla.

assimilis.

zelica.

pagasa.

aegle.

zarepha.

dolabella.

brisolis.

146 LEUCOTHYRIS. By R. Haensch.
L. ilerdina Hew. (88d), from Peru, which is regarded as type of the genus Leucothyris, differs super-
ficially from ilerdinoides in the absence of the two vitreous spots at the end of the cell of the forewing.

L. lerida Kirby is similar to kena, but without the two apical vitreous spots. It flies on the Lower Napo.

L. lerdina Sigr. (38 d), from Pebas on the Upper Amazon, is smaller than ilerdina. In it the two vitreous
spots in the end of the cell and at the hinder angle of the forewing are united into a broad oblique band.

L. lubilerda Hsch., from eastern Colombia, is a similarly marked species, but may be recognised at once
by the tranparent vitreous spots, which in the other forms have a milky dusting.

L. ilerda Hew., also from eastern Colombia, is a form similar to ilerdina, without the vitreous spot in
the red-brown band.

In the following forms the red-brown subapical band of the forewing is much narrower.

L. sexmaculata Hsch. (88d), from the Upper Napo in Ecuador, has 6 vitreous spots in the forewing,

namely besides the two in the cell: one at the end of the cell, one at the hinder angle and 2 smaller ones at the -

distal margin. — In confluens Hsch., from the Napo, there are only 5 spots, and in lota Hew. (38 e) only 4.
The latter form occurs at the base of the eastern Andes in Ecuador. It has a posteriorly forked, dark oblique
band at the end of the cell, which in conflwens is moreover connected with the inner margin, so that in the latter
a further vitreous spot is separated off. — eseura Hsch. is a darkened form of lota, without the red-brown markings
on the upper surface, and with brown-red instead of yellow-red colour on the under surface. The whitish dusting
of the vitreous spots is weaker. — A form nearly allied to escura, from the Upper Amazon, which I call praemona
form. nov., is distinguished by much broader black margins and bands. The costal and distal margins of the
hindwing especially are much widened and leave in the disc only a vitreous longitudinal band, which is broader
at the inner margin, as in epicharme (88 e).

L. agarista Fidr. (88 e). The red-brown colour is mostly much lighter than in the figure. This form
may be recognised by the two large, connected vitreous spots in the apex of the forewing. It flies on the upper
Rio Negro and the Upper Rio Napo. — janarilla Hew. is a very similar form from eastern Kcuador and Peru,
without the red-brown colour on the upper surface, and without the whitish dusting in the dise of the hindwing.

L. priscilla Hew. (88 f) and gunilla Hew., both from the Upper Amazon (Rio Jurua, Fonte Boa), are
two rare, brightly coloured forms, with red-brown hindwing. priscilla has a submarginal band in addition to
the dark distal margin on the hindwing. In gunilla only the commencement of this band is present in the apex.
priscilla has in the dark brown forewing 4 vitreous spots and a basal triangle; m guwiilla the vitreous spot at the
hinder angle is wanting, the basal area is more extended and of a red-brown colour.

L. tigilla Weym. (88 e) is a larger species from eastern Ecuador of similar appearance to lota, but without
the fork of the oblique band and with broader wings.

L. assimilis Hsch. is a very similar species from the same district, somewhat smaller, without the white
spot at the costal margin and end of the cell of the forewing. The markings of the two forms also differ somewhat
in other details. But they may be recognised especially by the neuration. The middle discocellular of the hindwing
is considerably larger in assimilis, and the cell is consequently much larger.

L. zelica Hew. (88 f), from the western Andes of Ecuador, may be recognised by the yellowish colour
of both wings. The pattern of the otherwise blackish apical half of the forewing consists of two subapical’ dots
and two larger whitish spots at the end of the cell and the hinder angle. The hindwing is very broadly margined
with black. — A similar form is pagasa Druce, from Panama and Costa Rica. The hindwing is like that of zelica,
but the forewing has a broad band through the cell. The subapical spots are larger.

L. aegle /’. (= hippodamia Hew.) (88 f{). The wings are almost diaphanous with dark margins. In the
forewing some oblique bands divide the vitreous area into a number of spots, namely besides the two in the cell:
one each at the end of the cell and the hinder angle, as well as 2 smaller ones and 1—2 dots at the distal margin.
A red-brown stripe traverses the distal margin of the hindwing. The species flies with the similar followimg form
in Guiana. — zarepha Hew. (38 f) has at the end of the cell of the forewing a band-like row of spots to the hinder
angle and 2 vitreous spots in the apex. On the under surface the white marginal dots are absent. Guiana.

L. dolabella Hew. (38 e), from Bolivia, has a broad, white oblique band at the end of the cell of the
forewing and a double spot at the apex; across the cell runs anincomplete, dark oblique band. The vitreous
spots and the disc of the hindwing are dusted with white. — As brisotis form. nov. I designate another form, likewise
from Bolivia, with narrow white oblique band on the forewing, especially at the end of the cell. The dark distal
margin of the hindwing is strongly widened proximally.

oe

LEUCOTHYRIS. By R. Haensch. 147

I give the name of flexibilis spec. nov. to a species from northern Peru which is similar to dolabella. It is smaller

~and has a narrower whitish oblique band, constricted in the middle. At the hinder angle of the forewing is placed

an oblong vitreous spot, as in erispinilla, from which flexibilis is distinguished by the double spot in the apex. —

From Bolivia comes another very similar form, which I call virina form. nov. It has a white oblique band like

dolabella, but the other vitreous spots are colourless, not dusted with white. At the hinder angle of the forewing

there is a vitreous spot as in fleaibilis, but the black oblique band across the end of the cell is quite narrow,
linear from the median onwards.

L. perspicua Bilr. (38 e) is very similar to janarilla, considerably larger, with subapical band instead
of the double spot, and also a pear-shaped spot at the hinder angle of the forewing. It flies with the allied ‘onega
and epicharme at the Upper Amazon. — onega . has a broader white oblique band on the forewing and the
hindwing is black with a narrow, curved vitreous band behind the middle, which is shaded with dark at the inner
margin. — In epicharme Fldr. (38 e) the vitreous band of the hindwing is broader, wedge-shaped, broadest at
the Inner margin.

L. amazona Hsch., from the Upper Amazon, is similar to the preceding, with uniformly broad oblique
band on the forewing, without the vitreous spot at the hinder angle. — Another similar form, which I call ramona
form. nov., has colourless vitreous spots except for the white oblique band, the spot at the hinder angle being elongate-
quadrate. The median band of the hindwing is narrowest in the middle, the broad costal margin forming an
angle at the 2°? median vein. It flies near Sara-yacu on the Ucayali.

L. crispinilla Hpffr. (88 e), from eastern Peru, is distinguished from the preceding by whitish dusting
and narrow black costal margin to the hindwing, which does not enter the cell.

A species very similar to the preceding, which I call L. enania spec. nov., flies alsoin Peru. Itis appreciably
smaller and has different neuration, as well as narrower bands and margins. Especially noteworthy is the black
streak across the cell of the forewing, which is here placed in the prolongation of the 1st median vein, whilst in
crispinilla it is nearer to the base. ‘

L. didymaea Hew., from Bolivia, has a similar pattern to virina, without the double spot in the apex
of the forewing. It may be recognised by the black oblique band across the end of the cell of the forewing, which
forms a streak from the median to the distal margin, as well as by the narrow, uniformly broad distal margin
of the hindwing.

In the following forms the band-like streak through the cell of the forewing is absent.

L. borilis spec. nov. I thus name a similar species to didymaea, from Pozuzo in South Peru, with the
wings dusted with white, without the streak in the cell. The distal margin of the hindwing is much broader.

L. synnova Hew. (38f). This rare and beautiful species is very strikingly distinguished by the orange
colouring (in the figure this is too dark) from the otherwise similarly marked species, such as ramona, etc.
According to Bares it only flies on the north bank of the Upper Amazon, near Tunantins.

L. quintina Fidr. (38 f) is said to come from Venezuela, I know it only from Bolivia and Peru. It
has white-dusted wings with black margins and an oblique band at the end of the cell of the forewing, which
is gradually narrowed posteriorly. — The very similar alexina Hew., from Peru and Bolivia, has colourless
wings, only the subapical band of the forewing is dusted with white. The markings strongly recall Ithomia
ardea, which, however, is distinguished by the neuration. i

Next follows another small group with broad, rounded wings and black streak through the cell of the
forewing, of which L. astraea Cr. (39 b) is often mistaken for some other species. The typical form comes
from Guiana. It has a broad, black oblique band on the forewing, which is only forked shortly before the
distal margin; also quite faint red-brown colour in the distal margin of the hindwing. — thimei Oberth. (= flora
Hew. Exot. But. f. 68), from the Rio Magdalena in Colombia, is very similarly marked, but has no red-brown
on the upper surface and beneath only at the base. Moreover, the distal margin of the hindwing is narrcwer
and uniformly broad. — flora Cr., from Cayenne and Surinam, is a larger form with broad margins and b nds
and also red-brown markings in the distal margin of the hindwing. At the distal margin of the forewing 2
distinct white spots are marked off by the branches of the oblique band. — On the Lower Amazon flies a
smaller form of astraea, with roundish apex to the forewing, which I call antaxis form. nov. It has a light
red-brown, dark-bordered distal margin to the hindwing and a similar spot at the hinder angle of the forewing.

An extremely similar species from the Middle Amazon, which I call. L. stradopsis spec. nov., has dif-
ferent neuration and more pointed apex to the forewing. The upper arm of the lower discocellular and also
the middle discocellular are longer. The oblique band of the forewing is rather gradually narrowed beyond
the 2*4 median, the 3'4 is not thickened,

In L. egra Hew. (39 b) the black oblique band of the forewing is very broad, runs on the 3' median
vein and is connected at the other side with the black inner margin. The species flies on the Amazons.

flexibilis.

virina.

perspicua.
onega.

epicharme.

amazon.
ramond.

crispinilla.

enania.

didymaea.

borilis.

SYNNOVA.

quintina.

alexina.

astraea.

thimei.

jlora.

antazis.

stradopsis.

egra.

aquata.

serdolis.

susianda.

SUSANNE,

cyrene.

radina.

attalia.
attalita.

taliata.

solida.

completa.

orestilla.

valida,

fasciata.

deronda.

derondina.

cytharista.

.

148 LEUCOTHYRIS. By R. Haensch.

L. aquata Weym. (39 b), from Brazil, is similar to astraea, with narrower margins and bands. ‘The
oblique band at the end of the cell only extends a little beyond the inner angle. The black streak across the
middle of the cell is said to be of uniform width in typical specimens. Many examples, however, occur in
which it is wedge-shaped.

In another species, which I call L. serdolis spec. nov., a wedge-shaped oblique band runs from the
end of the cell across the 3! median vein, and the vitreous spots are dusted with white. The pattern other-
wise the same as in astrea. This form flies on the Upper Amazon.

Here begins the 24 principal group of Leucothyris with elongate, colourless wings, which bear delicate
whitish spots. Of these one at the distal margin of the forewing between the 2*¢ and 3"¢ median veins is especially
characteristic of the group, as it is placed so close to the distal border that the dark distal margin is always
narrowed here. There are two similar whitish spots at the apex of the forewing. The neuration of the hind-
wing is also very varied in this group. There occur both species with typical Hyposcada-neuration and also
very many in which the cell is considerably longer than in typical Leucothyris-species.

L. susiana Fldr. (88 ¢). This beautiful and rare species from the eastern Andes of Colombia and Ecuador
has black wings with several rows of white vitreous spots. On the under surface the predominant colour is
red-brown. The forewing has at the base an oblong spot, then follow 2 rows of white spots before and behind
the end of the cell, and also 3 subapical spots and some white marginal dots. The hindwing shows in the
dise a continuous white macular oblique band and large white double marginal dots. — susanna Sitgr. is a very
similar form from Colombia with smaller white spots and dots, but a broader yellowish oblique band on the
hindwing.

L. cyrene Latr. is similar to susiana, from the Upper Amazon and Peru. ‘The position of the vitreous
spots is somewhat different. The middle spot of the first row is absent and the band of the hindwing is widened

at the inner margin. — A nearly allied form from Colombia, which I call radina form. nov., has a double spot
in the end of the cell of the forewing and behind it 3 vitreous spots. The oblique band of the hindwing is
widened at the inner margin to the base. — Napeogenes domiduca Hew., from Bolivia, very closely resembles

the Leucothyris-forms now under consideration, but belongs to the genus Napeogenes, as I have only recently
been able to prove from typical specimens. It has a large basal vitreous area in the forewing and from the
end of the cell to the hinder angle a broad macular band, divided at the costal margin. Cf. Additions, p. 165.

L. attalia Hew. (88 ¢) has a black spot in the end of the cell of the forewing and numerous vitreous
spots in the apical half. The species flies in Bolivia and Peru. — attalita Hsch. is a much smaller form from
Bolivia. The vitreous spots have a strong milky colourmg and on the under surface the yellow-brown colour
of attalia is here grey-brown.

L. taliata Hew., from Peru, has larger, contiguous vitreous spots in the dise of the forewing and a
very broad vitreous band on the hindwing, as well as larger marginal dots on both wings.

L. solida Weym. (88 ¢). Here the vitreous spot between the 2"!and 3"! median veins in the discalmacular
band of the forewing is the longest (in taliata it is the one between the 1st and 2"¢ veins). The large marginal
dots are almost entirely absent. On the hindwing the vitreous band is narrower in the middle. — In ab.
completa Hsch., which flies with the type in eastern Ecuador, the costal margin of the hindwing is black to
beyond the cell, so that the vitreous band is narrower.

L. orestilla Hew. (38 g) is the largest species of the true Ithomuds. The markings are similar to those
of solida, with much larger vitreous spots. The third apical spot at the costal margin is absent. It flies in

the eastern Andes of Colombia and Heuador in thick mountain woods near the tree-limit at elevations of up to
3000 m.

L. valida Hsch., from the borders of Peru and Bolivia, is the same size as susiana and resembles com-
pleta, without the white marginal spots on the upper surface. The small white dot between the end of the cell
and the apex is in alignment with the two other subapical spots, and the vitreous spots at the hinder angle
are larger.

L. fasciata Hsch., from the Upper Pastaza in Keuador, is smaller, with narrow black costal margin to
the hindwing and spot across the end of the cell. It has a milky oblique band in the vitreous area of the hind-
wing, whilst in solida, which is otherwise similar, the whole dise is milky coloured.

L. deronda Hew. (39a), from Peru and Bolivia, is distinguishable from the similar forms by the yel-
lowish tinted forewing. In markings it is similar to the preceding forms, but the apex is much more narrowly
black, so that the two apical vitreous spots are not defined proximally. — derondina (Stgr. 7. 1.) is a much
smaller but otherwise extremely similar form from Bolivia with somewhat different neuration. The second
yellow spot at the costal margin of the forewing above is absent. The spot in the cell is narrower and in the
Q the black spot is absent in the angle which the median forms with its 1. branch.

L. cytharista Hew., from Peru, probably also belongs here. It is of the same size as deronda and has
yellowish forewing with dentate distal margin and eurved half-band across the end of the cell. The hindwing
has a bluish white tone and broad distal margin, streagly dentate proximally, with-large white dots.

LEUCOTHYRIS. By R. Haensch. 149

Under the name L. athalina (88 ¢) StaupINGER united several similar forms. I regard as typical speci- athalina.
mens according to STAUDINGER’s figure those from Bolivia of which the 2 bears a dark mark across the cell of
the hindwing. The forewing is similar to that of valida, but the second white dot at the costal margin near
the apex is absent. — The similar form from Colombia I call tremona form. nov. In the 2 the dark mark tremona.
on the median of the hindwing is absent and also the connecting triangle between the end of the cell and the
inner margin. The half-band at the end of the cell is produced into a point at the 8™ median vein. — ban- banjana.
jana Hsch. is the form from eastern Heuador, which occurs at elevations of from 2—3000 m. The two apical
vitreous spots are proximally bordered with black. The half-band at the end of the cell is as in athalina, but
in the © the dark mark on the median of the hindwing is absent. On the under surface the colour is brown-
red, lightest in tremona: yellow-brown. — santineza Hsch. is a smaller form from Heuador; it flies at elevations santineza.
of from 1000—15000 m. The spot in the cell of the forewing in the g is wedge-shaped, in the 9 broader, with
the extremity obtuse.

L. tabera Hew. (39a), from the eastern Andes of Keuador, has narrower half-bands across the end of tabera.
the cell of the forewing and in the middle of the cell. The distal margin of the hindwing is very broadly edged
with black. On the under surface the margins have dark brown-red markings. — In ab. maerenda Hsch. the maerenda.
apex of the forewing is broadly black with two vitreous spots. The hindwing has the distal half and the
apex black.

The following forms have a narrower distal margin to the hindwing.

L. makrena Hew. (39a), from Venezuela and Colombia, differs from the similar forms, such as santi- makrena.
neza, etc., in the much narrower distal margin of the hindwing. The half-band at the end of the cell of the
forewing is broad, the streak in the middle of the cell narrow. — makrenita Hsch. (39 a) is considerably smaller, makrenita.
it flies m eastern Keuador. The markings are similar to those of makrena, behind the end of the cell of the
forewing there is a white macular band.

L. baizana Hseh., likewise from the eastern Andes of Heuador, may be recognised at once by the smoky baizana.
brown colour and the long, narrow wings. The markings are similar to those of makrena. The dark brown
distal border of the hindwing is proximally dentate at the veins.

L. quadrata Hsch. (39a), from eastern Ecuador, is smaller than the preceding and may be recognised quadrata.
by the broad wings and the 2 vitreous spots in the apex of the forewing. The wings have a bluish white sheen.

L. amalda Hew. (39 b), from Colombia, has very similar markings, but differs notably in the red-brown amalda.
colour in the distal half of the hindwing . It flies together with the very similar Pseudoscada lavinia, but is
easy to recognise by the dark streak in the cell of the forewing. — amaldina (Stgr. 1. 1.) is a smaller, more weakly amaldina.
marked form, likewise from Colombia. Its hindwing is diaphanous except for a yellow-brown distal margin.

L. modesta Hsch., from western Heuador and Colombia, has similar markings to quadrata. The apex modesta.
of the forewing is rounded; the half-band at the end of the cell is short, triangular; the dark distal border
of the hindwing narrow.

L. bioculata Hsch., from Bolivia, is likewise a similar form to makremta; with 2 vitreous spots in the bioculata.
apex of the forewing and indistinct streak in the cell. Beneath the margins are yellow-brown, with only 2
white dots in the apex of each wing.

L. epimakrena Hsch., from Bolivia, is about the same size as makrena and has similar markings. It epimakrena.
may be recognised by having the distal border of the hindwing proximally dentate at the veins and a dark
streak at the end of the cell. The wings are elongate; the spot in the middle of the cell of the forewing wedge-
shaped.
L. zea Hew. (39b) is one of the few but peculiar Ithomiids which occur in Mexico. Prominent zea.
characters are the brown-red margins and the presence of only one vitreous spot in the apex of the forewing.
— vicina Salv. is a similar form, also with brown-red margins, from Costa Rica. It is smaller, the margins vicina.
in the apex of the forewing are narrower. The spot at the end of the cell is triangular; the streak in the middle
of the cell narrower.

L. caucana Stgr. (39 b), from the Cauca Valley in Colombia, has narrower margins and patches than cawcana.
makrena. The black streak in the middle of the cell is often entirely absent.

L. phemonoé Db/. & Hew. (= morphenoé H.-Schéff.) (39 b), from Colombia and Venezuela, has rounded phemonoé.
wings with narrow margins and a narrow streak in the cell of the forewing. The subcostal of the forewing
is red-brown; the whitish patches at the apex and distal margin are indistinct. — burchelli Sand., from the burchelli.
Rio Tocantins, is said to be nearly allied to the preceding form, but to be distinguished by broader margins
and patches. Especially the dark oblique band across the end of the cell is prolonged and then continued
as a distinct. stripe on the 2°4:median:vein to the distal margin. 5

rubescens.

inelegans.

fumata.

manorda,.

sarilis,

graciella.
victorina.

padilla.

paula.

estella.

subosa.

jerra.

thyridiana.

salvinia.

rufocinela.

clausina.

striposis.

150 EPISCADA. By R. Haensch.

L. rubescens Btlr. & Druce (89), from Costa Rica, has the margins partly red-brown, as in vicina,
but a broad black-brown apex to the forewing, and also a broad white oblique band.

The following forms have no dark streak in the cell of the forewing.

L. inelegans Hew., from Ecuador, is of the same size as susiana and has vitreous wings with dark distal
margins, strongly dentate proximally, especially in the hindwing. Across the end of the cell of the forewing
is placed a half-band, with process at the 3" median vein. On the under surface the margins are red-brown
with white distal-marginal double spots.

L. fumata Hsch., from the Cauca Valley, is of the same size as makrenita and has narrow borders to
the slightly smoke-brown wings and narrow half-band at the end of the cell of the forewing. Beneath the margins
are light yellow-brown.

L. manora Schaus, from Central Brazil, is said to have transparent bluish white wings with blackish
margins and veins. In the apex of the forewing a vitreous spot, at the end of the cell a whitish patch.

As L. sarilis spec. nov. I designate a form from the Upper Amazon, similar to graciella, with 2 vitreous
spots in the black apex of the forewing. The half-band at the end of the cell has a projection above the 3*@
median vein; the whole of the 2™ vein is broadly black.

L. graciella Oberth. (= victorina Hew.) (39 c), from the Upper Amazon, and victorina Guér., from Vene-
zuela and Colombia, are very much alike. They have a broad black apex and a broad white oblique band at
the end of the cell. In graciella the veins in the white oblique band are completely covered, whilst in victorina
the upper vein and half the second one appear black. — padilla Hew., from western Hcuador, is also very
similar, with broader white oblique band, which reaches to the hinder angle, so that the 2"¢ median vein also
is dusted with white. — paula Weym., from Central America, is likewise similar, with narrow white oblique
band, broad, almost quadrangular, black spot at the end of the cell and red-brown costal margin, and also
a red-brown spot at the hinder angle of the forewing and distal margin of the hindwing.

L. estella Hew. (39 c), from eastern Heuador, is a small species with broad black apex to the forewing
and distal margin to the hindwing, the latter with a red-brown stripe, and also with a broad white oblique
band in the forewing. On the under surface the dark margins have yellow-brown central stripes. — In Bolivia
occurs a similar form, which I call subosa form. nov. It has a narrower white oblique band and nsrrower
distal margin to the hindwing. Moreover, the whole disc of the latter is whitish, together with the veins; in
estella only at the apex, the rest being colourless with black veins.

Finally I refer here 2 new forms, which are very different from the preceding, but according to the
neuration agree best with Leucothyris.

L. ferra spec. nov. (89d) strongly recalls by its markings species of Thyridia, Aprotopos and Dircenno.
The wings are almost colourless with dark brown margins and a transverse band across the end of the cell of
each wing. In the middle of the distal margin of the hindwing there are 3 white dots. The antenna has
yellowish club. On the under surface all the distal margins have white marginal dots as far as the apex.
From southern Peru. — thyridiana form. nov. is a similar, larger form from Bolivia with black margins and
bands and a triangular spot in the cell of the forewing. Otherwise the markings are asin the preceding. On
the under surface a yellowish streak is placed behind the base of the hindwing.

26. Genus: Episeada Godm. & Salv.

This also is only a genus of convenience, whose characters are not sharply defined. Properly the
upper discocellular of the hindwing should be entirely absent in the g, but mostly it is still feebly present.
The habitus of the species referred to Episcada is always very different from that of Leucothyris and approaches
much more that of the following genus Pteronymia. The lower discocellular in Episcada appears to be always
very distinctly angled, whilst in Lewcothyris the anterior arm disappears in the dark costal-marginal stripe.
The cell of the hindwing in typical species is almost equally long anteriorly and posteriorly.

The species of Hpiscada are mostly not easy to recognise as such, since superficially they closely re-
semble certain species of Pteronymia. Only the gg are more certainly distinguishable by the upper discocel-
lular and radial of the hindwing. The few species of Episcada are scattered over the whole Neotropical region
and are generally not very common.

E. salvinia Bates (39d), from Guatemala, has delicate, almost colourless wings with narrow brown
margins and half-band at the end of the cell of the forewing, and also a white spot at the costal margin. On
the underside the margins are lighter yellow-brown. — rufocincta Salv., from Mexico. is a similar form with
yellow-brown margins, blackish streak at the inner margin of the forewing, and without white patch at the
end of the cell.

E. clausina Hew. (39d), from Bolivia, has dark brown margins and half-band with yellow spot at
the end of the cell. The costal margin of the hindwing is yellow beneath. The subcostal of the forewing is
red-brown; in the Q also the inner margin. — In Central Brazil occurs a very similar form, which I call striposis

-

X.

EPISCADA. By R. Haensch. 151

form. nov. It has additional yellow dusting in the end of the cell of the forewing and on the hindwing. On
the under surface the margins are darker red-brown with blackish borders.

E. carcinia Schaus, from South Brazil, is said to have colourless wings with narrow margins and a
white spot behind the cell at the costal margin of the forewing. — In pasena-Schaus, from Central Brazil, the
body is said to be grey beneath; the transparent wings with very narrow brown margins. Forewing with
narrow streak at the end of the cell and a transparent streak at the costal margin. Hindwing with 1—2
white dots at the apex of the under surface.

E. mira Hew. (= segesta Weym.) (89 d), from eastern Heuador, has a very broad yellow half-band at
the end of the cell of the forewing and is otherwise similar to clausina.

E. hymenaea Prittw. (39 e), from Central Brazil, has brownish margins and half-band at the end of the
cell of the forewing and in addition a whitish patch. Diaphanous spots are placed at the distal margin of
both wings. On the under surface the margins are lighter. — hymen Hsch. (389 e), from southern Bolivia,
is smaller with broader margins and half-band at the end of the cell, and also a yellow oblique band. Sub-
costal red-brown at the base. The median, the end of the cell and the hinder angle of the forewing are dusted
with yellow, and also the lower radial of the hindwing and a stripe at the costal margin on the under surface.

E. sulphurea Hsch., from the border of Peru and Bolivia, has longer wings, broader yellow oblique
band and broader dark brown margins. The yellow dusting is extended over the cell of the forewing and the
sreater part of the hindwing; on the other hand it is absent at the costal margin of the hindwing beneath.

E. sao Hbn. (39d), from Brazil, has broader dark margins and yellow patch at the end of the cell of
the forewing. Base of the under surface of the hindwing yellow-brown, distal margin with 4 white crescents.
— obscurata F. is according to Burner a dark form of the preceding.

E. sylpha Hsch. (39 e), from Venezuela, is similar to Miraleria sylvella, but is smaller and has different
neuration. The wings are diaphanous with brownish margins; at the costal and inner margins of the fore-
wing with yellow-brown, and the same at the inner angle of the hindwing. At the end of the cell of the fore-
wing a yellow patch. : 3

E. polita Weym. (39 e) is very similar to Pteronymia aletta. The wings are dark-shaded with dark
brown margins. The inner margin and the subcostal of the forewing, as well as the veins in the dise of the
hindwing, are yellow-brown. Besides the yellow spot at the end of the cell both wings have further yellowish
patches at the distal margin and in the end of the cell. polita flies together with Pteronymia aletta in Colombia.

E. cabenis Hsch. is somewhat larger, with colourless wings, dark brown margins and white half-band
behind the brown one at the end of the cell. On the under surface the margins are yellow-brown, dark-margined
with 1—2 dots in the apex of both wings. It flies like the similar helena Hsch. in eastern Colombia. The
latter is still larger, with narrower margins, triangular spot at the end of the cell of the forewing and broader
white half-band.

E. sidonia Hsch., from southern Peru, has more pointed wings; cell of the hmdwing with long recurrent
vein. The white patch at the end of the cell of the forewing is only distinct at the costal margin and on the
radials. On the under surface the margins are deep ochreous coloured, without white dots in the apex.

E. cora (Bang-H.1i.1.), from Bolivia, is larger than the similar ticidella Hew. (39 e), from eastern Keuador.
The wings in cora are slightly brownish; behind the end of the cell of the forewing, at the distal margin and
at the inner angle of the hindwing yellowish. Across the end of the cell of the forewing there is a broad
brown wedge-spot; in fticidella there is only a very narrow dark mark here and behind it a whitish patch.
On the under surface the margins in cora are light yellow-brown, in ticidella brownish with white dots in the
apex of the forewing and at the distal margin of the hindwing.

E. canilla Hew. (= canaletta Stgr.) (89 c) has elongate wings with yellow dusting, except in the apex.
The margins are dark brown; in the Q, especially in the hindwing, much broader. On the under surface the
margins are brown-red, with dark borders; at the base of the hindwing yellow; with white double spots in the
apex of the forewing and at the distal margin of the hindwing.

E. perasippa Hew. (39 e) is a very large, little marked species from Ecuador and Colombia. The wings
are yellowish, vitreous with narrow brown margins and a streak across the end of the cell of the forewing. The
subcostal of the forewing and the underside of the margins are yellow-brown.

E. dirama Hsch. (391), from Bolivia, is smaller, with broader streak at the end of the cell and yellow
spot behind it. The costal margin of the hindwing is yellow on the under surface. — alidella Hew., from Co-
lombia, is a very similar form, which also much resembles Pteronymia alida. UEwrrson has noticed that
there is a difference between the two in the neuration, which also appears to be constant for other species
of Episcada and Pteronymia: in alida the lower arm of the lower discocellular of the forewing is the longer; in
alidella it is the upper one. alidella has broader wings with dark margins and broad yellow half-band at the
end of the cell of the forewing. In the @ there are further several yellow patches at the distal margin.

E. scantilla Hew., from eastern Keuador and Colombia, has similar wing-form to dirama, a white spot
at the end of the cell of the forewing and white patches at the distal margins.

.

carcinia.
pasenda..

mura.

hymenaea.

hymen.

sulphurea.

sao.

obscurata.
sylpha.

polita.

cabenis.

helena.

sidonia.

cora.
ticidella.

canilla.

perasippa.

dirama.
alidella.

scantilla.

paradoca.

praestigiosa.

lobusa.

philoclea.

munda.

latilla.

albicans.
nigricans.

barilla.

pieta.

notilla.

olyrilla.

donella.

donala.

fulvimargo.

152 PTERONYMIA. By R. Haensch.

E. paradoxa Sigr., from the Cauca Valley, is a large species with colourless wings and narrow borders.
only the costal and inner margins of the forewing have broad margins, the end of the cell is without marking,
Similar species are Napeogenes flossina (35 g) and Hymenitis quinta.

E. praestigiosa Hsch. closely resembles Dismenitis cleonica (41 e), but is distinguishable at once by the
acutely angled lower discocellular of the hindwing. The forewing is slightly shaded, the hindwing tinged with
yellowish; with white patches at the end of the cell of the forewing and the distal margins. The end of the
cell of the forewing is in the g very narrowly, in the Q broadly coloured with brown. The distal margins
are proximally produced into points at the veins. — A similar, smaller species from Colombia, which I call
lobusa spec. nov., has a yellowish patch at the end of the cell, more weakly dentate distal margins, narrower
marks at the end of the cell and at the distal margin of the hindwing; on the under surface large white double
spots, which are entirely absent in praestigiosa.

The following E. philoclea Hew. (39 d), from southern Brazil, has already quite the appearance of a Ptero-
nymia, but still a distinct upper discocellular and radial in the hindwing of the gg. It has yellowish wings
with black margins, half-band across the end of the cell and yellowish patch beside it. In the dise of the hind-
wing the veins are also yellowish. On the under surface,the margins are dark brown-red, with white double
spots at the distal margin of the hindwing and the apex of the forewing. The costal margin of the hindwing
is yellowish with reddish spot at the base. The species recalls Ceratinia ewpompe (85 d), with which it occurs
together. — munda Weym. is a form with broader margins and connecting streak between the half-band and
the inner margin of the forewing.

27. Genus: Pteronymia Bilr. & Druce.

To this genus should rightly belong only species in which the upper discocellular of the hindwing is
absent and in the gg of which at least the greater part of the upper radial is coincident with the subcostal.
But when one has only female specimens it is often difficult to determine whether the species belongs to Ptero-
nymia or E'piscada, for superficially forms of the two genera are often very similar. There are no distinctive external
characters for the whole genus, as in Leucothyris. The commonest pattern is that shown in zerlina (39 g);
yet there are also gay-coloured species, such as latilla, which recall Episcada. The forms belonging to Ptero-
nymia are rather numerous. They often occur in numbers, are mostly widely distributed and therefore not
rare. A few even occur in great profusion, such as zerlina, simplea, artena, euritea. The Andes from Bolivia
to Colombia produce the largest number of species.

P. latilla Hew. (39), from Venezuela and Colombia, has transparent yellowish wings with yellow-
brown dusting, especially at the base of the forewing and the inner angle of the hindwing. The apical half
of the forewing is blackish with 2 yellow macular bands. The margins of both wings and a spot in the cell
of the forewing are also blackish. — In ab. albicans Hsch. the yellow macular bands are whitish and the end
of the cell of the forewing and the apical third of the hindwing are dusted with yellow. — In ab. nigricans
Hsch. the spot in the cell, the costal and inner margin, and also the end of the cell of the forewing and a band
on the median are broadly black-brown. It flies in Colombia.

P. barilla Hsch. is a form similar to latilla; from western Ecuador. It has more delicate colouring,
smaller yellow dots, a red-brown base to the inner margin of the forewing, slightly reddish colour on the hind-
wing and much smaller white marginal dots in the distal margin of the hindwing beneath.

P. picta Salv., from Colombia, has a blackish forewing, the base of the cell is brown, the middle yellow,
across the end is placed a black spot. In the distal half there are 2 yellow macular bands consisting of 4 or
5 spots. The hindwing is yellow, with broad black distal margin and brown streak at the inner angle.

P. notilla Bilr. & Druce (89{ 3, 2). The ¢ has a similar pattern to latilla, but paler, also the dark
spot in the cell is absent. In the 9 the colouring is much lighter; the cell shaded with dark and the hindwing
unicolorous. red-brown. ‘This is the Central American form of the group, from Costa Rica. It has black
antenna, while that of the preceding forms has a yellowish club. — olyrilla Bilr. & Druce, likewise from Costa
Rica, recalls the similar Dircenna olyras by the vitreous longitudinal band in the hindwing, and differs prin-
cipally in this from the preceding form.

P. donella Fidr., from Colombia, has a red-brown basal third to the forewing and a differently shaped
half-band at the end of the cell. The hindwing as in the Q of notilla is uniformly red-brown with broader dark
distal margin.

P. donata (Bang-H. 7. 1.) is a smaller form from Panama and Costa Rica with lighter colour and very
broad, angled yellow band to the forewing, which extends from the costal margin across the end of the cell
to the inner margin. Otherwise the markings are similar to those of donella.

P. fulvimargo Bilr. & Druce, from Costa Rica, is said to be similar to Episcada obscurata and Dircenna
olyras (86e). The forewing is transparent with faint yellowish macular band at the end of the cell and the distal

Publ. 30. VII. 1909. PTERONYMIA. By R. Haensch. 153

margin, and also with blackish half-band at the end of the cell. The hindwing has dark margins and
also a red-brown sub marginal band and red-brown veins. ¢ and @ are coloured almost alike.

P. fulvescens Godm. cd Salv., from Costa Rica, is said to be similar to latilla and fulvimargo. The
upper radial of the hindwing is entirely absent. The club of the antenna is yellow.

P. splendida Hsch., from eastern Colombia, of which only the 92 is known to me, has the fore-
wing similar to that of notilla-2, with broader black margins and dark spot in the middle of the cell.
The hindwing is slightly yellow-brown, with a yellow spot at the apex and very broad black distal margin.
The club of the antenna is yellow-brown.

P. dispar Hsch. (39 f) has transparent yellowish wings with black margins and half-band at the end
of the cell, which beneath are variegated with brownish. Club of the antenna yellow-brown. In the 9
the subcostal and median of the forewing, as well as the veins in the dise of the hindwing, are yellow-
brown. ‘The species flies in Colombia and Venezuela.

P. alinda Fidr., from Venezuela, is said strongly to recall donella in the markings. Forewing in the
cell yellow-brown, subcostal and median red-brown, the other margins black-brown. In the blackish apical
area 2 yellowish macular bands. Hindwing dusted with yellow-brown, with red-brown veins and broad
blackish distal margin.

P. veia Hew. (39 ¢), from Venezuela and Colombia, has a broad yellow oblique band at the end of
the cell of the forewing and yellow-brown margins on the under surface with large white crescents. In
the © the margins are broader and a dark spot is placed at the end of the median of the forewing. —
In ab. brunnea (Sigr. 7. 1.) the subcostal and median of the forewing and also the veins in the dise of the
hindwing are yellow-brown. The yellow oblique band is still broader and more brightly coloured.

P. zerlina Hew. (= arinia H.-Schdff.) (89g) has vitreous wings with blue-grey sheen and dark
brown margins; only the costal margin of the forewing is red-brown. At the dark band at the end of the
cell and at the distal margin of the forewing there are whitish patches. In the red-brown margins of the
under surface are placed at the apex of the forewing single, and at the distal margin of the hindwing
double white dots. Im the 2 the mner margin and the half-band of the forewimg are connected by a
dark triangle. — In a local form from southern Peru, which I call tamina form. nov., the club of the
antenna is yellow-brown. ‘The basal half of the cell is shaded with dark; the apical half of the forewing
is yellowish and the dise of the hindwing has bluish white sheen. On the under surface the white dots
are much smaller. — hara Hew. is a local form of zerlina, from Heuador, with whitish patches behind the
end of the cell and at the distal margin of the forewing. The subcostal is red-brown.

P. lincera H.-Schdff. (89 2) has transparent yellow-brown wings, with yellowish patches at the end
of the cell and at the distal margin of the forewimg. Subcostal and median are light red-brown. Other-
wise the markings are similar to those of zerlina. Hastern Heuador and Colombia. — alina (Stgr. 7. 1.) is
a form similar to zerlina, from Bolivia, with red-brown, dark-edged margins on the upper surface, light

yellow-brown beneath; with yellowish patches in the end of the cell, behind the cell, at the distal margin.

of the forewing and at the apex of the hindwing. In the 9 the margins are proportionately broader.

P. pronuba Hew., from western Hcuador, has colourless wings with black margins and black-white
half-band at the discocellular. Subcostal and median are red-brown at the base. In the @ both the
margins and the white half-band are much broader.

In P. tucuna Bates (39g), from the Upper Amazon, the dark-margined wings are provided with
numerous yellow dots, namely in and behind the end of the cell, at the distal margin and hinder angle
of the forewing, and also in the dise of the hindwing. The black antennae have yellow-brown clubs. —
tanampaya (Sigr. i. |.). from Bolivia, has narrower wings. The whole cell of the forewing and the
dise of the hindwing are dusted with yellow. The margins beneath are dark red-brown, in tucuna yellow-
brown. — bueya (Bang-H. 1. |.) is very similar to the preceding, but with red-brown subcostal and red-
brown margins on the underside. It likewise flies in Bolivia.

P. zabina Hew. (40b), from Colombia and Heuador, has broader wings with smaller yellowish dots
at the end of the cell and the distal margin of both wings. Antenna black; subcostal and a narrow
inner-marginal stripe are red-brown. — In ab. brunneata Hsch. the median and the veins in the dise of
both wings are also red-brown. At the end of the cell of the forewing there is a yellow half-band.

P. huamba spec. nov. I call a small form similar to lincera, also from the eastern Andes of Eeua-
dor, with slightly yellowish wings and faint yellow-brown patches at the end of the cell and distal
margin of the forewing. The margins are black-grey, only the subcostal of the forewing slightly yellow-
brown. The white double spots at the distal margin of the hindwing are very large. — oneida Hew.
(39 g). from Colombia and Ecuador, is somewhat larger, with more brightly coloured wings. The distal
margin of the hindwing is proximally dentate, especially in the 9. ‘There is a dark, isolated spot in the
dise of the forewing at the end of the cell. The subcostal is broadly yellow-brown.

V 20

fulvescens.

splendida.

dispar.

alinda.

ved.

brunnea.

zerlind.

lamina.

hara.

lincera.

altuna.

pronuba.

tweunn,

tanampaya.

bueya.

zabind.

brunneata.

huamba.

oneida.

“inani.

serrata.

leresila.

evonia.

sulmona.

é

SwUest.

thabena.

stantis.
aeginela.

cleobulina.

denticulata.

dispaena,

alida.

calgiria.

ligranes,
timagenes.

alemend.

adina.

eulyra.

154 PTERONYMIA. By R. Haensch.

P. inania Hsch. is a similar, larger species with broader wings and deep black-brown margins. Be-
hind the end of the cell is placed at the costal margin an oblong yellow-brown spot. On the under sur-
face there are numerous roundish white dots in the distal margin. his species, like the preceding, comes
from the border of eastern Ecuador and Colombia.

P. serrata Hsch. has still larger and broader, slightly yellowish wings with strongly dentate distal
border. The half-band at the end of the cell of the forewing is proximally widened. On the under sur-
face there are quadrate, yellow-brown, dark-margined spots at the distal margin of the hindwing between
the white double spots. This species flies with Dismenitis theudelinda (41d) and other similar forms in the
mountain forests of the eastern chain of the Cordilleras of Heuador at elevations of from 2—3000 m.

Pe teyesita Hew. (40a, b), from eastern Heuador, has broad wings, almost colourless in the ¢, with
narrow dark margins. In the 2 the wings are dusted with yellowish, especially the hindwing. ‘he latter
has much broader distal border than in the g. On the under surface the margins are dark red-brown,
with white dots in the apex of the forewing and at the distal margin of the hindwing.

In P. evonia Hsch., from Colombia, with shorter wings, the 2 is of a yellow-brown colour, especi-
ally in the cell and at the end of the median of the forewing, and also at the proximal border of the
costal and distal margins and on the veins in the dise of the hindwing. ‘The antenna is black. The
distal margin of the himdwing very broadly black.

P. sulmona Hew., from Ecuador, is said to be similar to teresita, with narrower margins and black
antenna. The base of the forewing and the hindwing are dusted with red-brown. On the under surface
there is a white spot in the apex of each wing and the base of the hindwing is yellow.

P. suesa Hew., from Heuador, has transparent wings with yellowish sheen and narrow brown mar-
gins and half-band across the end of the cell of the forewing. he club of the antenna is yellow-brown.
On the under surface the margins are yellow-brown, with 2 white dots in the apex of the forewing and a
row of double dots at the distal margin of the hindwing.

P. thabena Hew. (40a), from the eastern ridge of the Andes in Heuador, has broad, transparent
wings, the forewing with yellowish, the hindwing with bluish sheen. Unfortunately only 99 are known of
this and the following similar forms, so that the genus cannot be exactly fixed. \ The marking recalls
forms of zerlina. The distal margin of the hindwing especially is very broad, and on the underside, where
it is red-brown, provided with whitish double dots. The antenna has yellow-brown club. — A local form
from Bolivia, which I call stantis form. nov., is distinguished by a narrow black half-band at the end of
the cell of the hindwing. — From Heuador comes another similar form, aegineta Hew. It has the distal
margin of the hindwing strongly dentate proximally and a proximally widened half-band at the end of the
cell of the forewing. — cleobulina Hew., from Bolivia, probably also belongs here. It has the hindwing
like thabena, but in the cell of the forewing in addition a black bar, and at the black distal mar-
gin a projection in the direction of the somewhat prolonged half-band at the end of the cell.

P. denticulata Hsch. (40 b), from Bolivia, has black margins and half-band at the end of the cell of
the forewing; the distal margins are proximally dentate. The club of the antenna is yellow-brown. — In
dispaena Hew. (40a), from the same district, the margins are brown; subcostal of the forewing reddish;
antenna black. In the 2 the margims are broader and partly red-brown.

P. alida Hew. (40a), from Venezuela, has narrower margins and a broad yellow half-band behind
the uniformly broad half-band at the end of the cell. It closely resembles Hpiscada alidella.

P. calgiria Schaws (? = dircennoides Stgr. 7. 1.), from Bolivia, is said to have transparent yellowish
wings, with narrow dark brown margins and veins, and also curved half-band at the end of the cell of the
forewing; behind this there are yellowish spots at the costal and distal margins; also at the base and in
the end of the cell of the forewing. The distal margin of the hindwing is broadest at the 2"? median vein
and in the apex. Club of the antenna yellow-brown.

P. tigranes Godm. cd Salv. (40 b), from Central America, has colourless wings with narrow dark
margins, somewhat broader in the 9; in the forewing red-brown subcostal, and also a broad dark and

white half-band at the end of the cell. — timagenes Godm. d Salv., from Mexico, at elevations of up to
about 2000 m., differs from the preceding by the red-brown margins, only the inner margin of the fore-
wing is blackish. The half-band at the end of the cell is much smaller. — alemena Godm. dé Salv., from

Guatemala, is somewhat smaller, with broader, reddish margins. The dark and the white half-band at the
end of the cell are larger and more obliquely placed.

P. adina Hew., from Venezuela, is a similar species to tigranes, without red-brown subcostal and
with oblong white spot at the costal margin of the forewing. The costal margin of the hindwing is
strongly arched, the middle discocellular very long and curved.

P. eulyra Fidr., from Venezuela, is said to be similar to Hpiscada alidella, but much smaller, with
white submarginal spots on the under surface.

PTERONYMIA. By R. Haensch. 155

P. apuleia Hew. (2? 2 = santanella Hsch.) (40a), from eastern Ecuador, 1s very similar to Muira-
leria sylvella (40 e), but may be known by the strongly angled lower discocellular of the hindwing. The
margins, except the yellow-brown costal margin of the forewing, are narrowly dark brown; the half-band at
the end of the cell of the forewing is somewhat curved and pointed.

P. granica Hew. is a similar species, also from Heuador; but the half-band at the end of the cell is
absent. On the under surface the base of the costal margin of the hindwing is yellow and each wing has
2 whitish dots in the apex.

P. ticida Hew. (40 e), from eastern Heuador, has narrow wings with black margins; at the base of
both wings yellowish dusting. It closely resembles Hpiscada ticidella (89 e). But on the under surface the
margins are black, only the base of the hindwing is yellow. In the apex of the forewing are placed 3, at
the distal margin of the hindwing 5 oblong white dots. — yungava Hsch. is a similar form from Bolivia.
The margins are brownish; subcostal of the forewing red-brown, on the underside yellow-brown with only
one white dot in the apex of the hindwing.

P. starkei Stgr., from Venezuela, has broader wings and in addition to the usual dark markings and
the half-band at the end of the cell an indistinct bar in the cell of the forewing. In _ other re-
spects this form approaches adina. — A form from western Heuador, similar to zabina and starkei, which I
call semonis form. nov., has broad vitreous wings with narrow dark margins and red-brown subcostal, as
well as dark half-band and whitish spot at the costal margin of the forewing. On the under surface very
minute whitish dots are placed in the dark distal border of the yellow-brown margins.

P. ladra Stgr.. from Heuador, has similar wing-contour to ticida. The margins are brown above,
yellow-brown beneath except the yellowish costal margin of the hindwing. The end of the cell of the fore-
wing has no markings.

P. minna Schaus, from Bolivia, is said to have transparent wings of 55mm. expanse; with narrow
dark margins and a yellow streak at the costal margin of the forewing, which is continued in a patch at
the end of the cell. There are also yellowish patches at the distal margin. The subcostal of the fore-
wing is red-brown. On the hindwing the cell and the inner margin are dusted with yellowish. On the
under surface the margins are red-brown, with 3 white, dark-edged spots in the distal margin of the hindwing.

P. ilsia Schaus, also from Bolivia, is said to be smaller, with broad brown and white half-band at
the end of the cell of the forewing; apex broadly brown.

P. medellina Hsch. (40 ec), from Venezuela and Colombia, is a smaller species with fairly uniformly
broad dark margins and triangular half-band as well as white spot at the end of the cell of the forewing.
In the basal part both wings are dusted with yellowish. — ozia Hew. is a very similar form from Hcuador,
with yellowish club to the antenna.

P. antisao Bates (40d), from the Upper Amazon, has a sulphur-yellow oblique band at the end of
the cell of the forewing to the distal margin. In the ¢ the median and subcostal of the forewing are only
slightly yellow-brown, in the 2 very broadly; here also the veins in the disc of the hindwing, as well as a
more or less broad stripe in the dark distal margin, are yellow-brown.

P. simplex Salv. (40 b), from Costa Rica and Panama, has delicate wings with narrow brown mar-
gins; yellow-brown subcostal and white spot at the narrow half-band of the forewing. On the under sur-
face the veins are yellow-brown with indistinct dots at the apex. In the @ the margins are broader, half-
band and white spot larger. Before the distal margins are placed whitish dots.

P. nepiscada Hsch., from southern Peru, is a similar, smaller species, which recalls forms of Hpi-
scada. Subcostal and median of the forewing are broadly yellow-brown. The spot at the end of the cell
is yellowish. On the under surface an elongate yellow-brown spot is separated off at the costal margin by
sulphur-yellow bordering and there are yellow dots in the apex of both wings.

P. sylvo Hbn., from Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil, in an insignificant-looking species, similar to
alissa, with wedge-shaped dark spot at the end of the cell of the forewing and white spot at the costal
margin, as well as a streak at the end of the upper discocellular and a whitish patch in the hinder angle.
— carlia Schaus, from Central Brazil, is probably, if not the same, at least a very similar form.

P. hemixanthe Midr. (40d), from Central Brazil, hag, the, proximal half of both wings strongly
dusted with yellow. In this it resembles the smaller euritea Get, (= eudema (Godt.) (40d), from the same
district. The latter has, however, dark bands across the end of the cell and at the imner margin of the
forewing, which are absent in hemixanthe; the present species on the other hand has a large reddish dot at
the base of the hindwing beneath.

P. cotytto Guér. (40 c), from Central America and Mexico, has a broad black-brown apex to the
forewing and a broad half-band at the end of the cell, together with a white oblique band, which extends
to the distal margin. The subcostal is red-brown. — parva Salv., from Costa Rica, is smaller than
cotytto, with narrower black apex to the forewing.

apuleia,

granied.

licida.

yungavd,

starkei.

semonis.

ladra.

minna.

isia.

medellina.

oz.

anlisao.

simplex.

nepiscada.

sylvo.

carla.

hemixanthe,
ewrited.

cotytlo.

parva.

fizella.

artena.

olimba.

derama.

afrania.

apia.

asopo.

asellim.

aselliata.

alissa.

alissana.

vestilla.

ucayd.

sparsa.

laura.

aletta.
agalla.

alope.

156 PTERONYMIA. By R. Haensch.

P. fizella Bdv., from Guatemala, is said to be very similar to Ithomia agnosia (87 f), with the mar-
gin of the forewing widened towards the apex and quadrate spot at the end of the cell. The white
oblique band reaches the distal margin.

P. artena Hew. (40c) is said to come from Mexico, but a similar form is common in the
eastern Andes from Colombia to Peru. artena has about the size and appearance of tigranes and adina.
The black half-band at the end of the cell of the forewing is proximally forked, the white band ends at
the third median vein. In the apex of the margins, which are red-brown beneath, are placed in the fore-
wing 2 white dots, m the hindwmg only one. —olimba Hsch., from southern Peru, is distinguished by a
yellow base to the hindwing beneath and yellow underside to the abdomen, which is grey in artena.

-P. derama Hsch., also from the border of Peru and Bolivia, recalls Psewdoscada salonina (41 b).
The wings are diaphanous with narrow margins. Across the end of the cell of the forewing is placed a
wedge-shaped black spot and towards the apex a delicate yellow-white half-band, cut off at the 3° median
vein. On the under surface the margins are brown-red with 3 whitish dots in the apex of the forewing.

P. afrania Hpfr., from Bolivia, resembles Miraleria sylvella (40e) and Hpiscada salvimia (39 d),
without the red-brown colouring of the subcostal and median of the forewing. The narrow black margins
are broadest in the apex and at the inner margin of the forewing. Beside the narrow, uniform black band
at the end of the cell is placed a similar white one.

P. apia Fidr., from Colombia, is similar to tigranes, with narrow margins and pointed dark half-
band at the end of the cell of the forewing, and also a broad white one beside it. Subcostal red-brown.
On the underside the costal margin of the hindwing isi yellowish at the base.

P. asopo Fidr., from Venezuela and Colombia, is smaller than artena. The half-band at the end of
the cell of the forewing is triangular; the white patch beside it proportionally broader. On the under sur-
face there are 8 whitish spots in the apex of the forewing, 2 in that of the hindwing, as well as 8 indi-
stinct ones at the distal margin. — asellia Hpff. (= andreas Weeks) (40), from Peru and Bolivia,=is a
similar form with the triangular spot at the end of the cell broader costally and beneath not blackish but
rust-brown. Moreover the white marginal spots are absent and the 2™' median vein of the forewing is
dark-margined. — In aselliata Hsch., from Hcuador, the white oblique band of the forewing is broader and
reaches the 2"'median vein; also the white patch at the hinder angle is larger and in the 9 united with
the oblique band.

P. alissa Hew. (40), from western Heuador, has a somewhat curved half-band at the end of the
cell of the forewing and a small, white, black-edged spot at the costal margin. The apex of the forewing
is more strongly rounded. — In alissana Hsch. the forewing has also a broad white oblique band, which,
however, is semitransparent and not sharply cut off at the 2"? median vein, as in the similar aselliata. It
flhes hkewise in western Ecuador.

P. vestilla Hew., from the Upper Amazon, has broader dark margins; the dark oblique band at the
end of the cell is continued beyond the 2"? median vein to the distal margm. Behind it follows towards
the apex a yellow oblique band. ‘There is in addition yellow dusting m the end of the cell and at the
hinder angle of the forewing, as well as in the anterior half of the hindwing. — In uecaya Hsch., from the
Ucayali River, the yellow oblique band is whitish. — sparsa Hsch. is another form of vestilla, from the
Upper Napo in Ecuador. The yellow dusting of the wing is much stronger, especially in the whole
of the hindwing, where also the veins stand out strongly yellow.

P. laura Stgr. (40d), from Colombia, is one of the few brightly coloured small species. It is simi-
lar in colouring to Hypoleria vanilia (40 ¢) and Pseudoscada lavinia (41). The half-band at the end of
the cell is somewhat emarginate towards the apex and encloses a white patch. In the dark shaded apical
area of the forewing are placed in addition a number of whitish dots at the distal margin and in the disc.
The hindwing, especially at the distal margin, is red-brown (more strongly in the 2) and with dark mar-
gins at the apical hall.

P. aletta Hew. and agalla Godm. dé Salv. (40d) are 2 very similar forms, the former from Colombia
and Venezuela, the latter from Panama and Costa Rica. agalla has a sharply defined yellow oblique band
at the end of the cell of the forewing and roundish spots before the distal margin. In aletta the oblique
band is composed of indistinct spots, between which the lower radial remains dark. On the yellow-brown
hindwing the veins in agalla are bright red-brown, in aletta blackish in the distal half. Both forms have
a broad red-brown inner margin to the forewing, whilst in a third form, alope Godm. ¢ Salv., from Panama
and Venezuela, which is said to be otherwise similar to aletta, the inner margin remains blackish. Another
Species similar to these forms is Episcada polita (39 e).

P. lilla Hew. (40c) has im addition to a yellow oblique band yellow dusting in the cell of the fore-
wing and the costal half of the hindwing, and yellow dots at the distal margin of the forewing. On the
under surface the margins are brown with yellow-brown markings, only the base of the hindwing is reddish
yellow-brown. In the apex of the forewing are placed beneath 4 white dots, in the distal margin of the
hindwing 5 oblong double dots. In western Heuador at the foot of the Andes,

MIRALERIA; AERIA. By R. Haensch. 15

=I

P. primula Bates, from the Upper Amazon, is a species similar to vestilla; the dark oblique band at
the end of the cell is forked at the 2.¢and 3™ median veins. The vitreous parts of both wings are for the
most part dusted with yellow. The distal margins are broadly blackish brown, broadest in the apex of the
forewing and the middle of the distal margin of the hindwing; on the under surface they are suffused
with light brown, yellow-brown at the base and the inner angle of the hindwing. — tenuis Hsch. (40),
from Colombia, is a similar form with delicate wings. Between the 2"¢ and 3" median veins of the fore-
wing is placed a triangular additional yellow spot. The yellowish oblique band is arc-shaped. On the
under surface the margins are paler and in the distal margin of the hindwing there are no white dots as
in primula.

P. auricula Hsch. (40), also from eastern Colombia, is larger, with broader black margins. The
proximal edge of the distal border of the hindwing is nearly straight, not parallel to the outer edge. On
the under surface the edges are dark, except at the end of the cell of the forewing and at the costal and
distal margins of the hindwing, where they are yellow-brown.

P. glauca Hsch., from western Heuador, recalls. Leucothyris quadrata, but the vitreous spots in the
apex of the forewing are absent. The wings have a strong blue-white sheen. The oblique band at the
end of the cell is forked at the median veins. At the costal margin there is only one small whitish spot.
On the under surface the margins are red-brown, dark-edged; with 4 white dots in the apex of the fore-
wing, and 5 in the apex and distal margin of the hindwing.

28. Genus: Miraleria Asch.

Here belong only a few forms, which may be recognised by their having the end of the cell
straight in the hindwing. ‘The lower and middle discocellulars are cf equal length, weakly curved and
alone closing the cell, whilst both the upper discocellular and the upper radial are absent in the g. The
3 has an oblong scent-spot, which, as in Hypoleria, is not closed distally. The known forms are plain-
looking, medium-sized butterflies, and occur only in the north-west of South America; they are not rare.

M. cymothoé Hew. (40e), from Venezuela and Colombia, has colourless wings with brown margins,
of which the distal ones are proximally dentate. The subcostal of the forewing is red-brown; the costal
margin of the hindwing and all the margins on the under surface are yellow-brown. — Beside the brown
half-band of the forewing is placed a whitish band and in the apex of both wings on the under surface
2 whitish dots. — In ab. flavomaculata Hsch., from Venezuela, the band at the end of the cell is yellow,
and also the dots on the underside.

M. sylvella Hew. (40 e), from western Ecuador, closely resembles the smaller Mpiscada sylpha (89 e).
The 3 has in addition to the red-brown subcostal a broad streak at the median of the forewing and
also a partly reddish brown distal margin to the hindwing. ‘The half-band at the end of the cell is proxi-
mally narrower and beside it is placed only a small white spot at the costal margin. In the 99 the red-
brown colour is absent above, only the subcostal of the forewing is slightly red-brown. — In ab. ornata
Hsch. the forewing has a broad white half-band, which in the @ is sometimes continued, though here less
distinct, to the distal margin.

29. Genus: Aeria Hbn.

Here begins the group of genera in which the lower discocellular of the hindwing in the ¢g is not
angled and forms an acute angle with the median. In Aeria-g¢ the lower discocellular is slightly undulate,
the middle somewhat shorter than the long upper one; in the @ the lower is angled, the upper is absent,
as the upper radial branches off from the subcostal. The gg of some forms have at the end of the cell
of the forewing on the upper surface a larger spot of thickly massed, glossy brown scales. The few known
forms are all very nearly allied and recall species of Scada by their yellow-black colouring. They mostly
oceur in northern South America and in Central America, and are not rare in open places in the woods.

A. eurimedia Cr. (= aegle Hbn., indola Dbl. & Hew.) (40f). Typical examples of this species occur
only in Guiana and on the Lower Amazon. ‘They have a large, half oval yellow subapical spot in the
forewing and also broad black oblique band and margins, there being only an oblong yellow spot at the

base. — In the form negricola Fldr., from the Upper Amazon, the subapical spot is longer and the yellow
basal patch is broader and triangular. On the under surface of both forms the margins are variegated
with red-brown. — pacifica Godm. & Salv. is the form from northern Central America. The black

markings are very broad, so that only narrow yellow stripes remain at the base of the forewing and in the
dise of the hindwing. ‘The subapical band of the forewing is very large and like the other yellow mark-
ings darker than in ewrimedia. The under surface, as in the latter, is variegated with red-brown. — agna
Godm. & Salv. (40 f) is the form from southern Central America as well as Colombia and Venezuela. It may
be recognised especially by the absence of the red-brown colour on the under surface. The pattern and
colouring are otherwise similar to the preceding, with somewhat broader yellow bands at the base of the
forewing and on the hindwing. — palmara Hsch. is a form from western Hcuador. It differs from agna in

primula.

lenwis.

auricula.

glauca.

cymothoé.

jlavomacu-
lata.

sylvella.

ornala.

eurimedia.

negricola.

pacifica.

agna.

palmara.

Sisenna

elara.

elarina.

elodina.

olena.

crucifera.

lorquatilla,
peninna,

pardalis.

pupilla,

dispersa.

CLa-oprci Ua.

anomala.

158 VELAMYSTA. By R. Haensch.

. the narrower yellow subapical band and broader basal triangle on the forewing. ab. sisenna Weym. is a
form of the preceding in which the yellow subapical band of the forewimg is broken up into 2—8 small
yellow spots. It occurs together with the principal type in Ecuador.

A. elara Hew. is a smaller, delicate species from the Upper Amazon, with proximally sinuous yellow
subapical band and narrower distal margin to the hindwing. On the under surface it shows the red-brown
colour especially at the hinder angle of the forewmg and the imner angle of the hindwing. — elarina
Oberth., from the Lower Amazon, is somewhat larger, with narrower wings and brighter colouring. The
special character of this form is the presence of a black triangle at the end of the cell of the hindwing,
extending from the costal margin.

A. elodina Stgr., from Venezuela, is pale yellow and has a narrow black oblique band across the
end of the cell of the forewing, the costal and distal margins of the forewing are also black and the costal
margin of the himdwing is narrowly so. elodina may be recognised especially by the narrow yellowish
costal margin of the hindwing beneath.

A. olena Weym. (40g), the only species from Central Brazil, differs from the preceding by the ab-
sence of the white marginal dots on the under surface. It is of only small size, and has delicate, blackish
colour with narrow yellow subapical band on the forewing and longitudinal band on the hindwing. The
yellow basal triangle in the forewing on the contrary is broad.

30. Genus: Velamysta Asch.

Under this name I unite a small group of species which differ from Hypoleria in the absence of
the oblong scent-spot in the middle of the costal margin in the g. Costal and subcostal in this genus
separate gradually and only approach one another again behind an indistinct scent-spot which is placed at
the extremity of the cell, after which, parting once more, they reach the margin in a curve. ‘The scent-
spot 1s mostly marked by a whitish angular spot on the under surface and on the upperside covered by a
hair-pencil arismg at the end of the cell. In the Q costal and subcostal are coimcident to one half, the
upper discocellular is absent and the lower is mostly angled, which is not the case in the g. There be-
long here only a few rare, medium-sized forms, which in the markings recall species of Leucothyris and
Dismenitis. They occur apparently only in high-lying mountain-forests of the eastern Andes from Keuador to Bolivia.

V. crucifera Hew. (40 f), from Heuador, is similar to Dismenitis theudelinda (41d) and V. pardalis,
but somewhat smaller. The forewing is shaded with light brown, with whitish dots, dark borders and a
brown, irregular spot at the end of the cell of the forewimg. The hindwing has bluish sheen and a peculiar,
broad black-brown colourmg at the distal margin, in which are placed large whitish distal-marginal
spots. The costal margin of the hindwing is blackish to the apex with a wedge-shaped spot at the end of
the cell. In the 3 the colouring is on the whole somewhat weaker than in the figured Q.

V. torquatilla Hew. (40f, as peninna) and peninna Hew., both from Bolivia, are very similar, so
that I at first regarded them as one species. Only after seeimg a specimen of the true peninna I disco-
vered my mistake and it seems to me now that the two even belong to different genera. The specimen
figured is a 2 of torquatilla (not peninna); in the g the dark markings are weaker, especially in the dise of
the forewing; and on the hindwing the median band is only indicated at the apex. On the under surface
all the margins are rust-brown. — In peninna the otherwise similar marking is on the whole weaker and
lighter brownish. In the 2 the oblique band of the hindwing is placed nearer to the distal margin.

V. pardalis Salv. (40 e) is probably also best placed in this genus. ‘The neuration appears to vary
somewhat, as I possess a g with the lower discocellular of the hindwing angled, much as in Callithomia,
whilst im other specimens this vein is not angled. Superficially this rather rare species recalls Dismenitis
theudelinda (41 d), with which it occurs in the highest mountain-forests of the Andes in Eeuador. It may
be known by the dark oblique band at the end of the cell of the hindwing and the spots between the end
of the cell and the apex of the forewing. In the ° the hindwing is of the same brownish colour as the forewing.

V. pupilla Hew. (40 f), from Bolivia, is smaller, with similar markings and lighter margins, especi-
ally the costal margin of the forewing, which is reddish. The half-band at the end of the cell and the
spot in the cell of the forewing are narrower. ‘The dark marking in the apex of the hindwing is only very
weak in the g. The Q probably resembles dispersa, if this is not indeed the 9 of pupilla. — dispersa
Weym., from Bolivia, has very similar markings to the 2 of torquatilla. The dark patches at the apex
and between the cell and distal margin of the forewimg are fainter. — Another similar form, but somewhat
larger, is offcilla Hew., from Bolivia. The wings have a yellowish tint, with similar markings on the fore-
wing to crucifera, but with yellow-red costal margin and yellow spot at the end of the cell. The hind-
wing has in the @ a proximally dentate dark distal margin, with 2 white dots at the apex and a half-
band at the end of the cell.

V. anomala Stgr., from the Cauca Valley, bas almost unmarked wings and recalls Hpiscada canilla
(89 ¢) and paradora. The gg, however, have the characteristic white spot at the costal margin of the
hindwing beneath. The wings have a slightly yellow-green appearance, with no other markings. The
costal and mner margins of the forewimg are brown, the distal margins only very finely edged with dark.

HYPOLERIA. By R. Haensch. 159

31. Genus: Hypoleria Godm. & Salv.

The gg may be recognised by the elongate oval scent-spot at the costal margin of the hindwing
and by the non-angled lower discocellular, which forms an acute angle with the median, is curved inwards
and mostly aborted at the lower radial. In the 2 costal and subcostal are coincident to the middle, other-
wise the neuration is as in the ¢.

The forms which belong here have mostly a rounded apex to the forewimg and roundish hindwing.

Im addition to those with colourless wings there are also gay-coloured species, especially a group with red-
brown band in the apex of the forewing, such as may be found in Leucothyris and also in Pséudoscada.
Some forms also resemble the latter genus in other respects, so that it is often not easy to differentiate
O° of the two genera.

Of this not very extensive genus also the region of the eastern Andes produces the largest number
of species, yet some forms also occur as far as South Brazil and in Central America.

H. vanilia H.-Schdff. (40 2), from Colombia, is very similar to the smaller Pseudoscada lavinia (41). vanilia.
The forewing is shaded with dark, with black margins and 2 oblique bands at the end of the cell and
before the apex. The interspace is divided by the dark-marked veims into a number of whitish spots. The
hindwing is rust-brown, with broad border at the apex; in the 2 with yellow-brown, proximally dark
brown costal margin, in the g transparent at the costal margin. — libera Godm. & Salv. is a local form of Libera.
the preceding from Central America (Panama, Costa Rica). It has more strongly marked dark patches and
brighter red-brown colour on the hindwing. — fumosa Godm. ¢ Salv., from Panama, is a form of the fwmosa.
preceding with darkened apical spots and triangular spot in the cell of the forewing.

H. hyalinus F., from Brazil, is a doubtful form and unknown to me in nature. According to hyalinus.
ButLer it is a form similar to vanilia, with transparent forewimg and black margins, and also a macular
band in the apex. Hindwing red-brown with narrow black distal border.

H. fausta Stgr., from the Upper Amazon, is a smaller species with brownish hindwing and base of fausta.
the forewing. Across the end of the cell of the forewing is placed a broad dark half-band, which is
divided at the median vems. In the end of the cell and at the distal margin there are whitish patches.

H. alema Hew., from Colombia, has according to Hewirson’s figure transparent yellowish wings with alema.
dark margins and narrow band across the end of the cell of the forewing; before the distal margin of the
latter with whitish dots. On the under surface the margins are reddish, except the blackish costal margin
of the hindwing.

H. ina Hew., from Hcuador, is a similar species with a row of whitish submarginal dots at the ina.
distal margin of the forewing and without markings at the end of the cell. The inner margin of the hind-
wing is broadly reddish yellow-brown. In this the species recalls Napeogenes apulia (85 f).

H. ocalea Dbl. & Hew. (41 2), from Venezuela, Trinidad and Colombia, has light yellow-brown wings ocalea.
with dark margins and an oblique band across the end of the cell of the forewing, which is continued
beyond the 3'¢ median vein. The median of the forewing and the veins of the hindwing are yellow-brown.

The macular band of the forewmg is yellowish. — The white, longitudinally mbbed eggs are according to
Guppy attached singly about 2 ft. above the ground. The larvae hatched in 5 days. ‘They are trans-
parent, green, with whitish head and take 9 days to feed up.

H. gephira Hew. (41g), from Colombia and the adjoming parts of Central America, is a similar gephira.
species with broader margins; with whitish spots in the apex of the forewing and at the distal margin of
the hindwing. Moreover the veins in the distal half of both wings are black.

The following forms have a broad yellow-red subapical band in the forewing and hence resemble
the similarly marked forms of Leucothyris and Napeogenes, and also certain Hrycinids.

H. chrysodonia Bates, from the Upper Amazon, is almost the same size as aureliana Bates (= trom- pe
bona Srka.) (41a), from the same district. In the former the yellow-red colour is proximally semitrans- :
parent. The 2"4 and 3'¢ median veins of the forewing are only narrowly margined with dark. In aureliana
the yellow-red band is broader and the extremity of the median and also its branches are broadly mar-
gined with dark brown, so that between the veins only 2 smaller vitreous spots remain. Moreover,
the base of both wings is also shaded with dark. ‘The antennae are black in both species, whilst in
karschi Hsch., which is otherwise very similar to chrysodonia and flies at the Upper Napo m Keuador, they karschi.
have a yellow-brown club. In karschi the yellow-red subapical band only reaches the 3'¢ median vein. —
Another similar form is cidonia Hew., from Colombia. In this the antennae are black and between the cidonia.
median veins there are 2 larger colourless vitreous patches. The hindwing has a yellowish submarginal band.

H. orolina Hew. (40 g), occurring at the Upper Amazon as far as the foot of the Andes in Peru and orolina.
Ecuador, is a smaller, delicate species with almost colourless wings and yellow-brown subapical band. — In
oculata Hsch., from the Upper Napo, which is the same size, there is another rounded vitreous spot be- oculala.
tween the end of the cell and the band, which is narrower. — A _ similarly marked form, but larger
than oculata, from Ucayali, which I call sedusa form. nov., has a white patch at the end of the cell of the sedusa.

oncidia.
tenera.

quadrona.

eymo.
indecora.

garlep pt.
jamin.
orianda.

virginia.

zrenophis.

coenina.

adornata.

veronicd.

oreds.

procima.
mired.
riffarthi.

cassolis,
rhene.

cajona.

160 PSHUDOSCADA. By R. Haensch.

forewing and 38 whitish dots before the distal margin. The vitreous areas of both wings are slightly
shaded with brownish.

H. oncidia Bates, from the Upper Amazon, has similar markings to orolina; it is somewhat smaller
and has whitish dustmg im the end of the cell and before the distal margin of the forewing, and also in
the dise of the hindwing. — A very nearly allied form is tenera Srnka, from Pebas, which has 3 white
dots between the median veins of the forewing, whilst only 2 of these are said to be present in oncidia. —
In a further form from Yurimaguas, on the Upper Amazon, which I call quadrona form. nov., the yellow-
red band is only very narrow and between it and the broad band at the end of the cell of the forewing
there is another whitish patch.

H. cymo Hbn. (= galita Hew.) (41a) has a dark half-band across the end of the cell of the fore-
wing and adjoiming it a white patch. he distal margim of the himdwing is red-brown, with dark edges.
On the under surface the distal margins together with the costal margin of the hmdwing are light red-
brown with dark edges. — In the form indecora Hsch. (= sylphis Ivaye), from British Gwana, the red-
brown colour at the distal margin of the hindwing is absent. At the distal margin of the forewing there
are white dots, and the margins of the under surface are yellow-brown.

H. garleppi Hsch. is similar to the preceding, with narrower white patch at the end of the cell and
without the whitish dots at the apex of the forewing.

H. famina Hsch. (41a), from Peru, has the wings more strongly dusted with white and an angular
smoke-brown spot in the cell of the forewimg. On the under surface the dark margins are variegated with
yellow-brown. — In oriana Hew., from the Upper Amazon, the costal and distal margins of the hmdwing
are much broader and leave in the disc only a vitreous longitudinal band, just as in Lewcothyris onega.

H. virginia Hew. (40 ¢), from the Amazons, has smoke-brown wings with broad dark margims and
broad apex to the forewing. Across the cell of the latter is placed a wedge-shaped oblique band and
towards the apex a broad, segment-shaped, white band.

As H. xenophis spec. nov. I designate an isolated species from the Rio Ucayali, with elongate,
yellow-dusted wings, which recalls Hpiscada canilla (89). The forewing has before and behind the end of
the cell a dark poimted half-band, as well as dark margins. The greater part of the hindwing is dusted
with yellow; it has hkewise dark margins. On the under surface all the margins are red-brown, dark-
edged, without white marginal dots.

H. coenina Hew. (40g) differs considerably from most of the other forms by the pointed apex of
the forewing and the absence of marking at the end of the cell. The wings are dusted with grey and have
fairly uniform black margins. The latter are black also beneath. — In ab. adornata Hsch. the mar-
gins are bright red-brown on the underside, especially at the base and the anal angle of the hindwing.

H. veronica Weym., from Colombia, is larger than coenina; the distal margins are proximally den-
tate. Across the end of the cell of the forewing there is a black triangle and at the anal angle of the
hindwing a rust-coloured oblong spot. The species resembles Pteronymia thabena and tucuna.

H. oreas Weym. (41a), from southern Brazil, has broad, glossy bluish white wings with dark mar-
ems and on the forewing whitish dots at the distal margin. The half-band at the end of the cell is broad,
especially in the 9. — A nearly alhed form is proxima Weym., likewise from South Brazil. Here the
wings are colourless, the margins above grey-brown and beneath yellow-brown. In oreas the margins are
red-brown beneath.

H. mirza Hew. (= lavinia Hew. p., ryphaeno Oberth.) (41 a), from western Ecuador, has a narrower
half-band m the forewmg and whitish dots at the end of the cell and the distal margim, of which those
before the apex are proximally bounded by a weak oblique band. — riffarthi Hsch., from Hcuador, has
similar, but stronger markings. But here the forewing is further distinguished by a white half-band be-
tween discocellular and apex.

H. cassotis Bates, from Guatemala, and rhene Godm. ¢& Salv. (41a), from Panama, are very similar
to each other. In cassotis the half-band at the end of the cell of the forewing is proximally forked, in
rhene poited. Moreover, the cell of the hindwing is said to be much longer in rhene, the lower radial on
the contrary very short. — cajona Hsch., from south-eastern Peru, is another similar form with broader
black apex to the forewing and without reddish subcostal.

32. Genus: Pseudoseada Godm. & Salv.

This genus differs from Hypoleria im the absence of the oblong scent-spot in the g. Costal and
subcostal are almost entirely coincident. The separation of the two genera, however, cannot be rigidly car-
ried out, as im some species an oblong raised patch combined with an imdistinct costal indicate the tran-
sition. On the other hand Pseudoscada shows also relationship to Hymenitis, so that it is doubtful to
which genus some species belong.

Publ. 18. X. 1910. PSEUDOSCADA. By R. Haensch. 161

To Pseudoscada are referred a number of small species, some of which are also externally very similar
to forms of Hypoleria. The sources of the Amazon and Brazil produce the most species, whilst from Central
America only a few species are known from the southern part.

P. lavinia Hew. (= saturata Sigr.) (41 b), from eastern Colombia, much resembles Hypoleria vanilia,
but is smaller and the shape of the wings is different, as is also the neuration. — An allied form is troetschi
Stgr., from Costa Rica. The base of the forewing is colourless and the hindwing has only at the dark distal
margin a broad red-yellow stripe. The rest of the hindwing is colourless.

P. florula Hew., from Cayenne, has a similar pattern to the figured local form exornata Hsch. (41 b),
from British Guiana. It lacks, however, the red-brown colour in the distal margin of the hindwing, which
distinguishes exornata. On the under surface the margins in both forms are yellow-brown. ezornata resem-
bles Napeogenes potaronus (35 f), which likewise flies in British Guiana, and also Hypoleria cymo (41 a).

P. egla Hew., from the Upper Napo, and the two following forms are very similar to Hypoleria on-
eidia and its allies, as well as Napeogenes corena (36b). egla has a broad yellow-red subapical band in the

forewing and at the hinder angle 2 separated, roundish vitreous spots between the median veins. — In
aureola Bates (41 b) the yellow-red band is still broader, so that at the hinder angle only one larger vitreous
spot remains. This form flies on the Upper Amazon. — In sarepta Hew., from the Rio Negro, the yellow-

red band is proximally bordered by a broad brown stripe, which extends from the end of the cell beyond
the 2. median vein to the hinder angle, as in Napeogenes corena.

P. utilla Hew. (= pusio Godm. & Salv.) (41), from western Colombia and Hcuador, recalls Hypo-
- leria mirza (41a), but is considerably smaller and the whitish dots in the apex of the forew ng are not proxim-
ally surrounded with dark.

P. seba Hew., from eastern Heuador, has broader distal margins and no white dots at the distal margin
of the forewing, on the other hand a faint white macular oblique band at the end of the cell. — A similar
form is timna Hew. (41 c), from Venezuela and the eastern Andes from HKeuador to Bolivia. Here the white
oblique band is stronger and the veins intersecting it are dusted with white. — Another similar form is
arzalia Hew. (41 b), from Bolivia, with broader black apex, broader half-band at the end of the cell of the
forewing and a broader, arched, white oblique band.

P. adasa Hew. (41 c), from southern Brazil, is larger than the preceding, and has only a whitish spot
at the end of the cell and whitish dots at the distal margin of the forewing. — acilla Hew. is a similar
form, but smaller, with pointed half-band at the end of the cell and narrower distal borders. — jessica Hew.
is the same size as adasa, but has a pointed half-band lke acilla. It differs from the latter in the neuration

-of the hindwing, the lower discocellular forming a very acute angle with the median and ending proximally
to the middle discocellular, in acilla on the contrary distally to it. — A fourth similar form is erruca Hevw.,
with the distal margins more strongly dentate at the veins and white half-band beside the end of the cell
on the forewing. It is said to be further distinguished from adasa by its more elegant form and to have
the end of the cell of the forewing placed almost transversely to the length of the wings. — All four forms
come from southern Brazil and are not easy to differentiate. They might even belong to different genera,
which can only be determined with certainty from the types.

There follows now another group of forms whose gg are distinguished by the more pointed apex
of the forewing.

In P, faliens Hsch. (41 c), from Central Brazil, the basal half of both wings is dusted with yellow,
especially in the 2, which on account of the broader distal borders strongly resembles Pteronymia euritea
(40d). The half-band at the end of the cell of the forewing is strongly pointed. The base of the hindwing

beneath is red-brown, in euritea yellow.

P. salonina Hew. (41), from Bolivia, has colourless wings with dark brown margins and half-band
at the end of the cell of the forewing and also a yellowish oblique band towards the apex. — A very similar
form, with somewhat broader margins, flies also in Paraguay. — As trepotis form. nov. I designate a form

like salonina with white instead of yellow oblique band on the forewing. It flies likewise in Bolivia. —
subtilis Hsch., from eastern Ecuador, is distinguished from salonma by yellowish dusting on the wings and
weaker half-band across the end of the cell of the forewing.

P, emyra Hsch., from Central Brazil, is a similar form to arzalia. The black apex of the forewing
and the triangle at the end of the cell are broader. The 3. median vein remains black in the white oblique
band The distal margin of the hindwing is narrower.

V 21

lavinia.
troetscht.

florula.
exornata.

egla.

aureol.
sarepta.

utilla.

seba.
timna.

arzalia.

adasa.
acilla.
jessica.

erruca.

fallens.

salonina.
trepolis.

subtilis.

emyra.

eavaleta.

amaretta.

matronalis.
telesilla.

QOnNUSSOH,

peters.

zeygua.

sosUunga.

dircenna.

pittheis.

barretli.

duilia.

nepos,

theudelinda.

hermana

162 DISMENITIS. By R. Haensch.

833. Genus: Dismenitis Asch.

The species of this genus were formerly united with those of Hymenitis. In the g¢ the lower radial
of the hindwing is completely developed, hence the cell is closed. In the 2 the upper radial is partly coin-
cident with the subcostal; the lower radial is distinctly present; the lower discocellular is angled, with short
upper arm and recurrent vein.

The genus contains for the most part imposing-looking species, some of them brightly coloured, which
inhabit especially the high mountain range of the eastern Andes near the Equator. Some species also fly
in the mountains of Central America.

D. zavaleta Hew. (41), from Colombia and Peru, has yellow-dusted wings, a transverse band in the
cell of the forewing and broad black distal margin to the hindwing with white dots. The distal half of
the antenna is yellowish. — In the form amaretta Hsch., from eastern Heuador, the transverse band through
the cell of the forewing is absent, on the other hand the basal third of the cell is dark-shaded. The distal
margin of the hindwing is narrower and the white dots are smaller. In the © the base of the hindwing is
broadly black. — matronalis Weym., from Ecuador and the Upper Amazon, is a form of zavaleta in which
the white marginal dots are entirely absent above and beneath. — telesilla Hew., from western Ecuador,
has a similar g to amaretta, with weaker yellow dusting and without the dark half-band across the end
of the cell of the forewing. The distal margin of the hmdwing is broader with very small white dots. The
9, in which the distal margin of the hindwing is twice as broad, may be recognised -especially by a large
red-yellow spot at the inner margin of the hindwing.

D. gonussa Hew. (41 ¢, d, 3, 2), from Colombia, is somewhat larger than the preceding species. The
3 is similarly marked to the 92 of zavaleta. The half-band at the end of the cell of the forewing is broader
and the wing has white marginal dots on the upper surface also. In the 2 the black markings are much
broader and the yellow dusting of the g is in this red-brown. The white marginal dots of the hindwing
are much larger. — petersi Dew., also from Colombia, is a form of the preceding in which the red-brown
colour on the forewing and at the apex of the hindwing becomes bright yellow.

D. zygia Godm. cd Salv. (41d), from Costa Rica, is similar to gonussa. In the g not only the trans-
verse band in the cell but also the whole of the forewing is shaded with dark. The yellowish spots round
the end of the cell are larger and joined into a band. ‘The dise of the hindwing is brownish yellow near
the veins, especially at the inner margin. In the 9 the inner margin of the forewing is red-brown in the
middle as far as the median, as is also the entire disc of the hindwing. The black distal margin is narrower
than in gonussa and not proximally dentate at the vems. — sosunga Reak. is a form from Honduras with
broader yellow oblique band on the forewing and broadly blackish apex to the hindwing. Hence in the ¢
only the basal half of the hindwing is red brown.

D. dircenna Fidr. (41 c) strongly recalls certain species of the genus Dircenna, such as epidero, ete.,-
but may be recognised by the neuration of the hindwing. The forewing has 2 narrow half-bands across
the end of the cell and through the middle of it. The black distal margin of the hindwing is broadened and
dentate at the anal angle and in the @ there is‘a roundish black spot at the end of the cell. This interesting
species flies in the eastern Andes from Colombia to Bolivia. — pittheis Weym., from Colombia, is a similar
form, without the bands on the hindwing and with diaphanous forewing. On the under surface the margins
are yellow-brown, with a white dot at the apex and the distal margin of the hindwing. — barretti Dan.
is another similar form from Peru without the bands in the cell of the forewmg and at the end of the
cell and the distal margin of the hmdwing. There are 4 white dots in the black distal margin of the hind-
wing above.

D. duilia Hew. (41 d) is one of the largest and most beautiful species of the whole family. When
the sunlight falls on the bluish-white-dusted wings the most magnificent colour effects are produced. On
the forewing the veims and margins are edged with dark brown; only beyond the end of the cell at the costal
margin there is a yellow-red stripe. ‘The hindwing has a broad dark brown costal margin and a broad red-
brown inner margin as far as the 1. median vein. duilia flies in the eastern Andes from Colombia to Bolivia
and is not rare at certain places. A deceptively similar species is the smaller Hymenitis alphesiboea (41 f).
Another similar form is nepos Weym. (= lora Stgr.), from Colombia. The streak at the costal margin of the
forewing is only half as long and yellow-brown. ‘The costal margin of the hindwing is much more narrowly
bordered with dark. The inner margin is likewise narrower and dark brown, only reddish at the base. The
neuration is also somewhat different.

D. theudelinda Hew. (41 d), from the eastern Andes from Colombia to Peru, is very similar to Vel-
amysta pardalis (40 e). But the band-like marking at the apex of both wings is absent, on the other hand
a dark spot is placed at the end of the cell of the hindwing. The marking is fairly similar in both sexes.
— hermana Hsch., from Ecuador, is a very similar form. In the g the costal and subcostal of the hindwing

HYMENITIS. By R. Haensch. 163

are coincident to the end of the cell; only one hair-pencil is present, the upper radial is absent. The dark
spots at the end of the cell on both wings are smaller. The white marginal dots of the hindwing are trian-
gular. — zalmunna Hew., from Heuador and Peru, is another similar form with narrower margins, narrower
marking across the end of the cell of the forewing and without a spot across that of the hindwing in the 3.

D. cleomella Hew., from Bolivia, is likewise similar to theudelinda, but the yellowish club of the antenna
is distinctive. The costal margin of the forewing is not yellow-brown. Both wings have yellow tone. The
pattern is somewhat different from that of theudelinda. The distal margin of the forewing is more broadly
margined with black between the teeth. The white marginal dots of the hindwing are smaller. The spots
at the end of the cell on both wings narrower, band-like.

D. crinippa Hew. (41d), from Bolivia, has brown, dentate distal margins and in addition to the half-
band of the forewing a spot in the cell, as well as yellowish dots at the end of the cell and before the distal
margins.

A similar, somewhat smaller species, which I call. D. lauta spec. nov., differs especially in the ab-
sence of the band-spot in the cell of the forewing. It is very similar to Hymenitis wmbrosa, from which
it may be distinguished both by the size and the different neuration. In the 2 the two white dots of wmbrosa
at the apex of the hindwing beneath are wanting.

In D. cleonica Hew. (41 e), from eastern Colombia and Heuador, the markings are similar, without
the spot in the cell of the forewing and with yellowish colour in the basal half of the hindwing and a white
spot at the end of the cell of the forewing. — panthyale Fldr., from Colombia, is similar to the preceding,
without the yellowish colour on the hindwing and with red-brown subcostal and median to the forewing.

D. hewitsoni Hsch. (41 e), from eastern Heuador, has transparent wings with yellow-brown sheen,
with fine, darker margins and no other markings. Subcostal and inner margin of the forewing are light brown.

34. Genus: Hymenitis Hon.

In this genus the lower discocellular of the g is not angled and is undeveloped towards the costal
margin, hence the cell open. The principal difference from Dismenitis is seen in the 99. In these the
upper radial of the hindwing is coincident with the subcostal to one-half, in Hymenitis it is comceident with
the lower radial half-way. Hence the middle discocellular is absent here.

To Hymenitis belong mostly medium-sized, plain-looking forms, which resemble certain species of
Leucothyris and Pteronymia, but may be recognised by the non-angled, slightly curved lower discocellular,
which closes the cell almost alone. Some larger species recall forms of Velamysta and Dismenitis
in the pattern and colouring. This genus is rather rich in species, of which the south-west of South America
produces the largest number, but Central America and Mexico have also some characteristic forms.

H. albinotata Bilr. (41 ¢), from Colombia, recalls Velamysta crucifera (40 f) and torquatilla (40 f) by
the dark markings of the hindwing; the forewing is similar to that of Dismenitis gonussa (41 c¢, d). The
colour is yellowish, at the base of both wings red: brown. Particularly striking are the two white dots in
the apex of the forewing. — kedema Hew., from Venezuela, is a similar, canis form with weaker, pale
colouring and indistinct ie marking at the distal margin of the hindwing. — furina Godm. & Salv. is a form
of albinotata from Panama with dade base to the cell of the forewine, lighter base to the hindwing and weaker
black markings at the distal margin of the hindwing.

H. andromica Hew. (41 f), from Venezuela, Colombia and western Ecuador, and its subspecies are
some of the commonest and most widely distributed local forms. In typical andromica the colourless wings
have a slight smoke-brown tinge and black-brown margins and patches. Beside the pointed half-band of
the forewing runs a broad, undulate white oblique band from the costal to the distal margin. In the apex

are placed 2 whitish vitreous spots, which in the 9 are completely enclosed by the broad black apex. — As
dromica SravubiINnGer (7. 1.) designated a smaller form from Colombia with narrow margins, weak half-band
and narrow white oblique band at the end of the cell of the forewing. — andania Hpffr. (= lyrina Stgr.

i. |.) is a form from eastern Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia with vitreous, black-margined wings and interrupted
white oblique band on the forewing. The apex of the forewing is more narrowly black and in the @ the
hyaline spots are not proximally bordered with black. — lyra Salv. is the form from Central America (Guate-
mala, Costa Rica). It is distinguished from andama by having the half-band of uniform breadth and not
pointed, and a narrower white macular oblique band on the forewing. The black tooth bordering the sub-
apical hyaline spots at the costal margin is absent.

H. nero Hew. (41 ¢), from Central America, Costa Rica to Mexico, is similar to the preceding, larger,
with broader margins and patches. The subcostal of the forewing and the distal margins are partly red-
brown. On the underside of the forewing the 2 white apical dots of lyra are absent.

zalmunna.

cleomella.

crimip pa.

lauta.

cleonica.

panthyale.

hewitsont.

albinotata. >

kedema.
furina.

andromica.

dromica.
andania.

Lyra.

n1er0,

oto.

morgane.

moschion.

annetla.

nerind.

polissend.
umbrand.

diaphanus,

cubana.

alphesiboea.

ortygia.

enigma.

umbrost.

esula.

depauperata.

sappho.

gardneri.

libethris.
dercetis.

ochretis.

164 HYMENITIS. By R. Haensch.

H. oto Hew. (41 e), from Honduras and Guatemala, has broad black apex to the forewing and a
broad half-band at the end of the cell as well as a white oblique band. The subcostal of the forewing and
the distal margin of the hindwing are- partly red-brown.

H. morgane Hbn.-G. (41 e), from Mexico and Honduras, is noteworthy on account of the mee brown
margins. Behind the irregular half-band at the end of the cell of the forewing an indistinct, narrow white
macular band runs from the costal to the distal margin. — In moschion Godm., from Mexico, the rust-
brown apex and the half-band across the end of the cell of the forewing are said to be narrower; the white
spots do not form a distinct band; the genitalia of the gg differ from those of morgane.

H. annetta Guér., from Mexico and Central America, is smaller than morgane, with narrower, dark
brown margins and a half-band on fhe forewing. From the end of the cell to the distal margin of the fore-
wing runs a row of white spots, which are not parallel with the dark half-band, much as m Pteronymia
simplex (40b). In addition there are 2 white dots at the apex and one at the hinder angle. é

H. nerina Hsch., from Colombia, is of the same size as andromica and has similar markings to nero
(41e). The white oblique band of the forewing is broken up into spots. The margins are brown-grey above
and light brown beneath, with 2 white dots in the apex of the forewing and one in that of the hindwing.

H. polissena Hew., from western Ecuador, closely resembles a form from Costa Rica which I call
umbrana form. nov. (41f). Both forms have diaphanous wings with narrow black margins and pointed half-
band at the end of the cell of the forewing, and also white dots at the end of the cell and the distal margin
of the forewing. wmbrana has further white dots at the apex of both wings, polissena on the contrary only
2 white dots in the red-brown apex of the forewing beneath. In wmbrana the abdomen beneath is whitish,
in polissena yellowish. In the 99 the margins and half-bands and also the white spots are broader.

H. diaphanus Drury (= unzerina Hbst.), from the Antilles (Jamaica), which is also said to: oecur in
Texas, is a similar species with narrow distal margin to the forewmg and fine distal inoue to the hindwing.
The half-band at the end of the cell of the forewing is of uniform breadth.

H. cubana H.-Schdff., from Cuba, has: similar markings to oto, but very narrow wings and narrower
margins. The half-band of the forewing is constricted in the middle and forked at the median. The white
oblique band is narrower than in oto.

H. alphesiboea Hew. (41 f), from eastern Ecuador, is a copy on a small scale of Dismenitis dualia (41 d)
and apart from the size can only be recognised with certainty by the different neuration. In the 9 the upper
radial of the hindwing is coincident with the lower to one-half, in dwilia with the subcostal.

H. ortygia Weym. (41 f), likewise from the eastern slopes of the Andes in Hecuador, stands in the
same relation to Dismenitis cleonica (41 e). In the figure of the g the white dots at the end of the cell and
the distal margin of the forewing stand out too little; in the 2 they are much stronger.

H. enigma Hsch. (41 f), from Bolivia, has yellow-brown costal margin of the forewing and dark brown,
dentate distal margins, and also yellowish patches at the end of the cell of the forewing and before the distal
margins. On the under surface all the margins are ochre-coloured. — A similar form is umbrosa Hsch.,
from the high mountains of the eastern chain of the Andes in Ecuador. In it the margins are narrower,
the yellow patches more indistinct, and in the forewing only the subcostal is yellow-brown. In the ¢ the
end of the cell of the forewing has no marking. — esula Hew., from Colombia, is similar to the preceding;
the margins are still narrower, the yellow patches are absent, on the other hand the hindwing is yellowish
at the inner angle. Moreover in the @ also the end of the cell of the forewing is without markmg. —
depauperata Bdv., from Guatemala, which is unknown to me in nature, is probably a form similar.to enigma.
It is said also to resemble zalmunna and to be distinguished from it by the narrower distal margin of the
hindwing and the absence of the white spots.

A species from Bolivia which I received as H. sappho (Bang.-H. 1. l.), of the same size as the preced-
ing, has colourless wings with black-brown margins, of which the distal ones are dentate at the veins. Beside
the irregular half-band at the end of the cell of the forewing is placed at the costal margin a white spot,
and at the distal margin of both wings there are small whitish patches. Beneath the margins are deep
red-brown, at the base of the hindwing yellow-brown.

H. gardneri Weeks, from Bolivia, is a similar form to pittheis, without the band in the cell of the fore-
wing. The costal margin of the forewing is red-brown to the end of the cell. At the end of the cell of
the forewing and before the distal margins are placed white patches.

H. libethris Fldr. (41 f), from Colombia to Peru, and a number of similar forms are distinguished
by a bright yellow oblique band in the forewing. libethris differs from the very similar dercetis Dbl. é Hew.,
from Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador, in the more elongated forewing and the shorter inner margin of
the hindwing. Moreover the base of the hindwing beneath is yellow. — ochretis Hsch., from Colombia to
Bolivia, is of the same size and shape as dercetis. The oblique band of the forewing is proken up into 2 yellow-
brown spots. In the apex of each wing there are 2—3 further yellowish patches. The base of the hind-
wing beneath is yellow, on the other hand the white dots in the apex of the forewing are absent.

HETEROSAIS. By R. Haensch. — Addenda. — Alphabetical List. 165

H. lydia Weym., from Ecuador, has a broad, yellow-brown costal margin to the forewing, in which
it recalls Pteronymia apuleia (40a) and Hymenitis: enigma (41f). The pattern is as in ochretis, with smaller,
indistinct, yellowish patches.

H. quinta Stgr.,-from the Cauea Valley in Colombia, is one of the Ithomiids which are entirely with-
out markings on the wings and recalls the very similar Hpiscada paradoxa, with which it also agrees in
size, and also Velamysta anomala, Napeogenes hypsaea, Ithomia dimidiata and other forms with unmarked,
colourless or yellowish wings. quinta is distinguishable from the similar species of other genera by the large,
non-angled lower discocellular of the hindwing, which almost alone closes the cell.

35. Genus: HMeterosais Godm. & Salv.

In this last genus of the Ithomuids the cell of the hindwing in the gg 1s open, the middle disco-
cellular and upper radial being absent. The subcostal is strongly developed and curved in the middle. The
lower discocellular is directed proximad and forms with the lower radial an acute angle, from the point of
which a vem runs into the open cell. In the @ the cell is closed, as the lower discocellular is angled and
reaches to the upper. Middle discocellular and upper radial are absent here also.

The species of this genus are not numerous. They occur mostly in the north-west of South America
and the adjoining districts of Central America. They are mostly inconspicuous forms of medium size, which
are found with the similar species of other genera in the undergrowth of the primeval forests.

H. nephele Bates, from the Upper Amazon, and gedera Hew. (41g), from eastern Ecuador and Col-
ombia, are two very similar forms. Both have vitreous wings with bluish sheen and black-brown margins
and half-band on the forewing in addition to a white spot at the end of the cell and 2 whitish patches in
the apex of the forewing and on its underside 2 more white dots in the distal margin; in the distal margin
of the hindwng a row of dark edged white dots. — edessa Hew. (41g) is a similar form from pouthors
Brazil with smaller white spot at the end of the cell of the forewing, yellow-brown margins on the under
surface and hght base to the hindwing.

H. pallidula Hsch., from western Ecuador, has yellowish wings with yellow-brown subcostal and
a broad stripe on the median of the forewing. ‘The other margins are dark brown, only the distal margin
of the hindwing is partly variegated with yellow-brown. At the end of the cell of the forewing and the distal
margins there are yellowish dots. In the @ only the subcostal of the forewing is yellow-brown, the other
margins are brown.

H. giulia Hew. (41 2), from Colombia and Venexuela, hag a similar ¢ to pallidula, with broad yellow-
brown subcostal vein and stronger yellowish dots. The 9 is quite similar, but more brightly marked, with
broader margins, yellow oblique band on the forewing and large yellowish dots at the distal margin.

H. cadra Godm. & Salv., from Panama, is said to be similar to nephele and giulia. The wings are
colourless. The dark half-band of the forewing is proximally broader, the band beside it is white, the inner
margin yellow-brown.

Addenda.

Napeogenes domiduca Hew. very closely approaches some Leucothyris, such as Leuc. cyrene; further
details are given under the latter, p. 148; from Bolivia.

Alphabetical List

with reference to the original description of the forms of the American Danaidae.
* signifies that the form is also figured at the place cited.

abida Hyposc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. * agalla Pter. Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr.-Am. ae p. 47°

acceptabilis Cer. Weeks, Proc. New Engld. Zool. Club, 3, p. 1. agarista Leuc. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 77

achaea Cer. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 14. agna Aer. Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Rhop., p. 1d.

acilla Pseudosc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. * agnosia Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

acrisione Ath. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 12. agrippina Epith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *

adasa Pseudosc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. albeseens It. Dist. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. XI.

adelinda Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. * albescens Mech. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50. p. 148.

adelphe Nap. Bat.. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 22, p. 534. albicans Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 173.

adelphina Hyposc. But. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 52. | albinotata Hym. Btlr. Cist. Entomol. 1, p. Ween

adina Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.* ~ | albomaculata Tith. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 160.

adornata Hypol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 206. alemena Pter. Godm.d Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond. 1st? p.61.

adulta Nap. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. ‘157. alema Hypol. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

aedesia Apr. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. * aletta Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

aegineta Pter. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 17. alexina Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

aegle Leuc. F. Gen. Ins. p. 255. alexirrhoé Call. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 522.

aelia Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.* alida Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.* .

aemilia Cer. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 15. alidella Episc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *

aesion Hyposc. Godm. d& Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) alienassa Ith. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 163.
ap, 258. alina Pter. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 153.

aethna Nap. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 15. alinda Pter. Fldr. Novara Lep. 3, p. 362.

airania Pter. Hpffr. Stett. Ztg. 1874, p. 341. alissa Pter. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 22.

lydia.

quinta,

nephele.
gedera.

edessa.

pallidula.

giulia.

cadra.

domiduca.

166

alissana Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 201.
alope Pter. Godm.
alphesiboea Hym. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 17.
alpho Epith. Fldr. Novara Lep. 3, p. 359.
amalda Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

amaldina Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5 p. 149.
amanga Athyrt. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 121.
amara Nap. ‘Godm.
amaretta Dism. Hsch.
amarilla Ith. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 184.
amazona Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 168.
amica Cer. Weym. Stett. Ztg. 45, p. 10. *

amplificata Scada Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 162. *
anachoreta Hirs. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1902, p. 282.
anaphissa Ith. H.- -Schéff. Prodrom. Syst. Lep. ite De 49.
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, D. 526.

anastasia Cer. Bat.
anastasina Cer. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 60.
anechiola Hyposc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
andania Hym. Hp/ffr. Stett. Ztg. 1874, p. 341.
andromica Hym. Hew. Fxot. Butt. 1. *
angelina Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr.
anina Mel. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 123.
annetta Hym. Guér. Regne Anim. Ins., p. 470.
anomala Vel. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 69. *
antaxis Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 147.
antea Cer. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 20.

antisao Pter. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 544.

antonia Cer. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 14.
anionina Cer. Stgr. Exot. Tagt. lS 105 oes
apia Pter. Fldr. Novara Lep. 3, p. 364.
appolinis Cer. Siqr. Exot. Tagt. I, jo COs >
apuleia Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4,.*
apulia Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2.*

aquinia Ith. Hp//fr. Stett. Zte. 1874, p. 339.
areana Mech. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 2» p. 126.
archippus Dan. Ff. Ent. Syst. III. 1, p. 49.

ardea Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

artena Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

arzalia Pseudosc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

asopo Pter. Fldr. Novara Lep. 3, p. 363.

asellia Pter. Hpf/r. Stett. Ztg. 1874, p. 340.
aselliata Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 201.
assimilis Hirs. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 143.
assimilis Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 191.

aster Nap. Godm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1899, 3, p. 155.

astraea Leuc. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 33. *

atagalpa Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 156.
atergatis Lyc. Dbl. d Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. *
athalina Leuc. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 66. *

attalia Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

attalita Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 168.

aureliana Hypol. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 547.
aureola Pseudosc. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 546.

auricula Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 174. *
avella Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

avila Nap. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 176.
azara Callol. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

azarina Callol. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 44, p. 303. *

azeka Nap, Hew, Exot. Butt. 4. *
hbaana Cer. Hew> Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 207.
badia Sais Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 161.

bairdii Dirc. Reak. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1868, p. 89.

baizana Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 192.
banjana Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 193
barii Cer. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 524.
barilla Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 197. *

barretti Dism. Dannat, Entomolog. 33, p. 299.
hbatesi Scada Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 177.
beata Ith. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 141.

benigna Nap. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 44, p. 295. *

berenice Dan. Cr. Pap. Exot. III, p. 22. *
berna Ger. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 172.
hbicolora Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 168.

bioculata Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 169. *

boliviensis Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, Pp. 150.
bomplandi Tith. Guér. Régne Anim. Ins., p. 472.
bonita Hirs. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 161.
borilis Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 147.
boucardi Ith. Druce, Ent. Month. Mag. 12, p. 126.
brunnea Hirs. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50. p. 144.
brumnea Pter. sch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 153.
brunneata Pter. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 153.
brisotis Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 146.
bueya Pter. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 153.

*

& Salv. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Rhop., p. 43.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1898, 3, p. 158.
Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 207.

50, p. 154.

burchelli Leuc. Sand. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1904, 13,p.315.*
butes Call. Godm.d& Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898. p. 110.

eabenis Episc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. “eitschr. 50, p. 171. *

ceadra Het. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 2, p. 259.

eajona Hypol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 178.

ealgiria Pter. Schaws, Proc. U. St. Mus. 24, p. 385.

californica Mech. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 5, p. 223.

eallanga Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 150.

eallichroma Callol. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 58.

eallispila Cer. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 85.

ealva Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 169.

eamariensis Sais Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 161. *

eana Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 157. *

eandeseens Ith. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 163.

eanilla Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

ceantobrica Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5.

earcinia Episc. Schaus, Proc. U. St. Mus. 24, p. 384.

earlia Pter. Schaus, Proc. U. St. Mus. 24, p. 385.

easabranea Mech. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 145.

eassandina Tith. Srv., Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 29, p. 129.

eassotis Hypol. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 35.

ceastanea Cer. Bllr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 169. *

eatilla Episc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

eaueaensis Mech. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 124.

eaucana Leuc. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 169.

eayana Callol. Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 4, p. 167.

celemia Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

eeres Lyc. Cr. Pap. Exot. I. p. 141. *

ceto Apr. Fldr. Novara Lep. III, p. 353.

chanchamaya Callol. Hsch. Berl. Ent Zeitschr. 50, p. 165.*

chimborazana Mech. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. I, p. 33.

cehincha Mel. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 211.*

cehiriquensis Dirc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 138.

ehrysodonia Hypol. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 238, p.546.*

cidonia Hypol. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

cinnamomea Lyc. Weym. Stett. Ztg. 45, p. 7. *

clara Cler. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.*

elausina Episc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5.*

clearista Ath. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. *

eleis Cer. Bat. Int. Month. Mag. I, p. 33.

cleobaea Lyc. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 222.

cleobulina Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

cleomeila Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

cleonica Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *

cleophile Dan. Godt. Ene. Méth. IX, p. 185.

eleora Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.*

cleothera Dan. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 185.

cocana Mel. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 161.

ceoenina Hypol. Hew. Equat. Lep., Pp: 20.

eoeno Cer. Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. ’

completa Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 192.

concolor Lyc. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 55. *

coniluens Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 43, p. 190.

confusa Thyr. Bilr. Cist. Entomol. I, p. 151.

consobrina Hyposc. Godm. dé Salv. Biol. Central-Am.
Butt., p. 23.

conveniens Callol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 167

cora Episc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 151.

corena Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2.*

cornelia Cer. Guér. Regne Anim. Ins., p. 472.

cotytto Pter. Guér. ,Régne Anim. Ins., p. 471.

eranto Nap. Fldr. ‘Novara Lep. 3, p. 365. *

crathes Ol. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. *

erinippa Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

crispina Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

crispinilla Leuc. Hpffr. Stett. Ztg. 1874, p. 340. ;

erocotes Nap. Bal. Trans. Linn. a Lond. 23, p.536.

erucifera Vel. Hew. Equat. Lep. 84.

cubana Hym. H.-Schdaff. Corresp.- PBlatt. Zool. Min. V.
Regensbe. 16, p. 118.

euparina Hirs. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, Ds doe.

eurvilascia Thyr. Weym. Stett. Ztg. 45, p. 8.

cydon Mel. Godm.d& Salv. Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p.151.

eymo Hypol. Hby. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. *

eymothoé Mir. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

cyrene Leuc. Latr. Humb. Bompl. Obs. Zool. 1, p. 249.*

eyrianassa Nap. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. * Z

eyrcilla Vel. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

eytharista Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5.*

daéta Cer. Bsd. Spec. Gén. Ins. I. *

daétina Cer. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 44, p. 289.*
deceptus Mech. Bilr. Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 154.
decolorata It. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 116.

deeora Nap. Godm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1899, 3, p. 156.

deeumana Cer. Godm. &

demeter Lyc. Fldr. Novara Lep II,
demylus Ath. Godm.&@ Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.1879, p. 150.
denticulata Pter. Hsch.

depauperata Hym. Bs

Salv. Biol. Central-Am. Butt., p.23.
1b Soke

Berl. Ent. Zeitschr.

1. Lép. Guatem.,
derama Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p.
derasa Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
dereetis Hym. Dbl. dé Hew.

Gen.

deronda Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p.

derondina Leuc. Hsch.
descondollesi Tith. Sig

r.

desmora Cer. Hsch. Berl. E

deucalion Nap. Hsch.

Berl.

diaphanus Hym. Drury, Ill.
diasia Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

didvmaea Leuc. Hevw.

dilutata Nap. Hsch. Berl.

Exot.

Schmett.

50, p. 175.

p. 34.

Diurn. Lep.
derevltidas Ath. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2, p
dero Direc. Hbn. Zutr. Exot.

Hxot. Lagi 1) ps2:
nt. Zeitschr. 50,

Ent. Zeitschr. 50,

Exot. Ent.

Butt. 5.

dimidiata Ith. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p.
dionaea Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

dirama Episc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr.

direenne Dism. Fldr.

disereta Lyc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p.

diseurrens Mel. Hsch.
dispaena Pter. Hew.

dispar Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr.

dispersa Vel. Weym.

distincta Athyrt. Hsch.

Novara Lep. 3,

Seitz,
Exot.

Stiib.

Macrolep.
Bite Sees

I. *

70.

*

WDo |

. 248.*

p. 155.

p. 160.

Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 157.

50) p. 172

ps 360%

116.

Deepen lige

50S pe

Reise, p. 106.

Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 5(

divisa Mel. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 71.
dodona Mel. Hpffr. Stett. Ztg. 1874, p. 344.

dolabella Leuc. Hew.
domidueca Leuc. Hew.

donata Pter. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5,

Exot.
Exot.

Butts 5:*

Butts 5

dorella Pter. Fldr. Novara Lep. 3, p.
dorilla Callol. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag.

doryssides Mech. Sigr.
doryssus Mech. Bat.

Exot.
Month.

Ent.

doto Callol. Hbn. Sammlg.

dromica Hym. Hsch.
drymo Ith. Hbn. Ver

Seitz,
z. bek.

Tagt. if

Exot.
Macrolep.

Schmett.,

duenna Hirs. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag.
duessa Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2.*

duilia Dism. Hew. Tra
edessa Het. Hew. Ex

egaénsis Mech. Bilr.

egina Mel. Cr. Pap. Exot.

egla Pseudosc. Hew.

ns. Ent. Soc.

ot. Butt. 1%
egaénsis Hirs. Bilr. Cist. Entomol. 1,

Cist. Entomol.
2; p. L44*

Exot.

Butt. 5. *

egra Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

elarina Aer. Oberth. Bull.
eleonora Ith. Hsch. Berl.
elisa Mach. Guér. Regne Anim.

Soc. Ent. Fr. 8,
Ent. Zeitschr. 50.
Ins., Dp. 4 72

ellara Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
elodina Aer. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 7

elva Nap. Godm. Ann.

Mag.

Nat. ‘Hist. 1899 (3),

Lond. (2)

361. *

173. *

), p. 144.

Dales

IES Decor

p. 62. *

Mag. I, P-
Sete

Daw
oF

Lip:

Ds lbor

70.

elvira Dirc. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 44. p.

emyra Pseudosc. Hsch.
enania Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5,

Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50,
p.- 147.

33.
63.
86.

2, D- 24. =

Zz, p- 150:

ey

. 164.

De 156
296 *
Denia

enigma Hym. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. or foo dle
Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 77
epidero Direc. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23,
Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, D. NGOs
epona Ith. ew. Equat. Lep., p. 19.
equicola Mel. Cr. Pap. Exo
equicoloides Mech. Godm. d& Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

epicharme Leuc. Fldr.

epimakrena Leuc. Hsch.

1898, p. 109.

fis IIMs 10s

ercilla Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

eresimus Dan. Cr. Pap.

erginus Dan. Godm. &
(2), p. 241.

erippus Dan. Cr. Pap. Exot. I., p. 4.7%

erruca Pseudosc. Hew.

eseura Leuc. Hsch. Berl.

espriella Callol. Hew.

Bxote Le pe

iat

en)

(.
De ool.

Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897

Exot. Butt. 1. *

Exot.

Butt. 4. *

estrella Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
esula Hym Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.*

ethica Scada Hew. E
ethna Mel. Godt. Enc.
euchytma Dirc. Fldr.

eunomia Nap. Godm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

eupompe Cer. Hhbn.-Gr.

xot.
Méth.

Fitie ea

IDG 0,

Novara Lep. oe
eulyra Pter. Fldr. Novara Lep. 3, p.

Zutr.

Exot. Sc

Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p.

190.

167

eurimedia Cer. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, p. 43.

eurilea Pter. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, p. 157. *

euryanassa Cer. Fidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 4, p. 101.
eurydice Mech. Hsch. Berl. Ent Zeitschr. 50, p. 147.
euteles Dirc. Hrsch. 'Trud. Russk. 8. *

eva Lye: W. Ent. Syst. TIL. .1, p.. 162:

evaneseens Cer. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 132.
evanides Hyposc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 144.
evonia Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 176. *
excellens Scada Srk. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 29, p. 128.*
exeelsa Cer. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 415.
exornata Pseudosc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 177.

fallax Hyposc. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 68. *

fallax Mech. Bllr. Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 154.

fallens Pseudose. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 176. *

famina Hypol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 178.

fasciata Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 58, p. 194.

faseiata Lyc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 115.

fausta Hypol. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 87. *

fenella Heterosc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

fenestella Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

fenestrata It. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 116.

ferra Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, a 150.

fiametta Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

fimbria Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

fizella Pter. Bsd. Lép. Guat. p. 34.

flacilla Hirs. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898,
DO os

HAVO TSGUINes Mir. Hsch. Berl. Ent. A 48, p. 211.

flavosignata Mel. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1. D- ‘

flexibilis Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. Be 146. *

flora Leuc. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, p. 112.*

florens Cer. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 133.

florula Pseudosc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

flossina Nap. Bllr. Lepid. Exot., p. 141. * s

fluonia Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

iranis Mech. Reak. Proc. Acad. Nat. Soc. Phil. 1868, p. 90.

frater Cer. Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4), 4, p. 163.

fraterna Cer. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 132. *

fulminans Cer. Bllr. Cist. Entomolog. 1, p. 152.

fulvescens Pter. Godm.d Salv. Biol. Centr.-Am. Rbop., p.46.

fulvimargo Pter. Bilr.& Druce. Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 97.

fumantis Epith. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 140.

fumata Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 170.

fumosa Hypol.Godm. & Salw. Biol. Centr.-Am. Rhop., p.53.

fumosus Dan. Hulst, Ent. Am. II (1886), p. 182.

furia Hirs. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 73.

furina Hirs. Godm.& Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898,

furina Hym. Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr. Am. Rhop., p. 59.*
fuseens Callol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 166.

galata Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.*

galinthias Nap. Hpffr. Stett. Ztg. 1874, p. 344.
gardneri Hym. Weeks, Proc. New. Engl. Zool. Club. 3, p. 9.
garleppi Hypol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 178.
gazoria Heterosc. Godt. Ene. Méth. 9, p. 214.

gedera Het. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *

gephyra Hypod. Hew. Exot. Butt.,1.*

gilippus Dan. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, p. 41.*

giulia Het. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

glabra Nap. Godm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1899, 3, p. 156.
glauca Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 201. *
glyeera Nap. Godm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1899 (3), p. 156.
glycon Nap. Godm. Ann. Mag. Hist. 1899 (8), p. 158.
gonussa Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

graciella Leuc. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5) 8, p. 156.
gracilis Nap. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 160. *
granadensis Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 154.
qgraniea. Pter. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 87.

gunilla Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

guttata Cer. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 44, p. 293.

halia Lyc. Hbn. Sammlg. Exot. Schmett. *

hara Pter. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 88.

harbona Nap. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 18.

harmonia Hirs. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, p. 142. *

heealesina Hirs. Fldr. Novara Lep. III, p. 352.

hedila Call. Godm. d Salv. Biol. Centr.-Am. Rhop., p. 32.

helena Episc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 171.

helicaon Hirs.Godm.d@ Salv. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Rhop., p. 10.

hemimelaena Nap. Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1877, p. 60.

hemimelas Cer. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 59. *

hemixanthe Pter. ldr. Novara Lep. 3, p. 363. *

168

heraldiea Ith. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 52.

herbita Cer. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. Ns > Boil. **

hermana Dism. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 209.

hermias Hirs. Godm. d& Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 18958,
> OG,

ermine Hirs. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 162.

hermippus Dan. Fldr. Novara Lep. II, p. 348.

hewitsoni Dism. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 208.

hewitsoni Ath. Srk. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 29, p. 121.

hezia Call. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

hicetas Mel. Godm.dé Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 150.

hippoerenis Ith. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 51.

hippodamia Apr. F. Syst. Ent., p. 461.

hippothous Hirs.Godm.é& Salv. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Rhop.,p.11. |

honesta Cer. Weym. Stett. Ztg. 45, p. 9.

honrathi Dirc. Srk. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 29, 1s Wes

hopiferi Callol. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 44, p. 304.

huallaga Mech. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 62. *

huamba Pter. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 153.

hugia Dirc. Schaus, Proc. U. St. Mus. 24, p. 383.

hulda Direc. Fldr. Novara 3, p. 356.

humboldti Tith. Latr. Humb. Bompl. Obs. Zool. I, p. 194.*

hyala Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

hyalinus Hypol. F. Ent. Syst. 3 (1), p. 185.

hydra Call. Fldr.. Novara Lep. III, p. 356. ‘

hygia Nap. Godm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1899, 3, p. 157.

hymen Episc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 170. |

hymenaea Episc. Prittw. Stett. Ztg. 1865, p. 136.

hymettia Ith. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 63. |

hypereia Eutr. Dbl.d@ Hew. Gen. Diuru. Lep. Wf

hy@pa Eutr. Godm.d& Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 150.

hypsaea Nap. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 63.

ida Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p.
idae Mel. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 414.
idina Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p.
ignorata Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p.
ilerda Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

ilerdina Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
ilerdinoides Leuc. Stgr. Exot. Tagf., p. 65. *
ilione It. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 42. *

illinissa Hypose. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2.* |
ilsia Pter. Schaus, Proc. Un. St. Mus. 24, p. 385.
immaculata Dire. Hsch., Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 179. |

188. * |

167.
ilfayils “=

.leueania Cer.

imitata Mel. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. Lep. 55.
imitatrix Eutr. Stgr. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 15, p. 96.
ina Hypol. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2.*

inachia Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.*

inania Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 197.
indecora Hypol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 177.
inelegans Leuc. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 84.

-~1

infuseata Call. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 128.
ino Apr. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 75.
insignis Ol. Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) IV, p. 163.
intermedia Cer. Bilr. Cist. Entomolog. 1, p. 152.

iphianassa Ith. Dbl.@ Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. *
iquitensis Nap. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. I, p. 83. %

irene Hirs. Drury, U1. Exot. Ent. III.

isthmia Mech. Bat. Proc. Zool. Soc. mena? 1863, p. 247. *
ithra Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.*

jamaicensis Dan. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. I,
janarilla Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
jemina Direc. Hbn. Zutr. Exot. Schmett. *
jessica Pseudosc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
jolaia Callol. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *
jueunda Ith. Godm. dé Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 2, p. 258.
juntana Mech. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 16.
Jurimaguensis Mech. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 62.

karsehi Hypol. Hsch: Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 204.
kedema Hym. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.*
kena Leuc. Hew. Esot. Butt. 5. *
kezia Hyposc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4.*
klugi Direc. Hbn. Zutr. Exot. Schmett. *

kusa Scada Hew. Exot. Butt. 5.*

Dist.

Dewoee

labotas Mech.
ladra Pter. Sigr.
lagusa Ith. Hew.
lamia Nap. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 21.

lamirus It. Lair. Humb. Bompl. Obs. Zool. II, p. 126. *
Janassa It.Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, p. 242. |
lapbria_Cer. Dbl. Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 127.
Jarilla Nap. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 85.

larina Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.*

|

Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. XI. |
Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 69. * |
Exot. Butt. 1.* |

latefasciata Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50,
lateilava Hirs. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 121.
latilimbata Cer. Weym. Stitb. Reise, Do WOR, *
Jatilla Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.
latreillei Tith. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. i p.
laura Pter. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 67.
lauta Dism. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 55 D. 163.
lavinia Pseudosc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.

lella Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

lenea Dire. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3. *

leprieuri Cer. Feisth. Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 4, p. 631. *
leptalina Nap. Fldr. Novara Lep. 3, p. 367. *

lerda Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 145.
lerdina Leuc. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 65. :

lerida Leuc. Ky. Ent. Month. Mag. 15, p. 153.

Bat. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863, p. 246. *
libera Hypol. Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr.-Am. Rhop., p.53.*
libethris Hym. Fldr. Novara Lep. 3, p. 365.

lilis Mel. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. zs

lila Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

limpida Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 155.
lincera Pter. H.-Schajff. Prodr. Syst. Lep. 1, p. 48.
linda Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5.

lobusa Episc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 152.

lonera Dirc. Btlr. & Druce, Cist. Entomol. is 1D. 95.
loreta Dirc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 179.
lorica Dirc. Weym. Stett. Ztg. 1875, p. 370. *

lota Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

lubilerda Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 168.
lucifer Mel. Bat. Trans. Ent. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p.551.
lucifera Mech. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 146.*
lugubris Tith. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 119.

lurida Cer. Btlr. Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 151.

lurida Ith. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 163.
lyeaste Ith. F. Ent. Syst. III (1), p. 161.

lyeidice Mech. Bat. Ent. Month. Nee I peeo3r
lycona Nap. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 79.

lydia Hym. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 44, p. 309. *
lyra Hym. Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 4, p. 169.
lysimnia Mech. fF. Ent. Syst. III, 1, p. 161.

maearia Mel. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898,

maerinus Mech. Hew.
maculata Cer. Hsch.

maculosa Mel. Hsch.

madeira Mel. Hsch.
maelus Mel. Hew.

maenas Cer. Hsch.
maenius Mel. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

maeonis Mel. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 11.

maerenda Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 192.
magnifica’ Mel. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 145.

Exot. Butt. Il. *

Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 153.
Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, p. 163.
*Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 123. *
Exot Butts ws

Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 130.

majuseula Scada Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 162.
makrena Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

makrenita Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 48, IQZ,
mamerecus Cer. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 6, p. 07.
manaos Cer. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, Door
manora Leuc. Schaus, Proc. U. St. Mus. 24, p. 383.

mansuetus Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

mantineus Mech. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

mantura Dire. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

marica Direc. Fldr. Novara Lep. 3, p. 358.

marsaeus Mel. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

matronalis Dism. Weym. Stett. Ztg. 45, p. 18. *

mauensis Mel. Weym. Stett. Ztg. 51, p. 282.

mauga Mel. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 123.

mazaeus Mech. Hew. Exot. Butt. II. *

mechanitis Athyrt. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. VI, p. 413.

medellina Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 176. *

mediatrix Mel. Weym. Stett. Ztg. 51, p. 282.

megaleas Call. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898,
p. 111.

megalopolis Cer. Fldr.

megara Hirs. Godt.

Novara Lep. III, p. 360. *
Ene. Méth. IX, p. 223.

megisto Thyr. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. IV, p. 103.
melanina Hirs. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 143.
melanoptera Callol. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 83.

melantio Apr. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 50.
melphis Cer. Godt. Enc. Méth. 9, p. 218.

menans Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 149.
menapis Mech. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

menecles Mech. Hew. Exot. Butt. II. *

menophilus Mel. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

Publ. 25. IV. 1910.

mergelena Cer.
messatis Mel. Hew.

messenina Mel. Fldr.

messenoides Mech.
metella Cer. Hp//r.

meterus Mech. Hew.

methonella Direc. W
michaelisi Cer. Hscl
minna Pter. Schaus
mira Ith. Stgr.
mira Episc. Hew.

mirza Hypol. Hew.
mnasias Mel. Hew.
mneme Mel. L. Sy

mnemopsis Mel. Berg, An.
modesta Leuc. Hsch.

moebiusi Cer. Hsch.
moles Nap. Hsch.
monosticta Hirs.
1897, p. 243.
montagui Ol. Bilr.
mopsa Hirs. F.
morena Ith. Hsch.

morgane Hym. Hbn.-G.
m. Biol. Centr.-Am. Rhop. 2, p. 649.

moschion Hym. God
mosella Sais Hew.

Hew.

Spec.

Alphabetical List of the American Danaids.

Exot. Butt. I. *
Brot. Butt. D*

Novara Lep. 3, p. 356. *
Fidr. Novara 3, p. 356.
Stett. Ze. 1874, p. 346.
Exot. Butt. II. *
eym. Stett. Ze. 1875, p. 373. *

nh. Berl. Ent. Zschrs 50; pay ld52-
, Proc. U. S., Nat. Mus. 24, p. 384

Exot. Taecf. 1, p. 70.

Equat. Lep., p. 88.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 18
IRS ay 1s Coo

Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 183.
Zutr. Exot. Schmett. *

Bxot. Butte 4%

Equat. Tene Deeee:
Exot. Butt. Dy*
st. Nats 2i(2)S py 756:
Mus. Buen. Air. 5, p. 234.
Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 195.
Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 169. *
Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, Pp. ISS
Godm. d& Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

70, p. 490.

mothone Mel. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

munda Pter. Weym. Stett. Zg. 1875, p. 372. *
mutilla Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *

mylassa Cer. Druce, Ent. Month. Mag. 12, p. 126.
mysotis Cer. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 133.
napho Ith. H.-Schajf. Prodrom. Syst. Lep. 1, p.
napona Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 171.
napona Hirs. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 162.
nausica Nap. Weym. Berl. Ent. ee 44, p. 29
negricola Cer. Fldr. Wien, Ent. Mon. 6, B 76.
negrita Ith. Reak.. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 5, p. 218.
neitha Hirs. Hpfr. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 57y.

nemea Cer. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 44, p. 290. *
nephele Het. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 548.
nepiscada Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 175. *
nepos Dism. Weym. Stett. Ze. 1875, p. 177. *
nerina Hym. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 179. *
nero Hym. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.*

nesaea Mech. Hbn. Sammlg. Exot. Schmett. *
nigricans Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 173.
nigrimargo Ith. Bilr. Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 153.
nigrippus Dan. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 113.

nigroapicalis Mech. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 146.

nigronascens Callol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 165.

nikita Epith. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 140.

nina Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 150.

ninonia Cer. Hbn. Sammlg. Exot. Schmett. *

nise Callol. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, p. 66. *

nivosus Dan. Godm.d> Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1897, p. 241.

nora Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 56, p. 155.

norella Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. Il. *

norellana Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 173

notilla Pter. Bilr.dé Druce, Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 96.

oberthuri Athyrt. Srk. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 29, p. 129. *

obiuseata Dirc. Bilr. Cist. Entomol. a JO) alate

obseura Mech. Bilr. Cist. Entomol. 2, p. 150.

obseurata Hirs. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 120.

obscuratus Episc. F. Ent. Syst. 3) (GD) Joo, asia),

ocalea Hypol. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. *

occulta Cer. Hsch. Berl. Knt. Zschr. 48, p. 170.

ochretis Hym. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 211.

ocna Cer. H.-Schaff. Prodom. Syst. Lep. I, p. 49.

ocona Mech. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 208.

oculata Hypol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 204. *

oenanthe Ith. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 44, p. 301. *

olena Cer. Weym. Stett. Zg. 1875, p. 376. *

oligyrtis Ath. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 83.

olimba Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. ji. iS

olivencia Mech. Bat.

olyras Dire. Fidr.

Trans. Linn. nae Lond. (23, p. 53
Novara Lep. 3, 358.

546,

olyrilla Pter. Bilr. & Druce, Cist. Bnitowiol “tt p. 96.
olyrina Nap. Asch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 158.
oncidia Hypol. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p.
onega Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

oneida Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

V

169
onoma Callol. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 1438.
oreas Hypol. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 44, p. 312. *
orestes Mel. Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4), 7, p. 412.
orestilla Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
oriana Hypol. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
ornata Mir. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 212.

orotina Hypol. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

ortygia Scada Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 208.
ortygia Hym. Weym. Stiib. Reise, p. 107. *

osuna Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

ossuna Ith. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 142.

otaxes Nap. Godm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1899, 3, p. 157
oto Hym. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

oulite Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

ovata Mech. Dist. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. XII.

ozia Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

pacifiea Aer. Godm. d& Salv. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Rhop.,
Ws, LG:

padilla Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *

paedaretus Nap. Godm. d& Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(5), 2, p. 257.

pagasa Leuc. Druce, Ent. Month. Mag. 12, p. 126.

pales Lyc. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. VI, p. 75.
pallida Apr. Godm. d& Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
ISS, Wa AOS).

pallidula Het. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 212.
palmara Aer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 202.
pamina Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 150.
panamensis ” Call. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

(5), 2, p. 257.
panamensis sae Bat. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863, p: 244.*
pannifera Mech. Btlr. Cist. Entom. 2, p. 150.
pantherina Cer. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 60. *

panthyale Dism. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 414.
paradoxa Episc. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 69. *
paraénsis Sais Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 161.

parallelis Mel. Btlr. Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 155.

parasippa Episc. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 85.

paraiya Mel. Reak. Proc. Acad. Phil. 1866, p. 242.

pardalina Cer. Hp/ffr. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 343.

pardalis Vel. Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4), 4, p. 164.

parola Hirs. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

1898, p. 106.

partila Dirc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 180.

parva Pter. Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4), 4, p. 168.

pasena Episc. Schaus, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 24, p. 384,

pasimentia Lyc. Cr. Pap. Exot. IV, p. 55.*

patilla Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

paula Leuc. Weym. Stett. Zg. 45, p. 14. *

pavonii Tith. Bilr. Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 156.

pellucida Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 154.

pellucida Ith. Weym. Stett. Zg. 1875, p. 374. *

pennina Vel. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.*

peridia Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

perspicua Leuc. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p.

peruana Ith. Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4), 4, p. 166.

peruana Mech. Weym. Stett. Zg. 1879, p. 419.

peruensis Callol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 167.

peruviana Cer. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 59.

petersi Dism. Dew. Mitth. Minch. Ent. Ver. 1, p. 86. *

phagesia Call. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 16.

phanessa Ith. H.-Schiff. Prodrom. Syst. Lep. 1, p. 49.

pharo Nap. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 7, p. 76.

phasiana Mel. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 489.

phasianita Mech. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 146. *

philetaera Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5.*

phemonoé Leuc. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. *

phenarete Ith. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. *

pherantes Nap. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 536.

philemon Scada Fldr. Novara Lep. 3, p. 367.

philidas Cer. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 127.*

philoclea Episc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *

philomela Call. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

ISS, Oo tlalile

picta Pter. Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. Oe 4, p. 166.

ipAnUINTES Hirs. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. "Nat. Hist. (5),
209.

pittheis aan Weym.

plagigera Mech. Bilr.

107.

Stib. Reise, p. 106. *

Cist:, Entomol :2; p. 150:

plaginota Ith. Bllr. d& Druce. Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 95.
plexaure Dan. Godt. Enc. Méth. IX, p. 184.

poecila Callol. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 540.
poecilana Callol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 186,

22

170

IDO, IBUhy Blo

polissena Hym. Hew.
Berl. Ent. Zschr.

polita Episc. Weym.

polymnia Mech. 1. Mus. Ulric., p. 224.

polymnides Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 148.

porrecta Callol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 166.

porsenna Cer. Srk. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 29, p. 122. *

potaronus Nap. Kaye, Entom. Rec. 17, p. 120.

praemona Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 146.

praestans Ol. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897,
. 240.

mraestigiosd Episc. Hnsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 196.

praxilla Cer. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 55.

primula Pter. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 545.

priscilla Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

proceris Mech. Weym. Stett. Ze. 45, p. 12. *

proene Call. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898,
5 dbik)

ae ernised Sais Weym. Stett. Zg. 45, p. 11. *

pronuba Pter. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 156.

proxima Hypol. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 44, p. 314.

psamathe Thyr. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1908, p. 108.

pseudethra Hirs. Bilr.

Ag” p. (306.7

Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 155.
pseudoagalia Ith. Reb. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 46, p. 291. *
pseudonyma Hirs. Sigr. Iris 1894, p. 65. *

psidii Apr. L. Mus. Ulrvic., p. 228.

pteronymiensis Nap. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 160. *
pulcheria Dirc. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 154.

pumensis Ith. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 5, p. 218.
pupilla Vel. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

pyrippe Cer. Hpffr. Stett. Ze. 1874, p. 342.

pyrois Nap. Bal. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 534.
pyrrho Nap. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 209. *
quadrata Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 195.

Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 174. *
quadrona Hypol. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 160.
quinta Hym. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 70.

quintina Leuc. Fldr. Novara Lep. 3, p. 361. *
quotidiana Scada Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 177.

quadrilis Nap. Hsch.

Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 148.
Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 187. *
Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 147.

radina Leuc. Hsch.
radiosa Callol. Hsch.
ramona Leuc. Hsch.

randolis Apr. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 127.
reckia Scada Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. *
referrens Lyc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 116.

regalis Tith. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 180.

relata Dirc. Bllr. & Druce, Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 95.
rezia Hyposc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 167. *

rhene Hypol. Godm. d Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)
2 10 Cee

rhezia Nap. Hbn. Smilg. Exot. Schmett. *

rhoeo Dirc. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 4, p. 102.
riffarthi Hypol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 179. *
robusta Callol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 166. *
rosalia Sais Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, p. 89. *

rowena Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. II. *

rubescens Leuc. Bllr. d& Druce, Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 97.
rufocineta Episc. Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 4, p. 167.

Butt. 1. *
Nat. Mus. 24, p.

salapia Ith. Hew. Exot.
saleata Ith. Schaus, Proc. U. 8.
salonina Pseudosc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
salvini Athyrt. Srk. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 29, p.
salvinia Episc. Bat. Ent. Mon. Mag. 1, p. 34.
santineza Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p.
sao Episc. Hbn. Zutr. Exot. Schmett. *
sappho Hym. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p.
sarepta Pseudosc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
sarilis Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 150.

satevis Mel. Dbl. d& Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. *

satura Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 172.
saturata Mech. Godm. d& Salv. Biol. Centr.-Am. Rhop.
2, p. 642.

seantilla Episc. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 86. /€
sehulzi Call. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. +5:
seylax Mel. Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 7, p. 412.

seba Pseudosc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

sedusa Hypol. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 160.
selenides Callol. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 44, p. 302. *
sellana Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 152.

sem fulva Cer. Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 4, p. 163.
semonis Pter. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 155.

386.
129. *
192. *

164.

Alphabetical List of the American Danaids.

serdolis Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 148.
serrata Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 198.
sexmaculata Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 84, p. 190. *
sidonia Episc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 172.
signata Dirc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 139.

similia Hyposc. H.-Schdajf. Prodrom. Syst. Lep. 1, p. 49.
simplex Pter Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 4, p. 168.

singularis Callol. Reb. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 46, p. 292. *
singularis Thyr. Stgr. Exot. Tagf., p. 56. *
sisenna Cer. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 44, p. 298. *

sodalis Nap. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 160.

solida Leuc. Weym. Stett. Ze. 45, p. 15. *

soror Cer. Srk. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 29, p. 124.

sosunga Dism. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 5, p. 217.

sparsa Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 200.

splendens Ith. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 163.

splendida Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 173. *

stantis Pter. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 154.

starkei Pter. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 68. *

statilla Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

staudingeri Ol. Godm.d Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond,
1897, p. 242.

steinheili Dirc. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1. p. 58. *

stella Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

sticheli Ol. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 142.

stradopsis Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 147.

strigosa Dan. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. I, p. 32.

striposis Episc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 150.

subosa Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 150.

subtilis Pseudose. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 203. *

sueca Pter. Hew: Equat. Lep., p. 87.

sulmona Pter. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 86.

sulphurea Episc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 171.

sulphurescens Mech. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 148.

sulphurina Nap. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 534.

suna Dirc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 179.

susanna Leuc. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 72.

susiana Leuc. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 416.

svIlpha Episc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 171. *

sylphis Nap. Guér. Regne Anim. Ins., p. 471.

sylvanoides Mech. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1898, p. 110.

sylvella Mir. Hew.

sylvo Pter. Hbn.

synnova Leuc. Hew.

Exot.) Buttes es
Zutr. Exot. Schmett. *
ExOta Bitibiesaes

tabera Leuc. Hew.
taliata Leuc. Hew.
tamnia Pter. Hsch.

tamasta Tith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
tanampaya Pter. Hsch.
tarapotensis Mel. Hsch.

Equat. Lep., p. 19.
IDp.COye UEWNIN Gee
Seitz, Macrolep. be palba3:

Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 153.

Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 122.

tarapotis Callol. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 144.

tarricina Hirs. Hew. Exot. Butt. II. *

tecta Mel. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p.

telesilla Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *

tenera Hypol. Srka. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 29, p. 128. *

tenna Cer. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 171.

tenuis Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 174.

terastes Nap. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 158.

teresita Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *

terra Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

terrana Ith. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 183.

thabena Pter. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 18.

thea Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

theaphia Scada Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 529.

theatina Cer. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 131. *

themisto Thyr. Hbn. Zutr. Exot. Schmett. *

theon Ol. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 50.

theope Eutr. Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877,
p. 60.

thera Mel. Fldr. Novara Lep. III, p. 354.

thersippus Dan. Bat. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863, p. 243.

theuda Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5.*

theudelinda Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *

thimei Leuc. Oberth. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1878, p. VIII.

thornaeca Call. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 523.

thyra Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5.*

thyridiana Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 150.

ticida Pter. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 21.

ticidelia Episc. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 21.

tigilla Leuc. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 44, p. 305. *

tigranes Pter. Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Rhop.,
p. 42.

124.

Alphabetical List of the American Danaids.

tigrina Cer. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 207. *
timagenes Pter. Godm.d Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) 3,
Dy evry
timna Pseudosc. Hew.
togarma Hirs. Hew.

tolosa Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

torquatilla Vel. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

tosea Callol. Schaws, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24, p. 386.
translucens Ol. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 9, p. 83.
travella Ith. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 148.
tremona Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 149.
trepotis Pseudosc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 161.
tricolor Cer. Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 4, p. 164.
tridactyla Call. Hew. Mitt. Minch. Ent. Ver. 1, p. 86. *
trimaculata Cer. Weym. Sttib. Reise, p. 105. *
troetschi Pseudosc. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 67. *
truneata Mech. Btlr. Cist. Entomol. 2, p. 150.
tueuna Pter. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 5
tunantina Nap. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 534.
tutia Callool. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

EEXO bs Bubba dees
Boliv. Butt., p. 4.

uecaya Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 174.

ulla Ith. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

umbrana Hym. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 164.

umbratilis Hirs. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 86. *

umbrosa Hym. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 21a. *

utenaia Mech. Reak. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866,
p. 241.

utilla Pseudosc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
valida Leuc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 168.
vallina Cer. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 130.

vallonia Cer. Hew. Exot. Butt. I. *

valora Cer. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 130.

vandona Dirc. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 48, p. 179. *
vanilia Hypol. H.-Schaff. Prodrom. Syst. Lep. 1, p. 47.
varina Dirc. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 6, p. 97.

veia Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.*

veritabilis Mech. Bilr. Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 155.
veronica Hypol. Weym. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 44, p. 311.*

verticilla Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *

171

Exot. Butt. 1. *

Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 4, p. 165.
Réen. Anim. Ins. p. 470.
Exot. Butt. 2. *

Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 149.
virginia Hypol. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

virginiana Hyposc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *

virina Leuc. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 147.
virschovi Sais Dew. Mitth. Miinch. Ent. Ver. 1, p.87.*
visenda Mech. Bilr. Cist. Entomol. 2, p. 150.
visina Dire. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zsch. 48, p. 178. *
vuleana Ith. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 142.

vestilla Pter. Hew.
vieina Leuc. Salv.
vietorina Leuc. Guér.
villula Call. Hew.
viola Cer. Hsch.

xanthina Scada Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 52.
xanthippus Dan. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 4, p. 100.
xantho Direc. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 4, p. 101.
xanthophane Dirc. Hp//r. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 338.

xanthostola Cer. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 520.
xanthone Nap. Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 537.

xenophis Hypol. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 160.
xenos Ith. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 50.

yungava Pter. Hsch. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 50, p. 175.

zabina Pter. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
zalmunna Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
zamona Mel. Hsch. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 123.
zaneka Mel. Gtlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 490.
zarepha Leuc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
zavaletta Dism. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
Exot. Butt: 1. *
IDO S IBN dha
Régne Anim. Ins., p. 470.
E Ota ws witb alas
Hxots Buto, dss
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 523.
HxObe) Litt las

zea Leuc. Hew.
zelica Leuc. Hew.
zelie Direc. Guér.
zemira Scada Hew.
zerlina Pter. Hew.
zeuxippe Call. Bat.
zibia Scada Hew.
zitella Sais Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
zurippa Nap. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
zygia Dism. Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877,
We ike

Eta i

DANAIS-ATHESIS

phenarete

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praestans a Imitatrix @ clearista

Pars Il. Fauna americana 1.

ATHESIS-MELINAEA

humboldti

harmonia

zaneka menophilus

mothone hicetas

Pars Il. Fauna americana 1.

CERATINIA-NAPEOGENES

iquitensis

olyrina tolosa
larina

larilla

glycera

Pars Il. Fauna americana 1.

DIRCENNA-ITHOMIA

V. 37.

panamensis

pseudoagalla

oenanthe amarilla

Pars Il. Fauna americana l.

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cayana

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consobrina anchiala

adelphina

tigilla

quintina

synnova

priscilla

s

solida athalina

attalia

susiana orestilla

Pars Il, Fauna americana 1.

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39,

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latilla

lincera zerlina oneida tucuna

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