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SATYRIDAE. By G. Weymer. 173

4. Family: Satyridae.

This family, which is very rich both in genera and species, is well distinguished by several charac-
ters not only in the perfect insect but also as larva and pupa, so that Satyrids are easy to recognise in
all stages.

One of the chief characteristics of the butterflies consists in the basally swollen veins of the fore-
wing. In most cases it is only the costal vein which shows this bladder-like thickening, in many cases the
median likewise has it, but in some genera also the submedian, e. g. in Oressinoma, Coenonympha, and to
a less extent in Prerella. The first three genera Callitaera, Haetera and Pierella have the submedian of the
forewing, apart from the above-mentioned bladder-like thickening, also basally forked and form in this the
transition to the Ithomias, which is also indicated by the partly thin, hair-like scaling and the trans-
parency of the wings. Of the subcostal veins 2 mostly arise before and the rest behind the end of the
cell of the forewing, but several genera differ in that the 2. subcostal vein only arises at the end of the
cell or behind it. The middle cell of both wings in all the Satyrids is closed, the lower discocellular vein
of the hmdwing moreover in almost all the genera runs into the curve of the upper median; only in two
oi the first genera, in Haetera and Pwerella, is this not the case. In Haetera the lower discocellular and
the median meet at the origin of the middle median vein, in the genus Pierella on the other hand between
the origin of the middle and that of the lower median.

The shape of the wings is rather variable. Sometimes both wings are rounded, sometimes only the
forewing, whilst the margin of the hindwing is undulate or dentate. Often the forewing also shows angles
at one of the radials, sometimes the apex of this wing 1s sickle-shaped or the costal margin itself is pro-
duced into a sharp point. Moreover sharper angles and points occur at the three median veins and at the
submedian of the hindwing or the lower median vein is prolonged into a rather long tail (Corades and Bia).

The mner margin of the forewing in the greater number of species is straight or deviates but little
from the rectilinear, only in the g¢ of the genus Antirrhaea and in one species of Caerois is it so much
outcuryed that the anterior part of the hindwing is covered by it. In this expansion is placed on the
under surface between median and submedian the so-called scent-organ, consisting of a row of closely
approximated, stiff hairs, which often form a semicircle or a wedge-shaped, pointed ellipse, the curly tips
of the hairs bending over towards one another. In addition to the genus Antirrhaea the scent-organ 1s
only found in the gg of the Caerois-species. In one species of this latter genus, however, it is placed
close to the inner angle on the underside of the forewing, so that it is not covered by the hindwing.
Tufts of hair are also found in the genus Bia on the upperside of the hindwing, smaller hair-pencils in
some Huptychia. Perhaps these may likewise be regarded as scent-organs, as they only occur in the g¢.

The greater proportion of the species of Satyrids are above uniform dark brown, so that the
markings are confined to the under surface. Here belong most species of the genera Taygetis, Huptychia,
Lymanopoda, Pedaliodes and Pronophila. But all these genera show at the same time a number of species
which are brightly coloured also on the upper surface and have striking and beautiful markings. On the
underside the ocellated markings are represented in a variety of ways. Several species have also beneath
larger or smaller silver spots or silver stripes and dots. Some Chilian species have the wings entirely
silver-coloured above.

The antennae of the Satyrids are mostly thin and delicate, at the same time rather short, not
reaching half the length of the forewing. The shaft widens very gradually into the little-thickened club,
only a few genera have a short, broad club. The palpi are usually densely and strongly haired, sometimes
the eyes are also hairy, the forelegs in both sexes aborted. :

The eggs of the American Satyrids, as far as they are known, have a rather spherical or hemi-
spherical form, with the sides ribbed or regularly divided by raised transverse ridges.

The laryae are spindle-shaped, thicker in the middle, narrowed towards each end, but the head in
several species is thicker than the anterior segments, also sometimes with 2 short, obtuse horns above, in
others also at the sides provided with conical protuberances on which are placed short bristly hairs. The
smooth or finely granulated, spineless body terminates at the posterior end in 2 points, which are mostly
straight, but sometimes also curved upwards. The colour is mostly green, but there occur also longitu-
dinal stripes of various colours. They live on grasses, reeds, species of bamboo, sugar-cane and palms,
remain hidden by day and come out at dusk to feed.

The pupae are comparatively short and thick, without strikingly projecting angles. They are either
attached at the tail-end or lie free on the earth or are hidden under stones.

Many of the tropical Satyrids are dusk-butterflies, 1. e. they remain at rest all day and fly about
near the ground in the early morning and the dusk of evening with unsteady, sometimes jumpy flight in
woods or thickets. Here belong the dark-coloured species of Taygetis and Hwptychia. All day long we
find single Taygetis in the dense timber-forests, resting with closed wings on the ground, where they can

menander.

pireta.

aurora.

aurorina,

pellucida.

174 CALLITAERA. By G. Weymer.

searcely be distinguished from the dried foliage and are not noticed until they fly up. Herr Haernscu,
who has been kind enough to give me these notes on the habits of the Satyrids, for which I am much
indebted to him, has observed that specimens when pursued lay down flat on the dry leaves on the
eround and could then only be found by startling them up. The transparent species of Callitaera and
Haetera, as well as the nearly allied Pierella, are always found in the shady timber-forests, mostly singly
near the ground, and prefer the narrow foot-paths. When one comes near them, they rise at a distance
of a few paces and fly along the path close to the ground, soon settlng again, but only again to fly
off on bemg pursued. In this way the weak-flighted insects may often be followed for quite a distance,
until, leaving the path, they are lost in the wood. The least shy of light are the genera Oxeoschistus,
Lasiophila, Pedaliodes and Corades, thus in general the most brightly coloured forms. These are fre-
quently mountain species, occurring at elevations of over 2000 m. They are met with gregariously flut-
tering backwards and forwards on the road or feeding on the ground at the excrement of cattle and other
foul substances, but always near to thickets, where they take refuge in danger. The species of Corades
are not easy to recognize in a bush, as they rest on twigs with the wings closed after the manner of
Ivallima.

The Satyrids are distributed in America from the extreme south (Tierra del Fuego) to the arctic
regions of the far north. Tierra del Fuego produces an Hrebia and a Cosmosatyrus, whilst im the northern
region occur, besides representatives of the genus Hrebia, also of the genera Coenonympha, Satyrodes and
Oeneis. In the high mountains of South America tbe Satyrids ascend to the snow-line and hence we find
in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia even at elevations of over 4000 m. single representatives of the
genera Pedaliodes, Lymanopoda, Pseudomaniola and Cosmosatyrus. Among these inhabitants of the moun-
tains there are some species which are very local and only have a limited range of distribution. Hence
on closer investigation of such remote, hitherto little explored districts new forms are still found.

1. Genus: Callitaera Bil.

Delicate butterflies with thin body, transparent, thmly scaled, rounded wings, small, sparsely
haired palpi, thin antennae, only a little thickened apically. The costal vem of the forewing is strongly
swollen at the base, the median on the other hand but little, the submedian is basally forked. Two sub-
costal veins arise before the end of the cell, the upper discocellular is absent. In the hindwing in this
and the 2 following genera the costal and subcostal ves arise from the base near together. The lower
discocellular runs into the origin of the upper median vein. — The species are distributed over tropical
South and Central America. They fly slowly and low im the early morning hours in dark timber-forests.
Several of the species are very similar and all are of nearly the same size.

C. menander Drury (= andromeda F. (pt.)) (42a). Forewing with the margins narrowly dusted
with brownish and 2 fime brown transverse lines, one running through the middle of the cell, the other
across the discocellulars, but both extending from the costal to the inner margin. On the hindwing near
the distal margin and apex a round black eye surrounded by a yellow and a brown ring and with a
white pupil, which, however, is not placed in the middle but at the distal margin of the black part. The
inner transverse line of the forewing is continued indistinctly on the hindwing, the outer one is somewhat
broader and more band-like, forms on the anterior median vein a distally directed, acute angle and then
extends to the hindmargin. The posterior part of the distal margin is narrowly edged with brownish and
the space between it and the above-mentioned band is light rose-red, especially in the g. — Central
America. Colombia.

C. pireta Cr. (42a) is very similar to the preceding species and differs from it chiefly in having in
the posterior half of the hindwing near the brown distal-marginal stripe a further brown submarginal
stripe, which is not present in menander. All these stripes, marginal, submarginal and outer median, are
covered, as it were, by the light rose-red colour. — From the Upper Amazon, Ecuador.

C. aurora Fidr. is similar to the preceding species, but according to the original discription is not
marked with purple but pale lilac in the posterior part of the hindwing and is dusted with ochre-yellow,
and also has the ocelli on the wings elongated. The figure of aurora in StTaupINGER’s exotic work pl. 77
does not agree with this. This figure I regard as belonging rather to the following aurorina; aurora Fldr.
occurs in Colombia and North Brazil. — aurorina form. nov. (= aurora Stgr. nec Fldr.) (42a). I give this
name to the form similar to pireta Cr., in which the light rose- or purple-red colour of the hindwing
extends from the distal margin into the cell and nearly reaches the base of the wing. From Colombia and
the Upper Amazon.

C. pellucida Bilr. (42 b) is a species similar to menander Drury, in which the rose-red dusting is
entirely absent. The brown marginal band and the similarly coloured submarginal band of the hindwing

psi

HAETERA. By G. Weymer. 175

are connected by short brown stripes lying along the veins. There are 2 brown dots before the margin
near the eye-spot. — Cayenne.

C. philis Cr. (= cissa Hbn.) (42 b). Very similar to the preceding species, but has the brown
margial and submarginal stripes of the hmdwing somewhat narrower and the median area before these
stripes sprinkled over with violet-blue dust, which, however, is laid on so thinly that the wing remains
transparent, only in certain positions showing a very distinct blue reflection. Surinam. — harpalyce Bilr.
is probably only a local form of the preceding, which has the blue reflection along the median veins
specially distinct, and which in addition to the eye at the anterior part of the distal margin has also a
small eye with a yellow ring between the middle and lower median veins. From the Upper Amazon.

C. esmeralda Dbl. (The older name andromeda F. cannot be employed for this species, because
Fasricius has mixed up several species together under this name.) Similar to the preceding species,
but the blue reflection in the central area of the hindwing is wanting. Instead of this the posterior part
of the distal margin is bluish violet, and at each side of the lower median vein is placed in this border
a red-yellow rig with white centre. The eye in the anterior part of the distal margin is as in the other
species. Between this and the two posterior ocelli there are 2 round white spots. Para. — As bandusia
Sigr. an esmeralda-form has been described in which instead of the two anal ocelli of the hindwing there
are two reddish white spots placed in a large cyaneous spot. From the Rio Maues, a tributary of the Lower
Amazon.

C. pyropina Godm. & Salv. (42 b). Forewing without markings. Hindwing at the anal angle with
broad, brownish violet distal margin which extends to the lower radial. In this are placed 3 rogse-red
spots and close to the margin a narrow rose-red stripe. The ocellus in the anterior part of the distal
margin is as in the allied species, behind this is a white dot. — From Bolivia and East Peru.

C. polita Hew. (42b). The only species of the genus which shows on the hindwing no red or blue
colour. The wings are shorter and broader than in the other species. Costal and distal margins of the
forewing are narrowly brown, 2 half and 2 entire narrow brown transverse stripes traverse the forewing,
whilst the hindwing has only a marginal and a submarginal band, of which the latter is strongly angled.
The ocellus in the anterior part of the distal margin as in the other species. — From Nicaragua, Chiriqui
in Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia, rare.

2. Genus: _ Haetera F.

The butterflies are on an average somewhat larger than those of the genus Callitaera, but the
wings are equally delicate and transparent, and the submedian of the forewing is forked at the base. But
the costal vein of the forewing is less strongly inflated. The principal difference, however, consists in the
position of the lower discocellular of the hindwing. This vein ends at the origin of the middle median
vein. The 3 discocellulars are placed vertically and form almost a straight line, the apex of the cell
being acute.

H. piera L. (Q = anacardu F. nec L.) (42c). Forewing diaphanous, without markings, only with
narrow brownish costal and distal margins. Hindwing in and behind the middle with fine ochre-yellow
dusting, with a fine brownish transverse stripe, which is strongly angled in the middle and whose posterior
part in the © is darker and more distinct, with brownish distal margin, which forms in the middle a
somewhat obtuse angle. Before the distal margin anteriorly a larger and posteriorly a smaller black
ocellus, the former with obliquely placed, the latter with centrally placed white pupil. Both ocelli have
ochre-yellow iris and brown ring; between the ocelli 2 white dots. Common in Guiana and on the whole
of the Amazon, extending to the south of Brazil. In the forests of the Cordilleras of Colombia common
at elevations of 1200—2500 m. Flght very slow. The egg is spherical, somewhat flattened at the base,
smooth, shiny white. — diaphana Luc. (= hymenaea Fldr.) is a form of piera, in which the ochre-yellow
dusting on the hindwing is absent and the brown markings are more distinctly prominent. Bahia. —
negra Fidr. is another, larger, form of piera, in which the brown submarginal stripe in the ¢ is effaced
and the marginal stripe placed further from the margin. In the 2 both stripes are narrower and the
proximal one is more curved than in the type form. Rio Negro. — unocellata form. nov. (42¢), a hitherto
undescribed local form of piera, has on the hindwing only the smaller ocellus before the anal angle. The
other larger eye-spot at the apex is absent or only indicated by a black dot. The brownish submarginal
band is only distinct in the posterior half of the wing and the space between it and the brownish distal
margin is dusted with ochre-yellow at the anal angle. On the under surface the iris of the eye-spot is
not red-yellow, but sulphur-yellow and twice as broad, the black centre on the contrary much smaller than
above. Bolivia.

philis.

harpalyce.

esmeralda.

bandusia,

pyropina.

polita.

piera.

diaphana.
negra.

wnocellata.

maclean-
nania.

hypaesia.

nereis.

helvina.

176 PIERELLA. By G. Weymer.

H. macleannania Bates (= diaphana Btlr. & Druce nec Lue.) (42¢), a similar, somewhat larger
species, with the wing-expanse 72—80 mm., which is distinguished by having the posterior half of the
hindwing in the @ rose-red between distal margin and submarginal stripe. In the ¢ this rose-red colouring
is only present in the obtuse angle in the middle of the distal margm. The brown submarginal stripe is
mostly broader and more distinct than in pera, the eye-spots vary in size, sometimes in the 2 attaining
a diameter of 5 mm. The ochre-yellow dusting in the diaphanous part of the hindwing is absent. —
Panama and Costa Rica.

H. hypaesia Hew. (42) is an easily recognized species, in which the broad dark brown submarginal
band of the hindwing is united with the like-coloured distal margin, so that a marginal band of 4—7 mm.
in breadth is formed, in which is placed in each cell a hyaline spot. On the forewing a narrow stripe of
dark brown dusting runs from the discocellular to the inner margin. Above the eye-spots of the hindwing
are not distinguishable, beneath on the contrary distinct, one between the 2 radials, the other close beside
the middle median vei. Both are black with brownish yellow ring and white pupil. In many specimens
the submarginal band is traversed by a row of brownish yellow lunules. — Common in Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru and Bolivia at elevations of 1000—2200 m.

3. Genus: Pierella Wesiw.

The shape of the forewing is similar as in the preceding genera, but that of the hindwing different.
The distal margin of this wing is In most species undulate, in some it is obtusely angled at the upper
median vein, in dracontis it is produced into a point. Although the wings are more densely scaled than
in Callitaera and Haetera, yet the scaling is not nearly so dense as in the following genera. The wings
are therefore in all the Pvrerella-species still to a certain extent semitransparent although not altogether
diaphanous. The principal distinctive character of the genus is here also found in the position of the
lower discocellular of the hindwing. This reaches the median between the origin of the middle and that
of the lower median vein, thus between M, and M,. The costal vein and the subcostal of the hindwing
arise separately at the base. The submedian of the forewing is furcate at the base. The gg have on
the upperside of the hindwing in the middle of the inner margin a small oval spot, measuring 2—21% mm.,
which is bare or covered with more deeply placed scales. In most species this spot is light coloured, m
some with a dark central dot, but im astyoche it is dark brown, so that it is here easily overlooked. Only
in hortona is it large, 10 mm. long and 3 broad, and of a light ochre-yellow colour. The size of the
species varies between 55 and 75 mm. wing-expanse. The range of distribution extends over the whole
of tropical America, some species reach South Brazil in the south and Mexico in the north.

a) With light, dark-bordered transverse band on the under surface of both wings.

P. nereis Drury (42d). g 62 mm., 2 up to 72 mm. wing-expanse. Across the grey-brown, semi-
transparent wings runs a straight, dull white, brown-bordered band, which in the middle of the hindwing is
widened into a large, pure white spot. The distal half of the hindwing is red-yellow with 2 black, white-
centred oceli and 38 white spots. Distal margin darker brown. The 2 has 1—3 white dots before the
apex of the forewing. On the under surface the ground-colour is lghter, the red-yellow is clouded with
grey, the white band is continued in a straight line to the imner margin of the hindwing, the brown distal
margin 1s wanting, the eye-spots are only quite small and in the basal area of each wing there is a brown,
shorter or longer line. — South Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. Common.

P. helvina Hew. (42d) approaches the preceding species in the scheme of markings, though not in
the colouring. Ground-colour dark brown, light band of the forewing dusted with brownish, the brown
bordering broader. In the cell there are 2 brown transverse lmes, of which the proximal one is continued
to the mner margin, a third short line is placed on the discocellulars, before the apex a round black spot
in a light circle with 2 white dots below it and one above. The basal area is brown to beyond one-third
the length of the wing, rather straight-margined distally. Then follows a large, triangular, carmine-red
area which extends from the costal margin nearly to the inner margin and also near to the distal margin.
The latter is black-brown, at the apex with a black-eye-spot with white pupil, a white dot above it at the
costal margin and a similar dot below it in the red area. On the under surface the forewing is as aboye,
only lghter. On the hkewise lighter hindwing in the basal area three straight, brown, parallel lines run
from the costal to the inner margin. Immediately behind the third line follows a reddish grey band, lhke-
wise traversing the whole wing, which im the middle is almost twice as broad as at the costal and hind-
margins and is bordered at the distal side by a fourth brown line. Distal margin brown, the eye-spot
smaller than above and with ochre-yellow ring, one white dot before and two behind the eye. — Muzo,
Colombia.

Publ. 21. VI. 1929. PIERELLA. By G. Weyer. 177

P. incanescens Godm. & Salv. (42d) only differs from helvina in having the proximal border of the
red area of the hindwing 2—3 mm. behind the end of the cell, whilst in helvina it runs right across the
tip of thecell. The red colouring is placed more distally and posteriorly and encloses two white dots; the
brown distal margin is narrower. Distributed in Central America: Chontales in Nicaragua; Ivazu and Santa
Clara Valley in Costa Rica; Chiriqui, Chepo and Bugaba in Panama. Common at the last-named locality.
— ocreata Godm. & Salv. is another form, in which the red area of the hindwing is much reduced. The
anterior part of it is replaced as far as the median by a large, white, elongate-quadrate spot and the
white dot below the black eye-spot is somewhat larger. The brown distal margin is as broad as in hel-
vina. This form has a restricted range in Panama, having been found at Calobre and Lion Hill. It is
still very rare in collections. — In hymettia Stgr. (42d), a further form similar to helvina, the red area
of the hindwing is still more reduced, being at a distance from the inner margin and broken up. In the
figured 3 it consists of 3 parts, a spot in the middle of the wing of 12 mm. in length and 6 mm. in
breadth, a small round spot in cellule 4 and a red dot below it in cellule 8. In the @ all the 3 parts
are united into a larger spot. At the middle of the costal margin there is a white spot, which, however,
is only half as large as in ocreata, only extending to vein 6. The ground-colour of this form is above and
beneath dark brown, almost black-brown. From the Rio Dagua and Rio San Juan in West Colombia.
Fles in August.

P. astyoche Hrichs. (= larymna Dbl.) (426). Ground-colouw brown, 2 parallel, straight, dark brown
transverse lines run behind the middle across both wings from the costal to the inner margin. They en-
close no lighter band above. This is only present on the under surface, the space between the lines being
here filled with whitish grey. Forewing with 2 further dark brown lines in the cell and a third on the
discocellular, the hindwing with a similar line in the cell. Two black ocelli with white pupil and yellow
iris in cellules 5 and 6 near the distal margin of the hindwing. Somewhat further removed from the
distal margin in cellules 2, 3 and 4 three small round white spots with obsolescent dark bordering. The
same markings are present on the under surface, only the ground-colour is somewhat lighter. From Guiana
and the Amazon. — lucia Weym. (Stett. Ztg. 1885, p. 285) (= astyoche var. albomaculata Stgr.: Exot. Tagf.
p- 219, pl. 77, 1887) (42 e) is a form of astyoche in which instead of the 2 lower small white spots of the
hindwing there is a large white spot close to the distal margin, otherwise it is quite similar to astyoche.
From Pebas on the Upper Amazon.

P. lena L. (42e). The forewing on both surfaces resembles astyoche, but the hindwing shows in the
distal half 4 rows of blue spots mostly with white centres, of which the row next to the distal margin is
somewhat obsolescent. Between the 2"? and 3" rows near the costal margin 2 black eye-spots with
white pupils. In the 9 the basal half of the hindwing is shot with blue. Also the underside of the hind-
wing is similar to that of astyoche, except that the eye-spots are larger and removed more proximad and
the proximal part of the distal margin is dark brown. Surinam, Guiana, Amazon, north-eastern part of

Rio de Janeiro. — brasiliensis Fidr. is an unimportant local form of lena, in which the ground-colour of
the hindwing is more blue-grey and the bluish white spots are replaced by dirty white ones. From the
Rio Negro and the Amazon. — glaucolena Stgr. i. 1. (42) is a local form in which the blue spots of the

hindwing are somewhat larger and have no white central dots. Only the spots placed next to the costal
margin are somewhat white at the sides. From Mapiri. — amalia Weym. (Stett. Zg. 1885, p. 285) (= leu-
cospila Stgr.: Exot. p. 220, 1887) (42e) is a form which Hzwrrson figures in the 2"? volume of his
Exot. Butterflies as a variety of this species. The bluish white spots of the first and second rows are
united in the posterior part of the hindwing into a large white spot, in the anterior part of the wing
these 2 rows of spots are absent. The 4" row close to the distal margin consists of round pure white
spots, instead of the elongate bluish white ones of typical lena. Moreover on the upper surface of the fore-
wing there is a distinct white band in the female. From Pebas on the Upper Amazon.

P. dracontis Hbn. (? = hyalinus Gmel.) (43a) is very similar to lena in the scheme of markings,
but the shape of the hindwing is different. The distal margin is produced into a strongly projecting angle
at the upper median vein. Hence this species forms a transition to the genus Antirrhaea. The 8 rows
of blue spots on the hindwing are more brightly coloured than in lena, the 4 row at the distal margin is
absent. From Surinam and the Amazon. — extincta Stgr. 1. 1. A form in which the greater part of the
light band on the underside of the forewing is wanting, only the part from the inner margin to the lower
median vein being present. On the hindwing the half-band of dracontis is divided into 2 parts and the
posterior ocellus is extremely small. From Manicoré.

b) Without light band, but with three straight, almost parallel, dark lines on the under surface of both wings.

P. luna F. (= pallida Godm. & Salv.) (43a). Both wings grey-brown, the hindwing somewhat
darker in the posterior half, both with 3 fine, brown, almost straight transverse lines, of which the one

Vv 23

a

Incanes -
cens.

ocreala.

hymetlia.

astyoche.

lucia.

lena.

brasiliensis.
glaucolenda.

amalia.

dracontis.

extincla.

luna.

heracles.

lesbia.

rhea.

lamia.

chalybaea.

hycela.

lalona.

ceryce.

hortona.

178 PIERELLA. By G. Weymer.

placed next to the base on the hindwing is rather indistinct. At the apex of the hindwing two round
black spots, of which the anterior one has a white pupil towards one side, but the other is blind and
smaller. On the lighter under surface with fine brown striae the transverse lmes are more distinct than
above, between the 2°? and 34 on the forewing there is a fourth, which only extends to the upper
median vein. The ocellus of the hindwing is smaller, the black spot is absent. In the marginal area there
are 4 white dots on each wing. In the gd above seen in a certain light there is a light green reflection,
in the 9 the marginal area is darker. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Guiana. — heracles Bdv.
(= rubecula Godm. & Salv.). A northern form with the same green reflection on the forewing in the 4,
but distinguished by the reddish brown colour of the costal area on the hindwing above. This colour is
gradually merged at its edges into the dark brown ground-colour. The dark brown distal margin is
5—6 mm, in breadth. The 2 black ocelli at the apex are placed at the boundary of the two colours and
have often white pupils. From Mexico and Guatemala. — lesbia Stgr. (48a) I regard as a southern form
of luna, which approaches heracles. The median patch of the hindwing, however, is more reddish yellow
and more distal than the reddish brown patch of heracles. The dark brown distal margin is only 1—114 mm.
in breadth and rather sharply defined. Of the 2 round black spots at the apex only the upper one has a
white pupil. Under surface as in luna and heracles. From Bucay in Ecuador and the Rio San Juan in
West Colombia.

P. rhea fF’. (43 a) approaches luna, having the same markings and the green reflection on the fore-
wing, but the ground-colour is more yellowish brown, the hindwing somewhat darker than the forewing.
The former with a row of 5 black ocelli with white pupils, of which the 8 posterior ones are somewhat
smaller and the last is often very indistinct. On the under surface the brown lines are as in luna, but
the eye-spot at the apex of the hindwing is absent, on the other hand the row of dots (2 or 3 on the
forewing, 5 on the hindwing) is very distinct. From the Amazon; Rio de Janeiro.

P. lamia Sulz. (= dyndimene Cr.) (43a) is similar to rhea, the green reflection is likewise present
in the g on the forewing, but the hindwing has a steel-blue gloss, which is absent in rhea; the 5 black
eye-spots are all equally large and distinct, the white dots in them somewhat stronger. From Cayenne,
Surinam, Colombia.

P. chalybaea Godm. was described as similar to lamia, but differing from it in that more than the
basal half of the hindwing in both sexes is shot with steel-blue, the black rings round the white dots are
almost or entirely absent, the distal margin of the hindwing is very broadly darkened and the 2 central
lines are indistinct. From Chapada in Brazil.

P. hyceta Hew. (43b). A beautiful species. ‘he forewing is similar to that of the preceding
species in colouring and markings, and also shows the green reflection on the gg in certain lights, but the
hindwing has reddish ochre-yellow ground-colour, only the base and costal margin agreeing with the fore-
wing. Of the 3 brown lines on both wings the middle one on the hindwing forms roughly the indistinct
boundary of the two colours. Four, occasionally five, round black spots form a submarginal row, only the
anterior one has a white pupil, the 2"! is the largest. Between the 2"¢ and 3" is sometimes inserted a
fifth spot (as in the Q-example figured). At the distal margin of the hindwing are placed brown triangles.
On the under surface the ground-colour of both wings is yellowish grey, finely mottled with brown, the
straight brown lines stand out distinctly, the black spots are much smaller than above, and have here in
the 92 white pupils, sometimes also in the gg. From the Upper Amazon, Cuzco in Peru (8000 m.),
Bolivia. — latona Fidr. is a form of hyceta, in which the central area of the hindwing is deep red-
yellow and the distal margin blackish, moreover the two posterior black spots are larger and have no
white pupils. In the Q all the spots are larger and provided with white pupils. The under surface is as
in hyceta, but the anterior spots of the hindwing are smaller and with white centres. From Bogota
(Colombia). — ceryce Hew. (48 b), likewise a form of hyceta, in which, however, the central area of the
hindwing is red-brown and the black-brown distal margin has a breadth of 8—10 mm. In the latter are
placed in the gg 4, in the 99 5 black ocelli with white pupils. Moreover, the ground-colour of the fore-
wing is darker than in hyceta, hence the dark brown lines stand out less, as is also the case on the hind-
wing. The g has the same green reflection in the middle of the forewing as hyceta, whilst the 2 bears
3 white dots before the apex of this wing. The under surface is grey-brown, darker in the marginal area,
with 38 fairly straight brown lines on both wings, 4 or 5 white dots instead of the eye-spots on the hind-

wing and some similar dots at the apex of the forewing. A black dot at the base of the forewing and

2 or 3 at that of the hindwing. From Pintuc in Ecuador (800—1000 m.), Chanchamayo in Peru, and Bolivia.

c) With three almost straight, parallel dark lines only on the underside of the hindwing. On the
upperside a blue spot on each wing.

P. hortona Hew. (48 b). Ground-colour dark black-blue. The blue spot of the forewing is elongate,
varying in size, 3—4 mm. broad and 6—12 mm. long, and is placed on the discocellular. That of the

ANTIRRHAEA. By G. WrEyYMER. 179

hindwing is much larger, nearly round, 10—13 mm. in diameter, and extends nearly to the costal margin.
At the inner margin of the hindwing there is in the gg a patch of light ochre-yellow, appressed scales
10—12 mm. im length. Under surface yellowish grey, on the forewing with 2 brown lines, contiguous in
the middle and diverging anteriorly and posteriorly, and with a short oblique line in the cell, and 3 black
dots near it. On the hindwing there are 3 black dots basally to the 3 almost straight parallel transverse
lines and before the distal margin a row of 5 similar dots. Amazons and Ecuador. — hortensia Fidr. is a
local form which is distinguished by narrower wings, smaller blue spots on the forewing and less rounded
spots on the hindwing, which are placed further from the distal margin. From the Rio Negro.

4. Genus: Antirrhaea Hon.

Medium-sized and large butterflies of 65—105 mm. in expanse, mostly dark-coloured, only a few
having blue, white or red-yellow markings. The palpi are densely covered with stiff hairs, the antennae
thin, thickened towards the end, without distinct club. In most species the veins of the forewing are not
swollen, only in archaea the costal vein is somewhat thickened and in hela distinctly swollen. In the hind-
wing the costal vein does not arise direct from the base, as in the preceding genera, but on a common
short stalk with the subcostal. The precostal also arises at the point of separation of these veins. This
is likewise the case in all the following genera of Satyrids. The principal distinguishing character of Antir-
rhaea consists in the scent-organ of the gg, a brush of hairs on the underside of the forewing between
median and submedian. This differs in size, shape and position in the individual species, being mostly basally
pointed, anteriorly and distally rounded. The hairs are glossy, 83—4 mm. long and have the tips bent
towards one another. In most species the scent-organ stands out before the costal margin of the hindwing,
in single cases, e. g. in geryon, it even remains hidden if the forewing is much brought forward in setting. In
consequence of this brush cellule 1b is very broad between median and submedian, up to 12 mm., and
the submedian and inner margin are semicircularly curved posteriorly. In the female the scent-organ is
absent and the submedian and inner margin of the forewing are straight. The genus is distributed from
Guatemala to South Brazil through Central and South America.

a) In the gg the subcostal and upper radial of the hindwing arise near together but separate out of
the anterior margin of the cell, converge somewhat for a short distance and then diverge strongly. Hence the
upper discocellular is short and only reaches 1/6 to '/1 the length of the middle discocellular. The inner margin
of the forewing in the gg deviates 2—4 mm. from the rectilinear. In the 92 subcostal and upper radial diverge
from the point of origin. Apex of the forewing rounded. Hindwing with obtuse angle at the middle or upper
median (Anchiphlebia Btlr.).

A. archaea Hbn. (= girondius Godt.) (43d). The genus Antirrhaea was founded on this species. The 9
is very similar to the figured 3, except that it has the inner margin of the forewing straight. On the under surface,
which is striated with yellow-brown and white-streaked, there are only small white dots instead of the eye-
spots. The scent-apparatus of the gg consists of a semicircle of yellow-brown, dense hair, 3—4 mm. long, placed
close above the submedian, the hairs directed anteriorly and with the points bent towards one another.
The length of this brush is 10—11 mm. Opposite to the scent-organ on the upperside of the forewing
there is an oyal spot of flattened scales, which is the same colour as the ground, and hence may easily be
overlooked. According to WitH. MU Lier, who has obtained the young larva from the egg, but was not
able to rear it, as it would not touch the grasses, etc., placed before it, the egg is semicircular, the surface
divided by raised ridges into regular, hexagonal areas. The body of the larva when first hatched is
3.8 mm. long, the tail-fork with the terminal bristle 2.7 mm., thus proportionately very long. Head large,
black, rugose, covered with bristles, above with a bipartite process. Body thinner than the head, white
with red-brown prothorax and brownish or reddish dorsal and lateral lines. The tail-fork is black. Widely
distributed in Brazil: Bahia, Espirito Santo, Santa Catharina, Rio Janeiro.

A. taygetina Bilr. Similar to the preceding species, but somewhat smaller, with only 2 smaller
ocelli on the forewing, whose pupils are shifted distad and which are placed in the ochre-yellow band.
Sometimes there is further a third very small ocellus at the costal margin. Ground-colour brown-grey;
hindwing in the distal half dark brown with 2 to 4 light blue or light violet spots. Beneath lhght ochre-
yellow, sometimes rose-reddish with 2 brown median lines, diverging at the costa of the forewing, of
which the outer one is distally margined with white, with an indistinct, undulate, brown submarginal line
and 5 white dots on both wings in an angular row. From Massauary, Teffé, Coary and Pebas on the
Amazon. Rare.

A. hela Fidr. (436). Upper surface dark brown. The forewing has before tho apex 2 white spots
with blue rings and in the posterior half of the wing 3 blue spots, of which the first 2 have white pupils.
All 5 spots are placed in a row. In the neighbourhood of these spots the dark brown ground-colour has a
blue reflection. Hindwing without markings. The under surface is grey-brown, finely striated with dark

hortensia.

archaea.

laygetina.

hela.

ornata.

geryon.

geryonides.

180 ANTIRRHAEHA. By G. Weyer.

brown, and has a slight violet reflection. The scent-organ of this species is elliptical in form, with one
side pointed. This proximal point is placed in the angle of the submedian. The scent-organ is 13 mm.
long and 6 mm. broad. The rather stiff hairs are placed close together at the margin and radiate in-
wards, so that their tips meet over the middle of the ellipse. Only the basal half of the anterior margin
of the ellipse is free from these hairs. The hairs themselves are 4 mm. long, light yellowish brown,
darker brown at the tip. Opposite to the scent-organ is placed on the upperside of the forewing a wedge-
shaped patch of flattened scales. From the Upper Amazon, Ecuador and Peru. Rare.

A. ornata Bilr. Expanse 75 mm., thus somewhat larger than hela. Violet-brown. Forewing with a
row of 4 large, connected, round, black ocelli with rather large white pupils and ochre-coloured bordering.
Hindwing with a curved continuous row of 5 large oval blue ccelli which have fine white pupils and are
placed in thick black rings. This row is likewise surrounded with ochre-yellow. The under surface is
ochre-yellow, finely striated with brown. The obtusely projecting angle of the hindwing is placed on the
upper median vein. Only the 9 is known. Cayenne. Rare.

b) Subcostal and upper radial of the hindwing in both sexes arise far apart and divaricate. Upper
discocellular half the length of the middle one. Inner margin of the forewing in the gd only deviating 2—3 mm.
from the rectilinear, in the 92 quite straight. Apex of the forewing rectangular. Hindwing running out to a
point on the upper median, obtusely angled on the middle and lower median.

A. geryon Fidr. (48c). Expanse 85 mm. ‘The distal margin of the forewing is almost straight, the
ereatest bend of the inner margin in the g lies somewhat before the middle and only attains 2 mm., in
the Q the inner margin of the forewing is straight. Ground-colour brown. Three large black eye-spots
measuring 5—6 mm., with white pupils 1 mm. large and brownish ochre-yellow bordering, are placed on
each wing, those of the hindwing in a curved row. In the Q the eye-spots measure 8—9 mm. The under
surface is brownish ochre-yellow, everywhere finely striated with brown, with brown median band on both
wings, two brown half-bands in the cell of the forewing, a similar half-band before the median band of the
hindwing and brown distal margin. In place: of the eye-spots the forewing has three white dots and the
hindwing two white dots and a black one. There is further a black dot at the base of the hindwing.
The scent-organ is only 10 mm. long, is placed 4 mm. from the base and consists of a row of yellow-
brown hairs on the submedian, 3 mm. in length, with dark brown tips. It does not quite reach the middle
of the inner margin and is consequently concealed by the hindwing even when the fore wing is set very
high. Opposite to the scent-organ is placed here also on the upperside of the forewing a pear-shaped
patch of flattened scales, which is 7 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, but may easily be overlooked. Moreover,
a small, bare, scaleless patch at the costal margin of the hindwing may be mentioned as the so-called
friction-patch. — The earlier stages of this species have been observed by Fasst in Colombia: The egg is
hemispherical, white, not shiny; the base somewhat incised. Of the same size as that of Harpyia vinula.
The larva looks almost like that of Bomb. neustria, with similar variegated and well-defined markings, but
with diverging dorsal lines. The very large head is yellowish green, the body posteriorly narrowed and
terminating im a long forked tail. The pupa is somewhat stouter, otherwise similar to a large Pyram.
atalanta-pupa. Some are green and some brown, the variation being independent of the sex. Food-plant
of the larva a species of palm. Colombian West Cordillera, or more exactly: Carmen 1800 m., valley of
the Rio Agna, 1800m., from November to January, St. Antonio, 2000m., in April in dense, dark, primeval
forests at the passes. Huamboya in Ecuador (1200—2200 m.).

A. geryonides Weym. (43). Similar to the preceding species, but the ground-colour is dark olive-
brown, the distal half of the forewimg and the hindwing especially dark. The eye-spots are larger, in
the g measuring on the forewing S—9 mm. in diameter, on thc hindwing 5—6 mm. Their pupils are like-
wise larger (2—214 mm.) and bluish white. The red-yellow bordering of the ocelli in geryon is here
entirely absent. The under surface is likewise darker than in geryon. The white dots on the forewing are
somewhat larger and instead of the black dot between the middle and lower median vein of the hindwing
there is a small black ring with white pupil. One of the principal differences is found in the scent-organ.
This is much larger than in geryon, covering a wedge-shaped, proximally pointed, distally rounded area
of 18 mm. in length, its greatest width being 6 mm. Hence even when the wing is not set very high the
distal part of the scent-organ lies free and only the proximal */1 are covered by the hindwing. The hairs
are arranged in two longitudinal rows and in the rounded distal part are placed close together, bending
towards one another with the tips touching. The patch of appressed scales placed opposite to the scent-
organ on the upperside of the forewing is of the same shape as in geryon and is distinctly visible. The 9
attains an expanse of up to 90 mm. The ocelli on the wings are even larger than in the g, measuring
10—12 mm. on the forewing, 7—10 mm. on the hindwing. The bluish white pupils reach 2—3 mm. in
size. On the hindwing there is, moreover, a 4 smaller ocellus, which occupies a different position in the
two 292 before me. In the Ecuador example it is placed between the lower radial and the upper median
yein, but in the Colombian example near the costal margin. Moreover, the ground-colour in the latter is

ANTIRRHAEA. By G. Weyer. 181

darker than in the former, yet both are easily distinguished from geryon by the large bluish white pupils.
Ecuador (Sarayaku and Makas); Colombia (Rio Toche at the Quindiu, 2200 m, in September, and Canon
del Tolima, 1700 m., in December).

c) Apex of the forewing as if truncate, the distal margin obtusely angled at the upper radial.
The inner margin of the forewing in the g¢ deviating 4—6 mm. from the rectilinear. Otherwise as in b.

A. phasiane Btlr. (43). Size about the same as in the preceding species, pattern also similar, but
the apex of the forewing is as it were truncate, so that the distal margin forms an obtuse angle below
the apex. The inner margin of the forewing in the 3 deviates 4 mm. from the rectilinear; ground-colour
reddish brown. Forewing with 3 large, white-centred ocelli, of which the anterior one has 2 pupils (one
near to the edge). Hindwing with 4 round black spots in place of the ocelli. On both wings the ocelli
and spots are surrounded by brownish red-yellow. The under surface is almost like that of geryon, but
the ground-colour is reddish brown, the distal margin is not darker and before it stand out distinctly on
each wing 4 white spots, which correspond to the pupils and spots of the upper surface. The sexes do
not differ in colourmg and markings. Venezuela (Maracaibo); Peru (Chanchamayo).

A. pterocopha Godm. & Salv. The shape of the wings and the scheme of markings on the underside
is very similar to that of phasiane. But the upper surface is widely different and much more brightly
and finely coloured. Moreover, the two sexes differ considerably above in the markings. g 95 mm. in ex-
panse. The imner margin of the forewing is more strongly excurved than in phasiane, deviating 6 mm.
from the rectilmear. Forewing above dark brown with 3 grey dots in cellules 3, 5 and 6, and with an
oval patch of flattened scales close above the submedian, which is widely curved posteriorly. Hindwing
wth a large, orange-yellow, horse-shoe-shaped spot at the apex, a large blue spot, 20 mm. in length, at
the anal angle, which occupies almost the entire distal half of the inner margin as far as the lower median
vein, and with 2 smaller blue spots in cellules 2 and 3, of which the latter is a mere dot. The
under surface is similar to that of geryon and phasiane, yellowish brown, finely strigulated with dark
brown, with brown, somewhat curved median band on both wings, 2 brown half-bands on the forewing
in the cell and a brown basal band on the forewing, which is posteriorly divided into several parts.
All these bands are accompanied at the distal side by lilac-coloured stripes, which fade off into the ground-
colour. Jn the marginal area 3 white dots on each wing. 9100 mm.in expanse. The inner margin of the
forewing is not straight as in the other species of Antirrhaea, but somewhat excurved, yet the curvature
only amounts to 3 mm., thus only half that of the g. Ground-colour dark brown; forewing behind the
middle with a lilac transverse band, which, gradually narrowing, extends from the costal to the inner
margin, is interrupted in cellule 4 and on which white dots are placed in cellules 2, 8, 5 and 6. The
hindwing has the anterior half of the distal margin red-yellow for a breadth of 11—12mm. with a brown
submarginal stripe. From the upper median vein to the anal angle the red-yellow distal margin is only
4 mm. in breadth. In cellule 3 there is a larger, in cellule 5 a smaller lilac spot, the former on a brown,
the latter on a red-yellow ground, both with a white centre. Costa Rica, Panama (Santa Fé, Calobre).
Very rare.

d) Apex of the forewing rounded, inner margin of the forewing in the g¢ so strongly excurved that it

deviates 7 to 10 mm. from the rectilinear. Hindwing at the upper median vein produced into a point, at the
lower obtusely angled.

A. philoctetes L. (= morna fF.) (43). Forewing unicolorous brown with a white dot before the apex.
The patch of flattened scales does not differ from the ground-colour, is large, oval, 12mm. long and 7mm.
broad and stands out rather distinctly. Hindwing brown, at the costal margin lighter, distally and poste-
riorly darker, a blue spot at the anal angle, followed by 2 large oval spots of the same colour, which
have a thick black centre, then a blue dot in cellule 4 and two white dots in cellules 5 and 6. On the
under surface the forewing is grey-brown with 2 straight brown transverse lines in the cell and a straight
white stripe behind the middle, which is only bent on vein 2 and terminates before the scent-organ.
On both sides of this stripe the ground-colour is somewhat darker. The scent-organ is circular, the hairs
placed at the edge of the circle are directed towards its centre and the tips touch one another. Even
when the wings are not set very far forward the anterior part of it remains free. Through the middle
of the hindwing runs a dark brown band 15 mm. in breadth from the costal to the inner margin, in the
marginal area in cellules 2 and 3 there are two black spots margined with light brown and in each of
cellules 4, 5 and 6 a white dot. A brown undulate line before the distal margin. Guiana, Lower Amazon,
Tapajos. — scoparia Btlr. only differs from philoctetes in that the forewing has above a lighter brown
sround-colour, the markings of the underside showing through distinctly, and that on the hindwing basally
to the blue macular band of philoctetes there is a second band consisting of 4 spots. On the underside
of the hindwing the 2 dark spots in the marginal area are nearly joined to the brown median band.
Described from an example from the Kapen collection, now in coll. Gopman, of which the locality
is not known.

phasiane.

plerocopha.

philoctetes.

scoparia.

philaretes.

philopoe-
men.

avernus.

miltiades.

muUurend,

lomasia.

182 ANTIRRHAEHA. By G. WEYMER.

A. philaretes Fidr. (43d). The forewing is quite similar on both sides to that of philoctetes and the
shape of the scent-apparatus is exactly the same, but the hindwing is very different. It has in the g 2
round blue spots of 4 mm. diameter in cellules 2 and 3 and a dot of the same colour in cellule 5, in
which is placed a fine white pupil. Sometimes there is a 4th spot between them. In the @ this is pro-
bably always the case. On the under surface the white band of the forewing is continued. fairly straight
across the hindwing, extending close to the inner margin near the anal angle. On it is placed in cellule 2 a
small round black spot and near it at the distal side in cellule 3 a similar, larger spot surrounded with
white. At the base of the hindwing 3 small brown spots. From Bogota in Colombia and Pebas on the
Upper Amazon. — philopoemen Flidr. Larger than philaretes, the 2 attaiming 100 mm. in expanse. Ground-
colour brown, on the forewing behind the middle a straight white band, before the apex 2 white dots,
a brown submarginal line, behind which the margin is reddish. The hindwing in the distal half blackish
with violet reflection and 6 oval, glossy blue spots between the lower median and the costal margin, with
reddish, sometimes white-spotted crescents at the distal margin. The under surface is similar to that of
philaretes, but the basal half of the forewing is considerably lighter, the white band is broader on both
wings, but on the hindwing is reaches only the submedian, not the inner margin. From Villeta, Cordillera
of Bogota. 1500m. Rare. — avernus Hpff.(43d). Similar to philopoemen, but somewhat smaller: § 78—85
mm., 290mm. in expanse. The inner margin of the forewing in the ¢ is more strongly curved distally.
The deviation from the rectilmear amounts to 10 mm. Forewing in the g unicolorous brown with only
one white dot before the apex, in the Qin addition behind the middle with a narrow, dull white trans-
verse stripe, interrupted at the veins. The hindwing has in both sexes 3 large, bright blue or violet-
blue spots between the submedian and the 3 median veins, which almost entirely fill up the width of the
cellules and are S—11 mm. in length. The largest is nearest to the inner margin. In the 9 there are further
in the anterior half of the wing 2 or 3 small blue spots, in the g only one between the radials, which
has a white central dot. The under surface is quite similar to that of philaretes, and likewise the scent-
organ. This form may be distinguished at once from its allies by the large blue spot between the sub-
median and the lower median vein on the upperside of the hindwing. Peru (Chanchamayo), Ecuador
(Macas and Sarayacu).

A. miltiades F. (= casta Bates, lindigi Fidr.) (48d). 8O—90 mm. span. Forewing in the g brown
with 1 or 2 white dots before the apex. These are somewhat larger in the 2, which bears moreover a
narrow white band running from the costal to the inner margin. Hindwing brown, in the g with an
irregular white spot between the median veins, which is posteriorly prolonged into a point. In the Q
this spot is faleate and there are several small spots before and behind it, and on the distal margin white
crescants are placed between the veins. The under surface is quite similar to that of the preceding species,
but the white band between the median veins on the hindwing is somewhat widened, so that a white
spot is formed here, which is similar to that on the upper surface. In this are placed 2 round black spots,
one of which is sometimes a mere dot. At the base three brown dots. The scent-organ as in the preced-
ing species. From Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (Muzo). — murena Stgr. is a
local form of multiades, distinguished by its smaller size (70 mm. expanse) and by having the white spot
on the hindwing divided into two parts by the central median vein, so that only the white bordering
of the black spot placed beside it remains. Moreover, the white bands of the underside show through
somewhat above, the base of the hindwing is light brown above and at its apex there are 2 grey dots.
On the under surface the distal part of the basal area is lighter brown, the white band is a trifle broader
on the forewing, but the widening of this band between the median veins on the hindwing is almost entirely
absent, whilst the black spot at this place is much enlarged. From Massauary on the Rio Maues (Lower
Amazon). — tomasia Bilr. (43d). Expanse 80—95 mm., is a form similar to the preceding two, in which
the white spot on the hindwing between the median veins is entirely suppressed, but instead there is
sometimes a small white dot in cellule 5. The costal margin of the hindwing is light grey, as in all the
allied forms, and before the apex of the forewing are placed 2 white dots. On the under surface the
white stripe on the forewing is much narrower than in multiades, on the hindwing it is entirely absent
as far as the upper median vein. Then follows in cellule 3 a white spot measuring 3 mm., which is almost
entirely filled up by a round black spot. Between the central median vein and the inner margin the
white stripe is present, but quite narrow and interrupted several times. The median area of the hindwing
beneath is darker than the marginal and basal areas. From Panama (Chiriqui, Bugaba, Veragua).

Note. Whether Antirrhaea bifasciatus Gmelin cited by Kirpy in his Catalogue really belongs to the
genus Antirrhaea or even to the American fauna, appears questionable, as it cannot be recognized from the
description and the locality was not known to the author. The species is only designated as exotic, and hence
may just as well belong to the Indian or African fauna. The original of the description was in the Museum
Leskeanum, and no further example is known. According to this description the wings are angled, brown above,
and the under surface is grey with 2 common brown stripes and a broad grey common band, posteriorly dentate,
in which on the forewing on a brown ground are placed 5, on the hindwing 6 ocelli with white pupils and
CO aa Of the eye-spots on the forewing the middle ones are larger. Habitat extra-European (GMELIN,
Syst. Nat.).

SINARISTA; CAEROIS. By G. Weyer. 188

5. Genus: Sinarista Weyn.

The distinguishing characters of this genus are the absence in the male of the tuft of hairs between
median and submedian on the under surface of the forewing and the form of the submedian of the same
wing, which is only elbowed at the base, otherwise almost rectilinear, and only reaches the distal margin
in the rounded inner angle, whilst in Antirrhaea it describes a more or less extended curve and runs into
the inner margin far before the imner angle. The inner margin of this wing is likewise little curved
posteriorly, the distal margin forms a straight line and the apex a right angle. The distal margin of the
hindwing is produced into a distally directed point at the upper median vein, at the other veins it is
only undulate. The single species of this genus has a very dusky appearance and is quite a recent dis-
covery.

S. adoptiva Weym. (44a). Expanse 82mm. The shape of the wings is that of <A. geryon Fldr.-g,
but the ground-colour even darker brown than in A. geryonides Weym., almost black-brown and uniformly
dark all over. On the forewing are placed in cellules 2, 8 and 5 three black eye-spots with white pupils, the
upper one measuring 5 mm., the two lower only 3 mm. in diameter; on the hindwing in the same cellules
three black spots without pupils, the anterior and posterior spots round, 5 mm. in diameter, the middle
one oval and somewhat larger (6 to 8 mm.). These spots stand out but little from the dark ground-colour,
sometimes the two posterior ones have fine, scarcely visible, white-grey pupils. The distal margin of- both
wings is finely bordered with red-brown, the tips of the fringes white. The under surface is dark brown
covered with many fine bluish white dots, which mostly consist of single scales and at the costal margin
of the forewing are condensed into a few white spots. Distally this dusting disappears, so that the margin
appears unicolorous brown. In place of the eye-spots there are on the upper surface of the forewing
three ochre-yellow dots, the anterior one somewhat larger, and on the hindwing in place of the middle
spot a small bluish white spot. Discovered by Fasst in the Colombian West Cordillera. The @ of this
species is not yet known.

6. Genus: Caerois Hbn.

This genus also is distinguished by the possession in the male of a scent-organ at the inner margin
of the forewing beneath, moreover on the upperside of the hindwing in the middle of the submedian
there is a hair-tuft which consists of a row of brown hairs. The male forelegs are much reduced, the
palpi rather long, with thin, curved middle joint, densely scaled anteriorly. The veins are not swollen.
In the g only one subcostal vein arises before the end of the cell on the forewing. The hindwing runs
out into a tail at the upper median vein, at the submedian it shows an obtuse angle. The other veins
do not project on the distal margin. Large butterflies of 80—90 mm. expanse, whose habitat is Central
and northern South America.

C. chorinaeus . (= arcesilaus Sulz.) (44a). The costal margin of the forewing is strongly curved
posteriorly at the apex, the apex itself broadly rounded, the distal margin deeply incised below the apex,
the inner angle rounded, the inner margin somewhat projecting. Ground-colour brown with broad red-
yellow oblique band, without eye-spots, only with a white dot before the apex. The distal margin of the
hindwing has a red-yellow border 2—4 mm. in breadth, the brown point at the upper median vein projects
horizontally distad. The brownish ochre-yellow under surface is finely striated with dark brown, with three
brown, almost straight and parallel transverse lines on the forewing, of which the middle one only reaches
to the median, the hindwing with two lines running in the same direction, which extend from the costal
margin to below the middle of the wing, and a third straight line, which connects the apex with the
anal angle. The scent-organ of the gg is placed close to the inner angle on the upper surface of the
forewing, so that it is not covered by the hindwing; it is 12 mm. long, 8 mm. on the inner and 4 on
the distal margin. The anteriorly directed hairs of this scent-organ are 3 mm. long, and dark brown.
In addition there is a small brown hair-tuft on the upperside of the hindwing near the inner margin. —
Stott has figured the larva and pupa of this species in the supplement to CRAmER’s exotic work,
pl. VI, fig. 1 andia. The larva has at the posterior end of the body two points of extraordinary length.
The body of the larva is 60 mm. long, the points measure 30 mm., thus reaching half the length of the
body; they stand straight out posteriorly and are covered with small, fine hairs, whilst the larva itself is
naked. The head is proportionately large, red-brown with yellow margins and stripes, the mouth-parts
black. The body bears no protuberances, is 5 mm. thick anteriorly and posteriorly and 7—8 mm. in the
middle, and very gaily marked. Ground-colour reddish violet, venter and legs yellow; on the dorsum a
yellow longitudinal stripe, which is broad in the middle of each segment but narrow in the incisions, so
that elongated quadrangles are formed, on which are placed darker yellow and blackish markings and
which at each side of the dorsum are bordered by several red-brown and yellow undulate lines. The pupa
is suspended, about 22 mm. long, 9 mm. thick, with the abdomen much bent. It shows no sharp-edged

adopliva,

‘chorinaeus.

gerdrudlus.

hercyna.

maculata.

184 TISIPHONE; ENODIA. By G. Weyer.

protuberances, but only a flat rounded elevation on the middle of the dorsum. Wing-cases and ventral
side are unicolorous light brownish grey, the dorsum on the contrary has a yellowish brown colour and is
densely covered with many small black transverse streaks and spots. The food-plant of the larva is the
sugar-cane. The butterfly appears from the pupa in 11 days. It occurs in Guiana and the whole Amazon
region.

C. gerdrudtus Ff. (= gertrudtus Godm. & Salv., vespertilio Thieme) (44a). The costal margin of the
forewing is not bent so far back as in the preceding species and runs out into a rather sharply
produced apex, yet the distal margin is only a little incurved. Ground-colour brown with dark violet
reflection from the base to beyond the middle of the wing. Before the apex of the forewing a large black
eye-spot with white pupil, proximally bordered by a red-yellow crescent, below this a red-yellow spot.
In the figured 2, somewhat nearer to the inner margin, is placed a second smaller eye-spot of the same
colour with complete red-yellow ring. This second eye-spot is absent in the 3g. On the hindwing the
dark violet reflection is extended nearly to the distal margin. The pattern of the under surface is very
similar to that of chorinaeus. The brown transverse stripes proximally shade off imperceptibly into the
eround-colour, distally they have lighter borders. The scent-organ is not placed at the inner angle as in
the preceding species, but much further basally at the inner margin. It begins 8mm. from the base, has a
length of 18—19 mm. and terminates 5 mm. before the inner angle. It consists only of a row of stiff,
closely approximated hairs, which are directed anteriorly, 6—7 mm. long, somewhat crimped at the tip
and of yellowish brown colour. The submedian is covered by these hairs and terminates at the end of
the scent-organ in the inner margin, which is much excurved. Also in this species there is a small, short
hair-tuft at the middle of the submedian near the inner margin on the upperside of the hindwing. From
Panama (Lion Hill), Costa Rica (Santa Clara Valley), Ecuador (Balzabamba), Colombia. — As BUTLER
has compared the figure of this species (which is one of the unpublished figures of Jones, used by
Fapricius in describing the species) with the example in Satvin’s collection and found them to agree
(cf. Burter, Catal. of Diurnal Lepid. described by Fasricrus, p. 9), I have no hesitation in retaining
the name gerdrudtus Fabr.

7. Genus: 'Tisiphone Hon. ete

Forewing with rounded apex, the distal margin slghtly undulate, on the hindwing more strongly
undulate. The lower discocellular on both wings is at least twice as long as the middle and upper disco-
cellulars. The palpi are densely scaled, the antennae with indistinct and weakly thickened club. The
claws of the middle and hindlegs are bipartite. Medium-sized and rather large brown butterflies with
white macular band on the forewing and a row of eye-spots on the underside of the hindwing. The range
of distribution extends from Mexico to South Brazil.

T. hercyna Hbn. (= anosia Godt.) (44b). Brown, darker in the distal half of the wing, with a row
of large white spots through the middle and a small spot before the apex of the forewing, as well as some

‘similar spots at the margin of the hindwing. Costal, median and submedian of the forewing are somewhat

thickened at the base. On the under surface the ground-colour is somewhat lighter, brownish grey, the
white spots as above, the hindwing with several dark brown, strongly dentate lines, behind the middle
with a curved row of 6 large, round, white-centred ocelli, of which the 2 anterior ones have black, the
3nd) 4th and 5 orey-brown iris, but the last is doubly pupilled with black. All the ocelli are surrounded
by a yellowish grey ring and outside that by a dark brown one. The apex of the forewing is beneath
likewise brownish grey with an eye-spot which is coloured like the anterior one on the hindwing. Habitat:
South Brazil (province of Santa Catharina, province of Parana, Rio de Janeiro, in certain years in great
abundance), Mexico.

T. maculata Hpff. (44b). Similar to the preceding species, but considerably smaller, the ground-
colour somewhat lighter, the white spots on the forewing are much smaller above and beneath, are iso-
lated, and form a more outeuryed series. On the hindwing they are entirely absent. The under surface
of the hindwing is much lighter than in hercyna, otherwise with similar markings. Habitat: Mexico, Guate-
mala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, South Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).

Note. Tisiphone lyssa, described by BURMEISTER, is = Pedaliodes (Pronophila) porina Hew.

8. Genus: Enodia Hon.

Butterflies somewhat below medium size. The costal vein of the forewing is not strongly, but yet
visibly, swollen at the base, the upper discocellular is very short, the middle one less than half the length
of the lower. In the hindwing the costal vein does not reach the apex. The distal margin on the fore-
wing is weakly undulate and below the middle somewhat incurved, that of the hindwing being more
strongly undulate with an obtusely projecting tooth at the upper median. The antennae are light

Publ. 30, XT. 1910. ENODIA; TAYGETIS. By G. Wrymer. 185

and dark ringed, with dark club, which is not abruptly but still distinctly thickened, and light tip. Palpi
long and thin, densely haired anteriorly. Eyes hairy. Forelegs in both sexes much aborted. The genus
consists of two North American species, one of which was for a long time regarded as a variety of the
other, until SKINNER described it as a separate species. The other, the well-known portlandia, was referred
by Westwoop to the genus Debis (= Lethe Hbn.), by Kirpy with? to the genus Huptychia. Dyar in his
catalogue introduces HUBNER’s name Hnodia for it. The neuration of the butterflies agrees with the Indian
genus Lethe, but the shape of the larva differs in that the head in Lethe bears one horn, in Hnodia t w o.

E. portlandia #. (= andromacha Hbn.) (44b). Expanse 48—51 mm. The black spots of the upper
surface, which are here non-pupilled, with brownish yellow borders, have beneath mostly white pupils and
a dark brown second ring as border; also their number is increased by one, a small double eye-spot being
present at the anal angle. In the basal area on both wings a somewhat curved brown line, a second strongly
dentate brown line through the middle of the wings, a narrow brown submarginal band and two fine brown
marginal lines, between which the margin is filled up with ochre-yellow. — The larva is slender, nar-
rowing to a point from the middle to the anus, green, with a red dorsal and a dark green lateral line. The
head is bipartite, each part bears a short conical horn; the last abdominal segment with two posteriorly direct-
ed points. On grasses. The pupa concave on the dorsum, convex on the ventral side, with an obtuse ele-
vation on the thorax, light green. The butterfly is distributed in the United States from, the east coast to the
Rocky Mountains and from Maine in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the south.

E. creola Skinner. Similar to the preceding, but larger, g and 257 mm. expanse. Forewing in the 3
more elongated, at the costal margin more convex, at the distal margin more concave. Ground-colour darker
grey-brown, the black spots on the forewing not margined with brown-yellow, at both sides of the veins
on the forewing are placed long cottony dark brown spots, which are proximally connected, distally pointed.
On the hindwing the black spots are all of the same size. In the 9 the brown-yellow bordering of the black
spots is broader than in gortlandia. Occurs along the Gulf of Florida to Mexico. Rare. As I do not know
creola in nature, I leave the question undecided whether it is a good species or only a local form of portiandia.

9. Genus: Taygetis Hbn.

This genus consists of large and medium-sized butterflies, and also some below medium size. The
largest species measure 95—100 mm, the smallest 48—50 mm. The ocelli are naked; the palpi with strong,
bristly hairs. Antennae thin with feebly thickened club. The costal and median veins of the forewing are
swollen at the base. Two subcostal veins on the forewing arise before the end of the cell and two beyond it.
The upper discocellular is rather short, much shorter than the middle discocellular, this and the lower one are
of equal length. In the hindwing the upper discocellular is almost as long as the middle, the lower on the con-
trary mostly somewhat longer. The forewing is either smooth-margined, with the apex either rounded
or produced, or the apex appears truncate, an obtuse angle being formed at the upper radial. The hindwing
is more or less strongly dentate, in many species the dentition extends over the whole distal margin, in others
only on the posterior part. Mostly the most strongly projecting tooth is placed on median 2, but in single
species on median 3. With but few exceptions the upper surface is unicolorous brown. The few known larvae
live on species of bamboo. The range of distribution extends over the whole of tropical America, northwards
to Mexico and southwards to South Brazil.

T. mermeria Cr. (44c). The largest species of the genus and very variable in the shape of the
wings and the pattern of the under surface. The name-typical form has the apex of the forewing rectangular,
sometimes somewhat rounded. The distal margin of the forewing is smooth, that of the hindwing undulate
with blunt angles. Upper surface unicolorous olive-brown. Fringes sometimes olive-brown, sometimes
brownish white. The under surface is very variable, mostly it is grey-brown with a narrow, straight, whit-
ish median band through both wings. Beyond this a row of 5—6 dark ocelli on each wing, of which, how-
ever, often only the white pupils are visible. Sometimes also the lighter band is wanting, especially on the fore-
wing, or it is only indicated by a lighter shading, before which a broad dark brown median band runs through
both wings. The species has a wide distribution and is locally not rare. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Amazons, Bolivia, British Guiana, Surinam, Brazil. The butter-
tly flies in the lowlands in the shadow of the woods near the ground and is difficult to distinguish from the
dry, fallen leaves on which it is fond of resting. — ecrameri (Stgr. 7. 1.) form. nov. (44 ¢) is a form of mermeria
in which the underside of both wings is for the most part reddish ochre-yellow and some of the eye-spots
on the forewing are much larger and likewise ochre-yellow; sometimes they are so on the hindwing also. From
Mexico and South Brazil. — tenebrosus Blanch. (44 c), likewise a form of mermeria, in which the forewing is
produced at the costal margin into a fine point several millimeters in length and the eye-spots on the under
surface of the forewing are mostly only small. The hindwing has beneath before the middle a light brownish

= 24

portlandia.

creola.

mermeria.

crameri.

tenebrosus.

excavata.

armillata.

jimna.

larua.

ypthima.

ophelia.

wantippe.

semibrun-
ned.

186 TAYGETIS. By G. Weymmr.

yellow or light brownish grey band of 10 mm in breadth, sprinkled with dark brown dots. This form occurs
in Mexico, in Honduras and other countries of Central America, on the Amazon (Ega), in Ecuador, Surinam
and South Brazil (Blumenau). — excavata Bilr. (44 c), a further form of mermeria, is distinguished by having
the posterior part of the hindwing rather more deeply excised at the distal margin between veins 1b and 3.
The forewing is likewise produced into a long point at the costal margin. From Honduras and Colombia‘). -

T. armillata Bilr. is intermediate between mermeria and yplhima. Somewhat smaller than the for-
mer. Expanse 90—95 mm. The forewing runs out into a point, which is not so elongated as in fene-
brosus and eacavata. The hindwing is produced into sharp teeth at veins 1 b to 4. Upper surface olive-brown,
the margin somewhat darker, the ciliae lighter. The principal difference from mermeria lies in the position of
the median band on the underside of the hindwing. This band is not straight as in mermeria, but curved and
running parallel with the distal margin. The eye-spots on both wings are much smaller and those of the fore-
wing are placed in a nearly straight row. From Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia. — _ jimna Btlr. (44 d) is a form
of armillata, which only differs in the lighter colour of the under surface and in the less angled, more promi-
nent transverse band. From Panama, Thauropolis.

T. larua Fldr. (46 a). Somewhat smaller than armillata (80-—85 mm expanse). Upper surface unicolo-
rous dark olive-brown, the apex of the forewing somewhat prcduced. The teeth on the hindwing are some-
what less prominent than in armillata. The under surface dusted with steely black-grey, especially the hindwing,
which is slightly glossy. The transverse bands are very narrow, but quite as much curved as in armillata.
From Colombia (Bogota) and Paraguay. The figure is taken from FELDER’s type in the Tring Museum.

T. ypthima Hbn. (= chelys Burm.) (44d). Forewing with pointed apex, below this the distal margin
somewhat incurved. Hindwing with pointed teeth on veins 1b to 4. Upper surface olive-brown, with dark
brown border about 3 mm in breadth. Cilia yellowish grey. The under surface is very variable, in the ty-
pical form brownish yellow, finely marbled with brown, on the forewing with 2 lilac-coloured transverse bands,
between and behind which the ground-colour often becomes dark brown. On the hindwing two darker, some-
what curved dentate transverse bands and a row of whitish dots, which are surrounded by brown rings. Of
these the one which is placed in cellule 2 often stands out as a distinct white spot. Modifications occur of the
most varied kinds. The transverse lines become broader, are united into brown spots, and these again into
brown longitudinal stripes. Distributed in South Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro (Petropolis), province
of St. Catharina (Joinville, Blumenau), province of Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre), Paraguay. — ophelia
Btlr. (44d) is a form of ypthima with almost unicolorous, brownish ochre-yellow under surface to the hindwing,
with somewhat lighter but indistinct median band and small black dots in yellow rings. From Joinville. —
xantippe bélr. (44d) has the under surface of the hindwing almost entirely brown with a large reddish yellow
area at the apex and a spot of the same colour in the middle. From Blumenau. — semibrunnea form. nov. (44 d)
is afurther form of ypthima with yellowish grey, brown-dusted hindwing, which has an abbreviated brown basal
band and a brown median band extending from the costal to the inner margin. Moreover, the whole distal
margin is broadly dark brown nearly to this band, so that between the two there only remains a narrow stripe
of the ground-colour, which is interrupted in places. From Blumenau. — The egg and the first 4 stages of
the larva of true ypthima were described by Mttier. The egg, which is laid by the butterfly on the underside
of the bamboo leaves, is globular, divided by low ridges into hexagonal areas. The larva in the first stage is
5—8 mm. long. Head light brown, rugose, with 2 horns divided at the tip and 8 conical elevations at each side,
each of which is provided with a stiff, clavate, bristle. The horns are whitish at the base, blackish brown at
the tip. The body is much narrower than the head, whitish green, the middle segments somewhat thickened,
covered with isolated, short, finely clubbed bristly hairs. The anal tail-fork is short. In the second stage the
whole head is covered with bristle-bearing tubercles, anteriorly there are 2 brown parallel curved marks, of which
the proximal one disappears in the later moults; moreover, on the body there are a white dorsal line and one,
later two white lateral stripes. In the 3rd and 4th stages the lateral points on the head become gradually short-
er, whilst the upper points of the horns remain. In the 4th stage the head is pale grey, margined with brown.
Between the horns is placed a black-brown spot, which is narrowed posteriorly and passes into the dark grey
dorsal stripe. This is alternately narrow and wide, and forms with the anteriorly yellow-green, posteriorly
orange-yellow subdorsal stripes and the green and white lateral stripes a very complicatedipattern. MULLER

*) Whether the larva which Sto“ figures in the supplement to CRAMER, Uitl. Kapellen, pl. 7, fig. 1, really belongs to mer-
meria Cr., appears to me somewhat questionable, as its shape does not correspond to that of the known Satyrid larvae and also
the food-plant of this larva (the orange tree) leads one to suspect a mistake. Otherwise only grasses, bamboo and sugar-cane are
known as food-plants for the Satyrid larvae. The larva figured is 42 mm long, 7mm thick; on the dorsum red-brown with white,
zigzag longitudinal stripe and with seven long, red and white, hairy spines; on the sides are placed white hairs, which cover the
legs. At the anal end two tufts, which likewise bear red and white hairs. The head is triangular, with black and white hairs; on
the frons two white stripes which run up sideways from the white mouth-parts to the frons and are joined into a point above.
Food-plant: orange tree. The pupa is hung up perpendicularly, 30 mm long, 12 mm thick, with two short points on the head,
green in colour and yields the butterfly in 14 days. Further investigations must decide whether S1TOLL’s figure really represents
the larva of mermeria.

TAYGETIS. By G. Wrymer. 187

was not able to observe the larvae (which were fed on bamboo leaves) any further, being obliged to leave the loc-
ality. Concerning the full-grown ypthima-larva, however, Herr Scumauz of Joinville tells me that it is green
and has a broad grey-yellow longitudinal stripe on the back, which is bordered with yellow-brown. The head
is brown-yellow, with two lateral horn-like processes, which bear fine spines. The anal end is long-forked,
the ends of the fork with grey woolly hairs and rolled-up. The larva feeds on Crissimma, a species of bamboo.
I have not yet received a description of the pupa; but Herr Scumanz remarks with regard to the butterfly that
it is almost exclusively met with in dark forests near the ground, also it sometimes comes into houses at night.
In December 1887 the butterflies were observed flying at dusk in hundreds from south to north from one wood-
ed district to another, low above the ground. Since then they have only been seen singly.

T. rectifascia Weym. (45a). The apex of the forewing is not or only very little produced, and the teeth rectifascia.

of the hindwing are much more obtuse than in ypihima. Upper surface unicolorous brown. The under sur-
face is as variable as in ypthima, but it may be at once distinguished from the latter by the straight median
band of the hindwing, dusted with whitish yellow or brownish. This band is bordered on the proximal side by
a straight, dark brown line or a narrow brown stripe. In the marginal area of each wing 5 small, brown,
white-centred eye-spots, of which the posterior one on the hindwing is somewhat larger than the others.
The brown spot at the apex is absent in other specimens. South Brazil (Blumenau). — stigma Weym. is a form
of rectifascia, in which the straight light band on the underside of the hindwing is dusted with grey, in place
of the eye-spot in cellule 5 is placed a white spot 2—3 mm in size and instead of the eye-spot in cellule 6
a white dot. Likewise from Blumenau. — In latifascia Weym. (45a) the ochre-yellow band on the hindwing
beneath gradually increases in breadth anteriorly, only close to the costal margin it again becomes somewhat
narrower, the anterior eye-spot is placed in this band, the 2nd on the boundary between band and marginal
area. From the province of St. Catharina (Brazil). — A hitherto undescribed form of rectifascia with simple
markings I call servius (46 c). It is considerably smaller (expanse 53 mim), the teeth at the margin of the
hindwing are much less prominent, so that it is similar in form to the smaller Taygetis-species kerea and penelea,
but the straight, brownish white median band on the underside of the hindwing, which is 144 mm in breadth,
is placed as in rectifascia, and as in the latter is sharply defined proximally, but not distally. Instead of the
small ocelli there are white dots on both wings, only the last dot on the hindwing is surrounded by a
black ring. For the rest the ground-colour of the under surface is unicolorous grey-brown with very indistinct
dark brown marbling at the margins and dark brown marginal double lines. The upper surface is unicolorous
dark brown like the type-form. From the province of Minas Geraés (Brazil).

T. nympha Bilr. Shape as in ypthima. The hindwing somewhat less strongly dentate. Upper
surface olive-brown, somewhat reddish at the margin, with blackish submarginal line. The under surface
resembles virgilia in the markings, the second transverse line running almost entirely straight on both
wings and only forming a small angle on the hindwing at vein 2. But the submarginal line is much more
strongly dentate, there being 2 teeth in each cellule. The ground-colour is mixed with rose-red, paler in the
©, the border is darker as far as the submarginal line. Before this are placed on a lighter ground on the
forewing 4 ocelli, on the hindwing 5. They consist of fine brown rings, measuring 2—4mm., with dark dots
in the middle, some of which have white centres. The third and fourth ocelli on the hindwing are larger
than the others. Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala.

T. virgilia Cr. (= rebecca F.) (45a). Forewing not projecting at the apex, margin of the hindwing
even in the anterior half, undulate in the posterior half, only at vein 4 with an obtuse point. Upper surface
unicolorous brown. Under surface brownish grey with 2 straight, parallel, brown transverse lines, a short brown
streak on the discocellular of each wing and a fine dentate submarginal line, before which are placed on the
forewing 5 white dots and on the hindwing 6. At the distal margin the ground-colour shades off into brown.
A widely distributed and common species. Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Co-
lombia, Guiana to South Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and Joinville). — rufomarginata Stgr. (46 a) is a form which
occurs in both sexes amongst true virgilia in both north and south. It may be recognized by the reddish brown
distal margin, 3—4 mm in breadth, of the posterior half of the hindwing above. In addition the under
surface is more reddish brown. The larva of this form was bred by Scumauz at Joinville. It is green with
yellow longitudinal stripes, with a small rolled-up forked tail. The whole larva with fine hairs. It lives on
bamboo. The pupa is green, oval, hanging free. The pupal stage lasted 18 days. The butterfly flies at the
beginning of December. — erubescens Btlr. (46b), a further form of virgilia, is above unicolorous brown,
beneath reddish pink, at the inner margin of the forewing olive-brown, the base of the hindwing rust-coloured,
with a dark rust-brown median band through both wings, a large oval rust-coloured spot at the end of the
cell of the forewing and a similar spot in the cell of the hindwing. From Colombia (Rio Dagua, Bogota).

T. chrysogone Dbl.-Hew. (45a) is a large species of 80—90 mm. expanse. The shape of the wings is
similar to that of virgilia, but the hindwing has sharp angles on veins 1b to 4, especially the tooth on vein
4 projects more strongly than the others. The whole margin of the hindwing is bordered by a broad,

stigma.

latifascia.

servius.

nympha.

virgilia.

rufomargi-
nata.

erubescens.

chrysogone.

acuta.

celia.

keneza.

haenschi.

uncinata.

angulosa.

andromeda.

188 TAYGETIS. By G. WEYMER.

brownish ochre-yellow band, which is proximally strongly dentate and extends from the apex to the inner
angle. Under surface light reddish brown with 2 straight parallel brown transverse lines through both wings
as in wirgilia. At the distal side of the 2nd transverse line a whitish nebulous stripe. In the marginal area
a row of white dots in indistinct rings and a brown dentate line. From Colombia (Bogoti, Carmen), Venezuela,
and Peru. According to Fasst the egg is almost twice as large as that of Pap. machaon, white, spherical and
completely covered with fine pores like a Corades-egg.

T. acuta spec. nov. (45 b) approaches virgilia in the markings, but the shape is different. The forewing
is much longer at the costal margin, the hindwing at the inner margin, whilst the Inner margin of the fore-
wing and the costal margin of the hindwing are the same length as in virgilia. The distal margin of the forewing
is consequently much more oblique. Vein 1b (the submedian) of the hindwing runs out into a sharply pro-
jecting point. The point at vein 4 is even sharper. On the other hand the margin does not project at the
other veins, but is only slightly undulate. Upper surface unicolorous brown. Under surface yellowish grey-
brown with 2 straight brown lines as in virgilia, but the outer le runs more parallel with the distal margin.
At the costal margin of the forewing it is 11, at the inner margin 9mm. from the margin, whilst the distance
in virgilia amounts to 14 and 7 mm. On the hindwing also this lie runs for the most part parallel
with the distal margin. From Espirito Santo (Brazil).

T. celia Cr. (45a). The distal margin of the forewing forms an obtuse angle on vein 5. The hind-
wing is dentate not only in the posterior half but also in the anterior, the tooth at vein 4 is stronger than
the others. Upper surface unicolorous brown. Under surface yellowish grey-brown, on the hindwing with
a somewhat violet tone, with 3 strongly curved brown stripes and the distal margin partly brown. On
the third stripe are placed on each wing 5 dark brown eye-spots with white pupils and brown-yellow rings.
From Surinam, Brazil, Panama (Veragua). — keneza Btlr. (45 b) is a form of celia, which only differs in the
less prominent eye-spots and an ochre-yellow spot on the middle of the hindwing beneath. From Nicaragua,
Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Guiana; Brazil (St. Catharina). — haenschi form. nov. (45 b) is a considerably
larger form of celia, expanse g¢ 71 mm., 2 85 mm. The wings with more strongly produced apex. Above
brown, the fringes between the veins whitish. On the underside the median band of the hindwing is almost
straight and distally sharply bounded by a dark brown line. The distal margin of both wings is in the ¢
broadly bordered with dark brown, in the Q on the other hand the whole under surface is lighter grey-brown
and only the boundary-line of the bands dark brown. Hence the dark brown rings of the eye-spots stand
out more distinctly in the 2 than in the g. The pupil of the ocellus in cellule 2 of the hindwing is much larger
than the others. Collected in Bolivia by Harnscu and named in his honour. Colombia (Rio Vitaco).

T. uncinata Weym. (45b) has the shape and size of celia Cr. Above brown with dark brown distal
margin about 3 mm broad, white-grey for 1mm. at the extreme edge, ciliae likewise white-grey. The under
surface is characteristically marked in that from the dark brown median band of the forewing, which is 8 mm
broad and separates the bluish grey basal half from the yellowish grey marginal area, a pointed tooth projects
distally on vein 4, dividing the lighter part of the marginal area into 2 parts. On the hindwing the brown
median band is removed further distad, so that it closely approaches the eye-spots. From Mexico. The spe-
cies seems to be rare.

T. angulosa Weym. (45 b). This is an isolated species as regards shape and markings. The distal mar-
gin of the forewing is ventricose in the middle, that of the hindwing forms a rectangular tooth on vein 4,
but has no other sharp angles. Expanse 68 mm. Upper surface grey-brown, at ?/,; the length of the wing is
placed at the costal margin of the forewing a distally and posteriorly curved yellow-grey stripe, which only
reaches to cellule 3. Hindwing with a dark brown submarginal line. Under surface yellowish grey, dotted
with brownish, the veins darker. The transverse lines fine, dark brown. The anterior transverse line ex-
tends on both wings through the cell to the median. On the hindwing it is continued to the inner margin.
The 2nd transverse line forms on the forewing a W, the pcints of which are placed on veins 3 and 4, on
the hindwing it forms a right angle on vein 4. In the marginal area 3 white dots on the forewing and 5 on the
hindwing; then follows a thin dentate submarginal line. Brazil (Amazonas, Petropolis). Rare.

T. andromeda Cr. (= laches F., fatua Hbn.). Expanse 68—83 mm. The distal margin of the fore-
wing in the 3 produced into a somewhat obtuse angle at veins 5 and 6, in the °Q this angle is not present,
the margin being uniformly rounded here. Hindwing in g and 9 uniformly angled at all the veins. Above
unicolorous brown, the lighter band of the under surface in the 2 showing through faintly above. Under
surface bluish grey, with a rather broad basal band and a very broad, dark brown median band. The latter
is distally straight and sharply defined, and is followed by astraight, whitish grey band extending from the costal
margin of the forewing to the hindmargin of the hindwing. Beside this are placed in the marginal area on the
forewing 5, on the hindwing 6 yellow-brown ocelli with ochre-yellow and brown rings and white pupils, only
the 5th ocellus on each wing is brown or black. From Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Guiana, the Amazon to South Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) and Paraguay.

TAYGETIS. By G. Wreymer. 189

— thamyra Cr. (45 c) is a form of andromeda in which the eye-spot in cellule 2 on each wing is not black but thamyra.

coloured like the others. From Surinam. — marginata Sigr. differs from true andromeda only in having marginata.
the extreme border of both wings grey for a breadth of about 1mm in addition to the grey fringes. It oc-
curs in South Brazil (province of Sao Paulo) and in Paraguay. — leuctra Bily. (45) is also referred to andro- leuctra.

meda by GoDMAN and Satyin. The median area of both wings is broadly dark brown beneath, proximally
shading off into lighter, distally sharply bounded by a straight white band. Bebind this in the marginal
area are placed on a white ground on the forewing 5 small ocelli, on the hindwing 4 somewhat larger cnes,
of which the 2nd and 5th on the forewing and the Ist and 4th on the hindwing are black, the others brownish,
but all have yellow rmgs and white pupils. Sometimes (as in the example figured) there is in addition a small
5th ocellus on the hindwing. Rare. BurTLER knew no locality, the example figured is from Terapato in Peru.
— uzza Bilr., a further form of andromeda, in which on the dark brown upper surface of the forewing 2 wzza.
ochre-yellow bands are placed, one behind the middle, the other before the margin, the latter being prox-
imally margined with brown. On the under surface the basal area is light bluish grey to the middle of
both wings, where it gradually shades off into the narrow dark brown median band. The latter is distally
not quite straight, but sharply defined. Next to it is placed the white-yellow band of the marginal area, and
then follows the almost ochre-yellow marginal area, which is only bluish grey in the inner-marginal half of the
hindwing, with 6 eye-spots on each wing, of which only the two last on the hindwing are black with red-yellow
rings, all the others being ochre-yellow. Described by Butter from a @ from St. Geronimo in Guatemala,
coll. Satviy. — elegia Sigr. 7. 1. (45) is a hitherto undescribed form of andromeda, which most nearly ap- elegia.
proaches uzza Btlr. Instead of the two ochre-yellow bands of wzzea, elegia has only one, which extends from the
costal margin of the forewing to beyond vein 2 and decreases uniformly in breadth from 11 mm anteriorly
to 4mm posteriorly. The hindwing has sharp angles at all the veins and is unicolorous dark brown with a fine
darker submarginal line. The under surface is similar to that of andromeda, basal and median area of both
wings dark, the proximal part of the marginal area of the forewing is dull ochre-yellow like the upper surface,
the 2nd eye-spot is removed somewhat distad as in andromeda. The hindwing has behind the middle a light li-
lac straight band, of the 6 ocelli the fifth is not darker than the others, but of the same colour. 3 from
the Rio Songo (1200 m) and Yungas, Bolivia. Coll. Banc-Haas.— I give the name asterie to a new form asterie.
ot andromeda in which the marginal area on the underside of the forewing is only a little broader at the
costal than at the inner margin, namely 14 mm. against 12. The light band in the proximal part of the mar-
ginal area, whichis ochre-yellow and 4mm. in breadth, is consequently much more vertical and is continued in the
same direction on the hindwing. The rest of the marginal area is brownish ochre-yellow, on the forewing
with five ocelli, on the hindwing with six, of which the first on the forewing and the first and last on the hind-
wing are only small, the others with the exception of the one in cellule 2 all measure 3 mm. in diameter, but
that in cellule 2 has a diameter of 6mm. and hence immediately attracts attention by its size, moreover it is
deep black and has an ochre-yellow and a brown ring and thick white pupil. The other ocelli are all yellow-
brown with ocbre-yellow and brown rings. The light band of the underside shows through somewhat on the
otherwise unicolorous brown upper surface. From Colombia (2: coll. Weymmr). — cleopatra Fidr. (45 c) cleopatra.
should probably also be regarded as a form of andromeda, although the light under surface and the often
very indistinct eye-spots give it the appearance of an independent species. The upperside is brown, the ground-
colour of the underside everywhere light lilac. The lightest examples have the transverse bands between basal
and central areas and between central and marginal areas only narrow, but the latter transverse band is usually
the broader, so that it fills up the distal half of the median area with brown; on the forewing, however, the
whole of the median area is often brown, at least in its anterior half. The distal half of the marginal area is
likewise brown and shades off proximally on both wings into the lilac ground-colour. Here are placed on the
forewing five, on the hindwing six white dots in more or less distinct rings, which latter, however, are often
wanting. From Brazil (Rio Negro, Bahia, Espirito Santo). In the examples from Espirito Santo the mar-
ginal area of the forewing is much narrower, measuring anteriorly only 10 mm., posteriorly only 8.

T. xenana Bilr. (46b). Distal margin of the forewing straight, but rather oblique, the apex rounded, zenana.

the hindwing feebly dentate. Upper surface unicolorous dark brown, the apex of the forewing somewhat lighter.

On the under surface the base and middle of both wings are dark brown, distally bordered by a straight, light

lilac line. Marginal] area lighter brown with a row of five white dots on the forewing and six on the hindwing,

which are indistinctly margined with ochre-yellow. From Cayenne and from Pebas in Peru. — sosis Hpffr. sosis.
(45 d) is quite similar to the preceding in markings, but the forewing is shorter and broader and its distal margia

more vertical. Moreover, the hindwing is more strongly dentate. On the underside the marginal area at the

costal margin of the forewing is much narrower, and hence its proximal boundary, i. e. the light lilac, distally

diffuse line, runs almost parallel with the distal margin, whilst in xenana it converges strongly with the distal
margin. On the black-brown basal halt of the hindwing beneath there is a strongly curved black transverse

line. The white dots in the marginal area are very distinct. Peru, Surinam, Brazil (Espirito Santo and
Bahia). — godmani Sigr. 7. 1. (46 b) is similar to xenana, but the forewing is narrower, more elongated and the godmani.
distal margin incuryed in the middle. Upper surface brown. Under surface dark brown to beyond the middle,

zippora.

echo.

velutina.

banghaasi.

puritana.

salvini.

tripunctata.

sylvia.

190 TAYGETIS. By G. Wreymer.

distally straight-edged; at the base only a little lighter, the basal area of the hindwing bordered by a straight
dark transverse stripe, in the marginal area traversed throughout by a lilac transverse band, which on the fore-
wing is anteriorly broad and posteriorly narrow, but on the hindwing on the contrary anteriorly narrow and
posteriorly broad, and in which on each wing are placed 5 white dots. Of these dots the one in cellule 2 on
the hindwing is surrounded by a broad black ring and a fine ochre-yellow one, which is 21/2 mm. in diameter.
From Chiriqui and from the Amazon.

T. zippora Btlr. Shape and size of godmani. Above brown, before the apex of the forewing with a
large triangular, yellow-grey spot, in the middle of the hindwing a very large, round, black spot, which ex-
tends nearly to the costal margin, but not to the distal and inner margins. On the under surface the base
of both wings is black-brown, at the inner margin and distally lighter, with two black transverse lines, of which
the distal one is bordered with lilac, apex of both wings dusted with lilac, an undulate submarginal line and the
distal margin itself black. Forewing with five, hindwing with seven small, brown, white-centred and yellow-
ringed ocelli, of which the 5th on the bindwing is larger than the others. Recognizable by the large black
spot on the upperside of the hindwing. Cayenne. Rare.

T. echo Cr. (= betro Godt.). Above brown with large, velvety, black-brown spot in the middle
and a red-brown diffuse band before the apex of the forewing. Beneath the larger basal half is dark brown,
the smaller distal half lighter brown, the boundary of the two colours is formed on the hindwing by a straight
line, on the forewing by a somewhat curved one. In the marginal area there are five white dots on the fore-
wing and six on the hindwing. Surinam, Cayenne, Amazons (Ega). — velutina Sigr. (46a) is a form
differing but little from echo, in which the velvety spot of the forewing is deeper black, but the red-brown
band more indistinct. From Puerto Cabello (Venezuela) and Surinam.

T. banghaasi spec. nov. (45d). Expanse 55 mm., forewing at the apex rectangular, at the distal margin
rounded, somewhat ventricose. Hindwing between the veins only slightly excised. Upper surface unicolorous
brown. Under surface in the basal half of both wings grey-brown witb an almost straight dark brown transverse
line. Before the discocellular in the cell of both wings a diffuse ochre-yellow spot. Distal half of the wings
yellow-brown. A lilac-coloured band, 2—3 mm. in breadth, with washed-out margins, runs on both wings
from the apex to the inner angle, on the forewing in a proximally directed curve, on the hindwing straight.
At the proximal side of this band on each wing five white dots, on the forewing indistinct, on the hindwing
distinct, especially the dot in cellule 2. Named in honour of Herr Banc-Haas of Dresden. From the Rio
Songo (1200 m) ( Yungas), Bolivia.

T. puritana Weeks. As the author says nothing about the relationship to other species and of the shape
of the wings, it is possibly not correctly placed here: Expanse 3 inches = 76 mm. Upper surface dark brown
with white marginal line. Under surface much lighter brown with a broad dark band through the middle of
both wings. A dark brown line crosses the middle of the cell of the forewing and extends to the inner margin.
At the end of the cell a fine brown bar. Then follows the dark brown band, shading off lighter proximally,
which extends from the costa to the submedian and is sharply defined distally by a dark brown line. In the
light brown marginal area a dark brown, zigzag submarginal line and a rew of six white dots, which are mar-
gined with brown, at the distal margin a white line. On the hindwing the dark band stands out more strongly.
Its proximal margin is bounded by a dark line, which begins at the costa 8mm. from the base and extends
to the middle of the inner margin. The line which forms the distal margin of the band extends from the middle
of the costal margin across the end of the cell to the inner margin, which it reaches 8 mm before the anal angle.
The marginal area is as on the forewing, but only five white dots are present, which, however, stand out more
distinctly. Bolivia (Coroico).

T. salvini Stgr. (45d). Above unicolorous brown, the hindwing in this and the two following species
shortly but uniformly angled on veins 1b to 4. Under surface reddish grey-brown, the first transverse line
on both wings a little curved distad, dark brown, the distal half of the median area broadly filled up with
dark brown and straight-edged, the marginal area broader anteriorly than posteriorly, its proximal half lilac.
Each wing with five ocelli, the last on the hindwing filled in with black, the others yellow-brown, all with
white pupils. Colombia, Panama (Chiriqui).

T. tripunctata Weym. (45d). Above brown with three white spots in a straight row one below ano-
ther on the forewing, the light band of the underside shows through somewhat above on the hindwing. Under
surface lighter brown with narrow, almost straight, distally diffuse white band scarcely 1 mm. in breadth
across both wings, and five white, brownish-margined spots on each wing, as well as a finely dentate submargin-
al line. The marginal area of the forewing is equally broad anteriorly and posteriorly. From Puerto Bertoni
and Nuova Germania (Paraguay).

T. sylvia Bates (= nymphosa Biir.) (45d) is referred by GopMAN and SatvIn in the Biologia to an-

TAYGETIS. By G. Weyer. 191

dromeda, but it is remarked at the same time that it is the most aberrant form, differing not only in the mark-
ings but also in the shape. On account of the white band on the under surface, which on the forewing runs
parallel with the distal margin, in consequence of which the marginal area is equally broad anteriorly and pos-
teriorly (in andromeda this is not the case), I regard sylvia as a good species and. place it between tripunctata
and blanda. The upper surface is unicolorous brown. On the under surface basal and median areas are uni-
form light brown, only the distal part of the median area somewhat darker. The first transverse line is dark
brown, not quite straight. The straight white band which follows is narrow on the forewing, on the hindwing
it gradually attains the width of 3 mm. In the light brown marginal area are placed on the forewing five, on
the hindwing six small eye-spots, of which the ond and 5th on the hindwing have black rings and the others
brownish ones, but all have white pupils. From Panama, Upper Amazon and Bolivia. — blanda Modschl. (45d) is blanda.
similar to the preceding, but the inner angle of the hindwing more rounded. Upper surface unicolorous brown.
On the under surface the white band is broader and on the hindwing somewhat curved. The ocelli somewhat
larger, the posterior one on the forewing indistinct, on the hindwing entirely absent. The 2nd and 5th on the
latter wing surrounded with thick black, then ochre- -yellow and ome rings, the others ringed with grey and
brownish. From Surinam and Peru (Cuzco).

T. albinotata Biir. (46b). A beautiful species. Forewing with the margin entire, hindwing with round- albinotata.

ed projections on the veins. Upper surface brown, the forewing either unicolorous or with six small, pale
brown, indistinct spots’ before the margin. Hindwing somewhat darker at the margin, before this four round
white spots in a straight row and a 5th dot at the inner angle. The fringes white between the teeth. Under
surface lighter brown with three whitish yellow transverse stripes on each wing, between the 2nd and 3rd of
these stripes on the forewing before the apex 1—3 small ocelli, on the hindwing six large ocelli, the middle
ones reddish grey, the others black, all yellow-ringed and with white pupils. From Bolivia, South Peru and
Ecuador. Rare.

T. penelea Cr. (45e). Above brown with a broad, somewhat lighter submarginal band on the fore- penelea.
wing, in which are placed 3—4 dark brown spots. On the under surface a light yellow longitudinal band tra-
verses the middle of the hindwing from the base to the distal margin. In the broad, light reddish grey sub-
marginal band are placed on the forewing 2—5, on the hindwing 4—5 dark eye-spots, some large and some
small, which have yellow rings and white pupils. Widely distributed and common. Panama, Venezuela, Co-
lombia, Surinam, Cayenne, Amazon region to South Brazil (province of St. Catharina). — penelina Stgr. is a penelina.
form of penelea in which the light yellow band of the underside is absent, being covered over by the grey
ground-colour. Moreover, at the costal margin of the hindwing there are 2 large black-brown spots, which
entirely or partially cover the anterior ocelli of the type-form. In the eye-spots which are still present the
pupils have mostly disappeared. From St. Catharina.

T. valentina Cr. (= Debis marpessa Hew.) (45e). Above dark brown; beneath lighter brown with valentina.
three very dentate, thin dark brown transverse lines, the space between the second and third proximally light
violet-grey, distally filled up with white-grey and with 5 ocelli on each wing, of which the two anterior ones
and the last on the hindwing are darker than the rest. Beside the first and second transverse lines there are
small ochre-yellow spots in the cell of the hindwing. Guatemala, Nicaragua, Guiana, Amazons. — euptychi- euptychidia.
dia Bilr. (45e) is a form of valentina in which the ground-colour of the underside is much lighter, the dentate
brown transverse lines are very faint and of the eye-spots only 1 or 2 on the forewing and 2 or 3 on the hind-
wing are distinct, the others indistinct or replaced by white dots with somewhat darker margins. From Bra-
zil (Paré, Espirito Santo). — zimri Bilr., referred by GopMAN and SaALvIN to valentina, is a somewhat larger zimri.
form, which differs from valentina in that the forewing has an obtusely projecting angle on the distal margin
below the apex, the eye-spots of the forewing are not some dark and some light, but all uniformly salle
brown and hence stand out but little from the violet-brownish ground-colour, and there are 6 eye-spots on
each wing. For the rest the transverse lines are quite as dentate as in valentina. From Chuacus in Guatemala.

— vrazi Kheil, a further form of valentina, in which the distal margin of the forewing is very feebly dentate, vrazi.
that of the hindwing more strongly so, the eye-spots of the hindwing are larger and more sharply marked, the
ochre-yellow spot at the first transvers line is absent, but this varies also in valentina. Rio Atabapo (Vene-
zuela) and Rio Negro (Brazil).

T. kerea Bilr. (45e). One of the smallest species (48—50 mm. expanse). The distal margin of the fore- kerea.
wing rounded, the hindwing feebly dentate. Above brown with 2dark lines at the distal margin and a whit-
ish line between them; the latter stands out most distinctly in the angles of the hindwing. In addition a thin
brown submarginal line. Beneath yellowish brown with 3 fine dark brown transverse lines; the first on the
forewing indistinct, on the hindwing dentate, the second on the forewing almost straight, on the hindwing run-
ning parallel with the distal margin in one long curve, the third as’ a submarginal line forming short, small
curves. In addition 2 fine brown marginal lines with a lighter line between them. Behind the second trans-

inornata.

pignerator.

simplicia.

reinoldsi.

calliomma.

192 AMPHIDECTA. By G. Wrymer.

verse line 5 white, dark-margined dots on the hindwing and 3—5 more or less indistinct smaller dots on the
forewing. Guatemala, Brazil (Espirito Santo), Paraguay.

T. inornata Fldr. (46c). Above brown with 2 darker lines at the distal margin. Under surface lighter
with 2 brown lines through the middle of both wings, which on the forewing diverge towards the costal margin,
the proximal one forming a curve in the cell, the distal one almost straight; on the hindwing the proximal line
is almost straight, while the distal one is curved outwards at the costal margin and forms 2 shallow curves in
the middle. At the distal margin 3 brown lines, of which on the forewing the proximal one is undulate and the
distal two straight, but on the hindwing all three are undulate. Three white dots on the forewing before the
apex, the two lower ones very small, five white dots on the hindwing in cellules 2—6. Colombia (Bogota).

10. Genus: Amphideeta Btlr.

Forewing at the distal margin with an obtuse angle below the apex, costal and median much inflated
at the base, hindwing with the costal margin fairly straight, the inner margin much longer than the costal,
distinctly emarginate, the distal margin dentate, the precostal vein distinctly forked, otherwise the neuration
as in Taygelis; antennae thin, with scarcely appreciably thickened clubs. Eyes naked; the palpi projecting
beyond the head, flattened at the sides, the hairs forming a sharp crest beneath. The genotype is pignerator.
The two species united with it here differ somewhat in the shape of the forewing, the obtuse angle at the dis-
tal margin not bemg present, but the elongated inner margin of the hindwing and the scheme of markings
of the forewing point to a relationship with pignerator. The butterflies are of less than medium size, and have
been taken at isolated places in Central and South America, but as yet are little distributed in collections.

A. pignerator Bilr. (46c). Expanse 62 mm. Above grey-brown, on the forewing with 3 round white
spots, which are placed in a triangle, one between median veins 1 and 2 and two between median 3 and the
lower radial. The hindwing without markings; the marginal line on both wings dark brown, the fringes between
the veins whitish. Forewing beneath light grey, the distal part from the apex to nearly the middle of the cos-
tal margin and to the inner angle, and also the costal margin itself to the subcostal are finely sprinkled with
dark brown, in which colour in addition to the 3 white spots of the upper surface there is a fourth narrow white
one and beside it a dark brown spot. Hindwing beneath lilac, sprinkled with violet all over, with 3 dentate
transverse bands composed of brown dots, one before, the second behind the middle, the third before the dis-
tal margin. Before the latter a row of black dots in light rings. The species appears, however, to be very va-
riable in the colour and markings of the hindwing beneath, as recent consignments from Herr Fass prove.
An example captured at Villavicencio has the underside of the hindwing light brownish grey with a brown
distal margin 3—4 mm broad and not sharply defined. The under surface is sparsely adorned with small, fine
brown striae, but in such a way that no dark transverse bands are formed, the striation being uniformly dis-
tributed all over. The transverse row of fine black dots just before the brown distal margin is, however, dis-
tinctly present. The species is but little represented in collections as yet. Bares found it many years ago at
Ega on the Amazon in the dense primeval forests, Fass quite recently at Villavicencio in East Colombia
(450 m.) in April. — I give the name simplicia form. nov. (46c) to a form of pignerator which is dark earth-
brown above and has 4 white spots in the apical part of the forewing, which is black with a very dull blue
reflection. From Minas Geraés (Brazil).

A. reinoldsi spec. nov. (46 c). Expanse 48—50 mm. Above olive-brown, distal half of the forewing
dark brown with 8 white spots, which are placed in two rows proximally curved in the middle. At the distal
margin of the hindwing a double dark brown undulate line. Under surface grey-brown, the 8 white spots as
above and placed in a brown area, which is surrounded by the ground-colour at the costal and distal margins.
The hindwing has somewhat before the middle a straight dull white band, then a curved row of round ochre-
yellow spots, each of these with a black dot or short streak in the middle. Before the margin a dark brown
dentate Jine, which bears a black dot in the middle of each cellule, and two undulate lines close to the distal
margin. The 9 has a somewhat lighter, more yellowish ground-colour. On the underside of the hindwing the
yellow spots are so widened that a continuous band is formed, in which besides the black dots and striae some
shiny silver scales are strewed. Minas Geraés, St. Catharina (Brazil). Rare.

A. calliomma Fld. (46 b). 62 mm. Upper surface olive-brown, the distal third of the forewing darker,
with two distally curved rows of 5 brownish white spots each, of which the anterior ones are somewhat indis-
tinct. Hindwing with a submarginal row of brown spots. On the underside the forewing is as above, only
somewhat lighter. The hindwing is marbled with dark brown on a grey-brown ground, with 2 silver spots,
one near the base, the other in the middle. Behind the latter 3dark brown eye-spots in ochre-yellow rings, with
shining silvery pupils, of which the posterior one is the most distinct. From Colombia (Cordillera of Bogota,
Villavicencio, 750 m., May), Amazon (Manaos). Rare.

Publ. 15. IV. 1910. EUPTYCHIA. By G. Weymer. 193

11. Genus: Kuptyehia Zon.

This extensive genus with its numerous forms is by no means exactly defined as to its limits, as cer-
tain species form a complete transition to the genus Taygetis. In general all the butterflies are small to medium
sized, only a few species reach a wing-expanse of nearly 6 cm., most remaining below 4 cm. The principal
characters of the genus are the hairy eyes, the strongly inflated costal and median at the base, and the somewhat
inflated submedian of the forewing. The short, distally curved precostal of the hindwing mostly arises before the
subcostal. The upper discocellular of the hindwing varies in length. The forelegs of the 3 are weak and
long-haired. The wings are mostly rounded, the forewing has the apex rounded and little produced, its distal
margin is almost straight, that of the hindwing is mostly undulate, sometimes completely round, in other species
more strongly dentate, the inner margin of this wing is sometimes somewhat emarginate. But general distinctive
characters are furnished by the stripes and the row of eye-spots on the underside of both wings. Only a few
species have dots instead of the eye-spots. In the greater part of the Euptychias the colouring is brown. or
grey-brown. There are, however, also many which are distinguished by a brilliant light blue colouring and which
when flying might be taken for Lycaenids. Others have a bright blue reflection on both wings or a part of them,
others again have the ground-colour white. Of the eye-spots the one between medians 1 and 2 on the hindwing
is mostly present and also usually larger than the other ocelli. Next to it the eye-spot between the two radials
of the hindwing is the most developed. If one or several eye-spots are present on the forewing, one of them is
likewise placed between the two radials.

The greater number of the species occur in tropical South America. Single species extend southwards
to South Brazil and Argentina; from Chile, however, no species is yet known. To the north the genus reaches the
limit of its range in the United States. The American authors place the 7 species occurring there in the genera

‘Neonympha Hbn. and Cissia Dbl. But as these species have exactly similar allies in Mexico and in tropical
Central and South America, I follow BurLer and Gopman and Satvin in referring them all to Huptychia. As
concerns the vertical distribution of the Euptychias, Prof. BiresER in his ,,Reisen eines Naturforschers im tro-
pischen Siidamerika* (,,Travels of a Naturalist in Tropical South America‘) states that they only occur in -
the ,,Tierra caliente and ,,Tierra templada‘‘, the hot and moderate zones, thus up to 2000 m. The great
majority of the species will be confined to these regions, but some few ascend somewhat higher and reach the
middle of the ,,Tierra fria‘*, the cold zone, as Fasst has observed the species necys Godt. and harmonia Bilr.
at the Quindiu Pass in Colombia at altitudes of 2500 m. :

The habits of the Euptychias (according to Dr. Sxrrz in litt.) are not altogether uniform. The mem-
bers of the hesione group are tireless, although by no means swift fliers; their ¢g may be seen at almost all hours
of the day flying straight along the edges of woods or bamboo hedges, more resembling a Pieris than a Satyrid.
Even where they are common, as e. g. in Bahia, where they even come into the town, they are mostly met with
singly; and Dr. Serrz, who observed them there day after day, never saw them in large companies like the
species of the hermes group. The latter are mostly dark-coloured species, show a decided preference for shade
and come fluttering out from the thickets especially in the early morning hours, before the sun finds its way
into the deep-cut mountain-yalleys, flying low, after the manner of Coenonympha hero, and settling in large
groups at the dew on the roads. Between 8 and 10 o’clock whole swarms of small Huptychia may be met
with in the Botanical Gardens of Rio de Janeiro, where they rest on shady paths round the water and can
scarcely be driven away, as when disturbed they only fly round and round a few times close to the ground,
settling again in the same place after a few seconds. The larger forms of the celmis group are more retiring,
carefully avoiding open paths and clearings, which they cross but rarely and with evident uneasiness; but
they resemble the hermes-like forms in their habit of closing the wings spasmodically when resting, much as the
European Aphantopus, from which in the same locality they can only with difficulty be certainly distinguished
when flying. The larger species, of which some are also obviously nearly allied to Taygetis, show themselves
more commonly in open places, the lilac gloss of their upper surface glittering in the sun, which the darker
species carefully avoid. Finally the sky-blue species of the cephus group are especially lively in bright weather
and contribute, together with other insects, to the wealth of bright blue colour which is a feature of the larger
forest-clearings of tropical America, competing with Thecla, Morpho, Pythonides, glossy blue dragon-flies, Hy-
menoptera, bugs and beetles in the brilliancy of their blue and metallic scaling.

Concerning the earlier stages of the Euptychias little is known. Of some North American species Ep-
WARDS has furnished descriptions and figures of the eggs, larvae and pupae; on the other hand MULLER, who
obtained eggs and small larvae of some Brazilian species, was not able to bring any as far as the first moult.
They live on grasses,

y 25

hesione.

subobscura.

lydia.

calpurnia.

binocula.

metaleuca.

languida.

hemileuca.

aurigera.

194 EUPTYCHIA. By G. Weyer.

It is not within the scope of this work to give a monographic working out of the genus; we only
offer a survey of those already known, and in this we chiefly follow the work of BUTLER with some few modifi-
cations. The types of FELDER’s species, which BuTLER was not able to make out, we here figure above
and beneath, but must merely refer at the end to some species described and not figured by other authors, as.
in these cases similar or allied species are not mentioned.

Hesione Group.

E. hesione Sulz. (= ocirrhoe F’., cissia Cr.) (46 d). Above white with broad black apex to the forewing,
which is more or less continued on the distal margin. In the 9 the margin of the hindwing is also black and
the forewing has a dark median band. On the under surface brown and white transverse stripes alternate,
before the distal margin are placed on the forewing 3, on the hindwing 5 ocelli. The extent of the black colour
on the upper surface varies very much according to the locality. Widely distributed and common. Mexico,
Central America, Surinam, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil as far as St. Catharina. The examples from Bolivia
have the forewing somewhat more pointed, otherwise I see no difference. subobseura form. nov. (46 d) is an aber-
rant form, in which the white bands of the under surface, except the distal one, are covered by a brownish grey
colour. I have received this from Paraguay, but it also occurs at single localities in Brazil. — lydia Cr.
is a somewhat larger form (60 mm.) with broad, rounded wings. Forewing almost entirely brown, only the
basal half of the inner margin is dusted with white, but indistinctly defined. The hindwing is white with 3
fine brown marginal lines and 2 round black spots in cellules 2 and 5. On the under surface the brown
bands are much narrower in the basal area, the white bands on the other hand twice as broad. Forewing with 2,
hindwing with 5 eye-spots, similar to those of the type-form. Surinam. — calpurnia Pdr. (46 d) is a form similar
to lydia, but somewhat smaller (50 mm.), with somewhat narrower and more elongate forewing, which has a very
shallow excision at the distal margin. The brown ground-colour is somewhat lighter than in lydia, the
white extends on the forewing from the inner margin to the median, the brown stripes of the under surface
show through above on both wings, and also the eye-spots, of which, however, only one is present on the forewing
and only 3 on the hindwing. From the Maroni in Cayenne, Surinam. — binocula Btlr. (46 d), a further form
of hesione, has the upper surface of both wings light grey-brown with 2 dark brown bands through the middle
and broad brown distal margin, which occupies over a third of the wings, only the middle of the hindwing is dull
white and in cellule 2 there is a round black, white-bordered spot. The under surface is as in hesione. From
Cayenne.

E. metaleuca Bdv. (= butleri Dist.) (46d) is indeed nearly allied to hesione Sulz., but following the
example of GopMAN and Satvin I regard it as a good, independent species. Whilst in hesione and its allies
the light bands on the under surface are all nearly equal in breadth, in this species the distal band is more
than twice as broad as the others, moreover these narrower, basal bands are mostly strongly dusted with grey-
brown. In addition the forewing of the ¢ is not so round, but more triangular and at the distal margin some-
what waved. The upper surface of the forewing is black-brown, with a white triangle on the middle of the
inner margin. From Mexico, Brit. Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. —
languida Btlr. (46 e) is a form of metaleuca, in which the white colour is reduced on the forewing but somewhat
extended on the hindwing, and in the middle of the distal margin reaches nearly to the border. In cellule 2 and
in cellule 5 a black, eye-shaped spot is placed on the dark border. The under surface is grey-brown with broad
white median band, an eye-spot on the forewing in cellule 5, 3 eye-spots on the hindwing in cellules 2, 5 and 6,
all black with yellow rings and white pupils. Between the eye-spots of the hindwing and below the eye-spot
of the forewing are placed some small round silvery spots. Columbia, Bolivia.

E. hemileuca Sigr., only known in the 9, has an expanse of 38 mm. and somewhat resembles languida
Btlr. above; but the white colour is extended nearly to the costal margin of the forewing and covers the entire
hindwing, leaving only a narrow black distal margin, and the two round black spots are isolated. The under
surface is entirely brown-grey with 2 narrow dark brown transverse stripes through the middle, bordered with
light grey, 3 fine brown marginal lines, 1 eye-spot on the forewing and 3 on the hindwing. The anterior eye-spot
on the latter is 4 mm. in diameter, with black centre and white double pupil. The others are smaller, but si-
milarly coloured. From the Rio San Juan in West Colombia. Rare.

E. aurigera Sigr. 7. 1. (46 e) resembles no other Huptychia; ground-colour white; on the forewing the
costal margin, apex and distal margin broadly black-brown, broadest before the apex, hindwing with narrow,
dentate brown border. The pattern of the under surface shows through above. This brown with a white band
through the middle of both wings, extending from the lower radial of the forewing to the inner margin of the
hindwing and pointed at both ends. On the hindwing are placed on a reddish ochre-yellow ground 5 ocelli in a

zigzag row and between the 3 brown marginal lines small white double dots on the veins. From Cuzco in Peru,
coll. Banc-Haas. Rare.

EUPTYCHIA. By G. Wrymer. 195

Mollina Group.

E. mollina Hbn. (46 e). Above with the forewing whitish grey, at the costal and distal margin darker mollina.
with 3 brownish transverse stripes, before the apex a dark spot. Hindwing white with 2 round dark spots in
brown rings. On the under surface the ground-colour is purer white, the transverse stripes consequently more
distinct. On the forewing a black eye-spot before the apex, surrounded by a brown ring, 3 indistinct eye-spots
below it in cellules 2—4. Hindwing beneath with 6 eye-spots, those in cellules 2 and 5 large, in cellules 1b
and 6 small, all black with white pupils and brown rings, those in cellules 3 and 4 obsolescent. From the
Amazon region (Para, Ega), Nicaragua, Mexico. mollis Sigr. is only a form of mollina, in which the forewing mollis.
has only one or two ocelli on the under surface and also those of the hindwing are reduced in number and some
of them much smaller. From Chiriqui. — hilara Fldr. (46 e). One of the larger forms of mollina, above light hilara.
brownish grey with one transverse stripe on the forewing and 2 on the hindwing, which are somewhat darker,
with one eye-spot on the forewing and 2 on the hindwing. On the under surface the ground-colour is still lighter,
somewhat whitish, the transverse stripes as above, in the median area of the forewing a reddish yellow washed-
out spot and before the apex an eye-spot. On the hindwing 4 small ocelli and 1 large one. Colombia (Bogota).

— westwoodii Bélr. (46 e), a further form of mollina, mostly smaller (26—33 mm.) and with the ground-colour westwoodii.
purer white. Only the costal and distal margins of the forewing are brownish grey. The brownish bands are

narrow and the eye-spots indistinct. On the under surface the forewing has only 3, the hindwing all the

6 ocelli. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia.

— jesia Bélr. (46 e) only differs from westwoodii in having the brown transverse stripes on the upper surface jesia.
entirely absent or only faintly showing through from beneath, the apex of the forewing only 4 mm. in breadth

and the costal and distal margins only quite narrowly brown. The under surface is as in westwoodii. Bolivia,

Ecuador.

E. meta spec. nov. (46e). Above grey-brown, on each wing 2 large white area, which on the forewing meta.
is placed nearer to the inner, on the hindwing to the costal margin. The first two transverse stripes converge
anteriorly on the forewing, posteriorly on the hindwing. On the forewing a dark spot before the apex, on
the hindwing three in place of the ocelli, behind them the dark submarginal band. On the under surface there
is in addition a fourth band near the base of the wings and on the forewing are placed 2 ocelli near the apex
and on the hindwing 3 in cellules 2, 3 and 5, all black with white pupils and surrounded by 4 rings, namely ochre-
yellow, brown, white and outside again brown. The 2nd eye-spot of the forewing and the middle one of the
hindwing are smaller, the others are larger, being 3 mm. in diameter and extending over two cellules, so that
their outer rings touch one another. In the 2 an additional small eye-spot is present on each wing, which
is placed between the others. From Marcapata (Peru).

E. fetna Bélr. Above pale brown, forewing with 2 curved rust-coloured stripes before and in the middle, fetna.
an obscure rust-coloured spot between medians 1 and 2, before the apex a round black spot in an ochre-
yellow ring. Hindwing with rust-coloured median and submarginal stripes and a black eye-spot with white
pupil and yellow ring. Beneath lighter, especially in the distal part of the forewing, with a chain of small brown
rings before the distal margin of both wings. Forewing with a proximally curved median and a straight rust-
coloured basal stripe, which are both continued fairly straight on the hindwing. The latter has 5 eye-spots,
of which the 2nd and 5th are black, with yellow iris and brown ring, the others are dull red-brown, all have
shining white pupils. On the forewing only one eye-spot as above, with some brownish spots below it. 36 mm.
From San Geronimo and Cubilquitz in Guatemala, Amula and Chilpancingo in Mexico. Rare.

E. enyo Btlr. Above pale brown with 2 brown median stripes and a submarginal one, a marginal line, enyo.
a spot before the apex of the forewing and another at the anal angle of the hindwing. The apex of the hindwing
is reddish. Beneath ochre-yellow with red-brown bands as in mollina. Forewing with 4, hindwing with 6 ocelli.
The first on the forewing and the 2nd and 5th on the hindwing are larger than the others. The 6th eye-spot
on the hindwing is placed close to the distal margin and the border of cellule 1c near a red-brown longitudinal
stripe characteristic of this species, which extends inwards along the first median. 35 mm. From Cuenza (Ecua-
dor). Rare.

E. anacleta Bilr. Pale brown, 2 dark bands through the middle, a blind eye-spot before the apex of the anacleta,
forewing and 5 on the hindwing, the 5th being larger than the others. The submarginal line on the hindwing
double. Beneath very light grey, almost white, with 2 red-brown bands in the basal half, a third, broader band,
which is only red-brown on the hindwing, but ochre-yellow on the forewing, then 2 undulate blackish sub-
marginal lines, which at the anal angle of the hindwing terminate in 2 orange-coloured streaks. Forewing with
a large subapical eye-spot with blue pupil and red-yellow ring, below it 2 indistinct eye-spots and a large washed-
out ochre-yellow spot. Hindwing with 5 ocelli, the Ist, 2nd and 5th black with blue pupils, the 3rd and 4th
brown with silvery pupils, all with yellow iris. These ocelli, of which the 4 anterior ones are small but the 5th
large, are placed in a straight row. 33mm. Nicaragua (Chontales), Panama (Chiriqui), Colombia (Bogota). Rare.

insolala.

picea.

rujocincta.

francisca,

salurnus.

vesta.

fida.

196 EUPTYCHIA. By G. Wrymemr.

E. insolata Bilr. (= macrophthalma Stgr.). Smoke-brown, slightly transparent, in the disc lighter, some-
times white, 2 almost parallel brown median lines and 2 indistinct submarginal lines across both wings. Forewing
with an indistinct eye-spot before the apex, hindwing with 2 black, white-dotted eye-spots, one at the apex, .
and a larger one at the inner angle. Beneath whitish with the bands as above, the two in the middle and
one at the base red-brown, and with black submarginal line. Forewing with 2 eye-spots, one before the apex.
black, white-pupilled with red ring, the other indistinct, between the median veins. Hindwing with 3 eye-
spots, the two anterior ones margined with red, the third very large, with brown border, at the anal angle.
From Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama.

E. picea Bélr. (46 e). Similar to the preceding species, but the wings are not transparent, above brown
with 4 dark brown bands, a short one at the base, the 2nd approaching the 3rd at the costal margin of the fore-
wing, the 3rd approaching the 4th at the inner margin of the same wing. A black spot at the apex, the hind-
wing with 2 in cellules 2 and 5. In the 2 the wings are more rounded and instead of the spots there are rather
large ocelli with ochre-yellow rings and white pupils. Under surface light violet-grey, transverse bands more
distinct than above. On the forewing are placed 2 or 3 eye-spots, of which the first is the largest, and the middle
one is mostly absent. On the hindwing are placed usually 3 eye-spots, occasionally 4 or 5. Of these the one in
the cell is the largest, being 3mm. in diameter, but sometimes reaching a diameter of 4 to 444 mm. and then
naturally extending far into the adjoining cellules. Two ocelli are placed at the apex in cellules 5 and 6, of which
the one in cellule 5 is about the same size as the anterior eye-spot of the forewing, the other being smaller. When
additional eye-spots are present, they are placed in cellules 3 and 4, but are even smaller. From the Amazons
(Ega, Tapajos), and also from Peru and Surinam.'— rufocineta form. nov. (46f) is a form of picea, somewhat
larger, the markings quite similar, but the two round black-brown spots on the upperside of the hindwing
are first surrounded by an ochre-yellow, narrow ring and then by a red-brown, broad one, forming eye-spots
of 4mm. in diameter. On the under surface there are on the forewing 2 ocelli (the first large), on the hindwing 5
(the 2nd and 3rd larger), some of which are contiguous. From Surinam.

Saturnus Group.

E. francisea Btlr. Above violet-brown, an indistinct brown spot at the anal angle and 2 brown marginal
lines. Beneath ochre-yellow, two brown, somewhat proximally curved median lines, a submarginal and 2 mar-
ginal lines. On the forewing a small eye-spot with pupil, the hindwing with 5 eye-spots, the 2nd and 5th black,
with white pupils, 3mm. in diameter, the others small, the first likewise black, the 3rd and 4th brown, all with
ochre-yellow iris and brown ring. Ecuador.

E. saturnus Btlr. (= laccine Fidr.) (461). Above olive-brown, with a lighter nebulous band through
the middle of both wings and a black, white-pupilled and brownish-yellow-bordered eye-spot at the anal angle
of the hindwing. Beneath light grey with 2 straight, brown transverse lines and a white band, increasing in
breadth posteriorly, through the middle of both wings. Forewing with a black ocellus, the hindwing with 5
ocelli, of which the 3rd and 4th are brown, the others black, all with yellow iris and brown ring, the first 4 on the
hindwing with double white pupil, the others with single. At the margin 3 brown lines. Venezuela, Colombia
(Rio Agnatal 1800 m., in November), Bolivia (Corvico), Brazil.

E. vesta Bilr. (= griphe Fldr.) (46). Above olive-brown, at the distal margin 3 darker lines, which
are confluent on the forewing. On this wing is placed in the 3 in the middle of cellules,1b, 2 and 3 between
the submedian and the 3 median veins a narrow streak of dark brown, raised scales, which is sharply angled
distad on the veins. At the anal angle of the hindwing in cellule 2 a black eye-spot with white double pupil
and red-yellow rmg. Sometimes in addition a small eye-spot beside it in cellule 1c. In the 9 the raised scales
on the forewing are absent, on the other hand there are on the hindwing in cellules 3—5 two or three further
similar eye-spots, which, however, are smaller, sometimes faint or without pupils. The under surface is brownish
yellow with a narrow light yellow band across the forewing and a broad white band across the hindwing,
irregularly defined on both surfaces, but in the middle much widened by a broad, basally directed projection.
In the marginal area are placed on the forewing one, on the hindwing in the ¢g 5, in the 2 6 eye-spots, of
which the 3rd and 4th on the hindwing are brownish grey, the others black, but all rmged with ochre-yellow
and brown and bi-pupilled with white. Venezuela, Colombia (Cauca Valley, Rio Agnatal, 1800 m, [November],
Rio Tocha at the Quindiu Pass, 2100 m. [September)).

E. fida spec. nov. (461). Similar to vesta Btlr., but distinguishable at once by the absence of the raised
scale-streak on the forewing in the g. The eye-spot on the upperside of the hindwing is also absent and the
light band on the under surface is differently formed. At the costal margin of the hindwing it is only half as broad
as in vesia, it does not project basad in the cell but forms small proximal projections in cellules 2 and 5. The
3 has beneath 6 eye-spots, the 2 middle ones brown-grey, the others black, mostly with single white pupils.
On the forewing there are two indistinct smaller ocelli below the subapical one. From the Songo and Corvico
in Bolivia.

EKUPTYCHIA. By G. Wreymer. 197

E. transversa spec. nov. (47 a). Similar to vesta and fida. The raised scales of the former are likewise ‘ransversa.

absent here, and there is no eye-spot on the upperside of the hindwing. Of the 3 dark brown marginal lines the
inner is indistinct and more proximally directed. On the under surface are placed at the apex of the forewing
2 black ocelli with white pupils and ochre-yellow rings. The marginal area of the forewing in this species
is not lighter. But the chief difference is in the underside of the hindwing. The two dark brown, dentate, narrow
transverse stripes are removed further distad; the first runs behind the middle of the cell across the origin of the
first median vein to the middle of the inner margin and forms in its posterior part the proximal boundary
of the white band. The second brown transverse stripe runs over the closing nervure of the cell, intersecting
the white band, afterwards forming its distal boundary and uniting with the dark brown submarginal line at
the inner angle. Hence the anterior part of the white band is placed in this species in the much widened mar-
ginal area. Im this area there are 5 ocelli, coloured like those of the forewing, the two in cellules 2 and
5 larger than the rest. From Marcapata (Peru). Rare on the Rio Vitaca (2400 m.) in Colombia.

Nossis Group.

E. nossis Hew. (= jaresia Btlr.). Above brown, at the anal angle of the hindwing a black eye-spot with
red-yellow ring and white double pupil. Beneath lighter brown, forewing with 2 straight median lines, a doubly
white-pupilled eye-spot before the apex and 3 brown spots below it, also 3 brown marginal lines. Hind-
wing with 2 brown transverse lines in the middle, the first straight, the second basally curved in the middle.
Just behind these a white band traversing the wing, 3 times as broad in the middle as anteriorly and posteriorly,
then a row of 4 eye-spots, of which the 2 in cellules 2 and 5 are larger, the others, in cellules 3 and 6
smaller, all black with yellow iris and brown ring, only the larger ones have double white pupils. Ecuador (Quito).
This species has some resemblance to the above described fida, but is easily distinguished from it by the shape
of the white band on the underside of the hindwing, which at its proximal side is uniformly rounded like a sector,
whilst in fida it is strongly dentate and sinuous. BuTLER refers (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 13, p. 117) his jaresia
to Eupt. furina Hew. A comparison of the figures, however, shows at once that the two species are not alike,
but that jaresia belongs rather to nossis Hew.

E. clio Stgr. 7. 1. (47 a). Forewing with the distal margin slightly undulate, hindwing obtusely dentate.
Above brown, hindwing with double dark brown marginal and indistinct, broad submarginal line, fringes
light grey. Under surface likewise brown. Forewing at °/1 of its length with a narrow, straight, light grey
stripe, along the distal margin a broad stripe of similar colour, traversed by 2 dark brown marginal lines. On
the hindwing first a white stripe from ?/s of the costal margin to the middle of the inner margin. In the
marginal area are placed 2 large brownish yellow semicircles, the curve of which is directed towards the band.
Inside each a glossy silver curved line, which again encloses a large black spot with brownish yellow bordering.
On the dark grey distal margin 3 black undulate lines. From Marcapata, Peru. A rare and beautiful species.
Coll. Banc-Haas.

E. albofasciata Hew. Size of the preceding. Above reddish brown with broad, white median band
from the 3rd median in the forewing nearly to the inner margin of the hindwing. The hindwing has a
large black eye-spot at the inner angle with orange-yellow ring and white pupil, as well as 2 white lines at the
apex. Under surface somewhat lighter than above, the white band reaching to the costal margin of the forewing.
The base is grey with a brown band, the distal margin dull white with 3 parallel brown lines. Forewing
with an eye-spot at the apex, hindwing with 6 eye-spots, of which the two middle ones are oval, brown with a
silver streak in the middle, the others black, in part with double pupils, but all with reddish yellow rings.
From Ecuador. Rare.

Pronophila Group.

E. pronophila Btlr. Above olive-brown. Beneath the same, forewing with a broad, somewhat
lighter discal band, in which are placed 5 small indistinct ocelli. Hindwing with triangular white discal band,
beginning at the apex in a fine point and terminating at the inner margin close to the anal angle with a
breadth of 5 mm. Behind this a light brownish band with 5 small eye-spots, of which the Ist, 3rd and 4th
are white and surrounded by brown and broad light ochre-yellow rings, the other 2 black, finely pupilled
with white and margined with darker yellow. The basal area is finely striated with brown and bears 2 brown
transverse lines. From Rio de Janeiro. Coll. Hzwrrson in the Brit. Museum. Rare.

E. ordinata spec. nov. (47a). Above olive-brown, at the distal margin somewhat darker with lighter
fringes. Beneath lighter brown. Forewing with indistinct line behind the middle, 2 brown lines before the
margin and black-brown marginal line. Hindwing with broad white band, which runs from the middle of the
inner margin across the discocellular to vein 6 near the apex and is not sharply defined on either side. Behind
it is placed an orange-yellow band, which only extends from vein 1b into cellule 4. On this are placed 3
small, round black spots, which are marked on their proximal side with a small, silvery crescent. A black
dot is placed in cellule 4 at the end of the orange-yellow band. From Bolivia (coll. Serrz). Similar to the prece-
ding species, but easy to distinguish from it by the orange-yellow band, which is wanting in pronophila, as
well as by the position of the white band, which in pronophila is placed more distally.

nossis.

clio.

albo-
fasciata.

pronophila.

ordinata.

ashna.

butleri.

amobra.

liturata.

luttela.

vesper.

armilla.

strigillata.

arius.

198 EUPTYCHIA. By G. Weyer.

E. ashna Hew. (47 a). Above brown with small, obscure, darker spot at the anal angle. Beneath some-
what lighter. Forewing with 2 brown transverse lines and 3 marginal ones. Hindwing with a brown transverse
line at the base, a straight white band from */4 of the costal to ?/s of the inner margin and 3 black, white-
pupilled eye-spots in cellules 2, 5 and 6, the first with double pupil and all margined with red-yellow.
Between these eye-spots are placed in cellules 3 and 4 red-yellow rings with small, indistinct silvery centres.
The © is marked like the g, but somewhat larger. From Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. — butleri Weym.
(= ashna Bélr.) is a form of ashna, in which the ground-colour of the wings is above yellowish brown
and beneath yellowish grey and the red-yellow rings in cellules 3 and 4 on the underside of the hindwing
are as dark and enclose as large ocelli as those of the other cellules, forming a row of eye-spots of fairly
uniform colouring. Ecuador. The name butleri Dist. is a synonym of metaleuca Bdv., hence butleri Weym.
can be retained for this ashna form. — ambra form. nov. (47 a) approaches ashna Hew. Hindwing somewhat
more strongly dentate. Above brown with 3 darker marginal lines. Beneath somewhat lighter, especially in
the marginal area and at the inner margin of the forewing. Hindwing with white band, almost as in
ashna. The marginal area behind this band is almost entirely red-yellow, and separated from the band
by a brown line. In it is placed in cellule 2 a round black spot with double pupil, another in cellule 5, but
surrounded with red-yellow and brown ring and a similar but quite small eye-spcot in cellule 6. At the distal
margin in addition to the 3 parallel marginal lines a 4th brown submarginal line as distal boundary to the
red-yellow marginal area. Between the two inner lines a row of whitish (2) or light grey (3) spots. Bolivia,
Peru (Cuzco), 2—3000 m.

Liturata Group.

E. liturata Btlr. Above pale olive-brown, at the margin darker, fringes reddish grey. Beneath darker,
covered with numerous short dark brown streaks, at the costa mixed with whitish. Forewing before the apex
with a small black, white-pupilled eye-spot, ringed with ochre-yellow, and with 2 similar, extremely small
ones below it. Hindwing on the somewhat lighter brown discal band with 5 equally small eye-spots, of which
only the 2nd and 5th are somewhat more distinct. Marginal line black. Locality unknown. Coll. Hrwrrson
in the Brit. Museum.

E. luttela Weeks. Above bronze-brown, somewhat glossy, beneath the same colour, without gloss.
Forewing between the dark brown marginal line and the distal margin at the apex dusted with yellow, an in-
distinct brown submarginal line, inner margin grey. On the hindwing the interspace between the 2 dark brown
marginal lines is reddish-yellow. A small reddish yellow spot at the anal angle, containing a black central dot.
29mm. Alezuniin Bolivia. Flies in August. Resembles liturata Btlr., but the eye-spot at the apex of the fore-
wing is absent.

E. vesper Btlr. Allied to liturata. Above olive-brown. The eye-spots of the under surface are faintly
visible above. Under surface copper-coloured, marbled with brown. Marginal line black. Forewing with dark
brown discal and submarginal lines, below the apex a single black eye-spot with yellow ring and white pupil.
Hindwing with 5 similar ocelli. The 2nd and 5th larger. A brown irregular discal line and the angled submar-
ginal line unite before the inner angle. The club of the brown antenna is rust-coloured. Locality unknown.
35 mm. Coll. Hewrrson in the Brit. Museum.

E. armilla Bélr. (47 a). Above olive-brown, according to BuTLER with a very indistinct eye-spot on
the hindwing at the anal angle, which is wanting in the example figured. Marginal line black. Under surface
brown with dark brown discal, submerginal and double marginal lines on both wings. The ground-colour is
somewhat lighter outside the submargine! line before the apex of the forewing and at the margin of the hind-
wing. A black, white-pupilled eye-spot with ochre-yellow ring before the apex of the forewing and 6 similar
eye-spots on the hindwing, which vary but little in size. From the Brazilian provinces of Minas Geraes and
Matto Grosso (Cuyaba). According to Herr Banc-Haas armilla and the following strigillata are seasonal forms
of one species. Further observations in respect to this are needed, however, as the forms are very different.
— strigillata form. nov. (47 a). Above olive-brown, the central area of the forewing from the subcostal to the
median covered with thicker, velvety, raised scales, hence standing out more darkly. Fringes grey. Under
surface: forewing olive-brown, finely striated with brown all over, the apex brownish grey, also the distal margin,
but more narrowly, likewise striated with brown. 2 marginal lines and a submarginal dark brown. Somewhat
further back a 4th brown line, which does not reach the inner margin. Between the last-named lines 2 white
dots and above them an ochre-yellow eye-spot with white pupil and brown ring. Hindwing grey, marbled
with brown, basally darker, at the distal margin lighter with 5 small red-yellow eye-spots, which are white-
pupilled and brown-margined. From Cuyaba in the province of Matto Grosso in Brazil.

E. arius spec. nov. (47 2). Similar to armilla. Above brown with 2 darker marginal lines and a strongly
dentate submarginal line on both wings. Hindwing with a small round black spot in a somewhat lighter
ring at the anal angle. Under surface brown, on both wings dusted with grey at the distal margin. 2
almost straight transverse lines before and behind the middle on both wings, a dentate submarginal line and 2

EUPTYCHIA. By G. Weymer. 199

marginal lines, straight on the forewing, undulate on the hindwing. On the hindwing 5 black ocelli with white
pupils and ochre- yellow rings, the ond and 38rd ocelli smaller. Soriacitimas in addition a very small eye-spot
in cellule 1b close to the inner margin between the median lines. From the Mapiri.

E. viridicans spec. nov. (47 b). Above olive-brown. Beneath much lighter in consequence of having
both wings dotted with greenish grey. The dark brown median lines, the dentate submarginal and the 2 marginal
lines are as in the preceding species. On the forewing a small eye-spot in cellule 5, black with white pupil and
yellow ring, an indistinct, still smaller ocellus in cellule 3. On the hindwing 5 distinct eye-spots, the 3rd
and 4th small and brown, the others black with yellow rings and white pupils, the 3rd to 5th bi-pupilled. 37 mm.
From Peru.

E. monahani Weeks. Above dark brown, margin somewhat lighter. Forewing beneath black-brown
with grey marginal line, brown submarginal line and grey apex. Between the median veins (WEEKS says: above
the lowest submedian nervule!) a black eye-spot with white pupil and light brown ring. Above it 2 small
white dots and before the apex a small yellow spot. Hindwing proximally black-brown, distally light brown
mixed with grey, the distal margin somewhat darker, marginal line grey, a marginal and a submarginal line
brown. At the anal angle in cellule Ic a small yellow spot, in cellule 2 a yellow eye-spot with white pupil. From
the inner margin a dark brown line runs to the cell. Sometimes the eye-spots are indistinct and the distal margin
less grey. 35 mm. From Alezuni in Bolivia. August.

E. therkelsoni Weeks. Above dark brown, distally somewhat lighter. Beneath the same, forewing
with light brown marginal line, a dark brown, dentate marginal line and a 2nd similar transverse line behind
the middle. These lines are indistinct on the forewing, on the hindwing they are repeated, but are more distinct,
and join at the anal angle, and there is here an additional, indistinct line in the middle of the cell. Eye-spots
and dots are not mentioned in the original description of this species. 38 mm. From the environs of Cochabamba
in Bolivia. August.

Ocypete Group.

E. ocypete F. (47 b). Above brown with 2 somewhat darker median. bands, a double marginal and a den-
tate submarginal line, in the anal angle of the hindwing a black eye-spot with double white pupil and yellow
ring. The eye-spot is sometimes absent. Beneath light brownish grey with 3 broad brown stripes across both
wings, to which is added on the hindwing a short 4th stripe at the base. On the distal stripe on the forewing
1 or 2, on the hindwing 5 eye-spots, black with yellow ring and glossy white double pupils, only the 2nd
and 4th are brown. Surinam, Para. — helle Cr. (47 b), a form of ocypete, has on the upper surface dark blue-
grey ground-colour with bluish gloss, black veins and 3 black marginal lines, between which the ground-
colour is somewhat lighter. The black eye-spot at the anal angle of the hindwing with fine white double pupil.
The under surface is similar to that of ocypete. Ground-colovr bluish white-grey with broad brown bands. On
the forewing 3 ocelli, one distinct and 2 obscure, hindwing with 5 eye-spots, all with double silver pupils and
yellow iris, the 2nd and 5th black, the others brown. Surinam, Amazons (Iquitos). — lethra Mdschl., like-
wise a form of ocypete, is above brown; on the underside of the hindwing the eye-spots in cellules 3 and 4 placed
more proximally, so that the proximal margins of the entire row of eye-spots form a straight line. The eye-spot
in cellule 6 is considerably larger. Further in lethra the two transverse stripes of the hindwing run straight
into the inner margin, whilst in ocypete the outer of these stripes is curved basad at the inner margin, the
inner somewhat distad. From the interior of Surinam.

E. myncea Cr. Above with a small eye-spot before the apex of the forewing and a similar one at the
anal angle of the hindwing. Beneath brownish grey, in the basal area of both wings 2 straight brown
stripes, which are both bent basad at the inner margin of the hindwing. On the dark brown discal band,
which is 3—4 mm in breadth, are placed on the forewing 3, on the hindwing 5 ocelli, all of nearly equal
size, measuring 2—214 mm in diameter and standing in a straight row, all black with red-yellow ring and sil-
very blue double pupil. At the margin a brown submarginal stripe and 2 fine marginal lines. 43 mm, From
Surinam.

viridicans.

monahani.

therkelsoni.

ocy pete.

helle.

lethra.

mynceda.

E. thobici Capr. is placed by its author as a separate species near to myncea and the following differ- thobici.

ences are given. The two brown transverse stripes in the basal half of the wnder surface are curved and enclose
a band, which is somewhat darker than the rest of the ground-colour. Of the three large eye-spots on the fore-
wing of myncea the first is scarcely perceptible and the other 2 are almost entirely obsolete. Of the 5 eye-spots
of the hindwing the first, second and fifth are very distinct, the last-named somewhat larger, the other two
indistinct. All else as in myncea. 38 mm. From the province of Rio de Janeiro.

E. nerita Capr. Likewise placed by its author in the myncea group, which species the wings resemble
above except that the brown is darker. In the median area the transverse lines of the under surface show through
and on the hindwing the ocellus at the anal angle is present. The under surface is much. lighter, the two
transverse lines terminate suddenly at the inner margin and are yellow-brown bordered with dark brown. The
submarginal line is lunulate and is likewise yellow-brown bordered with dark brown. 3 almost invisible eye-
spots on the forewing before the apex, on the other hand on the hindwing 6 distinct ones, the first two

nerita.

labe.

confusa.

palladia.

terrestris.

moneta.

penelope.

pytheus.

similis.

200 EUPTYCHIA. By G. WEyYmMeR.

and the fifth large, the others small, the sixth without pupil. 37 mm. Province of Rio de Janeiro. This spe-
cies appears to belong to quite another group.

E. labe Bilr. Above brown, the forewing with round black spot before the apex, hindwing with black,
red-yellow-ringed eye-spot with double silvery pupil, two brown marginal lines and a somewhat widened,
undulate submarginal line. Beneath brownish white, 2 straight red-brown stripes across both wings, in the
disc of the forewing a large reddish yellow spot, before the apex a black ocellus with red-yellow border and double
silvery pupil, on the hindwing 5 eye-spots, of which 2 are larger and like the one on the forewing, the others
smaller and brown instead of black. The submarginal line is double and close to the anal angle of the
hindwing runs out into a quadrate light rust-red spot. labe is distinguished by this spot from the following
form. 43 mm. Flies in low-lying districts of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
and Colombia. — confusa Stgr. (47 b) is a form of labe which varies very much in size (34—46 mm.), but only
differs in that the light rust-red spot at the anal angle on the underside of the hindwing is not present and on
the upperside of the same wing there are indistinct, obscure dark brown spots im cellules 3 to 5. Its area
of distribution is about the same as in labe, but in South America confusa extends as far south as Ecuador. It
is also commoner than labe.

E. palladia Bilr. (47b). Above brown, 2 dark brown stripes in the basal half, 2 marginal and an
undulate submarginal line, an eye-spot at the apex of the forewing and one at the anal angle of the bindwing
with double pupil. Beneath white, 2 median bands, 2 marginal and an undulate submarginal line brown, the
proximal lines at the anal angle of the hindwing broader and yellow. Forewing with 3 eye-spots ringed with
yellow and brown. before the apex, some silver dots and below them a rather large red-yellow spot. Hindwing
with 5 eye-spots, the first small and black, the second and fifth large and black, the others brown, all with
silver double pupils; in addition a small indistinct ocellus close to the inner angle. From Tapajos, Amazons,
Anariver.

E. terrestris Btlr. (47 b). Above brown with 2 dark brown median bands, a submarginal and 2 marginal
lines, at the anal angle of the hindwing an eye-spot with white pupil and yellow-brown ring. Beneath brownish
grey with 2 red-brown median bands. Forewing with the usual apical eye-spot and 2 silvery spots below it.
Hindwing with 5 eye-shaped spots, the first, second and fifth black with yellow ring and double silvery pupil,
the silver dot of the others is elongated and bordered with orange-yellow. Surinam, Amazons, Matto Grosso
(Cuyaba).

E. moneta spec. nov. (47 b). Above olive-brown, with 3 parallel marginal lines on both wings. A small
black eye-spot with white pupil and red-yellow ring before the apex of the forewing, a somewhat larger one with
silvery double pupil at the anal angle of the hindwing and an indistinct one without pupil and with a brown
ring in cellule 5 of this wing. A slight indication of a dark band traverses both wings. Beneath white-grey,
with 2 straight parallel brown bands through the middle, the proximal narrower, the distal broader, the
latter somewhat washed-out at the proximal side. Before the apex of the forewing a black eye-spot with 2
distally placed silvery pupils just above it and thick silver spots one above the other, just below it 4 similar
silver spots in a straight row. Then follows a large reddish-yellow spot. On the hindwing there are two large
black ocelli with double silvery pupils (oblique in the anterior ocellus) and red-yellow and dark brown rings.
Between these eye-spots 2 large heart-shaped silver spots and close to the costal margin 2 further silver spots,
which are similar to those on the forewing. The submarginal line of this species has one peculiarity which does
not occur in any of the preceding. It consists of small arcs, 2 placed in each cellule, the convexity distally directed
and the points proximally. In this the species resembles the following penelope. From Cayenne.

E. penelope #. (= clarissa Cr.) (47 b). Above yellow-brown with 2 dark brown median bands, 2 mar-
ginal lines, finely dentate submarginal line, an eye-spot on the forewing before the apex, in the g¢ without,
in the Q with silvery pupil. Hindwing in § and © with a similar eye-spot with double silvery pupil at the anal
angle and an obscure eye-spot at the apex. On the brownish grey under surface the species is distinguished
by having the submarginal line as finely dentate as in the preceding species (moneta) and at the proximal
side of this line a stripe 2—3 mm. in breadth, sprinkled over with a number of scattered dark brown scales.
On the forewing 1 eye-spot, on the hindwing 2 with double silvery pupils and several silvery spots. Brazil, Ama-
zons, Surmam. — pytheus Moschl. is a form similar to penelope with only one light-yellow-bordered eye-spot
at the anal angle of the hindwing, the brown discal band on the underside of the forewing extending nearly
to the inner margin, the submarginal line with shallower ares and the brown dots wanting. From Paramaribo
(Surimam).

E. similis Bir. The form of this species figured by GopMAN and Satyr in the Brit. Centr. Am. is regarded
as the type, Burter having mixed 2 forms in his original description. 40 mm. On the under surface the ground-
colour is light brown as far as the second transverse line behind the middle, marginal area whitish grey
traversed by a light brown discal band, on which in cellule 2 of the hindwing are placed a black eye-spot

Publ. 20. IV. 1911. EUPTYCHIA. By G. Wreymer. 201

with a yellow ring and a black spot above it. There are no other ocelli. Two fine brown marginal and an undu-
late submarginal line. From Mexico and Guatemala (? Nicaragua). — themis Bilr. is a very similar form, in
which the discal band on the underside of the hindwing is quite faint, so that the eye-spots, of which there are
4 on the forewing and 5 on the hindwing, stand out distinctly. They have all yellow iris and double blue pupils,
the second and fifth on the hindwing are black and larger than the others, in addition there is a very small
sixth eye-spot close to the inner margin of the hindwing beside the first median band. Of the three approximated
marginal lines the middle one is somewhat thickened near the inner margin. Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad. — undina Bélr. (47 b) is a form of similis in which the inner
of the two marginal lines on the upperside of the hindwing is twice as broad as the outer. Between the two
is placed a lighter line. The submarginal line is somewhat separated. A black eye-spot with white double pupil
and yellow ring in cellule 2. On the under surface of the hindwing the dark dusting on the inner submarginal
line is strongly expressed, especially near the inner angle. The brown discal band is distinct and shows on. the
forewing 1, on the hindwing 5 ocelli. 40—42 mm. From Mexico.

E. cleophes Godm. & Salv. Above grey-brown with 2 broad, brown median bands, an undulate
submarginal and 2 marginal lines, a black eye-spot with yellow ring and white double pupil before the apex
of the forewing, a similar one at the anal angle of the hindwing and a round red-yellow spot between medians
1 and 2 in the dise of the forewing. Beneath the basal area is light grey with 2 reddish grey transverse
lines: marginal area almost white with the same eye-spots and red-yellow spot as above, but with a similar
eye-spot also in cellule 5 on the hindwing. Between and beside the eye-spots silver dots. 38 mm. Mexico (Aca-
guizotla, Tierra Colorada and Dos Caminos in Guerrero).

E. castrensis Schaus (47 c). Approaches wndina. 2 above brown with 2 marginal lines, a submarginal
and 2 median lines, of which the proximal one may also be absent. Hindwing with a black dot at the apex,
2 ocelli at the anal angle, black with white pupil and yellow ring, the larger before vein 2, the smaller behind
it. Beneath brownish fawn-coloured, the lines darker than above, forewing with an eye-spot and several brown
rings which contain scattered yellow scales. Hindwing in the disc whitish with two larger ocelli in cellules 2
and 5, three smaller ones in cellules 1c, 3 and 6, and also two placed obliquely and close together in cellule 4.
The ¢ is darker, the black dot at the costal margin of the hindwing above is absent. On the under surface the
forewing has only a black dot in cellule 5 and on the hindwing instead of the eye-spots in cellules 3 and 4
there are lilac spots with brown bordering. From Brazil: St. Leopoldina and Castro (Parana).

E. usitata Bilr. (47 ec). Above brown with a dark, straight line behind the middle and 3 marginal lines.
Forewing in the 3 without, in the 2 with a small eye-spot before the apex, hindwing with 2 eye-spots, black
with yellow ring and double white pupil, the larger in cellule 2, the smaller in cellule 3. Under surface lighter
than above, with 2 transverse lines through the middle, the forewing with silvery dots below the eye-spot, hind-
wing with 5 ocelli, the first 2 and the last black with double white pupil (only that of the second is single), the
others brownish grey with silvery pupil, but all placed in ochre-yellow rings, surrounded with brown. Vene-
zuela. — pieria Bilr. is a from of wsitata, which on the upper surface has only one eye-spot at the anal angle
of the hindwing and in which the median lines on both surfaces are strongly curved basad before the inner
margin of the hindwing. From Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. — pompilia
Flidr. (47 c), a further form of wsitata, which GopMAN and SALVIN in the Biol. Centr. Amer. state is synonymous
with pieria, differs according to our figure drawn. from the type in RoTHscHILD’s collection in that the median,
line of the hindwing on both surfaces runs straight to the inner margin; moreover this figure shows at the costal
margin of the hindwing above 2 eye-spots, which BuTLER does not mention in his description of pierta. From
Colombia and Mexico. — thelete Snell. is likewise a form of usitata, on the under surface quite similar to the
type-form, except that the silver dots below the eye-spot on the forewing are absent. Above thelete is confus-
ingly like our figure of pompilia Fldr., as in addition to the anal ocellus it possesses the same 2 eye-spots at the
apex of the hindwing, only somewhat larger. From the island of Curagao.

E. austera Btlr. Forewing above olive-brown, with a black eye-spot with silvery double pupil and
yellow ring before the apex. Hindwing with 2 similar ocelli at the anal angle, the outer one larger; in the middle
a brown curved band, on the margin a brownish yellow terminal line. Beneath grey, before the middle a narrow,
behind the middle a broad yellow-brown band across both wings. Then follows in the disc an ochre-yellow band,
in which is placed on the forewing one eye-spot as above, on the hindwing 5, the second and fifth black with
white pupils and yellow and outer dark brown ring, the others composed of silvery spots margined with ochre-
yellow. The margin brown with an ochre-yellow marginal line. 42 mm. From Bogota.

E. divergens Btlr. (47 c). Above olive-brown with three dark marginal lines. The other bands and the
eye-spots of the under surface show through faintly above. Under surface lighter with 2 rust-coloured, brown-
edged median bands, of which the outer one on the forewing is curved strongly distad at the inner margin. On
the forewing 1, on the hindwing 5 ocelli, some of which are black with silvery double pupil and some silvery

Vv 26

themis.

undina.

cleophes.

castrensis.

usitata.

pieria.

pompilia.

thelete.

austera.

divergens.

eurylus.

pertphis.

ocelloides.

biocellata.

rubricata.

pellonia.

lethe.

argante.

202 ’KUPTYCHIA. By G. Weyer.

with brown bordering, but all are surrounded by ochre-yellow rings. In the 2 there is further a small eye-
spot in cellule 2 of the forewing. From Surinam and the Rio Negro (Amazons).

E. eurytus 7. (= eurytris /., eurythris Godt., cymela Cr.) (47 c). This species is rather common in North
America and is easy to recognize by the 2 eye-spots which are placed on the upperside of both wings, of which
only the anterior one on the hindwing is less developed in the jg, and may also be absent. In the 9 there is
sometimes on the hindwing a 3rd smaller ocellus between median and submedian. On the light grey under
surface are placed on the forewing 2, on the hindwing 4 eye-spots with double silvery pupils and between
them further silver dots. — The egg is higher in proportion to its breadth than that of H. cornelius, to which it is
otherwise fairly similar. The full-grown larva, according to BoispuvaL and LxEconT#, is green with 5 white
longitudinal stripes (1 dorsal stripe and 2 at each side); according to HOLLAND it is in its earlier stages yellow-
brown with a lighter silky stripe and brown spiracles. It lives on grasses. The pupa is light brown with 2 rows
of dark dorsal dots, a white line at each side and white bordering to the wing-cases. It is suspended from grass-
stems. The butterfly is distributed in North America from Canada through the United States to Nebraska,
Kansas and Texas.

E. periphas Godt. (47). Distinguished from eurytus by having only one eye-spot on the upperside of
both wings and the underside of the forewing, on the forewing before the apex, on the hindwing before the anal
angle. But examples also occur in which on the hindwing above a 2nd very small eye-spot is present at
the anal angle. Beneath there are 3 ocelli on the hindwing and between them some fine silvery dots. The pupils
of all the eye-spots are much smaller than in ewrytus. From Brazil and Uruguay.

E. ocelloides Schaus (47). Similar to the preceding species, but considerably smaller. Wings more
rounded and above lighter. Ground-colour brownish grey, hence the deep black eye-spots stand out more
distinctly. Above with one ocellus on the forewing before the apex and one on the hindwing before the anal
angle, sometimes two in the 9. On the under surface the species is at once distinguishable from periphas
by the course of the brown transverse line behind the middle of both wings. Whilst in periphas this line is fairly
straight and runs parallel with the distal margin, in ocelloides it is curved several times and on the forewing
runs obliquely to the inner angle. Ypisanga, Sao Paulo, Castro in Parana (Brazil).

E. biocellata Godm. (47d). Above brown with black, white-pupilled double ocellus in red-yellow ring,
the hindwing without eye-spots. Beneath the forewing somewhat lighter, the eye-spot as above, but surrounded
further by 2 brown lines, of which the outer one extends in a large curve nearly to the anal angle. The distal
half of the hindwing is white-grey and traversed by a darker band, which is intersected with white on the veins.
From Bolivia (Tanampaya) at about 2000 m.

E. rubricata Hdw. Above brown, forewing with a large rust-red spot between the median veins and a
black eye-spot with red-yellow ring and white pupil before the apex, hindwing with a similar eye-spot at the
anal angle. Both wings with 3 dark brown marginal lines. On the under surface the forewing is grey-brown
and the basal area bright rust-red, ocelli and marginal lines as above, a red stripe running from the costa to the
inner margin, two silvery blue double pupils placed below the eye-spot. Hindwing with a brown stripe, proxi-
mally margined with light grey, which runs from the costa to the inner margin, and a row of 5 eye-spots before
the margin, the first large, the others indistinct, but indicated by silver spots. 35 mm. From Texas, Mexico
(North Sonora), Guatemala.

E. pellonia Godm. Similar to rubricata. Above brown, forewing in the middle reddish, before the apex
a black ocellus with white pupil, red-yellow ring and outer dark brown bordering, at the edge of this a further
white dot. In addition a light brownish crescent basally to the ocellus and beside it a dark brown dentate
transverse line, which runs obliquely distad to the inner angle and is continued also in a large curve
across the entire hindwing. A dentate submarginal and 2 continuous marginal lines on both wings. Beneath
as above, but the brown oblique line and the crescent on the forewing are absent, on the other hand on the
hindwing a third dentate transverse line is present in the basal area. In this species there are no eye-spots
on the hindwing either above or beneath. 42 mm. From Mexico (Milpas and Ciudad in Durango; Bolafios
in Jalisco, Chapala).

E. lethe Bilr. Above dark brown with two marginal lines, hindwing with undulate discal line and a
black anal eye-spot. Beneath much lighter, with 2 dark median lines, the proximal angled, the distal undulate;
marginal lmes as above. Forewing with 2 ocelli in cellules 2 and 5, which are black with white pupils and yellow
rings. Hindwing with 2 similar eye-spots in the same cellules and also 2 smaller ones close to the anal angle,
in addition with 2 brown eye-shaped dots between the ocelli. 36 mm. From Venezuela.

E. argante Cr. (= argulus Godt.). Above brown with 3 dark brown parallel marginal lines and a white
line between the two distal dark lines. Under surface lighter, the white line with a silvery gloss, the other mar-
ginal lines as above, in addition 2 brown lines through the middle of both wings, on the hindwing almost straight,
on the forewing diverging anteriorly. On the forewing 4 eye-spots in a straight row, on the hindwing 5 in an
angular row, some of them bi-pupilled. 40 mm. From Surinam.

EKUPTYCHIA. By G. Wreymer. 2038

E. maepius Godt. (47d). Above brown with 2 marginal lines and a dentate submarginal at some distance
from them. On the hindwing with a whitish line between the marginal lines. Forewing with 2 dark brown
dots in cellules 2 and 5, hindwing with 3 ocelli, a large one in cellule 2 and two small in cellules 3 and 5,
all black with yellow ring, the posterior 2 with white pupils. Under surface lighter with 2 darker lines through
the middle. Forewing with 4 small eye-spots, hindwing with 5 ocelli, of which the posterior 4 are larger, some
black and some brown, all with double silvery pupils and yellow rings. From Guiana and Brazil.

E. erigone Bilr. (47 d). Above olive-brown with dark line behind the middle and 3 marginal lines. Fore-
wing without eye-spots, hindwing with 5 black, yellow-ringed ocelli, of which the 4th is large and blue-pupilied,
the 5th small with silvery pupil, the 2nd indistinct. Under surface lighter with 2 brown median lines, angled
at the inner margin of the hindwing, and 3 marginal lines (the proximal one undulate), apex of the fore-
wing brownish yellow with a brown band and 3 eye-spots in yellow rings (the lowest larger and with 2 blue
pupils). From Sao Paulo in Brazil, Peru. — probata form. nov. (47d). Similar to erigone, but above with only
a black dot at the anal angle of the hindwing in place of the ocelli. The under surface agrees entirely with er7-
gone. From the Mapiri. — proba form. nov. (47d). Likewise similar to erigone. On the upper surface there is
only one black eye-spot, with red-yellow ring and double silvery white pupil, placed at the anal angle of the
hindwing. On the under surface the forewing has only one eye-spot and instead of the 2 lower ocelli of erigone
there are 3 small silver dots. The silvery pupils in the eye-spots in cellules 3 and 4 on the hindwing are prolonged
into silvery streaks. The distal of the two dark brown median stripes is somewhat broader than in erigone. Peru.

E. argyrospila Bilr. Above brown with 3 marginal lines, of which the proximal is undulate. Forewing
with small black dot at the inner angle, hindwing with 3 black ocelli in ochre-yellow rings, the middle one large
and with violet pupil. Beneath yellowish brown with 2 darker median lines, of which the distal forms a tooth
in the middle of the hindwing, with 3 marginal lines. Forewing with 4, hindwing with 5 yellow-ringed eye-
spots, some black with silvery double pupils, the others brown with violet single pupils. 38 mm. From Ega
(Amazons). — nausiaca Woschl. Similar to argyrospila, but the forewing above with 2, the hindwing with
5—6 eye-spots, all ringed with red-yellow, but mostly blind, only those in cellules 2 and 3 having silvery
pupils. Beneath like argyrospila in the number of the ocelli, but both the median bands are basally curved
before the inner margin of the hindwing, and the tooth of the distal median line in the middle of the hindwing
is wanting. From Paramaribo and the interior of Surinam.

E. crantor F. is a doubtful species for America. According to Faprictus the upper surface is brown,
the forewing without spots, hindwing with a black eye-spot with double pupil. Beneath lighter, with darker
bands, forewing with 2 eye-spots, hindwing with 5, of which the Ist and 4th are black with double pupil,
the 3rd and 5th blind. Faprictus gives the size as the same as that of the Indian Mycalesis mineus L., which
measures 44—46 mm. As locality he mentions India. Donovan in his Insects of India figures under the name
crantor a species which agrees with that of FaBrictus in the number of eye-spots, but not in the number of pupils.
Gopart copies Fapricius’ description and adds: ,,From Brazil.““ Westwoop in Genera Diurnal Lepid. gives
as locality Brazil, Pernambuco and Honduras and mentions that the species is in the British Museum, which
according to BuTLEeR (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 467) is not correct. GODMAN and Savin, however, regarded the
Honduras examples referred to by Westwoop as belonging to H. labe Btlr. The figure in DoNovaN is similar
in the scheme of markings to the following ocnus, but the ground-colour of the underside is more rust-red in
crantor.

E. ocnus Btlr. (47 d). Above brown with 3 dark marginal lines, of which on the forewing only the middle
one, on the hindwing all three are undulate. At the anal angle of the hindwing a black patch bordered with
red-yellow. Beneath lighter, somewhat inclined to violet, with 2 reddish brown median bands, of which
the proximal is directed distad at the costa of the forewing, 3 undulate marginal lines; forewing with 1 to 3
small eye-spots before the apex on a brown band, hindwing with 5 eye-spots, the 2nd and 5th large with silvery
double pupils, the first the same, but small, the others red-yellow marked with thick silver spots, all margined

with brown. From Tapajos (Amazons). — opima form. nov. (47 d) is a form of ocnws which ditfers on the under-
side of the hindwing in the 3rd and 4th eye-spots having a brown dot in the middle instead of the silver spots
and on the upperside in the dark patch not bemg bordered with red-yellow. From Jurua. — pallema Schaus is

a further form of ocnus, the upper surface altogether without eye-spots or dark patches, but beneath quite
similar to the type-form. From Peru.

E. eriphule Gtlr. Above brown with 3 dark brown undulate lines at the margin and an indistinct dot at
the anal angle of the hindwing. Beneath lighter witha thin brown line before the middle, a broader one beyond
the middle, the latter broadly bordered distally with light violet and angled at the inner margin of the hindwing;
3 black marginal lines. Forewing without eye-spots, hindwing with 5, ringed with red-yellow, the first 2 and the
last black with silvery pupils, the others with thick, oval, silvery dots. 37mm. From Pernambuco (Brazil).

E. electra Bilr. Dark brown with 3 black marginal lines and a black anal eye-spot with brown ring
and blue pupil. Beneath somewhat lighter with the same marginal lines. Forewing with an oblique transverse

maepius.

erigone.

probata.

proba.

argyrospila.

nausiaca.

crantor.

ocnus.

opima.

pallema.

eriphule.

electra.

variabilis.

urbana.

affinis.

vestigiata.

ochracea.

renala.

disajfecta.

remissa.

204 EUPTYCHIA. By G. Weymer.

line behind the middle and without eye-spots, hindwing with 2 median lines and 5 yellow-ringed ocelli, the
first 2 and the last black, the others brown, the first 2 with single, the last -3 with double lustrous blue pupils.
The 2 has beneath before the apex of the forewing a yellow dot and below it one larger and 2 smaller, obscure
eye-spots. 42 mm. Bahia.

E. variabilis Béilr. Above olive-brown with lighter fringes, 2 dark marginal lines and an undulate
submarginal line at some distance from them. Forewing with a faint band behind the middle. Hindwing with
2 black, brown-bordered eye-spots before the anal angle, the upper and larger has 2, the lower only one pupil.
On the lighter under surface the forewing towards the apex is sprinkled with brown, with 2 widely separated
median lines. The 3 marginal lines as above, without ocelli. Hindwing somewhat inclining to violet, at the
base sprinkled with brown, with 2 median lines, the distal one forming an angle in the middle and with 6
ochre-yellow-ringed eye-spots, of which the 3rd is indistinct, the rest some black, some brown and for the most
part with double pupils. Aberrations occur with smaller eye-spots. 45 mm. From Brazil (Pernambuco, Rio
de Janeiro).

E. urbana Bilr. (47 e). Above olive-brown, an undulate submarginal and 2 marginal lines darker, be-
tween the latter at the anal angle of the hindwing a brick-coloured line, beside it 2 oval black eye-spots, the
distal one in cellule 2 twice as large as the proximal, both with brick-coloured rings and silvery pupils. The
under surface is sprinkled with dark brown, the 2 rust-coloured median lines diverge towards the costa of the
forewing, but run parallel on the hindwing, the proximal forms a short angle on the forewing, the distal on the
hindwing. Forewing with one or 2 blind eye-spots, hindwing with 6 eye-spots, of which the 2nd and the last
2 are darker and larger than the rest, but all have silvery pupils. From Colombia and Paraguay.

E. affinis Btlr. Above pale brown with 3 dark marginal lines, between which on the hindwing is placed
an ochre-yellow line. A black, blue-pupilled and yellow-ringed ocellus at the anal angle of the hindwing. Under
surface ochreous with 2 brown median lines, the proximal straight, the distal on the forewing curved distad
at the costal margin, but on the hindwing uniting at the inner margin with the partly angled, partly undulate
submarginal line. In the marginal area a brown band, on which in the forewing are placed 3, in the hindwing
5 ocelli, the first on the forewing, the Ist, 2nd and 5th on the hindwing black, the others brown, but all with
double silvery pupils and ochre-yellow rings. 42 mm. From Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco.

E. vestigiata Bilr. Above olive-brown, 2 median and 3 marginal lines dark brown, 2 very small ocelli
with silvery pupils at the anal angle of the hindwing. Beneath much lighter, sprinkled with a number of brown
atoms, 2 narrow, yellow, fairly straight median stripes bordered with black at both sides, which only form an angle
at the inner margin of the hindwing. The strongly dentate submarginal line is similarly coloured on the hindwing,
black on the forewing. Forewing with 3 eye-spots, the first, with yellow ring and silver pupil, before the apex,
the others indistinct. Hindwing with 6 eye-spots, the 2nd and 5th black with double silvery pupils, the two
middle ones brown and dusted with silver scales, the two outer only small, but all ringed with yellow and
brown. 40 mm. From Minas Geraes.

E. ochracea Btlr. (47e). Above unicolorous olive-brown, distal margin somewhat darker. Beneath
yellowish brown, finely dusted with brown, with 2 straight brown median lines, diverging anteriorly, a broad,
light ochre-yellow band and a washed-out brownish one. On the latter are placed on the forewing 2, on the
hindwing 6 small black eye-shaped spots in somewhat lighter rings, the 2nd and 5th finely pupilled with white.
From Ypisanga (Brazil), coll. LtpERwatp.

Renata Group.

E. renata Cr. Above brown with a small eye-shaped spot at the hinder angle of the forewing in cellule 2.
Beneath likewise brown, finely striated all over with dark brown, with 2 straight dark brown median lines,
an undulate submarginal and 2 straight marginal lines, a small eye-spot before the apex of the forewing and 4
eye-spots on the hindwing, 2 at the apex in cellules 5 and 6 and 2 at the inner angle in cellules 1b and 2.
The eye-spot in cellule 2 measures 314 mm., that in cellule 5 244 mm. in diameter, the others are smaller, all are
black, with white pupils (the one in cellule 5 bi-pupilled) and bright, broad red-yellow rings. From Surinam.
This species appears to have been hitherto misidentified, for the figures of renata in the Biol. Centr. Amer. and
in STAUDINGER Exot. Tagf. do not agree with CRamM=ER’s figure and text. In these figures the eye-spot on the
upper surface of the forewing is wanting, of which CRAMER mentions the position very exactly in his description,
and the under surface is much lighter, with the ocelli much smaller, than in CRAMER and ringed with pale
yellow. I retain for this form, which must be separated from renata, the name disaffecta Bilr. (47d). It has
no eye-spot on the upperside of the forewing, but on the hindwing a distinct one with red-yellow ring and white
pupil. The under surface is much lighter than the upper, especially in the marginal area. The ocelli are much
smaller and ringed with pale yellow, and vary in number from 3 to 6. The first and the two middle ones are
often very indistinct or entirely absent. Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Amazons. — remissa form. nov. (47 e) is a form of the preceding, in which the eye-spot on the upper surface

EUPTYCHIA. By G. Wreymer. 205

at the anal angle of the hindwing has a double white pupil. On the under surface the two somewhat broader
median stripes diverge towards the costal angle of the forewing, on the hindwing they run parallel, but bend
round proximad at the inner margin, forming 2 teeth. Forewing with an apical ocellus, black with red-yellow
ring and white pupil. Hindwing with 6 eye-spots, the first 2 and the last 2 like the one on the forewing except
that the first is brown instead of black, the 2 middle ones yellowish brown. From Chiriqui. — peloria Pidr.
(47 e) is a further form of renatw, in which the first transverse stripe on the forewing is strongly curved on the
under surface and the other is proximally shaded with yellowish brown. According to FELDER’s description
the hindwing has beneath 6 eye-spots, of which the first and the two middle ones are very indistinct. Our figure
is from one of FELDER’s types and shows only 3 eye-spots. Venezuela.

: E. mythra Stgr. 7. 1. (47 e). Above olive-brown with 2 brown marginal lines, and at some distance from
them an undulate submarginal, between the former on the hindwing a whitish line and at the anal angle a small
black ocellus with white pupil and red-yellow ring. Beneath brownish grey, finely irrorated with brown and with
2 straight parallel median lines and in the lighter marginal area a brown band, on which on the forewing are placed
3 rather obscure eye-spots, on the hindwing 5 small ones. The first 2 and the last on the hindwing are black,
the others brown, all with double dull white pupils and surrounded by ochre-yellow and outer brown rings.
Bolivia.

E. abretia Capr. (46 f). Above light olive-brown. The straight light band on the under surface shows
through somewhat above, and the 3 marginal lines are also visible. Beneath there is a brown, angled line before
the middle, and in the marginal area of the hindwing a row of 6 fine black dots, the first with an extremely fine
white pupil. Brazil (Valenga, Petropolis). Flies in September.

E. angularis Bélr. (47 e). Differs somewhat in the shape of the wings. The apex of the forewing is ob-
tuse. The hindwing is angled at the submedian and at medians 1 and 2, the inner margin somewhat excised.

peloria.

mythra.

abretia.

angularis.

Above olive-brown, marginal lines and anal spot very indistinct. Under surface yellowish grey, finely irrorated -

with dark brown, with 2 straight reddish brown median lines, a strongly dentate submarginal line and 2 mar-
ginal lines on both wings. Forewing with 5 scarcely visible, white, brown-bordered dots (sometimes in yellow
rings). On the hindwing 6 small eye-shaped spots or dots, of which the Ist, 3rd and 4th are scarcely visible,
the others distinctly black with yellow rings, the 5th somewhat larger and bi-pupilled. Minas Geraes (BUTLER),
Estagao Raiz da Serra (Estado Sao Paulo); December (LipERWALD).

E. punctata spec. nov. (47 ¢). In the shape of the wings quite similar to the preceding species, but the
under surface is quite differently marked. Above olive-brown, forewing without marginal lines, only the fringes
somewhat lighter. Hindwing with 2 marginal lines, the distal indistinct, the proximal darker and distinct, with
an obscure submarginal line composed of large lunules. Under surface yellowish grey, with slight darker irrora-
tion. A fine, brown dentate line runs through the cell of both wings with single darker dots on the veins, in the
distal half of the wings 2 broad light parallel stripes, the proximal yellowish, the distal whitish yellow. Proxim-
ally to the first stripe there is a row of fine black dots on the veins, connected by proximally directed brown
lunules. Asimilar row of dots’is placed outside the distal stripe, on which are placed the distally directed lunules
of the submarginal line. These lunules likewise bear black dots in the middle of the cell. Two further rows
of dots (the 4th and 5th) are placed on the almost straight marginal lines, which are only undulate in the poste-
rior part of the hindwing. There is also a single black dot with white pupil in cellule 2 between the 2 lighter
stripes. From Minas Geraes (Brazil), coll. WEYMER.

E. straminea Bilr. Forewing somewhat longer, the apex consequently more pointed than in the allied
species. The distal margin of the hindwing forms an obtuse angle on vein 3. Above olive-brown, in certain
lights copper-coloured, with 2 brown marginal lines, an undulate submarginal line and an indistinct anal ocellus.
Beneath ochre-coloured, finely dusted with brown, in the disc pale rose-red, 2 widely separated brown median
lines, the distal one proximally margined with yellowish brown, marginal lines as above, between them a yellow
line. In the dise a brown band, on which are placed on the forewing 1, on the hindwing 4 eye-spots (2 at
the apex and 2 at the hinder angle), all with yellow ring and glossy white pupil, sometimes double. 50 mm.
From Minas Geraes (Brazil).

E. celmis Godt. (47f). Above brown with 2 dark brown lines and a distal black line at the margin,
between which the ground-colour is somewhat lighter, with a small yellow-ringed eye-spot at the anal angle,
in the 3 without, in the 2 with pupil. Beneath brownish grey, finely irrorated with brown, with 2 angled darker
lines through the middle and the 3 marginal lines as above, 1 ocellus on the forewing and 5 or 6 on the
hindwing, all small, the 2nd and 3rd on the hindwing mostly indistinct, the others black with yellow ring and fine
white, mostly double pupils. From Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay. Common. The species varies as regards the
number of the ocelli and their distinctness, also the size ranges from 34—44 mm. — melchiades Btlr. is a form
of celmis in which on the hindwing above 2 eye-spots are present at the anal angle, of which the first is 3 times
as large as the last. On the under surface there are 5 small ocelli on the forewing, the 2nd somewhat larger,

punctata.

straminea.

celmis.

melchiades.

bonariensis.

grimon.

phronius.

acmenis.

paeon.

marmorata.

ernestina.

ambiqua.

modesta.

huebneri.

benedicta.

206 KUPTYCHIA. By G. Weyer.

and 6 on the hindwing, the 2nd and 5th being the largest and the 3rd consisting of 2 eye-spots obliquely adjoin-
ing one another. From Cordoba. — bonariensis Burm. (47 f) is a further form of celmis, which on the upper
surface has neither eye-spots nor dots and beneath only brown rings instead of the eye-spots. From Buenos Aires.

E. grimon Godt. (471). Above olive-brown with undulate submarginal and 2 dark brown marginal
lines, between the latter on the hindwing a whitish grey line. Beneath light brownish grey, finely dotted with
brown, with 2 dentate darker lines through the middle and the 3 marginal lines as above. Forewing with 3 eye-
spots, only the first distinct, the others obscure. Hindwing with 5 eye-spots, the first 2 and the last black with
double white pupil, the others composed only of brown rings with ochre-yellow pupils. From Brazil.

E. phronius Godt. (471). Above grey-brown, with indistinct darker marginal lines and similar submar-
ginal line, also an indistinct dark dot at the anal angle of the hindwing. Beneath yellowish grey, finely dotted
with brown all over, with 2 dentate darker transverse lines through the middle, on which at each vein is placed
a dark brown dot. Marginal area somewhat lighter, containing 1—4 white dots on the forewing, 4—5 on the
hindwing. Sometimes some of these dots are double or present incompletely formed dark rings. St. Catharina
(Brazil).

E. aemenis-Hbn. (51 b). Above biack-grey. Beneath more brownish grey, sprinkled with dark brown
dots. The dark brown median lines are fairly straight on the forewing, on the hindwing strongly undulate and
running parallel with the distal margin. The median area enclosed by them is dark brown on the hindwing.
The marginal area becomes gradually darker towards the distal margin, but shows no eye-spots or dots. The
fringes light brownish. The locality of this species is unknown, for that given by HUBNER (Baltimore) is incorrect.
It resembles the preceding species, but the median band is much more strongly curved in acmenis and the white
dots in the marginal area, as well as the dark brown dots on the median lines, are absent.

Paeon Group.

E. paeon Godt. (51 b). Margin of the hindwing obtusely dentate, in the ¢ more strongly, in the 2 more
weakly. Above grey-brown, with an undulate submarginal and 2 marginal lines dark brown. Of the latter
the inner is proximally widened and on the hindwing forms crescentic spots between the veins. An undulate
whitish line between these marginal lines. At the anal angle of the hindwing a small, round, dark brown spot,
which in the Q is larger, in the g smaller or absent. Beneath there are on the forewing in addition to the lines
of the upper surface 2 straight median lines and a small eye-spot before the apex. The hindwing is brownish
grey or brownish yellow in the basal half and at the costal margin, becoming gradually darker posteriorly, marbled
all over with dark brown. Two dark brown, strongly dentate transverse stripes run from the costal to the
inner margin. In the marginal area 4 small black eye-spots with double white pupils, 2 at the apex and 2 at the
inner angle. Rio de Janeiro and St. Catharina. — marmorata Bilr. (47 {) is a form of paeon in which the under
surface is much lighter and the dark brown posterior half of the hindwing in the type-form is restricted to a dark
spot at the distal margin. All else as in that, hence the transverse lines stand out more distinctly. Rio de Janeiro,
St. Catharina, Rio Grande do Sul.

E. ernestina spec. nov. (471). Similar to paeon, but the shape is rounder, the distal margin but slightly
undulate, not dentate, and above in addition to the anal spot of the hindwing a round black spot is present
before the apex of the forewing, which is wanting in paeon. On the underside of the forewing the 2nd transverse
stripe is not straight, but distally curved and here are placed 3 eye-spots, a black one with yellow iris and white
pupil before the apex, and 2 smaller ones below it, consisting of brown rings with double, oval, silvery pupils.
On the hindwing the transverse stripes are broader, the second is forked anteriorly and behind it are placed
5 eye-spots, of which those in cellules 2, 5 and 6 are black with white pupils, yellow iris and brown rings, whilst
those in cellules 3 and 4 consist merely of brown rings with double, oval, silvery pupils. From Esperito Santo
(Brazil).

Hermes Group.

E. ambigua Stir. (48a). Above brown with 3 indistinct marginal lines, the proximal one dentate.
Hindwing with ochre-yellow marginal line. Beneath lighter, the first transverse line irregular, the second curved
round at the inner margin of the hindwing, the marginal lines as above. Both wings with 5 ocelli, which have
brown rings and mostly double silvery pupils and on the hindwing are placed in an angular row. From Rio de
Janeiro. — modesta Bélr. Similar to the preceding, somewhat larger, above brown, of the 3 marginal lines
the proximal one is undulate. Beneath brownish grey with 2 oblique, but fairly straight, red-brown median lines.
The marginal lines as above. Forewing with 3 ochre-yellow-ringed eye-spots, of which the first has a double
silvery pupil. Hindwing with 5 ocelli, which have red-yellow rings and partly single, partly double silvery pu-
pils. From Para and Cameta (Amazons). — huebneri Bilr. is above quite like ambigua, beneath the ground-
colour is more brownish at the base, more grey at the apex, ochre-coloured at the hindmargin. The median
transverse lines are red-brown and the first is nearly straight. On the hindwing there is a 6th small eye-spot
at the anal angle. Para. — benedicta Biir. is similar to huebneri, but differs in the larger eye-spots of the

KUPTYCHIA. By G. WeyMeEr. 207

under surface, the number of which BuTLER gives as 6 for the hindwing; some of these are black and some brown,
the 4 middle ones have double white pupils, but all have yellow iris and outer brown rings, and the 2nd and 5th
are larger than the others (in BuruER’s figure the 6th ocellus at the inner margin is absent). On the forewing
there is a similar eye-spot before the apex and 2 obscure ones below it. The median bands are chestnut-brown
and diverge somewhat anteriorly. From Sarayacu (Ecuador).

E. galesus Godt. Above brown, unspotted. Beneath likewise brown, with 3 dark brown transverse
lines, 2 across the middle, 1 before the margin. The outer median line shaded with violet-grey at the distal
side. The marginal line is undulate and before it is placed on the hindwing a row of 5 black dots. From Brazil.
Whether the butterfly figured by BuTLmr (in the Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Vol. 13, pl. 12, fig. 12) really belongs
to this species is questionable, as the hindwing bears a row of 5 light-pupilled eye-spots instead of the dots.

E. melobosis Capr. (46 f). Above brown with a dark brown median line on the forewing and 3 marginal
lines on both wings. On the somewhat lighter under surface 2 transverse lines cross both wings, the first strongly
curved, the second undulate on the forewing; between the two the ground-colour is darker. In the marginal
area on the forewing 4, on the hindwing 6 small eye-spots, black with glossy white pupils and yellowish brown
iris. From Chapeo d’Uves (Minas Geraes). Flies in November.

E. umbrosa Sitlr. Above according to its author’s description greenish grey (but his figure is more
blue than green) with 2 grey marginal lines on the hindwing. Fringes and body brown. Beneath lighter, white-
dusted, traversed by 2 median stripes, 3 brown marginal lines, forewing with a small black ocellus before the apex;
hindwing with 5 yellow-ringed eye-spots, the 2nd and 5th black with white pupils, the others brown. From
Ecuador.

E. undulata Btlr. (48a). Above brown. Beneath lighter, dusted with grey, the 2 median lines on the
forewing more widely separated, posteriorly strongly dentate, the submarginal lines dentate, the other mar-
ginal lines almost straight. Forewing with 4 very indistinct, hindwing with 6 distinct small eye-spots, the 2.,
4. and 5. with black central dot. From Para.

E. mitchelli French. Size of the preceding species. Above brown. Beneath with indistinct median
and marginal lines, forewing with 4, hindwing with 6 eye-spots in a straight row, which are placed somewhat
further from the distal margin than in the allied species. These eye-spots are black, with yellow rings and
blue pupils. Found in the states of New Jersey (near Lake Hopatcong) and Michigan.

E. maimouneé Bilr. Dark olive-brown. Hindwing in the posterior half with black submarginal line.
On the under surface the forewing is sprinkled with ochre-yellow scales, the median stripes rather broad, diverg-
ing towards the costa of the forewing, in addition there is a brown streak on the discocellular of this wing.
The forewing has 5 eye-spots with light yellow rings, mostly without pupils, the hindwing 6 rather large eye-
spots (the 2nd measuring 4 mm. in diameter) with red-yellow and outer brown rings, some of which touch the
submarginal line, and the greater part with silvery pupils. From Pebas on the Upper Amazon (Peru); Costa Rica.

E. camerta Cr. Above brown. Forewing before the apex with a small eye-spot with yellow ring and
silvery pupil. Under surface of the forewing with 4, of the hindwing with 6 similar ocelli of the same size, all
with silver pupils, both wings with 2 brown, parallel median lines, curved on the hindwing, and with 3 marginal
lines. From Surinam. GopMAN and SatyvIn indeed unite this species with hermes, sosybius and fallax, but do
not mention in their description the silver-pupilled eye-spot on the upper surface which Srotu distinctly describes
in the 4th volume of CRamMER’s work. Hence I regard camerta as a separate species.

E. hermes F’. (= sosybius F., canthe Hbn., nana Méschl.) (48 a). Above unicolorous brown, without
markings. Forewing beneath with 3—5 eye-spots, of which sometimes only the 2nd is distinct and the others
are more or less obsolete. Hindwing with 6 ocelli, the 2 middle ones indistinct, the others black with brownish
yellow rings, sometimes all distinct. The species varies very much and has a wide range of distribution, from
New Jersey in the United States through Mexico, Central America, Colombia and Surinam to South Brazil,
but occurs everywhere in different forms. Fapricrvus in his description of hermes has confused different species
with one another, but as BurLerR states in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866 that he has compared the type of hermes
and finds it identical with canthe Hbn., and as he further declares in the Ent. Monthly Mag. 1870, p. 251, that
sosybius F. is a synonym of hermes, the latter name must be accepted for the type-form. The early stages
have been described in detail by Epwarps. The egg is hemispherical, flattened at the base, with slight depression
at the sides; greenish white. The young larva hatches 4 days after the egg is laid; it is white, with fine hairs,
after the first moult light green, with a broad dark green longitudinal stripe across the back and narrower late-
ral stripes; between these stripes are placed rows of small white tubercles. Head rather large, anal extremity
forked. The larva moults four times. After the last moult it is emerald-green with several yellow lateral stripes.
Head covered with fine, raised, yellow dots. On grass. The pupa is suspended, short and thick, at the head
obtuse, green, posterior part yellow-green with some black dots and a brown stripe. The butterfly appears in.
14 days. In Mexico, according to Epwarps, there are 2 generations. — fallax Fidr. (= atalanta Btlr.) (48 a)

e

galesus.

melobosis.

umbrosa.

undulata.

mitchelli.

maimoune.

camerta.

hermes.

fallaa.

punpla.
narapa.

poltys.

binalinea.

eous.

zeredatha.

soter.

phares.

©
spartagus.

pharella.

pharnaces.

innocentia.

numilia.

208 EUPTYCHIA. By G. WEeymMER.

is a form of hermes in which the median lines on the underside of the forewing converge towards the inner margin
and on the hindwing are strongly angled. The number of eye-spots (8—5 on the forewing, 6 on the hindwing)
agrees with hermes. From the Rio Negro, Venezuela, Para. — pimpla Fldr. is a form likewise belonging here
and only distinguished from fallax by the brown median lines on the underside of the forewing not converging,
but diverging, towards the inner margin; the number of eye-spots is the same. From Rio Negro (Amazons).
— narapa Schaus is a further form of hermes, in which the outer median line on the underside of the forewing
is distally shaded with white, and which has 4 ocelli on the forewing and 5 on the hindwing. From Castro
in Parana (Brazil).

E. poltys Prittw. (48a). Above grey-brown with 2 dark median lines and a short transverse streak |
on the discocellulars, an undulate submarginal and 2 marginal lines; the last-named 3 and the inner of the
median lines are also continued on the hindwing. Between the marginal lines the ground-colour is lighter. One
or two black, yellow-ringed spots at the anal angle. On the grey under surface the median lines are double
and the outer one is distally accompanied by a brownish stripe, which extends from the costa of the forewing
to the middle of the hindwing. Behind it 6 very small eye-spots. From Rio de Janeiro (Corcovado) and Rio
Grande do Sul. — binalinea Btlr. (48a) is a form of poltys, which only differs in the absence of the dark median
shading at the distal side of the 2nd median line. From Venezuela and Brazil (Pernambuco).

E. eous Bilr. (48 a). Above olive-brown with a yellow-ringed dot at the anal angle of the hindwing and
3 dark marginal lines. Beneath light grey, the transverse lines very fine, angled, at the costal margin of the
forewing curved basad, the outer one distally curved in the middle of the hindwing. Before the apex of the
forewing 3 or 4 white dots, partly with dark margins, hindwing with 5 small black eye-spots, of which only the
2nd and 5th measure about 1—1144 mm., the 3rd and 4th are indistinct, but all have white pupils. From
Brazil (Para, Esperito Santo), Paraguay. — zeredatha Btlr. (48 a) is a form of eows in which all the ocelli on the
underside are very small and punctiform. From Rio de Janeiro.

E. soter Btlr. Distal margin of the forewing almost straight, that of the hindwing undulate, the inner
margin of the hindwing before the anal angle emarginate. Above olive-brown, a black spot on the transverse
vein of the forewing, a straight transverse line behind the middle, a dentate submarginal line and 2 marginal
lines brown, between the latter a brick-coloured line. Hindwing with 2 small eye-spots at the anal angle. Under
surface reddish brown, sprinkled with dark brown, with a broad darker band, which runs from the middle
of the costal margin on the forewing to the middle of the inner margin on the hindwing and is bordered at each
side by a brown line. Forewing with a small silver-pupilled ocellus before the apex, hindwing with 6 small
eye-spots in an irregular row, the 2nd and 5th with silvery double pupils, the 4th indistinct. Novo Friborgo
(Brazil).

Phares Group.

E. phares Godt. (48b). Above yellowish brown with a brown line behind the middle and 3 brown marginal
lines, on the forewing in the g with an eye-spot before the apex, in the 2 with 2 or more eye-spots, hindwing with
5 or 6 in both sexes, of which the 2nd and 5th are large, black with double white pupil and red-yellow ring, the
others mostly obscure and indistinct. On the under surface the forewing is reddish yellow with yellowish grey
marginal area, the hindwing yellowish grey with 2 brown, more or less curved median lines, the eye-spots more
distinct than above and all with white, sometimes silvery pupils. Argentina (Entrerios, Cordoba), South Brazil,
Venezuela. Not rare. Varies in the number of the eye-spots on the upper surface, examples occurring which
above have no ocelli at all on the forewing and others which have only 2 on the hindwing. — A similar form has
been described and figured by BURMEISTER under the name spartaeus. It has one eye-spot on the upperside of
the forewing and 2 on the hindwing. The latter has on the under surface 6, the forewing 3 comparatively small
eye-spots, the two largest measuring little more than 1mm. They are all black with yellow ring and white, some-
times double pupils. BuRMErsTER has only described the 2, which has an expanse of 40 mm. From Entrerios.
— pharella Bil. (48 d) is a smaller form of phares, which has an expanse of only 28 mm. Above unicolorous
olive-brown without eye-spots. Under surface of the forewing ochre-yellow, with distal margin grey, and with
3 ochre-yellow-ringed eye-spots with violet pupils. Hindwing grey, the median lines almost straight, behind
the distal one a whitish stripe with 4 yellow-ringed ocelli in elutes 2—5, the 2 distal ones black with white
pupils, the others brown with violet pupils. From Rio de Janeiro. — pharnaces form. nov. (48 b) is a further
form of phares, in which the brown stripes in the basal half of the hindwing beneath are darker and strongly
dentate, moreover the median line on the underside of the forewing is not straight, but forms a wide curve
distad. From South Brazil.

E. innocentia Fldr. (48 b). One of the smallest species. Above unicolorous brown. Beneath likewise
brown with 2 somewhat curved transverse lines before and behind the middle, behind the 2nd on the hindwing
a light stripe, in the marginal area on the forewing 3 or 4, on the hindwing 5 or 6 ocelli, with white pupils
and yellow and brown rings. From Venezuela.

E. numilia Fldr. (48 b). Above light brown, forewing with a straight dark transverse line behind
the middle, hindwing with 2 such lines and 2 distinct eye-spots at the anal angle and 3 indistinct ones above
them. Beneath yellowish grey-brown with 2 fairly straight median lines, 5 obscure eye-spots on the forewing
and 6 distinct ones on the hindwing with yellow and brown rings and white pupils, the 5th somewhat larger
with double pupil. From Muzo, to the north-west of Bogota (Colombia).

Publ. 20. VII. 1911. KUPTYCHIA. By G. Wrymer. 209

Harmonia Group.

E. gulnaré Bélr. (48 b). Above unicolorous brown. Beneath likewise brown, only at the inner margin gulnaré.

of the forewing somewhat lighter, with 2 dark brown median bands, on the forewing nearly straight, on the
hindwing somewhat curved. The submarginal line is characterized by its forming 2 small curves in each cellule
on both wings, whilst in most species there is only 1 curve in each. In the number of the eye-spots and dots
the two figures of this species hitherto published differ, although they are drawn from the same example. Bur-
LER figures on the forewing 5 eye-spots and 2 dots above them, on the hindwing 6 eye-spots, whilst GopMAN
and SaLvIN figure only one eye-spot on the forewing and 5 on the hindwing. All the eye-spots are without
the yellow rings. The example figured here has on the forewing 3 white dots, the middle one finely margined
with black, on the hindwing 5 eye-shaped, round black spots, of which only the Ist, 2nd and 5th have white
pupils. BuTLeR’s example came from Panama (coll. Satyin), the one figured here from Mapiri (coll. Bang-Haas).
STAUDINGER (7. /.) had named it civica.

E. jovita P/dr. (47 f). Above unicolorous brown. Inner angle of the hindwing obtusely produced. Beneath jovita.
with 2 nearly straight darker median lines, the 2nd curved round basad before the inner margin of the hind-
wing, behind it a much lighter stripe, especially on the hindwing, and on the forewing 3—4, on the hindwing
5 ocelli, of which on the forewing the posterior one, on the hindwing the 3rd and 4th are indistinct. From Colom-
bia (Bogota, Rio Agna Valley). September.

E. harmonia Stir. (48 b). Above likewise unicolorous brown. Under surface of the forewing brownish harmonia.
grey. of the hindwing light grey, so that the undulate transverse lines stand out distinctly. Forewing with 4,
hindwing with 5 or 6 eye-spots, of the former only the 2nd, of the latter only the first 2 and last 2 distinct.

From Ecuador (Quito) and Colombia (Mount Quindiu, 2100 m.). October.

E. phineus Bil. (= eugenia Fidr.) (48 b). Above unicolorous brown, beneath much darker than har- phineus.
monia, the median stripes broader. Forewing with only one eye-spot. Hindwing with 6 ocelli, of which those
in cellules 3 and 4 also stand out distinctly, all having white, some of them double pupils. From Cuzco in Peru,
the Songo in Bolivia, and Venezuela.

E. calixta Btlr. (= cucullixta Stgr.7./.) (48c). Above dark olive-brown. Beneath lighter, the median stripes caliata.
on the forewing nearly straight, diverging anteriorly, on the hindwing the outer one bicurved and before the inner
margin angled. Forewing with 5 eye-spots with silver pupils and yellow rings, the 2nd larger, the 3rd and 4th
small, hindwing with 6 similar eye-spots, the 2nd connected with the 3rd, the Ist, 3rd and 4th small, the 2nd
large. From Bogota. — cucullina form. nov.(48 ¢) is a form of calixta in which the eye-spots on the underside cucullina.
of the hindwing are of almost equal size, only the first and last are smaller and the black ring of the 2nd is some-
what broader. From Choco (Colombia).

E. alcinoé Fidr. (48 c). Above unicolorous brown. Beneath grey-brown, the median lines nearly straight. aleinoé.
Forewing with 4, hindwing with 5 eye-spots in a somewhat angled row, of which the first on the forewing
and the 2nd and 5th on the hindwing are larger. From Colombia and Venezuela. Our figure from FELDER’s
type in the Tring Museum.

E. yphthima F/dr. (48 c). Wings rather rounded, above brown with an eye-spot at the anal angle. Be- yphthima.
neath the marginal area of the hindwing is lighter than the rest of the ground-colour and the submarginal line
runs almost as straight as the marginal lines. Forewing with one or more indistinct eye-spots, hindwing with 5
eye-spots of equal size with double white pupils. The 9 has further on the upper surface 2 black blind spots
on each wing. From Bahia and Bolivia. Figure from one of FELDER’s types. — pacta form. nov. (48d) is a pacta.
form of yphthima which differs in the somewhat undulate distal margin of the hindwing, and in the larger and
more numerous eye-spots on the under surface. Moreover the pupils in these eye-spots are single, but much
larger, and some of them silvery. The forewing has 4, the hindwing 6 eye-spots, the 2nd and 5th larger than
the rest. From Cuyaba in Matto Grosso (Brazil). Coll. Bane-Haas.

E. nebulosa Bil. (48 d). Above olive-brown, without eye-spots, only with the 3 marginal lines. Beneath nebulosa.
little lighter, the median lines on the forewing fairly straight, on the hindwing finely denticulate, the former
with one small eye-spot, the latter with 5 ocelli, all with white pupils and yellow rings, the 2nd and 5th
large and black, the rest brown. From Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia.

E. perfuscata Gtlr. (48d). Above likewise unicolorous olive-brown only with the 3 darker marginal perfuscata.
lines. Beneath somewhat lighter and somewhat tinged with violet, the median lines nearly straight, only the
distal one curved round basad at the inner margin of the hindwing. Marginal area somewhat lighter, on the
forewing 4, on the hindwing 5 ocelli, some brown, others black, some with one, others with 2 pupils. From
Para and Esperito Santo (Brazil).

E. sylvina Fidr. (48 c). Upper surface brown, the submarginal line placed somewhat further from the sylvina.
marginal lines than usual. Beneath somewhat dusted with violet, the transverse lines very fine, the submarginal
line as above, strongly dentate, the forewing with one, the hindwing with 5 small eye-spots, the 3rd and 4th
indistinct. From Bahia (Brazil) and Cuzco in Peru. Figure from FELpEr’s type.

E. numeria Fldr. (= historie Stgr. 7. 1.) (48 c). A small species. Above brown, beneath little lighter nwmeria.

V 27

MANASSES.

mimas.

oreba.

eremila.

obscura.

necys.
rustica.

Jabiana.

polyphemus.

cyclops.

quantius.

210 EKUPTYCHIA. By G. Wrymer.

with 2 straight, fine dark brown median lines. The marginal area lighter with the 3 marginal lines and 5 ocelli
on each wing, all small and of uniform size, yellowish brown with small black centres finely pupilled with white
and surrounded by brown rings. From Bahia. Figure from FELDER’s type.

E. manasses Fidr. (48 c). Above brown, hindwing with 2 black eye-spots in red-yellow rings and with
pale-coloured pupils, the outer large, a third, indistinct, above them. Under surface dark to the 2nd straight
transverse line, marginal area lighter, especially on the hindwing. Forewing without eye-spots, hindwing with
6 small ones in an angled row. From Bahia. Figure from FELDER’s type.

E. mimas Godm. (48d). A larger species. Similar to the preceding, but the wings broader and the
distal margin of the forewing less rounded, also the hindwing with somewhat stronger excisions. Above brown
with 2 eye-spots at the anal angle of the hindwing, the larger in cellule 2 with double white pupil and yellow
ring, the smaller in cellule 1¢ with single pupil. Beneath yellowish brown, strongly sprinkled with dark brown;
2 straight brown median lines, enclosing a darker median area. In the lighter marginal area are placed on the
hindwing 6 ocelli, mostly bi-pupilled, the 3rd removed somewhat proximad and occasionally double. Fro
Corvico in Bolivia.

E. oreba Bilr. Size of the preceding species, the forewing more pointed, above unicolorous brown,
without eye-spots. Beneath somewhat lighter, distally dusted with grey, the dark brown median lines on the
forewing somewhat curved, as also the inner line on the hindwing, while the outer forms a short angle on each
vein. and crosses the extremity of the cell. The submarginal line on both wings forms 2 small lunules in each
cellule with their concavity towards the base (as is also the case in gulnaré). On each wing 5 eye-spots, the
Ist, 2nd and 5th black with yellow iris, the others ochre-yellow, all with white pupils. In addition there
are at the anal angle of the hindwing two very indistinct eye-spots in cellule 1b. The locality of this species
is unknown. Burtier described it from an example in coll. KADEN (now Mus. Drucn).

E. eremita spec. nov. (48 d) is like oreba Bitlr. in size and shape, but shows essential differences in the
scheme of markings on the under surface. The ground-colour of the underside is darker, less sprinkled with
grey. The 2nd transverse line does not intersect the end of the cell on the hindwing, but passes round it at
some distance in a curve, forming a proximally concave crescent in each cellule. The submarginal line in its
whole course on both wings likewise forms only one crescent in each cellule, whilst in oreba it forms two in each.
The forewing has 4, the hindwing 5 ocelli. — From Marcapata in Peru (coll. Bane-Haas).

E. obscura Bilr. Above unicolorous brown, beneath likewise brown, the transverse line beyond the middle
is irregularly curved and dentate, at the inner margin of the hindwing it unites with the submarginal line, which
forms only one crescent in each cellule. On the forewing there are 3 small white dots before the apex, on the
hindwing 5 eye-spots, the 2nd and 5th black with yellow iris and white pupil, the rest entirely filled up with
brownish ochre-yellow and of a reniform shape. Of these only the one placed at the costal margin has a white
pupil. Size 53 mm. From Bolivia.

Necys Group.

E. necys Godt. (= vastata Btlr., Tayg. neonympha Fildr.) (48d). Wings rounded. Above unicolorous
brown. Beneath finely dotted with darker, with strongly dentate median lines, a similar submarginal line and
5 or 6 fine white dots on each wing in the marginal area. From Brazil (Rio Grande), Colombia (Rio Agna
Valley, 1600 m., Quindiu Pass, 2500 m.). — rustica Bélr. (? = Tayg. anophthalma Fldr.) (47g). Aform of necys
in which on the underside of the forewing there is a small white spot beside the first white dot and the other
white dots on the forewing are absent, but all are present on the hindwing. From Bolivia and Huamboya
in Ecuador.—In fabiana Bélr. the median lines are not dentate, but only weakly curved and the white spot at
the costal margin of the forewing of rustica is wanting. From Macahe in the province of Rio de Janeiro.

E. polyphemus Bilr. (47 ¢). Above unicolorous brown, beneath but little lighter, the outer median line
is on the forewing twice, on the hindwing several times angularly bent proximad. Forewing with 3 small white
dots before the apex; hindwing with 4 or 5 extremely small and one large, distinct black eye-spot before the anal
angle, the latter and some of the former with white pupils. From Colombia (Bogota, Carmen), Bolivia. — cy-
clops Btlr. (=umbracea Btlr.) (47 g) is a form of polyphemus, in which on the under surface the outer median
line of the forewing is not angled, but forms only a slight curve. Moreover on the hindwing the single small
lunules of this line run in a straighter direction. The black ring of the eye-spot in cellule 2 of the hindwing is very
broad. From Panama, Costa Rica, Peru, Ecuador.

E. quantius Godt. (= morima Schaus) (47g). Above unicolorous brown. Beneath likewise brown,
with 2 darker almost straight parallel transverse lines across the middle of both wings, enclosing a median
area somewhat dusted with violet-grey. Submarginal line on both wings strongly undulate, the distal margin
dusted with violet-grey. 6 fine yellowish white dots on the hindwing and 4 or 5, somewhat finer still, on the fore-

EUPTYCHIA. By G. Weyer, ; 211

wing. From South Brazil (Parana). — stelligera Bilr. is a form of quantius in which the anterior white dot on.
the underside of the hindwing is somewhat larger. From Parana and Esperito Santo.

E. eusebia Bilr. (47g). Above olive-brown, with the distal margin darker. Beneath lighter in the
marginal area. Of the median lines only the anterior half of the outer line is visible on the forewing, on the hind-
wing the inner median line is almost straight, the outer undulate. Before the apex of the forewing a white dot
surrounded with dark. On the hindwing 5 or 6 similar eye-shaped dots. The submarginal line forms shallow
lunules on the forewing, deeper ones on the hindwing. From Colombia (Bogota), Antilles (coll. Bang-Haas).

E. boliviana Godm. (47g). Above olive-brown. Beneath the forewing is olive-brown, with the distal
margin broadly ochre-yellow, proximally to which are placed 2 or 3 white subapical dots. An undulate sub-
marginal line and 2 straight marginal lines brown. The hindwing is strongly dusted with white in the posterior
half, the distal margin dull ochre-yellow, the base brown, 2 very dentate median and an undulate submarginal
line dark brown. In the marginal area a row of fine white dots. Bolivia (San Jacinto, Corvica).

E. griseola spec. nov. (47g). Above grey-brown, costal and distal margin darker, hindwing lighter,
marginal lines indistinct. Under surface yellowish grey, in the marginal area lighter, the first transverse line
indistinct, the second more strongly dentate on the hindwing than on the forewing, the submarginal line dentate
on both wings, the marginal lines on the forewing straight, on the hindwing undulate. In the marginal area on
the forewing 5 brown spots, the 3 middle ones with silvery pupils, hindwing with 5 ocelli with silvery pupils
and ochre-yellow and brown rings. From the Mapiri.

E. griseldis spec. nov. (48d) 2. The distal margin of the hindwing is strongly dentate, the inner margin
excised. Above grey-brown, the distal half of the hindwing lighter. No first transverse line discernible. The
2nd transverse line is placed on both wings somewhat further distad than usual and is fairly straight. Sub-
marginal line dentate, 2 marginal lines dark, a black dot in cellule 2 of the hindwing. Under surface yellow-
grey, inner margin of the forewing and distal half of the hindwing lighter, finely sprinkled all over with brown,
forewing with the same transverse lines as above, hindwing with a straight first transverse line, the 2nd transverse
line widened into a broad brown band, in the light marginal area 3 black dots, in part with double white pupils
and some brown spots between them. From Esperito Santo (Brazil).

E. muscosa Bilr. (48 e) O° has the apex of the forewing truncate, so that an. obtuse angle is formed in the
distal margin at vein 5 and a right angle at the costal margin; in the 9 figured this point is even somewhat
produced. Hence the species forms a transition to the genus Pindis. Above unicolorous olive-brown. On. the
under surface the forewing is lighter brown and irrorated all over with dark brown. The ground-colour of the
hindwing is more bluish grey, likewise irrorated with brown, bearing in the middle a blue-grey spot with less
irroration, behind this a broad blue-grey band without any; but in the ° this band is also irrorated. — According
to W. Mé.ier the egg of this species is round, without markings. The young larva resembles that of Taygetis
ypthima. The body is whitish green, adorned with fine bristly hairs, the head light brown, rugose, with conical
elevations, on which are placed short black-brown horns with bristly hairs. The larvae feed on grasses, but
died before the first moult. The butterfly is distributed in South Brazil (Blumenau, Joinville, Sao Paulo).

E. antonoé Cr. (48 e). One of the largest species. Above brown with 2 dark marginal lines on the fore-
wing and 3 on the hindwing, also a small, black, oval spot in cellule 2 of the hindwing. Beneath lighter brown,
with 2 almost straight brown median stripes, 3 eye-spots on the forewing, only the first distinct, 5 on the hind-
wing, the 2nd and 5th large, the others smaller, all in red-yellow rings. From Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Panama, Venezuela, Surinam, Amazons. — zeba Bilr. is a form of antonoé with the under surface lighter brown-
ish grey, the median bands somewhat narrower and converging somewhat towards the anal margin of the hind-
wing. From Pebas in Peru.

E. sabina Fidr. (48 e) is somewhat similar to antonoé Cr., but considerably smaller. The upper surface
is grey-brown with 3 faint transverse stripes, which are broader on the hindwing, a large black eye-spot with
yellow and brown rings in cellule 2 of the hindwing before the anal angle and 2 similar, somewhat obscure
eye-spots at the apex of the same wing; the other 2 eye-spots of the underside only show. through quite faintly
above, the under surface is lighter, with one ocellus on the forewing and 5 on the hindwing. From the Ama-
zons and Cayenne. The figure is from FELDER’s type in coll. Roruscuizp.

E. lineata Godm. (45 ce). The hindwing of this species is more elongate than in antonoé, with the anal
half of the distal margin dentate. The upper surface is unicolorous brown, the under surface somewhat lighter
brown, with a straight, yellowish white, sharply defined median band 1 mm. in breadth and a narrow, brown,
white-edged basal line. On the broad distal margin, which is much lighter, the dentate submarginal line and the
marginal line stand out distinctly. Each wing bears 2 or 3 small, black, white-pupilled-eye-spots. The median
band varies greatly in shape, width and colourmg. From Manaure in the Sierra Nevada, from Santa Marta
(900 m.)in North Colombia, Carmen (1200 m.) in West Columbia, in August. — I propose the name interrupta
form. nov. for a form in. which the median band on the underside of the forewing is only indicated at the costal
margin by a pointed white triangle, being otherwise replaced by a dark brown line, accompanied distally in

stelligera.

eusebia.

boliviana.

griseola.

griseldis.

MUSCCSA.

antonoé.

zeba.

sabina.

lineala.

interrupta.

melania.

satyrina.

incerta.

gigas.

tiessa.

libye.

libyoidea.

gracilis.

212 KUPTYCHIA. By G. Weyer.

places with white scales. On the hindwing it is interrupted several times, only remaining visible, as a fine,
white transverse line, at the costal margin, in the middle of the wing and before the anal angle. On the other
hand the first transverse line (that nearest to the base) is on both wings distinctly white and distally margined
with brown. — melania form. nov. differs still more. In it the white median band has disappeared entirely
and in its place a black line runs through the deep dark brown ground-colour. The basal transverse band
is also much darkened, so that it is inconspicuous. The eye-spots and the broad, light marginal band, however,
are as in the type-form. Both forms were found by Fassu at Carmen in West Colombia, interrupta at 1600 m.
in December, melania at 1200 m. in October.

E. satyrina Bates (= Tayg. cecilia Bdv.) (48 e). Above brown with a black, white-pupilled, sometimes
very indistinct eye-spot at the anal angle of the hindwing. Beneath likewise brown with 2 parallel, nearly
straight, dark brown transverse stripes crossing the middle of both wings, the inner one distally, the outer
one proximally bordered with ochre-yellow. The distal margin of the forewing is rather broad, lighter reddish
brown, and shows before the apex a small black, white-pupilled ocellus. The hindwing has anteriorly two and
posteriorly one similar but larger ocellus. The species is very variable. From Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama
and Mexico. — incerta Bélr. is a form of satyrina which differs in the lighter brown ground-colour of the under

é

surface and has 5 eye-spots on the hindwing beneath. Occasionally the 3rd and 4th of these eye-spots are

small, but all have distinct white pupils. There are further 2 white dots on the forewing. Occasionally also the

ochre-yellow bordering of the brown median stripes is absent. A 2 of this form has on the upperside of the
forewing a reddish yellow-brown band, differing somewhat from the ground-colour, and on the underside of
the hindwing only two eye-spots in cellules 2 and 5. Between these are placed in cellules 3 and 4 three small
white spots. From Costa Rica. — gigas Btlr. (48 e) is a rather large form of satyrina, in which the forewing
has 3 ocelli on the under surface (one larger and 2 smaller) and the hindwing five large ones, the first, second
and last black, with yellow iris and white pupil; the third and fourth are brown with white pupil. From Mexico.

E. tiessa Hew. Size of the preceding. Above dark brown with black submarginal line. The hindwing
is dentate and has in the anal angle an indistinct eye-spot with brick-red ring. The under surface (according to
HEWITSON) is brown from the base to the middle. Both wings are traversed before the middle by a red-brown
band, and at the middle by a broader band of the same colour. Then follows a broad grey band, on which is
placed a brown stripe with the eye-spots; these consist of a small one near the costa of the forewing and 3 on the
hindwing, namely 2 at the apex and 1 at the anal angle. All the eye-spots are black with reddish iris,
dark brown ring and white pupil. 2 submarginal stripes and the margin red-brown. The stripe on the hindwing
is dentate like the margin. — The figure in BuTLER Lepid. Exot. pl. 18 fig. 4 does not agree with this description
of HEwirson’s as regards the ground-colour of the wings and the colouring of the eye-spots. According to this
figure the ground-colour of both wings is light reddish grey or flesh-coloured all over with a lilac band beyond
the middle, whilst Hrwrrson says the basal half of the wings is brown and the band grey. The iris of the eye-
spots according to BuTLER is light yellow, Hmwrrson calls it rufous. GopMaNn and Satvin describe the species
with 5 eye-spots on the hindwing, of which 2 are indistinct. From Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and Ecuador.

E. libye L. (= harpyia Fldr.) (48 e). Above olive-brown with two dark brown marginal lines and one
submarginal line, beneath much lighter, more or less inclining to lilac, with 2 straight, rust-brown stripes, one
before, the other in the middle; the former crosses the cell on both wings, the latter on the forewing only
touches its posterior angle, on the hindwing it enters the cell at the point of origin of vein 5 and leaves it between
that of vein 2 and that of vein 3. Before the apex of the forewing a small round ocellus, 5 oval ocelli on the
hindwing, of which the Ist, 2nd and 5th are black with very indistinct pupils and yellow ring, thickened at the
proximal side, the rest indistinct. Iébye is a common and widely distributed species. Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Surinam, Brazil (Para, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio), Jamaica.
— libyoidea Btlr., is a form of libye, somewhat larger, with the forewing more produced at the apex and the
hindwing less strongly dentate. On the under surface are placed on the forewing four distinct black-brown eye-
spots with yellow rings and with white pupils formed of irregular white dusting, the ocelli of the hindwing
are much larger than in the type-form, the largest, in cellule 2, measures 6 mm. in length and 4 mm. in breadth.
In the course of the 2nd (outer) median stripe I notice another difference from libye, which BuTLER has not
mentioned. In the figure of ébyoidea in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867 pl. 11 fig. 13 this stripe intersects the lower
angle of the cell on the forewing, whilst in libye it only touches it. On the hindwing it enters the cell between
the points of origin of veins 4 and 5, thus on the lower discocellular, and leaves it between veins 3 and 4,
whilst in bye, as mentioned above, it enters the cell at the origin of vein 5 and leaves it between veins 2 and 3.
From Nicaragua. — gracilis form. nov. (48 f) is a further form of libye, differing chiefly in having the two straight,
reddish brown median stripes on the under surface of both wings placed more distally. On the forewing the 2nd,
outer stripe is situate at a distance of 2 mm. from the cell. On the hindwing it crosses the lower discocellular
as it enters the cell and the median at the origin of vein 3 as it leaves it, and is thus placed somewhat further
distad than even in libyoidea. In consequence of this gracilis has the marginal area much narrower. On the fore-

EUPTYCHIA. By G. Weymer. 213

wing there is only one eye-spot, the 5 eye-spots of the hindwing are smaller, less oval, but coloured like those
of libye. From Pebas in Peru. Coll. Bang-Haas.

Pacarus Group.

E. saundersii Bélr. The inner angle of the forewing with a bluntly angled projection. Above brown
with 2 indistinct marginal lines. Beneath lighter brown, inclining to violet, the marginal area of the hindwing
bluish green. Two brown median lines, diverging towards the costa of the forewing, the outer forming a small
angle distad on the hindwing. Two brown marginal lines, forewing without eye-spots. On the hindwing 5 (ocea-
sionally 6) oval black eye-spots with light brown and outer dark brown rings and silvery pupils. The 3 middle
ones are somewhat larger than the rest. Size 56 mm. From Ega on the Amazon and from Pernambuco.

E. mima Bélr. Similar to the preceding, but much smaller, only measuring 37 mm. On the under sur-
face the forewing has a small eye-spot before the apex and the median lines are more approximated anteriorly;
the hindwing is less violet and its eye-spots are smaller and placed nearer to the margin. From Tapajos.

E. fumata 5ilr. Above black-brown, with light brown marginal line. Beneath somewhat lighter; on
the forewing only one median line is present, which touches neither the costal nor the inner margin; on the
hindwing there are two, of which the outer one is angled at the anal angle and joins the undulate submarginal
Ime. In addition there are 2 dark brown marginal lines. Hindwing with 6 heart-shaped black ocelli, which
have ochre-yellow rings and outer dark brown ones and are sprinkled with steel-blue dots, the 3rd, 4th and
5th ocelli somewhat larger than the rest. 55 mm. From Rio Grande.

E. amalda spec. nov. (48 f). This new species is similar to fumata beneath, but very different above
and considerably smaller. The basal and median areas of the forewing above are velvety dark brown, the costal
and distal margins lighter brown. This lighter colourmg begins narrowly at the base of the costal margin, but
gradually increases in breadth distally and measures 4 mm. from the apex to the inner angle, where it again
becomes somewhat narrower. At the base the two colours shade into one another. The hindwing is lighter
brown. The under surface is dark grey-brown with 2 median, one submarginal and 2 marginal lines brown.
The forewing has no eye-spots, but on the hindwing there are 5 small, proximally pointed, black ocelli, which
are surrounded by brown rings and have obliquely placed pupils formed of silvery dusting. From the Mapiri
(Amazons), coll. Banc-Haas.

E. pacarus Godt. Above unicolorous brown. Beneath the same with 2 darker marginal lines, the hind-
wing in addition with a dark brown median line and 5 round, deep black ocelli, which have a pupil composed
of silvery dusting, a brownish iris and outside it a dark brown ring. On the forewing there are no eye-spots.
50mm. From Brazil. Rare, apparently wanting in all the more recent collections.

E. peculiaris Bilr. Above brown with a lighter line before the margin and a black-brown marginal
one, the hindwing with a dentate submarginal. Beneath lighter, both wings with 2 dark brown marginal, a
dentate submarginal and 2 irregular median lines. A washed-out light brown band crosses the middle. The
hindwing has before the apex at the costal margin 2 obliquely placed, black, white-pupilled ocelli with ochre-
yellow iris. The species is easy to recognize by these 2 isolated eye-spots on the under surface. 53 mm. From
Minas Geraes. Rare.

E. insignis Bilr. Above brown with 2 indistinct marginal lines, on the hindwing the larger eye-spot
of the under surface before the anal angle shows through above. Beneath the wings are lighter, the hindwing
whitish in the median area; both wings with 2 brown marginal lines, the inner on the hindwing undulate. The
hindwing with 2 fairly straight, parallel brown lines, only 3mm. apart, through the middle and in the marginal
area. in cellules 1c, 2and 3, with 3 black, silver-pupilled eye-spots, which have a common ochre-yellow bor-
dering and of which the middle one is large, the others very small. Locality unknown. Collected by Bares.

E. erichtho Gélr. (= antonina Fidr.) (48f). The inner angle of the hindwing is obtusely produced as
in saundersii. Upper surface olive-brown, the forewing with 2, the hindwing with 3 dark brown marginal lines.
Beneath lighter brown; the margins dusted with whitish violet, with 3 distinct marginal and 2 dark brown
median lines, and with a short dark brown streak on the discocellular of the forewing. Two small eye-spots
before the apex of the forewing, occasionally also a third in cellule 2; hindwing with 6 black eye-spots with
thick. glossy white pupils, which are surrounded by 4 rings, first a brownish yellow, then a black, then ochre-
yellow and outside again black. The 3rd, 4th and 5th eye-spots are usually larger than the rest. From Cayenne,
Surinam, Brazil (Rio, Pernambuco, Bahia, Para, Ega), Bolivia (Coroico).

Batesii Group.

E. batesii Btlr. (= terentia Fidr.) (48g). Above brown, with a slight lilac gloss, with 3 indistinct mar-

cr

ginal lines and grey fringes. The 9 at the anal angle of the hindwing with a black oval spot with white pupil

saundersii.

mima.

jumata.

amalda.

pacarus.

peculiaris.

insignis.

erichtho.

batesii.

analis.

lersa.

thalessa.

juani.

tricolor.

julgora.

nortia.

nobilis.

moderata.

segesta.

214 KUPTYCHIA. By G. Wreymer.

and a light brownish ring. Beneath light llac with 2 red-brown median and a short, oblique basal stripe, a similar
band in the marginal area, on which the eye-spots are placed, and 3 marginal lines. On the forewing a black
eye-spot before the apex, with ochre-yellow ring and glossy white pupil, and some silver dots below it. Hindwing
with 5 ocelli or eye-shaped spots, of which the Ist, 2nd and 5th resemble the eye-spot on the forewing, but
the 2nd and especially the 5th are much larger, whilst the 3rd and 4th are composed only of silver spots with
red-brown bordering. From Surinam and the Tapajos. In the Surinam examples the inner margin of the forewing
is somewhat ochre-yellow on the under surface. — analis Godm. (48 f) is a form of batesii with a slight purple
suffusion above and a distinct spot of dark blue scales at the anal angle of the hindwing. The red-brown bands
on the under surface are broader and show through above: otherwise not different from batesii7. From Sao
Paulo and the Tapajos (Amazon) and from Pebas in Peru, — The form tersa Stgr. 7. 1. (49 a) is quite similar
to batesii on the upper surface, but on the underside, instead of the 2 or 3 silver spots which batesii and analis
have between the eye-spots of the hindwing, bears 2 further small brown eye-spots with grey pupil, yellow
iris and dark brown outer ring. In addition there is also a quite small, but otherwise similar black ocellus at
the anal angle of the hindwing, so that there are 6 eye-spots altogether on this wing. Locality unknown. Coll.
Banc-Haas. — thalessa Moschl. is according to its author’s figure a form of batesii which only differs in having ~
a small black eye-spot with white pupil, placed in cellule 3 on the hindwing between the two large eye-spots.
But in the corresponding description the eye-spot is not mentioned, the cellule in question, on the contrary,
being described as without eye-spot. From Surinam.

E. juani Stgr. (49a). Above dark brown-grey, with only the anal eye-spot of the hindwing showing
through somewhat above. The under surface is similar to that of batesii, but the ground-colour in the basal
part to the 2nd transverse stripe is much darker, brownish grey. The whitish grey ground-colour is confined
to the distal half of the wings. The 2 dark brown median stripes are broad, straight and parallel. The submar-
ginal line is rather broad, not dentate but almost straight. On the broad brown band in the marginal area are
placed on the forewing one eye-spot, on the hindwing 5 black ocelli, of which the 5th is very large and with
single white pupil, the Ist and 2nd small with double pupil, whilst the 3rd and 4th bear in the middle oblong
silver streaks. All are margined with ochre-yellow. From the Rio San Juan in West Colombia.

E. tricolor Hew. (49a). One of the most beautiful species of the genus. Above the forewing is brown,
the costal margin reddish brown: a glossy blue line runs parallel with the posterior part of the distal margin.
The hindwing is black-brown with a broad red-yellow costal margin and a glossy blue stripe along the inner
margin and the posterior part of the distal margin. Beneath light violet-grey with 2 broad brown median stripes,
a narrow oblique stripe at the base of both wings, a broad vague band in the marginal area, on which the eye-
spots are placed, and 3 smooth marginal lines running parallel with the distal margin. On the forewing one
eye-spot before the apex, on the hindwing 3, as in batesii, in cellules 2, 5 and 6, but the first very large and
all with double pupils and between them in cellules 3 and 4 several elongate silver streaks placed in 2 oval brown
spots bordered with red-yellow. From Fonteboa, Tapajos (Amazons). — The form fulgora Btlr. (49 a) is distin-
guished by a bright iridescent blue stripe, which on the upper surface of the forewing extends from the base
across the cell, widens before the apex in all the cellules and is then continued as a narrow line along the distal
margin to the inner angle. From Pebas in Peru and from Coca in Ecuador.

E. nertia Hew. (49a). 3 above yellowish white with the costal margin of the forewing and the distal
margin of both wings brown, the brown bands of the under surface also showing through above. Under sur-
face white, with 2 broad, parallel, brown median stripes and in the marginal area a broad brown band, which
on the forewing contains no eye-spots. On the hindwing instead of this band 2 small eye-spots at the apex,
2 at the anal angle (one very large), all black with white pupils and red-yellow and brown rings and between
those in cellules 3 and 4 two lead-coloured longitudinal streaks in red-yellow and brown oval spots. At the
distal margin 3 brown marginal lines, which on the hindwing are somewhat undulate. The 9 is grey-brown
above, towards the distal margin darker, the median stripes of the under surface show through above. Beneath
the markings are similar to those of the g, but the basal and median areas are finely dusted with brown as far
as the 2nd (somewhat basally curved) median band, so that only the distal part retains the light ground-colour.
The ocelli and silver spots, however, are as in the ¢. From Pebas (Peru), the Tapajos (Amazons) and Cayenne.
nobilis form. nov. (49a) is a second 9-form of nortia, in which the distal half of the forewing above is light
whitish grey and the basal half, the whole costal margin and 2 marginal lines brown. The light colouring is
continued also on the hindwing at the apex for a short distance, but then gradually shades into the brown
ground-colour. On the under surface the 2nd brown median stripe is not curved but straight and the light
band beside it considerably narrower. The eye-spots are as in the type-torm. From Tabatinga on the Amazon.
moderata form. nov. (48g) is another female form of nortia, in which the light band on the under surface
is likewise quite straight on both wings behind the middle. But the upper surface of both wings is entirely
brown, as in the 9 of the type-form, and has 3 dark brown marginal lines. From the Mapiri (Bolivia).

E. segesta spec. nov. (51b). 3. The upper surface is unicolorous brown with 3 brown marginal lines,
which on the forewing are indistinct. The under surface is similar to the 2° of EZ. nortia, but distinguished
by the different position of the white median band. This band on both wings is placed between the two brown

EUPTYCHIA. By G. Wrymer. ; 215

bands, whilst in norfia 2 it is placed distally to the second brown band. Hence the marginal area is broader
than the basal, especially on the hindwing. The brown bands are broader than in nortia 2, but the eye-spots
quite as in that form, the oval ochre-yellow spots, however, each with a glossy silver streak in the middle, stand
out distinctly between the eye-spots. Only the 3 has yet been found. From Gramal near Muzo in Colombia
(Fasst).

E. lesbia Sigr. Above light brownish grey with 3 straight brown transverse stripes on. the forewing
and 2 on the hindwing and 3 brown marginal lines. Hindwing with black anal eye-spot with double white pupil
and broad ochre-yellow ring; before this an elongate white spot and towards the apex 3 round black spots,
of which the middle one is the largest. The under surface is almost the same, except that a small eye-spot is
placed before the apex of the forewing and a few silver spots below it; there is also a large ochre-yellow spot
proximally to the anal ocellus on the hindwing and at the apex of this wing a second eye-spot instead of the
black spot, while the white longitudinal streak on the upper surface is absent. 41 mm. From the Amazons
(Massauary, Teffé, Fonteboa).

Gera Group.

E. gera Hew. Above dirty white, forewing at the costal and distal margins broadly brown, hindwing
bearing before the middle 2 brown lines and before the margin 2 indistinct eye-spots with dark central dots,
both wings with 2 brown marginal lines. The under surface is as above, only the forewing also has 2 brown
lines before the middle, the eye-spots of the hindwing are reddish, have black dots with white pupils, distally
to them are placed 2 further smaller eye-spots and between them 2 oval spots with a silver line in the middle.
The © is above brown, at the base purple with a white band traversing the middle from the costal margin of the
forewing to the hindmargin of the hindwing. The under surface is grey-brown with the same white band. The
eye-spots as in the g. From the Amazons.

E. metagera Bilr. Above brown, in the middle whitish, with 2 indistinct brown median bands and
3 dark brown marginal lines. Hindwing with a dark spot at the apex and an eye-shaped spot at the anal angle.
Wings beneath lighter; towards the apex rose-reddish, bands as above, but more distinct. Hindwing with 6
yellow-bordered eye-spots, of which the 2 middle ones are oval and have oval silvery dots, the others round,
black and with small silvery pupils. From the Upper Amazon.

E. hiemalis Bilr. Above white, costa and margin of the forewing brown, both wings with 3 brown mar-
ginal lines, hindwing with 2 brown spots at the apex and one at the anal angle. Beneath likewise white with
2 brown median lines, which are abbreviated on the forewing, and of which the distal one is angled before the
inner margin of the hindwing. Costal margin and apex of the forewing brown, 3 marginal lines as above, hind-
wing with 6 ocelli, some round, others oval, just as in metagera except that they are margined with red-yellow.
From the Amazon and its tributary the Rio Negro.

E. julia Sgr. 7. 1. (48g). Above dark olive-brown with 2 indistinct marginal lines on the hindwing.
Beneath likewise olive-brown with a straight white median stripe, which extends from. 4 the costal margin
of the forewing to the anal angle of the hindwing, and with 3 brown marginal lines on the somewhat lighter
distal margin, the inner one undulate. Forewing before the apex with a small black eye-spot with red-yellow
ring and white pupil, hindwing with 5 ocelli, the lst, 2nd and 5th coloured like the one on the forewing, but
(except the first) larger. The others are brown with 2 short white streaks in the middle. In the 2 the ground-
colour is somewhat lighter brown, otherwise it is like the g. From the Songo in Bolivia and Cuzco in Peru at
elevations of 2—3000 m. — torva form. nov. (48 g) is a form of julia, differing in having the median band on.
the under surface not white, but strongly dusted with grey-brown and before the anal angle of the hindwing
bent basewards in an acute angle. Found by Fasst in October at the Quindiu-Pass in Colombia at 2500 m.

Cluena Group.

E. cluena Drury (= clueria F.) (48g). Above violet-grey, distally darker with 3 dark brown marginal
lines, hindwing with a continuous row of 5 dark brown spots, of which the posterior 4 have lilac spots in the
middle. Beneath entirely lilac with very fine brown median and marginal lines. In the marginal area a nebu-
lous brown band, on which on the forewing are placed 2 or 3, on the hindwing 5 small ocelli, the 1st on the
forewing, the lst, 2nd and 3rd on the hindwing black, the others brown, all with ochre-yellow ring and white
pupil. From Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Esperito Santo).

Byses Group.

E. byses Godt. (49d). Above in the f brown with slight bluish violet reflection, otherwise without mark-
ings. Beneath lilac, finely striated with brown all over. At the distal margin this striation is gradually con-
densed into an entirely brown colouring. Close to the distal margin are placed on the hindwing in cellules 2
and 5 two small black eye-spots with white pupil and yellow ring; between and before these 3 white dots. Be-
fore the apex of the forewing 3—4 white dots. The 9 is above unicolorous brown without blue reflection, the

lesbia.

gera.

metagera.

hiemalis.

julia.

torva.

cluena.

byses.

lea.

junia,

philippa.

cephus.

angelica.

parthenie.

glaucina.

glauca.

briawius.

briviola.

216 EUPTYCHIA. By G. Wreymer.

eye-spots on the underside of the hindwing, however, are much larger than in the g, and there is further a quite
small eye-spot before the apex of the forewing beneath. The size of the eye-spots varies greatly. From Brazil.

Lea Group.

E. lea Cr. (48 f). Above glossy blue, apex, costal and distal margins of the forewing and the greater
part of the veins black. Beneath brownish grey, the posterior half of the hindwing in the ¢ glossy blue, in the
2° more blue-grey. Both wings with 2 nearly straight, parallel dark brown median stripes, of which the proximal
on the forewing does not reach the costal and inner margins, and with 3 marginal lines. Forewing with 2 small
eye-spots before the apex, hindwing with 6 black eye-spots, each with white pupil and surrounded by an ochre-
yellow ring and outside it a brown one, only the 2nd and Sth large, the others very small. From Surinam. —
junia Cr. is a form of lea with the upper surface entirely sky-blue and only bordered by a narrow black marginal
line. On the under surface of the forewing only one eye-spot is present. The 2 has the margins of both wings
brown. From Surimam and Brazil (Para and Bahia). — philippa Btlr. is a form belonging here, in which the
upper surface is entirely brown and only the hindwing is blue-grey in the 9 towards the apex and in the 2
towards the base. There are also 2 indistinct brown marginal lines, which are undulate towards the apex of
the forewing and on the hindwing. The under surface is exactly as in junia. The antennae are above brown,
beneath rust-coloured, towards the tip ringed with black, the tip itself white. From Ega.

Cephus Group.

C)

E. cephus 7’. (¢ = lysidice Cr., 2 = doris Cr.) (49b). The 3 is above glossy sky-blue. Forewing with
the costal and distal margins blackish grey; a stripe of the same colour runs from the base over the median
and is divided on the branches of this vein; all the veins are blackish grey at the distal margin. On the hind-
wing all the margins are the same, only the inner margin somewhat lighter. The under surface is likewise
sky-blue with brown transverse stripes and marginal lines, one eye-spot on the forewing and 4 on the hindwing.
The Q is above unicolorous grey-brown, with bluish white terminal line at the margin of the hindwing. The
under surface is quite similar to the 3, except that the eye-spots are larger. This beautiful species is widely
distributed in South America; it occurs in almost the whole of the Amazon country; further in Surinam, Co-
lombia and South Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). — angelica Gtlr. is a form of cephus which only differs in its larger
size (48mm.), in having an undulate, inner marginal line on the under surface and in the transverse stripes
on the forewing only reaching to the middle. From Rio de Janeiro.

E. parthenie spec. nov. (48f). Above bluish grey-brown with 2 dark brown marginal lines, between
which on the hindwing is placed a whitish line, otherwise without markings. Beneath light bluish grey with
2 narrow median stripes, a fine submarginal line and 2 fine marginal lines. The outer of the median stripes
is somewhat proximally curved on the forewing, hence the.marginal area is broader than usual. Forewing with
leye-spot, hindwing with 6, of which the 2 middle ones are indistinct, the Ist and last small, the other 2 somewhat
larger. (8388 mm.). From Minas Geraes. Of this species I received a female from the T'HreMe collection, deter-
mined as angelica 2; but as it is much smaller than angelica ¢ and the colouring and pattern are quite dif-
ferent from cephus, I regard it as a separate species.

E. glaucina Bates (49 b). Above pale blue-grey, not glossy, forewing grey-brown at the apex and the
costal and distal margins, veins on both wings and the 3 marginal lines of the hindwing likewise grey-brown.
Beneath pale blue with 4 brown lines before and behind the middle and 2 marginal lines. Forewing with one,
hindwing with 4 ocelli as in cephus. The 2 is unicolorous brown above. Rather widely distributed in Mexico
and Guatemala from the lowlands up to 1500 m. — glauca Stgr. 7. 1. (49 b) is a more restrictive form of glaucina,
in which the forewing is almost entirely dusted with grey-brown and the blue colouring is only present near
the inner margin. An elongate, more thinly scaled spot is placed at the middle of the inner margin. The hind-
wing is somewhat brighter blue than in glaucina, with black costal margin and 3 black marginal lines. The under
surface is likewise similiar to glaucina, but has 5 eye-spots on the hindwing in cellules 2—6, the two in cellules
2 and 5 larger, black with 1 bluish white and 1 brown ring, without pupils, the others small, indistinct, consist-
ing of a brown ring, which is filled up with the blue ground-colour and has a brown central dot. The eye-
spot in cellule 1 ¢ of the hindwing is thus absent here. From Bolivia.

E. brixius Godt. Above bluish grey with 6 dark brown transverse stripes and 2 marginal lines. Beneath
the ground-colour is lighter, the stripes as above; on the 4th stripe of the hindwing are placed 5 eye-spots, of
which the Ist, 2nd and last have white iris, but the other two are without iris. All these eye-spots are black
with double silvery pupils. 38 mm. From Brazil. — brixiola Btlr. is a somewhat smaller form of brixius, which
according to BuTLER’s description has one less transverse stripe on the wings. The ¢ is above light grey, the 2
light brown, on the 4th stripe the hindwing has 2 indistinct black eye-spots with white pupils. The under surface
is bluish white, with the stripes as above. Before the apex of the forewing in the 9 a black, yellow-ringed eye-
spot with silvery double pupil and 2 indistinct eye-spots below it (in the g these are all obsolescent). On the
hindwing five similar ocelli, always distinct, of which the 2nd and 5th are larger, only the 3rd and 4th entirely
silvery and with yellow rings. 35mm. From Para.

Publ. 1. VIII. 1911. EUPTYCHIA. By G. Weyer. 217

E. aegrota Bélr. (49 b). Above bright blue; forewing with black margin and two black median stripes;
hindwing with narrow margin and oval spot at the anal angle. Fringes white. The under surface is similar
to that of cephus and glaucina, but the submarginal line is more dentate, the eye-spots in cellules 2 and 5 of
the hindwing larger, the one in cellule 1¢ absent, on the other hand in cellules 3 and 4 are placed between
the eye-spots two brown rings with blue centres and on the forewing in cellules 3 and 4 likewise two
similar brown rings with blue centres and brown central dots. From Para and from the upper Madre de Dios
in Peru.

E. aetherialis Bélr. above approaches aegrota, but is very different beneath, and the distal margin
of the forewing is not rounded, but nearly straight. The ground-colour of the upper surface is of the same
blue as in aegrota, the inner of the median lines is indistinct and the black anal spot of the hindwing is smaller.
Beneath the wings are silvery blue with 2 narrow rust-red median lines, which are angled before the inner
margin of the forewing, a submarginal line of the same colour and 2 dark brown marginal lines. Forewing with 3
small eye-spots in cellules 4—6, the anterior one with yellow iris, the other 2 indistinct; hindwing with 5 eye-
spots, of which the first 2 and the 5th are black, while all have yellow rings and white pupils, the pupils
of the 2nd and Sth being double. 40 mm. From Sarayacu, Ecuador.

E. coelestis Bélr. (48g). Above blue, apex and costal and distal margins of the forewing broadly
dark brown with two abbreviated median stripes, hindwing with 2 marginal lines and a submarginal like-
wise dark brown. Beneath blue, 2 median stripes, a somewhat abbreviated band on the forewing in. the
marginal area, a submarginal line and two marginal lines brown. On the forewing 2 eye-spots before the
apex, black with blue and outer brown ring, the lower one only small; hindwing with 5 similarly coloured eye-
spots in cellules 2—6, the 2nd and 5th large, the others all small. The @ is somewhat larger (47 mm),
and has the costal margin of the hindwing above rather broadly dark brown and at the anal angle a dot of
the same colour. From the Amazons (Ega) and the Mapiri. — mare Btlr. is a smaller form, in which the me-
dian stripes on the upper surface are almost entirely obsolete and on the under surface the eye-spots are smaller
and in part indistinct, the bands also narrower and faint. From Para.

E. caerulea Bil. (49 b), similar to coelestis, above glossy blue. Apex and distal margin of the forewing
broadly dark brown, the costal margin narrowly dark brown along the costal vein. On the hindwing the apex
and 2 fine marginal lines are dark brown. The under surface is light glossy blue with 5 nearly straight brown
transverse lines and fine marginal lines, only the 2 distal lines on the hindwing undulate. At the distal side of
the 3rd transverse line are placed on the forewing an eye-spot before the apex, on the hindwing 3 eye-spots,
namely 2 at the apex, one at the anal angle. These eye-spots are black with blue ring and outer brown.
ring. The © is somewhat larger and has above on the forewing 2 brown median stripes and on the hind-
wing a brown anal spot. From Maranhao (Brazil) and the Mapiri (Bolivia).

E. ziza Bilr. is similar to coelestis, but somewhat smaller, and the brown ground-colour has a violet
tone. The 2median bands of the forewing are placed nearer together, are parallel and reach the inner margin; the
marginal band is somewhat narrower. The hindwing in addition to the 2 marginal lines has also a median. line.
Beneath light blue with 2 brown median bands, 2 marginal lines and an eye-spot on the forewing, as well
as 5 ocelli on the hindwing, all black with white rings, but the 3rd and 4th indistinct. From Pebas in Peru.

E. urania Bil. is likewise allied to coelestis, and of the same size. Above glossy greenish blue with
very broad brown distal margin, the costa and a streak behind the cell likewise brown. Hindwing with 2 brown
marginal lines. Beneath with 4 transverse lines across the middle and before the margin; further with 2 mar-
ginal lines, all brown. Apex of the forewing and anal angle of the hindwing likewise brownish. Forewing
with an indistinct black eye-spot before the apex. On the hindwing only the 2 larger eye-spots are distinct.
From Cameta near Para.

E. coelica Hew. Above sky-blue, apex and distal margin broadly black; on the hindwing a band
at the apex, two submarginal lines and the fringes black. Beneath likewise sky-blue, both wings with 2 stripes
before the middle, 2 submarginal lines and the fringes dark brown. Before the apex of the forewing a black
eye-spot bordered with brown. At the apex of the hindwing 2 similar eye-spots (the first smaller), and at
the anal angle a third eye-spot. Between them 2 brown flexuose rings. From Ecuador. Hewirson remarks
that this species surpasses in beauty all the allied blue species; but the following divina is no less beautiful.

E. divina Stgr. 7. 1. (49c) 3. Quite similar above to the preceding species; bright sky-blue with
the apex and distal margin of the forewing broadly black, apex and 2 marginal lines of hindwing black. But
the under surface differs in the larger number of the ocelli and of the median stripes. On the forewing before
the apex two black eye-spots withlight blue and outer brown ring and one or 2 brown spots posteriorly to them.
On the hindwing 5 large, similarly coloured eye-spots in a straight row. The outer brown rings touch
on the veins and on the proximal side of the eye-spots a brown stripe runs from vein 2 to the costal margin,

Vv 28

aegrola.

aetherialis.

coelestis.

mare.

caerulea.

Zzd.

Urania.

coelica.

divina.

lobelia.

helios.

periboea.

cyanites.

pilala

tenera.

penicillata.

218 EUPTYCHIA. By G. Weyer.

so that 3 median bands are present. Occasionally the anterior ocelli of the hindwing have blue central dots.
From Bolivia.

E. lobelia Bilr. 3: above sky-blue, apex and distal margin of the forewing broadly black, the veins
before the margin the same, also a streak on the discocellular and an almost triangular ring behind the cell.
The hindwing has the apex and 2 marginal lines black. The inner angle is more strongly produced than in
the allied species. Beneath blue, with a basal streak, 2 median lines, a discal line and 3 marginal lines,
all black. Forewing with one, hindwing with 2 blind black eye-spots of unequal size at the apex. 45mm. From
Ecuador.

E. helios Stgr. 7. /. (49c) g. Above similar to mare Btlr., dark blue, at the costal margin somewhat
lighter, forewing with a straight black stripe across the discocellular, reaching to the first median vein. Distal
margin black for a breadth of 2 mm., increasing at apex to 5mm. Hindwing black at the apex, with 3 black
marginal lines. Under surface light blue with red-brown, black-edged transverse stripes and brown mar-
ginal lines. On the forewing in cellules 3 and 4 two round ochre-yellow spots and above them in cellule
5 a brown ring, which is filled up with ochre-yellow and has a brown dot in the middle. Hindwing with 5 ocelli,
the Ist, 2nd and 5th black with white pupil, that of the 5th eye-spot double, all with ochre-yellow iris and outer
brown ring; the 3rd and 4th consist only of a brown ring, filled up with ochre-yellow. From the Mapiri in
Bolivia.

E. periboea Godm. & Salv. (49). The ground-colour of the upper surface is blue inclining to grey.
Apex, costal and distal margins of the forewing are dark brown. The hindwing has 3 dark brown marginal
lines. Beneath the wings are brown with 2 dark brown median lines, a dentate submarginal line and 2 marginal
lines. In the marginal area of the hindwing are placed 5 eye-spots, on the forewing the number varies
from 1 to 4, or they are here entirely absent. They are small, black, with white pupils and brownish yellow
rings. An easily recognizable species. From Colombia (Manaure in the Sierra Nevada from Santa Marta [Simons |
and in Paime near Muzo, 1000 m., in October [Fasst)}).

Pilata Group.
The 33 of this group are distinguished by an oval spot of raised or hair-like scales, placed at the middle of the
inner margin on the upperside of the forewing.

A

E. cyanites Btlr. (= stigmatica Godm.) (49c). The 3 is sky-blue above, almost like coelestis, with
black stripes and bands, but with the inner line on the forewing absent, inner margin of forewing with a whit-
ish, grey-scaled spot. Beneath the bands are more reddish and the eye-spots smaller than in coelestis, other-
wise like the latter. Moreover cyanites is larger. The 9, which I received from coll. TutmmeE as stigmatica 9,
is very different from the 3. It is grey-brown above, with a very slight bluish reflection in the basal of half both
wings, with 2 marginal lines on the forewing, 3 on the hindwing, of which only the outer one is distinct.
Fringes grey. Under surface bluish grey, with 2 brown lines through the middle, the distal one somewhat undulate,
a strongly dentate submarginal line and 2 marginal lines, the latter on the hindwing undulate, with one
distinct and several (3 or 4) indistinct ocelli on the forewing and 6 eye-spots on the hindwing in cellules 1b
to 6, all black with white pupil, ochre-yellow ring and brownish bordering, the outer 2 smaller, the middle
2 rather indistinct. BUTLER gives Brazil as locality, GoDMAN received stigmatica from Entre Rios in Argentina,
Harnscu took both sexes in Minas Geraes.

E. pilata Btlr. (49). Above sky-blue. Forewing with dark brown apex, costal and distal margins
the same and with grey-brown hair-pencil over the inner margin. Under surface bright, glossy blue with 2 straight
brown median lines, 2 marginal lines and a somewhat stronger submarginal line. Forewing with an eye-spot
before the apex, with 2 small black spots below it and a lighter one above it. Hindwing with 4 eye-spots, 2 at
the apex and 2 at the anal angle, the first and last small. These eye-spots consist of a thick orange-
yellow ring with obliquely placed black pupil and an outer brown ring. Between the eye-spots are placed
2 thin brown rings, filled up with the blue ground-colour. From Ega (Teffé) and Tabatinga on the Amazon.

E. tenera Stgr. 7. 1. (49c). Above dark blue, forewing with broad, washed-out, black distal margin
and black veins. At the middle of the inner margin a short dark brown hair-tuft. Hindwing with undulate
dark marginal lines. Inner margin grey. Beneath light greenish blue with 2 straight brown median lines, a
curved band in the marginal area and undulate marginal lines. Forewing with a small blind eye-spot before the
apex and below it a short brown nebulous band. Hindwing with 5 eye-spots of uniform size; these are black
with ochre-yellow and outer brown rings and white pupils, the 3rd and 5th bi-pupilled. From the Rio Juntas
in Bolivia.

E. penicillata Godm. 3: above greenish blue with narrow brown margins and with a thick pencil of brown
hairs over the inner margin of the forewing. Beneath greenish brown with 2 fairly straight median lines, an
undulate submarginal and 2 marginal lines, all dark brown. Forewing with 3 ocelli, the first somewhat

EUPTYCHIA. By G. WryMeER. 219

more distinct: hindwing with 5 eye-spots, the 2nd and last larger than the rest. The eye-spots are black with
white pupils and yellow and outer brown rings. The @ is above unicolorous brown, beneath quite like the 3,
except that the ground-colour is light brown, towards the distal margin grey. (88mm). From Tapajos (Amazons).

E. scopulata (49d). 3: similar to the preceding species, with a similar hair-tuft on the forewing, but
with the upper surface not blue, but brown with dark brown marginal lines and somewhat lighter fringes. Under
surface grey, the stripes through the middle of the wings broader and red-brown, on the forewing 2 or 3 eye-
spots present, on the hindwing 5, of which, as in penicillata, the first on the forewing and the 2nd and 5th
on the hindwing are larger and more distinct than the rest. The latter is bi-pupilled. From the Mapiri in Bolivia
and the Upper Amazon.

Arnaea Group.

E. arnaea F. (= ebusa Cr., aranea F.) (49d). Above brown, the larger posterior half of the hindwing
with bright blue reflection. In the ©° this reflection extends over the whole hindwing and also occupies the
inner margin of the forewing. The Q is further distinguished by having on the hindwing before the 2 marginal
lines a dentate, dark brown submarginal line, which is wanting in the g. In addition the 2 dark brown median
lines on the forewing are somewhat broader in the 2. The light brown under surface has likewise a blue reflection
in the 3, but this is much weaker than above, occasionally, however, extending, beyond the 2nd median stripe,
nearly to the costal margin of the forewing. In the 9 the reflection on the under surface is less visible.
Widely distributed and rather common. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Guiana, Colombia, Amazons. — Gop-
MAN and Savin (in Biol. Centr. Americana I, p. 89) question the correctness of employing the name arnaea
for this species and consider that of ebusa Cr. more correct, as FaBrictus himself in his Species Insectorum
Vol. I, p. 75 has cited Luptychia lea Cr. (with a?, however). But as lea has both wings blue above, while Fa-
BRICIUS only speaks of blue hindwing and describes the forewing as brown, I am of the opinion that KrrBy
and BuTLerR are right in employing the name arnaea for ebusa Cr.

E. sericella Bat. 2 similar to the preceding, but both wings above blue. Apex and distal margin of
the forewing broadly dark brown, the costal margin narrow, with 2 fine brown median lines. The hindwing
has brown fringes and 2 brown marginal lines with a reddish line between them. The under surface is accord-
ing to Bares tawny brown with 2 dark brown median lines, the outer somewhat thicker and distally bordered
by a straight, light lilac stripe; at the distal margin 2 dark brown median lines. Before 3 or 4 eye-spots on the
forewing and 5 on the hindwing. Of the latter the 2nd and last are black with white pupil and yellow iris, the
rest white with yellow iris. But the figure in the Biologia Centrali-americana does not agree with this descrip-
tion of Bares’ in two points. The ground-colour in the figure is not tawny brown but dark brown, so that the
transverse lines can scarcely be seen, and the difference in the colouring of the eye-spots mentioned by BarEs
is not discernible. As the species is represented in. but few collections and is not known to me in nature, I cannot
decide whether figure or description is correct. Very rare in Mexico (Orizaba) and in Guatemala (Vera Paz and
Choctum).

E. chloris Cr. (= chlorimene Hbn., tolumnia 9 Godt.) (49e). The wings of this species are very thinly
scaled, hence the markings of the under surface show through above. The upper surface is brown; in the 3 the
inner angle and the inner margin of the hindwing have a blue reflection. In the 2 this reflection, which is here
more violet, is extended over the whole hindwing and the greater part of the forewing. The under surface
is in both sexes glossy violet-blue with broad, reddish brown median stripes, one eye-spot on the forewing and
5 on the hindwing, of which the 4th is of a flattened form and is divided longitudinally by a silver stripe,
while the 3rd is little prominent and only recognizable by its round silvery central spot. The species is common
in Surinam, on the Amazon and in Behia. — agatha Btlr. (49 e) is a form of chloris in which the distal margin
of the forewing is less excised and the hindwing more ample; the brown ground-colour is darker and the
blue colouring on the hindwing more extended. On the under surface the outer median band on the hindwing
forms an obtuse angle in the middle and an acute angle at the inner margin. The ocelli are larger. The 2nd
eye-spot is placed so near to the distal margin that it touches the submarginal line. The 3rd and 4th eye-
spots consist of elongate orange-yellow rings with silvery centres. The 2 is more thinly scaled, of more violet
colour, with red-brown margins; the ocelli of the under surface show through above. Beneath the median
bands of the hindwing are placed nearer together. From Para. — A considerably larger form of 45 mm. expanse I
name agathina form. nov. It has much broader wings, is more thickly and densely scaled and hence not trans-
parent. Above dark brown, the greater part of the hindwing dark steel-blue, only the costal margin dark
brown. for a breadth of about 10 mm. The under surface has on both wings a bright blue reflection, especially
in the posterior half of the hindwing. The median bands are dark brown and on the hindwing straight, only
on the forewing the 2nd band is somewhat distally curved before the inner margin. The two elongated eye-
spots of agatha are here not bordered with orange-yellow but with brown. From Macas in Ecuador.

scopulata.

arnaed.

icell
sericella.
Ly

chloris.

agatha.

agathina.

marica.

herse.

callichloris.

tolumnia.

catharina.

hewitsonii.

220 EUPTYCHIA. By G. Wrymer.

E. marica Stgr. 7. 1. (49e). The wings are thinly scaled, above brown with dark violet-blue reflec-
tion, which gradually shades into the broad brown distal margin. The bands and eye-spots of the under
surface show through above. Beneath light violet with bluish gloss. The forewing with 3, the hindwing with
2 broad brown transverse bands, the distal forming an angle on the median of the hindwing and an acute angle
distad before the inner margin. Forewing with one, hindwing with 3 ocelli, all black with yellow and brown
rings and white pupils, the posterior eye-spot bi-pupilled. Between the eye-spots of the hindwing the yellow-
brown, oval spots with silvery pupils as in the allied species. marica is easy to distinguish from the latter by
having the two larger ocelli in cellules 2 and 5 of equal size. From Pebas on the Amazon in Peru.

E. herse Cr. (= herseis Godt.) (49 e). Above dull violet with blue reflection. Forewing with brown
costal and distal margins, the latter twice as broad as the former, with 2 straight median stripes, 3 marginal
lines and a round brown spot before the apex. On the hindwing the first median stripe is straight, the 2nd
forms on the median a sharp, distally directed tooth. Before the anal angle a large black eye-spot with yellow
ring and at the apex 2 smaller, obscure eye-spots. Beneath the ground-colour is light violet-grey, the trans-
verse stripes yellow-brown. Forewing with one eye-spot, hindwing with 3, the first very small, the last large,
all black with red-yellow and brown rings, all (also the one on the forewing) with double white pupils. Between
the eye-spots in cellules 3 and 4 two red-yellow spots with silvery centres. From Surinam, Para, Merida (Vene-
zuela) and Villavicencia (East Colombia [Fasst)}).

E. callichloris Btlr. Similar to herse. Above brown. The wings at the base transparent, violet. The
third band on the forewing nearer to the margin, the first on the hindwing indistinct, the others strongly angled,
the anal eye-spot large and black, with yellow ring, the others indistinct. The under surface is accord-
ing to BurLEr’s figure lilac, according to his description whitish, the bands of the forewing as above. On the
hindwing the basal area is filled up with brown to the first transverse band, the 2nd band forms an acute angle
distad. The yellow rings round the eye-spots are very broad, interrupting the brown bordering, and forming
a continuous yellow band on which are placed in cellules 2 and 5 round black spots with silvery double pupil
and in cellules 3 and 4 silvery streaks. The eye-spot in cellule 2 is larger, that in cellule 5 smaller. The still
smaller eye-spot in cellule 6, which is likewise black and has a double silver pupil, is isolated and placed in a yel-
low and brown ring. From Ega (on the Amazon).

Tolumnia Group.

On the upperside of the forewing in the $3 is placed at the hindmargin of the cell a narrow stripe of scent-scales
adjoining the stalk of the median and consisting of hair-like scales.

E. tolumnia Cr. (491). Above dark brown, the posterior half of the hindwing with bright blue gloss.
The stripe of scent-scales of the fg along the median of the forewing is distinct. On the under surface the
ground-colour is more yellowish between the transverse stripes and only the distal half of the hindwing is light
bluish violet. The eye-spots have silvery pupils, those of the last larger eye-spot are double and produced length-
wise. From Surinam, the Lower Amazon and Bahia.

AA

E. catharina Stgr. Forewing brown, in the $3 with a narrow stripe of hair-shaped black-brown scales
along the median, otherwise without markings. Hindwing almost entirely blue, only the costal margin broadly,
the distal and inner margins narrowly brown. On the under surtace the basal half of the forewing and the anterior
part of the hindwing are brown-grey, the distal margin of both wings and the inner margin of the hindwing light
blue. Forewing with 3 narrow brown transverse stripes, hindwing with 2 which diverge posteriorly. Before the
inner margin of the hindwing the outer stripe forms an angle. Forewing with 1, hindwing with 2 small eye-
spots at the apex and a large one in cellule 2, between them the 2 yellow ellipses with silver dots as in tolumnia.
36 mm. From Jurimaguas in the Upper Amazon district.

E. hewitsonii Bélr. (= polla Méschl.) (49 e). A small but beautiful species. Brown, the scent-scale
stripe of the 3 somewhat darker. The distal margin with blue reflection, the inner margin bright glossy blue.
Hindwing at the base whitish, distally with blue reflection. Both wings with white fringes. Vein la on the
3 hindwing somewhat thickened in the middle. Forewing beneath lilac, with 3 red-brown transverse stripes.
2 straight marginal lines and an eye-spot before the apex. Hindwing at the base lilac, distally blue with 2 trans-
verse stripes. 2 eye-spots at the apex and a very large anal ocellus; between the eye-spots 2 brownish yellow
ellipses with silvery blue centres. From the Lower Amazon (Para). BuTLeER mentions a form from the Upper
Amazon (Ega, now Teffé) without naming it: it differs in having the ground-colour above and beneath
more greenish. polla Méschl., from Surinam, I regard as likewise a hewitsonii, as the figure and description
almost entirely agree with this. The only difference in the figure consists in the absence of the elliptical spots
on the hindwing. But in the text M6scHtER mentions these as present, so that this may be only an error in the
figure. The 2nd difference that I find is in the marginal lines on the underside of the forewing. These
are straight in hewitsonii, MOSCHLER describes the inner of these lines as finely dentate. According to the figure
which he gives of his polla, however, both are straight. Hence I can only regard polla as a synonym of hewitsonii.

EUPTYCHIA. By G. Wrymer. 221

2¥.
Ayaya Group.

ES abaya Bilr. (= iris Fldr.) (49g). Above brown with dark brown reflection, which does not quite
reach the margins of the wings. In the middle of the hindwing is placed at the end of the cell a tuft of brown
hairs, in the vicinity of which the ground-colour is darker. Under surface violet-grey, forewing with 3 broad,
straight, brown transverse stripes, 2 marginal lines and a black eye-spot, ringed with brownish yellow,
before the apex. Hindwing with the same bands, 3 dentate lines before the distal margin and 3 eye-spots in cel-
lules 2, 3 and 6, all bi-pupilled. In the 9 the hair-tuft and the dark spot on the upperside of the hindwing
are absent. From the Amazon (Tapajos), Colombia (Bogota). Taken by Fassu in the Llanos of Medina in East
Colombia (400 m.) in June.

Doxes Group.

E. doxes Godt. (= erycina Bilr.) (49d). Above grey-brown with slight bluish grey sheen and with 2
dark brown marginal and a similar terminal line. On the hindwing are placed 2—4 round dark brown
spots in cellules 1 c, 2, 3 and 5, the two last are often absent. The under surface is somewhat lighter and has
2 dark brown median lines, of which the outer one is more or less strongly angled on the hindwing. Forewing
without eye-spots, hindwing with 5 or 6 elongate oval ocelli, red-yellow with black pupils, the inner half of which
is densely sprinkled with white, silvery scales; the first and the last eye-spot are smaller than the rest.
The number of the eye-spots varies, Prof. Serrz has taken both examples with 6 and those with 5 ocelli
flying at one place. From Brazil (Esperito Santo).

E. latia Btlr. Above brown, hindwing with a rather large ochre-yellow patch before the margin, 4 black
spots and undulate ochre-yellow submarginal line. Beneath brown, the distal part of the hindwing whitish, the
margin itself brown, the median lines as in doves, but further separated, hindwing with 6 large, oval eye-spots,
ringed with red-yellow, the first 2 and the last 2 with large black pupils, dusted with silver at the proximal
side, the other 2 with entirely silvery, oval pupils. From Bahia.

E. furina Hew. (49d). Above brown, the hindwing with large white median area, at the margin of which
are placed some black spots. Forewing beneath brownish grey, with 2 reddish brown median bands, an
indistinct grey-brown band in the marginal area with a silver spot in the middle and 3 brown marginal lines.
Hindwing white with 2 reddish brown median bands. In the marginal area 6 red-yellow, elongated eye-spots
form a broad band, enclosing in each cellule a large spot, which is distally black, proximally dusted with silver
and conically pointed. At the margin 3 terminal lines. From the Amazons.

E. junonia Stir. The forewing rather elongated, above brown, without markings, hindwing with three
dark brown marginal lines and two light lines between them. Beneath brownish grey, with 2 brown median
bands, the inner one scarcely reaching the middle of the inner margin of the hindwing, the outer terminating
at the 6th eye-spot. These eye-spots are as in furina, but the first two smaller. From Tapajos (Amazons).

E. gemmula Bélr. Above brown, the hindwing at the anal angle lighter, with 1 or 2 black spots and 2
black-brown or rust-brown marginal lines. Beneath lighter with 2 narrow, rust-coloured, widely separated
median stripes and 2 angular marginal lines, brown on the forewing, rust-coloured on the hindwing; the distal
margin itself narrowly black. Hindwing in the § with 5, in the 2 with 6 eye-spots, which, however, are
more round than oval and are all broadly margined with yellow. The pupil of the 2nd and of the 5th eye-spot
is distally black, proximally greenish silvery, the others have the pupils entirely greenish silvery. Rio de Janeiro.

Clorimene Group.

E. cosmophila Hbn. (2 = argenteus Swains.) (49f). Above grey-brown. The distal margin darker,
before the margin of the hindwing a washed-out brownish ochre-yellow patch, in which are placed 1 or 2 round
black spots with or without white central dot. 3 dark brown marginal lines. Beneath much lighter, with 2 widely
separated. fine brown median lines and 3 dark brown marginal lines. Forewing in the marginal area with a row
of brown spots, which are sprinkled with fine gold dots and enclosed both proximally and distally by an undu-
late brown line. On the hindwing is placed in the marginal area an ochre-yellow band, anteriorly narrow,
posteriorly broad, on which are scattered 6—8 shining golden spots, and in cellule 2 a black spot with golden
double pupill. Brazil (Parana, Bahia).

E. clementia Bilr. Above light olive-brown with indistinct dark median line and somewhat darker
margin. Hindwing with 4 brown discal spots and 2 dentate marginal lines on a lighter ground. Beneath lighter
with 2 dark brown median lines, diverging anteriorly on both wings, and 3 dark brown marginal lines. In the
marginal area of the forewing are placed on a brown band a row of indistinct, silver-dusted eye-shaped
spots. On the hindwing the disc is snow-white and traversed by a broad, ochreous, brown-margined band,
which contains 3 black eye-spots with silver pupils (2 at the apex and one at the anal angle). Between
and behind the eye-spots some elongate silver spots. From Chanchamayo in Peru.

agayd.

dowes.

latia.

furina.

Junonia.

gemmula.

cosmophila.

clementia.

telesphora.

clorimene.

pagyris.

hygina.

salvini.

itonis.

quadrina.

libitina.

phocion

bo
bo
bo

EUPTYCHIA. By G. Weyer.

E. telesphora Bilr. (= telesiphora Kirby) (49f). Above brown with 3 darker marginal lines, hindwing
in the middle somewhat lighter, at the anal angle a dark brown spot. Beneath grey-brown with a row of black,
silver-centred dots, enclosed in groups of 2 or 3 by brown rings, all again enclosed by an outer brown line. Hind-
wing light yellowish, at the margin reddish yellow with 3 black eye-spots with silver pupils as in the preceding
species, and with several silver dots between and behind them, all margined with black. From the Marcapata
(Peru).

E. clorimene Stoll. Above brown with the distal margin lighter; hindwing with a narrow and a some-
what broader, dentate, pale yellow marginal stripe and a small eye-shaped spot at the anal angle. Beneath
lighter, the distal margin brownish yellow, with narrow brown transverse lines and a broader brown stripe, which
is intersected by asilver line. On the middle of the hindwing a broad light brown transverse band, through which
runs a yellow-brown stripe. The marginal area is brownish yellow with 4 round silver spots, placed in black
rings. Between and behind these rings are placed 3 silver streaks, which reach the distal margin. The distal
margin itself is bordered by 3 black and 2 hight yellow lines. From Surinam. Rare.

E. pagyris Godt. (49f). Above brown, forewing without markings, hindwing towards the anal angle
whitish with 3 black dots, of which the middle is the largest. The forewing beneath brown with 2 rust-coloured
transverse stripes and before the distal margin a row of silvery dots. The hindwing beneath in the basal half
grey with the same 2 rust-coloured transverse stripes as the forewing, in the distal half yellowish with 7 silver
spots, of which 5 are nearly round and placed parallel to the distal margin, the other two, and especially the one
next to the inner margin, elongated and reaching the second rust-coloured stripe. Between the 4th and 5th
of these round spots there is a large, oval, black spot, transversely placed and marked with 2 thick silver
dots. On the grey distal margin are placed 2 blackish undulate lines. From Brazil.

E. hygina Btlr. (49f). Pale olive-brown. Hindwing with a large red-yellow discal spot, surrounded
by 5 blackish spots, of which the 3 smaller, anterior ones form a triangle. Beneath whitish brown, the transverse
lines and silver spots similar to those of the preceding species, but the 2nd transverse line on the hindwing very
irregular and the marginal area beyond it almost entirely filled up by the bright red-yellow bordering of the
silver spots. From Brazil (Joinville).

E. salvini Bétlr. (49f). Grey-brown, basal half of the forewing lighter. The dark transverse stripes of
the under surface show through distinctly above. The hindwing in the middle whitish with 2 round black
spots at the apex and a larger one in cellule 2, between them two smaller ones nearer to the distal margin. Beneath
white, forewing with 6 brown transverse stripes, the first oblique, the 4th and 6th connected anteriorly and
posteriorly, so that they enclose the ‘5th stripe, on which is placed a row of silver dots. The hindwing has
in the basal area 3 straight brown stripes and in the ochre-yellow marginal area, which is posteriorly bor-
dered with brown, an angled row of silver spots, some of them in black rings. From Panama and Peru.

E. itonis Hew. (49 g). On the upper surface the space between the 3 black marginal lines of the hind-
wing is reddish brown, and towards the anal angle white. The large white area of the hindwing is divided on
the under surface by 2 brown transverse lines, which are here present also on the forewing. For the rest the ground-
colour beneath is grey-brown. In the marginal area of the forewing are further 6 parallel brown lines, posteriorly
somewhat convergent; among them is a somewhat broader stripe, enclosing a row of silver dots. In the
ochre-yellow marginal area of the hindwing, which is distally bordered by an undulate, proximally by a dentate,
brown line, is placed at the anal angle a black eye-spot measuring over 3 mm., with thick silvery pupil,
behind it 3 small silver spots and before it 6 somewhat larger ones. From the Amazons (Para). — qua-
drina Bilr. is a form of ztonis in which the white area of the hindwing has acquired an almost quadrate shape.
The lines on the under surface of the forewing are more widely separated and not curved posteriorly. From
Maranham.

E. libitina Bily. Above brown with a triangular black median spot and 2 marginal lines, hindwing at the
distal margin lighter with 3 black marginal lines. Beneath much lighter. Forewing with 2 brown median and 3
submarginal lines, between them a white band with silver-pupilled spots. Hindwing with 2 ochre-brown
median lines, the distal part orange with 8 silver spots, a short white, black-edged band and a similar dot
before the margin, a black spot at the anal angle, divided by a white line, and with a small, black-bor-
dered silver spot above it. 43 mm. From Brazil. Rare, only in coll. Drucn.

Phocion Group.

E. phocion F. (= areolatus Sm.-Abb., helicta Hbn.) (49g). Above unicolorous brown. Under surface
lighter, with the middle ones of the rust-coloured lines on each wing joined into a circle, in which are placed
on the forewing 3 or 4 eye-shaped spots with blue pupils and yellow iris (sometimes indistinct), on the hind-
wing 6 similar elongated spots with oval pupils. The egg of this species is yellow-green: it has quite fine, rough
surface. Larva green with the head scarcely elevated, but with long anal points. Pupa obtuse, rounded, deep
green, the wing-cases margined with whitish. The larva lives on grasses and is difficult to breed. Habits

bo
bo
(30)

EUPTYCHIA. By G. Wrymer.

as In cornelius. The butterfly is distributed in North America from New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico and Texas.

E. cornelius F. (= gemma Hbn.) (49 f). Above grey-brown, hindwing at the distal margin with 2 in-
distinct, blackish double spots. Under surface grey-brown, finely irrorated with brown, with 2 indistinct,
brownmedian lines. Hindwing with 4 small black double spots close to the distal margin, with very small
silver spots before, beside and behind them, and also a faint violet spot, with slight silver gloss, at their
proximal side. Egg yellow-greenish white with rough surface, yields the larva in April or August after 3—6
days. The summer form of the larva grey-yellow-brown, the spring form light green with light whitish yellow
lateral and longitudinal lines. Pupa yellow-grey or light blue-green, head with two slight points. On grass.
The larva shows a preference for the vicinity of water, and is consequently often very common in wet places,
sometimes in company with hermes. The species is distributed in North America from West Virginia to Mexico
and also occurs in Guatemala.

E. argentella Bélr. (49g). Above brown, the distal margin somewhat darker. Hindwing at the anal
angle somewhat produced and with 2 dark spots at the distal margin in cellules 3 and 4. Beneath somewhat lighter.
Forewing with three dark transverse lines, hindwing with 2 transverse lines, the 2nd strongly curved inwards
and outwards, the ground-colour behind it lighter. In cellule 3 and in cellule 4 a black eye-spot with obliquely
placed pupil composed of scattered silvery scales and with red-yellow ring. Before the eye-spots are placed
in cellules 5 and 6 two round silver spots and behind them in cellules 1b and 2 silvery streaks curved in S-
shape. From the Volcan de Chiriqui (Panama), also from Guatemala and Costa Rica. The examples from
Costa Rica have a yellowish spot on the hindwing.

E. rogersi Godm. Similar to argentella, but the hindwing has only one black spot close to the distal
margin in cellule 4, containing a light central dot. The anal angle is more strongly produced. On the brown
under surface are placed 3 dark brown transverse lines and between the 2nd and 3rdagrey-yellow band, extend-
ing across both wings. At the apex of the hindwing a larger and a smaller eye-spot and some silver spots above
them. From the volcano of Ivazu in Costa Rica.

E. philodice Godm. Above reddish brown. Hindwing at the anal angle, as in the two preceding, obtusely
produced, with an ochre-yellow stripe behind the middle and 3 dark brown spots before the distal margin.
Beneath reddish brown, with 3 rust-coloured transverse lines. Between the two outer of these lines is placed
a straight, light reddish yellow band, which begins in a point not far from the costal margin of the forewing
and terminates obtusely before the inner margin of the hindwing. Before the distal margin of the hindwing
a row of dark brown spots, the middle two the largest, all with sagittate silvery pupils. The Q is lighter and
has the wings more rounded. From Costa Rica (voleano of Irazu).

E. nelsoni Godm. Above light olive-brown, the distal margin broadly dark brown, enclosing indistinct
black spots. Beneath the forewing is brown, with 3 darker transverse lines, hindwing with straight whitish
yellow band, which runs from the apex to the inner angle, a brown median line, before the middle of the distal
margin 2 black eye-spots with sagittate pupils and on both sides of these similar silver markings. The @ is
larger, has the median area of the hindwing above almost ochre-yellow, the dark distal margin is narrower and
the black submarginal spots stand out distinctly. On the under surface the light band of the hindwing is absent.
From Cerro de Zunil in Guatemala. Elevations of 6000 ft.

E. clinasGodm. Forewing with the apex truncate, the distal margin is bluntly angled at vein 5, posteriorly
concave. Hindwing sharply produced at the inner angle, undulate at the distal margin. Above brown, forewing
dark brown at the costal and distal margins, hindwing with 3 round black spots before the distal margin.
in cellules 3, 4 and 5. Beneath lighter reddish brown, with 3 common. transverse lines, namely 2 median, and one
submarginal, hindwing with 2 black, yellow-ringed ocelli with double silvery pupils before the middle of the
distal margin, with 2 round silver spots at the anal angle and a sagittate silver spot between the median veins.
Mexico (Guerrero, Sierra Madre del Sur). 7—8000 ft.

Pyracmon Group.
The jg have a dark scale-spot between and behind the median veins.

a

E. pyracmon Btlr. (J = hilaria Godm. [Biol. Amer. pl. 107, fig. 11, 12]). g above reddish brown, with
the distal margin darker, and with large dark brown scale-spot behind the median of the forewing. Hindwing
dark brown, at the margin lighter, with 2 black spots bordered with reddish brown in cellules 3 and 4
near the distal margin. In the © the forewing above has a straight, the hindwing an undulate dark brown
median line, which is distally margined with red. Hindmargin. of the forewing and apex of the hindwing darker
brown. Anal angle reddish with 3 black submarginal spots. The under surface in g and 9 is yellowish brown
with 3 dentate transverse lines on the forewing and 2 on the hindwing. Before the middle of the distal margin
on the hindwing 2 black eye-spots in red-yellow rings and with silvery double pupils. Before these a glossy
grey stripe accompanied by some silver spots at the costal margin and a silver line at the anal angle. From
Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama. The 3 figured in the Biol. Centr. Amer. pl. 107, fig. 11 and 12
under the name hilaria is referred by GopMAN in the text to pyracmon and the name hilaria, which is thus
set free, is applied to another species (the next but one).

cornelius.

argentella,

rogersi.

philodice.

nelsoni.

clinas.

pyracmon.

pephredo.

hilaria.

henshauwi.

mrycalesoi-
des.

lupita.

LOneCa.

burgia.

borasta.

squami-
striga.

224 PINDIS. By G. Wrymer. ~

E. pephredo Godm. Is similar to cornelius F. and chiefly differs from it in the jg having on the upper-
side of the forewing a dark brown scale-spot, of which there is no trace in cornelius. This wing is also more
produced at the apex. From Mexico (Guerrero and Cordova) and from the central valleys of Guatemala.

E. hilaria Godm. 3 above pale brown; forewing below the median darker striped by reason of the
scale-spot, hindwing with 2 blackish spots at the margin, which are sometimes indistinct. Beneath lighter,
dusted with brown, forewing with 3 undulate, hindwing with 2 rust-coloured lines, a row of silver spots at the
margin and 2 black double spots in the middle of them, besides an ochre-yellow transverse line before them.
The © is similar to the g, but has sometimes on the upperside of the forewing two rust-coloured lines, ou
the hindwing one. From Mexico and Panama.

E. henshawi Hdw. Above reddish brown, the 3 with the dark brown scale-spot of the preceding species
behind the median of the forewing. The distal margin of both wings is faintly dusted with darker, in the middle
of the distal margin of the hindwing two blackish spots. The body is black-brown. The under surface is similar
to that of #. cornelius. 41 mm. — The egg is broader than high, almost spherical; at the base broadly flattened,
of green colour and with very fine, little raised net-work on its surface. Concerning larva and pupa nothing is
known. South Colorado and Arizona, distributed in the Rocky Mountains. Mexico (N. Sonora, Jalisco, Pinal,
near Puebla, very common at 8000 ft. in a pine forest).

Mycalesoides Group.

E. mycalesoides Fldr. (49g). The wings are rounded and above unicolorous dark brown. The under
surface is nearly as dark, the two median lines form large undulate curves, the inner is indistinct. The 3 margi-
nal lines are not undulate, but run parallel with the smooth distal margin. On the forewing 2 eye-spots, in cel-
lules 2 and 5, the former twice as large as the latter. They are black with white pupil and yellow ring.
On the hindwing 4 similarly coloured eye-spots, two small ones in cellule 1 c, that in cellule 2 the largest. From
Colombia (Bogota). The figure is from FELDER’s type in the Tring Museum. The species, which was described
by FELDER as a Pronophila, was referred by THteME to Pedaliodes. According to our figure it seems to me to
belong to Huptychia. mycalesoides Smith & Kirby has nothing to do with this species.

Addenda.

E. lupita Reak. 2 above brown with 2 narrow dark brown marginal lines. Beneath lighter with 3 mar-
ginallines, the proximal one the broadest. Forewing with 2 brown transverse stripes between middle and base,
a short stripe between them and a black eye-spot with light brown ring before the apex. Hindwing with
3 indistinct brown transverse lines through the middle and several shorter ones towards the base, a black eye-
spot ringed with yellow-brown at the apex and two at the anal angle. Antenna rust-coloured. 32 mm. From
Mexico (Vera Cruz and Orizaba).

E. moneca Schaus. 2. Above brown with 3 dark marginal lines and a dot at the margin of the cell,
the outer median line angled before the costa of the forewing, on the hindwing incurved before the middle,
the inner median line indistinct, 2 eye-spots before the anal angle, the posterior the smaller. Beneath lighter
brown, striated with darker, the lines all distinct. Forewing with a small eye-spot before the apex, hindwing
with 6 ocelli, those in cellules 2 and 5 with silvery double pupils, a small similar one in cellule 4, smaller eye-spot
with single pupils in cellules 1b, 3 and 6. In the 3 the eye-spots are smaller. 29—33 mm. From Castro in
Parana and from Novo Friborgo.

E. burgia Schaus. 2. Above brown, with straight, black distal median line, reaching to the anal angle
of the hindwing, and with 3 marginal lines. Beneath olive-brown, the first transverse line angled and not
reaching the costa of the forewing, the 2nd straight and distally bordered with lilac; 3 fine marginal lines.
Forewing with 4, hindwing with 5 small ocelli. 40 mm. From Novo Friborgo. Will belong to the Hermes group.

E. borasta Schaus. 3. Above brown with 3 marginal lines, a large and a small eye-spot at the anal angle
of the hindwing with broad yellow rings and silver pupils. Beneath grey-brown, finely sprinkled with brown,
with 2 brown median lines, the inner one curved distad on the forewing, the outer proximad. Distally to the
latter is placed a white band, traversed by a brown shade. On the hindwing this becomes ochre-yellow at vein 3.
On the forewing is placed in this shade an indistinct eye-spot, on the hindwing at the apex two black eye-spots
with yellow rings and silver pupils and in the ochre-yellow part of the band, at the anal angle, 2 black spots
with silver pupils. At the margin 3 dark lines as above. From Novo Friborgo (Brazil).

’

12. Genus: Pindis Fld’.

Approaches the genus T'aygetis, but the eyes are naked, the palpi elongate, roughly scaled to the tip,
the middle joint 115 times as long as the head, sparsely bristled, the terminal joint similarly formed, 1/3 as long,
obtuse. Wings broad, rather short. Forewing at the apex concavely truncate. Hindwing at the inner angle
rather convex, the posterior part of the distal margin strongly dentate. The only species, which occurs in Mexico
and Guatemala, is referred by most authors to Huptychia.

P. squamistriga Fldr. (= Eupt. zabdi Btlr.) (50a). Above brown, forewing somewhat lighter at
the apex. Beneath likewise lighter, dotted with brownish. The first transverse line is absent on the forewing.

bo
bo
or

CYLLOPSIS: ORESSINOMA; PARAMECERA; SATYRODES. By G. Weymer.

the 2nd forms an obtuse angle on the hindwing. In the marginal area of the hindwing 6 small eye-spots, only
the last but one somewhat larger. Rare in Guatemala (Choctum), not rare in West and Central Mexico.

13. Genus: Cyllopsis Fidr.

_ Likewise near Taygetis, the eyes naked. The palpus much more slender, its 2nd joint more than
twice as long as the head, the terminal joint pointed. The distal margin of the forewing with rounded
projection below the apex, that of the hindwing almost right-angled at vein 3 and obtusely angled at the
anal angle. For the rest the distal margin of the hindwing is slightly undulate. The upper discocellular vein
of the forewing is entirely absent. The genus has asimilar range of distribution to the preceding, and like-
wise contains only one species, referred by many authors to Huptychia.

C. hedemanni Fldr. (= Eupt. ithama Btlr., ithamna Godm. [in tab. Eupt. vetones Godm.]) (50a). 3: hedemanni.
above brown with a small black spot at the margin of the hindwing above the projecting angle. Beneath light-
er, finely striated with brown all over, with 2 darker median stripes on both wings and a submarginal
line on the forewing. A black eye-spot with double silvery pupil and surrounded by a light brown and a
dark brown ring is placed in cellule 3 on the hindwing close to the distal margin. Beside it at the distal
margin several silvery double dots. The 2 is somewhat larger and bears on the upperside of both wings a
rust-red line behind the middle, according to the figure in GoDMAN also a second similarly coloured line before
the middle. Rare. From Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica. Elevations of 2000—7000 ft. —

14. Genus: Oressinoma Westw.

Distinguished from all the other American Satyrid genera by not having the costal vein of the fore-
wing inflated, while on the other hand the median and submedian are strongly swollen at the base. The first
median vein arises just behind the swelling of the median stem. The eyes are naked. The shape of the
wings is longer than broad. The area of distribution is the west of tropical South America.

0. typhla Db/. & Hew. (50a). A species easy to recognize by the broad white band above and beneath. typhia.
The basal area is above unicolorous and beneath marbled with brown and white. The dark brown distal mar-
gin is beneath divided for its entire length by a tri-coloured stripe, strongly dentate on the hindwing. This
stripe is distally orange, proximally white, the two colours separated by a black line. Rather common in Co-
lombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru; rare in Costa Rica. — sorata Godm. d& Salv. is a form of typhla in which sorata.
the white band on both wings is narrower. In the distal margin are placed on the hindwing above white cres-
cents, on the forewing a whitish line, which markings are also often indicated in typhla. From Bolivia
(Callean).

15. Genus: Paramecera Bilr.

Costal and median of the forewing inflated at the base, costal margin convex, distal margin slightly
excised, upper discocellular short, middle discocellular longer and obliquely placed, behind the median in
the 33 a patch of dense, compact scales. Hindwing with the costa convex, distal margin sinuate, inner mar-
gin excised at the anal angle. Eyes somewhat hairy, palpus strongly haired, the terminal joint slenderer and
directed more anteriorly than in Hwptychia. Antenna short, the club pear-shaped, hollowed out on the under-
side. The single species is Mexican and resembles the European Pararge megera.

P. xicaque Reak. (= Neonympha epiniphele Fidr.) (50a). Reddish brown, distal margin and the aicaque.
spot behind the median darker. Forewing with 2 or 3 round black spots, hindwing with 5, the distal mavr-
gin of the hindwing is reddish at the anal angle and has 2 dark brown, parallel marginal lines. Beneath the
ground-colour is more yellowish with 2 strongly dentate median, a submarginal and 2 marginal lines. On the
forewing 2 or 3 eye-spots, the first large, the last small, and 6 eye-spots on the hindwing, all of fairly uni-
form size. The © is somewhat larger, otherwise similar to the g, except that the brown spot behind the
median on the upperside is absent. The species was formerly very rare, but has recently been found more
commonly. It inhabits the higher mountain regions of Mexico (Oaxaca, Jalapa, Puebla, Misantla, Bolannos,
Maltrata, Guerrero, Vera Craz, etc.). The figure is from FELDER’s type in the Tring Museum.

“

16. Genus: Satyrodes Scudd.

Only the costal of the forewing is somewhat thickened or slightly swollen, the first 2 subcostal veins
arise before the end of the cell, the upper discocellular is wanting. The margin of both wings is rounded. The
eyes are slightly hairy, the palpus slender, beneath hairy, the 3rd joint short and pointed. One North American
species.

S. canthus L. (= euridice Joh., cantheus Godt., boisduvalii Harr.) (50a). The round brown spots canthus.
of the upper surface are replaced beneath on both wings by a row of black, white-pupilled eye-spots ringed

Vi 29

. ce
california.
A

galactinus.

ceres.

pulla.

elko.

~ampelos.

ochracea,

brenda.

226 - COENONYMPHA. By G. Wrymmr.

with brown and yellow. The ground-colour of the under surface is yellowish grey with 2 brown transverse
lines through the middle, the first straight, the second dentate. Between the two a short streak on the transverse
vein. At the margin two yellow terminal lines and between these a brown one. —The egg is smooth, with whi-
tish gloss, at the base flattened, above round. The larva deep green with red points on the head, yellow lateral
stripe and light longitudinal lines. The pupa is more slender then that of Hnod. portlandia, light grass-green
with the edges of the wing-cases yellow and with yellow subdorsal and lateral lines on the abdominal part.
The anterior end is pointed. The larva hibernates and feeds till the beginning of June on Cyperaceae, etc.
The butterfly flies in July in wet grassy places and is locally common in the northern United States, but also
occurs in Ganada and the higher, cool mountain-valleys of Carolina.

17. Genus: Coenonympha Hobn.

The principal distinguishing character of this genus, which consists only of small butterflies, is that
the costal, the median and the submedian of the forewing are all strongly swollen at the base. The palpus
is densely clothed with erect hairs, the terminal joint porrect. Antenna short, but with relatively long club.
Eyes naked. Both wings rounded at the distal margin. The species of this genus are distributed over the northern
temperate zone of the Old and the New World, but the American species occur for the most part only in the
western states of the Union. On the Coenonympha of the Old World cf. vol. I, p. 142—147, pl. 48; further
vol. IX, p. 301.

C. california Db/. & Hew. (50a). This species may be known by its white, unmarked upper surface,
which is only somewhat dusted with blackish at the base. The under surface is finely dusted with brownish,
especially on the hindwing, and shows a whitish dentate band through the middle and behind it 1 ocellus on
the forewing and 3 on the hindwing. The 2 is somewhat larger and beneath darker than the 3. The butter-
fly occurs in a succession of broods, and is common in sandy and grassy places. — galactinus Bdv. (50 b)
is the winter form of california. It is much lighter beneath and the eye-spots before the margin are much smaller.
The egg is almost spherical, light coloured, with very low, fine ribs. Larva slender, elongate, with round head,
green or brown, longitudinally striped. Pupa stout and short, obtuse, green or brownish, the wing-cases marked
with oblique black stripes. The species is distributed along the whole western coast of the United States from
Vancouver Island to California. — ceres Bélr. (= eryngu H. Hdw.) is a form of california with the upperside
pale ochre-yellow and the forewing beneath reddish with the base lighter. Beneath in addition the costal margin
of the forewing and a broad band before the apex are grey, a transverse band behind the middle yellowish rust-
coloured; the hindwing is pale grey with the base brownish and bears an irregular pale yellow median band
and 2 black dots before the margin enclosed in light yellow rings. From California. — pulla H. Hdw. is a form
with the upper surface entirely fawn-coloured with blackish shading at the base. The under surface is dull
brown with a reddish tone in the discal area. On account of the dark ground-colour the markings are only
indistinct. From San Mateo, California. Appears to be a dark aberration of california, as only 1 example
was known to the author.

C. elko Hdw. (50 b). Above ochre-yellow with whitish fringes and the inner margin of the hindwing
whitish. Base somewhat dusted with blackish. On the under surface the forewing is somewhat lighter ochre-
yellow, costal margin and apex finely dusted with brown, with a lighter half-band. Hindwing quite finely
dusted with brown, with light yellow half-band at the middle of the costal margin. Above and beneath in both
sexes without eye-spots. From Nevada and Washington. June. — ampelos Hdw. (50 b) is a form of elko which
differs in the somewhat stronger brown dusting on the under surface and further in having the light band on
the under surface prolonged or continued by separate spots. Distributed from Nevada westwards to Vancouver
Island. — The egg is conical, yellow-green, the surface less ribbed than in galactinus. The young larva is similar
to that of galactinus, with only slight differences in the colouring; when full grown it is 18 mm. in length, laterally
yellow-green, with small white tubercles each bearing a short hair, posteriorly with 2 short, conical reddish
tails. The pupa is shaped like that of galactinus, 10 mm. in length, green with black stripes and dots. The period
from oviposition to the appearance of the imago is in the summer 49 days.

C. ochracea Hdw. (50 b). Above unicolorous, bright ochre-yellow, with the markings of the under
surface showing through faintly in places. Underside of the forewing reddish yellow, before the apex with a
small black, white-pupilled ocellus in a light yellow ring, and before this a light yellow band. The hind-
wing is dusted with yellowish brown and shows at the base 2 light yellow spots, in the middle a light yellow
dentate band and before the distal margin one or sometimes several small, eye-shaped, black dots in light
yellow rings. Distributed in the western part of North America from British Columbia to Arizona and east-
wards to Kansas.

C. brenda Edw. Above light reddish yellow, without markings, beneath somewhat yellower; the forewing
with a reddish transverse line beyond the middle, anteriorly straight, posteriorly curved. The hindwing has
a similar line, which is anteriorly angled, posteriorly curved. Forewing with a large round black spot before
the apex and a dot between medians 1 and 2. Hindwing with a more or less complete row of small
dots. The 9 is on the under surface darker, with an admixture of grey, the spot before the apex of the forewing
has: a white pupil and on the hindwing some of the dots are absent. From Los Angelos. brenda is regarded by

NEOMINOIS. By G. Weyer. 227

Dyak as a synonym of ochracea, by SKINNER on the contrary as a good species; as I do not known the species
in nature, I leave the question undecided.

C. kodiak Hdw. is above light yellowish grey with a pale yellow transverse band beyond the middle
of both wings. The basal area of the hindwing is more brownish yellow-grey. The upper surface resembles
that of california Dbl. except that kodiak is much darker. The same is the case on the under surface. From
Alaska. Rare. — yukonensis Hol/. has been described as a form of kodiak. The upper surface of the forewing
is light ochre-yellow, the distal and costal margins grey, an indistinct white band behind the middle; hindwing
dark grey, somewhat yellowish, with a dirty white, interrupted median band. On the under surface the forewing
is dark ochre-yellow, sometimes chestnut-brown, shading off into grey before the apex and at the distal margin.
The white band is here sharply expressed. A small eye-spot with white pupil before the apex. Hindwing
blackish grey, distally lighter, with sharp white median band. A row of eye-spots is faintly indicated before
the margin. The 2 is somewhat larger and altogether lighter. Likewise from Alaska. July. It may be a sepa-
rate species.

C. pamphiloides Reak. Authors are of different opinions as to the specific rights of this butterfly.
Some consider it to be the same as the European pamphilus L., others regard it as different. As I do not
know the form in nature I cannot express a definate opinion. The entire upper surface and the under surface
of the forewing are similar to those of pamphilus (vol. I, pl. 48 g). But according to the figure which Hotianp
gives in his Butterfly Book, the ground-colour of the hindwing beneath is not greenish grey but lighter, more
yellowish grey, in the basal area are placed 2 light yellow spots, a dentate light yellow band runs through the
middle, and before the margin there is a row of 6 round light yellow spots with black central dots. These dots

are sometimes absent. The Q is larger than pamphilus. From Utah and California.

C. inornata Edw. (50 b). Above brownish ochre-yellow, in the middle somewhat lighter. Costa of the
forewing and distal margin of both wings grey. Beneath the forewing shows a distinct, ocellus and a narrow
white band. The hindwing is grey with a short dentate white band through the middle and before the distal
margin an indistinct red-yellow band, interrupted at the veins. This species is regarded by various authors
as a form of the European tiphon Rott. (vol. 1, pl. 48h). But the latter has on the underside of the hindwing
a row of six black, white-pupilled ocelli in light yellow rings and HOLLAND is therefore probably right in consi-
dering ‘nornata as a separate species. From Montana, Minnesota, British North America and Newfoundland.

C. haydeni Ldw. (50 b). One of the largest species. The body is dark brown, the antenna black ringed
with white. The upper surface is brown, inclining to grey. The fringes of the forewing are somewhat lighter,
those of the hindwing grey. The upper surface is without eye-spots. The under surface is lighter, yellowish
grey. Before the distal margin on both wings is placed a thick silver line, which is interrupted at the veins.
On the hindwing there is beside this line a row of 6 eye-spots, decreasing in size posteriorly, the last ocellus
sometimes very small and then scarcely noticeable. These ocelli are black with red-yellow rings and white
pupils. From Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and Colorado.

18. Genus: Neomimois Scudd.

The costal and inner margins of the forewing are straight, the distal margin rounded. The costal
margin of the hindwing forms an obtuse angle near the base. The costal vein of the forewing is strongly swollen
at the base, the median on the other hand only somewhat thickened. The upper discocellular of the forewing
is absent. The antenna is comparatively short, the underside of the palpus very hairy. The two forms of the
genus occur in the mountainous western parts of the United States.

N. ridingsii Bdw. (50b). Upper surface grey-brown with a white macular band varying somewhat
in breadth. The eye-spot at the anal angle of the hindwing is sometimes only punctiform or entirely absent.
On the under surface the basal half of both wings is whitish, finely striated with brown, with 2 dentate brown
transverse bands through the middle. In the 2 the eye-spots on the upperside of the forewing are very large
and there are more of them. I have before me a 2 with 4 ocelli forming a continuous row; the first measures
4, the last 3 mm., the others are smaller. — The egg is whitish and almost spherical. The larva yellow-brown,
much narrower posteriorly, with rounded head and dark nebulous lines. Pupa obtuse, well rounded, brown,
at the anterior margin dark green, at the first spiracle a quite small, spinose, club-shaped process. It lies in
a sandy hole on the ground. The butterfly occurs at elevations of 5—7000 ft. and is not rare locally. In Colorado
and the western states. — dionysius Scudd. (= ashtaroth Streck.) is a somewhat larger form of ridingsii, differing
in the lighter, brownish white colour of the basal part of both wings and the broader and lighter submarginal
bands. On the under surface the median band of the hindwing is narrower and more sharply dentate and the
proximally directed teeth of the brown border likewise more pointed. From Utah, Colorado and Arizona.

kodiak.

yukonensis.

pamphiloi-

des.

inornata.

hayden.

ridingstt.

dionysius.

pegala.

alope.

maritima.
texana.

nephele.

olympus.

ariane.

boopis.

baroni.

gabbi.

meadi.

228 CERCYONIS. By G. Wreymer.

19. Genus: Cereyonis Speyer. (=. Satyrus Westw. pt.)

The costal margin of the forewing is more strongly, the distal margin more weakly rounded, the inner
margin in most species fairly straight. The distal margin of the hindwing is slightly undulate, the posterior
part of the inner margin somewhat incurved. The palpus is long, projecting by more than the length of the
head, densely haired, the eyes naked. The club of the antenna is thin and long, not sharply defined. The mid- |
tibia is scarcely spinose. The costal and median of the forewing are strongly swollen at the base, the submedian
on the other hand only somewhat thickened. In the forewing the first 2 subcostal veins arise before the end
of the cell. The $3 of most species have a more or less distinct stripe of scent-scales on the upperside of the
forewing behind the median. Some of the butterflies are of medium size, but some considerably smaller. They
inhabit North America. Single species are very similar to European forms of the genus Satyrus and hence
are referred to Satyrus by most American authors.

C. pegala F. (50b,c). The largest species of the genus. Above brown, with broad ochre-yellow band
on the forewing, on which are placed in the ¢ only one eye-spot, in the 2° two. On the under surface the brown
ground-colour is finely striated all over with dark brown and the hindwing has here 6 ocelli. Sometimes one
of these is absent. The butterfly occurs in the southern part of the United States about as far north as to New
Jersey. — alope F. (50c) is the most widely distributed form in North America. It is somewhat smaller, and
has in both sexes above and beneath two eye-spots on the forewing. The scent-scale spots on the upperside
of the 3 forewing in cellules la, 1b and 2 are distinct. The number of the ocelli on the hindwing varies. —
maritima Hdw. is a form similar to alope in which the under surface is darker and the band more orange-coloured.
It occurs in Long Island and Martha’s Vineyard. — texana Hdw. (= incana Hdw.), a further form belonging
here, has light brown ground-colour and ochreous bands. The spots on the underside of the hindwing are larger
than in the other forms. From the extreme south of the United States. — nephele Kirby (50c) was long regarded
as a good species, but is now recognized as a dimorphic form of alope. In it the yellow band is much darkened
by brown dusting and only to be recognized as a band in the g¢ on the underside of the forewing. On the
upper surface of the g and on both sides of the 2 only the brownish yellow rings round the black eye-spots
persist. It is the northern form of the species, and is of general occurrence in North America north of the
latitude of New York from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, but to the south of this only occurs on the heights
of the Alleghany Mountains. — olympus Edw. (50d) is a form similar to nephele, in the 3 somewhat darker,
in the 2 somewhat lighter, and with only a few eye-spots on the underside of the hindwing. It is common
in the States west of the Mississippi. — ariane Bdv. (50c) is a small form, similar to alope, but darker. The
eye-spots stand out distinctly on the upper and under surface of the wings. From British America, Oregon
and the north-western part of the United States. — boopis Behr (50d), a form belonging here, has on the
upperside of the hindwing no eye-spots, on the underside only 1 or 2 indistinct ones. The scent-scale
spots of the $¢ are distinctly visible on the upperside of the forewing between the 2nd median vein and the
inner margin. Common on the Pacific coast in the states of Washington, Oregon and North California. — In
the form baroni Hdw., which I also regard as belonging here, the yellow rings of the eye-spots above are almost
suppressed, the under surface is more reddish brown, in consequence of which the transverse lines in the middle
stand out distinctly. — gabbi Edw. is another form which is referable to this species. It is of the size of nephele,
the ¢ dark reddish brown, the 2 pale fawn-coloured. Beneath the distal half of the wings in the is pale
grey-brown, the proximal half only a little darker. On the hindwing are placed here 6 black, white-pupilled
eye-spots in yellow and brown rings, the 2nd and 5th larger than the rest and the last 3 in a straight row
one above another. From Oregon and Utah. — The egg of alope is obtusely spherical, as high as broad, above
strongly ribbed, the surface covered with minute pitting and of a lemon-yellow colour. The larva hatches in
14—28 days according to the temperature. The young larva is rose-coloured, hibernates small, afterwards
becoming greenish, and when full-grown is 40 mm. in length, light green, whitish on the dorsum, with light
yellow, dark-bordered lateral stripe and whitish, dark-shaded subdorsal line. It lives on species of grass. Pupa
blue-green, finely marked with white. The butterflies fly in July and August in open woods and grassy places,
are locally very common and visit especially the flowers of Spiraea tomentosa.

C. meadi Hdw. (50d) is an independent species, recognizable by its smaller size and the reddish yellow
median area on the underside of the forewing. The ¢ is dark brown above, with 2 black eye-spots in broad
red-yellow rings on the forewing in cellules 2 and 5, only the anterior having a white pupil. The area round
the eye-spots is often more or less strongly dusted with red-yellow, especially the space between them. On the
hindwing above there is only one ocellus. In the © the eye-spots of the forewing above are placed on a red-
or ochre-yellow band, which extends basewards into the cell, and then gradually passes into the brown ground-
colour. — The egg is strongly ribbed at the sides, pitted above, rose-coloured. The larva is green, slender, the
head rounded, light longitudinal lines on the back and yellow lateral and subdorsal line. It lives on grass. Pupa
obtusely rounded, light green. The butterfly flies in July and August; it is rather local, but common in places,
is fond of visiting Compositae, especially a species of Senecio. Localities: Colorado, Montana, Utah and Arizona.

CERCYONIS. By G. Weyer. 229

C. oetus Bdv. (50e). Above grey-brown, the apex of the forewing lighter, fringes grey, 2 brown marginal
lines; the forewing with 2 small round black-grey spots in yellow-brown rings, in the 3 with brown scent-scale
stripe. Beneath yellowish grey, the basal half finely striated with brown, forewing with 2 black-brown eye-
spots with ochre-yellow ring and white pupil. The anterior eye-spot is very large, extending over 3 cellules,
the posterior is smaller. Both wings with 2 brown marginal and a submarginal line. From North California.

C. charon Hdw. (50d). Above brown, forewing in the 3 with 1 or 2 black spots without rings, in the
° lighter with 2 eye-shaped spots in ochre-yellow rings. The dark brown scent-scale spot of the ¢ extends
into cellule 3. On the under surface there are in both sexes eye-spots with yellow rings and white pupils instead
of the black spots. Both wings are beneath brown, finely striated with dark brown all over, hindwing with
dark brown, dentate median line and a row of more or less distinct, small, black, white-pupilled eye-spots.
— Egg. larva and pupa are almost exactly as in mead?. The longitudinal lines of the larva are commonly purer
white, the pupa sometimes black-brown or black-grey. The butterfly flies near the ground in grassy places
and visits especially composites. Flies in June to August. Locality: the west of North America, from British
Colombia to New Mexico. — sylvestris Hdw. (= phocus Hdw.) is according to HoLtianp a form of charon, with
the eye-spots on the underside of the hindwing indistinct. (KiRBy in his Catalogue has given sylvestris Edw.
as the oldest name for oetus Bdv.) The figure called sylvestris on pl. 50d belongs to sthenele.

C. paulus Hdw. (50d). On the upper surface similar to charon, but beneath always with 2 eye-spots
on the forewing in g and ©. The hindwing has also one or 2 eye-like spots on the upper surface. On the un-
der surface the hindwing is grey in the distal third, finely striated with dark brown, proximally bordered by
a dark brown dentate line. In this marginal area are placed 5 or 6 black eye-spots with white pupils and
yellow and brown rings. From California and Nevada.

C. sthenele Bdv. (50e, the form erroneously called sylvestris on pl. 50d also belongs here). Above brown
with 2round black spots on the forewing, of which in the ¢ only the upper is pupilled with white, but in the 2 both
have white pupils and brownish yellow rings. The species is recognizable by the broad, dentate dark median band
on the underside of the hindwing, which is strongly constricted in two places and both proximally and especially
distally is broadly margined with whitish grey. In the marginal area a row of eye-spots, sometimes indistinct.
From California.

C. wheeleri Hdw. (= hoffmani Streck.). Similar to nephele, but larger, especially the 2. Ground-colour
brown. The forewing above has 3 eye-spots. The apical eye-spot is double, consisting of a larger ocellus in
cellule 5 and a smaller in cellule 4. Both are surrounded by a common narrow light yellow ring. In
the 2 these eye-spots are placed on a broad light brown band and 2 eye-spots are also present on the hind-
wing above before the anal angle. The under surface is not brown as in nephele, but in the ¢ light grey, in the
© light yellowish grey, finely striated with brown. Forewing with a dentate median stripe and 3 nearly
straight marginal lines, all brown. Hindwing with a broken and a second dentate median stripe and 3 undulate
lines at the margin. In the ¢ there is on the forewing a small 4th eye-spot in cellule 3, these eye-spots are
surrounded in pairs by 2 yellow rings with brown exterior ring. In the 2 these brown rings are particularly
large, measuring 7 mm. in diameter. On the hindwing beneath there are 6 black eye-spots with white pupils
in light yellow and brown rings. Nevada.

C. behrii Grinnell. Much smaller than the preceding, only 43mm. in expanse. Brown, forewing with
a black, white-pupilled apical ocellus, margined with somewhat lighter brown, a black spot in cellule 2, an
indistinct submarginal and a brown marginal line. Hindwing with black anal spot. Beneath forewing wood-
colour, marbled with darker, with 2 black, white-pupilled ocelli, an undulate brown median band, a broad
band between the eye-spots and the distal margin and 2 marginal lines likewise brown. The hindwing is more
mixed with grey. A broad band traverses the middle. In the marginal area is placed a row of 6 eye-spots,
the 2nd and 5th large, the rest small. The 3rd eye-spot has no pupil, the others are all white-pupilled. The
broad band behind the middle and the 2 marginal lines are as on the forewing. The 2 measures 46 mm..and
only differs from the 3 in having the black spots on the upper surface all pupilled with white. From Tamal-
pais, a mountain in Marin County on the Bay of San Francisco in California. In the collection of the Californian
Academy of Sciences. Collected by Brnr.

C. glaucope Fidr. (= friedenreichi Stgr.) (50d). Above brown with a broad red-yellow band on both
wings, in which are placed on the forewing a double ocellus before the apex and a single one in cellule 2, on
the hindwing sometimes a black dot in cellule 2. The under surface is lighter and striated with dark brown,
on the forewing with the same band and eye-spots as above, but on the hindwing with a narrow, almost straight
ochre-yellow stripe, extending from the middle of the costal margin nearly to the anal angle. Behind this stripe

oetus.

charon.

sylvestris.

paulus.

sthenele.

wheeleri.

behrii.

glaucope.

are placed on the costal margin 2 dark brown spots. Brazil (provinces of St. Catharina and Parana). — boen- boenning-

ninghauseni Foetterle (50e) is only a form of glaucope in which the distal half of the hindwing beneath is not
striated with dark brown and the light yellow median stripe is distally widened. From Itatiaya.

hausent.

gustavt.

nevadensis.

iduna.

macouni.

chryxus.

ivalida.

230 OENEIS. By G. Wrymer.

C. gustavi Stgr. (= Satyrus g. aut.) should perhaps be placed here. Above dark smoke-brown with a
long light brown macular stripe before the margin, in which are placed on the forewing a black eye-spot
before the apex and 1 or 2 small ones above the anal angle and also on the hindwing some black spots. The
fringes are a mixture of light and dark grey, chequered with black. On the under surface the forewing is
partly blackish, partly brownish grey or light grey with 4 short, streak-like yellow-brown longitudinal stripes.
The ocellus in the first of these stripes is larger than on the upper surface. The hindwing beneath is dirty
grey with sharply prominent light grey veins. The yellow-brown longitudinal stripes of the upper surface are
here only very short. In the Bolivian highlands at 4000 m., discovered by Gust. GARLEPP.

20. Genus: Qeneis Hobn.

The chief distinguishing character of this genus is that none of the veins are swollen, but only the costal
of the forewing is much thickened at the base. Otherwise the neuration is similar to that of the preceding genus.
The costal margin of the forewing is fairly straight, the cell long and narrow, the apex produced, hence the
distal margin rather oblique. The 33 of several species have a stripe of scent-scales behind the median on the
upperside of the forewing. The palpus is long, with bristly hairs, the antenna short, with the club gradually
thickened. The butterflies are of medium or below the medium size and of yellow, yellow-brown or grey-brown
colour, nearly all with the underside of the hindwing light and dark marbled. and bearing a dark median band.
Their area of distribution embraces ,the arctic zone and the higher mountains of the temperate zone in the
northern hemisphere, both in the Old and the New World. Some species are common to both. Concerning the
Old World Oeneis cf. vol. I, p. 117—121, pl. 40; also vol. IX, p. 311.

O. nevadensis Fldr. (= gigas Btlr., californica Bdv.) (50e). The largest and most beautiful species
of the genus. Recognizable by the reddish ochre-yellow ground-colour of both wings. The scent-scale stripe
of the 3 is very distinct. In the ¢ either 1 or 2 eye-spots are present on the forewing above and beneath.
The second of these is placed in cellule 2. In the 2 there are usually 2 eye-spots, but sometimes 3, the third
placed in cellule 3. From California, Oregon, Washington and Vancouver Island. From 2000 to 7000 ft. —
iduna Hdw. (50 f) is a somewhat larger and lighter form of gigas. The ground-colour is of a much lighter ochre-
yellow, especially on the hindwing, and also on the underside of the forewing. The brown striation on the under
surface of the hindwing is much finer, so that the white ground-colour stands out much more strongly. The
brown dentate lines are thinner and the distal margin narrower. From the coast-districts of northern California.
— The egg is irregularly and shallowly ribbed, with pale rings. It hatches in 9 or 10 days. The larva is rosy
ochre-yellow, with darker dorsal line and subdorsal stripes, between the two lighter longitudinal lines. On grass.
Concerning the pupa nothing is known, as Epwarps did not bring the larvae to pupation.

0. macouni Edw. This interesting species is quite like navadensis Fldr. in size, colouring and markings,
but is distinguished from it at once by the complete absence of the large brown scent-scale spot on the upper-
side of the forewing in the 3, and further by the presence of a broad dark brown median band on the underside
of the hindwing. The species has hitherto been found only in two localities in North America, being rather
common at Nepigon on the northern shores of Lake Superior in Canada, from the end of June to the middle
of July, in the damp, wooded grass-lands near the river of the same name. The second locality is Morley, Alberta,
at the eastern foot of the Rocky Mountains, where the species was found by Macoun. — The larva is figured
by HoLuanD and is 35 mm. in length. The head is round with 4 vertical black lines, the body has on the dorsum
several narrow dark longitudinal lines, at each side a broad subdorsal stripe and above the legs a dark lateral
stripe with a light one above it. It lives on grass.

O. chryxus Dbl. & Hew. (= calais Scudd.) (501). Similar to nevadensis, but smaller, the forewing some-
what more pointed, its costal margin marbled with light and dark, the distal margin in the ¢ consists only
of a narrow brown marginal line, the scent-scale spot brownish grey. Forewing in 3 and Q with 2 eye-spots
and a small black dot between them, hindwing with a similar anal dot. On the under surface the anterior
half of the forewing is finely striated with brown, and also the whole of the hindwing, on which 2 dentate stripes
enclose a broad dark median area. — The egg is whitish, the larva grey-brown with dark nebulous lines, the
pupa is rounded, anteriorly black-brown, posteriorly yellowish. The butterfly is widely distributed in the Rocky
Mountains from Colorado, where it is met with at elevations of 9000 to 12000 ft., to the Canadian province
of Alberta, where it occurs at from 4000 to 7000 ft. It flies at the end of June and in July. calais Scudd., which
was described by the author as coming from Hudson’s Bay, is now generally regarded as a synonym of chryxus.

0. ivalida Mead. (55f). This species is easily recognized by the brownish grey colour of the forewing
and the whitish grey hindwing. A row of white-grey spots is placed before the distal margin of the forewing,
with a small eye-spot before the apex. The under surface is also almost entirely white-grey. The costal margin
of the forewing is dotted with brown to the subcostal, then in the anterior part of the cell marbled with brown,
some brown streaks extending to the median. The hindwing is striated and marbled with brown with lines

OENEIS. By G. Weyer. 231

about as in chryxus. The species appears only to occur in the Californian Sierra Nevada, especially near Lake
Tahoe. According to Epwarps the egg is distinguished by the somewhat curved ribs on its surface. Concerning
larva and pupa nothing is known.

0. norna Thig. (= hilda Quens., celaeno Hbn.) (vol. I, pl. 40c¢). According to Epwarps 3 examples norna.
of this Palearctic species were found in North Alaska, of which StaupINGER had determined one that was sent
to him as probably a dark variety of norna, the condition of the specimen leaving him in some doubt. norna
has on a brown ground a broad brownish yellow submarginal band across both wings, in which are placed 1 or
more eye-spots. The under surface is rather like that of chrywus, but the median band of the hindwing is darker
and more strongly dentate. Further observations as to the occurrence of this species in America would thus
be desirable. Cf. vol. I, p. 119.

QO. jutta Hbn. (= balder H. Schdff.) (50f). Another Palearctic species. The submarginal row of ochre- jutta.
yellow spots consists on the ¢ forewing of small round spots, in the 9 of larger oval ones, the number of the
black dots in which varies from 1—4 on the forewing and from 1—2 on the hindwing. Beneath the entire hind-
wing and the apex of the forewing are grey, marbled with brown, the former with a greenish brown, dentate
band. — The surface of the egg bears irregular, in part forked, longitudinal ribs. The larva is light yellow-
grey with ochreous longitudinal stripes and rows of black dots and small dashes on the dorsum and at the sides.

On grass, e. g. (in America) on Hincus articulata. The pupa is whitish grey, at the abdominal end ochre-yellow.
Whilst HoLMGREN says that in Europe jutia settles on pine-trunks, according to FYLES (in America) it always
sits on the ground. When pursued it drops into the grass. It flies in June. In North America the species occurs
in Maine, Nova Scotia and the Hudson’s Bay Territory. In addition it is found in North Europe and North
Asia. — alaskensis Holl. is a form of jutta with the wings more thinly scaled and transparent, and the spots alaskensis.
on the upper surface more indistinct. On the under surface the wings are uniformly marked with small spots
and streaks, so that on the hindwing there is no trace of the darker band of jutta. From Alaska. June und July.

QO. uhleri Reak. (50f). Above reddish yellow-brown with dark veins and narrow brown distal margin. whleri.

Forewing with an eye-spot before the apex and sometimes with 1 or 2 black dots below it. On the hindwing

one or several black dots. Beneath the costal margin of the forewing and the entire hindwing are brownish
white with a number of brown transverse streaks, which are grouped into several narrow transverse stripes;

on the forewing are placed here | to 4 black spots, some of them with white pupils, on the hindwing a row

of indistinct dots. — The egg is chalk-white, with 19 or 20 longitudinal furrows and with the vertex pitted.

It hatches in about 10days. The adult larva is about an inch long, stout, yellow-brown with grey dorsum and

light longitudinal lines. It pupates free, among grass-culms near to the ground; and the pupa is ochre-yellow,
darker on the dorsum. The butterfly flies from the end of May until July, in Colorado. — varuna Hdw. (50f), varuna.
originally described as a separate species, is regarded by most authors as a northern form of uhleri, by some

even as a synonym. It is smaller, the colouring somewhat duller, the distal margin more broadly brown. On

the under surface of the hindwing there is sometimes a dark brown band before the middle. But the number

of eye-spots varies as in whleri, Morrison for instance having sent me among several varuna from Montana

an example with 5 such spots on each surface of the hindwing. — According to Epwarps the egg is chalk-white

and has 18—20 ribs, some of them incomplete. The larva varies from whitish green to dirty yellow-brown,

and is lighter on the back, with 3 rows of small black dashes and slate-grey subdorsal stripe. The pupa is ochre-
yellow, the wing-cases light yellow-green. The larva pupates in a sort of cocoon formed in the sand. From
Montana, North Dacota and the adjoining parts of Canada. — The preceding notes on the larva, pupa and
transformation do not agree well with one another. One might therefore suspect in the two forms two separate
species. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the matter.

0. alberta Hlw. (50g). Forewing grey-brown above, in the 2 strongly dusted with ochre-yellow, with alberta.

an ochre-yellow submarginal band in which are placed 1—3 black spots or ocelli. Hindwing with the band
more distinct, containing 1 eye-spot and 1 or 2 dots. Beneath the forewing is light brown-grey, towards
the apex whitish, before this a short dark transverse band. Hindwing the same, with a broad, darker, irregular
transverse band across the middle, which is bordered with darker at the margins. — The larva is dark olive-
green or greenish slate-coloured with slightly lighter longitudinal stripes, on the back sometimes brown. The
pupa is grey-green with dark anterior margin. The butterfly flies on dry, stony slopes, resting on the bare ground.
It was discovered at Calgary in the province of Alberta (Canada). It flies in the middle of May.

0. taygete Hbn. (= bootes Bdv.) (50g). Above brown, the brownish ochre-yellow submarginal band taygete.
in the 3 is only present on the hindwing and in both sexes lacks the black spots. Beneath similar to the figured
alberta in colouring and markings, but the dark median band on the hindwing is more strongly outcurved in

its anterior part, forming an acute angle basewards in the middle. From Labrador.

0. subhyalina Curt. (= crambis Frr., also Moéschl., oeno Bdv., assimilis Bilr.) (50 g). Dirty ochre-yellow subhyalina.
to dark brown, mostly with obscure cinnamon-brown or ochre-yellow band and ochre-yellow spots in the cells.

assimilis.

semidea.

brucei.

beant.

katahdin.

daura.

argenteus.

232 ARGYROPHORUS. By G. Wreymer.

Forewing without eye-spots or with 1 or 2 black ones, sometimes white-pupilled, hindwing without ocelli.
Hindwing beneath ochre-yellow, marbled with grey and black-brown. Median band darker, bordered at each
side by a light grey, sometimes darker band. Veins not dusted with white. Sometimes, however, the marbling
of the hindwing is so much darkened as to obliterate the median band (assimilis Btlv.). — The egg is similar
to that of jutta,-but the ribs on the surface are finer. The larva is ochreous grey, with darker and lighter longi-
tudinal stripes and rows of black spots. Localities: Newfoundland, Labrador, Alaska. Occurs also in North
Asia (cf. vol. I, p. 120, pl. 40f, under “‘crambis’’).

O. semidea Say. (50g). The ¢ is unicolorous grey-brown above, the 2 dark brown with darker mar-
ginal line, chequered fringes and small dark brown spots at the margin of the hindwing. The body is black-
brown, the club of the antenna red-brown. The forewing beneath is brownish grey, towards the apex marbled
with dark brown and whitish grey. The hindwing beneath is brown, marbled with dark brown in the basal
and median areas, only the marginal area is marbled with whitish grey and brown, at the distal margin darker-
spotted. — The egg is rather irregularly ribbed, grey-white, with silky gloss. The larva light green or yellow-
brown with dark transverse shades on each segment and rows of blackish dots at the sides and on the back.
Pupa black-brown with yellow-brown abdomen. The butterfly flies on rocky mountains, locally in jorge e numbers,
as on the peak of Mt. Washington in New Hampshire, also in Colorado and Labrador.

0. brucei Edw. (50 g) approaches semidea. It is, however, much more thinly scaled and hence semitrans-
parent. Above like semidea, the under surface of the forewing also as in this. But the under surface of the
hindwing is much lighter, the basal area has a whitish grey ground-colour, the median band stands out distinctly
and the brown lines bordering it are’ outcurved at the costal margin (which is not the case in semidea). — The
larva is ochre-yellow, shaded with brownish, with rows of darker dots. Pupa obtuse with the head truncate
(much as in semidea and whleri, but less than in jutta). The butterfly flies on grassy mountain slopes from
the end of June to August, local. (Not on rocky peaks aks semidea.) It is found in Colorado at elevations of
12 to 14000 ft., in “ine Canadian province of Alberta at 8 to 9000 ft.

0. beani Hlw. Likewise similar to semidea and thinly scaled. Above unicolorous light smoke-brown,
the costal margin very narrowly light grey, dusted with black. The scent-scale stripe of the gg indistinct.
Beneath the forewing is as above, but the costal margin narrowly and the apex broadly light grey, dusted
with dark brown. The hindwing is light grey, densely dusted with black-brown without any trace of a band.
Fringes chequered. Palpus entirely black. In the © the hindtibia is thickened and at its extremity curved in-
wards. Found on rocky peaks near Laggan in Alberta at 8000—9000 ft.

0. katahdin Newcomb (50g). Above dark-brown, the distal third of the wings yellowish brown with
blackish marginal line, fringes chequered with light and dark brown. A small black, w rhite- -pupilled spot before
the apex of the forewing. Sometimes 3 or 4 such spots are present on the forewing, sometimes again all are
absent. The scent-scale spot is faintly visible. Beneath the forewing is as above, but paler, costa and apex dotted
with brown. The hindwing beneath has an irregular brown band through the middle, which is at first bordered
with black, then with grey. The 2 has the light brown colouring of the distal margin on the upperside more
definite and usually 2 or 3 eye-spots. There is also a row of 5 whitish spots before the distal margin on the
underside of the hindwing. The butterfly thes on Mt. Katahdin in Maine at altitudes of 4250—5000 ft., at
the end of June.

QO. daura Streck. has been described from a single example, which was taken by Morrison on Mt.
Graham in Arizona. It is similar to the Siberian fulla Hversm. (cf. vol. I, p. 119, pl. 40d), of a whitish ochre-
yellow ground-colour (like ivalida (50 f]) with an angled brown median line and 3 small black spots, the first
pupilled on the torewing. Hindwing at the margin broadly lighter and with a black dot in cellule 2. Fringes
chequered. Beneath the hindwing is almost white, very finely and weakly marbled, with a somewhat darker,
sharply defined median band. From Arizona.

21. Genus: Argyrophorus Blanch.

This genus is easily recognized by the dense silver gloss which almost entirely covers the wings above
and beneath, or at least the upperside of the forewing. The costal and median are strongly inflated at the base.
The upper discocellular of the hindwing is rather short. The wings are broader and less elongated than in Oeneis,
the distal margin more rounded, the palpus less hairy. The antenna has the club comparatively short and thick.
Although the butterflies do not even reach medium size, the first species is one of the most striking insects in
the American fauna.

A. argenteus Blanch. (51a). Above entirely glossy silver-white without markings, fringes brown, body
brown with white hairs. Forewing beneath likewise silvery white, the cell dusted with reddish yellow, with a
small, round black spot before the apex, which in the Q contains a white central dot. Inner margin grey, fringes
brown. Hindwing silver-white, basal half dusted with brownish white, with brown spots between, but with all

Publ. 30. II. 1911. COSMOSATYRUS. By G. Weimer. 233

the veins remaining glossy white. Beyond the middle a row of brown spots, before the distal margin a row
of brown crescents. The habitat is Chile, where the butterfly is locally common in the Cordilleras of the cen-
tral provinces and on the Argentine borders in January and February, but is difficult to catch on account
of its rapid flight. Only in the early morning it is more easily captured. The altitude at which it occurs
is given as between 3000 and 7000 ft.

A. lamna Thieme (51a). Much smaller than the preceding. Forewing above glossy silver-white with
rather broad brown-black border, 6—S8 mm. in breadth at the apex, 2mm. at the anal angle. Fringes long
and brown. Hindwing entirely brown, towards the base somewhat lighter. Beneath brown, the apex of the
forewing and the whole hindwing sprinkled with grey-white atoms and with white longitudinal lines between
the veins, on which are placed on the forewing two black dots and on the hindwing a row of 5. Proximally
to these on the hindwing several further rows of small dots. From Bolivia. — To a local form of this species
I give the name angusta form. nov. Instead of the broad brown distal margin of the forewing there is here only
a narrow brown marginal line and before this a second line, only distinct in the anterior half of the
wing. At the apex of the costal margin is placed a narrow brown triangle, its shorter side only occupying
2mm. of the distal margin. Below this triangle there are 3 brown dots on a silver-white ground, at a dis-
tance of about 4mm. from the distal margin. Fringes brown, spotted with white at the apex. On the under
surface both wings have a sharply prominent white marginal line, the veins of the hindwing are likewise
white, and the rows of dark dots very distinct. Likewise from Bolivia.

22. Genus: Cosmosatyrus Fldr.

Club of the antenna thin, moderately excised. Palpus thin, twice as long as the head, upper disco-
cellular of the forewing short. Distal margin rounded, that of the hindwing slightly undulate. This genus
was founded by FELDER on leptonewrodes and afterwards extended by Ewes.

C. leptoneurodes Fldr, (= antarctica Reed, germainii Reed [explanation of the plate]). Above brown,
forewing in the 3 somewhat dusted with rust-red in the middle, in both sexes an obscure, narrow rust-red
submarginal band on the hindwing. On the under surface the forewing is grey-brown, basal and median areas
red-brown, before the apex with a round black eye-spot with double white pupil and yellow ring. The hind-
wing is olive-brown to beyond the middle, then follows a dentate whitish yellow band and in the marginal
area a row of 5 eye-spots, those in cellules 2, 5 and 6 black with white pupils and yellow and brown rings,
the others. in cellules 3 and 4, white with black ring. At the distal margin is placed a narrow white stripe,
which is divided into spots by the dark veins. The butterfly is rather common in the mountains of Chile
at elevations of 3000 to 5000 ft. Flies at the end of January and in February. — plumbeola Bilr. is a
local form of leptoneurodes, only differing in the presence of a bi-curved brown line on the underside of the
forewing, bordering the red-brown median area. From Port Famine on the Straits of Magellan. — duseni Stgr.
is a quite similar form to plwmbeola, the differences according to ELwrs being extremely slight; it was taken
on the Rio Aysen in South Chile.

C. chiliensis Guér. (= reedii Btlr.) (51a). Upper surface in the § unicolorous brown, fringes whitish
grey; in the 2 a round black spot is placed before the apex of the forewing and in its vicinity 4—6 small red-
yellow spots. On the under surface the forewing is dark red-yellow to beyond the middle, the distal margin
broadly grey, the black spot surrounded with ochre-yellow, hindwing grey-brown, marbled with dark brown
and white. The butterfly is common in Chile from November to December and ascends from the coast to
elevations of 4000 ft. — monticolens Bilr. is a form of chiliensis which chiefly differs in having a row of 6
black, whitish-bordered spots, placed on a broad brownish white submarginal band on the underside of the
hindwing in cellules 1b—6. There are also here on the distal margin large dark brown spots between the
entirely white veins. The butterfly is to be found on stony grass-lands in the higher mountain regions of Chile
from 4500 to 6000 ft., but is difficult to catch on account of its rapid flight. — williamsianus Bélr. (= Oeneis
antarcticus Mab. {according to Erwes}) is a small form belonging here, in which the median band on the under-
side of the hindwing is curved distally. The light band which follows is broader and instead of the eye-spots
of monticolens there is here a row cf 5 black dots, some of them indistinct. From Port Famine on the Straits
of Magellan (antarcticus Mab. was discovered at Santa Cruz, a haven on the east coast of Patagonia at 50°
south lat.). — morania Berg is a similar form to williamsianus, but has on the underside of the forewing an
eye-spot with distinct white pupil, and on the hindwing instead of the row of black dots 2 black, white-
pupilled ocelli in light yellow rings. The upper surface is unicolorous brown. It was taken in the interior of
Patagonia at the source of the Rio Santa Cruz. — As sajama form. nov. (50g) I add a similar form from’ Bo-
livia, which is perhaps the northern representative of the Chilian chiliensis-monticolens. The upper surface
is brown, before the distal margin with a broad light ochre-yellow macular band, composed on the forewing
of 6, on the hindwing of 4 spots. The first 3 spots on the forewing are long and narrow, in the 2nd is placed
a black spot, the 4th and 5th are broader and long, the 6th also broad, but short. The 4 spots of the hind-

se | 30

lamna.

angusta.

leptoneu-
rodes.

plumbeola.

duseni.

chiliensis.

monticolens.

william-
sianus.

moranta.

sajama.

milesi.

quies.

plana.

statia.

germainir.

leucoglene.

stelligera.

234 TETRAPHLEBIA; FAUNULA. By G. Wrymer.

wing are basally pointed, distally broad. Beneath the forewing is brownish red-yellow, with a black spot
before the apex, placed on a light yellow streak. Hindwing beneath similar to that of williamsianus, but the
broad median band is bipartite, dividing into 2 bands, the outer one distally strongly dentate at the veins.
Locality: Sajama in Bolivia. This form was collected by SrispeL and in working out his captures I took it
at the time for the similar monticolens.

C. milesi Weeks. Above brown, with a light brown band before the darker margin, occasionally
also proximally bordered with dark. Before the apex of the forewing 2 black, white-pupilled ocelli with yellow
rings close together, a similar smaller ocellus below them. Hindwing with black submarginal line, without
eye-spots. The ocelli on the forewing are occasionally absent, in which case there is merely a black spot be-
fore the apex. The under surface is dark brown with slight golden gloss. Two dark lines traverse both wings,
one in the middle, the other before the distal margin. The basal half of the forewing is here without markings.
On the hindwing all the veins are white, between the 2 lines is placed a row of 4 or 5 elongate white spots,
and the basal half of the wing is covered with short dark transverse streaks. From Sicasica in Bolivia.

C. quies Berg. Above brown with a broad red-yellow band across both wings, reaching to the anal
angle, on the forewing distally and proximally dark bordered and bearing before the apex a double eye-spot
and in cellule 2 a single one. The middle of the forewing is likewise dusted with red-yellow. Hindwing without
ocelli. Beneath the forewing is as above, the red-yellow band proximally somewhat lighter. Hindwing dark
grey, striated with brown, with a broad whitish band across the middle. The distal margin of the hindwing
is somewhat dentate. The Q is similar to the g, but the colouring is lighter and the markings weaker. From
Patagonia and the southern part of Argentina. — plana form. nov. (51 a) is a form nearly agreeing with quies
beneath, but with the 2 eye-spots on the upper surface placed in ochre-yellow rings, the lower without white
pupils, in the middle of the wing with a row of 4 small red-brown spots. In the anterior half of the hind-
wing is placed an indistinct red-brown band. On the under surface this form differs from ques in having the
basal half of the forewing reddish brown with 2 brown, angled marks in the cell. In addition the distal margin
of the hindwing is almost smooth, while in quies it is dentate. From Uruguay.

C. statia spec. nov. (51a). Above unicolorous brown, without spots. Beneath grey-brown, the basal
area of the forewing red-brown to beyond the middle, before the apex a round black eye-spot with 2 white
pupils and an indistinct yellowish ring. Hindwing with 2 strongly curved, dentate dark brown transverse lines
across the middle, formed merely of lunules. The ground-colour is grey-brown to the 2nd transverse line, the
marginal area lighter and grey, or containing 2 brown spots in brown elongate rings in cellules 2 and 5, a
red-brown, dentate submarginal line and a black marginal line. From Chile.

23. Genus: Tetraphlebia Fd.

In the forewing the 2nd subcostal vein arises close beyond the end of the cell, the upper discocellular
is short, the middle twice as long as the lower; the cells are strongly produced at the posterior end. The club
of the antenna is thin, the palpus short and thinly haired. Distal margin of the hindwing rounded.

T. germainii F/dr. (= Sat. promaucana Reed). Dark brown, beyond the middle of both wings dusted
with reddish brown, on the hindwing more weakly than on the forewing. Beneath the base and the costal and
distal margins of the forewing are brown, the central area red-brown with brown median band. Before the
apex a large black eye-spot with double white pupil and red-yellow ring. The hindwing beneath likewise
brown with a broad white band beyond the middle of the wing, running parallel with the distal margin. This
band is sharply defined proximally, but ill-defined distally. Rare at Chillan and in the Villacura Valley in Chile
at elevations of 3000—4000 ft. According to Rerp not rare in the central provinces of Chile.

24. Genus: Faumula Fidr.

Build almost as in the preceding genus, but the hairs of the palpus are longer and the 2nd subcostal
vein of the forewing arises much further from the cell.

F. leucoglene F/dr. Above brown, the forewing in the 3 with raised dark scales in _ the disc,
before the distal margin dusted with ferruginous. Beneath but little lighter, before the apex of the forewing
a black eye-spot with thick white pupil and 2 dark transverse lines, which unite on median vein 2 and
are here dusted with ferruginous. The hindwing brown, faintly spotted with ferruginous. This species has
rarely been taken and is confined to high mountains in Chile, namely the Cordilleras at Condes near Santiago
at altitudes of between 6 and 10000 ft. and the pass from Lolco to Lonquimay at 8000 ft. Flies in January.

F. stelligera Btlr. Above brown. Forewing with ferruginous streaks in cellules 2—4. Hindwing with
three pointed ferruginous spots in the same cellules. Fringes dark grey. Beneath the basal half of the fore-
wing is ferruginous, the distal half and also the costal and inner margins brewn, finely striated with dark. Be-
fore the apex a rather large black eye-spot with double white pupil and yellow ring. Hindwing beneath brown,

NEOSATYRUS; NEOMAINAS. By G. Weyer. 235

with fine dark striation, a dentate black line behind the cell. Beyond this line the ground-colour is lighter with
white rings and a curved row of 7 snow-white spots in black rings. Flies at high altitudes in the mountains
of Chile and Argentina (4—7000 ft. Chillan, Lolco, Pulmari, Quillen, St. Martin).

F. johanna spec. nov. (51a). Above brown. Forewing in the 9 with a double eye-spot before the apex johanna.
with ochre-yellow ring and 2 white pupils, and with a small blind eye-spot in cellule 2, also with yellow
ring. Hindwing above without ocelli. Forewing beneath somewhat lighter than above, the eye-spots placed
on a broad, somewhat lighter submarginal band, which is continued on the hindwing also and is proximally
bordered by an angled brown line, distally on the forewing by a straight brown line, on the hindwing by one
composed of crescents. In this band are placed on the hindwing 5 white dots. From Catamarca in Argentina.

25. Genus: Neosatyrus Wiigr.

Antenna with gradually thickened, pear-shaped club. Costal and median inflated at the base. Three
of the subcostal veins run into the costal, two into the distal margin. The middle discocellular vein is angled.

N. ambiorix Wligr. (= minimus Bilr.) (51 c¢). Above brown. Beneath lighter, forewing with red-yellow ambioriz.
disc and double eye-spot before the apex, hindwing with a row of 6 white dots, 2 of which are ocellated.
Common in Chile to the Argentine border at elevations of from 3000 to 6000 ft. Flies from December to Fe-
bruary. From the description and figure I take minimus Btlr. to be a small example of ambiorix.

N. simplex 5élr. (Argyrophenga s.) belongs here according to ELwres. Above unicolorous brown. Beneath simplez.
the forewing is brick-coloured orange, with dark costal and distal margins and: pale brown inner margin; a large
black eye-spot before the apex with 2 small white pupils and white ring. Hindwing pale brown with a small
orange spot in the cell and a small lunular spot between the radials. The spécies was found at Chillan in Chile
by Epmonps in March and on the road from Lolco to Lonquimay by ELwes in January.

N. vesagus Dbl. (= ochreivittatus Btlr.). Above brown, forewing with a large red-yellow spot between vesagus.
the radials. Hindwing unicolorous brown, or with 3 red-yellow spots between the median veins. Forewing
beneath rust-coloured with brown margins and a large, round black eye spot with 2 white pupils and red-yellow
iris. Hindwing brown with ochreous band across the middle. Chile. — pusilla Fldr. (Homoeonympha p. = pusilla.
violaceus Bilr.) is a form of vesagus with a row of whitish yellow dots on the underside of the hindwing. Ac-
cording to Exwes boisduvalii Blanch. (51 ¢) and hahni Mab. probably belong here.

N. reedii Bélr. (51 c). Above olive-brown with cupreous gloss and dark margin. Beneath the forewing reedii.
is tawny orange, before the apex a small black eye-spot with white pupil and orange ring. Hindwing brown,
in the middle with a light violet-grey band, which is widened at the costal margin, distal margin striped with
brown, basal part of the inner margin blackish. From Chile. — fuscescens Btlr. is a smaller form of reediz, the fuscescens.
forewing beneath smoke-brown, with a black dot instead of the eye-spot. From La Union in Valdivia.

N. humilis F/dr. (= Stygnus h.) (51 f). Above brown, without spots, Beneath lighter, forewing with humilis.
2 small black, white-pupilled eye-spots between the radials and the 3rd median vein, hindwing with 4 whitish
yellow dots in the marginal area. Chile. Common in woods in Valdivia according to EpMonps, rare at Quillen
and at Lake Aluminé according to Etwes.

26. Genus: Neomaenas Wligr.

Antennae with spindle-shaped club. Palpus projecting far beyond the head, beneath with long hairs.
Wings with the margins entire, hindwing rounded. In the forewing the costal and median are inflated at the
base. Differing from Epinephele chiefly in the absence of the scent-scale spot on the 3 forewing.

N. servilia Wllgr. (2 = decorata Bilr.) (51c). Brown, forewing with:a red-yellow band beyond the servilia.
middle, the median area itself also somewhat dusted with red-yellow, a round black spot before the apex. Hind-
wing with narrow red-yellow submarginal stripe, which in the 3 is broken up into spots. Beneath the forewing
is almost entirely red-yellow with large double eye-spot before the apex. On the hindwing the median band
is distally bordered with silver-white. Not rare at Valparaiso and other parts of Chile in February and March.

N. coenonymphina Btlr. is similar to Hpin. pales above, but without the scent-scale spot. Forewing coenonym-
beneath brick-coloured with brown margins and an apical ocellus. Hindwing in the basal half dark brown, ?/”4-
bounded by an angled yellow line, disc yellowish with a black, white-pupilled eye-spot. Distal margin brown
with dark dentate submarginal line. The 9 is larger, the disc of both wings above ferruginous; on the under
surface the eye-spot of the hindwing is absent. Rare in Valparaiso. December and January.

N. fractifascia Bilr. Above brown with a red-yellow spot in the middle of the forewing and a black /ractijascia.

wallen-
grenii.

inornata.

edmondsit.

reticulata.

tenedia.

limonias.

dryas.

edmondsii.

monachus.

236 EPINEPHELE. By G. Weymer.

spot in a short red-yellow band before the apex. Hindwing likewise with a short band in which is placed at
the anal angle a black spot. Beneath the hindwing is brick-coloured with a brown, dark-margined band, which
in the middle is angled and broadly interrupted. In the marginal area 2 black spots at the apex and 2 between
the median veins. Rare in the woods near the Baths of Chillan in Chile.

N. wallengrenii Bélr. Dark brown, with black apical spot. Forewing beneath yellow-brown with light
yellow band and black, white-pupilled eye-spot before the apex. The posterior two-thirds of the hindwing
are smoke-brown, divided by a reddish yellow band. Disc lighter, with white veins, distal margin brown. In
woods below Chillan in Chile.

N. inornata Elw. Dark brown, with a reddish tinge towards the base of both wings, and in the Q with
a large black-brown spot before the apex of the forewing in an indistinct red-brown ring. On the under sur-
face the forewing is brownish red-yellow with the costal and distal margins yellow-brown. Before the apex
a double eye-spot in a yellow ring. Hindwing unicolorous yellow-brown. In the Bavios de Cauquenes in Chile,
in March.

N. edmondsii bil. (Argyrophenga e.). Above glossy dark brown. Forewing rust-red in the cell, a black
spot before the apex. Disc of the hindwing for the most part light rust-coloured with 3 pear-shaped black streaks.
On the under surface the forewing is brick-coloured orange with the distal margin grey-brown, before the apex
a black ocellus in a yellow ring. Hindwing olive-brown, witha broad sulphur-yellow longitudinal stripe extend-
ing from the base across the cell to the distal margin. 6 abbreviated yellow longitudinal stripes are placed
on the veins, 2 before and 4 behind the first-mentioned stripe. The costal margin is likewise yellowish, the
inner and distal margins grey. Rare, only 1 example in the British Museum, which was taken by EpMonps
in the woods below Chillan in Chile.

N. reticulata Weym. (51 c). Above brown. Forewing with 3 small red-yellow spots in cellules 2, 4 and 5
and four white dots before them in a row. On the hindwing a red-yellow band composed of 5 spots, some of
which bear a black dot. The last spot at the inner margin has 2 dots. Both wings with white marginal line
interrupted at the veins. Fringes brown. As may be seen from the figure the under surface is very characteris-
tically marked. Locality unknown, probably South America. Coll. WreyMER.

N. tenedia Weym. (51.c). Above brown. On the forewing a large red-yellow spot covers the cell. A
large black spot in an ochre-yellow ring is placed before the apex, sometimes showing 2 white pupils, a small
ochre-yellow spot with black central dot in cellule 2, and some red-yellow dots beside it. The hindwing with
a short red-yellow band in cellules 4 to 6. On the under surface the basal half of the forewing is entirely red-
yellow, the black spot before the apex has 2 white pupils, its distal margin is brownish grey, and the entire
hindwing is of this latter colour. From South Brazil.

27. Genus: Epinephele Hbn.

The antenna has an elongate, gradually thickened club. The costal and median of the forewing are
strongly inflated and 2 subcostal veins arise before the end of the cell. The inner margin of the hindwing is
more or less excised before the angle and in most species more elongated. The 33 have a stripe of scent-scales
on the forewing. Most of the species of this genus belong to the Palearctic fauna. Cf. vol. I, p. 137—142, pl. 46, 47.
Some occur in India. Cf. for these Maniola, vol. LX, p. 306. The American species only inhabit Chile and the
adjoming districts.

E. limonias Phil. (= janiroides Blanch. [nec H.-Schdff.|, blanchardii Kirby) (51c¢). Above brown.
Forewing with rust-red central area, which in the ¢ is divided by the dark brown scent-scale spot. In the 9
the colouring is more red-yellow and a black apical spot is present. The under surface is lighter with distinct
apical ocellus. Distributed and common in Chile. As the name janiroides had been already employed by
HERRICH-SCHAFFER for an Hpinephele from Algiers it cannot be used for this Chilian species, and hence KirRByY
chose the name blanchardii. But as the description of limonias Phil. agrees with this species the latter name
must be restored. — dryas Fldr. (51 c), the figure of which is from FELDER’s type in the Tring Museum, differs
but little from Limonias. From Chile.

E. edmondsii Btly. Above glossy brown. Forewing with the base and a band before the distal margin
red-yellow, a row of 6 grey-brown spots across the middle and a black spot before the apex. Hindwing with
red-yellow spot before the costal margin. On the under surface the forewing is red-yellow with grey, black-
streaked margins and bi-pupilled apical ocellus. Hindwing beneath grey-brown, finely striated with black,
with a somewhat darker median band distally margined with black, beside which are placed at the costal margin
some white scales. From Chillan on the slopes of the Cordilleras (Chile). Rare.

E. monachus Blanch. (= valdiviae Fldr., lugubris Bélr., luctuosus Reed) (51d). Above unicolorous

brown, with the fringes chequered with brown and white and an indistinct black spot before the apex of the
forewing. Beneath the forewing is for the most part reddish brown, with a blind eye-spot, the hindwing brown,

EREBIA. By G. Weyer. 237

striated with dark brown, with an oblique row of white dots. Very common in the mountains of Chile. The
figure is from FELDER’s type of valdiviae.

E. coctei Guér. (= tragicus Reed) (51d). Above brown, somewhat dusted with rust-red and with some
rust-red spots at the anal angle of the hindwing. The Q is rust-reddish to beyond the middle and has before
the apex an eye-spot with double pupil. On the under surface the forewing in both sexes is red-yellow with
a similar eye-spot, the distal margin and the hindwing lighter brown, the latter with a lighter band beyond
the middle. According to Ewes locally common in the Chilian mountains.

E. tristis Guér. Somewhat larger than coctei. According to the figure in ,, Voyage Coquille above uni-
colorous dark yellow-brown with the veins lighter and a small, round, pale yellow spot at the end of the cell
on the forewing. On the under surface, which is not figured, according to GuERIN’s description there is a yel-
lowish white line on the hindwing, anteriorly expanding into a large spot of the same colour. According to
ELWwEs the species is locally common in Chile. — pales Phil. (51d). Perhaps a form of the preceding. Above
grey-brown with 2 small red-yellow spots at the margin of the hindwing. Forewing beneath red-yellow, costal
and inner margins narrowly yellow-grey, distal margin broadly yellow-grey, a large eye-spot with double
pupil before the apex. Hindwing beneath yellow-grey with the margin lighter. Chile (Valdivia).

E. flora Phil. (= Pedal. oaxes Bélr., Stibomorpha tristis Btlr.) (51d). Above brown with 1 or 2 red-
brown spots, which, however, may also be absent. Fringes chequered with yellow and brown. Beneath: fore-
wing spotted with red-yellow and brown, its costal margin marbled with black and white. Hindwing marbled
with dark brown, with a yellow spot in the middle, an undulate white transverse band and a white spot at the
costal margin. Province of Valdivia (Chile). Putniprr described the species as a Satyrus, BUTLER first as Pe-
daliodes, then as Stibomorpha. On account of the basally inflated median I place it here.

E. nycteropus Reed (51d). Above brown, in the 3 with dark brown scent-scale patch, in the 2 with
dark red-yellow median spot on the forewing. On the hindwing some red-yellow submarginal spots. Forewing
beneath red-yellow, distal margin broadly, costal margin narrowly grey-brown, a round apical ocellus with 2
white pupils in ochre-yellow ring. Hindwing grey-brown with a dentate white median stripe. In the middle
of the lighter marginal area 2 light yellow spots. Differs also from flora Phil., to which it bears some resem-
blance, in not having either the fore- or hindwing dentate and in the more produced apex of the forewing. Rare
and apparently confined to the coast-region of Central Chile.

E. poliozona Fidr. (51d). Above unicolorous brown. Beneath brownish red-yellow with the margins
of the forewing grey-brown, a blind apical ocellus, hindwing with a light lilac submarginal band. On this is
placed in cellule 2 and in cellule 5 a black dot. Chile.

E. gyrtone Berg. Above brown, the g with a double eye-spot before the apex and without eye-spots
on the hindwing. In the 2 in addition a 2nd small eye-spot in cellule 2 of the forewing and 5 on the hindwing.
Beneath yellowish grey, with a lighter band before the distal margin, partly white on the hindwing, on which
are placed the black, white-pupilled and yellow-ringed ocelli, in the 3 2 on the forewing and 4 on the hindwing,
in the 2 3 on the forewing and 5 on the hindwing. The first eye-spot on the forewing is larger and bi-pupil-
led. The band is proximally and distally bordered by a dark line. 39—45 mm. Found in the south of the
province of Buenos Aires (Sierra Tandil).

E. imbrialis Weeks. Above bronze-brown. On the forewing a dentate dark brown line runs from the
apex to the submedian and from there back, touching the discocellular, to the middle of the costal margin.
In the triangle thus formed is placed before the apex a black double eye-spot with 2 silvery pupils and light
brown ring. The hindwing has a fine dark brown submarginal line and only occasionally a small eye-spot
with single pupil at the anal angle. The under surface of the forewing is as above, only much lighter, the eye-
spot is larger and has a yellowish white ring. The apex is dusted with grey. The hindwing is grey beneath,
strongly dusted with brown, with a broad grey band, proximally bordered with brown, before the distal margin.
Sometimes a row of brown spots is present in the middle. Thus the species is apparently very variable. From
Bolivia, Alezuni district.

28. Genus: Erebia Dalm.

Only the costal of the forewing is strongly inflated at the base. Of the subcostal veins 2 usually arise
before the end of the cell, sometimes only one. The 4th subcostal vein runs into the apex of the forewing. The
antenna has the club distinctly prolonged. The palpus is anteriorly clothed with long, stiff hairs, above with
shorter hairs. The distal margin of both wings is rounded. The Erebias are mostly small dark brown butter-
flies, scarcely reaching medium size. Their range of distribution embraces the whole Palearctic and Nearctic
Region. They are mostly mountain butterflies, inhabiting the alpine regions of Europe, Asia and America.
Only a few species descend to the hills. In comparison with the Palearctic Region the number of the American
species is small. For the habits and life-history of Hrebia cf. further vol. I, p. 94 and 95.

coctet.

tristis.

pales.

flora.

nycteropus.

poliozona.

gyrtone.

imbrialis.

discoidalis.

fasciata.

TrOssii.

mancinus.

vidleri.

callias.

epipsodea.

brucei.

sofia.

alaskensis.

youngi.

238 EREBIA. By G. WreymeEr.

E. discoidalis Kirby (51 e).. Above dark brown, the distal half of the forewing red-brown, the two colours
shading into one another; an obscure black eye-spot with whitish pupil before the apex. Beneath the forewing
is red-brown, the margins striated with dark brown. Basal half of the hindwing brown, distal half grey, the
whole with darker striation. From Hudson’s Bay. Also occurs in Siberia, cf. vol. I, p. 111.

E. fasciata Bilr. (vol. I, pl. 35 e). Above brown, forewing distally red-brown as in discoidalis. Beneath
the forewing is rust-coloured, whitish at the apex, with 3 brown bands, namely a basal, a median and a
marginal. The median band is undulate and at the costa broader; all these are bordered with rust-colour.
Hindwing whitish grey, with 3 similar, but red-brown bands, the middle one dentate at both sides. 51—58 mm.
Localities: arctic North America, East Siberia. Cf. vol. I, p. 103.

E. rossii Curt. Dark brown, with the fringes somewhat lighter. Forewing before the apex with red-
brown spot, in which are placed 2 black dots. Sometimes below these 2 smaller red-brown spots, each with
a black dot. On the hindwing sometimes three similar spots with indistmct dots. Beneath the forewing is
red-brown with dark brown margins and sometimes with white-pupilled eye-spots. Hindwing dark brown,
dusted with whitish grey, with obscure darker median band, before the discocellular a white spot and beyond
it, before the distal margin, 2 or 3 white dots. Localities: arctic North America and Siberia. Cf. vol. I, p. 109.

E. disa Thnb. mancinus Dbl. (51 e). Above brown. Forewing with a red-brown band before the
distal margin, composed of 4 spots placed close together. Each spot contains a black dot, mostly with white
centre. Fringes chequered with brown and white. Hindwing unicolorous brown. Beneath somewhat lighter,
the apex of the forewing and the distal margin of the hindwing dusted with grey. The band of the forewing
is broken up into 4 separate red-yellow spots, only the first 2 still connected, the black dots in them larger
than above. This butterfly is found in the mountains of Alaska and British Columbia. On the type-form disa
ef. vol. I, p. 109, pl. 37h. ;

E. vidleri Hdw. This species is near the Siberian sedakovii Ev. (cf. vol. I, p. 105, pl. 37 e), resembling
it in size, colour and markings; but according to Etwes the difference in the genitalia is so great that the two
species cannot be regarded as identical. The band on the upperside of the forewing is yellowish brown and
runs straight across the wing, enclosing three small dark brown eye-spots, of which the first 2 have white
pupils. The band of the hindwing is shorter than in sedakovii, only reaching the middle of the wing and contain-
ing only 2 brown spots, the upper very small. On the under surface the band of the forewing does not reach
the costal and the one on the hindwing is very similar to that of aethiops (vol. I, pl. 37 e) or sedakovii. Found
by Capt. Vipter in the mountains beyond Lake Seton at Lilloet on the Fraser River, British Columbia. Also
occurs in Washington (according to Dyar).

E. callias Hdw. (51). Above brown, before the apex of the forewing with a red-brown spot, in which
are placed 2 small, white-pupilled ocelli. Beneath the forewing is red-brown with the costal and distal margins
grey and with the eye-spots as above. Hindwing grey, finely striated with brown, with several dark transverse
stripes. Common on high mountains in Colorado and New Mexico. It is the American form of the Palearctic
tyndarus Esp. (cf. vol. I, p. 113, pl. 371i).

E. epipsodea Bélr. (= rhodia Hdw.) (51 e). Above brown with 4 or 5 black, white-pupilled eye-spots
on the forewing and 3 or 4 on the hindwing, all broadly surrounded with red-brown. Beneath the eye-spots
are exactly as above and the hindwing has a broad, curved blackish median band. — The egg is suboval,
chalk-white. The larva stout, cylindrical, with rounded head, and of a dull yellow-green colour; the pupa
is brownish white, spotted with brown. The butterfly appears in 10 days. It is common in the mountains of
British Columbia and its range extends from: New Mexico in the south, where it flies in high-lying districts,
to Alaska in the north. — brucei Hlw. (= sineocellata Skinn.) is a smaller form of epipsodea, with the eye-
spots absent and the red-brown macular band almost obsolete. It occurs on high mountain peaks in Colorado
at altitudes of 12000 ft.

E. sofia Streck. (Q = ethela Edw.) (51 e). Above dark brown, forewing with a smooth-edged submargi-
nal band of 6 red-brown spots, hindwing with 5 similar spots, of which the last 2 are more isolated. On the
under surface the forewing is red-brown in the middle, the band is as above, but the first 3 spots are light yellow,
the last 3 red-yellow. The hindwing has a white spot in the cell and 3 whitish spots at the apex, below
them 2 white dots. The butterfly is still rare in collections and has been found at Fort Churchill in British
North America, in the Yellow-stone National Park and some other localities in Colorado. — alaskensis Holl.
is a form of sofia with fewer spots on the wings. The forewing shows only 3 on each surface, the hind-
wing only 2 on the underside. In Eagle City and at American Creek in Alaska, taken in July.

E. youngi Holl. Above velvety dark brown, forewing with a short submarginal band composed
of red-brown spots. Each spot contains a black dot. The hindwing has a similar row of spots, but more isolated.
The under surface is paler. On the forewing the band is somewhat more continuous even than above. Across

MANEREBIA; IDIONEURA; PSEUDOMANIOLA. By G. Weymer. 239

the middle of the hindwing runs a broad, curved dark band, bordered with black at both sides, to which follow
a grey and then at the distal margin a dark brown band. The black dots of the upper surface are here only
faintly indicated. The © is somewhat lighter above than the g, beneath somewhat more sharply marked.

33—35 mm. From Alaska.

E. magdalena Sfreck. (51 e). Upper and under surface of both wings unicolorous black-brown, without
markings. Has hitherto been found only in Colorado at altitudes of from 10 to 14000 ft.

E. patagonica Mab. (51 e). Above dark brown with a brownish red submarginal band on both wings,
which, however, does not reach the costal and inner margins. Beneath the forewing is red-brown with black
veins and a small black, white-pupilled eye-spot before the apex. Hindwing brown, striated with dark brown,
through the middle a dark brown dentate line, accompanied distally by a narrow light brownish band; two
black, white-pupilled ocelli in cellules 2 and 3. From Patagonia.

29. Genus: Manerebia Sig.

Antenna thinner and shorter than in Hrebia, the club but little thickened and scarcely hollowed out.
Wings above without markings. Forewing beneath with an eye-spot above the anal angle or some white dots
before the distal margin. The hindwing has a curved, dark transverse line in the basal part and 2 others, undu-
late or dentate, before the distal margin, with light dots or small eye-spots between them. From Bolivia and
Peru.

M. cyclopina Sfgr. (= Lyman. varola Schaus) (51f). Above uniform black-brown, beneath somewhat
lighter, the apex of the forewing sprinkled with light grey, with a black, white-pupilled and brownish-margined
eye-spot in cellule 2 and sometimes a smaller eye-spot above or below it; further with 2 or 3 white dots
before the apex, a dentate dark transverse line before the margin and an indistinct line before the eye-spots.
Hindwing brown-grey, at the margin sprinkled with grey and with 3 dark transverse lines, a larger yellow-
ringed eye-spot and a smaller one below it before the anal angle. Towards the apex 1—3 white dots. From
Peru and Bolivia. — Whether cyelopella Sigr. (51f) is a seasonal form of the preceding or a separate species
is not yet settled. It differs in having the 2nd and 3rd transverse lines on the underside of the hindwing
nearer together and the eye-spot almost entirely yellow. From Bolivia. Equally uncertain is the specific right
of cyclops Sigr., in which the hindwing above is not sprinkled with grey at the distal margin and which further
differs from the other forms in having the band between the 2nd and 3rd transverse lines on the underside of
the forewing much constricted. From southern Bolivia (Bueyes).

M. typhlops Sfgr. Above dark black-brown. Beneath more brownish with 2 weakly dentate dark
brown transverse lines before the distal margin of both wings, between which are placed some white dots.
The number of these dots varies on the forewing from 3 to 7, on the hindwing from 2 to 5. 34—35 mm. From
the province of Yungas in Bolivia. — thyphlopsella Sgr. is a form which only differs in its smaller size (28
—29 mm.) and in having the under surface, particularly that of the hindwing, suffused with much lighter
grey. From Tanampaya in Bolivia.

30. Genus: Edioneura Fldr.

Forewing rather elongate, its distal margin rounded, only the costal vein inflated at the base, the middle
discocellular of the forewing straight, the lower proximally angled, these two veins form in the hindwing almost
a straight line. The eyes are naked. Only one Colombian species.

I. erebioides Fldr. (511). The brown colour of the upper surface becomes darker towards the base.
The fringes are grey. On the hindwing above are placed in cellules 3 to 5 three distinct. black, white-pupilled
ocelli in red-yellow rings. The under surface is somewhat lighter brown. Across the middle of both wings
runs a dark brown dentate transverse line and before the distal margin are placed 2 smooth lines. On the
hindwing in cellules 2—4 three short white longitudinal streaks, which are pointed at both ends. From Bogota
(Colombia), 2500m. As moderata form. nov. ladda form of ereboides which has only one eye-spot on the upper-
side of the hindwing, in cellule 3, and the white longitudinal streaks on the under surface entirely absent.
From Bogota.

31. Genus: Pseudomaniola Weym.

The costal of the forewing is strongly, the median more weakly inflated; the 2nd branch.of the subcostal
arises far beyond the end of the cell, the middle discocellular of the forewing is semicircularly incurved, the
lower nearly straight. In the hindwing the middle discocellular is slightly incurved. The palpus is densely
covered with long hairs, the antenna short, with broad, sharply defined, shovel-shaped club. The two species
occur at great altitudes in the Bolivian highlands.

P. euripides Weym. (51 f). Above light brown, distally with greenish reflection. On the forewing a
broad ochreous band, in which are placed before the apex 2 brown spots and below them sometimes 2 further

magdalena.

patagonica.

cyclopina.

cyclopella.

cyclops.

typhlops.

thyphlop-
sella.

erebioides.

moderata.

euripides.

cleates.

zangis.

nubila.

archebates.

pulchella.

tenebrosa.

herophile.

hysius.

240 CALISTO. By G. WeyYmMeER.

brown dots. The hindwing has 3 large red-yellow spots in cellules 2—4. On the under surface the ground-
colour is darker brown, without the greenish reflection, the band red-yellow, the 2 larger black spots white-
pupilled, joined together and surrounded by a broad light yellow ring. The hindwing is irrorated with dark
brown, with broad, lighter border cccupying a third of the wing. A dark brown band separates the two colours.
Before the distal margin in cellule 2 a dark brown, white-centred spot. At Portaguelo de Corocoro and Sica-
sica at 3600 to 4600 m. (Collected by StiBeEt).

P. eleates Weym. Above brown, with two small red-yellow spots on each wing placed in cellules 2
and 3 not far from the distal margin, on the forewing distinct, on the hindwing more indistinct. Beneath
likewise brown. Forewing with black, white-pupilled eye-spot before the apex, surrounded by a light brown
ring which is posteriorly prolonged into cellule 3. The border of the hindwing is yellowish brown, occupying
a quarter of the wing, and contains a row of brown crescents.. Only one example (a ¢) was collected by STuBet,
at Tacora in Bolivia; this is now in the Zool. Museum in Berlin.

32. Genus: Calisto Hon.

This genus differs from all the other American Satyrid genera in that all the subcostal veins of the
forewing arise beyond the end of the cell. The costal and median of the forewing are strongly inflated. The
middle discocellular of the forewing forms a right angle, the posterior arm extending far distad, so that the cell
is much longer posteriorly than anteriorly. The inner margin of the hindwing is more or less deeply excised
before the inner angle. In most species the 3g have a silky scent-scale spot on the upper surface. The butter-
flies are mostly small or below medium size. They inhabit the Antilles; a single species is said to be found
on the continent of America, but this seems to need confirmation.

C. zangis /. (= agnes Cr.) (51 f). Above brown, forewing in the ¢3 with a large, round, velvety dark
brown scent-scale spot in the middle. The hindwing is reddish brown in the posterior half, with a small black
spot at the anal angle. Under surface brown, forewing with a large eye-spot before the apex near tbe costal
margin. This is black with ochre-yellow ring and double white pupil. On the hindwing a much smaller eye-spot
betore the anal angle. The distal half of the hindwing is lighter brown. The butterfly is common on Jamaica,
both in the plains and the mountains, where it ascends to 6000 ft. One example was taken according to Latny
in Demerara, British Guiana. The further localities which have been given, ‘Pennsylvania’ in Cramer (Uitl.
Kap.) and “Carolina” in Goparr (Encyclopédie) and in Kirry’s Catalogue are in all probability erroneous,
as HoLtianp and Dyar do not cite the species in tucir works.

C. nubila Lathy (51 f) is quite similar to the preceding species, but differs in the absence of the velvety
scent-scale spot of the gg. The upper surface is entirely blackish brown, distally paler, with a black spot
at the anal angle of the hindwing. On the under surface the cell of the forewing is bright red-brown, the hind-
wing likewise red-brown, at the anal angle orange-coloured, with a larger eye-spot in cellule 2, which is of an orange
colour, and some small white spots beside it. The 9 is not known. From Porto Rico.

C. archebates Mén. Above cupreous brown, with a velvety spot on the forewing extending from the
inner margin to the cell. Beneath brown. Forewing with black, white-pupilled, yellow-ringed ocellus, hind-
wing with light yellow band across the middle, which is widened at the inner margin. Behind this an eye-
spot, like that on the forewing, and two white dots beside it. From Haiti. Very rare. Only in the collection
of GopMaAN and Satyin and in the St. Petersburg Museum.

C. pulchella Lathy (51 ¢). Above dark brown, in the 3 with the velvety spot on the forewing as in
the other species and a black spot at the anal angle, bordered with light yellow. The 2 has on the hindwing
a large orange-brown spot in the posterior part of the distal margin before the anal angle, traversed by a dark
brown line. The under surface is similar to those of zangis and nubila, but the basal half of the hindwing
is almost entirely reddish orange, before the eye-spot on the hindwing there are 3 white dots in a row, one
above another, and behind it a row of red-yellow spots. On the torewing the 2nd white pupil of the eye-spot
is removed basad and placed in the yellow ring. From Haiti. tenebrosa Lathy is a female form of pulchella
in which the large orange-brown area before the anal angle on the upperside of the hindwing is absent. Like-
wise from Haiti.

C. herophile Hin. (51 f). Above brown, in the g with a dark velvety spot on the forewing. Beneath
grey-brown with 2 undulate median and 2 broad, finely dentate submarginal lines, a red-yellow triangle
at the base of the forewing, with a large eye-spot on the forewing and a somewhat smaller one on the hind-
wing and before the latter a row of 4 white dots. From Cuba.

C. hysius Godt. The smallest species of the genus, with an expanse of only 24—28 mm. Above dark brown,
in the $¢ with large, velvety blackish spot on the forewing. Beneath brown, forewing irrorated with ochre-
yellow, with the cell filled up with brick-red, a brown median line, distally margined with yellow, 2 submarginal

Publ. 20. I. 1912. STEROMA; PSEUDOSTEROMA. By G. Weyer. 241

Imes and a large yellow-ringed apical ocellus with double pupil. Hindwing brown, densely sprinkled with
ochre-yellow. In addition to the 3 transverse lines of the forewing a further transverse line is also present

near the base. A small eye-spot in cellule 2 and above it two white dots. From Haiti. Also occurring

in Jamaica, according to an example in coll. Sraupincer. — confusa Lathy (= lysius Mén.) (51 g) is a form confusa.
of hystus which differs above in having a small ochre-yellow spot placed at the anal angle of the hindwing.

On the under surface the yellow transverse line before the eye-spot of the forewing only extends to vein 2.

The two brown transverse lines before and in the middle of the hindwing are distally distinctly bordered

with white, the two brown submarginal lines terminate at the anal angle in a black spot and the space
between them is filled up with white in the posterior part of the wing. The eye-spot of the hindwing is alsc
somewhat larger than in hysius. From Haiti.

33. Genus: Steroma Westw.

A genus easy to recognize by the shape of the wings. The distal margin of the forewing is weakly,
that of the hindwing between the veins strongly excised. Below the apex of the forewing the distal margin
projects obtusely. The inner margin of the hindwing is deeply excised before the inner angle, so that the angle
itself is produced into a lobe. The costal margin of the hindwing is likewise deeply excised in the middle and
then forms at 24 of its length a broad, rounded tooth, which is covered by the inner margin of the forewing.
The costal and median of the forewing are strongly, the submedian somewhat less strongly inflated at the
base. One subcostal vein arises before the end of the cell of the forewing. The 3 has on the forewing a vel-
vety scent-scale spot. The butterflies occur in the high mountains of tropical America.

S. superba Bilr. (51g). Above black-brown, at the margin reddish, the g with a large silky scent- superba.
scale spot in the middle of the forewing. Beneath the forewing is glossy copper-brown, at the apex marbled
with dark brown. The whole hindwing similarly marbled. At the costa of the hindwing is placed a silvery
spot, in the middle another and before the distal margin a row of ochre-yellow dots. From Bolivia and Peru.

S. bega Westw. Similar to the preceding species, but the wings are shorter, the form consequently bega.
more compact. Above dark brown. Beneath the forewing is lighter, unicolorous brown, only the apex is irro-
rated with black and white. Hindwing marbled with light and dark brown, sprinkled with silvery white dots
and spots. From Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. — andensis Fldr. (51 g) is a form of bega in which the 2 andensis.
short silvery stripes on the underside of the hindwing form at the costa the letter V. From Bogota (Colombia).
— modesta form. nov. (51 g) is a somewhat smaller form, with the silvery white dots and markings on the under- modesta.
side of the hindwing almost entirely absent. Only a silvery dot in cellule 2 and a small silvery angled mark
in cellule 3 persist. The tooth at the costal margin of the hindwing is as in the other forms. From Yungas
de la Paz, 1000 m. (Bolivia).

S. zibia Bilr. Above brown with dark margin, distal area of the hindwing reddish, dusted with white zibia.
at the anal angle. Beneath the forewing is lighter, with a yellow streak before the apex, the costa marbled
with yellow and brown. Hindwing black, marbled with brown and rust-colour, the apical area ochreous with 2
rust-coloured spots, a silver spot before the apex and the spots at the costa as in bega, two black spots with
silvery margins before the distal margin. Expanse 42 mm. From Venezuela.

34. Genus: Pseudosteroma gen. nov.

This new genus forms a transition between Steroma and Steremnia. As in the latter it lacks the broad,
obtuse tooth which Steroma has at 2% of the costal margin on the hindwing, but the other teeth, at the
distal margin, project quite as far as in the latter genus. The first tooth is somewhat stronger than’ the rest
and forms almost a right angle at the apex. The inner margin of the hindwing is quite as strongly excised
as in Steroma and the distal margin of the forewing forms the same obtuse angle below the apex. The scent-
scale spot is likewise mostly present.
P. pronophila Fidr. (Steroma p.) (51g). Above brown, the distal margin and the scent-scale spot pronophila.
beyond the median of the forewing darker; the tips of the fringes between the veins whitish. Beneath the fore-
wing yellowish brown, apex of the forewing and the whole hindwing marbled with dark brown. The latter
with a white spot at the costal margin, a row of 6 white dots before the distal margin and a lght brown
spot at the anal angle. The 2 is marked like the j except that the scent-scale spot is absent. Colombia
(Bogota), 2800 m., Cipaque in the eastern Cordillera, 3000m., found by Fass at the Quindiu Pass at an alti-
tude of 3800 m. — umbracina Bilr. is a form of pronophila, above olive-brown, apical third of the forewing wmbracina.
somewhat lighter, the fringes alternately black and yellow-brown. Beneath almost as above, hindwing grey-
brown at the apex, with an undulate, interrupted, dark brown submarginal line. Expanse 40 mm. From Peru.

P. monachella spec. nov. (Thieme i. |.) (52a). Above dark brown, in the middle darker, at the distal monachella.
margin lighter. Fringes dark brown, chequered with white. Beneath the basal half of the forewing reddish
brown, distally lighter. Distal border 114 mm. in breadth, finely striated with dark brown and before the apex

Vv 31

agraulis.

polyxo.

rugilas,

misella.

patrobas.

tritonia.

242 STEREMNIA; GYROCHEILUS: ELINA. By G. Wrymer.

powdered with white. Hindwing dark olive-brown, marbled and spotted with black, distal area lighter with
a strongly dentate olive-brown submarginal band, a row of white dots before it, and some whitish yellow
spots and streaks at the costal margin and anal angle. The distal margin is entirely dark brown. From Huanca-
bamba, North Peru, at 3000 m.

P. agraulis spec. nov. (51 f). 3: above reddish brown, somewhat glossy, at the base somewhat darker.
Forewing with 3 white dots before the distal margin in cellules 3, 4 and 5. HKringes white, spotted with black
on the veins. Hindwing with 4 white dots in cellules 2 to 5. Marginal lines dark brown, fringes unicolorous
brown. Forewing beneath brown, apex and distal margin white, irrorated with dark brown. The white dots
of the upper surface are likewise present. Hindwing beneath dark grey, marbled with white and black, at the
costal margin 2 broken white spots, at the inner margin 2 triangular grey spots, before the distal margin
a row of white dots in black rings. Fringes brown. Differing from monachella in the absence of the dark brown
scale-spot in the middle of the forewing above, the different shape of the markings on the hindwing beneath
and especially in the absence of the dark black-grey border. Moreover the incisions in the distal margin are
deeper and the teeth more pointed. From Bolivia.

35. Genus: Steremumina Thieme.

This genus lacks not only the teeth beyond the middle of the costal margin of the hindwing which
Steroma possesses, but also the one placed at the apex itself, which projects rectangularly in Pseudosteroma.
Hence the somewhat convex costal margin of the hindwing passes into the distal margin in almost an even
curve. The excision of the inner margin is not so deep and the teeth of the distal margin project less than
in the two preceding genera.

S. polyxo Godm. & Salv. Above brown, in the 3 unicolorous, in the 2 with an obscure reddish brown
submarginal band on both wings. Beneath the forewing brown, with yellowish brown apex. Hindwing yellow-
ish brown, striated with dark brown, with a yellowish band before the middle, which is anteriorly widened
and cleft into two. Before the distal margin a broad yellowish band, which in the posterior half of the wing
projects widely proximad in 2 teeth, forming the letter W. Collected in the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta
(Colombia) by Simons and Terens.

S. rugilas Thieme (52a). Above brown; on the forewing somewhat reddish before the middle of
the distal margin. Forewing beneath reddish brown with grey apex, hindwing black-brown marbled with
light, with indistinct white median band, arising from a white costal spot, and a row of white dots before the
somewhat lighter distal margin. Colombia, Callegos on the Quindiu Pass at an elevation of 3000 m. (Fasst).

S. misella Vhieme (52a). Above olive-brown,. towards the margin somewhat lighter, the 3 with
seale-spot. Fringes of both wings chequered with brown and white. Beneath dark brown, at the distal margin
of the hindwing and the apex of the forewing somewhat lighter and finely striated with dark, with an indistinct
submarginal line. The teeth of the hindwing project but little. From Huancabamba in North Peru.

36. Genus: Gyroeheilus il.

Costa of the forewing strongly curved, distal margin but little undulate, that of the hindwing dentate,
inner margin of the hindwing rather strongly excised. The costal vein of the forewing is rather strongly swollen.
Of the subcostal veins of the forewing the first arises before the end of the cell, the 2nd just at its anterior
angle, the rest behind it. The middle discocellular vein on both wings is angularly bent inwards, consequently
the posterior part of the cell is longer than the anterior. Medium-sized, dark brown butterflies, inhabiting
Mexico and the neighbouring state of Arizona.

G. patrobas Hew. (52 b). Above dark brown, forewing with 4 white dots in a row, fringes chequered
with black and white. Hindwing with a broad red-brown submarginal band, on the proximal edge of which
stand 2 white dots in cellules 2 and 3, and with a narrow, somewhat obscure red-brown stripe between this
band and the distal margin. Beneath the wings are even darker brown than above. On the forewing the apex
is powdered with white and the white dots are placed in black rings. On the hindwing the distal margin is broadly
bluish grey, marbled with red-yellow and brown, at its proximal side is placed a row of whitish yellow
spots, at its distal side several brown lines separated by red-yellow ones. In the highlands of Mexico
(Oaxaca, North Sonora, Durangocity, Jalapa). — The form tritonia Hdw. only differs in its darker upper surface,
the infuscated red-brown band of the hindwing and the absence of the white dots in this band. On the forewing
above and beneath there are sometimes only 3 white dots instead of 4. From Arizona and North Mexico.

37. Genus: Elma Blanch.

In this genus 2 subcostal veins arise before the end of the cell on the forewing, the rest beyond it.
The costal and median of this wing are inflated at the base. The distal margin of the forewing is undulate, that
of the hindwing strongly dentate and its inner margin excised. The genus consists of medium-sized and small
butterflies, and occurs in Chile and the adjoining and neighbouring countries.

ETEONA. By G. WeymeEr. 243

E. lefebvrei Guér. (= montrolii Feisth.) (52 b). Above brown with a red-brown submarginal band which
is strongly constricted in places and on the forewing interrupted by the brown veins. Before the apex of the
forewing are placed on this band some ochreous longitudinal rays and 2 dark brown spots. There are sometimes
also a small brown spot in cellule 2 and a brown spot in the same cellule of the hindwing. The basal and
median areas are strongly dusted with red-brown. On the under surface the forewing is rust-brown to the sub-
marginal band. the band ochre-yellow, anteriorly white, the 3 dark spots black with white pupils. The distal margin
is brown. Across the middle of the hindwing runs a dentate dark brown band, basally blurred, distally as a
rule sharply defined. Then follows a grey-white submarginal band sprinkled with brown and then the dark
brown distal margin. The & is considerably larger, having an expanse of 70 mm. The basal half of both
wings is almost entirely red-brown, the anterior dark spot has a white centre and the under surface is lighter
than in the g. — The larva is light brown with black longitudinal lines. Head large, with 2 black lines and a
light spiracular line, bordered with black beneath; the dorsum is somewhat darker brown, the anal extremity
with 2 points. It is full-grown in October and lives on “‘Coligne” (Chusquea sp. ?). The pupa is light brown
with some black streaks and spots. The butterfly appears in November and December and is locally common
in Chile, but more in the plains than in the mountains. It occurs also in Argentina and Uruguay.

E. vanessoides Blanch. (52 b). Similar to the preceding species, but somewhat smaller. The hindwing
is elongate and less dentate. The band is lighter and the dark brown spots in cellule 2 are absent on both
wings above and on the forewing beneath. The dark brown spots before the apex of the forewing have no white
pupils on either surface. Hindwing marbled with light and dark brown, crossed by a curved white stripe, inter-
rupted on vein 5. Beyond this a submarginal band, which is somewhat lighter than the ground-colour and
bears in cellule 2 a dark brown spot with red-yellow ring. From Valdivia in Chile, where it is not rare.

E. calvertii Hlw. A small species with the distal margin of the forewing straight. The ¢ above dark
brown, with 2 small, obscure red-brown submarginal spots in cellules 2 and 3 on both wings. Beneath the
forewing is brown, at the base dark red-yellow to the middle, with a broad, straight red-yellow submarginal
band, in which is placed before the apex a round black spot with ochre-yellow ring. The hindwing is marbled
with light and dark brown, with a large white spot at the apex, strongly sprinkled with brown; a row of
white dots is placed before the distal margin. The 9 shows an increase in the number of the red-brown spots
on the upper surface, on the forewing brown dots are placed in these spots and the eye-spot of the under surface
shows through above. On the underside of the hindwing the white spot at the apex forms the beginning of
an ochre-yellow band, irrorated with brown, which is continued to the inner margin. The distal margin of the
hindwing is only slightly undulate in the 2. The 3 has on the upperside of the hindwing a spot of velvety
scales. Not rare in a wood below the Baiios of Chillan in Chile, in December. Also found at Lake Quillen in
Argentina (ELWEs).

E. nemyrioides Blanch. (= nemyroides Reed, neomyrioides Hlw.) (52 b). The distal margin of the fore-
wing before the apex produced into an obtuse angle, in the gj somewhat more than in the 9. Otherwise
very similar to the preceding species; the ¢ has the same spot of velvety dark brown scales in the middle
of the forewing. Beyond this spot the ground-colour is strongly mixed with red-brown. The under surface,
which is here figured, is very similarly marked to that of calvertiz, but the white spot at the costal margin of the
hindwing is purer white in nemyrioides and is continued as a dentate white line to the inner angle. In the ¢
the red-brown band on the underside of the forewing occurs also on the upperside in the same breadth and
encloses here likewise a round black apical spot. The hindwing in the 2 has on the upper surface a submarginal
row of small red-yellow spots and on the under surface the white spot at the costal margin is much larger.
From Chile, at the Baths of Chillan and in Valdivia (according to EpmMonps), at San Ignacio and Port Blest
(according to Etwes). Not common in the Central Provinces, but less rare in Valdivia (REED). Flies January
to March.

38. Genus: Eteona Westw.

The shape of the wings is about the same as in Elina, the distal margin of the forewing is undulate
and has below the apex an obtuse angle, that of the hindwing is dentate, but the inner margin of the latter is
not excised. Only the costal of the forewing is inflated, the other veins are normal. Inthe 92 2 of the subcostal
veins of the forewing arise before the end of the cell, the rest behind it; in the 3 on the other hand only one
before the end of the cell, whilst the 2nd arises exactly at the angle. The butterflies inhabit South Brazil.

E. tisiphone Bdv. (Euterpe t.) (52a). Above dark brown with a row of yellowish white spots across
both wings, covering the greater part of the hindwing, but on the forewing mostly obsolescent in the 3. Single
3G have the forewing above entirely black-brown. On the under surface the ground-colour is lighter, the veins
black, and between them are placed black longitudinal rays and short white longitudinal streaks. The macular

band is pure white and in the 3 also extends to the costal margin of the forewing. The spots are individually
smaller, but their number is larger in both sexes than above. The butterfly is distributed in South Brazil

lefebvrei.

vanessoides.

calvertii.

nemyriot-
des.

tistphone.

vulpecula.

eupolis.

flava.

zigomala.

mirabilis.

244 ZABIRNIA; SABATOGA; LYMANOPODA. By G. Weyer.

from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul, but also occurs (according to STAUDINGER) in Colombia. BorspuvAL
in his ,,Species Général“ gave Chile as locality. BuTLER and ELwes, however, do not mention the species
in their lists of the Chilian butterflies, and RrEp expressly says in his ,,Mariposas Chilenas“ that it is not Chilian.
vulpecula Weym. (52 a) is a female form of tisiphone in which the macular band on the upperside is not yellowish
white but ferruginous red-brown. The cell of the forewing is also reddish brown. Only some small spots before
the apex of the forewing remain light yellow. The under surface is entirely brownish ochreous, which colour
has absorbed all the white spots and rays, only the black veins, spots and longitudinal rays between the veins
being still present. From Rio Grande do Sul.

E. eupolis Hew. (52a, b). Forewing above brown with red-yellow longitudinal stripes at the base, a
sulphur-yellow band beyond the middle and a spot of the same colour before the apex. Hindwing red-yellow
with broad brown distal margin. Beneath as above, but lighter, the apex of the forewing with black longitu-
dinal lines, the hindwing with white, black-edged longitudinal rays between the veins in the marginal area.
From Rio de Janeiro and Esperito Santo. — As flava form. nov. I introduce a form of ewpolis in which the red-
yellow colour of the forewing above and beneath is replaced by sulphur-yellow and the greater part of the hind-
wing is lemon-yellow; of the red-yellow colour of ewpolis only a stripe about 4mm. in breadth beside the brown
distal margin remains. Beneath the lemon-yellow ground-colour of the hindwing extends nearly to the termen,
the brown border being absent, but the black lines and veins, as well as the white, black-edged longitudinal
rays, are as in ewpolis. From Esperito Santo.

39. Genus: Zabirnia Hevw.

Size and shape of Catagramma. Head small. Eyes naked. Palpus long and thin, twice as long as the
head, covered with long hairs. Antenna less than half the length of the forewing, with long club. Forewing:
costal and distal margins convex. Inner margin straight. Costal strongly swollen at the base and reaching
to the middle of the costal margin. Two subcostal veins arise before the end of the cell, which is somewhat
more than half the length of the wing. The upper discocellular is short, the middle forms an angle inwards.
The distal margin of the hindwing is semicircular, the cell less than half the length of the wing.

Z. zigomala Hew. Above dark brown. Basal half of the forewing reddish orange with the veins black.
Beneath as above, but lighter brown, the distal half of the forewing and the whole of the hindwing, with all the
veins and the lines between them black, on the forewing 2 ochre-yellow spots at the costal margin beyond the
middle and a round black spot between the Ist and 2nd median vein. The hindwing has beyond the middle
an indistinct band, somewhat lighter than the ground-colour, running parallel with the distal margin. 54 mm.
From Jima in Ecuador. Coll. Hewirson (Brit. Mus.).

40. Genus: Sabatoga Stgr.

Apex of the forewing produced, not pointed but rounded, the inner angle on the contrary strongly round-
ed off, the costal margin nearly straight, hence the forewing is comparatively narrow. Only one subcostal
vein arises before the end of the cell, subcostal vein 4 runs into the costal margin immediately before the apex.
Hindwing with an obtuse angle in the middle of the distal margin. The rest of the neuration of this wing is as
in Idioneura; the cell is distally as strongly rounded as in that genus. Palpus long, with long hairs. Antenna
thin with the club strongly thickened. Eyes naked.

S. mirabilis Stgr. 3: forewing brown-black with a large, transparent white inner-marginal spot and
a small elongate subapical one. Hindwing whitish, inner margin, base and costal margin densely dusted with
dark brown-grey; only the apical half is pure white, with a row of black spots (which, however, may also be ab-
sent). Beneath the forewing is dirty white, with the apical area red-brown or dull yellow-brown. Hindwing
brown, towards the inner margin grey, on the median vein, the three median branches and the lower radial
are placed silvery stripes, some of which are bordered with brown. 5 black dots between the veins. Only 2
examples of the species are known, in coll. StauDINGER (now in the Zool. Museum in Berlin). They came from the
THALENHORST collection at Hamburg and bear the locality-label: Sabatoga in Colombia.

41. Genus: Lymanopoda Westw.

Palpus long, with long, stiff, erect hairs, only the dorsal surface and the terminal joint short-haired.
Antenna with the club gradually thickened. A special distinguishing mark of the genus is that the forelegs of
the male are very much aborted. Eyes slightly hairy. In the forewing the costal is inflated at the base,
the median only slightly thickened, the submedian not at all. Two subcostal veins arise before the end
of the cell and the 4th subcostal runs into the costal margin before the apex. The upper discocellular is short,
the middle and lower vary in the different species. Sometimes the middle, sometimes the lower, forms a proxi-
mally directed angle, from which arises a small vein running into the cell. Occasionally, however, this veinlet

LYMANOPODA. By G. WEYMER. 245

is placed at the point where the two veins meet, thus forming a continuation of the-lower radial. The hindwing
of several species shows a similar recurrent veinlet, its position varying as in the forewing. — The genus is
composed of small or quite moderate-sized butterflies, mostly with rounded wings. Only the apex of the fore-
wing is in several species almost squared, in single cases even pointed. Others have an obtuse angle in the middle
of the distal margin of the hindwing, while in others again it is placed at the anal angle of the hindwing.
The upper surface is mostly unicolorous brown, only a few species having the ground-colour white or glossy
blue. Frequently white dots are placed in a curved row on both wings, occasionally these are replaced by eye-
spots. Single species have silvery spots or bands on the underside of the hindwing. The head-quarters of this
genus are the Andes of tropical western America, where it is distributed from Costa Rica to Peru.

Upper surface white.

L. lactea Hew. White, base dusted with darker; forewing: costal and distal margins reddish, a black
submarginal stripe, also a spot in the middle of the costal margin, a large quadrate spot at the apex and
a small, round, white-centred spot between the 2nd and 3rd median veins, all black. On the hindwing the
veins are black towards the distal margin; 2 black dots in cellules 4 and 5 and one in cellule 1c. Beneath
white, the margins of the forewing and the whole of the hindwing light yellow. The spots on the forewing
are in part indistinct. The hindwing is traversed by 2 oblique red-brown bands, on the lower of these bands
are placed 3 black dots, a black dot at the apex and 3 further dots in the posterior half of the wing. Expanse
40 mm. From Colombia.

L. galactea Stgr. (52). Slightly glossy white. Forewing with the costal margin narrowly black and
with a broad black distal border, decreasing but little in breadth posteriorly and reaching to the first median
vein. In this are placed several white dots. Hindwing with black spot in the anterior part of the distal margin.
On the under surface the terminal band is shorter and its distal half is brownish. The white dots are here
bordered with black. The underside of the hindwing is crossed by 3 brown transverse stripes which show
through slightly above. From Cillutincara (province of Yungas, Bolivia). Collected by GaRtepp.

L. eubagioides Btlr. Similar to the preceding. White, at the base blackish green, costa, apex and
distal margin of the forewing narrowly ferruginous, the space before the apex from the costa to the first median
vein black. The distal half of the cell and 2 spots in cellules 2 and 3 are also black. In the black apical area
are placed a semicircular spot at the end of the cell, an oblique band midway between cell and apex and 4
small dots before the apex, all white. Beneath white, the forewing with red-brown disc, spotted with white;
costa, apex and distal margin pale ochre-yellow. Two dark spots in cellules 2 and 3, the upper with white
centre and ochre-yellow ring. Hindwing dirty white, dusted with brown, with a number of oblique brown streaks
in the basal area and 7 black dots in the distal area. 43 mm. From Peru.

L. nivea Stgr. (52 c). Forewing white, with black costal and distal margins, the former narrow, the latter
anteriorly broad, posteriorly narrow; four white dots in a curved row before the apex, a black spot on
the discocellular. Hindwing white, only the base dusted with grey. Beneath the costal margin and apex of the
forewing are dusted with yellowish grey. From Ecuador (Quito). — melia form. nov. (52 c) is a form of nivea
in which the black spot on the discocellular of the forewing is joined to the black distal margin, so that the
distal half of the forewing is black to the middle of the costal margin and to the inner angle, and only inter-
rupted by one larger and 2 or 3 small white spots. The hindwing is dusted with darker at the base. On the
underside of the forewing before the apex are placed 3 brown dots in the positions where nivea has white
ones and a 4th brown dot in cellule 3. In the 2 the apex of the forewing and the whole hindwing are dusted
with yellowish grey beneath. Collected by Fasst at the Quindiu Pass in Colombia at 3800 m. in September
to November. — sororcula Thieme is a further form of nivea; markings on the upper surface not black but bright
rust-brown, only the spot at the end of the cell and the distal margin somewhat darkened, the narrow border
at the costal margin rust-yellow. From Ecuador, environs of Chimborazo (HAENSCH).

L. huilana Weym. (52c). The white ground-colour of the upper surface is much darkened in the basal

half of the forewing by dark brown dusting. The apical half is black-brown extending into the cell and to the
inner angle and proximally forming several projecting angles. In it is placed in cellules 4—6 a dull white macular
band. In the middle of cellule 2 there is a dark brown spot on white ground. The hindwing is almost entirely
covered with brown dusting, so that only in the middle somewhat of the white ground-colour remains. The
basal area has white hairs. A row of brown dots before the margin. On the under surface the costal margin,
apex and distal margin of the forewing are brownish ochre with the same row of dots as above. Collected
by Stipent on the Paramo des Huila in Colombia at 4000 m. — tolima form. nov. (52.c) is a form of huwilana
in which the forewing is less dark-dusted, so that there is a large white area in the middle, extending from
the anterior margin of the cell to the anal angle. The round dark brown spot in cellule 2 is as in hwilana.
The dark dusting of the entire hindwing is on the contrary so strong as to produce a bluish grey colouring,

lactea.

galactea.

eubagioides.

nivea,

melia.

sororcula.

hwilana.

tolima.

palumba.

samius.

caeruleata.

cinna.

marianna.

labda.

246 LYMANOPODA. By G. Weymer.

only interrupted by a white longitudinal ray. The underside of the forewing is as in huilana, that of the
hindwing is light brownish yellow with the same white longitudinal ray as on the upper surface but here poste-
riorly bordered with dark brown. The row of dots as above. On the Paramo des Tolima in Colombia, 4200 m.,
found in January by Fass.

L. palumba Thieme. Somewhat smaller than the preceding forms. Forewing white with black-brown
apex, costal and distal bordering. The dark costal border embraces the whole cell, extends broadly to the apex
and then at the distal margin obliquely recedes nearly to the inner angle without proximal teeth. At the base
this margin is glossy slate-green, before the apex ferruginous, otherwise black-brown. A white spot at the end
of the cell, a somewhat larger one above it and 3 or 4 white dots before the apex. Hindwing entirely white,
at the base with slate-green reflection. The under surface is whitish yellow, clouded with rust-brown dusting,
and with a rust-brown spot in the cell of the forewing. From Bolivia (province of Yungas de la Paz).

Upper surface blue.

L. samius Db/. (52c). The most beautiful species of the genus. Above glossy blue with black-brown
distal margin, which gradually decreases in breadth from the costal margin of the forewing to the inner angle
of the hindwing and on the forewing encloses glossy blue spots and white dots. The hindwing is bordered with
a row of black dots. Under surface bright ochre-yellow, on the forewing with 3 or 4 small black, white-pupilled
eye-spots and some white dots before the apex, corresponding in position with the white dots of the upper
surface. On the hindwing are placed a curved row of black dots and a dentate brown submarginal line. Two
brownish transverse stripes run from the basal half of the inner margin to the apex. The @ is lighter and less
glossy blue above. The inner margin of the hindwing is dusted with brownish grey as far as the median.
Sometimes the blue colour is changed into a delicate red. According to Fassu the egg is nearly as large as that
of Pap. machaon, but pear-shaped, broader above than beneath, somewhat constricted in the middle, reddish
grey, with a silky gloss, and with narrow longitudinal ribs, terminating above in a dark elevation. The larva
is still unknown; the foodplant is probably the wild mountain sugar-cane (Chusque), near which Fasst mostly
took the butterflies. Bogota (Colombia) on the mountains bordering the plateau, at altitudes of 2800 to 3200 m.
On account of its rapid flight the butterfly is difficult to catch.

L. caeruleata Godm. & Salv. Above similar to the preceding species, but beneath quite different.
The black distal margin of the glossy blue upper surface is somewhat broader, the blue spots in it are absent,
only the white dots being present above. On the underside the forewing is brown at the base, the central
area broadly black with blue spots and white dots, the apex and distal margin light ochre-yellow. The hindwing
is entirely ochre-yellow, at the base dusted with brownish, with 2 brownish transverse stripes in the basal half,
a brown, dentate submarginal line and a row of 7 dark brown dots. From the Sierra Nevada, Santa Marta, Co-
lombia (Smons).

Upper surface brown.

L. cinna Godm. & Salv. Above brown, forewing with a curved row of 6 white dots. Hindwing with
the base blue, this colour extending along the inner margin to the anal angle. Beneath the forewing is reddish
brown, at the distal margin lighter. The white dots are as above, but all placed in black rings, and on the disco-
cellular there is a light, black-margined patch. The hindwing is somewhat lighter reddish brown and bears
beyond the middle an obscure row of round brown spots with white central dots. Before and behind this row
of spots a dentate brown transverse line. From Guatemala, San Lucas Toliman near the Lake of Atitlan,
taken by CHampron at an elevation of 5000 ft. Only one example, in coll. GopMAN and SaLvIn.

L. marianna Sigr. (52d). Above black-brown. Forewing with 3 white dots before the apex, hindwing
with large golden green inner-marginal spot. Beneath the forewing is chestnut-brown, with the apex brownish
yellow, and before it 3 white dots, 2 black, white-pupilled eye-spots between the median veins. Hindwing
beneath brownish yellow with 2 brown and 2 white-grey transverse bands, as well as 4 or 5 black dots with white
centres. From the mountains of Merida (Venezuela).

L. labda Hew. (52d). ¢$: above unicolorous dark brown. Beneath reddish brown. Forewing with
5 silver-white dots in an interrupted row before the distal margin, the last 2 in black rings. Hindwing with 2
transverse rows of silvery spots and with several small silvery spots and dots between them and at the anal
angle. The 2 was discovered by Fasst and is very different from the g. It has on the upperside of the forewing
5 white dots, 3 before the apex near the distal margin and 2 further removed from the margin between the
median veins. The hindwing is unicolorous brown. Beneath the forewing is yellowish brown to two-thirds of
its length, the distal margin ochre-yellow. Instead of 2 eye-spots there are here 3 before the inner angle. The
white dots before the apex are larger than in the 3. The hindwing has no trace of silvery spots. It is yellowish
white-grey, with the base dusted with light brownish yellow and with 2 transverse stripes of the same colour,

LYMANOPODA. By G. Wrymer. 247

one placed just behind the cell, the other before the distal margin. Localities: Colombia and Ecuador. The
2 was found by Fasst on the Quindiu Pass at Machiu at 2500 m.

L. lebbaea Fidr. (52 d) is somewhat similar to the preceding species, but the forewing is more pointed
with the distal margin nearly straight. On the under surface the hindwing and the apex of the forewing are
not red-brown but brownish ochre. The silvery spots on the hindwing are much reduced in number. Of the
first silvery transverse band only the large spot at the end of the cell is present. The 4 spots of the 2nd
transverse band are smaller, the last spot in particular indistinct. Several of the other silver dots are also ab-
sent. From Bogota (Colombia). The figure is from FELpER’s type in the Tring Museum.

L. ferruginosa Bélr. Similar to labda, but with the apex of the forewing more rounded and the inner
margin shorter. The distal margin of the hindwing is somewhat prominent in the middle. Above brown, fore-
wing with a white dot before the apex and another in the disc. On the under surface of the hindwing all the
larger discal spots are not silvery, as in /abda, but orange, only the spot before the discocellular is yellowish
silvery. From Bolivia. — translucida Stgr. 7. 1. is a form of ferruginosa in which the reddish yellow macular
bands of the under surface of the hindwing show through weakly on the upperside also. On the upperside of
the forewing is placed before the apex a short, indistinct red-yellow band, and beside it proximally 1, distally
3 white dots. Beneath the distal half of the forewing is bright ochre-yellow with 2 black, white-pupilled eye-
spots between the median veins. From Bolivia. — hyagnis form. nov. (52d) is a form with 3 or 4 white dots
before the apex and in the marginal area on the dark brown upper surface of the forewing. Beneath the basal
half of the forewing is light brown, the distal part ochre-yellow, with 2 dark brown, white-pupilled. eye-spots
and 2 brown spots beyond them between the median veins and with several white spots and dots before the
apex. The hindwing is light ochre-yellow, finely dusted with brown, with several brown spots and broken trans-
verse bands. At the posterior end of the cell is placed the silvery spot which is common to all forms of fer-
ruginosa. Bolivia. — rana form. nov. (Thieme i. 1.) (52d). Likewise a form of ferruginosa, with the underside
of the forewing reddish brown and characterized by a broad dark brown submarginal band, in which 2 white
dots are placed between the median veins. A white patch stands before the apex and beside it 3 white dots
near the distal margin. The hindwing has the ground-colour likewise red-brown and 3 dark red-brown transverse
stripes between the middle and the distal margin. Five white dots in a curved row and the silver spot at the
end of the cell stand out distinctly. From Huancabamba in North Peru.

L. jonius Westw. (52 e). The apex of the forewing forms a right angle. Above brown with 4 white dots
in cellules 3—§, the middle 2 placed nearest to the distal margin. Fringes grey. Beneath the base and the costal
and distal margins of the forewing are brownish ochre, the middle red-brown, distally darker, with 5 white
dots. The underside of the hindwing is brownish red-yellow with 3 oblique, dentate brown lines and a row
of black dots. The 2 is more reddish brown above, the hindwing finely margined with reddish yellow at the
inner margin. The forewing has 5 white dots on both surfaces. On the under surface the apex of the forewing
and the whole hindwing are light yellowish grey. Instead of the dentate lines of the ¢ there are in the 9 ob-
scure bands formed of brownish dusting. From Chipaque in the Colombian Kast Cordillera (3000 m.), where
also the 2 was found by Fasst. Flies in April.

L. excisa spec. nov. (52). The distal margin of the forewing is slightly excised below the apex, hence
the apex is prominent, especially in the 9. Above brown, forewing with 5 white dots, placed in a very sinuous
row. Hindwing without markings. Beneath the forewing is red-brown; before the distal margin a black-brown
band, on which are placed 5 or 6 white dots. Hindwing olive-brown with 3 dark brown, almost horizontal
stripes and a row of black dots between the 2nd and 3rd. 9 considerably larger, with the distal margin of the
forewing rounded in the middle. The ground-colour of the forewing is reddish brown above, the dots as in the 3.
The hindwing has the inner margin ferruginous brown for a breadth of 144mm. The fringes are grey-brown.
Beneath the forewing is light red-brown with dark brown spots and bands. The white dots as in the 3. The
hindwing unicolorous yellow-brown with a narrow, oblique brown stripe across the middle. Colombia (Quindiu-
Pass, 3500—3800 m., Monte Socorro, 3600 m.). Discovered by Fassu. Flies in July and September.

L. obsoleta Westw. (= larunda Hopff.) (52). The hindwing is obtusely angled in the middle of the distal
margin. Above brown with 2 white dots, one above the other, before the apex of the forewing. Beneath likewise
brown with the same 2 white dots and below them 2 black eye-spots with white pupils, the first placed proxi-
melly. Hindwing reddish brown, with 2 lilac transverse bands, partly interrupted by rust-red colour, finely
dusted with brown all over, with a strongly curved row of 5 to 7 white dots, often bordered with black. The
2 of this species occurs in 2 forms, which differ not only in the markings but also in shape, one agreeing
with the J, while the other approaches gortyna. The first form (52e) has the distal margin of the forewing more
strongly rounded, but the hindwing has the same obtuse angle as the g. On the upperside of the forewing are
placed four white dots, two in cellules 4 and 5 near the distal margin and two in cellules 2 and 3 more proxi-
mally. The first dot is somewhat larger and transparent. On the under surface of the forewing the 2 eye-spots
are aS in the 3, but broadly margined with red-yellow, and the light bands of the hindwing are broader and
reddish grey-brown. This form was taken by Fassu at the Quindiu Pass, 2500 m., in West Colombia in Sep-

lebbaea.

ferruginosa.

translucida.

hyagnis.

rand.

jonius.

excisa.

obsoleta.

gortynoides.

gortyna.

levana.

apiculata.

curvilinea.

altis.

leaena.

248 LYMANOPODA. By G. Weyer.

tember. The other form of the 9, which I call gortynoides form. nov., has been already briefly mentioned by

“THIEME in the Berliner Entom. Zeitschr., vol. 50, p. 70. It resembles Lym. gortyna, but is smaller (expanse

50 mm.), the hindwing not round but bent or obtusely angled at the distal margin and the row of eye-spots
on the hindwing not present beneath. THreme possessed this form from Bogota, Merida and Bolivia. Fassu
has now also met with it flying together with $3 of obsoleta-larunda in the Colombian East Cordillera. These
29 have the same strongly undulate hindwing that THIEME mentions, but the eye-spots on the underside of
the hindwing are not absent but are present in cellules 1c to 5 (in cellule 1c there are two), and although some
of them are small those in cellules 2 and 3 are distinct, and all have white pupils. The upper surface is dark
brown. Forewing with 2 large ocelli between the median veins, bordered with red-yellow and with white pu-
pils; sometimes also a somewhat smaller, blind eye-spot below them in the inner angle. Two very small, indis-
tinct ocelli before the apex. On the hindwing are placed 5 round black spots in red-yellow rings, in a curved
row, only the last of which has a white pupil. The ground-colour of the under surface is yellowish grey-brown,
finely striated with dark brown, towards the base darker. Forewing with the same markings as the upper sur-
face, but with the bordering of the eye-spots lighter. Hindwing variable as regards the eye-spots, as already
mentioned above. obsoleta (larunda) occurs in Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia. — My grounds for em-
ploying the name obsoleta for this species which is known in Germany under the name larunda are as follows:
HoprFeR says at the conclusion of his description (Stettin. Ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 361): ““Dffers from all the species
known to me in the distinctly angled hindwing.** Thus he has overlooked the fact that the figure of the upper
surface of obsoleta in the ,,Genera Diurnal Lepidoptera‘* shows just these angles and also agrees with larunda
in the shape of the forewing, as well as the colouring and markings. Unfortunately the author of the above
work gives neither a description nor a figure of the under surface. But I am indebted to Mr. Kirpy of London
for a description of the underside of obsoleta drawn up from the type in the Brit. Museum and fully agreeing
with larunda 3.

L. gortyna Weym. (53a). Of this species only the 9 is known; it is similar to the 2nd form of the @
of obsoleta (larunda) and to that of albocincta. It is, however, larger than either. Ground-colour of the upper
surface brown, distally lighter. On the forewing there are 5 eye-spots, of which the 3rd and 4th are placed
more proximally and are much larger than the rest. The hindwing has a proximally curved row of 5 small,
white-pupilled eye-spots. On the under surface the wing is finely striated with dark brown to the base, the
eye-spots on both wings are as above, except that the 2 larger on the forewing are bordered with ochre-yellow
and the smaller, at the anal angle, is absent. The hindwing has a somewhat lighter submarginal band. From
Paramo de Guasco (2500 m.), Colombia (StuBEt).

L. levana Godm. (51 b). Forewing with the apex pointed, but not sharply, distal margin nearly straight.
Upper surface dark brown, both wings with a small black, white-pupilled eye-spot in cellule 2 and one or two
black dots above it. Forewing beneath as above, but the distal margin ferruginous, anteriorly broad, posteriorly
narrow. Hindwing likewise ferruginous, with a strongly dentate ochre-yellow band. Chapmero near Bogota,
2800 m. (Fass). Flies in September.

L. apiculata Fldr. (53a, misprinted apiciculata). Shape of the preceding species, but the apex of the
forewing somewhat sharper and the distal margin slightly excised below the apex. Above dark brown, dis-
tally somewhat lighter, without markings. Beneath likewise dark brown; forewing with a fine, dentate dark
brown submarginal line, which is followed by grey dusting to the distal margin, proximally broadly dusted
with yellowish. Beside this a row of white dots. Hindwing with broad grey-brown distal margin, also with
a row of white dots at its proximal side and traversed by a dark brown dentate submarginal line. In the middle
of the hindwing a row of yellowish brown spots. Colombia (Bogota [Lrypic], Boqueron de Cipaque in the Co-
lombian East Cordillera, 3200 m.). Flies in January (Fass). — curvilinea form. nov. is a form of apiculata
which has on the underside of the hindwing a somewhat outcurved white line instead of the row of yellowish
brown spots. This line traverses the whole wing from 2, of the costal to 24 of the inner margin. Boqueron
de Cipaque, 3200 m., Colombian East Cordillera (Fasst).

L. altis Weym. (521). The apex of the forewing is rectangular, the hindwing rather obtusely angled
at vein 4 and its distal margin somewhat undulate. Above brown; the basal half of both wings somewhat
lighter brown. Beneath lighter brown. The apex of the forewing occupied by a red-brown triangle, at the prox-
imal edge of which are placed several white dots. Between the median veins 2 black, white-pupilled eye-spots
in red-yellow bordering. Across the middle of the hindwing runs a straight white band, irregularly defined at
the edges, from the costal to the inner margin, including the apex of the cell. Beyond this a row of white dots.
Colombia (Paramo de Aponte, 2800 m.) (SttBe), Ecuador.

L. leaena Hew. (52f). Above dark brown; distally reddish brown. Forewing beneath as above, but
with a submarginal row of white dots. Hindwing beneath brown with a straight, light yellow band through
the middle and a row of white dots beyond it. Distal margin dusted with grey. The 9 differs from the ¢ only in
having a small, triangular white spot on the upper surface at the apex of the hindwing, which marks the beginning
of the light band of the under surface. Golombia, eastern slopes of the Cordillera of Bogota, 2000—2500 m.,

Publ. 1, IIT, 1912. LYMANOPODA. By G. Wreymer. 249

Parano de Aponte, 2800 m. (STUBEL), Quindiu Pass, 3800 m. (Fass), Ecuador: Quito (Sripen). — lanassa
Fidr. (52) is a form of leaena with somewhat broader wings, in which the white dots are absent on the under-
side of both wings and the light yellow band is narrower. Before the margin of the forewing there is a
dentate brown line on the under surface. Bogota. — satura form. nov. (52f). Likewise a form of leaena,
on the under surface of which the posterior white dot of the forewing and also the first two and the last
two dots on the hindwing are replaced by eye-spots. These are black with white pupils and yellow rings. Before
the distal margin a dark brown dentate line. Sometimes the eye-spots are very small and indistinct. Cuzco,
2—3000 m. (Peru), Quindiu Pass, 2400 m. (Colombia, Fasst).

L. lisa spec. nov. (52). An easily recognized species. Above brown with a red-yellow band beyond
the middle of the hindwing, which in the anterior half is narrow and indistinct, but in the posterior half
gradually increases in breadth and at the inner angle extends along the distal margin. On the under surface
the forewing is unicolorous dark brown; the hindwing likewise dark brown with a straight, light reddish yellow
band, occupying the same position as above, anteriorly 1 mm., posteriorly 2 mm. in breadth, sharply defined
at both sides and proximally bordered by a white line. Beyond this 2 fine white dots in cellules 2 and 3, and
before the distal margin a brown undulate line. South-East Peru.

L. albocineta Hew. (52c). 3: above unicolorous brown. Beneath reddish brown, forewing with 1 or 2,
occasionally 3 white dots, which, however, may also be entirely absent. Hindwing finely striated with dark
brown, with a fairly straight white band, which is interrupted by the brown veins. The very different 2 (52 c)
was discovered by Fassu. It is similar to gortyna and gortynoides and is distinguished by the large black eye-
spots, with white pupils and red-yellow rings, on the upperside of the forewing between the median veins.
In cellules 4 and 5, nearer to the distal margin are placed 2 small black rings with white centres. Hindwing
without markings. Beneath the forewing is brown, costal and distal margins brownish grey, irrorated with dark
brown, the large eye-spots as above; the small eye-spots replaced by white dots. Hindwing brownish grey,
irrorated with dark brown, with lighter submarginal band. From the Rio Vitaco, 2500 m., West Cordilleras
(Colombia).

L. albomaculata Hew. (52g). Above brown. Beneath reddish brown, forewing with a straight row
of white dots, hindwing with a curved row of 7 nearly round white spots. Sometimes some white dots are
present also on the upperside of the forewing. Colombia, Rio Pongo in Bolivia. — affineola Stgr. 7. 1. (52 g)
is a form of albomaculata in which the first three white spots on the underside of the hindwing are rather large,
but the other 4 very small and punctiform, so that the row appears much more strongly curved. Sometimes
the first and third spots are also very small. On the under surface of the forewing the two posterior white dots
are placed in black rings and removed somewhat proximad. On the upper surface there are on the forewing
3 white dots, on the hindwing one. Cuzco in Peru, Bolivia. — apulia Hop/f., a further form of albomaculata,
differs in haying the white macular band on the underside of the hindwing running straight across the disc
like a string of pearls. The separate spots are round, of uniform size and placed rather close together. On the
upperside of the forewing are 3 red-yellow submarginal spots and on the hindwing a red-yellow subapical spot.
From Bolivia.

L. maso Godm. is aberrant in shape. The apex of the forewing is truncate, the distal margin conse-
quently projecting in an obtuse angle, that of the hindwing is dentate and forms a right angle at the 3rd median
vein. The upper surface is unicolorous brown. Beneath likewise brown, apex of the forewing and inner margin
of the hindwing dusted with lilac. Forewing with an almost straight submarginal row of 6 white dots. Hind-
wing with an excurved row of 6 or 7 white spots, with yellow central dots. 48 mm. From Colombia (Frontino
in Antioquia).

L. villarresi Dogn. has the distal margin of the forewing rounded. That of the hindwing is somewhat
undulate with the inner angle obtuse. The upper surface is unicolorous brown, the under surface likewise
brown, at the distal margin lighter, with a short row of 2 or 3 white spots not far from the apex, neer the costal
margin. 48 mm, From Loja in Kcuador.

L. euopis Godm. & Salv. Distal margin of both wings rounded. ¢: above brown. Forewing with 5
black, white-pupilled eye-spots in a curved row before the distal margin. Hindwing in the middle with a row
of 5 black, non-pupilled spots. Beneath ferruginous, the eye-spots of the forewing as above and placed in an
ochre-yellow band bordered with dark brown. On the hindwing a row of small eye-spots is present instead
of the spots. In the 2 the eye-spots on the upperside of the forewing are placed in a broad, strongly curved
ochre-yellow submarginal band. The distal half of the hindwing is entirely ochre-yellow, only a narrow distal
and inner margin and the row of spots are brown. The under surface in the @ is light brownish ochre-yellow,
darker towards the base; the markings of the forewing as in the g, the hindwing with only a row of brown
dots. Found by Rogers at the Volcan de Irazu and Cache in Costa Rica. Rare.

L. panacea Hew. (522). Above unicolorous brown. Beneath reddish brown, margin of the forewing
and the whole hindwing with undulate dark brown markings. Forewing with 2 black, white-pupilled eye-

V 32

lanassa.

satura.

albocincta.

albomacu-
lata.

affineola.

apulia.

Maso.

villarrest.

euopis.

panacea.

VENUSLUL.
marica.

caucand.

cillutinarca.

venosa,

acraeida.

malia.

poesia.

phanaraea.

250 PEDALIODES. By G. Weymer.

spots and a white dot above them. Hindwing with a row of small black dots, some of which have white pupils.
The 9 is reddish brown above, distally paler, with 4 eye-spots which have light reddish rings and white
pupils, the 2 placed before the apex being smaller. From Ecuador (Huamboya, Riobamba). — venusia Hopff.
(52 g) is a form of panacea in which the white dots on the underside are silvery and more numerous. The black
dots of the hindwing all have silver-white pupils. From Peru. — marica Stgr. (53 a), likewise a form of panacea,
differs in the 3 having on the upperside of the forewing 2 distinct black eye-spots between the median veins
and sometimes single eye-spots also on the hindwing above. Cuzco (Peru). — caucana form. nov. (52 g), a further
panacea form, has both above and beneath 3 white dots in an oblique row before the apex of the forewing. On
the under surface the apex as far as these dots is bright light rust-brown, which colour is continued along
the distal margin to the inner angle. The rest of the forewing is dark black-brown with 2 or 3 white dots in cel-
lules lb, 2 and 3. The hindwing is dark .rust-brown with a curved row of 4 or 5 obscure black dots with
white pupils. Cauca Valley (Colombia). f

L. cillutinarca spec. nov. (Stgr. 7. Ll.) (53a). Above unicolorous reddish brown, distally somewhat
lighter. Beneath the same, on each wing with a row of 4 or 5 white dots, running parallel with the distal margin,
some of them placed in fine black rings. A fine dark brown dentate line, near the distal margin on both wings.
From the Mapiri (Bolivia).

L. venosa Bilr. (52g). Above brown. Forewing in the middle of the distal margin obscurely dusted
with brownish red-yellow. Beneath there are 3 red-yellow spots at this place. The hindwing is somewhat
lighter brown beneath, with the veins dark brown. Peru, Bolivia.

L. acraeida Btlr. (Trophonina a. R6éb.) (52g). Above reddish brown with a row of 6 red-yellow spots
betore the distal margin of the forewing, posteriorly becoming smaller and nearer to the margin. Beneath the
ground-colour of the forewing is somewhat lighter brown, the red-yellow macular band is as above, the space
between this band and the distal margin is yellow-brown, intersected by the dark brown veins and interneural
longitudinal lines. The yellow-brown colour is continued along the costal margin to the base. The hindwing is
entirely yellow-brown beneath with the veins and interneural longitudinal lines dark brown. The markings of
the under surface mimic those of the Acraeids. 2 dimorphic, the basal half of the forewing pale reddish, that
of the hindwing ot a leaden hue, distal half of both wings yellow-brown. On the forewing 2 red-yellow longitudi-
nal streaks are placed before the apex. The two colours of the hindwing shade gradually into one another. The
under surface is paler and without the leaden gloss. Ecuador (Riobamba, Huamboya), Peru, Bolivia. — malia
Godm. (= marginalis Stgr. 7. 1.) (85 a) is a form of acraeida in which the hindwing also bears a row of red-yellow
spots before the distal margin on the upper surface. Peru (Rio Colorado, Pozuzo).

Note: Lymanopoda varola Schaus cf. Manerebia cyclopina Stgr. (p. 239).

42. Genus: Pedaliodes Biir.

An extensive genus, characterized by the more or less undulate or angled form of both forewing and hind-
wing. Only the costal vein of the forewing is inflated at the base; median and submedian not swollen. Two subcostal
veins arise before the end of the cell on the forewing. The recurrent vein is not present in either wing, or is only
weakly indicated. The eyes are strongly hairy and the rather long palpus densely clothed with stiff hairs. Antenna
without distinctly defined club, towards the tip gradually thickened. The headquarters of the genus are the
high Cordilleras of Colombia to Bolivia, from whence single species have spread to Mexico on the one hand
and Brazil on the other. They replace in these districts the Hrebia of the temperate zone. They occur far
above the forest-region, often in great numbers, frequenting wet places on the road; when disturbed they
do not fly up, but seek to hide themselves among the stems of the plants nearest at hand. A very large number
of the forms cited here are given by Hewrrson and other authors as Pronophila, hence the synonymy of
this genus requires careful attention.

Poesia Group.

P. poesia Hew. (53 b). As in most species of this group, the forewing is obtusely cut off at the apex.
The upper surface is unicolorous dark brown. On the under surface, before the apex of the forewing, is placed
a light grey spot finely dotted with brown, on the hindwing a small white spot at the costal margin and a white
dot at the analangle. The @ is lighter beneath. It has a light brown, obscure submarginal band on the forewing
and a distinct light brown band on the hindwing, which is marbled with dark brown and bears some white
dots. A second form of the 2 is phanaraea Hew. (= pharanaea Thieme) (53b, erroneously called pelinaea
on the plate). It is distinguished from the type-form by having on the underside of the forewing in the middle
of the submarginal band beside the white dots several chestnut-red spots placed one behind another. Co-

PEDALIODES. By G. Wrymer. 251

lombia (Salto de Tequendane [SttBeEL,] Quindiu Pass, Rio Vitavo [Fasst]), Ecuador (Huamboya [STwUBEL)).

P. japhleta Bélr. (¢ = polemon Sm.) (53 b, erroneously called phanaraea on the plate) is rather like japhleta.
the preceding species, but differs in the large, triangular white spot at the inner margin on the underside of
the hindwing. The Q of this species also possesses the rust-red spots before the middle of the distal margin
on the underside of the forewing which are present in phanaraea and are wanting in the 3g, and the latter
was described by Gr.-SmitH as polemon. Merida (Venezuela).

P. pelinaea Hew. (= apicalis Stgr.) (53 b, erroneously called japhleta on the plate). Upper surface pelinaea.
dark brown, before the apex of the forewing with 2 white spots and some white dusting before and behind
them. On the under surface these spots are widened into a band, which is continued to the middle of the distal
margin. The underside of the hindwing shows a curved row of small spots formed of white dusting and some
white dots between them. Bolivia (San Jacinto, Loco Valley, Corvico and San Antonio). The further locality
“St. Domingo”, given by TuremeE from the Tring Museum, is still doubtful.

P. hewitsoni Stgr. (53 b). The upper surface is black-brown, the fringes chequered with brown and hewitsoni.
white. Beneath the forewing is red-brown to beyond the middle. Beyond the middle of the costal margin is
placed a black-brown spot, which is sometimes continued as a dark band to the inner margin; the distal
margin is dark brown; before the apex there is a whitish grey spot. Hindwing grey-brown, marbled and banded
with dark brown. At the costa are placed two white spots and in cellule 2a white dot. From Bolivia (Yungas
de la Paz, Loco Valley, San Antonio). — Whether primera Weeks is a form of hewitsoni or a separate species I primera.
cannot decide, as I have neither seen an example nor the figure. According to THtmMmn’s description the under-
side of the hindwing has the anal area silver-white and 2 silver dots of unequal size; in hewitsoni only one of
the latter is present and the former character is wanting. The rest of the markings agree. From Bolivia.

P. perisades Hew. (53b). The species may be known by the underside of the forewing being almost perisades.
entirely chestnut-red and by the semicircle of silver-white spots on the hindwing beneath. The upper surface is
unicolorous brown. Bolivia (Corvico, Yungas de la Paz).

P. illimania Stgr. (53). Above black-brown, the fringes chequered with somewhat lighter brown. #limania.
Beneath the forewing is similar to that of perisades, but has several small white spots before the apex. The hind-
wing is brown, marbled and banded with silver-grey, a row of white dots and somewhat darker distal margin.
Only 1 example, taken by Gartepp on the [limani, in Bolivia, at an altitude of 4000 m. Koll. StauprncER
in the Zool. Museum in Berlin.

P. phrasicla Hew. (= perperna Fidr., labulla Thieme, phrasicles Kirby) (53). Above uniform dark phrasicla.
brown. On the under surface the species is easy to recognize by the round white spot placed in cellule 4
of the hindwing and somewhat out of alignment with the other white dots, being removed basewards; the
hindwing marbled with dark brown. In the 3 there are sometimes indications of a whitish yellow spot at the
costal margin of each wing. The @2 (53 c) has these spots larger and more distinct. In addition the submarginal
band of both wings is lighter than in the g, and hence stands out much more distinctly. Widely distributed,
Colombia (Rio Vitaco and East Cordilleras), Ecuador, Peru (Oroya), Bolivia. According to a figure prepared
in the Tring Museum Pronophila perperna Fldr. is = phrasicla Hew. Hence the name labulla Thieme must sink.
— galaxias Thieme is a form of phrasicla in which the costal spots on the under surface of both wings are large galaaias.
and snow-white. From Peru (Oroya and Callanga) and Bolivia (Rio Songo).

P. leucocheilos Godm. & Salv. In this species the apex of the forewing is not obliquely cut off but Jewcocheilos.

obtusely angled and the distal margin is rounded. Upper surface dark brown, before the distal margin with
a row of white spots, extending from the costal to the inner margin, gradually decreasing in size and only separated
by the broad brown veins. Beneath the forewing is dark brown, with a large whitish triangle before the apex
and a red-brown longitudinal stripe, running from the base nearly to the distal margin. The hindwing is marbled
with grey and brown, with 2 white spots at the costa and 2 white dots at the anal angle. This beautiful
and rare species was found by Simons only in the Sierra Nevada, Santa Marta, Colombia and is in the Museum
GopMAN and SAtvIy.

P. plautius Sm. Above olive-brown, with a brownish white spot at the costal margin of the forewing, plautius.
before the apex. Beneath the forewing is as above, except that the ground-colour is darker and the white
spot larger. Along the distal margin runs a narrow stripe, irrorated with whitish. The hindwing is yellow-
brown, marbled with dark brown, with a large light yellow-brown area between the veins of the median and
several small spots of the same colour before the apex and in the basal area. Beyond the middle of the costal
margin a white spot. A white dot in cellule 2. From Bolivia.

P. puma Thieme (53 c). Above unicolorous dark brown. Beneath the basal half of the forewing is chest- puma.
nut-red, the distal margin brown with 4 white dots in a row before the apex. The hindwing is peculiarly marked.

proerna.

phrasa.

obscura.

phrasina.

exanima.

fumaria.

simpla.

empusa

poetica.

exul.

naevia.

252 PEDALIODES. By G. Weyer.

It is brownish grey, with a large number of small blackish marks, each of which is of an approximately reniform,
but indefinite shape, and which are arranged in transverse rows. In the middle «f the costa a silver-white
patch, before the apex some white dusting and at the anal angle a white dot. From Bolivia. Coll. StaupincGER,
in the Zool. Museum in Berlin.

Proerna Group.

P. proerna Hew. (53.c). The oldest described species of this group, which are mostly without markings.
The distal margin of the forewing is rounded, that of the hindwing undulate. Above unicolorous brown. On
the under surface the forewing is in places somewhat reddish, its apex and the whole hindwing marbled with
erey, the latter with a white dot at the apex and another at the anal angle. Colombia (Llanos de San Martin);
Ecuador (Cerro Pululagua, Huamboya); Bolivia. — phrasa Sm. & Kirby (53d) is a form of proerna in which
the posterior of the 2 white dots on the underside of the hindwing is larger and more distinct. The reddish
dusting is absent, but it is somewhat dusted with grey before the apex of the forewing and in the middle of the
hindwing. Also on the upper surface the costa of the forewing and the apex of the hindwing are marbled with
grey. From Bolivia. — obscura Sm. & Kirby (= pronoe Stgr.) is a form similar to phrasa, with the upper
surface brown, towards the distal margin somewhat lighter, and the incisions in the margin whitish. The
2 dots on the underside of the hindwing are of unequal size, as in phrasa, but in obscura there are often further
some fine white dots towards the costal margin of both wings. Sometimes also the disc of the forewing or the
anal angle of the hindwing is somewhat reddish. Bolivia. — phrasina Stgr. is merely a local form of obscura
with the white dots before the costal margin on the underside of the forewing very distinct. From Yungas
in Bolivia.

P. exanima Hrsch. seems to me to belong in this group. THIEME indeed cites the species in the genus
Pronophila, where Erscuorr had placed it, but ERscuorr’s work was not at the time accessible te Herr
THEME. Through the kindness of Mr. Kirpy I had some time ago an opportunity cf examining this work
and was able to make notes and sketches from it. From these I judge exanima to be a Pedaliodes near to phrasa;
Erscuorr describes it as follows: Expanse 55mm., forewing with the margins entire, hindwing weakly dentate.
Both wings unicolorous brown above. Beneath likewise brown, the hindwing with rather broad, somewhat
lighter border, in which is placed in cellule 2, about 3mm. from the distal margin, a distinct white dot.
According to the description and Erscuorr’s figure, which represents a female, no other dots are present.
Locality: Pumamarca, Peru.

P. fumaria 7'hieme (53 c). Upperside of both wings and underside of the forewing as in proerna. On
the under surface of the hindwing is placed a half-band, composed of grey-white atoms, which runs from the
inner margin nearly to the middle of the wing and is proximally pointed. In the g¢ this band is often
scarcely indicated, in the 992 on the contrary very distinct. Venezuela (Merida).

P. simpla Thieme (53d). One of the smallest and plainest species. The distal margin of the forewing
fairly straight, that of the hindwing undulate. Above dark brown, in the distal third gradually becoming some-
what lighter, in the middle of the forewing an indistinctly defined dark scent-scale spot. Beneath the colour-
ing is lighter brown, almost without dark marbling. A minute, scarcely visible white dot in cellule 2 of the hind-
wing, in the Peruvian examples entirely absent. Ecuador (Banos), Peru (Huancabamba, Cuzco).

P. empusa Fld. (= dryas Stgr. 7. 1.) (53 d). Above unicolorous brown, fringes of the forewing chequered
with brown and white, those of the hindwing with brown and light brown. On the under surface the forewing
is irrorated with light brown before the apex, at the costa there is a white spot and in cellules 2—5 four white
dots in a straight row. Hindwing finely striated with brown all over, a white curved spot at the costal margin
and two white dots in cellules 2and 3. From the neighbourhood of Bogota and Muzo in Colombia and from
Cuzco (Peru).

P. poetica Stgr. (53d) is very like empusa, and according to THtEME may be regarded as a Bolivian
form of this, but the forewing is more rounded at the apex and on the underside of the forewing the row of dots
and the costal spot are absent, while on the other hand there are at the costal margin 4 fine white dots at fairly
uniform distances apart and below them some sparse white dusting. The underside of the hindwing is sprink-
led all over with fine white dusting, especially at the distal margin. The white spot at the costal margin of this
wing is larger than in empusa and divided into 2 parts by the subcostal vein. The fringes on both wings
are unicolorous brown above and beneath, not chequered. Hence I regard poetica as a good species. From
Cocapata in Bolivia. — exul Thieme (53e) is a form of poetica in which the dark brown scent-scale spot
on the upperside of the forewing extends from the inner margin to the base and the fine whitish dusting on
the underside of the hindwing and at the costal margin of the forewing is absent. The white spot at the
costal margin of the hindwing is smaller. The fringes are brown as in poetica. The most southern form of the
species. Rio de Janeiro.

P. naevia Thieme resembles proerna above, being dark brown with narrow scale-spot. Beneath some-

PEDALIODES. By G. Wrymer. 253

what lighter. The forewing has here 4 white dots at the costa as in poetica, of which the second, reckoning
from the apex, is extended into a small spot. Before the middle of the distal margin a rather small, sharply
defined chestnut-red wedge-spot. Hindwing ferruginous, but little clouded, with an indistinct dark discal
band, a very small, obscure grey costal spot and a white dot at the anal angle. From S. Inez in Ecuador.

P. auraria Thieme (53f). Upper surface brown with very large, straight-margined scale-spot, extend- awraria.
ing to the costal and inner margins. Beneath lighter brown, at the costal margin irrorated with dark brown
and gold-yellow, mixed with silver-white scales. Fringes chequered with brown and white. The hindwing
beneath marbled with brown and black-brown, with a row of white submarginal dots and a bright gold-yellow
costal spot, such as otherwise only recurs in pallantias Hew. From Vilcanota in Peru. 2 3¢ in coll. Srav-
DINGER in the Zool. Museum in Berlin.

Prosa Group.

P. prosa Sigr. (= phrasina Sm.) (53 f). Above dark black-brown, the scent-scale spot only reaching pyosa,
as far as the posterior end of the cell. Under surface brown, both wings with a broad lighter brown submarginal
band, traversed in the middle by a row of white dots. The dot in cellule 2 of the hindwing is larger than the
rest. At the costal margin of this wing a white spot, at the inner margin sometimes an obscure red-brown
one. From Bolivia (Loco Valley, San Jacinto, Yungas de la Paz).— phrasiclea Sm. (53d) is a form of prosa, phrasiclea.
chiefly differing in the absence of the white costal spot on the underside of the hindwing, the presence of a di-
stinct rust-red spot at the inner margin of this wing and of a grey band in the cell of the forewing. From
Bolivia. — phrasis Sm. (53 e) is a form in which the darkening has proceeded still further. The basal half phrasis.
of both wings is entirely dark brown and only the distal part of the submarginal band is perceptible, while
only the white dots stand out distinctly. From Bolivia.

P. pheretiades Sm. & Kirby (= subtangula Stgr.) (53f). This species may be known by the snow- pheretiades.
white apical spot on the underside of the forewing, below which is placed a brownish red-yellow spot. The upper
surface is dark brown, in the middle of the forewing with a velvety scent-scale spot, distally lighter. The white
spot of the under surface shows through above, but is here light brown. — In the form suffumata Stgr. this suffumata.
spot is dull white on the upper surface, somewhat dusted with brown. The red-yellow spot on the under surface
is often joined to the white apical spot. Bolivia, 1500—3000 m.

P. emma Sigr. A beautiful species; upper surface brown with 4 oval white spots before the distal emma.
margin of the forewing, which decrease in size posteriorly, except that the 3rd is somewhat smaller than the
4th. On the under surface the last 2 white spots are placed in broad black rings, otherwise they are as above.
The underside of the hindwing is as in pheretiades. From the Rio Songo (prov. Yungas de la Paz in Bolivia).

P. panthides Hew. (= panthius Kirby) (53f). Upper surface unicolorous brown. Beneath the fore- panthides.
wing is red-brown in the basal half, distally marbled with brown and dark brown and with 2 dark transverse
bands. Hindwing marbled with light and dark brown and with a darker band across the middle, a row of darker
spots before the margin and 2 or 3 white dots. Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz, Cocopata).

Perperna Group.

P. perperna Hew. (— Pronoph. satyroides Fldr.) (53 c). Above dark brown, distally somewhat lighter, perperna.
the 2 with a black, white-pupilled eye-spot in cellule 2 of the forewing, which in the 3 is usually replaced
by a round black spot, but may sometimes also be entirely absent. In single cases, however, this spot has also
in the 3 a white pupil. On the under surface the eye-spot is always large with a distinct white pupil,
a second eye-spot is placed in cellule 2 of the hindwing and a further round white spot before the apex
of the forewing. In the 2 these eye-spots and dots on a yellowish grey, sometimes somewhat reddish, sub-
marginal band, striated with brown. Inthe ¢ this band is less distinct. Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui), Colombia
(Cauca Valley, Carmen, 1600 m.), Venezuela (Caracas). — petronius Sm. is a form of perperna, distinguished petronius.
by the larger size of the 2 (65 mm. in expanse). The apex of the forewing is somewhat more produced, otherwise
the shape is as in perperna, the somewhat prominent angle at the 3rd median vein of the hindwing being
also present. The upper surface of both wings is velvety dark brown, the distal third of the forewing is some-
what lighter. The eye-spot of perperna is absent above. On the under surface the submarginal band of both
wings is broader and more distinct. Proximally to this band is placed at the costal margin of the forewing a
brownish white triangle and at the costal margin of the hindwing a brownish white spot. The eye-spot on each
wing and the white dot in cellule 5 of the forewing are as in perperna. The male is still undescribed. From
Valdivia in Colombia. Coll. Grose-Smiru.

pisonia.

manis.

dejecta.

254 PEDALIODES. By G. Weyer.

Pisonia Group.

P. pisonia Hew. (53f). Above unicolorous brown, lighter towards the distal margin. Beneath lighter
brown, finely dark marbled, beyond the middle with an angled dark brown transverse stripe, followed distally
by the somewhat lighter submarginal band, and with a more or less distinct row of white dots on both wings.
The dot in cellule 2 of the hindwing is bordered with black. The 9 is lighter brown above and has on the
forewing a dark brown band. — manis Fldr. (53 e) is a form of pisonia, differing in its smaller size and in having
the inner margin of the hindwing beneath rust-red, this colour varying in its extent. The forewing is also less
elongate and its distal margin somewhat more rounded than in pisonia. The 2 of manis likewise differs from
the 3 in the lighter colouring above and beneath. Both forms occur in the high mountains of Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. — dejecta Bates (= lithochalcis Btlr.) (54 a) is likewise a form of pisonia,

_ distinguished by the rust-brown gloss between the medians on the underside of the forewing. From Costa

circum-
ducta.

manneju.

pomponia.

amussis.

phanias.

granuata.

silpa.

panyasis.

Rica, Guatemala, Panama. — circumducta Thieme, a further form belonging here, very near to dejecta, has on
the upperside of both wings a broad submarginal band of glossy, light olive-brown colour. The scale-spot on
the forewing is not so large as in dejecta and more divided into streaks. This form reaches furthest north of all
the Pedaliodes. It inhabits Mexico. Coll. StavpDINGER (formerly SomMMER), now in the Zool. Museum, Berlin.

P. manneja Thieme (= Pronoph. pisonia Hew. var., Pedal. manis Kirby) differs from pisonia in having
the upper surface unicolorous brown, not lighter distally, and in having a white costal spot on the underside
of the hindwing. The submarginal band on the forewing beneath is only distinct proximally, becoming obso-
lescent distally. From Venezuela. The locality ‘“‘Colombia’’ is uncertain. The butterfly is only represented
in old collections and has not been found for the last 50 years.

P. pomponia Hew. Shape as in pisonia. Above olive-brown. Forewing with a light golden brown
submarginal band of moderate breadth, which is proximally rather sharply defined. The under surface is grey-
brown, mostly with dark brown undulate markings, both wings with a black-brown bordered submarginal
band, on the forewing of a light wood-colour, on the hindwing light grey-brown and strongly sprinkled
with dark brown. From Ecuador (Pishcourco and Santa Inez).

Panyasis Group.

P. amussis 7'hieme (54 a). This species may be recognized by the almost straight costa of the hindwing,
the apex of which is sharply rectangular, a form which does not occur elsewhere in Pedaliodes. For the
rest the margin of both wings is obtusely dentate, with a somewhat prominent angle below the apex of the fore-
wing. Above unicolorous brown, the tips of the fringes in the incisions white. Beneath the forewing is olive-
brown with broad, somewhat lighter submarginal band, on which is placed a row of white dots, and with the
apex brown, marbled with white. The hindwing is marbled with light and dark brown beneath, with several
rows of dark brown spots, 2 white costal spots and a row of white dots. Colombia (province of Cauca).

P. phanias Hew. (54 a). Above unicolorous brown, before the distal margin somewhat lighter. Beneath
with dark brown transverse lines, dark striation and lighter submarginal band on both wings. The 929 are
sometimes very large (cf. pl. 54a). The early stages have been described by W. Mittier. The full-grown larva
is nearly 314 cm. in length, thickened in the middle and terminating in 2 short anal points. The faceis quadrate,
brown, bordered with black, the cheeks are dark grey, the dorsal part light grey, the vertex bearing 2 short,
obtuse, conical horns. The body is light grey with grey-green lateral stripes and in addition on the first 3 seg-
ments with a darker longitudinal stripe. Above the stigmata are placed posteriorly ascending lines. The
larva lives on bamboo and is suspended free for pupation. The pupa is dull white and light grey. It has
several obtuse angles and irregularities in the middle and 2 moderately long horns. The butterfly is distri-
buted in South Brazil in the provinces of Minas Geraes and Parana and also occurs in Paraguay. — granu-
lata Bilr. is a large form of phanias in which the central area on the underside of both wings is marbled with
dark brown and with the distal boundary uniformly dentate. Thus the light submarginal band on both wings
is not broader at the inner than at the costal margin. From Colombia (Bogota). — silpa Thieme, a small form
of phanias, has the apex of the forewing somewhat more pointed and the distal margin straighter. On
the under surface there are two darker transverse stripes in the cell of the forewing. On the hindwing a dark
median band runs from the middle of the costal to the middle of the inner margin, and is strongly excurved
in the middle of the wing. From Bolivia (Illimani, Yungas, de la Paz), Peru (Limbani), Ecuador (Huamboya).

P. panyasis Hew. (54a). Above red-brown. Forewing with some white dots at the costal margin
before the apex, which is almost rectangular. Fringes chequered with brown and white. Beneath the forewing is
likewise red-brown, at the costal margin and before the apex marbled with dark brown and grey. The hind-
wing is light and dark marbled throughout, with two dark dentate transverse bands particularly prominent,

PEDALIODES. By. G. WEyYMeER. 255

one before, the other behind the middle. At the distal side of each of these bands is placed a row of quadrate
whitish yellow spots, the first of which are close to the costal margin. From Merida (Venezuela) and Bo-
gota (Colombia). — mara Thieme is a form of panyasis in which the underside of the forewing lacks the wood- mara.
yellow line beyond the middle, which is replaced by bronze-yellow dots placed parallel with the distal margin.

The hindwing is in parts somewhat copper-red. From Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz).

P. drymaea Hew. (= Daedalma d., angularis Bélr.) (54a). The upper surface is dark brown, in the drymaea.

distal third of the wing changing gradually into light brown. The fringes brown, chequered with light brown.

On the under surface the apex of the forewing is strongly dotted with white, before it a yellowish line simi-

larly as in panyasis. The marbling of the hindwing is much darker than in panyasis and is condensed into

dark transverse bands. Between these is placed at the costa a whitish spot, which is continued as a straight,

light brown stripe to the middle of the wing and is here lost in the marbling. By this stripe the species is easy

to recognize. The Q is like the ¢. H&wrrson gives Colombia as locality,) where Fassu has also recently found

both sexes at the Cipaque and at the Quindiu Pass at altitudes of 3000 m. This is interesting inasmuch

as THIEME questioned its occurrence in ‘““New Granada’’, i. e. Colombia. The species occurs also in Bo-

livia (Yungas de la Paz) and Peru (Agualani). — rahab Thieme, the Peruvian form of drymaea, is somewhat rahab.
larger than the latter, with the wings less dentate and the distal margin of the forewing less produced.

The upper surface is unicolorous bronze-brown, not lighter distally. Beneath the wings are lighter brown

with rust-red apex and grey atoms at the costal margin. The scheme of markings on the hindwing is as in
drymaea, but darkened with rust-brown. A small spot on the costa and a larger one at the apex are distinct-

ly lighter. Peru (Chaliabamba, 3300 m.).

P. tomentosa spec. nov. (54b). Size of drymaea, the apex of the forewing somewhat more produced, tomentosa.
distal margin of the hindwing undulate. Above black-brown, the fringes lighter brown between the veins.
Beneath olive-brown, the costal margin of the forewing with several small, white-powdered spots before
the apex. Hindwing finely striated with dark brown all over, with 2 indistinct brown dentate lines before
and beyond the middle. The inner and distal margins are sprinkled near the apex with fine whitish grey pow-
dering, suggesting the appearance of mildew. In cellule 2 and in cellule 3 a white dot. From Bogota. 2800 m.
Discovered by Fasst.

P. muscosa Thieme (54b). Above brown with large, darker scale-spot on the forewing and a whi- muscosa.
tish spot on the costa of the hindwing. Beneath the forewing is olive-brown with a yellow-brown submarginal
band, which is anteriorly bent basewards. Before the apex a white-dusted triangle and 3 white dots. Hind-
wing similar to panyasis, marbled with light and dark brown, in the anterior part strongly dotted with white,
so as to form in the basal area 2 lighter bands and before the apex a lighter half-band. Bolivia (Yungas
de la Paz, Corvico, San Antonio), Colombia (Alto de las Ances, 2200 m., Fasst).

P. jephtha Thieme (54b) resembles muscosa in the scheme of markings, but the forewing is not round- jephtha.

ed, but forming an acute angle at the apex, its distal margin not produced, but nearly straight; at the same
time distinctly and sharply dentate. Above unicolorous brown. On the under surface of the forewing the
apex is not spotted with pure white but powdered with grey and a row of grey spots is placed along the an-
terior part of the costal margin. Hindwing dark marbled and crossed by 2 distinct white oblique bands, with
dentate margins, one from the middle of the inner margin straight to the middle of the costa, the other
as a half-band from the inner angle to the 3rd median vein. From the Cordilleras on the coast of Colombia
(province of Antioquia).

P. niveonota Bilr. Above pitch-black. Forewing beneath ferruginous with brown costa and a qua- niveonota.
drate brown spot at the end of the cell, behind it a conical yellow spot; a grey submarginal band with 3 white
dots; distal margin broadly brown. Hindwing beneath olive-brown, sprinkled with black and _ silver-grey
dots, across the middle a silver-grey band which becomes white at the inner margin, a silver-grey spot at the
apex, several small spots of the same colour before the distal margin and between them a row of silvery dots.
Fronr Huasampilla in Peru (3000 m.) (WHITELY). Only in the British Museum.

Pammenes Group.

P. pammenes Hew. (54b) may be recognized by the reddish cinnamon colouring in the distal half of pammenes.

both wings above. The distal margin in the forewing is rounded, the fringes chequered with brown and white.

The under surface is similar to the upper, but lighter. On the costa of the forewing behind the middle a light

brown spot and before the apex 3 white dots. Hindwing red-brown with a broad, light red-brown submar-

ginal band, dentate at the edges and striated with dark brown, in which is placed a row of white dots in

black rings. In the middle of the costa a narrow whitish spot. Bolivia (Rio Chaco, Rio Tanampaya,

San Antonio). — garleppi Thieme is the mountain form of pammenes, in which the submarginal band on the garleppi.
under surface is indistinct and the eye-spots placed in it are indistinct or entirely absent. From Cillutincara

(3000 m.) and other high mountain localities in Yungas de la Paz (Bolivia).

antulla.

daulis.

patizathes.

paeonides.

costipunc-
tala.

pallantias.

uniformis.

phanoclea.

poreia.

albutia.

phthiotis.

stmmias.

piletha.

256 PEDALIODES. By G. Wreymer.

P. antulla Thieme has the extreme apex of the forewing not rounded, but somewhat produced. The
upper surface is unicolorous dark brown, the scale-spot does not extend into the cell. Beneath: forewing dark
grey-brown, only in the anterior distal half somewhat lighter with 3 white dots before the apex. Hindwing
dark red-brown, the posterior half of the inner and distal margins chestnut-red. Beyond the middle a distinct
lighter discal line, at the apex a silver-white hook and a silvery dot below it, and in the middle of the costa a
2nd silvery dot. The 2 has the markings paler. Limbani, Upper Peru.

P. daulis Thieme (54b). Forewing with rather sharp apex, above unicolorous brown, the scale-spot
small and triangular. Beneath lighter brown; the dark basal half of the forewing is separated from the distal
part by a light line, which does not quite reach the inner margin. Below the apex 4 white dots. On the hind-
wing the discal line is somewhat undulate and extends from the costa] to the inner margin. A row of white dots
before the distal margin, the first widened into a spot. A further white dot beyond the middle of the costa.
From Callanga in the province of Cuzco in Peru.

P. patizathes Hew. (= palizethes Kirby) (54). Above unicolorous brown. Beneath marbled with
somewhat lighter brown, with a reddish brown submarginal band on the forewing. The hindwing with a white
costal spot, joined to the costal margin by a fine point. From Ecuador (BUCKLEY), Quindiu Pass in Colombia,
2800 m. (FASSz).

P. paeonides Hew. (= Pron. porcia Hew. on HEwitTson’s plate) is near the preceding species, but
the forewing is not truncate. The upper surface is reddish brown, darkest in the middle of the forewing. The
under surface is reddish brown, the hindwing dark sprinkled. The forewing as well as the hindwing has
a costal spot, but both are very small and dull white. A small, narrow dirty white stripe runs from the
3rd median vein to the inner margin near the anal angle, by which the species may be known. From
Ecuador. — costipunctata form. nov. (54c). I regard as the Colombian form of paeonides. It is deep black-
brown above, only at the distal margin of the forewing somewhat lighter for a breadth of about 3 mm.
The small costal spots on the under surface consist on both wings of only a few white scales, and the
fine white transverse line in the posterior part of the hindwing is also composed of single, widely-separated
scales. Fringes dark brown. Distinguished from simmias, to which it has also some resemblance, by the
entire absence of the rust-red colour. From Monte del Eden, Ibague, Colombia, 2700 m., December (Fasst).

P. pallantias Hew. is reddish brown above, darkest in the middle of the forewing. Beneath reddish
brown, striated with dark brown. Costal spots large, that of the forewing 4 mm. in length, triangular, that
of the hindwing 10 mm., in the middle angularly bent, reddish yellow. From Ecuador.

P. uniformis spec. nov. (54c). Forewing with the apex rectangular. Above dark reddish brown,
fringes in the anterior half of the forewing between the veins with whitish tips, otherwise brown. Under surface
of the same colour, with only a trace of a small, somewhat lighter brown costal spot at 23 of the costal mar-
gin visible on both wings. In addition a brownish white dot in cellule 2 of the hindwing. The white tips
of the fringes on the forewing as above. From Bolivia.

Phanoclea Group.

P. phanoclea Hew. The species of this group are distinguished by the elongate hindwing. phanoclea
is brown above, towards the anal angle of the hindwing red-brown. Beneath the forewing is brown with a
short white band at the costa, the hindwing yellow-brown, striated with dark brown, traversed by a straight
wood-yellow median band and with a row of 4 black dots with white centres. Ecuador.

P. porcia Hew. (= Pron. paeonides on Hewirson’s plate) 54c¢). Recognizable by the light yellow
half-band at the apex of the hindwing beneath. The upper surface is unicolorous brown. Ecuador (BUCKLEY),

Colombia (Monte Socorro and Quindiu Pass, 3500 m., Fass). — albutia Thieme is a somewhat larger form _
with the light half-band on the underside of the hindwing twice as broad and not light yellow but pure white.
The costal spot on the underside of the forewing is also pure white. From Peru. ~

P. phthiotis Hew. may be recognized by the tripartite white costal spot on the hindwing beneath.
The forewing has a small costal spot, which is indicated on the upper surface also. Otherwise the colouring
is brown. Ecuador.

P. simmias 7’hieme (54). Above unicolorous brown. Beneath little lighter, towards the apex of the
forewing and at the anal angle of the hindwing mostly ferruginous. Forewing with indistinct costal spot. The
transverse band beyond the middle of the hindwing is likewise sometimes very indistinct, as also the light dots
in the disc. From Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz).

Piletha Group.
P. piletha Hew. (= pedacia Stgr.) (54c, d). May be known by the white half-band, anteriorly running

Publ. 15. IIT. 1912. PEDALIODES. By G. WEYMER. 257

out into a point on the underside of the hindwing. The upper surface is unicolorous reddish brown. In
the 2 the posterior half of the distal margin of the hindwing has sharper and more pointed teeth. Venezuela,
Colombia, Paraguay. — pedacia Hew. is a form of piletha in which the white half-band on the underside of the
hindwing is somewhat broader at the inner margin and connected with the costal spot by a sinuous row of small
white spots. Ecuador.

P. prytanis Hew. has the hindwing very dark, with the half-band reduced to an oblique, quadrate
white spot at the inner angle. The costal spots are very indistinct. The upper surface is dark brown, only
spotted with white in the incisions of the strongly dentate margin of the forewing. Venezuela, Colombia. —
phoenissa Hew. (54 d) is perhaps a form of the preceding. It only differs in having the distal margin of the fore-
wing not dentate, but merely weakly undulate. Colombia.

P. phazania Sm. (54d) may be known by the straight course of the white half-band of the hindwing
from the inner margin to between the radials, while it gradually decreases in breadth and terminates in a fine
point. Ecuador. — cestia Thieme is probably only a form of phazania. The half-band of the hindwing is
almost the same shape, but is sulphur-yellow, not white. Colombia.

Tena Group.

P. tena Hew. (54d). The species of this group have the wings more elongated. tena may be recognized
by the row of 4, in the 2 5, white spots on the upperside of the forewing, which are larger in the 2, smaller
in the 3. In the 9 there are in addition to this row one or two white dots before the apex of the forewing,
and a row of 4 white dots on both surfaces of the hindwing. The latter are sometimes present also in the 9g
on the upper surface. On the underside of the forewing some of the white spots are sometimes absent. — THIEME
regards the following large-spotted species pasicles as the g of tena. Thus he has overlooked that Hewrrson
himself says in the 5th volume of his “Exot. Butt.” that gd of tena have smaller white spots than the 9,
which he figured. I have seen 10 examples of tena collected by Sripex, including 9 9g which all had
smaller spots than Hmwrrson’s figure. One of them is figured on our plate. I am therefore compelled to regard
pasicles as a separate species. fena flies in the high mountains of Ecuador at the snow-line (Paramo de
Cuvilche, 3800 m., Antisuna, 4300 m.).

P. pasicles Hew. Above brown, the distal margin somewhat more rounded than in tena. Forewing
with 3 light yellow spots beyond the middle, the first large, 6 mm. in length, divided by a vein into 2 parts,
the other two small, especially the last. On the under surface the 2 small spots are absent and there
is a black submarginal line. Ecuador (Alatillo).

P. reissi Weym. (54d). On the upper surface an indistinct row of dots beyond the costal spot,
which stands out more distinctly beneath. Hindwing lighter brown, finely marbled with dark brown. The
© was discovered by Fasst on Monte Tolima and only differs from the 3 in having the dark brown marbling
on the underside-of the hindwing more prominent on account of the lighter ground-colour and in the
presence of a brownish grey submarginal band, strongly dentate distally, before the distal margin. The costal
spot of the hindwing is dusted with brownish beneath. On the Paramos of Tolima, of Moras and of Huila.
3600—4200 m. (SttBen, Fasst).

P. albonotataGodm. (54d). The white spot wanting on the under surface. The hindwing beneath has
2 dentate whitish transverse stripes, which are strongly speckled with brown. In the distal area a row of white
sagittate marks, the anterior 2 larger and more distinct. Venezuela (Merida).

P. albopunctata Weym. (54e). Under surface like the upper, which is here figured. The number
of dots varies on the hindwing from 1 to 4. In the Q the underside of the hindwing has a broad yellowish
brown submarginal band, in which are placed the white dots in dark rings. Peru (Cruz de Celendin, Paramo,
between Marafion and Utcubamba, 3000—3600 m.); Bolivia (Quimtachata, Tiahuanaco, 4200 m.). — flavo-
punctata Stgr. is a form of albopunctata with straw-yellow instead of white dots. From Bolivia.

P. perita Hew. Size of the preceding. Above unicolorous brown, only the fringes of the forewing
spotted with white. Forewing beneath with the margins marbled with grey and with a row of 4 white dots.
Hindwing beneath with broad grey-yellow submarginal band, on which are placed 5 white dots in black
rings. Ecuador.

P. nebris Thieme (54 e) may be easily known by the short, straight honey-yellow band beyond the middle
on the upperside of the hindwing. Beneath this band is whitish yellow and between it and the distal margin
are placed 4 white dots in black rings. Sometimes there is also on the underside of the forewing a transverse
row of 4 small reddish yellow spots and beyond them a row of white dots. The former are sometimes present
on the upperside also. The 2 does not differ from the g in markings. — According to Fasst the egg is spheri-
cal, bone-yellow, glossy and entirely covered with fine pitting. He found the butterfly in various localities
in the Colombian East Cordilleras, rarely below 3300 m., and suspects that the types described by THIEME
from the STaUDINGER collection were also taken there.

Vv 33

peducia.

prytanis.

phoenissa.

phazania.

cestia.

tena.

pasicles.

reissi.

albonotata.

albopune-
tata.

flavopune-
tata.

perita.

nebris.

empetrus.

paneis.

tyro.

pheres.

philonis.

pheretias.

258 PEDALIODES. By G. Weymer.

P. empetrus Thieme (54e). Above yellow-brown with a submarginal row of white dots, larger on the
forewing, smaller on the hindwing. Fringes chequered dark brown and white. The butterfly seems to be
rare in collections. Venezuela (Merida).

Polusca Group.

P. paneis Hew. (54e). Above unicolorous brown. The rust-red band of the under surface rises from
the inner angle of the hindwing and runs 25 across the wing, gradually tapering to a point. Beyond this
a row of white dots. Peru, Bolivia, Colombia. — In the form tyro Thieme (= paneis Hew. pt.) (541) the
rust-red band on the under surface is much shorter, occupying barely 1 of the breadth of the wing. Only
one white dot, placed at the anal angle. The apex of the forewing is truncate, forming a right angle.
Peru. — pheres Thieme (54 f) is a further form, in which the apex of the forewing is not truncate, but the distal
margin is straight throughout, and the white dot at the anal angle is wanting. The rust-red band has about
the same extent as in tyro. Peru, Bolivia.

P. philonis Hew. (54e) is a similar species to paneis with the apex of the forewing truncate. The
red-yellow band on the underside of the hindwing is as long as in paneis, beyond it is placed a light brown
submarginal band, strongly dentate distally, which bears a row of 5 black eye-spots with thick white pupils.
Ecuador, Peru.

P. pheretias Hew. (54f) may be known by the elongate white costal spot on the underside of the
hindwing. The red-yellow anal spot is rather small. The upper surface is unicolorous black-brown. The
© was found by Fasst at the Quindiu Pass, Colombia, in 2 different forms. One is similar to the 3, only

differing in the presence on the underside of both wings of a broad grey-brown submarginal band, on the

griseola.

ferratilis.

uncus.

zoippus.

polusca.

polla.

syleus.

asconia.

pausia.

lucipara.

baccara.

hindwing reaching the white costal spot and the rust-red inner-marginal spot and marbled with dark brown.
The other female form (pl. 54f), for which I propose the name griseola form. nov., only differs in having the
eround-colour of the entire underside of the hindwing yellowish grey-brown, finely striated all over with dark
brown, so that the costal and anal spots have almost disappeared. From the Quindiu Pass (Fasst).

P. ferratilis Bil. (= morenoi Dogn.) (541). Above dark brown, beneath lighter brown marbled with
dark brown, the hindwing with broad ferruginous inner margin, from which arises a quadrate, light rust-red
anal spot. Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia. — uneus Thieme is a form of ferratilis in which the rust-red colour
on the underside of the hindwing is confined to a narrow distal border, and which bears 4 white dots on the
underside of the forewing. From Tucuman in North Argentina.

P. zoippus Druce. A small species of 46 mm. expanse, above brown with the inner margin and anal
angle of the hindwing red-brown. Under surface the same, the hindwing with some indistinct white spots before
the distal margin and a dark brown submarginal line. Peru.

P. polusca Hew. (54f). Above dark brown with narrow red-brown border at the inner angle.
On the under surface distinguished by the 2 subanal white dots beyond the red-brown submarginal
band of the hindwing, which is more or less extended. The larger, typical polusca occurs both in Colombia
(where Fasst took it on Mont Socorro at altitudes of 3500 m.) and in Peru and Bolivia. — polla Thieme
(= polusca Hew. pt.) is a smaller form, in which the rust-red band on the underside of the hindwing runs up
to beyond the cell. The inner angle is much lighter yellowish rust-red. The 2 does not differ from the ¢.
From Colombia (Quindiu Pass, 3800 m., Fassi). — syleus Thieme, a further form of polusca, in which the rust-
red colour on the underside is confined to the transverse band of the hindwing only, there being no rust-red
colour present at the anal angle and in the rest of the distal part of both wings. From Limbani, Peru.

P. asconia 7'hieme is a species similar to polusca. The transverse band beyond the middle of the
hindwing on the under surface-consists only of a quadrate orange-yellow spot at the inner margin and 3 small
honey-yellow spots beyond the middle of the wing. A white dot between median veins 1 and 2. The 92
is pale brown above, bordered with rust-red at the anal angle. The under surface of the forewing shows a pale
costal spot. From Batos in Ecuador (HAENSCH).

P. pausia Hew. (= loca Stgr., lora Sm. & Kirby). Above dark brown, distally reddish brown. Beneath
the same, forewing with 2 or 3 very small white dots before the apex, hindwing with a narrow, light rust-red
half-band, which crosses a row of 4 white dots. Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz). — lucipara form. nov. (55 a)
is a form of pausia in which the upper surface is not reddish distally, but only lighter brown. On the under
surface the white dots of the forewing are absent and the hindwing shows only 2. From the Quindiu Pass,
2500 m., Colombia (Fasst). — baccara Thieme is a form which has on the forewing beneath a broad light
brown submarginal band, finely bordered with white distally. The transverse band of the hindwing is twice

as broad as in pausia and only in its posterior part rust-red. From the Colombian province of Antioquia (Kat-
BREYER).

PEDALIODES. By G. Wrymer. 259

P. coca Sgr. (55a) is allied to pausia, but the row of dots consists of 6 and they are differently
placed. From Cocapata in Bolivia (GARLEPP).

P. entella Thieme. The distal margin of the forewing is emarginate below the apex. Above unico-
lorous dark brown with grey fringes. Beneath: forewing light brown with rust-brown apex; hindwing dark
red-brown, with light ferruginous marbling, a ferruginous band arising from the inner margin and spots of the
same colour beyond it between the median veins; a row of small black, white-pupilled dots in the same position
as in coca. Banos in Ecuador (HAENSCH).

P. proculeja Thieme has the distal margin of the forewing below the apex emarginate as in entella.
Above unicolorous brown. Beneath lighter. Forewing with whitish costal spot and rust-brown apex. Hindwing
brown with light rust-brown spots, yellowish towards the base, and an elongate-triangular, obscure, light
yellow half-band between the inner margin and the middle of the wing. A row of blackish dots with white
centres before the distal margin. From Urcos in Peru (GaRLEPpP). Tring Museum.

P. tucca Thieme (55a). Above unicolorous dark brown with broad scale-spot. On the underside of
both wings some confluent spots forming more or less distinctly a chestnut-red submarginal band; beside this
band a row of white dots. The figure has been prepared from an example in coll. Tarmeme. From the neighbour-
hood of the Illimani in Bolivia. — luperea Thieme is a form of tucca in which the scale-spot on the upper sur-
face is half as broad. The ground-colour of the underside of the forewing is not light brown but dark brown
and the chestnut-red band is absent. Santa Inez in Ecuador.

Pactyes Group.

P. cledoina Thieme (55 b). Above glossy brown; the rust-red transverse band on the underside of the
hindwing is anteriorly dusted with yellow and broken up into spots. A white dot is placed in cellule 2. From
Yungas de la Paz and Gillatincara (Bolivia).

P. antonia Stgr. (55a). The broad band on the upperside of the hindwing has a projecting branch
and is present in the same shape on the under surface, but here light ochre-yellow. San Antonio and Gilla-
tincara (Bolivia), Chiri-Mayo (South-East Peru). — anina Stgr. is a form of antonia in which the band of the
hindwing is only represented on the upper surface by a short light grey spot at the costa and on the under
surface the lateral branch of this band is much shorter. Loco Valley in Bolivia. — quincedis Thieme (55 b), the
more copiously ornamented Peruvian form of antonia, differs from the latter in the large quadrate white
spot on the forewing above and beneath. The band of the hindwing is bright sulphur-yellow above, with
silky golden gloss, beneath as in antonia. Callanga in Peru. — exsanguis 7'hieme is a further form belonging
here, and differs from quincedis in having the whole of the markings snow-white. Callanga, Peru.

P. pactyes Hew. Above brown. Forewing with the fringes chequered with brown and white, hind-
wing with an indistinct reddish wood-yellow median band which shows through here from the underside.
Beneath it is orange and somewhat angled. A white dot in cellule 2. Bolivia. — auristriga Thieme is a form
in which the upper surface is unicolorous dark brown and the underside of the forewing bears a distinct costal
patch. The band of the hindwing is narrow and light saffron-yellow. Huancabamba in North Peru. serra
Thieme, in which the yellow band forms a short point distad on vein 2, and stilla Thieme, in which this band
is broken up into separate spots, are forms of auristriga from the same locality. — spina form. nov. (55 b) is
a further form belonging here, unicolorous black-brown above and showing on the underside of the forewing
a distinct whitish costal spot which is continued as a reddish brown band to the inner margin. Across the middle
of the hindwing runs an anteriorly white, posteriorly ochre-yellow band, which in cellule 6 forms a sharp angle
proximad, in cellule 4 an angle distad. In addition, opposite to the latter angle a white streak or tooth runs along
the median as far as the cell. In the somewhat lighter distal area a row of 5 white, black-edged dots, in the 9
(55 b) there is also a row of similar dots on the forewing. Found at the Quindiu Pass in Colombia (3800 m.)
in September by Fasst.

P. chrysotaenia Hpffr. (55 b), a species similar to pactyes, may be recognized by the brown irroration
on the under surface of the hindwing, across which runs a golden yellow band from the anal angle round the
cell to the costa, broad posteriorly, but in the anterior half only quite narrow and forming several angles.
From Peru (Chanchamayo and Huancabamba). — fassli form. nov. (55 b), a similar form to the preceding,
has the distal margin of the forewing less undulate, and the ground-colour of the under surface is not marbled,
but dark brown. The hindwing has a white, bipartite costal spot and a half-band running up from the inner
angle, anteriorly narrowed and distally curved, also a few whitish dots between the end of this band and the
costal spot. From Monte Socorro, 3400 m., Colombia, July (Fasst). Named in honour of the discoverer.

coca.

entella.

proculeja.

tucea.

luperca.

chkedoniat .

antonia.
anina.

quincedis.

exsanguis.

pactyes,
auristriga.
serra.

stilla.
spina.

chryso-
taenia.

fassli.

peucestas.

porina.
palaepolis.

corderot.

porimma.

pallantis.

pylas.

uniplaga.
parma.

phaedra.

melaleuca.

niphoessa.

plotina.

rapha.

pharnaspes.

cocytia.

hopfferi.
tyrrheus.

260 PEDALIODES. By G. Wrymerr.

Peucestas Group.

P. peucestas Hew. (55). Above dark brown; forewing with the same white band as beneath. The
2 is quite like the g except that the broad submarginal band on the underside of the hindwing is much lighter
whitish grey. Colombia (Quindiu Pass, Salto de Tequentama), Peru, Ecuador (Banos), locally common.

P. porina Hew. (= Tisiphone lyssa Burm.) (55c). Differs from the preceding species in the shorter
white band above and beneath and also in the absence of the white spots on the underside of the hindwing:
Ecuador (Batos, Huamboya), Bolivia (Rio Pongo, Yungas de la Paz), North Argentina (Tucuman). — palae-
polis Hew. is a form of porina which on the underside of the forewing bears a small blackish, white-pupilled
eye-spot at each side of the white band. From Bolivia and Limbani in Peru. — corderoi Dogn. (55 c) is a fur-
ther form in which the light brownish grey submarginal band on the underside of the hindwing is broader
and is also visible on the upper surface as a washed-out yellowish brown band. From Loja and Macas in Ecuador.

P. porima Sm. (= porrima Stgr.) (55c). The white band on the forewing extends into cellule 2, which is
not the case in the 3 preceding forms. Further recognizable by the 3. to 5 whitish yellow dots on the under-
side of the hindwing, of which the middle one is somewhat larger. Bolivia.

P. pallantis Hew. (55 c). The white band takes in the anterior part of the cell and extends nearly to
the inner margin. The distal margin of the hindwing is obtusely angled. The 2 is somewhat larger and has
the forewing concave below the apex. Colombia (Monte Socorro, 3500 m.), North Peru (Huancabamba).

P. pylas Hew. (= pilas Hew. in tabula) (55 c). The 2 white spots of the forewing are present also on
the upper surface. The hindwing on the contrary is unicolorous dark brown above. Colombia (Bogota). — In
the form uniplaga Thieme the small white spot at the costal margin of the forewing is absent. Colombia. —
parma Thieme is a very similar form, in which the small spot is likewise absent, but the large spot is some-
what further removed from the distal and inner margins and placed nearer to the costa. On the under surface
this spot is somewhat larger and takes in a part of the cell. From the coast Cordilleras in Colombia (Kat-
BREYER).

P. phaedra Hew. Above brown with a bright primrose-yellow band across the forewing and a large
spot of the same colour in the middle of the hindwing. On the under surface the yellow band of the forewing
is broader than above and the spot on the hindwing is prolonged anteriorly and posteriorly into a complete
band. melaleuca Weym. (= Pronoph. palades Hew.) (55 d) is a form of phaedra in which all the yellow markings
are milk-white. Transitions occur between the two forms. The name Pron. palades Hew. cannot be retained
for this form, as Hewrrson himself had previously described another species under the name Pronophila pa-
lades (the present Lasiophila palades). niphoessa Thieme (55 d) is another form of phaedra, with the band of the
forewing chalk-white and somewhat broader, occupying the distal part of the cell. The white spot on the upper-
side of the hindwing is in both forms prolonged to the inner margin. From the Quindiu Pass in Colombia, 3500 m.
(THIEME and Fasst).

Plotina Group.

P. plotina Hew. (55d). May be known by the large red-yellow spot before the anal angle of the hind-
wing above. Beneath this spot is ochre-yellow, marbled with brown, and from it a straight ochre-yellow
stripe runs up to radial 2, where it is followed distally by a white dot. Venezuela. — rapha Bélr. (= plo-
tinella Sm.) (55 d) is a form of plotina in which the red-yellow spot on the upperside of the hindwing is smaller
and shorter. On the under surface of the hindwing the ochre-yellow stripe is broken up into crescent-shaped
spots and from the end of the stripe a row of white dots runs to the costal margin. Venezuela. — In the
form pharnaspes Hew. (55 d) the separate spots of the yellow band on the hindwing are not crescent-shaped,
but elongate-quadrate, of the row of dots only one is present and before the distal margin on the underside
of the forewing there is a broad, light reddish brown band. Venezuela, Ubala (Colombia, East Cordilleras). Fasst.

P. cocytia Fidr. (= phaesana Hew. [in tabula]) (55d). Above unicolorous dark brown. On the under-
side of the hindwing is placed between the narrow, straight ochre-yellow band and the distal margin a curved
row of grey-brown spots. The yellow band is often broken up into small, more or less widely separated
spots. In a Q captured by Fass (55d) the separate spots are proximally pointed. The figure of the 9 has
been prepared from FELDER’s type in the Tring Museum. — The egg is spherical, milk-white, somewhat trans-
parent. The surface is smooth and glossy. From the plateau of Bogota, 2600—3200 m.

P. hopfferi Stgr. (55 e). The broad red-yellow band of the hindwing is strongly sprinkled with dark
brown on the under surface and extends to the apex. From Cuzco and Huancabamba in Peru. — tyrrheus
Godm. & Salv. is probably only a form of hopfferi Stgr. The red-yellow submarginal band of the hindwing is
shorter, only extending from the inner margin to one-half the wing. On the under surface it is ochre-yellow,
somewhat longer than above and anteriorly pointed. Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta (Colombia). Srmons.

PEDALIODES. By G. WeymeEr. 2 261

Parepa Group.

P. parepa Hew. (55e). Recognizable by the narrow red-yellow macular band on the upper surface parepa.
of both wings. Beneath the forewing is exactly as above except that the apex is marbled with grey. The
distal half of the hindwing is similarly marbled. The dark brown basal area forms a right angle in the middle.
From Ecuador (Huigera, Guishapa, Loja). — milvia Thieme is probably the Peruvian form of parepa. The milvia.
red-yellow band is confined to the anterior part of the forewing and is entirely absent on the hindwing. Distal
half of the hindwing grey-brown beneath, with 2 black ocelli standing out distinctly. From Chosico in Peru
(S50 m.). There is only one female example, in the Tring Museum.

P. phaea Hew. Both wings traversed beyond the middle by a brownish red-yellow band, which on the phaea.
forewing is divided into oval spots. In the 2 the bands are broader and not divided on the forewing. The
under surface is similar to that of the figured ochrotaenia, but the bands are narrower. Ocanna in Colombia. —
ochrotaenia Fldr. (55 e) is a form of phaea in which the band on the upper surface is not divided; in the 2 ochrotaenia.
it is broader (6 mm.) and more ochre-yellow. From Bogota (Colombia). — fuseata Fidr. (55 e), a further form fuscata.
belonging here, has the broad band on the upper surface strongly suffused with smoke-brown, obliterating its
edges. On the under surface, on the other hand, the band is not ochre-yellow but more red-yellow. From
Bogota (Muzo), Paramo de Guasco. — In amafania Thieme, another phaea form, the red-yellow band is placed amafania.
nearer to the margin and runs parallel with it throughout. Its margins are smooth, nowhere interrupted and
not angled, merely somewhat ventricose in the middle of the hindwing. Beneath the band is light ochre-yellow
and there is a white spot at the costa of the hindwing and another at the anal angle. From Callanga (province of
Cuzco) in Peru. Coll. StavDINGER in the Berlin Museum.

P. alusana Hew. The red-yellow band is placed somewhat beyond the middle. It is broadest in the alusana.
middle of the forewing, narrowest at the inner margin of this wing; at radial 1 on the hindwing it is inter-
rupted on the upperside and forms aright angle on the underside. There are also here in the distal area of the
hindwing some ochre-yellow spots and a row of white dots. From Alusana in Ecuador (Coll. Hewrrson, Brit.
Mus.).

P. praxia Hew. Above brown witha red-brown band beyond the middle of the forewing, running parallel prawia.
with the distal margin, and a red-brown costal spot on the hindwing. On the under surface of the forewing this
band is much broader posteriorly and is white at its origin, on the costal margin. A red-brown spot is placed
in the cell. From Jima in Ecuador.

P. thiemei Sfgr. (55 f). The dark red-yellow band, which runs from the costal margin of the forewing thiemei.
to the inner margin of the hindwing, is somewhat lighter on the underside of the forewing, but on the hindwing
ochre-yellow, covered with brown speckling. In the 2 the band is about a third broader beneath than in the 3.

From the Quindiu Pass in Colombia (3800 m.). THimmn, Fasst.

P. peruda Hew. Above brown with a broad, straight red-yellow band beyond the middle, which is peruda.
pointed at the costal margin of the forewing and the inner margin of the hindwing. Beneath the band is even
broader than above, on the forewing red-yellow, on the hindwing nearly white, somewhat marbled with brownish.

The distal margin of both wings is dusted with grey. Amazon. Coll. Brit, Mus.

P. symmachus Godm. & Salv. Above dark brown with a dark red-yellow band 3 mm. in breadth symmachus.
running across both wings near to and parallel with the distal margin. On the underside of the forewing the band
is broader and lighter red-yellow. On the hindwing beneath 2 ochre-yellow stripes occupy the place of the band.
Sierra Nevada of Santa Maria in Colombia.

P. ornata Sm. (= phaeaca Stgr.) (55f). The red-yellow band of the forewing is as strongly curved ornata.
proximally on the underside as on the upper. The hindwing beneath has an ochre-yellow transverse band, which
forms a right angle on the lower radial. Beyond it is placed a row of white dots in brown rings. Merida (Venezuela).

P. phaeina Stgr. (= Pronoph. phaea var. Hew.) (51 b). On the forewing the band is only very weakly phaeina.
indicated, but on the hindwing it is bright red-yellow and occupies almost half the breadth of the wing. On
the under surface this band is light ochre-yellow on the hindwing, proximally straight-edged and distally dentate;
finely sprinkled with brown, with a row of white, brown-bordered dots. Pacho (3000 m.) in the Colomb. East
Cordilleras (Fassi); Central Cordilleras of Colombia (THIEME).

P. pelinna Hew. (55 e). May be known by the obliquely placed yet straight band of the forewing. The pelinna.
band of the hindwing is anteriorly constricted, and forms in the middle 2 distally directed teeth. The colour
of the bands is bright ochre-yellow. Beneath the bands are the same, only much lighter. Kcuador (Rosario,
Villagomes, Macas).

P. parrhoebia Hew. Recognizable by the rose-red colour of the band, which forms two angles on the parrhoebia.
forewing and one on the hindwing, and has its proximal edge quite irregularly dentate. On the under surface
the forewing is as above, on the hindwing the band is broken up into several light brown spots. From Galgalan
in Ecuador.

phintia.

philotera.

phoenicusa.

physcoa.

marulla.

ereiba.

eremerd.

pravithea.

triaria.

phila.

philaenis.

pandates.

pamphos.

napaed.

juba.

262 PEDALIODES. By G. Weymer.

P. phintia Hew. The upperside is similar to that of the preceding species, as is also the underside of
the forewing, except that it bears a small light brown spot in the cell and the apex is broadly light brown,
marbled with black. The hindwing beneath has a straight white band before and a light brown band beyond
the middle, proximally margined with white. A black spot with white centre is placed anteriorly in this band and
2 similar ones before the distal margin. From Jima in Ecuador.

P. philotera Hew. (55 e). The dark red-yellow band forms an acute angle on the hindwing. On the
under surface the hindwing is brown, crossed by 2 ochre-yellow parallel stripes which arise from a costal
margin of the same colour and divide off a dark pointed triangle proximally and a long quadrate patch in the
middle of the wing. Colombia (Paramo de Guasco, 3000 m. [StUBet], Quindiu Pass, 3500 m. [Fasst)]).

P. phoenicusa Hew. One of the largest species of the genus, with an expanse of 70 mm. The forewing
is pointed, the distal margin dentate. Brown. Forewing with a distally curved red-yellow transverse band
beyond the middle. Hindwing only with a red-yellow spot at the costal margin. Beneath the forewing is as
above, except that it bears in addition a red-yellow spot in the cell and a grey spot at the apex. Hindwing
beneath grey, marbled with brown, with a broad, lighter, dentate submarginal band, on which is placed a row
of white, black-edged dots. Ecuador. Very rare. Only in coll. Hewrrson (Brit. Mus.).

Physcoa Group.

P. physcoa Hew. Above brown with a large, obliquely placed, oval red-yellow patch at the anal angle
of the forewing. Beneath the distal half of both wings is marbled with grey and brown, the red-yellow spot
as above. From Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz, Corvico). — marulla Thieme (56 a) is a form of physcoa in which the
red-yellow spot does not rise obliquely but steeply, thus running nearly parallel with the distal margin. From
Chanchamayo in Peru.

P. ereiba Fldr. (= Pron. pasicrates Hew.) (55f). May be known by the broad red-brown submarginal
band on both surfaces of the forewing, which is dark brown. Figured from FELDER’s type in the Tring Museum.
Bogota (Lrxpie), La Vega, Colombian East Cordillera, 2200 m. (Fass). — eremera Godm. & Salv. (erroneously
called cremona on the plate in the ‘Biologia Centrali-Americana’’) is a form of ereiba Fldr. in which the
band is more red-yellow and is curved basewards at the costal margin. On the under surface this band bears
between the first and second median vein a small black, white-pupilled eye-spot. On the hindwing the last
2 eye-shaped dots in the submarginal row before the anal angle are larger and more distinct. From the Volcan
Trazu in Costa Rica.

P. praxithea Hew. (56a). A large and beautiful species. The red-yellow band is present also on the
underside of the forewing. The hindwing is brown beneath, striated with dark brown, with a transverse band ir-
rorated with whitish beyond the middle. Bolivia, Ecuador (St. Rosario, Villagomes).

P. triaria Godm. & Salv. (56a) is near to prawithea but is smaller and the red-yellow border of the
hindwing extends to beyond the middle. Beneath the red-yellow band of the forewing is broader than above,
and before the apex of the forewing, as well as before the distal margin of the hindwing, there is a row of
white dots. From the Volcan Ivazu in Costa Rica.

P. phila Hew. (55 f). Somewhat smaller even than the preceding, but likewise similar to prawithea.
The band on the hindwing only reaches median vein 3. The underside of the hindwing is uniformly marbled
all over with light and dark brown, only with the apex ochre-yellowish. Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz), Peru (Cal-
langa). — philaenis Thieme is a form of phila in which the band of the forewing runs straight and reaches the
distal margin above the distal angle. Of the red-yellow spots at the apex of the hindwing only an obscure ochre-
yellow submarginal line remains. On the under surface there is a white triangle at the apex of the forewing.
From Batos in Ecuador.

P. pandates Hew. Above brown with a broad ochreous marginal band, which in the anterior half of
the forewing is broken up into spots, in the posterior half of this wing and on the hindwing is placed quite near
to the distal margin, only leaving a narrow brown border. On the under surface the band has the same
position and colour as above, but both wings are densely striated with dark brown. In the 2 the band is pale
yellow and nearly twice as broad as in the 3. Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz, Corvico, Rio Songo). — pamphos
Thieme (56a) should probably be regarded as only a form of pandates with the band entirely absent on the
upperside of the forewing, but on the under surface scarcely differing appreciably. From Yungas de la Paz
in Bolivia.

P. napaea Bates resembles on the upper surface the form pamphos, but is different beneath. Here
both wings are traversed by a sharply defined submarginal band, on the forewing grey, on the hindwing yellowish
with a pupilled eye-spot between the first and second median veins. Guatemala.

Juba Group.
P. juba Stgr. (= cyrene Sm. & Kirby) (56 b). Above brown, beyond the middle of both wings with a

ERETRIS. By G. Weymer. 263

row of yellowish brown or dark chestnut-red spots, which stands out but little on the dark ground and on the
hindwing is angled and abbreviated. The under surface is irrorated with yellow-brown. The band of the hind-
wing is here ochre-yellow and reaches the inner margin with a large spot. Ecuador. — triquetra Thieme
is a form of juba which has on the underside of the hindwing in the anterior part of the disc a dark brown triangle
on a light ground. Ecuador.

43. Genus: Ervetris Thieme.

The forewing is broader and shorter than in the genus Pedaliodes, its distal margin is more rounded,
whilst that of the hindwing is weakly undulate. The principal character of the genus consists in the shape of
the inner margin of the hindwing, which shows a distinct excision before the anal angle. Antenna brownish
yellow, with the separate joints somewhat thickened at their upper end and hence forming distinct rings.
Its shaft is short, the tip obtuse, black. The butterflies are mostly dark brown, below medium size, with eye-
spots or leaden-hued lines on the underside of the hindwing. They occur in the mountains of tropical South
and Central America.

E. decorata Fldr. (= Pron. catargyrea Stgr., phyllalia Stgr.) (56 b). Above unicolorous dark brown,
distally somewhat lighter. Beneath easy to recognize by the very complicated pattern, which the figure distinctly
reproduces. From Bogota and Antioquia in Colombia. — mariona Weeks (= Pedal. m.) is a form of decorata
in which the dark brown submarginal line on the underside of the forewing is proximally finely bordered with
brick-red and the markings of the hindwing are more suffused with yellowish. The red-yellow bordering of the
eye-spots is only narrow, not broad. Bogota.

E. porphyria Fldr. (56 b). Above unicolorous brown. Beneath the hindwing has a straight red-yellow
median line, proximally bordered with lilac. Beyond the row of small eye-spots 2 lilac undulate stripes at the
margin. Figured from FELDER’s type in the Tring Museum. Venezuela.

E. ocellifera Pidr. (56c). Above brown, the hindwing with a very small subanal ocellus, the anal
angle grey, slightly dusted with rust-yellow. On the underside of the hindwing before the eye-spots there
is a proximally red-yellow, distally ochre-yellow, anteriorly pointed stripe, running from the inner margin to
the middle of the wing. Figured from one of the types in the Tring Museum. Colombia.

E. encycla Pidr. (56c). Above unicolorous brown. Beneath the proximal part of the hindwing is
tinged with ochreous fawn-colour, the eye-spots are larger than in ocellifera, the space beyond them as far as
the submarginal lines is filled up with glossy lead-colour. Figured from FELDER’s type in the Tring Museum.
Venezuela.

E. calisto Fldr. (56b), Above dark brown, distally somewhat lighter. On the under surface of the
hindwing the eye-spots are broadly bordered with glossy lead-colour both basally and distally and midway
between the submarginal lines is placed a leaden line. Bogoti and Veja in the Colombian East Cordilleras.

E. oculata Fldr. (56d). Hindwing above with small subanal eye-spot dusted with rust-yellow. Beneath
the wings are as in encycla, but the marginal area of the hindwing is not glossy leaden but violet-grey; the prox-
imal stripe red-yellow, proximally bordered with black-brown. The eye-spots are surrounded with pale yellow-
brown. Figured from the type in the Tring Museum. Bogota.

E. apuleja Fldr. (56b). Above brown, at the anal angle of the hindwing red-yellow, which colour
occupies the posterior third of the distal and inner margins. On the underside of the hindwing an ochre-yellow
band, anteriorly red-yellow, runs to the middle of the wing, becoming narrower anteriorly. The anal angle is
red-brown, The eye-spots are very small. Venezuela. — phyllalia Hew. is a form of apuleja with two small, white-
pupilled black spots in the red-yellow anal patch on the upper surface. Ecuador.

E. hulda Btlr. & Druce (56 c). Above brown, at the anal angle somewhat reddish, with dark submarginal
line. Forewing beneath with 3 transverse lines between middle and distal margin. The anal third of the hind-
wing beneath is ferruginous, traversed by an interrupted yellow stripe and with 2 eye-spots before the anal
angle. According to the ‘Biologia Centrali Americana” BurLEeR described this species from a damaged specimen
in coll. Deuce. Hence GopmMAn and Satyin’s diagnosis and figure in the above work agree but little with the
original description. Costa Rica. The species seems, however, to be more widely distributed, for the example
from coll. Weymer figured here, which agrees with the figure just mentioned, is from Ecuador.

E. subpunctata Sm. & Kirby. Brown. Forewing beneath with 2 dark transverse lines in the middle
and 2 before the margin. Hindwing at the base dark brown, in the middle somewhat reddish, then a ferruginous
dentate stripe, bordered with dark brown at both sides, and a grey-brown band with 6 small, black, white-
pupilled eye-spots. At the distal margin 2 ferruginous marginal lines. From Bolivia. — umbrina form. nov.
(56 c) approaches subpunctata, but differs from it in the presence of 2 anal eye-spots on the upperside of the
hindwing, one in cellule 1c near the distal margin, the other in cellule 2 somewhat further from the margin,
both black with light brown ring and white pupil. For the rest the upper surface is dark brown, at the margin

triquetra.

decorata.

mariona.

porphyria.

ocellifera.

encycla.

calisto.

oculata.

apuleja.

phyllalia.

hulda.

subpunc-
tata.

umbrina.

subrufes-
cens.

rubricaria.

ochrea.

cirta.

diducta.

piscina.

prosymna.

dirempta.

orbilia.

phalaesia.

regia.

264 LASIOPHILA. By G. Wreymer.

somewhat lighter with fine, dentate, darker submarginal line on both wings and 2 marginal lines, which are
straight on the forewing, angled on the hindwing. On the under surface a yellowish grey band runs from the
inner margin to the middle of the wing, where it is gradually lost in the ground-colour. The ferruginous dentate
stripe with black bordering terminates close to the inner angle, whilst in swbpunctata it runs into the inner margin
3mm. from the angle. The dark grey band which follows, containing the eye-spots, shades off lighter distally.
Of these eye-spots the first 4 are somewhat indistinct. Found by Fasst at Monte Tolima, Colombia, at 3200 m.
in January.

E. subrufescens Sm. & Kirby (56). Above unicolorous brown. Beneath: hindwing in the distal half
entirely reddish brown, with dark transverse bands beyond the middle and before the distal margin, and be-
tween them a row of small black ocelli with white pupils. Costa Rica. From Monte Socorro, 3600 m., Colombia
(Fasst).

E. rubricaria Thieme. 3 small. Above brown. Hindwing with thin honey-yellow marginal line and a
small anal eye-spot. The 92 upperside has on the forewing, in addition to a lighter, distinctly defined submar-
ginal band (which is anteriorly broader, posteriorly narrower), an indistinct pale reddish line, on the hind-
wing two pale reddish lines, one discal, the other submarginal, and on each wing a honey-yellow marginal line.
Beneath both sexes have on the forewing one, on the hindwing two glossy leaden lines before the distal margin
and on the hindwing 6 eye-spots. Colombia. Berlin Museum.

E. ochrea Thieme. Above dark brown with reddish gloss. Forewing beneath lighter with 3 dark trans-
verse lines and a yellow marginal line. Hindwing beneath at the base and the costal margin darker, in the
anal part brownish ochre-yellow with 4 red-brown transverse lines, one at the base, the second in the disc
before the eye-spots, the third and fourth before the distal margin. The row of eye-spots consists of 5 or 6 small
black ocelli with white pupils. A triangular ochre-yellow band runs from the inner margin to the disc, where it is
broken up into 3 small spots. Ecuador. Berlin Museum (HaAEnscH).

44. Genus: Lasiophila Fidr.

Head small, densely haired, with a tuft of hairs projecting forwards, eyes hairy, palpus porrect, three
times as long as the head, the first joint short, the second long, the third with obtuse, densely haired tip; antenna
short and thin. The costal of the forewing is inflated at the base, the median and submedian only some-
what thickened. Two subcostal veins arise before the end of the cell. The principal distinguishing character of the
genus consists in its having the costal margin of the hindwing excised, the excision extending from the base to 2,
a character that only recurs in Daedalma, which genus, however, differs in other respects. The hindwing is den-
tate and has 2 small tails, the proximal one shorter than the other. The middle discocellular of both wings
forms an angle proximad, from which arises a small recurrent vein. In the markings on the underside of the hind-
wing the species are all very similar. The area of distribution of the genus embraces the countries between Vene-
zuela and North Argentina, where the butterflies are met with in the high mountains, sometimes gregariously.

L. cirta Fidr. (= Pronoph. praeneste Hew. pt.) (56e). The largest and most beautiful species of the
genus, recognizable by the large milk-white spot on the hindwing. The double row of rust-red spots before
the distal margin on both wings stands out in many examples more distinctly than in the figure. The under sur-
face is similar to that of the figured persepolis (56 ¢), except that the basal area of the forewing is brown to
beyond the middle. From Peru (Rio Sonchi, 2300m. [StiBet],Chanchamayo, Rioja, Huancabamba). — diducta
Thieme is a form of cirta with the rust-red spots on the upperside of the forewing proximally extended to the
cell, the last 2 even joined to the rust-reddish basal part. From Huancabamba in North Peru.

L. piscina Thieme (56d). The under surface of the forewing entirely resembles the figured upper surface
except that the red-brown ground-colour is somewhat lighter. The underside of the hindwing is like that of
phalaesia (56d), thus the white spot is not present. Cuzco (Peru).

L. prosymna Hew. The white band of the forewing is present above and beneath and does not quite
reach the 2nd median vein. Under surface marbled with grey or brown, and with a dentate row of small yellowish
white spots. Colombia, eastern slopes of the Bogota Cordillera, 2000 to 2500 m., Subida del Tesari, 2300 to 2500 m.

(Stipe), Quindiu Pass, 2800 m. (Fasst). — dirempta Thieme (55f) is a form which differs so little from pro-
symna as to be scarcely worth naming. The white band is somewhat narrower and is constricted in such a way
as to separate off its last spot. Ecuador. — In the form orbilia Thieme the chestnut-red markings of the

upper surface are replaced by a brown colour, which is somewhat lighter than the rest of the ground-
colour. Colombia.

L. phalaesia Hew. (56 d) was first described by Hrwrrson as the 3 of prosymna, but he afterwards
recognized it as a separate species. Above brown with the base broadly reddish brown. Forewing with broad
red-yellow submarginal band, posteriorly rust-red, distally smooth-margined, but with its proximal
margin somewhat uneven, and continued in 3 smaller spots on the apex of the hindwing. Ecuador. — regia
Stgr. (56d) may probably be regarded as a form of phalaesia. The submarginal band of the forewing

Publ. 22. TV. 1912. LASIOPHILA. By G. Weymer. 265

is on both surfaces distally somewhat dentate, proximally more strongly angled and more chestnut-brown.
The spots at the apex of the hindwing are larger and continued to beyond the middle of the distal margin. From
Bolivia and Peru. — confusa Stgr. (56d), a further from belonging here, is smaller than the preceding two.
The markings of the upper surface are different, especially on the. hindwing, and the ground-colour in the
basal half lighter brown. From Ecuador.

L. persepolis Hew. (56e). May be recognized by the strongly dentate dark brown median band on
the upper and under surface, which interrupts the chestnut-red submarginal band on the 2nd median vein
of the forewing. The basal part of both wings is chestnut-brown to the inner angle. Ecuador.

L. hewitsonia Bélr. Above chestnut-brown, the distal half of both wings dark brown with 2 rows
of chestnut-brown spots, the distal row on the forewing not reaching the apex. The under surface is like
that of phalaesia. Bolivia. — neda Thieme is probably to be regarded as a form of hewitsonia, with the two
rows of spots golden chestnut-red and both reaching the costal margin of the forewing. The separate spots
are also narrower and longer and the dark brown ground-colour extends somewhat further basad at the
costal margin of the forewing. From Limbani in Peru.

L. circe Fldr. (= Pronoph. praeneste Hew.) (56 e) has the dark brown distal margin narrower than
in hewitsonia and only traversed by one row of chestnut-red spots. The under surface is nearly as in the
allied species and has a row of white dots in the dise of the hindwing. The 2 only differs from the 3 in the
lighter red-brown colouring above and beneath. Colombia (Bogota and East Cordillera). — enephas 7'hieme
is a form of circe in which the distal part of both wings is entirely darkened, so that all the red-brown spots are
scarcely perceptible. From Salento (Colombian Central Cordillera).

L. palades Hew. (57 a) is a species similar to circe, which differs in the darker, but at the same time
brighter brown-red ground-colour and the smaller, lighter golden-brown and differently placed spots in the
distal margin. The spot in cellule 2 of the forewing is long, bipartite, the inner part widely removed
proximad, also the anterior spot is placed nearer the base. Beneath the forewing is brown-red with a row
of red-yellow spots. From Ecuador. Rare.

L. zarathustra Thieme. Wings broad, forewing somewhat truncate at the apex. The outer tail of the
hindwing broad and spatulate. All the markings very indistinct, the chestnut-red of the base and spots is
scarcely distinguishable from the black-brown distal margin. The spots of the forewing are large and broad
and proximally extend into the basal part. Somewhat more distinct is a triangular spot below the apex.
The spots of the hindwing resemble those of circe. From Papallacta on the Chimborazo.

L. behemoth Thieme is the shape of zarathustra, but the inner tail of the hindwing is wanting. Mark-
ings and colouring on the other hand similar to those of circe Fldr. Before the distal margin only one
row of spots, which do not extend into the basal part. Only the spot in cellule 2 of the forewing is larger
and accompanied by a small brown spot. This spot and also the costal spot of the forewing and two in cellules
4 and 5 of the hindwing are brilliant light red. Colombia. Rare. Coll. Maassen in the Zoolog. Museum, Berlin.

L. parthyene Hew. Above dark brown with red-brown submarginal band, which on the forewing is
narrow and bears a black spot before the apex. Before the latter, close to the costa, a white spot. On the
hindwing this band is broader and bears 5 black spots. Beneath the forewing is red-brown at the base,
the band is red-yellow, the white spot somewhat larger. Hindwing beneath much as in the allied species.
Galgalan in Ecuador.

L, zapatoza Westw. (56e). The smallest and the first published species of the genus. The spots
in the brown distal margin of the forewing are more yellowish than the red-brown basal part. On the
under surface almost the whole of the apex is yellowish and the hindwing bears a straight row of 4 small
white spots. Venezuela.

L. sombra Thieme (57 a) approaches zapatoza, but differs so much in the larger size and darker colour-
ing that it may probably be regarded as a good species. Above dark chestnut-brown, apex of the fore-
wing broadly, distal margin narrowly black-brown. The marginal spots but little lighter than the basal part.
Beneath the forewing is somewhat lighter than above, the apex marbled with grey and brown. The base and
inner margin of the hindwing are similarly marbled; the distal part is for the most part filled up with brown,
with a row of 4 white spots. Cordillera of Bogota, Colombia.

L. orbifera Bilr. (57a). Above bright brown-red. Forewing with broad black-brown distal margin,
which reaches to the cell, with 5 rather large, bright brown-red spots in a curved row. The hindwing
with narrow margin and 5 brown spots before it. Under surface as in zapatoza. Bolivia. — intercepta Thieme
is a form of orbifera in which the brown-red spot in cellule 2 of the forewing is absent and on the hind-
wing the 3 anterior black-brown spots are confluent with the distal margin. From Banos in Ecuador.
In the form munda Thieme the ground-colour is brilliant chestnut-red, the dark distal margin is narrower and
the red spot in cellule 2 is absent as in intercepta. Huancabamba (Peru), 3000 m. — pura Thieme, a fur-

\ 34

confusa.

persepolis.

hewitsonia.

neda.

circe.

cnephas.

palades.

zarathustra.

behemoth.

parthyene.

zapatoza.

sombra.

orbifera.

intercepta.

munda,.
UTA hee

semipartita.

ciris.

dinias.

oenotria.

rhomboidea.

inconspicua.

drusilla.

dora.

palacio.

266 DAEDALMA; POLYMASTUS. By G. Weymer.

ther form belonging here, is distinguished by the chestnut-colour appearing almost golden red. The mark-
ings are nearly black and sharply defined. The row of spots in the distal margin of the forewing is re-
placed by a continuous submarginal band of particularly brilliant colour. From Tucumati in North Argen-
tina. — In semipartita form. nov. (57 a) the dark brown distal margin of both wings is so broad that the divi-
ding-line from the light brown-red basal half runs through the middle of the wing and the butterfly is conse-
qeuntly very similar to Megalura hermione. On the margin there are on the forewing only 2 small light brown-
red spots and anteriorly a short streak, on the hindwing a light brown-red line. The under surface is as
in orbifera, but the light spots in the distal margin of the forewing very small. From Manaure.

L. ciris Thieme (56 e) is similar to zapatoza. The forewing rather short with the apex almost rectangular.
The tail of the hindwing is short and obtuse. The chestnut-brown ground-colour is much darkened and shades
into the colour of the broad distal margin. In the latter a row of chestnut-brown spots. The submarginal
row of black-brown spots on the hindwing is partly connected with the distal margin. From Ecuador and Colombia.

45. Genus: Daedalma Hew.

Head and eyes hairy. Palpus long projecting. In the forewing 2 subcostal veins arise before the end
of the cell. The apex of this wing is obliquely truncate, the distal margin forms a right angle on the upper
radial and below this is somewhat excised. The first and second median veins of the hindwing terminate
in 2 obtuse tails which project straight out and do not bear-the shaggy hair of the following genus. The costa
of the hindwing is strongly excised. The few species are very similar and inhabit the Cordilleras from Ve-
nezuela to Bolivia, where they fly singly at especially high altitudes, above the tree-limit, and are all rare.

D. dinias Hew. (= boliviana Stgr.) (56f 3 upper and under surface, 51 b 9). The form described
and figured by Huwrrson from Colombia is not entirely dark on the underside of the forewing, as STAUDINGER
states (Iris X, p. 139), but has the same red-yellow spots as on the upperside, for HEwrrson says in the text to
the dinias plate in vol. 2 of his Exotic Butterflies that the underside of the forewing is ‘‘as above” and only mentions
differences as regards the apex of the forewing and the hindwing. Thus this is the same form which STAUDINGER
received from Bolivia and calls boliviana, and the latter name must consequently sink. The original dinias
form with the red-yellow spot on the underside of the forewing has been taken by Fassu in both sexes in the
Colombian East Cordilleras at Pacho (2200 m.) and at Monte Tolima (3200 m.). It is distributed across Peru
to Bolivia. As the form with the dark under surface of the forewing is now without a name, I propose for it the
name oenotria form. nov. (561). On the upper surface the red-yellow spot is still present, but removed further
from the costa than in typical dinias. oenotria occurs at Bogota. In an intermediate form between dinias and
oenotria, which I call rhomboidea form. nov. (56 f), the red-yellow spot is of an obliquely quadrate shape and only
its short inner angle cnters the cell. From Bolivia.

D. inconspicua Bélr. Size and shape of dinias, extept that the tails of the hindwing are somewhat
longer and thinner. Above brown with some clouding, otherwise without markings. Beneath the forewing
is grey with a brown band beyond the middle. The underside of the hindwing agrees entirely with that of dinias
in markings and colouring. The @ is still unknown. From Quito and Papallacta on the Chimborazo. Rare.

D. drusilla Hew. Shape of dinias, but smaller. Above brown with the fringes chequered with white.
At the costa of the forewing before the apex 4 fine white streaks. Beneath the forewing is brown with a yel-
low-grey spot in the cell and a yellow-grey band before the distal margin, in which are placed a row of black
dots. Before the apex a blue-grey spot. Hindwing beneath similar to that of dinias. The 2 is not yet
known. Colombia.

D. dora Sigr. (56 f). Above almost entirely dark brown, only the tips of the fringes white between the
veins. Forewing beneath brown with the apex marbled, hindwing beneath similar to that of dinias. The 9
occurs in 2 somewhat different forms, one with a brownish ochre-yellow submarginal band on the upperside
of both wings, in which are placed dark brown spots, the other with this band much infuscated and standing
out but little from the dark ground-colour. On the underside of the forewing, which somewhat recalls the Pale-
arctic Vanessa urticae, this band is, however, distinct in both forms. From the Bogota district, 2800—3200m.
(Fass).

D. palacio Dogn. Size of the preceding species. Above brown. Forewing with a white transverse
band across the middle and small white spots before the apex, hindwing with a row of small white spots
from the costal margin to the middle. Beneath the forewing is as above, but the ground-colour lighter
and the apex more spotted with white, hindwing similar to that of dinias, but with sharper dentate line and chest-
nut-red spots at the margin. The 2 is not known. Loja (Ecuador).

46. Genus: Polymastus Thieme.

Forewing elongate, with the costal margin rather straight, the anterior part of the distal margin

THIEMEIA. By G. WeymMeEr. - 267

produced into 3 more or less sharp points, below the upper radial strongly excised. The tails and angles of the
hindwing are differently shaped in the individual species. The principal distinctive character of the genus
consists in the costa of the hindwing, which is as strongly excised as in Daedalma, forming at the base
an anteriorly directed, rounded projection. The space between the first median vein and the inner margin
on the underside of the hindwing is adorned with single long hairs which grow out of the veins and lie over
the surface of the wings (at least in set specimens). The tips of the tails and the projecting angles of the hind-
wing also show shaggy ciliation. At the inner angle 2 points are placed side by side. The species occur in
the Cordilleras of tropical South America from Colombia to Bolivia, but are among the greatest rarities.
The 2° of the majority of the species are not yet known. Most of the forms were described as Daedalma.

P. doraete Hew. (57a). On the under surface the light spots of the forewing are larger than above
and lilac-coloured, between them is placed a row of eye-spots and two lilac longitudinal stripes border
the cell. The hindwing has the ground-colour olive-brown, with a large number of angled silver spots and
between them a row of 8 eye-spots. Colombia (Quindiu Pai, 3500 m. Mont Serrate near Bogota, 3200 m. Fasst),
Peru (Huancabamba, 3000 m. THIEME).

P. gideon Thieme is the shape of doraete, but the upper surface is wood-coloured brown, with 2 rows
of lighter (not white) long spots, between which is placed a row of round dark brown spots, continued also on

the hindwing. The under surface is nearly as in doraete. From Cushi in Peru. — antissa Thieme is a form
of gideon in which the long light brown spots of the forewing are broader and at the ends bordered with
whitish. From Huancabamba in North Peru. — enipeas Thieme, described by him as a separate species, is per-

haps only a smaller form of gideon with the middle teeth of the hindwing shorter and the entire upper sur-
face of more dusky colouring. The long spots of the forewing are less conspicuous, but are marked with
dull white dots placed beside the dark circular spots. Under surface as in gideon and doraete. From Cillutin-
cara and Rio Songo in Bolivia.

P. dorinde Fldr. (57 b). This and the following species have only one row of spots on the forewing
above and beneath. The hindwing, however, bears two rows. These are yellowish white. The ground-colour
of the upper surface is light brown, in the @ figured from the Berlin Museum lighter and more yellowish
than in the g. Rare. Colombia (Cauca), Ecuador.

P. emilia Bélr. (57 b) is rather like the preceding species, but is distinguished by having the distal
half of the hindwing beneath light grey and the row of eye-spots indistinct, The basal half of this wing
is not dark green, as in dorinde, but dark grey with large silver spots. Found by Fass at the Quindiu Pass
at an elevation of 2700 m.

P. whitelyi Druce (57b 3 and 2). On the upper surface there is in the ¢ a second row of indistinct
whitish yellow spots before the distal margin of the forewing. The 9 has the ground-colour of the upperside
yellowish brown, with rows of ochre-yellow spots. Peru, Bolivia (Ghaco, San Antonio, Rio Songo), Ecuador
(Baiios).

47. Genus: TWhiemeia gen. nov.

At the end of the following genus, Catargynnis Rob., TuinmE has placed 2 species, which differ very
much in shape from the other species of the genus. They have on the first two median veins of the hindwing
long straight tails, as in Daedalma, and the distal margin of the forewing is strongly excised in the middle.
On the ground of these differences I propose erecting a new genus for them, and name it in honour of the
late Prof. TureME, whose too early death has deprived entomology of a good worker at the present family. These
species cannot be referred to Daedalma, as they lack the concave excision at the costal margin of the hindwing,
which is here more smoothly rounded. The first species was described as a Pronophila, the second as a Catar-
gynnis.

T. phoronea Db/. & Hew, The distal margin of the forewing projects in an obtuse angle on the upper
radial. Above unicolorous dark brown, only the fringes broadly chequered with brown and white. The shape
is quite similar to the figured ortruda, except that the two tails are not parallel as in this, but diverge somewhat
distally. The 2 is paler brown above with a blurred white costal spot on the forewing. Beneath the forewing
is brown, at the apex marbled with white, reddish, yellowish and purple-grey, the fringes as above. Hind-
wing reddish chocolate-coloured, in the middle darker, basally with whitish band, distally with a row of
6 brown, white-ringed spots, which are surrounded with purple-grey. Venezuela. Very rare in collections,
only in the Brit. Museum 3 and 9, and in the Berlin Museum 1 9 (coll. StaupINGER).

T. ortruda Thieme (57 ¢ 2 upper and under surface). The 3 is unicolorous brown above and resembles
the 3 of phoronea on the under surface also. But the 9 is very different. It has on both surfaces of the
forewing a broad ochre-yellow band, which above is also continued on the anterior part of the hindwing. From
Bolivia (Rio Songo and Cillutincara, 3000 m.). Rare,

doraete.

gideon.
antissa.

. u
envpems.

dorinde.

emilia.

whitelyi.

phoronea.

ortruda.

gigas.

rogersi.

/ phaselis.

argyrilis.

pholoe.

mirabilis.

loxo.

ilsa.

gerlinda.

helche.

asuba.

268 - CATARGYNNIS. By G. Wrymer.

48. Genus: Catargynnis Rod.

After the 2 tailed species which TH1EMe referred to this genus have been removed (cf. the preceding
genus, T'hiemeia) the rest may be characterized as follows. Eyes strongly hairy. Palpus long projecting, with
appressed hairs, the terminal joint pointed. Antenna with long, thin club. Forewing elongate, the distal
margin fairly straight or with shallow excision in the middle, hindwing undulate, rarely more strongly dentate,
occasionally somewhat produced in the anal part. In the forewing 2 subcostal veins arise before the end
of the cell. The middle discocellular forms in both wings an angle proximad, from which a small recur-
rent veins arises. Many species have on the underside rows of silvery spots, especially on the hindwing,
or silvery bands. The species occur in the high mountains from Guatemala to Bolivia, only one in South
Brazil. They are mostly very rare in collections. Several species have been described as Oxeoschistus, some
also as Pronophila or Daedalma.

C. gigas Godm. & Salv. (57¢ 3 upper and 2 under surface). The largest species of the genus,
distinguished by the broad red-yellow marginal band of the hindwing and the rows of silvery spots on the
underside of both wings, which in the figured 9 are larger than in the 3. From the high mountains of Gua-
temala (Accytuno, Purula, Pansamala). Very rare.

C. rogersi Godm. & Salv. Above brown with a broad red-yellow submarginal macular band on the
forewing, on which are placed several round brown spots. Hindwing above without markings. Beneath the fore-
wing is as above, but the hindwing similar to that of the following phaselis, bearing several rows of silver spots
and between them a row of black eye-spots with ochre-yellow pupils and rings. From Irazu in Costa Rica and
Chiriqui in Panama.

C. phaselis Hew. Above unicolorous dark brown, beneath like the form argyritis, figured on pl. 57 ¢,
but with the ground-colour of the under surface of the hindwing not dark brown but red-brown. The apex
of the forewing is also red-brown, with some white spots. The 9 is somewhat larger. From Venezuela and Co-
lombia. — argyritis Thieme (57 c) is the dark Bolivian form of phaselis, with the ground-colour of the hind-
wing beneath not rust-red but dark brown and the silvery spots larger and more distinct. From Bolivia and
Peru.

C. pholoe Stgr. (= Oxeoschistus phalsi Gr.-Sm.) (57 d upper and under surface). May be known by the
submarginal row of red-yellow spots on the forewing. Beneath the silver spots are much smaller than in the
preceding species. From Colombia (Cauca).

C. mirabilis Btlr. Shape of Mygona prochyta, but the forewing shorter. Above dark brown with green
reflection, fringes black, chequered with sulphur-yellow. Forewing beneath dark brown with a black, white-
bordered line before the distal margin, beside it 3 black blind eye-spots, a double white subcostal spot and
some eye-shaped spots in the disc. Hindwing beneath olive-brown, with two obscure silver bands enclosing
a dark dentate median band, beyond it a row of 8 black, white-pupilled eye-spots with yellow iris. Huasampilla
(Peru). Rare. One ¢ in the Brit. Museum.

C. loxo Dogn. (= Pronoph. sagartia Gr.-Sm., Daedalma bronza Weeks) (47 d). The species is distinguished _
by having the anal part of the hindwing elongated. The upper surface is unicolorous glossy bronze-brown.
On the under surface the silvery bands are not well expressed. From Colombia (Bogota, Zipapura).

C. ilsa Thieme (47e) has the wings less elongate than in loxo, the markings of the under surface
much more distinct and the silver stripes in the ¢ brighter. The ¢ is unicolorous dark brown above, the 9
more olive-brown. The tooth on the first median vein of the hindwing projects less in the 9 than in the 4,
which is figured here. Moreover, the 2 has the silver band on the underside of the forewing interrupted in the
middle and the silver markings of the hindwing somewhat infuscated. Rare. Colombia (Cauca [coll. Srav-

DINGER], Rio Vitaca, 2500 m. [coll. Fasst]).

C. gerlinda Thieme. Similar to the preceding, but with the wings shorter and rounder. Above unico-
lorous brown with slight gloss. Underside of the forewing dull brown with 3 small eye-spots before the apex
and indistinct lighter marginal spots; that of the hindwing is light brown shot with silvery, with a strongly
dentate median band, which is interrupted in the middle, the base dark brown, a distinct row of eye-
spots and a dark marginal band, strongly dentate proximally. Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz, Loco Valley, San
Jacinto, Cillutineara).

C. helche Thieme (57d upper and under surface). Distal margin of the forewing obtusely projecting
at the upper radial. The scheme of markings of the under surface is very similar to that of gerlinda, but helche
may be at once distinguished here by the chestnut-red basal area of the forewing. The habitat is likewise
Bolivia (San Antonio, Cillutincara). Rare. 2 examples, g and 9, in coll. SrauprneEeR (Berlin Museum).

C. asuba Thieme. Above brown with strong coppery gloss. The forewing shows a large dusky scale-
spot, extending in rays along the veins. The hindwing is more feebly dentate. On the under surface there is

MYGONA; PROBOSCIS. By G. Weymmr. 269

a chestnut-red spot between the median veins of the forewing, by which the species may be recognized. Of the
3 silvery transverse stripes on the underside of the hindwing the proximal one is quite straight. Bolivia (Yungas
de la Paz). Rare, only one § in THIEME’s collection.

C. mena Gr.-Sm. (58a). Above unicolorous brown, with bronzy gloss. Beneath the silver markings
at the apex of the forewing and the silver bands on the hindwing are much darkened by brown dusting. There
is mostly here on the forewing a small orange spot between the 2nd and 3rd median veins, which was wanting
in the example figured. Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz, San Jacinto, San Antonio, Cillutincara).

C. clethra Thieme. Similar to the preceding, but smaller. Above glossy bronze-brown. Forewing
beneath without gloss, dark brown, only the apex somewhat silvery. A small chestnut-red spot between
the 2nd and 38rd median veins. Hindwing beneath likewise dark brown, only the anterior half somewhat
silvery. There is no trace of transverse bands, on the other hand all the veins are black and each cellule bi-
sected longitudinally by a black line, forming a pattern similar to that of the Actinote species. At the
base are placed some small red spots. From Peru (Villanota and Chanchamayo). 2 examples in coll. Stav-
DINGER (Berlin Museum).

C. schreineri Foetterle (= lemur Thieme) (58a). Above pale yellowish brown with 2 rows of light
ochre-yellow spots and dark grey-brown base. The hindwing is margined with reddish in the anal part. The
under surface is similarly marked to the upper, except that the spots on the hindwing have a dull sil-
very gloss and in the basal half of this wing is placed a silver band partly broken up into spots. The ground-
colour of the hindwing beneath is yellowish brown, finely striated with dark brown. Petropolis (South Brazil).

49. Genus: Mygonma Thieme.

The costal margin of the forewing is long, its anterior part produced distad, and the distal margin con-
sequently excised below the upper radial. The hindwing is strongly dentate, the tooth on the 2nd median vein
broader and stronger than the rest, but not produced into a tail. The costa of the hindwing is not emar-
ginate, but smooth and rounded. In the scheme of markings of the under surface the species are all very simi-
lar. On the hindwing a white spectacle-shaped spot and 3 white dots forming a triangle are nearly always pre-
sent and on the forewing mostly three chestnut-red or light brown dots. The species have been described
as Pronophila or Oxeoschistus.

M.. prochyta Hew. (= Oxeoschistus erebus Gr.-Sm.) (57 e). Above unicolorous dark brown, only the base
and apical part of the forewing somewhat lighter. The 2 has an indistinct, somewhat lighter brown costal
spot and sometimes 2 reddish grey spots between the median veins of the forewing. Bolivia (Yungas de la
Paz). — chyprota Gr.-Sm. (57 e) may probably be regarded as the Peruvian form of prochyta. It is somewhat
smaller, on the under surface quite similarly marked, only more red-brown. On the upper surface the basal
part of the wings is entirely red-brown, the distal part spotted with red-brown. From Peru (Cuzco, Cal-
langa, Vilcanota).

M. thammi Sfgr. (57 e upper and under surface). Similar to the preceding species, but the hindwing
almost entirely chestnut-red above, with 3 black spots before the margin. The under surface very varie-
gated. Peru (Chanchamayo, Cushi, Hunancabamba).

M. poeania Hew. Forewing above unicolorous brown, hindwing brown, the anal part occupied by
a red-brown area, which reaches to the middle of the wing and is traversed by a brown submarginal line. The
under surface is quite similar to the preceding species. From Ecuador. Rare.

M. irmina Db/. (58 a). May be known by the large white spot of the hindwing on the upper surface,
which is otherwise dark brown. The under surface is very similar to that of prochyta, except that the apex
of both wings is marbled with lighter grey-brown. In the @ the distal margin on the upperside of the hindwing
is narrowly brown-red, a brown-red spot is placed before the apex and 2 indistinct spots between the median
veins of the forewing. Venezuela (Merida), Colombia (Bogota, Rio Vitaco).

50. Genus: Proboseis Thieme.

This genus is distinguished by having the apex of the forewing falcate and strongly recurved posteriorly.
The costa of the hindwing is concave. The distal margin of this wing is dentate and forms a short tail on
the 2nd median vein. Only one Colombian species, which Hewrrson made known as a Pronophila.

P. propylea Hew. (58b). Forewing beneath brown, with red-brown base and apex and 3 brownish
yellow spots before the distal margin. Hindwing beneath yellowish brown with brown median band and
brown margin, in which is placed a row of whitish yellow spots and dots. Colombia. The species is very rare and
was unknown to THIEME in nature. Fasst took a specimen in the neighbourhood of Muzo at 2000 m.

mena.

clethra.

schreineri.

prochyta.

chyprota.

thammi.

poeania.

irmina.

propylea.

(

——-

leonata.

championi.

venerata.

orsedice.

astoreth.
violacea.

tauropolis.

cothon.

cothonides.

leucospilos.

pugil.

270 DRUGINA; DIORISTE. By G. Wrymer.

51. Genus: Drucina Bilr.

Forewing narrow and elongate, its apex less recurved than in Proboscis and, with the exception of
orsedice, rounded, the distal margin weakly excised, but even, that of the hindwing slightly undulate or smooth.
Palpus long and porrect, the terminal joint almost half as long as the middle joint.

D. leonata Bélr. (58a, b). The 2 is somewhat larger than the 3, of which we figure both surfaces,
the apical part of the forewing above is somewhat lighter and there are some milk-white spots in the dise. On
the hindwing the ferruginous stripes extend further and between them are placed beyond the cell 3 obscure
white rays. Costa Rica (Irazu and Rio Sucio), Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui).

D. championi Godm. & Salv. Somewhat larger than the preceding species. Above black-brown. Fore-
wing with a submarginal row of 5 or 6 small ochre-yellow spots, hindwing with 6 bright blue oval spots in
a curved row, of which 5 are large (5—10 mm. in length) and the last, at the anal angle, small. Forewing
beneath brown with the apex marbled with grey and with 4 white spots, the hindwing marbled with grey
and brown, with brown spots and indistinct double row of eye-spots. A rare and beautiful species. Discovered
by CHamPion in Guatemala (Cerro Zunti), coll. GopMaNn and Savi.

D. venerata Btlr. (58b,c). BurTLER and STAUDINGER have referred this species to the genus Pronophila.
Although the forewing is not so sharply pointed as in the other Drucina species, yet the narrow, elongate fore-
wing with its oblique distal margin seems to me to point rather to the genus Drucina, to which THIEME
has referred it. Hence I follow this arrangement. The 2 is distinguished from the ¢, which we figure on both
surfaces, by having the light spot on the underside of the hindwing not white but brownish grey, so that it stands
out but little from the ground-colour, on the other hand the dentate line before the anal angle is distinctly
white. Peru, Bolivia (San Antonio and Cillutincara).

D. orsedice Hew. The forewing is pointed, but the apex is not recurved. Above red-brown. Both wings
with a red spot in the cell and 2 rows of red spots beyond the middle, which are small on the forewing, large
on the hindwing. Hindwing further with some red marginal spots. Forewing beneath reddish, whit a pale
brown spot before the apex and some red spots between the median veins, on which are placed a row of
4 black eye-spots, mostly with white pupils. Hindwing beneath pale brown, a red-brown band before the
middle, then a row of 5 red-brown spots with white pupils. Expanse 2*/5 in. (71mm.). Ecuador, Peru (Huanca-

bamba). — astoreth 7'hieme is a form of orsedice in which the forewing is unicolorous brown above and the
red marginal spots of the hindwing are absent. Expanse 60 mm. Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz). — violacea

form. nov. (on pl. 58 erroneously called orsedice) seems to be a form near to orsedice or a separate species. It
is characterized by the brownish violet ground-colour of both wings. All the margins and all the veins are bor-
dered with dark brown; the costal margin of the forewing and the distal margin of the hindwing are in addition
narrowly bordered with violet-brown. The submarginal spots are light-pupilled on the under surface. From
Maecas in Ecuador. Coll. Nrepe.r.

52. Genus: Dioriste Thieme.

The species of this genus, which on account of their similar shape were formerly referred: to Oxeoschistus
Bilr., THrEME has separated from it, as they all have a certain resemblance inter se. This consists in the
presence on the upper surface of large white or light yellow spots and on the underside of the hindwing
of a whitish yellow discal band with a submarginal row of eye-spots.

D. tauropolis Dbl. & Hew. (= laetifica Bates) (58c¢). May be known by the large, sharply dentate,
yellowish white spot on the hindwing, which on the underside is prolonged to the inner angle as a narrow stripe
and encloses a row of eye-spots; there is further a white line at the base beneath. The spots of the fore-
wing are alike above and beneath. Distributed from Mexico over Guatemala to Nicaragua. — cothon Salv. is
a somewhat aberrant form of tawropolis. It has on the forewing 3 additional whitish yellow spots (2 before the
apex, 1 in the disc), the spot on the hindwing is larger and on the underside the band which crosses the cell
of the hindwing is much broader and occupies a larger area of the cell. From Costa Rica and Panama.

D. cothonides Gir.-Sm. (58 d). Recognizable by the broad brick-coloured red-yellow median area of the
hindwing, which changes into red-brown towards the inner margin. 3 small black eye-spots with white pupils
near the anal angle. The under surface is not strikingly different from that of cothon. The 2 is marked quite
similarly to the g. Costa Rica (Carthago), Panama (Chiriqui).

D. leucospilos Stgr. (58 c). Forewing above almost unicolorous dark brown; the markings of the under
surface (which we figure) only show through very indistinctly. Hindwing above with large irregular white
spot in the cell. Peru, Ecuador. — pugil Thieme (58 c) is a form in which the white spot on the upperside of the
hindwing is somewhat larger and bears a round dark brown spot, in place of which on the under surface there

CHEIMAS; OXEOSCHISTUS. By G. WrymMer. 27.

is added a fifth eye-spot. In the 9 the markings of the underside are also present above and on the hindwing
the white spot is prolonged to the costa. Bolivia (Illimani and Yungas de la Paz).

535. Genus: Cheitmas Thieme.

Apex of the forewing rectangular, margin of the hindwing slightly undulate. Above with large, slightly
glossy, yellowish or bluish white spot on’the hindwing. Beneath almost without markings, red-brown. Only
one species, published as Oxeoschistus.

Ch. opalinus Stgr. (58d). The large silver-grey spot of the hindwing with variously coloured reflections.
According to the angle of light it has a golden yellow or a light blue sheen. The under surface is entirely red-
brown with the margin but little darker. Hindwing with dark brown transverse lines, a yellow median dot
and a submarginal row of yellow dots. Venezuela. — spoliatus Stgr.=(58 d) is a fora of opalinus with the
yellow dots on the underside of the hindwi ing entirely absent and the spot on the upperside less white. Like-
wise from Venezuela.

54. Genus: Oxeosehistus Bilr.

After the species of the preceding genera Mygona, Proboscis, Diorista and Cheimas, which BuTLER had
united with Oxeoschistus, have been removed, this genus only contains quite similar species, which agree in
the following points: Palpus thinly haired, its terminal joint pointed and projecting for about the length
of the head. Apex of the forewing rounded and not distally produced. Distal margin of the hindwing more
or less strongly undulate. Most of the species have on the upperside a broad briek-coloured red-yellow sub-
marginal band which bears a row of black spots. They occur in the high mountains from Guatemala to Bolivia.

O. pronax Hew. (58d). On the upperside the band is curved basewards at the costal margin of the
forewing, by which the species may be known. Beneath the forewing is as above, but the band whitish at the
costal margin, the hindwing red-brown with 2 rows of yellowish white spots before the margin, which are
bisected by the black veins. Between them some very small eye-spots. Peru and Bolivia.

0. duplex Godm. (58d). The band is distally sharply dentate on the hindwing and at the distal
margin there is a row of red-yellow crescents. The black-brown spots on the band are very large. On the
under surface the apex of the forewing is ferruginous, the band anteriorly white. Hindwing red-brown, the
band bordered with white at both sides, a white line is placed in the basal area and uals black spots have
white pupils. Bolivia, Peru.

0. simplex Btlr. (58 e). The band is anteriorly narrow and posteriorly broad and at the inner margin
of the hindwing extends to the distal margin. The dark spots are scarcely half as large as in duplew.
The figure of the under surface (pl. 58 e) represents a 9. In the ¢ the white median stripe of the hindwing
is only half as broad. — According to Fasst the egg is the same size as that of Satyrus briseis, is spherical
and has a mother-of-pearl gloss on the surface. The species is distributed in Colombia. Fassu found it already
at 1200 m., but also at altitudes of 2500 m. According to GopMAN it also occurs in Heuador.

0. puerta Westw. (58d) differs from simplex in that the red-yellow band decreases less in breadth
anteriorly, but on the hindwing does not extend to the distal margin. On the other hand the brown distal
border reaches the anal angle. The brown spots vary in number and size. Hrwrirson gives the number of
spots on the forewing as 4, on the hindwing as 7, in the example figured only a few are present. Beneath
the brown spots on the forewing are very small, the hindwing similar to that of simplex. Colombia, Vene-
zuela, Costa Rica. — submaculatus Bilr. (58 e) is a form of puerta in which the red-yellow band is especially
broad on the hindwing and as in simplex extends to the anal angle, but on the forewing becomes very
narrow and is anteriorly broken up into small spots. Instead of the brown spots there are on the hindwing
only a few dots at the anal angle, on the forewing they are entirely absent. Beneath the proximal part of the
forewing is very dark. From Costa Rica. — pervius Thieme is a similar form to submaculatus, but considerably
larger, with the band on the forewing broader and not broken up into spots. From the. province of Cauca
in Colombia.

0. isolda Thieme may be recognized by the dark mahogany-red band, which is the same shape as in
puerta, thus not touching the distal margin of the hindwing. The spots placed on this band are very small
or absent, especially on the forewing. The under surface is similar to that of puerta, but the markings are
duller, the ocelli smaller and not bordered with yellow. In the 2 the colouring of the upper surface is somewhat
lighter. Ecuador (Mirador) (Harnscu).

opalinus.

spoliatus.

pronax. ¢

duplex. |

simplex.

puerta.

submacula-
tus.

pervius.

isolda.

protogenia.

euryphile.

hilarus.

\ limanthes.

intercidona.

deverra.

assarhad-
don.

theiebe.

obscura.

thelebina.

brennus.

272 PRONOPHILA. By G. Weyer.

0. protogenia Hew. (59 a). The bright red-yellow band of the upper surface is especially broad on the
hindwing and the row of brown spots placed in it is complete. On the underside of the hindwing the basal
transverse line is absent, by which the species may be known. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

O. euryphile Btlr. (= euriphyle) (59 a. Upper surface. The U on the plate is incorrect). May be konwn
by the light yellow colour of the band, which on the upperside only shades off somewhat into red-yellow in its
distal part, but on the underside into white, and on the forewing is entirely broken up into spots. Beneath
the forewing has 4 ocelli and before the apex several white spots, the hindwing in the proximal part some
light markings and distally a row of eye-spots. From Costa Rica (Irazu), Panama (Chiriqui).

0. hilarus Bates. Instead of the band there are here on the upper surface 2 rows of small, irregu-
larly placed red-yellow spots on both wings. On the under surface of the forewing the spots are white and some
of them joined together in pairs. Between them are placed black spots bordered with red-yellow. Hindwing
brown, all the veins white, 2 sulphur-yellow transverse bands cross the middle, so that a latticed pattern
is formed. In addition a white dentate line is placed at the margin. Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Cerro
Zunil, Purula), Mexico (Xantipa and Omilteme in Guerrero).

55. Gattung: Pronophila West.

In consequence of the division proposed by Burter only a few out of the large number of Pronophila
species figured and described by Westwoop, Hewirson, Fe_pEr and others are still regarded as belonging in
this genus, and indeed only those which are similar in shape and markings to the first two species cited by
Westwoop (thelebe and cordillera). The greater part of the others form the present genus Pedaliodes Bilr.
(p. 250). The Pronophila species (in the restricted sense) have broad wings, the hindwing nearly round with
the distal margin more or less undulate, the inner margin of the forewing comparatively long, its distal
margin consequently vertical (not oblique) and nearly straight. On the underside of the forewing almost all
bear a row of black eye-spots with blue pupils; the upper surface is black-brown, sometimes unicolorous,
sometimes with white, brownish red or grey-brown spots before the apex of the forewing. They are mostly rather
large butterflies, and inhabit the high Andes from Central America to Bolivia.

P. timanthes Salv. (59a upper and under surface). The black spots, which on the upperside are
placed on the long brownish red oval patches, bear on the under surface blue pupils. Costa Rica (Irazu), Panama
(Chiriqui). — intercidona Thieme (59 a) may perhaps be regarded as a form of timanthes in which the proxi-
mal halves of the oval patches are wanting with the exception of the anterior ones and which has these spots
brilliant golden brown. Sometimes there is further a red spot between the 2nd and 3rd median veins. From
Ecuador (Santa Inez).

P. deverra 7'hieme has before the distal margin of the forewing a row of light reddish spots, the anterior
ones somewhat larger. The under surface resembles that of Pron. thelebe (59 b), especially the hindwing. On
the forewing the macular band is continued further, to the inner margin, and is not white, but has the light
reddish brown colour of the upper surface. From Ecuador.

P. assarhaddon Thieme (= rosenbergi Lathy) (59 b). Above black-brown, at the base somewhat lighter,
the forewing with the same white macular band as on the figured under surface. Hindwing only with the tips
of the fringes between the veins white. Ecuador (Santa ce) (HaEnscnh).

P. thelebe Dbl. & Hew. (59b) is the best known species of the genus. The white spots on the
upper surface vary in number, size and shape. Examples from Peru and Bolivia are more copiously spotted
with white than those from more northerly localities. The 2 has the ground-colour of the upperside much
paler brown and the hindwing is more strongly dentate. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia. —
obscura Bélr. is probably a thelebe form. According to Burrer’s description the colouring of the upper
surface is as in thelebe. Hence we must assume that the upperside has white spots on the forewing. But
the under surface, which BurLer figures, shows no such spots, only the apex is whitish. The 4 black eye-
spots with light blue pupils are placed in the disc in a straight row on a dark ground. The underside
of the hindwing is almost exactly like our figure of thelebe, pl. 59 b. Venezuela. 2 examples in the Brit. Museum.
— thelebina Thieme (59 b) is a further form of thelebe, somewhat smaller and with smaller white spots, only
the first is the same length as in thelebe and bears above a black dot at its proximal end. The hindwing
is smooth-margined. On the under surface the ocelli and the red dots are indistinct, as also are the mark-
ings on the hindwing.- Colombia (Rio Dagua), Peru (Chanchamayo), Bolivia (Yungas de la Paz).

P. brennus Thieme (59c upper and under surface). The row of pale brown spots on the upper
surface is sometimes dirty white or reddish; sometimes there is also a further small red-yellow spot at the proxi-
mal side of the first of these spots. In the 2 the ground-colour is not so deep black as in the g, hence
the row of eye-spots on the under surface is sometimes visible in the Q on the upperside also, as was the
case in one of the examples found by Fasst. Hitherto only found in western Colombia, in the Cauca Valley
by Haunex, Popayan and Rio Dagua by KaLBreyer, Rio Agna Valley by Fass. Eien ate :

Publ. 15. V. 1912. CORADES. By G. Weymer. 273

P. orchus Hew. (= orcus Bilr.) (59 c). Above dark brown with four small grey spots before the apex
of the forewing. On the under surface the species may be known by having several white spots before the apex
and a red-yellow one in the middle of the forewing and at the anal angle of the hindwing a fine black dentate
line on a white ground. Colombia.

P. cordillera Westw. (59c). Above brown, hindwing and apex of the forewing with slight reddish
brown gloss. This beautiful species may be recognized by the chestnut-red basal half of the forewing be-
neath. Bolivia.

P. orcus Latr. (= orchamus Godt., porsenna Hew.) (60 a). Above unicolorous dark brown, only the apex
of the forewing somewhat lighter. The distal margin of the hindwing is weakly undulate. The 2 is some-
what larger (expanse 78 mm.) and somewhat lighter brown and has on the upperside of the forewing 4 round
black spots, corresponding in position to the eye-spots of the under surface. These spots are placed ina yellowish
brown patch. Instead of the grey-brown colour of the ¢ the 2 has the ground-colour of the underside
of the hindwing light reddish brown, as also the distal margin of the forewing. The dark markings are all of a
dark red-brown colour. Colombia. Fasst took both sexes at the Alto de los Ances at an altitude of 2200 m.
and at the Quindiu Pass (2600 m.). — locuples Thieme is a form of orcus in which the under surface of the
forewing bears a second small red-yellow spot near the costa. On the upper surface the lighter brown api-
cal shade is separated by a brown border from the distal margin. Bolivia. — nepete Thieme is a further
form which has on the upper surface a hght yellow-brown macular band with slight golden gloss, ex-
tending from the costa to the 2nd median and also marked on the underside as a brownish white area. Other-
wise the under surface does not differ from that of orcus. From Peru (Chanchamayo). — A third form is
parallela Thieme. In it the 4 ocelli on the forewing beneath are placed in a straight line one below another,
parallel with the distal margin, and all of uniform size, and the last but one is bordered with red at both
sides. From Venezuela (Valencia).

P. variabilis Bélr. is allied to orcus Latr. (porsenna Hew.). Above with green and reddish bronzy
gloss, without white spots, but with 3 dark spots at the apex of the forewing and 2 or 3 at the anal
angle of the hindwing. Beneath the red-yellow spot of the forewing is absent, the hindwing is more whi-

orchus.

cordillera.

orcus.

locuples.

nepete.

parallela.

variabilis.

tish, the bands at the base and in the middle darker, with 8 white-pupilled and light-bordered eye-spots _

and a broad brown margin, proximally bordered with lilac. Peru.

P. epidipnis Thieme (60 a). Above unicolorous brown. Beneath similar to orchus Hew., but the ground-
colour of the hindwing is throughout light grey without white, only at certain angles a slight silvery gloss
is visible. The median band is nearly straight. Merida, Venezuela.

P. lucomo Thieme. A large species. The costal margin of the forewing is somewhat longer, hence the
distal margin is more oblique than in the other species. Hindwing strongly dentate, its distal margin
somewhat produced in the middle. Above dark brown, before the apex somewhat lighter. Beneath similar
to orchus Hew., but without the red-yellow spot on the forewing. On the hindwing the dark median band is
bordered with white on both sides at the costal margin; at the inner margin a large white spot is placed
before it. From Vilcanota in Peru. Coll. StaupINGER in the Berlin Museum.

P. colocasia Thieme is similar to the preceding species, unicolorous brown above, and differing from
it in having the median band of the hindwing beneath broader, sharply defined on a silvery ground, basally
bent round and not reaching the inner margin. The anterior part of the distal margin of this wing is broadly
bordered with ferruginous. From Rioja in Peru. Coll. StavDINGER in the Berlin Museum.

56. Genus: Corades Dbl. & Hew.

The species of this genus may be known at a glance by the elongate form of the hindwing, the anal
margin of which runs out in an almost straight line into a long tail, which is formed by the first median
vein. Consequently the cellules at the inner margin are very narrow. Only in a few species the tail is shorter.
The distal margin of the forewing is plain or rounded, that of the hindwing likewise plain or slightly undulate.
The costal vein of the forewing is swollen at the base. Two subcostal veins arise before the end of the
cell on the forewing. The middle discocellular,forms on both wings an angle proximad, from which arises
a small recurrent vein. The rather long palpi and the eyes are finely haired. The butterflies are of medium
size, the upper surface unicolorous black-brown or partly red-brown or yellow-brown, sometimes with
yellow or white spots. The under surface is often light and dark marbled, the hindwing then agreeing in
colouring with the apex of the forewing. Sometimes silvery stripes are present. Their range of distribu-
tion embraces the Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, only one species reaches North Argentina. Statements
differ as to the vertical distribution. The altitude at which the Corades species fly is given by BURGER in his
,,Reisen eines Naturforschers as 500m. to 2800 m., whilst according to THIEME ttiey are confined to particu-
larly high altitudes and Fasst gives the lowest elevation as 1400 m., the highest as over 3500 m. They always
fly singly and are not common.

C. pannonia Hew. (= ichthya H.-Schdaff., 2 = fluminalis Bélr.). Above unicolorous brown. Forewing

Vv 35

epidipnis.

lucomo.

colocasia.

pannonia.

274 CORADES. By G. Weymer.

beneath brown with silvery striation at the apex and 3 red spots in the disc. Hindwing beneath striated
with silver throughout, with a broad yellow band across the middle. fluminalis Btlr. may probably be regarded
as the 2 of pannonia. Upper surface brown with 2 white spots at the costa and 3 red-yellow ones between
or beside the median veins. Hindwing with 3 ferruginous streaks between the veins. Beneath the forewing
has paler spots. Hindwing ochre-yellow striated with copper-brown and with copper-brown median and marginal
ploas. bands. Venezuela. BurLER does not give the locality of his fluwminalis. — ploas Thieme (59d) is the
Colombian torm of pannonia. In it the 3 red-brown spots on the underside of the forewing are much dark-
ened and scarcely visible, the hindwing has instead of the broad yellow band a silvery grey one, which, however,
is largely covered with brown striation. The 2 was found by Fass and differs from the g in having 2 small
brownish white spots on the brown upper surface, placed at the costal margin, one 9, the other 17mm.
from the apex, the latter bipartite. Apex and distal margin broadly lighter. The under surface is coloured
domina. like that of the g, except that the white colour is somewhat more extended. A second form of the 2 (domina
form. nov.) (59 d), in addition to the 2 somewhat more distinct white spots, has on the upperside of the fore-
wing a row of 4 red-yellow spots and on the hindwing a row of red-brown ones, and below them a red-brown
stripe which runs to before the tip of the tail. The distal margin is also narrowly bordered with red-brown. The
under surface is as in the first female form. Colombia (Alto de las Cruces), 2400 m., West Cordillera. Accord-
ing to Fasst the egg of plows is somewhat larger than that of Pap. machaon, bomb-shaped, bone-white, smooth

at the base. otherwise much pitted.

argentata. C. argentata Bilr. (= pannonia Hew. part.) (59d). Above brown, distally lighter. Forewing beneath
with 3 golden brown spots. Hindwing beneath with dark basal and median areas, anteriorly separated by a
short silver line and distally bordered by a somewhat curved one. Bolivia.
melania. C. melania Stgr. The tails are somewhat shorter, the upper surface unicolorous glossy bronze-brown.
Under surface dark brown, forewing with a small whitish spot between the first and second median veins,
which is sometimes absent. The hindwing is entirely covered with fine, short, silvery transverse streaks, so
that the dark median band can scarcely be recognized. Bolivia.
cybele. C. cybele Sélr. (60 b). Above unicolorous black-brown. Beneath the species may be known by the
semiplena. golden brown hammer-shaped spot on the forewing. Colombia. — semiplena Thieme is a form with the
posterior half of the cell on the forewing beneath filled up with golden brown along the median. Peru. —
fusciplaga. fusciplaga Bilr. is probably a further form of cybele; the underside of the forewing bears a very small light
brown spot in place of the golden brown hammer-shaped spot. According to BuTLER the upper surface is similar
to that of sareba. Peru.

medeba. C. medeba Hew. (60 a) has shorter tails and in the g a unicolorous brown upper surface.
On the under surface recognizable by the red-yellow longitudinal stripe in the cell of the forewing and some
red-yellow spots behind it in the disc. The 9 has on the upperside a row of small, obscure reddish spots
columbina. on the forewing and also some similar spots in the disc of the hindwing. From Colombia to Bolivia. — columbina
Stgr. (60 b) is a medeba form in which there is only a-small spot in place of the red-yellow longitudinal

stripe on the under surface. Occurs not only in Colombia but also in Bolivia among the type-form.

sareba. C. sareba Hew. (= melusina Stgr. 7. 1.) (60 b) may be known by the brownish yellow basal half of
the forewing beneath. Upper surface dark brown, the forewing with an indistinct submarginal row of some-
what lighter spots. Bolivia.

chirone. C. chirone Hew. (Q = laminata Biélr.) (¢ 60a under surface, on the plate erroneously called ulema,
2 59d upper surface). The ¢ is unicolorous brown above. Beneath differing from ulema in having in the poste-
rior half of the forewing only 2 light yellow spots, not 3 as in ulema, and in the light band on the hindwing
between the base and the middle only reaching the median, whilst in wlema it extends nearly to the base of the
tail. The 2 (laminata Btlr.) has on the upperside of the forewing a submarginal row of yellow-brown spots,
which in the anterior part of the hindwing are united into a broader half-band. Beneath the markings
are similar to those of the g, which we figure, but at the inner angle of the forewing there are 3 larger, ochre-
yellow spots in place of the 2 in the g. The hindwing is marbled with lighter in the basal and median
areas and instead of the ochre-yellow stripe in the middle of the silver-white band there is here a brown
and white marbled stripe. Both sexes of this species, which is at present in but few collections, were found

by Fasst in July on Monte Socorro (Colombia) at an altitude of 3500 m.
ulema. C. ulema Hew. (59d under surface, erroneously called chirone 3 on the plate). According to Hew-
ITSON the upper surface is unicolorous brown, the example figured here is likewise brown, but has a red-brown
gloss throughout, with no trace of a band. The examples with distinct light submarginal band, mentioned by
THIEME, are thus transitional to the form tripunctata. Beneath similar to chirone, the differences have been
given above under the latter. The © has on the upperside a submarginal row of red-brown spots on the fore-
wing, a narrow, continuous red-brown band on the hindwing. On the under surface 4 red-yellow spots are placed
in the posterior part of the forewing, on the hindwing the first band is anteriorly white, posteriorly sprinkled
with brown scales, hence indistinct, the outer band is light ochre-yellow, basally margined with white,
tripunctata. and contains 3 fine black dots. From Bolivia and Peru (Huancabamba, Limbani). — tripunctata Weym.

PANARCHE. By G. WryMer. 275

is a form of ulema Hew. in the male of which a row of brownish red-yellow spots runs from the costal to the
inner margin on the forewing above and is continued to the inner angle of the hindwing as a continuous
band, anteriorly broad, posteriorly tapering to a point. 3 small round black spots are placed on this band
in the anterior part of the hindwing. The under surface is similar to that of wlema, but the bands are broader
and much purer white. Peru (Puente de Sigsi in the valley of the Rio Sonchi, 2500m., June [StuBEr)]).

C. albomaculata Stgr. (60a). May be known by the dull white, bi- or tripartite apical spot on the albomacu-
upperside of the forewing. Beneath similar to ploas. The 9 is somewhat larger than the ¢ and has an ad- /#/4-
ditional small white spot on the costa. Beneath the apex and the distal margin of the forewing are more strongly
marked with silver-white than in the ¢. Bolivia and North Peru.

C. cistene Hew. (60 b). Above brown with 6 small golden brown spots in a very sinuous row on the cistene.
forewing and indistinct spots on the hindwing, which scarcely stand out from the ground-colour. Beneath
the species may be recognized by the unusual shape of the brown median band on the hindwing (cf. fig.).
Bolivia. — dymantis Thieme (= callipolis Stgr.) is a form of cistene is which 2 or 3 small golden brown spots dymantis.
are present also on the upperside of the hindwing. Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. — In the form
generosa Thieme (= peruviana Sigr.) (60 b) the golden brown spots on the upperside of the forewing are larger generosa.
and across the hindwing runs a half-band composed of contiguous golden brown spots. Peru.

C. enyo Hew. (= auriga H.-Schdff.) (60 c) is characterized by having the upper surface of the hind- enyo. :

wing almost entirely golden brown, which colour also extends to the base of the forewing. The under surface

is similar in markings to that of almo (cf. figure, pl. 60 c), but the apex of the forewing and the entire hindwing

are light whitish grey and the 2 median stripes of the hindwing quite narrowly brown and distally bordered

with white. From the mountains of Caracas, Venezuela. This form is for the most part only represented in older
collections. The Colombian form more recently incorrectly distributed in collections under the name enyo

is much darker and should be called almo Thieme (60 c). The hindwing is dark brown above, distally chestnut- almo.
colour, beneath marbled with dark grey-brown. The 9, which is likewise figured, has on the hindwing a golden

brown submarginal band and on the under surface of both wings the greater part of the distal margin broadly
golden brown. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

C. chelonis Hew. (60d). Similar to the preceding, but the forewing bears only 3 larger spots. Beneath chelonis. 7
the 2 apical spots are white. In the 9 these apical spots are contiguous above and the posterior spot, between
the median veins, is three times as large as in the g. Colombia (Quindiu Pass and Cation del Tolima, 2500 m.)

(Fass_). — rubeta Thieme, a form of chelonis, has the hindwing more rounded and the tails shorter, forewing rubeta.
somewhat broader, sometimes with a small fourth golden brown spot at the inner margin. From Merida in
Venezuela. — The form lactefusa Thieme has the under surface of the forewing entirely milk-white, only a thin lactefusa,

brown line crosses the middle of the wing. Ecuador.

C. iduna Hew. (60d, erroneously as marginalis). Resembles chelonis in the forewing, but the 3 spots iduna.
are white, not golden brown. In the antcrior part of the hindwing there is a large, bright red-yellow or golden
brown spot, which does not reach the distal margin. Bolivia. — In the form marginalis bélr. (= marginata marginalis.
Kirby) the golden brown discal spot reaches the distal margin. Peru (Huancabamba and Cushi).

C. peruviana Bilr. (60d) was formerly regarded as a variety of zduna. According to THIEME it is a peruviana.
separate species. The white spot between the median veins of the forewing is not bipartite as in idwna,
but consists only of one spot between the first and second medians. The anal angle of the hindwing is more
produced than in iduna and the disc almost entirely bright reddish golden brown. The distal margin is only
narrowly, the inner margin broadly dark brown. From Ecuador and the coast Cordilleras of Colombia.

C. procellaria Thieme is the smallest species of the genus and resembles iduna, but the forewing is short- procellaria.
er. the hindwing more rounded and the tail much shorter. The white spot between the median veins of the
forewing is bipartite as in iduna. The 2 white apical spots as in that species. Hindwing dark brown with a fer-
ruginous submarginal spot in the apex, which is posteriorly lost in the ground-colour. From the Aconquija
Mountains near Tucuman, North Argentina.

57. Genus: Panarche Thieme.

This genus may be regarded as a connecting link between Corades and Polymastus. As in Corades, the
first median vein of the hindwing runs out into a long projecting point and the inner margin of this wing is as
straight as in that genus. On the other hand it differs widely from Corades in the straight costal and angled
distal margin of the forewing and the sharp, pointed teeth of the hindwing, in which respects it approximates
more to Polymastus. It is, however, easily distinguished by the triangular hindwing, produced into a point
at the inner angle, the species of Polymastus having the hindwing shorter and broader, with the inner margin
rounded. The costal of the forewing is only slightly swollen. The 3 species are rare and are indigenous to the
high mountains of Bolivia and Peru.

tricordatus.

_callipolis.

anfortas.

actorion.

decaerulea.
atalanta.

theodori.

apoxyo-
menes.

protonoé.

276 BIA. By G. Weyer.

P. tricordatus Hew. (Corades t.). Forewing with 2 fine points in the anterior part of the distal margin,
its posterior part obtusely dentate; anterior part of the hindwing also obtusely dentate, only the 3 median
veins having long points, that of the first median projecting furthest. Above brown, distally lighter, the
margins dark brown, forewing with white costal spot, hindwing with a submarginal row of black spots.
Forewing beneath red-brown, striated with light yellow, the forewing at apex and the hindwing dark brown
with white striation. The latter with several white spots, black margin and black submarginal band. From
Mapiri and the Illimani, Bolivia.

P. callipolis Hew. (Corades c.) (60d). The teeth of the distal margin are not so pointed as in tricordatus.
Above brown with dark margin. Forewing with a lighter brown submarginal band, proximally bordered
by a dark brown dentate stripe, similar to that shown in the figure of the under surface in the middle
of the forewing. From Bolivia (Illimani). For callipolis Stgr. cf. supra, p. 275, under C. dymantis.

P. anfortas Thieme is larger than callipolis, the teeth of the hindwing longer. The ground-colour
of the upper surface is cedar-wood brown. Basal area and distal margin of both wings dark brown. Beyond -
the middle of the wing is placed a row of dark brown spots, on the forewing elongate, on the hindwing round.
In addition on the forewing 2 elongate spots in the cell and 2 round ones before the apex. Forewing beneath
brown with silvery brown submarginal macular band, its proximal edge dentate. Hindwing beneath with
brown discal band, before this a silvery half-band and distally a partly silvery, partly brown-dusted submarginal
band. From Cuzco in Peru. Rare.

5&. Genus: Bia Hiibn.

An isolated genus, possessing various peculiarities. Palpus moderately long, thinly haired, the ter-
minal joint thin and pointed. Eyes naked. Forewing with the costal and distal margins rounded. Hindwing
produced at the inner angle into a point which projects far posteriorly and is placed on the first median vein.
In the forewing the costal vein is strongly inflated at the base, the median and submedian less swollen.
The cell of the forewing is longer at its posterior than at its anterior margin. On the hindwing there are two
hair-tufts (scent-organs) in the gg. One is placed in the inner-marginal fold and is composed of ochre-yellow
hairs about 3 mm. in length, which may be erect and diverging or again convergent. The other, at the anterior
margin of the cell, consists of short, erect, dark brown scales, which are partly covered by long, smoothly appressed,
lighter brown and yellowish grey hairs. Inhabits Surinam and the whole Amazon region as far as Peru.

B. actorion L. (60e). The bright iridescent blue spot at the inner margin of the forewing in the $3
varies in size, in single examples from the Upper Amazon it occupies almost the whole distal margin, in others
it is very small or entirely disappears. In the 2 on the other hand the whole basal half of the forewing
nearly to the costal margin is bright iridescent blue. Under surface red-brown, densely covered almost
all over with fine light brown or yellowish brown undulate lines. Below the apex of the forewing
close to the distal margin is placed a small black ocellus with blue pupil. From Cayenne, Para and the
whole Amazon region. The form decaerulea Stgr. 7. /. (60) shows no trace of blue reflection, on the other
hand the brownish yellow band is somewhat broader. It occurs among the type-form. — atalanta Rebel (60 e),
on the contrary, has on the hindwing a very bright dark blue reflection, occupying nearly all the posterior
half of the wing. The forewing is without reflection and the brownish yellow band is very narrow. The
under surface as in actorion. Peru.

Additions and Corrections

to the American Satyridae.
'

P.'Y82. Antirrhaea theodori Fruhst. is a form of philaretes only described in the female, in which,

instead of the 4 blue spots which philaretes 2 has on the upperside of the hindwing, only 2 are present, and these
are pale grey. The under surface is exactly as in philaretes. From the Upper Waupes (North Brazil). — A.
apoxyomenes Fruhst. approaches avernus Hpffr., but is larger, with broader yellow-white bands on the forewing
and more extended blue spotting on the hindwing. Bolivia.

P. 183. Sinarista adoptiva Weym. The 2 of this species has been found by Fassu likewise in the
Colombian West Cordilleras, in the Rio Aguaca Valley, at 2000 m. It is but little larger than the g, but, like
the 99 of Ant. geryon and geryonides, has broader wings, so that the apex of the hindwing is obtusely rectan-
gular. The point of the tail directed more distally. The ground-colour is somewhat lighter brown, the eye-
spots of the forewing are larger, have thicker white pupils andyarg bordered by obscure red-brown rings.
At the costal margin there is further a fourth, small, pupilled ocellus. The under surface is red-brown with
a broad band, striated with dark brown, across the middle of both wings. In the distal area 4 white dots on the
forewing and one on the hindwing.

In Caerois chorinaeus F. the © is about 3 em. larger than the 3. — protonoé Fruhst. is a form of

Alphabetical List of the American Satyridae.

277

chorinaeus in which the male also is larger than the type-form and much darker both above and beneath. Peru.

P. 184. Tisiphone hyrnethia Frwhst. (Manataria hercina h. ),

a form of hercyna, has the whitish yellow

macular band of the forewing so much widened that it occupies nearly a third of the wing and covers the
anterior half of the cell. The under surface is lighter than in the type-form and has the white spots more
than twice as broad and only in part isolated. Peru and Bolivia.

P. 188.

Taygetis weymeri Draudt should be inserted before andromeda, with which the shape of the

hindwing agrees, while the shorter forewing is shaped like that of sosis Hpffr. Above olive-brown. Forewing
with an indistinct brown stripe beyond the middle and both wings witha dark brown distal border 2% mm. in
breadth, before the distal margin a white line, the fringes long, whitish grey with brown dots at the extrenzities
of the veins. The under surface resembles that of keneza and wneinata, but the dark band before the middle of
both wings is scarcely indicated, and the band behind the middle has no sharp angles. The eye-spots are scarce-

ly perceptible on the forewing,

on the hindwing they are distinct but very small and mostly free, while

in keneza they are all placed on brown spots. But the species is easy to recognize by the non-angled forewing.
From Guerrero, West Mexico. Flies in August and September.

P. 192, line 17 from below, for retnoldsi spec.
2OG ae 2 above, ,, bonariensis
208, 21 below spartaeus
OOS eee above, sericella
22 nes Lv 56 agaya
234, 3, 6 miles

nov. read reynoldsi EH. Sharpe.
» bonaérensis.
> spartacus.
, sericeella.
ayaya.
» nilesi.

Alphabetical List

with reference to the original descriptions of the forms of the American Satyridae.

*) signifies that the form is also figured at the place cited.

abretia Eu. Capr. Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg. 17, p. 31. *».Z09,
acmenis Eu. Hbn. Zutr, Smlg. Exot. Schmett. *p.204
acraeida Lym. Bilr. Catal...Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 171. *p.a5o.
actorion Bia. L. Syst. Nat.°1 (2), p. 794. p- ATS:

acuta Tayg. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 188. *

adoptiva Sin. Weym. Entom. Zeitschr. Frankf. 23, p. 164. poss
aegrota Eu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 482. p. Aly
aetherialis Eu. Bélr. Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 13, p. 1267%*,
affineola Lym. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 249. *

affinis Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 469. *p.20u-
agatha Eu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 492. *o. a9.
agathina Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 219.

agraulis Pseudost. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 242, *
alaskensis Ereb. Holl. Entom. News. 11, p. 387. » 497
alaskensis Oen. Holl. Entomol. News 11, p. 389. .%3\-
alberta Oen. Elw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 467.\)).4°\
albinotata Tayg. Bilr. Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) 20, p. 217. p.iqy.
albopunctata Ped. Weym. Stiibels Reise, p. 110. *), 257
albocincta Lym. Hew. Journ. Entom. 1, p. 157. 2d,
albofasciata Eu. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 36. p:'7
albomaculata Cor. Stgr. Exot. Tagf., p. 236. * y-A7°.
albomaculata Lym. Hew. Journ. Entom. 1, p. 158. *p.Av4.

anacleta Eu. Btlr. Journ, Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 13, p. 123. *®-'9%.
analis Eu. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 185. * ae
andensis Sterom. [’/dr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 475. p Arr
ahdromeda Tayg. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1. * p. 198 .

anfortas Pan, Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 230. *p: AZo .
angelica Eu. Bilr. Trans. Wnt. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 424. 7.2/6:
angularis Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 106. * 2.A°S.
angulosa Tayg. Weym. Iris 20, p. $. p.18e >

angusta Arg. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 233. ~

anina Ped. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 128. p. ase.

antissa Pol. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 141. p. A67
antonoe Eu. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, pl. 60. *p. ai,

antonia Ped. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 127. +p Ash.

antulla Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 86. *
apiculata Lym. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 474. p.Ae®
apoxyomenes Ant. Fruhst. Ent. Rundsch. 29, p. 31. p-A%s.
apuleja Eretr. Pldr. Novara Lep. (38), p. 471. p- A&3

apulia Lym. Hpffr. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 362. ». A*9-

archaea Ant. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. * =77%
archebates Cal. MWén. Bull. Mose. 1832, p. 313. 240 |
argentata Cor. Btlr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 106. pair.
argante Eu. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, pl. 204. *p-207-

pAse.

albonotata Ped. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 189.¢%4% argentella Ku. Bilr. & Druce, Cistul. Ent. 1, p. 98. p. 229.

albutia Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschy. 50, p. 91. Se
alcinoé Eu. Fldr. Novara, Lep. (3), py 477. 409.
almo Cor. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitshae 51, p. 223.
alope Cerc. Ff. Ent. Syst. (3) 1, p. 229. p. Ane
altis Lym. Weym. Stiibels Reise, p. 109. *p.axe
alusana Ped. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 6, p. 68. p- 46!
amafania Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 122.
amalda Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 213. *
amalia Pier. Weym. Stett. Zg. 1885, p. 285. p.'27~
ambigua Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 472. *.A06
ambiorix Neos. Wallgr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 4, p. 36. ». A%5
ambra Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 198, *

ampelos Coen. Hdw. Butt. N. Amer. pl. 25. p,2ne.-
amussis Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 78. *p.A5u,

r27F-

* ya 26

argenteus Arg. Blanch. Gay, Faun. Chil. 7, p. 30. p. AGA -
argyritis Cat. Thieme, Berl. Wnt. Zeitschr. 51, p. 152. p. 26S
argyrospila Hu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 467. y.2°9-
ariane Cerc. Bdv. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852, p. 307. ». ans.
arius Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 198. *

armilla Ku. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 108. ®&.'98-
armillata Tayg. Bilr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 8. *pi7e.
arnaea Eu. J’. Gen. Insect., p. 260. p. 415

ashna Eu. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 36. j9.198

assarhaddon Pron. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 196.,.*& 77>:
asuba Cat. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. L5 Tip hor GBR VANS . Car. Sat.

asterie Tayg. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 189.

| astoreth Druc. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51. p. 169. * p- APE

astyoche Pier. Hrichs. Schomburgk Reis. 3, p. 599. p77.

acon. Teal Taeme . 4i. ASE.

hyrnethia.

weymeri.

Af Shee jacssbandusia Callit. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 219. ».179-

+3: i.

278

Alphabetical List of the American Satyridae.

atalanta Bia, Rbl. Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien 1906, p. 224240 cleopatra Taye. Fldr. Wien. Entom. Mon. 6, p. 176. °° '!84-

aurigera Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 194 *

auristriga Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50. p. 111." F<,
aurora Callit. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 175. p:'"

auraria Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 64. * p-AsB.
aurorina Callit. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 175. *@11H
austera Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 464, *e°
avernus Ant. Hpffr. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 359. \o.137-
ayaya Ku. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 492. *

banghaasi Tayg. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 190. =
baroni Cerc. Hdw. Canad. Entom. 12, p. 91. ». aay.
batesii Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 498. *p.4/2. |
beani Oen. Hlw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1839; p. 476.9-*9% - |
bega Sterom. Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 66. *p.A%t:
behemoth Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 57, p. 125.p-46°-
behrii Cerc. Grinn. Entom. News 16, p. 38. ¢. AAG.

benedicta Eu. Bilr. Journ. Linn. Soe. (Zool.) 18, p. 124.¢.*40¢
binalinea Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 475. * » Ae
binocula Eu. Bilr. Lep. Exot. 1. * pK

biocellata Eu. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 187. *»?°"|
blanda Tayg. Méschl. Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien 26, p. 825. fay

207]

boenninghauseni Cerc. Foett. Rey. Mus. Paulista 5, p. 632.».4a4_

boliviana Eu. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 187. *°.>"'-
bonaérensis Eu. Burm. Descr. Rep. Argent. 5, p. 212, Tab. giaee
boopis Cerc. Behr, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. 3, p. 164. p, AA®.
borasta Eu. Schaus, Proc. Un. St. Mus. 24, p. 389. ¢ 24'F
brasiliensis Pier. /’°/dr. Wien. Entom. Mon. 6, p. 125.\e:"77"
brenda Coen. Hdw. Trans Amer. Ent. Soc. 1869. » 226
brennus Pron. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 199.¢-477.
brixiola Eu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 483. *p.2/6
brixius Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 490. 2 4/46

brucei Ereb. Hlw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 326...%°©
brucei Oen. Hdw. Canad. Entom. 23, p. 33. p.43”>

burgia Eu. Schaus, Proc. Un. St. Mus. 24, p. 388. p. Aau

butleri Eu. Weym. Stiibel’s Reise, p. 61. e 9%

byses Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 496. p25

caerulea Eu. Bélr. Lep. Exot. 1. Taf. 3. * pa‘
eaeruleata Lym. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880,
p. 129. * pAwe.

calisto Eretr. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 472. p46
ealixta Eu. Btlr. Journ. Linn. Soc. 13, p. 125. * 9. 209.
eallias Ereb. Hdw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 274:
callichloris Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 490%2%s
calliomma Amph. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 426. % gas
eallipolis Pan. Hew. Boliv. Butt., p. 11. ~. a4e-
ealpurnia Eu. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2, p. 484. e-\4"
ealvertii El. Hlw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 275.
camerta Eu. Cr. Pap. Exot. IV. pl. 295. *».aoy
eanthus Sat. LZ. Syst. Nat., (XII), p. 768. ».4a5
castrensis_Eu. Schaus, Proc. Un. St. Mus. 24, p. 387. p oot
*

eatharifia Eu. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 225. *9.a20
eaucana Lym. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 250. *

celia Tayg. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3. * »-133

celmis Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 489. p.a°s

cephus Eu. /. Syst. Entom., p. 528. p. A1&

ceres Coen. Bilr. Ent. Mon. Mag. 3, p. 78..spee*&.

ceryee Pier. Hew. Boliv. Butt., p. 10. jou¢

cestia Ped. Thieme, Ber].:Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 94. * py. AS.

chalybea Pier. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 185.178

championi Druc. Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr. Amer. Lep. 1,
jo JIB, & 240

charon Cere. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 4, p. 69. p.2%4

chelonis Cor. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3 (Cor. 1). * y. Aqs-

chiliensis Cosm. Guér. Voy. Coquille, 2, pl. 16. * p. 253.

chirone Cor. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3, p. 71. *p-a1e@

chloris Eu. Cr. Pap. Exot. IV. pl. 293. * »- a's

chorinaeus Caer. /. Syst. Entom., p. 484. »-\$8

chrysogone Tayg. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn, Lep. *p-'\%)

chrysotaenia Ped. Hpffr. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 361. p. 459

ehryxus Oen. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 383. |. ADS.

chyprota Myg. Gr.-Sm. Rhop. Exot. 2, Ox. 1. *p. #69

cillutinarea Lym. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 250. *

cinna Lym. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 3, p. 35386

ciree Las. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 3, p. 326. p.AeS

circumducta Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 74. S235

_-his Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 131. * pate

cirta Las. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 3, p. 326. * P Ab
cistene Cor. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3, Cor. 1. *p.4 4%.

eledonia Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p- 109. * p.A5a
eclementia Eu. Bilr. Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 13, p- 128. i

cleophes Eu. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 3, p. 352. \o 20!
clethra Cat. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Mon. 51, p. 159. * p- 265
clinas Eu. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 3, p, 352. Pf 245.
clio Eu. Weym. Seitz Macrolep. 5, p. 197. *
clorimene Eu. Stoll, Pap. Exot. Suppl. * 7.292.
eluena Eu. Drury, IJ. Exot. Ent. III. pl. 7. * 6 4/5
enephas Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 123. ». Abe
coea Ped. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 73. p.457%.
coctei Epin. Guér. Voy. Coquille 2, p. 281. ¢.497
coeytia Ped. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 468. @-%69 ‘
coclestis Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 484. * p.2/7.
coelica Eu. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 85. pp 4:7
coenonymphina Neom. Biélr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881,

p. 454. * 2.235

| coloeasia Pron. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 206. *». 47%.

columbina Cor. Stgr. Ivis 7, p. 77. -~.a4%.

confusa Cal. Lathy, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 227. *p. Abt
confusa Eu. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 225. *P-28-

confusa Las. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 137. p. a6.

corderoi Ped. Dogn. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 37, p. 367. ~.A60
cordillera Pron. Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 358. *®. 47%.
cornelius Eu. /. Ent. Syst. 3 (1), p. 220. 4-243.

cosmophila Eu. Hbn. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. * ~.A%f-
costipunctata Ped. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 256, * |
cothon Dior. Salv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 7, p. 413. ¢/741%
cothonides Dior. Gr.-Sm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 18, p. 241. p-4'9
crameri Tayg. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 185. *-/$5-

erantor Eu. /. Ent. Syst. 3 (1), p. 158. ».208

eremera Ped. Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878,

p. 267. p. AGA- E:
creola Enod. Skinn. Entom. News 8, p. 236. pee
eucullina Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 209. *
eurvilinea Lym. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 248.
eyanites Eu. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 8, p. 282. @4!©,
cybele Cor. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 40. *p. Aye :
cyclopella Man. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 141. yA
cyclopina Man. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 139. ASH
cyclops Eu. Bilr. Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 13, p. 126. *p Are.
cyclops Man. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 142.y. 238

daulis Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 87. *p. Ass.
daura Oen. Streck. Canad. Ent. 26, p. 225. p. ABA.
decaerulea Bia, Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 276, *
decorata Eretr. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 470. * p»- 463
dejecta Ped. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 179. p. AS
deverra Pron. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 195. *».%'{4,
diaphana Haet. Luc. Sagra’s Hist. Cuba, Ins., p. 587. p?*=

diducta Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 115. pres

dinias Daed. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. * j. A&G

dionysius Neomin. Scudd. Bull. Un. St. Geol. Surv. 4, p. 254. @- RAM.
dirempta Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 118. ~-A64
disaffecta Eu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 336. p. 204
discoidalis Ereb. Ay. Faun. Bor. Amer. 4, p. 298. * p.26%

divergens Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 464, *:2"

divina Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 217% *

domina Cor. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 274. *

dora Daed. Stgr. Iris 1897, p. 138. Fp. 266

doraete Pol. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2 Daed. 1. * p.4L4 \

dorinde Pol. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 427. ¢-AbT

doxes Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 493. 9-24):

dracontis Pier. Hbn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 53. yp 7M -

drusilla Daed. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2, Daed. 1. * p. 266

drymaea Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2, Daed. 1. * p.Ase.

dryas Epin. Fidr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 492. p.2%6

duplex Ox. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 189. * 24" — g94
dymantis Cor. Thieme. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 220) essere ana ¥

echo Tayg. Cr.<Pap. Exot. 1. * 14°

edmondsii Epin. Bélr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 457. *p:456
edmondsii Neom. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 457. zie 236
eleates Pseudoman. Weym. Stiibels Reise 108. *¢-2%o-
electra Eu. Bllr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 468. * p.2°9-
elegia Tayg. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 189. *

elko Coen. Hdw. Canad. Entom. 18, p. 57. y- 946.

emilia Pol. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 40. *~. 464
emma Ped. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 135. *p.as%

empusa Ped. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 468. p. AS2 -

encycela Eretr. Fldr, Novara Lep. (3), p. 472. p.2¢%

enipeus Pol. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 143. * p- 264
entella Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 106. *p, 454.
enyo Cor. Hew. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1848, p. 117. 4.748:
enyo Eu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 480. *e\as-
eous Eu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 477. .2°%.

empelrtus . feel - Yhueme : p-45&

Alphabetical List of the American Satyridae.

epidipnis Pron. Thieme. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 204. p. 273
epipsodea Ereb. Bilr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 80.¢.49%
erebioides Idion. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 474. ¢-259-

ereiba Ped. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 469. ¢.262.

eremita Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 210, *

erichtho Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 501, * a5.
erigone Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 466. *p
eriphule Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 468. *¢.a03
ernestina Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 206. *

erubescens Tayg. Biélr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 10.9./37
esmeralda Callit. Dbl. Ann. Nat. Hist. 16 (1845), p. 306. )..79.
eubagioides Lym. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 12, p. 220. p.2%¢
euopis Lym. Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 266%
eupolis Eteon. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 2, p. 247.54
euptychidia Tayg. Bilr. Cat. Sat. Br. Mus. p. 18. * p.\q)-
euripides Pseudoman. Weym. Stiibels Reise 108. *¢.239
euryphile Ox. Biélr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 73. p. 274- |
eurytus Eu. F’. Syst. Ent., p. 487. jp *<* Cage

A 03

eusebia Eu. Bélr. Journ. Linn. Soe. (Zool.) 18, p. 126. *, 21. |
exanima Ped. Hrsch. Trud. Russk. 8, pl. 3. * #.asa 2
execavata Tayg. Bilr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 8. *%.'8

excisa Lym. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 247. * ;
exsanguis Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 110.2289. |
extineta Pier. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. LZ <

exul Ped. Thieme, Berl. Entom. Zeitschi. 50, p. 63. * p doa.
fabiana Eu. Bllr. p- 4/0

fallax Eu. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 177. » 40%.

fasciata Ereb. Bélr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 92.p-a9*
fassli Ped. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 259. *

ferruginosa Lym. Bilr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 169. p*a+7.
fetna Eu. Bilr. Ent. Month. Mag. 6, p. 250. *p-14*-

fida Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 196. *
flava Eteon. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 244.
flavyopunctata Ped. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 73. p.237-.

flora Epin. Phil. An. Univ. Chile, 1859, p. 1090. p. 227
fractifascia Neom. Bélr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 455/455
francisca Eu. Bir. Lep. Exot. 1 pl. 18. *@-14k-

fulgora Eu. Btlr. Lep. Exot. 1 pl. 3. * ¢.214-

fumaria Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 60. * p.Aoa.
fumata Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 109. * fo Als.
furina Eu. Hew. Exot. Butt. IIIT. Eupt. I. * 9.2%)

fuscata Ped. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 467. -. Aé?

| hopfferi Ped. Sm. Rhopal. Exot., p. 16. *

279

hedemanni Cyll. //dr. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 1869, p. 474. p AAS.
hela Ant. ldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 124. .s79.
helche Cat. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 157. *¢ abe
helios Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 218. *
helle Eu. Cr. Pap. Exot. III, pl. 194. * p-'74
helvina Pier. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2 * p75
hemileuca Eu. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 224. *p.'4
henshawi Eu. Edw. Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. 5! p. 205. p. ame
heracles Pier. Bdv. Lep. Guatemal., p. 61. p-178
hereyna Tis. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. %-/3y..
hermes Eu. fF’. Syst. Ent., p. 487. 207
herophile Cal. Hbn. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. *» 20.
hherse Eu. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, Taf. 10. * ».22°
hesione Eu. Sulz. Geschicht. Ins., p. 144. *p-!ax.
hewitsoni Ped. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 129. * RA5¢
hewitsonia Las. Btlr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 182. *p- 4265"
hewitsonii Hu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 491. #2 ~AAQ.
hiemalis Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 494. 7 4/9.
hilara Eu. Fidr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 485. P'9%-
hilaria Eu. Godm. Biol. Centr. Amer. 2, p. 658. p. 24%.
hilarus Ox. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. DiS ate

0
hortensia Pier. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 124. ng.

| hortona Pier. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 2, p. 246. pore.

huebneri Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 473. %.20¢ |
huilana Lym. Weym. Stiibels Reise, p. 109. * .Aa%5.
hulda Eretr. Btlr. & Druce, Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 99. P- Aes

| humilis Neos. Fidr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 489. 255"

2

hyceta Pier. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *.78.
hyagnis Lym. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 247. *

hygina Eu. Bélr. Trans. Linn. Soe. (Zool.) 18, p. 127. * 7 22a
hymettia Pier. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 220. * p77

hypaesia Haet. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 2, p. 247. *:/76-
hyrnethia Tis. Fruhkst. Ent. Rundsch. 29, p. 31. pay?

| hysius Cal. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 525. p40 -

iduna Cor. Hew. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 6, p. 437. p-
iduna Oen. Hdw. Butt. N. Amer. 2 (Chion. 1). *p. 49
illimania Ped. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 129. past.
ilsa Cat. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 155. * ,. 26s
imbrialis Epin. Weeks, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club 2, p. 81. p-%9't
ineanescens Pier. Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877.

p. 61. p477-

7*-

2
Oo.

fuscescens Neos. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 485fasineerta Eu. Bilr. d& Druce, Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 98. 2/2”

fusciplaga Cor. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 12, p. 224.%a74
les. ted. S3 thr. Fan. hak. tel. (4) XI -p. AAV. (1773).
tabbi Cerc. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 192. ¢.AaS-
galactea Lym. Ségr. Iris 10, p. 147. * p-A*5
galactinus Coen. Bdv. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852, p. 309. ¢.AaG
galaxias Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 56. p-as#.
galesus Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 496. y.2o7
garleppi Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 85. 485. |
gemma Eu. Hbn. Zutr. Smig. Exot. Schmett. *
gemmula Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 495.7 *>!-
generosa Cor. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 219. p.a7. |
gera Eu. Hew. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 (6), p. 439. 6.218.
gerdrudtus Caer. fF. Entom. Syst. (2) 1, p. 72. p.rdx.
gerlinda Cat. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 156. *#-467 |
germainii Tetr. Pldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 488. % 494 |
geryon Ant. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 426. p.120
geryonides Ant. Weym. Entom. Zeitschr. Frankf. 23, p. 163.p4

, , o's
gigas Cat. Codi & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 62.rad

gigas Eu. Bllr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 486. p.2/a
gideon Pol. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 141. *p-761|
glauca Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 216, *

glaucina En. But. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 202. p.2&6:
glaucolena Pier. Weym. Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 13, p: 12661
glaucope Cerc. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 493. p. ®>4.
godmani Tayg. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. D0. ~.194
gortyna Lym. Weym. Stiibels Reise, p. 109. *paue.
gortynoides Lym. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 248.
gracilis Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 212. *
granulata Ped. Bélr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 173. * p25.
grimon Hu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 490. ¢-206.

griseldis Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 211. *

griseola Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 211. *

guinaré Eu. Bur. Ent. Month. Mag. 6, p. 250. * 9.204
gustavi Cerc. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 353. ¢- A250.

i

090.

gyrtone Epin. Berg, Descr. Rep. Argent. 5, p. 208. 4p. ASK

haenschi Tayg. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 188. *
harmonia Eu. Bllr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 478. e294.)
harpalyce Callit. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 42. is

inconspicua Daed. Bélr, Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 77. p- 2Z6
innocentia Eu. F’ldr. Novara Lep. (8), p. 481. p.40s.

inornata Coen. Hdw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861, p. 163. AT -
inornata Neom. Hiw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 278. *p-a5é
inornata Tayg. Fldr. Novara Lep. 3, p. 466. p.rga .

insignis Eu. Bétlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 501, *?7-4°> .
insolata Eu. Bélr. d: Druce, Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 99. [p-!46-
intercepta Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 130. p-468.
intercidona Pron. Thieme, Ber). Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 194. *p- 274-
interrupta Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 211.

irmina Myg. Dbl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. Tb. 60. *p. 26

isolda Ox. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 1838. * pe 27l

itonis Eu. Hew. Exot. Butt. III, Bupt. 1. *7. 2a -

ivalida Oen. Mead, Canad. Entom. 10, p. 196. p. 420 .

japhleta Ped. Btir. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 23. p.45/

jephtha Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 54. *p~.45a.
esia Eu. Btlr. Lep. Exot. 1, pl. 4. * @-:qs-

imna Tayg. Béilr. Lep. Exot. 1. * p-/#6-

johanna Faun. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 285. *

jonius Lym. Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 401. 2&7.

jovita Eu. idr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 477. »-209

juani Eu. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 226. * p. af

juba Ped. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 233. * p-A64-

julia Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 215. *

junia Eu. Cr. Pap. Exot. IV. pl. 292. *.2/¢-°

junonia Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 495. * q- Aa!-
jutta Oen. Hbn. Smlg. Hur. Schmett. * pA}.

| katahdin Oen. Newk. Entom. News 12, p. 206. %. ADA.

keneza Tayg. Bilr. Lep. Exot. 1. *p./8s-
kerea Tayg. Btlr. Lep. Exot. 1, pl. 4. *e 4.
kodiak Coen. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 2, p. 375. e. 242¢-

labda Lym. Hew. Journ. Entom. 1, p. 157. * pa>re-

labe Eu. Bilr. Ent. Month. Mag. 6, p. 250. * p.2e0 -

lactea Lym. Hew. Journ. Entomol. 1, p. 197. *y:A%S-
lactefusa Cor. Thieme, Berl. Hnt. Zeitschr. 51, p. 223. p 2Ye-
lamia Pier. Sulz. Geschichte Ins. pl. 18. *p.% -

Jamna Arg. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 49, p. 160. p93.

haydeni Coen. Ldw. Rep. Hayd. Expl. Surv. Mont. 1872, p. 46 Sqaylanassa Lym, Ildr. Novara Lep. (3), p. ATA. g. Biles .

qriecten ; Leck . Meus.

p. Ase

280

languida Eu. Bétlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 8, p. 282. paar
larua Tayg. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 466. e186
latia Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p.
latifascia Tayg. Weym. Iris 20, p. 14. p:!37-
latona Pier. Fldr. Novara Lep. (8), p. 459. 27%
lea Eu. Pap. Exot. II, pl. 151. * p-are
leaena Lym. Hew. Journ. Entom. 1, p. 156. *p.%®.
lebbaea Lym. Fidr. Novara Lep. (8), p. 473. 4@4%'7-
lefebvrei El. Guér. Voy. Coquille 2, p. 281. p-%?-

lena Pier. LZ. Syst. Nat. (1) 2, p. 784. 92-77’

leonata Druc. Bilr. Cistul. Entom. 4, p. 72. 27°
leptoneurodes Cosm. Fidr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 495. p-493.
lesbia Eu. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 226. *p.%39.

lesbia Pier. Sgr. Exot. Tagf. 1. p. 219.918 i |
lethe Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 465. °?"”

496. Fp. AMI s

| mollina Eu. Hbn. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett.

Alphabetical List of the American Satyridae.

moderata Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 214. *

moderata Idion. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 239.

modesta Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 472. ».acé_
modesta Sterom. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 241. *p-a#t.
218)
mollis Eu. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 224. * pias. ©
monachella Pseudost. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 241. *
monachus Epin. Blanch. Gay’s Faun. chil. 7, p. 35. p.Aa%6-
monahani Eu. Weeks, Proc. New. Engl. Zool. Club 2, p. 103. e\44-
moneca Eu. Schaus, Proc. Un. St. Mus. 24, p. 388. p. A+.
moneta Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 200. *

| monticolens Cosm. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 484. * jx. 433.
| morania Cosm. Berg, Descr. Rep. Arg. 5, p. 204. *».233,

munda Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 130. ¢, 266

| murena Ant. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 220. *p.137-

lethra Eu. Méschl. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 32, p. 320.pi muscosa Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 83. * » 256

leucocheilos Ped. Godm. d> Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881,
p. 129. * p.asr

leucoglene Faun. Fidr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 488. p.2%5‘- |

| mynecea Eu.

muscosa Eu. Bilr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 20.6 Atl

| mycalesoides Eu. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 473. p rae.

Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, pl. 293. * p-19Q-

leucospilos Dior. Stgr. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 14, p. 1088 qo mythra Hu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 205. *

leuctra Tayg. Btlr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 19. ~°!24

levana Lym. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 188.p%e naevia Ped.

libitina Eu. Bélr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 21. 7. aaa-

libye Eu. ZL. Syst. Nat. 1 (2), p. 772. p-24a

libyoidea Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 487. p.2'%
limonias Epin. Phil. Linn. Entom. 14, p. 268. p.asé
lineata Eu. Godm. d> Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 128%.
lisa Lym. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 249, *

liturata Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 107. ®.194)
lobelia Eu. Btlr. Lep. Exot. 1, pl. 18. * p. Ae.

locuples Pron. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 203. p.47% |
loxo Cat. Dogn. Le Naturaliste 1891, p. 182. p- Aés&
lucia Pier. Weym. Stett. Zg. 1885, p. 285. p'77
lueumo Pron. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p.
luna Pier. F. Ent. Syst. (3) 1, p. 109. p-'17
luperca Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 107.254. |
lupita Eu. Reak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, p. 331. ¢4*%
luttela Eu. Weeks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 27, p. 356. prrd-
lydia Eu. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, pl. 148. Fp Ale
Afunya. Fel, lay ASé
macleannania Haet. But. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 180. 76 . |
macouni Oen. Hdw. Canad. Entom. 17, p. 71.y.%50.

205. £249.,

maculata Tis. Hpffr. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 360. p.\4h-
maepius Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 490. 9403.

magdalena Ereb. Streck. Brookl. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 25."-0°9%>
maimoune Eu. Btlr. Ent. Month. Mag. 6, p. 251. *¢.40%_
malia Lym. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 188 .p.260
manasses Eu. Fldr. Norara Lep. (3), p. 479. 9-419.

mancinus Ereb. Dbl. Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 380. *~. 208
manis Ped. Pidr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 469. p.>olr.

manneja Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 76. ~.26t.
mara Ped. Thieme, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 50, p. 81 *.~.455)
mare Ku. Bilr. Lep. Exot. 1, pl. 3. * p. 214%

marginalis Cor. Btlr, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 12, p.
marginata Tayg. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 235, *p19
marianna Lym. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 146. *,.2+6

marica Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. S49, *~-> AS
marica Lym. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 250. *

mariona Eretr. Weeks, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 3, p. 10 460chrotaenia Ped. Fldr. Novara Lep. (8), p. 467.

maritima Cerc. Edw. Canad. Entom. 12, p. 23. p.paw.
marmorata Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 471.p%¥

maso Lym. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 188.~-* #8)

meadi Cerc. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 4, p. 70. ». A457
medeba Cor. Hew. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 6, p. 439. *p-A4@- |
melaleuca Ped. Weym. Stiibels Reise, p. 41. p-abo.
melania Cor. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 76. ¢@.4a%w.

melania Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 212.

melchiades Eu. Bilr. Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 13, p. 125.~%0
melia Lym. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 245. *
melobosis Eu. Capr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge, 17, p. 30. *pe.
mena Cat. Gr.-Sm. Rhop. Exot. 2, p. 1. * p.A6q
menander Callit. Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. III, Taf. 38. *
mermeria Tayg. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1. * @-!95

meta Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 195. *
metagera Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p.
metaleuca Eu. Bdv. Lep. Guatemal., p. 63. p.\ah:
miltiades Ant. F. Entom. Syst. 3 (1), p. 66.¢-'9%-
milvia Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 120. *p: #61}
mima Eu. Bulr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 500. * ¢-%3
mimas Eu. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 187 pHo|
mirabilis Cat. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 12, Dp: 222.426
mirabilis Sab. Stgr. Iris 10, S. 143. * p.Aut
miisella Steremn. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 5
/mitchelli Eu. French, Canad. Entomol. 21, p. 25.

manutl.. Poe . UE Renee

2-01.

Vy |

p:!
\

494. prs
|

0, p. 138%
r ROX

Pp 262.

| nerita Eu. Capr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 25, p. 102. e307:
PETC)

224pa¢peellifera Eretr. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 471.

—ophelia Tayg. Btlr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p.

Thieme, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 50, p. 64. * p. %64-
napaea Ped. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 179. ~r»Ae%

narapa Eu. Schaus, Proc. Un. St. Mus. 24, p. 388. 2 20%.
nausiaca Eu. Moéschl. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 32, p. 320. *
nebris Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 98. * pAod7,
nebulosa Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 479. A049,
necys Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 511.» 2/¢

neda Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 121. *p.A6 y.
negra Haet. Fidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 176. 0.175- ae
nelsoni Eu. Godm. @ Salv. Biol. Centr. Amer. Rhop., p. 91. ip 225,
nemyrioides El. Blanch. Gay, Faun. Chil. 7, p. 33. p.A%3.
nepete Pron. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 202. y- 27.
nephele Cerc. Ky. Faun. Bor. Amer. 4, p. 297. p.22¥.

nereis Pier. Drury, IU. Exot. Ent. III, pl. 35. * p34’

nevadensis Oen. Fidr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 89. ». E S\OS\o P25 Oh
| niphoessa Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 116. p- 260.

nivea Lym. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. p. 232. * 0. aks.
niveonota Ped. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 12, p. 221. p.as5.
nobilis Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 214. *

norna Oen. Thnbg. Diss. Ent. Ins. Suec. 2, p. 36. ©. AS¢-

nortia Eu. Hew. Exot. Butt. III. Eupt. 1. *¢ 2/4.

nossis Hu. Hew. Exot. Butt. III, Eupt. 1. * p1%-

nubila Cal. Lathy, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 223. *p Al&rO
numeria Eu. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 478. p.A04%-

numilia Eu. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 478. p20.
nympha Tayg. Bllr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 9. #p.187°

obscura Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 487. p.#/0.
obscura Ped. Sm.d> Ky. Rhopal. Exot. (Ped. 2). *)2 ara.
obseura Pron. Bllr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 184. *p.aqa 7
obsoleta Lym. Westw., Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 67. *g A&7
-rA6D

ocelloides Eu. Schaus, Proc. Un. St. Mus. 24, oe 387. p20?
ochracea Coen. Hdw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861, p. 163. 296.

| ochracea Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 107. * 1.20,

| ochrea Eretr. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 135. GLE s
‘ x
/ oenus Eu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. Nor. p.208.
ocreata Pier.’ Salv.& Godm. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 2, p. 143.79

oculata Eretr. Fldr. Novara Lep. (38), p. 472. pe 26%
ocypete Eu. F. Gen. Ins. Mant., p. 260.99:

oenotria Daed. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 266, *

oetus Cerc. Bdv. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 12, p. 63. }. AR.
olympus Cerc. Edw. Butt. N. Amer. Taf. 26, Fg. 9. * r AaF,
opalinus Cheim. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 145. *@. 44%

18. pig

opima Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 203. *

orbifera Las. Bélr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 182. * p- AGS
orbilia Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 118. p. 264
orechus Pron. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 10. p24?

| oreus Pron. Lair. Humb. Bonpl. Obs. Zool. 2, p. 72. \ ay3
| ordinata Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 197. *

oreba Eu. Bélr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 19.p. 21

ornata Ant. Bilr. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 5, p. 362. @:'82 -

ornata Ped. Sm.& Ky. Rhopal. Exot., p. 10. * »-46\

orsedice Druc. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 14, p. 227. ¢. #72

ortruda Thiem. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 151. yp AbH

pacarus Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 495. ”.21%-
pacta Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 209, *

_ pactyes Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 8). *p AS -

paeon Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 490.206.

phiylonts V2. Fear. (fren. #7) le. esas C/F 74). ase

nt Ped. Hear. Vrow.P) te i Pb. (159% ) pase
felisca. Ted. Heur. (tort 0°). Sroma. earl. Foe . der, Ik Vol.T. p.'0.
nA. & £31.52. C1562 )_ p. 25%

oti. Pee « Theme _ 9.28%.

Alphabetical List of the American Satyridae.

paeonides Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 8). *¢.456.
pagyris Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 491.7424,

palacio Daed. Dogn. Le Natural. 1891, p. 125. »- 4&6
palades Las. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5, Pron. 6. * 6.265"
palaepolis Ped. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 14, p. 227. ”-4¢°
palantias Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 8). *#4g6.

pales Epin. Phil. Linn. Entom. 14, p. 268. 2.497

palladia Eu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 4.@-+9*
pallantis Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (8) 1, p. 5. £260
pallema Eu. Schaus, Proc. Un. St. Mus. 24, p. 389.

palumba Lym. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 49, p. 161. pa4e.
pammenes Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 8). *p age.
pamphiloides Coen. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc.
pamphos Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 129. » Ab |
panacea Lym. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 35. p.atra. :
pandates Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 8). * #24”.
pannonia Cor. Hew. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 6, p. 438. +,.A44
panoclea Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 8). *
panthides Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 9) *. p.as3

panyasis Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 7. p.aéy
parallela Pron. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 203. p. 475)
parepa Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 2. *%46/!

parma Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 115. p.260.
parrhoebia Ped. Hew. Butt. Exot. 5 (Pron. 7). * p: Ael
parthenie Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 216. *

parthyene Las. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5, (Pron. 6,) p. 126. *p. A¢6
pasicles Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 7). * PAs
patagonica Ereb. Mab. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) 9, p. 55.pa3@
patizathes Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 8). * 2.456.
patrobas Gyr. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 16.p.*aea,
paulus Cerc. Edw. Canad. Entom. 11, p. 50. p-AAY.
peculiaris Bu. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 424..4/3.
pedacia Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4 (Pron. 4). *» as¥

pegala Cerc. F. Syst. Ent., p. 494. y.Aaw.

pelinaea Ped. Hew. Entom. Month. Mag. 14, p. 227. p.a6/
pelinna Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 157. p 26!
pellonia Eu. Godm. Biol. Centr. Amer. 2, p. 655. *p-°*
pellucida Callit. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 41.
peloria Eu. Fidr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 479. ¢.205

penelea Tayg. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, pl. 101. * P:'4'-

penelina Tayg. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 236. p4'-
penelope Eu. F. Syst. Entom., p. 493. p.290 -

penicillata Eu. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 186/24=
pephredo Eu. Godm. Biol. Centr. Amer. 2, p. 657. p. 2a
periuscata Eu. Bilr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 18. j2.409
periboea Eu. F. Ent. Syst. III (1), p. 234. p-4/>

periphas Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 495. p-202.

perita Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4 (Pron. 4). *~ 25%

perperna Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 16. 7.485
persepolis Las. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5, (Pron. 6.) * pa6s

peruda Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 3. * pAb
peruviana Cor. Béilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 12, p. 224. p.449.
pervius Ox. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 185. p.A7!.
petronius Ped. Sm. Rhopal. Exot. 3, p. 19. * p.a59
peucestas Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. Agere
phaea Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 3. *p-aet
phaedra Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 158.p.46¢
phaeina Ped. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 124. ¢.act,

phalaesia Las. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4, (Pron. 3.) * p.A6u
phanaraea Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4 (Pron. 3). *).250.
phanias Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 6. * pasy.
pharella Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 478. *p.2°%-|
phares Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 491. p.aoé-

prey

pharnaces Eu. Weym, Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 208. *
pharnaspes Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 8). x Bari
phaselis Cat. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 14. 26%
phasia@he Ant. Btlr. Cistul. Entomol. 1, p. 22. p.121

phazania Ped. Sm. Rhopal.
pheretiades Ped. Sm. d& Ky.

Exot., p. 16. * paeé7
Rhopal. Exot. (Ped. 2). * p.a6$
phila Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 4. *p.262
philaenis Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 127. A62 |
philaretes Ant. Fidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 424. p.iaa.
philippa Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 485.¢.41&-
philis Callit. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, pl. 387. * eT)
philoctetes Ant. LZ. Mus. Ulr., p. 219. pte
philodice Eu. Godm. d Salv. Proc. Zool.
p- 264. %, Ra5.
philopoemen Ant. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 425. p.142-
philotera Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4 (Pron. 3). *pa62
phineus Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 478. *@,209
phintia Ped. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 91. p- &b2.
phocion Eu. F’. Spec. Ins. II, p. 138. 7. 242-
phoenicusa Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4 (Pron.
phoenissa Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

poiisitn. Wed. Heur, (fan 2) le. pF, n.
farisaclag. Byesur- teat. Walt VW, Vrevicftr.. €.

iF
Soc. Lond. 1878,

3). * pe Abr
(3) 1, p. 78k

—

Ix

Phil. 6. p. 14634.

(G.€4. £26, (1564).

281

pholoé Cat. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 234. * p. 26s

phoronea Thiem. Dbl. d@ Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 60. * ¢-A°7
phrasa Ped. Sm. @ Ky. Rhopal. Exot. (Pedal. 2). *.as2
phrasicla Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 8). * 9 956 -

phrasiclea Ped. Sm. Rhopal. Exot., p. 17. * 9453.

| phrasina Ped. Sm. Rhopal. Exot., p. 18. *p.452.
| phrasis Ped. Sm. Rhopal. Exot., p. 18. *
| phronius Eu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 496. 2206.

PATI

phthiotis Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 8). * p-4%€ .
phyllalia Eretr. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. Pron. 4. * ». 4262

physeoa Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 5. *p- AGF
picea Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 481. * P1476.
pivra Haet. LZ. Mus. Ulr., p. 220. p-175-

piéria Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 463. * 2°!"
pignerator Amph. Bilr. Ann. Nat. Hist. 3. 20, p. 409. p.'q2.
pilata Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 483. * p-4'=.

-piletha Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 7. *p. A456

pimpla Eu. Fidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 177. . 40>

| pireta Callit. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, pl. 315. * P 7+

piscina Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 117. p-464

| pisonia Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 6. *¢-454.

plana Cosm. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 234. *
plautius Ped. Sm. Rhopal. Exot., p. 19. *p457.
ploas Cor. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 212. p-A7@-
plotina Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 4. * p &6@
plumbeola Cosm. Bélr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 95. * p.443.
poeania Myg. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond 1870, p 158. ie ae,
poesia Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (8) 1, p. 6. *).450-
poetica Ped. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 73. p. 454.
poliozona Epin. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 493.» A37-
polita Callit. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 34. p75
poltys Eu. Prittw. Stett. Zg. 1865, p. 311. 2.405.
polyphemus Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 488. 2.4/0,
polyxo Steremn. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880,

p. 129. *4.a4a-4
pompilia Eu. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 481./2-2°'-
pomponia Ped. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 33. p.4°*%-
porcia Ped. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 34. p.AS56
porima Ped. Sm. & Ky. Rhopal. exot. (Pedal. 2). * p-46°.
porina Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 4. * p-469.
porphyria Eretr. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 470. p-A6S
portlandia Enod. /. Spec. Insect. (2), p. 82. p18
praxia Ped. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 90. p. Aes.
praxithea Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 157. p.26%
primera Ped. Weeks, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club 2. p.a67-
proba Eu. Weym. Seitz Macrolep. 5, p. 203. *
probata Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 203. * 2
procellaria Cor. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 227. * p:a75 -
prochyta Myg. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 13. * @: 46%
proculeja Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 57. *#. 7?
proerna Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (8) 1, p. 9. * ASD -
pronax Ox. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2 Pron. 2. * #.4 7!
pronophila Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 107. * p-197-
pronophila Pseudost. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 475. p.A#!.
propylea Prob. Hew.

Exot. Butt. 2 Pron. 1. * aep
prosa Ped. Stgr. Iris.

7, p. 13. p-2F3
prosymna Las. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2, p. 79. * p-Abe .
protogenia Ox. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 13. *g¢. *7*
protonoé Caer. Fruhst. Ent. Rundsch. 29 p. 31. y.ate .
prytanis Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (8) 1, p. 7. * pA
pterocopha Ant. Salv. d@ Godm. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 2, p. 143.p-/,.
puerta Ox. Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 358. * p- 97! -
pugil Dior. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 174. * p-A7e
pulchella Cal. Lathy, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 225. * Y. ZrO,
pulla Coen. H. Hdw. Papilio 1, p. 51. p. AA6.
puma Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 58. * p 487-
punctata Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 205, *
pura Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 130. pe 2e6
puritana Tayg. Weeks, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club 3, p. 2. [».190.
pusilla Neos. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 487. p. 245-
pylas Ped. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 4. * p.aeée
pyracmon Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 499. p. A%%.
pyropina Callit. Salv. &@ Godm. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 2, p. 141. p.179.
pytheus Eu. Méschl. Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien 32 p. 319. *'p,2cv.

quantius Hu. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 487. p.4le-

quies Cosm. Berg, Descr. Rep. Argent. 5, p. 205, Tab. 8. **. 2Qi& A

quincedis Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 110. *p-484
quodvind..Bubl. Ley. Ex. 1.1. 3k.5. (559-202.

rahab Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 82. * pass.
rana Lym. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 247. *

rapha Ped. Btlr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 24. p 260

rectifascia Tayg. Weym. Iris 20, p. 12. j*-'97
reedii Neos. Bélr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 1881, 463. p-438,

36

f.69. 157%. (Boharca,) 928!

phamerhan. Heur. Clr. f°, ? begun . tof. p.20. (1777). p. 856

SE) Sere Du Wf - fener se

fac. Kea, (tren, 0) Tyo. Enk. tec. Ser lee vol T. PGR FS, Z.A6 2 (1562) p 265.

ts pon reissi Ped. Weym. Stiibels Reise, p. 110. * p-75t | telesphora Eu. Bélr. Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 13, p. 127. *9. 242.
: ?remissa Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 204. * p.20u. _ tena Ped. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pron. 7). *,.45¢
renata Eu. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, pl. 326. p Zot. | tenebrosa Cal. Lathy, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 225. * p.au-0
reticulata Neom. Weym. Iris 20, p. 5. pase | tenebrosus Tayg. Blanch. Voyage d’Orb., p. 222. #p-'3h-
reynoldsi Amph. Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1890, p. 567. * | tenedia Neom. Weym. Iris 20, p. 7. p-296
rhea Pier. F. Syst. Entom., p. 467. 7% | tenera Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 218. *
rhomboidea Daed. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 366. * | terrestris Eu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 462. a.
ridingsii Neomir. dw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 4, p. 201. p.aa".) tersa Hu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 214. *
rogersi Cat. Godm. d Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 267.x°8texana Cerc. Hdw. Canad. Entom. 12, p. 23. ¢.a2%-
rogersi Eu. Godm. d Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 265%a5 thalessa Eu, Aéschl. Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 26, p.124. *pai&.
rossii Ereb. Curt. Ross, Second. Voy. NWPass., App., p. 67&9xthammi Myg. Stgr. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 25yp. 107. p- 467
rubeta Cor. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 223. 9. 945- | thamyra Tayg. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3. * p.\84 :
rubricarea Eretr. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 134.2%4thelebe Pron. Dbl. ¢& Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. Th. 60. *p+41%-
rubricata Eu. Hdw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 212. e207 thelebina Pron. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 198. pA }*:
rufocincta Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. L196. * | thelete Eu. Snell. Tijdschr. Entom. 30, p. 18. *».2©)-
rufomarginata Tayg. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. p. 235. *p!37 | themis Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 104. per
rugilos Steremn. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 137.p.2%a. theodori Ant. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907, p. 125. *p- ape.
rustica Eu. Bilr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 32. *pAl0.. | therkelsoni Eu. Weeks, Proc. New Engld. Zool. Club, 2, p. 104. p:193-
| thiemei Ped. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 126. me A&4
sabina Hu. Fldr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 483. p- 2. | thobiet Eu. Cape ae Ent. Soe. Bele, 25, p. 102.19
sajama Cosm. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 233, * | tiessa Eu. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 37. eon Z was iat
sarin Fe ee ao SRoae eee BADE Bie timanthes Pron. Safv. Ann. Max, Nat. Tist. (1) 7, p. 412. »-2!%.
S YS. Olgr. ° Blo Sy Po eae ww | tisiphone Eteon. . Spec. Gen. J., p. -p- Aes.
PEnueel een Dell Gen. Diuen Lap. Pl, 67. eae: a tolima “Taan Tee” SAC oe pa ee
sareba Cor. Hew. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 (6), p. 439. *p 27¢- | tolumnia Eu. Pap hota taals 1S0nceeiaxon
satura Lym. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 2 oi | foinaeta ae Bie ey Mac. Se TEE io 229, yo-18? -
saturnus Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 479. eae l'tomentosa Ped Weym Seitz Waele nee O55. ooarle
satyrina Eu. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 179. p. a2. torva Eu. Weym. Seitz Macrolep 5 p. 215. cre
saundersii Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 500¥.%%. translucida Lym. Weym. Seitz Macrolep. 5 “p 247
sehreineri Cat. Foett. Rev. Mus. Paulista 5, p. 634. *p-26% | transversa Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 197. *
scoparia Ant. Bélr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 22. @™ epee an Purdie Cod » 8 a : ein oma
scopulata Eu. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 186%:¢. Beane ee inane ro aae ere se LeU
segesta Hu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 214. * tricolor Eu. Hew. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 6, p. 440. jo. 2/4
semibrunnea Tayg. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 186. * ficordatiseP are HoeeR ali meete p. 10 2% ies =
semidea Oen. Say, Amer. Entom. 3, pl. 50. * p92 - tripunctata Cor. Weym. Stiib. Reise p- Lif pape
semipartita Las. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 266. * é tripunctata Tayg. Weym. Tris 20 D. 11. 190:
ete at erate een ap eran atl triquetra Ped.) (heme. ‘Berl. Wnt, Zeitsche 50; in-130hpe Aes
S 5 - Nt. I - Mag. 1, p. 2Uz. . : ristis E = (@ . Voy. a * Pela: jE
serra Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent: Zeitschr 750.7): 111. hoor alone an Edw. Teas Aree tat. ge p. 18. p.%3.
servilia SO ae Mig toe Mont 4, 1S 3 ap tucca Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 107. *p. 459.
FOU Se Et: LAL CLOS: KN Aye AO TOA Oy 45 1 187, = | typhla Ores. Westw. Dbl.-Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep., pl. 62. * p.&A5.
silpa Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 80. * p-+5© yphlops Man. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 142. p 259
similis Eu. Bllr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. pats og Vpntopsell NIRA Stor TRiee0 p, 139.440.
simmias Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, p. 90. *», ase eet Re EAT ATs ein at eT Ui Q
simpla Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 50, or 62. * phen. | MR ee Gs Sal. Trans eat ee ond: 1880s
simplex Neos. Bélr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 458F 886. 42° “427. Pear. 255
punters Ox. Bilr.« Catal. SUM La Mus 1 180. Beat: | uhleri Oen. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 6, p. 143. p.431.
, simpliciayAmph.” Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 192. ulema Cor. Hew. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 6, p. 438. * aq
sofia Ereb. Streck. Brook. Ent. Soc. 3, P. So sW ee .»a6s- | UMbracina Pseudost. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 12
sombra Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 128.P 26. | p. 221. prwt 2
sorata Ores. Salv. d: Godm. Ann. Mag. Nat. flist. (4) 2, p. 144. | Sale Sasa ae MO Xt, ae 5 962 *
sororcula Lym. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 49, p. 161.pa%6 | umbrine ey cote = Bos Meee ens os p, ot
sosis Tayg. Wpffir. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 359. p12 | eh ae Fe OQ anne aoe
R= BOs nt eae | uncinata Tayg. Weym. Iris 20, p. 14. p.i.9%-
soter Eu. Bilr. Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 13, p. 124. *p.A0%. Lei Ton Jeti CIN Miran ere, @ p. 252. 0.201
Sy see ea eee ied v : : a Eu. L si . Mag. 6, p. 252. .
A eae gees Maree ah Soe peat 214. *p.208. (undulata Eu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 475. *p.20%.
spoliatus Cheim. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 145. ~.att Beret aH eo OD ee = ie pf. 2860
a ae ae Fildr. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 1869, | ynocellata Haet. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 175. *,

De Ope . ¢ te qt . Proc 4) aie) ~
Biatial Gosia: Weym. Seitz; Macrolep..5, p, 234,)* urania Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 484. 58 uaeet i
SA ARE = y aol, I urbana Eu. Bélr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 13, p. 124 *¥. 48%
stelligera Eu. Béilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 424.4% stata Tp Dn ‘ San Ne ¥o-201-
aa. rate eae ea ees usitata Eu. Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 463. Pr
stelligera Faun. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 457 ZZ A Ave) (Bilealie peBE Ore ee
sthenele Cerc. Bdv. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 10, p. 308. 2A@. cS “Pol LL. ane aretha y 253

+ stigma Tayg. Weym. Iris 20, p. 14. p91 Care Pie ren Aes
stilla Ped. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitsene: 50, p. 111. 7.459. valentina Tayg. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, pl. 242. gt a42
straminea Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 106.e%0s Vanessoides El. Blanch. Gay. Faun. Chil. 7, p. 28. * A. Bag
strigillata Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 198. * variabilis Bu: Btlr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 469. * ASW.
subhyalina Oen.- Curt. Ross, Second Voy. N. W. Pass. App., | V@tiabilis Pron. Bir. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 12, p. 223. p.c° .. Ags.

p- 68. pe HS!. ‘ varuna Oen. Edw. Canad. Entomol. 14. .24%-
submaculatus Ox. Bélr. d> Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. | Velutina Tayg, Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 236. * \'4°-

1874, p. 338. p.21 venerata Druc. Béilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 12, p. 223. 9. ays
SN Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 194. * venosa Lym. Bélr. Catal Satyr. Br. Mus. p. 171. *#.2609-
subpunctata Eretr. Sm. d Ky. Rhopal. Exot., p. 12. *~.A63, Venusia yee EDI Steer Ze LSD: ls Cie '

+-55-Subratescens Eretr. Sm. d: Ky. Rhopal. Exot., p. 12. *p.aé@) Vesagus Neos. Dbl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 5, 64. * y. 288.

co

eo

282 Alphabetical List of the American Satyridae.

regia Las. Stgr. Iris 10, p. 136. * p.Aek-

taygetina Ant. Bilr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 107. * #7

suffumata Ped. Sigr. Iris 10, p. 130. ;. 254 vesper Eu. Bélr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 108. tee
superba Sterom. Bilr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 172.@-at. | Vesta ABE LHe [uses ZOO! slots Loach US; ee ape vitae 3
sylvestris Cerc. Edw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861, p. 162.~a4 vestigata Eu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 105. ie

sylvia Tayg. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 153. ~.\98 ‘yidleri Ereb. Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 195.¢.3
sylvina Eu. Fidr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 478. p.289. villarresi Lym. Dogn. Le Natural: (2) 1, D- US eae tae
symmachus Ped. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. | Yielacea Druc. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 270. *

1880, p. 130. * », Aer virgilia Tayg. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1. *¢\9)

viridicans Eu. Weym. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 199. *
tauropolis Dior. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. Th. 66. *p-249 vrazi Tayg. Kheil, Iris 9, p. 151. pra:
taygete Oen. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 3. * p- A2\- vulpecula Eteon. Weym. Stett. Zg. 55, p. 323. p-Ale'r

Alphabetical List of the American Satyridae. 283

wallengrenii Neom. Bélr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 45624.) yphthima Eu. Fidr. Novara Lep. (3), p. 481. & Aov.
westwoodi Eu. Bilr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 481. fa. -ypthima Tayg. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. * °”%¢-
weymeri Tayg. Draudt, Faun. Exot. 1, p. 61. * p-277.
wheeleri Cere. Hdw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 4, p. 343.y.2%9| gangis Cal. F. Syst. Ent. p. 486. p-240
whitelyi Pol. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 215P%edy zapatoza Tas. Ti. eR Lep., p. 358. p-365
williamsianus Cosm. Biélr. Catal. Satyr. Br. Mus., p. 159.235, zarathustra Las. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 51, p. 124. * pp. 265.
F - | zeba Eu. Bélr. Lep. Exot. 1. * 7. 4%.
xanthippe Tayg. Btir. Catal. Fabr., p. 11. p.19b. | zeredatha Bu. Btlr. Lep. Exot. 1. pl. 4. * p. 408.
xenana Tayg. Btlr. Lep. Exot. 1. *pigq | zibia Sterom. Bilr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 23. p-a4/.
xieaque Param. Reak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, p. 336% —zigomala Zab. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 92. p. ae

zimri Tayg. Btlr. Lep. Exot. 1. * p-19*-
youngi Ereb. Holl. Entom. News, 11, p. 388. ».+9%. zippoXa Tayg. Bllr. Lep. Exot. 1. * 1%.
yukonensis Coen. Holl. Entom. News, 11, p. 386.p.AA7- ziza Ku. Btlr. Lep. Exot. 1. pl. 4. * rp. 4'7-

Bopps led. Druce - VPLS IEE 9 Bip. HE CAS pM o BEE
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confusa U palladia U terrestris U ™onetaU penelope U

eurytus U eurytus ©

divergens U

ernestina U grimon U jovita

quantius U

eusebia boliviana U griseola U }

hermes U

hermes U

gulnaré U

sylvina U

mimas U

satyrina U

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harmonia U

numeria U

eremita U

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mycalesoides

Vv PUN BISs COSMeOSsAiinusS 50

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subhyalina U semidea U brucei U katahdin d U

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Pars I]. Fauna americana 1

ROMA-LYMANOPODA

Se
tolima galactea
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satura U leaena U

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panthides U

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60

BRASSOLIDA. By H. Frunsrorrer. 285

5. Family: Brassolide.

The genera of this subdivision of the Nymphalids sens. lat. belong exclusively to the Neotropical faunistic
region. Representatives of the family are entirely absent in the Ethiopian Region, on the other hand they
stand in surprisingly close relationship to the Indo-Australian Amathusiids, which were formerly called ‘‘Mor-
phids of the Old World’”’, but would be more correctly regarded as ‘‘Brassolids of the Old World’. Indeed Ama-
thusiids and Brassolids have so much in common that it will probably be only a question of time to see them
united, and like their Indian allies their extremes in one direction approach the Satyrids (Opoptera), while others
form a transition to the Nymphalids (Narope). — In the anatomy of the clasping-organs they are much more
closely allied to the Satyrids than to the Neotropical Morphids, with which they were formerly united. Especially
suggestive of the Satyrids are the slender, dentate valve and the pointed uncus (Opsiphanes) with its delicate
lateral clasps, though the uncus of one genus (Dynastor). rather recalls the Morphids. But whatever we
adduce by way of comparison we find the characters fluctuating; thus also the strongly developed precostal,
to which Dr. Scuarz attached so much importance, the beginning of which we find again in the Morphids
and which on the other hand in the Brassolid genus Caligo begins to disappear. At the same time the Brasso-
lids can be definitely separated from the Morphids by having the cell of the hindwing closed, in which they
also differ from the Amathusiids, where the discocellular is only exceptionally present or is only rudimentary.

The relations of the Brassolids to the neighbouring families are of different kinds. From the Nympha-
lids in the restricted sense, which the antennae and the neuration of the forewing suggest, they are separated
by the ocellated markings on the under surface, by the palpi, and before all by the quite different larvae,
which bring them nearer to the Satyrids. From Morpho, with which they were formerly united, they differ
especially in the elongate, naked larva, which lives on Monocotyledons, and bears no resemblance to the short,
woolly, Dicotyledon-feeding larvae of Morpho. From the Satyrids, which they approach in the shape of the
larvae, the Brassolids are separated chiefly by the gigantic size (Caligo), the thickness of the body (Brassolis) and
the structure of ReuTER’s “‘basalfleck’’; in addition the veins of the forewing are not inflated at the base.

All the Brassolids agree in the brilliant eye-spots on the finely striated under surface, which are most
strongly developed in Caligo. Only in the genus Narope is this character indistinct, the eye-spots being entirely.
absent or reduced to dots.

With the exception of one genus (Narope) the Brassolids embrace almost exclusively species which are
either above medium size or even furnish us with the giants among the South American butterflies.

The colouring is as a rule dull, uniform and blurred, not rarely with blue and blue-green iridescent
gloss; only a few species are brightly and sharply marked, while none have a very elaborate pattern. Never-
theless some species of the genus Caligo are among the most sought-after show specimens in collections, and
the sight of a wonderful blue-tinged Caligo beltrao or of the amethyst-coloured Caligo atreus with its yellow
ornamental bands is one of the most beautiful memories of a tropical-traveller. They form a characteristic
of the landscape when the sun-loving Morpho have long ceased their flight and as harbingers of the night they
leave their hiding-places and take up their posts like isolated sentries at the edge of the evergreen forest. Even
more than the Amathusiids the Brassolids prefer the dusk of the moist, hot primeval forest; only a few
Opsiphanes occasionally even in the middle of the day are attracted by the so-called ‘“‘Waldschenken”’ in the
dry underwood (Capoeira) where they enjoy themselves at the sap flowing out of the bushes.

One genus (Dasyophthalma) can best be compared with Indian Elymnias or Zeuxidia, as its members
make their appearance in the early hours of the day, fly up and down unsteadily several times, turning their
iridescent blue or greenish upper surface for a moment to the spectator, but then again disappear slowly
and mysteriously in the forest-gloom. They have also in common with the Zeuxidia a preference for over-
ripe bananas, with which they can be baited in large numbers. They then sit in a living mass in company with
Caligo beltrao or Eryphanis reevesi round the suspended fruit, mostly underneath it, with the wings closed,
turning the ocelli to the spectator. When anyone approaches they begin to flap their wings restlessly, before
taking to flight. Even the Caligo species, in spite of their great size, are difficult to detect in their day
hiding-places when, accidentally startled up, they settle quite near the ground, concealing themselves either
on it or on tree-trunks, as the peculiarly irrorated and reticulated under surface, readily fitting in and
harmonizing with the aspect of the trunk, affords them complete protection in spite of their large ‘‘owlet-eyes”’.

Like all true forest species the Brassolids scarcely ascend above the actual zone of the densest vegetation.
The species of Caligo and their nearest allies never exceed elevations of 1000 m. In their geographical range
they agree entirely with the Morphids, not extending northwards beyond Mexico nor southwards beyond
Rio Grande do Sul and Paraguay. Their headquarters are the eastern slopes of the Andes, especially the

286 BRASSOLIS. By H. FrRunstorrer.

region of the source of the Amazon and also Colombia, from whence alone 30 species are known, thus
only four less than from the whole of Brazil. Ecuador again has 28, Guiana 16, Central America 17 species.

The egg of the Brassolids is spherical, more or less sharply ribbed, occasionally somewhat flattened
above and beneath (Hryphanis). Round the greatest circumference runs sometimes a narrow red-brown stripe.

Larva so far as known gregarious when young, afterwards often solitary, sometimes in common nests
on bananas, palms and other higher Monocotyledonae. Some occur in a brown and a green form (GOLLMAR),
others differ in colour according to their age. In repose they mostly rest at full length between or under the
gigantic leaves of the food-plant, concealed by day. The head is rather flat, broadest beneath, and is kept closely
appressed to the support, the mouth being directed forward. The head bears at the upper margin of the
face some spines which when at rest are inclined posteriorly and a dense covering of hairs (‘‘poodle-head’’). Along
the dorsum run longitudinal lines recalling those of the Satyrids; sometimes there are very fine, quite short
hairs, often small tubercles and in Caligo simple, spinous points and isolated setae. The pupa thick, stout,
short, angular, anteriorly convex, cremaster very thick, fastened firmly and broadly to the food-plant, so that
the pupa can only be detached with difficulty. Only one moveable segment. In Narope the abdominal part of
the pupa is compressed on the ventral surface and the dorsum bears some protuberances. The colour of the
pupa is at first green, afterwards earth-grey or brownish. The pupa of Brassolis, which remains in the nests,
is Bombycid in form and differs considerably from the other genera.

The scent-organs of the 3 consist of pads or mealy spots on the underside of the forewing, hair-pencils
in the folded hindmargin, bristles or hair-tufts at various places on the upperside of the hindwing, often
larger pencils in the cell; the latter are sometimes imbedded in pockets formed of the wing-membrane and are
eversible and expansible in a stellate form. Head and body robust, the latter as in the Hestias and Morphids
small in comparison to the wings. Eye large, convex, naked or hairy; the three-jointed palpus in most cases
extends beyond the head, is densely scaled and varies in the degree of hairiness. Beneath the palpus frequently
bears dense, shaggy hair, the 2nd joint sometimes with hair-tufts. The ‘“Basalfleck’’ of Reuter covering 4—24
of the basal joint on the inner side, oval, at the distal end rounded, the swelling in Opsiphanes recalling that of
Discophora, occupying almost the entire basal spot, sometimes with larger, sometimes with smaller rounder
scales; these are densely placed, parallel and erect. At the distal end of the Basalfleck there are often
grooves which are covered by the cones and scales.

Like the Indian Amathusiids and the Neotropical Morphids the Brassolids are also very susceptible
to climatic and local influences; they show a series of gradations on the Amazon from its lower to its upper
course and nearly every Brazilian province has its own Opsiphanes race, a circumstance to which the author of
these lines first called attention. Seasonal forms, however, have not yet been detected with certainty; this is
connected with the time of appearance of the butterflies, which in general have a short period, beginning with
the spring of the southern hemisphere and ending in the middle of the summer. We have only certain know-
ledge as regards southern Brazil, but it is probable that in the true tropics some species produce a succession of
generations. If von BONNINGHAUSEN is correct the Brassolids split up into two unequal groups: namely
those without a forked tail in the larva (only two genera, Brassolis and Penetes) and those with tailed larva
(all the rest).

The originals of the figures, like those of the following family (the Morphids), are from the FRuUHSTOR-
FER collection at Geneva (Florissant). Some descriptions have been taken from the well-known work ,,Das
Tierreich** of the Academy of Sciences (Director, Prof. Serrz) by kind permission of Herr SticHEL, who was
the first to work out fully the family of the Brassolids.

I. Subfamily: Brassolininae.

Larva without tail-fork and without. horns om it he head:

1. Genus: Brassolis F.

This genus, from which the family is named, differs the most widely of any from the normal Brassolid
habitus. This is seen chiefly in the compact, robust build, the thick body almost recalling the Heterocera,
strong, broad head with quite short palpus, elongate, anteriorly truncate antennal club, such as otherwise
occurs only in Dynastor, broad and hard thorax and very thick abdomen.

The few species which belong here are medium-sized, powerful butterflies with dark-coloured wings
traversed by an orange band, the distal margin slightly concave in the 3, convex in the 9. The uncus accord-
ing to GopMaN asimple hook, without lateral appendages; valve short, compact, at the distal, dorsal end slightly
dentate. Egg spherical, with shallow, sometimes anastomosing longitudinal ribs of somewhat irregular course.
Larva cylindrical, thickest in the middle, head without processes, beneath broad, strongly hairy. Anal points
wanting, instead of them there are posteriorly 2 wart-like processes. They live gregariously, often in hundreds
in large, bag-like nests on palms; the pupa is short and stout, without strong angles or protuberances, suspended
by the cremaster. ;

BRASSOLIS. By H. FrunstorFer. 287

B. sophorae, originally described from Guiana, from whence Linn& obtained his name-type, splits
up into four known local forms, which are distributed on the Atlantic side to Rio Grande do Sul, on the Pacific
certainly as far as Peru. All agree in bearing a broad, obliquely placed, ochreous longitudinal band on the fore-
wing and a submarginal band on the hindwing, in the 3 continuous, in the 2 more indistinct and broken up
into separate patches. Under surface lighter, the ferruginous spot in the basal part of the cell more distinct ;
cell-band in the 2 breaking up into spots. Hindwing without distal-marginal band, dotted and striated with
whitish, in the 3 with ferruginous spot in the basal part of the cell; forewing with a subapical ocellus, hind-
wing with a larger ocellus below the costa and another between the lower median veins. — Larva thickest in
the middle, head large and without thorns or spines, short dorsal hairs arranged in tufts, without tail-points,
but with small excrescences. On.palms, in nests of thick silk placed at the base of the fronds or right at the
end of the stem under the covering of the palm, concealed by day. Pupa smooth, brown, suspended. — sophorae
L. (62a) differs considerably in the male from the 9, which we figure, in the peculiar shape of the wing, espe-
cially in having the costal margin of the forewing even more concave than in astyra (62a). Hindwing anally
narrowed, produced into an obtuse point. Rather common everywhere and in the evening from about 5 o’clock
buzzing round the banana thickets near human settlements after the manner of the Sphingids. — In lurida
Stich., from Colombia, the ground-colour is duller, the band of the forewing lighter, in the 3 posteriorly narrowed,
and ending in a point at the hindmargin. Band of the hindwing nearer to the end of the cell, running out
along the lower median vein. On the underside of the hindwing there is a third eye-spot between the upper
and middle median veins. — vulpeculus Stich. Body anteriorly and posteriorly fox-red. Wings paler than in
typical sophorae, the band of the hindwing tinged with reddish at the costal margin and posteriorly, in the cell
somewhat broader, then of uniform breadth to the inner margin. The cell also tinged with fox-colour in its
basal part, so that the dark median spot stands out sharply; the median also faintly dusted with reddish. In
the apical part 3 small white spots. On the hindwing the ochreous band before the distal margin is considerably
broader than in typical sophorae. Paraguay, Argentina. According to 2 examples in coll. FRUHSTORFER,
the hitherto unknown @ has the cell of the forewing also basally somewhat more broadly and paler ochre-
yellow, the band of the hindwing broader, but weaker. Underside of the forewing with the longitudinal band con-
siderably reduced; hindwing more delicately irrorated and as is typical of Paraguay butterflies, pale earth-
coloured, lighter than in examples from more northerly localities. — ardens Stich., from Ecuador and southern
Peru and probably also occurring in Bolivia, has the forewing in the ¢ 40—43, in the 9 49 mm in length.
Band of the hindwing bright reddish ochreous, in the region of the hinder angle suffused with fiery red-brown.

B. astyra differs from sophorae in having the transverse band of the forewing anteriorly at the end of
the cell broken into wedges, the part placed in the cell abbreviated or interrupted by the ground-colour. —
Two geographical races: astyra Godt., from central Brazil, distributed from Espiritu Santo to Santa Catharina.
Hindwing near the distal margin without or with only quite faint-traces of a band (name-type); occasionally
(in examples from Santa Catharina), however, with a very distinct band (f. dimidiata form. nov.). Black-
brown, forewing with ochreous yellow-brown oblique band, the costal part of which is forked and clouded or
darkened. Whilst the distal arm nearly reaches the costa, the proximal is abbreviated or broken up into
brown spots. Hindwing mostly unicolorous or with only faint traces of distal bands; 9 with the ground-
colour paler, the band of the forewing a little lighter. — Egg spherical with shallow longitudinal ribs, often
running into one another; larvae in bag-shaped nests, a large number together, brown with light longitudinal
lines. When they are somewhat grown one can hear the sound of their feeding and can track them by this
means. The adult larva reaches 8 cm. in length, with reddish markings on the head; the pupa is smooth,
slightly compressed ventrally, either dark brown with black, yellow-edged stripes or bright yellow with lighter
stripes and patches. — philocala Stich. (62 a as astyra). Hindwing with distinct rust-red band near the distal
margin. The hitherto undescribed 2 (type in coll. FruHSTORFER [Geneva]) much larger than the J, round-
winged like that of sophorae, but of greater wing-expanse. Cell-spot on the lower part before the apex reduced.
Band of the forewing much narrowed anally. Hindwing occasionally with the rust-red submarginal band entirely
absent. Habitat Rio Grande do Sul, where according to MABrILDE the larva occurs from April to November on
various palms and lives in an oval bag of 30-——40 cm. in length and 10 cm. in breadth, which contains three or
four inner divisions. In this the larvae remain for 7—8 months, packed one above another like sardines in a
case, sometimes 5—600 specimens together. — haenschi Stich. shows the band of the forewing bright rust-yellow
and has no undulate distal marginal line beneath. Ecuador. — maritima Stich. has the band of the forewing
paler and distally less broken than in haenschi; under surface with undulate, in places obsolescent line before
the distal margin; the ocelli on the under surface are also less bright, more pale and blind. Venezuela.

B. isthmia Bates, from Central America and Colombia, has the wings dark brown above, the forewing
with a pale yellow-ochre oblique band, 9—10mm. in breadth, with the proximal edge irregularly defined, some-
what dentate and bounded by the submedian. Beneath the oblique band is paler, only distinct beyond the
cell, in the cell a rounded brown spot. Hindwing above brown, in the ¢ only a narrow ferruginous patch
along the lower median vein, in the 9 without markings.

sophorae.

lurida

vulpeculus.

ardens.

astyra.

dimidiata.

philocala.

haenschi. *79

maritima.

isthmia.

B. granadensis Stich. (62 a) closely approaches the preceding species, but is somewhat larger. Forewing granadensis.

with broad ochre-yellow oblique band, on the lower discocellular a black-brown spot. Hindwing with only

ornamen-
talis.

pamphanis.

darius.

stygianus.

288 PENETES; DYNASTOR. By H. FruuSTORFER.

quite indistinct traces of a reddish submarginal band, but with conspicuous dark grey mealy spot below the
cell between the submedian and the first median vein. Beneath similar to isthmia, but the band of the fore-
wing much broader and darker. Q differing from that of isthmia in the darker ground-colour and the more
brilliantly coloured band of the forewing. Colombian specimens are somewhat larger than those from Ecua-
dor. Colombia (Muzo ?); Balzapamba in Ecuador to the west of the Andes (750 m.).

B. ornamentalis Stich. Forewing above with two angled yellow spots in the lower part of the cell, placed:
one above the other in the shape of a hammer. Beyond the cell a rather broad yellow transverse band,
reaching the inner margin. Hindwing ochre-yellow as far as the distal margin, before the margin indica-
tions of a dark lunulate line. The colouring of the under surface shows through distinctly. Brazil (Para 7).

2. Genus: Penetes Westw.

Closely approximates to Brassolis in the style of its colouring and also somewhat in the concave shape
of the distal margin of the forewing, so that it is not improbable, as VON BONNINGHAUSEN suspected, that the
larva approaches that of Brassolis and is not forked at the tail. The genus is chiefly characterized by the
shape of the forewing, which in both sexes has the apex strongly produced and the distal margin deeply hol-
lowed in the middle. In the forewing the cell is obliquely closed by the three discocellulers, which run in the
same direction and nearly straight, the anterior only a little shorter than the middle and posterior, which
are of equal length. Precostal cell of the hindwing rather large. Precostal vein simple, only at the extremity
proximally curved, the cell likewise obliquely closed by the feebly curved lower discocellular. The genus is
monotypical and is confined to Brazil.

P. pamiphanis Westw. (67 b). ¢ above deep dark brown, with large, dull rust-brown spots, not sharply
defined, in the disc of the forewing and more or less obscure rust-brown diffuse spots before the apex of both
wings. Hindwing with darker veins, glossy grey at the hindmargin; a black-brown hair-pencil placed on the
submedian in an extended, scaleless area of a shining, horny appearance. Type from Minas Geraes, in my
collection from Espiritu Santo, Sao Paulo, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, and a few examples which I myself
captured in Sa. Catharina.

3. Genus: Dynastor West.

This genus is characterized even more than Brassolis by the robustness of the body, especially the tho-
rax and abdomen, and the broad wings. From the nearly allied Opsiphanes it chiefly differs only in the short,
appressed palpus, the short lower discocellular of the forewing, and in having the 3rd subcostal vein arise near-
er to the 4th and the upper median vein further from the middle one. ¢ without distinct scent-organ; the
eye-spots of the under surface reduced to dots or entirely absent. Both wings very broad, the forewing with
strongly curved costa, the subcostal narrowly but distinctly separated from the costal, the distal margin some-
what ventricose, the inner margin nearly straight. Median and submedian slightly thickened at the base, but
not strongly inflated as in the Satyrids. Hindwing with the distal margin uniformly rounded, the apex
round and the costal margin fairly straight. Cell moderately broad, about half the length of the wing. — Valve
basally thickened, in the middle narrowed, distally again widened, chitinized and sharply serrate. Penis re-
latively short. Saccus posteriorly arched. Uncus strikingly broad, recalling that of the Morphids, its lateral
clasps shorter and more than twice as strong as in Opsiphanes, valve considerably narrowed posteriorly, distally
with long, unequal points. — Of the 3 species belonging here the celebrated D. napoleon is unquestionably one
of the most magnificent of all the butterflies. The range of distribution of the genus extends southwards to
Paraguay, northwards to Mexico.

D. darius is the most widely distributed species of the genus, occurring everywhere from Guatemala
to Bolivia and from Trinidad through the whole of Venezuela and Brazil to Rio Grande do Sul, which is pro-
bably explained by the wide distribution of the food-plant. Two directions of variation may be recognized,
of which the Andean and purely tropical branch shows large, nearly quadrate apical patches on the underside
of the hindwing, whilst the Brazilian subform bears rounder, ocellated costal patches. The hitherto unob-
served Paraguay form belongs, strange to say, to the tropical Andean branch, not to the Brazilian. — stygianus
Bilr., originally described from Costa Rica, is recorded by GopMAN and SatvIn also from Guatemala, Nica-

race is also identical.
collection the $3 show all the differences which SricHen described as follows in the ,,Tierreich“: ‘Larger,
with sharper contrasts in colouring. ¢: half-band of the forewing more complete, purer yellowish white, at the
upper radial more strikingly diverted from its course, its posterior part being pushed further towards the distal
margin. Spot in the apex larger, mostly connected with a small band, the other 3 isolated spots placed

Publ. 15. V. 1912. DYNASTOR. By H. Frunstorrer. 289

beyond the half-band large, elongate, distally uncertainly defined. Zigzag band of the hindwing composed
of larger pointed curves, anteriorly whitish, posteriorly grey-yellow with olivaceous tone; costal margin broadly
whitish yellow; border at the distal margin narrow but distinctly defined, anteriorly coloured like the costal
margin, from the middle onwards grey-yellow. Under surface of the forewing with small, sharply marked,
elongate black costal spot immediately at the apex, the half-band very little noticeable, the three isolated spots
more indefinite, the posterior one occasionally cleft longitudinally. Anterior eye-spot of the hindwing extra-
ordinarily broad, flattened, rectangular with the short sides rounded. It occupies nearly or more than one third
of the interneural space, anteriorly and posteriorly touches the costal and subcostal for its entire breadth, is
at these long sides only distinguished from the ground-colour by the absence of the striation, but at the
short sides shaded with dark brown; its central part is longitudinally somewhat darker and traversed by 2 lines
of small white spots. Central eye-spot similarly developed, only somewhat shorter, behind it sometimes a
white-centred ring-spot. Posterior eye-spot as in the typical subspecies, but mostly larger and more sharply
marked. Distal margin of the hindwing strongly undulate.” The gg from Surinam in my collection are not
identical with stygianus Btlr. from Honduras, differing in the somewhat narrower whitish yellow band and the
smaller patches on the forewing, also in the darker, deeper coloured under surface. But still less do they
agree with the figure of anaxarete Cr. ¢ (anaxarete Stoll 9), which has strikingly small spots on the forewing
and relatively large triangular markings on the hindwing. In the 9 which Srott figures the oblique band of
the forewing is even broken up into separate small spots hardly as large as lentils, and as HUBNER also represents
a ¢ similarly small-spotted it would seem that for some time only such peculiarly coloured, aberrant speci-
mens were brought to Europe from some particular locality. —- mardonius subsp. nov. (62 b) closely approaches
anaxarete Cr. in the narrower, almost uniformly broad band of the forewing, and also agrees with it in
the shape of the nearly rectangular costal patch on the underside of the hindwing. On the other hand the
zigzag band on the hindwing above is twice as broad and the under surface, in accordance with the general
character of the Paraguay butterflies, is paler and without the purple dusting of anaxarete. Paraguay, from two
©° in coll. FrunstorFER. — darius F., described from Brazil, is the commonest subspecies in collections;
both sexes bear a relatively large double patch of greenish white on the upperside of the hindwing, on which are
placed regular series of undulated, greenish, pointed curves. ? sometimes enormously large. Espiritu Santo,
Rio de Janeiro, distributed to Santa Catharina. — icterica Stich., from Rio de Janeiro, is smaller than the
type-form, the band and the three isolated spots on the forewing yellow instead of whitish. Zigzag band of the
hindwing and a narrow marginal stripe at the distal margin anteriorly yellow, posteriorly dirty green-yellow.
Larva yellow-brown, later grey-brown or green, longitudinally striped, with brown head, which in the adult
larva bears short hairs at the margin. Along the dorsum a series of round dark spots, enclosing light dots
anteriorly; small, bristle-bearing tubercles are scattered over the surface and the anal end terminates in a forked
tail. On Bromeliaceae; full fed in 2 months. Pupa light green with brownish longitudinal stripes and dark
shades and speckling; yields the butterfly in 12 days (W. MULLER). — faenius subsp. nov. inhabits Rio Grande
do Sul and is somewhat smaller than darius from Central Brazil, with somewhat smaller median spots on the
upperside of the forewing, and the hindwing lacking the large yellowish white costal patches, in place of which
there are greenish diffuse spots, which do not differ appreciably from the adjoining, irregularly shaped greenish
pointed curves. The under surface agrees somewhat with that of mardonius; it shows the typical paler colour-
ing of all the Rio Grande butterflies. 2 dusted with almost pure white, particularly in the distal area. All the
ocelli obsolescent, the median eye-spot in most examples entirely absent. Clasping-organs described in the
generic diagnosis. From three 93, two 9° from Candelaria in coll. FRuHsToRFER. According to MABILDE
there are two generations. The larva is green with two figure-shaped marks on the head and appears in January
and February, and again July and August, on Ananas and bananas. It changes into a green pupa in March
— April, and August—September, and after 30 to 60 days produces the common and widely distributed butterfly.

D. macrosiris, in contrast to the preceding species, is extremely rare; only a few examples are known,
mostly of only one sex. — macrosiris Westw. comes from Cayenne; it is black above with a slight violet-
brown tinge, the distal border lighter, costal margin striated with black and white. The oblique band of the fore-
wing, placed distally to the cell, is narrow, whitish, terminating at the first median vein, but continued as two
small, isolated whitish spots. Distally to the oblique band two black, lighter-margined spots showing through
from beneath, anteriorly with two small, crescentic or obtusely sagittate white spots placed near the apex. Hind-
wing with lighter distal border, towards the apex widened into a whitish spot. — Of strix Bates (62 b) only
2° are yet known. The name-type was from Guatemala, but it was afterwards found also at Cordoba, Mexico,
by Héece. Our figure is from a Honduras specimen in the FRuHSTORFER collection. Deep dark brown, costal
margin of the forewing striated with white as far as a whitish oblique band placed beyond the cell, continuing
which there is an elongate white spot. In the apical area 3 small white spots. Hindwing with whitish apex, other-
wise uniformly dark. Under surface very characteristic, particularly in the irregular shape of the ocelli between
the apex of the forewing and the oblique band. — hannibal Oberth. came from Colombia and differs in having
a more prominent white area on the forewing from macrosiris Westw., the type of which OBERTHUR acquired

Vv 37

anaxarete.

mardonius.

darius.

icterica.

faenius.

macrosiris.

stria.

hannibal.

pharnaces.

napoleon.

ereusa.

baronesa,

290 DASYOPHTHALMA. By H. Fruustorrer.

with BorspuvaAt’s collection. — pharnaces Stich. is smaller than the preceding subspecies. The white oblique
band on the upperside of the forewing somewhat broader, more sharply defined, although somewhat dusted
at the proximal side, posteriorly terminating obtusely before the middle median vein and not running out
towards the distal margin as in macrosiris striz. The single spot posterior to it much reduced. Hindwing
with narrower white bordering. On the under surface the transverse striation throughout coarser, on the fore-
wing red-brown; it disappears beyond the cell and in the distal area, in the submedian interspace there is only
an indistinct shading. In the cell of the hindwing and beyond it the striation is widened into narrow stripes
and in places reticulate, the ground-colour of the wing almost rust-red instead of yellowish. The elongate
eye-spot in the costal area light red-brown, less sharply expressed, the other two ocellated spots in the radial
and lower median cellules also only indistinct. Border at the distal margin narrowly greenish. Only 1 ¢
from Bolivia (Coroico, Yungas, at 2000 m.) known. .

D. napoleon Westw. (62 b) seems to be an archaic, nearly extinct species, exclusively confined to the
state of Rio de Janeiro, andeven there only recorded from Petropolis; from time to time the splendid butterfly
has been successfully bred from the larva. The larva, although known for over 30 years, has not yet been described.
According to VON BONNINGHAUSEN it lives on one of the Bromeliaceae, with non-dentate leaves. 2 considerably
larger than the 3, which we figure, the underside of the hindwing with somewhat lighter orange marginal
area, as in darius F. Forewing, however, with black median area, hindwing throughout ochre-yellow, dusted
with lighter near the base. The black veins stand out very sharply against the ground-colour.

II. Subfamily: Caligoninae.

Larva with forked tail and with horns onthe head.

4. Genus: Dasyophthalma Westw.

A small but interesting genus, which in general aspect and also in its habits recalls the Indian Thau-
mantis, particularly lueipor and odana. Only one species (creusa) has the colouring darker. In the densely
haired eyes Dasyophthalma differs from all the other Brassolids. Structurally it approaches the genus Caligo,
but the precostal cell is strikingly broader, especially considering the smaller size of the body. Head and body
more slender than in the preceding genus. Antenna less than half the length of the wings. Forewing triangular
with the inner angle rounded, hindwing in the 3 with the apex pronounced and the distal margin undulate.
Wings above black or quite dark brown, sometimes with a bright blue reflection, the under surface with pupilled
ocelli. The 4 bears on the upperside of the hindwing a scent-spot at the posterior margin of the cell. Like
its Indian relative, T’hauwmantis, the species of Dasyophthalma exclusively inhabit dense forests, where they
always keep near the ground, only leaving the damp cover when baited with hung up bananas. One species
(rusina) I have never seen flying at all; all my examples I owe exclusively to this bait, which they visit
together with Hryphanis reevesi, Prepona species and occasionally a Morpho catenarius. Probably they have all
only one brood. According to my recollection they appear in Santa Catharina in February, only worn examples
are still to be taken by the end of March and at the beginning of April they disappear completely. Concern-
ing the early stages nothing further is known than that the larva lives on bamboo. Distribution: central and
southern Brazil.

D. creusa splits up into two local races: creusa Hbn. (62c), only known as yet from Santa Catharina
and Rio Grande do Sul, appears to be very local, but to occur in abundance in suitable localities. My collector,
Junius Micwarnis, and I myself captured nearly 1000 examples in the course of 2 years at Theresopolis
and in the valley of the Capivary River. At Blumenau it seems only to occur sparingly and in Rio Grande,
at the extreme limit of its range, it is one of the greatest rarities. I possessno 29 from Rio Grande. The upper
surface is black, the forewing traversed from the apex to the middle of the inner margin by a bone-yellow
gradually widening oblique band. The 9, of which we figure the under surface, is considerably larger than the
3, with broader bands, beneath paler grey-green. Upper surface: hindwing only with two or three yellowish
splashes in the middle of the costal margin. The median band of the forewing more vertical, broader than in
the 3, less pure yellow, more greenish, connected with the costal border by a transcellular row of in-
distinct spots. Before the apex of the cell on the hindwing somewhat dusted with greenish. J with long yellow-
ish hair-tuft at the basal part of the cell of the hindwing. Flies February to April. crewsa is par excellence a
visitor to sweets and comes at any hour of the day to hung-up bananas; frequently it is even tempted at
night by the sweet, rotting fruit and I found it repeatedly as a not particularly welcome addition in the
killing bottles in which I was taking the baited Heterocera. — baronesa Stich. is a not sharply differentiated
local form discovered by my collector J. MrcHaetts in Espiritu Santo, and apparently also occuring in Rio de
Janeiro, where according to VON BONNINGHAUSEN it is not very rare at Petropolis. 3 distinguishable from

OPSIPHANES. By H. Frunusrorrer. 291

creusa by the more complete yellowish median band on the upperside of both wings. @ scarcely differing above,
beneath with smaller and more regular oval median ocelli.

D. rusina may be divided into two local races. The species is everywhere rare and is distinguished by
the brilliant, intensive deep blue reflections on the basal part of the forewing and the median area of the hind-
wing. rusina Godt. (= delanira Hew. Q) is only certainly known as yet from Santa Catharina. ¢ with black
hair-pencil near the base of the hindwing. The light band on the forewing runs parallel with the distal margin
and is continued in the same direction across the hindwing. — principesa Stich., discovered by MIcHAELIs
in Espiritu Santo, seems to occur also in Rio de Janeiro, where it was observed on the Corcovado and at
Petropolis by voN BONNINGHAUSEN, who further states that the larva lives on bamboo. Quite resembles the
typical rusina, except that the light band on the wings is somewhat less broad, on the forewing sometimes wi-
denedin the middle, and the blue reflection on the hindwing more extended. Under surface in both sexes lighter
throughout than in rusina, the almost white median band without darker orange-coloured bordering, the distal
area not grey-brown as in rusina, but distinctly divided into two parts, the submarginal part reddish brown,
the distal predominantly striated with whitish grey.

D. vertebralis Btlr. (62a) is a sharply differentiated species, and was captured together with creusa
in Espiritu Santo by J. Micwaenis, so that the locality ““Para’’, erroneously given by its author, has been
corrected. Under surface as in creusa with three large red-brown, black-ringed median ocelli, placed in a. light
yellowish patch. .Band of the forewing narrow, oblique, composed of spots. Under surface of the hindwing
with 3 ocelli: the Ist in the middle of the costa, the 2nd distally to the cell, the 3rd in the posterior median
cellule. © larger, with broader wings and duller colouring, so that the striae of the under surface show
through. The band of the forewing runs more steeply.

5. Genus: Opsiphanes Westw.
Differs from Caligo in the more pointed and not so excessively large wings, the larger precostal cell and

the relatively stronger body, from Brassolis in the longer palpi. Head large, with strongly rounded eyes, frons-

short, palpus on the underside densely clothed with ished hairs, upeurved in front of the face, extending but
little ‘beyond the head. Antenna gradually thickened, nearly half the length of the costa. Thorax very broad
and strong. Forewing mostly rather pointed, the distal margin usually somewhat concave; inner margin
straight. Subcostal five-branched, branches 1 and 2 arising before, branch 3 considerably behind the end of
the cell, the fourth running into the apex, short-stalked with the fifth. Cell of the forewing short and broad.
Hindwing almost round, only a little elliptical, with the apex rounded. The scent-organs of the gg are hair-
pencils on the upperside of the hindwing, which can be spread out in a stellate form. Abdomen powerful,
in the 3 with lateral protuberances. Glaspine: organs Satyrid-like, extremely simple. Uncus slightly curved,
with 2 Tateral clasps, harpe similar to that of the European Karanasa (= Satyrus of the huebneri group, vol. I,
p- 127), proximally somewhat widened, in the middle narrowed, distally with projecting ventral point. Egg
according to W. MULLER spherical, finely ribbed. The larva appears after 10 days, and when young is brown,
striped with yellow or red, with black head. When full-grown the head shows a crest of posteriorly directed
horns and the face is striped with red-brown. Body thickened in the middle, with 12 longitudinal lines, ter-
minating posteriorly in a forked tail. The larvae live on bananas and rest on the underside of the gigantic
leaves, along their midrib. Pupa less compressed than those of the preceding genera, green-yellow, the wing-
cases with brown margins and stripes and with a silvery spot. According to Dr. HAHNEL some species emit a
scent of vanilla. They remain all day among the lower branches and round the trunks and are fond of congre-
gating on fallen fruit. Some species can be baited with bananas. The species of the batea group prefer the light
undergrowth, where they are found in the so-called ‘“‘Waldschanken’’, i. e. on tree-trunks which exude sweet
or fermenting sap. Dr. Hanne also met with them even at early dawn near human habitations on refuse, about
which they flew restlessly.

Copulatory organs, judging from those of O. invirae remoliatus Fruhst., remarkably Satyrid-like, scarcely
differing from those of the Palearctic Huwmenis. Uncus hook-shaped, slightly bent downwards, two lateral
clasps extremely delicate; valve quite regularly of the simplest structure, basally somewhat thickened, but not
so markedly as in the genus Dynastor, slightly incised in the middle, the ventral distal end projecting as in
Eumenis cordula, the dorsal somewhat retracted, slightly chitinized, with two excrescences of unequal size.
The whole ventral part of the valve long-haired. Penis very broad, saccus quite normal, rather long, its proxi-
mal end not appreciably widened.

Four groups, of whichOpoptera is so nearly entitled to generic rank that it is only here treated as a sub-
genus because its author so regarded it and in order to avoid splitting up a very natural genus. Catoblepia on
the other hand is only maintained on account of the secondary sexual characters, as there are no constant struc-
aan differences at all.

Precostal cell of the hindwing longer than broad, Opoptera.

Precostal of the hindwing higher than broad, Opsiphanes.

Cell of the hindwing narrow, middle and lower discocellulars nearly straight, Catoblepia.

Cell of the hindwing narrow, middle and lower discocellulars quite weakly curved, Selenophanes.

rusina.

principesa.

vertebralis.

aorsa.

litura.
fuscata.

» hilara.

arsippe.

292 OPSIPHANES. By H. FruusrorFer.

Group Opoptera Aur.

The species of this interesting little group strongly recall Satyrids in their thin, delicate wings. The genus,
or rather subgenus, as which its author introduced it, was formerly united with Opsiphanes, but is rightly
separated on account of the broader precostal cell of the hindwing. Otherwise Opoptera differs from typical
Opsiphanes also in having the cell of the forewing strikingly broad and that of the hindwing short, relatively
narrow distally. The precostal cell of the latter is longer than broad. Head moderately small, with strongly
rounded, naked eyes and hairy frons. Tongue strong. Palpus beneath with bristly hairs, extending little
beyond the head. Antenna considerably longer than in the preceding, in the 3 often more than half the length
of the costa, little thickened at the end. Thorax not so robust as in Opsiphanes, the whole build sometimes
strongly Satyrid; forewing with rounded apex and large, broad cell, reaching to the middle of the wing. Costal
and subcostal separate throughout their whole course, the latter 5-branched, branches 1 and 2 arising before,
3 behind the end of the cell, 4 and 5 short-stalked. Hindwing ellipsoid, with slightly undulate distal margin,
lower median vein with a scent-pouch. Abdomen slender and rather long.

Concerning the early stages nothing is known. The imagines with one exception (bassus) are true
forest butterflies, which flutter about with a weak flight near the ground, lead a shy and sluggish existence in
the bamboo thickets and by preference keep near the water-courses. Some of them are certain to be met
with where fermenting sap exudes from holes bored by insects in the trees of lower growth. At. such places they
sometimes sit for hours with the wings closed and it is in this way that they are most easily caught. They
are very local and three out of the six known species inhabit southern Brazil.

Sect. I.

Apex of the forewing angled or rounded, hindwing of the ¢ with a hair-pencil in the cell or a brush-shaped
hair-tuft at the submedian.

0. aorsa recalls Indian Lethe and Zophoéssa in the tailed hindwing and the upper surface is distinguished
by very narrow bands and by a purple gloss which covers these bands in their marginal part. Previously only
known from Brazil, aorsa was recently discovered also at the sources of the upper Amazons, so that there are
now four local races to record: aorsa Godt. (63 a), the type of which probably came from Rio de_Janeiro, extends
southwards to Rio Grande do Sul. It is everywhere rare, and I cannot remember to have found it on ‘the banana-
bait which was so commonly visited by Dasyophthalma, Caligo, Eryphanis reevest and other species of Opsiphanes.
It is a species of the larger forests, never leaving the shade of their tall trees. Moreover its period is very
short (February and March) and in the course of a year one probably meets with scarcely more than half a dozen
examples, and even those are mostly damaged on account of their delicate wings. Forewing in the ¢ with
pale ochre-yellow oblique band, beginning beyond the middle of the inner margin and, sometimes slightly
interrupted, running to the anal angle. In the apex small white spots. Hindwing with distinct marginal mark-
ings. Of the narrow bands crossing the cell of the forewing the proximal is as a rule dull whitish or brown,
interrupted in the middle, the distal complete, of silver-white colour, reaching to the middle part of the median.
In ab. litura Fruhst., from Espiritu Santo, the marginal markings on the upperside of the hindwing have be-
come brown-violet. — fuscata Stich. is the same shape as the typical subspecies but considerably smaller,
hindwing with more rudimentary tails. ¢; above black-brown, the bands near the apex and distal margin
of the forewing strongly shaded with brown, particularly in the posterior part quite blurred. Hindwing only
showing quite indistinct light spots at the margin. Beneaththe light angled band in the distal area has almost
cntirely disappeared, alle a small yellowish white spot at the eal near and another in the anterior angle of
the lower median cellule persisting, together with a few whitish splashes in place of the anterior part of this
band. Submarginal line at the distal margin, and correspondingly also the boundary of the dark part of the
wing adjoining the distal area, strikingly dentate. Hindwing considerably darker than in typical aorsa, parti-
cularly in the basal and hindmarginal areas, the ground-colour there strongly tinged with violet. At the border
of the distal margin a row of light, shallow lunular spots on the dark brown undulate line stands out conspi-
cuously against the darker marginal dusting. In the 2 the upper surface is vaguely rust-red, forewing with
narrow light ochre-yellow band, similar to that of the typical subspecies, in which, however, the branch
running anteriorly (towards the apex) from the top of the obtuse bend in the distal eee is lacking. Distal mark-
ings of the hindwing weak, faint, in the anal angle entirely disappearing. From the Upper Amazon (Manaos).
— In hilara Stich., om Ecuador and Peru, the ground-colour is darker, above deep black- brown, the band
of the forewing deep yellow, in the anal part notched proximally at the veins. Hindwing above unicolorous
dark with white fringes, not distinctly spotted before the distal margin. Beneath the transverse band in
the cell of the forewing is broken up into spots. Forewing and basal area of the hindwing striated with milk-white.

O. arsippe has 2 geographical subspecies. arsippe Hopff. Oblique band of the forewing ochreous, almost
as in aorsa, but darker, posteriorly strongly angled, otherwise smooth, distally somewhat broken. Of the an-
terior three small white spots in the apical area the middle one is placed somewhat distally; a fourth appears

OPSIPHANES. By H. Frvuustorrer. 293

as a small crescent or curved streak at the distal boundary of the eye-spot, which shows through from beneath.
Inthe 9 the distal border of the hindwing is of a somewhat lighter tone than in the 3. Near the costal margin
in the apical area there is in addition an isolated ochre-yellow spot; the tail-like point at the lower median
vein darker brown. Length of the forewing § 40—41, 2 42 mm. Under surface less variegated than in
aorsa. Southern Peru. Very rare, only received from Chanchamayo. — bracteolata Stich. Darker than the
preceding. White apical spots of the forewing very small, oblique band distally to the cell broken up into three
small, isolated spots. Subapical spots at the distal margin very small, tail-like appendages of the hindwing
shorter. Middle band in the cell of the forewing beneath continous. The two small silky white spots between
the medians le like silver spangles on the dark ground. Before the distal margin of the forewing a lighter,
whitish, narrow stripe, following the former. 1 ¢, from Bolivia.

O. syme replaces suleiws in Central Brazil and seems to be a rather rare species, of limited geographi-
cal distribution. Two local forms: syme Hbn., with the name-type from the state of Rio de Janeiro, where it
is regularly found at Corcovado and in the Organ Mountains near Petropolis. Similar to the preceding species,
but the yellow oblique band of the forewing much reduced and partially broken up into small spots; on the
hindwing the row of yellow submarginal spots likewise smaller. In the cell of the forewing the markings of the
under surface show through above. Of the eye-spots on the underside of the hindwing the first, placed in the
middle below the costa, has a brown ground, which gives it a somewhat blind appearance, while the one placed
between the median veins is more brightly coloured. The 9 has before the distal margin of the hindwing some-
what more distinct yellow spotting and on the black colour of the disc a blue reflection. — fumosa Stich.
(65 b, as syme) has the ground-colour somewhat darker than examples from Rio de Janeiro, the hindwing in
particular is suffused with blackish and the submarginal row of yellow lunules nearly obsolete, merely indicated
by a lighter tone of colour or only persisting in the anterior part. Espiritu Santo, first found by my collector,
JuLivs MrcHaetis, rather rare.

ion 0. sulcius Stgr. (63a) comes from South Brazil, where it represents the Central Brazilian syme. It

resembles the latter, but differs in the bright ochre-yellow band of the forewing, which is there narrow and
dentate and terminates before the anal angle; in swlciws on the contrary it is broad and reaches the anal angle.
— The form sodalis R6b., from Sio Paulo, is strongly suffused with yellowish above and beneath, especially
in the proximal area of the wings, and the marginal markings on the hindwing more extended.

Sect. II.

Forewing with the apex more pointed. ¢g without true hair-pencil. The lower median of the hindwing arises not
far from the base and forms close behind the cell a deep pouch filled with mealy scales.

0. staudingeri Godm. & Salv. (63b). Size of the preceding; upper surface bright dark brown, even
the usually deep black apex brown. Before it a yellow-red oblique band, partially darkened with brownish,
beginning before the last third of the costal margin, running obliquely towards the middle of the distal margin,
then bent and running parallel with the distal margin towards the inner margin, terminating in almost a point
at the submedian. Beneath the hindwing has a faint ring-shaped mark in the middle of the cell. The an-
terior ocellus, in the middle of the costa, is the larger, with brown ground, the one between the medians
the smaller, with blackish ground and brighter markings. Panama; very rare, only a few examples known;
the 3 figured, from coll. FRuHSTORFER, came from Costa Rica. A 2 from coll. StaupincER, from Chiriqui,
was first described by SticHeEn as follows: “‘Somewhat larger than the 3, ground-colour of the upper surface
lighter, light reddish brown. Band of the forewing broader, less sharply angled, running posteriorly in a slight
curve. Border at the distal margin of the forewing ochre-yellow. Under surface as in the g. Length of the
forewing 46 mm.”

Group Opsiphanes Westw.

0. batea is one of the most interesting species of the genus; its range indeed is only a comparatively
restricted one, being confined to subtropical Brazil and the adjacent countries, but it offers little resistance
to climatic influences even at short distances, and the result is a series of geographical races concerning which
a great deal has already been published, without, however, elucidating them satisfactorily. The centre of distri-
bution for the collective species seems to be the province of Santa Catharina, from which we already know
two representative species, probably on account of the more thorough exploration of this district. All that
is certain is that batea occurs from Espiritu Santo to Rio Grande do Sul, changing gradually from north to
south and becoming progressively more melanotic in colouring southwards. Together with quite dark forms,
however, there occur in both the southern provinces of Brazil also retrogressions to the lighter name-type.
We can hardly regard them as seasonal forms, as according to my experience the species of the batea group
have only one generation, which occurs in the spring and disappears in April and May, when the cool nights
begin. The clasping-organs have not yet been investigated, but according to SticHEL these lead to no result
in this genus, as the organs themselves are not yet sufficiently differentiated. The early stages are not known,

bracteolata.

syme. —

fumosa.

sulcius. |

sodalis.

staudingeri.

batea.

aspherus.

glaukias.

dubia.

panormus.

beata.

didymaon.

subsericea.

294 OPSIPHANES. By H. Fruustorrer.

and thus the separation or union of the several forms still remains more a matter of instinct or personal choice
than of experimental knowledge. If here again I deviate from the previously frequented path, it is on the
ground of a delightful accumulation of material, which I have been fortunate enough to get together. —
batea Hbn. (62c), the name-type, probably came from the state of Rio de Janeiro; at any rate HUpner’s figure,
which is not so good as most in his works, shows the principal distinguishing mark of the Rio specimens, the
almost vertical black distal border of the forewing, which is not expanded proximally (towards the cell) and has
its inner edge almost straight. All the other forms, on the contrary, have an apical spot extending as far
proximad as in our figure (6la 2, subsericea) or even further and similar or still finer and more numerous prox-
imal incisions. Moreover all the representative forms bear a more or less distinct black spot at the apex of
the cell of the forewing, which apparently is only absent in batea from Rio de Janeiro. Upper surface of the
hindwing with less of the dull red-brown gloss. Under surface with parts of the cell of the forewing whitish
and with longer, almost whitish yellow median band, posteriorly tapering to a point. — aspherus subsp. nov.
is a larger race from Espiritu Santo, the most northerly locality known, in which the forewing has the three
whitish yellow subapical patches already somewhat faint and the distal border more deeply indented. ¢ al-
most, 2 entirely without black spot at the apex of the cell. Marginal area of the hindwing in the 2 extending
to the cell, without any trace of red-brown. The whitish parts of the under surface more extended than in
batea Hbn. Very rare, while according to VON BONNIGHAUSEN batea is very common in the Organ Mountains
near Petropolis. — glaukias subsp. nov. is a local form from the province of Sao Paulo, very nearly allied to
the name-type; smaller than aspherus and praegrandis (61a), but appreciably larger than batea. Subapical
patches darker than in the preceding races, ochre-yellow. Basal area of both wings of a deeper colour, more
inclining to red-brown. Distal border proximally rather regularly but not very deeply incised. Cell-spot.
of the forewing rudimentary. Under surface hardly differmg from batea in the shape of the ocelli and the
general coloration. From three $3 in coll. FRUHSTORFER. 2 unknown. — dubia R6éb. likewise came from
Sao Paulo and according to SticHEL is a very small, somewhat abnormal form, with paler ground-colour and
strikingly lighter distal margin. — panormus Fob. is apparently not rare at Blumenau and even somewhat
further south, at Theresopolis in Santa Catharina, I myself took numerous examples in the ‘“‘Waldschinken”
already mentioned, which I searched twice daily. According to the material in my collection panormus chiefly
differs from batea in the black distal border of the forewing extending to the apex of the cell and leaving either.
no yellow-brown spot at all or only a very reduced, narrow one which never reaches the costal margin, whilst
in batea and its offshoots it always runs from the first median to the costal as a distinct, sharply defined trans-
cellular band. On the under surface the striation is predominantly black instead of red-brown. R6OBER’s type,
which is in my collection, differs from all the examples of batea to which I have access in having a beautiful
yellow submarginal punctiform spot on the underside of the forewing between the middle and lower medians.
— beata Fruhst. (61a as subsericea) still possesses quite distinctly the batea-character and differs from panor-
mus chiefly in possessing a broad yellow band-like transcellular spot, distally dusted with reddish, on the fore-
wing, which is particularly well developed in the 9. The black distal border of the hindwing somewhat nar-
rower than in panormus. Santa Catharina, Theresopolis, up to about 1500’. Appears about January and flies
until March, preferring the edge of the woods or the so-called Capoeira, the spare, dwarfed growth which springs
up where the forests have been cut down. ‘The butterflies are fond of the sweet sap of certain shrubs which
exudes from holes bored by small beetles and besides Lepidoptera also attracts enormous numbers of Meli-
ponae, Lucanidae, Elateridae and sometimes also Gymnetis (Cetonidae). — didymaon Fldr., the locality of which
was incorrectly given by STIcHEL as Sta. Catharina, almost certainly came from Rio Grande do Sul, judging
by the type before me from the Tring Museum, which I have been able to compare with sufficient material
from my collection. The subapical patches of the forewing about as in batea, small, duller yellow than in pa-
normus and beata, but apparently very variable, in the 2 again very large, nearly white. The black marginal
area of the forewing much widened, bearing either no yellowish transcellular band or only an indistinct one,
which in the @ is also darker and more reddish. Distal border of the forewing sometimes narrow (type) or again
nearly reaching the cell. Hindwing above with rust-red tinge proximally to the black marginal area. Under
surface contrary to the general character of the Rio Grande fauna predominantly blackened, the transcellular
band of the forewing a mere thread, ocelli of the hindwing with delicate, scarcely appreciable yellow bordering,
on the other hand the nearly black outer border much widened. Sao Joao da Reserva, Rio Grande do Sul,
3 33, 1 2 in coll. FRuHstoRFER. Appears at the end of the summer and prefers the edges of the woods or
light thickets (Masmpg). — subsericea Fruhst., analogous to beata Fruhst., is the light form from Rio Grande
do Sul and differs from didymaon in having a broad yellow transcellular zone on the forewing. Smaller than the
other batea forms, wings more rounded, and in the @Q scarcely undulate. Black distal border of both wings
strikingly narrow, proximally inappreciably undulate, but especially on the hindwing broadly tinged with dark
rust-red, as in didymaon Fruhst. Hindwing with slight silky gloss. Apex of the cell on the forewing in the

A

3 only quite faintly red-brown, in the 2 spotted with black. Under surface: darker than in beata, hindwing
only with a short light band, which does not extend beyond the cell, otherwise uniformly striated with red-brown
throughout. Ocelli oblong, relatively small. subsericea agrees with the type in the very small dull yellow

subapical patches of the forewing, but differs beneath in the darker general colouring and in having the yellow

OPSIPHANES.. By H.. Frunstorrer. 295

band at the apex of the cell of the forewing broad instead of filiform. — praegrandis Fruhst. (61 a) on the praegrandis.

whole approaches aspherus, but is even larger. Above with the black distal border deeply incised proximally,
but scarcely extending nearer to the cell than in beata. Apical spots of the forewing very large, light yel-
low. praegrandis differs further from its Brazilian allies in the following points: distal border of both wings
proximally more deeply excised, much lighter towards the costa. Abdomen above lighter brown. Beneath:
distal part of the forewing broader and lighter yellow-grey with larger black ocelli. The triangular subapical
spot striated with white and more extended, the transverse bands of the cell light brown. Hindwing: the api-
eal ocelli more elongate, the anal ones with broader light brown bordering. The yellowish discal band light
yellow, more extended, broader than even in beata beata and running as far as the anal ocellus. The brown
submarginal band of the forewing much narrowed towards the apex, anal ocelli of the hindwing with fuller light
blue iris, filling almost half the ocellus instead of the small “lunula” of batea. Locality: Paraguay.
praegrandis passed for a long time in collections under the name ‘“‘didymaon Fldr.’ But FripEr adds to his
diagnosis: “Our examples are all smaller than batea Hbn., among which they seem to occur’, which contradicts
this determination, and at the same time shows that forms analogous to beata were already known to FEL-
DER, which he was observant enough to separate from his didymaon.

0. catharinae Sivch. (= wilhelminae #ob.) exclusively inhabits Santa Catharina and is undoubtedly
far the rarest of the two or three species of the batea group. Its specific right is beyond all question; the prin-
cipal distinguishing characters consist in the absence of the hair-pencil in the cell of the hindwing, the more
rounded shape of the wings and in the basal area on the upperside of both wings being by far the lightest, nearly
yellow, only reddish at the edges, and the veins red or black to the middle of the wings. Distal border of the
hindwing very broadly grey-yellow. Transcellular spot and apical bordering of the forewing similar to that
ot beata Fruhst. (61a). Apical patches of the forewing alike in both sexes, very light, almost pure white.
Ground-colour of the ¢ ochre-yellow, both wings with broad black margins, bordered with lighter grey-black ;
the yellow colour shaded with rust-red where it touches the black distal part. The proximal boundary of the
latter begins not far beyond the cell at the costa, runs parallel with the end of the cell to the upper median,
then projects basewards again between the upper and middle medians, and beyond the latter once more re-
cedes considerably towards the distal margin. The whole boundary-line is dentate but not sharply. Disco-
cellular proximally brownish, distally blackish. In the black distal part a row of 5 whitish spots, running in
2 curve from the costa, the last is a mere dot. The row of spots terminates between the lower radial and the upper
median, the spot being here replaced by the apical eye-spot, which shows through from beneath. Black
distal part of the hindwing of the same extent as in O. didymaon Fldr. Proximal boundary uncertain, not far
from the end of the cell running parallel with the distal margin. At the inner margin a bare friction-patch
with a small hair-pencil at the submedian. Under surface nearly as in O. didymaon, on the whole with a some-
what lighter tone, a brownish, dark-edged band at the discocellular broader than in that species, the dark-sha-
ded stripe placed proximally to the two marginal lines, corresponding to the black distal part of the upper
surface, bent somewhat towards the distal margin behind the lower median. Type probably from Blumenau,
from whence also came the examples described by R6seR, which I have before me for comparison. I my-
self took catharinae at Theresopolis in company with O. batea beata Fruhst. and O. didymaon Flidr. at the same
exudations of sweet or fermenting sap in the underwood of the river-valleys, but much more sparingly than
the other two forms.

0. bassus commonly occurs in company with O. batea Hbn. and didymaon Fldr., but in contrast to these
it ventures even in the greatest heat of the day on to sunny grass-lands with scattered bushes, and once when
chasing it I trod on a poisonous snake 2 m. in length, crawling in the grass, which perhaps was also hunting
the butterflies. Two local forms: bassus Fldr., described by its author without more exact locality as from
“Brasilia meridionalis” ; type probably from Blumenau in Santa Catharina; differs above only in the narrower
transcellular band of the forewing and beneath in the considerably smaller ocelli from luteipennis Bélr. (61 a),
which according to a 3 before me from Rio Grande do Sul is still more stongly tinged with red-brown above
than the bassus G3 taken by me. The nomenclature is somewhat, arbitrary, as BuTLER described his luterpen-
nis without any locality. I have only applied the name to the Rio Grande form to prevent its sinking as
a synonym and to avoid creating a new one. ~4,oculata Stich. designates a poorly coloured aberration
which happens to have the anal ocellus of the hindwing marked above also.

0. boisduvalii Westw. (62d) is a species of restricted range, noteworthy for its light yellow colour-
ing and known to appear in the twilight and to have a swift and powerful flight. Originally described from
Mexico, it extends southwards only to Guatemala and Honduras. Under surface with the same tone of colour
as the figured upper surface, a costal stripe darkened, with whitish transverse striation, the rest of the wings
irrorated and watered with brownish or rust-red almost throughout. Hindwing with two ocelli; the anterior
one oval, distally somewhat flattened, finely margined with black, interiorly tinged with rust-brown and orna-
mented with a white curved streak. Posterior eye-spot round, the pupil yellowish with a small white curved
streak, the border blackish-dusted, the whole margined with ochreous and finely surrounded with rust-brown.
Between the two, arranged in a crescent, three round light spots or patches are noticeable in the striated sur-
face, the posterior two sometimes white-pupilled. In the distal marginal area two rather distinct rust-brown

catharinae.

bassus.

luteipennis.

oculata.

boisduvalii.

cassiae.

cassiculus.

pseudo-
cassiae.

pudicus.

decentius.

| lweullus.

castaneus.

rubigatus.

strophios.

zeloles.

296 OPSIPHANES. By H. Fruustorrer.

undulate bands are formed by the closer striation and shading. The distal margin itself is somewhat duller,
especially anteriorly. Abdomen with lateral friction-pads. The 2 larger, broader-winged, with a band-like
light patch behind the cell. Distal margin of the forewing nearly straight.

O. cassiae inhabits tropical South America from Colombia to Bolivia and from Guianato Rio de Janeiro_
and Santa Catharina.. Common wherever its food-plant, the edible banana, has been planted, on the leaves
of which the light green larva lives. The species probably flies all the year round, and examples are known
from Surinam which perhaps belong to a dry-season form. The separated branch-races are not very sharply.
divided; in the Central Brazilian races it cannot be proved with certainty whether they are due to geographical
or only climatic influences. — cassiae L. came from Surinam, but is apparently distributed as far as eastern
Colombia. Forewing with a yellowish band, much more narrowed anally than in lucullus (61a); hindwing
with a short yellowish marginal band from the apex to about the upper median, thence onwards narrowed and
mostly only continued as reddish shadows. Underside of the hindwing with a very large, nearly retort-shaped
apical eye-spot, sometimes distally produced, and a small, rounded, yellow-ringed anal ocellus. Between the
two occasionally some blind accessory eye-spots. cassiculus Stich. is a smaller form, perhaps belonging to
the dry season. The 3 has the band of the forewing somewhat narrowed, sharply cut posteriorly by the me-
dian veins and showing a tendency here to break up into spots, and with both its proximal and its distal edge
deeply incised. Hindwing unicolorous dark brown, at most in the apex one or two quite blurred, scarcely
perceptible small, narrow, diffuse spots. 92 somewhat larger, band of the forewing but little outcurved proxi-
mally on the cell, posteriorly strongly notched at the median veins, the veins themselves there somewhat dusted
with brown. Hindwing only with some small pale ochre-yellow apical spots or the short beginning of a dentate
marginal band. — pseudocassiae Fruhst. 3: length of the forewing 42mm. This interesting, small race forms
a transition from cassiae to tamarindi, as it bears on the forewing a compact, dark ochreous band as broad as
in cassiae decentius Fruhst. and has the hindwing unicolorous, entirely without markings, like tamarindi. On
the under surface pseudocassiae is about intermediate between tamarindi and awiphos in marking and colouring.
Manaos. — pudicus Fruhst. inhabits Bahia. Transverse band of the forewing light yellowish, of about uniform
breadth from the costa to the anal angle and considerably broader than in cassiae L. Hindwing with a short,
narrow, light yellow admarginal band, terminating at the upper median. @ with scarcely appreciable red-
brown tinge on the hindwing. Under surface: pale grey, the yellowish oblique band of almost uniform colour
across the entire forewing. Ocelli of the hindwing, including the anal, very large. This subspecies, which
manifests distinctly the dry-season characters, has probably sprung from what was originally a dry-season
form, similarly to the East Javan forms which have already attained to fixity as subspecies. It is fairly cer-
tain that in the other northern provinces of Brazil, some of them with still more sterile conditions and even
longer rainless periods than prevail in Bahia, still more specialized cassiae races occur. — decentius Pruhst.
forms the transition from pudicus to the Central and South Brazilian local form luwcullus. Bands as in pudt-
cus, but dark orange-coloured. Under surface: ochreous band of the forewing short, broad, extending from
the anal angle only to the middle median, at the lower median deeply notched by the black basal colouring.
Minas Geraes.—lucullus Fruhst. (61 a) differs from all the northern races in having the under surface consider-
ably darkened, with all the whitish and yellowish parts standing out more distinctly, especially on the hind-
wing. The striation is almost deep black and the purple tinge is increased in extent and intensity. 4: band
of the forewing dark ochreous, costally very broad, proximally very irregular, i.e. deeply incised, anally narrow-
ing as in Htpner’s fig. I, pl. 74. Admarginal band of the hindwing in contrast to pudicus and decentius little
developed, only consisting of 2 or 3 diffuse patches. 9: transverse band of the forewing much enlarged, broader
and paler than in typical cassiae, proximally irregular. Admarginal band of the 2 very broad and long, al-
ways distinct and remaining light yellow as far as the middle median. Anal area tinged with red-brown.
Under surface; 3 with the yellowish anal band of the forewing quite narrow, obsolete. @: band very broad,
light yellow to the second median, then somewhat covered with reddish scales, running to the costal margin
and becoming gradually paler. Ocelli of the hindwing very large. The butterfly is common at Rio among
banana, on the leaves of which the light green larva lives. Espiritu Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and espe-
cially common also at Blumenau, in Santa Catharina; also in Paraguay, but very rarely. — castaneus Stich.
Upper surface very dark; oblique band continuous to the lower median vein, then broken up; hindwing uni-
colorous. Under surface very bright, with large eye-spots. 9 larger, almost as in typical cassiae, but the mark-
ings at the distal margin of the hindwing indistinct. Specimens sometimes occur with the band of the fore-
wing much lighter and abbreviated, recalling tamarindi. Central America and Colombia. — rubigatus Stich.
Forewing of the 3 somewhat broader, apex less pointed, the band generally as in the typical subspecies, occa-
sionally somewhat widened, posteriorly complete to the extreme end, or here sometimes indistinct. Hindwing
with some small apical spots, which are sometimes continued as washed-out rust-red crescentic spots at a short
distance from the margin. Hinder angle behind the cell more or less tinged with dark rust-red. Other-
wise like typical cassiae; the form shows all transitions to this. From Coca in Ecuador. — strophios Fruhst.
Band of the hindwing mostly at some distance from the distal margin, prolonged nearly or quite to the anal
angle, much as in the typical cassiae 9. Likewise connected by transitions with the neighbouring forms.
Coroico in Bolivia.

i 0. zelotes is split up into 2 local races: zelotes Hew., from Colombia. 3 above dark brown, forewing

Publ. 15. V. 1912. OPSIPHANES. By H. Fruusrorrer. 297

oblique band; this is of medium breadth, on the inner side rectangularly bent posteriorly, terminating in a
point just before the median vein. In the apical area 3 small white spots. 9 unknown. — Zelus Stich. Shape
of O. cassiae, but somewhat larger, the apex of the forewing pointed. Upper surface dark brown, beyond the cell
of the forewing a sharply angled band placed as in the typical subspecies, but broader, fuller-margined, poste-
riorly tapering to a point not far from the distal margin directly before the submedian. In typical zelotes this
band is rectangular on the inner side, here only obtusely curved, but its peculiar position affords a cha-
racteristic and unmistakable distinction from O. cassiae. Equally unmistakable are the differences on the
under surface. It shows in the forewing a grey-brown basal and cellular area with simple, undulate transverse
lines, arranged in peculiar figures, in the anterior part of the distal area a triangular patch with very fine
transverse striation. The hindwing has a strong violet tone and is quite finely watered with blackish wavy
lines and whitish shading. Scent-organs as in O. cassiae. Type: 1 3 in coll.-StauprnceR. Panama: Chiriqui.
QO. tamarindi extends northwards to Mexico, otherwise its area of distribution coincides with that

of O. cassiae, but the geographical branch-races differ more considerably, so that many forms from the An-
dean region are further removed from the name-type. The synonymy of the branch-races has not yet been
satisfactorily cleared up, as neither the earlier authors nor SticHEL and myself observed that tamarindi Fldr.
(= xiphos Fruhst.) (61 b) came from Venezuela, and so it comes about that a more northerly race differing con-
siderably from ftamarindi, and which I now call sikyon subsp. nov. (still figured, 61b, under the old name
tamarind?) passes as tamarindi and was also figured as such by GopMan and Satvrn in the celebrated
Biologia Centrali-Americana. Our figure of the 2 is defective as regards the hindmargin, and an extended
red-brown tinge on the upperside of the hindwing is not brought out. In the 3 the upper surface is dark brown,
the distal margin anteriorly grey-brown. Band of the forewing dirty white, in its posterior part sometimes
brownish, anteriorly of approximately uniform breadth as far as the middle median vein, on the veins somewhat
incised on both sides, then constricted or narrowly interrupted by the middle median and the submedian,
thus posteriorly broken up into two spots, the second placed at the margin of the wing close to the hinder
angle, as an elongate, curved point. Hindwing with a lighter patch or spots at the apex, dirty white or brownish,
and from there onwards with a dull rust-red posteriorly washed-out, narrow undulate or curved band near
the margin. Analarea beyond the cell, about between the submedian and the upper median vein, more or
less strongly tinged with rust-red. Anterior eye-spot on the under surface ovalobliquely placed, distally ob-
liquely flattened, only narrowly margined with black-brown. larger, with broader wings, apex more ob-
tuse. Band of the forewing whitish as far as the posterior point, broader and more complete. Light patch
in the apex of the hindwing more distinct, becoming almost a band, the adjacent undulate line near the margin
better developed. ¢ type from Tepic, West Mexico. Type of the 2 from San Pedro Sula, Honduras, in coll.
FRUHSTORFER. sikyon was also recorded by GopMAN from Orizaba and other places in Mexico and said to be
distributed throughout the whole of Central America to Colombia. — kleisthenes Prwhst. is the brilliantly co-
loured continuation of sikyon, from which it is distinguished by the more intensive velvety brown tinge in
the basal area of the forewing and the dark chest nut-brown discal part of the hindwing. The forewing bears
+further a more compact, lighter yellow transverse band of almost uniform breadth and the hindwing has a broad
terminal border, anteriorly light gold-yellow, posteriorly reddish. Under surface paler, more washed-out than
in sikyon, more brown-yellow instead of grey-black. The yellowish subanal band of the forewing more strongly
marked, broader, more-pronounced in colouring. Anal ocellus of the hindwing with light brown foreground.
Collected in September on the road to the Quindiu Pass, West Colombia, at about 1500 m. — cherocles Fruhst.
closely approximates to typical tamarind: Fidr. from Venezuela, as we frequently, observe in species from eastern
Colombia, but cherocles is sharply distinguished from the name-type by the presence of a distinct, moderately
broad and only short marginal band on the hindwing, of reddish ochre-yellow colour, extending from the upper
radial to the upper median. The transverse band of the forewing is narrower, deeper ochre-yellow, strongly
narrowed at the middle median, the adjacent but well isolated spot more wedge-shaped; under surface darker
than in Venezuelan specimens, thelanal band more ample, somewhat more vertical. Upper Rio-Negro, East Colom-
bia, discovered by A. H. Fassx aff 800m. 9 with light ochre-yellow transverse band on the ave. -Hindwing
with broad ochreous distal border, running as a band to the upper median and from there to the anal angle as a
subterminal undulate line. Hindwing beyond the cell with a dark rust-red area. — corrosus Stich., in
my collection represented by three examples, has a somewhat narrower band on the forewing than in our figure
of xiphos, of dirty white to pale brownish colour, commonly abbreviated and narrowed posteriorly. Hindwing
unicolorous chestnut-brown. 9 not differing materially from that of sikyon. Ecuador, not very rare. f. spadix
Stich. has the band of the forewing narrow, partially broken up into spots, brownish instead of white-yellow.
Singly among the normal form. Balzapamba, Ecuador, in July. — incolumis Stich. The wings broader. The
oblique band of the forewing narrowed in the cell by tooth-like indentations of the ground- aoltows much as in
quiteria, but in the g chalk-white and towards the anal angle more strongly narrowed and terminating
in a point at the submedian, in the 9 light yellowish. Also on the under surface the band of the forewing is
pure white; anterior eye-spot of the hindwing smaller than in bogotanus. In my collection from Pozuzo, Peru
and from Bolivia. — terenzius subsp. nov. is based on the figure of a 9 given by STAUDINGER in “the Exotic
Butterflies 1888 pl. 72, which came from Santa Catharina, where Dr. Frrrz MULLER also found the larva men-

Vv 38

zelus.

tamarindi.

sikyon.

kleisthenes.

cherocles.

corrosus,.

spadia.

incolumis.

terenzius.

298 OPSIPHANES. By H. FruustorFer.

tioned in the description of the genus. The Q differs from that of sikyon, which it closely resembles, in the
white median band of the forewing terminating at the lower median; under surface of the forewing costally
less, anally more broadly tinged with white than in-Mexican examples.

bogotanus. O. bogotanus inhabits Colombia. Imago very large, above nearly black, velvety, with dull purple
gloss. Transverse band narrower than in sikyon, composed of separate, nearly white spots, which in their turn
are again dusted with purple. Hindwing with the hair-pencils which are also so characteristic of tamarindi: a
very broad, bushy one beyond the praecostal cell, a somewhat smaller one before the apex of the cell and a third,
of yellowish or blackish hairs, in the bare friction-patch of the inner margin. Under surface especially brilliant,
the subapical part white, basal area sharply contrasting with it, dark cocoa-brown. Apical ocellus of the hind-
wing unusually large, almost suggesting those of the Caligonae. Two local forms: bogotanus Dist. Type probably
from Muzo, as the species scarcely seems to ascend above 1000m.; very large with the distal margin of both
wings boldly projecting. Forewing with a whitish, purple-edged oblique band, composed of irregular, isolated
phrata- spots not placed in regular alignment. Under surface of the hindwing predominantly light brown. — phrata-
phernes. nhernes Fruhst. was recently discovered by Fasst, is smaller than the name-type and presents a melanotic
extreme of the collective species; a phenomenon which is parallelled in O. quiteria from the same localties
and which we also observe in O. tamarindi, of which the brightly coloured branch inhabits the West Cordilleras
(kleisthenes Fruhst.), whilst the dark (cherocles) occurs together with phrataphernes. 3 with the band of the
forewing dull yellow, narrow and more uniform. Ground-colour deeper black than in Muzo examples. 2 with
relatively narrow white transverse band on the forewing and a distinct marginal border on the hindwing,
but scarcely more than 1 mm. in breadth, which is anteriorly whitish, posteriorly yellowish, and terminates |
at the lower radial. Under surface of the 3 with yellowish instead of white band on the hindwing; in the 2 the band
is broader and chalk-white. Apical ocellus of the hindwing somewhat smaller than in bogotanus, more quadrate
instead of oval. The striation of the median part more delicate and placed on a darker ground than in bogo-
tanus. Upper Rio Negro, from elevations of 800 m. O. bogotanus was treated by SticHEL as the Colombian
branch of O. tamarindi. But the discovery of two actual local forms agreeing in habitus with O. tamarindi, one
of which even flies together with bogotanus phrataphernes in the same localities, removed the last doubt as to
the specific status of this Opsiphanes, which already differs from tamarindi in its size. The egg of this beautiful
Brassolid is somewhat larger than that of Sphinx ligustri, elongate-rounded, cream-yellow with fine longitudi-
nal grooves. The larva nearly approaches the long known tamarindi larva, is merely of a lighter green and with 2
(tamarindi 1) dorsal lines of a less glaring red. Food-plant: holly. The cremaster of the pupa is strongly
curved proximad and the forewing-case has the inner margin projecting acutely, which gives the chrysalis a
boat- or rather gondola-shaped appearance; it is of grey-green colour. As with most Brassolids the eggs are
laid readily even in captivity, and in good numbers. I believe that in future attempts to breed South American
butterflies in temperate climates the Brassolids will take the first place. For besides the circumstance just
mentioned two other factors of importance have to be considered. The food-plants (species of banana and palm)
thrive very well even in quite temperate climates if taken care of and protected from frost, and the plants
are propagated not primarily by seeding, but most rapidly and abundantly by suckers. Moreover, the in-
sects do not pair in the sunshine, as in most other families of Diurni, but during the flight of the butterflies in
the evening and morning twilight (Fasst).

0. quiteria is one of the most widely distributed species of the genus and is met with from Central

America to Bolivia and on the Atlantic side from Guiana to Paraguay and Santa Catharina. In the most northerly

race the sexes are dimorphic and the Colombian subspecies differ strikingly from the name-type. Larva green
quirinus. sprinkled with white dots, lives on palms. — quirinus Godm., described from Guatemala, in my collection
from Honduras, extends as far as Panama, but is considered very rare. 3 above with an ochreous band
posteriorly lost in the ground-colour and two very large white subapical patches. Hindwing predominantly
red-brown with traces of a yellow band between the radials. 2 with white transverse band on the forewing,
hindwing entirely chestnut-brown, before its terminal margin with three rounded yellow spots between the

quiteria. radials. — quiteria Cr. (61 b), originally described from Surinam but also known from the Lower Amazon,
has the ochreous band on the forewing of the 3 broader than in quirinus. The 2 varies only inconsiderably
obidonus. in the extent of the short subcostal band on the hindwing. — obidonus Fruhst. (62d), the form from the Middle
Amazon, differs from quiteria from Surinam as follows: 3 with the yellowish oblique band on the forewing
narrower, submarginal band of the hindwing longer and narrower. 2 with the half-band on the forewing more

sharply incised proximally and distally; submarginal band of the hindwing narrower, and sharply expressed

as far as the Ist median vein; the anal area broadly suffused with red-brown nearly to the cell. Obidos, August

mylasa. and September. Coll. FRuHsTORFER. — The race from the Upper Uaupes may be introduced as mylasa
Fruhst. and is at once conspicuous by the much widened, orange band on the forewing. The yellowish ante-
marginal band of the hindwing is entirely obsolete anteriorly and only marked by 3 obscure round dots of the

size of a pin’s head, but below the second median is continued to the anal angle as a slightly glossed, narrow,

OPSIPHANES. By H. FRvuustorrer. 299

sharply defined stripe. mylasa forms the transition from quaestor Stich., found on the eastern slopes of the
Andes in Ecuador, to obidonus Fruhst., and from this to the name-type from Surinam. The hindwing in
mylasa appears rounder, less dentate than in the other quiteria forms, and the yellowish band of the forewing
is narrower than in guaestor. — augeias Fruhst. A strikingly light geographical subspecies without near allies.
3 best compared with O. badius Stich. from Muzo, but the shape of the wings still more uneven, more
undulate. Band of the forewing broader than in badius, yellowish, with a slight tendency to whitish. Basal
area less rust-red than in badius. Hindwing nearly chestnut-brown, with the exception of a black undulate
distal border and a black transcellular area. From the costal to the upper median vein runs a quite vertical,
light ochre-yellow band of medium breadth, composed of three fragments. 2 on the whole like the ¢, the
transverse band of the forewing white, slightly inclining towards cream-colour, the subapical band of the hind-
wing continuous, broader and paler yellow than in the 3.. Hindwing lighter rust-brown, the black area some-
what washed-out and reduced. Under surface approaching that of quirinus, but distinguishable at once by
having the band of the forewing broader and lhghter yellow in the §¢ and posteriorly more diffuse in the 99.
From the Rio Aquaca Valley in the West Cordilleras, Colombia, at about 2000 m. — phylas Fruhst. In this
pronounced local form the differentiation has proceeded further than in augeias and one might be tempted on
account of the markings of the upper surface to regard it as a separate species were it not that the character
of the underside demonstrates its identity. g above black. The red-brown parts of augeias changed into an ex-
tremely characteristic grey-black colour, otherwise entirely unknown in the genus, but standing out little from
the deep black ground-colour. Band of the forewing shorter than in awgeias, only reaching to the lower median, nar-
rower and of a dark straw-yellow slightly clouded with grey at the edges. Hindwing only with two remnants of
an obsolete yellowish subapical band. Q recalling that of O. badius, the forewing bearing a very broad, nearly
cream-yellow transverse band, which, however, is more regular and between the medians more extended.
Hindwing with three isolated subapical patches, which are strongly marked, although less so than in augeias. 9.
Ground-colour somewhat duller than in the ¢, uniformly black with dull brown reflection. phylas conse-
quently forms the melanotic extreme of the collective species as it occurs in Colombia, but there is no con-
necting-link known with the Amazon races as, say, in the East Colombian Hryphanis. Under surface likewise
darker than in augeias. 3 with shorter, deeper yellow transverse band on the forewing, in the 9 considerably
broader, particularly between the medians, where it becomes cream-coloured with a slight purple gloss, but
towards the costal margin changes into a chalk-white area delicately irrorated with black. Hindwing dark
grey, not relieved with reddish discally and distally as in augeias. The darker under surface in conjunction
with the broad bands will also at once separate phylas from quirinus. Upper Rio Negro, East Colombia, 800 m.
Collected by A. H. Fasst. By the discovery of these two divergent and highly specialized quiterva races the
interesting tendency of Colombia to produce parallel, representative, but nevertheless strikingly differentiated
forms is again illustrated, and at the same time new light is shed on the unexampled richness of this country
in species. The existence of these local races approaching the general quiteria type further renders it possibie
to separate O. badius Stich. as a distinct species, just as the discovery of two genuine Colombian local forms
ot O. tamarindi resulted in the specific rehabilitation of O. bogotanus Dist. — quaestor Stich. Above especially
deep black, only the apex of the forewing slightly lighter. Band of the forewing distally much widened.
Hindwing only with traces of a faint submarginal band of reddish spots. Under surface more brightly shaded.
1 3 from Coca, Ecuador. — bolivianus Stich. has the ground-colour of the upper surface lighter, the band
darker, reddish brown. Hindwing with distinct macular band before the distal margin. Nearest to meridionalis,
but distinguished by the broader, darker band on the forewing. Bolivia. — quirinalis Stgr. Band of the
forewing bone-yellow to ochre-yellow or nearly white, slightly dusted with brown; hindwing above
with 2 or 3 whitish or yellowish spots at the apex, or sometimes with a reddish submarginal ma-
cular band. Peru, Ecuador, west of the Andes (?). — philon Fruhst. (61c). The differences which
are shown in obidonus become still more pronounced in quiteria from KHspiritu Santo, the most
beautiful geographical form yet known. The deviation from the type from Surinam consists in: (3) hindwing
less undulate, upperside of abdomen and entire basal part of hindwing with long dark brown-red hairs, much
as in quirinia Godm. from Central America. Submarginal band of the hindwing continued as far as the 3rd
median vein, lighter yellow-brown, more sharply defined, in the anal angle broadly and diffusely dark red,
confluent with the red basal colour. Under surface: much darker, more copiously shaded with black, especially
in the cell of the forewing. Anal and distal areas of the hindwing commonly with a violet tinge. The
white, slightly diffuse spot below the submedian of the forewing reduced. 2: the yellowish band of the hindwing
sometimes continuous to the anal angle, at least twice as broad as in the 3, anally even wider, brilliant red-
brown, the red shade reaching the cell. Espiritu Santo, Rio de Janeiro. As a sort of satellite of philon there
occurs with it also what may be called an analogous, mimatic race of a second species, namely of invirae Hbn.,
which by the deeply incised and unusually broad yellowish bands on both wings forms at the same time
the most strongly marked of all the invirae forms. — meridionalis Stgr. 3 always smaller than philon, forewing
with the apex less pointed and the distal margin more shallowly excised than in quiteria. Oblique band in this
form somewhat variablé, sometimes terminating in a very sharp, sometimes in an obtuse point. In the
distal part of the cell occasionally a blurred yellowish patch. Hindwing with the distal margin less dentate,

augeias.

phylas.

quaestor.

bolivianus.

quirinalis.

philon.

meridio-
nalis.

oresbios.
badius.

camenda.

300 OPSIPHANES. By H. FRuHSTORFER.

although still strongly undulate (particularly at the median veins), near the distal margin with complete band,
well developed to the hinder angle, its posterior part more or less shot with reddish, somewhat weakly
coloured; there is also a faint rust-red tinge in the part of the wing which adjoins this anteriorly. 92 of the
same shape as the preceding subspecies, as a rule with the ground-colour somewhat paler, forewing not essen-
tially different, the hindwing near the distal margin with a very broad band, which is anteriorly pale to red-
yellow, from the middle onwards changes gradually into a bright rust-red and posteriorly is diffused into a
large, vaguely defined rust-red area, gradually shading into the ground-colour. Forms transitions to the
preceding race. Larva cylindrical, thickened in the middle, green, sprinkled with white dots, further with dark
dorsal and lateral lines and stripes and yellow stigmata. Head yellowish, brown-striped, with reddish horns.
Anal end with long tail-fork. Lives on palms. (According to BURMEISTER, Pavonia quiteria.) meridionalis
differs from philon, apart from its smaller size, chiefly in having the band of the forewing in the 3 broader and
paler yellow, in the 2 narrower and more sharply defined. The hindwing has the anterior part lighter and
the anal area clearer red-brown than in philon, also the general colouring of the under surface is always paler,
more washed out, with the submarginal area predominantly yellow, hence more gaily coloured than in more
northerly forms. The yellow oblique band on the forewing beneath appreciably narrower than in
philon, also in the 2. Santa Catharina, probably also in Parana; not yet observed in Rio Grande do Sul. In
Sao Paulo and Paraguay on the other hand transitions occur and the examples before me approximate to philon
in the deep colour of the under surface, to meridionalis in the narrow band on the forewing beneath, and differ
from both in the more extended and much darker chestnut-brown tinge of the anal area on the upperside of the
hindwing. If this race is constant it might be called oresbios subsp. nov.

©. badius Stich. Hindwing strongly dentate. Band of the forewing contracted into a narrow yellowish
white macular band. This is placed close to the cell, touching its posterior angle, but is anteriorly more or less
indistinct as far as the subcostal and runs obliquely nearly to the distal margin at the lower median vein.
Sometimes it is prolonged beyond this into a curved point at the hinder angle. Hindwing without spots and
bands, but strongly tinged with rust-red in the anal and basal area. Under surface very -brightly marked
and differing from the preceding subspecies only in the narrower band of the forewing. The 2 (hitherto unknown)
is considerably larger than the g. Forewing predominantly black, only towards the base slightly tinged with
rust-red — the pure white oblique band about three times as broad as in the ¢; hindwing deep rust-red with
narrow black terminal border. § very similar to quirinus Godm. 92, however, larger. Band of the forewing
more broken, hindwing above without the subapical rudiments of a yellowish band. The white transverse
band on the underside of the forewing considerably broader even than above, also more extended than in quirinus.
badius was united by StrcHEL with quiteria. But the discovery of two further races more nearly allied to qui-
vinus makes it seem advisable to raise this form, which is strikingly different in the g, to specific rank. Loca-
lity Muzo, 400—800 m., Colombia.

©. camena Stgr. Dark brown. Basal area paler brown, apical part black-brown. Distally to the cell
runs a narrow ochre-yellow macular band, which is anteriorly closed and obliquely placed, sharply angled in
posterior direction on the lower radial, and broken up into separate, irregular spots standing in the interneural
spaces. It terminates in a double spot in the hinder angle, immediately before the submedian. Near the apex
there is asmall white double spot and behind it a somewhat larger white spot. Under surface pale brown with den-
tate and curved lines, which form irregular darker figures. Near the apex the three small white spots of the
upper surface, between the radials a black, yellowish-ringed eye-spot finely bordered with black-brown. Distal
area brown, posteriorly yellowish, near the margin two dentate lines, which disappear towards the hinder
angle. Hindwing with the distal margin strongly undulate, with ochre-yellow lunular spots and a row of curved
or lunular spots of the same colour near the distal margin, as well as the two hair-pencils, in the cell and
at the submedian, characteristic of the group. Under-surface pale brown. Anteriorly, somewhat beyond the
middle of the costal margin, a large, oval, obliquely placed eye-spot, which is proximally clouded with brown,
bears a white curved streak and is margined with black-brown. A second, rounded eye-spot beyond the cell near
the hinder angle is black, dusted with yellowish, anteriorly edged with white, ringed with yellow-brown and fine-
ly margined with black-brown. Costal margin strigulated with white. Across the cell runs an irregular brown
transverse band; base of the wing dark brown. The rest of the wings clouded, striated and marbled with black-
brown. Not far from the distal margin there is a row of lunular spots composed of very dense striation, showing
up lighter against the darkened distal border. ° larger than the 3, apex of the forewing less produced, subapical
patches purer white, all the ochre-yellow bands strikingly widened and lighter, particularly on the forewing,
basal area and cell of the forewing as well as the whole upper surface of the hindwing rust-red. The black sub-
marginal band of the hindwing bordered with ochre-yellow on both surfaces. Forewing beneath with broad
whitish, purple-tinged transcellular area, the submedian area broadly ochre-yellow to the base. Hindwing
lighter brown with lighter bordering to the ocelli than in the g. Colombia, West Cordillera, Rio Aguaca Valley,
about 2000 m. According to Fasst the egg is similar insize and shape to that of O. bogotanus Dist.; it is merely
more green-yellow and less transparent; the longitudinal grooves have sharper edges. He more than once ob-
served the eggs laid on the underside of the leaves of a species of palm with non-feathery fronds of a metre in
length, in groups of 4—12, arranged in 1 or 2 rows, regularly one beside another. Whilst bogotanus inhabits

OPSIPHANES. By H. Fruustorrer. e 301

the lower mountains regions together with Caligo epimetheus, camena shares its area of flight with Caligo ober-
thuert in the untrodden marshy primeval forests of the higher mountain districts. Fassu several times observed
camena 33 shortly after sunset at places where cattle were feeding; they would suddenly run for a short distance
on the short turf, then rest on a piece of cow-dung for a moment with the antennae raised high, digging
greedily into it with the proboscis, the next moment again running a short distance and repeating the same per-
formance; at the same time they are extremely shy and fly away even when cautiously approached before
one can get near them. The very rare and much larger 9 has the ground-colour entirely chestnut-brown, pos-
sibly hitherto quite unknown and undescribed (Fasst).

OQ. sallei approaches quirina and splits up into four geographical races, all more or less rare. —
sallei Westw. is dark brown; forewing at the base slightly tinged with reddish. Transverse band complete to
the upper median vein, there strongly bent distad, afterwards broken up into spots; the last is small and pointed,
following the curve of the hinder angle and terminating at the hindmargin. On the under surface the sepa-
rate spot in the middle median cellule occupies the entire breadth of this and is slightly connected with the
transverse band distally. Hindwing with rather broad distal band, notched on the veins and gradually dis-
placed at the lower radial, anteriorly light ochre-yellow, darkened from about the upper median vein, towards
the hinder angle becomes rust-red and is anteriorly widened but ill-defined. Venezuela, Colombia. — mutatus
Stich. Band of the forewing broader, somewhat darker reddish ochre-yellow, smooth for its whole length or
in the upper median cellule only obtusely indented proximally the connecting spot, however, anteriorly adjoining
the anterior part of the band forits entire breadth, posteriorly completely connected with the following band-spot
or only separated by the vein. In the distal part of the cell sometimes an obscure brownish spot. Hindwing
near the distal margin with considerably narrowed band, which mostly terminates at the upper median; when
longer it is gradually lost in the ground-colour as a vague reddish clouding and becomes narrower, instead of
widening and becoming diffuse. The distal margin somewhat less dentate. Ecuador. — farrago Stich. ¢ with
somewhat paler ground-colour, basal area of the forewing tinged with dull rust-red. Band of the forewing as
in the preceding subspecies. Bend of the hindwing much widened (as much as 4—5 mm.), less notched at the
sides than in the typical subspecies and distinctly expressed as far as the lower median vein, but before that al-
ready somewhat clouded with reddish, at its termination in the hinder angle rust-red, ill-defined and anteriorly
diffuse, so that the hinder angle and basal area of the wing appear predominantly pale rust-brown. Under sur-
face weaker marked, the striation of the hindwing in particular less sharp, the ground-colour lighter, whitish-brown.
The separate yellow spot in the middle median cellule of the forewing smaller, oval, quite isolated, a character
which, however, must not be considered as distinctive. Southern Peru, Bolivia. — nicandrus subsp. nov. Dis-
tinguished from the preceding races by the considerably narrower red-brown band, which is broken between
the median veins into separate crescentic spots. Upperside of the hindwing scarcely appreciably tinged with
rust-red. Underside of the hindwing much darker brown, with purple, more dusky tinge. - Coroico, 1200 m.,
Bolivia.

0. invirae occurs everywhere together with quiteria and must be regarded as a slightly differentiated
species, which in its southern offshoots can scarcely be separated from the southern races of quiteria Cr. and in
its northern forms, at least on the under surface, is not distinguishable from cassina Fldr. Yet the larvae pro-
bably differ decidedly; according to BONNINGHAUSEN they are more unicolorous than those of quiteria, which
bear bright-coloured stripes. Feed on palms. — relucens Fruhst. 3: similar to remoliatus, but smaller. Band
of the forewing broad, light ochreous, strongly curved and extending to beyond the submedian in almost uni-
form breadth; its posterior spot sharply defined, rounded. Band of the hindwing anteriorly yellowish, from
the upper median vein onwards rust-red and distinctly defined, reaching to the hinder angle, but narrow
and uniformly deeply notched distally. Under surface in the type-specimen with broader yellow band on the fore-
wing and larger eye-spots than the typical subspecies; between the eye-spots a chain of 4 whitish grey cres-
centic spots. Length of the forewing 36 mm. Honduras (San Pedro Sula).— cuspidatus Stich. 3: forewing with
very pointed apex. Distal margin very narrowly bordered with grey. Band of the forewing only complete to
the lower median vein, beyond this sometimes a further small obsolete terminal spot. Basal area reddish
grey. Band of the hindwing very narrow, darkening to rust-red at the radials and gradually disappearing.
Anal area slightly tinged with reddish. From the Volcan de Chiriqui. — invirae Hbn. 3 with narrow band
on the forewing, the proximal margin of which is not at all or only very little produced into a tooth behind the
cell; at the middle median vein it issomewhat displaced at both sides and at the lower median slightly constrict-
ed. For the rest it is rather sharply defined and smooth; the posterior part of the band bends in a curved,
pointed hook in the hinder angle towards the hindmargin and mostly extends beyond the submedian, although
less distinctly expressed. The eye-spot near the apex and the anterior part of the lines near the distal margin on the
under surface showing through rather distinctly. The band near the distal margin of the hindwing narrow, some-
times almost broken up into spots and abbreviated, occasionally extending to the hindmargin, dull rust-red. 9°
larger, paler; forewing more elongate, distal margin less excised. Band of the forewing pale ochre-yellow, lighter
anteriorly than posteriorly, broader than in the 3, behind the angle of the cell distinctly produced into a tooth,
at the median veins less displaced or constricted. Band of the hindwing broader, but mostly duller, in the
posterior part suffused with 1eddish brown without distinct demarcation, much as in O. quiteria meridionalis.

sallei, -—

mutalus. <—

farrago.

e
nicandrus.

relucens.

cuspidatus.

invirae.

ledon.

intermedius.

slicheli.

amplifi-
catus.

remoliatus.

agasthenes.

rectifas-
ciata.

isagoras.

pseudo-
philon.

fabricii.

302 ° OPSIPHANES. By H. Fruustorrer.

Distinguishable from the latter, apart from its smaller size, chiefly by the undulate distal margin of the hindwing,
the finer striation on the under surface and the more pointed apex of the forewing. Guiana, northern Brazil, Vene-
zuela. — ledon subsp. nov. forms a transition from invirae Hbn. to intermedius Stich. from the Upper Amazon and
differs from the name-type in its larger size and the darker oblique band of the forewing, which is narrowed
towards the costa, and posteriorly runs out into quite a narrow point. Lower Amazon. — intermedius Stich.
is larger, band of the forewing much widened, of a somewhat darker reddish ochre-brown colour, proximally
with a strongly projecting tooth, at this point 8mm. in breadth, at both sides without or only with very
slight notches on the veins, towards the end rapidly narrowed, terminating in a sharp point. The band is thus
nearly straight to beyond the submedian and only somewhat curved at the posterior end. Band of the hind-
wing narrow, anteriorly of an indefinite ochre-yellow, almost broken up into loosely connected spots, towards
the hinder angle rust-red and more continuous, but ill-defined. Under surface more brightly coloured, but the
striation fine and regular. Upper Amazon. — sticheli Rob. has the band of the forewing i in the ¢ light ochre-
yellow, posteriorly pretty uniformly narrowed, between the upper and middle median veins incised; it terminates
in a small elongate spot before the submedian. Band of the hindwing anteriorly marked by three separate
small yellowish spots; it widens at the lower radial into dull rust-red, connected, crescentic spots and is
diffused in the hinder angle. Somewhat variable in the composition of the band on the hindwing and the breadth
of that on the forewing and in general very similar to the typical subspecies. The hitherto unknown @ approach-
es amplificatus Stich. from Paraguay; band of the forewing somewhat narrower, more strongly dentate proxi-
mally between the medians, of somewhat more reddish yellow colour. On the hindwing the three subapical anterior
spots stand out more distinctly from the posterior bright rust-red part of the band, which is more broadly
diffuse anally. Under surface darker than in amplificatus, approximating more to that of remoliatus Fruhst.
in the deep ochre-yellow anal band on the forewing. Colombia, type probably from the Cauca Valley, both
sexes also found by Fasst on the Upper Rio Negro at about 800 m. — amplificatus Stich. is a typical Para-
guay butterfly, of small size, smaller than remoliatus, with somewhat lighter ochre-yellow band on the forewing,
and more closely and sharply dentate submarginal band on the hindwing, 2 with predominantly yellow trans-
verse band on the forewing and paler, posteriorly only inappreciably red-brown submarginal area. Under sur-
face strikingly pale. Ocelli smaller than in remoliatus. Paraguay. —remoliatus Fruhst. (61a 3; 9 6la as me-
ridionalis). 3: small apical spots yellow instead of white. ©: apical spots larger and purer white. Transverse
band of both wings darker ochreous, more sharply defined especially in the proximal part, and the band
of the hindwing in the 3 costally narrower, anally broader, darker rust-red. Distal border of the hindwing
more broadly black, wings still less excised. Under’surface with darker hatching, ocelli larger than in amoplifi-
catus. Larva on Giriva leaves, where it is difficult to find on account of its green colour. Pupates in November
or December and again in June. The pupa is light green with a golden dot at each side. The butterfly emerges
after 20—30 days; it is mostly common and hides among palms. 3 type from Santa Catharina, 2 type from
Rio Grande do Sul. In the latter province remoliatus is by far the commonest species of Opsiphanes. Accord-
ing to 12 gg and 10 9° in coll. FRUHSTORFER it is very constant, varying only inconsiderably in size and not
at all in colourmg. — agasthenes Fruhst differs from amplificatus Stich. in its larger size; much darker
colouring; oblique band of the forewing in 2 examples deeply incised beyond the cell as in quiteria, band of
the forewing behind the cell with unusually strong teeth; band of the hindwing rather narrow, sometimes almost
like a string of pearls, but posteriorly widened and rust-red. Under surface much darker, all the ocelli larger
and more broadly ringed with black. rectifasciata Pruhst. is is an aberration in colour markings. Band of the
forewing narrower, darker ochre-yellow, running almost rectilinearly, i. e. neither proximally nor distally
considerably incised. Peru: Pozuzo.—isagoras Fruhst. In accordance with its geographical position isagoras
approximates more to amplificatus Stich. than to agasthenes. It differs from both: in the more ample transverse
bands of the forewing, deeply incised proximally, recalling quiteria, and the extended submarginal bands of the
hindwing, which are especially strongly widened costally and are anally lighter red than in androsthenes. Beneath
the forewing is lighter, the hindwing darker than in amplificatus; the anal ocellus of the hindwing larger, more
oblong. Bolivia: Cochabamba. — pseudophilon Fruhst. (61d 2). Habitus about as in amplificatus Stich.
from Paraguay. Yellow band of the forewing strongly curved, particularly beyond the cell. Band of the hind-
wing light yellow to the upper median, then much widened, as a dark brown continuation, but sharply defined
to the anal angle. Both the yellow and the red-brown section of the band distally much more deeply incised
than in any other invirae form. In the cell of the forewing in the 9 near the apex the beginning of a reddish
yellow patch. Espiritu Santo.

O. cassina cannot be separated beneath from O. invirae by any very salient character, but may be easily
known above by a mostly complete, nearly quadrate, ochre-yellow or cust-red spot before the apex of the
cell of the forewing. cassina is at the same time confined more to the northern part of the range of invirae, it
extends indeed on the Andean side parallel with invirae and quiteria as far as Bolivia, but on the Atlantic coast
it probably does not reach beyond the Lower Amazon and so far as our present knowledge goes is already
wanting in Central Brazil. It would appear that the dry climate of the provinces of Piauhy, Ceara and Bahia,
which, however, are practically unexplored, stands in the way of its spreading in this direction. — fabricii
Bdv. (61 d), previously known from Guatemala to Panama, was quite recently sent to me also from Tepic,
West Mexico. The 3g of this subspecies are mostly small with the apex of the forewing but little pointed,

OPSIPHANES. By H. FruustrorFer. 303

the distal boundary of the distinctly forked band little or not at all constricted. In the 99 the proximal forked

part is mostly obsolete in the cell, the colour of the cell itself ferruginous. Hindwing only in the anterior

part with ill-defined submarginal band, this fades out between the radials, changing into rust-brown and grey-

red, and this colour spreads over almost the whole surface of the wing, starting from the anal part. The form

recurs inColombia and western Ecuador with trifling modifications, the $9 are on an average somewhat larger

and more brightly coloured, without, however, any specific distinguishing marks being recognizable. The dis-
tribution of O. c. fabricii may therefore be accepted as given above. — chiriquensis Stich. seems to occur chiriquen-
exclusively at the Volean de Chiriqui, Costa Rica. Of considerable size, $ with the apex rather pointed and the **
distal margin of the forewing strongly convex posteriorly. Band of the latter very broad throughout, bright rust-

yellow, distal boundary but httle constricted, in this respect almost agreeing with fabricii. Fork distinct, prox-

imal part broad in the cell, narrowly connected with the main band. Costal margin of the hindwing broadly
reddish to the upper radial, particularly at the base and at the apex. Band of the hindwing very broad, broader

than in any other form of the species, anteriorly red-yellow, in the middle changing into rust-red, towards the

hinder angle widened, without becoming diffuse. Under surface especially bright. 2 very dark brown, band

of the forewing broadly yellowish, fork distinct. Hindwing near the distal margin with broad band, which

is anteriorly yellowish, then widened and rust-red, in the anal area broadly diffuse, as in invirae amplificatus.

— numatius subsp. nov., from Colombia without more exact locality, approaches chiriquensis in size, but in the nwmatius.
shape of the bands more resembles the more southerly notandus, differing, however, from both in having the prox-

imal cell-spot of the forewing free and unusually elevated at its distal end. Band of the hindwing much as

in the broad-banded fabriciz, but posteriorly darker rust-red. The under surface also much deeper, darker
brown; apical eye-spot of the hindwing more broadly and distinctly ringed with brown than in fabrici. —
periphetes subsp. nov., which may be distinguished from nwmatius by its small size, approaches merianae from periphetes.
Surinam in this as well as in the strikingly narrowed submarginal band of the hindwing, which sometimes dis-
appears altogether at the upper median. It also agrees with merianae in having the ochreous transverse band

of the forewing considerably narrowed towards both the costal margin and the anal angle. Golombia; more

exact locality unknown. — cassina Fldr., type in the Tring Museum, was first brought to Europe from the Upper cassina.
Rio Negro. 3 comparatively large, length of the forewing 42 mm. Band of the forewing broad, about as in

O. quiteria meridionalis Stgr., also resembling this in the shape, i. e. distal border without constriction, regularly
oblique, directed towards the inner angle. Proximal part of the fork formed by the discocellular obscure and
present as an isolated spot. The band of the hindwing rather broad next to the apex, gradually narrowing and
changing into a rust-red colour, vaguely diffused at the anal angle. — merianae Stich. is the form indigenous merianae.
to Guiana, with distinctly forked band, the g with very pointed apex and strongly convex distal margin to

the forewing. This form may be easily and certainly distinguished from all others by the shape of the forked
oblique band of the forewing. At the fork the band as a rule projects proximad as far as the angle at the origin

of the middle median, its distal boundary is strongly constricted between the middle and upper medians, and it

runs into the inner angle essentially narrowed, pointed and somewhat curved. The constriction at the distal
boundary and the narrowing behind this constriction are quite characteristic. The submarginal band of the
hindwing is moderately narrow, sometimes complete, sometimes reaching only to one-half or beyond it;

as a Tule it becomes darker brown towards the anal angle, but not rust-red. 9 similar to that of the pre-

ceding form, but smaller, less intensively coloured, the submarginal band of the hindwing not widened in the

anal part to the same extent as in that, and not much diffused. — aequatorialis Stich., from eastern Ecuador. aequato-
Similar to the preceding. Forewing with the fork of the band incomplete, the spot placed in the cell, however, ">
is connected posteriorly with the proximally projecting tooth of the main part of the band, only separated by

the median. The distal boundary of the band is not essentially constricted, and is as in cassina cassina. The

band of the hindwing starts close to the apex as a continuous row of ochre-yellow spots, terminates at the

upper median vein, there changing to deep rust-red but not diffused; it remains in its whole course approxi-

mately uniformly narrow, its posterior part is occasionally blurred. 2 with the oblique band of the fore-

wing bone-yellow, in the anterior part quite white. The part of the fork placed in the cell is always incomplete

and indistinct. Band of the hindwing anteriorly ochre-yellow near the distal margin, changing at the upper
median vein into a deep rust-red or red-brown colour; in the hinder angle this spreads out anteriorly as far

as the cell. — notandus Stich. Similar to the preceding subspecies, mostly still larger and more brightly notandus.
coloured. 3: main part of the band of the forewing somewhat narrowed distally to the cell, broken, with long

teeth on the veins. Hindwing less relieved with reddish at the costal margin, a stripe before the entire length

of the subcostal always brown. The band towards the distal margin rather broad, anteriorly paler, posteriorly

bright red-brown. ©: resembling that of aequatorialis, the fork in the band of the forewing somewhat narrower,

the branch placed in the cell broader and more complete, the distal boundary of the main part more distinctly
notched at the veins, the band on the whole somewhat broader, so that the angle at the origin of the upper
median vein is entirely filled up (as far as available material indicates). Peru. For the sake of clearness I here
recapitulate the range of these three difficult species, which occur together in the following forms:

versitincta.

wanthus.

304 OPSIPHANES. By H. FRunustorrer.

| O. quiteria Cr. O. invirae Hbn. O. cassina Fldr.

in Honduras quirinus relucens fabricii
;, Costa Rica quirinus cuspidatus chiriquensis
., Colombia badius sticheli numatius
,, Amazons f obidonus intermedius merianae
| mylasa

,, Guiana quiteria invirae merianae
,, Central Brazil philon | pseudophilon —
», South Brazil meridionalis remoliatus —_—
,, Paraguay oresbios amplificatus =
;, Peru quirinalis agasthenes notandus
,, Bolivia bolivianus isagoras —

Group Catoblepia Stich.

Differs from Opsiphanes chiefly in the secondary sexual characters, the only important structural
difference being the narrower cell of the hindwing. A few other details have no generic value, and the
group is connected on the one hand with Opsiphanes by O. versitincta Stich. and on the other with the group
Selenophanes Stgr. by O. amphirhoé. Submedian mostly with felted hairs proximally. Costal and subcostal
distinctly though narrowly separated. Subcostal 5-branched, two branches arising shortly before the end of
the cell, the first in one case (O. amphirhoé) somewhat further proximad, running into the costal margin, the
third branch midway between the end of the cell and the apex, the fifth branch forked with the fourth and run-
ning into the distal margin. Cell broad, anterior angle rounded, upper discocellular moderately long, continued
by the middle one in a gentle curve proximally, the lower oblique, elongate. Median shortly inflated at
the base. Hindwing nearly oval, apex rounded. Costal close to and parallel with the costa. Precostal cell
broader than long, rhomboid or transverse rhomboidal. Gell narrow, about half the length of the wing. Membrane
at the side of the lower median in the 4 more or less wrinkled close to the cell, the lower median in one case
(O. amphirhoé) strongly inflated. Cell with a hair-pencil in the posterior part or a hair-tuft in the anterior
part behind the subcostal. In all cases at the submedian on a smooth friction-area a smaller hair-pencil, some-
times a brush-like tuft of hairs in or on a fold between submedian and lower median, or with a stripe of long,
smooth, distally directed hairs on a mealy area between these veins. Abdomen short and slender, in one case
(O. amphirhoé) more robust, with a swollen friction-patch at each side.

a) Section Diophthalmi.

Underside of the hindwing with two ocelli.

a) gd with a hair-pencil before the apex of the cell on the hindwing

0. versitincta Stich. (66 a) stands in the closest relationship to the species of the group Opsiphanes
on account of the broad cell of the hindwing. ¢: body above brown, collar and frons red-brown, palpus yellow-
brown. Ground-colour of the wings dark brown. Forewing with a deep ochre-yellow postdiscal band, in the
apex three small obscure white dots. Hindwing unicolorous. In the cell, close to the median, a long hair-
pencil, a brush-like tuft of hairs projecting from a fold before the submedian, a small hair-pencil on a
scaleless friction-patch behind it. Under surface brown, forewing in the distal half striated with
whitish, the band of the upper surface vaguely indicated by a lighter tone of colour. Between the ra-
dials a black, yellow-ringed, apical eye-spot with white pupil. Near the distal margin and parallel with it
two black, slightly dentate submarginal lines, somewhat incurved below the eye-spot, the proximal one slightly
bordered with orange-yellow for its whole length. In the cell three ill-defined undulate transverse lines. Hind-
wing striated with white with the exception of the grey-brown distal margin. Length of the forewing 43 mm.
2: larger, brown, shot with delicate violet except at the apex of the forewing, most strongly at the base. Band
of the forewing broader, lighter, proximally running through the end of the cell, at the anal angle somewhat
pointed. In the black-brown apex three small white spots. Under surface as in the 3, but lighter and with a
yellowish tone. Length of the forewing 49 mm. Only 1 3 and 2 22 from Surinam and 1 9 from Cayenne
known.

b) @ with a hair-pencil in the cell of the hindwing.

0. xanthus bears especially conspicuous hair-brushes at the submedian and a tuft of very
long hairs in the cell of the hindwing. Three well differentiated local races, of which the most southerly
in particular is characterized by its size and by steel-blue sheen on the hindwing. — xanthus L. (63 b).

Publ. 15. V. 1912. OPSIPHANES. By H. Fruusrorrer. 305
3. Dark brown, very slightly tinged with reddish. Band of the forewing anteriorly only cut by the veins,
but mostly from the bend onwards partially broken up into loosely connected spots. A more marked inter-
ruption occurs in particular at the middle median vein, whilst the posterior part is again connected proxi-
mally. At the proximal side there is a sharp and distinct angle in the upper median cellule, distally the
band projects somewhat towards the distal margin in a rounded curve and in this spot-like part is placed
a small whitish dot; the band terminates in a point in the hinder angle. Hindwing at the distal margin narrowly
edged with reddish ochre-yellow from the apex to about the upper median vein. 9. On the whole paler.
Band of the forewing as a rule interrupted at the lower radial, so that it is split wp into a short oblique band
running distally to the cell and a row of 3 or 4 spots near the distal margin. The first of these spots, in the
upper median interspace, is indistinct and anteriorly partly replaced by a whitish brown patch behind the eye-
spot, which shows through from beneath; a less distinct light shade is observable in the following spot in the
band. Hindwing as a rule lighter and more distinctly margined with yellowish. French and Dutch Guiana.
— soranus Westw., known from Para and in my collection from Obidas on the Lower Amazon in 2 pairs found by
J. MicHagLis in August and September, differs from wanthus im the broader red-brown band of the forewing
and the lighter grey under surface of both wings. — dohrni Stich. (63 b). 3 similar to the preceding, somewhat
larger, apex of the forewing rounded, little produced, upper surface ae violet, hindwing and subapical part
ot the forewing showing, when viewed obliquely, a beautiful violet gloss. Forewing with angled rust-yellow
macular band, beginning at the costa, beyond the cell, running obliquely to the upper median, then near
the distal margin in the direction of the inner angle, touching the latter. In the apex three obliquely placed
white spots and between the radials, in continuation of the row of spots before the distal margin anteriorly,
a black eye-spot showing through from beneath. Hindwing unicolorous, at the distal margin duller brown,
without marginal band. Beneath likewise similar to wanthus, yellow-brown, striated with whitish. Forewing
with unicolorous border, in which run 2 moderately undulate submarginal lines parallel with the distal margin.
Between the radials a black, yellow-ringed apical eye-spot diced by a white streak, before this 3 small
white apical spots as above. In the cell an irregular, black-margined, darker transverse band and similar conti-
guous spots in the distal part. Hindwing with,two ocelli, one beyond the middle of the costa, extending across
the subcostal, yellowish, black-edged, proximally with white curved streak; the other in the anal area between
the lower and middle medians, likewise yellowish, bordered with black, proximally with a white curved streak,
the whole ringed with yellow and reddish. Distally to the precostal cell, adjoining it, a semicircular dark stripe,
an angled streak between this and the anterior ocellus. Before the unicolorous distal margin a row of crescents
marked by weaker and stronger striation, tending to form two arcuate submarginal lines. Coca, Ecuador to the
east of the Andes at about 260 m. (type). Pozuzo, Peru, in coll. FRuHsToRFER. The rare 2 was found by
Fasst also at Villa Vicencio, East Colombia, at about 400 m. above sea-level. It scarcely differs from the 3,
but has the wings somewhat more compact, the patches on the forewing more rounded and a narrow but
distinct red-orange terminal border on the hindwing. The whole upper surface paler, yet appreciably blue-
violet and in contrast to the 3 glossy on the forewing also. Under surface paler, more extended grey-white.

0. orgetorix is a very distinct species, formerly only known from Central America, but recently
discovered also in Ecuador in a distinct race, so that there are 2 geographical forms to describe: orge-
torix Hew. (64 a 3), chiefly found at the Volcan de Chiriqui. ¢g. Band of the forewing broad and pure reddish
ochre-yellow, at the costal margin whitish, starting narrowly there, behind the subcostal much widened, running
obliquely to the upper median vein, there somewhat angled and more vertical posteriorly. In the lower me-
dian interspace there is sometimes further a small brown spot. Both margins of the band, but especially
the distal, ill-defined, more or less broken or notched. Proximally the angulation is rather distinct, distally
less noticeable. The band gradually narrows and in the hinder angle forms a sharp curved point placed close
to the margin of the wing. The eye-spot near the apex shows through from beneath and is mostly more or
less pupilled with white, the distal border of the wing only indistinctly and slightly lighter. Hindwing at the
distal margin with.a reddish ochre-yellow band 5—6 mm. in breadth, narrow and paler-coloured at its commence-
ment at the costal margin and ill-defined proximally. In the hinder angle it becomes narrow and duller and is
lost in the ground-colour. Fringes brown. 9. Forewing tinged with violet excepting the duller brown basal
area, and with whitish violet transverse band distally to the cell. This band starts at the costal margin not far
from the end of the cell and is intersected by the brown veins; it is white in its anterior part, separated into
spots, then running obliquely towards the upper median vein, touching the lower angle of the cell, where it is
obtusely angled, runs somewhat in a proximal direction as far as the middle median, then obliquely towards
the hinder angle and terminates broadly at the hindmargin. Its distal edge is rather sharply defined, its prox-
imal on the contrary indefinite. Distal margin somewhat more distinctly edged with rust-brown than in the 3.
Hindwing with gold-yellow marginal band similar to that in the J, but much broader, up to 13 mm., likewise
narrowed posteriorly, in the hinder angle vaguely dusted with rust-red. Panama, Nicaragua. — magnalis
Stich. inhabits Ecuador. The 3 larger than in the preceding subspecies, forewing more rounded, apex less pro-
duced. Band of the forewing narrowed and darkened, sometimes dusted throughout with smoke-brown. The

V 39

soranus.

dohrni.

orgetoria.

magnalis.

rivalis.

aanthicles.

cyparissa.

belisar.

306 OPSIPHANES. By H. Fruustorrer.

reduction in width is from the proximal side, so that the band appears to be placed nearer to the apex and
its angulation is more pronounced. Its general course anteriorly is oblique from the costal margin towards
the subapical eye-spot, which shows through from beneath, and from there in an obtuse angle towards the hinder
angle. The distal border itself is distinctly lighter, so that between it and the band only a narrow stripe of the
eround-colour remains, and this quite ceases posteriorly, the light shade of the band and that of the border
here running into one another. Distal border of the hindwing narrower and duller, sometimes very little lighter
than the ground-colour. In single cases the marginal band stands out somewhat more distinctly, its bordering
being then strongly dentate. 2 with broader, dull violet transverse band, less angled at the cell, anteriorly
indistinct and distally strongly notched at the veins in the vaguely dusted bordering. The eye-spot in the
apical part standing out very distinctly on the pale blackish ground-colour, distal margin more broadly bordered
with lighter smoke-brown. This border is strongly dentate and rather distinctly defined, on the hindwing
narrower and paler, light bone-coloured.

0. rivalis Niep. is said to be very similar to wanthus L., agreeing in habitus with xanthus dohrni Stich.
Wings somewhat narrower than in dohrni. Apex of the forewing almost pointed ( 4), distal margin more sinuate.
Upper surface velvety chocolate-brown. Forewing with three apical patches, after these a black ocellus showing
through from beneath, then posteriorly between the lower radial and the upper median a whitish yellow spot.
The submarginal macular band not obtusely angled but gently curved. It consists of 7 spots of unequal
size and of dark rust-yellow colour, mostly pointed proximally. The hair-pencil in the cell light brown, that at
the submedian velvety black. Under surface as in dohrni, the yellow-brown colour more intensive, the white
striation more pronounced, the black markings stronger. The posterior ocellus is said to be pear-shaped. Length
of the forewing 54—55 mm. Maccas, Ecuador.

O. xanthicles, as its name already suggests, bears a certain similarity to O. xanthus L., but the hair-
brush at the submedian of the forewing is less broadly attached and more bushy, pencil-like. xanthicles Godm.
3g. Dark brown, the band of the forewing runs from the costal margin at some distance distally to the end
of the cell and parallel with the discocellulars obliquely to the upper median vein, is behind this bent round
posteriorly in an obtuse angle and gradually tapers to a point towards the hinder angle. The proximal boundary
is rather sharp and in places only a little notched, the obtuse angle somewhat rounded, the distal boundary
projecting at the lower radial, the angulation sharper, otherwise running in a fairly uniform direction. Hind-
wing with several small, dull ochre-yellow apical spots or the rudiments of a marginal band at the apex. Q.
Ground-colour of the upper surface pale grey-brown, the apical area darker. Band of the forewing broader, pale
ochreous. The widening occurs chiefly at the proximal side, so that the band is placed nearer to the cell and
the obtuse angle is lost. The boundary-line forms here only a slight curve, whilst distally it shows exactly the
same characters as in the g. Hindwing with more distinct, pale ochre-yellow marginal band, which, however,
just behind the apex is somewhat removed from the distal margin and vaguely diffused. Panama. — cyparissa
Fruhst. (66a). Ground-colour black-brown, forewing with the usual 3 white apical dots and with a dark
ochre-yellow band traversing the wing from the costal margin (at a distance of about 7—9 mm.) distally to
the cell and about the upper median approaching the distal margin, which it nowhere quite reaches. Towards
the submedian the band is narrowed. On the hindwing it is continued as a moderately broad distal border,
extending from the subcostal to the middle median and gradually narrowed posteriorly. Before the upper
wall of the cell a long black hair-pencil (in xanthus this pencil is ight yellow, in berecynthia black and small,
in amphirhoé and orgetorix it is entirely absent), a still longer, thicker hair-pencil, distally strongly wavy,
arising from a fold before the submedian, and the usual small grey scent-tuft in the bare scent-cavity proxi-
mally to the submedian. Under surface: basal half of the forewing dark brown, the submarginal area striated
with white, the distal border anteriorly brown, posteriorly yellowish. From the black-pupilled apical ocellus
onwards a narrow, sharply pronounced violet-white submarginal band traverses the wing. Hindwing with a
broad, oblique brown median band, crossing the lower part of the cell. Round the large brown-ringed anal
ocellus a broad, somewhat coffee-brown patch; otherwise with dense, fine white striation throughout with the
exception of the greenish brown distal border. Two black undulate antemarginal lines extend on the hindwing
from subcostal to submedian, on the forewing they become indistinct before the middle median. 2 uniformly
black-brown, the white apical patches somewhat larger than in the 3. Band of the forewing nearly twice
as broad, only moderately narrowed costally and anally, between the lower radial and the upper median enclo-
sing a white dot in the distal part. Marginal band of the forewing compact, ochre-yellow, proximally with
reddish gloss, sharply defined as far as the inner marginal vein. Under surface more copiously striated with
white than in the 3. Terminal border”with brighter yellow-brown edging. Muzo, Colombia, 4—800 m., 2
discovered by Fassu. — belisar Stich. Larger than the typical subspecies, of a darker ground-colour. Band
of the forewing somewhat broader, bright reddish brown; proximal boundary-line without distinct angulation,
arcuate, distal boundary as in the typical subspecies. Hindwing with a bright reddish ochre-yellow marginal
band 5—7 mm. in breadth at the distal margin, starting in a point at the apex, soon developing into the
full band and remaining distinct nearly to the hinder angle, where it is lost in the ground-colour in a vague
dusting; its proximal boundary is somewhat curved. Otherwise like the typical subspecies. Length of the fore-
wing 54mm. Bolivia (province of Yungas, La Paz).

OPSIPHANES. By H. Fruusrorrer. 307

0. singularis Weym. ¢ above dark brown, in the end of the cell and behind it somewhat reddish. séngularis.

Apical area black-brown. In the distal part of the cell an irregular, deep ochre-yellow spot. Beyond the cell
runs an ochre-yellow transverse band, curved somewhat basewards in the anterior part; it consists of 6
spots, of which the first three are more closely, the posterior ones loosely connected; at the upper median vein a
rounded wedge of the ground-colour projects from the cell into the band, making a deep excavation in it.
Near the apex is placed a comparatively large, rounded, light ochre-yellow spot. Hindwing nearly oval, from
the base onwards brown; beyond the cell this colour gradually changes into rust-red and finally into an unde-
cided deep ochre-yellow marginal band; before the subcostal, distally to and near the precostal cell, is placed
an anteriorly directed ochre-yellow hair-tuft, in the posterior part of the cell and between this and the sub-
median strong brown hair not arranged in pencils or tufts; and on a bare friction-patch at the hindmargin,
about in the middle of the submedian, a very small hair-pencil. Under surface of the forewing brown, variously
clouded and shaded with lighter and darker. In and at the end of the cell confused black lines, which enclose
and cover two band-like brown areas; between these some whitish dusting. In the lower radial cellule there is
a black eye-shaped spot. Distal margin grey-brown; near it run two black lines, both lost near the hinder
angle in the ground-colour, which is there grey-yellow. The apex is somewhat ochre-yellow, the hindmarginal
area smoke-brown. On the submedian, near the base of the wing and covered by the anterior part of the hind-
wing, is placed a small, oblong ochreous scent-scale spot. Hindwing light brown, the proximal costal area
before the costal somewhat darker, with transverse white striation, the part of the wing behind this area as far
as the median covered with irregular dark figures; distally hereto there is a large, roundish, eye-like spot
of various shades of brown, ringed with black-brown. In the posterior part of the wing there is a second
black eye-spot, placed in a light brown ring, its inner disc dusted with yellowish and bearing a white streak;
the whole is rmged with black-brown and stands in a brown-violet area. The rest of the wing striated and
marbled with black-brown, the distal area more uniform brown, while the central part has a slight violet
sheen; the striation is sharpest in the hindmarginal area. Length of the forewing 44 mm. Guatemala, only 1
6 known.

0. amphirhoé represents the Catoblepia group in central and southern Brazil. The species may be easily
known by its characteristic light grey marbled under surface, on which the apical eye-spots are displaced
far towards the distal margin. Two well differentiated local forms: amphirhoé Hbn., name-type probably
from Rio de Janeiro, where according to BONNINGHAUSEN (who erroneously called it wanthus) the larva, which is
of. a sea-green colour, lives on prickly palms. Both sexes essentially larger than the figured placita, the ochreous
band correspondingly broader. Not very rare in Espiritu Santo. — placita Stich. (64a) is always smaller,
the band of the forewing always continuous, not broken up in the anterior intramedian area, as in amphirhoé€.
Under surface much darker. Forewing only with grey patches in the cell. Hindwing with more pronounced
black clusters of scales, which are condensed and developed into a kind of submarginal band. Apparently
common at Blumenau in Santa Catharina (8 gg, 2 99 in coll. FRUHSTORFER); very rare in Rio Grande do Sul,
whence I only have 2 gg from Candelaria. According to STICHEL an intermediate form seems to occur in
Sao Paulo, details of which are not yet known. There is still much to be desired as regards the exploration
of Brazil, which will provide one of the most remunerative tasks for the future.

b. Section Polyophthalmi.

Under surface of the hindwing with a curved row of 5 or 6 ocelli. g above always with a hair-pencil in the
posterior part of the cell, a smaller one behind the submedian and a brush-like tuft between this and the lower median.

0. berecynthia somewhat resembles O. xanthus L., except that the wings are more rounded and the
scent-hairs at the submedian are drawn out into a pencil instead of attached as a broad brush. Several geo-
graphical races, some of them very sharply differentiated. berecynthia Cr. Band of the forewing varying in
breadth, in quite typical specimens only narrow. It runs obliquely, without touching the cell, from the costal
margin to the upper median vein, is then angularly curved posteriorly, gradually approaches the distal margin,
is narrowed and terminates in a sharp point not far from the anal angle. Its proximal boundary is fairly
smooth, only at the middle median vein somewhat notched, its distal margin less sharply defined, more or less
incised at the veins. Hindwing with complete but narrow, or partially indistinct, rust-red band at or near
the distal margin, in the former case as a rule only posteriorly touching the margin, anteriorly somewhat removed
from it. On the underside of the forewing the proximal of the submarginal lines only weakly curved, the distal
one placed rather near the margin. @ paler, band of the forewing broader, its proximal boundary touching
the discocellulars, at the posterior angle of the cell, between the middle and upper median veins, projecting
basewards in a tooth, the angulation less sharp, but quite appreciable at the distal boundary. Hindwing
at the distal margin with complete rust-red band, which in the anterior part is somewhat removed from the
margin. Under surface less bright, the lines near the distal margin of the forewing more strongly curved. Two
known aberrations in the form of the band: latitaenia Pruhst. (64a). Band of the forewing widened and strongly
angled, the yellowish distal margin of the hindwing dull. velata Stich. Band of the forewing narrowed and
darkened, partially, occasionally even entirely, blurred and indistinct. In the 2 the difference is less striking,

amphirhoé.

placita.

berecynthia.

latitaenia.
velata.

midas.

luxuriosa.

vicenciona.

adjecta.

berecyn-
thina.

undilaenia.

308 . OPSIPHANES. By H. Fruustorrer.

but the band is paler in colour, occasionally likewise washed-out and somewhat darkened, always narrower
than in the type-form; it remains as a rule somewhat removed from the end of the cell, more rarely slightly
touching it at the origin of the lower radial. Hindwing in the g unicolorous or only with indistinct or clouded
remains of the marginal band; in the 9 the posterior part of this band is present, but dull, anteriorly it is obsolete
or transformed into small dull spots. Guiana and Lower Amazon. — midas Stich. Type from Coca in East
Ecuador. 3: ground-colour dark black-brown. Band of the forewing less sharply bent than in the typical sub-
species, forming at the proximal boundary only a slight curve, at the distal an obtuse angle in the upper
median cellule. Proximally it is but little incised at the veins, at the middle median occasionally somewhat
more strongly, distally it is more broken and less sharply defined. In the hindwing there is a narrow rust-
yellow distal band, which starts posteriorly im a point, in the hinder angle immediately adjoins the distal
margin, and is there broadest, about 4—5 mm., is then removed to about the same distance from the margin,
narrowed and broken up into spots. — iuxuriosa Stich. 3: differing from the preceding in having the band
of the hindwing only present as a broad rust-yellow spot in the anal angle, about from the submedian to the
upper median. The distal margin otherwise unicolorous. Band of the forewing broad, the distal boundary
somewhat dentate and angled, the proximal likewise incised at the veins, filling the upper part of the cell. Ocelli
on the underside of the hindwing large and brightly marked. Each surrounded by a broad rust-yellow patch,
the patches connected so as to form a sinuous undulate band, in which the ocelli are placed. Length of the fore-
wing 49—50 mm. @ larger than the g, ground-colour lighter. Band of the forewing extending considerably
into the distal part of the cell, so much so indeed, that the latter is filled up with rust-yellow from the upper angle
to the origin of the middle median. Length of the forewing 54 mm. Colombia (Muzo ?). — vicenciona subsp.
nov. somewhat resembles unditaenia above in the band of the hindwing, on the other hand that of the forewing, as in
luxuriosa Stich., touches the apex of the cell, but is distally even somewhat more broken and anally narrowed. Before
the cell-wall, just at the origin of the lower radial, stands a circular spot, which is not broadly diffuse as in
luzuriosa. Subterminal band of the hindwing deeper reddish yellow than in unditaenia, anteriorly, not broken
up into separate spots and anally extending to the distal margin, thus somewhat widened. Under surface:
cells red-brown, but the apical part and the whole submarginal area of the forewing grey-violet, hindwing
with four green-pupilled posterior eye-spots and two anterior ones filled up with reddish. East Colombia, Villa-
vicencio, 400m. (Fassu leg.).—adjecta Stich. g above deep black-brown. The band of the forewing proximally
touches the discocellulars and is gently bent, not angled as in the typical stibspecies, also somewhat broader
on an average. Distal marginal band of the hindwing towards the hinder angle considerably widened, anteriorly
narrower, at the apex tapering*to a point and in the anterior half somewhat removed from the margin. The
bands of both wings bright reddish ochreous. Under surface, as in the following subspecies, brightly coloured,
the distal eye-spots occasionally developed into a complete chain across the entire breadth of the wing. Bo-
livia, Amazons (in transitions). — berecynthina Hopff. (= vercingetorix Stgr.). g: band of the forewing proxi-
mally widened in such a way that the angle is completely filled in and the boundary-lne runs in a curve. The
proximal boundary occasionally crosses the distal part of the cell, the discocellular, however, remaining brown.
In this case its margin is incised at the median and anteriorly in the cell vaguely dusted. At the distal boundary
the angle in the upper median cellule is, however, more distinct. The posterior part and the point at the extre-
mity are much broader than in the typical subspecies.. Hindwing at the distal margin with an entire-margined
band, which starts in a point at the hindmargin, quite near the hinder angle, soon widens to a breadth of
8—9 mm., anteriorly is gradually narrowed again and somewhat removed from the margin, and terminates
almost in a point in the apical area. In transitional specimens the band is narrower in the posterior part, the
narrowing less gradual and the anterior part more or less broken up into spots. 2: the band of the forewing
crosses the distal part of the cell, at least its posterior angle; band of the hindwing similar to that of the 4,
but still broader, up to 12 mm. The bands of both wings paler in colour than in the g, the brown ground-
colour also less deep, the eye-spot of the under surface between the radials of the forewing showing through
strongly above as a filled-up black circle. Peru, Bolivia. — unditaenia Fruhst. (64a) was already known
to Hipner and figured by him as berecynthia. But Hitpner’s and our figures differ considerably from CRa-
MER’s name-type: 1) in having the band of the forewing not elbowed or angled, but forming a neat curve;
2) in the broader and more intensively red-yellow bands of both wings; 3) in the brighter red-brown under
surface. These three differences at once characterize the new local form which has not hitherto been noticed
and in which the bands are almost as much widened as in the typical berecynthia Cr. 22, but brighter coloured
and more sharply defined. I have seen no examples in which the black border occupies the entire distal margin,
as in Htpner’s figure. In my Rio 3¢ this border only reaches to the upper median; this and some other varia-
tions are naturally unimportant and mostly individual. In respect of the tertiary sexual characters, wnditaenia
differs from the type in four modifications: 1) the much longer and denser hair-tuft at the inner margin of the
forewing; 2) the scent-pencil at the upper cell-wall of the hindwing much stronger and completely covered
by this hair-tuft; 3) the entirely black hair-pencil (in berecynthia basally yellow); 4) the longer hair-tuft in the
shiny scent-cavity of the submedian. Coll. FRUHSTORFER, type 1 3 from Rio de Janeiro, according to STICHEL
1 example from Sao Paulo in coll. STAUDINGER.

OPSIPHANES. By H. Fruusrorrer. 309

O. generosa Sitch. 3. Nearest to O. berecynthia Cr. Larger, stumpier, forewing with rounder apex.
Ground-colour black-brown. Forewing with three small white apical spots and a broad, elongate, oblique
gold-yellow discal band, of which the distal boundary runs near the cell, outside it, and the proximal boundary
crosses it, so that fully one-third ofthe cell is filled up with gold-yellow. The margins of the band, especially
the distal, not appreciably dentate. Beneaththe ground-colour beyond the cell is yellowish, strigulated and cloud-
ed with black-brown, gradually becoming duller, particularly in the anterior part. Near the apex there is
some whitish striation and the three small white spots of the upperside. Between the radials is placed a round,
black, yellow-ringed and blackish-bordered eye-spot, containing a white streak. Distal marginal area separated
from the striated part of the wing by a concave ochre-yellow stripe, which is particularly brilliant poste-
riorly. Hindwing above unicolorous brown with the exception of the hinder angle, which is golden yellow,
and from which the beginning of a band bordered with duller yellow can be traced near the margin almost
to the upper median vein. Sexual characters as in the preceding species, but the tuft before the median
and the small pencil on the bare friction-patch at the submedian are wanting. Under surface yellow-brown, with
two blackish lines in a narrow distal marginal area. The rest of the wings striated and clouded with brown;
adjoining the precostal cell a yellow-red, dark-margined spot, two similar, less distinct spots in the cell. Distally
to these an undulated row of 6 more or less distinctly ocellated, round spots, the posterior 4 or 5 connected
into a sort of chain by a light bordering. The first spot, placed behind the middle of the costal margin, red-
yellow bordered with black, enclosing a white curved streak, the following two with indistinct pupils, the rest
with large black pupils, which are almost entirely dusted over with greenish yellow and anteriorly also more
or less distinctly edged by a white curved streak. Between this chain of spots and the distal marginal lines
whitish striation, which stands out from the reddish ochre-yellow ground-colour in loosely connected lunules
or pointed marks. Eastern Ecuador, Peru (Pebas).

Group Selenophanes Sigr.

Upper and middle discocellulars sharply right-angled. Costal and subcostal narrowly but distinctly separated. The
latter 5-branched. Two branches before the end of the cell, the first at some distance proximally, the second just before the cell,
the third branch arising midway between cell and apex, all three into the costal margin, the fourth arising shortly be-
fore the apex, running into it, followed by and forked with the fifth. Cell long, only moderately broad, distally rectangu-
lar at both sides. Anterior discocellular very short, middle arising at an acute angle from this, shortly curved and then
continued without a break by the somewhat longer posterior discocellular. Median in the ¢ inflated near to the base. One
species (O. cassiope Cr.) beneath before the submedian with a raised, mealy scent-spot, to which corresponds a mealy friction-
patch between the costal and subcostal on the upperside of the hindwing. Hindwing with the apex rounded and the anal angle
mostly rather pointed, only in one species (O. josephus Godm. & Salv.) rounded; 3 without manifest hair-pencils or brushes,
but between submedian and median with long hairs, in two species (O. supremus Stich. and josephus Godm. & Salv.) above the
subcostal, close to the precostal cell, an anteriorly directed hair-tuft, covered by the hindmargin of the forewing, one species
(O. josephus) with an almost triangular pilose black scent-spot between the posterior and middle medians. Precostal cell very
narrow, precostal vein extending considerably beyond it. Costa proximally strongly lobed. Cell narrow and long, more than
half the length of the wing. Abdomen without lateral friction-glands or protuberances.

a) Forewing of the g beneath with pilose scent-spot before the submedian. Hindwing with mealy friction-patch be-
fore the subcostal or erect hair-tuft close to the precostal cell.

0. cassiope Cr. Dark brown, at the costal margin near the apex almost black. Oblique band of the fore-
wing anteriorly pale, then light reddish ochreous; it runs from the costal margin obliquely to the hinder
angle, where it forms on the submedian a blunt point bent towards the hindmargin. Breadth of the band about
8—10 mm. Hindwing unicolorous, sometimes with a somewhat obscure yellowish brown band near the distal
margin or immediately at it. Mealy spot in the costal area grey-black. 9°: larger; mostly duller, with the
band of the forewing somewhat paler. The latter, however, considerably broader, up to 12 mm., posteriorly
more obtuse, distally more dusted and broken, but, as in the 3, running for its whole length outside the cell,
although with its proximal boundary touching the discocellulars. Distal margin below the apex narrowly dusted
with more or less bright yellowish, this dusting sometimes developed into a sharply defined band as far as
the middle median and then gradually shading into the brown ground-colour. Hindwing usually unicolorous
with dull brownish yellow distal-marginal dusting behind the apex. This dusting as in the forewing occasion-
ally consolidated into a band, but before the hinder angle gradually becoming duller and more indefinite;
sometimes there is also a more or less distinct undulate band near the distal margin, about from the subcostal
to the upper or middle median vein (transitions to amplior and cassiopeia). Guiana, northern Brazil (Lower
Amazon). — cassiopeia Stgr., from the Upper Amazon and Peru. ¢: band of the forewing as a rule not
so broad as in the preceding subspecies, proximally likewise filling wp about one third of the cell, distally more
regularly oblique. Its proximal bordering more strongly broken, especially deeply incised at the median and in
the lower median cellule, the distal boundary also sometimes more broken up. 9: band of the forewing of uni-
form breadth, a very large quadrate spot before the apex of the cell. Hindwing with distinct yellowish grey
marginal band, deeply incised proximally, and a narrow reddish yellow submarginal band, which disappears at
the middle median. Under surface darker than on STauDINGER’s figure of the 3 in Exot. Tagf. pl. 71. Hind-

generosa.

cussiope.

cassiopeia.

amplior.

theognis.

placentia.

‘andromeda.

supremus.

ditatus.

josephus.

excultus.

lutescente-
fasciatus.

310 ERYPHANIS. By H. FruustorFer.

wing only towards the costa slightly lighter. Villavicencio, East Colombia, 400 m. — amplior Stich. An
intermediate form between cassiope and cassiopeia. Smaller than the latter. Band of the forewing broader,
bright orange-yellow, margins less dentate. Submarginal band of the hindwing narrower than in the preceding,
but distinct, undulate (crescentic), present from the costa to the lower median, then obsolete, shading into the
ground-colour. Length of the forewing 54 mm. 1 ¢, from Colombia. This form also occurs on the Lower
Amazon as an aberration together with the type-form. 1 3 in coll. FRUHSTORFER from Obidos. — theognis
Fruhst., from Matto Grosso, is a further intermediate form connecting cassiope, cassiopeia and placentia and
differing from all three in having the band on the forewing brighter red-yellow but much narrower. The hind-
wing has a grey-brown distal border composed of crescentic patches filled in with deep black, and a distinct
longitudinal line, anteriorly somewhat ochreous, anally red-brown. Under surface lightened as in cassiopeia.
— placentia subsp. nov. 3: intermediate between theognis and cassiopeia Stgr., but approximating more to the
neighbouring race from Brazil. Band of the forewing more regular, broader and of lighter yellowish ground-
colour. Hindwing with the markings more washed-out, the black submarginal band in particular more broken
up, the yellowish postdiscal band anally lighter. Under surface with more extended dark shading in the distal
area, with more prominent black lines. Coroico, Bolivia, 1200 m.

0. andromeda Stich. Bolivia. A handsome species. Oblique band of the forewing broader than in
cassiope, tiery rust-yellow, at both sides darker and with dashes projecting into the ground-colour. Distal
margin of the hindwing broad, over % of the latter fiery rust-yellow, proximally darker, gradually shading
into the seemed teallorm Next to the distal border a submarginal black undulate line. Ground-colour of the
under surface reddish brown, less whitish than the Amazon form and placentia Fruhst.

O. supremus differs from cassiope in the straighter course of the band of the forewing. Two very
rare subspecies: supremus Stich. Apex of the forewing moderately produced, distal margin correspondingly
shallowly excised. The zigzag band of the forewing in the middle about 8 mm. in breadth, anteriorly smooth-
margined, posteriorly rather sharply dentate; it forms in its general course two curved sections, an anterior
one from the costal margin to the middle median vein and a somewhat shallower one from there to the hind-
margin. On the middle median it projects in a long pointed tooth proximally towards the cell. Band of the
hindwing present near the distal margin and in the middle part, from the upper radial to the upper median,
as two connected, pointed curved spots. Before and behind this only some dull brownish dusting is visible,
indicating the continuation of the band. The middle part of the band is likewise ill-defined and slightly darkened.
Ecuador. — ditatus Thieme is somewhat larger, apex of the forewing a trifle more produced, distal margin somewhat
more deeply concave. Band of the forewing a little narrower, on the other hand the bright rust-yellow band near
the distal margin of the hindwing broader, more sharply expressed and completely formed almost to the hind-
margin. It is likewi ise composed of pointed curved spots, its margin projecting distally in pointed curves in the
interneural spaces, ¢ and being proximally hollowed out at the same places and on the veins produced into
points. Distal margin of the hindwing tinged with yellowish brown, lighter and more decided than in the typical
subspecies. Southern Peru and Central Peru (Huancabamba, 1500 m.).

O. josephus bears a nearly triangular black scent-spot between the lower and middle medians on the
forewing above. The ocelli of the under surface, in contrast to those of O. cassiope, are oval or rounded instead
of reniform or falcate. Only a few examples are known, which divide into two local forms: — josephus Godm.
and Salv. Apex of the forewing in the g pointed, almost falcate. Transverse band ochre-yellow, posteriorly
more reddish, its inner margin jagged, especially in the anal part of the wing. Before the apex 3 small white
spots. Beneath the lines before the distal margin are less undulate and diverge but little in the middle. Gua-
temala. — excultus Stich. (66a). Apex of the forewing somewhat more obtuse. Band broader, deeper reddish
ochre-yellow, its proximal margin less incised and broken; it is of a whitish yellow tone at its commencement
on the costal margin, and 7—S8 mm. in breadth; runs obliquely to the anterior median vein, touching the disco-
cellulars; is distally dentate before this vein, proximally somewhat retracted behind the cell, and from here
directed somewhat more vertically towards the hindmargin. Its inner margin is somewhat sharply broken
at the middle median vein, in the interneural spaces slightly incised, its outer margin notched at the two ante-
rior median veins, afterwards entire. The band terminates in a basally directed point in the anal angle. Hind-
wing unicolorous, or with a narrow, curved, obscure rust-red band before the distal margin. The lines near
the distal margin on the underside of the forewing in the middle somewhat more divergent and more strongly
dentate, underside of the hindwing deeper brown. Colombia.

O. lutescentefasciatus Kirby is a doubtful species of the subgenus Opsiphanes, and is only mentioned
here because KrRBy has given it in his ‘‘Catalogue’’. In shape and size similar to O. cassina cassina 2; upper
surface brown, above and beneath a broad yellowish median band running parallel with the distal margins
Under surface reddish, the band deep yellow.

6. Genus: Eryphanis Bdv.

The species united here were formerly referred to Caligo, until BorspuvaL separated them in 1874
as a distinct genus, although the differences in neuration are of little importance, the divergance consisting rather
in the different form of the g sexual characters. Hryphanis differs superficially from Caligo in the weaker
build of the body and mostly in the fiery colouring of its species. In the neuration of the forewing the middle

ERYPHANIS. By H. Fruusrorrer. 311

discocellular and the lower are not so long as in Caligo, not so transversely placed, but obliquely joining the
median at its 3rd branch. This same is the case with the cell of the hindwing, but the precostal cell is quite
as small as in Caligo. The 33 possess at the inner margin of the hindwing a strikingly large elongate or round-
ed, yellowish pilose spot, consisting of long, spatulate scent-scales. - In addition they have, like Caligo, a shiny
area, of lackered appearance, at the submedian, corresponding with a gland on the abdomen; the hair-
pencil is wanting. The clasping-organs show more analogy with Opsiphanes than with Caligo, to which the genus
is otherwise apparently nearer. Tegumen as in Opsiphanes and the Satyridae with a hook-shaped uncus which
bears two lateral, ventrally smooth points. The valves long, slender, dorsally sharply dentate. The range of
this genus extends over northern South America and through Central America to Mexico. In the south,
like the genus Opsiphanes, it does not extend beyond Rio Grande do Sul and Bolivia. — Egg the same size
as those of the Morphids, spherical, somewhat flattened above and beneath and on these flattened parts dark
brown, otherwise whitish grey. Round the greatest circumference runs a broad, deep dark brown stripe, which,
however, at one side is not closed but remains open for about 4% mm. Larva on bamboo. It keeps the anal

fork compressed, so that it looks not unlike aSphingid horn. Pupa elongate and as pointed at the head as at.

the analend. According to Dr. HAnnet the butterflies present a magnificent show of colour when in the shade
of the woods they suddenly let their wonderful deep dark blue flash out. According to my experience in Santa
Catharina the Hryphanis are fond of feeding at the sap flowing out of trees in the undergrowth, on the stems
of which they sit with the wings folded, and it is also occasionally possible to attract them with overripe bananas.
They are, however, nowhere found in large numbers. — Only 6 species are yet known. They are divided into
two unequal groups according to whether a brush of hairs is present on the friction-area of the hindwing.

A

a) g without hair-pencil on the bare inner-marginal area of the hindwing.

E. polyxena, distributed in collections under the name automedon Cr., inhabits the whole of South
America from Venezuela to Paraguay, also Central America and Colombia to Ecuador and Peru, and splits up
into five known branch-races: lycomedon Fidr. Forewing in the 3 blue-violet in the discal part, distal margin
dirty ochre-yellow, band washed-out; hindwing dark brown with narrow yellow-brown distal margin and dull
lilacine gloss; 2 dull brown, the end of the cell darker, in the dark brown distal area a rather sharp, ochreous
undulate band, anteriorly forked, but the outer branch washed-out. Dise of the forewing with a dull, grey-
blue gloss; in the cell sometimes 2 diffuse spots. Disc of the hindwing with blue-green reflection. Central
America and Colombia. — polyxena Meerb. (64b 3, ¢ 2 as automedon). Above black-brown; 3 nearly black,
discal part of both wings with beautiful blue reflections; forewing before the distal margin often with narrow
yellowish band, forked towards the costa. 2 duller, costal and apical borders yellow-brown, basal half grey-
brown, distally with slight blue-green reflection. Venezuela, Trinidad, Guiana, North and Central Brazil,
about as far south as to Rio de Janeiro. —wardi bdv., originally coming from Matto Grosso, but at first described
by its author himself with the erroneous locality ““Guatemala’’, was a lost form, of which I first received
authentic examples last year, from the neighbourhood of Cuyaba, Matto Grosso. wardi is distinguishable above
from polyzena by a slight violet shade, somewhat agreeing with that of lycomedon, and the more marked,
pale yellowish, but still obsolescent submarginal band connects it with novicia from Ecuador and lycomedon
from Colombia. The 2 may readily be distinguished from the Brazilian polyxena amphimedon by an extended,
nearly light yellow subapical (transcellular) area and two isolated yellow patches before the apex of the cell
of the forewing. — amphimedon F/dr. has very extended indigo-blue gloss on the upper surface, encroaching on
the obscure yellowish band before the distal margin and on the hindwing only leaving a narrow margin. Distal
margin of the hindwing less strongly angled at the lower median vein; 9 with the blue colour more extended
and more brilliant. Hindwing purer blue-grey in the basal part, the latter more sharply defined. According
to vON BONNINGHAUSEN very rare in shady places at Rio. Larva described in the generic diagnosis. From
Blumenau, Santa Catharina, in my collection; according to STrcHEL also-in Paraguay. — novicia Stich. Some-
what smaller than /ycomedon. Above darker, predominantly brown, with only a slight violet tinge in the
central area of the forewing. The band near the distal margin of the latter purer. Hindwing distinctly
angled, narrowly but rather sharply margined with ochre-yellow. La China, province of Los Rios (Ecuador).
— tristis Sigr. The 3 differing from the preceding subspecies in having much less blue on the hindwing. This
dusting is here only present near the apex as a small spot, which at an oblique angle of light occupies a larger
space. Southern Peru. — cheiremon subsp. nov. closely approaches wardi Bdv. from Matto Grosso, as is so com-
monly the case in Bolivian subspecies, but is larger and bears a much longer yellow mealy spot in the anal fold
of the hindwing. The blue of the upper surface is brighter, on the hindwing more sharply defined. The under
surface more resembles that of lycomedon Fldr. from Colombia, but the subbasal part of the forewing and the
basal area of the hindwing are silver-white instead of yellowish resp. grey-brown. Ground-colour in general
also lighter, rather to be called grey than brown. Coroico, Bolivia, 1200 m. — spintharus Fruhst. A conspicuous

lycomedon.

polyxena.

wardi.

amphi-
medon.

novicia.

lristis.

cheiremon.

spintharus.

hemichroa.

reevesi.

zolvizora.

opimus.

seleucida.

312 ERYPHANIS. By H. Fruustorrer.

local form from eastern Colombia, which there replaces lycomedon Fldr. and is much nearer to the Bolivian
cheiremon and wardi Bdv. from Matto Grosso. 3 with the submarginal band of the forewing nearly twice as broad
as in’ lycomedon and grey instead of yellowish, the refletcion on the upper surface brilliant blue, not violet;
Q differmg from that of polywena Meerb. in having a broader, paler yellow-grey longitudinal band on the fore-
wing, distally enclosing two large black spots (ocelli). Apex of the cell and the whole circumcellular region
pale yellow-grey. Basal part of the cell black instead of dark blue as in awtomedon. Hindwing with only a restrict-
ed glossy blue discal area. Cell grey-black, the distal border extending nearly to the cell, deep black. Under
surface lighter than in automedon. Apex of the cell and median part of the forewing, basal and median area
of the hindwing nearly whitish grey, with slight purple tinge. Upper Rio Negro. East Colombia, 800 m., disco-
vered by Fassu.

E. reevesi divides into three branch-races in central and southern Brazil. In habitus it approaches
E. polyxena amphimedon Fldr., together with which it occurs. The 3, however, is easy to distinguish from amphi-
medon by its smaller size and dark blue-violet ground-colour and the © by its brighter yellow but narrower
bands. reevesi is regarded as the commonest of the known species; it is not difficult to bait it with fruits
spread out or hung up and it is found in Sta. Catharina, both in the elevated localities and in the hot valleys
at the ““Waldschanken’’, where it often drinks at one place for hours. But the scales are very loosely attached
and it is difficult to obtain perfect specimens. — hemichroabtlr., described from Minas Geraes, probably differs
somewhat from examplas from Rio de Janeiro and Espiritu Santo, and may be taken to include specimens from
Bahia, which differ from more southern reeves? in their small size and also in the somewhat paler violet of the upper
surface and the predominantly pale grey-brown under surface, which in Bahia 3g appears washed-out as in the more
southern 9° of the collective species. — reevesi Westw. extends with little variation from Espiritu Santo to
Santa Catharina, where I found it from January to March in dark forests. Forewing of the 3 dark brown,
distal margin grey-yellow; distal part tinged with deep violet; this colour is anteriorly broad, extends into the
posterior, projecting angle of the cell, and is narrowed towards the hindmargin; the apex remains free. Hindwing
similar, but with the violet shade darker and still more ill-defined. In an oblique light the blue shows here
distally and behind the cell as a vaguely defined median area, brighter on the veins than in the interspaces.
Scent-spot in the anal area spongy, surrounded by a narrow, light glossy ring, placed in a distinct hollow in the
membrane of the wing, visible on the under surface as a raised swelling. Length of the forewing, g 53, 9 55mm.
— Larva (according to G. W. Miuier) on Olyra latifolia L. and Bambusa; it sits close and broadly appressed
on the underside of the leaves. Body when young yellowish with red dorsal and lateral stripes, slender, poster-
iorly narrowed, with long forked tail, which in the resting posture is horizontally pressed together or separated
and erected. Afterwards green-red with dark dorsal line, red, white and brown longitudinal stripes; when full-
grown the dorsal area pure green, posteriorly and anteriorly narrowed, terminating in a point on the 11th seg-
ment, finely edged with brown; lateral stripes brown and white, at the posterior margin of the middle seg-
ments black warts (false spines) of considerable size. Head large, broad, elongate, anteriorly steeply sloped,
approximately quadrate, with 3 pairs of short horns; at first whitish with brown stripes, afterwards dark green
in the middle with white, brown-edged stripes, which viewed from above, run in the same direction as the stripes
of the body. — Pupa elongate, similar to the rolled-up leaf of a Monocotyledon, with very long horns placed
close together, angles indistinct, ground-colour dirty brown-yellow.

E. zolvizora is a very rare species, which is distributed from Colombia to Bolivia and of which two branch-
es have been described. — zolvizora Hew., originally from Bolivia, perhaps distributed northwards as far as
Peru. Upper surface dark red-brown with a band on the forewing composed of four or five crescentic ochre-
yellow spots and yellowish brown terminal border on the hindwing. Under surface brown with a broad yellowish
white subbasal and an angled, similarly coloured but much narrower median band. Otherwise very similar to
reevest, which it replaces in Bolivia and the Andean region. Known to me from Corsico, Bolivia, 1200 m. —
opimus Sigr. is the northern branch. In it the band of the forewing is more continuous, somewhat narrower,
the longitudinal stripes on the underside somewhat extended, more yellowish, somewhat narrower. Type from
Manizales, in the Cauca Valley, West Colombia, before me from the Rio Aquaca Valley, West Cordillera, Colom-
bia, from 2000 m. In Ecuador and Peru occurs an allied race, which has not yet been sufficiently noticed, al-
though SraupINGER has already pointed out some slight differences. The egg is similar to that of C. oberthueri
Dey. in size and appearance, but with protuberances at both sides. The colour is bone-white, but in conse-
quence of a fluid which is secreted by the ovipositor it looks as if irregularly plastered withrose-red. The rare
2 mostly attains the size of a small Caligo. <2 cote

E. seleucida Hew., another rare species, is above similar to Caligo illioneus Cr. Under suriace remark-
able for the strikingly large ocelli. 3: above rust-brown, anteriorly in the median area somewhat lighter, dis-
tal area broadly dark brown, the margin itself narrowly dirty ochre-yellow. Near the distal margin with a narrow,
undulate, ochre-yellow, slightly reddish transverse band, from which arises anteriorly, but indefinitely connected,
a short, strongly curved and angled, somewhat duller coloured accessory band, which, however, like the main band,
does not quite reach the costal margin. In the fork of the bands 2 black spots and at the end of the principal branch

Publ. 15. V. 1912. ERYPHANIS. By H. Fruustorrer. 313

of the band 2 small white dots. Beneath the median area forms a broad band, brown, distally tinged
with lighter and darker ochreous, bordered en each side by a whitish stripe and distally in addition bounded
by a twice broken black-brown line. Succeeding this the distal area is in its anterior, triangular part brown
striated with white, posteriorly and distally with two black, yellow-ringed eye-spots, placed one behind the
other, before these another black spot and two blind eye-spots near the apex. The area distally to the cell
copiously dark-striated, bounded by a dark undulate line edged with ochre-yellow or whitish. Distal area
rust-brown, likewise with dark, whitish-bordered line near the wing-margin. Hindwing with pale brown
hindmarginal area, a bare friction-patch with pencil-like hairing between submedian and hindmarginal vein
and a large mealy scent-scale spot in the region of the hinder angle. Ground-colour otherwise dark brown,
in the middle of the wing tinged with reddish, distal margin narrowly bordered with rust-brown. Under surface
in the basal and distal areas brown, profusely striated with black or black-brown. Median area broadly band-like,
dark brown with white bordering. The area behind the eye-spots more or less striated with whitish. In the
anterior part of the median area is also placed a large dark brown eye-spot with yellowish ring and white
pupil. In the distal marginal area there is an undulate line bordered with light brown. 2 unknown. Bolivia.

b) with brush-like hair-tuft close to the submedian of the hindwing.

E. aesacus comes from Central America, extending from Mexico to Colombia and dividing into two
local forms: aesacus H.-Schdff. (64 b) is the smaller subspecies. ¢: Forewing near the distal margin with faint
ochre-yellow transverse band, which is distinctly forked anteriorly asin the preceding species and almost to the
same extent as in the 9 of the present subspecies. The median area of indigo-blue tone, anteriorly only
distinct as far as the upper median and the end of the cell, distally as far as the transverse band, which is
itself faintly tinged with blue. Hindwing behind the apex near the distal margin with the blue tinge only in
patches, in the middle of the wing becoming more or less of a band posteriorly. The distal margin is very
nearly round, only at the middle median vein with an obtuse, scarcely appreciable angle. Q2 paler, the pale
blue tinge on the forewing of a light violet tone, vaguely defined, leaving the end of the cell free, but rather
distinctly developed into a broad band from the costal margin obliquely to the hindmargin. Hindwing at
the base without blue dusting; indistinct traces of this first appear near the middle of the cell, whence
it gradually increases in sharpness and forms in the middle of the wing a spot extending to just beyond
the end of the cell and there somewhat more sharply defined. Mexico (from whence the type came), Guatemala
and Nicaragua. Everywhere rare. From Honduras in coll. FRuHSTORFER. — buboculus Btlr., described from
Costa Rica, extends southwards to Colombia. Larger than aesacus, darker coloured and beneath more sharply
marked. According to Fasst is one of the highest flying Brassolids inthe Colombian Andes. — juruana subsp.
nov. has rounder wings, is above more blue instead of violet and the yellow submarginal band of the forewing
is narrower. From the Rio Jurua, a southern tributary of the Amazon (type in coll. STAUDINGER).

E. gerhardi Weeks is a species of which only a few examples have yet been found and was placed
by its author in the genus Caligo. Upper surface brown, tinged with dark blue except at the costal margin.
Under surface reddish ochreous. Costal margin of the hindwing somewhat flattened, at the apex rounded and
passing gradually into the strongly undulate distal margin, the latter slightly angled at the middle median
vein, anal angle fully rounded, basal area strongly hairy to the middle of the cell. Upper surface brown, a broad,
ill-defined stripe, about from the middle of the cell nearly to the distal margin, suffused with blue; the hind-
marginal aréa vaguely yellow-grey, posteriorly with grey-blue gloss, with a large, oval mealy whitish-yellow
scent-spot, proximally adjoining the hindmarginal vein. Under surface reddish ochre-yellow, basal area and
the zone behind the cellas far as the distal margin rather uniformly and finely striated with blackish. A trans-
verse band in the middle of the wing vaguely red-brown, distally not sharply defined, proximally distinctly
bounded by a silver-white transverse stripe which forms a continuation of the white band on the forewing.
The stripe fades out posteriorly at a raised spot which indicates the scent-scale spot of the upper surface.
In the cell, touching the stripe, there is an irregular zigzag marking, two pointed oval figures follow at
the end of the cell, and in its anterior angle is placed a white spot. 9 still unknown. Bolivia, Ecuador (Sarayacu).
— In pusillus Stich. the J is smaller than in the preceding form; the violet-blue dusting lighter and somewhat
more distinct, broader on both wings, especially posteriorly and towards the apex of the forewing and the distal
margin of the hindwing. The latter more obtusely angled at the middle median vein, apex of the forewing
likewise somewhat more obtuse and less produced. Paraguay, Rio Grande do Sul. Masipr bred puszllus
on one occasion. The 9 laid in captivity on the Ist of November 10 eggs, from which after 8 days emerged
larvae of dark green colour; these moulted within 15 days, repeating this four or five times down to the 14th
January and for the last time on the 4th March. The pupal stage, however, lasts only 13 days, while
the larvae feed sometimes for 2 months, occasionally even for 4. The pupa somewhat resembles that of Caligo
martia, but is more delicate, more compressed, of lighter colour, with a slight rosy gloss and separated light
patches. The butterfly flies in Rio Grande throughout the summer and autumn, inhabits the forests and
bamboo district, but is nowhere common.

V 40

aesacus.

buboculus.

juruana.

gerhardi.

pusillus.

314 CALIGO. By H. FRUHSTORFER.

¢7. Genus: Caligo Hon.

To this genus belong the most imposing forms of the whole family, which equally with the Morphids
contribute to the character of the South American insect fauna, as some species are even among the commonest
butterflies throughout the whole region. They are noteworthy not only for their gigantic size and the peculiar,
mostly dull but nevertheless often very rich colouring of the wings, but also for their crepuscular habits, which
do not fail to impress even the layman. Structurally Caligo nearly approaches the genus Eryphanis, with
which it agrees in the small precostal cell of the hindwing, notwithstanding the gigantic size of the species.
The Caligonids differ, however, from Eryphanis in the longer and more distinctly angled middle discocellular
of the forewing, and the lower discocellular is steeper, not placed almost transversely. The oval androconial
spot at the inner margin of the hindwing which is characteristic of Hryphanis is wanting in Caligo, but they have in
common with the former a bare friction-area adjoninig the submedian, either with or without hair-pencil, and ante-
riorly at the subcostal a more or less distinct mealy spot. The pattern of the under surface reaches in Caligo the high-
est development of all the Brassolids and consists of delicate, reticulate, waved figures and striation, arranged in
alternately light and dark shades on and in contrast with the yellowish ground. On the hindwing two large, brilliant-
ly marked ocelli stand out very effectively, the anterior often crescentic, placed between the costal and subcostal,
the posterior larger and placed between the first two median veins, often extending across them. These ocelli
bear in their designs the greatest resemblance to the eyes in a peacock’s tail, except that the latter are of a
shining blue, whilst in Caligo the ground-colour is a beautiful orange, gradually shading off through brown
into the deepest velvety black. The brilliant markings of the under surface induced LAaTREILLE to give to the
genus the much more characteristic name of Pavonia, which unfortunately has had to sink on the score of prio-
rity. — Eyes naked or hairy. Palpus rather large, projecting far beyond the head, anteriorly densely covered
with long, appressed hairs, with a hair-tuft dorsally. Terminal joint pointed. Antenna thin and delicate,
scarcely reaching 1% the length of the wing, only gradually thickened towards the end. Forewing with strong
costal vein and 5-branched subcostal, the first two veins arising before the end of the cell, but branches
3 and 4 placed near together almost in the apex of the wing. Cell broad and large, reaching almost to 24 of
the wing, all 3 discocellulars well developed. Upper discocellular nearly as long as the lower. Larva slender,
slightly arched in the middle, head with two to eight horns, some of which bear bristles. Abdomen produced
into two points. Dorsum with five or six false spines. Ground-colour whitish or brown, frequently also green,
always with both lateral and dorsal stripes. Favourite food-plants bananas, also Marantaceae; larva as a
rule on the underside of the leaves, feeding chiefly at night, in the later stages hiding between dry, hanging
leaves. Pupa moderately broad, a little narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly. Dorsal edge mostly strongly
projecting. Colour yellowish to brown or reddish, on the wing-cases sometimes silvery spots. Pupal stage
20—25 days, but in some species of shorter duration. The imagines inhabit exclusively the dense forests, where
they keep near the ground and by preference at the foot of.the old trees. They are crepuscular butterflies which
are only rarely met with by day. But if one happens to start them up they hide themselves very cleverly
in the thickets and on the tree-trunks with the wings folded, and thus find protection. On the Amazon Dr.
HAHNEL once observed a bird chasing a Caligo eurilochus, but the butterfly eluded the beak of its pursuer _
again and again with incredible dexterity, as it flew from one thicket to another, until at last the hunted
insect was concealed in the thickest confusion of branches and the tired bird had to desist from further pur-
suit. Profiting by the habit of the Caligos of frequenting those places where fallen fruit is lying, one can
bait them with bananas, and I often succeeded in this way in capturing 20—25 examples of C. beltrao in one
day. Some species, such as C. martia, visit bleeding trees, where they often sit for hours at the exudations.
Occasionally on especially sultry days they even leave the wood and rest at its edge or on the road, and on the
Capivary River in Santa Catharina I once found whole columns of C. beltrao, which, arranged like out-
posts, sat in long lines, one near to another, so that I did not known which to take first. In Colombia C. oileus
Fildr. was met with on mule dung. aL

Like all large-winged species the Caligos nowhere ascend above the densest vegetation zone and it is
probable that they never reach beyond 1000m. above sea-level. Consequently they prefer the tropical zone,
with a few offshoots into the subtropical region. Northwards some forms extend as far as Mexico, south-
wards to Paraguay and Bolivia. According to GopMAN and SaLyIn two groups may be separated on the ground
of the copulatory organs. 1) C. oilews and eurilochus group with the valve simply dentate dorsally. 2) C.
atreus group, valve with a dorsal, medial process, which itself is again dentate.

I. Sect. Anagraphi Stich.

Hindwing of the g¢ without hair-pencil on the bare friction-area at the hindmargin.

CALIGO. By H. Fruusrorrer. 315

C. oedipus, a very rare, insignificant-looking species, splits up into two local races: oedipus Stich. oedipus.

S$: forewing above whitish, costal margin slightly darkened with grey-brown, broadly in the cell, distally

more narrowly and before the fork of the last subcostal veins running out into a point. The veins in the

anterior median area finely dusted with brown. A slight bluish tinge below the cell. The light band be-

hind the cell indistinctly defined proximally, anteriorly strengthened by a nearly saffron-yellow patch. The

distal area fairly uniform black-brown, the band near the margin of the wing only quite faintly indicated. The

basal area of the hindwing grey-blue to about the end of the cell, Goliquely, bordered posteriorly, this part as

well as the hindmarginal area nearly to the anal angle with blue reflections. Distal margin strongly undu-

late. Q larger, costal area clouded with deeper own, the bluish tinge below the cell somewhat increased,

the light transverse band behind the cell broader and more distinct, the veins very strongly dusted with

brown, the spots in the anterior part of the dark brown distal area distinct, the light band before the distal

margin better expressed, undulate, slightly dentate. The blue basal area of the hindwing more truncate,

with a silky grey-blue gloss, at an oblique angle of light iridescent, the iridescence, however, not extend-

ing so far towards the hinder angle as in the 3. nocturna Stich. is a subordinate form, in the § of which nocturna.

the forewing is almost uniformly darkened with smoke-brown as far as a somewhat lighter transverse stripe

beyond the cell, the blue gloss restricted to the proximal part of the terminal area. The blue basal area of

the hindwing somewhat reduced. Forewing of the 2 with stronger and more extended blue gloss and duller

but more distinct dentate band near the distal margin. Ground-colour in general even darker brown. Transi-

tions occur to the type-form. Colombia. — fruhstorferi Stich. (64c) is in the g somewhat smaller on an jruhstorferi.

average than the preceeding; forewing somewhat more rounded, costal area lighter brownish, transparent,

but broader and entirely filling up the end of the cell. The confused figures in the cell beneath distinctly «

visible above, the light transverse band behind the cell better defined, the bluish dusting below the cell

somewhat more copious and extended to the inner boundary of the transverse band, which shows through

from the underside. The band before the distal margin likewise somewhat better expressed. Hindwing uniformly

rounded, distal margin only quite weakly undulate. The blue basal area viewed from above with a silky

gloss, in an oblique light with blue reflections for about the same extent as in typical oedipuws. Under surface

with the posterior eye-spot relatively larger. Costal area of theforewing in the ? likewise darkened as far

as the light median band, strongly transparent, the blue suffusion behind the cell more distinct, also extended

on to the anterior part of the cell, but there weaker. The band behind the cell anteriorly strongly dentate,

posteriorly feebly curved, the spots in the costal part of the distal area very distinct, the band before the distal

margin almost whitish yellow, its boundary strongly dentate, the distal margin itself pale ochre-brown. The

blue basal area of the hindwing reaches distally to beyond the end of the cell; viewed from above strongly .

glossy, in an oblique light with bright blue reflection. Distal margin of the hindwing likewise very little undu-

late and somewhat more copiously dusted with grey-white. Under surface as in the g, except that the dark-

shaded band in the middle of the forewing is prolonged to the submedian and the two undulate or dentate

bands in the distal area of the hindwing are very sharply expressed. Honduras, probably also in other parts

of Central America.

2 C. oileus is a protean species which seems to be distributed from the Andes to Mexico, south-
wards reaching Bolivia, but on the Atlantic side apparently not extending beyond Venezuela. Six or seven
known races, some of which are not very sharply differentiated. — oileus Fldr., the name-type, came from ocileus.
Venezuela. Forewing in the g almost brownish grey, posteriorly somewhat lighter, markings of the under
surface showing through. The band before the distal margin washed-out, but always remaining visible. ‘The
rest of the marginal area distally pale black-brown, the dark spots in the apical area distinct, the light band
basally more or less distinctly projecting along the veins; the blue gloss below the cell weak, often only
perceptible in an oblique light. @ larger, wings smoke-brown to the narrow transverse band, basal part to
near the costa and to the posterior part of the cell slightly suffused with bluish, rather strongly glossy, the rest
as in the g, but with the band before the distal margin more distinct. Under surface with moderately wi-
dened whitish band behind the cell of the forewing. Hindwing with distinctly developed dentate band in the
distal part. The submarginal lines on the underside of the forewing in both 3 and Q shortly and regu-
larly dentate. Venezuela. — scamander Bdv. has the apex somewhat produced. Costal area darkened as far scamander.
as the median, the anal area relieved with whitish grey; only at the base a faint blue gloss. Transverse
band as a rule rather broad, anteriorly narrower, bone-white, quite faintly tinged with yellow. Markings of
the under surface showing through above. @ larger, wings more rounded, transverse band widened, especially
beneath, its boundary-line curved distad. Anal area as far as the transverse band somewhat darker and more
copiously shot with blue.- Distal margin of the hindwing somewhat less undulate, the proximal area viewed
from above somewhat more distinct but paler blue-grey. On the under surface the undulate band behind the cell
of the hindwing especially sharply expressed, with metallic black-blue gloss. In both sexes the lines near the
distal margin on the underside of the forewing less regular and more shallowly curved than in the typical sub-
species. Central America (Costa Rica, Panama [?], Mexico [?], Guatemala[?]).—philademus Stgr., from the philademus.
province of Antioquia in Colombia, closely approximates to scamander and likewise to oileus Fldr. from Vene-
zuela, but is darker, hindwing above more strongly shot with greenish blue. 3 under surface with deep brown

, median area, 9 scarcely lighter in the distal area. From the Cauca Valley, in coll. FRuHSTORFER. — phor- phorbas.

' Rob. is somewhat more brightly coloured than the typical oilews, the band behind the cell of the forewing

umbratiliss

philinose

ZeuUxippuse

placilianus.

micans.

beltrao.

316 CALIGO. By H. Fruustorrer.

consequently standing out more distinctly and in general somewhat less dentate; the basal and hindmarginal
areas somewhat more strongly tinged with blue. 2 without appreciable constant differences from that of the.
preceding subspecies. Ecuador. Type in coll. FRuHsToRFER. — In umbratilis Stich. the g is darkened with
smoke-brown above, the blue tinge behind the cell of the forewing only weak, rarely somewhat stronger. The
transverse band distally to the cell washed-out, occasionally, however, distinctly expressed; in the latter case
anteriorly narrow, whitish, posteriorly somewhat widened, yellowish and terminating at the posterior median
vein. The band near the distal margin likewise more or less distinct, the dark spots at the costal margin near the
apex well developed. Under surface very sharply marked and with much white in the ground-colour, particularly
in the distal part of the hindwing. Peru. — philinos Pruhst. (65a). g somewhat smaller and less slender
than scamander. Forewing grey-brown, copiously shaded with blue. The yellow area of the forewing reduced —
to a narrow but distinct band. Ground-colour darker, particularly on the forewing. The hindwing, however,
more narrowly margined with black, on the other hand with broader distal border, grey in the 3g, yellowish
grey in the 2. Under surface: the brown discal band of the hindwing narrower, the yellow submarginal zone
broader and lighter, the discal band of the forewing considerably narrower. Bolivia.

C. zeuxippus Druce (65 b) inhabits Ecuador. Under surface somewhat resembling that of otleus. It is
noteworthy for the strikingly light basal area, particularly on the hindwing, which is delicately striated with white.
The ocelli are placed in a light coffee-brown median area, which again is surrounded by a zone of light striation.

C. placidianus Stgr., originally described from Sarayacu in Peru and from Sao Paulo de Olivenca on the
Upper Amazon, is a very large species with broad, unmarked, dark distal border on the forewing, before which
an undecided yellowish band, distally rather sharply defined, runs to the posterior median. The 9 has the basal
half of the forewing blue-grey, bounded by a still more indefinite yellowish grey band. Under surface very
similar to that of C. otleus, but at once distinguishable from this and indeed from all other known species by
a deep brown area running from the posterior to the anterior median along the cell-wall and anteriorly narrowed;
this occurs also on the hindwing, but there covers the entire middle of the wing, is sharply cut off proximally,
but considerably widened distally about the anal ocellus. Cell of the forewing covered with elegant black mark-
ings looking like cumulus clouds. micans Rob. describes a slightly modified local form from Ecuador in which
the basal half of the hindwing above has a somewhat more intensive gloss,

C. beltrao Z//. (= demosthenes Perry, inachis Godt.) (65b) is one of the most brilliantly coloured
species of the genus and among the characteristic butterflies of central and southern Brazil. All day long they
remain in the lower brushwood or round the trunks of the forest giants, where they hide near the ground. Only
in the evening twilight or in the early morning, before the daylight has dispersed the last shadows of the night,
they come out of their hiding-places for a short time. One can then sometimes see them sitting on the road in
large numbers. In Santa Catharina in the valley of the Capivary River I observed that the butterflies were
positively common on sultry days and one might with truth speak of whole regiments of Caligo, of which
the outposts were arranged at the edge of the woods and at such short distances that one hardly knew which
to take first. beltrao can also be attracted with bananas and it was a pretty sight to see the giant Caligos hanging
on the bait in living clusters in company with Dasyophthalma creusa, Eryphanis reevesi and Prepona meander.
§ beneath predominantly irrorated with a fine coffee-brown, with very broad median area of the same colour,
which traverses both wings, changes into black beyond the cell and is distally bordered by a zone of whi-
tish and purple dusting. Hindwing with the anal ocellus shaped like a hazelnut with the point placed poste-
riorly, the ocellus margined with a beautiful light yellow. The 2 larger, wings broader, more rounded, colouring
duller. Apex of the forewing light ochre-yellow, only proximally somewhat tinged with orange, the dirty yellow
marginal stripe broader, gradually narrowing to the anal angle. The white costal spot in the yellow area very
conspicuous, the adjoining distal black dusting in the apex more distinct, condensed into a double spot with
white sagittate or lunulate spots accompanying it. Under surface somewhat lighter, the band-like brown sha-
ding in the middle of the forewing behind the posterior median vein more distinctly prolonged; close to the
distal margin run two blackish parallel lines, which are anteriorly somewhat more delicate brownish, have
whitish and yellowish bordering and are gently curved, but behind the eye-spot project basewards near the apex
and then run to the anal angle in large, sharp teeth, some of which are bidentate. On the hindwing the bands
beyond the cell better expressed, the distal margin more broadly brown and with a second dentate band si-
milar to the first-named, but less distinct. Abdomen with lighter grey-blue hairs. — Larva on bananas, like
that of C. eurtlochus brasiliensis green when young with Blogante brown dorsal spots and a white and hone
lateral stripe. The spots disappear later and the - ground- colour becomes green; in the adult stage the cater-
pillar is dirty green to yellowish brown, irregularly shaded with black, laterally with a pure white stripe, edged
with black at both sides, along the stigmata; the body tapering anteriorly, on the dorsum with soft warts (false
thorns), the head with a crest of eight horns. Pupa in size and markings in general like that of eurylochus, but
paler and without bristles (W. Mttier). The ¢ figured came from Rio Grande do Sul, where beltrao has become

CALIGO. By H. Fruusrorrer. 317

very rare. Also in Rio de Janeiro the species is no longer very common, but it apparently occurs in larger numbers
in Espiritu Santo. Examples from there are by far the largest, somewhat lighter blue, and both sexes have
the apical spot on the forewing paler yellow and more extended than in my Santa Catharina specimens. Moreover
the basal area on the underside of the hindwing is appreciably lighter and in the 2 the distal border of the
brown median area is much lighter, one might almost say pure white. According to BuRMEISTER beltrao also
occurs in Argentina, but I do not know any Argentine examples in nature.

II. Sect. Graphiophori Stich.
Hindwing with a small hair-pencil on the bare friction-area at the submedian.

C. teucer, one of the most inconspicuous species, is distributed over the entire region in which the Ca-
ligos occur with the exception only of Central America and Mexico. teucer is less susceptible to climatic influen-
ces than other species of the genus and consequently only splits up into a small number of not very sharply
differentiated local forms. — In insulanus Stich. the costal area of the forewing in the ¢ is of an indefinite
light grey, not or scarcely brownish, the yellowish white transverse band distally to the cell very narrow and dull,
the triangular hindmarginal area grey-blue fully to its anterior limit, also the cell for about half its breadth
with a vague grey-blue tinge. The distal marginal area blackish, the undulate lines near the margin only quite
indistinctly showing through and only slight traces of a band present between them. Basal area of the hind-
wing grey-blue, in an oblique light with violet-blue reflection in its distal part, extending nearly to the end of
the cell, distal half of the wing blackish with quite fine whitish border. The Q larger, the band of the forewing
somewhat broader, anteriorly more or less dusted with dark, from the posterior angle of the cell onwards
purer whitish yellow, posteriorly again blurred. The blue dusting of the hindmarginal area is continued anteriorly
in the cell, only leaving a narrow costal stripe. The band near the distal margin of a very fine and distinct
whitish yellow, the proximal boundary strongly curved and very sharp, the distal less strong, but distinctly
defined by a dark-dusted stripe. Hindwing with the basal area widened, distally likewise with a beautiful iri-
descence. This extends to beyond the cell and to the hndmarginal vein. Distal margin of the hindwing somewhat
more strongly dusted with whitish than in the 3; abdomen with bluish gloss. Trinidad. — suzanna Deyr.
is a dark subspecies; forewing from the hindmargin nearly to the costal margin and the narrow whitish band
tinged with blue. Marginal area almost black, the submarginal undulate line not conspicuous, the margin itself
strongly undulate, quite finely edged with whitish. Hindwing velvety black, distal margin finely whitish. Basal
area greenish to near the end of the cell or even somewhat further and nearly to the anal angle, at its extremity
with clear blue reflections. Under surface strongly and copiously marbled with brown and black-brown. In
the posterior median cellule of the forewing is placed a small, rather distinct eye-spot, a larger one near the
apex. The ring round the posterior eye-spot of the hindwing is very light yellow, nearly white, laterally and poste-
riorly more yellow, at the outer margin changing into rust-yellow. The brown band-like colouring between
the anterior and posterior eye-spots only persists as a narrow, sometimes quite indistinct stripe running through
the cell, the smaller oval patch distally to the middle discocellular more or less distinct. The 2 has broad-
er wings, otherwise quite similar. In the forewing the light band running between the marginal lines near
the distal margin and the black spots at the costal margin near the apex more distinctly expressed. The blue
reflection on the hindwing extended somewhat beyond the end of the cell. On the under surface the hindmar-
ginal area of the forewing to the submedian striated, like the rest of the wing, the small posterior eye-spot
in the distal area absent. In the median area of the hindwing the brown band-like shading better
developed, in the cell a distinct elongate light patch. In general the striation and marbling on the
entire surface of both wings somewhat coarser and darker. In transitions to the typical subspecies, not lo-
cally constant. Colombia. — phorkys subsp. nov. differs from phoroneus Fruhst. in the narrower,
washed-out yellowish grey longitudinal band of the forewing, which is broken up into separate spots and
is also distinguished at once from suzanna Deyr. by the isolated patches. Under surface lighter than phoro-
neus, particularly the basal part and the distal area of the hindwing. Coroico, Bolivia, 1200 m. — In teucer L.
the costal area of the forewing is broadly grey-brown, cell also grey-brown except a narrow stripe in the posterior
half. The brown area is approximately spindle-shaped with the points placed at the base of the wing and at
the costa before the fork of the 4th and 5th subcostal veins. The transverse band beyond the cell begins 3—4 mm.
in width, is distinct to the angle of the cell, then only sharply defined distally, and terminates at the posterior
median vein. In the middle and posterior median cellules it forms two shallow curves. The light grey median
area is widened posteriorly and forms a long acute-angled triangle to the hindmargin. Posteriorly the colour
becomes a trifle darker, particularly at the base of the wing, and is slightly tinged with bluish. The distal area,
for an average breadth of 18—19 mm., is dark to pale smoke-brown, fringes and a quite fine marginal stripe
dirty white, the submarginal lines of the under surface show through, and between them there is a very faint,
somewhat lighter undulate band, which scarcely contrasts at all in colour with the extreme marginal area
and is only separated from this by the distal line, but on the other hand is proximally more distinctly defined
by the darker median area. Posteriorly the marginal markings become quite blurred and the colour assumes
a uniformly dark tone for the whole breadth of the distal area. Hindwing black-brown, the fringes from the
apex nearly to the hinder angle whitish, basal area behind the grey costal zone grey-blue, in an oblique light

insulanus.

suzanna.

phorkys.

teucer.

318 CALIGO. By H. Fruustorrer.

greenish, distally with violet-blue reflection. This reaches in the cell about to its middle, below it to two-thirds
of the hindmargin and is gradually lost in the ground-colour. In the costal area of the hindwing and on
almost the whole of the forewing the dark markings of the under surface show through slightly. Under surface
rather coarsely and profusely marbled, forewing with two eye-spots. The @ is larger, the bluish colour below
the cell of the forewing weaker, the light band beyond the cell broader, the undulate band between the strongly
dentate lines which show through from beneath near the distal margin standing out more distinctly. The blue
on the hindwing further extended, deeper in tone, with less greenish reflection. In the Amazon region extending
towards the west and north-west (Peru, Colombia), this race becomes transitional towards C. teucer suzanna,
being more brightly coloured, with a somewhat darker costal area on the forewing and more copious blue
dusting at the hindmargin, while the hindwing shows a more extended blue basal area. Guiana, northern
nubilus. Brazil, western Peru. — nubilus Fruhst. (63 c). Band distally to the cell of the forewing completely suppressed,
ground-colour in the cell especially dark, a dull blue gloss spreads almost uniformly over the whole proximal
obidonus. half of both wings. British Guiana. — obidonus Fruhst. Paler than the type-form. The blue basal area cf the
hindwing extended to the end of the cell, hence the distal and anal area more narrowly black-brown. Under
surface more marbled with white, in the cell of the forewing with brighter white bands. In the hindwing
the posterior eye-spot with smaller black pupil and broader yellow ring, in the cell the white elongate patches
standing out very brightly on a brown ground, the oval ring-spot before the middle discocellular on the other
japetus. hand more weakly coloured. Amazons (Obidos). — japetus Stich., from Paraguay, has broader wings than
typical teucer; the spindle-shaped brown costal area widened so as only to leave free the extreme distal angle of
the cell, which assumes the colour of the adjoining transverse band. This is almost ochre-yellow, posteriorly
somewhat paler. The triangular grey area behind the cell, which posteriorly to and in continuation of the
transverse band is bounded by the dark brown distal area and anteriorly reaches to the origin of the middle
median vein, is shot with bluish throughout, and a narrow posterior stripe in the cell is also slightly tinged
with blue; in an oblique light this dusting shows a beautiful sky-blue sheen. The light transverse band between
the curved lines which show through from beneath near the distal margin more distinct and proximally in parti-
cular standing out very sharply against the dark area. Blue basal area of the hindwing extended to the end of
the cell and nearly to the hinder angle, in an oblique light with brilliant violet-blue reflection. The strongly
undulate distal margin profusely dusted with whitish, particularly at the incisions. Under surface in general
with somewhat lighter ground-colour, the distal half of the hindwing in particular with strong whitish admixture.
In the forewing only one eye-spot, near the apex. Q larger; the bluish tinge on the forewing spreads over almost
the entire cell, but is somewhat less pronounced. The band behind the cell broader, anteriorly, in the radial
interspaces, with pointed, wedge-shaped teeth proximally. The band near the distal margin dirty ochre-yellow,
more distinctly detined, distally in particular bordered by a stripe more strongly dusted with black-brown.
Hindwing with the basal area considerably widened, in an oblique light with brilliant violet-blue and greenish
reflections. It extends about 6—7 mm. beyond the end of the cell, nearly reaching the anal angle. Under sur-
face somewhat less brightly and more coarsely marked. Thorax and abdomen strongly dusted with grey-blue.
phoroneus. —phoroneus Fruhst. This local race, with the upper surface strongly darkened, forms a transition from the
light forms of the Lower Amazon region to the dark suzanna Deyr. from Colombia. The light yellowish area
which in tewcer and obidonus Fruhst. spreads over a third of the forewing is reduced to a rather sharply defined,
narrow dark yellow band, which in the ¢ still covers the extreme apex of the cell on the forewing. In the 2
this band is even more narrowed and runs beyond the cell, gradually becoming darker and terminating before
the 3rd median vein. The cell of the gg is darkened with the exception of the apical and lower parts, that
of the 9° entirely darkened, and shot with deep blue. The hindwing except the black distal margin with as
dark blue gloss as in ewphorbus Fldr. The large ocelli on the underside of the hindwing characterized by having
a brown border, which is much more extended than in teucer and obidonus. Jaupes.

C. illioneus occurs together with tewcer, but its range extends somewhat further south on the Atlantic
coast and it is still met with at- Rio de Janeiro, where according to BONNINGHAUSEN it occurs on the north
side of the bay at Piedade. Unlike tewcer, its early stages are well known. Larva on bananas. Northwards
illioneus extends as far as Panama. Such localities as Guatemala and Mexico are no doubt due to errors in
determination, it having been confused with memnon, which is everywhere common in those countries. —

oberon. Oberon Bélr. J, very dull-coloured, the blue of the forewing in the costal and posterior part of the cell very
faint, the posterior angle of the latter entirely free, the reflection strong but darker. Transverse bands dull,
sometimes even indistinct. The proximal one as a rule only somewhat more distinct anteriorly, from the radials

onwards obsolescent, the distal sinuous, the costal curves more, the anal less strongly diffused on either side of

the veins in such a way that the rays are as a rule united anteriorly with the smaller curves of the proximal

band, forming elongate ring-spots in which are enclosed oval spots of the dark brown ground-colour, some-

times proximally truncate. This formation, although it occurs more rarely-also in single individuals of other
subspecies (particularly in C. i. polyxenus), is in general very characteristic of oberon. 2 paler, with the same
peculiarities, the transverse bands of the forewing somewhat lighter, the markings of the under surface show-
praxsiodus. ing through more strongly. Panama. — praxsiodus subsp. nov. is before me in four examples from different

CALIGO. By H. FruusTORFER. 319

parts of Peru. It approximates in its small size to the Trinidad race and differs from the type-form in the brighter,
more brilliantly glossy reflection on the basal part of both wings, which are also traversed by very narrow
inconspicuous longitudinal bands. By these praasiodus may also be at once separated from pampeiro
Fruhsi., in which the bright ochre-yellow longitudinal bands are always conspicuous. Under surface very closely
resembling oberon Biélr., but with still darker striation, the anal eye-spots very. much smaller, the whitish dusting
in the median and submarginal areas nearly obsolete. — pheidriades subsp. nov. 3 somewhat smaller than pheidriades,
oberon Btlr. from Colombia, but more brightly coloured, not only more glossy blue but also with a stronger
yellow submarginal band on the forewing than that form and pampeiro Fruhst. from Paraguay. Under
surface very characteristic on account of the sharply contrasting bands, alternately brown or whitish grey,
which traverse the hindwing in particular. The arrangement of the band-like areas as in oberon, but the
colouring more of the brown tone of praxsiodus, all the light areas, however, more extended than in Peru
$$. Ocelli of the hindwing considerably larger than in praxsiodus, with the bordering much lighter, nearly
whitish yellow. Coroico, Bolivia, from 1200 m. — saltus Kaye is always smaller than polyxenus, the 2 especially saltus.
with the bands of the forewing more grey instead of brightly coloured. Egg (according to Kayre and Guppy)
spherical, whitish, with regular longitudinal ribbing. Young larva whitish, dorsal surface with 2 red double
stripes at thesides, head large, brown, strongly hairy, a long, branched tail-fork; after the first moult the head
more slender, reddish, with branched horns; upperside of the body green with a brown stripe and a white
upper lateral longitudinal line, below the stigmatal line striped with white and reddish. Tail-fork simple, on
the 6th segment a thorn-like point. After the second moult the body becomes brownish, with two dorsal points
on the 6th and Sth segments, and shows an upper lateral stripe and on the separate segments brownish oblique
stripes decreasing posteriorly; stigmatal lines as before. The full-grown caterpillar is cylindrical, tapering
anteriorly and posteriorly; head broad, flat, obliquely sloping anteriorly, striped with black-brown, with. 2 pairs
of shorter and 1 pair of longer horns; the first segments of the body strongly grooved transversely, on the
dorsum two short points; ground-colour of the body dirty white, dorsal stripe blackish, anteriorly cleft, at
both sides an upper lateral dark double line, below this a greenish lateral stripe, from which on the separate
segments oblique stripes ascend anteriorly, below it a reddish brown stigmatal stripe, bordered with white
on both sides. Ventral surface and legs dirty green, fork shortened. Entire length 115 mm., length of the fork
9 mm. Trinidad; St. Vincent (British Museum). — polyxenus Stich. Transverse bands of the forewing somewhat polyxenus.
widened and particularly bright ochre-yellow, more rarely somewhat darker. The band at the cell anteriorly
somewhat dentate, then nearly straight, proximally but little incised at the veins. The band near the distal
margin strongly zigzag, anteriorly the separate teeth more or less diffused proximally on the veins. Distal
margin of the hindwing anteriorly more broadly, posteriorly narrowly dusted with whitish. On the under-
side of the hindwing the posterior eye-spot is as arule especially large and broadly ringed with whitish yellow. —
In ilioneus Cr. (64 c) the ground-colour of the ¢ is in general more dusky, but the wings have a strong blue ilioneus.
gloss. Cell of the forewing mostly shot with blue throughout, costally and basally paler, almost grey-blue.
Transverse bands ochre-yellow, the tone of colour inconstant, mostly not quite pure, sometimes even strongly
darkened, both on the whole narrow, the one adjoining the cell somewhat dentate anteriorly, from the lower
radial onwards nearly straight; it terminates at the lower median vein and its posterior part is obsolescent.
The submarginal band anteriorly somewhat sinuous, then at most slightly undulate and in its general course
but little curved. This also is somewhat more indistinct posteriorly, likewise terminating at the lower median -
vein or somewhat before it. The blue basal area of the hindwing extended to beyond the end of the cell and
nearly reaching the hinder angle, strongly iridescent, but paler anteriorly. On the subcostal, close to the precostal
cell, is placed a flattened, blackish scent-scale spot, with somewhat bluish reflection in a side light, which ex-
tends on to the cell. Fringes of both wings whitish yellow, distal margin of the hindwing not at all or only quite
narrowly dusted with whitish. 2. Considerably paler in colour. Forewing less dusted with blue, the transverse
bands lighter, broader, sometimes more strongly dentate and undulate. Hindwing with broad grey-brown or
dirty whitish costal area, in which the striation of the under surface shows through more distinctly. Hence
the blue basal area is somewhat restricted anteriorly. Distal margin of the hindwing somewhat more, but
still only slightly dusted with whitish. Larva very similar to that of C. ewrilochus, but smaller and proportion-
ately thicker. Body with fine transverse grooves, on the dorsum with 6 weak, spine-like points, otherwise
covered with short, stiff hairs. Ground-colour yellow-brown with black dorsal line, which is forked anteriorly.
The body laterally striped with alternate light and dark brown and on the upper half with short brown oblique
stripes. Ventral surface dark brown. Head of the colour of the body, with five broad dark stripes. Pupa com-
pact, suspended, at the vertex with narrow helmet-like comb, of yellowish ground-colour, marked with brown,
with two very conspicuous silver spots on the wing-cases. Guiana, Brazil, Amazons, Para, Rio de Janeiro.
Examples from Rio de Janeiro are wanting in my collection; there are some from Pernambuco in the British
Museum. — pampeiro Fruhst. is smaller, lighter, the blue reflection stronger, but the blue dusting on the pampeiro.
forewing somewhat reduced, the distal part of the cell mostly remaing brown. Transverse bands pure orange-
yellow, the proximal but little sinuous or dentate, posteriorly somewhat duller, the submarginal more strongly
sinuous and dentate. Distal margin more strongly excised, border of the hindwing very broadly dusted with
yellowish white in curves. The large ocellus on the underside of the hindwing shows a tendency to posterior
elongation. 2 paler, the bands on the forewing lighter, the submarginal broader. Distal margin of the hindwing
bordered with white, in the interspaces between the veins broad yellow-white crescentic spots. Paraguay.

promotheus.

epimetheus.

anaximan-
drus.

atlas.

mennon.

320 CALIGO. By H. Fruustorrer.

C. prometheus somewhat resembles C. memnon (65 a) above, but is considerably larger, the basal part
of the forewing more extended pale yellowish, that of the hindwing more richly suffused with blue. Range, so
far as is at present known, confined to Colombia and Ecuador. prometheus Koll. On the forewing the grey
dusting in the costal area at and behind the end of the cell is reduced to a narrow stripe, which is only to-
wards the end, before the fork of the fourth and fifth subcostal venis, a trifle widened. Hindwing in an oblique
light with intensive blue reflection, at the base greenish, from the end of the cell to the distal margin a beautiful
azure blue; the sheen decreases somewhat in strength anteriorly, but leaves only the apical area and a costal
stripe free. Under surface of the forewing copiously striated; behind and distally to the cell, starting from its
posterior angle, are placed two connected blackish arcuate spots, mostly very distinct and sharply expressed,
bordering the light transverse band proximally. Colombia; Nicaragua (?). — epimetheus Pdr. is a lowland
form from eastern Colombia. Somewhat smaller than the type-form, the grey dusting at the costal margin of
the forewing broader, on the other hand the blue colour on the hindwing confined to the proximal half, in an
oblique light less iridescent, but viewed from above more distinctly defined. Colombia: Rio Aquara Valley,
West Cordilleras, 2000 m. The egg is almost as large as that of Saturnia pyri, round, somewhat flattened at both
poles, the sides with longitudinal grooves, which again are divided into cells by horizontal belts. Towards the
base these are broken up into smaller and smaller dots and finally terminate in a smooth surface. The apex of
the egg forms a wart-like elevation of brown colour, the micropyle is placed somewhat at the side. The larva
is of the shape of the typical Caligo larva figured in Scuatz. It is brown-grey, on the dorsum with three lighter
angular markings, the vertices of which run back into the mediodorsal line. Many specimens attain 13 cm.,
these mostly yielding females. I found the larvae always in small companies of up to 8 specimens on the lower
end of the stalks of Platanillos (wild bananas), or hidden in dry leaves; they only feed at night and always return
to their old place, where they mostly sit closely packed together. The pupa is very similar to that of Cal.
eurylochus, ornamented with a silvery shoulder-spot. The pupal stage lasts 4 weeks. In breeding the number
of specimens of the two sexes was about equal. — anaximandrus Fruhst. Replaces the small lowland form
epimetheus Fldr. of eastern Colombia in the transandean region, and is also of small habitus. The 3 approaches
atlas Rob. from Ecuador, with which it entirely agrees above except that the black marginal band of the fore-
wing is somewhat more sharply defined proximally. The under surface, however, differs considerably in the
more lively, brightly contrasted colouring. The submarginal black hatching on the forewing is almost absent,
the bordering of the ocelli is light red-brown instead of nearly black. Hindwing with brown instead of nearly
black foreground to the anal ocellus, the eye-spots themselves scarcely half as broadly margined with black.
The distinct black-striated submarginal band of atlas is wanting; in general the entire distal area of the hind-
wing is whitish watered with yellowish. Basal part likewise predominantly whitish instead of black. The 9,
unlike the ¢, is distinctly modified above also and especially characterized by the yellowish area extending
as a sharply defined band to the costal margin. Compared with atlas Réb. from Ecuador this light part of the
wing is altogether more pronounced and contrasts sharply with the black terminal area, which is proximally
very neatly undulate, with distinct but not deep incisions. Hindwing somewhat more richly coloured, distally
of a finer whitish yellow than in atlas. Under surface: coloration gayer, the distal area in particular striated
with yellow rather than brown-black. The brown bordering of the anal ocellus, which touches the black ring,
scarcely half as broad as in Ecuador 99. This handsome new West Colombian form was discovered by A. H.
Fasst on the upper Rio Negro at an elevation of 800 m. — atlas Rob. Forewing of the § rather narrow,
apex more pointed, distal margin of both wings more strongly undulate than in the preceding, otherwise similar
on the upper surface to epimetheus. Costal area of the forewing broadly grey-brown, towards the end of
the cell but little narrowed and distally to this again widened as far as the middle discocellular, the blue-grey
basal dusting behind the cell.on the contrary somewhat reduced. Beneath the striation and other markings
more sparse, the dark curved transverse line behind the cell being absent or only weakly indicated and the
space immediately behind the distal half of the cell and part of the cell itself only quite finely watered with
gold-yellow. Consequently the upper surface, on which the dark markings show through in the whitish areas,
is purer white beyond the cell as far as the posterior median vein. On the hindwing the blue reflection weaker
and only extending to towards the end of the cell and towards the hinder angle. At the distal margin occa-
sionally a further quite faint bluish gloss perceptible in places. On the under surface the ground-colour more
white or bluish white, but the striation coarser and darker, the curved bands near the distal margin as a rule
only indistinct or not developed at all, the posterior eye-spot mostly somewhat smaller than in the preceding.
Ecuador.

C. memnon may be regarded as the most northerly Caligo form, is at home exclusively in the Central
American and Colombian-Venezuelan subregions of the Caligo area and southwards apparently does not occur
even in Ecuador. memnon is considered one of the commonest butterflies of Mexico and Guatemala and is re-
presented in every consignment from the tropical parts of those countries. Nothwithstanding this we have no.
information concerning the early stages. memnon Fldr. Under surface of the forewing mostly only sparsely striated
in the cell. Inaddition to some irregular dark brown zigzag and undulate lines and some brownish clouding
the surface of the wing is finely watered with reddish yellow, sparingly beyond the cell. The dark nebulous band

Publ. 15. V. 1912. CALIGO. By H. Fruusrorrer. 324

distally to the cell always distinct, but from the end of the cell onwards becoming weaker or entirely ab-
sent. Hindwing in the basal area striated coarsely with white and dark brown, in the distal area finely and
uniformly with bluish white-grey and brown. The median area with the 3 eye-spots strongly brown in
ground-colour, the elongate light cell-patch, however, not very conspicuous. The @ is larger, with exactly
the same markings, but the band near the distal margin of the forewing considerably more sharply expressed.
It consists of a row of whitish lunules or crescentic spots, deeply incised proximally at the veins, distally
less sharply defined, but still distinctly contrasted with the grey-brown distal margin. In the costal part of the
dark brown distal area there are mostly 4 rather distinct round black spots in the interneural spaces near the
apex. Costal area of the hindwing relieved with grey-white and the distal margin more strongly dusted with
whitish. Under surface lighter, the brown zigzag stripes and striation on the forewing reduced; the dark band
beyond the cellas arule narrow but distinct, the darker area behind the transverse band but little striated;
in it are placed wedge-shaped, loosely connected dark teeth. Hindwing more coarsely striated, the brown
median area less conspicuous, in the outer part a curved band, mostly standing out very sharply. Mexico,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica (?). — menes Fruhst. 3 differing from memnon Fldr. from Mexico in the
darker ground-colour of the wings (particularly in the costal area of the forewing), which is caused by the in-
crease of brown scaling on the under surface. The hindwing with more of the blue reflection, but less intensive
than in felamonius Fldr. The under surface strongly suggests tewcer in the black discal band of the forewing;
the forewing bears, however, larger ocelli than in memnon or in teucer, and the middle eye-spot, between the radials,
is more strongly developed. The 9 differs from memnon and teucer in the much narrower, but more sharply defined,
black distal border of the hindwing. Chiriqui. — diluta Stich. Commoner form of the subspecies menes. In
the ¢ the forewing is almost as in C. m. memnon, costal area occasionally even narrower and but little darker
than the light, pure white-yellow ground-colour, but the band near the distal margin as in the type-form quite
blurred. On the hindwing the blue reflection somewhat more extended, but not reaching the distal margin.
It usually disappears at the end of the cell and shortly before the hinder angle, but in all cases a faint bluish
violet tinge is perceptible at the distal margin when viewed obliquely, much as in C. idomeneus, only not so
strong. Under surface variable, usually as in menes, but even less marked, the distal half of the cell of the
forewing and the adjoining area behind it only delicately watered with reddish yellow and white; only in the
posterior projecting angle of the cell some brownish striation is present. The dark transverse band behind
the cell then only persists in the anterior part and from the posterior angle of the cell is entirely absent or re-
presented by two slightly shaded lunules. The proximal of the two curved bands near the distal margin
again more sharply dentate than in the type-form. Hindwing mostly remaining rather dark, the posterior
eye-spot as a rule somewhat reduced. Otherwise without essential differences. 2: costal area more broadly
grey-brown, in the distal half of the cell somewhat constricted, thus better developed than in memnon 2; the
band near the distal margin more distinctly defined than in the ¢, but less sharp and not so clear as in memnon.
Blue reflection on the hindwing about as in the @2 of this subspecies, even somewhat more restricted. Under
surface of the forewing in the distal half of the cell pretty uniformly striated with brownish, the area behind
the cell to the lower median vein almost without markings, the dark transverse band distally to the cell here
only weakly indicated. Under surface of the hindwing with very close transverse striation, predominantly brown,
the median area in particular also broadly pure brown, the light cell-patch very distinctly defined. The eye-
spots large and distinct, the middle one rather full and almost round; behind it, in the angle of the lower radial
and discocellular, sometimes a small round accessory ocellus. Panama (Chiriqui). — peleus Stich. §: forewing
pale ochre-yellow, basal and costal areas rather broadly shaded with light grey-brown, the markings of the under
surface showing through rather distinctly. Distally to the cell a narrow transverse band of the ground-colot,
distinct as far as the posterior median vein. Distal area nearly black, the margin itself smoke-brown; between
the dentate lines showing through from beneath a washed-out curved band, which is only anteriorly somewhat
lighter. Hindwing with the distal margin very slightly undulate and quite narrowly dusted with whitish. Blue
reflection a beautiful indigo, but only extending to the end of the cell and to shortly before the anal angle. The
reflection shades gradually into the deep velvet-black colour of the distal half, which in places still shows some
bluish gloss. Under surface sharply and densely striated and marbled. Forewing below the strongly developed
anterior eye-spot sometimes with 3 further dark spots placed one behind another. Ground-colour in the cell
yellowish white, the light transverse band behind the cell sharply defined basally. Hindwing as in the following
form; in the type specimen there is before the middle ringed eye-spot a smaller, brownish accessory ocelles,
with white pupil and black border, separated from the former by the anterior radial. Venezuela (Merida). —
telamonius Fldr. 3: forewing light ochre-yellow. Costal area rather broadly, but only slightly, darkened with
grey-brown, markings of the under surface showing through, the light band beyond the cell well distinguishable
as far as the posterior median vein. Marginal area brown, the striation of the under surface still traceable.
Submarginal band very indistinct. Hindwing with strong blue reflection, but when viewed from above only
appearing shot with grey-blue from the base to the end of the cell and nearly to the anal angle. In an oblique
light almost the whole wing except the costal area and a spot in the apex shows deep indigo-blue reflections,
at the base slightly greenish. Distal margin undulate, slightly dusted with whitish. Under surface very profusely
striated and marbled, as in the form menes, the distal part of the cell in particular strongly clouded and striated

Vv 4)

menes.

diluta.

peléeus.

telamonius.

pavo.

pavonides.

bellerophon.

sulanus.

galba.

morpheus.

phryasus.

livius.

322 CALIGO. By H. FRuHSTORFER.

as far as a light terminal patch, the light transverse band behind it sharply defined proximally by the dark lunu-
late markings. In the distal area sometimes only a single eye-spot near the apex, the posterior one faintly
indicated or likewise distinctly developed. The dark band-like median area of the hindwing, in which the
eye-spots are placed, as a rule distinctly defined at both sides. In the distal area at least one sharply
curved band composed of dense striation. Occasionally there is a small, light-pupilled accessory eye-spot or a
brownish spot before the middle ocellus. A pronounced highland form from Pacho, East Cordillera, 2200 m.,
Colombia, western Venezuela. — pavo Rob. is a valley form; larger than telamonius. Ground-colour deep
saffron to gold-yellow, the grey-brown costal area of the forewing somewhat deeper in tone; blue reflection
of the hindwing ‘somewhat more restricted than in telamonius. Colombia, Venezuela. — pavonides subsp. nov.
replaces pavo Rob. in eastern Colombia, is likewise a valley form and differs from R6BER’s cotypes in my
collection in having the light area of the forewing pale yellow above, more suggesting memnon memnon, and
in the distinct light blue reflection in the submarginal area. Under surface with the yellowish and whitish
parts much more extended and the anal ocelli smaller than in West Colombian pavo. Taken by Fassut on the
Upper Rio Negro at 800 m. f

C. bellerophon Stich. (63 c) replaces memnon in Ecuador. The under surface apparently does not differ
materially from memnon, but on the upperside bellerophon is distinguished at once from its northern representative
by the deeper yellow, slightly greenish-tinged basal area of both wings and by having the distal part of the
marginal region brown instead of black. Hitherto only known from Ecuador.

C. eurilochus is probably the best known species of the genus and the most widely distributed in collec-
tions. We are also fully acquainted with its habits and transformations. Larva on bananas and other
Musaceae. Occurs from Honduras to Santa Catharina and from Colombia to Bolivia. — sulanus Fruhst.
(63 c), the most northerly branch, is extraordinarily rare in Guatemala and Honduras, but according to GopMAN
and SALVIN seems to occur in somewhat larger numbers in Nicaragua. 3 grey, the basal half of the hindmar-
ginal part of the forewing dusted with blue-grey, somewhat iridescent. Before the marginal area a yellowish
band, which is anteriorly distinct and straight, towards the hindmargin washed-out. Distal margin of the fore-
wing dull, dirty earth-brown. Spots near the apex present, but weakly or hardly dotted with white. Hindwing
velvety black, finely margined with white, the basal half to 24 of the cell and of the inner margin with blue-
ereen reflection. Beneath almost as brasiliensis, somewhat lighter grey than this and the striation finer; in the
forewing mostly only one eye-spot, near the apex. The posterior ocellus on the hindwing very sharply expressed,
the bordering almost saffron-yellow. 2 dark grey, copiously tinged with blue, the markings of the under sur-
face showing through strongly, the whole of the distal markings sometimes washed out and indistinctly clouded,
in any case not so distinctly expressed as in brasiliensis. Central America. — In northern Colombia sulanus
is replaced by galba Deyr. The ¢ is similar but paler, the transverse band at the cell only quite weakly indicated
by the pattern showing through from beneath, more weakly than in sulanus. The band near the distal margin
is likewise dull and washed-out, only in the anterior part somewhat more distinct, never yellowish in tone,
but pale grey-brown like the distal margin. Hindwing with stronger whitish dusting at the distal margin, the
blue of the basal area not extending to the end of the cell. Under surface almost as in the preceding, the
cell of the forewing somewhat more regularly watered, on its projecting angle less brown clouding and the light
patch more weakly marked. Hindwing with the ground-colour white, the striation coarse, especially in the ba-
sal area. The posterior eye-spot very strongly marked, its ring very broad, light ochre-yellow, at the outer
edge shaded with orange; the brown foreground less extended, light sepia, the transverse stripe running to the
anterior eye-spot not always fully developed. 92: band-markings on the forewing more distinct, almost as
in C, eurilochus brasiliensis, but not so sharply defined, the blue tinge on the forewing less extended and duller,
the costal margin in particular more broadly grey. The characters not quite constant, varying individually.
Size of the preceding. — morpheus Stich. inhabits Central Colombia; it is of very dusky, uniform, dark blue-
grey colouring with the submarginal band only quite weakly indicated. Under surface coarsely and regularly
watered, the large posterior ocellus only brown anteriorly. According to STICHEL morpheus extends southwards
to Ecuador and Peru, where it unites with /iviws Stgr. — phryasus Fruhst. Very small in habitus, about agreeing
with sulanus Fruhst. from Honduras, also similar to this race above in coloration, but easy to distinguish by the
lighter blue, more inclining to grey, on the forewing, which, moreover, bears a short whitish band at the wall
of the cell. Hindwing extremely characteristic by having the black distal area widened and encroaching on the cell.
In the middle of the wing an intensively glossy dark blue reflection, which decreases towards the base. Under
surface similar to swlanus, ocellus of the hindwing larger, more distinctly bordered with lighter yellow, placed
in a deeper brown foreground. Maracas Fall, Trinidad. Collected by A. H. Fasst. — livius Stgr. Usually
larger than the typical form; forewing pale grey-brown, even paler than in the typical subspecies, distal area
somewhat darker, particularly in the posterior part, there brownish or pale blackish and divided for its entire
breadth from the rest of the wing by a vague yellowish transverse band, which anteriorly is mostly somewhat
more distinctly expressed. The spots near the apex indistinct and washed out, distal margin somewhat lighter,
before it some vague nebulous shading, enclosed by or adjoining the marginal lines which show through from
beneath. The blue tinge in the posterior part of the wing is very faint, the green reflection at the costal mar-

CALIGO. By H. FrRunstorrer. 323

gin and in the cell entirely absent. Hindwing with whitish fringes. The blue basal area leaves the anterior
part of the cell free, is posteriorly extended only to one-half the submedian and shows only a slight sky-blue
gloss. Under surface somewhat more uniformly and regularly striated, the pupil of the eye-spot at the anal angle
commonly somewhat reduced, so that the eye-spot is very broadly ringed with yellowish. 9: forewing almost
smoke-brown, with very slight blue tinge. The spots near the apex more distinct, blackish, dotted with white
internally; distal area somewhat darkened; near the distal margin runs a lighter transverse band of spots,
strongly curved posteriorly. Between this and the margin itself, which is again somewhat lighter, is placed
a smoke-brown stripe, distally straight, proximally strongly curved. There is no real transverse band behind
the cell, only its commencement being indicated at the costal margin by a yellowish diffuse spot. Hindwing
with the basal area quite faintly blue; the bluish tinge, however, extends to beyond the end of the cell and
nearly to the hinder angle; before the posterior half of the cell, extending somewhat beyond its end, and in the
median area of the wing some sparse ochre-yellowish dusting is sometimes perceptible. Distal area black, the
margin slightly dusted with yellowish white. Under surface of the hindwing near the distal margin with two
somewhat more distinct undulate bands. Markings on the underside of the forewing showing through above
almost throughout. Western Amazons, Peru. According to Dr. HAHNEL livius is very shy of the light and re-
mains hidden during the day in dark, shady places, possibly where rotting fruits have attracted it during its
flight in the twilight. When disturbed their flight is jerky, the wings only flapping a little, and occasionally
they settle in the dark, but nevertheless visible from far off, on a hanging liana. The whole under surface
of the butterfly is then exposed, with the large brilliant yellow eye-spot showing up strikingly on the variegated
grey hindwing, and giving the insect almost an aggressive appearance. The colouring is, however, thoroughly
adapted to the grey of the twilight for the short half hour during which ivius makes its appearance morning
and evening. — caesia Stich. was described from Venezuela. Forewing suffused with light blue except for the
rather intensively black distal-marginal part. Under surface densely striated. Round the large ocellus of the
hindwing a deep dark brown patch. Strigulation in general finer than in brasiliensis Fldr. — eurilochus Cr.,
the typical subspecies, is rather rare. Upper surface of the wings pale grey, the striation of the under surface
showing through, sometimes with slightly brownish tone, distal area somewhat darker, anteriorly but little,
posteriorly more distinctly differentiated from the rest of the wing, more rarely slightly blackish (rainy-
season form ?), then at the boundary a lighter, washed-out, narrow transverse band, which touches the posterior
angle of the cell, is anteriorly slightly tinged with yellowish and terminates vaguely at the middle median
vein. In more uniformly coloured examples only a small, pale yellowish diffuse spot remains at the costal
margin before the fork of the fourth and fifth subcostal veins. The small spots near the apex mostly only indis-
tinct, without or with only very little white bordering. Surinam, Guiana. — brasiliensis Fldr. often attains
a huge size, but from Espiritu Santo to its southern limit (Sta. Catharina) it does not seem to vary, that is to
say, to be separable locally. brasiliensis may be known at once by the prominent pure white subapical spots
on the upperside of the forewing, which are not developed to the same extent in any other subspecies. Yet
examples occur, particularly in Blumenau and Espiritu Santo, in which these spots are either entirely absent
or only indicated. Blumenau 33 have more copious white irroration in the distal area of the hindwing
beneath, perhaps indicating an incipient race. At the same time a ¢ from Espiritu Santo is the melanotic
extreme. This lacks not only all the whitish, but also the yellow-brown striation, in place of which a mealy
powdering of the finest blackish scales is present (= privata form. nov.). In the submarginal area of both
wings there is a well developed longitudinal band of black colour and as the ocelli are also reduced and dark-
ened one is tempted to think one has a separate species before one. Egg hemispherical, in the middle with
an elevation somewhat like a girdle, beneath lighter and transversely grooved, attached to the underside of
leaves. Larva cylindrical, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly. Head angled, sloping anteriorly, dirty white
with black lines, when young with dense bristles, afterwards with 8 horns forming a short of crest. Body
at first dirty white, later green with dark, anteriorly forked mediodorsal band containing red-brown spots;
when full-grown the larva is dirty grey-yellow with darker-spotted dorsal line and irregular black lateral oblique
stripes sloping down posteriorly. At the posterior margin of the 5th—8thsegments are placed short, soft, conical pro-
tuberances up to. 4 mm. in height (false thorns); the tail is prolonged into a fork of about 9 mm. in length. Body
up to 12 cm. long. As long as the larva is green (to the third moult) it rests on the underside of the banana leaves
(according to SOMMERFELD gregariously), afterwards it hides on the stem among dry, hanging leaves, feeding

caesia.

eurilochus.

brasiliensis.

privata.

chiefly at night. Pupa robust, broad, tapering posteriorly and anteriorly. Dorsal edge strongly projecting, .

wing-margins likewise strong, 6th—10th segments with short black bristles on the dorsum. Body brown-
red, with black dots, black dorsal and lower lateral stripes and black lateral oblique bands, sloping down
posteriorly. On the wing-case two silvery, brownish-margined spots, the abdomen only with one entirely
free (movable) segment. The metamorphosis occupies 3—4 weeks. Brazil (Amazons and southwards), Argentina.
— pallidus Fruhst. Bolivia produces a strongly differentiated ewrilochus race, for which I propose the name
pallidus. \t has more rounded wings than ewrilochus and livius and the forewing is completely transparent,
particularly towards the apex. The scaling in the cell is not blue but yellowish and the whole apical part
of the forewing appears light brown, as the colour of the under surface shows through intensively above. The
black marginal border is almost entirely suppressed, only remaining perceptible in the anal angle of the fore-
wing, behind the 3rd median vein. The hindwing on the contrary is more broadly margined with black-brown

pallidus.

idomeneus.

apollonidas.

euphorbus.

stratonides.
marsus.

idomenides.

hippolochus.

superba.

$24 CALIGO. By H. FRuustorrer.

and the brown colour extends even beyond the apex of the cell. The basal half of the hindwing is lighter,
blue-grey. The under surface is at once distinguishable from eurilochus and livius by the yellowish brown
instead of grey-white colouring. The anal angle of the forewing is not whitish but dark grey. The subapi-
cal ocellus of the forewing is much reduced and all the ocelli of the hindwing are also considerably smaller
and more narrowly ringed with black outside. The large ocellus of the hindwing is not rounded but flat oval
and more like a cat’s than an owl’s eye. Bolivia.

C. idomeneus is one of the most beautiful species of the genus, in habitus scarcely inferior to ewri-
lochus, though it has narrower wings. It is even more susceptible to geographical influences than ewrilochus,
and splits up into a series of local races, mostly sharply differentiated, of which only three extend beyond
central Brazil. Upper surface similar to philinos, but the forewing more pointed, with the submarginal
band differing in the different races, sometimes pure white and strongly expressed, sometimes again darkened
or absent. Under surface always with prominent white patches in the cell, particularly in the gd and a bril-
liant patch of white striation in the submarginal area of both wings. Hindwing always with round ocelli, mar-
gined with bright yellow and placed in a brown or yellow foreground. idomeneus L., the name-type, inhabits
Surinam, where my collector Junius MrcHaE.is captured large numbers by means of banana-bait. All the
examples before me bear a sharply defined white longitudinal band, terminating at the posterior median, on the
forewing, which in the Q is considerably more weakly developed and is already lost at the middle median.
2 beneath always more deeply coloured, more uniform than the 3, also in the distal area of the hindwing
predominantly striated with brown-yellow. — apollonidas subsp. nov. is only known to me at present in 2
33 from Obidas on the Middle Amazon, where Micuax.is found it in August and September. 3 easy to distin-
guish from idomeneus from Surinam by the purer white submarginal band of the forewing, which is not sharply
defined but extending into the apex of the cell and there gradually lost. The black submarginal area of the
hindwing narrower than in the name-type, hence the cell in particular more broadly tinged distally with ultra-
marine blue. Under surface of the hindwing without a definite brown anteterminal area, eye-spots larger,
bordered with paler yellow. — euphorbus /Fldr. was lost for a long time, but was rediscovered by Dr.
Kocu-GRrunBerG andI have recently obtained examples also from the probable original locality, the Colom-
bian part of the upper Rio Negro. ewphorbus is a poorly coloured, dusky local form with the band of the fore-
wing washed out and the blue on the upper surface deeper and almost without gloss. Under surface very
variable according to the locality. One 2 is predominantly dull smoke-brown, with only a slightly lighter
transcellular patch on the hindwing. The 2 from Colombia (upper Rio Negro) on the contrary is distinguished
by a broad, band-like, nearly white median area and still more by the submarginal pointed marks, which
are proximally white but otherwise filled in with light brown. The Colombian ¢ also is much darkened above,
the longitudinal band of the forewing costally yellowish, otherwise grey, and as narrow as in idomenides Fruhst.
For the latter local race I would propose the name stratonides subsp. nov. — marsus Stich. is a subordinate
form, deeper-coloured and more strongly shot with blue, about as in the form ewphorbus. Whitish band on
the forewing narrowed; costal and basal areas of the forewing with greenish gloss when viewed from in front.
Ground-colour to the end of the cell and the blackish marginal area blue-violet, slightly tinged with greenish.
Hindwing to the end of the cell with faint blue-green gloss, thence deep sky-blue; the distal margin, however,
remains quite narrowly black and is slightly dusted with whitish particularly behind the apex. The deep blue
reflection extends anteriorly almost to the costal margin, only proximally leaving a blackish grey silky area.
Hindmarginal area dirty yellow. Under surface with the characteristic glaring ochre-yellow colour in the poste-
rior area, communicating itself to the bordering of the posterior eye-spot, so that the ring of the eye-spot
is lost in the yellow area. The ground-colour behind the cell chiefly white and only very sparingly striated.
Para; also in other localities together with the type-form. — idomenides Fruhst. Similar to the preceding
form, wings somewhat narrower, some of the examples smaller, ground-colour sometimes paler. Band of the
forewing in the 3 narrowed, only visible in whitish colouring to close to the upper median vein. The blue
basal area of the hindwing reduced, in an oblique light always greenish, a narrow stripe with a deep blue
gloss bounding it distally; the reflection only reaches to half the cell and is also posteriorly broadly separated
from the blue colouring of the distal margin or sometimes diffused along the posterior median vein as a deep blue
tone to the hinder angle. Distal margin slightly dusted with whitish; 9 scarcely differing above except in the
reduction of the blue basal area on the hindwing; it extends here only about to the end of the cell, the
whitish band of the forewing terminates indefinitely at the anterior median vein. Peru. — hippolochus subsp.
nov. The whitish longitudinal band of the forewing somewhat narrower, sharper than in idomenides from Peru;
under surface lighter, all the whitish parts broader, submarginal area of the hindwing nearly pure white, almost
without striation, the submarginal band of red-brown pointed curves which in zdomenides extends distinctly
almost to the terminal border absent. Ocelli ringed with lighter yellow and then more broadly with black.
Coroico, 1200 m., Bolivia. — superba Stgr. Apex of the forewing rather sharp, somewhat produced. Ground-
colour suffused with blackish, transverse band pure white, sharply defined, anteriorly slightly curved, posteriorly
ending in a point beyond the posterior median vein. Hindwing to the end of the cell with blue-grey basal
area, which in an oblique light shows a greenish, at the distal edge a deep blue gloss; from here onwards
to the distal margin a sky-blue reflection is visible in an oblique light, only leaving a more or less large

CALIGO. By H. Fruustorrer. 325

spot at the apex. Distal margin of the hindwing strongly dentate, slightly and narrowly dusted with whitish.
Under surface marked and coloured as in typical idomeneus but more sharply; the posterior eye-spot of the
hindwing comparatively small and narrowly ringed, the white area behind the cell rather strikingly contrasted
with the about equally broad brownish distal area. Southern Peru. — praecana Stich. is a form of the pre- praecana.
ceding. Shape about as in typical cdomeneus or agamemnon with the distal margin of both wings strongly
undulate, wings less broad, as large as swperba. Above clearer grey, even paler, than typical idomenides, mark-
ings of the under surface showing through distinctly. Band of the forewing narrow, about as in idomeneus,
the blue reflection extended, but scarcely more than in cdomeneus itself and on the hindwing not very brilliant.
Distal part of the hindwing black-brown. Under surface about as in idomeneus, but all the dark parts lighter
brown. Ground-colour reddish ochre, the double line before the distal margin of the forewing more strongly
dentate. On the hindwing the light areas before and behind the brown median band lighter, hindmargin
as far as the submedian ochre-yellow, which colour is extended in the anal area and united with the bordering
of the posterior ocellus. The under surface recalls rhoetus, but is even lighter and more yellow. South Peru.
— agamemnon Weym. is the largest race. Apex of the forewing almost falcate, distal margin below it deeply agamemmnon.
excised, undulate. Ground-colour dark, nearly black, but the markings of the under surface showing through
faintly, particularly in the cell and at the distal margin. Band of the forewing widened, pure white for its
entire breadth as far as the posterior median vein, beyond this distally whitish nearly to the submedian, proxi-
mally dusted with bluish. Transverse band anteriorly somewhat narrower, somewhat dentate, the sections
between the veins arranged as a series of crescentic or arcuate spots. Posteriorly these arcuate spots become
shallower, the band more continuous and only finely intersected with blackish at the veins. Not far from the
costal margin, near the apex, there is a small white spot and sometimes a second following it. Hindwing some-
what elongated, at the distal margin extremely dentate, projecting almost in points at the extremities of the
veins. Basal area grey-blue to near the end of the cell, in an oblique light greenish, distally with blue reflection.
Distal margin itself slightly dusted with whitish. Under surface extremely light, but marked in the same
way as in ‘domeneus. The transverse band of the forewing, however, much broader, the dark shading which
continues the brown colouring in the median area behind the posterior median vein condensed into a more di-
stinct band, the lines near the distal margin more strongly dentate, the proximal bordered with whitish and
towards the adjacent brownish area shaded with black-brown, so that it loses the effect of a separate line
and forms a sinuous boundary to the adjacent part of the wing. Hindwing traversed by a complete brown
median band; the posterior eye-spot, however, the greater part of which is enclosed in the band, smaller
than in typical idomeneus. The area behind the cell very distinctly separated from the distal area proper
by the white-edged, strongly dentate, band-like marking halfway between the end of the cell and the margin;
ground-colour of the distal area anteriorly chestnut-brown, posteriorly only brown along the veins, otherwise
whitish. The white patch in the middle of the cell sharply defined. Ecuador (Huamboya, Balzapamba). —
rhoetus Stgr. In the 3 the white band of the forewing is narrower and shorter, at most only distinct to the rhoetus.
2nd median vein; the blue reflection on the hindwing interrupted in the median area. Anal area ochre-yellow,
beneath the entire posterior part of the wing as far as the posterior ocellus bright ochre- or saffron-yellow;
the under surface is more brightly marked than in typical idomeneus, particularly the whitish cell-patch mostly
sharp and the transverse bands in the cell of the forewing purer whitish and sharper. 92 the same but paler.
Eastern Amazon and part of Brazil lying to the south of this; Argentina (?). I have rhoetus before me also
from Matto Grosso, a single g differing inconsiderably from STAUDINGER’s type, which I had the opportunity
of seeing in the museum at Berlin a year ago. — Two further adjacent geographical races may be separated:
namely ibykus Fruhst., which agrees with the Matto Grosso form in its relatively small size and the scarcely ibykus.
produced apex of the forewing. In ibykus, however, the anal and basal part of the hindwing beneath a duller, deader
shade of yellow. White band of the forewing resembling that of cdomeneus from Surinam. Minas Geraes;
described from 2 ff and 1 @ in coll. Fruustorrer. — ariphron Fruhst. The white band of the forewing ariphron.
much resembles that of ewphorbus, but stands out somewhat more distinctly in the g§ and is much reduced in
the 2 but still always somewhat less darkened than in the @ of euphorbus. Forewing of the gg with the
apical part much produced, the longitudinal band, compared with ibykus, scarcely half as broad in spite of its
larger size. Under surface, in accordance with its more southerly habitat, with the yellow basal tinge on the
hindwing almost entirely suppressed and the forewing essentially darkened. Espiritu Santo, from 2 gg and 3
°° in my collection.

-| C. menoetius Sigr. is a rare, very interesting species, nearly allied to idomeneus, which has led the mono- menoetius.
geapher of the Brassolids to confuse it with the latter and erroneously to call it ewphorbus Fldr. There is an
excellent figure by Srout in the fourth part of CRamER’s celebrated work aslong ago as 1782, on pl. 390. Sto,
however, originated the mistake, as he represents a 3, but calls it idomeneus 9. STAUDINGER has quite cor-
rectly observed and pointed out that menoetius differs from other Caligo in the strikingly narrow hindwing.
Upper surface uniform dark ultramarine, in the f without a trace of a band, only with broad, pale submargi-
nal area showing through faintly from the under surface. The still undescribed 2, of which there are four
examples in my collection, is round-winged, larger than the 3, lighter blue with brownish white submarginal
area on the forewing. Both sexes with the black distal margin of the hindwing scarcely half as broad as
in idomeneus. Under surface recognizable by the more vividly contrasted colours: thus both wings are tra-
versed by a more compact dark brown median area, in which are placed the somewhat larger and more

aristo-
phanes.

alreus.

dionysos.

Uranus.

ajax.

dentina.

agesilaus.

326 CALIGO. By H. FRunSTORFER.

distinctly black-ringed ocelli. Forewing with very broad black intramedian spot beyond the cell-wall and essen-
tially more pronounced black zigzag stripes in the cell itself. Both wmgs then bordered distally with deeper
brown and blackish. If it is further added that the median area of the hindwing stands out more sharply
whitish than in idomeneus, all those differential characters have been mentioned which STOLL’s figure repro-
duces so unmistakably. Surinam, also found by Dr. HaHNeL at Maues on the Lower Amazon. — aristophanes
subsp. nov. is smaller than menoetius from Surinam and the upper surface may be at once known by a rather
broad yellowish longitudinal band, suggesting idomeneus, which extends as far as the middle median. This
band, however, is always weaker than in ewphorbus and stratonides. But where aristophanes surpasses menoe-
tius is in the still more glossy, purer, brilliantly iridescent blue of the hindwing. Under surface easy to distin-
guish by the lighter grey-brown submarginal areas on the forewing and by a row of brown pointed curves
which are wanting in menoetiws. Coroico, 1200 m., Bolivia. Only known to me in one ¢ in coll. Fasst.

C. atreus is perhaps the largest species of the genus and at the same time the most gaily coloured. Fore-
wing black with a blue-violet median area, which is traversed by a whitish stripe varying in distinctness accord-
ing to the local race. Hindwing with broad light yellow or orange band, again of greater or less breadth and
with the margins more or less incised in the different local forms. Under surface brilliant red-brown with yellow
or orange distal area. Apical ocellus of the hindwing very large. Five well separated geographical races: atreus
Koll. In the g the blue-violet dusting of the hindwing viewed from above weak, in an oblique light some-
what more distinct; in it an oblique light band, anteriorly only indicated by thin, short whitish yellow hairs
and scattered light scales, gradually becoming more distinct posteriorly and about from the lower angle of the
cell onwards grey-white slightly dusted with bluish, changing towards the anal angle into almost pure white.
Boundary of this band not sharp, dusted with grey and bluish, and gradually shading into the adjoining ground-
colour. Distal area light smoke-brown. In this is sometimes placed a nebulous, slightly undulate, dark stripe,
separating another, lighter, band-like stripe from the distal margin; the latter stripe again is proximally bounded
by the corresponding, more sharply dentate second marginal line of the under surface. Sometimes the dark
stripe is absent or very much weakened. Band of the hindwing light ochre- to saffron-yellow, anteriorly whitish,
proximally not sharply defined and on the veins and between them subdentate. The band terminates about
at the extremity of the posterior median vein or somewhat before it. 92 with broader wings, the median area
of the forewing suffused with lighter blue, the transverse band mostly somewhat more distinct, the marginal
band of the hindwing broader, pale ochre-yellow, anteriorly more strongly whitish. Under surface lighter, the
markings somewhat weaker. Colombia. — dionysos subsp. nov. differs from atrews in having the band of the
forewing continued to the costal margin and almost uniformly whitish, dusted with blue-violet, in which this
form approaches its next representative, ajaz. On the hindwing the orange distal area remains darker, reaches
the black distal border and becomes broader (transition to C. wranus). Under surface with more pronounced
contrasts in colour, the white stripe of the forewing more sharply defined and especially proximally straighter,
apical ocellus of the forewing larger, anal ocellus of the hindwing considerably smaller, median area of the
hindwing deeper brown, conspicuously margined with black distally. Chiriqui (coll. FRUHSTORFER). — uranus
H.-Schaff. is the northern representative of atrews and strictly speaking only a geographical race of this widely
distributed species. It seems, however, not inconceivable that it might form a separate species on account of
its small size, more rounded wings, the absence of the black distal border of the hindwing and the presence of
larger white subapical patches on the forewing. The under surface on the contrary can only be distinguished
from atreus by the smaller eye-spots on the hindwing. I have examples before me from Honduras, where wranus
occurs very rarely; to the north southern Mexico forms the limit of its range and according to GODMAN it is
not very rare in Guatemala, where it inhabits the dense woods; when startled up it flies a short distance and
then hides on the tree-trunks. — ajax Westw. has the band of the forewing broader and more distinct; at its
commencement at the costal margin this is whitish grey with bluish dusting, but gradually changes to a pure
white colour. In the middle median cellule the band is as a rule only slightly dusted with blue, the blue scales
are there placed at both sides on the edges and finally disappear entirely. Band of the hindwing darker saffron-
yellow, in an oblique light with a quite faint purple-red or violet hue, posteriorly strongly bent in a point to-
wards the hinder angle. Venezuela. — dentina Druce has the band of the hindwing almost continuous for its
entire length, only anteriorly broken up into spots, at the proximal edge deeply dentate. Peru, Ecuador (Chimbo,
Balzapamba), Colombia (Rio San Juan). — agesilaus Druce has the forewing as in dentina, but the light trans-
verse band somewhat more distinct. In the distal marginal area the blackish nebulous stripe likewise more
distinct, so that the proximally adjoining light part near the margin is defined as a dentate band. Band of the
hindwing broken up into five separate spots, which are rather remote from the distal margin and of which the
posterior ones, and occasionally also the anterior, are loosely connected by a slight dusting. Their colour is
yellowish white, the posterior ones somewhat darker. The blackish marginal dusting extends to the middle
median vein and is united at the veins with the black-brown ground-colour of the rest of the wings. The anterior
marginal spots are heart-shaped, being proximally incised in the middle, the posterior ones elongate. Fringes
whitish yellow, standing out conspicuously against the marginal dusting. Under surface as in dentina, except
that the posterior eye-spot of the hindwing is comparatively very large, the distal area for its entire length mar-

NAROPE. By H. Fruusrorrer. 327

pled and striated with whitish and blackish, and only a narrow stripe near the distal margin, corresponding in
position to the row of spots on the upperside, is more uniform whitish. The cell-patch and the elongate ring-
spot before the middle discocellular are distinct. Q like the 3, but in general paler. Perhaps only a seasonal
form, as transitions occur to the preceding subspecies. Ecuador, Colombia (Valley of the Rio Dagua).

C. arisbe Hbn. (65 a), so far as is known, inhabits only the three Brazilian states of Sao Paulo, Rio de arisbe.
Janeiro and Espiritu Santo. I have no examples from the two former, but in Espiritu Santo Micuastis has
baited and captured arisbe sparingly with bananas. The larva lives on Marantaceae. Under surface predomi-
nantly yellow-brown with the median area much lighter yellowish, particularly in the 9. Anal ocelli strikingly
broad, first yellowish, then olive-coloured, finally ringed with black, connected with one another by an extended,
distinctly defined brown area.

C. oberthueri Deyr. is near to arisbe and must be regarded as one of the most beautiful Caligos. Upper oberthueri.
surface of the forewing dark brown-grey, that of the hindwing brown-black, the latter except at the distal bor-
der with violet-blue reflections. Under surface dark black-brown with a conspicuous pure white longitudinal
band. Ocelli on the underside unusually small. Colombia, Ecuador, very rare. — phokilides subsp. nov. inhabits phokilides.
Peru (Chanchamayo) and differs from Colombian examples in having a more indistinct, lighter yellowish longi-
tudinal stripe on the forewing. 9 lighter, the markings in the distal area more distinct. It bears there a partially
blurred undulate line, followed proximally, near the margin of the wing, by a sinuous and dentate band. In the
anterior part of this are placed near the apex three blackish spots, proximally edged with whitish, one behind
another, accompanied posteriorly by two further more shadowy spots. The band behind the cell is more distinctly
defined, almost ochre-yellow, anteriorly widened and shading into the ground-colour without any sharp demar-
cation. Hindwing with less of the blue gloss, faintly shot with violet, the light transverse band-like patch paler
and broader, in particular anteriorly; the distal margin more broadly dusted with ochreous. Under surface
as in the 3, but lighter. The egg of this rare species is only half the size of that of epimetheus and even smaller
than that of Opsiphanes bogotanus. It is of a wax-yellow colour with longitudinal ribs, base and apex some-
what flattened and smooth. Larva much darker than that of the preceding species, nearly black; the dorsal
markings consist of several irregular light brown spots; the dorsal (false) thorns are black and bent somewhat
forwards. Crest on the head and tail-fork much shorter than in epimetheus. The food-plant is a low species of
palm with primitive, nonfeathery leaves. The larvae seem mostly to occur in pairs. Fasst observed oberthuert
only on the crest of the West Cordillera above 2000 m., whilst epimetheus, although also a mountain butterfly,
only occurs lower (from 1400 to 1800m.); this also fully corresponds with the localities of the food-plants
of the two species.

C. martia Godt. (65 b) occurs where arisbe disappears and has hitherto only been brought to Europe martia.
from Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul. Probably, however, the species also occurs in the state of Parana,
which unfortunately has only been insufficiently explored. An example in my collection, which I received from
Herr Junius Arp as coming from Rio de Janeiro, shows somewhat smaller anal ocelli on the underside of the
hindwing, but the locality is not quite certain, especially as Herr Arp has obtained much material from
Sante Catharina. martia is the rarest south Brazilian Caligo; it always only occurs singly and extremely seldom
comes to baits of fruit. But it is found with great regularity on the highland of Lages near the sources of the Uru-
guay at bleeding trees, where the butterflies feed greedily, but are nevertheless very shy, so that it is not easy
to take them off their guard. The larva was apparently first described by Masitps. It is green with yellow-
ish lateral stripes. Head with two short protuberances and two long setiferous horns, dorsum with five false
thorns, hairs small, quite fine, tail with the customary double point. Pupa dark havanna-brown. Head slightly
pointed, abdomen elongated, middle part thickened, and with four transverse stripes. From September to
October. Pupal stage 20—25 days. g smaller than the 9, which we figure, and wanting the transparent sub-
marginal band of the forewing, under surface with a nebulous, black-bordered spot in the cell of the forewing,
which no other Caligo species possesses to the same extent. Behind the cell three unequal white intramedian
patches. Apical ocellus of the forewing relatively large. Anal ocellus of the hindwing much as in arisbe, black
with broad yellow bordering which posteriorly shades into greenish. In the cell of the hindwing an elongate
irregular spot, which is very variable, hardly alike in two examples, in the somewhat lighter ¢g¢ and 99 from
Rio Grande do Sul better developed than in Santa Catharina examples.

8. Genus: Narope Westw.

In this the smallest Brassolid genus we have at the same time reached also the most considerable devia-
tion from the type in shape and neuration, and indeed the species more resemble an Anaea than a Brassolid
in their smaller size, the sharply pointed forewing, the short teeth at the medians in the hindwing, and in having
the upper surface mostly uniform brown and the under surface entirely without eye-spots and variously irro-
rated; yet all other points of structure, such as palpi, forelegs and the large precostal cell, agree completely
with the family characters, while the discovery of the larva by Dr. W. Miter has removed all doubt as to the

testacea.

slygius.

cyllastros.

cyllarus.

328 NAROPE. By H. Frunstorrer.

position of Narope. The genus differs at once from all the others in the 3rd subcostal vein running into the apex
and the fork of the 4th and 5th into the distal margin below the apex. This striking neuration occurs extremely
rarely even among the Satyrids and is more a character of the Nymphalids. In addition Narope is distinguished
by further characters. The subcostal vein is not constant in the separate species, but both 4 and 5-branched;
the lst branch is either entirely wanting or in part coincident with the costal. The upper discocellular is short,
but distinctly present; the middle straight, in the same direction and of the same length as the lower, which
is only weakly curved, closes the cell obliquely and meets the median vein at a somewhat greater distance
from the 2nd branch than this is removed from the Ist. The submedian of the forewing is strongly sinuous in
the g, this formation being closely associated with the presence of a tuft in the 9 (as sexual character) on
the under surface beneath this vein; with the hair-tuft corresponds a shiny spot at the costal margin on the
upperside of the hindwing. The precostal cell is extraordinarily large and well developed; the precostal vein
simple, nearly straight, proximally directed. The cell is obliquely closed by a rather short and straight lower
discocellular. Head large, eyes naked, palpus flat, densely scaled and haired; first joint short, second about 4
times as long, terminal joint short, pointed, extending beyond the head. Antenna moderately long with the
club gradually thickened. Thorax strong, densely haired; legs strong, abdomen short, pointed. Forewing with
strongly curved costa and prominent, pointed apex. Distal and inner margins in the ¢ nearly straight, anal
angle sharp. The under surface mostly bears a scent-spot and hair-pencil.. Uncus with the processes short and
divergent, i. e. with the points directed outwards. Valve simple, with two strong teeth. Hindwing often slightly
angled. Cell of the forewing broad at the end, more than half the length of the wing. This genus contains the
smallest species of the family; they are uniformly coloured, the under surface resembling leaves; they come
to light and are also observed on bait at night. — Larva on bamboo, feeding by night, its general appearance
like that of the other Brassolid larvae. Head with 3 pairs of horns, end of the body with tail-fork. — Pupa
compact, ventrally compressed, with short tubercles and two horns on the head, suspended, with one free seg-
ment. South and Central America (from Paraguay to Guiana on one side, from Bolivia to Mexico on the other).

Hindwing more or less distinctly produced at the distal margin.

N. cyllastros is the commonest and best known species of the genus and is at the same time the only
one which extends northwards beyond Colombia and of which the early stages are known. — In testacea Godm. &
Salv. the 3 is rust-red above, apex of the forewing and basal half of the hindwing darkened with brownish. Distal
margin of the latter wing only feebly angled at the middle median vein. Under surface pale ochreous with
scattered darker small spots, striae and shading, the whitish spots of the hindwing apparently always absent
with the exception of the anterior ones. 2 with the hindwing more strongly angled; upper surface of the
wings dark brown or smoke-brown. Panama (Chiriqui), Very rare, only a few examples yet found. — stygius
Stgr., from Fonteboa on the Upper Amazon, was erected on a 9 received from Dr. Hannet. Smaller, with
the general colouring even darker than in cyllastros (62 d), under surface somewhat less intermixed with whitish
grey. Hindwing with seven yellowish anteterminal dots, of which the first is distinctly oval and ringed with
black, whilst the sixth is the strongest. — cyllastros Westw. (= cyllene Fldr.), probably described from examples
from Rio de Janeiro, is considerably darker in the 3 above than the original of our figure (62d) (which came
from Santa Catharina) and beneath as pale as the Q figured from Santa Catharina; a difference which is already
mentioned by STAUDINGER in his ,,Exotische Tagfalter“* 1888, p. 218. In the course of two years I took only
a few examples near Theresopolis, Sta. Catharina, and I have 22 before me from Blumenau. According
to BONNINGHAUSEN very rare in shady places near Rio de Janeiro. Taken by me at banana bait. Dr. WILHELM
M@xteR found the larva feeding at night on bamboo, it was already in the fifth stage and a few days before
pupation was 7.5cm. in length, inclusive of the tail-fork, which was 6mm. Head with three pairs of horns oblique-
ly directed posteriorly, arranged like a collar, body thickened towards the middle, otherwise slender, the
horns and the tail-fork laterally compressed, the two parts of the tail arismg far apart, but running parallel;
head brown with a black spot in the middle below the horns, which sends out two stripes to the base of the
horns and two to the lower angles of the head. Body a mixture of pale red and grey-brown. The pale
red colour is somewhat irregularly arranged and forms undulate lines. Pupa rather stout, the posterior seg-
ments dorsally rounded with a slight central ridge, which is divided into three humps, in addition two further
protuberances at the base of the wings and two horns. The wing-margins are indistinct. The markings present
a peculiar mixture of yellow, brown and black; here and there, especially on the dorsum, there are some
white spots.

N. cyllarus Westw. (62d) with the type from the state of Rio de Janeiro, where the species occurs very
rarely in the Organ Mountains. MicHae.ts discovered it in Espiritu Santo, I myself found it in Santa Catharina.
One ¢ in my collection is said to come from Rio Grande do Sul and SricHet names Sao Paulo as a further
locality. 3: head and eyes uniformly reddish brown. Venter and legs pale ochre-yellow. Upper surface reddish
brown, of lighter or darker tone, basal and apical areas somewhat duller. At the end of the cell, on the lower disco-

Publ. 31. V. 1912. NAROPE. By H. Fruusrorrer. 329

cellular and again not far from the distal margin between the radials there is a small black-brown spot, the
last-named sometimes indistinct or absent. Distal margin darkened, with a narrow blackish undulate band,
not sharply defined. Under surface pale ochre-yellow, very variegated, irregularly marbled with darker and whi-
tish shades. At the costal margin, in the cell and in the distal marginal area dotted with dark brown, then
with two more or less distinct dark transverse bands; apex dusted with whitish, at the turned-up part of the
hindmargin an anteriorly directed light hair-tuft, covering an anal scent-spot. Hindwing with the distal mar-
gin angled at the second median vein; colouring as in the forewing, at the end of the cell darker spotted,
anal area lighter, a scent-spot at the middle of the costa. Under surface lighter with dark transverse band;
distal area darker with submarginal undulate band. In the ° the distal marginal band is more sharply defined,
general colouring somewhat paler. South Brazil (Sta. Catharina, Sao Paulo, Espiritu Santo).

N. sarastro Sigr. Head dull ochre-yellow, upperside of the abdomen and thorax red-brown, underside sarastro.
and legs ochre-yellow. Forewing with scent-spot and pencil as in the preceding species; shape of the wings
similar, but the apex of the forewing more pointed, more projecting. Upper surface red-brown, apex and distal
margin blackish. Under surface almost ochre-brown, with darker spots and striation, especially at the costa.
Cell “crossed by two diffuse, darker bands. A triangular darker marginal area in the distal third of the wing
is bounded by a light stripe, running from the apex towards the middle of the inner margin. Hindwing unicolo-
rous with very dull submarginal band which is darker at the apex. Under surface with 3 diffuse, darker paral-
lel bands, running from the costal margin in a slight curve to the inner margin. 9 dark brown, distal margin
narrowly reddish brown, apex of the forewing strongly produced; starting from the costal margin an elongate
diffuse reddish brown spot, which is bag-shaped and rounded off near the distal margin below the apex. Under
surface light grey-brown, irregularly irrorated and dotted. In the apical area dusted with whitish, from there
obliquely towards the hindmargin a darker, distally dirty white nebulous band, much as in the g. In the
fork of the 4th and 5th subcostal veins and also below the latter a small whitish spot, behind it a small blackish
spot, slightly white-pupilled, then again a small white dot. Hindwing with the distal margin lighter, not sharply
defined. This shade is widened posteriorly and anteriorly runs out on the veins. Under surface coloured
like the forewing, indistinctly clouded with darker, near the middle of the costal margin a dark dot surrounded
by a lighter area, accompanied posteriorly by a row of spots parallel with the distal margin, the first two are
mere rounded spots of a lighter shade, while those which follow form elongate whitish patches. Colombia, Rio
Agnaca Valley, about 2000 m., Upper Rio Negro at about 800 m., taken by Fasst. — disyllus subsp. nov. disyllus.
is a smaller form, mainly grey-brown instead of reddish ochreous, the apical border of the forewing duller
grey instead of black, the terminal band of the hindwing washed out, the yellowish patch in the cell and
along the costal of the forewing in more vivid contrast to the grey median part. Under surface darker, more
copiously banded with red-brown and with deeper purple gloss. Huancabamba, 1500 m., Peru.

N. anartes Hew. Forewing in the ¢ forming a right-angled triangle, costal margin curved, apex anartes.
rectangular, sometimes produced into a slight point, distal margin nearly straight. Hindmargin straight,
from the base outwards somewhat folded over for a third of its length. Upper surface lighter or darker rust-
brown. Apex broadly blackish. Under surface pale ochre-yellow, with the exception of the hindmarginal
area spotted and clouded with black-brown. Across the cell run 2 dark, irregularly defined bands. Before
the apex close to the costal margin a small white spot, the apex itself dusted with whitish. At the folded
part of the hindmargin a light brown hair-tuft, covering an oval yellow scent-spot. Hindwing smoke-brown,
distal margin with undulate boundary-line, relieved with rust-brown. Under surface brown, clouded, spotted
and watered with lighter and darker; a dark band from the middle of the costa obliquely across the cell to the
submedian. Medianarea sometimes posteriorly dark shaded and bordered with whitish, and containing an undu-
lated row of spots parallel with the distal margin. The spot in the lower median cellule always somewhat
larger and more distinct, mostly elongate or reniform. Close to the uniformly brown distal margin is placed
a blackish undulate line, the margin itself is more or less undulate and at the middle median vein more or less
strongly angled. The colouring, particularly beneath, of varying sharpness, the under surface sometimes

with very diversified marbling. Bolivia. — syllabus Stgr. is the somewhat larger race from Chanchamayo in syllabus.
Peru.

Distal margin of the hindwing in the ¢ fully rounded.

N. nesope Hew. Forewing triangular, apex sharply rectangular, distal margin anteriorly straight, nesope. _
posteriorly slightly convex; hinder angle smoothly rounded, hindmargin straight, near the middle narrowly
turned up. Upper surface red-brown, basal area behind the cell grey-brown, gradually becoming dusted with
velvety blackish; under surface reddish brown, clouded and marbled with darker. Near the base and across
the end of the cell a dark brown band, the latter broadest at the costal margin; in the costal area a small
white spot. At the apex whitish dusting and near it three small black dots. Hindwing almost oval. Distal
margin without appreciable angle, but the hinder angle rather prominent. Upper surface grey-brown with
faint rust-red tone, distal margin somewhat lighter, red-brown; costal margin light brown, a bare friction-
area with small yellowish pilose spot before the subcostal blackish. — Under surface brown, near the base dark-
er, further posteriorly with three reddish spots. From the costal margin to the anal angle runs a dark brown

Vv 42

cyllabarus.

panniculus.

albopunc-
tum.

fruhstorferi.

330 NAROPE. By H. FrRuHSTORFER.

band, behind the middle distally bordered with whitish, and beyond the cell an undulate row of small black
spots, of which the two nearest to the hinder angle are dotted with white. Ecuador.

N. cyllabarus Westw. Apex of the forewing rather pointed, distal margin slightly convex. Upper sur-
face rust-brown or fox-red, towards the distal margin somewhat darkened; the latter itself pale brown, the
dark tone thus forming a vague band. Before the anterior median vein near the distal margin a black, white-
pupilled spot. Under surface ochre-yellow, spotted and marbled with brown, but not sharply. From the costal
2 diffuse transverse bands across the cell; from the whitish apex an oblique, diffuse nebulous band runs towards
the middle of the inner margin. A black dot in the distal part of the cell and another between the radials before
the distal margin. Hindwing likewise rust-brown with distinctly defined dark submarginal band. Under
surface pale brown, costa striated, in the middle of the costal area a dark, white-pupilled spot; the rest of the
wing indistinctly spotted and marbled with darker; across the middle of the wing a diffuse dark oblique band.
Scent-spot as in the preceding species. Cayenne, Colombia, Amazons, Bolivia.

N. panniculus Stich. ¢: head, palpus, antenna, body and upper surface of the wings smoke-brown,
in specimens from Bolivia darker, nearly blackish. Forewing right-angled-triangular, costal margin curved,
apex sharp, almost rectangular, distal margin fairly straight, hinder angle rounded-rectangular, hindmargin
straight, about in the middle somewhat folded. In the posterior part of the median area a large, rounded,
velvety spot of darker colour; this is placed proximally to the cell, its anterior extremity nearly touches the upper
median vein, distally it remains about 5 mm. from the margin of the wing and posteriorly it extends beyond
the submedian but with its boundary not sharply defined. Under surface lighter, irregularly spotted. Base
darker shaded, then 2 abbreviated nebulous bands across the cell, in the apical area a small white spot; scent-
organ as in the preceding. Hindwing above unicolorous with light oval scent-spot. Under surface lighter,
slightly sprinkled with brownish, with indistinctly defined nebulous band beyond the cell; beyond the middle
of the costa a small white dot. Paraguay, Bolivia (Rio Yuntas). 1 ¢ from Matto Grosso in coll. FRUHSTORFER
is smaller than Paraguay ¢¢, paler grey-brown, beneath light earth-coloured, hindwing with large liver-like
intramedian ocellus, broadly filled in with white. ;

Hindwing of the g above without scent-spot, but with a small hair-pencil arising in the cell and partially con-
cealed in a pouch-like fold.

N. albopunctum Stich. Head and body smoke-brown above, whitish grey-brown beneath. Wings
dark smoke-brown above, without markings except a small, pure white spot in the apical area behind the fifth
subcostal vein, near the distal margin. Under surface marbled and shaded with lighter and darker brown.
Costal margin dark, with short whitish striation. Starting from it two dark, irregularly defined transverse
bands, one across the cell, terminating at the median; at the margin near the base a thin, anteriorly directed
hair-tuft without scent-scale spot. Hindwing about triangular, with convex margins. Costal margin
somewhat less convex, apex rounded, distal margin curved, slightly undulate, at the anterior median vein
obtusely angled. Hinder angle obtuse. Upper surface without markings, hindmarginal area more thinly scaled,
pale grey-brown, in the cell and along the submedian long brown hairs. On the wall of the cell, before the ori-
gin of the posterior median vein, a small hair-pencil, extending beyond the median, and partially concealed
in a pouch-like fold on the lower median. Under surface brownish, strongly watered and dotted with whitish,
particularly in the proximal half, which is sharply bounded by a narrow brown stripe running obliquely from
the distal part of the costal margin to the distal quarter of the hindmargin. In the distal part of the wing
an undulated row of black-brown, lighter-bordered dots, about halfway between the end of the cell and the
margin of the wings; the first dot sometimes with white centre. Then follows a vague chain of dark spots
similarly arranged and afterwards copious whitish marbling, the distal margin narrowly brown. Length
of the forewing 28 mm. Peru _(Mareapata).

Addenda.

P. 293. Opsiphanes fruhstorferi Rdb. (63a) should be inserted before sulciws. Black-brown above,
the forewing with white oblique band, broken in its posterior part, arising in the middle of the costa and ter-
minating in a narrow point before the distal margin at the posterior median vein. In the apex of the fore-
wing 3 small white spots, hindwing with lighter, irregular, broad submarginal line. Under surface brownish
grey, uniformly striated, with 2 larger, and between them 2 smaller ocelli. @ similar, larger, the apical
spots of the forewing and the submarginal line of the hindwing more distinct. South Brazil: Sta. Catharina,
Lages. Very local; I found it only at the sources of the Uruguay. where the water-courses traverse those wooded
places which occupy the valleys of the Campos. The butterflies fly near the ground and regularly frequent
the sap exuding from small trees, at which they feed for hours. Time of flight the end of December to February
and March.

eRe

Alphabetical List of the American Brassolidae.

331

Alphabetical List

with reference to the original descriptions of the forms of the American Brassolidae.
* signifies that the form is also figured at the place cited.

Guben 20, p. 211.

adjecta Ops. Stich. Entom. Zeitschr.
De oleae
*

aequatorialis Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46,
aesacus Er. H.-Schiff. AuBereur. Schmett. p. 55
agamemnon Cal. Weym. Stiibel’s Reise, p. 62.
agasthenes Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 135.
agesilaus Cal. Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 9, p. 321.
ajax Cal. Wesitw. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2. *
albopunectum Nar. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 21, p. 6.
amphimedon Er. Fidr. Novara, 2 (2) Lep. p. 454.
amphirhoe Ops. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 2. *
amplifieatus Ops. Stich. Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 46, p.
amplior Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 501.
anartes Nar. Hew. Butt. Bolivia, p. 9.

anaxarete Dyn. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1. p. 148. *
andromeda Ops. Stich. Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 46, p.
aorsa Ops. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 447.
apollonidas Cal. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 322.
ardens Brass. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 20, p. 389.

*

514.

501.

arisbe Cal. Hbn. Smilg. Exot. Schmett. 2. *
aristophanes Cal. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 324
arsippe Ops. Hpjfr. Stett. Zg. 35, p. 358.

aspherus Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 294.

astyra Brass. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 457.
atlas Cal. Réb. Soc. Entom. 19, p. 146.
atreus Cal. Koll. Denkschr. Akad. Wien. 1, p. 356. *

badius Ops. Stich. Intern. E. Z. 1, p. 30. *
baronesa Das. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 21. p. 21.

bassus Ops. Fldr. Novara 2 (2) Lep. p. 453.

beata Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 140.

belisar Ops. Stich. Wytsman’s Gen. Insect. 20, p. 26.
bellerophon Cal. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 20, p. 389.

beltrao Cal. Jl. Mag. Insect. 1, p. 199.
bereeynthia Ops. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, p.
berecynthnia Ops. Hpfir. Stett. Zg. 35, p. 358.

bogotanus Ops. Dist. Ent. Month. Mag. 11, p. 203.
boisduyalii Ops. Westie. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2. *
bolivyianus Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 512.
bracteolata Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 490.
brasiliensis Cal. Fldr. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 12, p. 476.
buboculus Er. Bélr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 74.

camena Ops. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 213. *

cassiae Ops. L. Syst. Nat. (X), p- 468.

cassiculus Ops. Stich. Wytsman’s Gen. Insect. 20, p. 18.
cassina Ops. Fidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 122.

cassiope Ops. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 88. *

cassiopeia Ops. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 211. *

castaneus Ops. Stich. Wytsman’s Gen. Insect. 20, p. 19.
eatharinae Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 505.
cheiremon Er. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 310.
chiriquensis Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 517.
corrosus Ops. Stich. Wytsman’s Gen. Insect. 19, p. 19.
ereusa Das. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 2. *

cuspidatus Ops. Stich. Wytsman’s Gen. Insect. 20, p. 21.
eyllabarus Nar. Westw. Db!. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 349.
cyllarus Nar. Westw. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 349.

eyllastros Nar. Westw. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2. *

cyparissa Ops. Fruhst. Intern. Ent. Z. 1, p. 36.

darius Dyn. F’. Syst. Ent. p. 482. ;
decentius Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 136. _
dentina Cal. Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 155.

didymaon Ops. Fldr. Novara 2 (2) Lep. p. 453.
diluta Cal. Stich. Thierr. 25, p. 182.
dimidiata Brass. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 287

dionysos Cal. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 324.
disyllus Nar. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 327.
ditatus Ops. Thieme, Ins.-Borse 19, p. 339.
dohrni Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46,
dubia Ops. Réb. Soc. Entom. 21, p. 19.

epimetheus Cal. Fldr. Novara 2 (2) Lép. p. 455.
euphorbus Cal. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 123.

eurilochus Cal. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 53. *
exultus Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 503.

fabricii Ops. Bdv. Lép. Guatemala, p. 54.

faenius Dyn. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 289.
farrago Ops. Stich. Wytsman’s Gen. Insect. 20, p. 20.
fruhstorferi Cal. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 21, p. 21.

fumosa Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 491.
fuseata Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 52, p. 177.

galba Cal. Deyr. Rev. Mag. Zool. (3) 2. *
generosa Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 36, p. 498. *
gerhardi Er. Weeks, Proc. New-Engl. Zool. Club 3, p. 3.

~glaukias Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 294.

granadensis Brass. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 521. *

haenschi Brass. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 520. *
hannibal Dyn. Oberth. Et. d’Ent. 6, p. 28.

hemichroa Er. Bélr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 3.

hilara Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 489.
hippolochus Cal. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 323.

icterica Dyn. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 21, p. 21.

idomeneus Cal. L. Syst. Nat. (X) p. 464.
idomenides Cal. Fruhst. Iris 16, p. 317.

ilioneus Cal. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 81. *

incolumis Ops. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 21, p. 21.

insulanus Cal. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 21, p. 21.
intermedius Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 515.
invirae Ops. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 1. *

isagoras Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 138.

isthmia Brass. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 164.

japetus Cal. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 20, p. 389.
josephus Ops. Godm. Biol. Centr. Am. Rhop. 1, p. 126. *
juruana Er. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 311.

kleisthenes Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 297.

latitaenia Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 145.

ledon Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 302.

litura Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 144.

livius Cal. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 74.

lucullus Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 136.

lurida Brass. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 520.
luteipennis Ops. Bitlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 425.
lutescentefasciatus Ops. Kirby. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 716.
luxuriosa Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 497.
lycomedon Er. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 423.

macrosiris Dyn. Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2. *
magnalis Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 496.
maritima Brass. Stich. Ins.-Boérse 20, p. 389.
marsus Cal. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 21, p. 204.

martia Cal. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 450.
memnon Cal. Fidr. Novara (2) 2, p. 454.

menes Cal. I’ruhst. Ins.-Bérse 20, p. 413.

menoetius Cal. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 215.
merianae Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 518.
meridionalis Ops. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 213.
mieans Cal. Rob. Soc. Entomol. 18, p. 146.

midas Ops. Stich. Soc. Entomol. 23, p. 83.
morpheus Cal. Stich. Ins.-Borse 20, p. 389.

mutatus Ops. Stich. Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 46, p. 514.
mylasa Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 133.

napoleon Dyn. Westw. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2. *
nesope Nar. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 32.

nicandrus Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 301.
nocturna Cal. Stich. Ins.-Boérse 20, p. 389.

notandus Ops. Stich. Ins.-Boérse 21, p. 21.

novicia Er. Stich. Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 20, p. 32.

| nubilus Cal. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 129.

numatius Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 303.

332 Alphabetical List of the

oberon Cal. Bélr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 488. |
oberthurii Cal. Deyr. Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 23, p. 20. *
obidonus Cal. Fruhst. Soc. Entom. 18, p. 145.

obidonus Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 134.

oculata Ops. Stich. Wytsman’s Gen. Insect. 20, p. 18.
oedipus Cal. Stich. Ins.-Boérse 20, p. 389.

oileus Cal. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 111.

opimus Er. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 217.

oresbios Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 300.

orgetorix Ops. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 6, p. 177.
ornamentalis Brass. Stich. Ent. Zeitschr. Guben 20, p. 209.

pallidus Cal. Fruhst. Ins.-Bérse 21, p. 125.
pampeiro Cal. Fruhst. Soc. Entom. 18, p. 145.
pamphanis Pen. Westw. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 347.* |
panniculus Nar. Stich. Ins.-Borse 21, p. 6.

panormus Ops. Rob. Soc. Entom. 21, p. 20.

pavo Cal. Réb. Soc. Entom. 18, p. 145.

pavonides Cal. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 320.
peleus Cal. Stich. Wytsman’s Gen. Insect. 20, p. 37.
periphetes Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 303.
pharnaces Dyn. Stich. Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 52, p. 174.
pheidriades Cal. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 317.
philademus Cal. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 216.
philinos Cal. Fruhst. Ins.-Borse 20, p. 413.
philocala Brass. Stich. Ins.-Borse 21, p. 21.
philon Ops. Fruhst. Intern. E. Z. 1, p. 30. *
phokilides Cal. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p.
phorbas Cal. Réb. Soc. Entom. 18, p. 146.
phorkys Cal. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 315.
phoroneus Cal. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 129.
phrataphernes Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 298.
phryasus Cal. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 322.
phylas Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 299.
placentia Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 308.
placidianus Cal. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 216.

placita Ops. Stich. Entom. Zeitschr. Guben 20, p. 211.
polyxena Er. Meerb. Ofbald. zeldz. Gew. *
polyxenus Cal. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 20, p. 389.
praecana Cal. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 52, p. 176.
praegrandis Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 142.
praxsiodus Cal. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 317.
principesa Das. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 21, p. 21.

privata Cal. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 321.
prometheus Cal. Koll. Denkschr. Akad. Wien 1, p. 357. * |
pseudocassiae Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 140.
pseudophilon Ops. Fruhst. Intern. Ent. Z. 1, p. 29. *
pudicus Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 136.

pusillus Er. Stich. Ins.-Bérse 20, p. 389.

325.

quaestor Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 512. *
quirinalis Ops. Stgr. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 512.
quirinus Ops. Godm. d Salv. Biol. Centr. Amer. Rhop. 1, p. 128.
quiteria Ops. Cr: Pap. Exot. 4, p. 49. *

rectifasciata Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 131.

reevesi Er. Westw. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2. *
relucens Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Ze. 68, p. 130.

remoliatus Ops. Fruhst. Intern. E. Z. 1, p.

29. *

| stratonides Cal. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p.

| xanthicles Ops. Godm. & Salv. Biol. Centr. Am.

American Brassolidae.

rhoetus Cal. Stgr. Exot. Schmett. 1, p. 215.
rubigatus Ops. Stich. Wytsman’s Gen. Insect. 20, p. 19.
rusina Das. Godt. Encycl. Méth. 9, p. 451.

_ sallei Ops. Westw. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2. *

saltus Cal. Kaye, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 165.
sarastro Nar. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 218. *

seamander Cal. Bdv. Lép. Guatemala p. 57.

seleucida Er. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. (Poy. 1.) *

| sikyon Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 297. *

singularis Ops. Weym. Ivis 20, p. 15. *
sodalis Ops. Réb. Soc. Entomol. 20, p. 177.
sophorae Brass. LZ. Mus. Ulr. p. 266.

| soranus Ops. Westw. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 345.

spadix Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 510.
spintharus Er. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 311.
sticheli Ops. Réb. Soc. Entomol. 21, p. 20.

322.
strix Dyn. Bat. Entom. Month. Mag. 1, p. 164.
strophios Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 137.
stygianus Dyn. Bélr. Cistul. Entomol. 1, p. 73.

| stygius Nar. Stgr. Exot. Schmett. 1, p. 218. *

subsericea Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 141.
sulanus Cal. Fruhst. Soc. Entom. 18, p. 145.

| suleius Ops. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 212.

superba Cal. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 215.

| supremus Ops. Stich. Wytsman’s Gen. Insect. 20, p. 29.
| suzanna Cal. Deyr. Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 23, p. 275. *
| syllabus Nar. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. p. 218.

syme Ops. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 2. *

tamarindi Ops. Fldr. Wien. Entom. Mon. 5, p. 111.

| telamonius Cal. Fidr. Wien. Entom. Mon. 6, p. 422.

terenzius Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 297.

testacea Nar. Godm. & Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) 2, p. 259.
teucer Cal. Z. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 464.

theognis Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 310.

tristis Er. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 217. *

umbratilis Cal. Stich. Ins.-Boérse 20, p. 389.
unditaenia Ops. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 144.
uranus Cal. H.-Schaff. AuBereur. Schmett. p. 55. *

velata Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 497.
versitineta Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 495. *
vertebralis Das. Btlr. Cistul. Entomol. 1, p. 2

| vicenciona Ops. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 306.

vulpeculus Brass. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 46, p. 520.

| wardi Er. Bdv. Lép. Guatemala p. 58.

Rhop.
posl3sOne

xanthus Ops. LZ. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 472.

zelotes Ops. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Opsiph. 1). *

zelus Ops. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 52, p. 174.

zeuxippus Cal. Druce Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 9, p. 321.

zolvizora Er. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5 (Pov. 2). *

luteipennis

quiteria

N

Fauna americana l,

bare tt

wn

aes

eae

SS

SESE

——=

MORPHID. By H. Fruusrorrer. 333

6. Family: Morphidae West.

This small family embraces the most strikingly characteristic butterflies of South America and the
most magnificent of the Lepidoptera, which show the butterfly type in a perfection that is only surpassed by
the Indo-Malayan Ornithoptera. The brilliant colouring of the upper surface and the elegant ocelli which nearly
always adorn the under make the Worphidae superficially a very distinct, easily recognized group. It is not very
easy, however, to separate them morphologically, for inspite of the external differences there are only indefi-
nite structural distinctions from the Brassolids, Satyrids and Nymphalids and they form rather a transition from
the Satyrids to the Nymphalids, so that they can only with difficulty be maintained as a separate family. Also
from the Indian Amathusuds, which were formerly united with them, they only differ essentially in their habits
and the food-plants of the larvae. All the Morphids agree in the weakly developed thorax, short abdomen, and
in an extraordinarily powertul flight, which latter at once separates them from the sluggish Satyrids, Amathu-
siids and Brassolids.. They share with the Nymphalids the habit of flying in the brightest sunshine, and
structurally the open cell of the hindwing. With the Indian Amathusiids the Morphids are indeed somewhat
allied in having larvae of the same shape, but differ again in the food, as the larva of the Amathusiids feeds on
Monocotyledons, that of the Morphids, as far as is known, exclusively on Dicotyledons. From the bulk of the
Amathusiids their Neotropical relatives differ in having two subcostal veins arising before the end of the
cell on the forewing, a form of neuration which is only found again quite exceptionally in the Taenarid genus
Hyantis. In the clasping-organs, however, the Morphids are highly specialized, and although the general arrange-
ment of the tegumen suggests the Satyrids and Brassolids, those of Morpho differ in the extremely massive,
unshapely uncus and valve. In some species (Morpho hercules) the breadth of the uncus actually exceeds
that of the valve in the other families and is not equalled even in the Nymphalids. The robust uncus only
recurs in the Brassolids (Dynastor darius) and even here considerably less extreme; the valve finds an ana-
logy in the Papilionids (Ornithoptera) and in Hestia. The amorphous lateral clasps of the uncus, however, are
entirely without a parallel. In the neuration may further be mentioned the fairly similar course of the disco-
cellulars and their nearly uniform length. In the nearly straight middle and lower discocellulars the Morphids
and Brassolids contrast with the Amathusiids, in which the lower discocellular is as a rule concave and deeply
retracted proximally. The precostal cell of the hindwing may be distinctly developed (Morpho menelaus)
or absent (WM. catenarius), in the former case providing a further link with the Brassolids, in the latter
with the Amathusiids. The median spur of the forewing also, on which Dr. Scuatz lays special stress, is
variable: either robust, short and pointed or filiform and distally curved, as is found also in the Amathusiids.
The size of the cell of the forewing varies in the different groups of species; it is large in the menelaus, smaller
in the hecuba-hercules group. GOoDMAN and SALvIN in 1881 recognized two subdivisions according to the shape
of the hindwing: a) with tailed (hecuba group) and b) with rounded hindwing (cypris group). Between the
two stand the members of the aega group with elongate, narrow hindwing. Dr. Scuarz divided the species into
six subdivisions, according to the scheme of colouring. The coloration of the 40 or so known species is
indeed unusually variable and may be pure white or brilliant blue; between these come the members of the hercules-
hecuba group with all gradations from light yellow to dark green and a dull chalky blue. The degree of
sexual dimorphism is quite as variable as the colouring; species occur with the sexes almost alike (laertes,
hecuba, hercules), whilst the rhetenor-cypris group shows astonishing contrasts in colour. It is worthy of note

that just those 33 which haye the brilliant Morpho colouring (cypris, rhetenor) consort with almost ugly clay-
yellow or dull ochreous 22, which still tend to retain the colour of the Brassolids, from which the Morphids
have probably developed. In a few species, however, transitions also occur.

The brilliant gloss of the 33 is solely a physical phenomenon and is not due to any blue pigmentation
in the scales, but to interference of the rays of light which pass through the infinitely thin layers of the scales.
The scales themselves are simple yellowish to brownish, or opaque milk-white, extremely resistant in the chlo-
ride bath. The eyes of all the Morphids are naked, the antennae delicate, gradually terminating in a weak
club. Apart from a friction-area at the basal part of the inner margin of the forewing no secondary sexual
characters are present. One species is said to smell strongly of sulphur.

The egg of the Morphids is very large, in some species (menelaus) up to 2 mm. in diameter, hemisphe-
rical, not shiny, grey-white and but little transparent. In the species of the achilles group it has a narrow
red-brown horizontal ring, in one species (peleides) the surface is rough (Fasst).

334 MORPHIDA. By H. Fruustorrer.

The larvae live in nests on different forest-trees and especially on the climbing plants, but attack
one another. There are about five moults. Larva cylindrical, rather slender, somewhat thickened in the middle,
tapering posteriorly. The last segment terminates in an indistinct tail-fork. The head is comparatively
large and bears a pair of horizontal, conical processes, directed anteriorly, which are sometimes only rudimen-
tary. Colour always bright, sometimes variegated, yellowish with red-brown dorsal stripes or cross-shaped
figures, back with long subdorsal tufts of bristles, of which the middle and posterior are in some cases gaily
coloured. Pupa similar to that of the genus Amathusia but more oval. Head with two tubercles, wing-cases
distinctly projecting, abdomen sometimes belted with yellow; colour green or yellowish. Pupa on twigs or leaves
attached by the abdomen but hanging free. The pupal stage lasts 20—30 days.

The Morphids, especially the entirely blue species, form on account of their brilliance a characteristic
of the South American landscapes. They strike every naturalist and mention of them recurs in works of travel
with the same stereotyped regularity as the description of the parrot’s flight or the abundance of the humming-
birds.

The author of these lines had the pleasure of himself observing Morphids in the woods of Sta. Catharina,
but especially in a lonely side valley of the Capivary River, which at that time was still little explored by white
men. A crystal waterfall sprinkled the roots of the forest giants, providing a point of attraction for butter-
flies of all kinds. Just as wild animals tread down regular tracks in order to reach water, so the Morphids
assembled here daily, followmg up any chance clearings to get to the cascade, as if they came to seek cooling
refreshment among the softly rustling arches of the tall bamboos, which were shaken and bedewed by the foam-
ing water. They did not come in crowds but singly, floating along quietly. And how patiently one waited,
until after some minutes of silent expectation a second iridescent form appeared, to be captured with the almost
unfailing certainty of long practice as soon as it ventured within reach of the net.

The magic impression which the Morphids make on the European traveller seems to be shared also by
the natives. Dr. Kocu tells us (Archiv fiir Anthropologie, Brunswick, 1906, V, part 4, p. 295) that Morpho
menelaus is chosen as a favourite model for the dance-masks of the red-skins on the Upper Rio Negro and Ya-
pura Uaupes.

The habits of the separate species differ very much. Some, such as achilles and deidamia, fly unsteadily
at the edges of woods or along the forest-paths which intersect the tropical forests and commonly settle on leaves
or damp places on the ground or on the river-banks, also on fallen fruit. One species (catenarius) prefers the
underwood, is even found near human habitations and can be baited in rather large numbers with hung-up
bananas. The species of the hecuba, menelaus and rhetenor groups, however, avoid the ground; they never
leave the timber-forests and soar round the tops of the highest trees without appreciable movement of the
wings. In Ecuador it has been observed that the species of the M.menelaus group, which were flying along a
small wooded branch-valley, stopped short on the bank of a broad river and flew back into the shade, not ven-
turing even to cross a short open space in order to reach the other wooded bank.

The range of the Morphids extends over the whole of tropical and a part of subtropical America, from
Mexico as faras Southern Brazil and Northern Argentina. The Amazon is its headquarters, particularly the
streams which run down the eastern Cordilleras of Ecuador and Peru and form the sources of that river. On the
Antilles no Morpho has yet been found, except on Trinidad, which in other respects also can scarcely be separated
zoogeographically from Venezuela. Concerning the vertical distribution reliable information is wanting, but it
is certain that some species occur up to about 2000 m. The alpine regions are avoided by the Morphos as
by the Hestias or Amathusiids, as the shape of their wings is adapted to the protection of the woods. The
period of flight of the Morphids is in general a very short one and it may be assumed that, except in the pure
tropics, they everywhere occur (as in southern Brazil, where the author has been able to observe them himself)
only in the height of the tropical summer, thus in the most favourable time for the development of the butter-
fly life. In consequence of their not being on the wing all the year round, like many Nymphalids and Pierids,
they are only in quite rare cases subject to the influence of climatic contrasts and seasonal variation is only
known with certainty in two species (perseus and portis Hbn.). On the other hand almost all the species
are subject to a high degree of geographical modification, forming separate races whose identity with the
collective species must often remain doubtful, especially at the extreme limit of their range, and one may assume
that in the Amazon region in particular a distinct local form is developed on every important tributary. This
phenomenon recurs in the different Brazilian provinces and it is astonishing that it was left to me to notice
and to establish this fact.

The examples figured are from the H. FRunsToRFER collection at Geneva, which also contains the types
of the newly described forms, except where the collection in the Zoological Museum at Berlin is mentioned as
the source. Dr. K. JoRDAN was kind enough to send some types from the FELDER collection in the Tring Mu-
seum for comparison, with the help of which I have been able to correct some long-standing errors, espe-

MORPHO. By H. FruustorFer. 335

cially some for which Dr. STAUDINGER was responsible. I have to thank Dr. JoRDAN most sincerely for his
valuable help.

Genus: Morpho F.

Two groups: a) Hindwing with projecting tail-like appendage or deeply sinuate. Upper surface without

metallic sheen; tegumen with unusually broad lamellae. Iphimedeia nom. nov.
b) Hindwing as a rule rounded or only slightly waved, upper surface (only one exception) with brilliant
reflection; tegumen with finger-shaped excrescences. Morpho.

Group Iphimedeia Pruhst.

Species without metallic gloss on the upper surface, which varies from greenish blue to whitish in all gradations.
The colouring very inconstant, the extremes sometimes not even confined to any fixed locality. Upper discocellular long,
middle only inappreciably concave (i. e. proximally curved), the lower straight and placed at right angles to the anterior
median. Cell of the forewing very narrow at the apex. Uncus broad, lateral clasps strikingly flat, valve without distal
poimts. Most species love the sunshine, ascend to a great height and fly exclusively round the tops of tall trees.

M. hercules is confined to central and southern Brazil, where it occurs from Espiritu Santo to Sta.
Catharina and ascends from the lowlands to about 800—1000 m. Flies chiefly in March. Concerning the early
stages I am indebted to the detailed account furnished by Herr ZiKkan, who has bred WM. her cules from the
larva i in Minas Geraes and whose report of his breeding we here reprint : ;

“VW. hercules has one generation and flies in February and March. The eggs are laid on the leaves of a
climbing plant (Cipo) with thick hard leaves (somewhat resembling those of the coffee-tree) and yellow fruit.
This Cipo becomes rather thick and grows even in the highest trees. It seems to me to prefer dry ground and
the tops of mountains. When small the larvae rest closely pressed together on a leaf which they cover with
web as they do also the twigs on which they crawl to their food. [found themin numbers varying from 17 to 150
specimens; once even about 300, but I suspect that the latter came from more than one batch of eggs. I
noticed that the butterfly prefers to lay its eggs in the decumbent tips of the Cipo, sometimes even quite low,
about the height of a man and even lower. Others again I found very high, so that it required some cou-
rage to fetch them down from the giddy height. The first larvae (150 specimens) were found on the 30th Sep-
tember 1907. Most of them were moulting. They were about 11% cm. in length, apparently after the first moult,
as they underwent four more moults in captivity (including pupation). On the 13 October the first two larvae
performed the second moult in captivity. When collected the colour of the larvae was red, body hairy, dorsal
line lighter, with hair-tufts on both sides, the longest hairs being white. Head large, dark red, nearly black.
After this second moult the hairs became denser and longer, especially at the sides. By 30 October all but
twelve had moulted; four specimens had died, being stung by dipterous parasites: On the 10 November I
noticed the first larva had completed the third moult; by the end of November most-of them had moulted.
Before the fourth moult, that is before pupation, the larva changes to a dirty green colour. I found the first
larva in this condition on the 17 December and the first pupa the 31 December; on the 27 January the last
larva pupated. From about 1200 larvae I obtained 800 pupae. Very many of the former were stung, without
exception by flies. Others again dried up and went mouldy. The pupa is green, ringed with white. The colour
scarcely changes appreciably before the emergence of the butterflies. The pupal stage lasts in the gg 45—52
days, in the 22 57—60 days. The first butterfly emerged on the 4 February 1908, the last on the 21 March.
In addition to the 2° having a longer pupal period than the ¢3, their larvae also appear to pupate later.
For from the 19 to the 25 of February only 20 99 emerged; whilst from the 26 February to the 1 March only
9 33 emerged, against some 170 99. About 50% of the pupae died, mostly dried up. When one broke
them open they were mouldy inside. I lost a large number of larvae through their being too crowded, other
larvae disturbing and knocking them down when they were pupating. Although I found the larvae of this
butterfly in such abundance I have only seen about a dozen butterflies in the open. They fly high like Morpho
nestira and not like M. achillaena, which keeps about 1 m. above the ground.

With regard to the larvae I may add that it is best only to take them inthe adult stage; when collected
young they do not grow properly, as every time they are given fresh food they spin over it so as to get a foot-
hold, and in this way much nourishment is wasted. From those larvae which I collected when small I
obtained quite small butterflies, while those which were taken large yielded large and more brightly coloured
specimens. The hairs of the larva easily become detached, penetrate into soft places in the skin (between the
fingers, etc.) and cause irritation. The larvae live gregariously until pupation. They feed at night; in the adult
stage they sit during the day underneath the Cipo or on the trunk of the tree round which is winds. When
small they sit on the spun-up leaves”.

The pupa differs from that of WM. anaxibia in the longer, more robust form, the more developed horns

hercules.

diadema.

aratos.

justitiae.

aquarius.

336 MORPHO. By H. FRUHSTORFER. .

on the head, the much darker green ground-colour, the absence of the white abdominal ring and the presence
of whitish yellow lines before the margin of the wing-cases. The collective species splits up into two local races:
hercules Dalm., originally described from Rio de Janeiro, but also occurring in Minas Geraes and Espiritu Santo.
Upper surface more grey-green than in examples from more southern localities. Upperside of the forewing with
two rows of submarginal yellow dots, of which the proximal are considerably broader than the antemarginal.
Patch before the apex of the cell narrow, dark green, subobsolete. Cell black-green. Discal area glossy dark
green. Distal border broad, deep black. Base of the forewing dark, of the hindwing somewhat lighter sea-
green. Under surface: forewing bearing two very large rounded ocelli between the medians and two much
smaller ones between the upper radial and the upper median. The proximal median spots narrow, irregular.
Discal spot black. Cell with two very broad white longitudinal bands, posteriorly confluent. Hindwing predo-
minantly red-brown with silver-white median band about 38 mm. in breadth. 3 anal ocelli with black iris.
Length of the forewing 90 mm. andupwards. Espiritu Santo to Rio de Janeiro. — diadema Fruhst. (69 a).
Upperside of the forewing with two rows of submarginal yellow dots, the proximal row only in the 2 essen-
tially broader than the antemarginal. Patch before the apex of the cell very broad, sharply defined, yellow-
green. Cell dark olive-green. Discal area dull olive-green. Distal border broadly brown-black. Under surface:
forewing with only two, very large, circular ocelli between the medians, the upper sometimes wanting. A
third, small diffuse ocellus between the radials is sometimes present. The proximal, triangular median spots
somewhat smaller than in M. richardus (p. 337), larger than in hercules. Cell with 2 isolated white, posteriorly
pointed spots. Hindwing in the 3 predominantly whitish grey with the basal part light brown, in the Q2 grey-
white, marbled with light brown. Median band 5—6 mm. in breadth. 3 anal ocelli, of which the distal, with
light brown iris, is occasionally obliterated. Length of the forewing: 75 mm. or above. Larva according to Dr.
WitHELM MULLER on a Menispermea, gregarious, in the last stadium occasionally resting in masses of over
a hundred individuals, one beside another, on the trunk of the trees up which the food-plant climbs. They
remain quiescent during the day, only feeding at night. Ground-colour somewhat brown-red with a lighter red-
yellow dorsal stripe and numerous spots of the same colour, almost fused into a lateral stripe. Head yellowish,
with long bristles. Pupa with weak edges to the wing-case, green, not transparent, partially marked with
white and covered with a white mealy coating which can be rubbed off.

M. theseus apparently replaces hercules in Central America and the Andean region. It is less constant
than hercules, inclining to geographical and probably also to climatic variation, has somewhat narrower wings
than hercules and is distinguished from all other Morphids by the long, pointed teeth of the hindwing. —
aratos Fruhst. (66 c), the most northerly subspecies, inhabits Honduras and like all its Central American allies
is among the greatest rarities of the fauna of their region. I have only received one example, which W1TTKUGEL
found during about 10 years’ collecting near San Pedro, Sula in Honduras. Ground-colour of both wings
above and beneath paler than in its nearest ally, MW. justitiae Godm. & Salv. from Guatemala. On the upper-
side of the forewing the third inner (proximal) submarginal row of dots (which is especially strongly expressed
in justitiae) is obsolete. — justitiae Godm. & Salv. has the yellow transcellular spot on the forewing more than
three times as broad. The submarginal crescents of the hindwing are more elongated; the black colouring of
the distal part of the hindwing extends to beyond the middle of the wing. Under surface red-brown instead
of grey-yellow as in aratos. Ocelli of the hindwing more filled in with black. The locality “Mexico”, which
GopMAN and Savin recorded from an old example from coll. Drucs, has not been confirmed recently. — aqua-
rius Btlr. designates a well differentiated form, which occurs from Costa Rica to Panama as a subspecies, but in
Colombia is still found as an accidental or seasonal variety together with the name-type theseus at Muzo,
400—800 m. aquarius has the basal area on the upperside of both wings chalky or milk-white, the original
brown ground-colour confined to the submarginal region. The third (proximal) row of spots on the forewing,
which stands on a light brown ground, assumes a blue-grey colouring. On the hindwing the pronounced yellow

‘ patches of avatos and justitiae disappear almost completely. The under surface is distinguished by a whi-

theseus.

thiasus.

amphitrion.

susarion.

yaritanus.

tish violet postmedian area proximally to the ocelli, which is absent in thesews. Transitions to theseus are not
rare in Colombia. — theseus Dey. is the Colombian typical form, found in Muzo and in so-called Bogota con-
signments, which it is well-known really come from the low-lying country, just as the so-called Darjeeling
collections were likewise not made at Darjeeling, but in the hot valleys of the Testa. Ground-colour brown
inclining to olive-green, base only quite faintly suffused with whitish. Cell black-brown at the extremity and
with an inconspicuous whitish spot before the apex. Forewing with only two distinct rows of yellowish patches.

Under surface red-brown with purple gloss, in places reddish ochre-yellow. — thiasus subsp. nov. is based
on examples from coll. StaupINGER with the upper surface darkened throughout, brown-black. Colombia, more
exact locality not ascertainable. — amphitrion Stgr., from Chanchamayo, South Peru, has the forewing much

elongated, with the cell blue-grey. $3 also occur with the upper surface suffused with blue-white throughout. —
susarion subsp. nov. is the most southern Andean branch-race, with somewhat darkened upper surface and of smaller
size than the Peru race. Bolivia, apparently not rare. — yaritanus subsp. nov. constitutes the transition from
theseus to aratos andaquarius. It agrees with aquarius in the extended milky blue basal tinge on the upper surface

Publ. 31. V. 1912. MORPHO. By H. FruustTorrer. 337

and with arafos in the very large, rounded, light ochre-yellow submarginal spots of the hindwing, and the
forewing is distinguished by a large blue-white transcellular spot and very large blue-grey proximal submar-
ginal dots. The under surface closely approaches thesews theseus Deyr. from Colombia in the predominantly
red-brown colouring and the extended ochre-yellow areas. Always rare and local. Venezuela. — A further,
very rare local race of thesews (but smaller than all the others), hitherto treated as a species, is juturna
Btlr., recently captured by Fasst on the upper Rio Negro at about 800 m.; hindwing with long lobes and upper
surface a peculiar blue-white, faintly opalescent; distal border rather broadly black-brown and bearing on both
wings a row of blue-white submarginal patches and a subterminal double row of red-brown undulate lines.
Cell of the forewing separated from the transcellular white area by a broad, black, nearly triangular spot. —
fruhstorferi Rob. is the corresponding race from the Eastern Andes, of which only one ¢ is yet known, dis-
covered by Herr RicHarp HamNnscH at Santa Inez, East Cordilleras of Ecuador. It differs-from juturna
in the chalk-white upper surface without blue or violet admixture and the more pronounced yellowish subapical
patches of both wings. Found at an elevation of about 1000 m.

M. perseus is an extremely variable polychromatic species, resembling a hecuba in miniature and
copying its scheme of coloration. persews with its branches inhabits the whole of Guiana and the Amazon
country as well as the Andean region from Colombia to Bolivia, and was recently discovered also in Central
Brazil. According to MrcHaEL persews is never seen fluttering round flowers, nor do the butterflies seem to
require food or drink. They prefer rather to soar through the spaces of the illimitable forests ike Morpho
hecuba or to float along in unrestricted flight over the tops of the trees in a deep valley. According to HaH-
NEL perseus is one of the highest-flying Morphids and on account of its brown under surface, which looks
very dark against the light sky, it gives the impression, when flying at a height of 8—10m., of a black-
coloured species. HaHNEL says that the butterflies, which in spite of their lively, jerky movement through
the air scarcely flap the wings appreciably, present a charming spectacle, particularly when half a dozen or
more meet and engage in a sham fight. Almost the whole morning such scenes are repeated, for only to-
wards midday, after they have been flying over their wide domain for 2 or 3 hours, do their pinions become
weary and they settle again in the shade of the branches on some large leaf, the back turned towards the
dark and the eyes towards the open. One rarely finds even a single insect flying in the afternoon and then
probably only when unfavourable weather has hindered its doing so in the morning. The butterflies occasion-
ally dart down on to yellow Papilio 99 drinking on the ground, undoubtedly taking them for their own
2°, which are also frequently yellow, and Dr. HaHner took advantage of this by fastening pieces of yellow
paper in his net, which actually deceived the perseus $3. perseus Cr. describes a 2 form with the basal part
of both wings light blue. crameri Kirby is the 3 belonging to it, with the blue ground-colour sometimes
somewhat darkened. metellus Cr. on the other hand designates 29 with an ochre-yellow median band, de-
ceptively like the colouring of M. hecuba L., which flies at the same place. All three forms were obtained
by Cramer from Surinam. The larva is gregarious, only feeds for a short time and remains quiescent
for the rest of the day. At Villa Bella on the Lower Amazon Hannen took examplas with the upper surfae
inclining to bluish or brown, and on the Upper Amazon, judging from the StaupiNcER collection, gg occucr
most commonly with ochre-yellow bands tinged with green, at Iquitos gg with dark green, and 9? with
green-blue median area. There are also light blue 99 (typical perseus) from Villa Bella in the Berlin Mu-
seum. The particular colour is, however, apparently nowhere restricted to particular localities, though M1-
CHAEL once bred 12 specimens from the larva on the Rio Madeira, the whole of which were pale grey-green
above. — iphiclus Fidr. is a local form from Colombia with three distinct rows of yellow submarginal patches,
whilst in the Amazon specimens the proximal row of dots is only indicated by three or four small scattered
spots reaching as far as the middle of the wing. One ¢ in my collection, from Surinam, shows indeed only
a couple of indistinct patches on the forewing. A 2 which Fassi took on the upper Rio Negro at about
800 m. is remarkable for an extended light clay-yellow circumcellular area on the forewing, which reaches
to the middle of the wing and isthere lost, giving place to the pale green basal colouring Hindwing as far as
the cell light green, the discal area black-brown. Forewing with three rows of ochre-yellow patches, of which
the proximal terminates near the posterior median, the middle is composed of large triangular spots, the rows,
except the third (proximal), continued on the hindwing also. Cell of the forewing lightly dusted with greenish
yellow along the posterior wall. Under surface a peculiar dull grey-yellow with yellowish median area, two
large median ocelli on the forewing and somewhat ill-defined eye-spots on the hindwing. — scipio Fldr., with
the incorrect locality “Brasilia meridionalis’, which should perhaps read ‘‘Brasilia septentrionalis”, is near
the form metellus Cr., agreeing with it in the ochreous median area of the upper surface and the washed-out
submarginal patches. Habitat without doubt Surinam. — richardus Fruhst. (69 a), from Minas Geraes, differs
most considerably: ¢ of indefinite greenish, 2 of yellowish bronze-green colour, both above and beneath de-
ceptively like a small M. hercules Dalm. 1 have only three examples before me, which were bred from
the larva and killed too soon. Forewing with 3 rows of submarginal yellow dots. The patch before the
apex of the cell broadly dull gold-yellow, with scattered black scales. Discal area of the forewing yellowish.
Distal margin rather narrow, brown-black, base of both wings light green. Under surface: forewing with
four small, elongate ocelli of about uniform size, with narrow black irides. Proximally to the ocelli three

v K 43

juturna.

fruhstorferi.

perseus.
crameri.
metellus.

iphiclus.

scipio.

richardus.

hecuba.

obidonus.

heracles.

cisseis.

cisseides.

338 MORPHO. By H. FRUHSTORFER.

very large, triangular grey-yellow median spots. Underside of the hindwing predominantly red-brown, with
violet sheen. Median band grey-violet. Length of the forewing 58 mm.

M. hecuba is the largest known Morpho and one may also call it the most interesting, on account
of its habits, its susceptibility to climatic influences and its tendency to develop polychromatic forms in both
sexes. We are indebted to Dr. Hannet for the most detailed information of its habits of flight. HaAHNEL
calls it the king of the forest, and says that it traverses a wider area than any other butterfly, travelling
perhaps 30 km. or more in two or three hours, continuous flight in quest of its mate, which it follows persis-
tently for whole days, quite alone, over woods and water-courses. In the distance the flight of Morpho he-
cuba looks quiet and slow, but nevertheless it moves quickly enough to evade the collector and newly emerged
insects in particular adopt an impetuous pace during their first hours of flight. Sometines it happens that
one of these apparently quietly hovering forms suddenly darts head downwards, and in this event it seems
only to rise again with difficulty. They are driven to these violent erratic movements by dragon-flies, which lie
in wait for them especially in marshy places and molest them from the tips of dry twigs, apparently more
out of wantonness than from a desire to catch them. — heeuba L., the name-type, is distinguished by the
contrast between the reddish brown forewing and the nearly black hindwing, which is only basally relieved with
yellowish white. Forewing with yellowish, hindwing with white cilia. The under surface is remarkable for
the silvery bands, which in nature are even clearer and more brilliant than in our figure (67¢). hecuba is
one of the rarest butterflies and exclusively inhabits Surinam. What is labelled as hecuba in collections and
sold as such by English dealers is a very similar local form but differing considerably, especially beneath,
namely obidonus Fruhst., which only occurs on the north bank of the Lower Amazon. Of the numerous dif-
ferences from hecuba hecuba L. the following may be mentioned: The distal black border of the forewing is
broader, the proximal (inner) submarginal row of yellow spots consists of rounded instead of elongate patch-
es. The basal area of both forewing and hindwing is not yellowish but chalk-white. Abdomen conformably
with the basal colour pure white, not yellowish as in hecuba. The reddish submarginal spots of the hindwing
absent; all the cilia of the hindwing pure white, while the upper cilia of hecuba are yellowish. The colo-
ration of obidonus beneath is still further removed from the type, the ground-colour of the former being predo-
minantly black, that of hecuba red-brown. obidonus is further characterized beneath by the absence of the
ultracellular red-brown triangles between the median veins of the forewing. The ocelli of the hindwing are
smaller, with reduced black iris, but still as complete as those of hecuba, and not posteriorly open as on our
figure; the latter belongs to a hitherto unnamed race from the Middle Amazon, heracles subsp. nov. (67 ¢),
in which the bordering of the ocelli is not rounded but horseshoe-shaped. heracles, however, agrees with
hecuba in the double row of reddish submarginal patches on the upperside of the hindwing. Dr. HaHNEL only
three or four times saw obidonus floating high up through the branches and over the tops of the trees, and
did not catch any. Dr. STauprINcER only received his first hecuba 3, which probably belonged to the form
heracles, through the artist Orro Micuarx from the Rio Negro and my experienced collector JuLius MICHAELIS
sent me about 30 or 40 examples, which he captured in July and August with the help of a stick 4 or 5 m.
in length, on which an unusually large net was fastened. The 9 of hecuba and hecuba obidonus is considerably _
larger and has somewhat rounder wings than the 3, with more strongly marked yellow and reddish submargi-
nal patches on both wings, somewhat paler black distal area on the upperside of both wings and lighter yellow-
brown under surface. According to Mrcuann (Ivis 1894, p. 197) obtdonus has a short season of flight (June
and July, once observed also in December). Fresh examples appear after every thunder-shower, but they
already become less numerous on the second and third day, and the fourth one only sees a specimen here
and there, and afterwards only worn examples are seen; 9° nearly always sit still where gg will be passing,
in any c§se they only occasionally fly a short distance in the morning. — cisseis Fldr. (= egyptus Deyr.),
from the south side of the Lower Amazon, is distinguished in the 3 by dark, in the 9 by lighter blue and
rather narrow bands on the forewing. On the hindwing the basal area is somewhat more extended than in he-
cuba and obidonus heracles, according to the sex lighter or darker blue, the blue with slight mother-of-pearl
gloss and the submarginal area adorned with blue-white lunulate spots. At Itaituba on the Tapajos occur
more commonly light blue, more rarely dark blue, or even dark violet 29. In Ecuador and even in Bolivia
the colour-scheme of cisseis is retained, yet in these countries the 33, and occasionally also the 99, sometimes _
assume a brownish colour. — cisseides Fruhst. The black which occupies the cell of the forewing extends some-
what beyond its apex, and in addition the blue spot before the apex of the cell is obsolescent, being only
indicated by a little dusting. Of cisseis Bares writes that the butterflies present a magnificent spectacle
as they sail along by twos or threes at a great height in the still air of a tropical morning. But according
to Dr. HaABNEL cisseis only awakes when the high-flying perseus have already long been floating over the clear-
ings, in the distance looking like black spots, when the sun has begun to beat down with full power on
the leafy dome of the forest and MW. menelaus has finished its flight. cisseis then moves slightly forward
on the leaf on which it passed the night, and opening the wings it slips with a bound into the air, rising
lightly to the tops of the trees, among which it takes its flight until the clearing of the road appears, which

MORPHO. By H. FrRuHStToRFER. 339

it now follows, pursuing its way quietly and steadily, with the powerful wings scarcely quivering. It looks
then like a narrow silver-blue stripe, in the vestal purity of its delicate white colour, which from the middle
towards the costal margin changes into a light blue, posteriorly into black. The silver-white and brown of
the under surface, however, present an excellent copy of large withered leaves covered with mildew at the
veins, the similarity indeed being so great when it is resting in the shade of the branches that at Villa Bella
Dr. HawNEL once took a newly emerged example hanging on the pupa for such a withered leaf, until to
his amazement he proved it to be a living form. According to MicHarn (Iris 1894, p. 197) cissezs flies in
every month, thus all the year round. — At Iquitos and Yurimaguas on the Upper Amazon cisseis-obidonus
is replaced by phanodemus Hew., the forewing of which in rare cases still bears traces of the hecuba colouring
and is in part somewhat brown-yellow with the marginal area only slightly blue. But examples with green-
blue median band seem to be the commonest, this colour sometimes distally changing to olive-green or greenish
brown and towards the base to light blue and white. In the @ the shades of colour are less ill-defined and
there occur pure and uniform light, dark, steel- and green-blue tinged specimens, to which it may be left
to others to give special names. The under surface agrees completely with our figure 67c, although it is
only exceptionally that the apical ocelli of the hindwing are accompanied posteriorly by a small accessory
eye-spot, as in the example from which the figure was drawn. Dr. Hawnet calls phanodemus a kingly form
and compares it, in its quiet, peaceful and ghost-like flight, to the tutelary genius of the secret of the forest.
HAHNEL was only able to obtain phanodemus by erecting a sort of scaffolding of bamboos, which he set up
to a height of about 5m. in the line of flight of the Morphids. In order also to secure the phanodemus
which came up from behind a mirror was fixed on the parapet of his tower, which indeed was not often
successful, but when it was, gave all the greater satisfaction. — polyidos subsp. nov. has a very broad black
distal margin to the forewing, increasing in width from the costal margin to the anal angle, but the sub-
marginal patches are only slightly indicated. The cell of the forewing contains only a few yellowish patches,
the median band itself much narrowed. Hindwing basally pale yellow, distally lightly dusted with greenish.
Under surface as in hecuba obidonus, except that the ocelli of the hindwing are somewhat smaller. From
Itahapa Yarita in Venezuela, collected by Vraz. Type in coll. SrauprncER in the Berlin Museum.

Group Morpho F. (= Leonte Hodn.).

Species with metallic gloss on the upper surface; upper di’scocellular short, middle strongly convex proximally,
lower concaye distally, in the obtuse angle directed towards the anterior median. Cell of the forewing considerably
widened towards the apex. Uncus and its lateral clasps relative y slender, valve distally spined.

M. laertes is the best known of a small group of species which differ from all their allies in the chalky,
milky or silvery white ground-colour. laertes may be easily known by the connected chain of narrow, oblong,
ocellated median spots on the underside of the hindwing, which have mostly only indistinct white pupils and
washed-out yellowish bordering. The bluish white colouring is brought out very well in the figure. The
upper surface resembles the figured underside, except that the forewing continues narrowly margined with
black to about the middle of the median area. Hindwing with some elongate black anteterminal and more
distinct submarginal patches. Jaertes only inhabits the provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Espiritu Santo and
is very common both at Rio and Petropolis from January to March. Larva in nests on various forest-trees.
It was first figured by BurmersteR. Arrangement of the bristles according to Dr. WinHELM MULLER as in
Morpho hercules. Two sharply differentiated local races: laertes Druce (= epistrophis Hbn. [pro parte] 9, ipb-
itus Pidr. 2) (68 c), ralatively small, apical patch on the forewing above narrow, as also the black curved spot
at the apex of the cell; 2 with sharply defined black-brown submarginal crescentic spots on the underside
of the hindwing. All the markings yellow-brown, the intramedian ocelli of the forewing strongly marked,
rounded, 2 bright yellowish green, with mother-of-pearl gloss. — eutropius subsp. nov. Larger than laertes,
ground-colour both above and beneath more blue-green. Forewing with the apical patch more than twice
as broad, the black hook at the discocellular more strongly marked. Hindwing in both sexes further with a
subterminal series of intraneural striae, united into a median and an anal undulate band; under surface
with the markings blackish instead of yellow-brown. The intramedian eye-spots of the forewing and the
chain of ocelli on the hindwing more indistinct, narrower, their component parts more isolated. Espiritu
Santo, rare.

M. catenarius Perry is the oldest name for the species which is widely distributed in collections under
the name of epistrophis Hbn., and which differs from laertes in having the row of ocelli on the hindwing round-
ed instead of elongate, and also placed further apart. In addition most catenarius have the distal border
of the forewing adorned with isolated black spots, not united into a band, and extending to the anal angle.
The 2° are not like the 3g, as in laertes, but decorated more plentifully with brown spots on the under sur-
face and more distinct submarginal undulate bands on the upper surface. There are some 2 examples, however,
which in the markings approximate to those of the g. In Santa Catharina, particularly in the more ele-
vated localities in the neighbourhood of Theresopolis and on the Alto-Uruguay, there occur commonly together
with light 22 also examples in which on the underside of the hindwing, especially about the cell and in
the submarginal region, the ordinarily eee brown bands are broadly diffused, so as to form grotesque

phanode-
MUS.

polyidos.

laertes.

eutropius.

catenarius,

figures and extended undulate bands: = 9-f. marmorata Fruhst. In such examples the black distal bordering eis

nigrescens.

argentinus.

efigurata.

polyphe-
mus.

luna.

340 MORPHO. By H. FrRunstrorFer.

and submarginal spots on the upper surface are also considerably enlarged. Together with 99 with the
under surface marbled with brown occurs also, though extremely rarely, a black-spotted form (9-f. nigrescens
form. nov.), which is before me from the provinces of Parana to Rio Grande do Sul. catenarius inhabits southern
Brazil from Sao Paulo to Santa Catharina. Larva according to Dr. WiLHELM MULterR on Inga semialata;
head bright red with hairs of the same colour, body black, red and yellow, with a broad black lateral stripe
and a yellow, black-edged mark in the median line. Larva in small companies (20—30). The caterpillars
cover some leaves of the food-plant with webs, look like red lumps and are extremely conspicuous. The pupa
on the whole resembles that of Morpho achillides Fldr. WUike Heliconius besckeit catenarius is one of the
characteristic butterflies of Santa Catharina. In contrast to Morpho anaxibia, which only occurs in the timber-
forests, it frequents rather the underwood, is fond of flying along broad bridle-paths, so far as they run
near the rivers, and does not even avoid the neighbourhood of human habitations. Anyone who rides through
the country in Santa Catharina from the middle of February to the beginning of April and travels any great
distance, will probably observe on calm sunny days as many as 500—800 of these sluggish Morphids floating along as
iflost in a dream. In the year 1889 I found it very easy to take 80—100 examples in one day near the orchards
and among the tall bamboos on the banks of the Capivary River. Examples which have been on the wing
longer also come to spread-out fruit-bait and it is only these which are occasionally observed settled on wet
places in the primeval forests on the Alto Uruguay. — In northern Argentina and some districts of-Rio
Grande do Sul we meet with a smaller geographical variety: argentinus Fruhst. (68 c). On the upper surface
of the forewing the distal patches are no longer confluent with the submarginal band, but separate; the black
spotting is also appreciably reduced on the upperside of the hindwing and the marbling of the under surface
is likewise more delicate. The extreme of the reduction in the markings is found in g3 from Rio Grande
de Sul, which have no black or brown spots at all on the under surface except the median ocelli (= efigurata
form. nov.) According to MaBILDE the larva is extremely gay in colouring and occurs from March to November
on various forest trees. 20—30 always inhabit a nest of leaves and fine twigs, which one might take for a
wonderful flower, or they sit in a lightly spun web. In November and December they change to the pupae,
from which the imagines appear in 20—30 days. The butterflies are then very common from January to
March, but become constantly more rare until April, which is already appreciably cool. According to BuR-
MEISTER, who figured the larva of M. catenarius and laertes in 1878, catenarius (argentinus) is not rare in Uru-
guay, very common in the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Entrerios, and was formerly observed also
to the south of the Rio de la Plata and several times even taken at Buenos Ayres.

M. polyphemus Dbl. & Hew. (68c) differs from its Brazilian relatives in the chalky white upper surface
of both wings with delicate mother-of-pearl gloss, and also in the projecting apex of the forewing and the
sharp teeth of the hindwing. On the upper surface the black distal bordering is absent and the discocellular
shows only a quite narrow stripe. The ocelli of the forewing are larger than in catenarius, those of the hind-
wing more distinctly white-centred. As luna BurLer has described an aberration from Mexico with the black
spots on both wings unusually well developed. The flight of polyphemus is extremely rapid and irregular,
and according to GopMAN and SALvrN the species ascends in Guatemala to 4000 ft. and is often met with
near the ground in villages or also high up round the tops of trees in the timber-forest. Distributed from
Mexico to Guatemala and Nicaragua, occasionally also occurring in Panama.

M. achilles designates a collective species which shows representatives in the whole tropical region
of South America. Almost every restricted locality has its own achilles form and the races inhabit both
the tropical Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the faunistic region. It is very interesting to observe its gra-
dations in colouring, which illustrate very beautifully how the blue colour changes step by step. All the bran-
ches are alike characterized by the rounded forewing and a black distal border (variable according to the
locality), accompanied by a more or less distinct darkening of the basal half of the wings. The copulatory
organs are of the simplest structure. Uncus short, slightly chitinized, point feebly curved, at the ventral
side without the swellings so characteristic of MW. achillaena Hbn. Valve broad, ventrally somewhat flattened,
with the usual dorsal pad, near the dorsal end with two distinct teeth, distally with long bristles. Penis
characterized by a distinct horn-like tooth, in this contrasting with the menelaus group and the species of the
subgenus Iphimedeia. Larva rather large, cylindrical, of yellowish grey ground-colour, with two irregular
brown dorsal stripes, at the sides with confused striation and spotting, on some segments two tufts of red-
brown hairs, with shorter hair-pencils at the side and on the fourth and fifth segment. Head densely clothed
with stiff hairs and with two short horns at its posterior end. Pupa elongate oval with two short conical horns.
on the head and of transparent green colour. Larva mostly singly on a Platymiscium (Scuatz). The butter-
flies keep to damp places in the woods, rise but little above the ground and sometimes drink at wet spots.
In Santa Catharina I did not succeed in baiting this species with fruit as can be done, for instance, with MV.

* catenarius. The delimitation of the separate races is still quite uncertain; in the first place there is a lack

MORPHO. By H. FRvusToRFER. 341

of material with data and in addition anatomical investigations have yet to be made. The conditions are the
most complicated in the Andean region and there seem to be two species there: achilles L., which has pro-
bably originated from the Amazons, and achillaena Hbn., apparently from Central Brazil. We begin here
with the branch-races which have a strongly marked black basal area on the upperside of both wings, but
indistinet reddish submarginal spots on the hindwing, in contradistinction to achillaena Hbn. and the subraces
with the basal black indistinct or absent, but with distinct red submarginal spots on the upperside of the hind-
wing. — achilles Z. (= helenor Cr. 2), the name-type, came from Surinam and differs from amazonicus,
which we figure (69 c), chiefly in the somewhat narrower blue median bands on both wings, which are still
more reduced in the Q, particularly on the hindwing. But the 2 further bears on the forewing a median row
of five white dots, beginning at the costal margin and ending in the middle of the median area. Under
surface in both sexes with a whitish grey or blue submarginal band, sometimes also dusted with yellowish,
on the forewing divided by a black line. Forewing with three, hindwing with four ocelli, which are proxi-
mally bordered with grey or greenish white. The larva was figured by Madame MERIAN as long ago as 1705.
Ground-colour yellow-grey with probably somewhat darker (red) bands. According to Dr. W. MULuer, how-
ever, MERTIAN’s drawings are often fantastic and inaccurate, so that they can only in rare cases be taken
seriously. Two well-marked aberrations have already been made known: leonte Hew., with hook-shaped
prolongation of the proximally bent median band of the hindwing, and lacrimans FruAst., named from CRa-
MER’s figure, with diffused ocelli on the underside of the hindwing, an analagous case to which is found in Stich-
ophthalma tonkiniana Fruhst., vol. 1X, pl. 103a. In the Amazon region we meet with achilles in different
gradations, the blue median bands being still relatively narrow in examples from the lower course, but- con-
siderably widened in those from the upper river. — amazonicus Fruhst. (69c). Larger, longitudinal bands
more brilliant blue, somewhat broader than in achilles. White submarginal patches of the forewing more
prominent, but the postdiscal white dots either entirely absent or obsolescent. Obidos, flies August to Sep-
tember. thetis Bélr. is an aberration from Para which lacks the ocelli on the under surface of the forewing;
micans Fruhst. one which is characterized by a bright bronze gloss on the ocelli. — hector ob. is a further
local form of achilles, and according to the example determined for me by Herr ROseER differs from the type-
form in the larger white submarginal punctiform spots of the forewing. The blue median band issomewhat broader,
more brilliantly glossy and with green reflection. The black basal area likewise with more intensive blue gloss.
The white median bands on the under surface somewhat more prominent, but yet not so well developed
as in pindarus Fruhst. from Matto Grosso. One 9 from the upper Rio Negro, East Colombia, taken by Fasst,
closely approaches pindarus 2, only differing in the more sharply defined basal area of both wings, with less
of the blue reflection, and in the shorter white transcellular band of the forewing, in which it also differs widely
from amazonicus Fruhst. Of the local form of this species which flies on the upper Rio Negro at 1200 m. Fassn
observed 2 29 ovipositing. The egg is hemispherical, at the base about 144 mm. in diameter, greenish grey
and dully transparent. It has a narrow, red-brown, horizontal ridge about the middle, but is otherwise
unmarked and not glossy. — pindarus Fruhst. forms the long missing link which connects the Amazon races
with trojana Rob. from Paraguay and coelestis Btlr. from Rio Grande do Sul. 4 above nearest to amazonicus,
but the black basal area of both wings is already less sharply defined and the 2 in particular begins to show
the dark steel-blue tinge which in trojana suffuses both sexes and is still further intensified in coelestis, whilst
in all the branch-forms of achilles it only forms a narrow border to the light blue ornamental band. The costal
transcellular white patches of the forewing, as in amazonicus, cover two intraneural areas, so that pindarus
3 inclines towards leontius Fldr. from Colombia in markings as well as in size. @ with distinct red-brown
submarginal stripes on the upperside of the hindwing. The under surface tends in the direction of the southern
achilles races in having the submarginal and median bands almost pure white, only slightly tinged with yellow-
ish. Matto Grosso. — trojana Rdb. (71 a) is considered one of the commonest and most characteristic butter-
flies of Paraguay, and was first sent to Europe in large numbers about 10 years ago. The 9, however, seems
to be very rare; it strikingly resembles the 3 in colouring, differing chiefly in the presence of five pure white
median punctiform spots on the forewing and in the more intensive violet-blue tinge in the basal area of both
wings. Beneath the 29 agree with the jg in the extended grey-green intraneural areas, which are wanting
in the other known achilles subspecies. In general trojana is more inclined to individual variation than its
sister-races; but the maximum of the above-mentioned extension of the foreground of the ocelli on the under
surface is reached in mystica Fruhst., 2 form in which on the under surface the whole of the forewing from
the white proximal bordering of the ocelli, which is already somewhat tinged with grey-green, to the black-
brown admarginal band is powdered with light grey-green. Hindwing: black-brown submarginal band twice
as broad as in normal trojana. All the rest of the distal area to beyond the ocelli covered with dark moss-
green scales. The scales are very dense and form a compact area, which is bent round the ocelli in a sack-
shape, completely surrounding the ocelli themselves. — mullea Fruhst., on the contrary, designates a mela-
notic extreme; ground-colour dark red-brown, above shot with dusky violet. Median band dark blue, very
narrowly bordered with blue-violet. Submarginal dots dull rose-coloured, with grey-violet gloss (instead
of white). Under surface: all the usually white markings dark grey-green, ocelli ringed with dark ochre-

achilles.

leonte.
lacrimans.

amazonicus.

thetis.

micans.
hector.

pindarus.

trojana.

mystica.

mullea.

coelestis.

anakreon.

bahiana.

achillaena.

pellana.

paulista,

violaceus.

342 MORPHO. By H. FRUHSTORFER.

yellow, very small, on the forewing only one instead of the usual three. According to BURMEISTER trojana
occurs also in the province of Misiones in Argentina. — coelestis Btlr. (= achillides Fldr.), a well specialized
branch-race of southern Brazil, approximates closely to trojana Rob., from which it differs in its smaller size
and in having the white submarginal patches of the forewing almost twice as broad, and further in the narrower
and lighter, but more glossy blue median band on the upper surface. The red submarginal spots of the hind-
wing are also more strongly marked and the basal tinge on the upperside of both wings is predominantly steel-
blue, with decidedly brighter reflection than in trojana. The under surface approaches that of achillaena Hbn.
in the prominent, very broad white submarginal and median bands. The bronze-green bordering of the ocelli,
however, again as in trojana. Very local and at the same time rare, not enumerated in any of the local lists
of the fauna of Rio Grande do Sul; two 39 only in coll. FRUHSTORFER.

M. achillaena inhabits a smaller area than achilles; the species is accordingly also less rich in forms:
the local variations confined to narrower limits; the extent of the the colour and markings is shown in our
figures pl. 70 a and b. The characters which distinguish it from achilles are the absence of a sharply defined
black or otherwise considerably darkened basal region on both wings and the more extended transcellular area
on the forewing. Structure of the valve analogous to M. achilles L. Penis likewise with horny process.
Uncus -characterized by a very broad ventral swelling, which in achilles is absent or scarcely indicated, run-
ning out into two pointed processes which are also present in achilles. It is worthy of note that the 99°
of all the achillaena races are commoner that those of the achilles forms, with which they otherwise agree
bionomically, both sexes remaining near the ground in the woods and never taking lofty, circling flights like
the species of the menelaus, cypris and rhetenor groups, or traversing long distances like the members of the
catenarius and polyphemus series. — anakreon Fruhst. has the most northerly distribution of the known races
of the west coast. Upper surface near that of bahiana (70 b), but the black distal border costally somewhat
broader, anally narrower, the white costal spot of the forewing reduced, not encroaching into the transcellular
area. Under surface very dark. The median band of the forewing relatively narrow, ocelli ringed with dark
yellow like those of trojana. Pernambuco, type in coll. StauDINGER in the Berlin Museum. — bahiana Fruhst.
(70 b) does not differ materially in the ¢ from the 2, which we figure, even the white median spots are pre-
sent, although much reduced. In the 3g also the white spot of the forewing does not extend beyond the
subcostal veins and the small size of this patch distinguishes bahiana from all the other subspecies of achil-
laena. bahiana is also paler beneath than anakreon and the more southerly representatives. The rows of
ocelli proximally bounded by a nearly always continuous elbowed grey-white median band. Not rare in Bahia
and found in company with Agrias ferdinandi Fruhst. in the dry, open forests of that province. — achillaena
Hbn. (= subfasciata Rob. ex Peru, loc. err.) as one of the most easily captured butterflies very commonly
finds its way into European collections. achillaena flies at Rio de Janeiro and in Espiritu Santo all the year
round and prefers shady lowlands. The species does not ascend into the Organ Mountains and is already
absent at Petropolis. Larva accoring to VON BONNINGHAUSEN on a prickly climbing-plant; according to
BURMEISTER yellow-grey with somewhat darker lateral stripes. d near the figured achillides (70 a), but with
light blue basal area, the white costal spot of the forewing not materially broader in the 2. @ as a rule
much larger than the 3, the reddish yellow submarginal lunules of the hindwing standing out more distinctly ~
than in bahiana. The rows of eye-spots on the under surface surrounded by extended whitish bands. The
red anteterminal spots essentially more prominent than in bahiana. In the province of Minas Geraes we meet
with a transition from the Rio type to the northern race; this has been described as pellana Fruhst. g. The
white costal spot of the forewing only extends to the subcostal and consists in the g of only 2 parts, instead
of 3 as in achillaena. Black distal border of the forewing narrower, more sharply defined. In the 9 the white
costal spot more extended than in achillaena, there are even traces of white patches between the medians.
General colouring lighter blue. Under surface: ocelli smaller than in the other achillaena, submarginal and
ultracellular transverse bands of both wings considerably broader. — paulista Fruhst. Distal border of both
wings more deeply incised. The white costal spot consists of 4 narrow divisions. Basal area of both wings
darker than in achillaena, the blue reflection deeper, but even more glossy, with the first traces of the violet
tone of achillides. The white transverse band on the underside of the forewing strikingly pure white and very
extended. Under surface very dark. Sao Paulo. Concerning the habits Dr. Serrz writes that the weakness
of the body leads to a slow, measured flapping of the wings, producing a gentle, oscillating motion which
shows the magnificent gloss of the azure-blue wings to great advantage. — violaceus subsp. nov. (70a) (as
achillides). Both sexes brilliant dark blue-violet above. The costal white spot is continued in the 2 between
the median veins. Submarginal patches of the forewing much enlarged. Under surface considerably darker
than in achillaena and as in paulista characterized by reddish white anteterminal bands on the hindwing.
Bordering of the ocelli on the forewing a peculiar grey-lilac, that of the hindwing pale grey, very much nar-
rower than in the more northerly forms of achillaena. violaceus scarcely ascends to the higher foothills of the
mountains; it is a true lowland species, flies on shady forest-paths and does not come to banana-bait. In the
neighbourhood of Blumenau violaceus does not seem to be rare; but it has never been recorded as occurring
in such abundance as achilles trojana. According to Dr. W. MULLER the eggs are hemispherical in shape

MORPHO. By H. FRvuustorFer. 343

and break open a round lid on the convex surface when the larvae hatch. This does not take place for
several weeks; the larva lives either singly or in small companies of 3—5. Larva on Platymiscium, a legu-
minous plant. Head proportionately very large, high and broad, narrowed above, at the same time rather
short with two strong conical processes, horizontally directed posteriorly, placed on a common base. The
surface of the head is covered with small pitting, and bears long, black, finely feathered, branched bristles,
which give it the appearance of a poodle’s head, as with certain Brassolids. Larva when first hatched par-
tially transparent, after two days a beautiful chrome-yellow, with broad yellow dorsal and some lateral spots.
In the later stages the body becomes extremely variegated, brown, red-yellow, white and black with dark
stripes parallel to the margins of the light parts. Pupa rounded, with two short, conical horns, elongate
oval, transparent green. This beautiful form has since 1888 passed as achillides Fldr., in consequence of
STAUDINGER’s statements in the ,,Exotischen Tagfalter‘*. By comparison with the type, however, I have
been able to prove that FELDER’s name achillides refers to the M. achilles race from Rio Grande do Sul, which
BurLer had named JM. coelestis a year before. The achillides of our plate was consequently without a name,
and I propose that of violaceus, as it is the only Morpho yet known with the upper surface blue-violet.

M. patroclus Fidr. is a handsome, interesting species of the achilles group from eastern Colombia,
near to papirius Hpffr. from Peru, and apparently occurring only in the lowlands. It was met with by Fassi
at Villavicencio at an elevation of 400 m., whilst on the upper Rio Negro at about 800 m. it is already re-
placed by the very different J/. achilles hector Réb. In contrast to the round-winged achilles type patroclus
has the wings elongated, the hindwing in particular posteriorly narrowed and long-produced. Base of the
upper surface of both wings broadly deep black, with inappreciable dark violet-blue reflection. The orna-
mental band strikingly broad, but nevertheless leaving a more extended black apical patch than in papirius.
Anal angle of the hindwing as in agamedes and phokylides with blue instead of red inner-marginal spot. Under
surface differing from all the achilles races and also from papirius in the very beautiful ochre-yellow bordering
of the ocelli, the very broad greenish white median macular band of the forewing and the extended light green
foreground of the ocelli on the hindwing. Under surface of the wings in both sexes a peculiar rich brownish
ochre or earth-colour with dull green gloss, distinctly perceptible even in FELDER’s type, which is over 50 years
oldand which I have before me through the kindness of the directors of the Tring Museum, and showing up so di-
stinctlyin Fassu’s example that 1 doubted whether it was natural. — theodorus Fruhst., from the upper Uaupes,
on the other hand is again normally coloured with the band on the upper surface less brightly glossy. Both
wings beneath without brownish green tinge, more approaching the achilles colouring with reduced greenish
white proximal bordering to the chain of ocelli. — papirius Hpffr. designates a well differentiated local form, almost
a species, from Chanchamayo in Peru, which even surpasses theodorus in the extent of the light blue orna-
mental band on the upper surface, so that the black distal border, particularly on the forewing, is reduced
to a breadth of a few millimeters, but contains a row of strongly marked, pure white submarginal dots which
shine out as if it were set with pearls. — The culmination in sizeand in brilliance of colour, however, is
not found until we reach the sources of the Amazon in Peru. Here the geographical variety, agamedes subsp.
nov., attains in the forewing a length of 75 mm. against 55 mm. in achilles achilles L. from Surinam, and the
light blue ornamental band on the upper surface is 30 mm. in breadth, whilst the corresponding band in achilles
does not exceed 12—13mm. Hence the distal black border of both wings is naturally much reduced, although
the basal deep black area, distally bordered with steel-blue, which is so characteristic of achilles, under-
goes no reduction. The brilliant median band is only somewhat widened in the cell of the forewing and en-
croaches even more than in papirius Hpffr. into the cell of the hindwing. Beneath also an approach to
M. papirius Hpffr. results from the essentially larger ocelli, which have first a light ochre-yellow, then a bronzy
light green bordering, which in beauty and extent is hardly excelled by that of patroclus Fidr. — phokylides
Fruhst., trom Yungas in Bolivia, recently taken in large numbers, forms the natural continuation of aga-
medes, but shows a decrease in wing-expanse. The median band becomes darker and is narrowed both towards
the costal margin of the forewing and the inner angle of the hindwing. The ocelli of the under surface are
again dull yellow and washed-out whitish, margined with blue, so causing an approach to theodorus. Valve
distally sharply dentate, uncus without the ventral lamellae which characterize achillaena and achillaena swb-
fasciata Rob.

M. peleides occurs from Mexico southwards to Ecuador and eastwards in Venezuela. Although it
only inhabits a comparatively small area its local variability is unexampled among the Morphids, and no other
species shows even approximately such sudden mutations within circumscribed localities (not even excepting
island races). The races from Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua and Colombia approximate pretty closely, but
between them in Guatemala and Costa Rica we find subspecies in which the usual garb is completely changed
(in Guatemala on the underside also) and whose identity is only proved by the wing-contour and the position
of the ocelli. Of great interest also is the occurrence of two geographical races in Guatemala, of which one
only inhabits the Atlantic slopes of the central volcanos, the other, which is considerably rarer, exclusively

patroclus.

theodorus.

papirius.

agamedes.

phokylides.

montezuma.

octavia.

ZOnNaATaS.

344 MORPHO. By H. FRUHSTORFER.

the Pacific coast, so that GopMAN and SatLvIN in 1881 still treated them as separate species. In order to
explain the present heterogeneous mixture of races these authors advanced the theory that the Isthmus
of Panama was originally inhabited by two species of Morpho, of which certain forms of hyacinthus Btlr. in-
habited the islands which occupied the position of the present Panama and Costa Rica, the older species,
which they considered to be peleides Koll., being only indigenous to Colombia, and further that no Morpho
at that time occured in Guatemala and Mexico. But after geological revolutions had produced the present
union of the land, pelezdes was enabled to push its way along the isthmus, passing hyacinthus in Costa Rica,
and occupying the rest of Central America, Yucatan and Southern Mexico. Those forms which were deve-
loped on the Pacific coast of Guatemala were most modified and became octavia, while the rest only differed
slightly from their Colombian ancestors. According to our present knowledge such a complicated explanation
is no longer needed; the Morphids in question are simply local and individual variations, such as we meet
with, but modified to an even greater degree, among the members of other families (Papilionids, Euthaliids),
particularly in Asia. eleides is undoubtedly a near relation of achilles and probably its northern form, as
GopMAN and SatyrIn assumed, and in Colombia peleides starts where achilles disappears, as it only inhabits
the western part of the country from Bogota to the Pacific coast, whilst achilles stops before the East Cordilleras.
peleides agrees with achilles in habits, as it also frequents the underwood, unlike its sun-loving congeners M.
cypris and theseus. The individual forms approach achilles above in bearing a broad black-brown basal area
(limpida, 67 a) or approximate more to achillaena in the absence of basal darkening (octavia, 69a). Yet be-
tween the two main forms all imaginable transitions occur; thus the basal area may also have a light blue or
a dark steel-blue reflection as in peleus Rob. Extremely variable also are the submarginal white spots and
costal patches of the forewing, of which two or three more or less prominent rows may be present, accom-
panied by transcellular median white dots, but likewise quite irregular. Only in the 29 is this median orna-
mentation always present and in them the brown distal border on the forewing is sometimes widened nearly
to the cell. The 99 as a rule have the upper surface of the hindwing light glossy blue throughout, but there
occur also 9-forms with almost entirely brown upper surface, on which only the rudiments of a median band,
in this case dark blue, are present. The colouring of the under surface also varies, apparently quite without
system, the races from Colombia and Mexico being the deepest black-brown beneath, while between them in
Central America occur the examples which are strongly banded with whitish in the distal part, especially
on the forewing. One character, however, remains constant through all the forms; this is the nose-shaped
distal projection of the whitish grey median line on the underside of the hindwing, which forms an acute angle
between the anterior and the three posterior ocelli and is never interrupted at this place, whereas in achillaena
races the median band may be broken up or continuous within the limits of the same geographical race. Clasp-
ing organs very close to those of M. achilles; valve distally more distinctly dentate, but appreciably more
narrowly, the dorsal pad, however, already reduced. Ventral process of the uncus as weak as in achilles. Penis
armed with longer and more pointed teeth than in achilles and achillaena. — montezuma Guén. is the most
northerly and the smallest race and at the same time the most easily distinguished on account of the rounded
forewing, which is surrounded by a relatively broad deep black distal border containing only one row of pure
white punctiform spots, of the size of a pin’s head. The distal border sends out fine black points along the
veins. Under surface predominantly red-brown with strikingly small ocelli and reddish yellow anteterminal
bands on both wings and a reddish yellow shade beyond the cell on the forewing; 292 are apparently rare;
they are wanting in my collection. GopMAN and Satyrtn give Yucatan as locality. — Through the firm of

- Banc-Haas I recently received an interesting local or seasonal, perhaps mountain form, zela subsp. nov.,

of distinct montezuma character in its rounded forewing and with still more pronounced, dull vinous bands
on the under surface, and noteworthy above for having the black distal border of the forewing only a few mm.
in breadth, very little ornamented with white, and proximally sending out no black teeth along the veins.
A more exact locality than Mexico could not be ascertained. — octavia Bates (69 a) must be considered
one of the most remarkable and most easily recognized Morphids on account of its delicate light blue but
uncommonly glossy reflection and the extended whitish brown bordering of the wings. The @ is even
paler than the ¢ and in both sexes the eye-spots of the under surface show through distinctly. Under
surface basally light cocoa-brown, the distal area light havanna-brown with slight violet sheen, whitish
bands and flesh-coloured anteterminal spots. Ocelli, particularly those of the hindwing, with very
broad light ochre-yellow bordering. Habitat exclusively the forests of the Pacific coast of Guatemala.
— As zonaras subsp. nov. we here introduce a further local form allied to the octavia type, the type
of which is in the British Museum, with the very doubtful locality “‘Colombia’’. The 3 differs from
octavia in the still purer white anteterminal shade and the lighter blue basal part of both wings. Beneath
the brown marginal area extends further proximad to the wall of the cell and the submarginal

Publ. 5, VI. 1913. MORPHO. By H. FRuustorrer. ‘ 345

bracket-shaped markings are not only considerably enlarged but also proximally bordered by a conspicuous

brown band. — hyacinthus Bélr. (67 a) inhabits Honduras, where, however, it is by no means common. Easy hyacinthus.
to separate from montezuma by its larger size and more pointed forewing, hyacinthus is further noteworthy for

the lighter and more glossy blue on both wings. The black distal border as a rule smooth at its proximal edge;

yet examples also occur with the distal border even more strongly dentate proximally then in montezuma.
Clasping-organs descriped in the diagnosis of the species. crispitaenia Fruhst. is a Q-form of hyacinthus crispitaenia.
margined with brown-black almost to the middle of the wings, with large white median patches, running

out into a fine point distally. — pudicis Frwhst. is the local race from Nicaragua; much smaller than examples pudicis.
from Mexico and Honduras, the distal border of the forewing very narrow. The under surface of the wings light-

er, as in limpida Bilr.; but the markings are somewhat more shadowy, ocelli larger than in crispitaenia,
transverse bands in the cell of the hindwing somewhat narrower than in limpida. — Under limpida Btlr., as the limpida.
oldest name, we include here the polymorphic series of individuals which inhabit Costa Rica, the Volcan de
Chiriqui and the state of Panama. We figure at 67a the prevailing form from Costa Rica, which is labelled
hydorina Bélr. in the British Museum and is characterized by having the basal half of both wings mostly dark hydorina.
brown. marinita Bélr. designates examples with the blue median band of the hindwing reduced, or occasionally marinita.
quite obsolete; the name narcissus Sigr. describes gg from Chiriqui with brilliant metallic blue gloss on the narcissus.
proximal half of both wings, and limpida itself is based on an aberrant intermediate form. According to GoDMAN

and SaLvry, however, one might similarly erect a further series of names, as no two specimens are alike. At any

rate, narcissus with its predominantly dark or violet-blue base leads over to peleides Koll., the commonest peleides.
Morpho of Colombia, which is wanting in no consignment from there. The white dotting of the submarginal

area of peleides is simpler than in the northern races, the distal border always narrow, deep black, rarely dentate
proximally and even then only indistinctly. The light blue of the upper surface uniform, only with inappreciably

darker, slightly violet reflections over the basal part. 9 with two rows of white submarginal dots on the forewing,

of which the proximal also are rounded, not elongate as in limpida. Under surface of the gg, as already men-

tioned above, deepest in colour, almost black-brown with grey-white anteterminal lines. According to Fassi

peleides only occurs in Western Colombia, from Bogota to the Pacific coast, whilst achilles is only found to the

east, and the two species seem to be separated from one another. — Egg of the size of that of achilles, hemispheri-

eal, with a slight basal depression, greenish yellow, dully transparent, surface rough, not glossy.—cortone subsp. nov. cortone.
differs from normal peleides in its smaller size and in having the blue gloss much lighter, particularly distally,

and the black distal border of both wings more extended. The under surface is characterized by its almost

entirely white subterminal lines, the light bronze-green gloss of the proximal bordering of the ocelli and the light

yellow rings which surround them. Moreover the vermilion lunulate spots of the hindwing stand out more
distinctly and might even be described as being as broad again as in peleides. Colombia. — maculata Rob. maculata.
seems to be the most southern local form yet discovered. It may be easily known by the whitish blue upper sur-

face, relatively narrow border and especially the lighter underside, with broader grey-white band bordering the

ocelli, the paler submarginal lunules and the widened anteterminal patches. Ecuador. — corydon Guén. is the corydon.
most eastern offshoot of the collective species and was described from Venezuela as long ago as 1859, but is

still always rare in collections. ¢ smaller, hindwing more broadly margined with black. Under surface with the

bands even paler than in maculata, ocelli quite small, similar to those of pudicis Fruhst. Transverse bands in

the cell of the forewing still broader than in maculata. The @ is not yet known. According to Dr. Hannen

corydon is fond of feeding on fallen fruit and in particular cannot resist sugar-cane which has been split open

and spread out on forest-paths, though it is often only worn specimens that visit the bait. — peleus Rob. (69 b) peleus.

is an interesting, well differentiated form either belonging to the rainy season or to the mountains; it somewhat
corresponds to narcissus Stgr. from Panama (Chiriqui), with the basal part of both wings darker blue, shot

with intensive, nearly violet reflections. The black marginal area of both wings narrower, not widened
apically, thus running parallel on the forewing with the distal margin. Under surface about as in insularis

Fruhst. from Trinidad, without the whitish shade proximally to the row of ocelli. The band accompanying the

ocelli not white, but greenish as in corydon, not interrupted in the median part, but joined to a projecting
nose-shaped mark. Venezuela, co-type in coll. FRuHstorreR. — insularis subsp. nov. A well defined island insularis.
race; g above showing more resemblance to peleides cortone Fruhst. than to the neighbouring Venezuelan

race, the black distal border of the wings, particularly of the hindwing, considerably narrower, without sub-
marginal bordering of small red spots. 9 above very similar to the 3 of corydon, but with broader black border

to both wings. The transcellular region about as in peleides 9, but deeper violet-blue. Between the costal

and the lower median are placed five white interneural dots, which are larger than in peleides 9 and more suggest

those of hyacinthus Btlr. The distinct proximal (second) submarginal row of dots of peleides is wanting. Hind-

wing with quite small reddish patches. The blue area deeper blue than in peleddes, with brilliant violet reflection ;

under surface considerably darker than in corydon, resembling that of cortone. The foreground of the ocelli

densely dusted with greenish, the whitish and light brown parts of the median area of both wings, which charac-

terize corydon, are absent. According to Kaye common on Trinidad; both sexes collected by A. H. Fassi

at the Maracas Fall, From the Sierra Nevada GopMAN and SALvIN record a peleides form, which perhaps con-

nects corydon Guén. with peleides Koll.

Vv 44

leontius.

popilius.

telamon.

vitrea.

346 MORPHO. By H. FRvuuSTORFER.

M. leontius differs from peleides in the broader black distal border, which, particularly on the forewing,
is widened towards the cell and even exceeds in breadth that of peleides cortone Fruhst. Basal part of both wings
with some amount of blue-violet gloss, but not so much darkened as in pelews. Under surface as in peleus, but
with open band in the median part of the hindwing. Two local forms: leontius Fldr., with the black distal
border of the forewing deeply incised proximally. The distal area of the hindwing more extended than in popilius.
Under surface somewhat lighter than in the Bolivian branch-race; the longitudinal bands purer white. FELDER’s
type is an aberrant example with five instead of three ocelli on the forewing beneath and bears the incorrect
locality-label: “Bogota”; leontiws probably inhabits the Cauca Valley. — popilius Hpffr., described by its
author from Bolivia and Venezuela, is likewise still very rare; my collection contains only one g, and the 2
probably still awaits discovery. popilius is characterized by the extremely delicate light blue, but nevertheless
brightly glossy upper surface of both wings, which somewhat recalls that of peleides, but shades proximally into a
slightly steel-blue, distally into a nearly whitish area, while peleides has a deeper and more uniform blue gloss.
A further characteristic is the costally widened, but posteriorly narrowed black distal border of the forewing,
which is ornamented with five white dots, decreasing in size towards the anal angle. Distal bordering of the
hindwing likewise with a slight tendency to become narrower posteriorly, with quite faint traces of reddish
patches. Under surface similar to that of our figure, which, however, belongs to another species (vitrea Btlr.),
which I at first took for popilius; ground-colour more red-brown; submarginal and median bands yellowish
white, broader, ocelli smaller, ringed with lighter yellow. If popilius really occurs in Venezuela, as Hoprrer
assumed, the Venezuelan race must differ quite considerably from the name-type from Bolivia, for that a Mor-
phid should not have been modified in a locality so remote is, judging from experience of all the allied species,
quite out of the question.

M. vitrea splits up into two local races: telamon db. comes from the Cauca Valley in Colombia and
approaches peleides Koll. According to its author telamon differs essentially from peletdes in its shape: the fore-
wing is broader (much the shape of the diagonal half of a square) and the hindwing is much rounder. The upper
surface is not such a whitish blue as in peleides and in certain lights has a strongly violet tinge. The dark distal
border is of quite uniform breadth on both wings and is not black, but only grey-black and very narrow (scarcely
4 mm. in breadth) with very indistinct small ight submarginal spots; the basal part of the upperside is not
darkened, the costal stripe of the forewing is likewise only grey-black and little conspicuous, and the white costal
spot near the discocellular is very small and obsolescent. At the inner angle of the hindwing there is only a
small, very obscure red-brown stripe. The under surface is much lighter than in peleides (reddish brown),
the forewing has besides the usual three eye-spots also a fourth, small, imperfectly developed ocellus between the
upper radial and the last subcostal vein, the light bordering of the eye-spots is much broader and dirty reddish
white, the oblique whitish postmedian band is more extended and at the distal angle joins the ight submarginal
markings. The yellowish submarginal stripe of the forewing broader, the submarginal markings of the hind-
wing reduced and the small dirty reddish stripes in them very little developed. The subapical eye-spot of the
hindwing smaller than in peleides. Expanse: 118 mm. — vitrea Btlr. (69 b, as popilius) has, like telamon,
a very narrow black distal border, deeply dentate proximally, a narrow white costal spot running out into a
fine line towards the base, and three subapical dots on the forewing, the upper surface of both wings greenish
blue with golden lateral reflections, such as are found in no other species of Morpho. Under surface brown
with peculiar dull olive-green gloss. Median band greenish with bronzy gloss. Ocelli with greenish yellow bor-
dering and the pupil slightly dotted with red and violet. Bolivia, Province of Yungas. 2 $¢ in coll. Fruu-
stoRFER. Length of the forewing 60—63 mm. The 2 has the black distal border of the forewing much widened
and extending in the shape of long teeth along the veins. Somewhat beyond the cell are placed four indistinct
white intraneural dots, which terminate before the posterior median. Hindwing about as in peleides Koll.
The basal area of both wings moderately broadly blackish with intensive ultramarine reflection. Under surface:
ocelli first broadly ringed with greenish yellow, then with blackish, finally with light green, the greenish border-
ing more extended than in the g, shading somewhat into white towards the costal. Submarginal band only
slightly whitish, dusted with green. Hindwing with small, inconspicuous reddish terminal spots. Coroico, Bo-
livia, 1500 m. BuriLEr’s diagnosis is somewhat meagre and leaves it doubtful whether it refers to the species
dealt with here. According to this description the g has the upper surface variable in colour, blue-green. Base,
costal and inner margins of the hindwing brown. Distal margin broadly brown. Forewing with a white spot
at the end of the cell, bounded by the first subcostal vein. A submarginal row of six white spots at the distal
margin. Under surface as in achilles, except that the bands are more greenish and somewhat more interrupted.
vitrea differs from achillaena in having the brown distal border of the upper surface only about half the usual
breadth and the blue colouring more greenish, while the under surface more resembles MW. achilles than achillaena.

M. granadensis, distributed from Central America to Ecuador, is a perfectly valid and well defined
species, notwithstanding that FELDER suspected he might be dealing with a local form of deidamia and that
STAUDINGER also doubted its specific right. granadensis cannot be a local form of deidamia Hbn. (67 a) since

MORPHO. By H. Fruustorrer. 347

the latter is represented in Colombia by the recently discovered hermione Rob. Moreover a glance at the

huge ocelli of the under surface and the reduction of the white markings shows the fundamental difference.

— polybaptus 5élr. (— candelarius Stgr.) differs only inconsiderably from the name-type, having the black polybaptus.
distal area of the upper surface somewhat widened and the white subapical spot of the forewing more strongly
expressed. On the under surface the whitish yellow anteterminal bands are more prominent and the bordering

to the ocelliis of a finer bronzy greenish colour. Median band of the hindwing strongly elbowed, distally with

a nose-shaped projection in the middle of the wing. Originally described from Costa Rica, polybaptus also occurs,

according to GoDMAN and SaLvin, in Nacaragua and the state of Panama. — granadensis Pdr. was first sent to granadensis.
FELDER by the dealer DEYROLLE and pretty certainly came from the Cauca Valley, whence DeyRotiez had received

a large consignment. Upper surface similar to peleides, but the black distal border considerably more extended,

the wings more rounded, the Morpho reflection deeper blue, and especially characterized by its large, light
cinnamon-brown ringed ocelli, those on the forewing of uniform size, whilst on the hindwing the apical eye-spots

far surpass the three closely approximated anal ocelli. — lycanor Fruhst. (71 b) comes from Ecuador; the 2 lycanor.
larger, distal border broader, the blue reflection deeper than in granadensis Fldr. from Colombia. Basal part of

both wings with dark violet reflection. Under surface: the peculiar pale ochre-yellow bands of the forewing

more extended, all the ocelli larger. The whitish stripes and bands, which recall decdamia, darker.

M. rugitaeniatus Fruhst. (70b) unites in itself the characteristics of the peleides, achilles and granadensis rugitaenia-
groups. 3: upper surface with the exception of the very deeply notched black distal border deep glossy blue. Upper *-
part of the cell and the basal parts of both wings with dark violet reflection, likewise the broad blue rays which
penetrate deeply into the deep black distal border. At the costal margin shortly beyond the cell a white
spot, in addition a diffuse white subapical patch and 3—5 white submarginal dots on the forewing. Forewing
yellowish, the small admarginal spots of the hindwing pure white and placed in pairs. Under surface: forewing
of peleides-, hindwing of achillaena-character. Ocelli very large, with broad yellow irides and very large diffuse
white pupils, bordering on the forewing blue-white, composed of delicate lines, on the hindwing greenish white,
consisting of stronger lines. Forewing with an ochre-yellow, strongly marked admarginal band and two milk-
white submarginal bands separated by a brown undulate line. Hindwing with an interrupted dark ochreous
admarginal and a violet-white submarginal band, which are separated by dark brick-red, proximally pointed pat-
ches. Transverse bands in the cell of the forewing narrow, like the median stripes of the hindwing, greenish.
The angled median band proximally to the ocelli continuous (as in bahiana Fruhst.), the 3 anal ocelli sur-
rounded by a common greenish white area. Type from Paramba, Ecuador.

M. deidamia, the most copiously adorned with white of any of the achilles group, according to Dr.
Hannez has a straight and rapid flight, not dipping up and down with such energy as the species of the mene-
laus group, but by preference keeping to open paths and clearings in the woods, and so obtaining free scope
for its powerful flight, not flitting restlessly through the thickets of underwood and disappearing in gaps among
the shrubs, as is said to be the habit of the species of the achilles group. With the exception of Bolivia deidamia
only inhabits purely tropical regions and it splits up into a series of branch-races, some of which are sharply
differentiated. The 9° are not muchrarerthanthe ¢3, more resemble the 99 of achillesthan their own 3¢
and are considerably larger. The gg show parallel variation to those of the peleides series, in the Amazon
region they already range from specimens with little to those with strongly darkened basal part on the upper
surface, which in the races of the southern Andes again disappears. In addition the extent of the black distal
border, which is only dotted with white in its anterior part, varies geographically. — deidamia Hbn. (67 a), deidamia.
the name-type, named by its author from Crammr’s figures, inhabits Surinam and will probably also be found
in French and British Guiana. Basal part of the upper surface in the ¢¢ brilliant steel-blue, the distal area
of both wings delicate light blue (as in popilius Hpffr.). But in the 2 the proximal region is darkened, being
broadly black, though with intensive metallic reflection. Forewing with three white median dots, the light
blue restricted to a relatively narrow median area. — erica Fruhst., from the Lower Amazon, differs from typi- erica.
cal specimens in the constantly narrower, silver-white reticulation of the under surface. Flies at Obidos in Au-
gust—September. — neoptolemus Wood. Basal part of both wings black-brown, only distally with slight neoptolemus.
dark blue sheen. ©: the blue median band of both wings broader, darker but more glossy blue than in deidamia
from Surinam and Obidos. Under surface with somewhat less extended red submarginal patches, but with
more copious white reticulation. From the upper Rio Negro (Uaupes) in coll. FRuHSTORFER, recorded by Dr.
HanneEL from the Upper Amazon. — hermione Rob. Differs from the typical deidamia of the Lower Amazon hermione.
in having the black distal border much narrower; at the posterior angle of the forewing it is only about 2 mm.
in breadth, but gradually widens and at the apex attains a breadth of about 15 mm.; the distal margin of the
hindwing is about 3 mm. in breadth in the middle. The ¢ before me has an expanse of 115 mm. The greenish
blue median band is about 25 mm. in breadth, with its proximal boundary sharp and almost straight, the
distal indistinct. The dark brown basal part is about 18 mm. in breadth and has only in the distal third a
dark blue gloss. In the apex of the forewing are placed 2 small, distinct white spots and 1 very indistinct
light one. At the costal margin of the forewing there is a small white spot. At the inner angle of the hind-

briseis.

electra.

portis.

sidera.

thamyris.

psyche.

lympharis.

sulkowskyi.

348 MORPHO. By H. FRUHSTORFER.

wing there are only traces of small reddish spots. The under surface is dark mahogany-brown, on the hindwing
somewhat lighter about the veins, the light markings are in shape almost like those of deidamia, but are
much less developed (narrower) and of the submarginal brick-red spots of the hindwing only slight traces are
present. Type probably from the Cauca Valley. Fassn discovered the 2 at Villavicencio, East Colombia;
it does not differ materially from the 2 of the preceeding subspecies, but the blue band extends towards the
apex beyond the cell of the forewing and in the anal angle of the hindwing. On the under surface the red sub-
marginal patches are nearly suppressed and the silver-white bands are somewhat more delicate than in the
neoptolemus 2. — briseis Fldr. (= pyrrhus Stgr.) describes a further, much darkened local race from the Chan-
chamayo and Hillapani in Peru, which likewise lacks the blue gloss on the black basal area of both wings, but
differs from the 99° of neoptolemus in having a more extended blue median area. Very rare, only known in the 3.
—electra Réb. is ahighly specialized local form from Bolivia with the hindwing decidedly more rounded and the
forewing shorter. The upper surface is brilliant light blue, in certain lights with greenish gloss. The black
distal margin very narrow, at the hinder angle of the forewing only about 2mm. and at the apex about 10 mm.,
in the middle of the hindwing about 3 mm. in breadth. In the apex of the forewing are placed 2 white spots;
the costal margin of the forewing is brown-black from the base to the discocellular, the white costal spot
which follows about 10 mm. in length. The base of the wing only very slightly darkened. Under surface dark
red-brown; the form of the light markings quite similar to those of deidamia, but the eye-spots much smaller,
margined with red-yellow (asin M. granadensis Fldr., but the subapical eye-spot of the hindwing is considerably
larger in the latter), the distal-marginal markings are white (not yellow as in deidamia), the proximal silver-
white markings reduced, less continuous, and at the distal margin of the hindwing there are only small, narrow
red longitudinal spots (no transverse band).

M. portis is the oldest name for a pretty species, which has generally found its way into collections
under the name cytheris Godt. portis may be regarded as the type of a small group which embraces species
with the sexes alike, in contrast to the forms of the adonis group with highly differentiated, heterochromatic 99.
Two subspecies can be separated with certainty. — portis Hbn. (68 a) according to von BONNINGHAUSEN is
never found in the plains, but only at higher elevations of the Sierra Geral, as at Petropolis and Novo Friburgo
in the state of Rio de Janeiro, where it is by no means common. The upper surface differs from that of the southern
branch-race in its unusually delicate light blue colour, shot throughout with glossy reflections, and which
only distally darkens somewhat towards violet. sidera Fruhst. demotes a form without apical ocellus on the
underside of the hindwing, which bears pale yellow instead of reddish brown longitudinal bands on an unusually
light ground and in addition has the silver bands nearly twice as broad as in normal portis. — thamyris Fldr.,
sufficiently characterized by the broader black border of the forewing and the darker blue gloss of the upper
surface, bears beneath somewhat larger and more uniform ocelli, broader and more intensively red-brown
longitudinal bands and consequently reduced silver stripes. The @ is rather rare, larger than the g, adorned
with larger anteterminal and submarginal white crescents and small longitudinal stripes and with the wings more
rounded. This elegant Morphid is very local in Sta. Catharina, but common in suitable localities (timber-
forests overgrown with bamboo and intersected by large rivers). thamyris flies chiefly in the afternoon from
3—4 o'clock, when Morpho anaxibia is already disappearing into the shade of the woods. The butterflies.
fly slowly, scarcely 1—2 mm. above the ground, and are fond of resting with closed wings on bamboo-twigs.
Also on the highlying country of Lages I met with thamyris in the damp woods of the valleys and the prime-
val forests on the Alto Uruguay. Flies principally in March. In Rio Grande according to MaBILDE two genera-
tions occur, the first flying for 15—20 days in the spring, the second for nearly a month in the autumn. —
psyche Fld., of which I have the type before me through the kindness of the directors of the Tring Museum,
seems to be due to discoloration. Upper surface darker blue than in portis; distal border of the forewing broader,
more uniform. Under surface: ocelli as in portis, but the silvery longitudinal band suppressed, the wings them-
selves faded into a lighter brown. Brazil.

M. lympharis Btlr. replaces MW. portis in the Andean region, but has hitherto only been found in Peru
and was described from Pucartambo. g above somewhat darker blue than MW. aega and with subapical white
punctiform spots on the forewing. Underside of both wings with three ocelli, of which the apical and the two in-
termediate ones are elongate-oval in shape. Otherwise as VW. portis Hbn.

M. sulkowskyi agrees with portis in its preference for the mountains and it is said to occur principally
in the “tierra templada’”’ of Colombia and Peru, where it ascends to 1—2000 m., and in Colombia is also met
with on the tablelands. sulkowskyi is a notable species with strikingly thin scales, delicate light blue but
with such a brilliant reflection that it is only surpassed by VW. rhetenor and M. cypris. When viewed from the
side the forewing shows further a violet tinge over the blue reflections. Three local races have hitherto beea made
known: sulkowskyi Koll. (68 a), from Colombia. 3 only blackened at the apex of the forewing and the anal
angle of the hindwing, 2 on both wings with black or brown distal border, which on the hindwing is divided
by a pale yellow band. In the black anal spot of the hindwing in both sexes three dull bordeaux-red patches.

MORPHO. By H. FRUHSTORFER. 349

Under surface very similar to that of portis, but with chains of connected ocelli and very large apical eye-spot

on the hindwing. The longitudinal bands of the under surface in the g either blackish or reddish, in the 2

a beautiful red-brown. According to recent observations made in the Central Cordillera of Colombia it sails
along proudly in the middle of a crowd of black Satyrids on grassy mountain-slopes on the road to the Quindiu

Pass. Difficult to catch, particularly in good condition; also occurring in the East Cordillera from 2—3000 m.

— zephyritis Bélr. (on BuTLER’s plate in Lepid. Exotica erroneously called lympharis) was described from zephyritis.
Huasampillo in Peru. As a rule somewhat larger than sulkowskyi and with the longitudinal bands blackish

and somewhat broader than in Colombian examples. The ocelli on the underside of the hindwing connected.

The bands of the under surface showing through more clearly above, the submarginal band in particular stand-

ing out very sharply. I have examples before me from Pozuzo and Huancabamba, Central Peru, 1500 m. —

eros subsp. nov. (Sigr. 7. l.). Wings somewhat shorter, broader, with the black apical bordering much widened, eros.
on the other hand the hindwing without any black distal border. Upper surface with yellowish opalescent

gloss, under surface with yellowish brown, more diffuse markings. Apical ocellus of the hindwing placed free.
Bolivia, South-East Peru.~ sulkowskyi has recently been discovered also in Ecuador and the local form from

there described as sirene Niep. sirene is said to be considerably larger than the race from Colombia, length sirene.
of the forewing 60 against 55 mm. Wing-contour sharper, apex and inner angle of the forewing angled instead

of rounded. The mother-of-pearl gloss more intensive and pure blue, without greenish admixture as in sulkowskyi

and eros. Under surface white with somewhat more strongly marked bands.

M. rhodopteron Godm., from the Sierra Nevada in Venezuela, apparently represents sulkowskyi there, rhodopteron,
comes very near this in size, but bears only one instead of three ocelli on the underside of the forewing and
three isolated, not connected as in sulkowskyi, rounded eye-spots on the hindwing. Very rare, only known to
me from the figure.

M. aurora agrees with portis Hbn. in the shape of the wings and the arrangement of the black
distal spots. Upper surface with light blue, distally darkening gloss. Under surface grey-white, with mother-
of-pearl gloss, basal area purple. The ocelli show through distinctly above and are yellow in the middle, with
white crescents and sharply ringed with black. On the forewing four or five, on the hindwing always four eye-
spots, the apical one sometimes doubled, being accompanied anteriorly by a halved eye-spot. The species flies
rather high; GaRLepP met with it at Cocapata in Bolivia at elevations of abeut 2600 m. The @ still awaits
discovery. Two geographical races: aureola subsp. nov. (66c¢ as aurora), apparently not rare at Pozuzo and aureola.
Chanchamayo, is somewhat smaller and darker than the Bolivian sister-form, aurora Westw., which according aurora.
to STAUDINGER also (Iris 1894, p. 72) is notable for its relatively large size. awrora seems to be rarer than the
Peruvian aureola.

& M. adonis, the longest known species of a small group, is transitional from the portis series to the
rhetenor group, and with it begins at the same time the series of species in which the Morphid character reaches
its highest development, accompanied by a striking sexual dimorphism such as we find nowhere else in the

Satyromorphids and which is only surpassed by a few Papilionids and Nymphalids. — adonis Cr. (= eugenia adonis.
Deyr. 3) (68 a), originally described from Surinam, inhabits Guiana and the northern bank of the Amazon.

DEYROLLE had it from the River Oyapok on the borders of Cayenne and Brazilian Guiana, Micwariis found

it at Obidos on the lower course of the river, Dr. Kocu on the Upper Rio Negro, Dr. HAHNEL reports its capture

at Iquitos and Pebas. There adonis flies quickly and impetuously (sometimes at an elevation of 12 ft.), dashing
out from among the branches, crossing the road and following clearings among the trees, in which they sail
along just over the tops or in and out among the branches. The g resembles the generally known aega (66 b)
above, but the blue is duller and lighter. Forewing also above with the two white costal spots which our figure

of the underside reproduces and with less black at the apex. — In adonides Sigr., an aberration from Iquitos, adonides.
however, these white patches are absent, and the white stripes of the under surface are more blurred, nearly
effaced. The 2 is much larger with the basal part of both wings above black-brown, and has extended yel-
lowish white, proximally strongly dentate longitudinal bands. ‘The under surface is predominantly silver-white
with pure white median area, reddish anteterminal band and the ocelli ringed with brilliant yellow. It was fi-
gured as long ago as 1785 as marcus Schaller, afterwards rechristened wrania by DryRouie, and Krrpy is not
altogether to be blamed for having referred the 2, from ScHauimr’s figure, to the Zeuxidiids, to which it shows

& superficial resemblance.

M. uraneis Butes is an extraordinarily rare species; in addition to the type only three examples seem to uraneis.
be known, which were collected by Dr. Hannet at Iquitos and Pebas. According to STauDINGER wraneis has
the upper surface blue with brilliant mother-of-pearl gloss and is larger and broader-winged. Its flight is more
regular and not so rapid as that of adonis.

M. aega, one of the best known and in the gf one of the commonest Morphids, shows a tendency,
within its relatively narrow range of distribution, to interesting geographical variation. ‘The name-type, aega aega.

mellinia.

bisanthe.

miata.

pseudo-
cypris.

rhetenor.

eusebes.

350 MORPHO. By H. FrRuHSTORFER.

Hbn. (66b), probably came from the state of Rio de Janeiro, although according to von BONNINGHAUSEN
the species does not occur in the town of Rio itself, but only in the north-west of the province of this name,
and is probably distributed as far as Sta. Catharina. The 9 was first figured by StaupmnexER; it differs from our
figure (mellinia, 66 b) in the darker colouring, the smaller transcellular patches of the forewing and the far
larger submarginal spots of the hindwing. — mellinia Fruhst. differs from 992 from Rio de Janeiro in the
more extended black border of both wings and the much more broadly black thickening of the veins of the
forewing. In addition on the forewing in the broader black spot at the apex of the cell and the larger yellow
circumeellular patches. Lower median at its base, submedian in the middle, bordered with broad patches
of black scales. The hindwing darker red-brown. Distal border more broadly black with the yellowish rounded
patches considerably smaller. — bisanthe Fruhst. (66b), with the type from Sta. Catharina, describes the
southern form of the collective species, in the Q recognizable at once by the almost uniformly large yellowish
submarginal spots, which mostly extend from the anal angle to the apex, whilst in aega and mellinia they
do not reach beyond the median part of the forewing. The circumcellular spots are larger and lighter. The black
spot before the apex is narrower, more diffuse, and only extends to the middle of the anterior wall of the cell.
The ground-colour of the yellow 92 much paler, on the hindwing without brown tinge; the submarginal patches
of the forewing more uniform, forming a more complete row. The 22 are among the most variable Morphids
and three principal forms may be distinguished, including the normal (most commonly occurring), predominantly
brown-yellow 9, analogous to that of mellinia, and probably the ancestral form, still recalling the Brassolids,
thus phyletically the oldest. Besides this we have mixta Fruhst., with partial blue reflections on the forewing —
(66 b), and finally pseudocypris Fruhst. (66 c), in which the yellow-brown gives place to a dark or light blue,
which overspreads the whole upper surface. Whilst the gg before me from Rio de Janeiro, Parana and Blumenau
show inter se no differences worth mentioning, the ¢¢ of bisanthe from Rio Grande do Sul can be at once
separated from their more northern representatives by the predominantly white-grey instead of purple-brown
under surface, which in addition is traversed by more sharply defined, i. e. more strongly black-bordered and
consequently more distinct, grey-white or pale yellow longitudinal bands. Also the bisanthe 29 are paler yellow
beneath and in the form pseudocypris with more prominent light areas than in mellinia. Thus in the north
Espiritu Santo with an almost uniform hot, damp climate all the year round, which produces a continuous,
vast forest area covering the still almost unknown interior of the province, has a deep-coloured, one might
say rainy-season form. Rio Grande do Sul, on the contrary, with pronounced separation of the seasons and
great extremes in temperature, produces, on account of the dry prairies extending from Argentina, which restrict
the primeval forest to a relatively narrow tract in the eastern slopes of the coast-mountains, a pale race with
all the characteristics of a product of a dry region. MaBiLpE says that bisanthe occurs for 10—15 days in the
spring and 20—40 days in the autumn on forest-paths. Of the rare 92 about 10—15 are found to 1000 gd.
BURMEISTER knew an aega race with blue 29 from the Missiones in the state of Argentina, discovered there
by CaRtos Bpre.

M. rhetenor, already named by Cramer the “blue elongate Atlas butterfly”, has the apex of the fore-
wing more produced than any other Morphid species; a characteristic, however, that partially disappears in
the 2, which more resembles that of cypris. The g is one of the most brilliantly glossy species and has -
only a quite inconsiderable black apical spot and a white costal patch on the forewing. The under surface
is noteworthy for the contrast between the black basal area and a brown distal region, which are separated
by a median band of a more or less pure white and of varying extent according to the locality. Both wings
beneath show brown rounded eye-spots entirely without white pupils. — rhetenor Cr. (68 b) inhabits Guiana
and its ¢g are much smaller than those from other localities. The under surface of the $g must at the same
time be described as the dullest in colour. The eye-spots of the hindwing remain light red-brown and the
median area is dull grey. The very rare 2, which we figure from an example in coll. FRuusrorRFER, exceeds
the g in expanse and is striking chiefly on account of the contrast of the deep velvety brown cell in the fore-
wing and of the submarginal area against the ochreous median area. — eusebes Fruhst. inhabits the Amazon
region, where MicHarLis observed it at Obidos in August and September, and Dr. Hanne at Iquitos and
Jurimaguas. According to Dr. Hannet (Iris 1890, p. 235) eusebes always flies at a great height and energeti-
cally, mounting from 3 to 6 m. with an undulating flight, and can only occasionally be attracted to fly down
on to wings of Morpho menelaus laid on the ground. The Q settles on wet places on the banks of rivers (a
habit which I also observed in VW. anazibia in Sta. Catharina). When disturbed they only fly away slowly,
in contrast to the gg. The gg emit a smell of sulphur (Hannewl. c., p. 308). 3 considerably larger than
rhetenor rhetenor Cr. from Surinam, with the black at the apex of the forewing somewhat more extended and
with the first beginnings of the yellow spotting which distinguishes cacica Sigr. Under surface brighter, fresher-
coloured, with more delicate grey-white median area and more distinct, darker brown, incomplete ocelli on the
hindwing. A comparison of the figure of our rhetenor 2 with that of ewsebes Q given by STAUDINGER,
Exot. Schmetterlinge pl. 70, shows the following differences: ground-colour of the eusebes 2 light, almost canary-
yellow, without any brown admixture. Transcellular spot nearly twice as broad, all the distal patches
likewise more intensive and finer yellow, isolated, and divided dnto two instead of three rows as in rhetenor.

MORPHO. By H. FrRvuustorrer. 351

— eacica Sigr., described from the Chanchamayo in South Peru, is connected with eusebes by transitions
which occur already on the Upper Amazon. The type is characterized by a median row of four or five whitish
yellow intramedian spots, sometimes also in addition some similar spots before the distal margin. The under
surface of the hindwing shows a very narrow brown transverse band, which encloses the dark brown ocelli
and is not broadened posteriorly as in ewsebes and rhetenor. 9 apparently still unknown. — helena Sigr., a very
distinct geographical race almost entitled to specific rank; upper surface much nearer to cypris Westw.
than to rhetenor, only differing essentially from the former in the absence of the yellow submarginal markings
on both wings and in having the produced apex of the forewing (so characteristic of rhetenor) even more strongly
developed than in ewsebes. The median band of the under surface, which is dull grey in the other representatives
of rhetenor, is in helena pure white, broad and traverses the forewing from the apex of the cell, the hindwing
for its entire length. Much, however, as the ¢¢ differ from rhetenor type in the metallic iridescence of the me-
dian band, the 9 of helena nevertheless remains constant and apparently scarcely differs more than rhetenor
2 irom the 9 of the Amazon form eusebes. It is larger than ewsebes 2, but has the yellow areas of the forewing
quite as extended and the submarginal patches on the upperside of the hindwing more strongly marked,
but likewise arranged in three parallel rows. The under surface of the forewing somewhat duller than in eusebes,
the hindwing predominantly grey and in the median area nearly pure white instead of yellowish. The gg came
from the Rio Huayabamba near its union with the Huallaga, in North Peru; the Q was discovered at Tara-
poto in October, 1901, by the well-known collector Micuar1, who sent a coloured drawing of it on which our
diagnosis is based. Only yellow 99 are known, but it is very probable that, as in all the species of the adonis-
rhetenor group, 2° tinged with blue will also be discovered.

M. cypris replaces rhetenor in Colombia and Central America and one might strictly speaking unite it
with the latter as a geographical branch unless the anatomy shows essential differences. cypris is here, however,
kept separate on account of the rounded shape of the forewing and the somewhat more vertically placed white
median band of the upper surface. cypris and helena outshine even the other Morphids in their incomparable
gloss and cypris in particular is a true gem, unequalled in its brilliance throughout the whole of nature (SCHATZ).
According to the fall of the light the blue of this incomparable insect shows a more violet or more greenish
gloss and the delicate white band a yellowish tone or more of a tinge of rose-colour. The blue is of such etherial
purity and such intensive lustre that all the other colours appear faded or dull in comparison. Only the Malayo-
Australian Ornithoptera can outrival the Morphids, adding as they do to the brilliance of their golden green
colouring the further charm of a quite distinguished form and wing-contour. The scaling itself, as in rhe-
tenor, remains fixed, but the interference scales are wanting in the normal 99, so that these are of the primitive
yellowish ochreous (Brassolid) ground-colour common to all the species of the adonis group. Two local varieties:
eypris Westw. (68a g,b 2). The gg are scarcely modified and the 9 differs from that of rhetenor in the more
distinctly isolated yellow submarginal patches and a yellow diffuse spot in the cell of the forewing. On the
under surface both sexes bear in addition, especially on the hindwing, fully developed ocelli with deep yellow
rings and white pupils, instead of the blind brown patches of rhetenor. The $49 otherwise resemble those of
rhetenor beneath, but the brown bands always remain paler; median area white in the ¢¢, yellowish in the 99,
on the forewing extending without interruption to the costal margin. Of the 2 examples are also known
which are shot with brilliant blue like the gd (cyanites form. nov.), but in these the blue reflection always
leaves free a rather broad brown distal margin. Colombia, principal locality the vicinity of the emerald mines
of Muzo, from whence cypris is brought to Bogota for sale as ‘‘mariposa de Muzo”. — bugaba Stgr., from the
Volcan de Chiriqui, is distinguished from Colombian examples by the more extended white median band, smaller
size and darker under surface. According to GoDMAN and SALVIN specimens of cypris from Nicaragua are almost
identical with Colombian, but gg from Panama are again much smaller with narrower bands. The butterflies
fly at a great height in the clearings which have been made in the woods for the Panama railway.

M. anaxibia Hsp. (69c) may be regarded as one of the characteristic butterflies of southern Brazil.
The species stands quite alone in having the abdomen blue above, but forms a transition from the rhetenor to
the menelaus group. anaxibia, however, lacks the wonderful gloss of the rhetenor series, the blue is duller, al-
though it has its own particular beauty, and the dazzling iridescence is wanting. The 3 still suggests rhetenor
in the under surface, the 2 reveals more connection with the menelaus group, but its marginal spots are yellow
instead of white. The 3 bears a narrow black costal border, which is inappreciably widened at the apex and then
continued to the hinder angle of the forewing as a proximally more or less dentate distal border. Beyond the
cell there is a white patch at the costal margin, but in examples from Blumenau this is frequently absent.
The forewing is predominantly black beneath, the hindwing red-brown, respectively with two to three and four
to five medium-sized eye-spots, slightly pupilled with white and mostly ringed with light grey-yellow. The
under surface of the @ is more variegated, marked with slightly glossy broad grey zigzag bands and patches.
The 2 varies above in the white, delicately blue-dusted transcellular patch of the forewing, which may be

cacica.

helena.

cypris.

cyanites.

bugaba.

anaxibia.

pelias.

352 MORPHO. By H. FRUHSTORFER.

composed of only one (Parana) or of three divisions. In the extreme south of its range, in Rio Grande do Sul,
occurs a small form, pelias subsp. nov. (69 ¢), the g of which is decidedly lighter above, more whitish blue;
the @ has somewhat more distinct ME 4 median dots on the forewing and more strongly marked yellow spots
in the submarginal area of the hindwing also. The ¢ is coloured more like the 2 beneath, without the con-
trasting grey areas of the Blumenau form and without the uniform brown-yellow of the 99 from Espiritu
Santo. The latter locality is new for anawibia; in STAUDINGER’s time Rio de Janeiro was regarded as the most
northern point of its occurrence. According to MABrupE it flies for 15—30 days at the end of January and
beginning of February and the time of flight only occasionally extends to the end of March. I myself observed
anaxibia in large numbers in Santa Catharina, in February, particularly in a side valley of the Capivary River.
Here a crystal waterfall sprinkled the roots of the forest giants and thus provided a centre of attraction for
butterflies of all sorts. As a wild beast seeks out certain set tracks in order to reach the water, so anaxibia
also haunts this spot daily, following up accidental clearings in order to gain the cascade, as if they also sought
there for cooling refreshment among the softly rustling arches of the tall bamboos shaken and bedewed by the
foaming water. They did not arrive in companies but singly, sailing quietly along, but nevertheless after
heavy rain the sand-banks before the rocks of the river were strewed with the glittering blue wings of dead
anaxibia and aega which the water washed up. The 9 is extraordinarily rare and on hot days rests in the
morning hours with the wings closed in wet places in the forest-paths where it can imbibe the moisture. It is
then so well concealed by the red under surface, which differs but little from the surrounding ground, that
it is usually only noticed by the collector when it is too late. According to VoN BONNINGHAUSEN anazibia is
common in March on the Corcovado. — Larva on Canella and one of the Myrtaceae “Grumexama’’, elongate,
appreciably thickened in the middle, head with two lateral, not very distinctly projecting tubercles with long
bristles. Head shining yellowish horn-colour, covered with small rounded pitting and dots, with fine white hairs
and with strong red-brown bristles. Body yellow, sides densely clothed with fine woolly hairs, back gaily colour-
ed, the first two segments finely haired, on the third to the sixth segment long lateral tufts of bristles, then
a varied mixture of black, bordeaux-red and white. The 5th and 6th segments naked, the 7th and 8th
with a St. Andrew’s cross-shaped figure, the four ends of which are adorned with gay tufts of bristles. Anus
with two lateral bunches of bristles and the beginning of the last segment, like the anterior ones, armed with
brightly coloured hairs. Over the back runs a rather broad band with the inner edge distinct, the outer
broken up into marbling. All the segments further with a double red lateral line. Underside with red-brown
patches between the legs. Pupa posteriorly strongly swollen, short, light green with yellowish wing-cases and
sharply defined yellow-white ring shortly behind the thickest part ofthe body. Head with two fine, pointed
black horns; in general smaller, weaker, slighter than those of Morpho hercules Dalm. In the yellowish ring the
pupa of anaxibia also differs from that of J7. catenarius Perty. In Sta. Catharina pupation takes place approxi-
mately from the 15th of January to the Ist of March.

M. menelaus, one of the historic species, received its illustrious name from LINNE and well deserves it on
account of its imposing size, which gives it a preeminence comparable to that of that hero of ancient mytho-
logy. menelaus has at the same time a very wide area of distribution, for its numerous branches have spread
over the entire tropical region and we meet with them from Guiana to Santa Catharina and on the Pacific side
from Colombia to the lowlands of Bolivia, so that its range about agrees with that of I. achilles and achillaena.
In Colombia a new brancii .as developed from the old stirps, producing in amathonte Deyr. a representative
form which almost claims rais« as a species. In contrast to achilles, however, which towards the south decreases
in size and loses in beauty, it is in its subtropical representatives nestira and godarti that menelaus attains the
maximum of its development and of its brilliance. Its extremes of variation are illustrated by our figures 69 ¢
and b for the gg and 71b and 70b for the 2°. On the under surface all the menelaus forms agree in
having the ocelli ringed with red, while in amathonte they are bordered with yellow. According to the locality
the intensity of the proximal bordering of the ocelli varies, from a dull bronze-green tinge nearly to glossy
silver-white. Equally variable is the colour of the submarginal area of both wings, which may be dull grey,
greenish purple and even vinous. © always considerably larger than the g, with more or less copious white

dots and median bands on the forewing. 2° not so extremely rare as those of the adonis-rhetenor group. Con-
cerning the early stages nothing further is known than that the egg is about 2 mm. in diameter, hemispherical,
not shining but dull grey-white and somewhat transparent. The 2 probably lays about 2 dozen of these dis-
proportionately large eggs, and oviposition seems to proceed slowly. Tegumen with relatively shortened uncus,
which is strikingly thickened basally and has an abruptly marked-off, chitinized, sharp point and two finger-
shaped, uniformly thick lateral processes. Valve rounded, broad with distally chitinized pad, which shows a few lar-
ger and many small teeth. Valve distally with long bristles. Penis long, membranous, without the pronounced teeth
ofthe MW. achilles group. menelaus leaves its nightly hiding-place as early as 8 o’clock in the morning, when the.
sun is only beginning to send its rays obliquely through the leaf thing of the forest giants, and commences
to sail along in great undulating sweeps. Against the dark gree. | huge butterfly appears even larger when

Publ. 8. VII. 1913. MORPHO. By H. Fruustorrer. 353

in motion and the magnificent play of colours of the upper surface is perfected by the silvery decoration of the
under. When the 33 come upon an open track they follow it impetuously, as if to give free scope to their
powers of flight. The 9° awake much later than their suitors, as a rule not until towards midday. Their
flight is then, however, not continuous like that of the light-winged gg, but sluggish, aimless, heavy, as if in
a dream, and it alternates with frequent pauses for rest, quite in the manner of some lost, frightened crea-
ture, driven by unconscious impulses. But when they have paired and are disturbed by the collector an in-
teresting scene ensues, the huge @ flutters heavily about with its inert partner until it has again obtained
a foothold. The rose-tinted under surface of the 9, with its large ocelli, contrasts with the much darker
one of the > and is admirably concealed from the prying eyes of enemies in the shadow of the foliage or
the confusion of brown, withered leaves. In contrast to rhetenor and the species of the iphimedeia group, how-
ever, menelaus keeps nearer to the ground, and according to Dr. HAHNEL it even abandons its aimless jerky
movements when it passes over rivers, in the consciousness of safety which the wet element under it affords.
The remarkable impression which the Morphids call forth in European travellers seems to be shared by the *na-
tives, only with this difference, that they see in them nothing attractive, but associate them in their ideas
with the embodiment of malevolent spirits. According to Dr. Kocu-Grinpere (Two Years among the Indians,
Berlin 1910) the large azure-blue butterfly ,,Tataloko”, which enchants the eye with its brilliant colouring and
looks like a little piece of the sky come down, is one of the most dangerous demons. It has its abode in Yuru-
pary Cachoeira, the first and highest of the multitude of falls and rapids in the Rio Caiary-Uaupes, where it
brews malaria in a large pot, so that all who drink of the water fall sick. As a matter of fact Dr. Kocu
had personal experience that malaria does occur on this otherwise healthy river above the cataract, in conse-
quence of the quite different, white, almost stagnant water there. The mask of the butterfly, which the na-
tives put on in the ,,Morpho™ dance, is well characterized by the wickerwork wings, painted with gay pat-
terns, which are attached to both sides of the body, and by the curved proboscis composed of Cipo (a climb-
ing plant) *). The zigzag marking on the breast of the mask indicates the fluttering of the butterfly. The
dancer holds in one hand the symbol of the pernicious activities of his demon, the drinking-cup, on which he
beats time with a small stick.— menelaus L. (69¢ 3, 71 b Q), the name-type, is at the same time the smallest
race of the collective species; the Q was named nestor by CRAMER, a name which by oversight has been trans-
ferred to the g on our plate. As may be seen from the figure, the g is pale blue, but with extremely in-
tensive reflections. The © has only quite small white discal patches and the white spots on the discocellular
are less developed than in the other races. Surinam, apparently not very common, as my collector MicHaELis
during his two visits there only handed over quite a few examples. — terrestris Btlr. is the geographical
race from the Lower Amazon, first made known from Villa Nova (the present Villa Bella); its under surface
is cnnamon-brown with somewhat more pronounced rows of bronze-green spots proximally to the small ocelli,
which inthe 2 are placed in a white foreground. 3 above already somewhat more broadly bordered with black
than menelaus from Guiana; 2 with the subapical patches on the forewing prolonged and the white transcel-
lular band considerably broader and also extending further towards the middle of the wing. From Obidos in
my collection. As melanippe Btlr. an aberration was described with only one eye-spot on the underside of the
forewing. — melacheilus Stgr. The black bordering of the $¢ is already essentially widened and in the 9,
although the proximal decoration of the ocelli on the under surface is considerably enlarged and assumes a light
silvery gloss, yet on the upper surface the blue is so much reduced that only a narrow median area of it persists
(much as in MW. achilles) and the entire basal area is again occupied by the black ground-colour. There is also
a corresponding reduction of the white transcellular spot of the forewing. Upper Amazon as far as Iquitos.
— occidentalis Fldr. is a further local form, which I formerly regarded as idgitical with melacheilus, but
examples entirely discovered by A. H. Fasst have shown me that both sexes dilfcr beneath from melacheilus in
the broad median bands of both wings, which in the gf are bronze-green, but in the Q brilliantly silvery snd
esentally widened. The markings of the upperside in the 2 indicate a retrogression to the name-type and
occidentalis 2 only differs from Surinam examples in its smaller size and the somewhat more pronounced white
spots. Base of the wings as in terrestris, dark blue with violet reflections, but not black as in melacheilus. Upper
Rio Negro from about 800 m. According to Dr. Hannat occidentalis flies all the year round. — nestira Hbn.
designates the handsome Brazilian branch-race, of which Htpneur figures a 3 with dark upper surface and very
broad black apical and distal bordering on the forewing. As just such examples occur in Santa Catharina it
may be assumed that the type came from the southern provinces of the country. — Larva according to Dr.
Witxerm Mitrer with a pattern in the last stadium which betrays the closest relationship to that of Morpho
achillides in its first. The light spots in the medio-dorsal line are almost entirely suppressed. Ground-colour
of the body liver-brown mixed with black, two large yellow-green, dark-edged spots in the middle of the dorsum.

*) Dance-masks of this sort are exhibited in the very rich South American section of the Museum of Ethnology in Ber-
lin, of which Kocu’s celebrated collection constitues not only the most richly coloured but also the best preserved and la-
belled part.

V 45

menelaus.

terrestris.

melanip pe.

melacheilus.

occidentalis.

nestira.

tenuilim-
bata.

mineiro.

ornata.

amathonte.

centralis.

julanthiscus.

godarti.

alexandra.

354 MORPHO. By H. FrvunstorFer.

The tufts of bristles predominantly black, at the anterior margin white. — In Rio de Janeiro, on the other
hand, occurs a form with the distal margin quite considerably reduced, tenuilimbata Fruhst., and the 9° from
this state are somewhat smaller than those from Blumenau, they are lighter blue, like the 9g, the white median
band of the forewing traversing the wing to the middle median vein and not so sharply defined. The under
surface is altogether less highly coloured, wanting both the copious white dusting and the purple or vinous
tinge which adorns nestira. tenuilimbata is one of the ornaments of the landscape in the neighbourhood of Rio
de Janeiro, where it is common in April and May, splendid fresh exemples being met with especially after heavy
rains in the gardens of the villas and in the streets at Corcovado. Micuaznis found tenuilimbata a great rarity
in Espiritu Santo, and I have recently seen $3 from Matto Grosso. Tegumen with somewhat shorter thumb-
shaped lateral protuberances than in menelaus occidentalis Fldr., valve distally more compressed, the dorsal
pad not dentate. tenwilimbata leads over to mineiro Fruhst. (69b 3, 70a Q), from Minas Geraes. Length of
forewing in § 75mm., in 2 83mm., against ¢ 90mm., 2 98mm. in nestira. A small local form, perhaps
only the product of a tract of country in which the dry season is of long duration. 3 deep blue with the black
distal border of both wings very broad, particularly in comparison with its small size. White costal and apical
spots reduced. Under surface: forewing: basal part uniform dark brown, distal area with greenish grey scaling.
The postdiscal silver spots, mostly prominent in nestira, obsolete except for a few atoms. All the ocelli
reduced, very small, forewing only with one eye-spot between the medians. Q: black distal border of both wings
broader, more uniform, containing more prominent, rounded (not strigiform) white submarginal dots. The
white band on the forewing beyond the cell so obscured by the more intensive and distally extended blue
reflection as to be only observable in certain lights. The blue basal tinge on both wings lighter. Under surface:
ocelli as in the g much reduced, the crescents on the forewing more open. The silver ornamentation proximally
to the “ocelli darker: more bronze-colour. Minas Geraes. mineiro is analogous to perseus richardi Fruhst. (69 a)
from the same district and is similarly dwarfed in habitus and in the form of the ocelli. nestira apparently
does not reach Rio Grande do Sul and also seems unable to subsist in the dry northern provinces, such as Ba-
hia and Pernambuco. Although the species is bred in Blumenau nothing has yet been published concerning the
early stages. — ornata subsp. nov., named from examples in coll. StrauprycerR, has a broader black distal
border, in “the 2, on the other hand, the white submarginal band of the forewing is reduced. From Casa
Braca in the province of Sao Paulo, South Brazil.

M. amathonte, whose specific right has repeatedly and justifiably been called in question, can never-
theless be easily separated from the forms of the menelaus series by having the ocelli on the underside ringed
with yellow instead of red. The 3g are about intermediate in the shape of the wings between menelaus and
didius, the black apical border as in menelaus, the distal margin very narrow, as in godarti didius. Distributed
from Colombia to Nicaragua. Splits up into three well differentiated local uo ms: amathonte Deyr. is one of the
characteristic butterflies ‘of consignments from Muzo, Colombia, and the gg are never wanting in the so-called
“Bogota lots‘, which are sold in Germany and England. The 2, how ae is always rare and differs conside-
rably from the 3. ¢ above lighter blue than menelaus with a slight admixture of whitish, recalling M. ado-
nis. Under surface somewhat lighter than that of menelaus with more copious whitish grey powdering on the
submarginal part of both wings. The white pupils of the ocelli on the forewing occupy the distal part of
the yellow bordering. The white median band, which characterizes centralis, is much shortened, the white dis-
cal patches considerably narrower and even more pointed than in the Central American race. — centralis
Stgr. (71 a) is an albinotic geographical form with the 93 even lighter blue and more intensively glossy. The
upper surface of the 2° as a rule has the white median bands even broader than our figure shows and traver-
sing the entire forewing. The under surface in both sexes, as also in amathonte, of fairly uniform colouring, but
in centralis strikingly pale yellow-grey with whitish submarginal area on both wings. Occurs from Panama to
Nicaragua, mostly represented in collections by the form from Chiriqui, where it is rather common, while at
other places it is only met with very sparingly. — julanthiscus Fruhst. comes from Ecuador and was originally
united with 1. didius Hpffr.; even larger than didius, but more approaching menelaus and godarti in the colouring
of the upper surface, having the blue of deeper and duller tone and not opalescent. The under surface is note-
worthy for the considerably smaller ocelli, which are placed on a darker ground, the metallic decoration is
reduced, rather golden than silvery. All the ocelli with golden bordering. Red antemarginal bands of both
wings more intensive and pronounced, as also their black bordering, which is proximally accompanied by a
bronze-coloured ornamental band, wanting in didius. The transverse bands in the cell of the forewing and the
proximal gold crests of the ocelli on the hindwing less conspicuous than in didius, more distinct than in
assarpai. 92 still unknown. Santa Iuez, Ecuador.

godarti Guér., with the name-type from Bolivia, extends northwards to Peru, where it breaks up into
one or two local forms, concerning which, in the rarity of specimens, some doubt still exists as to whether they
should be joined to one or other of the two species didius and menelaus. Those forms are here regarded and

-treated as godarti in which the 29 have the cell of the forewing much narrower than those of didius and

which at the same time approximate more nearly to menelaus in the darker blue, slightly violet-tinged upper
surface. $3 beneath either predominantly pale milk-white or broadly shaded with red-brown. Of the 9 there
occurs also at Coroico, at elevations of 1200m., a form with red submarginal spots on the upperside of the
forewing. The following two or three branch-races I have had to work out in part from the diagnoses of
their authors and without having seen the originals: — alexandra Hew., described without any indication of
locality from an example in coll. Lasrey of Bowdon near Manchester, decidedly belongs here and not to anazibia,

MORPHO.. By H. FrvustorFer. 355

where StavbiNcER, following Krrpy’s Catalogue, had placed it. Hewrrson’s characterization “Upper surface
brilliant silvery blue, changing to pink and distally to brilliant ultramarine blue, purple near the brown distal
margin, which bears lunules as well as eye-spots, the latter only showing through faintly from beneath, habitus
nearest to anaxibia, but with the colour of Morpho portis (cytheris)” is very apt. So is the extension of the
diagnosis in the description of the under surface, which is called “‘rufous or lilac-white clouded with rufous-
brown”. The red-brown cell bears in the middle a white (said to be silvery-white) band. Forewing with four,
hindwing with six ocelli; black-ringed with white pupils and standing in an unequal silver-white band. I have

2 before me from the fine WiiL1am Morton collection in Lausanne; it shows small white, distally pointed
postdiscal and light vinous submarginal spots. The transcellular spot of the forewing in contrast to didius
short, narrow, only consisting of two component parts. — alexandrowna Druce is probably the 3 to alexandra,
unless it belongs to a subordinate geographical race. 3 greenish blue with light spot before the apex, below
which are placed three faint blue-white patches. Under surface dark chocolate-brown with grey scales near the
distal border. Ocelli three times as large as in menelaus. The type of alexandrowna is in the British Museum.
A 3 in coli. FRuHsToRFER from Pozuzo agrees with the description. — How far a further race from Peru,
assarpai Rob., can be kept associated with alexandra-alexandrowna can only be proved by a comparison of the
types. Three $3 in my coilection from Pozuzo agree with ROBER’s description; they approach didius Hpffr.
in the somewhat lighter blue of the upper surface, and the basal area of the hindwing is less extended and imore
sparsely scaled with grey-green than in the ¢ with dark blue upper surface, which I have referred provisionally
to alexandrowna. The clasping-organs of assarpai Rob. are about intermediate between those of the secondary
genitalia of W. menelaus L. and M. didius Hopffr. Valve somewhat larger and more markedly rounded than that
of menelaus. Uncus apparently somewhat longer, the thumb-lke lateral projections decidedly larger, both in
their horizontal and vertical measurements. Uncus on the other hand more slender than that of didius, the
lateral lamellae less robust and the valve not so fully rounded.

M. didius Hpffr. approximates to amathonte Deyr. from Colombia in certain respects, particularly in its
very broadly white-banded 2, and the two species also agree in the lighter under surface. But the red instead
ot yellow bordering of the ocelli on the under surface establishes its connection with MW. menelaus, though it
differs from the latter in the strikingly light basal area on the underside of the hindwing and the brilliant
silver-white decorations, and not least in the peculiar light blue opalescent reflections on the upperside of
both wings. Morphologically it differs less markedly from menelaus than in the scheme of colouring and mark-
ings. didius can, however, in general be separated from menelaus by the broader valve, almost fully rounded
distally and more regularly and delicately dentate than in menelaus. Uncus with the lateral thumb-shaped
processes considerably widened. g above characterized by the already mentioned opalescent reflection, pecu-
liar to this species, somewhat suggesting MW. octaviae, but at the same time brilliantly glossy as in amathonte.
Distal border of both wings very narrowly black. Under surface of the forewing with three or four light vinous-
ringed oceili. Hindwing with an apical eye-spot between the radials and two intramedian eye-spots, to which
is further added a smaller accessory oceilus in the submedian interspace. Forewing with broad silver band and
greenish silver transcellular area. Hindwing with a silvery bronzy ornamental band proximaily to the ocelli and
three detached wedge-spots of the same colour in the subbasal area. The distal region of both wings powdered
with white or purple on a yellowish ground. Peru: Chanchamayo; probably also Bolivia. Judging from the
2° in coll. Srauprycer those from Huayabamba have the most prominent white median band on the upperside
of the forewing, while those from Cuzco agree with the typical form from Chanchamayo. As the 99 from

alexan-
drowna.

assarpui.

didius.

Huayabamba also bear the most extended silver-white band on the hindwing beneath, they may be separated argentiferus.

as argentiferus subsp. nov.

Addenda to the Morphids.

M. amphitrion p. 336. I have examples before me from Marcapata and Cuzco, Peru, with violet reflections on
the upper surface, azurita form. nov.

M. eutropius p. 339. In coll. SraupINGER there are gg from Pernambuco, above glittering mother-of-pearl colour,
beneath with more marked, more strongly white-pupilled ocelli.

M. argentinus p. 340. There are 9¢ from Uruguay in the Berlin Museurn:

Under M. patroclus p. 343 a form should be mentioned, macrophthalmus subsp. nov., from Rio San Juan, with gigantic
ocelli on the underside of the hindwing, bounded by a bright glossy greenish band. Type from Colombia in coll. STAUDINGER.
microphthalmus subsp. nov. is a further local race from Colombia. Type likewise in the Berlin Museum, with very small ocelli
bordered by an indistinct whitish band. The submarginal stripes of both wings a peculiar grey with rosy tinge.

M. deidamia p. 347. praenestina subsp. nov. from Venezuela, from the Atahapo Yarita, discovered by VRAZ. Above
darker than hermione, recalling neoptoemus, thus differing from deidamia Hbn. and erica Fruhst., which have a violet base. Upper
surface of the forewing almost without white subapical patches; in this again more approaching the Surinam race.

M. zephyritis p. 349. 2 at the British Museum; above yellow-green, the apex of the forewing broadly black, the hind-
wing with some orange spots and two black subterminal bands.

M. aurora p. 349. 2 in coll. ADAM and FRUHSTORFER; has on both wings a black-grey distal border, divided by yellow-
ish lunules and proximally bordered by larger grey-white patches.

M. helena p. 351. From the Tarapoto come smaller 33 with reduced yellow median band, which moreover are copiously
dusted with blue. Under surface darker than in the name-type — chrysides subsp. nov.

M. eypris p. 351. chrysonicus subsp. nov. has a narrower median area on the forewing and more pronounced submar-
ginal band on the hindwing than cypris from Colombia. Venezuela, collected by VRAz. Type in the Berlin Museum. |

M. melacheilus p. 353. 22 occur with a remarkable flesh-coloured submarginal tinge on the underside of the hindwing.
From 8$Z0 Paulo, Amazons.

azurita.

macro ph-
thalmus.
microph-
thalmus.

praenestina.

chrysides.

chrysonicus.

356

Alphabetical List of the American Morphidae.

Alphabetical List

with reference to the original descriptions of the forms of the American Morphidae.
* signifies that the form is also figured at the place cited.

achillaena M. Hon. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. *

achilles M. Z. Mus. Ulric., p. 211.
adonides M. Stgr. Exot. Tagt. 1, p. 206. &
adonis M. Cr. Pap..Exot. 1. /.» XD

aega M. Hbn. Sammlg. Exot. Schmett. *

agamedes M. Fruhst. ‘Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 343.
alexandra M. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1, p. 518.
alexandrowna M. Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p.
amathonte M. Deyr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860, p. 211.
amazonicus M. Fruhst. Stett. E. Z. 1907 p. 158.
amphitrion M. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 205.
anakreon M. Fruhst. Entomol. Zeitschr. 24, p.
anaxibia M. Hsp. Ausl. Schmett. Abbild. *
aquarius M. Bélr. Cist. Entomol. 1, p. 74.
aratos M. Fruhst. Entomol. Zeitschr. 19, p. 126. *
argentinus Fruhst. Stett. E. Z. 1907 p. 217.
argentiferus Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 355.
assarpai M. Rdéb. Stett. Ze. 64, p. B48.

aureola M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. , dD. 349.
aurora M. Westw. Dbl. Gen. Diu D. 339.
azurita M, Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 355.

bahiana M. Fruhst. Entomol. Nachr. 23, p. 253.
bisanthe M. Fruhst. Stett. E. Z. 1907 p. 214.
briseis M. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. S., p. 459.
bugaba M. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 207.

cacica M. Stgr. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges.
ceatenarius M. Perry, Arcana, 1811.
centralis M. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p.
chrysides M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p.
chrysonicus M. Fruhst. 1. c., p. 355.
cisseides M. Fruhst. Entom. Zeitschr. 19, p. 125.
cisseis M. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 4, p. 239. *
coelestis M. Btlr. Ent. Month. Mag. 2, p. 2038.
cortone M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 345.
corydon M. Guen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1859, p. 372
erameri M. Kirby. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p. 121.
crispitaenia M. Fruhst. Stett. E. Z. 1907 p. 208.
eyanites M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 351.
eypris M. Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lepid., p. 339.

deidamia M. Hbn. Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 52.
diadema M. Fruhst. Intern. Entom. Zeitschr. 1908.
didius M. Hpffr. Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 355.

efigurata M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 340.
electra M. R6b. Societ. Entom. 17, p. 355.

erica M. Fruhst. oe Macrolep. 5, p. 347.
eros M. Sigr. Iris V, 466.

eusebes M. Fruhst. ‘Stott. H. Z. 1907 p.
eutropius M. Fruhst.

193.

Wien 25, p. 100.
208.
355.

211.

Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 339.

fruhstorferi M. Réb. Societ. Entomol. 17, p. 154.
godarti M. Guér. Icon. Régn. Anim. Ins., p. 487.
granadensis M. Fldr. Reise Novara, Lep. 3, p. 458.
hector M. Réb. Stett. Ze. 64, p. 349.

hecuba M. Z. Mant. plant., p. 534.

helena M. Stgr. Entomol. Nachr. 16, p.-107. *
heracles M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 338. *

hercules M. Dalm. Anal. Entom., p. 40.
hermione M. Réb. Societ. Entomol. 17, p. 351.
hyacinthus M. Btlr. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 204.
hydorina M. Btlr. Cistul. Entomol. 1, p. 76.

insularis M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 345.
iphiclus M. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 423.

julanthiscus M. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907 p. 157.
justitiae M. Godm. Biol.. Centr. Amer. Rhop. 115. *
juturna M. Bilr. Cistul. Entomol. (1870), p. 28.

lacrimans M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 341.
laertes M. Drucy. Il Exot. Ent. 3. *
leonte M. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. *
leontius M. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. Bs Dp.
limpida M. Bélr. Cist. Entomol. 1, p.

luna M. Bélr. Gist, Entom. 1, p. ‘4,
lycanor M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. Seapets

5, p.

457.

155.

| mixta M. Fruhst.
| montezuma M. Guen.

lympharis M. Bilr. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 12, p. 225.

macrophthalmus M, Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 355.
maculata M. Rob. Stett. Zg. 64, p. 349.

marinita M. Bélr. Cistul. Entomol. 1, p. 75.
melacheilus M. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 207. *
melanippe M. Bétlr. Etom. Month. Mag. 2, p. 202.
mellinia M. Fruhst. Intern. Entom. Zeitschr. il, Ws Gil,
menelaus M. L. Syst. Nat. p. 461 (1758). ,

metellus M. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3.

micans M. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907 p. 157.
microphthalmus M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 355.
mineiro M. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907 p. 157.

Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 346.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1859, p. 373.
Stett. Zg. 1907 p. 159.

Stett. Zg. 1907 p. 159.

Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 209.

mullea M. Fruhst.
mystica M. Fruhst.

narcissus M. Stgr.

| neoptolemus M. Wood. Ill. Nat. Hist. 3, p. 521. *

| nestira M. Hbn.

Sammlg. Exot. Schmett. *
nigrescens M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 340.

obidonus M. Fruhst. Entom. Zeitschr. 19, p. 125. *
occidentalis M. Fldr. Wien. Entom. Mon. 6, p. 123.

| oetavia M. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 163.

_ ornata M. Fruhst.

| papirius M. Hpffr.
| patroelus M. Fldr.

| phokylides M. Fruhst.
| polybaptus M. Bétr.

| popilius M. Hpffr.
| portis M. Hbn.

| psyche M. Fldr.

| yaritanus M. Fruhst.
| zela M. Fruhst.

Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 354.

Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 356.
Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 110.
paulista M. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907 p. 162.
peleides M. Koll. Deutsch. Akad. Wien. Math. Cl. 1, p. 356.
peleus M. Réb. Societ. Entomol. 17, p. 352.
pelias M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. ee ee
pellana M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 342.
perseus M. Cr. Papil. Exot. Wy als. tile
phanodemus M. Hew. Equat. Lep. p.- a

Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 343.
Entomol. Zeitschr. 24, p. 198.
Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) 15, p. 338.
Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 339.
polyphemus M. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. ep. pls bie
Stett. Zg. 1874, p. 357.
Exot. Schmett. *
praenestina M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 355.
pseudoeypris M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 346.
Reise Novara Lep. 3, p. 456.

rhetenor M. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, pl. 15. *

rhodopteron M. Godm. & Salv. Trans. Ent. Soc.
p. 130. *

richardus M. Frwhst.

pindarus M. Fruhst.
polyidos M. Fruhst.

Smilg.

Lond. 1880,

Entomol. Nachr. 24, p. 62.
rugitaeniatus M. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 68, p. 210.

scipio M. Fldr. Reis. Novara Lep. 3, p. 455.

sidera M. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907 p. 215.

sirene M. Niepelt, Iris 25, p. 122.

eee M. Koll. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, Math. Cl. 1,
. 855.

eaearion M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 336.

telamon M. Réb. Societ. Entomol. 17, p. 351.
tenuilimbata M. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907 p
terrestris M: Btlr. Entom. Month. Mag. 2, p. 202.
thamyris M. Fldr. Reise Novar. Lep. 3, p. 456.
theodorus M. Fruhst. Stett. Zg. 1907 p. 190.
theseus M. Deyr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1860, p. 213.
thetis M. Bilr. Ent. Month. Mag. 2, p. 81.
thiasus M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 336.

| trojana M. Réb. Societ. Entomol. 17, p. 353.

uraneis M. Bat. Journ. Entomol. 2, p. 346.

violaceus M. Fruhst. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 342. *
vitrea M. Btlr. Ent. Month. Mag. 2, p. 203.

Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 336.

Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 344.
Lepid. Exot. p. 156. *
Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 344.

zephyritis M. Bilr.
zonaras M. Fruhst.

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