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Yates SERPS APM DIG, othe Naan Ugke «| OIG OU RMR gad ALIA aie OF » DownrNara, Wi: Jepson SRM eae Le ME Cais aeh i) fi) ORS a Pe has : i Bay iu re ha ey ri % ee, Mt i Hy ae my i KP } : ee ‘: Aye ap y : PAS Ae) te ge Si Watch they Ce RGR NH te oe i i i, H 4 Y 5 A i ak Ny i J | x e } : 8 { i x * MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY hae to measures in behalf of the eactyation of cher native es ania t to speav ay a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon the habits, life” history or geographic distribution of the native plants will be especially welcome, Back Numbers of the Journal may be fadironvahe Assistant Secretary, Asin Mrs. ADELINE FREDERICK, ugh 1636 Woolsey St., Berkeley, Calif. — et Mi aueecioe for publication should be sent to aces pee Dr. W. L. Jepson, 2712 Benvenue Ave., Berkeley, Calif. Dues of members are $2.00 per year. Mrs. Linpa G. Dopp, Treasurer, are 2636 Hillegass Ave., Berkeley Gali )( 0 (Cis beta 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIA ARCTOSTAPHYLI 87 REVISION OF THE CALIFORNIAN SPECIES OF ARCTOSTAPHYLOS WILLIs LINN JEPSON (concluded from page 86) Var. VIRGATA Jepson n. comb. (A. virgata Eastw.), a shrub with somewhat willow-like leaves growing in Marin Co. (Rock Spr., Jepson 6804; Bill Williams trail, Jepson 9513). Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLANDULOSA Eastw. Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 3, 1:82 (1897), type loc. Mt. Tamalpais, Eastwood. Var. VESTITA Jepson. A. vestita Eastw. in Sarg. Trees and Shrubs, 1:205, pl. 97 (1905) type loc. Monterey, 7. Brandegee, Eastwood. Var. CRASSIFOLIA Jepson. Var. VIRGATA Jepson. A. virgata Eastw. |. c. 1:203. pl. 96 (1905), type loc. Bootjack Trail, Mt. Tamalpais, Eastwood. A. NISSEANA Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 31:102 (1918), type loc. 2 or 3 mi. n. of Louisville, El Dorado Co., Merriam. Leaves 10 to 12 lines long; branchlets, peduncles and_ bracts hispid; flowers and fruit unknown (ex char.). 18. A. TOMENTOSA Lindl. This species was first published by Pursh as Arbutus tomentosa and founded upon a specimen by Menzies from the “Northwest Coast.’’ Hooker and Arnott in the Botany of the Beechey, 144, comment upon the various forms which they include under Arbutus tomentosa Pursh, and cite the original plant as collected by Menzies on the Columbia River.: This speci- men is in the Herbarium of the British Museum and is labeled “Mr. Menzies and Dav. Nelson.’’ Pursh, however, quotes only Menzies. The type specimen is finely pubescent or even whitish woolly on the under surface of the leaves which are broadly ob- long, bluntish, 1 to 1% in. long, 7 to 10 lines broad; petioles short, 1 to 3 lines long. In addition to the fine pubescence the stems and petioles are furnished with hispid hairs, although not quite .as pronounced as in Lindley’s figure (Bot. Reg. t. 1791) which rests on a plant grown in England from seed presumably collected by Douglas. The herbarium specimen of Douglas (British Museum) is some- what more hairy than the Menzies specimen, with the leaves longer and more pointed. The stems are tomentulose and very hispid; the leaves are entire, acute or rounded at base, very shortly acute at apex, on petioles 21% lines long. The bracts are foliaceous, linear (or slightly obspatulate), 5 lines long. A. tomentosa as it occurs in California is a medium-sized erect _ shrub. It has always been my opinion, gradually confirmed, that it kills outright under fire and does not crown-sprout. This opinion 1The Menzies type is said by Piper to have been collected at Monterey. The A. tomentosa of | authors he names A. columbiana Piper. However this may be the latter certainly does not range “throughout much of California’ as he states (Fl. Nw. Coast 279). Mapbrono, vol. 1, pp. 87-102, Oct. 1, 1922. 88 MADRONO [Vor. 1, was verified once more last summer. While on a botanical expedi- tion with my former student, Mr. J. P. Tracy, we turned off the coast road at the south end of Big Lagoon on the Humboldt coast. At that point the woods on the upper slopes thin down to the edge of a ‘fern prairie’’ and are succeeded by a border of brush, which contains Arctostaphylos tomentosa. A fire had burned a strip through this brush area, perhaps five years before, and a few in- dividuals of A. tomentosa, that had been killed by the fire, were still standing. One dead shrub was particularly striking, as showing the lethal effect of intense heat on this species. Its hue and aspect were quite different from the fire-killed bodies of A. sensitiva on Mt. Tamalpais. It is clear that A. tomentosa cannot be made to include such species as A. canescens Eastw. and A. glandulosa Eastw. which occupy so different a place in the chaparral society and show such different reactions to fire. A. tomentosa with its single trunk is in a different category from A. canescens and A. glandulosa, each of which exhibit a cluster of low rigid stems arising from a depressed or flattened woody base. Locs.—North Coast Ranges: Inverness, Jepson 502a; Fort Bragg, W. C. Mathews; Kenny’s, nw. Mendocino Co., Jepson 2155; Redwood Creek, Humboldt Co., Jepson 1953; Big Lagoon, Jepson. The following plants from the South Coast Ranges are included here with some reserve: San Luis Obispo, J. E. Roadhouse; Los Gatos, Bvroletti; Santa Cruz Mts., Jepson; Saratoga, Jepson 5633; Kings Mt., San Mateo Co., C. F. Baker 327. Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS TOMENTOSA Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1791 (1836). Arbutus tomentosa Pursh, Fl. 1:282 (1814), type from the Northwest Coast, Menzies. 19. A. ANDERSONII Gray is remarkable for its cordate or even auriculate leaves which are commonly sessile. It favors the summits of ridges, mostly in the central coast region. In relationship it is very close to A. tomentosa and it has been debated in my mind if it were not better to dispose it as a variety of that species, but at present it is retained as a valid species. It kills completely under chaparral fire. In the Oakland Hills it flowers in February, usually one month earlier than A. glandulosa Eastw., with which it is associated. Locs.—Antioch, K. Brandegee; Mt. Diablo, C. F. Baker 3161; Oakland Hills, Jepson 5715, 6229; Pilaracitos Lake, San Mateo Co., C. T. Blake; Kings Mt., San Mateo Co., C. F. Baker 271; Sur River, Davy 7408; trail betw. Lucia and San Antonio River, Hall 9998; San Luis Obispo Co., Ida M. Blochman. Var. AURICULATA Jepson n. comb. (A. auriculata Eastw.). Pubes- cence as in the species but more canescent or glabrate; leaves cordate at base, subsessile—Mt. Diablo. It forms pure colonies a few yards square and does not crown-sprout. Good examples of it: occur in the rocky cafion at the head of Sycamore Creek, Jepson 9662, 9737. 1922 .| REVISION OF CALIFORNIA. _ARCTOSTAPHYLI 89 Var. PECHOENSIS Jepson n. comb. Branchlets and leaves finely or sparsely tomentose; pedicels nearly or quite glabrous (ex char.). —Pecho Mts., San Luis Obispo Co. Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ANDERSONII Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11:83 (1876), type loc. Ben Lomond near Santa Cruz, Anderson; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 371 (1901). Var. aurRICULATA Jepson. A. auriculata Eastw. Bull. Torr. Club 32:202 (1905), type loc. trail above the Boyd Ranch, Mt. Diablo, Eastwood. Var. PECHOEN- sis Jepson. A. pechoensis Dudley; Abrams, N. Am. FI. 29:98 (1914), type loc. head of Wild Cherry Canon, San Luis Obispo Co., Dudley. 20. A. INSULARIS Greene is one of the peculiar insular species of the Santa Barbara group. It has been little studied in the field. Ref.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS INSULARIS Greene; Parry, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2:494 (1887), type loc. Santa Cruz Isl., Greene. 21. A. PARRYANA Lemmon. In the original description Lemmon makes the statement that this new shrub was discovered four miles west of Keene sta., Tehachapi Range. Four miles west of Keene sta. brings one to the slopes and summit of Bear Mt. which I have searched without finding any Arctostaphylos at all. It is very easy, however, to lose one’s orientation in the Tehachapis and Lemmon may have been in error. Since he doubtless followed the wagon road his station probably is southerly from Keene, or Wood- ford as it is known in the postal guide. I have examined the type specimens in the Lemmon Herbarium and I regard the species as valid. Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PARRYANA Lemmon in Greene, Pitt. 2:68 (1889), type loc. Tehachapi Mts. near Keene sta., Lemmon, June 23 and Aug. 5, 1888. 22. A. DRUPACEA McBr. is a well-marked species of Southern California, essentially confined to the cismontane region. Locs.—Seven Oaks, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 3709; San Bernardino Valley, Jepson 5588; Strawberry Valley, Mt. San Jacinto, Jepson 1305; Hot Springs Mt., Jepson 8744; Julian, T. Brandegee. Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS DRUPACEA McBr. Contrib. Gray Herb. 53:16 (1918). A. pringles Parry, var. drupacea Parry, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2:495 (1887), type loc. mts. e. of San Diego, Orcutt 543. 23. A. BICOLOR Gray is a highly distinctive species which has no near allies in California. Locs.—San Diego, Jepson 6670; Encinitas, K. Brandegee; Fall- brook, Parish; Foster, Hall 3881; San Pasqual grade, Jepson 8506; Witch Creek, Alderson; Santa Catalina Isl., Blanche Trask. Refs.—ARCTOSTAPHYLOS BICOLOR Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:366 (1868), type loc. San Diego, Cooper. X ylococcus bicolor Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 8:259 (1843), type coll. by Nuttall, obviously San Diego, not ‘‘Monterey.”’ A. clevelandi Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 229 (1878). 90 MADRONO [Vot. 1, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. MANZANITA. Evergreen shrubs with very crooked branches, the bark dark red or chocolate- colored, smooth and polished. Leaves entire (rarely serrate), more or less vertical by twisting of the petiole. Flowers white or pink, in a terminal usually subglobose nodding cluster or panicle composed of few to several short racemes. Flower parts usually in 5s. Bracts commonly scaly. Sepals distinct. Corolla urn-shaped. Sta- mens twice as many as the corolla lobes; anthers with a pair of reflexed awns on the back; filaments more or less hairy, dilated toward the base. Ovary seated ona hypogynous disk, 4 to 10-celled, with one ovule in each cell, maturing into a dry brown berry-like fruit with an outer pulp covering several stony 1-seeded nutlets. Surface of the berry smooth, the pulp at first fleshy, at maturity usually mealy or powdery. Nutlets distinct, or irregularly united in 2s or 3s, or sometimes con- solidated into a single stone-—Wood hard but brash, warping and cracking excessively in seasoning. (Greek arktos, a bear, and staphule, a grape; bears feed on the berries.) A.—Leaves plane or nearly so, often more or less vertical. 1. Ovary glabrous (except in no. 3); leaves and branchle:s glabrous or essentially so. Erect robust shrubs 4 to 8 (or 14) ft. high. Pedicels glandular; foliage very white-glaucous. Berry with solid stone; pedicels viscid-glandular, sometimes glandular-pubescent; S. Cal. and: South! €oasteanlesmyanes cee cueseiemer siete) reece en ener 1. A. glauca. Berry with separate nutlets; pedicels glandular-hairy; branchlets and peduncles very glaucous; Sierra Nevada foothills chiefly. Ovary glabrous; branchlets and peduncles very glabrous ......... ...2. A. viscida. Ovary glandular hairy; branchlets and peduncles glandular-hairy................. AE ee ee ere a eee a eres CRG Mele kne ne Mn Au en eats ee UNE R, 3. A. mariposa. Pedicels not glandular or only obscurely or minutely so; berry not glandular (except in A. elegans). Panicles very dense; peduncles and rachises minutely glandular, not pubescent; leaves dark green; higher forest belt, chiefly Sierra Nevada...... 4. A. patula. Panicles more open; peduncles and rachises not glandular. Branches disposed to be erect and straightish; peduncles and rachises glabrous or nearly so; leaves bright green. Berry not glandular; Napa Range n. to Lake and Mendocino Cos............. ee oT ere ee meee eens on tie a ie ae 5. A. stanfordiana. Berry, allvover glandular: Lake (Gon... ss acce ees ee ene 6. A. elegans. Branches crooked, spreading widely. Leaves abruptly acute, mucronate, less than 1 in. long; mountains of S. Cal..... 4. eich oy ectiesu Sangh Cesar Ay ty Gd EAR TRS ee ren 7. A. pungens. Leaves obtuse or acute, more than 1 in. long; mountains of central and northern Cal. Peduncles and rachises canescently puberulent; panicles drooping; leaves light green; North Coast Ranges and northern Sierra Nevada foothallsy, cachet eas cer eee 8. A. manzanita. Peduncles and rachises glabrous or minutely puberulent; panicles erect or only half-drooping; leaves pale or whitish; Sierra Nevada....... Sects tn CAN Rye A NER ete ahh ee Poe ee 9. A. pastillosa. Dwarf or procumbent or low shrubs; pedicels glabrous or nearly so. High Sierra species; plants forming a rough mat............00 000 ee eeuee 10. A. nevadensis. Coastal or seashore species. Leaves ovate or obovate, shortly acute at apex, both sides alike......... 11. A. hookeri. Leaves mostly obovate, rounded or obtuse at apex. Leaves both sides alike; berry mostly pink or red................. 12. A. uva-ursi. Leaves green above, paler beneath; berry brown................... 13. A. pumila. 2. Ovary pubescent; leaves and branchlets pubescent or usually so. Bracts brown or herbaceous; mostly Coast Ranges, and near the coast. Nutlets distinct or united into sets of 2 or 3. Calyx with entire sepals. Leaves mostly 4 to 7 lines long; berry glabrous; nutlets thin-shelled. Apex of leaves obtuse or bluntish; Mendocino coast and Amador Co.......... eiceUeiGes Seo lsap masta: &: GReesen oi (ahs alee, @ cavaskee Bold lei-e toms aewcuugahelccmen on Noes 14. A. nummularia. 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIA ARCTOSTAPHYLI 91 Apex of leaves abruptly short-acute, curved or deflexed; central coast region... FES See eMC ane ee er tine ele Nee anger ar On tin BP Pr 15. A. sensitiva. Leaves oy 1 to 1% (or 2) in. long; nutlets thick-shelled; berry minutely short- airy. Leaves rarely cordate, short-petioled. Branchlets not hispid; ovary densely white hairy, not glandular.......... eee a a ie ge RTE Ae evn Me oe AR Aa neW eee eA 16. A. canescens. Branchlets or some of them more or less hispid; ovary white hairy. Ovary hairs glandular; berry glandular............17. A. glandulosa. Ovary hairs not glandular; berry not glandular......18. A. tomentosa. Leaves mostly cordate, thickly clothing the branchlets, sessile............... Ce AS eR eae aI Oey Oem) earn ERE 19. A. andersonit. Calyx with fimbriate edge to sepals; Santa Barbara Isis................ 20. A. insularis. Nutlets united into a solid stone; Tehachapi Mts. to the San Gabriel Mts.................. SRR READ rere BOS MIO Cte ie ner a Gee ee ore rey ee er te rear ee 21. A. parryana. Bracts pink, petal-like; stone solid; S. Cal..... 0... ccc ce eee ee ce eee ees 22. A. drupacea. B.—Leaves strongly revolute, not at all vertical. SUONMEESOIIGER Sta WAlICOASE, scree e sua caste cere Se laces by eaue cla shee ov odelas aiaceiedin sua loteneseie aetleus 23. A. bicolor. 1. A. glauca Lindl. GREAT-BERRIED MANZANITA. Shrub 6 to 8 ft. high, or almost arborescent and 15 ft. high with a trunk 6 to 13 in. in diameter; leaves glaucous and glabrous, roundish or elliptical to broadly ovate, obtuse or acute at apex, obtuse, truncate or subcordate at base, 114 to 134 in. long; petioles 3 to 7 lines long; panicle broader than high, frequently very compact; rachis glabrous, sometimes a little glaucous; pedicels glandular; flowers white, rather large; berry rather densely covered with minute glands and very viscid, globose, 5 to 8 lines broad; pulp scanty; stone solid, smooth.—Cismontane S. Cal., ranging n. to Monterey Co. and Mt. Diablo. Var. EREMICOLA Jepson. Leaves purple-veined; berry elliptic in outline.—Pifion Well Mts., n. Colorado Desert. 2. ) 2 ee Published quarterly by the California Botanical Society, Berkeley, Cal U.S.A. Subscription Price: Two Dollars per year. Application for e second-class mail matter at the post-office at Berkeley, California, U.S.A 1922.] OEE N ER DTERS 090 Gc ORION LET ERS Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. in Bouquet Cafion I am taking the liberty of sending you herewith a couple of photo- graphs taken recently of what I believe to be the largest Cation Live Oak in California. This tree is located on the side. of a mountain about one mile above Bouquet Canon in the Santa Barbara National Forest. It measures over ten feet in diameter, eighty-five feet in height and has a spread of over one hundred and twenty-five feet. In spite of its enormous size the tree is in excellent condition but lost a large limb last winter due to the unusually heavy snow- fall. The enormous size of this tree is probably accounted for by the fact that a large spring comes out of the ground right under the roots of the tree—L. A. BARRETT, Assistant District Forester, U.S. Forest Service, San Francisco, July 1, 1922. Cercis occidentalis Torr. (Red Bud) This magnificent shrub I found growing along Putah Creek on the road from Winters to the Napa Mountains. These shrubs were dense, 4 to 12 feet high—each standing alone, a solid mass of bloom, a wonderful blaze of glory among the green willows and low trees of the creek banks. We saw several with the trunks covered with Dutchman’s Pipe in full bloom. I am unable to classify it and so beg your assistance.—ROsE LINEBAUGH, April 14, 1922. Both for its unusual season of bloom and the great abundance of red flowers produced on its winter branches before the leaves appear, Cercis occidentalis is a remarkable species among the native shrubs and deserves a place in gardens. It is common in the Sierra foothills and recurs in certain areas in the inner Coast Ranges, but its distri- bution is not as yet well worked out. Mr. Anson Blake tells me that it does not occur in Berryessa Valley, nor westward to Howell Mountain, nor in Napa Valley. My own field records give confirma- tion to this. It comes in, however, about Middleton, Lake County, and Mr. Blake has noted it again on Cold Creek on the road to Potter Valley, Mendocino County. It approaches the coast less nearly than certain other interior or arid region species which range westward and may prove a good index plant for certain com- binations of the climatic factors.—W. L. JEPSON. Skunk Cabbage (Lysichiton Kamtschatcensis) on the Mendocino Coast The pods sent you were collected on September 9, a short distance from Mendocino City. They were growing in water but not in a running stream. The stalks are of very frail substance so that the stem soon wilts, letting the pods fall into the water. There they im- mediately disintegrate—I suppose from the effects of the water but the townspeople tell me also from the wood-rats. The pulpy sub- stance enclosing the seeds swells, making a gelatine-like mass MArRONO, vol. 1, pp. 99-114, April 10, 1923. 100 © - MADRONO [Vox. 1, resembling tapioca. This, I presume, is for the purpose of getting the seeds transported by the water without injury as they did not appear ripe. (However I am not sure that I would know a ripe seed if I were to see one). The plants grow in swampy areas and in the beginnings of small streams, the leaves attaining a much greater size than any that I was able to send. I think it would be safe to say that some are nearly three feet long. —Mary G. Ciark, San Fran- cisco, Oct. 1, 1921. HOOKER OAK WALTER A. BUCKBEE When bold Balboa, eagle eyed, Stood on a peak in Darien, And gazed upon that rolling tide, Then I was old—old even then. Wisdom the wind had whispered me, And taught me of the restless things— The bear with swaying head, the bee, The pigeon with the whistling wings. The cats come creeping from the rocks, The lonely wolf to moon and mourn, And black-tailed deer with muddy hocks, To rub the velvet from the horn. I hear a screaming in the dark; The crackling and the thrash of brush, And then a faint and far-off bark— And then again—the forest hush. Black in the moon the shadows wave, I see them dancing two and two, And which was shadow, which was brave, Only I and the moon-man knew. And now you come with giant plow To spoil my poppy fields of gold. When did you come and where and how? I nodded a bit for I am old. Etching the East like lines on lead, Against the wind the wild geese climb, As over the marsh and valley spread, The cold grey fogs of winter time. And now the big round sun appears; The ants creep up my trunk again. And so it was a thousand years Before that day in Darien. 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 101 © A REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE WiL.Lis LINN JEPSON Field expeditions into all parts of California on the part of the author during a period of many years have brought together a large number of specimens and a large amount of field data concerning native Umbelliferae. This material has been gradually worked up and the results of comparison in the herbarium and the garden have been assembled and organized into the present paper. It is the object here, first, to set forth corrected but more especially new diagnoses of the genera and species, in order that the descriptions may more nearly approximate the status of the plant in the field. The recon- struction, from time to time, of species diagnoses, old as well as new, in order to bring them into harmony with known facts, while laborious and not showy, is nevertheless important, since, under such practice, the written diagnoses constantly approximate the plant in the field and thus tend to stabilize the species concept and render it clearer. In the second place, it is here attempted to define more clearly and precisely the geographic ranges, in the light of our present knowledge of the topography and climatology of the state. In the third place, selected specimens have been cited as representa- tive of the diagnoses and in validation of the indicated ranges. In the fourth place, the more important bibliographic references for each species have been listed, and the references carefully checked as far as possible. In addition to the great advantages of field expeditions, the writer has also had the privilege of examining the types of many early species at the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, London, particularly those of Douglas, Nuttall and Hartweg, and also a few types at the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University. From the standpoint of number of species, our three most im- portant genera are Eryngium, Sanicula and Lomatium. Eryngium is represented by a very large number of forms which are difficult to segregate as specific units. Ecologically the most representative and wide-spread species is E. vaseyi C. & R. Its seeds germinate in the beds of winter pools and develop in early spring a tuft of quill- like or tubular leaves which are distinctly septated. As the waters are dried up by the rising temperatures of April and May, leafy shoots appear which bear broad dorsiventral leaves with variously cleft or toothed margin. Under the heat of the summer period these leaves, especially the lower ones, disappear, and the inflorescence de- velops and matures into fruiting condition by July or August. There are thus three fairly distinct stages, all of which are pro- foundly affected by variation in the ecological factors. The leaves vary much in size and outline, the plant varies in habit, and the bracts and bractlets vary in length and toothing. In consequence it is difficult to fix upon characters for reliable differentiae. This 102” ? MADRONO [Vor. species, E. vaseyi, presents a fair or average picture of the various species of the genus in California. The genus Sanicula presents less difficulty, but its representatives show remarkable variation in leaf outline and segmentation and, to a certain degree, in habit. Marked plants in the open, or cultivated plants in the garden, give, however, satisfactory data regarding range of variation in the species of this genus. Our largest genus, Lomatium, is only to a slight degree variable in habit and foliage. For differentiae one must depend in great measure upon the characters of the fruit and its oil-tubes. While the results of variation studies upon the oil-tubes have been incorporated in the diagnoses, it must, however, be noted that even with the best material this character is often unsatisfactory, and reliance upon the number and disposition of the oil-tube structures must be exercised with suitable caution and reserve. The figures, forty in number, prepared as illustrations for this paper, are entirely original. They have been drawn by Joyce M. Saunders, in certain cases from preliminary studies by Elsie M. Zeile. The accenting of the generic and specific names is the work of Professor C. B. Bradley. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA A. Fruit bearing prickles, bristles, scales or tubercles. Ribs and oil-tubes none. Fruit covered with hyaline scales; flowers greenish white or blue; prickly perennial herbs.... Shp eeeuads OTe stings BAS OND RENE densi AG oe Ee See ey Ae Ee 1. ERYNGIUM. Fruit bur-like, covered with hooked prickles. Flowers yellow or purple, mostly in head-like clusters; perennials......... 2. SANICULA. Flowers white, in compound umbels; annuals..............0......005. 3. ANTHRISCUS. Ribs present; flowers white. Oil-tubes none or obscure. Fruit with an elongated beak several times longer than the muriculate body; annuals... ee ee ene arene Teas nicl duit aed mine whoo ec 4. SCANDIX. Fruit not beaked or with a short beak several times shorter than the smooth body; ribs bristly: perennials® onic s.cndiete. toe A ccsncees sos Rae Rea ocean rs 5. OSMORRHIZA. Oil-tubes present, usually conspicuous. Ribs armed with bristles. Fruit somewhat flattened dorsally; umbel compound.................. 6. Daucus. Fruit flattened laterally; bristles hooked. Umbels subcapitate, opposite the leaves; fruit prickly on one carpel, warty On -thesothens en ae Sac ec hcue oeence cee neat eee ae eee ee 7. TORILIS. Umbels compound, termina! and lateral; fruit prickly on both carpels...... ee Tee hea Ei ei ert Oe Le nc eign cn Soe Reed BUS Gumbel 8. CAUCALIS. Ribs not armed, inconspicuous; fruit tuberculate-roughened; umbels irregularly com- DOU wesley ee cn RIOT oh oe ae se eee 9. APIASTRUM. B. Fruit not prickly or tuberculate nor scaly (sometimes hairy). 1. Leaves simple; umbels simple or proltferous. Leaves alternate or in a basal tuft; carpels with filiform ribs; stems creeping; perennials. Oil-tubes none; leaves orbicular on peltate, oj. oer ee 10. HyDROCOTYLE. Oil-tubes solitary; leaves consisting of hollow cylindrical petioles...........24. LILAEOPSIS. Leaves opposite; carpels without ribs; stems slender, weak; annuals............. 11. BOWLESIA. 2. Leaves pinnately or ternately compound or decompound; umbels compound. a. Ribs of the fruit not winged; fruit not flattened dorsally, sometimes somewhat laterally flattened. Flowers white, rarely pinkish, or at least not yellow. | Oil-tubes none. Fruit linear or elongated (% to 1 in. long); stems not dotted ........ 5. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit ovate (1!% lines long); stem purple dotted ....................005. 12. CONIUM. 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 103 Oil-tubes present. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals (see also no. 18). Petals conspicuously unequal; lower leaves with broad leaflets, the upper dissected. . 13. CORIANDRUM. Petals equal or essentially so. Umbels subsessile in the forks and terminal on the branches....... 14. ApIuM. Umbels terminal on the branches. Bracts 3-parted to the middle into filiform divisions, closely reflexed; upper leaves ternately decompound and dissected....15. AMMI. Bracts entire or merely toothed, spreading or rarely reflexed; leaves pinnate or bipinnate. Leaflets entire; ribs filiform; plants of dry ground or moist meadows. . EE re ET ne Pe cn ee oe 16. CARUM. Leaflets serrate; plants of marshes or stream banks. Ribs corky but distinct. Styles short (about % or 1/5 as long as the fruit); fruit broadly ovate or roundish.............18. CIcutTa. Styles long (about 44 as long as the fruit); fruit subcylindric PE et Dn ee Nae ere aoe eer at 19. OENANTHE. Ribs confluent, forming a continuous corky covering.20. BERULA. Oil-tubes 2 or more, at least in some of the intervals. Ribs, or some of them, corky. Leaves simply pinnate; stems leafy; ribs all corky; marsh or aquatic plants... Leaves once or twice ternate, all basal; lateral ribs corky-thickened, the others slender; slopes towards the arid interior.............. 22. OROGENIA. Ribs not corky-thickened. Pedicels of the flowers equal or nearly so; calyx-teeth not rigid. Leaves once to thrice ternate or pinnate; mostly tall plants. Leaflets linear, mostly entire; ribs filiform.......... 17. EULOPHUS. Leaflets ovate, incised; ribs prominent, acute..... 23. LIGUSTICUM. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate, the divisions or leaflets oblong, entire; alpine Wanker rare soe enn nest acre 4eh Aree acre 25. PODISTERA. Pedicels of the sterile flowers surpassing or equaling the fruit; sterile calyx- teeth rigid-subulate, very prominent.............. 26. OREONANA. Flowers yellow. Stems of medium height, the leaves mostly basal; leaflets broad.............. 27. VELAEA. Stems very tall, leafy; leaves dissected into filiform segments.......... 28. FOENICULUM. b. Some or all the ribs of the fruit winged. Lateral ribs winged, the dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform; fruit flattened dorsally. Oil-tubes reaching only half way to the base of the fruit; marginal flowers of umbel with radiately enlarged corollas; tall coarse plants.................. 29. HERACLEUM. Oil-tubes as long as the fruit; corollas all alike. Leaves and peduncles arising from the root-crown, or from only a very short proper stem. Lateral wings of fruit corky-thickened; flowers commonly yellow; tall plants with FAC CMCAVES se 6 ects alii Oe eee ciel aise ese s nee ay SOs, LEPTOTAENTIA, Lateral wings thin; flowers yellow, white or purple; low plants with medium or SmallGleaviese-w was sci wee tesa ska enaetanend fens te only e jeuee ates 31. LOMATIUM. Stems tall, leafy. Dorsal and intermediate ribs 3; flowers yellow. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets ovate, toothed................ 32. PASTINACA. Leaves ternately compound and dissected into filiform segments.33. ANETHUM. Dorsal and intermediate ribs apparently 5; leaves simply pinnate; flowers white. . seis eRe BE Cooke oe eats, A Gisaevas ties wdc Tae oh ragors he G 34. OXYPOLIS. Lateral, dorsal and intermediate ribs winged or very prominent. Tall plants with leafy stems; flowers white. Umbellets not capitate. Ribs not corky-thickened; fruit flattened dorsally; petioles not inflated. Leaflets incised or deeply toothed; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals........ ARS Aecdh- Orea BRS Cars CEE ch RCM CHEE ie Pec ce Rae 35. CONIOSELINUM. Leaflets not incised, merely serrate or toothed or entire; oil-tubes 1 to 3 in the MMLCRV IS ee Penk etyt excl: Sie US ealan en EN wie Rts, ie ten Gc 36. ANGELICA. Ribs very thick and corky; fruit slightly flattened laterally if at all; petioles inflated 37. COELOPLEURUM. 1, ERYNGIUM L. Burton SNAKEROOT Perennials with clustered coarse fibrous roots, often dichotomously branching stems, prickly involucres and often prickly leaves. Leaves opposite, or the upper sometimes alternate, commonly oblanceolate and spinulose-serrate or incised, or the basal, when growing in water, with fistulous petioles and the blade more or 104 MADRONO [Vou. 1, less obsolete. Flowers greenish white or bluish, condensed in heads; heads termi- nal on the branches or on short peduncles in the forks; bracts spinose, conspicuous; bractlets usually spinose-tipped. Calyx-lobes persistent on the fruit. Fruit covered with whitish thin scales; ribs obsolete. Oil-tubes none or obscure. (Greek name used by Dioscorides.) Sepals entire. Heads very bltte coh. 5 A ah eee nT cd ea ane A en 1. E. articulatum. Heads greenish, seldom blue. Blades of lower cauline leaves about 114 in. long, the petioles several times as long.... Se ee ern are AE EIN So Aiic ar Ants Bias ait tac A 4G Oe 2. E. alismaefolium. Blades of lower cauline leaves little or not at all exceeded by the petioles. Bracts mostly entire (sometimes with a pair of spiny teeth or bristles). Styles in fruit little or not at all exserted beyond calyx-lobes; bracts and bractlets glabrous. Stem diffusely branched from base; leaves serrate or incised; bracts callous- MATTING Cee ce kaon cnc enn thd ee ee ctr ne oe 3. E. armatum. Stem erect, simple below; leaves twice pinnately parted; bracts scarious- wingediatbasen s46 jucle oa ee eae 4. E. pinnatisectum. Styles in fruit conspicuously exserted beyond calyx-lobes; bracts and bractlets puberulemtieys woo. sae ee eee ie ee ic 5. E. longistylum. Bracts more or less spiny-toothed or bristly. Plants prostrate or low-diffuse. Stems thickened, nearly simple, clustered at base; basal leaves pinnatifid Solo SAE Lz EROS sso SNS tS Ree aE Eee 6. E. minimum. Stems slender, freely branched, not clustered at base; basal leaves oblanceo- late, spinose-toothed)....\ Fis fs qiere ei emesee 7. E. artstulatum, — Plants erect. Bractletsinot-spiny-toothed = 4..c., setae ne ee eee 8. E. jepsonit. Bractlets spiny-toothed. Leaves merely spinose-toothed or somewhat incised; bracts and bractlets spiny-toothed only towards base...9. E. vaseyt. Leaves laciniately parted into remote spinulose-toothed segments; bracts and bractlets spiny-toothed except towards tip.... Th asieter aie Soe anS lane ec keae We baraks SancRe Reece een 10. EF. castrense. sepals pinnately 3° to 5-cuspidate.; sak. ss25 chet ee eee ee 11. E. globosum. 1. E.articulatum Hook. BLUE-THISTLE. Stem erect, dichotomously branched above, usually with a pedunculate head in the forks, 2 to 3 ft. high; herbage with a strong disagreeable odor; lower leaves fistulous, elongated, jointed, with or without a lanceolate or ovate nearly paralleled-veined entire to spinulose- laciniate blade; upper leaves sometimes opposite, more or less laciniate; heads ovoid, 4 to 8 lines high, blue; bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, cuspidate-tipped, more or less spinulose-serrate, 6 to 10 lines long, deflexed; bractlets lanceolate, entire, or somewhat spiny-toothed, more or less scarious-margined, surpassing the sepals; sepals lanceolate, 11% lines long, tapering into a short spine, equaled or surpassed by the styles——River marshes and marshy meadows: lower San Joa- ae River; Sacramento Valley; north to Siskiyou and Modoc Cos.; Oregon to aho. Locs.—Stockton, Sanford; Suisun Marshes, Jepson; Hamilton, Glenn Co., Heller 11558; Upper Fall River Valley, Jepson 5756; Sisson, C. F. Baker 3819 (cauline leaves like those in E. alismaefolium). Var. BAKERI Jepson n. var. Stems simple for more than half their length, then sparsely branched, 1 to 11% ft. high; leaf blade of basal leaves ovate, 134 to 2 in. long, the petiole much elongated; heads ovate to globose, bluish, on longish peduncles, 4 to 5 lines high; bracts linear-lanceolate, pinnately spinescent, longer than the heads, spreading or often deflexed; bractlets with a pair of spinose teeth above the middle, scarious-margined at base, equaling or slightly exceeding the sepals; sepals ovate, 34 line long, tapering rather abruptly into a short cusp, exceeded by the styles—Modoc Co. This is an apparent intergrade to E. alis- maefolium Greene. Locs.—Egg Lake, M. S. Baker (type); Forestdale, Baker & Nutting (heads_ 5% lines long, terminal bractlets prominent); Little Grizzly ranger sta., Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 163. Refs.—ERYNGIUM ARTICULATUM Hook. Jour. Lond. Bot. 6:232 (1847), “‘stony edges of the Spokane River, and Skitsoe and Coeur d’Alene lakes,’’ Ida., Geyer 583; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 344 (1901). E. harknessii Curran, Bull. Cal. Acad. 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 105 1:153 (1885), type loc. Suisun Marshes, Harkness. Var. BAKERI Jepson, type loc. Egg Lake, near Larges, Modoc Co., M. S. Baker, Aug. 12, 1899. 2. E. alismaefélium Greene. Main stem 1 to 2 in. high, then parted into 3 to 5 diffuse dichotomous branches, at first much shorter than the leaves, later often exceeding them; basal leaves 14 to 144 ft. long, consisting of elongated petioles with or without short (114 in. long) blades; petioles terete, jointed, passing above into flat spinose ones without joints; upper leaves similar but much smaller; heads usually pedunculate, nearly globose, 3 to 31% lines high; bracts subulate- lanceolate, usually somewhat longer than the heads, 4 to 5 lines long, with or without a few spinose bristles, somewhat scarious-margined at base; bractlets subulate-lanceolate, a little exceeding the flowers, with conspicuous scarious margin below (broadening downward), with or without a few bristles; sepals ovate-oblong, scarious margined, 1% line long, tapering into a cuspidate-bristly tip; styles longer than the sepals.—Modoc Co. Loc.—Egg Lake, M. S. Baker, Baker & Nutting. Refs.—ERYNGIUM ALISMAEFOLIUM Greene, Erythea 3:64 (1895), type loc. Egg Lake, Modoc Co., Baker & Nutting. 3. E. armatum C. & R. COAST Erynoo. Fig. 1. Diffusely branch- ing, the stems 3 to 5 or 10 in. long; leaves broadly oblanceolate, incised or merely serrate, the teeth spinose; bracts and bractlets very prominent, broadly lanceolate, strongly spinose- tipped, with a callous margin, en- tire or with a pair of spinulose teeth below, sometimes scarious-winged at the very base, 3 to 7 lines long; calyx lobes ovate, %4 line long, usually ex- ceeding the styles, narrowed at apex into a sharp point or cusp less than half as long.—Lowlands near the coast from Monterey Co. to Hum- boldt Co.; often abundant. Locs.—Pacific Grove, Jepson 1163; Moss Beach, K. Brandegee (bracts very broad at base); Berke- ley, Harriet Walker 197; Pt. Reyes, Jepson; Petaluma, Congdon; Ft. Bragg, W. C. Mathews 163; New- port, Mendocino Co., Jepson 2212 (styles exserted beyond calyx lobes; bracts entire or with a spinulose tooth on each side); Shelter Cove, Bee aged)” Tracy 4995 (heads 4. Eryngium armatum C. & R.; a, leaf Refs.—ERYNGIUM ARMATUM C. X 7; 9, infl. x 34; ¢, bract_x 4; d, fr. x 4; & R. Bot. Gaz. 13:141 (1888); Jep- é, sect. carp. x 7. son, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 343 (1901). E. petiolatum var. armatum Wats. Bot. Cal. 1:255 (1876), based on spms. from Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co. (Brewer, Samuels, Kellogg). E. HARMSIANUM Wolff in Fedde, Rep. Nov. Sp. 8:415 (1910), type from Cal., Anderson; related to E. armatum; bractlets auriculate-scarious at base (ex. char.), but so are they generally in our species. _ 4. E. pinnatiséctum Jepson n. sp. Stems erect, branching above, 8 to 14 in. high; basal leaves 6 in. long, tapering into a flat winged petiole, pinnately parted into narrow rather remote segments, these spinulose-toothed or -parted; upper leaves similar or merely spinose-toothed, the petiole short or lacking; heads 3% to 4 lines high; bracts entire, 4 to 5 lines long, with wide scarious margin ay 106 MADRONO [Vot. 1 , base forming a lobe or tooth above; bractlets shorter, similar; sepals lanceolate, 1 line long, tapering into a spine about 14 as long; styles exceeded by sepals.— Sierra Nevada foothills in Tuolumne Co. Loc.—Duffield Canton, Soulsbyville, Jepson 7690, type (fruit unknown). 5. E. longistylum C. & R. Low (4 to 8 in. high), branching throughout and spreading; basal leaves narrow, pinnately cut into distant almost spine-like seg- ments; heads globose, about 134 lines high; bracts narrowly lanceolate, spreading, minutely puberulent, much longer than the heads, 234 to 334 lines long, mostly entire, scarious-margined at base; bractlets similar, but narrower, and with broader scarious margins at base; sepals lanceolate, scarious-margined, 1% line long, tapering above into a weak acuminate tip; styles very much longer than the sepals.—Western San Luis Obispo Co. Loc.—San Simeon, Curran. Refs.—ERYNGIUM LONGISTYLUM C. & R. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 7:55 (1900), type loc. San Simeon, San Luis Obispo Co., Curran. 6. E. minimum C. & R. Low, depressed-tufted, the stems several to many and the leaves mostly basal; stems nearly simple, thickened toward the base and markedly retrocurved, 1 to 4 in. long; leaves 2 to 6 in. long, merely cleft and toothed to pinnately divided with cleft or toothed ovatish segments, the teeth and petioles more or less spinose; heads on very short peduncles, nearly globose, 24% to 31% lines high; bracts broadly lanceolate, equaling or slightly exceeding the heads, the lower 2/3 with spinose bristles; bractlets broadly linear-lanceolate, a little longer than the flowers, with a conspicuous scarious margin below, at the top of which and just above are a few bristles; sepals ovate, scarious-margined, V4 line long, with an abuptly cuspidate-bristly tip about as long; styles exceeding the sepals.—Northern Sierra Nevada (Nevada Co. to Plumas Co.) Locs.—Donner Lake, Sonne, Heller 7061; Plumas Co., R. M. Austin. Refs.—ERYNGIUM MINIMUM C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:54 (1900). E. petiolatum var. minimum C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 98 (1888), type loc. Donner Lake, Sonne. E. articulatum var. microcephalum C. & R. 1. c. 99, type loc. Plumas Co., R. M. Austin. 7. E. aristulatum Jepson. Prostrate or low-diffuse, very slender, the stems 10 to 15 in. in length; basal leaves tapering into a long petiole, 4 in. long (includ- ing the petiole), the short blade spinose-toothed and with a few lanceolate seg- ments; cauline leaves opposite, sessile, spinulose-serrate; heads very numerous, 21% to 3% lines long; bracts exceeding the head, about 41% lines long, densely spinescent at base; bractlets spinose, the body narrowly lanceolate, inversely sagittate-winged from the base upward, the lobes of the wings thus forming sinuses, in each of which are borne 1 to 3 awns surpassing the breadth of the wing; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate, hyaline-margined, 1 line long, tapering into a cuspl- date-bristly tip, exceeded by the long styles.—Dry lake beds, Lake Co. Locs.—Mt. Konocti (Uncle Sam Mt.), Jepson; Boggs Lake, Bottle Glass Mt., K. Brandegee; Scotts Valley, Tracy 2375 (stems somewhat retrocurved, appar- ently not prostrate, bracts much longer than heads, sepals rather abruptly cuspidate). Refs.—ERYNGIUM ARISTULATUM Jepson, Erythea 1:62 (1893), type loc. mts. s. of Uncle Sam Mt., Lake Co., Jepson. 8. E. jepsénii C. & R. Butron-TuisTLe. Plants growing in shallow vernal pools, the earliest leaves all basal and consisting of terete hollow pointed petioles, 1% to 114 ft. long, these disappearing with the drying up of the pools, and leafy stems arising; stems slender, freely branching, 114 to 134 ft. high; leaves oblanceo- late, spinulose, sometimes incised, the lower narrowed at base to a slender spinu- lose petiole, the upper short-petioled or sessile; heads 3 to 3% lines high, surpassed by the bracts; bracts rigid, 4 to 10 lines long, with few short bristles at base; bractlets lanceolate, with scarious margin at base, broader upwards, not spinulose, sepals oblong or lanceolate, 1 line long, narrowed abruptly into a spine less than half as long, exceeded by the long styles.—Low places in valley fields and flats in the hills, Napa Co. to Santa Clara Co. Locs.—Yountville, Jepson; Orinda Park, Contra Costa Co., Jepson; Berry- essa, Santa Clara Co., R. J. Smith 35. . 1922. REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 107 Var. PARiSHII Jepson n. comb. Stems slender, erect or spreading, much branched at base, !/3 to 1 1/3 ft. high; basal leaves laciniate-toothed or parted into remote spinose-toothed segments, tapering into a long somewhat spiny- toothed petiole; inflorescence beginning near the base and diffusely branching, the heads about 234 lines high; bracts narrow and rigid, with a few spinose bristles and with or without a narrow scarious margin at base, 34 to 6 lines long; bractlets similar but with a short broad scarious margin below, usually without bristles; sepals ovate, 1% line long, tapering above into a cuspidate-bristly tip.—Sandy ground, San Luis Obispo Co. to San Diego Co. and Lower California. Locs.—San Diego, Jepson 1599; Oceanside, Parish 4436. Refs.—ERNYGIUM JEPSONII C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:54 (1900); type loc. near Orinda Park, Contra Costa Co., Jepson in 1895. E. californicum Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 343 (1901), type loc. Yountville, Jepson. Var. PARISHI Jepson. E. parish C. & R. 1. c. 57, type loc. Oceanside, Parish 4436. E. ELONGATUM C. & R. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 7:53 (1900), type loc. near San Francisco, Vasey. Up- per leaves tapering into spinulose- winged petioles; heads 7 lines long; bracts weak and becoming reflexed; scarious margin of bractlets broader toward base (ex. char.). A specimen from Wells Hill, upper Vaca Valley, Jepson, referred doubtfully by C. & R. |. c., to this species, has sepals (about 1 line long) tipped with a weak spine of about equal length. 9. E. vaseyi C. & R. COYoTeE- THISTLE. Fig. 2. Plants growing in shallow vernal pools and showing two vegetative stages: earliest leaves all terete, jointed, and basal, disap- pearing with the drying up of the pools and succeeded by leafy stems; stems stout, erect, more or less branching, commonly 8 to 13 in. (or sometimes 2 ft.) high; lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate, spinulose, somewhat incised or bearing small lanceolate lobes below, 4 to 8 in. long, the upper much shorter; heads 31% (or 2% lines) high; bracts spi- nose, spinulose toward the base, 6 _to 10 lines long, much surpassing 2. Eryngium vaseyi C. & R.;a, plant x 4; the bractlets; bractlets similar, sur- § Jeaves x 14; c, fr. branch x 4; d, fr. x 3; passing the flowers; fruit with e, sect. x 7; f, bractlet x 2. abruptly cuspidate calyx-lobes longer than the short styles.—Low places in fields, Sacramento Valley, west to Mendocino Co. and south to Monterey Co. May-June. : Locs.—Red Bluff, comm. Ethel W. Wickes; Vacaville, Jepson; Little Oak, Solano Co., Jepson; Elmira, Jepson; Middle Eel River to Round Valley, Jepson. Closely allied is the var. OBLANCEOLATUM Jepson n. comb. Bracts with con- spicuous scarious margin.—Solano and Napa Cos. to San Diego Co.: Vanden, Solano Co., Jepson; St. Helena, Jepson; Yountville, Jepson; Madrone, Santa Clara Co., Jepson; San Luis Obispo, Jepson 3070; San Diego, T. Brandegee 1628. Refs.—ERYNGIUM VASEYI C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13:142 (1888), type loc., San An- tonio River, Monterey Co., Vasey 222; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 343 (1901). Var. OBLANCEOLATUM Jepson. FE. oblanceolatum C. & R. 1. c. 7:56 (1900), type loc. Sonoma Valley, Torrey 159. 108 MARDONO [Vox. 1, 10. E. castrénse Jepson n. sp. Fig. 3. Stem stout, very erect, simple below, branched above, 11% to 134 ft. high; cauline leaves laciniately divided into rather remote very narrow segments, these again cleft or toothed, the margin of the divisions and the ligulate rachis spinose; leaves at the upper forks bracteose- foliaceous, pinnately spinose-cleft, somewhat recurving, 1144 to 1% in. long; heads mostly short-peduncled, 4 to 5 lines high, twice exceeded by the bractlets; bracts moderately rigid, pinnately spiny-toothed except toward tip, at base more or less scarious margined and densely spinose dorsally, 34 to 1 in. long; bractlets similar but with broadly scarious margined base which encloses the fruit; sepals about 1 line long, tapering into a short spine.—Northern Sierra Nevada foothills from Tuolumne Co. to Butte Co. Locs.—Chinese Camp, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6319 (type); Pentz, Butte Co., Heller 11472 (stout; heads 6 lines high). Var. VALLiCOLUM Jepson n. var. Bracts and bractlets shorter and less markedly spinescent, in this character ap- proaching E. vaseyi.—Sierra Ne- vada foothills from Mariposa Co. to Butte Co. Locs.—Escalon, San Joaquin Valley, Jepson (type); Chico, R. M. Austin 826 (leaves more coarsely laciniate and less spiny). 11. E. globO6sum Jepson n. sp. Stems 1 to several from _ base, branching above, 14 to 20 in. high; basal leaves pinnately divided into narrow distant segments, these more or less spinose-toothed or cleft, the petioles spinose-winged and at base somewhat clasping, the entire leaf 5 in. long; cauline leaves similar but smaller with short spinosely winged petiole, the uppermost more or less bracteose, very spiny at base; heads remarkably globose, mostly on short stout peduncles, 5 lines in diameter, not exceeded by the bractlets except the terminal ones; bracts rigid, spine-tipped and pin- nately spinose, somewhat scarious at base, 4 to 514 lines long; bractlets pinnately 2 or 3-spinose, with broad scarious margin at base, the margin 3. Eryngium castrense Jepson; a, fr. 1 or 2-spinose above; lateral bract- branchlet x 4; b, leaf x 4; c, bractlet x lets equaling the flowers, the termi- 114; d, fr. x 5; e, sect. carp. x 12. nal ones much longer, all falling as Beale ta? with the fruit; sepals ovate, 1 line long, pinnately 3 to 5 spiny-toothed (rarely entire), the apical spine 14 line long; styles scarcely exserted; fruit 11% lines long.—F lats in and near the Sierra Nevada foothills in Tulare Co. Locs.—Kaweah, Geo. B. Grant 2894 (immature, some of the heads sessile) ; Lemon Cove Jepson 558 (heads 6 to 7 lines high; bractlets with 1 to 3 spines at upper edge of scarious margin, a little exceeding the head); Exeter, K. Brandegee (type). ae MEDIUM Jepson n. var. Bractlets conspicuously exserted from the heads, in this respect approaching E. vaseyi.—Cathay foothills, Mariposa Co., Jepson 8409 (one individual with spiny main stem). 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 109 2. SANICULA L. SNAKE-ROOT Glabrous perennials with naked or few leaved stems, usually much divided leaves, and irregularly compound, few-rayed umbels. Involucres of leaf-like toothed bracts. Involucels of small usually entire bractlets. Flowers greenish, yellow or purple, of two sorts, perfect (fertile) and staminate (sterile), both kinds in the same umbellet, the staminate often pediceled. Umbellets capitate and here called ‘‘heads.”’ Calyx teeth slightly foliaceous, persistent. Fruit subglobose or obovoid, without ribs, densely covered with tubercles which often end in hooked prickles. Oil-tubes many and irregularly distributed. (Diminutive, derived from Latin sanare, to heal; certain species used in medicine.) 4. Sanicula arctopoides H. & A.; fl. head and leaf x 2. A. Fruit pediceled or stipitate; leaves palmately lobed or divided; stem or stems from a stoutish tap-root. Bractlets conspicuous, much exceeding the heads; plants prostrate or decumbent............ or ee AC re see A eon er oN Mice, aA ay uc calbl ive useen cn écaltn Guin She Sakae 1. S. arciopoides. Bractlets inconspicuous, not exceeding the heads; plants erect. Leaf divisions broad, not toothed to the very base; common........ 2+ +2. S. menziesii. Leaf divisions narrow, decurrent below into a conspicuously toothed rachis; rare.......... 3 O'0°' ab Wit ee oR AS Je eed ie NP I #1 eR Aa em 3. S. arguta. B. Fruit neither pediceled nor stipitate. Stem or stems from the more or less thickened crown of a tap root. Flowers purple (yellow in the vars.); leaves bipinnatifid, the main divisions decurrent on the HO CGE CLA CIIG reer ai neta vene hoes vt Bee wuna oe ole Bah ealle POO «owed 4. S. bipinnatifida. Flowers yellow. Leaves entire or some 3-parted; S. F. Bay............... 0.000 ee eee 5. S. maritima. 110 MADRONO [Vout Leaves not entire. Leaves palmately cleft or divided, the main divisions confluent below; coast species AGREE IN CRE Sey SU. 7 a OREO Stora: Sek Sa PT age Oe ar Ae a 6. S. laciniata. Leaves ternate, the main divisions on distinct petiolules; Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino Mts. Plants low, the spreading peduncles arising in a cluster from near the base.... Fer sh ute ete Lona EOE LW ni Nat Ne ROM ORT ih nih ee eo BAe: nd BOA F 7. S. nevadensis. Plants erect, the peduncles arising singly along the stem................ BW ete ota Rea a Rea Se LSE eT TNE Ts TRE eG Te Oe 8. S. septentrionalis. Stems from a tuberous root. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, of distinct small leaflets; fruit tuberculate, the tubercles tipped with hooked bristles; tuber vertically elongated........ 9. S. bipinnata. Leaves twice or thrice ternate, then pinnately dissected. Tuber globose; fruit tuberculate, not bristly; flowers yellow........ 10. S. tuberosa. Tuber elongated, fleshy, branched below; fruit with its upper tubercules tipped with hooked bristles; flowers salmon color.................005. 11. S. saxatilis. 1. S. arctopoides H. & A. FOOTSTEPS-OF-SPRING. Fig. 4. Prostrate or de- cumbent, the plants 4 to 8 inches broad, conspicuous because of the yellowish foliage; main stem from a tap root, very short, bearing a tuft of leaves and several divergent naked branches often longer than the leaves, each branch bearing an umbel of 1 to 4 rays; rays short or as much as 5 inches long; leaves 2 to 2% inches broad, 2 to 4% inches long, including the broadly margined petiole, palmately parted-into 3 divisions which are again cleft, the whole margin laciniately cut into slender unequal teeth, almost as if fringed, or again, the lanceolate spreading segments subentire; bracts similar; heads 3 lines in diameter, surrounded by con- spicuous involucels of 8 to 13 oblong entire bractlets 5 to 7 lines long, or 4 or 5 much shorter than the others; flowers yellow; fruit 1 to 114 lines long, naked at base, with strong bristles above-—Open or brushy hills of the seaward Coast Ranges from Monterey to Humboldt Co. and northward to British Columbia. Also called Yellow Mats. Locs.—Monterey, Jepson 2989, Santa Cruz, Setchell (leaf segments very broad); Burlingame, San Ma- teo Co., Inez Ray Smith (leaf divi- sions and teeth broad to very nar- row); Lake San Andreas, Jepson 9535; Lake Merced, San Francisco, Tracy 1777; Olema, Jepson; Inver- ness, Jepson 501; betw. Stewarts Pt. and Sea View, Sonoma Co., M. S. Baker 6; Mendocino, H. E. Brown 734 (leaf segments very broad); Samoa, Humboldt Bay, Tracy 1018 as (main stem 2 in. long). teat Refs.—SANICULA ARCTOPOIDES Le ee H. & A. Bot. Beech. 141 (1832), type from Cal., Lay and Collie; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:258, pl.79u (1834); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 344 (1901); Wolff in Engler Pflzr. 428 771, Fig. 12 (1913) 2. S. menziésii H. & A. Gam- BLE WEED. Fig. 5. Stem 1 to 34 feet high, from a stoutish tap-root, simple below, paniculately branch- ing above; leaves round-cordate in outline, 1 to 3 inches broad, palm- ately and deeply 3 to 5-lobed, the broad segments sharply lobed or in- cised, with mucronate teeth; rays 5. Sanicula menziesii H. & A.;a,leafx 14; few, 14 to 2 inches long; bracts small, b, fr. branchlet x %-c, fr: x5; leaf-like; bractlets 6 to 8, small, en- d, sect. carp. x 6. tire; flowers yellow, the sterile ones 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 111 short-pediceled or nearly sessile; fruit covered with strong bristles, 11% lines long, distinctly stipitate, 4 to 9 in each head, at length divergent.—Shady woods of the foothills from coastal Southern California north through both the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada to British Columbia. Locs.—Waterman Cafion, San Bernardino Mts., Parish; Ojai Valley, Hubby 3; Fort Tejon, Kern Co., Davy 2363; Pacific Grove, Heller 6824; Stanford, C. F. Baker 714; Berkeley, Jepson 6225; Pine Canon, Mt. Diablo, Chandler 952; Calis- toga, Jepson; Miyakma Range (se. of Ukiah), Jepson 3019; Comptche, Mendo- cino Co., Harriet Walker 264; Buck Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 2748; Crane Creek, w. Tehama Co., Jepson; Vina, Tehama Co., Heller 11332; Marysville Buttes, Jepson; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson 1764; Mariposa Co. (Zoe 3:29). Not known in the Sierra Nevada foothills from Madera Co. to Kern Co. Var. NUDICAULIS Jepson n. comb. Branches about 10, sub-basal, somewhat scapiform; leaves long-petioled, thinnish, less deeply parted, sinuses more nearly closed and the segments less lobed.—Coast Ranges, Douglas; Amador Co., 900 ft., Hansen 1451. Var. PEDATA Jepson n. var. Robust, 3 to 5 ft. high; leaves thickish, dark green, pedately divided into cuneate segments (especially the cauline), 3 to 4 in. broad, the teeth bristle-tipped.—North Coast Ranges: Elk Mt., Lake Co., Tracy 2274; Calistoga, Jepson (type). Var. FOLIACEA Jepson n. var. Low but very leafy, the bracteal leaves very large.—San Francisco Bay, Hartweg 199; Kelsey- ville, Lake Co., Irwin 127 (type). Refs.—SANICULA MENZIESII H.& A. Bot. Beech. 142 (1832), type from Cal., Lay & Collie; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:258,t. 90 (1834), Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 345 (1901). Var. NUDICAULIS Jepson. S.nudicaulis H.& A.1.c.347 (1840), typefromCal., Douglas. 3. S. arguta Greene. Stem sparingly branched, from the crown of a thickened tap root, 8 to 14 inches high; leaves mainly basal, 1 to 3 inches long, palmately 5- to 7-divided, the middle division largest and often distant, the lower pair of divisions smaller than the lateral pair, all more or less pinnately parted or cleft and toothed and each decurrent to the base, forming a broad toothed wing; ultimate seg- ments 2 to 3 lines broad; midribs and upper side of petioles minutely glandular; petioles 2 to 5 inches long; cauline and bracteal leaves re- duced or sometimes large; rays 3 to 5 in an umbel, 1 to 4 inches long; flowers yellow, the heads 2 or 3 lines broad; bractlets membranaceous, oblong, acute, not exceeding the heads; fruit prickly, 21% lines long, stipitate—Coastal Southern Cali- fornia. Locs.—Saugus, Davy; Pasadena, Geo. B. Grant 1174a; Santa Catalina Isl., Blanche Trask in 1903 (fl. & fr.); Santa Barbara, Elmer 3930; Ojai Valley, F. W. Hubby 14; San Diego, Jepson 6664; Escondido, Abrams 5553. Refs-—SANICULA ARGUTA Greene; C. & R. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 7:36 (1900), type loc. San Diego, Pringle; Wolff in Engler, Pfizr. 4228:73 (1913). 4. S. bipinnatifida Doug. PURPLE SANICLE. Fig. 6. Plants 4 6. Sanicula bipinnatifida Dougl.; a, typi- to 1 foot high, the herbage disposed cal leaf x 14; b, early leaf x 3; c, infl. x 4%; to be purplish; tap root deep-seated, d, tt..x 13; ¢, sectcarp. x0; ie TAZ MADRONO Vor. 1,] its thickened multicipital crown bearing a cluster of leaves and several stems which are leafy mainly or wholly toward the base; leaves 2% to 4 inches long, mostly triangular in outline, pinnately 3 to 7-parted, the divisions distant, decur- rent on the rachis as a toothed wing, and cut into oblong or ovate unequally toothed or serrate lobes; flowers purple, the sterile pediceled, borne in dense heads 21% to 4 lines in diameter; umbels irregular, with long or short rays, small leaf-like bracts and small lanceolate bractlets; fruit covered all over with bristles.— Grassy slopes in the hills: Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills, southward to Southern California and northward to British Columbia. May-June. Locs.—Sierra Nevada: Goose Valley, Shasta Co., Baker & Nutting; Oroville, Heller 11,206; New York Ravine, Eldorado Co., K. Brandegee; Gwin Mine, Cala- veras Co., Jepson 1782; Columbia, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6289; Mariposa, Cong- don; Rowen, Tehachapi Mts., Jepson 6712, 6729; Tulare, Davy. Coast Ranges: Rosewood, w. Tehama Co., Jepson; Alton, Humboldt Co., Tracy 4478; Round Valley, Mendocino Co., Westerman; Leesville, Colusa Co., T. Brandegee; Kelsey- ville, Lake Co., Irwin 28; Vacaville, Jepson; Chiles Creek hills, Napa Range, Jepson 6267; Violet sta., Vacaville, Jepson 1200; Mt. Hamilton, Jepson 4212; Coyote Creek, Santa Clara Co., Jepson; San Luis Obispo Co., Barber. Southern California: San Bernardino, Parish; Cuyamaca Mts., Hall; El Cajon, San Diego Co., T. Brandegee. Leaf multimorphism.—During the course of development from the seedling to the mature plant the leaf shows a considerable range of variation in size, shape and segmentation, while in many individuals this range of variation is rather remarkable. The successive phases are as follows: The earliest leaves are simple, suborbicular, the margin minutely or obscurely crenulate, rarely 3-lobed; next come leaves which are elliptical to oblong-ovate, serrulate to deeply serrate; in — the third phase they are broadly ovate in outline, deeply cleft towards the base so as to be trilobate, the terminal lobe much the largest, all the lobes coarsely crenate-serrate; in the fourth phase the 3 main lobes are deeply cleft or somewhat lobate; in the fifth phase the leaf is pinnately divided into 5 to 7 ovatish lobes, each pinnately more or less toothed or lobed; finally, the divisions of the pinnate leaf are deeply pinnatifid with narrow toothed segments. The above note rests on the following specimens: Columbia, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6289; Claremont Cajon, Berkeley, Lewis & Robinson. Var. FLAVA Jepson n. var. Leaves mostly light green with broad primary di- visions (34 to 14% inches wide); flowers yellow.—Northern Sierra Nevada: Betw. Clear Creek and Paradise, Butte Co., Heller & Brown 5539; Marston sta., Plumas Co., Heller 10,839 (type). Little Chico Creek, R. M. Austin, is a purple flowered form. Var. NEMORALIS Jepson n. comb. Winged rachis entire or sparsely denticu- late; flowers yellow.—Northern Sierra Nevada: Merced Big Trees and Yosemite Valley, Bolander; New York Falls, Amador Co., Hansen 1298 (flowers yellow, rachis very sparsely toothed); Kress, Nevada Co., Hall & Essig 10,196 (rachis- wing toothed in some cases); Columbia, A. L. Grant 681 (only portions of the winged rachis entire). Refs.—SANICULA BIPINNATIFIDA Dougl. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:258, t. 92 (1834), type loc. Ft. Vancouver on the Columbia River, Douglas, Scouler; Jepson Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 345 (1901). Var. FLAVA Jepson. Var. NEMORALIS Jepson. S. nemoralis Greene, Erythea 1:6 (1893), type loc. Big Trees and Yosemite Valley, Bolander. 5. S. maritima Kellogg. DoBiE SANIcLE. Plants 10 to 12 inches high, the stout stem from a much-thickened root; basal leaves rather numerous, elliptical to orbicular, entire or slightly serrate, 1 to 2 inches long, on petioles 4 to 6 inches long; cauline leaves few, 3-parted into obovate or roundish divisions (as are some-. times the basal leaves), with sub-entire or coarsely toothed margins; peduncles few, elongated; umbel with 1 to 4 rays 1 to 2% inches long; involucre of leaf-like bracts; involucel of many small lanceolate bractlets; flowers yellow, the sterile ones short-pediceled; fruit bristly, somewhat naked below, 11% lines long; seed- face concave with a very prominent median longitudinal ridge.—Local species of aw and wet adobe lands in the vicinity of salt-marshes bordering San Francisco ay. Sa 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE LkS Locs.—Potrero, San Francisco, E. Cannon; Alameda, Greene. Refs.—SANICULA MARITIMA Kellogg; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2:451 (1880), type loc. near the coast about San Francisco, Kellogg. 6. S. laciniata H. & A. Coast SaANnicLeE. Plants 6 to 13 inches high; stem from a medium tap root, the branches few and disposed to diverge; leaves mainly basal, roundish in outline, 44 to 1 inch long, palmately 3-cleft or parted, the divisions incisely lobed or laciniate with spreading teeth, their petioles 1 to 2 inches long; upper leaves and foliaceous involucres similar but reduced; umbel with 2 to 5 unequal rays (144 to 11% inches long) or 1 or 2 of the rays again um- bellate; flowers yellow, subtended by an involucel of oblong-ovate or lanceolate bractlets 1 line long; sterile flowers long-pediceled; fruit prickly, somewhat naked below, 11% lines long.—Slopes of the coast hills from Humboldt Co. to Monterey Co. Apr. ee umboldt Co. (Bot. Cal. 1:256); Navarro, Mendocino Co., Edith Byxbee (earlier leaves sometimes circular-cordate, nearly entire); Franz Valley grade, nw. Napa Co., Jepson; Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson 1191; Stanford, C. F. Baker; Monterey, Jepson 2988. Var. SERPENTINA Jepson n. comb. Leaves 1 to 1% inches long, palmately 3-parted, or divided, the lobes pinnately parted into often remote lanceolate segments, these entire or lacinately toothed.—Monterey Co. to Marin Co. Locs.—Pacific Grove, Heller 6479; Portola, San Mateo Co., Elmer 4498; Liberty, Marin Co., Chestnut & Drew. Refs.—SANICULA LACINIATA H. & A. Bot. Beech. 347 (1840), type from Cal., Douglas; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 345 (1901). Var. SERPENTINA Jepson. S. ser- pentina Elmer, Bot. Gaz. 41:312 (1906), type loc. Portola, San Mateo Co., Elmer 4498. 7. S. nevadénsis Wats. SIERRA SANICLE. Low plants, with several spreading peduncles 1 to 6 (or 9) inches long arising basally or from the very short stem; leaves about 1 inch long, on petioles as long or twice as long, ternate, the divisions with distinct petiolules, oblong-ovate to roundish in outline, 3 to 5-lobed with the segments again lobed or toothed; rays 3 to 10 in an umbel, scarcely 1 line to 1 inch long, the bracts pinnatifid, leaf-like; bractlets small, oblong, acute, more or less united; flowers yellow, the sterile on pedicles 1 to 11% lines long; fruit tuberculate, the tubercules ending in hooked bristles—Middle altitudes in the mountains, 5000 to 6000 ft.: San Bernardino Mts. and northward through the Sierra Nevada to Modoc and Siskiyou Cos. May-June. Locs.—Long Point, San Bernardino Mts., Parish; Bear Mt., Tehachapi Range, Jepson 7176; Tahoe, Placer Co., Sonne; Prosser Creek near Truckee, Sonne; Forestdale, Modoc Co., Baker & Nutting; Deep Creek, Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 1124; Humbug divide, Siskiyou Co., Butler 623; Devils Backbone, w. Siskiyou Co., Jepson 2068. Var. GLAUCA Jepson n. var. Leaves glaucous, very finely divided.—Rocky slopes, Pah Ute Pass, Purpus 5093 (type); Middle Tule River, Purpus 1804. Refs.—SANICULA NEVADENSIS Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 11:139 (1876), type from Plumas Co., M. E. P. Ames, Lemmon. Var. GLAUCA Jepson. 8. S. septéntrionalis Greene. Plants erect, 6 to 12 inches high; peduncles few, divaricately spreading, scattered along the stem; leaves 1 to 2 inches long; fruit 2 lines long; otherwise like No. 7.—Montane, 5000 to 7000 ft.; Sierra Nevada (Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co.); high North Coast Ranges. Northward to British Columbia. Locs.—Colony Mill to Marble Fork, Jepson 656; Big Valley Mts., Baker & Nutting; Shackelford Creek, Siskiyou Co., Butler 54, 1778; Dorleska, Trinity Co., Hall 8587; Trinity Summit, Jepson 2046; South Yolo Bolly, Jepson. Refs.—SANICULA SEPTENTRIONALIS Greene, Erythea 1:6 (1893), type loc. Chase River, Vancouver Isl., Macoun; Wolff in Engler, Pflzr. 4228:75, fig. 14 (1913). S. divaricata Greene, Erythea 3:64 (1895), type loc. Castle Peak, Nevada Co., Greene. 9. S. bipinnata H. & A. Porson SanicLe. Fig. 7. Stem from an elongated tuber-like root, erect, usually simple below, 34 to 2 feet high; herbage with a strongly aromatic odor; leaves chiefly basal, 2 to 4 inches long, twice or thrice 114 pinnate, the ultimate divisions obovate or oblong, 3 to 4 lines long, not decurrent: MADRONO [VoL i umbel. with 3 or 4 rays and leaf-like bracts; flowers yellow; the heads 2 lines in diameter and subtended by several small more or less united bractlets; fruit tuberculate, the tubercles tipped with stout hooked bristles. — Shady woods in the low hills, Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. Apr. Locs.—Sacramento Valley and Coast Ranges: College City, Colusa Co., Alice King; Putah Creek, nw. Solano Co., Jepson; Araquipa Hills, w. Solano Co., Jepson; Stanford, C. F. Baker 496; Paso Robles, Barber. Southern California: Ojai Valley, Hubby 16; Pasadena, Mc- Clatchie 1. Sierra Nevada: Rowen, Teha- chapi Mts., Jepson 6743 (ultimate divis- ions coarse) Coulterville trail, Mariposa Co., Congdon; Stony Creek, Amador; Co., Hansen 1513; Oroville, Heller 10707 ; Cabbage Patch, Yuba Co., Jepson. Refs.—SANICULA BIPINNATA H. & A. Bot. Beech. 347 (1840), type from Cal., Douglas; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 346 a, habit x 8. Sanicula tuberosa Torr. ; 193 b, fe x fig G; Sects canpax uO: . Sanicula bipinnata H. & A.; 4a, leaf i x 4; b, root x 4%; c, fr. branchlet x 4; d , ir. x 4; &, sect. carps (1901); Wolff in Engler, Pflzr. 4228:77, fig. 15) (1913); . 10. S. tuber6ésa Torr. TURKEY PEA. Fig. 8. Stem froma globose tuber, 5 to — 9 (or 14) inches high, simple or divided — at or near the surface of the ground into 2 to 5 long peduncle-like often diver- gent branches, each irregularly di- or tri- chotomous, the divisions ending in 1 to 4-rayed umbels and commonly with pedicelate heads in the forks; leaves — once or twice ternate, then pinnatifid, usually very finely dissected into acutish segments; involucres of leaf-like bacts; involucels of small ovate or lanceolate partially united bractlets; heads 2 to 3 lines broad; flowers yellow, the sterile on pedicels 1 to 2% lines long; fruit flattened laterally, tuberculate but not at all bristly, 1 line long.—Rocky or gravelly slopes in the foothills, 500 to 2500 feet and up to 5000 feet, Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, southward to San Diego Co. and Lower California. (To be continued) PRINTED BY BRUCE BROUGH SAN FRANCISCO _ (n mearet eat at 10a. m. Leader, Mr. W. S. Fields. Saturday evening, Jan. 27. Annual atamer t in oe y. _W. ae Way and Union St., Perel at ache ce wit be 0 Sunday, Feb. 4. Hea csee ee tee 8 5 Ae an ae Francisco to Manzanita. ee tae A: a incre ee Monday evening, Feb. 6. eet ee in room 11, sity of California campus, at 7:50. Lecture by Mrs. Ju on the topography, plants and animals of Vancouver 100 colored slides. Sunday, March 4. Mount Davidson. Meet at entrance of _ San Francisco ferry building, at 9 a. m. Take ot car t Tunnel. Leader, Dr. W. C. Blasdale. Thursday, March 15, 8 p.m. Regular rhecine t in 212 Wh : sity campus. _ Dr. "Richard Holman will talk on J The public is invited. plants. Sunday, April 1. San Bruno Hills. Meet chia S ne San Francisco ferry building at9a.m. Take Market St No. 16 at Third St. Off at Visitacion. Leader, Dr. E. - Thursday, April 12, 8 p.m. Annual meeting in 212 Whee campus. Dr. W. W. Robbins will lecture on ‘‘Colorado Plar Plains to Alpine Peaks.”’ [Illustrated with slides. The a Sunday, April 15. Lake San Andreas. Take 8:40 a. Fifth and Market Sts., San Francisco to Millbrae. the large Laurel tree in this vicinity. Leader, Prove Saturday, April 28. Mount Diablo. Leave Oakland, ‘40th and Sacramento Short Line, at 1:30 or 4:30 p. m., Sunday 8:30 a. station. Take sleeping bag and food HF entire ee Lea er, Furniss. Sunday, May 13. Lake Chabot. Meet at triangle Estudillo Ave 9a.m. Leader, Miss Anna Ehlers. May 27-28. Annual camping trip to Camp Lonely, Hit Helena. Members desiring special circular send name ta Mrs. Adeline Frederick, 1636 Woolsey St., iets a Verify all train times on latest ae schedules. _ ‘ ae : Members are privileged to invite eure to lectures and fie RNIA BOTANICAL R wel —_ —_ FROM CALIFORNIA, W.L. Jepson. On 3 : . ° CG tc $ ug J es CAL AN UMBELLIFERAE, W.L. Jepson. WW See ae re) » . ie wna nine © wee eed 8H Nima ppg panraeinp te BE ay 192y 115 115 116 116 117 botany of ine native Pate of euiterain® to faraeh a he comn : relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora, nC a record of the Sco s ee and activities. Notes ‘upon Mrs. pe ae : 1636 Woolsey St., Berkeley, Calif. Manuscript for publication should be sent to : Dr. W. L. JEPSON, 7 2712 Benvenue Ave., Berkeley, Calif. Dues of members are $2.00 per year. Mrs. Linpa G. Dopp, Treasurer, _ 2636 Hillegass Ave., Berkeley, Calif. COUNCIL OF THE SOCIETY FOR 1922-1923 President . . . Dr. W.L. Jepson, University of California, Berkele First Vice-Presdent Dr. L. R. Aprams, Stanford University, California. Second Vice-President Dr. W. C. BLASDALE, University of California, Berk Secretary . . . Proressor H. E. McMiny, Mills College, Calif rnie Treasurer . . . Mrs. Lina G. Dopp, 2636 Hillegass Ave., Berkeley oS The Society desires botanical books for its library. Pacific Railway ae vol. 4, and volumes of the Botanical Gazette will be especially appreciat MADRONO- U.S. A. Subscription Price: Two Dalia per year. Apicoee ea second-class mail matter at the post-office at Berkeley, California, U.S. A., 5 = Beis 1922.] INTRODUCED FLORA PRS ADDITIONS TO THE INTRODUCED FLORA OF CALIFORNIA. S. B. PARISH RICHARDIA AFRICANIA Spreng. The common Calla Lily has estab- lished itself in a marsh on the borders of Bolinas Bay. CyYTISSUS MONSPESSULANUS Linn. Abundant for some distance along both sides of a side road in the hills of Palo Colorado Canon, Monterey County, June 23, 1921, S. B. Parish 20046. This road passes the entrance to an inhabited clearing in the redwood forest. A shrub 4 to 5 feet high, at the time of collection heavily laden with fruit. A native of Europe. ALTHEA ROSEA Cav. The Hollyhock is a common weed in gardens and waste places and along waysides at Berkeley. An escape from cultivation. When growing spontaneously it is a short-lived peren- nial, and the flowers are of shades of rose pink. SALVIA VERBENACA Linn. Well established in parkings, and es- caping into the adjacent hillside, at Scenic and Leroy avenues, _ Berkeley, May, 1921, S. B. Parish 20069. Also on the University of California campus near the North Gate. A perennial herb, native of Europe. ma NEW SPECIES OF ERIOGONUM FROM CALIFORNIA WILLIs LINN JEPSON In March, 1922, there was sent me from the upper San Joaquin Valley on the west side by Mr. James M. Perry a portion of a summer or autumn annual that, after drying, had persisted through the winter. As we know little about our spring and summer annuals following the fruiting phase, that is during the period of weathering and disorganization of the plant body in the winter, I took it at first glance to be an unknown or late stage of Eriogonum angulosum Bth. The bractlets, persistent in vertical rows, form a columnar struc- ture about 3 lines high; the flower axillary to the bractlets had fallen but there remained a terminal cluster of about 5 to 8 flowers which possess distinctive characters and set it off from E. angulosum. Eriogonum bidentatum Jepson n. sp. Diffuse annual 5 to 7 inches high; stems repeatedly dichotomous; pedicels 3 to5 lines long, borne in the forks and terminal, sometimes markedly racemose; bractlets of the involucre spoon-shaped; inner and outer perianth segments very unlike, somewhat unequal, the inner erect, linear- lanceolate, acuminate, arising froma dilated base, the outer spread- ing a little or approximate about the inner ones; the inner ones rounded-cucullate at the apex with a notch in the hood, each side of the notch ending in a small point; filaments little longer than the Ovary. Collected near Taft by Jas. M. Perry (type). It differs technically MAbRONO, vol. 1, pp. 115-130, Apr. 30, 1923. 116 MADRONO [Vou. 1, trom Eriogonum angulosum Bth. in the shape of the perianth seg- ments. In E. angulosum the perianth segments are all slightly short-clawed; neither circle is cucullate. In E. bidentatum the segments are very narrow but distinctly dilated at the base; the outer segments are markedly hooded and the hood is distinctly two-toothed. The sender of the material writes: ‘The plant resembles nothing so much as a lady’s veil spread upon the ground, the little seed pods [involucres] representing the dots we see on some of the fabri Hence I catled it Nun’s Veiling.”’ A CONIFER NEW £0) CALIFPORINDA WILLIS LINN JEPSON While cruising in Shasta County in 1921, W. H. Snell, a cruiser for the Southern Pacific Company, discovered a small area of spruce trees and reported the find to Supervisor Hall of the Shasta Na= tional Forest, who in company with Assistant District Forest Woodbury, visited the locality. About fifty trees were found, lo- cated in the canon of the south fork of Clark’s Creek, 8 miles north- west of Cayton. | Specimens were sent me by B. C. Goldsmith of the Shasta Forest and I identified them as a form of Picea Engelmannii Parry. They differ from the typical form in having glabrous branchlets and fre- quently one or two resin-ducts 1n the leaves. A considerable number of the leaves were sectioned under my direction by Miss Elsie Zeile. Cross-sections of some leaves exhibited resin-ducts throughout the length of the leaf, in other leaves only the lower portion showed such Structures. In 1906 I collected this species on Ashland Butte in southern Oregon but it has not hitherto been reported from any station south of that point on the Pacific Coast. It is therefore an addition to the silva of California. PHY SALTS 1[XOCAREA Brot As I have never found anything like it here before I am sending a plant which may be something rare. Our plant forms were poor this year—all the spring plants being frozen by snow and ice.— Jutia A. BETTYs, southern San Benito Co., July 28, 1922. This plant is the Tomatillo of the Mexicans and has been intro- duced into California from the southward, probably from Mexico. It has become frequent in orchards and cultivated fields in coastal Southern California and appears to be spreading slowly but steadily northward. It is often found in flower at all seasons. The following stations may be recorded: Winchester, Conger; San Bernardino, Parish; Pomona, Davy 2857; Ojai Valley, Owe Thacher; southern San Benito Co., Julia A. Bettys —W. L. JEPSON. 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE Ly, PERE VISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE.—II WILLIs LINN JEPSON (Continued from page 114) Locs.—Coast Ranges: Crane Creek, w. Tehama Co., Jepson; Buck Mt., Hum- boldt Co., Tracy 3943; Middleton Grade, Mt. St. Helena, Jepson; Calistoga, Jepson; St. Helena, Jepson; Clayton, Contra Costa Co., Chesinut @ Drew; Mt. Day, R. J. Smith; Isabel Creek, Mt. Hamilton Range, Chandler 6035. Sierra Nevada: Pine Ridge, Lassen Co., Baker & Nutting; Warner Valley, Plumas Co., Jepson 4067; Deer Creek Ridge, Nevada Co., Jepson; Donner Lake, Heller 6928; Blue Cafion, Placer Co., Harriet Walker 1300; Armstrong sta., Amador Co., Hansen 1117; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson 1805; Belle Mdw., Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6490; Pine Ridge, Fresno Co., Hall & Chandler 183. Southern California: Reche Cafion near Colton, Parish (plant 26 inches high); Pasadena, McClatchie 3; Foster, San Diego Co., T. Brandegee (2 feet high). Refs.—SANICULA TUBEROSA Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. 4:91 (1857), type loc. Duffield’s Ranch, Confidence, Tuolumne Co., Bigelow; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 346 (1901); Wolff in Engler, Pflzr. 4228:78, fig. 16 (1913). 11. S. sax4tilis Greene. Stems several, branching and widely spreading from the base, 4 to 7 inches long; root a very thick and fleshy tuber, more or less elongated or irregular; ultimate leaf segments broad, coarsely toothed; flowering branches repeatedly dichotomous; flowers straw color; upper tubercles on the fruit tipped with a reduced subulate and somewhat hooked bristle; otherwise like S. tuberosa.—Rocky crests, Mt. Diablo. Loc.—Summit of Mt. Diablo, Jepson 9207 (odor very intense and penetrating). Refs.—SANICULA SAXATILIS Greene, Erythea 1:6 (1893), type loc. Mt. Diablo, Greene. 3. ANTHRISCUS Bernh. Annual herb. Leaves bipinnate with bipinnatifid leaflets, the upper leaves re- duced. Flowers white. Umbels compound, lateral, shortly peduncled or sessile. Rays few. Involucre none. Involucel of few lanceolate bractlets. Fruit somewhat laterally compressed, ovate, shortly beaked, curved with short hooked bristles. Ribs and oil tubes none or obscure. (Greek anthriscus, its etymology unknown.) 1. A. vulgaris (L.) Pers. BuR CHERVIL. Slender, 11% to 3 feet high; rays 3 to 6, 4 to 1 inch long; pedicels 1 to 3 lines long; fruit 134 lines long.—Adventive European weed. Locs.—St. Helena, Clara A. Hunt in 1908; Jolon, K. Brandegee in 1909. Refs.—ANTHRISCUS VULGARIS Pers. Syn. 1:320 (1805). Scandix anthriscus L. Sp. Pl. 257 (1753), type European. A. anthriscus Karst. Deutsch. FI. 857 (1880-83). 4. SCANDIX L. Annuals with dissected decompound leaves. Flowers white, polygamous, in com- pound umbels. Staminate flowers with stamens and green disk, and occasionally with short styles; pistillate flowers with long styles, purple disk and with or without stamens. Rays commonly 2, rarely 1 or 3. Involucre none or of one bract. Involucels of several bractlets. Petals unequal, the outer larger. Fruit linear, flattened laterally, muriculate, prolonged into a beak several times longer than the body. Ribs prominent. Oil-tubes none. Seed-face sulcate. (The Greek name.) 1. S. pecten-véneris L. SHEPHERD’S NEEDLE. Fig. 9. Erect, simple or branch- ing, 5 to 16 inches high, somewhat hispidulous; leaves 2 or 3 times pinnately dissected into linear acute segments less than 4 line wide; bractlets 2 or 3- toothed at apex or entire; rays 14 to 1 inch long; pedicels very short; body of fruit 4 lines long, bearing a straight flattish beak 134 inches long, its edges hispid- ulous.—San Francisco Bay region; naturalized from Europe. Locs.—St. Helena, Eastwood in 1900; Santa Rosa, Eastwood in 1893; Napa Junction, Jepson 9625 in 1922; Olema, Jepson in 1910, Berkeley, Jepson in 1891. Refs.—SCANDIX PECTEN-VENERIS L. Sp. Pl. 256 (1753), type European; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 346 (1901). 118 MADRONO [Vov. 1, 5. OSMORRHIZA Raf. Sweet CICELY Perennials with thick aromatic roots. Leaves mostly basal, 2 to 3 times, ter- nately compound. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Calyx teeth obsolete. Involucre reduced or obsolete. In- volucels present or none. Fruit linear or linear-oblong, rather prom- inently attenuate at base, glabrous and smooth or bristly alonz the ribs; carpels pentagonal in cross section, with equal ribs. Oil-tubes none in mature fruit. Seed-face concave to very deeply sulcate. (Greek osme, odor, and rhiza, root.) Fruit with bristly ribs; carpel long-atten- uate at base (except No. 1). Involucels of several bractlets....... Sera uaieatesia 1. O. brachypoda. Involucels none. Fruit beaked or constricted at apex Aa RRR EMIS cs 2. O. nuda. Fruit obtuse at apex. .3. O. obtusa. Fruit ribs not bristly; carpel not attenuate (mostly obtuse) at base. Fruiting rays usually erect, forming a compact cluster of fruits; leaflets oblong-lanceolate............... Benen een eee * 4. O. occidentalis. Fruiting rays spreading, forming a loose umbel; leaflets ovate 5. O. bolandert. 1. O. brachypoda Torr. Erect, 1144 to 134 feet high, glabrous or strigosely puberulent; leafletscoarse- ly laciniate-cleft and serrate, mu- cronulate, 34 to 2 inches long; umbel 9. Scandix pecten-veneris L.; a, fr, 1} to S-rayed, the fruiting rays 2 to i hlet x 4: b, fr. x %: Ws u inches long; pedicels 1 line long; ceca: a aa eee ue ape x 7a; involucre mostly absent; involucels of linear acuminate bractlets; fruit 7 to 9 lines long, the ribs armed with bristles pointed upward; seed-face deeply concave or even involute.—Sierra Nevada, 3000 to 5000 feet, from Sierra Co..to Tulare Co.; South Coast Ranges from Santa Clara Co. to Santa Barbara Co.; cismontane Southern California. Locs.—Sierra Nevada: Downieville (Pac. R. Rep. 45:93); Hetch-Hetchy, Hall & Babcock 3379; Hazel Green, Yosemite Park, Jepson; Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., A. L. Grant 1173; Tehipite Valley, Hall @ Chandler 473; Cedar Creek, North Fork Kaweah River, Jepson 607; Bear Creek, North Fork Tule River, T. Brandegee. Southern California: Cuyamaca, Abrams 3838; Witch Creek, Alderson; Palomar, Jepson 1527; Mill Creek Cafion, San Bernardino Mts., Jepson 5572; Millards Cafion, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 135; Ojai Valley, Hall 3245. South Coast Ranges: Ft. Tejon, Davy 2337; Santa Ynez Mts., Dunn; betw. King City and Jolon, Eastwood; upper Nacimiento River, Jepson 1693; Big Sur, Santa Lucia Mts., Davy 7432; Alum Rock, Mt. Hamilton Range, Pendleton 668. Refs.—OSMORRHIZA BRACHYPODA Torr.; Dur. Jour. Acad. Phil, ser. 2, 3:89 (1855), type loc. Deer Creek near Nevada City, Pratten; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 347 (1901). Washingtonia brachypoda Heller, Cat. N. Am. Pl. 5 (1898); C. & R. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. :7:63, gar (4900): 2. O. nuda Torr. Fig. 10. Stem glabrous, 1144 to 21% feet high or less; leaves 5 to 11 inches long, the cauline much reduced; petioles with short stiff spreading hairs, the leaflets more or less hispidulous; leaflets ovate or elliptical, 3-lobed or | -cleft and serrate, often narrowly or broadly cuneate at the entire base, 4 to 2% 1922. REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 119 inches long; rays 3 or 4 (to 6), 2 to 4 inches long; pedicels 3 to 8 lines long; involu- cels none; fruit 5 to 8 lines long, attenuate into a slender base 14 to 4% as long as the body, and at apex more or less contracted into a beak 1% to 1 line long; attenuate base of fruit very bristly, the body upwardly bristly on the ribs; seed- face sulcate.-—Shady woods: cismontane Southern California; Coast Ranges mostly near the coast, 100 to 2000 ft.; Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 6000 ft., from Tulare Co. to Placer Co. The most common species. Locs.—Southern California: Stonewall Mine, Cuyamaca Mts., Parish 4421; San Bernardino Mts. (Pl. World, 20:247); San Antonio Mts. (Pl. World, 22:111). Coast Ranges: Big Creek, Santa Lucia Mts., K. Brandegee; Santa Cruz Mts., Jepson; Mt. Diablo, Jepson; Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson (pedicels 5 to 11 lines long); St. Helena, Jepson; Napa Co., John 7 nN ; Benson; Comptche, Harriet Walker \\ 369; Eureka, Tracy 2464; mouth of \ \I KK | J Wb Willow Creek, Trinity River, Tracy : / _ Ya 3322; Quartz Valley, Siskiyou Co., ) Butler 1453. Sierra Nevada: Old ! Colony Mill, Sequoia Park, Jepson 637; Pine Ridge, Fresno Co., Hall & Chandler 331; Yosemite, Hall 9223; Calaveras Big Trees, A. L. Grant; Eagle Mdws., Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 373; Silver Creek, El Dorado Co., Kennedy 56; Blue Lake, Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 1003. Var. BREVIPES Jepson n. comb. Leaflets puberulent or strigose; pedi- cels 11% to 3 lines long.—Tuolumne Co. to Siskiyou Co. Scarcely more than a formal variety. Locs.—Confidence, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 7708; Plumas Co., Cleveland; Bear Valley, Nevada Co., Jepson; Sisson, Jepson. Var. DIVARICATA Jepson n. comb. Nearly glabrous, but variable in this respect and scarcely of varietal rank.—Placer Co. to Tehama Co. G and northward. Locs.—Tallac, Jepson 8087; Mor- 10. Osmorrhiza nuda Torr.; a, leaf x 1/3; gan, Tehama Co., Hall & Babcock O, imibel x 1/3 c, ir. x 215: 4408b. d, sect. carps x 18. Refs.—OSMORRHIZA NUDA Torr. Pac. R. Rep. 45:93 (1857), type loc. Napa Valley, Bigelow; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 347 (1901). Washingtonia nuda Heller, Cat. N. Am. Pl. 5 (1898). Urospermum nudum Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 1:270 (1891). Myrrhis nuda Greene, Man. Bay Reg. 157 (1894). Var BREVIPES Jepson. O. brevipes Jepson in herb. Washingtonia brevipes C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:66 (1900), type loc. Mt. Shasta and vicinity, Palmer 2481. Var. DIVARICATA Jepson. Washingtonia divaricata, Britt. Ill. FI. 2:531 (1897), type from Ore., Nuttall. 3. O. obttsa Fer. Resembles O. nuda, but more slender, 1 to 11% feet. high; herbage almost glabrous; rays widely spreading or the lateral deflexed; fruiting pedicels 2 to 4, divaricate, 6 to 8 lines long; fruit 5 to 714 lines long, obtuse or slightly pointed at the tip, less bristly —Northern Sierra Nevada; east to the Rocky Mts. and north to British Columbia. Loc.—Sierra Co. acc. Coulter & Rose. Refs.—OsMoRRHIZA OBTUSA Fer., Rhod. 4:154 (1902). Washingtonia obtusa C. & R. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 7:64 (1900), type loc. Ishawood Creek, Wyo., Rose 476. 4. O. occidentalis Torr. SIERRA SWEET CICELY. Plants 2 to 31% feet high; 120 MADRONO [Vot. 1 = herbage minutely puberulent or nearly glabrous; leaflets oblong-lanceolate (or rarely ovate), serrate or sparingly incised, 1 to 114 (or 24) inches long, some of them obliquely lobed on one side by a deep incision toward the base; rays 5 to 12, in fruit erect (1 to 214 inches long) and forming a close or compact umbel; pedicels 11% to 4 lines long; bracts 1 or 2 or none; stylopodium conical, about equaling the style; fruit 6 to 7 lines long, acutish at apex or obscurely short- beaked, with prominent acute not bristly ribs; seed-face very concave.—Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 8500 feet, from Madera Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence southerly to Mendocino Co. North to Alberta. Locs.—Potter Valley, Purpus; Buck Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 4238; Shackel- ford Creek, w. Siskiyou Co., Butler 1668; Dorleska, Salmon Mts,. Hall 8665; Eagle Peak, Warner Mts., Jepson 7960; Morgan, Tehama Co., Hall & Babcock 4408a; Webber Lake, S. B. Doten; Summit, Nevada Co., Jepson; Pyramid Peak, Hall & Chandler 4757; Silver Creek, El Dorado Co., Kennedy 72; Kennedy Lake, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 202; Rancheria Mt., Jepson 4592; Bloody Cafion, Mono Co., Chestnut & Drew; San Joaquin Pass, Madera Co., Congdon. Refs.—OSMORRHIZA OCCIDENTALIS (Nutt.) Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 71 (1859); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 347 (1901). Glycosma occidentalis Nutt. T. & G. FIL. 1:639 (1840), type loc. Blue Mts., Ore., Nuttall. Myrrhis occidentalis B. & H. Gen. Pl. 1:897 (1867). Washingtonia occidentalis C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:67 (1900). This species probably includes O. ambigua C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 119,— 1888 (Glycosma ambiguum Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:386,—1872, type loc. foot of Cascade Mts., Ore., Hall; Myrrhis ambigua Greene, Fl. Fr. 332,—1892). The fruits on plants from the Cascade Mts., Wash. (Goat Mt., Allen 256, rays spread- ing; Mt. Adams, Suksdorf, rays erect) do not differ from those of the Californian O. occidentalis, while the herbage in these spms. is scarcely more glabrous than in Butler 1668 (Shackelford Creek, Siskiyou Co.) or Hall 8665 (Salmon Mts.). 5. O. bolanderi (Gray) Jepson n. comb. Stems stout, 3 feet high; herbage more or less puberulent, somewhat more pubescent at the nodes; leaflets broadly ovate, coarsely toothed, 1 to 2 inches long; fruiting rays spreading, 11% to 3 inches long; fruit 8 to 9% lines long, with a stout short beak; stylopodium flat, shorter than the style; seed-face deeply sulcate-—Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co. Locs.—Cahto, acc. Coulter & Rose; Long Gulch near Yreka, Butler 455. Appar- ently includes also Lost Lake trail, Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 8019. Refs. —OSMORRHIZA BOLANDERI Jepson. Myrrhis bolandert Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:346 (1868), type loc. Lambert Lake, Mendocino Co., Bolander. Osmorr- hiza occidentalis var. bolandert C. & R. Rev. N. A. Umbell. 119 (1888). Washing- tonia bolanderi C. &. R Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:68 (1900). 6. DAUCUS L. Bristly or hispid annuals or biennials with dissected decompound leaves and white flowers. Umbels compound, concave, surrounded by cleft bracts and borne on long peduncles. Involucels of entire or toothed bractlets. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit somewhat flattened dorsally. Primary ribs slender, bristly; secondary ribs with a single row of prominent barbed prickles. Oil-tubes as in Caucalis. (Daukos, — the Greek name.) Involucre divided into short linear or lanceolate segments; rays mostly 2 to 6 lines long........ ee eee Re re Sn Greg Goo OE Ro mr omy OO EDO SO ae ¢ 1. D. pusillus. Involucre divided into elongated filiform segments; rays 1 to2™%in long.......... 2. D. carota. 1. D. pusillus Michx. RATTLESNAKE WEED. Plants 4 to 7 (or 22) inches high; stems and peduncles retrorsely hispid; leaves finely dissected into linear segments; rays mostly 2 to 6 lines long, sometimes as much as 1 or 1/4 inches long, some- what unequal; pedicels very unequal, commonly 1 or 2 lines long or almost wanting; fruit 11% to 2 lines long.—Throughout cismontane California in the hill country. Eastward to the Carolinas and north to British Columbia. Apr. ‘The herbage is in rural repute as an antidote for the bite of the rattlesnake, whence “Yerba del Vibora’’ of the Spanish-Californians. Locs.—Mariposa Co. foothills (Zoe 3:29); Amador region, acc. Hansen; Marys- 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE Al ville Buttes, Copeland 3354; Martins Ranch, South Fork Trinity River, Jepson 2021; Redwood Creek, Humboldt Co., Jepson 1963; mouth of Little River, Tracy 2579; Comptche, Harriet Walker; San Francisco, Greene; Arroyo Grande, Alice King; Estrella plain, Barber; Ojai Valley, F. W. Hubby; North Pomona, Braunton 245; San Jacinto River Cafion, Hall 1818. Refs.—Davucus PusILLus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:164 (1803), type from the Carolinas; C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:249, fig. 65 (1900); Jepson, FI. W. Mid. Cal. 347 (1901). 2. D. car6ta L. Carrot. Biennial; stems erect, branching, hispid, 2 to 3 feet high; root fleshy, conical; leaves many times dissected into small linear or lanceolate segments; segments of the involucre linear-lanceolate or subulate; rays numerous, 1 to 2 inches long in fruit; umbels in fruit concave and like a bird’s nest; fruit 2 lines long.—European cultivated plant, an escape from gardens, locally naturalized in valley lands. Locs.—Alameda, Jepson; Alvarado, Jepson; Monterey, Jepson; Los Angeles Se ane Rivera, Braunton 284; Claremont, Chandler; San Bernardino (Zoe 1:27). Refs.—Daucus cCaArROoTA L. Sp. Pl. 242 (1753), type European; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 348 (1901). 7. TORILIS L. Erect slender annuals with hispidulose herbage, bipinnate leaves and white flowers in subcapitate umbels. Involucre and involucels of linear bracts. Fruit with the secondary ribs more prominent than the primary and bearing a row of bristles or tubercles; bristles rough, hooked at tip. Ojiul-tubes solitary, 2 on the commisure. (Derivation unknown.) 1. T. nodosa (L.) Gaertn. KNOTTED HEDGE PARSLEY. Erect, 7 to 13 inches high, the stems with few branches, retrorsely scabrous; leaves pinnate (lower 3 to 5 inches long including petiole, the upper successively shorter) ; leaflets bipinnately dissected; umbels scattered along the stems opposite the leaves, on very short peduncles (1 or 2 lines long), simple or with a supplementary short proliferous umbel; fruits 14% to 2 lines long, those on the outside of the umbel with the _exterior carpel densely covered with hooked bristles, the inner carpels as well as the inner fruits warty and without prickles.—Native of Europe, naturalized in California, now widely spread and locally common on openly wooded hills. Locs.—Oak Run, Shasta Co., Baker & Nutting in 1894; Little Chico Creek, R. M. Austin in 1883; College City, Alice King in 1905; Vacaville, Jepson in 1891; French Camp, Sanford in 1890-91; Auburn, Shockley in 1886; Ione, Braunton in 1904; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson 1817 in 1902; Columbia, Jepson 6350 in 1915; Pine Log, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 705 in 1916; Sausalito, Bzoletti in 1891; Berkeley, H. A. Walker in 1907; Arroyo Grande, Alice King in 1895; Mt. Firmin near San Pedro, A. Davidson in 1914. Refs.—TorILIS NODOSA Gaertn. Fruct. 1:82, t. 20, f. 6 (1788). Tordylium nodosum L. Sp. Pl. 240 (1753), France, Italy. Caucalis nodosa Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, 114 (1778); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 348 (1901). 8. CAUCALIS L. Annuals with decompound leaves dissected into small segments. Flowers white. Umbels more or less irregularly compound. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally. Primary ribs 5, filiform, bristly; secondary ribs 4, prominent, winged, bearing barbed or hooked prickles. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 1.e., under the secondary ribs, 2 on the face. (Kaukalis, the Greek name.) C. microcarpa H. & A. Fig. 11. Erect, slender, 6 to 12 inches high; leaves 2 or 3 times ternate and much dissected, slightly hispid; umbels unequally 3 to 5-rayed; rays 1 to 334 inches long; pedicels 8 lines long or less; involucre of foliaceous dissected bracts; involucels of entire or somewhat divided bractlets; fruit oblong, 2 lines long, armed with rows of hooked prickles.—Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, widely distributed but not common. North to Washington, and south to Arizona and Mexico. 122 MADRONO [Vor Locs.—San Diego, Dunn; Fallbrook, Abrams 3318; Reche Cafion near Colton, Parish; Menifee, Riverside ‘Con Alice King; Eaton ‘Caiion, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 132; Ft. Tejon, Davy 2612; Arroyo Grande, Alice King; New Idria, Brewer 801; Los Gatos, Heller 7469: Vaca Mts., Jepson; Scotts Valley, Lake Co., Tracy 1705; Round Valley, Men- docino Co., Bolander 4699; Humboldt Bay, Tracy 2454; Hupa, Chandler 1315; Crane Creek, w. Tehama Co., Jepson; Morley’s sta., Shasta Co., M. S. Baker; Little Chico Creek, R. M. Austin; Lime- kiln Creek, Tulare Co., Jepson 2801. Refs.—CAUCALIS MICROCARPA H. & A. Bot. Beech. 348 (1840), type from Cal., Douglas; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 348.(1901)€.& BR Contrib: UeSANat Herb: 7:70; fis. 8, (1900). 9. APIASTRUM Nutt. Small branching glabrous annual with dissected leaves. Flowers small, white, in irregularly compound umbels. Rays and pedicels unequal. Involucre 12. Apiastrum angustifolium Nutt.; a umbels x 1; 0), fr. x 10; Gc, sect. carp. x. 10! papillate-roughened all over sandy valleys: Lower California. Apr.-May. 11. Caucalis microcarpa H. & A.7g@ leaf x 4; b, umbel x 4%; ¢, fr. x 4; d, sect. carp. 27. and involucels none. Calyx-teeth want- ing. Fruit somewhat laterally com- pressed, elliptic-cordate, more or less tuberculate. Oiul-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Seed- face narrowly concave. (Apium, cel- ery, and aster, Latin suffix meaning wild.) 1. A. angustifolium Nutt. Fig. 12. Erect, di- ortrichotomously _ branched from the base, 4 to 8 (or 15) inches high; leaves opposite below, — twice or thrice ternately dissected into linear segments 14 to 1 inch long; um- bels sessile inthe forks or opposite the upper leaves, consisting of 2 or 3 um- © bellets borne on unequal rays (1 inch long or less), and of 1 or 2 usually : sessile or sometimes pediceled flowers in the center; umbellets 3 or 4-flowered, the pedicels unequal (41% lines long or ‘less) or 1 flower sessile; fruit cordate, broader than high, less than 1 line long, ribs inconspicuous.— Dry mountain slopes or Coast Ranges, Bice Nevada and cismontane Southern California. _ Leaves not peltate, 5 or 6-cleft; umbels 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 123 Locs.—Coast Ranges: Hough’s Sprs., n. Lake Co., Jepson 9020; Vaca Mts., Jepson; Conn Valley, Napa Range, Jepson; Mt. Diablo, Rattan; Mt. Tamalpais, K. Brandegee; Eva sta., Santa Cruz Mts., Jepson; Milpitas Ranch, Santa, lucia Mts., Eastwood; Alcalde, Eastwood. Sierra Nevada: Folsom, K Brandegee; Comanche, Amador Go, Hansen; betw. Valley Sprs. and Mokelumne Je AD al ps Blaisdell. Southern California: Henniger’s Flats, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 133% Garvanza, Braunton; San Bernardino, Parish; Catalina Isl. , Gambel; Pala, Jepson 8497. Refs.—APIASTRUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Nutt. T. & G. FI. 1:644 (1840), type loc. San Diego, Nuttall; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 349 (1901). 10. HYDROCOTYLE L. Perennial glabrous herbs, the peduncles and leaves from creeping stems or rootstocks. Leaves sim- ple, round in outline, long-petioled. Flowers in a small simple umbel, or disposed in 2 or more umbels which are proliferous one above the other. SNS Fruit flattened laterally, suborbicu- lar, the dorsal rib prominently mar- gined and with one or 2 filiform ribs SA we on each side. Oil-tubes none. a (Greek hudor, water, and cotule, a low vessel, the peltate leaves of () some species being saucer-shaped.) Spire ol Secale 1. A. ranunculoides. Leaves peltate, more or less crenate. Umbels simple, fruit notched at base nd apex....2. H. umbellata. Umbels proliferous, forming an inter- rupted spike. Fruit not notched at base, sessile or on very short pedicels... BEA ee okt pete, § 3. H. verticillata. Fruit notched at base, the pedicels 114 to 7 lines long......... ete e eee ee 4. H. prolifera. 13, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f.; a Nabttexn 4% Oeir.. x OFC. Sect, Carp. x 12: 1. H.randnculoides L. f. WATER PENNYWORT. Fig. 13. Stems floating or creeping in mud, rooting at the nodes; leaves orbicular, (34 or) 1 to 134 inches broad, 5 or 6-cleft, the lobes crenulate; petioles 3 to 5 (or 9) inches long; peduncles 14 to 2% inches long, reflexed in fruit; pedicels 14 line long; fruit ovoid, 1 line broad; ribs obscure.—Pools or muddy shores, often floating in rather deep water: South Coast Ranges to Southern California; thence east to the Atlantic. Locs.—Butano Creek, San Mateo Co., Jepson 4161; Milpitas, R. J. Smith; San Jose, Jepson; Moss Ldg., Monterey Co., Abrams 4056; Victorville, Jepson 5608; Thomas Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Hall 2168; Warner Ranch, San Diego Co., T. Brandegee. Refs.—HYDROCOTYLE RANUNCULOIDES L. f. Suppl. 177 (1781), type loc. Mexico; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 342 (1901). H. natans Cyr. Pl. Rar. Neap. 1:20, pl. 605 (1892). 2. H. umbellata L. Petioles and peduncles subequal, 11% to 4 (or 6) inches high, arising from slender creeping rootstocks with descending branches bearing round tubers; leaves orbicular-peltate, crenate, 4 to 7 (or 14) lines broad; umbels many-flowered, simple (rarely slightly proliferous) ; bracts of involucre short, Ovate; pedicels 134 to 6 lines long; fruit 34 to 1 line long, strongly notched at base 124 | MADRONO [Vor st and apex; dorsal rib prominent but obtuse.—Southern California. Southward into Mexico, eastward to the Atlantic. Locs.—Los Angeles River, Braunton 533; Buena Park, Orange Co., C. W. Hamlin; San Bernardino, Parish 920, 6463; Rancho Verde, sw. Mohave Desert, Parish 9704. Refs.—HYDROCOTYLE UMBELLATA L. Sp. Pl. 234 (1753), type North America. 3. H. vérticillata Thunb. Similar in habit to H. umbellata; umbels form- ing an interrupted spike of 3 to 5 whorls; fruit shortly pediceled or sessile.— Southwest Colorado Desert (C. R. Orcutt). East to the Atlantic. Var. CUNEATA Jepson n. comb. Fruits abruptly short-acute at base.—South- ern California to the Great Valley: Jamul, San Diego Co., Orcutt; Santa Barbara (acc. Coulter & Rose); Suisun Marshes, Jepson. Refs.— HYDROCOTYLE VERTICILLATA Thunb. Diss. 2:415, pl. 3 (1800). Var. CUNEATA Jepson. H. cuneata C. & R. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 7:28, fig. 1 (1900), ae loc. eee Well, Ariz., McDougall 575; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 288 (1911). 4. H. prolifera Kell. MArsH PENNywort. Peduncles and petioles sub- equal, 6 to 12 inches high; descending branches of the rootstock tuberous-enlarged; leaves orbicular-peltate, emarginate at base, slightly crenate, 114 to 134 inches broad; umbels proliferous, one above the other in 2 to 4 whorls; pedicels 1 to 3 lines long; mature fruit 1 line long and slightly broader, slightly notched at base and apex.—Marshes of the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, thence west to San Francisco and Sonoma counties. Possibly represented in Arizona. Locs.—Bouldin Isl. (Zoe, 4:214); Santa Rosa, M. S. Baker. Refs.—HYDROCOTYLE PROLIFERA Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. 1:15 (1854); type loc. about San Francisco, Kellogg; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 2:288 (1911). 11. BOWLESIA R.&P. Delicate annuals with stellate pubescence, opposite simple leaves and scarious lacerate stipules. Umbels simple, few-flowered, on short axillary peduncles. Flowers white, minute. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate, somewhat flattened laterally, with narrow commissure; carpels turgid, becoming depressed on the back. Ribs and oil-tubes none. (Wm. Bowles, 1705-1780, Irish naturalist and traveler.) 1. B.lobata R. & P. Stems mostly branching at the base, weak and trail- ing, 14 to 2 feet long, flowering from the base; leaves thir, mostly 5-lobed, broader than long, usually heart-shaped at base, the lobes entire or some of them 1 or 2-toothed, 14 to 1 inch broad; petioles 1 to 3 inches long or the upper shorter; umbels 1 to 4-flowered; fruit 1 line long.—Shaded places in the hills: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada; Southern California. Eastward to Texas. Locs.—Coast Ranges: San Leandro Creek, Alameda Co., Kellogg; Potrero Hills, San Francisco, Kellogg; Pacific Grove, Heller 6498. Sierra Nevada: betw. Mokelumne Hill and San Andreas, F. E. Blaisdell; Kaweah, Hopping 544. South- ern California: Ojai Valley, F. W. Hubby; Playa del Rey, Los Angeles Co., Braunton 827; Santa Paula, Benj. Cobb; San Bernardino, Parish; Witch Creek, Alderson. Refs.—BoOwLESIA LOBATA R. & P. Prod. 44:t. 34 (1794); Fl. Peruv. 3:28 (1802); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 342 (1901). B. septentrionalis C. & R. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 7:31, fig. 3 (1900), type loc. near Tucson, Ariz., Myrtle Zuck. 12. CONIUM L. Tall branching biennial with dissected decompound leaves. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Involucre and involucels small. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit broadly ovate, somewhat laterally flattened. Ribs prominent. Oil-tubes none. (Greek name of the Hemlock.) it 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 125 1. C. maculatum L. Porson HEmiock. Fig. 14. Tall (4 to 10 feet high), the stem dotted with purple marks; herbage with a mouse-like odor; leaves 1 to 2 feet long or more, the segments incised or pinnatifid; rays 10 to 16, 34 to 1144 inches long; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, commonly 3; fruit 11% lines long, shorter than the pedicels.—Native of Europe, naturalized in shady or moist ground. Widely distributed A poisonous plant, all parts toxic, although preparations from the leaves are sometimes inert. Locs.—Mokelumne Hill. F. E. Blatsdell; Truckee, Sonne in 1892; Yreka, Butler 924 in 1909; Falks Mill, South Fork Elk River, Tracy 4496 in 1914; Drake Bay, teste Jepson in 1900; Mormon Isl., 7. Brandegee in 1884; Lake Merced, San Francisco, Eastwood in 1895; Alviso, Jepson 9318 in 1921; Arroyo Grande, Alice King; San Bernardino, Parish 12,001. Refs.—CONIUM MACULATUM L. Sp. Pl. 243 (1753), type European; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 349 (1901). 13. CORIANDRUM L. Slender, glabrous, strong-smell- ing annual with leafy stems. Lower leaves pinnate or bipinnate with broad leaflets; upper leaves finely dissected. Flowers white or rose- tinted, the petals conspicuously un- equal. Umbels compound. I[n- volucre none. Involucels of few narrow bractlets. Fruit subglobose, not constricted at the commissure; calyx-teeth conspicuous; ribs _fili- form or acutish; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, a few on the com- missure. (Ancient Latin name.) 1. C. sativum L. CORIANDER. One to 2% feet high; leaflets of lower leaves roundish or ovate, cleft and toothed, % to 114 inches long; divisions of upper leaves lin- ear, 2 to4 lines long; fruit 134 lines long.—Garden plant from Southern Europe, occasionally escaped from d cultivation. Locs.—San Diego (C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 35); Anaheim, Alice King in 1908; Los Angeles (Erythea 1:59); Truckee, C. F. Sonne. Refs.—CoORIANDRUM SATIVUM L. Sp. Pl. 1:256 (1753), type Italian. 14. Conium maculatum L.; a, leaf x %; b, umbel x 4%; ¢, fr. x 6; d, Sectacanp. x 2b0; 14. APIUM L. Ours erect glabrous biennials with fibrous roots and pinnate leaves. Stems tri- or di-chotomously branched, forming a paniculate inflorescence, the compound umbels opposite the leaves, terminal on the branches or subsessile in the forks. _Involucre and involucels small or none, or the former sometimes foliaceous. Flowers white. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit elliptic-ovate or broader than long. Ribs prominent, obtuse, equal. Ojil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Seed-face plain. (Old Latin name of Celery.) 1. A. graveolens L. ComMMON CELERY. Stems 2 to 4 feet high; lower leaves long-petioled, the leaflets 5 (or 7 or 9), 1 to 3 inches long and as broad or broader, coarsely toothed and 3-cleft or even -divided; upper leaves on short petioles or 126 MADRONO [Vot. 1, sessile, the leaflets 3; rays 4 to 12 lines long; fruit 14 to 34 line long.—European garden plant; naturalized in marshes or along streams from Southern California to the Sacramento Valley. July-Aug. Locs.—Ramona, T. Brandegee; Riverside, Hall; San Bernardino, Parish; Claremont, Chandler; Carmel River, Jepson; Los Angeles (Erythea 1:59); South Berkeley, Davy; Suisun Marshes, Jepson. Refs.—APIUM GRAVEOLENS L. Sp. Pl. 264 (1753), type European; Parish, Zoe, 1:9 (1890); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 350 (1901). APIUM AMMI Urban, FI. Bras. 111:341, pl. 91 (1879); C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:86, fig. 19 (1900); Stson ammi L. Sp. Pl. 252 (1753), type loc. Apulia, Egypt. Leaves ternate, the segments filiform; umbels sessile-—The only record for this is “California, Douglas, 1833,’’ by Coulter & Rose, l. c., p. 87. This cita- tion may be due to an error in herbarium records, or possibly the plant may have been a casual escape at a Mexican settlement at the time of Douglas’ visit and did not persist. There is no other record of it and we have seen no California specimens. \ SpermOolepis Raf. Very slender glabrous annuals. Leaves finely dissected into filiform or linear segments. Umbels pedunculate, few-rayed; involucre none. Umbellets with very unequal pedicels; involucel present. Fruit ovate, flattened laterally, bristly-echinate, the bristles from tuberculate bases. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commisure. S. ECHINATUS Hel. Contrib. Herb. Franklin & Marshall College, 1:3 (1895). Leptocaulis echinatus Nutt. in DC. Prod. 4:107 (1830), type loc. Red River, Ark., Nuttall. Erect, dichotomously branching, 14 to 1 foot high; fruit 4 line long, with obsolete ribs.—Native of southeast U. S. Attributed to S. Cal. by Coulter & Rose (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:88), but they cite only a station in central Cal. (Oakland Hills, Lemmon.) Perhaps a transient escape or a case of mislabeling. 15. AMMI L. Erect branching glabrous biennial with slightly fusiform roots and dissected decompound leaves. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Bracts parted into filiform segments, reflexed. Bractlets lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid, very slightly flattened laterally. Ribs filiform. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2 on the commisure. (Greek name of an umbelliferous plant.) Leaf segments spatulate, serrate or laciniate; fruiting rays Spread ines A aek cia eee 1 Ag majus. Leaf segments filiform or narrowly linear, entire; fruiting rays closely contracted. .2. A. visnaga. 1. A. majus L. BisHop’s WEED. Stem slender, branching above, 114 to 21% feet high; basal and lower leaves simply pinnate with 7 or 5 (or 3) obovate to oblong serrate leaflets 34 to 3 inches long; upper leaves biternate or ternate- pinnate, the divisions narrowly oblanceolate, acute, laciniate or serrulate, espec- ially at apex, about 1% to 2 inches long; rays about 25 to 30, little unequal, 34 to 2 inches long; pedicels 1 to 1) lines long; bracts linear below, parted above into 3 filiform divisions; bractlets lanceolate, acuminate, entire, scarious-margined at base; fruit less than 1 line long; carpels with concave face; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.—European weed, naturalized in the Napa Valley; low places. Locs.—Yountsville, Jepson in 1893; Union sta., Napa Valley, Jepson 7435 in 1917; ne. of Salvador School near Napa River, Jepson 9066 in 1920. Refs.—AMMIMAJUSL. Sp. PI. 243 (1753); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 352 (1901). 2. A. visnaga Lam. Stouter, 14 to 234 feet high; leaves tri-ternately dis- sected into filiform segments 3 to 6 lines long; fruiting umbels and umbellets contracted; fruit about 1 line long —European plant, naturalized in the Santa Clara Valley. Locs.—Saratoga, Jepson 5156 in 1912, H. A. Dutton in 1920. Refs.—AMMI VISNAGA Lam. FI. Fr. 4:362 (1778). Daucus visnaga L. Sp. Pl. 242 (1753), type south European. Napa Range, Jepson 6252 (domi- iN nant on 50 acres of the flat and in b \ - places nearly pure), 9071; Howell Mt., Jepson; Alton, Humboldt Co... Tracy 3999. Sierra Nevada: Ham- ilton sta. (Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 127, 16. CARUM L. Ours erect and slender glabrous biennials or perennials. Leaves simply pin- nate with few linear entire leaflets. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Invo- lucre of entire bracts or none. Involucels of entire bractlets. Calyx-teeth small. Stylopodium conical. Fruit ovate or oblong, somewhat laterally compressed, with filiform or salient ribs. Ouiul-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 to 6 on the com- missure. (Karon, Greek name of the Caraway.) Leaflets linear; involucre none or of 1 or 2 small linear-setaceous bracts; ribs filiform. Stems clustered, arising from a fascicle of coarse roots; involucre inconspicuous, of 1 or 2 Smailliebractss on none! styles short. «2.0... 04 6. 0 esis sine so gaye fea 1. C. kelloggit. Stems solitary, arising from a tuber or cluster of tubers; styles long. Fruit about 1 line long; Sierra Nevada and coastal, COMMON. aeteleee 2. C. gairdnert. Bruit 16 to 2) lines long; Siskiyou Co:, rare... ..55.......6.i..1.....3. C. oreganum. Leaflets ovate to oblong; stem solitary, froma tuber or a cluster of tubers; bracts of the involucre about 12 to 15, lanceolate, at length reflexed; ribs salient............ 4. C. howellii 1. C. kell6ggii Gray. Fig. 15. Stems several from a fascicle of etapa saan coarse and hard fibrous roots, 3 to whee NSE OS 5 ft. high; basal leaves 5 to 10 in. SSA SF GR Rar long, ternate, each division pinnate SF AEE Lox with narrowly linear divisions 3 to NW) 4:in. long; cauline leaves similar but diy smaller; involucral bracts and in- C volucel bractlets several, lanceolate | or subulate; rays 34 to 1% in. long; stylopodium very large, with short stout styles; carpels frequently un- equal or only one maturing.—Dry open foothills, 100 to 500 ft.: Coast Ranges (Santa Clara Co. to Hum- boldt Co.); Sierra Nevada foothills (Tuolumne Co. to Butte Co.). Locs.—Coast Ranges: Los Ga- tos, Heller 1535; Pt. Reyes, Jepson 1168: Fairfax Manor, Marin’ Coz, | Jepson 9490; Oakland Hills, Jepson; Vacaville, Jepson; Conn Valley, 7:103); New York Falls, Amador 15 Co., Hansen 72; Ione, Braunton : 1138; Shingle Sprs., Kennedy; Chico, Heller 11 ,678. Refs.—CARUM KELLOGGII Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. 7:344 (1868), based on spms. from San Jose, Brewer 832, Oak- land, Bolander, and Bolinas, Kellogg; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 352 (1901). Ataenia kelloggit Green, Pitt. 1:274 (1889). Tax. note.—C. kelloggii and C. gairdneri grow on hillside spots which are very wet in winter and spring but excessively dry in summer and fall. On the western slopes of Howell Mt. colonies of these two species grow side by side. In C. kelloggii the umbel is convex, the flowers are dull white or sordid and the pedicels of the umbellets are spreading in fruit; in C. gairdneri the umbel is flat, the flowers are clear white and the pedicels of the umbellets are approximate in fruit. 2. C. gairdneri Gray. SQuaw-roort. Fig. 16. Stem solitary, 1 to 31% ft. high, from a tuberous root or a fascicle of such; leaves few, simply pinnate, the leaflets 3 to 7 (or 9), linear, 2 to 4 in. long; upper leaves mostly simple; flowering Carum kelloggii Gray; a, leaf x 14 b, root x 14; c, umbel x \; d, fr. x 26; e,sect. carp. x /. 128 MADRONO (Vor. 1 rays 3 to 6 lines long, in fruit about twice as long; involucre of 1 or 2 linear acute bracts or none; involucels of few linear acuminate bractlets; fruit broadly oblong to elliptic or ovatish, 1 to 1% (or 2) lines long; stylopodium low, with long slender styles.—Adobe flats or meadows or hills; Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Butte Co., gregarious and often whitening the moist meadows at 3000 to 7000 ft. Econ. Note.—The tubers and the young shoots were used as food by the Pomos, in both cases being eaten raw. Doubtless other native tribes made similar use of them. Locs.—Coast Ranges: Cypress Point, Monterey, Jepson; Pt. Joe, Monterey, Jepson 9743; Oakland Hills, Jepson; Lake Lagunitas, Marin Co., Jepson 9498; Howell Mt., Jepson 1726; Conn Valley, Napa Range, Jepson; Elk Mt., n. Lake Co., Tracy 2342; Eureka, Tracy 969; Sisson, Jepson; Yreka, Butler 925. Sierra Nevada: Butte Mdws., Heller 11, 649; Little Tule River, Purpus 5632; Kelty Mdw., Madera Co., Kennedy; Hetch Hetchy, A. L. Grant 870 (fruit 2 lines long); Yankee Hill, Columbia, A. L. Grant 557; Ken- nedy Mdw., Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 461; Eagle Creek, Tuolumne | Co., A. L. Grant; Duffield Cafion, Soulsbyville, Jepson 7689; Riverton, El Dorado Co., K. Brandegeem™ Truckee, Sonne; Lake Independ- ence, Jepson 8068; Sierra Valley, Jepson 8041; Martin Sprs., Eagle Lake, Brown & Wieslander 15. Refs.—CARUM GAIRDNERI Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:344 (1868), based on spms. from Ebbetts Pass (Brew- er), Yosemite (Bolander), and near Carson City (Anderson); Jepson, FI. W. Mid: Cal.352 (1900 C. LEMMONII C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14:283 (1889), type loc. ‘“Tuolumne forest’? (near Crockers Sta.), Lem- mon. Obscure and little understood. It would appear to be difficult to distinguish it from Eulophus_par- ishii C. & R. in the flowering stage. 3. C. oreganum Wats. Re- sembling C. gairdneri Gray; leaves more divided with shorter leaflets; fruit 11% to 2 lines long; seed sulcate beneath the oil tubes.—Siskiyou Co. North to British Columbia ‘ ee Shasta acc. Coulter & Rose (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:105, Celie Ref.—CARUM OREGANUM Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 20:368 (1885), type loc. Wappatoo Isl., Ore., Nuttall. Ataenia oregana Greene, Pitt. 1:274 (1889). 4. C. howéllii C. & R. Fig. 17. Stem stoutish, 21% to 4% ft. high, arising from a heavy cluster of very stout very fibrous fusiform roots; leaves bipinnate, mostly lanceolate in outline; leaflets crowded, broadly oblong to ovate, acute, coarsely but sparingly serrate or sparingly incised, 34 to 134 in. long; rays 16 to 40, 34 to 234 in. long in fruit; pedicels 2 to 5 lines long; bracts several, narrowly lanceolate; reflexed, 8 to 12 lines long; bractlets similar, mostly reflexed, nearly as long as the pedicels, scarious-margined; fruit 2 lines long; ribs thick-based, acute. —Moist mountain meadows, 2000 to 3600 ft.: Mariposa Co. to Nevada Co.; Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to Oregon. 16. Carum gairdneri Gray; a, leaf x %; b, root x 4; c, umbel x 4; d, fr. x 8; é, Sectcarp. x 16; _-ated, always entire and often cau- 1922.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN. UMBELLIFERAE 129 Econ. Note.—While all our Carum species are eaten by cattle this species is especially relished; and apparent scarcity may be due to the fact that it isa valued forage plant. Specimens, especially fruiting specimens, are seldom seen in herbaria. Locs.—Mariposa Co., Congdon (Westfalls, Wawona and Darrah); Bear Valley, Nevada Co., Jepson; Long Valley, Mendocino Co., C. S Myszka; Murphy Mdw., Bald Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 4832; Sisson, Jepson 6157. Refs.—CARUM HOWELLII C. & R. Rev. N. A. Umbell. 129 (1888), type loc. Grants Pass, Ore., Howell 710. Ataenia howelliit Green Pitt. 1:274 (1889). Taent- opleurum howellii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. e984 (1889): C. & R. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 7:102, fig. 26 (1900}. 17. EULOPHUS Nutt. Glabrous erect perennials with deep-seated fascicled tubers, the leaves all basal or the cauline few and small. Leaves compound with the terminal segments or leaflets often differing markedly from the lateral ones; lateral leaflets linear and entire, rarely ovate or oblong and incised; terminal leaflet elong- date. Flowers white or pinkish. Umbels compound, long-peduncled. Bracts of involucre and bractlets of involucel similar, several, lanceo- late to obovate, acuminate. Calyx- teeth prominent. Fruit ovate to linear-oblong, flattened laterally. Ribs filiform, equal. Stylopodium conical, with long strongly recurved or deflexed styles. Oil-tubes 1 to 5 in the intervals, 4 to 8 on the com- missure. Seed-face broadly con- cave, with a central longitudinal ridge. (Greek eu, true, and lophus, 17. crest, in reference to the salient terminal leaflet.) Carum howellii C. & R.; a, leaf x 4%; b, wmbel-x V4: \c, ir x 33d, sect. carp.x 13. Terminal leaflet commonly much longer than the lateral ones. Rachis of the leaves not dilated. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals; fruit 3 to 4 lines long..............00..00.0... 1. E. californicus. Oil tubes more than one in the intervals (as also in nos. 3 to 5); fruit 2 lines long | iit tits ae eee Re et RN eR i a ES ie nia Re MEM, pete NT ons oad Maths andre oh «1 PURO OL LIULEN Es Rachis of the leaves dilated, the segments few and mostly short..........00..ccccceeeeees, 3. E. pringlei. Terminal leaflet similar to the lateral ones; leaflets 1 to 3 in. long. Brace usemalnow Lyalat ce Olater shee sence csdeuscotincss coeeeysoneabedebbenkuas Jeacivicuoen dia cndesutaweanevatennd 4. E. parishii. BVAGELEESHOVAL CT CUSDIG ACCS se dbecncacuedesinae smite edncdonconmddsadiuaalSencedaedendenecueseer swede sazhes 5. E. cuspidatus. 1. E. calif6rnicus (Torr.) C. & R. Fig. 18. Stems generally 1 to 3, 3 to 5 ft. high; leaves basal, twice or thrice ternate, then pinnate or pinnately divided, the segments or leaflets ovate, 3 to 7 lines long, incised or serrate, the terminal leaflet linear-elongated, entire, 4% to 2 in. long; fruiting rays 1 to 234 in. long; fruit linear-oblong, 3 to 4 lines long; oil-tubes large, solitary in the intervals, sometimes an extra one in one of the intervals, 4 on the commissure.—Along streams, Sierra Nevada foothills from Stanislaus Co. to Mariposa Co.; Mt. Ham- ilton Range. 4 Locs.—White’s Gulch, Mariposa Co., Congdon; Arroyo Hondo, Mt. Day, R. J. mith, 130 MADRONO [Vor. 1, Var. SANCTORUS Jepson n. var. Lateral segments narrower, disposed to be | unilaterally or unequally lobed.—Southern Monterey Co. (San Carpojo, J. J. — Condit). Refs.—EvULopHus CALIFoRNIcUS C. & R. Rev. N. A. Umbell. 114 (1888). Chaerophyllum (2) californicum Torr. Pac. R. P. Rep. 45:93 (1856), type loc. — Knight’s Ferry, Stanislaus Co., Pigelow. 2. E. bolanderi (Gray) C. & R. Plants 1 to 2 ft. high; tubers 1 to 8, obfusi- — : form or oblong; herbage glabrous; leaves once, twice or thrice ternate, the ulti- — mate lateral ones linear, the divisions 2 to 12 lines long, the ultimate central t it .§ division 1 to 3 in. long; fruiting rays 4 to 10 lines long; pedicels 114 to 2 lines long; bracts few, lanceolate, scarious, or none; bractlets several, narrowly to ovate-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, scarious, rather shorter or sometimes longer _ than the pedicels; fruit oblong, 2 lines long, oil-tubes minute, 2 to 5 in the inter- vals, 6 on the commissure.—Sierra _ Nevada and Yollo Bolly Mts., 6000 — to 9000 ft. Northward to Oregon ~ and Idaho. are entire but often toothed. The x 36; b, umbel x 36; Ge hips 3% ie Little Kern River, Jepson 4915; . d, SCCimCAnp no: Conness Creek, Tuolumne River; — Jepson 3365; Boca, M. K. Currun ie Portola, Plumas Co., K. Brandegee; Ft. Bidwell, Manning; Bald Mt., ne. Shasta Co., Hall & Babcock 4257; South Yollo Bolly, Jepson. Some of ‘‘b’’ pass into the var. BEN{GNUS Jepson n. var. Leaflets filiform-linear, 1 to 2 in. long, essentially alike.—Hetch Hetchy, A. L. Grant 870 (type). Refs.—EULOPHUS BOLANDERI C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 112 (1888)i@ q Podosciadium bolandert, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:346 (1868), type loc. Mariposa q Trail, Yosemite, Bolander. 3. E. pringlei C. & R. Stem 1 to 1% ft. high; leaves pinnately compound E with broad inflated midrib, the primary divisions once or twice pinnately divided _ into few linear-filiform or linear-subulate segments 1 to 6 lines long, the terminal — segment 2 to 10 lines long; rays 5 to 10, % to 1% in. long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines — long; involucre of 1 or 2 very small bracts; involucels of several subscarious lanceolate bractlets 1 to 2 lines long; fruit oblong, 2 to 21% lines long; oil-tubes — j (To be continued) Locs.—The leaves are highly a variable in expression. They vary _ greatly in size and shape on different _ individuals; the lateral leaflets are typically short, but often long; they — form most typical of the species has _ leaves which exhibit dimorphic — leaflets, that is, the lateral leaflets are short and the terminal leaflet | long, with which marked difference ~ in length there may sometimes be | associated a difference in shape. This type is illustrated by the fol- — lowing (a): Cedar Creek to Old Colony Mill, North Fork Kaweah River, Jepson 654; Mt. Silliman, 7 Jepson 735; Yosemite, Congdon; — ' Chilnualna Falls, Congdon; Hota Springs Valley, Lassen Peak, Jep- | son 4100. The following (b) appear to be more or less evidently dimor- — phic in leaflets: Hackberry Canon, _ : Caliente, K. Brandegee; Pah Ute 18. Eulophus californicus C. & R.;a,leaf Peak, Kern Co., Purpus 52937ae Ss oa ie 4 2 zs : i RG M ; 4 Mare i uh, wh ul 8h \ Lo ‘ eS , 4 } i - her | rn } t ' - OL Nite ONO EN OR Sake A a ania 4 NUMBER 8 : ees ee | Goniy F oe i , , iva j Nae) ic i ‘ ai) ae. Fae } 5 3 f, s { 5 fas ne i f i ? ; a ) o } JOURNALOF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY | ac: eee ‘Sv, itetenaanan cree REN nee OF CALIFORNIA, Tota Henry Blwes hs ee ae [BELLULARTA CALIFORNICA IN LAKE County, F. ¢. Y OMENS UNI Eos os CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE, Willis Linn Jepson . . . 133 | L, October, 1923 | and to provide a record of the Basle s ieeunee ta activities. ss the habits, life history or Beogt phic) | distribution of f the native ant be especially welcome. ae a yen iy ae os vy Back numbers of ok Journal may be had foi: the Assistant se Vas. Wowie FREDERICK, _ ta 1201 Henry 8 Berkeley, Calif. ( tae Mecatserit for publication should be sent to a a ae yu Dr. W. L. Jerson, Htcray ae 2712 Benvenue Ave., mae Calif. : Dues of members are $2.00 per year. Mrs. ee G. Doon, Tener ay 2636 Hillegass Ave., Berkeley, Calif. COUNCIL OF THE SOCIETY FOR 1922-1923 President . . . . Dr. W.L. Jepson, University of California, Be First Vice-President Dr. L. R. Asrams, Stanford University, Califor Second Vice-President Dr. W. C. BLASDALE, University of . Berkeley. v2 SZEKeTAT YN SOO SG Proressor H. E. McMrny, ‘Mills College, Treasurer . . . . Mrs. Linva G. Dopp, 2636 Hillegass Ave. | The Society desires Hoiicnl Hoole for its tas: Pacific Railway ‘SI vol. 4, and volumes of the Botanical Gazette will be epee ns y eS > . yr is ; MADRONO- Published quarterly by the California Botanical Society, Berkeley, fornia, U. S. A. Subscription Price: Two Dollars. per year. Applicat entry as second-class mail matter at the postoffice at Berkeley, Cal U.S. A., pending. ‘ey | in » Pty, 1923. | YUCCA WHIPPLEI 131 YUCCA WHIPPLEI IN THE SIERRA FOOTHILLS WALTER FRY Game Warden S. L. N. Ellis reports Yucca Whipplei in the Sierra foothills as far north as the mouth of Boulder Creek and the canons of the Merced River southeast from Andersen Valley in Mariposa ~ County. From observations made in the Sequoia National Park for 25 years past it appears that the Yucca Whipplei tends to spread northward. According to the late Hale D. Tharp, of Three Rivers, there were no Yuccas in the Sequoia Park prior to 1860, when the first specimen was seen along the trail which he had built the previous year. At that time the nearest known Yuccas were on Tule River, several miles to the south of the park, and it is reasonable to suppose that some bird carried the seed north. At the time Sequoia Park was created in 1890 the Alder Creek grove of Yuccas contained but few plants; by September, 1905, these had grown to 397 by an actual count, of which 39 had borne fruit that year; and now there are over 5,000. The rapid increase is due to protection from forest fires. Three times the Alder Creek grove of Yuceas has been threatened but each time rangers have promptly fought the fires and saved the Yuccas. NOTES AND NEWS Mr. L. H. Weld, U. 8. Bureau of Entomology, who is conducting an investigation of oak galls, visited California in April, 1922. Mr. C. C. Marshall, one-time collector of the flora of Humboldt County and discoverer of Ribes Marshallii and Saxifraga Marshallii, was a visitor at the regular meeting of the Society in March, 1921. Dr. Seuja Ito, Professor of Phytopathology, Hokkaido Imperial University, Sapporo, Japan, was a visitor at the regular meeting of y the Society in September, 1921. Miss Laura F. MeDermott, author of an illustrated monograph on North American Trifoliums, died in San Diego, June 24, 1923. She was born at Virginia City, Nevada, July 23, 1882; graduated from the University of Nevada in 1906; received the masters de- gree in the following year, and was granted the masters degree in botany at the University of California later in the same year. She has been for ten years a successful teacher of botany in the San Diego High School. THE SNOW PLANT OF CALIFORNIA JOHN HENRY ELWES When I was at Berkeley three years ago I remember talking with you as to the supposed connection between the roots of Sarcodes - Manrofo, vol. 1, pp. 131-146, Oct. 13, 1923. 132 MADRONO [Vol. 1, sanguinea and those of the conifers among whose roots it always grows. We had recently lifted some of the plants and put them in a garden on the way up to Yosemite, where we stayed the night; in the hope of learning whether they would live, when moved with the whole of the fleshy root mass from which the plants shoot, which appeared to me to be perennial. I have lately turned up a paper on this very curious and beautiful plant written by Professor Oliver in the Annals of Botany, vol. 4, no, 15, August, 1890, p. 300 et seq., from material which Godman and I collected near San Bernardino in 1888. Since then I know of no account giving further details of the life history of the plant which I am very anxious to know more about. Can you let me know whether it has been studied in nature by any American botanist and whether anything is published on the subject? Also whether the plant has ever been successfully kept alive in a garden or raised from seed ? I could not either in the San Bernardino Mountains or in Yosemite find any plants which looked like seedlings, and yet the sporadic wav in which the plant grows made me think that would be its normal way of reproduction.—Jan. 3, 1922, Colesborne, Gloucester, England. Mr. Elwes is an English farmer who has always been a great traveler and student of natural history. His acute and interesting observations were often made use of by Darwin, Wallace and other naturalists. He is the author, with A. Henry, of a great illustrated work on the Trees of Great Britain. Since the above letter was written Mr. Elwes has died in England, but it seems desirable to publish his query and so stimulate further field observations or experiments on one of our most interesting Sierran species of flowering plants.—W. L. JEpson. OPEN LETTERS Umbellularia Californica in Lake County Last week I stopped two nights at Laurel Camp on the north side of Clear Lake near Bartlett Landing. The California Laurels (Umbellularia Californica) there are very interesting. They have the habit of reproducing a group surrounding an old decayed stump in much the manner of Sequoia sempervirens. The tree we camped under gave at noon a shadow spread of 94 feet. Its trunk diameter could not be taken because of irregular shape, but a very perfectly shaped tree close by had a trunk circumference of 18 feet, 1 inch at about 4 feet above the ground, being its least diameter, for it branched just above that point, thus giving a calculated diameter of 5.72 feet. This tree stands uncrowded, it is in perfect health and is a remarkably fine specimen.—F. .C. YrEomans, Aug. 2, 1923. G 1923.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 133 A REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE.—III. WILLIS LINN JEPSON (Continued from page 130) 3 to 5 in the intervals, 8 on the commissure.—Inner South Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo Co. to northern Los Angeles Co. Loes.—San Luis Obispo Co., k. W. Summers; Antelope Valley, Davidson ; Harold, Los Angeles Co., Davidson; Acton, Los Angeles Co., Davidson. ' Ref.—EvLOPHUS PRINGLEI C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 113 (1888), type from Cal., Pringle 40. 4, E. parishii C. & R. Stem usually very slender, 24 to 1144 (or 2%) ft. high; tubers 1 to 3, fusiform; leaves ternate, sometimes biternate; leaflets nar- rowly linear to narrowly lanceolate, 1 to 3 or 4% in. long, the terminal some- times distant; uppermost leaves simple, bract-like; rays 5 to 22, 4 to 7 or 11 lines long in fruit; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; involucre none or scanty; bract- lets 2 to 6, narrowly lanceolate, 2 lines long; fruit oblong to ovate, 1 to 1% lines long; oil tubes 2 to 5 in the intervals, 6 on the commissure.—Bogs and meadows, 6000 to 8000 ft.: mountains of Southern California (not uncommon) ; central and southern Sierra Nevada (rare). Loes.—Cuyamaca, T. Brandegee (very stout); Tahquitz Valley, Mt. San Jacinto, Hall 851; South Fork Mdws., Santa Ana Cafion, Hall 7538; Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 3171, 3730. Sierra Nevada: Hockett Mdw., Tulare Co., C. F. Baker 4450; Poison Mdw., Soda Cation, upper Kern River, Jepson 1116; Silver Creek, Eldorado Co., Kennedy 163. The following have ternate leaves with narrow leaflets (EH. simplex C. & R.) and are in flower only but appear to belong here: Simpson Mdw., Middle Fork Kings River, Henrietta M. Eliot ; Piute Creek, Pleasant Valley, Yosemite Park, Jepson 3400; Placer Co., Carpenter ; Bear Valley, Nevada Co., Jepson. Refs.—EULOPHUS PARISHII C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 112 (1888). Pimpr- nella parishii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12:157 (1887), type loc. Bear Valley, San Ber- nardino Mts., 8S. B. gf W. F. Parish 987. EH. simplex C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:112 (1900). EH. pringlet var. simplex C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 113 (1888), Sierra Co., Lemmon. Carum gairdneri var. latifolium Gray, Proce. Am. Acad. 7:344 (1868), type loc. Sierra Co., Lemmon. 5. E. cuspidatus Jepson n. sp. Stem slender, 6 to 9 in. high, sparingly branched; leaves bipinnately divided into few linear divisions; rays 6 to 10, 2 to 5 lines long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; bracts 4 to 6, obovate, membranous, erosulate at the truncatish or obtuse apex, 2 lines long; tipped by a bristle 1 to 1% lines long; fruit (immature) ovate, obscurely short-beaked, 114 lines long.—Calaveras Co. Loe.—Tapble hills near Mountain Ranch, Calaveras Co. (Davy 1618, type). 18. CICUTA L. Water HEMLOCK. Tall branching glabrous perennials growing in marshes or by stream banks. Rootstocks short and erect, or horizontal and branching. Leaves at least par- tially twice or thrice pinnate. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Involucre present or none. Involucels of small bractlets. Calyx-teeth somewhat prominent. Styles somewhat short. Fruit flattened laterally, broadly ovate to roundish. Ribs corky, broad but low, the lateral in cross section larger than the inter- mediate and dorsal. Oil tubes 2 on the commissure, solitary in the intervals. (Classical name of the Hemlock, which was given to criminals, and sometimes, when the Greeks had a superfluity, to philosophers, as a death-poison. ) Fruit with the intervals red-brown, contrasting with the corky ribs; intervals broad. Plants of living streams. Leaves simply pinnate or partially bipinnate below............ 1. C. californica. weaves pi- to trispinmate. 65. cc cas he ee oe ee ee ee we ee 2. OC. douglasit. Blamtsmotsalt-marshessc i jo. 6.6 4 fare ce eb a ee een ea bee wees 3. C. bolanderi. Fruit with intervals of much the same color as the ribs; intervals very narrow......... 4. C. vagans. 134 MADRONO [Vol. 1, . 1. C. californica Gray. CALIFORNIA WATER HEMLOCK. Stems about 3 ft. high; basal leaves pinnate or partly bipinnate below, 1 to 2% ft. long, on long (1% to 1% ft.) petioles; leaflets ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, serrate, 3 to 5 in. long, often deeply 1-lobed on one side towards the base so as to make a supplementary leaflet; rays somewhat unequal, 14% to 2% in. long; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; involucre none, or merely 1 narrow bract; bractlets several, ovate, acuminate; fruit 1 to 1% lines long with narrow not depressed oil tubes, those on the face approximate near the median line; ribs large and corky, rounded, yellowish, the intervals very narrow or lineate, dark red-brown.—Coast region, from Mendocino and Lake Cos. to Monterey Co. Locs.—Mt. Hull, Hall 9573; Leona, Oakland Hills, Michener; Ben Lomond, C. EK. Worden; Carmel River, Jepson. Refs.—CICUTA CALIFORNICA Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:344 (1868), type loc. Monterey, Hartweg 1754. C. virosa L. var. californica C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 130 (1888); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 351 (1901). 2. C. douglasii (DC.) C. & R. WESTERN WaTER HEMLOCK. Fig. 19. Stems stout, glaucous, 3 to 4 ft. high; herbage often purplish; rootstocks short; leaves bipinnate; leaflets sessile or nearly so, lanceolate, 14%4 to 4 in. long, coarsely incised-serrate to serru- late, sometimes faleate; involucre none or of a few lanceolate bracts; involu- cels consisting of 9 to 12 lanceolate- acuminate bractlets; rays 114%4 to 2% in. long; pedicels 2 lines long; fruit sub-orbicular, 1 to 2 lines long; ribs very broad and low; intervals narrow, red-brown, sharply defined from the light-colored ribs; oil tubes small; seed not channeled under the oil tubes.— Mountain streams, almost throughout California; north to Alaska. Loecs.—Humboldt Bay, Tracy 2597; Bald Mt. between High Prairie and Snow Camp, Tracy 4612; Sisson, Jep- son, Geo. B. Grant; Edgewood, T. Brandegee; Ft. Bidwell, Jepson 7921; Quincy, Hall 7376; Red Mdw., Madera Co., A. LZ. Grant 1561a; Lone Pine, Jepson 5153; Los Angeles, Parish, Davidson. Refs.—CicutTa pouGLasir C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:95 (1900). Sium douglasiti DC. Prod. 4:125 (1830), type from northwest America, Douglas. C. occidentalis Greene, f. frondosa Greene, Pitt. 2:7 (1889), type loc. Tehachapi, Greene. C. frondosa Greene, Leaflets, 2:236 (1912). C. valida Greene, 1. ¢. 239, type loc. e. slope Sierra Nevada in Mono Co., Bolander. 3. C. bolanderi Wats. Stem 5 to 10 ft. high, branched above, with nearly or quite vertical rootstock and large basal and cauline bipinnate leaves 34 to 2 ft. long; leaflets lanceolate, serrate, 114 to 3 in. long; bracts and bractlets lance- olate, the former often scarious-margined; rays 1 to 1% in. long, subequal, 19. Cicuta douglasii C. & R.; a, leaf x %; b, umbel x 4%; c, fr. x 5; d, sect. carp. x 10. | pedicels 2 lines long; fruit 114 to 2 lines long, prominently ribbed, the carpels _ when quite mature rather strongly concave on the commissure, thus appearing somewhat lunate; oil tubes broad, depressed in the channeled seed.—Marshes about Suisun Bay. | 1923. ] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 135 Loes.—Suisun Marshes, Jepson 2460c; Benicia, Jepson; Martinez, Davy 6668. Refs.—CiIcuTA BOLANDERI Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 11:139 (1876), type loe. Suisun Marshes, Bolander ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 2, 296 (1911). 4. C. vagans Greene. Habit and appearance of C. douglasii; corky ribs low and broad, brownish, the intervals of the same color and not revealing the oil tubes.—East side of the northern Sierra Nevada. North to Idaho. Loes.—Truckee, Sonne, Kennedy 4603. Refs.—CICUTA VAGANS Greene, Pitt. 2:9 (1889), type loc. Lake Pend d’Oreille, Ida. Greene. C. sonnei Greene, Leaflets, 2:239 (1912), type loc. Truckee, Sonne, Greene. 19. OENANTHE L. Aquatic glabrous herbs with succulent stems from thick rootstocks. Leaves pinnately compound. Flowers white, in compound umbels terminating the branches. Involucre present or none. g Involucels present. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Styles slender, at length elongated. Fruit in ours cylindric, slightly flattened laterally. Ribs broad, obtuse, corky; commissural face also eorky. Oil tubes solitary in the inter- vals, 2 on the commissure, the seed furrowed beneath them.—Species about 30, all continents. (Ancient Greek name of some thorny plant.) 1. O. sarmentosa Pres]. Fig. 20. Stems 2 to 4 ft. high; leaves bipin- nate, or the lowest ones elongated-pin- nate (1 to 2 ft. long), or partially bipinnate towards the base; leaflets ovate, serrate, coarsely toothed or in- cised, % to 1% (or 2%) in. long; rays % to 1 in. long; bracts few or none; bractlets lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit 1 to 2 lines long, the ribs very corky and somewhat turgid.—Slow streams or shallow ponds, often filling them with dense masses: Southern California, Coast Ranges and northern Sierra Nevada. North to British Columbia. Biol. note—In autumn the stems give rise from the lower nodes to 20. Oenanthe sarmentosa Presl; a, leaf x 1% ; slender runner-like branches 3 to 5 ft. b, umbel x % ; ¢, fr. x 4; 4, sect.carp. x 8. long which at intervals produce bulblets 1% in. in diameter or less. Herbage often reddish. kr Loes.—Samoa, Humboldt Co., Tracy 3088; Ft. Bragg, W. C. Mathews; Amador Co, (ace. Coulter § Rose); Alviso, Jepson 9316 (intergrade to var. californica) ; Carmel River, Jepson; Ballona Creek, Los Angeles Co., Abrams 2526; San Bernardino Valley, S. B. f W. F. Parish 976; Palomar, T. Brandegee ; Laguna Mts., San Diego Co., T. Brandegee. The species passes by indefinite gra- dations into the var. CALIFORNICA C. & R., the leaflets of the upper leaves crowded on the rachis and tending to be conduplicate.—Chiefly central Coast Ranges: Blue Lakes, Lake Co., Jepson; Suisun Marshes, Jepson; Howell Mt. foothills, Jepson (bractlets very conspicuous, exceeding the flowers); Pt. Reyes, Jepson 1178 — (fruit ovoid-cylindric); Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson; Jarvis Ldg., Alameda OCo., Jepson; San Jose, Jepson; Santa Cruz, Kennedy. Refs.—ONEANTHE SARMENTOSA Presl; DC. Prod. 4:138 (1830), type loc. Nootka Sound, Vancouver Isl., Haenke; Jepson Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 354 (1901). 136 MADRONO [Vol. 1, Var. CALIFORNICA C. & R. Rev. N. A. Umbell. 92 (1888), type loc. Point Lobos, San Francisco, Kellogg; Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:122, fig. 35 (1900); Jepson 1, ¢. ed. 2, 298 (1911). O. californica Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 11:139 (1876), marshes at Pt. Lobos and Merced Lake and southward to San Diego Co.; Jepson, 1]. ec. ed. 1:354 (1901). 20. BERULA Hoffm. Glabrous aquatic or marsh perennial. Leaves simply pinnate, the leaflets sharply and often somewhat saliently serrate. Involucre and involucels present, the bracts and bractlets narrow. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Calyx teeth ic i a minute. Fruit roundish, flattened later- . Ze ya ally, obscurely notched at base. Carpels iJ se SS with very slender and inconspicuous ribs and thick corky pericarp. Oil tubes numerous, contiguous, surrounding the - seed. (Latin name of the Water Cress.) 1. B. erécta (Huds.) Cov. Fig. 21. Erect, corymbosely branching, 1% to 2 “2 ft. high; leaflets 3 to 9 pairs, ovate to ~) oblong, 1 to 2% in. long; fruiting rays 1% to 1 in. long; pedicels 114 to 2 lines long; fruit %4 line long.—Swamps and streams, coastal Southern California, northerly through the desert to Inyo Co. and Siskiyou Co. Throughout North America. Europe, Asia. Loes.—Ramona, K. Brandegee; Los Angeles, Geo. B. Grant 104; Pasadena, McClatcmte 475; Oak Knoll, Braunton 647; Ft. Tejon (ace. Coulter §& Rose); Owens Lake, Jepson 5113; Restings sprs. (ace. Coville); Sisson, Jepson. Also attributed to San Mateo by Greene. Refs.—BERULA ERECTA Cov. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:115 (1893); C. & @ Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 7:116, fig. 32 21. Berula erecta Cov.; a, leaf x % ; b, fl. (1900). Siwm erectum Huds. Fl. Angl. branchlet x %; ¢, ioe 12); d, sect. carp. 103 (1762), type loc. presumably Eng- x15. land; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 354 (1901). Berula angustifolia Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. 1:260 (1876). 21. SIUM L. Water Parsnip. Glabrous perennial marsh or aquatic herbs with leafy stems. Leaves simply pinnate. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Bracts and bractlets several to many. Calyx-teeth minute. Styles short. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit ovate or oblong, somewhat laterally compressed, with narrow commissure. Ribs corky, prominent or somewhat salient, with broad red-brown intervals. Oil tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals, always 2 or 3 in at least one of the intervals, 2 to 6 on the commissure. (Sion, Greek name of some water plant.) 1. S. cictttaefolium Gmel. Fig. 22. Stem stout, 2144 to 344 ft. high, from a cluster of fleshy-fibrous roots; leaves 1%4 to 3% ft. long; leaflets 5 to 13, lance- olate, serrate, 2 to 4 in. long; bracts and bractlets ovate to lanceolate, the bracts reflexed, scarious-margined below; fruit ovoid, 144 lines long, with acute ribs.— Sloughs and ponds from Siskiyou Co. to Lassen Co. and Modoe Co. North to British Columbia, east to Virginia. 1923. ] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE Ow. Locs.—Sisson, Jepson; Upper Fall River Valley, Jepson 5768; Honey Lake Valley, Davy 3363; South Fork Valley, Modoe Co., Jepson 7824; Egg Lake, M. 8. Baker. Var. HETEROPHYLLUM Jepson. Low- est leaves simple, on long fistulous petioles, or few-pinnate.—Marshes in the Great Valley: Suisun Marshes, Jepson 2460e; Stockton, Greene. Refs. —sium CUCUTAEFOLIUM Gmel. Sys. 2:482 (1791). Var. HETERO- PHYLLUM Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 353 (1901). Siwm heterophyllum Greene, Pitt. 2:102 (1890), type loc. Suisun Marshes, Greene. 22, OROGENIA Wats. Dwarf glabrous perennial herbs with fleshy roots. Stem very short, mostly underground, sheathed by large scarious bracts. Leaves basal, ternate or biternate, with linear seg- ments. Involucre none. Involucels of few linear bractlets. Flowers white, in partly compound umbels, the rays very unequal. Fruit oblong, only slightly flattened laterally. Carpels flattened dorsally; dorsal and inter- mediate ribs filiform; lateral ribs strongly corky thickened, extended towards the companion carpel so as to leave a large central cavity which is ie ae Se ena aoe ae Cee ee divided longitudinally by a thick 9 77 ™°S* 2% 0 tt-% 03% Sect. carpen”™ corky ridge from the middle of each face. Oil tubes small, 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. (Greek oros, mountain, and genos, race, referring to the habitat. ) 1. O. fusiformis Wats. Plants 3 to 4 in. high, arising from a long fusiform root; leaf segments 1% to 11% in. long; umbels 2 to 10-rayed; fruit about 3 lines long.—Wet sandy soil, northern Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Plumas Co. North to Oregon. Loes.—Road to Donner Lake near Truckee, Sonne; Prosser Creek, Nevada Co., Sonne. Ashland Butte, s. Ore., Cusick 2892. Refs.—OROGENIA FUSIFORMIS Wats. Proc. Am. Acad, 22:474 (1887), type loc. Plumas Co., Rk. M. Austin. 23. LIGUSTICUM L. Lovaae. Perennial herbs with large aromatic roots. Herbage glabrous. Leaves bi- or tri-ternate in ours, with pinnate divisions. Flowers white or pinkish, in many- rayed compound umbels. Involucre none. Involucels of narrow bractlets. Calyx teeth small or obsolete. Fruit oblong or ovate, a little flattened laterally. Ribs prominent, acute or slightly winged, equal. Oil tubes mostly 3 to 5 in the broad intervals, 6 to 10 on the commissure. (Name derived from Liguria, a province of Italy, where Lovage, Ligusticum levisticum L., is endemic.) Stem more or less leafy; rays and leaf-margins scabrous; coastal........ 1. L. apiodorum. Stem not leafy or with 1 reduced leaf; rays and leaf-margins not scabrous; GENS: ees : . grayr. 1. L. apiodérum (Gray) C. & R. Fig. 23. Stems more or less leafy, 2to 3 (or 6) ft. high; rays and the margins of the leaflets and commonly the 138 MADRONO [ Vol ag peduncles and the nerves of the leaflets scabrous; leaves uni-, bi- or partly tri-ternate, then the divisions pinnate with 3 or 5 leaflets; leaflets broadly ovate : YD On QP eo WW GRR SRY GHP \ WA \) SW Sa 23. Ligusticum apiodorum C. & R.; a, leaf x b, in) umbell x26 cy ins x25% d, sect. carp. x 10. Proc. Am, Acad. 7:345 (1868), type loc. ‘‘rocky hills along the coast of Cal. from Mendocino Co. to San Francisco,’’ Bolander; Jepson, FI. W. Mid. Cal. 353 (1901). L. CALIFORNICUM C. & R. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 7:132 (1900), type loe. Covelo, Mendocino Co., Chesnut ; resembling L. apiodorum; ribs of the fruit filiform (ex char.). 2. L. grayi C. & R. Fig. 24. Plants 1 to 2% ft. high, glabrous, the stems 1 or 2 from a stout fibrous-coated caudex, not leafy or with one much reduced leaf; leaves basal, once or twice ternate, then pinnate with 5 or 7 leaflets, the leaflets ovate in outline, incised, parted or divided, % to 1% in. long; flowers white; bractlets linear-setaceous, few or none; fruiting rays 1 to 2% in. long; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; fruits 2 723 S b Ds in outline, laciniately pinnatifid, % to 2 in. long; fruiting rays 34 to 1 (or 1%) in. long; bractlets linear- setaceous, few or none; fruit broad- ly oblong, 14% to 2 lines long, the ribs very sharp; oil tubes 4 or 5 in the dorsal intervals, 5 or 6 in the lateral ones, 6 to 8 on the commis- sure.—Rocky or brushy hills, San Francisco to Humboldt Co. June. Locs.—Colma, San Mateo Co., Pendleton 627; Bay View Hills, San Francisco, E. Cannon; Pt. Reyes, Davy 6766, 6768b; Kenwood, Blas- dale; Eureka, Tracy 971; Dinsmore Ranch, Van Duzen River Valley, Tracy 3970; Hupa road near Red- wood Creek, Jepson 1959; Gilbert Creek, Del Norte Co., Jepson 9356. Refs.—LIGUSTICUM APIODORUM (C. &. R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:132 (1900). Pimpinella apiodora Gray, QA) NVR mid ON) NAV SRN TY) ARAN WEN 24. Ligusticum grayi OC. & R.; a, leaf x %; b, umbels x 1%; ¢c, fr. x 5; d, sect. carp. x 9. lines long, the ribs very narrowly winged; oil tubes 3 to 6 in the intervals, 4 to 8 on the commissure.—Montane, 4000 to 10,200 ft.: Sierra Nevada north to Modoe Co.; inner North Coast Range (Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co.). 1923.) - REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 139 Loes.—Farewell Gap, Jepson 1149; Mineral King, Jepson 1033; Alta Mdws., Tulare Co., K. Brandegee; Mt. Silliman, K. Brandegee; Chilnualna Creek, Congdon; Peregoy Mdw., Yosemite Park, Jepson 5640a; Rodgers Lake to Muir Lake, Jepson 3386; Stanislaus Peak, A. L. Grant 530; Ostrander Mdws., Yo- semite Park, Bolander 6341; Piute Mt., Tuolumne Co., Jepson 4582; Soda Springs Cafion, Kennedy Lake, dA. L. Grant 472; Silver Lake, Amador Co., E. Mulliken; Ebbetts Pass, Alpine Co., Brewer 2082; Silver Creek, Eldorado Meo Mmennedy 21, 95, 95a, 181; Deer Park, Placer Co., C. J. Fox; Mt. Tallac, Jepson 8155; Placer Co., Carpenter; Summit, Nevada Co., Jepson; Webber Lake, Lemmon; Mill Creek Mdw., Warner Mts., L. 8S. Smith 985; Mt. Bidwell, Jepson 7884; Shackelford Creek, near Quartz Valley, Butler 459; South Yollo Bolly, Jepson. Refs.—LIGUSTICUM GRAYI C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 88 (1888). ZL. apiifo- lium Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. 1:264 (1876). L. aptifolium var. minus Gray, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. 1:264 (1876), type loc. Ostrander’s Mdws., near Yo- semite, Bolander 6341, is a somewhat smaller form, especially Ebbetts Pass, . Alpine Co., Brewer 2082. L. cusickii. C. & R. Contrib. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 7:138 (1900), type loc. higher mts. of e. Ore., Cusick 1799. L. pringlet C. & R. 1. ¢., type loc. Siskiyou Co., Pringle 19. 24, LILAEOPSIS Greene.’ Small glabrous perennials. Stems fistulous, creeping and rooting in the mud, only the leaves and short peduncles erect. Leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical petioles jointed by transverse partitions. Flowers dull white or slightly tinged with pinkish brown, in a few-flowered simple umbel. Bracts of the involucre minute. Fruit subglobose. Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral corky and thickened next to the commissure. Oil tubes soli- tary in the intervals (rarely 2), 2, 4 or 6 on the commissure. (Named for its resemblance to Lilaea.) 1. L. lineata (Michx.) Greene, var. occidentalis Jepson n. comb. Fig. 25. Leaves 1 to 8 in. long, 1 to 2 lines wide; peduncles 1 in. long or less; fruiting pedicels 144 to 3 lines long; petals plane; fruit 1 line long.—Salt marshes or brackish mud flats along the coast from Marin Co. to Hum- boldt Co.; north to Alaska. Loes.—Suisun Bay, s. shores (ace. K. Brandegee); Abbotts Lagoon, Pt. Reyes, Jepson 1165; Bodega Head, K. Brandegee; Samoa, Humboldt Co., Tracy 3102; Stone Lagoon, Humboldt Co., Jepson 9333. Refs.—LILAEOPSIS LINEATA Greene, Pitt. 2:192 (1891); var. occIDENTALIS Jepson. L. occidentalis C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 24:48, fig. 2 (1897), type loe. Yakima Bay, Ore., Hall 205; Contrib. p- Bere (2129, fig. 37 (1900). 25. Lilaeopsis lineata Greene var. occidentalis . lineata Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ieee vee Ech a? : ed. 2, 298 (1911). Crantzia lineata SGD BOR ere eee eect. Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 1, 353 (1901). 25. PODISTERA Wats. ‘Dwarf perennial, the stems short and shortly branched, forming a mat-like plant. Leaves once or twice pinnately parted. Umbels compound but very much condensed. Involucre none. Involucels of 3 to 5-cleft green bractlets. 140 MADRONO [ Vol. 1, Flowers white or pinkish. Calyx teeth prominent. Styles ribbon-like. Fruit flattened laterally, elliptic-ovate. Ribs slender. Oil tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, 6 on the commissure. (Greek podos, foot, and stereos, solid, referring to the compactly involved pedicels and involucels.) Leaves, pinnately@partedirc. cine oo. oe orca seek omens Cee ee ee noe ee eee 1. P. nevadensis. Leaves bipinnately parted. ...... 1.2... tee e eee eee eee ee eee eee 2. P. albensis. 1. P. nevadénsis (Gray) Wats. Pedunecles arising from the short crowded branches, °4 to 14% in. high; herbage obscurely puberulent; leaves pinnately parted, 4 to 9 lines long, the 5 to 7 segments narrowly oblong, acute, entire, 1 to 3 lines long, the petioles with membranous sheaths; flowers yellow; umbels very much condensed; fruit 1 to 114 lines long.—Alpine, 11,600 to 13,000 ft., on high peaks of the Sierra Nevada in Tuolumne and Mono Cos. Loes.—Mt. Dana, Brewer, Lemmon, Congdon, Jepson 3291, 3312, H. M. Evans; Mt. Warren, Congdon. It is found mostly within the limits of an 800-foot zone. The plants form closely woven circular mats often one foot in diameter, with the flowers scarcely rising above the foliage. Refs.—PoDISTERA NEVADENSIS Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22:475 (1887). Cymopterus nevadensis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6:536 (1865), type loc. Mt. Dana, Brewer. 2. P. albénsis Jepson n. sp. Similar to P. nevadensis; plants 1 to 2%4 in. high; leaves bipinnatifid, the oblong segments 1 to 2 lines long.—Rocks, White Mts., Inyo Co., 7000 to 8000 ft. (Purpus 5831, type). 26. OREONANA Jepson nov. gen. Low tufted grayish plants, the peduncles and leaves from the root-crown of a stout tap-root. Herbage woolly or roughish pubescent. Leaves ternately com- pound and finely dissected, the segments crowded, callous-margined and cuspidate. Flowers white, in compound umbels, the umbels much condensed or capitate. Rays about 10 to 15. Calyx teeth present, often conspicuous. Involucre none. In- volueels unilateral. Fruit broadly elliptic or orbicular, somewhat laterally com- pressed, sessile. Ribs filiform. Sterile flowers on filament-like pedicels which are longer than the rays. Oil tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 3 or 4 or 6 on the commissure. (Greek oreos, mountain, and nannos, dwarf, these plants very small as compared with the Velaeas from which they are separated.) Rays membranously winged and web-footed; sterile pedicels equaling or little exceeding the fruit; calyx teeth of sterile flowers very conspicuous, star-likemame piece 1. O. californica. Rays not winged; sterile pedicels greatly ex- ceeding the fruit; calyx teeth in- conspicuous......... 2. O. vestita. 1. O. califérnica Jepson n. sp. Fig. 26. One to 3 in. high; blades, pedi- cels and fruits with a short stiff spreading pubescence, the plant other- Bean | Wz, TIS Q 26. Oreonana californica Jepson; a, habit little exceeding the leaves; umbel x %; b, umbellet x 2%; c, fr. x 4; globose-capitate; involucels 5-lobed, Geccls Cane ees the lobes ovate-acuminate; rays mem- branously winged and web-footed at base, very short (1 to 2 lines long); fruit densely white-pubescent when young, greyish in age, sessile, globose, wise glabrous; peduncles equaling or - 1923. ] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 141 the calyx teeth evident; pedicels of sterile flowers equaling or only slightly exceeding the fruit; oil tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 4 (or 3) on the com- missure; calyx teeth of sterile flowers very conspicuous, star-like.—Upper Kern River basin, 6000 to 12,000 ft. Loecs.—Harrison Pass, Jepson 5036; Mt. Whitney, Purpus 1479; mts. betw. Soda Creek and Little Kern River, Purpus 1769; Whitney Mdws., Hall g Bab- cock 5469; Ramshaw Mdws., Jepson 4966 (type); Kern Peak, Mary Haskell. 2. O. vestita Jepson n. comb. Plants 2 to 4 in. high, clothed with a dense soft-silky pubescence; umbels condensed but still umbellate in form, equaling or mostly raised above the leaves; involucels of lanceolate 3 to 5-lobed bract- lets; rays 6 to 10 lines long, not winged; sterile pedicels 4 to 6 lines long, greatly exceeding the fruit; fruit sessile or nearly so, ovate-oblong, soft-pubes- cent, 2 lines long; oil tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 3 on the commissure; calyx teeth of sterile flowers evident but not conspicuous.—San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains, 6500 to 10,000 ft. Rare. Loes.—Summit of Mt. San Antonio, Charlotte Wilder; summit of North Baldy, Peirson 137; Bear Valley, Parish. Refs.—OREONANA VESTITA Jepson. Deweya vestita Wats. Proce. Am. Acad. 17:374 (1882), type loc. summit of Mt. San Antonio (Baldy), 8S. B. gf W. F. Parish; Wats. 1. ¢. 22:415 (1887). Velaea vestita C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 122 (1888). Drudeophytum vestitum C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:83 (1900). 27. VELAEA DC. Subglabrous perennials with thick yellow elongated odorous taproots. Leaves mostly basal, pinnately or ternately compound. Ours usually without involuere, the involucels in our species of few small lanceolate bracts. Flowers yel- low, in compound umbels. Fruit oblong or orbicular, somewhat laterally com- *pressed, with acute or filiform equal ribs. Oil tubes conspicuous, 3 to 6 in the intervals, 4 to 10 on the commis- sure. Seed-face strongly involute, in- closing a central cavity. (Sebastin Eugene Vela, student of the Umbel- liferae. ) yr. en’ Leaves simply pinnate; ribs of the carpel prominent.—Subgenus DEWEYA.. 1. V. arguta. Leaves ternate; ribs of carpel filiform, slender or inconspicuous.—Sub- genus DRUDEOPHYTUM. Ultimate leaf segments 1 to 2 in. long; bractlets conspicuous, often exceeding the umbellet; fruit 3 to 4 lines long........... 2. V. hartwegii. Ultimate leaf segments usually less than 1 in. long; bractlets in- conspicuous, shorter than the umbellets. Calyx teeth obsolete; fruit nearly orbicular, 1 to 2 lines long, as broad or nearly as broad.3. V. kelloggit. Calyx teeth evident; fruit oblong, 2 to 3 lines long...... 27. Velaea arguta C. & R.; a, leaf x 1%; b, 4. V. parishii. umbel x 1%; ¢, fr. x 3; d, sect. carp. x 8. pl. V. arguta (Nutt.) C. & R. Fig. 27. Plants 1 to 21% ft. high, the leaves simply pinnate, 2 to 5 in. long, on petioles about 114 times as long; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate, finely and sharply serrate, 1 to 2 in. long; the lowest often i142 | MADRONO [Vol. 1, petiolulate; terminal and lowest leaflets often subcordate and often 3-lobed; rays 12 to 20, 11% to 3 (or 5) in. long; pedicels 1 to 4 lines long; involucre mostly none; involucels of few linear acuminate bractlets; fruit oblong, 4 lines long; ribs acute, prominent; oil tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissure.—Mountains of coastal Southern California and Lower California, Loecs.—Santa Barbara, K. Brandegee; Echo Mt., Peirson 134; San Bernar- dino foothills, Parish 4470; Warren’s Ranch, e. San Bernardino Mts., T. Bran- degee; Chalk Hill, San Jacinto Mts., Hall 2083; Ramona, 7. Brandegee. Refs.—VELAEA ARGUTA C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 120 (1888). Deweya arguta T. & G. Fl. 1:641 (1840), type loc. San Diego, Nuttall; C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:79, fig. 14 (1900). Ligusticwm argutum Nutt. T. & G. FI. 1:641 (1840), type loc. San Diego, Nuttall. Arracacia arguta Wats. Bibl. Index. N. Am. Plants 419 (1878). 2. V. hartwégii (Gray) C. & R. Fig. 28. Plants mostly tufted, 1 to 3 ft. high, the peduncles and leaves from a shortly branched caudex; peduncles and petioles somewhat scabrous; leaves biternate, or partly triternate, the ultimate lateral divisions mostly 3- foliolate, the ultimate middle divisions mostly 5 or 7-foliolate; leaflets ovate or oblong, sparingly incised, serrate, mucronate, 34 to 2 in. long, or the leaflets often more or less confluent; petioles 2 to 6 in. long; rays about 15, 2 to 4 in. long in fruit; bracts none; olate, long-pointed, exteriorly disposed, mostly surpassing the umbellets; fruit nearly orbicular, 3 to 4 lines long; ribs slender but rather prominent; oil tubes 3 (or 4 to 6) in dorsal intervals, 3 or 4 (to 6) in laterals, 6 (in sets of 3) or 9 on the commissure.—Foot- hills: Sierra Nevada, 2000 to 5000 ft. from Tulare Co. to Butte Co.; South Coast Ranges from Ventura Co, to Contra Costa Co., mostly 1000 to 2000 ft. Apr. Widely distributed but some- what rare locally. Loes.—Sierra Nevada: South Fork Keweah River above Clough Cave; 28. Velaea hartwegii C. & R.; a, leaf x %; Jepson 4655; Pine Ridge, Fresno Co., b, umbel x % ; c, fr. x 3; d, sect. carp. x 6. Hall § Chandler 310; Collins Mdw., Fresno Co., Hall §& Chandler 531; Benton Mills, Mariposa Co., Congdon; Hazel Green, Coulterville road to Yosemite, Jepson; Amador Co., Hansen 900; Little Chico Creek, R. M. Austin. South Coast Ranges: Ojai Valley, fF. W. Hubby; Cuyama, Eastwood; Estrella, L. Jared; Arroyo Grande, Alice King; Loma Prieta, Davy 640; Morrison Cafion, Niles, Jepson; Berkeley, Jepson; Mt. Diablo, Greene. Refs.— VELAEA HARTWEGI C. & R. Rev. N. A. Umbell. 121 (1888); C. & & Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:81, fig. 15 (1900); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 350 (1901). Deweya hartwegi Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. 7:342 (1868), type loc. n. Sierra foothills, Hartweg 1748; Jepson, Erythea, 5:55 (1897). Drudeophytum | hartwegi C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:81 (1900). 3. V. kell6ggii (Gray) C. & R. Plants erect, % to 2% ft. high; flowering stems leafless or with a single leaf only; leaves basal, 1 to 2 or 3 times ternate; leaflets ovate or roundish, sharply serrate and more or less incised or lobed, bractlets 3 to 6, unequal, linear-lance- | } 1923. | REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 143 mostly 1% to 1 in. long; fruiting rays 2 to 4 in. long, or in fruit 3 to 4 in. long; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; fruit nearly orbicular, 1 to 2 lines long, nearly as broad as long or a little broader, somewhat notched at base; ribs filiform; oil tubes 3 in the dorsal intervals, 5 to 6 in the laterals, 8 to 10 on the com- missure.—Cafions in the foothills: Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to Contra Costa Co., 500 to 1500 ft.: northern Sierra Nevada foothills from Sacramento Co. to Butte Co., 1000 to 3500 ft. Rather rare. Loes.—Pilarcitos Cafion, San Mateo Co., Davy; Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson; Comptche, Mendocino Co., Harriett Walker 274; Maple Creek, Mad River, Tracy 2607; Willow Creek, Trinity River, Tracy 3289; Stirling, Butte Co., Heller 10811. Refs.—VELAEA KELLOGGII C. & R. Rev. N. A. Umbell. 121 (1888); Jepson Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 350 (1901). Deweya kelloggti Gray, Proce. Am. Acad. 7:343 (1868), type loc. Bolinas Bay, Kellogg; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 22:415 (1887). Drudeophytum kelloggii C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:81 (1900). 4, V. parishii C. & R. Plants erect, short (1% to 114 ft. high), with mostly basal leaves; herbage glabrous throughout; leaves 1% to 4% as long as flowering stems, thickish, bipinnate, the segments ovate, irregularly incised or cuspidate- toothed, 4 to 7 lines long; rays 14 to 20, 1 to 2% in. long; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; pedicels of sterile flowers often equaling the fruit; involucre none; involucels of a few setaceous bractlets; calyx teeth prominent; fruit oblong, 2 to 3 lines long; oil tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 4 or 5 on the commissure.— Mountains of Southern California and northerly to the Sierra Nevada of Kern and Tulare Cos., 4000 to 8000 ft. Loes.—Santa Rosa Mt., Jepson 1441; Strawberry Valley, Mt. San Jacinto, Hall 2508; Cushenberry Cafion, San ere OD Lyi, Bernardino Mts., Parish 2379; Mt. Wilson, Davidson; Mt. Lowe, Peirson 136; Bitter Creek, Mt. Pinos, Hall 6633; Greenhorn Range (e. slope), Hall § Babcock 5082; Pah Ute Peak, Purpus 5339; Lloyd Mdws., Kern River, Jepson 4901; Cottonwood Creek near Timosea Peak, Inyo Co., Jepson 5085. Refs.—VELAEA PARISHII C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 121 (1888), type loc. San Bernardino Mts., Parish Bros. 1827. Drudéophytum parishii wc R. Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. ms2 (1900). 28. FOENICULUM Hill. Stout glabrous perennial with dark green aromatic herbage. Leaves decompound, dissected into numer- ous filiform segments. Flowers yel- low, in large compound umbels. Involuecre and involucels none. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, the ribs prominent. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. (Diminutive of Latin foenum, hay, from its odor.) 29. Foeniculum vulgare Gaertn. ; a, leaf x 4; 1. F. vulgare (L.) Gaertn. Sweet b, umbel x 4; ¢c, fr. x 5; d, sect. carp. x 10. FENNEL. Fig. 29. Stem striate, branching, 3 to 7 ft. high; herbage glaucous; rays % to 2% in. long; fruit 114 to 2 lines long.— Naturalized from Europe, fre- quenting waste places on old farms and by country lanes; flowering in summer. | Z(> 144 MADRONO [ Vole Locs.—Lake Co., P. E. Goddard in 1901; Sacramento, Bioletti; Vacaville; Cordelia, Jepson 9064; St. Helena, Jepson in 1895; Berkeley; Berryessa, Santa Clara Co., Davy 7058; Monterey; San Luis Obispo, Jepson; Los Angeles (Erythea 1.59). Refs.—FOENICULUM VULGARE Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 1:105, pl. 23, fig. 5 (1788); Jepson. Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 354 (1901). Anethum foeniculum L. Sp. Pl. 263 (1753), type European. 29. HERACLEUM L. Tall perennials with stout stems from thick horizontal rootstocks. Leaves. very large, ternately compound, with broad sheathing petioles. Flowers white, in a ae aah rayed compound umbel. Involucre deciduous. Involucels of fH QQ numerous bractlets. Petals obcordate, LS Cay” yy Rave ee Y a aD the marginal ones of the umbel muck Soo quer ees DOs rae Fruit almost round, strongly Sa Sai IS compressed. Lateral ribs with a thin wing; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform. Oil tubes 2 on the commis- sure, 1 in each interval, visible from the outside and reaching from the summit to about the middle of the carpels. (Named for Hercules, who, it is said, first used it in medicine.) 1. H. lanatum Michx. Cow Par- SNIP. Fig. 30. Plants 4 to 5 ft. high; leaflets 3, petiolulate, ovate or orbic- ular, sharply serrate and lobed, 3: to 6 in. broad; umbels 6 to 10 in. broad; fruit 314 to 5 lines long.— Common in brushy cafions or om north slopes: Coast Ranges near the: sea, middle altitudes in the Sierra Nevada, and high mountains of Southern California. North to Alaska and east to the Atlantic. Reputed poisonous to cattle. Locs.—Coast Ranges: Carlotta,. Humboldt Co., Tracy 4511; Inver- ness, Jepson; Berkeley, Jepson; Oakland Hills, Jepson 5716; Half- 30. Heracleum lanatum Michx.; a, leaf x %; moon Bay, Jepson; Monterey, Jep- b, umbel x “4; ¢, carp. x 25 d, sect. carp. x3. con Sierra, Nevada: Bian ida Manning; Tallac, C. J. Fox; Kennedy Lake, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 240; Yosemite, Jepson; Simpson Mdw., Middle Fork Kings River, Henrietta Eliot; Southern California: Little Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 1668; San Jacinto Mts. (Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 1:98). Refs.—HERACLEUM LANATUM Michx. FI. Per Am. 1:166 (1803), type from: Canada; C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:248, fig. 64 (1900); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 360 (1901). 30. LEPTOTAENIA Nutt. Tall stoutish perennials, with thick fusiform roots and ternately or pinnately compound leaves. Flowers yellow or purple, in compound umbels. Involucre of few bracts or none. Involucels of several small bractlets or none. Fruit oblong to suborbicular, strongly compressed. Lateral ribs with broad corky-thickened wings coherent until maturity. Dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform and ap- proximate. Oil tubes 1 to 8 in the intervals, 2 to 10 on the commissure or 1923. ] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 145 obscure and apparently none. (Greek leptos, narrow, and tainia, vittae or oil tubes.) Stems leafy below; leaves large, the ultimate segments short. leaves elabrous; oll tubes present... 5.66 ccc ee bese see ees 1. LD. californica. Leaf margins and veins puberulent beneath; oil tubes none........... 2. L. dissecta. Peduncles and leaves from the root-crown; leaves smaller, glabrous, the segments linear, elongated or grass-like. Bracts obovate; wings thicker than the body of the fruit............. 3. DL. anomala, Bracts lanceolate, entire; wings not so thick as the body of the fruit....4. LZ. humilis. 1. L. califérnica Nutt. Erect, 2 to 4 ft. high, glabrous, glaucous; leaves once or twice ternate, then pinnate; leaflets 1 to 2 in. long or more, cuneate- orbicular or -obovate, 3-lobed or the terminal 3-parted, serrate above; peduncles at summit abruptly widened into a disk-like dilatation; rays sub- equal, 2 to 3 in. long; bracts none; fruiting pedicels 3 to 9 lines long; bract- lets few or none; fruit elliptical, narrowly winged, 4 to 6 lines long; oil tubes 6 to 10 on the commissure (the lateral frequently anastomosing), 3 or 4 in the intervals or sometimes obscure.—Coast Ranges, 1000 to 3000 ft., north to Siskiyou Co. and southern Oregon, south to Santa Barbara Co. and Kern Co. Loes.—Pah Ute Peak, Purpus 5092; Calaveras Valley, Alameda Co., K. Bran- degee; Mt. St. Helena, Barber 2602; Calistoga, Jepson; Vaca Mts., Jepson; Potter Valley, Mendocino Co., Purpus; Ft. Seward Ridge, s. Humboldt Co., Jepson 1892a; ridge betw. Van Duzen and Mad Rivers, Tracy 2905; Yreka, Siskiyou Co., Butler 799. Keno, Klamath River, s. Ore., Cusick 2837. Refs.—LEPTOTAENIA CALIFORNICA Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1:630 (1840), type loc. Santa Barbara, Nuttall; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 356 (1901). Var. platycarpa Jepson, Erythea 1:8 (1893), type loc. Gates Cafion, Vaca Mts., Jepson. Var. dilatata Jepson, Erythea 1:63 (1893), type loc. Elk Ridge, Mendo- cino Co., Bolander 6526. 2. L. dissécta Nutt. Plants 1% to 2% ft. high, leafy at base; leaves broad, 2 or 3 times ternate and then once or twice pinnate, the segments incised- pinnatifid; ultimate segments linear-oblong, 1 to 2 lines long; peduncles 1 to 2 ft. long; fruiting rays 2 to 4% in. long; involucre of few bracts or none; involucels of several lanceolate bractlets; flowers yellow or purplish; fruit oblong, 5 to 9 lines long, sessile or on pedicels 1 line (rarely to 3 lines) long; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform or sometimes obscure; oil tubes none or very obscure.—Open wooded slopes: Coast Ranges from Mendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co., thence south in the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa Co. Northward to British Columbia. Apr.-June. Loes.—Buck Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 4237; Hupa, Chandler 1340; Dyers Ranch to Hawkins Bar, Trinity Co., Jepson 1996; Yreka, Butler 1303 (pedicels 1% to 2 lines long); Fall River Sprs., ne. Shasta Co., Hall & Babcock 4206 (pedicels as in Butler 1303); Agua Fria, Mariposa Co., Congdon (foliage re- sembling var. multifida). The three last cited spms. represent intergrades to var. multifida. Var. MULT{FIDA Jepson n. comb. Leaves dissected into linear segments 2 to 4 lines long; fruiting pedicels 3 to 7 lines long; fruit 5 to 7% lines long; seed face concave.—Montane, 3500 to 8000 ft., Sierra Nevada from Nevada’ Co. to Kern Co., south to Southern California. Eastward to New Mexico and Montana. Loes.—Truckee, Sonne; Kennedy’s Lake, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 245, 211; Tehachapi Mts., Jepson 7422; Andrews Camp, Inyo Co., K. Brandegee; Indian ‘Cafion, San Rafael Mts., Hall 7807; Lytle Creek, San Antonio Mts., Hall 1430. Refs.—LEPTOTAENIA DISSECTA Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1:630 (1840), type loc. mouth of the Willamette River, Nuttall; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 357 (1901). Ferula dissecta Gray, Proce. Am. Acad. 7:348 (1868). Ferula dissoluta Wats. Bot. Cal. 1:271 (1876). Var. MULTIFIDA Jepson. L. multifida Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:630 (1840), plains of the Columbia River east of Walla Walla and in the Blue Mts., Nuttall; C. & R., Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:198, fig. 59 (1900). . 3. L.andmala C. & R. Plants 10 to 12 in. high, glabrous throughout; leaves 146 MADRONO [Vol 1, all basal, ternate, then pinnate, the divisions few, distant, very narrowly linear, Yy to 3 in. "long; peduncles arising from the root-crown, slender, 6 to =) in. high; rays 3 to 6, unequal, 114 to 3 in. long in fruit; pedicels about 1 line long, the umbellets in fruit forming a compact cluster; ’involucre none; invo- lucels conspicuous, the bractlets prominent, obovate, scarious- margined, veiny, toothed near the apex, more or less united; fruit elliptic to oblong, 3 to 4 lines long, the lateral ribs corky thickened (much thicker than the body), the others filiform; tubes none or inconspicuous.—Sierra Nevada foot- hills in Amador Co. (Carbondale). Ref.—LEPTOTAENIA ANOMALA C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 53 (1888), typ loc. Carbondale, Amador Co., Curran. 4. L. himilis C. & R. Like L. anomala; bractlets linear to lanceolate, entire; wings of the fruit corky-thickened but not as thick as the body.— Butte Co. .. plains near Little Chico Creek. This simulates Lomatium mar~ ginatum C. & R. Var. DENTICULATA Jepson n. var. Wings of the fru't with denticulate margins; intervals commonly with about 3 longitudinal striae—Blue Ravine, Eldorado Co., K. Brandegee (type). Refs. LEProraENIA HUMILIS C, & R. Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 7:200 (1900), type loc. plains near Chico, Bruce 2661. Var. DENTICULATA Jepson. 4 31. LOMATIUM Raf. Hoc-FENNEL. 3 Low perennials, mostly of dry ground, with thick roots. Stems usually several from the root crown, naked or few leaved. Leaves decompound, often dissected, wholly basal or sometimes partly sub-basal. Flowers white or yellow, rarely purple, in compound umbels. Involucre none (a few species some- times with 1 to 3 bracts). Involucels usually present. Fruit roundish to broadly or narrowly oblong, much compressed. Lateral ribs winged, the wings of the companion carpels coherent until maturity. Sty apo wanting or not obvious. in the fruit. Oil tubes 1 to 4 in the intervals, 2 to 6 on the commissure. (From. Greek loma, a border, referring to the winged fruit.) - # I. Stems from a taproot. A. PEDUNCLES NOT ENLARGED AT SUMMIT. a. Fruit notched more or less deeply at each end, so that the wings on each side the bod : are more or less distinct; leaves with the leaflets more or less broad E in outline. —Subgenus EURYPTERA. Leaves ternate, leaflets entire or merely toothed; coastal S. Cal........... 1. L. lucidum. Leaves bipinnate, the leaflets ovate in outline, but usually much incised; South Coast ct hil 4: ea ones MPA Riutndlo Bib oOo A 6 a0 2. L. parvifolium. | a b. Fruit not notched or scarcely so, the wings more or less joined above and below the the body of the seed. Leaves decompound, dissected into numerous very small segments. Leaves ternate or quinate, broad or roundish in outline—Subgenus EULOMATEnan Bractlets present. Bractlets broad, roundish, or obovate ; leaves ternate, then pinnately dis- sected; flowers yellow; widely distributed species. be Oil tubes none in the intervals or indistinct; wings of fruit narrower — than body, thickish...................-. Bs Je caruifolium. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals; wings of fruit thin. Wings broader than body; body situated mostly above middle of” [OUD hee eA ees Geto ole a1. c5 6.550 4. DL. vaseyt. Wings equaling the body in breadth or narrower than body; body situated about middle cf fruit....... 5, utriculatum. Bractlets narrow, most often lanceolate. Bractlets not scarious- -margined, often more or less united and unilateral. 4 Fruit glabrous; corolla glabrous; widely distributed species.......— : DL. macrocarpu Fruit pubescent; corolla with kinky white hairs. Pedicels mostly 1% in. or more long; wings of the fruit road membranous, thinly pubescent; Coast Ranges...... ra 1 OR we Pedicels mostly less thane% in. long; wings of the fruit nar~ rower, somewhat thickened, tomentose. (Continued on page 149) 6. New for ‘indy of marsh flora. Take 9. ay m. train .m. BM cae pee train to Mill Vaio. Walle by stair nae track to at Point, A ae By, Willow ie trail to Boot ag en Davidson. Meet at. ae of ae ae room ne isco ferry building, 9 a.m. Take car K to end of Twin | omg a B red ve Koch. aD of he Rockridge” fee ad df a ae at Meet at end of ck car a Oakland, at 9: :30 a. m. ace Mr. A. Ls Walker. 4 Golden Gate Pete San Peneiece, for study 6f caniters: Pe at ee street entrance, f pias 16 9 eee \ Dac, 13, 8 Me m. my Wheeler Hall, Lecture by J. vi Davy on The Ane is invited. if bcd ans % ‘ Ii i) ey ‘ r is 1 b) wen it \ ME : cas , NUMBER 9 “aN JOURNALOF THE: 004: ‘CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY » vane ae | age : ig @ Wy, / (Contents ;LABERRIMUS HOoK., Mary H. Manning LMP AR eee aged 0) sian Greene, Adeline Ellsworth. . . . . . . 147 ’s WIFE IN SHASTA County, Alma Ames Weigart . . . . 148 OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE, Willis Linn Jepson . . . 149 the Home life history ¢ or seographict distribution of th _ be especially Weleome: ‘Mas. ee ey ne ne ‘ a | ie i 1201 Henry St., mare ae Calif. Meduidetit for publication hada: be sent to” i Le he a) ‘ ee De w. 5 J EPSON, 2712 Benvenue Ave., Berkeley, ( Calif. Dues of members are $2.00 per year. Mrs. Lipa G. Dopp, Treasurer, 2636 Hillegass Ave., Berkeley, Calif. COUNCIL OF THE SOCIETY. FOR 1922-1923 President Spied iichinns Dr. W. L. Jepson, University. ing California First Vice-President Dr. L. R. Asrams, Stanford University, lifo: Second Vice-President TOR: a WW Ge BLASDALE, | Drei. of Califc fori Berkeley. ; Secretary’... ‘Proyessor H. FE. McMinn, “Mills Cnkee Cali Treasurer. .5 Mis. ‘Lipa G. Dopp, ad ae pee Bet ~The Society desires bdtaniced hooks a its thie ace: Rulgay wu i 4, and volaies. of the Botanical Gazette will be especially a r MADRONO- Ls a Published oe by the ‘California Botinical Society, “Berk fornia, U. S. A. . Subscription Price: Two Dollars per year. ) App entry as second-class mail matter at. the postoffice at “Berkeley, iG, S. A., omnes ! | ae OPEN LETTERS 147 OPEN LETTERS Ranunculus glaberrimus Hook. fe imeulus glaberrimus has a large broad petaled flower, but it ‘is a small plant—budding close to the ground, the leaf and flower stems lengthening as it advances to fructification, but never getting over 31% or 4 inches in height. So far as I have seen it never grows on moist flats. Its habitat seems to be sandy gravelly slopes, clear up to the mountain tops. It was the same in eastern Shasta County. I do not know that I ever saw it where there was not sage brush (Artemisia tridentata). My note book gives the unusually early dates, ‘‘budding Feb. 4, 1921; full bloom Feb. 11.’’ It is the warm light soil that makes it ome so early. That winter we had no zero weather, but the snow lay on the ground—perhaps two weeks or more. - This buttercup has a rather long blooming period—perhaps a ‘month or six weeks—though flowering on the individual plants does not last so long. The earliest flowers appear first in the warmest most sheltered places; later on, in such places, some plants will be losing their seeds, while a few belated ones are still blooming. The first year I was in Modoe County I found this first flower of the season in bloom on March 4, 1903. In that year it was noticeable that there were double blossoms on many plants.—Mary H. Man- NING, southern Modoc Co., July 2, 1923. Kumlienia hystricula Greene I am sending you by parcel post a specimen of the first spring ‘flower which was gathered at Don Pedro on the Tuolumne River in the Sierra foothills on January 7. Is it one of our butterecups in flower so early that it has no color ?—ADELINE ELLSworTH, Stanis- _laus Co., Jan. 9, 1923. This is the white-flowered Kumlienia hystricula Greene and a remarkably early date to find it in flower. It always grows in the coolest and moistest places in the central Sierras at altitudes of 1500 to 5000 feet. A characteristic habitat is the neighborhood of water- falls, where it is found within reach of the flying spray or mist. I have always regarded it as a relic of the glacial period, every new fact tending to sustain this view.—W. L. J. THE SPECIFIC STATUS OF CLAYTONIA NEVADENSIS WATS. WILLIS LINN JEPSON A sheet of specimens (A. L. Grant 420) from 10,000 feet on Mt. Leavitt, which stands on the crest of the Sierra Meeaden in Tuolumne r County, proves on examination to answer well to Claytonia neva- -densis Watson, which was published by Watson in the Botany of 4 California (1: Ai ) in 1876. Watson’s species was based on specimens 4 MApRofo, vol. 1, pp. 147-162, Jan. 2, 1924. 148 MADRONO [Vol. 1, collected by J. G. Lemmon at some station in the northern Sierra Nevada. No re-collection of this species has hitherto been reported. In the Synoptical Flora of North America, Watson’s species is referred to Montia asarifolia as ‘‘a reduced form,’’ a reference that is followed by the present writer in the Flora of California. The Mt. Leavitt plant is, however, so unlike the widespread plant char- acteristic of Montia asarifolia that the writer here indicates the differences in detail. MonrtTIA ASARIFOLIA Howell: 1. Plants 7 to 31.5 em. high. 2. Seapes terete. 3. Leaves round-ovate, often broader than long. 4. Inflores- cence much exceeding the leaves. 5. Flowers in a loose raceme. 6. Pedicels 12 to 30 mm. long. 7. Petals retuse. 8. Stamen filaments very slightly dilated downward. CLAYTONIA NEVADENSIS Watson: 1. Plants 2.5 em. high. 2. Seapes angled or narrowly wing-ridged. 3. Leaves rhomboidal-ovate, always | longer than broad. 4. Inflorescence rather shorter than the leaves. 5. Flowers in an umbellate fascicle. 6. Pedicels 10 to 44 mm. long. 7. Petals obtuse or acute. 8. Stamen filaments rather markedly dilated downward. | In a somewhat superficial way Claytonia nevadensis Wats. does suggest a reduced form of Montia asarifolia, but careful study does not support such a view and it is the writer’s opinion that the differentiae here indicated are satisfactory and will be confirmed by subsequent collections. The writer has not seen the type of Clay- tonia nevadensis, but the somewhat brief description in the Botany of California is reasonably satisfying. This species is, therefore, to be accepted as a valid species of Montia, most nearly related to M. asarifolia Howell, and becomes M. nevadensis ( Wats.) Jepson n. comb. The number of ovules in the ovary is six in the ease of each species. Both species are perennial by means of slender stolon-like rootstocks, though M. nevadensis seems to be much more freely pro- ductive of runner-like rootstocks than M. asarifolia. A Settler’s Wife in Shasta County I am sending you today by parcel post a collection of the more interesting plants of this region where we have settled. It is a good botanical field. We have a partially cleared farm of 160 acres within the Yellow Pine belt, about one mile east of Clover Creek and perhaps forty- five miles northeast of Redding. Like others hereabouts we make a few posts and shakes between hayings (chiefly red clover, Trifolium pratense L. and orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata L.), and are erowing beans, potatoes and corn. Numerous deer and occasional — bear and mountain lion travel past the northern border of our place. — At present there are fresh tracks of a yearling panther along our ditch bank.—AtmMa AMES WEIGART, Shasta Co., Aug. 2, 1923. 1923.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 149 A REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE.—IV. WILLIS LINN JEPSON (Continued from page 146) Fruit large (6 to 8% lines long), elliptic, the wings about as broad as the body; body broadly ovate, densely tomentose; Great Valley and Sierra foothills............ 8. L. tomentosum. Fruit smaller (3 to 4% lines long), broadly elliptic to orbicular, the wings narrower than the body; body oblong-elliptic, the intervals very dark and the ribs white-hairy; interior deserts and bounding ranges............ 9, L. mohavense. Bractlets scarious margined. Herbage glabrous save the ciliolate leaf-margins..10. ZL. ciliolatum. Herbage pubescent or puberulent; mostly summits and _ slopes towards the desert interior. Flowers white or pale yellow. Oil tubes minute, 3 or more in the intervals; fruit ovate. 11. L. nevadense. Oil tubes broad, 1 to 3 in the intervals; fruit oblong or oblong-ovate.............. 12. L. plummerae. Flowers purple; fruit elliptic; oil tubes broad, 1 or 2 in the ITT TN GUS y cpty eae ree oe eee dies, sey Saas 13. ZL. austinae. Bractlets none (rarely 1 or 2); fruit wings somewhat narrower than the body; petioles dilated into narrow sheaths their whole length; s. Sierra Nevada. Leaves ternate-pinnate; flowers yellow; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; oil tubes SOMA Vere. 5 axe fe tet winch ode ce seats STO Gres Gece Bale ua, ons 14. L. torreyi. Leaves quinate-pinnate; flowers whitish; pedicels 3 to 4 lines long; oil tubes TINGAStINC tees pone econo at cose sees, UA atoue a eee nese 15. L. congdoni. Leaves pinnate, linear-lanceolate in outline; desert ranges.—Subgenus CYyNOMARA- IVETE Sch ences ee acinst Pal ctctereycue dene es teniec ebeiss ai 0 wi ieb eoucueeu at seme leeeietis, sear gaaye 16. L. parryi. Leaves with the divisions mostly few or at least not numerous, the leaflets narrow and much elongated.—Subgenus LONCHOPHYLLUM. Fruit 3% to 5% lines long. Leaflets many, % to 1% line broad; n. Sierra foothills. Oil tubes very minute, forming a continuous chain on the dorsal side; bract- NOSE LEiWea terse teenie lo sl cick ate eves cat eases an oleneeay ee 17. L. marginatum. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals; bractlets none........... 18. L. alatum. Leaflets few, % to 1% lines broad; oil tubes very broad, solitary in the intervals; higher n. Sierra Nevada...............000 000 ee 19. DL. triternatum. Fruit 9 lines long; Mendocino Co............. 0.20. eee eee eee 20. L. giganteum. B. PEDUNCLES ENLARGED AT SUMMIT. Leaves with few divisions and broad leaflets; fruits very narrowly winged; bractlets none; flowers yellow; northern California.—Subgenus CRASSIPEDUNCULATUM........ 21. L. nudicaule. II. Stems from a globose tuber; leaflets elongated; bractlets present; oil tubes solitary in the intervals——Subgenus Cous. Flowers yellow; fruit linear, the wings %4 to 144 as wide as the body; Modoc Co.......... 22. L. ambiquum. Flowers white; fruit elliptic, the wings % as broad as body; Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co... . 23. L. pipert. 1. L. lucidum (Nutt.) Jepson n. comb. Fig. 31. Plants 14 to 11% ft. high, glabrous, the stout peduncles from very short basal stems; leaves with 3 leaflets or the lowest ones ternate, each division with 3 leaflets; leaflets roundish to ovate, mucronate-toothed, not lobed or often 3-lobed or -parted, 34 to 11% in. long; rays 10 to 15, 1 to 3 in. long; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long; involucels of lanceolate bractlets; flowers yellow; fruit nearly orbicular, emarginate at each end, glabrous, 414 to 71% lines long, with wings more than twice as broad as the narrowly oblong body, and prominent obtuse dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure.—Coastal Southern California. Loes.—San Gabriel foothills, Hasse; Pasadena, McClatchie ; Lytle Creek, San Antonio Mts., Hall 1429; San Bernardino, Parish 3627; Aguanga, Riverside Co., Jepson 1484; Palomar, Jepson 1535; Del Mar, Jepson 1615. Var. REPOSTUM Jepson n. var. Leaves ternate, each division with 3 leaflets, or the central division with 9; leaflets 14 to % in. long, finely toothed; body of 150 MADRONO [Vol. 1, OOP OM carpel elliptic, the intervals often with Sy @ We Zunie secondary oil tubes extending half the LP length.— Vaca Mts. (near OCollin’s 4 Spr., Jepson, type). Refs.—LOMATIUM LUCIDUM Jepson. Kuryptera lucida Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:629 (1840), type loc. San Diego, Nuttall; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 70, pl. 27 (1859); C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:241, fig. 61 a, b (1900). Peucedanum euryptera Gray, Proe, Am. Acad. 7:348 (1868). Cogswellia lucida Jones, Contrib. 12:31 (1908). Peucedanum hassei C. & R. Bot. Gaz, 14:276 (1889), type loc. San Gabriel Mts., Los Angeles Co., Hasse. Euryp- tera hassei C. & R. Contrib. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 7:242 (1900). Var. REPOS- TUM Jepson. Peucedanum _hassei Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 302 (1911). 2, L. parvifolium (T. & G.) Jep- son n. comb. Plants 7 to 12 (or 18) in. high, the peduncles arising from very short erect subterranean stems borne on the _ root-crown; leaves clustered near the base, bipinnate (but the upper leaflets confluent), 2 to 5 in. long; leaflets broad, irregularly 31. pomsnen eu aap een Fi ae x incised and with broad strongly cus- Tea nA Taran, One e CU pidate teeth (3 or) 5 to 12 lines long; umbel 8 to 15-rayed, with involucels of linear or lanceolate acuminate bract- lets; rays % to 1% in. long; pedicels 2% to 3% lines long; flowers yellow; fruit broadly elliptical to orbicular, 2% to 4 lines long, with wings broader than the body, and rather prominent dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure.—Mountains, Santa Cruz Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. Locs.—Ridge w. of Gilroy, Jepson; Pajaro Hills, Chandler 406; Pacific Grove, Mary 8S. Clemens; San Simeon, K. Brandegee; Jolon, T. Brandegee; San Luis Obispo, Jepson. Var. PALLIDUM Jepson n. comb. Herbage very pale—Santa Lucia Mts. Refs.—LOMATIUM PARVIFOLIUM Jepson n. comb. Peucedanum parvifolium T. & G. Fl. 1:628 (1840), type from Cal., Douglas. Ferula parvifolia H. & A. Bot. Beech. 348 (1840). Peucedanum californicum C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13:143 — (1888), type loc. San Luis Obispo Co., M. EL. Jones. Euryptera parvifolia C. & — R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:241 (1900). Var. PALLIDUM Jepson. Huryptera | pallida C. & R. 1. ¢. 7:242 (1900), type loc. Santa Lucia Mts., Vasey 232. The — spm. of Vasey 232 in the Kew Herbarium is labeled San Diego Co. PEUCEDANUM INSULARE Eastw. Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 3, 1:106, pl. 8 (1898), type loc. San Nicholas Isl., Blanche Trask. Euryptera insularis C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:243 (1900); peduncles dilated at summit; involucre of a single elongated bract palmately divided at apex; involucels composed of several linear bractlets; oil tubes usually 2 in the intervals, 6 on the commissure (ex char.). 3. L. caruifolium (T. & G.) C. & R. AuKai Parsnip. Fig. 32. Peduncles — 3 or 4, erect, 8 to 14 in. high, arising from the crown of a stout tap-root; herbage glabrous or nearly so, or the foliage minutely pubescent; leaves ter- — nately decompound, dissected into linear segments barely 14 line wide and 1 to 41% lines Jong; bractlets distinct or nearly distinct, round-ovate to oblong, F 1923. | REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 151 scarious-margined, entire or denticu- late, usually acuminate, often shortly petiolate; fertile rays 6 to 11, 1 to 1% in. long; pedicels in fruit 1% to 3 lines long; fruits glabrous, suborbic- ular or elliptic, 2144 to 414 lines long, the wings 14 to almost as wide as the body; oil tubes none on the commis- sure, none in the intervals or indis- tinct, but often with 2 or 3 obscure or superficial minor ridges.—Low wet ground: Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, South Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada foothills. Loes.—Crane Creek, w. Tehama Co., Jepson; Red Bluff, Jepson; Yolo Co., Blankinship; Vacaville, Jepson; By- ron, Greene; Berkeley, Jepson; San Francisco, XK. Brandegee; Los Buellis Hills, Santa Clara Co., Rk. J. Smith; Whiterock, Mariposa Co., Congdon. Var. DENTICULATUM Jepson nom. n. Stout, 13 to 16 in. high; leaf-segments broader; rays unequal, the fertile 2144 to 5% in. long; wing-margins rough- ened or denticulate.—Exeter, Tulare Co., Hastwood. Var. SOLANENSE Jep- son n. var. Rachises and leaf-segments 32. Lomatium caruifolium OC. & R.; a, leaf scabridulous-puberulent.—Cannon sta., x %; 6, fr. umbel x %; ¢, fr. x 3; d, sect. Solano Co., Jepson. Can. 23s Refs.—LOMATIUM CARUIFOLIUM C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:216 (1900). Peucedanum caruifolium T. & G. Fl. 1:628 (1840); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 359 (1901). Ferula caruifolia H. & A. Bot. Beech. 348 (1840), type from Cal., Douglas. Cogswellia caruifolia Jones, Contrib. 12:34 (1908). Var. PALIUS Jones, 1. c. 12:41 (1908), type loc. Tehachapi, Jones; oil tubes evident, 2 to 4 in the intervals (ex char.). Var. DENTICULATUM Jepson nom, n. Peuce- danum erosum Jepson, Erythea, 5:1 (1897), type loc. Exeter, Hastwood. Var. SOLANENSE Jepson. 4, L. vaseyi C. & R. Peduncles ascending, 6 to 12 in. high, arising from the very short stems of the root-crown, naked or frequently with 1 or 2 leaves; foliage minutely puberulent, the plant otherwise mostly glabrous; leaves ternate- pinnate, the divisions pinnately cut into linear-oblong segments 1144 to 3 lines long and ¥% to 1 line broad; petioles inflated, % to 1 in. long; rays 5 to 14, the fertile 144 to 2 in. long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; bractlets cuneate-obovate, laciniate-toothed at apex or abruptly acuminate; flowers yellow; fruit elliptic or slightly narrowed towards the base, 4 to 7 lines long, 3 to 4% lines wide, the body situated mostly above the middle, only about 1 line wide and half as long as the fruit but contracted at base into a stipe-like process, and at apex into a beak-like process, the whole with broad wings broader than the body; dorsal and intermediate ribs obvious with broad solitary oil tubes in the inter- vals, 4 on the commissure.—Dry mesas and mountain slopes, 1200 to 5500 ft.: San Diego Co.; San Bernardino Valley foothills; Inyo Co. ranges; Sierra Nevada and north to Siskiyou Co.; Napa Range. Tax. note.—The leaves in L. caruifolium are quite strictly basal; in L. vaseyi they are less basal, tending to move up the stem, so that the peduncles appear to be 2 or 3-leaved. In this respect L. utriculatum is similar to L. vaseyi. Loes.—E] Cajon, T. Brandegee ; Lugonia, Parish ; San Timoteo Cajfion, Jepson 6079; Redlands, Parish; San Bernardino, Parish 3628; Highland, Parish; 152 MADRONO [Vol. 1, Darwin Mesa (ace. Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:116) ; Keene, Tehachapi Range, Jepson 7157; hills near Bakersfield, Davy 1870; Kaweah, Eastwood; Bower Cave, Mariposa Co., Jepson; Alder Creek, Yosemite Park, Jepson 4317; Pine Log, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 692; Columbia, Jepson 6291; New York Ravine, Eldorado Co., K. Brandegee; Edgewood, Siskiyou Co., Curran; Napa Range near Calistoga, Jepson. Refs.—LoMATIUM VASEYI ©. & R. Contrib. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 7:216 (1900). Peucedanum vaseyi C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13:144 (1888), type loc. San Bernardino Mts., Vasey 231; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 359 (1901). Cogswellia vaseyi C. & R. Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 12:451 (1909). Cogswellia caruifolia var. vaseyi Jones, Contrib. 12:41 (1908). Cogswellia chandleri Jones, Contrib. 13:11 (1910), type loc. Nelson Range, Inyo Co., Hall & Chandler 7157; while the type specimens are only in flower and very young fruit, comparison seems to show rather conclusively that this binomial must be a synonym of L. vaseyi. Lomatium chandlerti MecB. Contrib. Gray Herb. 53:15 (1918). 5. L. ttriculatum (T. & G.) C. & R. Plants 8 to 12 in. high, the peduncles from short stems or from the root crown, usually glabrous except the minutely puberulent leaves; leaves ternate, then pinnately decompound and dissected into linear segments 1 to 3 lines long; petioles conspicuously inflated, membranaceous, 3 to 7 lines broad; umbellets in flower hemispherical or only a little more than a hemisphere; rays 3 to 15, very unequal, the fruiting ones 144 to 2 (or 3) in. long; fruiting pedicels 2 to 6 lines long; involucre none or occasionally with 1 often foliaceous bract; bractlets round-obovate to oblanceolate, entire or toothed, usually acuminate, short-petiolate, equaling the yellow flowers; fruits narrowly elliptic, 2144 to 4 (or 5%) lines long; wings as broad as or narrower than body; oil tubes 4 to 6 on the commissure, 1 in each interval or with short accessory ones in the dorsal intervals.—Open grassy hills or plains, the most common species, frequent from Southern California northward through the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills to Oregon. Locs.—Coast Ranges: Willow Creek, Trinity River, Tracy 3374; Vaca Mts., Jepson; Berkeley, Jepson; Coyote, Santa Clara Valley, Jepson. Sierra Nevada: Oroville, Heller 11259; Folsom, K. Curran; New York Ravine, Eldorado Co., Kk, Brandegee. Southern California: San Bernardino, S. B. § W. F. Parish. Desert region: Argus Mts., Purpus 5439. Var. GLABRUM Jepson n. var. Herbage glabrous.—Alealde, w. Fresno Co., Hastwood (type); Caliente, Kern (o., T. Brandegee; Tehachapi, 7. Brandegee; Manzana, Davy 2357. Refs.—LOMATIUM UTRICULATUM C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:215 (1890). Peucedanum utriculatum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:628 (1840), type loc. plains near junction of the Willamette and Columbia rivers, Ore., Nuttall; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 359 (1901). Cogswellia utriculata Jones, Contrib. 12:34 (1908). Var. GLABRUM Jepson. 6. L. macrocarpum (Nutt.) C. & R. Plants 10 to 17 in. high, the peduncles several from a short scaly caudex; herbage thinly short-pubescent; leaves in a basal or sub-basal tuft, 2 to 5 in. long, or the earliest often as much as 1 ft. long, once or twice ternate, and twice pinnately divided, the segments linear, acute, %4 to 21% lines long, the ultimate divisions of the rachis winged; fruiting rays about equal, 1% to 4 in. long; pedicels 214 to 4% lines long; involucel of many lanceolate bractlets mostly exceeding the umbellets, sometimes united at base and unilateral; flowers dull white or pale yellow; corolla glabrous; ovary glabrous or nearly so; fruit oblong to ovate, mostly narrow, but some- times very broad and somewhat quadrangular, 514 to 8 (or 10) lines long, 2 to 31% lines wide, the ribs inconspicuous or almost obsolete; oil tubes 1 to each interval, 2 to 6 on the commissure, the seed sharply channeled beneath those of the dorsal intervals; wings broader, sometimes narrower than the body.— Open stony hills, Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada northward to British Columbia. A common and widely distributed species. The farinaceous roots were used as food by the northern Indians. The northern forms (as Lyall’s Fort, Wash- 1923.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 153 ington, Colville in Herb. Kew) often have tuberous tap-roots, and also cord- like secondary roots developing 1 or 2 more deeply seated tubers. Such tubers should be searched for in our California plants. That they do not appear in some specimens is doubtless due to not digging deeply. Probably they will be found in L. nevadensis; in the var. holopterum they show well in spms. from Good Sprgs., s. Nev., K. Brandegee. Loes.—Sierra Nevada: Honey Lake, T. Brandegee; Cold Spr., Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6460; Alder Creek, Yosemite Park, Jepson 4318; Mariposa, Congdon; Greenhorn Range, Kern Co., Hall & Babcock 5076 (fruit 31% lines long). Coast Ranges: East Fork Illinois River, Siskiyou Mts. (Ore.) Jepson 2936; Edgewood, T. Brandegee; Devil’s Backbone, sw. Siskiyou Co., Jepson 2103; Crane Creek, w. Tehama Co., Jepson (ovaries pubescent) ; Asa-Bean Ridge, ne. Mendocino Co., Jepson; head of Weldon Cafion, Vaca Mts., Jepson 7197; Vanden, Solano Co., Jepson ; Howell Mt. foothills, Jepson ; Sonoma Valley, Jepson 4184; Antioch, K. Curran; Redwood City, Jepson 5736 (fl.), Elena A. Goodwin (fr.) ; Coyote Creek, Santa Clara Co., Jepson; Pico Blanco, Davy 7532; Jolon, Monterey Co., Eastwood (leaves very finely dissected) ; San Emigdio Cafion, Davy 2071 (fs. purplish). Var. poueLAsi Jepson n. var. Leaf-segments larger, as much as 41% lines long and 1 line wide; umbel sometimes with a single bract.—California, Douglas (type). Var. ELLfpTICUM Jepson n. comb. Caudex bearing short leafy branches ; leaf-segments oblong, cuspidate; fruit broadly elliptical, notched at base and apex, 914 lines long and 414 lines broad, the wings twice as wide as the body; dorsal and intermediate ribs obscure or filiform.—Feather River near Marys- ville, Bigelow; region of the ‘‘head waters of the Sacramento’’ (Pitt River branch), Snyder. Refs——LOMATIUM MACROCARPUM C., & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:217 (1900). Peucedanum macrocarpum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:627 (1840), type loc. Columbia River, Ore., Nuttall. Cogswellia macrocarpa Jones, Contrib. 12:33 (1908). Var. DOUGLASII Jepson. Var. ELLIPTICUM Jepson. Peucedunwm nudicaule var. ellipticum T. & G. Pae. R. Rep. 22:121 (1855), type loc. Round Valley near the sources of the Sacramento River, Snyder. Lomatium ellipticum C. & R. 1. ¢. 7:217 (1900). _ 7. GL. dasycarpum (T. & G.) C. & R. Fig. 33. Plants 1 to 1% ft. high, the peduncles arising from the root crown or from very short stems; her- bage puberulent; peduncles and wings of carpels often purplish; leaves ter- nately decompound and dissected into oblong or linear segments, these 1 to 2 or 3 lines long; umbels somewhat equally 6 to 15-rayed; rays 1 to 2 in. long; bractlets linear to ovate, more 33. Lomatium dasycarpum C. & R.; a, pr less tomentose; pedicels in fruit habit x “4; 2, pinna of leaf x ‘2; ¢, fr. about Y% in. long, usually longer than x 1%; d, sect. fr. x 4. the carpels; flowers white; fruit purplish or whitish, broadly elliptic to orbicular, with subcordate base, 314 to 4 (or 7) lines long, the wings thin membranaceous, 2 to 3 times fhe width of the very narrow or somewhat spindle-shaped body; oil tubes usually 1 in the intervals (often a second one in the lateral intervals), 154 MADRONO [Vol. 1, 2 to 4 on the commissure.—South Coast Ranges from Contra Costa Co. to San Diego Co. Locs.—The type of L. dasycarpum is here assumed to be the plant of the South Coast Ranges, with the ultimate leaf segments oblong to broadly linear and 1% to 1 line long, and the oil tubes commonly 1 in the intervals. The reddish wings of the fruit develop early, are only slightly pubescent and thus differ markedly from the tomentulose or pubescent body. The number of oil tubes is not, however, constant, usually not even in a single individual, and hence is not a critical differential factor. We cite specimens as follows: Stone- wall Mine, Cuyamaca Mts., Parish 4419; San Diego, Hall 3936; Thomas Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Jepson 1471; Los Angeles, Davidson (1 oil tube in the dorsal intervals, 2 or 3 in the lateral, 4 on the commissure); Saugus, K. Brandegee (1 oil tube in the intervals, 4 on the commissure) ; Santa Inez Mts., Hall 7850 (1 oil tube in the dorsal intervals, 2 in the lateral, 4 on the commissure), 7. Bran- degee (1 oil tube in the intervals, 2 on the commissure); Merrill Valley, s. San Benito Co., Hall 9923 (1 or 2 oil tubes in the dorsal intervals, 2 in the lateral, 2 or 4 on the commissure); mts. w. of Gilroy, Jepson (2 oil tubes in the intervals, 2 on the commissure) ; Redwood City, Jepson 5737 (fl.), Elena R. Goodwin (oil tubes 1 in the dorsal intervals, 2 in the lateral, 2 on the commis- sure); Mt. Diablo, Jepson 7579 (1 oil tube in the dorsal intervals, 2 in the lateral, 2 on the commissure) ; South San Francisco, Hastwood (1 or 2 oil tubes - in the dorsal intervals, 2 or 3 in the lateral, 2 or 4 on the commissure); San Francisco, Jepson. It will thus be seen as we proceed northward in the South | Coast Ranges that the oil tubes are more frequently 2 or 3 in the intervals, 1 oil tube being less commonly found. The plants of the North Coast Ranges have most commonly 2 or 3 oil tubes in the intervals; in addition the bractlets are usually more strongly developed (mostly broadly ovate) and the body of the carpel is broader, nearly equaling the wings in breadth. These northern plants we cite under var. MEDIUM Jepson n. var. as follows: Ross Valley, Marin Co., Jepson (2 oil tubes in the intervals, 4 on the commissure) ; Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson 1192¢; Napa, Jepson (2 or 3 oil tubes in the dorsal intervals, 2 in the lateral, 4 on the commissure); Conn Valley, Jepson, type (2 or 3 oil tubes in the dorsal intervals, 1 in the lateral, 2 on the commissure) ; Howell Mt., Jepson 517; Vaca Mts., Jepson (oil tubes 2 or 3 in the dorsal intervals, 2, 3, or 4 in the lateral, 4 on the commissure) ; Mayacamas Range (e. of Ukiah), Jepson 30123: eX, Indian Valley, ne. Lake Co., Jepson 8990 (oil tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals) ; Seward Ridge, s. Humboldt Co., Jepson 1891; ridge betw. Van Duzen and Mad Rivers, Tracy 2890 (3 oil tubes in the intervals, 4 on the commissure) ; Klamath River, n. Humboldt Co., Chandler 1445 (oil tubes 2 or 3 in the dorsal intervals, 2 in the lateral, 4 on the commissure). In habit, foliage, pedicels, in size of fruit and thinness of wings the var. medium is more closely associated with L. dasyearpum than with L. tomentosum, although in character of the oil tubes it may be regarded as intermediate between these two species. As here accepted L. tomentosum is restricted geographically to the area of the Great Valley and Sierra Nevada foothills. It has linear or filiform leaf segments (114 to 2 lines long) and larger fruits (6 to 7 lines long); the ovary is densely woolly, but by the time it is half grown the wings are often still inconspicuous, so tardily do they develop. In the San Carlos Range occurs the var. DECORUM Jepson n. var. Procumbent peduncles with white flowers; erect peduncles with lilac-purple flowers.—North Fork Lewis Creek, Jepson 2704. Apparently the procumbent white-flowered peduncles later become erect and the flowers change in color to lilac-purple. Refs.—LOMATIUM DASYCARPUM C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:218 (1900). Peucedanum dasycarpum T. & G. Fl. 1:628 (1840), type from Cal., Douglas. Cogswellia dasycarpa Jones, Contrib. 12:34 (1908). Peucedanum pringlei C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13:209 (1888), type loc. San Diego, Pringle. Var. MEDIUM Jepson. Var. DECORUM Jepson. wimg 1923.) REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 155 PEUCEDANUM JAREDI Eastw. Zoe, 5:88 (1900), type loc. Estrella, San Luis Obispo Co., Jared; petals green, fading yellowish; oil tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, 3 or 4 on the commissure (ex char.); this seems related to L. dasycarpum C. & R. 8. L. tomentdsum (Benth.) C. & R. Plants 12 to 20 in. high, the peduncles arising from very short stems; herbage tomentulose; leaves ternately decom- pound into filiform segments; umbels 10 to 20-rayed, the rays 1% to 2% in. long; pedicels mostly shorter than the carpels; flowers white; bractlets ovate, acuminate; ovaries heavily clothed in white wool; fruit large, elliptic, 6 to 8% lines long, usually densely tomentose, the wings little if at all wider than the broadly ovate body; oil tubes usually 2 or 3 in the intervals, 2 or 4 on the commissure.—Great Valley and Sierra Nevada foothills. Loes.—Tehachapi, K. Brandegee (2 oil tubes in the intervals) ; Green Gulch, Mariposa Co., Congdon (2 or 3 oil tubes in the intervals, 2 on the commissure) ; Elmira, K. Curran (2 or 3 oil tubes Vine © in the intervals, 2 on the commissure) ; iy LUNDA, Oroville, Heller 11259; Dibble Creek, CS \ Ne w. Tehama Co., Jepson. Gree Refs.—LOMATIUM TOMENTOSUM C, & QS] iz. Contrib. U. 8S. Nat.. Herb. 7:219 ae (1900). Peucedanum tomentosum y Benth. Pl. Hartw. 312 (1849), type loc. Sacramento Valley, Hartweg 257. Cogswellia tomentosa Jones, Contrib. w2:30 (1908). 9. L. mohavénse C. & R. Fig. 34. Low plants (7 to 10 in. high), the stout peduncles ascending from the root crown, not much exceeding the pinnately decompound leaves, the seg- ments crowded, obovate or oblong, the whole plant hoary with short pubescence; umbel somewhat un- equally 6 to 12 (or more)-rayed; involucels inconspicuous, consisting of small linear- lanceolate acuminate bractlets; umbellets very numerous; fruit broadly elliptic to almost orbic- ular, 3 to 4% lines long, the wings not as broad as the body; oil tubes usually 3 or 4 (sometimes 2 or 5) in the in- tervals with 4 to 8 on the commis- sure.—Colorado and Mohave deserts and their bordering ranges, north to 34. Lomatium mohavense C. & R.; a, habit Inyo Co., 4000 to 11,000 ft. x %; b, fr. x 2; e, sect. carp.-x 5. Loes.—Blair Valley, e. San Diego Co., Jepson 8673; Nigger Jim Hill, San Jacinto Mts., Hall 1184; Antelope Valley, Davidson; Manzana, Davy 2623; Thomas Valley to Vandeventer, Jepson 1332; Stoddard Well, Jepson 5923; Ord Mt., Jepson 5868; Kramer, Jepson 5346; Mt. Pinos, Hall 6516; Walker Pass, Purpus 5352; Campito Mt., White Mts., Jepson 7281. Refs.—LOMATIUM MOHAVENSE C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:234 (1900). Peucedanum mohavense C. & R. Rev. N. A. Umbell. 62 (1888), type loc. Yucea, Mohave Desert, Curran. Cogswellia mohavensis Jones, Contrib. 12:34 (1908). Peucedanum argense Jones, |. ¢. 8:30 (1898); type loc. Lone Pine, Inyo Co., Jones. Lomatium argense C. & R. Contrib. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 7:234 (1900). 10. L. ciliolatum Jepson n. sp. Peduncles and leaves from the crown of the tap-root; peduncles spreading, 114 to 4 in. long; whole plant glabrous except the margins of the leaves which are finely and regularly ciliolate; leaves 156 - MADRONO [Vol. 1, ovatish in outline, % to 144 in. long, simply pinnate, the leaflets 14 to %4 in. long, irregularly pinnatifid into ovatish segments; rays 3 to 5 unequal, 4 to 1% in. long; pedicels % to 1 line long; involucre none; involucels of several ovate bractlets with dark purple veins; fruit elliptic, 344 to 4 lines long; lateral ribs with narrow wings (about 1%4 line wide); dorsal and lateral ribs filiform, inconspicuous, the dorsal and lateral intervals with 3 or 4 striae; oil tubes obscure, 4 or 5 in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.—Yollo Bolly Mts. Loc.—Soldiers Ridge near South Yollo Bolly, Jepson (type). 11. L. nevadénse (Wats.) C. & R. Plants 4 to 7 in. high, the peduncles ascending from very short erect stems rising from the root crown; herbage, rays and pedicels minutely pubescent; leaves decompound, the ultimate division pin- nately divided into acute segments 1 to 2 lines long; umbel unequally 5 to 11- rayed, the rays 1% to 4 in. long; bractlets ovate to linear-lanceolate, scarious- margined, distinct or united at base; pedicels 154 to 4 lines long; flowers white with pubescent ovaries; fruit ovate, acute, minutely pubescent, 3 to 5 lines long, the wings narrower or almost as broad as the body; ribs on the back very fine or somewhat obscure, sometimes with supplementary striae in the intervals; oil tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissure.—East side of the Sierra Nevada from Mono Co. to Modoe Co. Southeastern Oregon to Nevada. Loes.—Sonora Pass, A. L. Grant 356; Prosser Creek, Nevada Co., Sonne; Martis Creek, Truckee, Sonne; Goose Lake Valley, R. M. Austin. Var. PARiSHII Jones. Ultimate leaf segments 2 to 4 lines long, or often elongated linear and up to 12 lines long; involucel unilateral, deeply toothed; pedicels % to 3 lines long; ovaries and fruit glabrous; fruit round-ovate to narrowly or broadly elliptic, 3% to 5 lines long; wings usually narrower than the body; ribs filiform, often with 3 or 4 supplementary striae of the same size in the intervals; oil tubes exceedingly small, several in the intervals.—Ranges in and bordering the Mohave Desert. Loes.—Templeton Mt., Tulare Co., Jepson 4973 (on about 100 acres of the flats near the mountain it is the dominant species) ; Lone Pine, Hall g Chandler 7205; Fish Creek, se. Tulare Co., Hall & Babcock 5204; Pah Ute Peak, Kern Co., Purpus 5288; Nelson Range, Inyo Co., Hall §& Chandler 7155; Hanaupah Cafion, Panamint Range, Jepson 7048; Ord Mt., Jepson 5881; Bear Valley, Parish 1828; Lytle Creek, San Antonio Mts., Hall 1442. Var. HOLOPTERUM Jepson n. var. Similar to the var. parishii; more finely puberulent; lateral wings of fruit broader (1 to 1% lines broad, commonly almost as broad as the body, straw-color; intermediate and dorsal ribs filiform but more evident; oil tubes showing markedly from the outside.—Eastern Mohave Desert; east into southern Nevada. Locs.—Bonanza King Mine, Providence Mts., Munz, Johnston §& Harwood 4236 (type); Barnwell, New York Mts., K. Brandegee. Good Sprs., s. Nev. K. Brandegee. Refs.—LOMATIUM NEVADENSE C, & R. Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 7:220 (1900). Peucedanum nevadense Wats. Proc. Am, Acad. 11:143 (1876), type loc. Union- ville, Nev., Watson 469. Cogswellia nevadensis Jones, Contrib. 12:33 (1908). Var. PARISHII Jones, l. ¢. Peucedanum parishii C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13:209 (1888), type loc. Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 1828. Lomatium parishit C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:235 (1900). Var. HOLOPTERUM Jepson. 12. L. plimmerae C. & R. Plants 8 to 12 in. high, the peduncles stoutish, widely spreading, arising from very short stems; herbage glabrous and some- what glaucous; leaves ternately decompound, the numerous crowded ultimate segments very small, oblong, more or less confluent; umbel very unequally 6 to 12-rayed, with involucels of numerous lanceolate acuminate bractlets; rays % to 1% in. long; pedicels 1 to 4 lines long; flowers white; fruit oblong or oblong-ovate, usually acute at apex, glabrous, 34%4 to 4 lines long, 1% to 2% lines broad, with wings half to as broad as the body, and indistinct dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes 1, 2 or 3 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commis- sure.—Northern Sierra Nevada from Sierra Co. to Shasta Co. eee 1923.] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 157 Loes.—Sierra Valley, Lemmon 32; Marston sta., Plumas Co., Heller 10838; Shasta Co. (ace. Coulter & Rose). Var. SONNEI Jepson n. comb. Flowers yellow; oil tubes 1 or 2 in the inter- vals.—Eastern Nevada Co.; thence east to Washoe Co., Nev. Refs.—LOMATIUM PLUMMERAE C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:232 (1900). Peucedanum plummerae C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14:278 (1889), type loe. Sierra Valley, Lemmon 32. Cogswellia plummerae Jones, Contrib. 12:34 (1908). Var. SONNEI Jepson. Lomatiwm sonnei C. & R. Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 7:236 (1900), type loc. Verdi, w. Nev., Sonne. 13. L. austinae C. & R. Plants 9 in. high, the peduneles arising from short stems; herbage puberulent; ultimate leaf segments pinnately divided into narrow divisions; flowers purplish; fruit glabrous, 3 lines long, 114 lines broad; oil tubes very broad, solitary in the dorsal intervals, mostly 2 in the lateral, 4 on the commissure.—Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. to Siskiyou Co., 3000 to 5000 ft. This species is inadequately distinguished from L. plummerae. Locs.—Mohawk Valley, Lemmon; Yreka (ace. Coulter & Rose). Refs.—LOMATIUM AUSTINAE C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:236 (1900). Peucedanum austinae C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13:208 (1888), type loc. Big Mdws., Plumas Co., Rk. M. Austin. Cogswellia austinae Jones, Contrib. 12:35 (1908). 14. L. torreyi C. & R. Plants 3 to 10 in. high, the peduncles slender, aris- ing from the root crown and densely clothed at base with old leaf-sheaths ; herbage glabrous; leaves small, ternate-pinnate or -bipinnate, the ultimate segments linear, cuspidulate, 1 to 3 lines long; umbel unequally few-rayed, the rays 1%4 to 1% in. long; involucre none; bractiets none, or 1 or 2 and small; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; flowers yellow; calyx teeth small or obsolete; fruit narrowly oblong to linear, truncatish at base, 4 to 5 lines long, with wings not half as broad as the body; oil tubes solitary in the intervals.— Clefts of granite rocks, Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Tulare Co., 6000 fo 7200 ft. Loes.—Lake Merced, Yosemite Park, Jepson 3207; Eagle Peak trail to El Capitan, Yosemite, Jepson 4368; Alta Mdws., Tulare Co., K. Brandegee; Mt. Moses, Purpus 1531. Refs.—LOMATIUM TORREYI C. & R. Contrib. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 7:229 (1900). Peucedanum torreyi C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14:276 (1889), type loc. Yosemite, K. Curran. Cogswellia torreyi Jones, Contrib. 12:35 (1908). 15. L. céngdoni C. & R. Plant 6 to 9 in. high, the peduncles ascending from the basal tuft of leaves; herbage glabrous; leaves first palmately quater- nate or quinate (1 or 2 of the divisions small), then bi- or tri-pinnate, the rachises more or less scaberulous; ultimate segments linear, acute; sheaths whitish, narrow, extending the full length of the petiole; fertile rays 6 to 8, ¥% to 2 in. long; involucels none; flowers apparently white; pedicels spread- ing, 3 to 4 lines long; fruit nearly elliptical, slightly broader above, 4 to 4% lines long, the wings slightly narrower than the body; dorsal and interme- diate ribs filiform; oil tubes very obscure, 1 or 2 (or perhaps more) in the intervals.—Mariposa Co. Locs.—West Water Ditch, Congdon; Mariposa, Congdon. Refs.—LOMATIUM CONGDONI C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:232 (1900), type loc. West Water Ditch, Mariposa Co., Congdon 114. Cogswellia congdoni Jones, Contrib. 12:34 (1908). 16. L. parryi (Wats.) Jepson n. comb. Plants 6 to 10 in. high, the pe- duneles erect, arising from a caudex densely clothed with the fibrous sheaths of old leaves; herbage glabrous, foliage eventually grayish; leaves pinnate, linear- lanceolate in outline, 6 to 8 in. long, the pinnae distant, pinnately divided into linear cuspidate segments, 114 to 3 lines long; fruiting rays 1 to 1% in. long, nearly equal; pedicels slender, 3 to 6 lines long; bractlets several, linear, acute, entire or cleft at apex, nearly equaling the pedicels in length; stylopodium more or less evident-in fruit; fruit oblong, 6 lines long; dorsal and intermediate wings sharp, the lateral wings about as broad as the body; oil tubes 1 or 2 in 158 MADRONO [Vol. 1, the dorsal intervals, 2 or 3 in the laterals, 4 to 7 on the commissure.—Rocky mountain slopes, 5000 to 8000 ft., eastern Mohave Desert and Death Valley region. East to Utah. Loes.—Providence Mts., T. Brandegee; Telescope Peak, Panamint Range, Jepson 7016. Charleston Mts., Nev., Purpus 6086. Refs.—LOMATIUM PARRYI Jepson. Peucedanum parryi Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 11:143 (1876), type loc. Valley of the Virgin, Washington Co., Utah, Parry 85. Cogswellia parryi Jones, Contrib. 12:32 (1908). Cynomarathrum parryi C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:246 (1900). Peucedanum scopulorum Jones, 1. ¢. 8:31 (1898), type loc. Pleasant Cafion, Panamint Range, Jones. 17. L. marginatum C. & R. Plants 12 to 20 in. high, the peduncles slender, erect, borne on very short stems (1 in, long) rising from the root crown; herbage glabrous or the rays sometimes puberulent; leaves large, 2 to 3 times ternate, then pinnately divided into narrowly linear to filiform segments; flowers whitish or yellowish; fruiting rays few, slender, 11%4 to 3% in. long; pedicels slender, 2 to 3 lines long; bractlets few, narrowly linear, elongated, acuminate, or sometimes none; fruit (immature) elliptic-oblong, glabrous, 3% to 4 lines long, the wings as broad as the body; dorsal ribs fine or obscure.— Rocky slopes, northern Sierra Nevada foothills from Calaveras Co. to Butte Co., 1000 to 1500 ft. Loes.—New York Ravine, Eldorado Co., K. Brandegee; Salmon Falls, Eldorado Co., K. Brandegee; American River, Brewer 4536 (acc. Coulter & Rose) ; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson 1816. Tax. note-—We have compared at Kew the type number of this species (Hartweg 260) with types or typical material of related species and it is our judgment that L. marginatum is most nearly allied to L. ambiguum var. leptocarpum Jepson. Refs——LOMATIUM MARGINATUM C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:223 (1900). Peucedanum marginatum Benth. Pl. Hartw. 312 (1849), type loc. east side of the Sacramento Valley (probably Butte Co.), Hartweg 260. Cogswellia marginata Jones, Contrib. 12:35 (1908). 18. L. alatum C. & R. Similar to L. marginatum; involueels none; oil tubes solitary in the intervals.—Sierra foothills in Sacramento Co. Var. PURPUREUM Jepson n. var. Flowers purple.—Conn Valley, Napa Range, Jepson (type). Refs.—LOMATIUM ALATUM C. & R. Contrib. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 7:228 (1900). Peucedanum triternatum var. alatum C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 70 (1888), type loc. Folsom, Curran. Var. PURPUREUM Jepson. 19. L. triternatum (Pursh) C. & R. Plants 1% to 2 ft. high; herbage minutely puberulent; peduncles arising from the root crown or borne on stems 3 or 4 in. long, the parts at base sheathed by scale-like petioles; leaves twice or thrice ternate, then pinnate, the leaflets narrowly linear, acute, 1 to 4 in. long; flowers bright yellow; fruiting rays very unequal, 1 to 31% in. long; bractlets setaceous; fruiting pedicels 14 to 2% lines long; fruit oblong, glabrous, 5 to 5% lines long; dorsal and intermediate ribs prominent, the wings half the breadth of the body; oil tubes large, broad, 1 in each interval, 2 on the com- missure.—Northern Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Modoc Co., thence westerly to northern Humboldt Co. Far north to British Columbia. Econ. note-——The roots were gathered and dried for food by the Indians; they contain much starch and have a mild sweet taste (Pac. R. Rep. 2:121). Locs.—Hupa, Chandler 1378; Klamath hills, Siskiyou Co., Butler 1380; Horn- brook, K. Brandegee; Willow Creek, Modoe Co., R. M. Austin; Dixie Valley, Lassen Co., Baker & Nutting. Refs.—LOMATIUM TRITERNATUM C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:227 (1900). Seseli triternatum Pursh, Fl. 1:197 (1814), type loc. main Kooskooskee, Columbia River, Lewis. Peucedanum triternatum Nutt.; T. & G. FL 1:626 (1840). Cogswellia triternata Jones, Contrib. 12:32 (1908). se 1923. ] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 159 20. L. gigantéum C. & R. Plants 14% to 2% ft. high, finely pubescent throughout; leaves very large, ternately compound; leaflets linear-oblong, elongated, 344 to 4% in. in length, usually entire, very pale; rays about 11, very unequal, the longer ones 4 in. long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; involucel of linear bractlets; flowers yellow; ovary pubescent; fruit linear-oblong, 7 to 9 lines long, with wings much narrower than body, glabrous or nearly so.— Mendocino Co. Loe.—Mendocino Co., Bolander 5521. Refs.—LOMATIUM GIGANTEUM C. & R. Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 7:240 (1900), type from Cal., probably Mendocino Co., Vasey. Cogswellia gigantea Jones, Contrib. 12:32 (1908). 21. L. nudicaule (Pursh) C. & R. PESTLE Parsnip. Fig. 35. Plants 8 to 20 in. high, glabrous; leaves 3144 to 5% in. long, once or twice ternate, then pin- nate with 5 to 9 leaflets; leaflets .... S broadly ovate to lanceolate, entire or Nt 677 oo» d few-toothed at apex, % to 2% in. \ AY? a ee long; peduncles stoutish, arising Wag ay’ from the base, conspicuously en- larged at summit (pestle-like) and 1 bearing 6 to 18 very unequal rays, the outer sometimes 2 to 4 times the length of the inner; rays in fruit dilated at apex, 1 to 6% in. long; fruiting pedicels 1 to 3 lines long; bracts and bractlets none; flowers yellow; fruit oblong to elliptic, 5 to 7 lines long, 2 to 3 lines wide, the wings 1% the breadth of the body; oil tubes broad, solitary in the dorsal intervals, 1 or 2 in the laterals, 4 to 6 on the commissure.— Low open foothills or rolling plains: Coast Ranges from Santa Clara Co. Ny to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada from all] Amador Co. to Modoe Co. North to Washington. Loes.—Coast Ranges: Mt. Hamil- ton, Jepson 4210; Mt. Diablo, Jep- son; Sonoma Valley, Jepson 4771; Napa, Jepson; Conn Valley, Jepson; Cannon sta., Solano Co., Jepson; Yreka, Butler 1363. Sierra Nevada: Genesee Valley, Hall §& Babcock Bag net: Ee eee ee 4441; Sierra Valley, Jepson 8045; parr ig ome ibe ay Se lara: Jess Valley, Modoc Co., L. S. Smith: fer ane ae ge ee Goose Lake Valley, Austin & Bruce 2287. Var. PUBERULUM Jepson n. comb. Minutely pubescent.—Mendocino Co., Bolander 6521. Refs.—LOMATIUM NUDICAULE C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:238 (1900). Smyrnium nudicaule Pursh, Fl. 1:196 (1814), type loc. Dalles, Columbia River, Lewis. Peucedanum nudicaule Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:627 (1840). Cogswellia nudicaulis Jones, Contrib. 12:31 (1908). Peucedanum robustum Jepson, Erythea 1:9 (1893), type loc. Cannon sta., Solano Co., Jepson. P. leiocarpum Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 357 (1901). Var. pUBERULUM Jepson. Peucedanum nudicaule var. puberulum Gray in herb. 22. L. ambiguum (Nutt.) C. & R. var. leptocarpum Jepson n. comb. Gla- brons plants 1 ft. high; peduncles ascending from the root crown of the tap Wy ene Raz WS ANY ; \ V7 is 160 MADRONO [Vol. 1, root which is tuberous below; leaves once or twice ternate, then pinnate, the ultimate segments linear, 5 to 10 lines long; rays few, very unequal, 1 line to 3 in. long; bractlets small, linear; flowers yellow; fruit nearly sessile, forming a dense cluster, linear or somewhat lanceolate, 4 to 4% lines long, the wings very narrow (14 to % as wide as the body); oil tubes solitary in the intervals.— Lassen and Modoe Cos.; north to Idaho, east to Colorado. Locs.—Big Valley, Baker & Nutting ; Jess Valley, L. S. Smith. Refs.—LOMATIUM AMBIGUUM C. & R. var. LEPTOCARPUM Jepson. Peucedanum leptocarpum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. 1:626 (1840), type loc. Columbia River plain near the Williamette River, Nuttall. Lomatium leptocarpum C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:213 (1900). Cogswellia leptocarpa Jones, Contrib. 12:33 (1908). Peucedanum triternatum var. leptocarpum T. & G. 1. « P. ambiguum var. leptocarpum C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umbell. 59 (1888). 23. L. piperi C. & R. INDIAN Biscuit. Plants 14% to 5 in. high, the slender peduncles divaricate, borne on very short erect subterranean stems which rise from globose tubers 4 to 7 lines in diameter; herbage glabrous; leaves biter- nately divided into linear-lanceolate segments 4 to 12 lines long; umbel 2 to 4- rayed; flowers white; bractlets narrow-lanceolate; fruiting rays 3 to 10 lines long; fruiting pedicels 14 to 1 line long; fruit elliptic, 2 to 3 lines long, the wings 14 as broad as the body; oil tubes minute, 2 or 3 in the intervals, 4 on the commissure.—Sierra Co. to Siski- you Co. North to Washington. Loes.—Sierra Valley, Lemmon; Yreka, Butler 578, 1130. Refs.—LoMATIUM PIPERI C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:28 (1900), type loc. Ellensburg, Spo- kane Co., Wash. Vasey. Cogswellia piperi Jones, Contrib. 12:33 (1908). ) Le CHU We fF S' 32. PASTINACA L. Tall branching biennial with angu- lar or fluted leafy stems from thick roots. Leaves large, simply pinnate. Flowers yellow, in compound umbels. Involucre and involucels small or commonly none. Fruit oval, strongly compressed. Lateral ribs winged; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. (Latin name of the Parsnip.) 1. P. sativa L. COMMON PARSNIP. Fig. 36. Erect, 3 to 4 ft. high; leaflets ovate, serrate or somewhat incised, lobed or even more or less G Bae : 36. Pastinaca sativa L.; a, leaf x %; b, 3 to 5-divided, 3 to 4 in. long; rays fr. umbel x 4; ¢, carpel x 3; d, 10 to 20, 1 to 2% in. long; fruit sect. carp. x 4. 21% to 3 lines long; oil tubes con- spicuous.—Cultivated European species, escaped from gardens and now locally naturalized. Loes.—San Gorgonio Creek, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 1589; San Ber- nardino, Parish in 1888; Cienega near Los Angeles (Erythea 1:58); Boulder Creek, Santa Cruz Mts., Harriet Walker 834; Scott Valley, Lake Co., Jepson; Comptche, Mendocino Co., Harriet Walker 338; Sacramento, Bioletti. cS Refs.—PASTINACA SATIVA L. Sp. Pl. 1:262 (1753), type European; Jepson Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 360 (1901). 1923. ] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 161 33. ANETHUM L. Slender annuals with leafy stems and finely dissected leaves. Flowers yellow, in compound umbels. Involucre and involucels none. Fruit elliptical, flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs narrowly winged. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals.— Species 2, Asia. (Ancient Greek name of the dill.) 1. A. gravéolens L. Ditu. ANISE. Plants usually branching, 1 to 3 ft. high. —Garden plant from Europe, locally naturalized in Southern California. Loes.—San Bernardino (Zoe 2:28); Los Angeles (Erythea 1:59). Refs.—ANETHUM GRAVEOLENS L. Sp. Pl. 263 (1753), type Iberian. Peuce- danum graveolens C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:255 (1900), not pub- lished by Bentham and Hooker as there cited. 34. OXYPOLIS Raf. Glabrous erect aquatic herbs with fascicled tubers. Leaves ternate or (in ours) pinnate. Umbels compound. Involucre and involucels present. Flowers white. Calyx teeth evident. Fruit flattened dorsally, ovate to obovate; dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform ; d lateral ribs broadly winged, the wings closely contiguous to those of the companion carpel and strongly nerved next to the body (thus giving the appearance of 5 dorsal ribs). Stylopodium short-conical. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 to 6 on the commissure. (Greek oxys, sharp, and polis, city, application uncer- tain, possibly referring to the many — acute leaflets.) 1. O. occidentalis C. & R. Fig. 37. Plants 2 to 3% ft. high; fas- cicled roots fusiform-fleshy; leaves simply pinnate, long petioled, the lower 12 to 20 in. long; leaflets 5 to 13, broadly ovate to linear-acumi- nate, serrate, 114 to 4 in. long; fruit- ing rays 1 to 3 in. long; fruits ellip- tic-obovate, 24% to 3 lines long.— Sierra Nevada, 5000 to 9000 ft., Tuolumne Co. to Tulare Co. Locs. — Silver Creek, Eldorado Co., Kennedy 90; Strawberry, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 561; base of Clouds Rest, Congdon; Peregoy 37. Oxypolis occidentalis C. & R.; a, leaf Mdw., Yosemite Park, Jepson 5640; 6 a eae ae a, ; : ; t. p. x 12. Chilnualna Creek, Congdon; Konitz Place, Mariposa Co., Congdon; Kelty Mdw., Madera Co., ace. Kennedy; Bubbs Creek, Jepson 803; Giant Forest, AK. Brandegee; Golden Trout (Volcano) Creek, Hall § Babcock 5443. Ref.—OxyPoLIs OCCIDENTALIS C. & R. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:196 (1900), type loc. Crater Lake, Leiberg 4413. 35. CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. Tall branching perennials with leafy stems, glabrous herbage and ternately decompound leaves. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Involucre of few bracts. Involucels of many bractlets. Fruit oblong to obovate, flattened 162 MADRONO [Vol 1, dorsally, with rather prominent stylopodium. Ribs narrowly winged, the lateral usually broadest. Oil tubes solitary in the intervals, or sometimes 2 in thee lateral one, 2 to 4 on the commissure. (Greek koneion, the hemlock, and selinon, parsley. ) a 1. C. pacificum (Wats.) C. & R. Stems stout, 3 to 5 ft. high; leaves ternate, — then pinnate, the 5 or 7 divisions or leaflets ovate in outline, acute, deeply pin- natifid and more or less toothed, 14 to 114 in. long; umbels on stout peduncles; — rays 15 to 26, 1 to 114 in. long in fruit; bracts 2 to 4; involucels of several nar- rowly linear bractlets; fruiting pedicels slender, 3 to ‘4 lines long; fruit oblong, 3 lines long; wings thickish and corky, rather narrow; oil tubes conspicuous, 2 on the as solitary in the intervals, sunk in the body of the seed, especially the dorsal ones.— — Sy, Sie . S) Oak no CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY Contents 'HE IMPROVED EASTERN BLUEBERRY IN CALIFORNIA, W. T. Horne ; % 'HE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA.—III, W. L. Jepson HE (COLLECTING TRIPS OF EZRA BRAINERD IN CALIFORNIA, i Viola UB. Baird e e e e st : e e \ ~ MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes on the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of communi cation relating to measures in behalf ot the preservation of the native flora; and — to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon the habits, life history or geographical distribution of the. native plants will be apa ( cially welcome. Publication Committee W. L. Jepson Botany Building, University of California, Berkeley, California GrorcE J. PEIRCE, Joun THomas HoweLt, Stanford University University of California at Los Angeles CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigation — of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, field. trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora amongst — the people of California. dl | Officers of the Society | ce President oo eu UN 2 A NO eee o Dr. W. L. Jepson, University of California First Vice-Presidenticcc oo Dr. G. J. Peirce, Stanford University. — Second Vice-President.................0c-s0s0s00- Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California, "THCASUTET..oan.ncececonnnetgeeens Mr. M. S. Jussell, San Francisco Polytechnic High School. - Deeretary ee Cl Ne Miss Zelma Reeve, 2515 Webster St., Berkeley, Cal. : Field Committee: Miss A. E. Ehlers, 2741 Prince St., Berkeley. Dr. E. F. Card, 2677 Larkin St, San Francisco. Miss Elsie Zeile, 775 Post St., San Francisco. Conservation Committee: Mr. Geo. B. Furniss, 375 Staten Ave., Oakland. ee Annual Dinner Committee: Miss Ethel Crum, Mrs. H. P. Bracelin, Mr. David Goddard. Membership Committee: Professor George J. Peirce, Stanford University. Professor W. T. Horne, University of California. i Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills College. yf Professor W. W. Mackie, University of California. 4 Botanical Garden Committee: Anson S. Blake; James B. Smith; F. F. Barbour. | The Annual Dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasurer, Cali | fornia Botanical Society, Botany Building, University Campus, Berkeley, California. Back numbers of the Journal may be had from the Corresponding Secretary, te Botany Building, Berkeley, California. Subscription price $3. 00 per year. ie z ie a ~ 7 ¥ Published quarterly by the California Botanical Society, Berkeley, California, U.S. Subscription price three dollars per year. Application made for entry as second-cl mail matter at the postoffice at Berkeley, California. To be issued bimonthly in 1929, j ‘t 1928.] EASTERN BLUEBERRY 179 THE IMPROVED EASTERN BLUEBERRY IN CALIFORNIA Wn. T. Horne One of the notable achievements of a botanical-horticultural chaz- acter in recent times is the successful introduction of the American blueberries into cultivation, and the improvement of these fruits by selection and breeding. As botanists know, credit for this two-fold accomplishment is due to Mr. F. V. Coville, botanist in the U. S. Department of Agriculture. A share should go also to Miss Elizabeth C. White of New Lisbon, New Jersey. The blueberries of New England and the middle Atlantic states, both the high-bush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum, and the low- bush blueberry, V. angustifolium, have long been prized for their unique character and exquisite mildness. The plants grow in abun- _ dance in somewhat boggy places and in some of the open lands. When, however, cultivation was attempted, plants taken from the wild and set in home gardens regularly perished. How the botanists were able to find out what was wrong with garden soils, so far as blueberries are concerned, is told in “Direc- tions for blueberry culture,” 1921 (1) and other papers to which the bulletin with the above title gives references. In brief, the ordi- nary enrichment of the soil with lime, wood ashes, and animal manures, changes its naturally acid condition to neutral or alkaline. This is favorable to most garden plants, but is fatal to blueberries. Strictly speaking, the blueberry itself is not directly injured; but it depends for prosperity on a certain fungous growth on its roots, and this fungous growth requires an acid soil. The presence of such fungi on the roots of various plants has long been known, and they have been called mycorrhizas. When the home garden was supplied with suitable acid soil, blueberries were found to thrive. If soils of suit- able chemical qualities were chosen, it was also found that blue- berries could be propagated and grown as a field crop like other bush fruits, and with promise of profit. When the subject of cultivating blueberries was considered it im- mediately became apparent that the wild plants were extremely varia- ble in size and quality of fruit and in productiveness. The story of how the plants producing the best fruits were discovered and tested is more delightful than a romance. Then, from the best plants thousands of seedlings were grown, and at last a few saved as promising for com- mercial planting. For a long time I have been possessed of a growing curiosity to know whether the Eastern blueberries could be made to thrive in Cali- fornia, and especially I had coveted the improved varieties. From time to time I heard of this person or that who had tried them, but only to fail. In the winter of 1925-26 I selected a little spot in my ie where I thought they might possibly be given a fighting chance. MApDROAO, vol. 1, pp. 179-186, Sept. 1, 1928. 180 MADRONO [Vol. i Through Mr. Coville I got in touch with the J. C. White nurseries, Whitesbog, New Jersey, and received from them the offer of a re- markably generous gift of plants for introducing in different parts of the state where they might be expected to succeed. Fearing the possible introduction of the Japanese beetle into California, I finally declined the larger offer, but I did receive, gratis, six sturdy little plants, one each of the varieties Adams, Grover, Harding, Pioneer, Rubel, and Sam. The plants were carefully examined by the County Horticultural Inspector, as well as by his chief, the County Horti- cultural Commissioner, and the Plant Quarantine Officer of the Port of San Francisco. In spite of all this attention, I was not convinced that some Japanese beetle larvae might not escape detection among the roots, which were densely matted and retained tenaciously the peat in which they had grown. Accordingly, the plants were potted and placed in large insect-proof cages, and all material from about their roots carefully sterilized. When the middle of August passed without the emergence of Japanese or other beetles, the plants were considered safe and were moved to the open. They made an appar- ently healthy but moderate growth. The limitation of the pots and the soil used probably accounted for the small growth. The soil available was a mixture of sand, sphagnum, and river peat. The last is not considered very favorable for blueberries. Now came the most critical time of all. How would these strangers from a stern Atlantic climate take their winter rest and emerge into growth in the spring? The Eastern blueberries had been shown to be plants for which winter cold was necessary for normal growth (2). We used to say that cold was needed to cause various plants to take a proper rest, but now we are told that many plants enter the rest period during summer or autumn. The effect of cold weather is not to induce the rest but to break it, so they may grow off rapidly in the spring. Professor Chandler has an excellent discussion of this subject in his recent book, “Fruit Growing” (3). One of the classic experiments on rest period in plants showed that blueberries in the greenhouse during the spring and summer grew normally, gradually ceased growing, and thereafer never re- newed growth, though kept in the warm greenhouse until they died. One branch of such a plant which had ceased to grow was taken out through an opening and kept outside during freezing weather, but not detached from the plant, which remained in the greenhouse, In its normal season the exposed branch burst into new growth, but the part of the plant which had remained in the warm house failed to start. Not only blueberries but many other plants need the winter cold to grow properly in spring. Especially south of the Tehachapis, in California, peaches, walnuts, and many trees start growth very tardily in some springs, and lose the crop of the year, presumably because of a too mild winter (4). With the approach of autumn, our blueberries were watched with an increasing interest. The formation of new shoots gradually ceased. Buds appeared in the leaf axils, but they were not of equal size and 1928. ] EASTERN BLUEBERRY 181 apparent firmness. Autumn colors gradually spread over the leaves, but the coloring showed considerable variation in the six varieties. Some were decidedly high colored and would make an attractive show for a rather long time. Before midwinter all the plants were bare of leaves, as befits orderly deciduous shrubs. The autumn of 1926 was probably not normal in Berkeley, for the deciduous magnolias blossomed in November and developed some leaves, instead of waiting until spring. Also camellias blossomed in the fall. The winter, 1926-27, however, should not be considered unusual as regards temperature. During December and January there were a number of mornings with white frost, but only very tender plants were injured. Callas frequently showed some wilting but always recovered during the day. During the late winter there were protracted heavy rains, and in early April there was a cold spell, following which most apricot and plum blossoms fell and a good many apricot and cherry trees died from the condition called sour sap. Until midwinter, all the blueberries, in eight-inch pots plunged in the ground, were exposed between two of the greenhouses at the northwest part of the Berkeley campus. Then two of the plants were sent to a co-operator in Sonoma County. Three of them were set in a Fig. 1. Briueserry fruits from the garden of W. T. Horne in Berkeley. a, Harding, June 29, 1927; b, Pioneer, June 15, 1927; c, Rubel, June 29, 1927. Most of the Rubel fruits came in generous clusters but they did not ripen uniformly in the clusters. Photograph by W. C. Mathew. my own garden. The plant of Grover was left undisturbed in its eight-inch pot. It blossomed somewhat later than those in my garden and, though apparently normal in every way, the calyces remained green for a long time without ever swelling into fruits. This indicates the necessity of having more than one variety in a planting to secure cross fertilization. The bushes at my house started in an apparently normal manner and grew moderately. They blossomed sufficiently to indicate fruitfulness, and set well. No attempt was made to keep accurate phenological data, but flowering was rather long-continued, though practically finished by May 10. Fruit was about all ripe by 182 MADRONO [Vol. 1 July 10, though a few small Rubels persisted to near the end of August. The largest single fruit was produced by the Harding, and the largest number and the largest clusters by the Rubel. The three plants, in three separate plots, have been growing in sand with a little sphagnum and, respectively, pine needles, acacia leaves, and oak leaf mold. There has been an occasional application of a few ounces of sulfur and sulfate of ammonia to the soil, which has re- ceived an occasional generous sprinkling, but has not been watered copiously or regularly. From the foregoing it seems probable that the improved Eastern blueberries can be grown in the central and north coast districts of California. The essential conditions, adapted from Mr. Coville, are first, an acid soil (5), in which usually sand and upland peat are the » most favorable constituents; second, an adequate supply of moisture; third, freedom from soil saturation during the growing season. It is not my idea that we are ready for the commercial exploitation of blueberries in California, but that these plants offer most alluring possibilities for those lovers of rare and exquisite fruits, who are not afraid to take pains and trouble, who are not thinking in terms of dollars, but who enjoy horticultural adventure. Very probably, however, blueberries will some day be grown for profit in some parts of California. Certain suggestions arise. Perhaps our own native blueberry or huckleberry (6) is capable of improvement; it may be that some of its forms are sweet and smooth in flavor and texture and large in size; or perhaps it could be crossed with the Eastern forms and give new fruit of unexpected merit. Who can predict what may be found and even brought to being in the way of California blueberries? If any plant lovers should be attracted by the idea of growing blue- berries, they would do well to seek the co-operation of the local horti- cultural commissioner or other plant quarantine official in connection with the bringing in of plants. (1). CoviLLe, Frepericx V. Directions for blueberry culture. Bulletin 974, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1921. (2). CovitLe, FREDERICK V. The influence of cold in stimulating the growth of plants. Journ. Agr. Research. 20, pp. 151-160, pls. 20-35. 1920. (3). CHanpier, W. H. Fruit Growing. Pp. i-xv and 1-777, 60 figures, 84 tables. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1925. (4). Horne, W. T., Geo. P. Wetpon, and E. B. Bascock. Resistance of Peach hybrids to an obscure disease in Southern California. Journ. of Heredity, Vol 18, pp. 99-104, figs. 5-8. March, 1926. (5). The degree of acidity said to be favorable for blueberries is expressed technically as PH=5. A neutral soil would be de- scribed as PH=7, and PH=8 or a higher number, would indi- cate an alkaline soil. Much of our soil in the north coast country is too acid for best results with farm crops and the use 1928. ] BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA 183 of lime is rather general. By consulting the local Farm Adviser or the College of Agriculture, Berkeley, arrangements can prob- ably be made to test the acidity of the soil in any particular locality. (6). Proressor W. L. Jepson, in his ““Manual of the Flowering Plants of California,” lists six species and two varieties of the genus Vaccinium, and it is interesting to note that the variety saporosum Jepson, set off from V. ovatum Pursh., is said to possess fruits of superior flavor. V. ovatum, the evergreen California huckle- berry, is a valuable commercial ornamental green, and its fruit is collected and canned in at least one factory in northern California. Division of Plant Pathology, University of California, November 15, 1927. THE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA.—IIL. Witus Linn Jepson George Hansen The foothill region of the Sierra Nevada has always been, con- sidering its importance in relation to plant distribution and to ecology, a neglected region from the botanical viewpoint. There have been on the whole few resident botanists in that area, and fewer still whose residence or interest lasted over a long period. ' For shorter periods, however, good work in exploration and in local studies has been done. In the early years of the nineties the settlers in the foothills of Calaveras County became familiar with the sight of a man who, on holidays and Sundays, went through the cafions and over the hillslopes, into the forests and river bottoms, gather- ing specimens of native flowers, trees and shrubs and bestowing them in a long tin box which he carried or frequently in a kind of wooden press bound by leather straps. This was George Hansen, a German. The foothill folk sometimes thought his interests in native things strange or eccentric, but he was well liked by all of them on account of his ever cheerful disposition and courteous demeanour. George Hansen was born April 15, 1863 in Hildesheim in Han- over. He was the grandson of J. G. K. Oberdieck, sometimes called the Father of German Pomology. On account of his services to the state the Prussian Government granted to Herr Oberdieck a free college education to such of his grandsons as desired to work in horticulture. It fell out, in consequence, that the young Hansen, after completing the work of the gymnasium -in his birthplace, was sent to Potsdam for the course in the Royal College of Pomology. In 1885 he went to England and took employment with F. Sander & Company, working at first in the orchid house and later making 184 MADRONO [Vol. 1 illustrations for “Reichenbachia’”. He left England in 1887 for San Francisco where he engaged in the nursery business with Hans Plath, one-time President of the California Floral Society. In 1889 he was appointed foreman of the University of Cali- fornia Foothill Experiment Station at Jackson, Amador County, where he remained for about seven years. During this period he prepared the greater portion of his book on the Orchid Hybrids, an enumera- tion and classification of all hy- brids of orchids published up to 1897 (334 pages, 1895-1897), and drew the figures used in illustra- tion of the second part of Greene’s West American Oaks. This illus- tration work developed his field interest in the genus Quercus and a little later he called attention to many of the interesting and re- markable variants of the native species of oak which he discovered in the region of the Foothill Sta- tion. During his summer vacations he collected the native plants in Amador, Calaveras and Alpine counties of the Sierra Nevada with zeal and enthusiasm, and distri- buted to various of the leading herbaria of the world numbered sets of 1500 specimens contain- ing material of some thirty new species and varieties as published by various botanists of his correspondence. Several novitiates in this collection were named for him, among them being Sitanion Hanseni J. G. Smith, Poa Hanseni Scribner, Trifolium Hanseni Greene, Senecio Hanseni Greene, Solanum Hanseni Greene, Godetia Hanseni Jepson, and Cercospora Hanseni Ellis & Everhardt. A narrative of his botanical trips in the central Sierra region of Amador, Calaveras and Alpine counties was published by Mr. Hansen in a little pamphlet entitled Flora of the Sequoia Region (23 pp., 1895), being supplemented by a list of the plants collected and distributed in his exsiccatae (pp. 14). The more important stations at which he collected are as follows: Fisher’s Cabin on the Mokelumne River; Clinton or Clinton Hills, 2000 feet in the foot- hills a little north of east of Jackson; Pine Grove, about five miles north of Clinton; Foothill Experiment Station near Jackson; New York Falls, 2000 feet; Antelope, near head of Tiger Creek, 4500 feet, on the road to Silver Lake from Jackson; Armstrong: station, 5000 feet; Silver Lake, 8000 feet; Twin Lakes, 8500 feet; Carson Spur, 8500 feet. Georcr HANSEN 1928. ] EZRA BRAINERD 185 Of his other writings there may be noted “Ceanothus in the Landscape of the Sierra Nevada” (Gard. & For. 10: 102,—1897) ; “Iris Hartwegii Baker” (Gard. & For. 10: 95,—1897); “The Lilies of the Sierra Nevada” (Erythea, 7:21-23,—1899); “The Reafforest- ing of the Sierra Nevada” (Sierra Club Bull. 3: 224-229,—1901) ; “The Hillside Farmer and the Forest” (Sierra Club Bull. 5: 33-43,— 1904). An injury to his spine compelled him to give up charge of the Foothill Station and he removed to Berkeley in 1896. Here he lived for twelve years, devoting himself mainly to his garden, beyond the limits of which in later years he was seldom able to go. He died March 31, 1908. A sympathetic appreciation of his character, written by his friend Charles Murdock, may be found in the Pacific Unitarian (16: 180). Gifted with a buoyant and courageous spirit he was enabled to bear suffering that would have crushed the average man, and he will be long remembered by his friends for his patience and cheerfulness under adversity. Berkeley, March, 1919. COLLECTING TRIPS OF EZRA BRAINERD IN CALIFORNIA VioLA BRAINERD BatrpD Dr. Brainerd made two trips to California, the first in the summer of 1897, the second in the summer of 1915. Two of. his daughters were then living in California and his first trip was made primarily to visit them and to join them at their summer camp at Strawberry on the Placerville road. While riding on the stage along the South Fork American River he caught sight of a sedge which looked strange and asked the driver to stop while he collected it. This sedge proved to be a new species and was named in his honor, Carex Brainerdii. ' From Strawebrry (Echo P. O.) tramps and excursions were made to many points of interest, such as Desolation Valley, Pyramid Peak and Echo Lake, Snowy Cascade and Snowy Falls (near Slippery Ford), Meisner’s Ranch (a climb of about five miles from Straw- berry), Meisner’s Lake and Little Lake (both near Meisner’s Ranch), Lovers Leap, Lake Audrain, “Mrs. Watson’s” and “Watson’s Meadow” at Strawberry. In this region he collected generally but was par- ticularly interested in sedges. His collection of sedges proved to be one of great interest to Mr. K. K. Mackenzie, the Carex specialist, since his abundant material was chosen with his usual care and dis- crimination. Later in this summer he went to Sisson where he con- tinued collecting in the Shasta region. *By K. K. Mackenzie (Bull. Torr. Club. 40:534,—1923). Specimens of four other species of Carex collected in California by Dr. Brainerd were used as the types for new species by Mr. Mackenzie. See Erythea 8:6.—W. L. Jepson. 186 MADRONO [Vol. 1 His second trip, in 1915, was spent with his daughters in a camp on the Truckee River. His chief interest at this time lay with the genus Viola. For some time he had been absorbed in unravelling this much confused group and its hybrids in the eastern and southern states. In California abundant material both in fruit and flowers was obtained of Viola praemorsa, venosa, purpurea var. pinetorum, adunca, glabella, Macloskeyi and nephrophylla. He made a special trip to Nevada City, which was the type station of Viola sequoiensis, as described by Dr. Albert Kellogg, the early Californian botanist. He wished to find this violet and the so-called sequoias under which they grew. Although as late as the first of August he was able to find fresh flowers but no sequoias, as this region is too far north for Sequoia gigantea and too far inland for Sequoia sempervirens. From Berkeley, a special trip was made to Fort Bragg and Noyo on the Mendocino coast where he found material of Viola sarmentosa, adunca, ocellata and by rare chance specimens of Viola Langsdorfii,” a violet which had not been reported from California before. He had found in one summer all of the California violets but seven. His daughter, however, was able to send him this material, at a later date, before he began his work on the “Violets of North America”. This was published in 1921 as Bulletin 224 of the Ver- mont Agricultural Experiment Station. It contains 164 pages with 66 plates in black and white and 25 colored ones. Dr. Brainerd was born in St. Albans, Vermont, Dec. 17, 1844. For twenty-three years he was president of Middlebury College. He died Dec. 8, 1924. Berkeley, November, 1927. NOTES AND NEWS There is a station for McNab Cypress (Cupressus Macnabiana Murr.) about one-half mile west of the junction of the Alcalde mine road with the McCormick road to Indian Spring, Nevada County. It also occurs in one locality between Nevada City and Grass Valley.— A. E. WIESLANDER, Nov., 1927. The first volume of Dr. LeRoy Abram’s Flora of the Pacific Coast was issued May 15, 1923. It is bound in cloth, contains 557 pages and 1299 figures. (Stanford University Press. $9.00). A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California by Dr. W. L. Jepson was published 1923 to 1925. It is bound in cloth, contains 1244 pages and 1023 illustrations. (Associated Students Store, Uni- versity of California, Berkeley, California. $7.50). *Published by Dr. Albert Kellogg in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2:185 (1863). Viola lobata Bentham (PI. Hartw. 298,— 1848) antedates it—W. L. Jepson. *Mr. Milo S. Baker, who has studied the violets of western America for rae years, refers this Mendocino coast plant to Viola palustris L—W. L. EPSON. MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY | THE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA.—IV, W. L. Jepson. BIOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF CALIFORNIAN FLOWERING PLANTS.—lI, 4 WUENEE SEDSGT Ble Sk Ng | _ CALIFORNIA ParRK COMMISSION, W. L. Jepson November, 1928 Bresiteeee ui eee Se CEN Ee eng Dr. W. L. Jepson, University of California. MADRONO ae JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes o the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of commun! cation relating to measures in behalf ot the preservation of the native flora; an to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon the habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants will be espe- cially welcome. f Publication Committee W. L. Jepson Botany Building, University of California, Berkeley, California me Grorce J. PEIRCE, Jotin THomas HoweLtt, Stanford University University of California at Los Angeles CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigation of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, field- trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora amongst the people of California. Ae . Officers of the Society First Vice-President.................ce0scsscsseecceseneese Dr. G. J. Peirce, Stanford University. Second Vice-President..........2..:sss0sssees- Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California. Treasurerei ee Mr. M. S. Jussell, San Francisco Polytechnic High School. DCreR ary ile Ena ee a Miss Zelma Reeve, 2515 Webster St., Berkeley, Cal. Field Committee: Miss A. E. Ehlers, 2741 Prince St., Berkeley. Dr. E. F. Card, 2677 Larkin St., San Francisco. Miss Elsie Zeile, 775 Post St., San Francisco. Conservation Committee: Mr. Geo. B. Furniss, 375 Staten Ave., Oakland. Annual Dinner Committee: Miss Ethel Crum, Mrs. H. P. Bracelin, Mr. David Goddard. Membership Committee: Professor George J. Peirce, Stanford University. Professor W. T. Horne, University of California. Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills College. Professor W. W. Mackie, University of California. Botanical Garden Committee: Anson S. Blake; James B. Smith; F. F. Barbour The Annual Dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasurer, Cali fornia Botanical Society, Botany Building, University Campus, Berkeley, California. Back numbers of the Journal may be had from the Corresponding Secretary Botany Building, Berkeley, California. Subscription price $3.00 per year. Published quarterly by the California Botanical Society, Berkeley, California, U.S. A Subscription price three dollars per year. Application made for entry as second-class’ mail matter at the postoffice at Berkeley, California. To be issued bimonthly in 1929 1928. ] ADDITIONS TO CALIFORNIA FLORA 187 ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF CALIFORNIA. Hersert L. Mason With the increase of accessibility of many of the more remote parts of California, botanical exploration has been advancing rapidly. New things are constantly being found to offer encouragement io the collector and lend fascination to his travels. Following are two such plants recently found by the writer and apparently not reported elsewhere by botanists. Lupinus peirsoni n.sp. Perennial, much branched from the base, stems 3-6 dm. high; herbage white-silky throughout; leaves long- petioled, leaflets 7, unequal, 2-5 cm. long, oblanceolate, rounded and somewhat mucronulate at the apex; inflorescence a strict spike on an elongated scape, spike 4-10 cm. long, the lowermost flowers whorled, the upper scattered; bracts deciduous, somewhat rufous-silky; pedicels short, stout; calyx 2-lipped, the lips entire or somewhat obscurely denticulate at the apex, 8 mm. long, campanulate; corolla yellow, the banner orbicular-ovate, notched at the apex, sides recurved, 12 mm. long, 9 mm. wide, claw short-triangular, with a deep median fold, only the apex reflexed about 45 degrees from the axis of the flowers: wings 11 mm. long, enclosing the keel; keel ciliate in the middle portion only or above; pistil with long silky pubescence; ovules 3-5. In loose talus soil of Rock Creek Cafion at the lower edge of the Pifion pine belt, alt. 4250 feet, Los Angeles Co., California; H. L. Mason 3026, April 27, 1926, type. Lupinus peirsoni is a very striking member of the genus with its many erect close spikes of yellow flowers standing out above a rounded mass of silvery white foliage. It grows in the loose talus soil formed by the weathering away of the dry hills on the desert side of the San Gabriel Mountains. Its roots are deeply buried, due to the constant and rapid accumulation of soil about the plant, and its crown is diversely branched many inches below the present soil level. It gives me great pleasure to dedicate this species to Mr. Frank Peirson of Pasadena, California, to whom I am indebted for many favors and many a pleasurable trip in Southern California. DoDECATHEON HENDERSONI var. yosemitiana n. var. Plant 10-20 em. high growing in dense tufts; storage roots many, short-oblong, resembling rice grains, pink to red; crown short, often disc-like; herbage glabrous; leaves short-spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, 2-15 mm. wide, narrowed to a membranous petiole about half the length of the blade, margin often a hyaline band; scape 1-8 flowered, glabrous throughout; corolla white, rarely rose-purple, o-merous; androecium deep purple, the filaments united into a narrow tube, anthers equaling or subequaling the filament tube; capsule exceeding the calyx, operculately dehiscent. Headwaters of Yosemite Creek near Porcupine flat, Tioga Road, alt. 8000 feet, July 24, 1922; H. L. Mason 322, type. “Kings River MAapRONO, vol. 1, pp. 187-194. Nov. 1, 1928. 188 MADRONO [Vol. 1 country, one-half mile beyond J. O. Pass, alt. 9000 feet, July 12, 1922, C. Flinn”. Kaiser Peak, 10,000 feet, A. L. Grant 1011. Dodecatheon hendersoni and its varieties usually occur in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and in the Coast Ranges in the upper Sonoran zone and the lower part of the Transition zone. Altitudinally the group ranges to about 5000 feet where it is displaced by D. jeffreyi. It is therefore with some misgiving that I describe this plant from the Canadian and Hudsonian zones as a mere variety of D. hendersoni. The plant grows in dense tufts. It produces bulblets very abundantly and reproduces freely by them. Transplanting experiments on this variety have shown it to grow and bloom freely at higher altitudes, but it seems unable to cope with the hot dry con- ditions that prevail at lower altitudes. In these experiments, plants were taken from Porcupine Flat to Tuolumne Meadows and to Mather. The former locality is 8500 feet altitude and the latter 4700 feet. THE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA.—IV. Wits Linn Jepson George Dexter Butler In the spring of 1880 the California stage coach, drawn by four horses, south-bound from Ashland, Oregon, carried one day as pas- sengers, two botanists engaged in a botanical reconnaissance of the Pacific Coast with especial reference to the coniferae. One of these men was Dr. George Engelmann of St. Louis, the other Professor - Charles Sargent of the Arnold Arboretum at Jamaica Plain in eastern Massachusetts. As the straining horses drew the coach heavily up the steep grade of the Siskiyou Mountains the two travelers con- versed on the composition of the forest through which they were passing. Finally the summit was reached and when the trotting horses took the downward slope into Siskiyou County, Dr. Engel- mann remarked: “I have written George Butler and I am sure he will meet us at Montague station; that is not far from Yreka.” When they arrived at Montague there was no Mr. Butler. The two travelers continued their southward journey into the Great Valley of California. At that time George D. Butler had been resident in Siskiyou County only a short time. He was born in Morris, Grundy County, Illinois, August 17th, 1850, though his early boyhood belongs to Bureau County. Later he attended the University of Iowa at Iowa City. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in Iowa, but did not begin to practice at once. After the fashion of many young lawyers he took up the teaching profession as a stepping stone to the law. He began to teach in Arkansas and in Indian Territory, developing during this period a botanical correspondence with Dr. George Engel- mann of St. Louis, who received from his correspondent, amongst other things, a new Isoetes, which he named Isoetes Butleri. Seized by the spirit of adventure Mr. Butler went west to Cali- fornia and followed various occupations such as teaching, running 1928. ] BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA 189 sawmills and holding county office. In 1896 he was admitted to the bar in California and began the practice of law as his definite profession. George Butler’s passion for botany had always been such that he did not dare trust it. Therefore, on coming to California he de- termined to let the science of botany entirely alone. If he gave him- self to it at all he feared that his proper profession as a lawyer would be largely or too much neglected and that his first obligation, the support and education of his family, would suffer. When the letter came from his old friend, Dr. Engelmann, he was much puzzled in mind as to what he should do. If he went to the stage junction, there would surely be numerous fascinating field problems sug- gested to him and he felt doubt- ful of resisting such deep temp- tations. The letter, therefore, he deliberately ignored. In this man- ner the years passed by, prac- ticing law in Yreka, the county seat of Siskiyou County. In 1906 he chanced to be in a bookshop in Oakland where his eye caught sight of a second- hand copy of Jepson’s Flora. For a few moments he hesitated and then laid the book down and went away. Still he found him- self insistently pondering and considering. As a lawyer he had been successful; his children had been educated and he was now financially independent. He went back to the shop, bought the book and determined to study and col- lect the native vegetation of Siskiyou County, an area over three- quarters that of the state of Massachusetts. He threw himself into his new plans with fervent eagerness. He made collecting trips in every direction from Yreka, east to Goose- nest Mountain, north into the Siskiyous, west into the Marble Moun- tain region with all its varied vegetation, its engaging and interest- ing endemics. Meanwhile he built an herbarium building on his home property in Yreka, purchased floras and worked ardently on his collections. It was his purpose to found a county herbarium which should have a permanent character, a plan undoubtedly of economic value to the agricultural, horticultural and educational interests of the county, but a project which was, perhaps, a little in advance of the times. It was while engaged on these plans that he GeorceE Dexter BUTLER 190 MADRONO [Vol. 1 was suddenly carried off by a stroke of apoplexy on October 3, 1910. His herbarium, after his death, passed as a gift to the Uni- versity of California. It is by far the most complete collection that has thus far been made of the flora of Siskiyou County. The speci- mens in it, or the duplicates distributed from it, are frequently cited by A. S. Hitchcock in his grass papers relating to California and by W. L. Jepson in the Flora of California, as well as by other writers. A number of his letters are in the Jepson Correspondence (vol. 6, ms). Berkeley, November, 1920. BIOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF CALIFORNIAN FLOWERING PLANTS.-—I Wis Linn Jepson Longitudinal fission in the plant body of Ceanothus cuneatus Nutt. (Buckbrush). It was in August, 1890, while on a botanical expedition in the central Sierra Nevada foothills of California, that my attention was first attracted by the growth behavior of Ceanothus cuneatus. Shrubs Fig. 1. CeEanotHus cuneaTus Nutt. a, stem 19 years old showing the bases of persisting dead branches and the well-formed lethal channels connecting them; b, stem about 30 years old; c, stem about 35 years old, showing the interlacing woody strands. Specimens from Kaweah, Sierra Nevada foothills. x. 1928. ] PECULIARITIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS Let of this species are often dominant in the chaparral on rocky or gravelly slopes, but also attain great development on little flats or vales in the hills where, in such situations, they may sometimes form the only woody vegetation. On these flats the stand is typically open, with grassy swales between the shrubs, the individuals char- acteristically forming a many-stemmed broad bush about six to ten feet high. The main stems from the base of a single shrub are often of very diverse age, but aside from age, study of the main stems showed that they were, as observed, of two wholly different develop- mental types as to origin, one type being the simple crown shoots, the other type representing sets of three or four stems, organically quite distinct, but each set of which had been derived by longitudinal fission from a single original crown shoot. The process of this de- velopment may be traced in this way. The leaves of Ceanothus cuneatus are decussately opposite and bear in their axils decussately opposite branches. On the primary erect shoots this arrangement is fairly regular. The branches are small, uniform and more or less horizontally spreading; after four Fig. 2. CEANOTHUS CUNEATUS Nutt. Cross-sections of stems: a, stem about 19 years old, showing the irregularity in intrusion of the lethal channels; c, stem about 30 years old, the overlapping lethal channels having produced six woody strands which are connected only by dead heartwood (duramen); 6, stem about 35 years old, the four living woody strands gradually separating from the duramen which is now being consumed by wood-destroying fungi. x14. to eight years, in great part, often almost wholly, they begin to die back and die completely. When the death of these tissues takes place there is initiated a depressant or lethal influence on the adjoin- ing xylem tissues of the main stem both above and below the base of the branch, which influence extends vertically up and down the stem or trunk. The result of continued growth in the intervals is to develop roundish woody strands and thus to bring about a longi- tudinal channeling of the stem, which channeling connects with similar channeling which has formed contemporaneously at the next branch above or below (Fig. 1). Where there is no stem torsion, the stem, therefore, finally becomes deeply and regularly four-chan- neled longitudinally through the bases of the four rows of dead decussate branches; concurrently, as growth proceeds year after year, the stem develops four roundish ridges of wood which become more 192 MADRONO [Vol. 1 deeply separated from each other (Fig. 1). After a period of fifteen to twenty years heartwood is formed which is without protection from wood-destroying fungi on account of the deeply intruding chan- nels of dead tissues running lengthwise through the base of the small dead primary branches. When the heartwood decays completely three or four separate living trunks are thus formed from the single original shoot (Fig. 2). Commonly there is more or less torsion of the shoot, with more or less displacement of the branches in the decussate arrangement. As a consequence the channels formed overlap and produce much irregularity or complexity in the development of the stem and of the separating longitudinal roundish strands (Fig. 1). Usually it is only in quite old individuals that the full history of the stem proceeds as just described, but successive stages of the srowth on the way to complete fission by decay of central dead tissues may be observed in the case of any individual that is mature or past maturity. In other portions of the range of the species—in the Coast Ranges and elsewhere—the initiation of the tendency to separation of the strands of woods is equally marked but is likely to be only partial in development. Berkeley, Sept. 5, 1921. CALIFORNIA PARK COMMISSION The last legislature of California (1927) passed a bill authorizing a Park Commission; the bill was approved by Governor Young and is now law. The Governor has recently appointed the members of the Commission, consisting of Mr. W. E. Colby, Sierra Club, San Fran- cisco; President R. L. Wilbur, Stanford University; ex-senator W. F. Chandler, Fresno; Judge Henry O’Melveny, Los Angeles; and Major F. R. Burnham, Los Angeles. The actual administration of all parks and monuments will be under the Division of Parks, State Department of Natural Resources, but will be guided by the policies as laid down by the Park Commission. All California state parks have an interest to botanists from the standpoint of conservation of wild life, or as sanctuaries for rare species. Any movement which has for its object the reservation of wild land in anv part of the state should have the active support of members of our Society.—W. L. JEPson. NOTES AND NEWS. A new periodical, entitled “Contributions from the Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University,” is being issued under the direc- tion of Dr. LeRoy Abrams. No. 1 contains “A Distributional Cata- logue of the Lupines of Oregon” by Charles Piper Smith and No. 2, “Preliminary Report on the Flora of the Tres Marias Islands” by Roxana Ferris. 1928. ] NOTES AND NEWS 193 Dr. D. T. McDougal of the Carnegie Institution and Dr. Gilbert M. Smith of Stanford University have demonstrated living ray cells in the heart wood (duramen) of Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) which were about a century old (Science, 66: 456). Dr. McDougal had previously shown the existence of living cells in Carnegia (Cereus giganteus) which continued to grow for a century (American Naturalist, 60: 393). These authors note that these long-lived cells are of the simple parenchyma type. Dr. L. H. Knoche, well-known for his published work on the Mediterranean flora, has returned to California to live at his boy- hood home, San Jose, where he has erected a fireproof building to house his botanical library of ten thousand volumes and an exten- sive herbarium which is especially rich in south European species. The Nature Almanac or Handbook of Nature Education is an entirely new type of book by Arthur Newton Pack, President of the American Nature Association, and E. Lawrence Palmer, Professor of Rural Education, Cornell University. The book is a manual and directory combined. The status of nature study in each state is out- lined; the activities of associations and clubs interested in nature study are described; a school outline of nature study is given at length; there is an extensive bibliography. These are a few of the excellent features. It may be thought remarkable that such a book has not been written hitherto. (American Nature Association, Wash- ington, D. C.) The Carnegie Institution of Washington has decided to centralize its botanical work in the west to the extent of erecting a headquarters building at some favorable location. This plan, to be carried out gradually, will affect plant physiology, plant ecology and systematic botany. It seems likely that a site may be chosen at Stanford University. The genus Orthocarpus is most strongly developed in California where its individuals are so numerous as to be an important factor in the flowering coloration which is developed in the springtime on the open slopes of the foothills. The genus has been revised by David D. Keck who recognizes 25 species, all of them West-American except Orthocarpus laciniatus of the Andes of Chili and Peru. Speci- mens of the West American Orthocarpus attenuatus have also been collected in Chili, but may, the author thinks, represent possible in- troductions. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 16: 517-571,—1927). M. Georges Poirault, Director of the Villa Thuret, a botanic garden in southeastern France, visited California in April, 1927. Another recently issued textbook is “The Physiology of Plants” by George J. Peirce, Professor of Botany in Stanford University. The sub-title reads: “The Principles of Food Production”. It is a readable and stimulating text with the exercise of much candor on disputed questions, of which there are quite as many in this Begerment of the science as any other. (Henry Holt & Co., New ork). 194 MADRONO [Vol. 1 The Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago) has published a Flora of Santa Catalina Island (Bot. Ser. vol. 5, pp. 1-413, pls. 1-14,—1923). The authors are C. F. Millspaugh and L. W. Nuttall. It is a considerable output in a short time by Dr. Millspaugh who visited California but once and then only for a few months. He had, however, the zealous aid of Mr. Nuttall whose field work on the island adds valuable facts to practically every page, especially in the way of citation of specimens, an excellent feature but too often neglected by authors. Apparently it was made a principle to adopt every genus segregate possible and of course every species segregate. The work includes Cryptogams as well as Spermatophytes. It is a little odd, even in a linear sequence, to see Compositae succeeded by Polypodiaceae.—W. L. JEPSON. A new edition of Holman and Robbins’ Textbook of Botany was published in 1927. The authors are both of the University of Cali- fornia. As a general text it has come into very wide use by institu- tions of collegiate rank throughout the world. (John Wiley & Son, New York. $4.00). | A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS MIMULUS. The genus Mimulus, including the large number of monkey- flowers so familiar to the traveler everywhere in California, has been monographed by Dr. A. L. Grant. The monograph represents, obviously, a great amount of competent and painstaking labor. The descriptions are full without being prolix, localities and specimens are quoted at length, and the keys are carefully worked out, though in the key to the sections of the genus the expression “lower teeth of the mature capsule” is plainly impossible. One hundred and fourteen species, chiefly of the New World, are recognized. A con- siderable number of new species are published, not a few of them from California. Under our varying conditions of soil, moisture, altitude and forest shade many Mimulus species in California are, in certain situations, prone to the development of exiguous states, in others to extreme dwarfing. Some of the new species listed in this monograph are, therefore, very likely edaphic variants of species already more or less familiar; one or two others seem to represent stages of juvenilism or maturity of species hitherto described. It is to be regretted that in this genus, which offers such unusual opportunity for instructive and significant drawings, the text could not have been illustrated quite fully. The “Monograph of the Genus Mimulus” can be pur- chased by addressing the Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden at St. Louis. (Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol. 9, pp. 99-384, plates 3 to 10,—1924) —W. L. Jepson. ‘NUMBER 14 iF “ wR - : - nay. oT a ET - MADRONO - | JOURNAL OF THE _ | ie i CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL | SOCIETY Contents | Why THE EscuscHoitzia, Edward Lee Greene . . . . B THE MONTEREY CYPRESS AT CYPRESS POINT, Harry Ashland Greene 197 ‘Ea _ PHYSIOLOGICAL BILABIATION IN THE FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIAN : ANGIOSPERMS.—I, Willis Linn Jepson Seen el hoe LOS FIELD NOTES ON BRODIAEA SPECIES IN HUMBOLDT i Re ticth COUNTY, iLO CSE BAe RT Ya on ea eh ee ie _ VARIATION IN THE PAPPUS OF LAYIA PENTACHAETA GRAY, Willis EGLUIUC DSO feat ae) hepiplte MP eae _ Norns AND NEWS March, 1929 em cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; ‘cially welcome. — “MADRONO =a JOURNAL OF THE eee BOTANICAL SOCIETY the ee of the native plants of Gate to firnich a siedtarh of comm to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants will be es. Publication Committee W. L. Jepson Botany Building, University of California, Berkeley, California GeorcE J. Peirce, Joun Tuomas Howe1, Stanford University University of California Berkeley CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigatia of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, fiel trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora amiong the people of California. Officers of the Society 3 Presidents <4. cei.) Noa lhe a se Ros Dr. W. L. Jepson, University of California. First Vice-President...................--- Professor W. W. Mackie, University of California Second Vice-President...................0.-20000--+- Mr. H. L. Mason, University of Californi ‘Ereasurer: sch. Mme Le Miss Elsie M. Zeile, 1501 Sansome St., San Francise Field Committee: Mr. M. S. Jussell, 473 45th St., Oakland, Cal. —Chairman. Annual Dinner Committee: Mr. H. L. Mason, Mr. David Goddard, Mr. Carl Meyer, Miss Lucile Roush. Membership Committee: Professor George J. Peirce, Stanford University. Professor W. T. Horne, University of California. Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills College. Professor W. W. Mackie, meine of California. 1929] WHY THE ESCHSCHOLTZIA 195 WHY THE ESCHSCHOLTZIA? Epwarp LEE GREENE Doubtless our sunny plains, shady cafions and mountain forests yield types of floral beauty more delicate than the Eschscholtzia and some of them equally characteristic of California; why then should this poppy-like flower have been selected as the State’s floral emblem?’ The snow plant of the Sierra—stem, leaves, flowers and all of the richest crimson—is peculiar to California and the subject of universal and unbounded admiration. The lily family, an alliance of plants abounding in flowers of signal beauty and elegance, has plenty of distinctly Californian types not excelled by their relatives of other parts of the world. The lilies themselves, as they adorn our moun- tain woods and stream banks, might have furnished a State flower; or, even more appropriately, their near ally, the Calochortus, or butterfly tulip, or Mariposa lily, as it is popularly called. These, with our Brodiaeas and other lily-like flowers, are coveted through- out the world by flower growers as among the most surpassingly beau- tiful of all the plants indigenous to California. Even the blue and white and purple-flecked Nemophilas, or their kindred, the Phacelias, whose masses of bloom impart to our wheat fields in March the hues of the sky overhead, might have furnished a good floral emblem. But the State flower must be that of a plant more generally dis- seminated throughout our commonwealth, more conspicuous—in a word, more popular than any of these. The Sarcodes, or snow plant, gorgeously beautiful though it be, is limited to the woods of the upper Sierras, where in its native vigor and freshness, perhaps not more than one in a thousand among us will ever behold it. And it steadily refuses to be cultivated; moreover, it is after all only a splendid parasite, and California is not a parasite State. The deli- cate yet brilliant Mariposas put forth their white, or red or yellow pendants in the shade of thickets, or among the more inaccessible places of the mountains. They are matchless among our wild flowers, in both form and coloring, but they are too select and retiring for popularity. The grain field flowers of spring, painting whole land- scapes, are both short lived and local. They are of the great interior valleys but not of the whole State. All the prerequisites of an acceptable floral emblem for Calli- fornia meet in the Eschscholtzia. It is a plant of singular beauty. The delicately-cut foliage, the graceful stem, the satin-like luster of the golden petals—all these combine to make such a plant as flower lovers in all parts of the world have prized highly ever since the *This article was written to serve as part of the general observance which took place in 1890 on the occasion of the adoption of the Eschscholtzia as the state flower of California by vote of the California Floral Society and other public organizations. By act of the legislature of California in 1903 the Eschscholtzia became officially the state flower of California. So far as we know this article has never been printed in any magazine of botany or horticulture—W. L. J. MADRONO, vol. 1, pp. 195-202, Apr. 22, 1929. 196 MADRONO [ Vol. 1 time of its first discovery. It is distinctively Californian. There is no Eschscholtzia indigenous to any island of the sea or any continent but North America; and even here it is confined to the Pacific Coast, where it is well-nigh exclusively Californian. While a single species illuminates the plains of northern Mexico in early spring, and another extends northward to the valley of the Columbia, all the rest are strictly Californian. And within the State they are of more universal distribution than almost any other of our native flowers. The great desert of the Rio Colorado has its peculiar Eschscholtzia, and that quite different physical region, the Mojave, has two species, one of them with flowers so small that none but a botanist would be likely to recognize it at first glance as of this genus. Another sort adorns the San Diego seaboard hills; and still another—-and this is the original Eschscholtzia Californica—enlivens our northern coasts from Monterey to San Francisco. Both the plains and the foothills of our great interior valleys present in many places in the month of April vast landscapes largely orange-colored by the profusion of the hand- somest of all the species, Eschscholtzia crocea. Still another sort, a small and close-tufted plant with flowers of lighter yellow, occupies the hill country of our more northerly districts; and this species drew the attention of the mining pioneers of forty years ago, springing up as it did and unfolding its yellow flowers abundantly on every dump newly made by the pick and spade of the gold-seekers. And men pressed the brilliant corollas and sent them in letters home to the east and called them the “California Gold Flower”. It was a name most naturally suggested to their minds by both the habitat and the hue of the petals which might well have been retained as opular one for these plants. It was at a later period, and only by help of the botanists, who knew the plant to be of the poppy family, that the name of California poppy came into use. It is not a very good name, inasmuch as it is hardly a natural one. The affinities of the Eschscholtzia are with the poppies, no doubt; but the external resemblance is so slight that none but a professional botanist would have been likely to detect the relationship. As a popular name Eschscholtzia will, perhaps, always continue to be objectionable; a college course in German seeming to be almost necessary to either an understanding or a correct pronunciation of it. But this, like every other scientific plant-name, has a history; and, to those who know the history, a fitness. A brief sketch of the origin of this name Eschscholtzia may, perchance, commend it to the scorner of Teutonian polysyllabics in general. Seventy-five years ago our State floral emblem had neither a name nor place in the lists of either botanists or florists. Two years since at the German capital they unveiled to the public a statue of an eminent traveler, botanist and man of letters, Adelbert von Chamisso; and it was he who had the happiness of discovering in California, and of introducing into Europe, this most characteristic of our California plants. In the year 1816 this man, then a youth, in com- pany with his intimate friend, John Frederic Eschscholtz, during 1929] MONTEREY CYPRESS 197 successive October days rambled over what must have been bleak and desolate hills where now stands the city of San Francisco. They were both fresh from university halls, and, as young men of promise, had received appointments from the Russian Emperor to accompany Lieutenant Kotzebue on his voyage of discovery. Eschscholtz was surgeon and zoologist to the expedition, Chamisso was botanist, and upon their return from the voyage, Chamisso made known to the botanical and floricultural world the most beautiful of their new acquisitions, the California poppy-like flower, dedicating it to his friend and companion of the voyage, the young Dr. Eschscholtz. Berkeley, Dec. 3, 1890. HISTORICAL NOTE ON THE MONTEREY CYPRESS AT CYPRESS POINT Harry ASHLAND GREENE In the Cypress Grove, at Cypress Point, Monterey, there are 10,550 cypress trees, including those growing along the “Seventeen Mile Drive” strip between the main grove and Pebble Beach, which property is being sold for residence purposes. Leaving out the strip mentioned, the grove occupies about 50 acres. To arrive at the number of trees I divided the territory into seven sections, counting each separately. There are 2700 cypresses fringing the shore eastward from the main grove, in the strip referred to, thus leaving 7,850 trees in the 50 acres, other than saplings. Throughout the territory are surveyors’ stakes and a new road has been built eastward through the grove. At a point where the cypresses terminate somewhat abruptly some clear- ing has been done. Many years ago I urged that the pines be cleared away there and back into the grove. It is now evident that, had this been done, there would be many more cypress trees in that area than there are now. Our short-lived tolerant pines have not only choked out the young cypresses but the mature ones have destroyed many cypress trees in falling, even large ones. I have a personal acquaintance with all the cypress trees in the grove having any right to claim distinction. Some of them I have known for nearly forty years, particularly one which I named Octopus. I am willing to believe that this most distorted of all trees on earth is 1,000 years old, and that there are older ones in the grove. A tree sawn off at the ground many years ago is still lying sound and looks as if it might have lived 10,000 years; on counting its rings only 184. were found. I wanted to believe that there are cypresses in our grove at least as old as the Christian Era, but my conscience forced me to join the ranks of the conservatives. Of course such persons are quite un- popular in this region and the tourist is regularly furnished with one or the other most wonderful stories of how and when the grove was planted by man. The age of the oldest trees is given to travelers as from four to eight thousand years, A number of the old trees, back among the pines, have been hollowed by fire. One hollowed tree is about 70 feet high and measures 198 MADRONO [ Vol. 1 18 feet, 8 inches in circumference breast high. It is still in fair con- dition. Ancther cypress, growing about 1,000 feet from the ocean shore and which shows no mark of fire, has a girth, breast high, 15 feet, 4 inches with a spread of 90 feet in one direction and 75 feet in the other. At the ground, including the roots, the tape measure showed 34 feet as its circumference. When we were trying to have the Cypress Point grove made into a National Monument its land value was deemed insignificant; at the present time villa sites, with shore frontage, are held at ten thou- sand dollars per acre. Monterey, November 16, 1921. PHYSIOLOGICAL BILABIATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL IRREGU- LARITY IN THE FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIAN ANGIOSPERMS.—I Witurs Linn JEPSON In laying down principles of classification and phylogeny in the field of the Angiosperms it is taken as an axiom that regular (actinomorphic) corollas are to be regarded as representing a more primitive state than irregular (zygomorphic) corollas. Such an axiom may be defended, in part, on the grounds of the general morphology of the flower in connection with the morphology of the angiospermic plant as a whole. The cases of teratology in which highly irregular flowers become regular or sub-regular also bear on this matter. Reference may be made, as an example, to the highly zygomorphic type of flower in Scrophularia californica Cham., which, at times, as an abnormal condition, becomes sub- regular.. Numerous other instances in the field of teratology might be given. A long series of families of flowering plants as represented in California are characterized by regular corollas. In many of these families, more or less widely scattered phylogenetically, there is shown an evident tendency to exhibit species with irregular flowers, or even occasionally genera. The irregularity that is here under dis- cussion is limited to what may be called physiological irregularity, that is those cases in which the parts of the corolla remain morpho- logically of the same size and shape, but the parts are so disposed as to form a flower that is in structure constantly irregular or zygomorphic. It has been my practice in the field to speak of this peculiarity as physiological irregularity or, in some cases, as physio- logical bilabiation. It is now proposed to describe and discuss various species which illustrate this condition. Clarkia pulchella Dougl. is a not uncommon plant on openly wooded slopes in the foothills of California, usually growing in a soil where there is at least some surface woodland mulch. Long azo I had noted and described the four petals as spreading in pairs * Cf. Jepson, Erythea, 7:123-127, fig. 3 (1899). 1929] BRODIAEA SPECIES 199 right and left so as to make a flower which is markedly zygomorphic from a physiological standpoint.” In this connection it is now neces- sary to describe the stamens which are eight in number, four long and four short. The long stamens bear crimson anthers which open only by a pore beneath the terminal appendage. The four short stamens have white anthers that open their full length. Each and every filament has a tuft of hairs at the throat, so that there appears to be a ring of hairs at the throat. Below this in the cup, there is another ring of hairs, very well defined, but not so dense. This species has been studied at numerous stations in the field but the following notes were made in a colony on the upper San Benito River at the mouth of Lorenzo Creek. This colony grew under a Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii H. & A.) tree where the steep slope was covered with leaf mold. The records were made in early June, 1927. Bees are now visiting the flowers. The bee alights on the protruding white style and the stamen cluster and hangs on by these organs. The petals, as said, spread right and left, and do not interfere with alighting on the flower from above or swinging the body freely downward. After establishing himself on the flower the bee feeds on the freely exposed pollen masses of the short white anthers, his body, with its hairy under surface, rest- ing on the long stamens and brushing up pollen from the long crimson anthers. These anthers have the pollen so disposed that the bee could not easily feed upon it; but this pollen is evidently carried by the under parts of the bee to another flower where it is thrust directly against the stigmas of the protruding style which stands directly in the way of the insect visitor. It seems a natural inference that the physiological irregularity in Clarkia pulchella, which I have noted as a widely spread _ phe- nomenon, is to be associated with the biological needs of the flower in relation to insects. Berkeley, September, 1927, FIELD NOTES ON CERTAIN BRODIAEA SPECIES IN HUMBOLDT COUNTY Miro S. BAKER These notes concern my nos. 137 a, b and c, which is Brodiaea congesta, nos. 138 a, b and c, which is B. venusta and nos. 139 a, b and c, which is B. ida-maia, as observed by the writer in Humboldt County. These species are found growing within a few feet of each other, at the head of the South Fork of Yager Creek, just inside the fence on the west side of the road, a few hundred feet from the east gate of the Lamb ranch. The date is July 28, 1923. Brodiaea ida-maia is very common through this region and far to the northward; B. venusta is quite uncommon and occurs, so far as I observe, only where B. ida-maia and B. congesta are near at hand. I find B. venusta at one particular spot where no B. congesta °Flora of Western Middle California, 332 (1901), ed. 2, 277 (1911); Man. 673, fig. 660 (1925). 200 MADRONO [ Vol. iL can be seen; this station is in the low ground along the creek where B. congesta is naturally to be expected, but where cattle had been pastured, and where (being late in the season) it might easily have been destroyed. B. ida-maia is found everywhere in this vicinity, not only in the low ground, but on the slopes of the hills on both sides of the creek valley and pretty well up towards the top; but B. venusta is only found in the richer ground along the creek and here only am I able to find B. congesta. Both B. congesta and B. venusta appear to be earlier than B. ida-maia. Brodiaea venusta appears to me to be a hybrid, not merely be- cause its grows only (in this locality) where the other species are found, but from a comparison of its morphological characters with those of B. congesta and B. ida-maia. This idea is, of course, tenta- tive and could be discredited by finding it occurring in some locality where one or both of the others are not found. The seeds of B. venusta should be collected and grown. Brodiaea stellaris is quite abundant at one place on the south side of Yager Creek. This spot has a northeastern exposure. I do not see it anywhere else. Mr. Joseph Tracy has, however, collected it a short distance east on the north side of the creek. The spot where it is plenti- ful (my station) is not more than 20 or 30 feet across, in a shaded situation and moist, clayey soil. I find these plants to differ in minor particulars from the formal description of B. stellaris as follows: (a) length of scape 6 to 12 in.; (b) corm spherical; (c) wings purple and as long as anthers (though not as high), strictly approximate, curved under at top, thus partly concealing stamens and stigma; (d) perianth segments not narrow. Santa Rosa Junior College, 1923. VARIATION IN THE PAPPUS OF LAYIA PENTACHAETA Gray Witus Linn Jerson The collection, which formed the basis of Layia pentachaeta was collected by Dr. J. M. Bigelow in May, 1854, at Knights Ferry on the Stanislaus River, Stanislaus County. The species was published by Asa Gray in the Pacific Railroad Report, volume 4, page 108, in 1857. There is an excellent plate (plate 16). The type is in the Gray Herbarium, and has been examined through the courtesy of the Curator, Dr. B. L. Robinson. Of the flowers belonging to the type which were examined, some fifteen, all showed five naked pappus bristles. On general morphologic and phylogenetic grounds one may consider five to be the ancestral number in this form. Variations from this number are indicated by the following specimens: (1) Simpson Ranch, Sweetwater Creek, Eldorado County, K. Brandegee; pappus bristles one to five, naked at base; in one head the variation was one, two, three, four. (2) Simpson Ranch, Sweetwater Creek, K. Brandegee, pappus bristles nearly always none; two flowers were found in separate heads, each having one naked awn about half as long as corolla. (3) Simpson Ranch, Sweetwater Creek, K. Brande- 1929} NOTES AND NEWS 201 gee, pappus bristles usually none; in one head a flower was found with one bristle half as long as corolla and another flower with one bristle about one-fifth as long as corolla. (4) Roseville, T. Brande- gee, pappus uniformly none. (5) Forest Hill, Placer County, H. N. Bolander 4579, pappus none in one individual, pappus bristles two or three in other individuals. (6) Fresno County, C. C. Parry 141, pappus none. While so very diverse in pappus character, these various specimens and others of the same general character aggregate naturally as the specific unit, Layia pentachaeta, which in this, its typical form, ranges from Placer County to Fresno County between 500 and 3000 feet. The peculiarity of the rather extreme variations in the pappus characters (each of which is very sharp and definite) suggests the influence of spontaneous crossing. The species flowers in April and May. Another form likewise inhabits the Sierra Nevada foothills, often growing in the same localities as the form which integrates the botanical type. This second form bears flowers which exhibit 10 to 18 pappus bristles, but aside from pappus, the plants in every other respect, in habit, aspect, pubescence and size, appear to be quite conspecific with the plants of the five-bristled form. It is desirable to define this form by name and it is here called var. HANsENtI Jepson n. var. (type Fisher’s Cabin, Mokelumne River, Amador Co. foot- hills, Geo. Hansen 411). This state differs from the botanical type of the species, not merely in number of bristles but also in bearing on the crown (between the bristles) a series of soft and delicate straight hairs, making a sort of basal tuft. It seems likely that this state is the more common of the two. It may well be the primitive state in this whole pentachaeta group, the five-bristled form having been derived from it by reduction. The following collections are noted: (1) Simpson Ranch, Sweetwater Creek, K. Brandegee, pappus bristles about 15. (2) Fisher’s Cabin, Mokelumne River, Geo. Hansen 411, pappus bristles about 10 to 14. (3) Folsom, T. Brandegee, pappus bristles about 11 or 12. (4) Merced foothills, Buckminster, pappus bristles about 10; one flower was found that had the 10 bristles common to the other flowers on the plant but was destitute of the short soft hairs. NOTES AND NEWS Commercial exploitation of rare indigenous species of flowering plants takes on each year new and undesirable phases. In 1928 a large number of individuals of the California Pitcher Plant (Darling- tonia californica Torr.), uprooted from their native swamps in the mountains, were offered for sale by street peddlers in central Cali- fornia cities. During one week, in March, 1928, about one thousand such plants were sold in Stockton, according to Mr. J. A. Sanford, a long time member of this Society. The practice is all the more reprehensible in that practically no gardens furnish conditions under which Darlingtonias will thrive—W. L. J. $ 202 MADRONO [ Vol. 1 Mr. S. B. Parish, well known for his work on the indigenous vegetation of Southern California and for many published papers thereon, died in Berkeley on June 5, 1928, in his ninety-first year. At the annual meeting of the Society held on Thursday, January 24, 1929 in the Botany Building, Berkeley, the following officers were elected: President, Dr. W. L. Jepson; First Vice-President, Pro- fessor W. W. Mackie; Second Vice-President, Mr. H. L. Mason; Treasurer, Miss Elsie M. Zeile. Dr. Joseph Burtt Davy, one-time a member of the botanical staff at University of California, is now Lecturer in Forest Botany in the Imperial Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, England. Miss Eileen W. Erlanson, Department of Botany, University of Michigan, who is working upon the chromosome number in the genus Rosa, visited California in October, 1928, in order to make collec- tions of seed and to study the native species systematically in the field. In addition to the living collection at Ann Arbor there is to be formed a supplementary garden collection at Pasadena. A mimeographed schedule of field trips, March to December, has been prepared by the field committee. For those members who take the field trips it is being sent on request. The chairman is Mr. M. S. Jussel, 473 45th St., Oakland. Mr. Daniel Cleveland, attorney-at-law and an early day botanical collector in California, who was a correspondent of many systematic botanists, died in San Diego on January 3, 1929. Mr. Carl Purdy was commissioned in 1928 by private interests to make a garden at Ahwahnee for the purpose of being used as a “plant refuge” for native species of the Yosemite region. Dr. Francis E. Long of the Desert Laboratory announces (Sci. 69:218) studies of Cereus giganteus which show stomata with func- tional movement for a century. “An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Benton County, Washington” has been published by Harold St. John and G. N. Jones in Northwest Science for 1928 (pp. 73 to 93). The following systematic papers have more recently originated from the Department of Botany at Pomona College: The Potentillas of Southern California, by P. A. Munz and I. M. Johnston (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 24: 5-25,—1925). Lonicera and Symphoricarpos in Southern California, by David D. Keck (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 25: 1-7,—1926). The Shrubby Malvastrums of Southern California, by F. E. Estes (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 24: 81-87,—1925). A New Malvastrum, California, by P. A. Munz (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 24: 88,— 1925). Southern California Plant Notes—III, by P. A. Munz (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 24: 47-51,—1925). Miscellaneous notes on plants of Southern California—IV, by P. A. Munz and I. M. Johnston (Bull. Torr. Club, 52: 221-228,—1925). ‘NUMBER 15 4 DRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY ae : 208 B pci kk pleicins CONCERNING ee REDWOOD, . Emanuel Fritz ete : Pee NO RAE AS SA ‘LETTERS oe News" July, 1929 to ay a cy - the gene: s elpae ra and _ activities. Nore u a habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants will be cially welcome. Publication Committee W. L. Jepson ; Botany Building, University of California, Berkeley, California GrorcrE J. Peirce, Stanford University Annual Dinner ‘Cosi: Mr. H. : Mason, Mr. David Goddard; Mr. Carl Meyer, Miss Lucile Roush. Membership Committee: Professor George J. Peirce, Stanford Univer: Professor W. T. Horne, University of Californ iis! Ae i: McMinn, Mills re Bock sinners of the Journal may be a ral the npus, Berkel, il Botany Building, Berkeley, California. Subscription price $3.00 per Eh 1929] EDDY TREE BREEDING STATION 203 THE EDDY TREE BREEDING STATION Lioyp AUSTIN Director of the Station With the growing interest in reforestation in nearly all parts of the United States, it is natural that some thought should be given to the possibilities in developing improved types of forest trees. The practice of using new and better strains of agricultural crops is now so well established that no one would think of planting the inferior wild forms that were the progenitors of the present highly developed types. Yet in the present-day reforestation activities, all of the seed that is used is of the wild unimproved forms that only partially ful- fill the requirements. Mr. James G. Eddy, a lumberman of Everett, Washington, was one of the first to recognize this need for breeding work with forest trees, and as a result he established the Eddy Tree Breeding Station in the spring of 1925. He felt that one of the principal drawbacks to the planting of forest trees is the comparatively slow rate at which Fig. 1. General view of nursery of Eddy Tree Breeding Station, show- ing sprinkling lines over the open beds of two year old seedlings in the fore- ground, and the enclosed beds of one year old seedlings in the background. The three beds in the immediate foreground contain, from left to right, Sequoia sempervirens, Pinus radiata, and Pinus ponderosa. The tallest of the two year old P. radiata seedlings are just 3 feet high. MaproNo, vol. 1, pp. 203-227. Aug. 29, 1929. 204 MADRONO [ Vol. 1 they normally develop. Hence one of the main objects of the work of the Station is the development of more rapid growing strains of trees that will reach the merchantable size in a shorter time and that will have wood of good quality. The Ecological Environment of the Experimental Station After a search over a large part of the Pacific Coast for a suit- able location, the site finally selected is a tract of 65 acres of land located about three miles east of Placerville, California. Here was found a wonderful combination of favorable conditions. The Station is situated near the lower edge of the main Western Yellow Pine timber belt, in the central Sierras, at an elevation of about 2,700 feet. All timber species typical of the lower Sierra (including Pinus ponderosa, Pinus lambertiana, Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Abies concolor, and Libocedrus decurrens) are to be found on the Station grounds or nearby. It is in the center of a belt of the most rapid growing Pinus ponderosa to be found in California, or elsewhere, as far as is at present known. The Station is so located that the climate is comparatively mild, making it possible to grow many exotic species that will not stand severe climates. The average growing season at Placerville is unusually long for the timber belt, being 205 days according to a 25 year average of U. 5. Weather Bureau data. This ES ae Fig. 2. Ovulate flowers of Pinus ponderosa jeffreyi. The photograph was taken several days after the flowers had been pollinated, and the scales have mostly closed together. The needles are just emerging from their sheaths. a 1929) EDDY TREE BREEDING STATION 205 gives a period of nearly seven months without killing frost, which is the same as the growing season in central Alabama. Of the other factors that were instrumental in reaching a decision as to the best location for the Station, the most important were soil, topography, and water supply. The Station soil is a deep loose sandy loam of a remarkably uniform character. An even and unbroken topography also contributes toward making conditions very much alike over the whole area. The character “vigor” is a most difficult one to study from the point of view of heredity, for it is, to a greater extent than almost Fig. 3. An exceptionally fine cluster of staminate cat- kins of Pinus ponderosa jeffreyi. Observations made in El Dorado County have shown that the color and shape of the catkins is cone of the most reliable of field identification marks for distinguishing this variety from the species, when both are growing together. The catkins of P. ponderosa are bright red and quite long, while those of the variety jeffreyi are yellowish bronze and much shorter. any other character, affected by varying environmental conditions. It is, therefore, of first importance, in nursery and arboretum experi- ments, to take every reasonable precaution to keep conditions over the whole area as uniform as possible. Figure 1 shows the experi- mental nursery area. The field work of pollination and cone collection is largely in the hands of the Station Forester, Mr. John S. Barnes, while the 206 MADRONO [Vol. 1 nursery and arboretum are under the supervision of the Propagator, Mr. H. M. Lumsden. Phases of Work of Special Interest to Botanists The writer feels that there are a number of phases of the experi- ments that should be of interest to botanists. In the first place, it should be pointed out that the work is being concentrated largely upon the different species of the genus Pinus, and a very thorough study of this genus will be made. An arboretum is being established which it is hoped will, in time, include a number of specimens of Fig. 4. The long slender staminate catkins of Pinus ponderosa. Compare with Fig. 3. all known species of pines. The genus is a large and interesting one, and some difficulty is being experienced in obtaining seed of certain little-known species, particularly the rarer ones native to Mexico, the West Indies, India, and the East Indies. However, the writer has been corresponding with over 100 different organizations in many parts of the world, and already seed has been secured of the 82 different species and varieties marked with an asterisk in the following list, containing 118 species and fairly important varieties. The arrangement is based upon G. R. Shaw’s relationship classifica- tion of the genus (1), but modified to give emphasis to the eco- nomically important species, by classing together several groups of minor ones. Group Australes is given first as it contains more valu- able species than any other. 1929] EDDY TREE BREEDING STATION SECTION DIPLOXYLON SUBSECTION PINASTER Group Australes Pinus apacheca—Apache Pine. 9 99 caribaea—Slash Pine. cubensis. echinata—Shortleaf Pine. glabra—Spruce Pine. lawsoni—Lawson Pine. montezumae—R o u g h- branched Mexican Pine. montezumae hartwegi. a lindleyi. hg rudis. occidentalis. palustris—Longleaf Pine. ponderosa — Western Yel- low Pine. ponderosa arizonica — Ari- zona Pine. ponderosa benthamiana —— Willamette Foothills Pine. ponderosa deflexa. Ge jeffreyi—Jeffrey Pine. ponderosa macrophylla— Large-leaved W. Yellow Pine. ponderosa malleti K mayriana—Mayr Pine. ponderosa pendula—Weep- ing W. Yellow Pine. ponderosa scopulorum— Rocky Mt. Western Yellow Pine. pseudo-strobus—False Wey- mouth Pine. pseudo-strobus tenuifolia. sondereggeri— Sonderegger Pine. taeda—Loblolly Pine. teocote — Twisted-leaved Pine. Group Insignes *Pinus attenuata—Knobcone Pine. * 99 99 banksiana—Jack Pine. clausa—Sand Pine. A J ys 207 *Pinus contorta—Shore Pine. 99 eregei—Grege Pine. halepensis—Aleppo Pine. si brutia. muricata—Bishop Pine. murrayana — Lodgepole Pine. oocarpa. patula — Spreading-leaved Pine. pinaster—Cluster Pine. ” des _landes. gigantea. hamiltoni. pithyusa. 99 Dy) stankewiczi. pringlei—Pringle Pine. pungens—Table Mt. Pine. radiata—Monterey Pine. ” aurea — Golden- leaved Monterey Pine. radiata binata—Two-leaved Monterey Pine. rigida—Pitch Pine. serotina—Pond Pine. virginiana—Scrub Pine. Group Macrocarpae *Pinus coulteri—Coulter Pine. % 99 % 99 Pinus *% 99 29 sabiniana—Digger Pine. torreyana—Torrey Pine. Group Lariciones brevispica. densiflora — Japanese Red Pine. densiflora globosa — Jap- anese Globe Pine. densiflora umbraculifera— Japanese Umbrella Pine. funebris. insularis—Khasia Pine. leucodermis — Graybark Pine. luchuensis—Luchu Pine. massoniana—Masson Pine. merkusi—Tenasserim Pine. montana—Swiss Mt. Pine. ” — mughus — Mugho Pine. montana pumilio. 208 MADRONO *Pinus montana uncinata. * ” nigra—Austrian Pine. men” ” calabrica — Corsican Pine. ese ” cebennensis. pag ” pallasiana. ” taurica. * ° resinosa—Red Pine. x99 sinensis—Chinese Pine. a _-yunnanensis— Y un- nan Pine. sinensis densata. * ” — sylvestris—Scotch Pine. eG ” _ argentea. 3 ~ 29 “yy s lapponica. ae ” _ rigensis — Riga Scotch Pine. sylvestris septentrionalis. taiwanensis. thunbergi—Japanese Black Pine. tropicalis. SUBSECTION PARAPINASTER *Pinus canariensis—Canary Pine. 99 * ” leiophylla—Mexican Yel- low Pine. ” — leiophylla chihuahuana. * ” — Jongifolia—Long-leaved In- dian Pine. ” —lumholtzi— Pino Barda Caida. * * pinea—lItalian Stone Pine. eas ” fragilis. [Volou SECTION HAPLOXYLON Group Strobi “Pinus ayacahuite — Mexican x 99 White Pine. excelsa—Himalayan Pine. lambertiana—Sugar Pine. monticola—Western White Pine. parviflora—Japanese White Pine. parviflora pentaphylla. peuce—Macedonian Pine. strobus—White Pine. uyematsul. Soft Pines Other Than Strobi *Pinus albicaulis — Whitebark * ook ok ok Pine. aristata—Bristlecone Pine. armandi—Armand Pine. balfouriana—F oxtail Pine. bungeana—Lace-bark Pine. cembra—Swiss Stone Pine. a sibirica. cembroides—Mexican Stone Pine. edulis—Nut Pine. flexilis—Limber Pine. gerardiana—Gerard Pine. koraiensis—Korean Pine. monophylla — Singleleaf Pine. nelsoni—Nelson Pine. parryana—Parry Pine. pumila—Dwarf Siberian Pine. Cross Pollination The groups following the first in the above list are given in order of their relationship to the group Australes, which gives an index to the ease with which crosses of different species can prob- ably be effected. It is interesting to note that there are seven known natural pine hybrids (2, 3) and two species crosses that have been artificially produced, and that all but one are between pairs of species that are in the same relationship group. The list follows: Group AUSTRALES P. palustris (Longleaf Pine) x P. taeda (Loblolly Pine)—P. son- dereggeri, H. H. Chapman, a natural hybrid occurring in Louisiana. Group INsIGNES x Group AUSTRALES P. rigida (Pitch Pine) x P. echinata (Shortleaf Pine). Reported by 1929] EDDY TREE BREEDING STATION 209 COM ae ae Se G. S. Perry as a natural hybrid growing at Mont Alto, Pennsylvania. Group INsIGNES . murrayana (Lodgepole Pine) x P. banksiana (Jack Pine). Re- ported by A. C. Holman as a natural hybrid occurring in northern Alberta, Canada. . halepensis (Aleppo Pine) x P. pinaster (Cluster Pine) =P. hale- pensi-pinaster Saporta, a natural hybrid. Group LARICIONES . nigra (Austrian Pine) x P. densiflora (Japanese Red Pine). Hybrid produced by Dr. A. F. Blakeslee in 1914. . sylvestris (Scotch Pine) x P. nigra (Austrian Pine). Hybrid pro- duced by Clotzsch in Germany in 1845. nigra (Austrian Pine} x P. sylvestris (Scotch Pine)=P. neil- reichiana Reich., a natural hybrid. . montana (Swiss Mt. Pine) x P. sylvestris (Scotch Pine) =P. rhaetica Bruegg., a natural hybrid. . montana (Swiss Mt. Pine) x P. nigra (Austrian Pine) =P. Wett- steiniana Fritsch., a natural hybrid. ont 2 r Q $ i Te i i i 3 Fig. 5. Illustrating the variability of the needle number in Pinus ponderosa, a species which normally has 3-needled clusters. These needle clusters all came from one tree, a tree growing near Camino, California. scctaae tateecmencacemere 210 MADRONO [Vol. B The fact that there is only one known cross between groups of hard pines, would lead one to believe that such crosses are much more difficult to make than those between species of the same group. However, the small amount of pine pollination which was done in the spring of 1926 has yielded 24 seeds of the cross Pinus ponderosa (Western Yellow Pine) x Pinus montana (Swiss Mountain Pine) and 29 seeds of the cross P. ponderosa x P. sabiniana (Digger Pine). Both of these are crosses of species in different groups, but groups which are fairly closely related. The hybrid seeds average nearly as heavy as normal well-filled seeds of Pinus ponderosa from this locality, and it is hoped that most of them will prove to be fertile. The majority of the pollination work in 1927 was done using Pinus ponderosa as the female parent. A grand total of 7,648 flowers of this species were hand pollinated and smaller numbers were polli- nated of Pinus radiata, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus ponderosa jeffreyi, Pinus monticola, Pinus attenuata, Pinus murrayana, and Pinus sabiniana. Pollen of 28 different species of pines were applied to the ovulate flowers of the Western Yellow Pine, in an effort to pro- duce species crosses. In addition to the pollen collected by mem- bers of the staff, there was received in the spring of 1927, shipments from 42 different people which included 86 samples of pollen of 33 different species of pines. These shipments came from 23 states and from Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, and the Philippine Islands. The crossing is being done with two principal objects in view: first, that of securing hybrid vigor, and second that of bringing to- gether in a new hybrid form desirable qualities now occurring in two different species. Inbreeding, which is also being tried, is known to be quite successful in fixing most characters for which selections are commonly made. There may be some doubt, however, as to its effectiveness in the case of the character “vigor”, in as much as inbreeding has the reputation of gradually causing a loss in vigor. This, however, does not always occur, and the only way to find out the actual effect in a particular case is to try it, as is being done. Giant as well as dwarf strains have been developed by this means. Tests of Geographical Races Although it is along this line that manv of the European experi- menters have worked, very little has been done to isolate geographic forms of species of pines other than those native to Europe. There is then, a wide field of opportunity in studying the relative hereditary characteristics which are transmitted through the seed of a certain species produced in different localities and on different sites. To date, experiments in this direction undertaken by the station have been confined principally to a study of the geographical races of Pinus ponderosa, altho the tests are being gradually enlarged to include other species, particularly the four important Southern Pines. In order to “kill two birds with one stone” an endeavor has been made to secure the seed from individual trees in each localitv. In this way the tests will serve not only as “Geographical Race Tests” 1929] EDDY TREE BREEDING STATION 211 but also as “Progeny Tests”, to be described farther on. Already there are growing in the nursery Western Yellow Pine seedlings from separate trees in British Columbia, Nebraska, Arizona and California, and seed is expected in the fall of 1928 from individual trees of this species growing in Colorado, Oregon, Washington and Montana. As seed crops permit, the localities represented, and the number of trees in each locality will be materially enlarged. Methods of Finding Superior Parent Trees It would seem to be comparatively easy to go into a so-called even-aged stand and, by means of systematic measurements and in- crement borings, determine accurately just which trees of the stand are the largest for their age—that is, which ones of a certain age have the greatest cubic volume, as determined by their height, di- ameter and form. It was found after field trial that this method was hardly feasible for the reason that an increment boring will not give the exact age due to the difficulty in counting the rings near the center when the boring is taken at the ground line. When there is uncertainty in this matter it is very difficult to segregate the fastest growing individuals by field measurements. Another method is being tried in an effort to locate trees in the forest that have the inherent capacity for unusually fast growth. The plan is to base the selection, not upon measurements of the trees themselves, but upon the relative growth of their progenies in the nursery. This fundamental principle is widely used by successfu) breeders of both plants and animals. It should bring to light hereditary differences, as these are the only ones that are passed on to the offspring through the seed. The progenies can be compared under the controlled uniform conditions of an experimental nursery; while the parent trees themselves can only be compared under the very diverse growing conditions of Nature in which no two trees have exactly the same surroundings, and in which it is most difficult to tell how much is due to variations in environment and how much to inherent tendencies. Also, this method makes it possible to com- pare a number of representatives rather than single individuals, and thus strike averages of performance and growing conditions. The light cone crops of 1926 and 1927 have so far rather re- stricted this method, but the present plan calls for collecting seed in the fall of 1928 from about 800 individual trees of Pinus ponderosa scattered as widely as possible thruout the range of this species. Two plots one-half foot by four feet will be planted in the nursery of each progeny, and at the end of two years’ growth, measurements and oven-dry weights of the seedlings will be taken to determine which 200 progenies out of the 800 have made the greatest develop- ment. Then seed of these 200, which was collected at the first collec- tion, will again be planted, still allowing only two plots of each. At the end of another two years the number of progenies being saved will be reduced down to the best 60. Then enough seed of each of these will be gathered to plant five plots of each progeny, as the 212 MADRONO [Vol. 1 experiment will by that time have reached the stage where it is prac- tical to prove which two or three progenies are the best, by the use of a number of replications. This is hardly feasible in the early stages of the test, where hundreds of progenies are being compared. Selection Among Nursery Seedlings The methods last considered have dealt with ways of finding the most rapid growing individual trees in the forest. The present method is intended to bring to light the best individuals in a nursery. Due to the willing cooperation on the part of the majority of the large reforestation nurseries of the country, it has been possible to make selections for vigor among tremendous numbers of trees. In many of the nurseries visited the largest seedlings were picked from among hundreds of thousands of seedlings of a species, and in some cases, the number ran into the millions. It would seem that the relative chances of finding superior individuals is much greater by this method than the other methods that have been discussed, since any one year’s work in selecting trees in the forest is likely to have to be limited to a consideration of hundreds, or at most thousands of individuals. Nursery selection is, for the most part, carried on in seed beds where the seed has come from many trees and there is no record of parentage. Hence it is what the geneticist would call “mass selec- tion.” In a naturally self-fertilized species, the selection would be directed toward the segregation of the “population” into various pure lines, each having a different rate of growth, and each capable of reproducing itself true to type from seed if pollinated only by indi- viduals of that line. But in naturally cross-fertilized plants, such as pines and walnuts, pure lines probably do not exist in the strict sense of the term, as the continual crossing does not allow for their development. In such plants, then, selection can, in the main, only be relied upon to locate individuals whose genetic constitution is heterozygous, but which, if raised to seed bearing age and self-polli- nated, might be expected to yield a group of individuals which would exhibit some variation, yet would in general retain the vigor of the mother tree. However, when the selection is made among such large numbers there would also seem to be a fairly good chance of dis- covering occasionally vigorous mutations, which should come true from seed. The writer would like to extend to all those who are interested in the work a cordial invitation to visit the experimental Station at Placerville and see the various tests that are under way in the nursery and arboretum. If a visit is not possible, the writer will appreciate hearing from those who are thinking along these lines, and he will welcome criticisms of statements or methods being employed. Bibliography 1. Greorce R. SuHaw, “The Genus Pinus”, Arnold Arboretum, 1914. 2. ASCHERSON & GRAEBNER, “Synopsis der Mitteleuropaishen Flora’, Ed. 2, Vol. 45351-3509 (1913). 3. H. H. Cuapman, “A New Hybrid Pine”, Journal of Forestry 20: 729-734 (1924). Placerville, Cal., Mar. 27, 1928. 1929] PARISH BOTANICAL SOCIETY 213 THE SAMUEL B. PARISH BOTANICAL SOCIETY AND THE RIVERSIDE BOTANICAL CLUB. Joun Tuomas Howe. On the evening of February 10, 1928, in the biological laboratory of the Riverside Junior College at Riverside, California, about twenty- five people from the interior counties of southern California, inter- ested in the development of botanical study, met and formed the Samuel B. Parish Botanical Society. The expressed purpose of the society is “to advance the development of, and interest in, Botany, particularly taxonomic and floristic, to aid those interested in such study, and to work for the conservation and protection of our native flora.” At the first meeting and the following one held in March, a constitution was drawn up and adopted. This provides for a meet- ing of the society to be held once each month except during the months of July, August, and September, the meetings being held alternately at Riverside and San Bernardino. Permanent officers have not yet been elected, the officers serving until an election is held are: Mr. J. B. Feudge, chairman, and Mr. M. French Gilman, secretary-treasurer. The program committee consists of these two officers and Mrs. W. D. LaNiece and Miss Mary Alice Smith. Mem- bership is open to any one who is interested in botany and who wishes to join the society. On May 1, 1928 when the list of names of charter members closed, the society had an enrollment of forty- eight members, mostly from Riverside and San Bernardino Counties and from the eastern section of Los Angeles County centering at Pomona College, Claremont. There being no large cities in the dis- trict represented, the membership is somewhat scattered in small communities from Daggett to Elsinore and from Banning to Clare- mont. Meetings will be held both as field trips and indoor discussion groups. Before activities ceased at the beginning of summer three field excursions were held in the mountains about the San Bernardino Valley. The April meeting was an excursion to the burnt-over hills south of Devore Station, San Bernardino County, where the abundant spring annuals were observed. The May meeting was held at Rancho Santa Ana, in Santa Ana Cafion, Orange County, where a day was spent in studying the wild shrubs at the propagating plant of the rancho, and the spring flora on the nearby hillsides. The June meet- ing was held at Wrightwood, at 6200 feet elevation, on the desert slopes of the San Grabriel Mountains. The Samuel B. Parish Botanical Society comes to fill a place in the botanical life of southern California left vacant by the cessation of activities of the Riverside Botanical Club and a short notice of that organization might not be amiss at this time. The Riverside Botanical Club was organized on July 22, 1903, by a group of peo- ple in the vicinity of Riverside who were interested in Botany. The first officers were: president, Mr. Stephen Grout, a botanist from Vermont, vice-president, Prof. Ek. A. Zumbro, secretary, Mr. Fred M. Reed. Mr. Reed continued in that position during the life of 214 MADRONO [Vol. it the organization. On page 129 volume 3 of Muhlenbergia Mr. Reed ~ writes: “This’club. ... :. has been working along with a small but steady membership, and has been successful in bringing the local botanists together for study and the mutual friendliness that springs up among people who are interested in the same lines of work and study. The metings are largely informal, there are no financial obligations, no attempt is made to make the meetings ‘popular’ or ‘entertaining’ except to those actually interested. We meet on the Friday evening nearest the full moon for the benefit of members from out of town, from Octobr to June of each year.” Mr. S. B. | Parish, well-remembered student of the southern California flora, whose memory is honored in the name of the new botanical society, was an honorary member of the organization. The Riverside Botani- cal Club continued as an active organization until the removal of most of the members from the vicinity of Riverside left too few to carry on the work. The last recorded meeting was held on Mar. 18, 1911. The principal remaining work of this club is a local check list of plants known to occur in the vicinity of Riverside, and, although it exists only in manuscript, this old list is still of very great con- venience to local botanists. The two organizations, the old and the new, have much in common in the spirit which brought them into being. It is interesting that the most striking changes in the nature of activities have not been brought about by developments in the science of Botany but by an external factor—automobile transportation. The automobile has made possible the variety of field trips which will be a prominent part of the activities of the present club and which were mostly lack- ing in the old days. Whereas in the time of the Riverside Botanical Club Mr. Parish could not be an active member of the club because his home was in San Bernardino, the present club has active mem- bers living as distant as Daggett, and Elsinore, and Banning. And now, meetings are not purposely held on moonlight nights to assist the nocturnal movements of the members! Rancho Santa Ana, Orange Co., November, 1928. THE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA—V. Witus Linn JEPSON Charles Lewis Anderson. There are some men whose inquiring minds incite them to rove over a wide field in all the natural history sciences rather than to concentrate mainly on one science or a special field in that science. All living things and the earth’s surface itself stir them equally. Such a devotee of natural history was Dr. C. L. Anderson. His interests were widely scattered and he may, for this reason, be spoken of as the old-time type of naturalist whose love of outdoors led to an intimate field knowledge of birds, flowers, trees, rocks and streams. He was born near Salem, Roanoke County, Virginia, September 22, 1827. The family removed to Indiana and the son attended Franklin College. After completing the course there he entered the 1929] BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA 215 medical department of Asbury University, receiving the degre of Doctor of Medicine in 1852. After graduating he began practice in St. Anthony’s Falls, now the city of Minneapolis. In 1862 he crossed the plains to Nevada and took up his residence in Carson City, after four years changing to Santa Cruz, California, where he lived the remainder of his life. While the practice of medicine was al- ways his chief occupation, most of his leisure was devoted to out- door recreation in botany, zo- ology and geology. The definite impulse towards natural history subjects came from early com- panionship with professors and students of Harvard and Yale Colleges on field trips. Dr. An- derson made local collections at his places of residence, those of more importance being at Carson City and Santa Cruz. His plant collections while at Carson City were rich in new species as may be seen from the paper by Asa ee Gray in the Proceedings of the ee ee —SE American Academy of Arts and Sciences (6:519-556) entitled: “New Plants of California and Nevada, chiefly from Professor W. H. Brewer and Dr. C. L. Anderson.” Trifolium Andersonii, Astragalus Andersonii, Prunus Andersonii Erigeron Andersonii, Cnicus Andersonii, Aster Andersonii, Crepis An- dersonii and Lycium Andersonii were named in his honor by Asa Gray, while Dr. C. C. Parry named for him Ceanothus Andersonii, Chori- zanthe Andersonii and Arctosaphylos Andersonii. Some of his plants were collected on a trip in southern Nevada from Carson, as, for ex- ample, Lycium Andersonii. Ranunculus Andersonii was collected at Blind Springs Mt., a locality placed by Dr. Gray “in the Eastern Sierra Nevada’, but which is in eastern Mono Co. Dr. Anderson’s published papers are, so far as known to me, few and mainly botanical. In the year 1871 he published “A Catalogue of Nevada Flora” as a part (thirteen pages) of the Report of the State Mineralogist of Nevada. “The Natural History of Santa Cruz County” California (68 pages, imperial octavo), although not dated, was published in 1893; it is devoted to chapters on the local geology, marine algae, fishes of Monterey Bay, catalogues of the flowering plants and of the land and water birds of the county. During the period of his residence on the seashore at Santa Cruz, Dr. Anderson gave some time to the collection and field study of marine algae and CHARLES LrEwis ANDERSON 216 MADRONO [ Vol. 1 contributed to Zoe (2: 217-225) a “List of the California Marine Algae” and further notes (4: 358-362) on “Some New and Some Old Algae”. His collections of algae were mainly determined by Professor W. G. Farlow, who named for his correspondent Mesogloia Andersonii, Laminaria Andersonii and other new species. The grasses and willows were also among his favorite plants (see his list of grasses in the Natural History of Santa Cruz County and a paper on “A Monoecious Willow” in Zoe, 1: 41). Doubtless he published various fugitive articles, such as that on “Redwood Stumps” (Pac. Rur. Press, 13:34, Jan. 20, 1877), and on the “Geological Outline of the Santa Cruz Range” (Pac. Rur. Press, 12:282, Oct. 28, 1876). His grass collection is now in the Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University. Dr. Anderson was, however, not only a physician and a naturalist, but also a man of civic interests who gave freely of his services to the communities where he lived. As trustee he helped to build the first public school house in what is now the city of Minneapolis. He was School Superintendent of Ormsby County, Nevada, Surgeon- General upon the military staff of Governor Blaisdell of Nevada, School Trustee of Santa Cruz, California, for several years and a Trustee of the Santa Cruz Free City Library of which he is known as one of the two founders. An appreciation of his public services to Santa Cruz County and his character as a man is to be found in the Santa Cruz Surf for July 10, 1908. He died at Santa Cruz, December 22, 1910. MEASUREMENTS OF CUPRESSUS PYGMAEA Sarc. ON THE MENDOCINO “PINE BARRENS” OR “WHITE PLAINS”. Wirtram C. MatHews I found three groves of Cupressus pygmaea on the Mendocino coast where the trees grew unusually large, both in girth and in height. In each case the trees grew in low damp swales which dur- ing the winter months are covered with water for days at a time. On the outskirts of the swales the trees were smaller and not unusual in any way. One place (situation no. 1} where Cupressus pygmaea attains a large size is one and one-half miles north-north-east of Fort Bragg and about one and one-fourth miles from the ocean. A second place is about one-half mile east of situation no. 1. A third place is back of Caspar and about two and one-half miles from the coast. The trees in this last locality are not so large in girth as in the former sections, but they are splendid tall trees, averaging perhaps 2 feet in diameter. In this locality they are found in the forest associated with Redwood, Douglas Fir, Tan Oak, Chinquapin and Sitka Spruce. In the first two places the other species of trees had been cut down, leaving the Cypress standing, but on one fortv-acre patch, the Cypress had been felled and sold to the Union Lumber Co. The Company sawed the logs and made lumber which was sold and manu- factured into Cedar-wood boxes. Below are given the measurements 1929] CUPRESSUS PYGMAEA 217 of a number of trees. These measurements are fair and accurate. Where a tree trunk was exceedingly large for a few feet only, I did not measure it. I took measurements only on well-developed or symmetrical trees. Tree no. 1: trunk 100 in. in circumference at 30 in. from the ground; 84 in. in circumference 6 ft. from the ground. This latter circumference held good for 16 ft. and then tapered gradually to the top which was 100 ft. from the ground. The first branches were 30 ft. from the ground. This tree had been burned and the lower bark and some of the wood was gone. Cones were clinging to the dead top branches. Tree no. 2: trunk 80 in. in circumference at 5 ft. from the ground, 80 ft. high. Tree no. 3: a stump from which a log had been sold, 441% in. in diameter at 47 in. from the ground. I identified the stump by the bark and the remainder of the top which lay on the ground about 70 ft. from the stump. Tree no. 4: trunk 115 in. in circumference at 5 ft. above the ground. The trunk was even larger in girth higher up. This was a beautiful tree, almost perfectly symmetrical. It had been burned and was dead; it was 100 ft. to the broken top. Tree no. 5: trunk 80 in. in circumference at 5 ft. from the ground; a fine tree 80 ft. high, dead. Tree no. 6: felled tree left on ground, the trunk 2 ft. in diameter, 89 ft. high, 40 ft. to first branches. Tree no. 7: trunk 11 ft. 3 in. in circumference at 6 in. above the sround, held its size to 60 ft. and then diminished to a smaller diameter and grew 40 ft. higher. It had not been dead long because the top was literally loaded with branches and the branches in turn loaded with dried fruits. Tree no. 8: trunk 14 ft. 9 in. in circumference at 6 ft. above the base, holding its diameter well to 50 ft. It was badly burned at the base, so had the tree been measured when intact it would have been considerably greater in circumference. Tree no. 9: trunk 102 in. in circumference at 6 ft. from the ground; 90 ft. high. Its branches were self pruned to within 20 ft. of the top. Tree no. 10: stump of a tree felled for the log, 37 in. in diameter at 3 ft. above the ground. A 60-foot log had been taken and the top was left lying on the ground. The diameter at 60 ft. was 1914 in. The tree was 136 ft. high. Tree no. 11: trunk 38 in. in diameter at 4 ft. from the ground. Measurement taken on a stump. Tree no. 12: trunk 11 ft. in circumference, nearly 200 ft. high and holding its diameter exceedingly well towards the top. The above trees were measured in situation no. l, as given above. In situation no. 2, I measured the largest tree I ever saw of this species. This tree had a trunk 27 ft. in circumference at 5 ft. above the ground and was well over 150 ft. high. The tree was dead but 218 MADRONO [ Vol. 1 the bark was still clinging to the tree and the wood was sound. In this same locality, on about 40 acres, there were many trees of large size, all standing, but trees of other species were nearly all cut down, leaving almost a pure forest of the Cypress. Hundreds and thous- sands of Cypress seedlings were springing up all over the place and especially about the base of the trees. I noticed where a tree had fallen that a large semicircle of seedlings grew about the crown for quite a distance around but not near the center of the tree. This is due to the fact that the lower branches die leaving the top branches covered with fruit and when the tree falls the seeds are sown broad- cast from the top. All the Cypress trees of the Mendocino County coast grow on the “prairie” or “plains” region or in the forest adjoining the “plains”. The bark is thin and gray in the larger trees but in the smaller trees it is brown and more fibrous. The bark seems to be laid on in strips and peels easily this time of the year. The bark remains intact while the tree lives but peels naturally after death. The wood splits easily and when dried out makes a good fire wood. The sap wood is from 11% in. to 21% in. thick in the larger trees. Fort Bragg, January, 1914. FROM SAN DIEGO TO THE BAY OF ALL SAINTS, LOWER CALIFORNIA, AND BACK.—NOTES OF A BOTANIST VISITING MEXICAN SOIL. C. C. Parry A favorable opportunity recently offering to extend my obser- vations, made nearly a third of a century ago in connection with the Mexican Boundary Survey, across the line then marked out divid- ing Upper from Lower California, was eagerly embraced.’ Accord- ingly, a party of five, provided with a compact botanical outfit, early during the present month found themselves en route to a little- known district of our neighbor Republic. Unfortunately, political boundaries do not often indicate natural divisions of country, and not till we encountered, in the broad Tiajuana Valley, the Mexican Custom House officials, could we realize that we were entering a foreign land. Possibly for the reason that the botany of the route was clearly cosmopolitan, we were permitted to pass with slight in- *On this expedition there was collected a large amount of new material which has since become classical. The major-domo of the party was H. C. Orcutt of San Diego, assisted by his son, C. R. Orcutt. Here it was that the younger Orcutt acquired, under the influence of Dr. Parry, an interest in collect- ing plants and turned plant collector for life. Another member of the party was C. G. Pringle, a prince of plant-collectors, whose name was well-known to botanists everywhere. The Orcutts were Sabbatarians and when it came the Lord’s Day they pro- posed, as a matter of course, that neither man nor beast should travel. A fifth member of the party drew a gun and forced the Orcutts to proceed. It is un- necessary to say that neither the high-minded Parry nor the considerate and friendly Pringle had anything to do with this coercion. Dr. Parry’s narrative of this 1882 Todos Santos expedition has, we believe, never been published in any scientific magazine or journal, botanical or other- wise.—W. L. JEPSON. 1929] BAY OF ALL SAINTS 219 terruption, the Mexican Administrator, on a brief explanation of our scientific objects, assuring us that the whole country was freely open to our investigation without further molestation. This same Tiajuana Valley, which has its outlet within the limits of the United States, affords the natural inlet to the whole lower country, its diverging branches draining the higher mountain slopes of the interior, and working its devious way among the irregular rocky ridges to the south. Along its lower course there seems to be a considerable body of agricultural lands adapted to irrigation, and the adjoining mesas would, no doubt, produce excellent fruits with the ordinary care applied to this class of products; in fact, the natural vegetation shows no difference to that which has yielded such rich results to northern enterprise; give it the intelligent population, the vigorous arm and restless enterprise of an Anglo-Saxon civilization, and it would not be long before its actual capacities would be developed. In this aggressive movement, however, of occupying new countries, the miner’s pick generally precedes the farmer’s plow, and it is to supply the demands of this adventurous class, that the more slow, plodding agriculturist occupies the land. One of the first results of mining enterprise is seen in the construction of roads to render the country accessible, and it was along the most traveled of these, lead- ing southeast to the interior mining town of San Rafael, that our route lay. After leaving the main valley our road passed over a succession of steep clay hills, bedded with a more or less luxuriant growth of native vegetation, in which patches of bright yellow flowers were conspicuous, which on a distant view might be taken for ripening grainfields; along the roadsides were extensive thickets of formid- able cholla cactuses, interspersed with clumps of the Spanish bayonet (Yucca baccata), which served to keep in mind the true desert fea- tures. Only in the spring time, as we saw it, could anything approach- ing verdure be noticed in the near or distant scenery. The irregular divides lead down on the opposite slope, to valleys more or less extensive, along whose course the occasional presence of living water allows a limited settlement, generally indicated by small patches of grain, and scattering groups of cattle and horses, which latter com- prise the available wealth of the country. The exclusive possession of the limited water supplies naturally controls the entire adjoining slopes of desert land. only fit for scant pasturage in the rainy season. With progress inland an increased elevation is apparent in a cooler atmosphere and more scant vegetation, still, however, maintaining its Californian character. The country becomes more rugged, the mountain slopes more rocky, and the hills steeper. We passed on the third day the “valley of palms”, without, however, seeing any- thing but the dried stumps and withered remains of this Oriental vegetation, which would otherwise have given an interesting feature to the landscape. The species here met with is identical with the desert palm (Washingtonia filifera), which here makes its first appear- ance on the eastern slope of the mountain range. 220 MADRONO [Vol. 1 A little beyond the elevated plain of Vallecito, now occupied by an American named Ryerson, we leave the main road leading to San Rafael, turning in a more direct southerly course toward the ocean. Here we encounter, in small upland valleys, attractive groves of live oak (Quercus agrifolia), and the hill slopes are adorned with a small ash tree of shrubby growth, properly designated as the “flower- ing ash”, being closely allied to the manna-producing ash of Europe and the Orient. This arborescent species, then in the full glow of its glossy foliage and conspicuous white flowers, occupying the most bare arid slopes, would seem to be specially adapted to ornamental cultivation, though its timber product would be necessarily quite scant. Descending again toward the sea, a milder atmosphere and in- creasing dampness again serve to freshen the vegetation, and we | pass luxuriant growths of peculiar shrubbery, including sumac, Cali- fornia lilac (Ceanothus) and a beautiful willow-leaved manzanita not known farther north. Here, also, occurs a horse-chestnut’ appar- ently different from the California species, being smaller and of more bushy growth; likewise an unknown shrub allied to Euonymus. Thence by a rapid descent we reach the ocean shore at All Saints Bay, where, at a place called Sauzal, we meet with an intelligent American family named Fish, by whom we were most agreeably entertained and welcomed to the comforts of a civilized home. The bay itself is a magnificent arm of the sea lying open to the south- west, but the ocean swell being measurably broken by an intervening barrier of rocky islands, affording a ship channel on either side. The port of Ensenada is located at the southern end of the bay, six miles from Sauzal. This is the most northern accessible harbor of Lower California, is the principal port of entry for this interior country, and is a regular stopping place for the steamers running from San Francisco to Guaymas once a month. The shores of the bay are mostly a pebbly shingle beach, on which there is too much swell for small sail boats, but below Ensenada is a long stretch of sandy beach, at which boats can be safely landed, and affording a magnificent beach drive. Along these winding shores, with occasional rocky projections, seaside naturalists would find abundant oppor- tunity for prosecuting their researches in marine life, both animal and vegetable. The distinguished Spanish navigator who, in the sixteenth century, first visited these waters, apparently having pre- viously exhausted the catalogue of saints, concluded to corral them all in a body by naming this “Bayia de Todos Santos” (Bay of All Saints) and so the name has come down to us. This bay is his- torically commemorated by the modern filibustering expedition of Walker, who came very near succumbing here, more to the barren- ness of the country than the military forces that obstructed his way, his forlorn and shattered forces being rescued by an American war >This was published by Asa Gray in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (17:200,—1882) as Aesculus Parryi, on the basis of material sent him by Dr. Parry.—W. L. J. 1929] FALLACIES CONCERNING REDWOOD 221 vessel, to meet with a still worse fate in the more tropical wastes of Central America. Below Ensenada is a succession of small settlements striving to maintain a precarious existence, with an increased aridity of climate and more forbidding aspects of scenery. What may hereafter be developed in the way of mines and a limited agriculture will prob- ably await political changes, or an invasion by that modern civi- lizer—the railroad. It seems not a little strange that such a narrow peninsula, indented by navigable bays and washed by ocean and gulf along such an extensive shore line, should be abandoned to hope- less sterility. The adventurous history of the early Spanish missions on this coast should throw some light on the true resources of the country, and the difficulties which they encountered from hostile tribes and uncertain supplies should be measurably overcome by our modern appliances of rapid transportation. Useless as it always has been to Mexico, either as a source of internal strength or civilized development, its present scant population would seem to invite its absorption into that progressive Union that is now planted so firmly on the Pacific Coast. Then, with beacon lights blazing along her rugged coast, her harbor marked out with buoys, her interior country and mineral resources developed from ocean to gulf, we might see something more than a skeleton finger resting useless on the placid bosom of the southern sea. Occupied with such imaginings, your correspondent, after pacing the shores of the Bay of All Saints, returned by the inland route, through San Rafael, an elevated basin 2,500 feet above the sea level. Thence by an intolerably rough road, destitute of verdure and scantily supplied with water, we again fell into our previous outward track, and terminating our pleasant and succesful botanical -trip by a refreshing bath in the Tiajuana hot spring, again found ourselves on American soil. San Diego, April 22, 1882. SOME POPULAR FALLACIES CONCERING CALIFORNIA REDWOOD, EMANUEL FRITZ I doubt if there is a forest anywhere that receives so much public notice as our own California redwood forest. In their enthusiasm for the forest, however, many people have given their imagination so much freedom that some erroneous beliefs have developed. In the brief quarter-hour allotted to me, I can touch upon only a few of these fallacious beliefs. They are, the sizes of the trees, the age of the forest, the rate of growth of the trees and the influence of fires. Sizes of the Trees. So impressed are we apt to be with the huge size of individual trees, that we lose sight entirely of the greater number of smaller ones. A stranger may very easily be led to believe that the large trees predominate, and that small trees are in the minority, if present * Read at the annual meeting of the Society on Feb. 23, 1929. at all. Lumbermen themselves see only the big trees and pay little attention to the small ones. In fact, if a tree is not 24 inches in diameter, it is likely to be considered too small for profitable handling. In certain other forest regions, however, 24 inch trees would be considered of good size. Redwood trees do, of course, reach great proportions. The largest I have ever measured myself were a little over 16 feet in diameter, but these same trees locally are reputed to be 22 to 23 feet in diameter, because the layman measures the diameter of the tree at the ground line, whereas the forester does not credit the tree with the immense flare or swell of the stump portion and consequently he measures above it or at “breast height”, which is 444 feet from the ground. A reliable observer told me recently of a tree 20 feet in diameter at “breast height’, and doubtless there are more of such great diameter scattered here and there. Trees over 10 feet in diameter are really rather rare and are found only on river benches or scattered lightly elsewhere. During the past year, I had occasion to measure the trees on a 30 acre tract. This tract was typical and probably a good average of the Humboldt County redwood timber. The classification of the “breast-high” diameters of the trees on this tract gives the following data. Trees over 12 inches in diameter, 1263. Of this number, 18.9% are 6] inches or more in diameter, and 34.5% vary from 31 to 60 inches. 51.6% vary from 12 to 30 inches. Below 12 inches there are as many more trees as there are above that diameter. Those under 12 inches were not counted, but there are certainly much more than a thousand. You will see, therefore, that the giant trees are far out- numbered by the smaller ones. From a forester’s point of view, it is important to know the relative abundance of each diameter class. In fact, the lumberman is interested in this also, although he can make a profit only from the larger trees. Age of the Redwood Forest. It is often said that the redwood forest is “thousands” of years old. The layman may thus come to believe that most of the trees in the redwood forest exceed several thousand years. I doubt, how- ever, if there are very many trees over 2000 years old. The oldest tree of which I saw a cross section myself, was just under 2000 years old. This, of course, is not the age of the forest, but only the age of that individual tree. Such patriarchs, just like trees of large diameter, are very much in the minority. Incidentally, the largest trees are not necessarily the oldest, because there is a big difference in the rate of growth of individuals. Most redwood trees are much younger. I feel safe in saying that the bulk of them are under 600 years of age. I have often heard the redwood forest spoken of as being overmature, and some have even described it as being even- aged. Nothing is farther from the fact. There is not a forest in all the world in which there is such an inequality of ages and where 1929] FALLACIES CONCERNING REDWOOD 223 there are so many vigorously growing trees as contrasted to decadent trees. I venture the statement that if you find a 2000 year old tree, you will find on the same 40 acres, trees of many more ages down to very young seedlings. On the 30 acre plot already mentioned, we found a single tree which attained an age of 1380 years. The next oldest was aged 1246. These ages were all obtained at the stump and are therefore slightly less than the total age. We did not obtain the ages of all the many trees on this area because of burned-out centers, rot and other factors; also because very few of the many trees under 18 inches in diameter were cut down. Of the 567 trees on this little area whose ages were actually determined and whose diameter was over 18 inches, only 17 were found to be over 1000 years old. Tabulating the ages gives the following results: 0O— 200 years—unknown 201— 300 years—108 trees 301— 400 years— 89 trees 401— 500 years— 81 trees 901— 600 years—102 trees 601— 700 years— 67 trees 701— 800 years— 38 trees 801— 900 years— 34 trees 901—1000 years— 31 trees 1001 and over— 17 trees I purposely left off the ages of the 1 to 200 year old class, be- cause only a few trees under 18 inches in diameter were cut. If these had been included, there would be more than a thousand trees in this class. It is obvious from this that the redwood forest is very uneven-aged, that as a forest it is not over-mature, and that the ages of the individual trees vary widely from under 100 years to over 1000 years. Rate of Growth. You often hear it said that the redwood is a slow grower. In fact, when the forestry school first became interested in redwood forestry, the idea of replanting cut-over lands with redwood was laughed at by many of the local residents. It is common knowledge now that this species is really a very rapid grower if it is given a chance. In the virgin forest, of course, the trees have all kinds of competition. Their individual growth is, therefore, very slow—it might take 50 years or more to add an inch of wood. Without this competition, as would be the case in a well managed young forest, that same inch may require only three years. Virgin trees that have been dragging along for 400 years making only slow growth because crowded by neighbors may. if these neighbors are removed, suddenly change their rate of growth from extremely slow to extremely fast as is evidenced by the sample I have here. Thus, if redwood grows slowly, it is not the fault of the species but the fault of its environment. The Influence of Fire. How many times have those of you who have talked to old-timers in the redwood region, been told that fire doesn’t hurt the redwood. 224 MADRONO [ Vol. 1 I have been told many times that fire is good for the redwood and that it actually stimulates their growth! Another fallacy. Fire never helped any forest permanently. Fires have run through the red- woods for centuries. On the 30 acre tract which we studied last year, we dated some fires back to the year 843, nearly 1100 years ago, and the scars as revealed on the stumps show there were dozens of additional fires since then, possibly two or three bad ones each century. Were it not for the fires of the past, the average tree would certainly be larger, and there would be probably 15% more timber— in fact you can say that fires of the past plus the ensuing heart rot have caused just that much loss to the lumberman. It is a peculiarity of redwood that it has no tree-killing insect or fungus enemies of any consequence, but fire is a real enemy. Just because a fire sweeping through a virgin forest does not lay low the entire stand, is not proof that great damage has not been done. On the 30 acre area which I have already described, we had a fire after we started our work, and although it did not burn through the entire 30 acres, it brought down 8 large trees. Fire, also, is the direct cause of most of the rather prevalent heart rot which causes so much loss of good lumber, to say nothing of the large holes burned into the butts of the trees, known locally as “goosepens”. I hope I have impressed you with the fact that fire is a genuine enemy of the red- wood forest and should therefore be kept out. THE SANTA BARBARA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Ratpo HorrMan The Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History is an outgrowth of The Museum of Comparative Oology, which was founded in 1916 by W. Leon Dawson. In 1922, Mr. Dawson resigned as director, and, early in 1923, the Museum broadened its scope and began to exhibit birds, mammals, insects and flowers. In 1924, a department of archaeology was added. The trustees and the director of the Santa Barbara Museum have chosen to confine its exhibits and col- lections almost wholly to the local field, believing that a restricted field would give the Museum a wide enough scope and make it of the greatest value to the community. Before the Museum had any definite space for botanical exhibits, it put on each spring a wild flower exhibit in the patio. In 1927, Mrs. Clinton B. Hale gave a wing for botany and made provision for continuous shows of both native and exotic flowers. The wing was given in memory of Mr. Clinton B. Hale, who was particularly interested in growing rare trees and shrubs in Santa Barbara. The director began, in 1927, the col- lection of material for herbaria both of native and exotic plants. At the close of 1928, these herbaria included over 5000 sheets of native plants and over 3000 sheets of exotics. “The introduction work of this pioneer plantsman is well described by Wilson Popenoe (Jour. Hered. 13:215) under the name of Dr. E. O. Fenzi, but with a reference to the name Franceschi. By this name the Doctor was universally known in California and under it was issued his catalogs of exotic plants.—W. L. J. i 1929] SANTA BARBARA MUSEUM 225 Santa Barbara has long had an especial interest in exotic flora. From the days of Ellwood Cooper and Joseph Sexton to the time of Dr. Franceschi,’ it has been a favorite place for the introduction of new species from all parts of the world. There are now in the old Ellwood Cooper place, in the grounds of Mrs. M. M. Yates, in what was formerly the Kinton Stevens place, in Dr. Franceschi’s former home, Montarioso, in the Gillespie and Hale places, on the srounds of Mrs. Thomas Bard at Hueneme and in Alameda Park, vlanted by Dr. A. B. Doremus, some of the finest specimens of rare trees and shrubs in California. Because of California’s favorable climate, many species grow here in the open which are not hardy in the older centres of horticulture in the east. Such trees as the famous Lemon-scented Eucalyptus at Ellwood, the Cork Oak on West Montecito Street, and the Cape Chestnut in the Hale Place, are prob- ably the finest specimens of their respective species in the United States. The herbarium of exotics, when completed, will be the basis for a check list of the exotics grown in Santa Barbara and a guide to the fine specimens of rare species. Since the days of Nuttall and Greene, very little systematic col- lecting of native plants has been carried on in the Santa Barbara region. The mountains to the north have never been thoroughly explored. No one knows where the desert flora, which pushes past Mt. Pinos into the upper Cuyama Valley, merges into the transition zone. Even in the short time that has elapsed since the berbarium was started, a number of interesting finds have been made. The type locality of Cheilanthes cooperae has been rediscovered. The remnants of a northern flora, as exemplified by such species as Vaccinium ovatum, Osmaronia cerasiformis and Lithocarpus densiflora have been discovered in several localities. Comarostaphylos diversifolia is now known to occur at scattered points on the mainland. A flourish- ing stand of Adenostoma sparsiflora has been re-discovered (Baker collected a specimen but did not, so far as the writer knows, pub- lish the occurrence) . The Museum has a Botanic Garden of fifteen acres which has been planted to trees, shrubs and herbs of the Pacific Coast. The ground has lent itself to the segregation of these in eight associational groups, those of the Redwood belt, those of the grass-land, those of the Santa Barbara Islands, those of the desert and so on. ‘The site of this Botanic Garden is remarkable for its beauty and for its his- toric interest. It has a view of the mountains to the north and of the sea and the Santa Barbara Islands to the south, and contains the well preserved remnants of the dam built by the Indians in 1779 io furnish water for the Santa Barbara Mission. The nucleus of the Museum building was built, in 1923, by Mrs. R. G. Hazard, on land given by Miss Caroline Hazard. It was a cousin of Mr. R. G. Hazard and Miss Hazard, namely Mr. Barclay Hazard, who helped Dr. Greene in 1886 to make his pioneer explora- tion of the Channel Islands. This service to botany is commemorated by the name Hazardia, given by Greene to a new genus which he separated from Aplopappus. 226 MADRONO [Vol. 1 OPEN LETTERS A large Quercus agrifolia tree in Santa Clara County On a ranch four miles west of Gilroy is a very large Live Oak tree, a perfect symmetrical specimen without a sign of rot. Its maxi- mum crown spread is 123 feet and the minimum spread 110 feet. It has a height of 87 feet 6 inches. At the ground the trunk is 37 feet 6 inches in circumference; at two feet up, it is 30 feet in circumference; at five up it is 27 feet 6 inches in circumference; eight feet up, it is 30 feet 9 inches in circumference. The trunk then branches into three evenly spaced limbs. These limbs at about ten feet up are respectively 15 feet 6 inches, 14 feet 5 inches, 13 feet 7 inches in circumference. These dimensions appear to be larger than those for any oak given in Jepson’s Trees of California.—W. J. Hanna, Reaoaks Ranch, Gilroy, Oct. 14, 1924. NOTES AND NEWS A region which is compared to a distorted ellipse indicates the bounds of an Annotated Flora of the Chicago Area by Dr. H. 5S. Pepoon. About 45 miles wide, extending from Mt. Tom to the Waukegan Moors, the region is divided into six floral areas, the vegetation of each of which is described in relation to the topography and edaphic factors. A systematic list with keys follows. The book, well illustrated by photographs, is an admirable production. It forms Bulletin Seven of the National History Survey, Chicago Academy of Sciences. It may well serve as a model for similar great population centers where an interest in nature study on the part of the general public needs to be satisfied —W. L Mr. Knowles A. Ryerson, formerly of the agricultural depart- ment of Los Angeles County, was in 1928 appointed chief of the Office of Foreign Plant Introduction of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture at Washington, D. C. Dr. Ralph W. Chaney of the Carnegie Institution gave three illu- strated lectures on the history of Sequoia gigantea in Giant Forest, Sequoia Park, July 4 to 6. “A Spring Flora of Northwestern Oregon” (153 pages) has been issued by Dr. Helen M. Gilkey, Associate Professor of Botany in the Oregon State College, Corvallis. It contains a single key to all the included species and is fully illustrated, being designed to help beginners to help themselves. As an introduction to a studv of the flowering plans of Oregon the book will, we believe, be highly wel- come and of real value to the increasing list of persons interested in the native vegetation of the woods and fields of that region. pie err te GS : Fai | i - = io : ; ih i a a yu - JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL | Me SOCIETY ae Bo 1a a goon TOSGRIAR nese; TP y Va ‘ ay A - yj VS ie if : meee § a \ ie LAY 2 FBaS ee, A He en, “ye, a , ek robe hy. ai Be. ; oe el ONat ALIS Se Contents 3 a BOTANICAL ‘TRAILS IN OLD Mexico, Ynez Mexia . . . . 227 THE AVOCADO, A NATIVE AMERICAN TREE FOR HOME PLANTING, W. Tr. Horne ° e e 2 e e e e e e e 238 A NEW CASTILLESA FROM CoLoRADO, Leon Kelso . . . . 24d SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS IN GRANADA. . w wtwtiwtss CD September, 1929 MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL gage cation Spoletinie to measures in behalf aE a preservation of the native tones to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native a will be cially welcome. Publication Committee W. L. Jerson Botany Building, University of California, Berkeley, California Grorce J. Peirce, Joun THomas HoweLt, Stanford University - University of California = Berkeley | CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigation of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, fi trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora amon the people of California. a Officers of the Society Presidentisc 38 oie a oe Dr. W. L. Jepson, nweees of Califo Berkeley. First Vice-President....................-- Professor W. W. Mackie, University of Calif Second Vice President H. L. Mason, University of Califor Treasuter! 3) ea a Miss Elsie M. Zeile, 1501 Sansome St., San Fran Field Committee: Mr. M. S. Jussell, 473 45th St., Oakland, Cal.—Chairman. Annual Dinner Committee: Mr. H. L. Mason, Mr. David Goddard, Mr. Carl Meyer, Miss Lucile Roush. Membership Committee: Professor George J. Peirce, Stanford University. Professor W. T. Horne, University of California. Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills College. te Professor W. W. Mackie, University of California. fornia Botanical Scien Botany Building, University Caines) Berkeley, Cali Back numbers of the Journal may be had from the Corresponding Secre Botany Building, Berkeley, California. Subscription price $3.00 per year. 1 i] 1929] BOTANICAL TRAILS IN MEXICO 227 BOTANICAL TRAILS IN OLD MEXICO.—THE LURE OF THE UNKNOWN. Ynez MEXIA In 1926 I enthusiastically planned a botanical collecting trip to the western states of Mexico with the idea of exploring the more re- mote districts where I felt sure collectors had not penetrated and where I hoped to secure interesting and possibly new plants from the rich flora of that sub-tropical region. I was to collect under the auspices of the Department of Botany of the University of California and the permit kindly issued me with the great golden seal of the University visibly impressed the always courteous officials of our southern neighbor even when they were unable so decipher the document. All preparations being completed in September of 1926, I left San Francisco on the very comfortable Pacific Mail steamer. Four days of pleasant sailing brought us opposite the tip of Lower Calli- fornia, where we turned due east across the Gulf of California to Mazatlan, the port of the State of Sinaloa. There I was met by a very good friend, Mr. J. Gonzales Ortega, by profession a civil engi- neer, who has also been an enthusiastic botanist for very many years. This gentleman knows the west coast of Mexico as few know it, and has been most helpful in advising me as to the best localities for collecting. My first trip out from Mazatlan was to Tepic, in the State of Nayarit. Tepic lies in a fertile valley in the range of the Sierra Madre mountains at an altitude of about 1000 meters. While on the new line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, it is as yet a very beau- tiful quaint old city, happily little touched by modern “improve- ments’. The streets, when not consisting of mudholes, are cobbled and bumpy, with houses and walls of adobe on either side, but the houses are far apart, each set in its garden or “huerta”, and the red tiled roofs nestle picturesquely among the tender greenery of the bananas, or the dark glossy green of the omnipresent coffee plants. Even the adobe walls become things of beauty in this ideal climate, for they are covered with a garment of Maiden-hair fern, while above _ them droop the branches of flowering or fruiting trees. A gentleman to whom I had letters provided me with a reliable “mozo” or guide and a couple of horses, and I set out each morning to explore and collect. As I had never been in this region before, I found the luxuriance of the vegetation actually embarrassing. It was hard to know where to begin to collect and still harder to know when to stop. Mauro, my mozo, and I would ride out along a road, and then cut off over some little trail that led towards the higher mountains. The Guava trees, Psidium Guajava L., which grow wild, were in fruit and we would stop to eat and to fill our pockets when we came across them. Ferns were very abundant, growing along the trail banks and in every little ravine. Athyrium Skinneri MaproNo, vol. 1, pp. 227-240. Sept. 27, 1929. 228 MADRONO [Vol. 1 (Baker) Moore and Adiantum Braunii Mett., were among them. Con- volvulaceae of every size and color were everywhere along the hedge- rows and clambering over shrubbery and small trees, very orna- mental, but a terrible pest to agriculturists. The scandent milkweed, Dictyanthus Pavonii Decne., climbed over the thickets showing its beautifully veined purple and brown campanulate flowers. The wild fig-tree, Ficus mexicana Miq., here grows to huge proportions. As the green fruit hung high, Mauro deftly lassooed some fruiting branches for me. A trip along the trail leading to the village of Jalcojotan took ~~? Bes Fig. 1. The Oil-nut Palm. Attalea cohune Mart. The nuts, about the size of an egg, are composed of an outer fibrous husk, a thin layer of orange-colored pulp and a thick stony shell containing a plump kernel which is an important source of oil, mostly used locally for the manufacture of a coarse soap. All through the Palm forests one finds mounds of these shells, broken open with stones by the patient natives. 3a ‘= 1929] BOTANICAL TRAILS IN MEXICO 229 us up into the Cordillera where we found interesting mountain flora. It was the only locality in which I found the Prochnyanthes viri- descens Wats., a most beautiful plant with twin dark red bells grow- ing along a scape two or three feet tall; it superficially resembled our Fritillarias. The Cosmos that brightens our gardens is one of the common wild flowers in Mexico, and the pink C. Seemannii (Sch. Bip.) Gray starred the openings in the woods, while the tall dark scarlet Dahlia coccinea Cav. flamed everywhere against the green of thicket or shrub. In a beautiful little glade between the hills was a veritable flower garden, bright with the red-orange Zinnia linearis Benth., a beautiful white Hymenocallis and the scarlet bracts of the Euphorbia colorata Engelm. The tall Macromeria exserta D. Don spread showy pale yellow flowers against the dark green of the hillside where the white blossoms of Passiflora sicyoides S. & C. and its trilobate leaves festooned the lower trees. Growing in the neighboring tangle I found a perennial herbaceous composite, height about 60 cm., with conspicuously winged stems and flowers an inch across, lemon yellow in color. This has turned out to be a new species, Verbesina pantoptera Blake, (type no. 1317608 U. S. Na- tional Herbarium). The Hibiscus grows wild in the denser woods and brightens the shade with its crimson blossoms. I collected sev- eral kinds, one bearing a dark red flower being new, named Hibiscus aniaster by Mr. Paul C. Standley. One day we went to the Cerro de San Juan, the nearest spur of the Cordillera, up an almost obliterated trail said not to have been used since the mountain was a stronghold of bandits during the revo- lution a few years ago. The stream up which we worked was arched with many strange deciduous trees where a delightful but elusive fragrance kept me seeking until | traced it to the lovely creamy blossoms of the Clusia Salvinii Donn. Smith., a rather small tree with thick glossy leaves and a smooth trunk. Many ferns and mosses grew in the dense shade beneath and among these were beautiful bright pink Sobralia decora Batem. (probably), (det. Oakes Ames), and a new Begonia, B. ornithocarpa Standl., in fruit. When we descended from the mountain our trail led us over the more level sround, with occasional clumps of small trees and thickety growth. One shrub, named “Pie de Pajaro” by my mozo, had abundant green fruits, in axillary umbels, and, proving to be a new species, has been called Deppea macrocarpa by Mr. Standley. After two weeks collecting in Tepic, [ went southwest to Yxtlan del Rio lying somewhat higher in the mountains, and with the aid of a very good mozo, Juan, collected around there. By riding up the sides of the mcuntains we got into the lower fringe of the oak and pine belt. In the openings of these woods many composites were now in flower. On the more sunny slopes we found cacti, among others, a red-fruited Cereus sp. This latter strikingly demonstrates in what manner the slabs lose their spines and shape and become trunk-like as the cactus approaches tree form in age. An attractive spreading tree with glossy leaves and large white flowers opening in the late afternoons proved to be one of the strange Morning-glory trees, [pomaea murucoides R. & S., while in a pasture in the valley a new nightshade was found in fruit, Solanum Nayari- tense Standl. Returning to Mazatlan with my collection, my next excursion was farther south to Tuxpan, in the State of Nayarit. This was on the Rio San Pedro, one of the largest rivers draining into the Pacific Ocean which in flood inundated the whole territory in 1925. The soil in this part of the country consists of alluvial deposits brought down by the river, and its fertility is incredible. Crops (and weeds) grow almost overnight. There are great “Palapares’, forests of the Oil-nut Palm, Attalea cohune Mart., which are most beautiful, and so luxuriant that not even a ray of the tropical sun can penetrate their canopy at midday. The shade is so dense that only the young palms and an odd, broad-leafed maiden-hair fern, Adiantum lati- folium Lam., can flourish there, but around the margins of these forests there is a fringe of other trees and shrubs. Among those . collected was a composite, a large coarse erect freely branching plant, suffrutescent, about two meters in height with orange-colored heads borne on rather long pedicels. This has been named Zexmenia Mexiae by Dr. S. F. Blake, (type no. 1317609, U. S. National Her- barium) and was called “Tacote Amarillo” by my mozo. The prevailing family here is the Leguminosae, and its repre- sentatives occur in every form from tiny little ground runners to great trees. Leguminous shrubs, many of them sharply hooked, are in legions, and vines and scandent shrubs make progression except along trails most difficult. From Tuxpan I took a dugout canoe down to the Mexcaltitlan, a little village of shrimp-fisheries in the delta of the San Pedro, and there encountered large and active Anopheles and the “Jejenes” or biting gnats which feast on stranger and native alike. The village was on a small island in the vast shallow lagoons which stretch along this coast for leagues and leagues. Lovely blue Water-lilies, Castalia elegans Greene, grew by the acre and the Corpus Christi, Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers., lifted its stately white flowers and spread its immense pads in the sunshine. The lagoons, fresh to brackish, were everywhere broken by what looked like wooden islets, which when approached turned out to be association of water-loving trees: Mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L.;. the Buttonwood, Cono- carpus erectus L.; Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels and others, all growing in the shallow water. In places these trees were so smothered by vines, principally Convolvulaceae, that they lost all tree shape and became but living green mounds. Collecting was done from a canoe, and though the individuals were countless in this delta region they represented few species, so as soon as I had collected these I was glad to escape from the mosquitoes and the odoriferous shrimp and return to Tuxpan and to Mazatlan. My next trip was to Los Labrados, about thirty miles south of Mazatlan in the State of Sinaloa. Here I was in the thorny coastal jungle. Leguminosae predominated in tree and shrub form, the 1929] BOTANICAL TRAILS IN MEXICO 231 Acacias being especially abundant. The rose-pink “Coronilla”, An- tigonon leptopus H. & A., fairly covered the landscape, wreathing every thicket with its beautiful pink sprays, and the Convolvulaceae in many colors smothered the thickets and trees up to 75 feet. The strange “Tree Morning-glory” bears its typical white flowers while | the branches are yet leafless, but does not here come into flower until December or January. My next venture took me by steamer down the coast to far-away Puerto Vallarta in the State of Jalisco. Here I collected for a month, near the coast and in the foothills. The Lantana, Lantana camara L., called here “Senorita”, is most abundant and it is always inter- esting to meet one of our garden favorites growing wild. Many epiphytes are seen in the higher trees. A large-leaved tree of the same family as our Rhus, Comocladia Engleriana Loesener, unfor- tunately not in flower or fruit, was collected with disastrous effects to my mozo as it put him out of commission for a week with badly swollen and inflamed face and hands. This tree is called “Hincha-huevos” by the natives, because they have the notion that an egg coming in contact with any part of it will burst. Another tree named “Manzanita” from the small, apple-like fruits was shunned by my mozo. This is the Hippomane mancinella L. of the Euphor- biaceae. Neither of these trees affected me. Climbing around the precipitous hills rising abruptly from the water’s edge, I found in the understory of the dense woods a small tree, luckily both in flower and fruit, which proved to be new, Eugenia Mexiae Standl. A Piper growing in this same dense shade showed large oblong oblique leaves and the cord-like spikes that have caused the natives to call all the pipers “Cordoncillo”. Dr. Wm. Trelease has named this Piper Ynesae. A little higher on the slope where the trees thinned out, a struggling shrub curiously like our Elder- | berry in appearance showed dense clusters of rich purple drupelets. It proved to be Callicarpa subpubescens Hook. & Arn., of which the type is “said to have been collected in Tepic” in 1840, and which has not been found since. An interesting side trip I made was in a dug-out canoe by sea some twenty or thirty miles down the coast to a little cove named Quimixto inhabited only by seven very poor families. The country was very wild in this locality, and I stayed five days or until my collecting equipment was all used up. The heavily wooded hills showed in the main the same species as farther north, but another new Eugenia turned up, Eugenia pleurocarpa Standl. It showed a large, dark purple, ridged fruit, said to be edible. I collected the same thing later in the Sierra Madre Mountains at an elevation of about 2000 meters, but nowhere was it abundant. Another new shrub. Cephaelis sessilifolia Standl., had sessile, oblong leaves and a strik- ing bright blue drupe in large bilobate deep red bracts. In this locality I collected also another new Piper, named Piper Quimixtense by Dr. Trelease. I fear the simple inhabitants of Quimixto will never know of the honor done their hamlet. A new Rousselia found here has not yet been named. Doe MADRONO [ Vol. 1 It might seem appropriate that in this most remote and hidden nook of this out-of-the-way corner of the world, that I should have collected among other composites one that has turned out to repre- sent a new genus. On December 1, 1926, my mozo, Reyes, and I followed the little river some distance and took a trail that wound up the steep forested volcanic mountains that here pitch directly down to the ccean. After climbing for two or three miles we came to a small stream, “El Arroyo del Chorillo”, named thus from a little waterfall higher up, and working down this stream a bit col- lected this plant among others along the sandy stream-bed. It grows to about a meter in height, is suffrutescent to woody below and has small globular heads of white flowers. This specimen was sent for determination among a number of Eupatoriums to Dr. B. L. Robinson, of the ey Herbarium, Har- vard. I quote from his letter: “You will be pleased, I think, to notice that there was a new genus among these, namely no. 1202, which is a very interesting ‘plant eanistomlly simulating Eupatorium monanthum. I have been pleased to name it in your honor and have called it Mexianthus mexicanus, in the hope that its cheerfully alliterative appellation will be easily remembered and will keep in mind your noteworthy service in exploration.” Returning to Puerto Vallarta I next went to the almost unin- habited and precipitous foot-hills of the Cruz de Vallarta, altitude about 700 meters, where I stayed at the hut of a wood-cutter, setting up my cot in his banana patch. Of course, maize is the staple crop all over the Republic, with tobacco on the hot coastal belt and coffee at higher altitudes, but each little wattle-and-thatch hut on the hills has its patch of sugar cane and bananas, much as we at home grow a garden of potatoes and corn. The hills were heavily wooded, there being many valuable hardwoods on these slopes, while in the dense shade flourish numerous flowering shrubs. The flaming red flowers of Pedilanthus Palmeri Millsp., resemble tiny candles in the gloom. Up to this time the plant had only been reported from its type lo- cality, Tepic. A small tree of the understory growing on the steep side of a canon showed minute white flowers and panicles of little orange and red drupes. This has been named Psychotria Mexiae by Mr. Standley. Exploring these volcanic mountains was somewhat strenuous as most of them are standing on edge. The woodcutter’s boys were the companions of my rambles and a thirteen year old would climb any tree of not too great girth by clasping it with his arms and half walking, half hitching his way up. Near a streamlet in a deep canon we found a tall herbaceous plant, an Euphorbia, with small pale green leaves and tiny greenish flowers. My curiosity was aroused by the importance given it by my native friends, who call it “Hierba del arlomo” and who stated that it was a specific for the bite of the dreaded “arlomo”. It took a good deal of investigating to discover what an “arlomo” was but 1929] BOTANICAL TRAILS IN MEXICO 233 I finally made out that it was an insect that occasionally stung hu- man beings, and that the limb of humans thus attacked become excruciatingly painful and swollen, gangrene sometimes setting in and the limb or life itself often being lost from the effects of the poisonous bite. One of the proofs of the malicious character of the arlomos was that at night it gave out two greenish points of light. Later near a stream I discovered an arlomo, evidently a glow- worm, bottled it, in spite of the remonstrances of my guide, and brought it home for indentification. Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, entomologist, declares it to be a female glow-worm, family of the Cantharidae (Lampyridae) and absolutely harmless. However there can be no doubt that occasionally people are bitten with fatal results, but Dr. Van Dyke considers the culprit to be generally the Black Widow or Hour-glass Spider, Lactrodectus mactans Fabr., which is extremely poisonous. The reputed curative herb, however, interested me, even if [ doubt its efficacy, so that I have been anxious to get its identification and find out some of its attributes. I was therefore somewhat surprised to learn that it is a new species, now bearing the name of Euphorbia Mexiae Standl. On my return to Puerto Vallerta there was no steamer to take me back to Mazatlan so I went three days journey over the passes by pack train to the crest of the Sierra Madre, here running up to about 7000 feet. My destination was the old mining town of San Sebastian, nestled in the valley of the same name just under La Bufa, the highest peak in this region. This valley is just below the frost line, while the temperature drops to the freezing point on the overhanging crests. The climate is delightful; bracing, clear and sunny in the daytime, but sharply cold at night, and crops and fruits from both tropical and temperate climes grow here abundantly. The mountains are very rugged and steep, cut into many narrow, deep canons by the clear streams that come tumbling down from the crests. These cafions are crowded with deciduous trees and shrubs, but the slopes and crests are clothed with open pine and oak for- ests. The varieties of oak are legion, among them some of the largest and most stately oaks it has been my fortune to see. The pines are also of many species, all that I found but one, being five-needled, and quite different in habit from those of more northern climes. They have not the pyramidal form so marked in our conifers but are quite umbrella-shaped with spreading branches and mostly open foliage, the very slender flexible needles fully fifteen inches long. The tufts of needles ripple in the breeze and catch the glint of the sunshine as our shorter-leaved pines cannot do. The undergrowth shows innumerable species of the Labiatae and many Compositae. In the valleys black walnuts grow to a size un- known to us, while ashes flourish mightily. Avocados and lemons grow wild. Milkweed, Asclepias elata Benth., and the “Tomatillo”, Bunchosia Palmeri Wats., with its yellow fruits, are common along the trailsides, while the fragrant little pink, lily-like flowers, Sabbatia gracilis Salisb., fairly star the hillsides. 204 MADRONO [ Vol. 1 A few new species were discovered in this mountainous region both on the mountain slopes and in the steep canons. Along the banks of the “Arroyo de las Casillas” in the shade of the higher trees overhanging the clear stream was a slender tree of the Malvaceae, showing beautiful canary-yellow blossoms and the great broad leaves which have induced Mr. Standley to name it Pavonia amplifolia. Deppea hamelioides Standl., was discovered along the banks of the Arroyo del Monte Oscuro, so called because the ravine is so deep that the stream is perpetually shaded. It is a slender herb, in fruit when collected, showing open clusters of small capsules. In the dark, shady canon of Arroyo Segundo, the oaks had their trunks and horizontal branches covered with a luxuriant moss growth, and in these lush beds were small succulent plants, about fifteen cm. high, with erect stems and symmetrical spreading tops for all the world like miniature trees. Dr. Trelease has named them Peperomia Mexiae. On the trail to Real Alto, in an opening of the oak forest here clothing the slopes, the bright orange flowers of a shrubby composite were collected. Dr. Blake has named it Verbesina heterocarpa. On the dry ridge, Loma de Garrote, scantily clothed with stunted pines, Sphacele pinetorum Standl., was found. It had a deep taproot, was from one to two meters in height, with several woody stems and brick red flowers. I never found this shrub again. It was interesting to note that while along the coast the Leguminosae dominated the flora, at this altitude (between 1500 and 2500 meters) the Compositae have the greatest representation. | On the trail from San Sebastian to Real Alto, a scandent shrub of about three meters climbing over a thicket showed insignificant white flowers and soft densely pubescent foliage, so is named Allophylus mollissimus Standl. Another novelty was a tall com- posite with no rays, yellow-green disc flowers and grey-green smooth leaves called Verbesina glaucophylla by Dr. Blake. The highest peak of the Sierra Madres here is La Bufa, 2500 meters, and just below the last rocky point are a few little huts, the remains of an ancient mining village. Here I came for a week with my mozo, Jose, and we sallied forth daily to collect. Among the rocks of these high peaks we clambered, every day finding new treas- ures. Twice we were lost and had to find our way back to the village in the dark as best we could, but it was all enjoyable too, and the scenery was magnificent. In the crevices of the rocks on La Bufa a plant was found with long straggling branches and bright red tubular flowers, but leafless. It is now named Fuchsia decidua Standl. Clinging to the rocky slope an odd composite showed a tuberous root and somewhat insignificant flower, but rather remark- able triangular leaves. It proved to be a new species, so it is now Cacalia trignophylla Blake. The north slope of La Bufa is not so steep and is densely wooded, there I found a rare little trailing plant with broadly obcordate leaves and pale pink, fringed blossoms. Drymaria excisa, Mr. Standley has called it. 1929] BOTANICAL TRAILS IN MEXICO 235 After collecting and exploring along the crests I followed down the streams as far as it was possible to go, for one is always climb- ing up or down in this precipitous country, and on crossing a little rivulet with its fringing vegetation, my attention was drawn to tall shrubs with scanty leaves and showy corymbs of deep crimson flowers, unlike anything I had ever seen before, and which I never found again. They have turned out to be of the family Capparidaceae, and Mr. Standley has named them Cleome atrosanguinea. Returning to San Sebastian I took the trail to the Hacienda del Ototal, dropping down to an altitude of about 1500 meters. Here Fig. 2. “Organo”. Lemairocereus montanus Britt. & Rose. Found on dry hillsides at Yxtlan del Rio. The fruits or “Pitajayas” are important summer articles of food among the poor. Growing high on the stems they are nipped off by a pair of long bamboos fastened to function like elongated shears. 236 MADRONO [Vol. 1 the more tropical vegetation of the coast came up to meet the tem- perate flora of the high mountains. Bananas and sugar cane were raised at the Hacienda, but there were occasional light frosts. On the way down I found among the undergrowth near a stream tall Solanaceae, with large soft cordate leaves and yellow flowers. This is now named Bassowia malacophylla Standl. I collected in the vicinity of the Hacienda for ten days and a number of new species rewarded my efforts. Randia concinna Standl., a large tree with fruits (green) the size of small lemons, grew on the thickly wooded slopes, and Abutilon jaliscanum Standl., a fine salmon-yellow large flowered shrub, grew in dense shade by the stream bank. The deter- minations of a number of other species have not yet been made, so there are probably some other new ones among those set aside for study. 7 Above a shady little pool of the Arroyo de los Tapeistes, over- hung by a yet undetermined Saurauia, was a lovely clump of rose- pink Begonias, described by Mr. Standley under the name of Begonia Mexiae. The following day a steep climb up from the valley where the Hacienda is situated brought us to the Arroyo de los Hornos near where Rynchosia tarpantha Standl., was discovered trailing long stems over the ground and whose long tap-roots required much digging. The yellowish green flowers were inconspicuous. This lo- cality gave us another new species in the Melastomaceae, Conostegia jaliscana Standl. It was found by the side of the streamlet and was a handsome shrub from two to three meters in height, with large five-nerved leaves and a panicle of white flowers. In the sandy bed of the Arroyo del Ototal a single specimen of a rather tall herbaceous composite was collected. It had _ broad, rough leaves and cymes of deep orange flowers. Dr. Blake has called it Trigonospermum hispidulum. On the return trip from El Ototal to San Sebastian I discovered a small to medium sized tree showing clusters of white flowers whose leaves were oblong and densely tomentose above and below, at least when young. This proved to be a new relative of our Toyon Berry, Photinia oblongifolia Standl. Jose, my guide, stated that the wood was tough and durable, being used for axe handles, and that is was called “Escaramuza”’ by the country people. I have made no mention of the ferns, of which I found many and varied species, but will have to talk about those another time. Besides the ferns many lichens, liverworts and mosses were collected, two of the latter proving to be new. One grew on the trunks of the palm trees (Attalea cohune Mart.) at Tuxpan and is named Isopterygium dimunitivum Bartram. The other, Merceyopsis mexi- cana Bartram, was found near a stream on a large rock in the valley of San Sebastian. There was no end to the collecting, in these beautiful mountains and the bulk of my collection was made in this region. Three months slipped away before I knew it, and it was past time for me to make my way out. It was a three days pack mule trip to the railroad 1929] BOTANICAL TRAILS IN MEXICO 237 over a rough and dangerous trail. The path zigzags down into the tremendous cafion of the Ameca and fords the river seven times. As we dropped down into the hot canon bottom I saw from afar a grove of the Ironwood trees, Guaiacum Coulteri Gray, covered with their deep sky-blue fragrant flowers, and I only wished all my botanically inclined friends were with me to enjoy them and the rest of the beau- tiful Mexican flora as much as I did. About 1600 numbers of plants were collected, consisting of lichens, mosses, ferns, grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees. One new genus was found, and so far as known at present about fifty new species. All the reports are not yet in. My itinerary follows. Itinerary of Collecting Trip in the Western States of Mexico From Sept. 2, 1926 to April 19, 1927. STATE TOWN DATE Sinaloa Mazatlan Sept. 2, 1926 Arrived at Mazatlan MD 2.80. a deo Train to Tepic Nayarit Tepic ” 9-14 Environs of Tepic ee ” ae Trail to Jalcojotan @ e sae lif Trail to Cerro de la Cruz i ad 4 9 Cerro de San Juan i es ” 20 Trail to Acapaya | nee are > ee, Train to Yxtlan del Rio ue Yxtlan del Rio SES Environs of Yxtlan % us ie . 12677 Trail to Barranca del Oro 4 ‘a eas es ”» 29 Trail to Juanacata A! ss cap Ss Oct. 1 La Cofradia cc e ‘ie 7 2 Trail to Juanacata eee ical ee! Train to Mazatlan Sinaloa Mazatlan ees cil At Mazatlan OU ee a a ALD Train to Los Labrados “e Los Labrados * 13-16 Jungle and Marisma i, Sa aCe ene silty Train to Mazatlan 7 Mazatlan coe 74 | At Mazatlan Be ee ti Vs OD, Train to Ruiz Nayarit Ruiz ” 23-24, Environs of Ruiz eye eee ” 25-26 Dugout canoe to Tuxpan ene 26 Dugout canoe to Mecaltitlan a Mexcaltitlan ” 29-31 Lagoon collecting in canoe is Soa eee Nov. 1 Dugout canoe to Tuxpan ee Tuxpan 7 3-4 Environs of Tuxpan as ” 5-6 Palapar Redondo a ig | Hacienda del Conejo A ie £8} Hacienda de Ybarra oS Gr eee ”~ 9 Automobile to Ruiz “0 Le eee ” 10 Train to Mazatlan Sinaloa Mazatlan ” 11-19 Environs Mazatlan pe eee os ” 20-21 Steamer south Jalisco Puerto Vallarta ” 23-26 Environs Puerto Vallarta id 2 Dil, Cerro de la Cruz SS ee eee ee ” 28 Dugout by sea to Quimixto ie Quimixto ” 29 Monte ie a ” 30 River border Mg ie Dec. 1 Arroyo del Chorillo i Pe ae Trail to San Pedro el Tuito 3 Dugout to Puerto Vallarta Puerto Vallarta ” 4.6 238 MADRONO [ Vol. 1 ee, Wee Be fare ta: Donkeyback to hills of Santa Cruz de Vallarta ie Santa Cruz de Vallarta ” 8-12 Densely wooded hills aan) etree eater pees) Donkey to Puerto Vallarta & Puerto Vallarta ¥ * 14-16 iy is ie al Rio de Cuale a4 Sy 825 Awaiting transportation Ba, HOE AR nese he ” 629-31 Mule pack to San Sebastian e San Sebastian Jan. 1-27, 1927 Surrounding country ra Real Alto ” 29-Feb. 3 Surrounding country dd San Sebastian Feb. 4-13 Surrounding country ie Hacienda del Ototal ” 14-16 Surrounding country cs Real Alto 18-27 Surrounding country | ae Hacienda del Ototal Mar. 2-10 Surrounding country s San Sebastian ” 11-13 Surrounding country ‘i Las Mesitas ” 14-17 Surrounding country @ San Sebastian - NG-27 Surrounding country (ore er ” 26-28 Pack train through me Los Reyes to railroad Nayarit San Jose del Conde et 29 Arroyo San Jose del Conde omens a ” 30-31 Train to Mazatlan Sinaloa Mazatlan Apr. 1-18 At Mazatlan ee ee ~~ 19 Left for San Francisco Berkeley, Sept. 20, 1928. THE AVOCADO, A NATIVE AMERICAN TREE FOR HOME PLANTING W. T. Horne Most of us have heard someone say, “I’m crazy about avocados. Do they grow on a tree? Do you think one would grow in my yard?” If it’s in California, generally it might. How may we know where it is reasonable to expect or to hope for success with this most unique fruit tree? It would take a long time to give all our opinions and guesses and to tell what we do not know, but where an orange tree will live we might at least try an avocado. This would mean that by far the greater part of the people living in California might try it. In the extreme desert it is said to fail though the orange may succeed. As to soil requirements we may say it likes good soil—probably somewhat as the sweet cherry. Over large areas of country it grows about as healthily as a cottonwood tree but there are other extensive areas where, if planted, either promptly or finally it dies, without certificate or permit of the pathologist. If we say it is due to deficient drainage we express an opinion which may divert attention from our lack of accurate information. Work under way by Dr. Haas at the Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, indicates that it is not a plant for alkali or salt, either in the soil or in the irrigation water. It is my belief that the avocado will usually succeed better than an orange in a lawn, a dooryard or an ordinary home garden. Before we go farther we might stop to ask about the particular qualities of this tree and what its service might be in one’s home yard; or estate, if one should be more fortunate. In other words, 11929) AVOCADO FOR PLANTING 239 what particular forms of pleasure might it contribute to a 2arden enthusiast ? In general the avocado is a heavy foliaged, evergreen tree with rather large ovate or elliptical to lanceolate leaves. Blossoming is often extremely copious, the flowers being small and on close in- spection bearing much resemblance to those of the California Um- bellularia (a botanical ally), but instead of yellow and green they show white and green. The fruit also tends to conceal itself among the leaves so that neither flowers nor fruit claim especial decorative merit. A number of varieties have been named and part of these are available from nurserymen. Among them there is considerable variety in figure of tree, color, and behavior. Seedlings are easily grown but they are uncertain as to character of tree and fruit and as to fruitfulness. It would seem that all avocado fruits are good, but the rest of the Scotch saying holds. In a home yard usually a certain space is available. If there is ample room a “Fuerte” tree may be planted. This is the only fully approved variety for commercial planting, as judged by the qualities of the fruit. It is the medium sized, pear-shaped, green fruit seen during winter and spring on our markets. It is generally conceded that no variety excells it for merchandising or eating pur- poses. The original tree was discovered at Atlexco, State of Pueblo, Mexico, in 1911. The tree is broad with twigs and leaves drooping but it also grows up well. Leaves are large, long, lanceolate, flat, slightly bronzy at first, becoming a good full green. A leaf before me has petiole 21% inches long, blade pointed at each end and 8 by 3 inches. While the tree is hardy, another variety may be better in some places. If one should desire a tree which would come more quickly to a size suitable for the children to build a play house in its branches, then one might choose a “Dorothea”, a tree and fruit in many wavs like the “Fuerte” but with stronger more sturdy limbs. Or one might choose a “Queen”, if cold conditions are very favorable, a large, broad, handsome tree with very large summer fruits esteemed of the finest quality. Or, again, one might have a “Ganter”, one of the hardiest and most vigorous of all and with many small light green autumn fruits. If the space suggests a broad low tree the “Knight” would be a worthy candidate. Its aspect is dense, dark green, with the new growth bright yellow washed with brilliant red giving a handsome contrast. It has large oval summer fruit. A beautiful dome shaped tree when young, with large, crowded char- acteristically curving leaves is the “Nabal”. This is one of the later Popenoe introductions with summer fruit of medium size which promises well commercially. The variety which is perhaps second to the “Fuerte” in esteem of the merchant is the “Puebla”. It will be seen about Thanksgiving time, a little smaller than “Fuerte”, pear- “shaped, smooth and glossy purple. The tree is a good one, medium in size, compact, when young broadly conical, deep green with the new growth clear light yellow. While it is hardy and pro- 240 , MADRONO [Vol. 1 ductive it has not in all places grown and produced as well as some of the other Mexican varieties. The type of tree which will be desired perhaps most of all is the tall narrow one needing little space. The ideal variety for this purpose is the “Lyon”. Beautiful specimens may be seen in the town of Whittier and in other favored spots. Narrow almost as an Italian cypress, dense, deep green, it is a striking object. It is also pre- cocious and productive with large excellent summer fruits. Seeing some particularly handsome trees of this in a yard in Whittier I called on the owner and he told me that at six years from the bud he had picked from one tree 100 fruits which weighed just about 100 pounds. I was so occupied with the beauty of the specimens that I forgot to ask if they also brought him one hundred dollars— perhaps they did. The “Lyon”, however, has not prospered in all places, many have overborne and died, others have failed without evident reason. The “Anaheim” has a growth habit similar to the “Lyon”, also producing large summer fruits, and is believed to be more reliable. These tall slender forms should be supported by a strong stake since with their heavy foliage and fruit and brittle wood one is occasionally broken. The suggestions as to varieties are made with much hesitation. Probably no experienced avocado enthusiast would entirely agree with me. There are many other varieties and I have perhaps missed the best for home planting. The avocado growers association is giving much attention to this matter. Only recently Dr. J. Eliot Coit has discovered a tree near Oroville which promises particularly well in cold situations and introduced it under the name “Duke”. The modern nurseries send out their avocado trees with a ball of earth attached. When one has paid perhaps $5.00 for a good tree and a similar amount for transportation it is of interest not to lose it. Instructions should be carefully followed. As with a child the tree should not be lifted by the neck, but both hands should be used and the ball should be lifted carefully. The wrapping should not be removed. When the tree is set and most of the earth filled and settled the wrapping may be loosened about the stem, turned back and covered with soil. For those who do not wish to pay for a nursery tree, seedlings may be grown. A “Fuerte” or some of the small fruits should be chosen. Seeds from southern Florida or the lowlands of tropical countries will usually be of the West Indian type which is tender to frost and has not grown well in California. Hold the seed with the broad end down at the top of a glass or bottle and insert several tooth picks to support it in place. Then add water until the base of the seed is wet and keep in a warm room until the little plant begins to grow. When frost danger is past plant it where you wish it to grow and treat it as you would a hill of corn. Shelter should be given from frost for the first two winters. Both the habit and fruit character will be unknown but if the tree shows no sign of blossoming after several years select a sturdy limb and girdle it 1929] NEW CASTILLEJA 241 near the base by removing a strip of bark one-eighth inch broad and to the wood. If girdled in early summer blossom buds may appear the next spring on the treated limb. [If the tree fails to re- spond it may be grafted over to a fruitful variety. This operation is not as easy as with a deciduous tree but with care should succeed. Seedlings are particularly adapted to the amateur and to home planting. All are interesting and there is always the chance to get a better variety than any yet known. If, for instance, a seedling of “Fuerte” should be secured with fruit like its parent and maturing at a different season, or more precocious and reliable in bearing, it would be of immense value to the industry. The avocado fans (if I may use the term) expatiate upon the high food value of the fruit because of its oil content, yet it is probably true that in nearly every home considerable quantities of wholesome fat are thrown away regularly. I believe that it is also true that in every country where the avocado is known it is as highly and universally prized as the sweet orange. There will be little ob- jection if we say the orange is the best refreshing fruit. Then let us leave the explanation for the charm of this peculiar fruit to those deep students of human nature, the psychologists, or to the nutritionists, or to anybody else who may assail the problem; and, if we want to, let us plant an avocado in the front yard—or two of them—or in the back yard or both. Like all human undertakings our project will not want for troubles, but so far as I know, the avocado has not yet suffered seriously from powdery mildew or aphids (thought occasionally there is some spotting by thrips), it has been free from brown rot, codling worms and pear blight, and it has not been a tempter to the robin nor to the small boy. Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside. A NEW CASTILLEJA FROM COLORADO. Leon KEeEtso Castilleja flavoviridis sp. nov. Stems one to several, 7-12 cm. high, purplish, glabrate below to tomentose in the inflorescence: leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire or the uppermost sometimes with one or two teeth, 1-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the lower glabrate, the upper puberulent: bracts green, 3-parted to the middle or lower; the lateral lobes narrowly lanceolate to setaceous, divaricate, curved, the middle longer and broader, long-acuminate, with a few teeth in the upper- most bracts; as long as or shorter than the calyx, not concealing the flowers, finely villous to floccose: calyx green or somewhat yellowish, short-villous to tomentose, cleft nearly to the middle or less, about 2 mm. lower on the lower side, the lobes cleft 1-3 mm. into acute teeth; corolla 18-25 mm. long; tube yellowish, equaling or much surpassing the calyx; galea yellowish, 4-6 mm. long, pubescent on the back; lip dark green, 3-4 mm. long, its 3 ovate and acute lobes distinctly yellow, 1 mm. long; anthers 2 mm. long. This plant is nearest related to C. puberula Rydberg, from which it differs chiefly in its entire leaves, 3-parted bracts and tomentum in 242 MADRONO [ Vol. a the inflorescence. Two specimens collected Aug. 6, 1927 on the eastern slope of Bighorn Mountain in the Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, alt. 11,300 ft., are in the Rocky Mountain Herbarium at the University of Wyoming. Eight type specimens collected July 28, 1928 on the south slope of Hague’s Peak, not far from the former locality, at an altitude from 10,500 to 12,500 ft., are in my collection. Aurora, Colorado, Feb. 16, 1929. SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS IN GRANADA. In the lovely gardens of Generalife in Granada the guide called my attention to its crowning glory, this “ancient cedar”, as he named it. Roughly speaking the tree is about 125 feet in height, and per- haps four in diameter, and already it towers above the others on the hillside. It is a landmark on the skyline, as one looks across the ravine from the Alhambra, or views it from the heights of St. Nicholas. I thought you might enjoy a leaf, and so I culled one for you. I know nothing of its history, but the guide book speaks of trees planted by the Duke of Wellington.—Harriet N. Dimonp, Seville, Spain, in 1926. It was perhaps shortly after my return from Palestine and Syria that your letter came from Spain, enclosing a spray of our Red- wood, Sequoia sempervirens, from a tree in Granada. Your letter and the facts which it contains have been the subject of much ponder- ing in my mind. A tree 125 feet high and 4 feet in diameter might possibly be about 120 years old. If so, how did Redwood seed get to Spain in that early day? That would be even before the Red- wood was first published botanically in 1824 by Lambert in England. Lambert’s specimens were collected by Menzies, surgeon of the Van- couver expedition. It has always been a thought with me that the Redwood must have been first collected (botanically speaking) by Thaddeus Haenke of the Malaspina Expedition, a scientific adventure originated by Carlos HI of Spain. This round the world expedition touched at Monterev in 1791 and Haenke botanized there in the dry season (September). Haenke’s California material was published, after long delay, by C. B. Presl of Prague in the Reliquiae Haenkeanae, but no mention is made of any Redwood under any name, or of any conifer that could be construed as our species. A copy of Presl’s sreat folio is in my library, but I do not possess his Epimeliae Bo- tanicae, which lists some of Haenke’s things and was published as late as 1849. But the last time I was at Kew I found on page 237 of the Epimeliae a record showing that Haenke collected the Red- wood while in California. In all probability he collected seed as well as herbarium specimens. Since this was a Spanish expedition seed may have gotten back to Spain. Some of the ship’s officers, it is known, collected seed of our native trees—W. L. Jepson. | VOLUME I pis td erat oe aL oy MB Rg Mare Rae i 4 ‘ I \ { ~ j JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL oe \ ' i Contents | aaa ka THE FLORA OF THE SANTA ANA CANoNn, John Thomas Howell . . 2438 Pe ee JOHANN FRIEDERICH ESCHSCHOLTZ, Willis Linn Jepson . . . 258 iy _ SERTULUM CALIFORNIENSE.—I, Willis Linn Jepson . . . « «254 inne RA THE LirE FoRM AND HABITAT OF ERIOGONUM DESERTICOLA WATS., Sh ae a DATES WV Cele Eo ge NN ei he. ONO SCRE ODD ERO EP V2 Re Pe ae an Bey HARRIET VAN (WALKER 65 a ke oe ac _ _ THE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS oF CALIFoRNIA.—VI, Willis Linn Jepson 262 LO i THE ANNUAL DINNER FOR 1928, Willis Linn Jepson . . . . 270 iN 4 THE ANNUAL DINNER FOR 1929, Willis Linn Jepson . . . . 271 i | -CHARLES RUSSELL OrcUTT, NaTURAL History COLLECTOR . . . 273 | miei ‘. BODEN PATER 8 oul fia Se eT & tle ieee Lee aie nn oe ioe h THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY, i 7. George James Peirce POM i tae ROME MEN ire A cLe) INH m7. mi ORDINANCES PRorecTING NATIVE PLANTS 2.00.02. ¢.) 4,296) ee ‘ CALIFORNIA MYCOLOGICAL Society, Elizabeth EH. Morse ee Sista A (4 i THE CARNEGIE LABORATORY AT STANFORD, J. T. Howell . . . 277 Kies ENWORES ANID) INI VIS oc essai aR SUE Me oe MOU TINS NINA?) rae i Se NU Mad nM ale rf ial A REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE.—V, Willis Linn Jepson 281 Ve | he Ni jag! December, 1929 [ i : \ y i CR my MADRONO JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of this Journal is, primarily, to publish articles and notes on — the botany of the native plants of California; to furnish a medium of communi- cation relating to measures in behalf of the preservation of the native flora; and to provide a record of the Society’s meetings and activities. Notes upon the habits, life history or geographical distribution of the native plants will be espe- cially welcome. Publication Committee W. L. Jepson Botany Building, University of California, Berkeley, California GrorcE J. PEIRCE, Joun Tuomas HoweELt, Stanford University University of California Berkeley CALIFORNIA BOTANICAL SOCIETY The purpose of the Society is to promote the botanical study and investigation of California plants, to diffuse knowledge concerning them, and by lectures, field- trips, exhibitions and publications to deepen interest in the native flora amongst the people of California. ~ ne Officers of the Society |e ec) 1 |) 91 Pau RL eM Ae Sa PO a aM er Dr. W. L. Jepson, University of California, — Berkeley. ‘ a First Vice-President...................--- Professor W. W. Mackie, University of California. Second Vice-President....................0..2-0000-- Mr. H. L. Mason, University of California. MPCASAT EMSS NE 8 soe ga Miss Elsie M. Zeile, 1501 Sansome St., San Francisco. Field Committee: Mr. M. S. Jussell, 473 45th St., Oakland, Cal—Chairman. Annual Dinner Committee: Mr. H. L. Mason, Mr. David Goddard, Mr. Carl Meyer, Miss Lucile Roush. Membership Committee: Professor George J. Peirce, Stanford University. Professor W. T. Horne, University of California. Professor H. E. McMinn, Mills College. Professor W. W. Mackie, University of California. Botanical Garden Committee: Anson S. Blake; James B. Smith; F. F. Barbour. The Annual Dues are $2.00 which should be remitted to the Treasurer, Cali- fornia Botanical Society, Botany Building, University Campus, Berkeley, California. — Back numbers of the Journal may be had from the Corresponding Secretary, — Botany Building, Berkeley, California. Subscription price $3.00 per year. S 1929] THE FLORA OF THE SANTA ANA REGION 243 THE FLORA OF THE SANTA ANA CANON REGION Joun Tuomas Howe. The following report on the flora of the Santa Ana Canon region has been prepared as a contribution to our knowledge of the botany of a small area in southern California and as a record of the plant communities found there. It was written after a detailed field study of the region had been made, a study extending over a period of about two years while the writer was resident botanist at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden.* Because of the location of the canon between the arid interior and the relatively humid coastal region, an interesting variety of species is found assembled together, some of which probably grow together in no other locality. To better un- derstand the climatic and edaphic influences affecting vegetation in the canon a short account of the geology and climate is given. The determination of most of the plant names occurring in the lists of this report is based on specimens in the herbarium of the writer. “A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California” by W. L. Jepson has been used in determining the names of most of the plants in this report. Location. The Santa Ana Cafion is situated in southern Cali- fornia in Orange and Riverside counties at an altitude of about 500 ft. It is approximately 12 miles long and 14 to 114 miles wide, and extends in nearly an east-west direction. The south-east end of the Puente Hills forms the northern wall of the canon and the northern end of the Santa Ana Mountains forms the southern wall. The Santa Ana River, which with its tributaries drains the large in- terior basin extending from the eastern end of the San Gabriel Mountains to the San Gorgonio Pass and Temescal Canon, flows through the Santa Ana Cafion before reaching the Santa Ana coastal plain west of the Santa Ana Mountains. It is unfortunate that the rugged mountain canon traversed by the Santa Ana River in the San Bernardino Mountains in the upper reaches of its course is also designated the Santa Ana Canon. The two canons are not to be confused for they are entirely unrelated geologically as well as physiologically, and geographically they are separated by the broad valley lands and alluvial slopes of the San Bernardino Valley. GEOLOGY. Two major faults of southern California occur in the Santa Ana Canon region and are responsible in part for its *The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden consists of two hundred acres lying on the summit of the hills, north side of the Santa Ana River Canon near its mouth. The garden has been recéntly founded by Mrs. Susanna Bixby Bryant who plans to make it a garden of native Californian plants, at least of all species susceptible of being grown here. An irrigation system has been installed and a large administration building completed. The herbarium contains nearly two thousand mounted specimens. At the same time Mrs. Bryant is building up a valuable botanical library having to do with the flora of western America —W. L. JEPSON. MaproNno, vol. 1, pp. 243-298. Dec. 31, 1929. 244 MADRONO [ Vol. 1 existence: the Whittier fault which extends along the south-west side of the Puente Hills and through the Santa Ana Cafion to the north- east end of the Santa Ana Mountains, and the Chino-Elsinore fault which extends along the east side of the Puente Hills and the Santa Ana Mountains. During the wide-spread orogenic disturbance which occurred near the close of the Tertiary Period of geologic time the Puente Hills and Santa Ana Mountains were uplifted along these two fault lines. This uplift occurred simultaneously with the up- building of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto ranges and with the last major uplift of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.’ During this time of uplift the Santa Ana River maintained its course to the west and degraded the rising barrier. Thus the “Santa Ana Canon is the valley of an antecedant river”, a river which held its course during the upbuilding of a mountain range across its path.’ The petrography of the region in relation to the location of the Santa Ana Canon and to the present topographic features of the region is significant. All rocks found in the Puente Hills in the vicinity of the canon are of sedimentary origin and vary from finely bedded shales to coarse sandstone and conglomerate. Weathering in this section has produced a region of rounded hills with frequent outcrops of resistant strata and occasional rocky bluffs. The moun- tainous and rugged topography of the northern end of the Santa Ana Mountains at the eastern end of the canon is in striking contrast to the hills of the northern side. Here the heart of the mountain mass is of hard metamorphic and grantic rocks, resistant to rapid erosion. To the west of the summit ridge sedimentary rocks over- lay the igneous rocks and this foothill area resembles in rock types and in physiographic features the hills on the north side of the canon. It is of interest that the Santa Ana River maintained its course as an antecedant stream at the north end of the granitic core of the Santa Ana Mountains and cut its cafion in rocks relatively less resistant. CirmMATE. The climate of the Santa Ana Cafion region is that of interior coastal southern California characterized by a hot summer season of drought that is tempered in the cafion by fogs and rela- tively humid westerly winds, and a cooler winter season of rainfall that is accompanied at intervals by warm and drying easterly winds often of gale force, locally called Santa Anas. No rainfall or temperature data are obtainable for the canon but such data from Anaheim near the western entrance of the cafion are available. The average annual rainfall at Anaheim is 11.5 inches and the average annual temperature is 64.3°F. The rainfall in the canon is re- ported locally to average about 12 inches annually but on ithe higher slopes of the Santa Ana Mountains it is very much more, * Walter A. English, Geology and Oil Resources of the Puente Hills Region, Southern California, U. S. Geol. Sur. Bull. 768: 48 (1926). * Loc. cit., p. 65. 1929 ] | THE FLORA OF THE SANTA ANA REGION 245 and is accompanied by some snowfall, generally above 3000 feet. The temperature of the cafon is somewhat higher than that of the coastal plain in the summer, and in the winter it is higher because of the warm “Santa Anas”. The climate of the Santa Ana Canon region is shown on Russell’s map in his recent classification of the climates of California’ as a uniform warm-humid type with hot, dry summers (the hot summer type of the Mediterranean climate or “Olive Climate”) placed be- tween two areas of the hot-dry-steppe type, the one area coastal, the other inland. However the two climates are both well developed and differentiated in the canon although the area occupied by the latter type is scarcely sufficient to be mapped. Extending from the San Bernardino Valley of the hot-dry-steppe type to the same type on the Santa Ana coastal plain there is a distinct belt characterized by this climatic type on the southern, cafion-side slopes of the Puente Hills. Physiologically this has had a marked effect for on these hills there is no development of chaparral, the brush formation be- ing the Salvia-Artemisia Association’, a more arid type than the true chaparral. Characteristic of these slopes also are plants of the arid interior valleys and desert which are rare or absent from the chaparral and canons of the northern Santa Ana Mountains and the central and northern Puente Hills. This effect of exposure is of the same character as that pointed out by Hall’ and Jepson’ in connection with irregularities of life zones. Furthermore the steppe climate in the Santa Ana Cafion marks a transitional stage from the coastal steppe climate to the interior steppe climate, the two climatic regions being locally very distinct in the amount and duration of foggy weather and in the matter of relative humidity and temperature. And as will be shown in the following discussion, the vegetation of the cafion region is char- acterized to a marked degree as a transition from’the coastal flora to the interior flora, reflecting in a vegetative way the climatic transition. In summary: in the region of the Santa Ana Cafion there are two climatic types: one, the hot-dry-steppe type determined by 9.5 to 14 inches of annual rainfall with an average annual tem- perature of 55°F. or more; and two, the hot-dry-summer type of Mediterranean climate determined by an annual rainfall of over 14 inches with an average annual temperature of 55°F. and with the average temperature for the warmest month above 71°F. LirE ZONES AND PLANT ForMATIONS. The flora of the Santa Ana Cafion region is nearly confined to the Upper Sonoran Zone.’ At *R. J. Russell, Climates of California, Univ. Calif. Publ. Geogr. 2: (1926). *F. E. Clements, Plant Indicators, Carnegie Inst. Publ. 290: 160 (1920). °H. M. Hall, Botanical Survey of San Jacinto Mountain, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 1: 34 (1902). °W.L. Jepson, A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California. 9 (1925). "C. H. Merriam, Life Zones and Crop Zones in the United States, Bull. U. S. Biol. Survey (1898). 246 MADRONO [Vol. i the northern end of the Santa Ana Mountains the lower Transition Zone is suggested in the deep canons where Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, Umbellularia californica, and Acer macrophyllum are found and further south on the higher peaks of the range where an open growth of Pinus coulteri occurs in the chaparral and Pseudotsuga macrocarpa is found on slopes and in the cafons. The grassland covering the clay flats and more gently rolling hills of the western slope of the Santa Ana Mountains and of the Puente Hills probably represents Lower Sonoran. However the grassland areas are limited in extent and on nearly all the steeper slopes the woody plants of the lower part of the Upper Sonoran are becoming established—Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum, Ericameria palmeri, Gutierrezia saro- thrae, and Artemisia californica. All the rest of the region lies within the Upper Sonoran Zone. Due to the variations of soil, moisture and topography in this zone several marked and easily de- fined plant communities have developed. To understand better these various plant communities and _ their interrelationships and to appreciate more fully the types of habitat in which plants of the region occur, it has seemed best to describe the plant communities after the manner of field ecologists taking into consideration such topographic, edaphic, and climatic features that appear important. For these purposes the classification of plant communities given by Clements in his work “Plant Indicators’ is used here as a basis for discussion. According to this classification the following plant associations are found in the region of the Santa Ana Canon: . A. Stipa-Bouteloua Formation or Grassland Climax. 1. Agropyron-Stipa Association or Bunch-grass Prairie (weak development). B. Atriplex-Artemisia Formation or Sagebrush Climax. 1. Salvia-Artemisia Association or Coastal Sagebrush. C. Quercus-Ceanothus Formation or Chaparral Climax. 1. Adenostoma-Ceanothus Association or Coastal Chaparral. D. Pinus-Pseudotsuga Formation or Montane Forest Climax. 1. Pinus Association or Sierra Montane Forest (very weak development). Since the flora of the ponds, marshes, and flats of the Santa Ana River bottom is not included in the above divisions, it is described as a separate formation. GRASSLAND FoRMATION. As stated above the grassland as a plant formation is of very limited extent and is confined to flats and gently sloping hillsides that have a deep surface layer of clayey soil. The srasses of these areas are largely introduced annual species including Bromus rubens, Lamarckia aurea, Hordeum murinum, and Avena barbata, the characteristic perennial grasses being Stipa lepida and Stipa pulchra, both natives. Numerous species of herbaceous plants, °F. E. Clements, Plant Indicators, Carnegie Inst. Publ. no. 290 (1920). 1929] THE FLORA OF THE SANTA ANA REGION 247 annual and perennial, other than grasses are characteristic of the grassy areas and form definite societies at different seasons. Among the spring flowers are Calochortus catalinae, Ranunculus californicus, Lepidium nitidum, Lupinus succulentus, Amsinckia douglasiana, Orthocarpus purpurascens, Uropappus lindleyi, and Layia_platy- glossa. At this time too in favorable years large areas of hillside are covered with Brassica nigra. In May and June a late vernal society develops that includes such types as Lotus salsuginosus var. brevivexillus, Lotus hamatus, Godetia quadrivulnera, Centaurium venustum, Linanthus pharnaceoides, Mimulus brevipes, and Hemi- zonia fasciculata, and during the summer Cucurbita foetidissima, Asclepias eriocarpa, and Grindelia camporum var. are characteristic perennial herbs. In late summer and fall a society made up mainly of perennial suffrutescent plants develops and while it reaches a higher development on sandy slopes and rocky hillsides numerous individuals are found in the grassland especially where it borders the sagebrush formation. The commonest perennial species of this group are Eriogonum elongatum, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Ericameria palmeri, Isocoma veneta var. vernonioides, Corethrogyne filaginifolia var. rigida, and Artemisia californica, and the tall annuals or biennials, Stephanomeria virgata and Malacothrix altissima are con- spicuous on flats and road-cuts in clay soil. SAGEBRUSH FoRMATION. The sagebrush formation has a high de- velopment in the hills on either side of the Santa Ana Canon where it occurs on sandy washes and eroding surfaces and on rocky slopes and hillsides where the residual soil is shallow or lacking. In the southern Puente Hills it is the only well developed brush formation while in the Santa Ana Mountains it is either weakly developed along the lower edges of the chaparral, or in favorable locations is well developed as a broad belt between the grassland of the lower foothills and the chaparral. This sagebrush formation is the “foot- hill formation” according to McKenney’ as contrasted with his “moun- tain formation” or chaparral. According to Abrams” it is the lowest belt of the chaparral, a belt intermediate between the Upper and Lower Sonoran Zones. Clements” treats the whole coastal sagebrush as a single climax formation, sometimes represented in certain areas by a pure society composed of either Eriogonum fasciculatum var, foliolosum, Salvia mellifera, Salvia leucophylla, Salvia apiana, or Artemisia californica. Cooper” indicates that there are probably two aspects of the coastal sagebrush climax of Clements—one, “un- doubtedly climax in certain portions of the interior valleys” of south- °R. E. B. McKenney, Notes on Plant Distribution in Southern California, Beih. zum Bot. Cent. 10: 168 (1901). ** LeRoy Abrams, A Phytogeographic and Taxonomic Study of the Southern Californian Trees and Shrubs, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 316 (1910). “ F, E. Clements, Plant Indicators, p. 160. “'W. S. Cooper, The Broad Sclerophyll of California, Carnegie Inst. Publ. no. 319: 82 (1922). 248 MADRONO [Vol. 1 ern California, and two, successional, leading to a true chaparral cli- max. Under the successional sagebrush, Cooper describes the primary sagebrush succession” as having marked and characteristic develop- ment on alluvial fans and erosional slopes, and the secondary sage- brush succession” as having definite development within a chaparral area following fire. In the Santa Ana Canon region only the pri- mary sagebrush succession was observed. Cooper’s idea of the dual nature of the Atriplex-Artemisia Asso- ciation of Clements agrees with observations made in the Santa Ana Cafion region. There extensive areas of matured physiographic char- acter are uniformly planted with Salvia mellifera, Salvia leucophylla, and Artemisia californica and such plantings have the characteristics of a true climax brush formation and in the same region Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum, Salvia mellifera, Salvia apiana, and Artemisia californica inhabit in irregular plantings the rocky slopes of recently eroded sedimentary deposits and the surfaces of recent alluvial washes, representing the primary successional sagebrush spoken of by Cooper. The two types of sagebrush vegetation are very distinctive in appearance and when studied in connection with the physiographic ages of the two habitats where they occur, the two types can scarcely be confused. Cooper’s theory that the primary sagebrush succession leads to a chaparral climax is substantiated by the flora found on the bluffs of the Puente Hills near the eastern end of the Santa Ana Cafion. Here plants characteristic of the primary successional sagebrush flora grow with Adenostoma fasciculatum and other species usually asso- ciated with the chaparral. This group of plants constitutes the nearest approach to true chaparral in the southern Puente Hills and is of particular interest when considered in relation to the chaparral which has such a high development on the slopes of Sierra Peak just across the canon about one-fourth mile distant. In this transitional area of sagebrush to chaparral the following plants are growing: Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum, Adenostoma fasciculatum, Photinia arbutifolia, Lotus scoparius, Stillingia linearifolia, Rhus laurina, Rhus integrifolia, Rhus ovata, Rhamnus crocea var. ilicifolia, Sphaeralcea fasciculata var. laxiflora, Helianthemum scoparium var. vulgare, Leptodactylon californicum, Salvia mellifera, Gutierrezia sarothrae, and Encelia californica. The plants of the sagebrush formation can be easily divided be- tween two communities—the one inhabiting the exposed, hot southern slopes, the other inhabiting the shaded northern slopes and canon- sides. The plants are generally not confined to one habitat but are often better developed in one than in the other, and in the following lists the plants are named as characteristic of that habitat in which they are more numerous and more fully developed. Characteristic shrubby or suffrutescent plants of the southern slopes are Eriogonum * Loc. cit.,. p. 82. OC. Cit p86 1929] THE FLORA OF THE SANTA ANA REGION 249 fasciculatum var. foliolosum, Astragalus leucopsis, Rhus laurina, Sphaeralcea fasciculata var. laxiflora, Opuntia occidentalis, Opuntia vaseyi, form related to Opuntia parryi, Salvia mellifera, Salvia leucophylla, Salvia apiana, Castilleja foliolosa, Galium angustifolium, Gnaphalium beneolens, Artemisia californica, and a distinctive fall flora consisting of Eriogonum elongatum, Brickellia californica, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Ericameria palmeri, Ericameria pinifolia, Isocoma veneta var. vernonioides, Hazardia squarrosa, Chrysopsis villosa var. fastigiata, Corethrogyne filaginifolia var. rigida, Arte- misia dracunculus. Nicotiana glauca is conspicuous on slopes where surface soil has been disturbed. Among the annual and _ perennial herbs of these southern slopes are Selaginella bigelovii, Melica im- perfecta, Muhlenbergia microsperma, Aristida bromioides, Stipa coronata, Andropogon saccharoides, Sitanion jubatum, Brodiaea capitata, Calochortus splendens, Calochortus weedii var., Chorizanthe staticoides, Eriogonum gracile, Mirabilis laevis, Cotyledon laxa, Lupinus sparsiflorus, Oxalis wrightii, Euphorbia polycarpa, Eulobus californicus, Hugelia virgata, Gilia multicaulis, Emmenanthe penduli- flora, Salvia columbariae, Cryptanthe flaccida, Plantago erecta, Chaenactis glabriuscula, Chaenactis artemisiaefolia, Baeria aristata, Senecio californicus. On the northern slopes and canon-sides the commonest shrubs and woody-based plants are Quercus dumosa var. elegantula, Ribes malvaefolia, Ribes speciosum, Photinia arbutifolia, Polygala cornuta var. fishiae, Rhus diversiloba, Rhus integrifolia, Rhus ovata, Rhamnus crocea var. ilicifolia, Solanum douglasii, Solanum xantii, Pentstemon cordifolius, Pentstemon antirrhinoides, Diplacus longiflorus, Lonicera subspicata, Eriophyllum conferti- florum. Herbs found among these shrubs on shaded cafion-sides are Pterostegia drymarioides, Montia perfoliata, Paeonia brownii, Thy- sanocarpus laciniatus, Godetia bottae, Osmorrhiza brachypoda, Bow- lesia lobata, Nemophila aurita, Phacelia hispida, Galium nuttallii, Rafinesquia californica. Trees frequently found in the canons of the sagebrush formation are Quercus agrifolia, Juglans californica, and Platanus racemosa. On sandy washes of the larger canons Lepido- spartum squamatum is a characteristic shrub while in more stable situations of the drier cafion bottoms Yucca whipplei, Nolina parryi, Delphinium cardinale, Romneya coulteri, Fraxinus dipetala, Phili- bertia heterophylla, Senecio douglasii, and Tetradymia comosa grow in open formation with mingled trees and shrubs from the sagebrush and the chaparral. CHAPARRAL ForRMATION. The coastal chaparral” is well developed on the higher and rockier slopes of the northern end of the Santa Ana Mountains in the vicinity of the Santa Ana Canon and over most of the slopes of Sierra Peak it forms a dense and uniform cover- ing. The formation is practically absent from the Puente Hills on the northern side of the canon and almost without doubt it is un- * F, E. Clements, loc. cit., p. 190. 250 MADRONO [Vol. if favorable climatic factors that retard or inhibit the development of chaparral there. “Of direct and fundamental importance is soil moisture” and it is probable that sufficient moisture is not present in the southern slopes of the Puente Hills during the winter growing period to allow chaparral species to thrive. In the preliminary discussion on the climate of the Santa Ana Canon region it was pointed out that there is a hotter, drier type of climate in the southern Puente Hills than in the northern Santa Ana Mountains and in re- lation to the distribution of chaparral in this region these climatic variations appear to have fundamental significance. In the northern Santa Ana Mountains there is a distinct mingling of plants of the sagebrush formation and the chaparral along the lower edges of the chaparral. The result is a mixed shrub forma- tion in which neither the species of the chaparral nor of the sage- brush are dominant. At one station in Claymine Canon on the lower slopes of Sierra Peak at the lower edge of the chaparral the follow- ing species grow together in close brush formation on a moderately sloping rocky hillside: Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum, Adenostoma fasciculatum, Photinia arbutifolia, Lotus scoparius, Rhus laurina, Rhus integrifolia, Rhamnus crocea var. ilicifolia, Ceanothus macrocarpus, Leptodactylon californicum, Salvia mellifera, Salvia apiana, Trichostema lanatum, Pentstemon antirrhinoides, Diplacus longiflorus, Galium angustifolium, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, and Artemisia californica. Nolina parryi, Yucca whipplei, Romneya coulteri, Prunus ilicifolia, Rhus ovata, and Helianthus gracilentus are also commonly present in such mixed brush formations. This mixed chaparral and sagebrush is found along the lower edges of the chaparral where it sometimes forms a broad belt and it is the char- acteristic type of vegetation in deep narrow canons that extend far up into the chaparral of the higher slopes. The most abundant members of the true chaparral are Adenostoma fasciculatum, Ceanothus tomentosus var. olivaceus, Ceanothus macro- carpus, Ceanothus crassifolius, Arctostaphylos glauca, Arctostaphylos glandulosa. As has been pointed out by Abrams” Adenostoma fasciculatum dominates the lower part of the chaparral and the species of Ceanothus and Arctostaphylos prevail at higher altitudes. Other plants more or less numerous in the chaparral of the northern Santa Ana Mountains are Yucca whipplei, Nolina parryi, Dendro- mecon rigida, Cercocarpus betuloides, Pickeringia montana, Rhamnus californica, Leptodactylon californicum, FEriodictyon crassifolium, Trichostema lanatum, Sphacele calycina var. glabella. Cupressus forbesii, here at the northern limit of its range, forms interesting colonies in the chaparral generally as shrubby densely branched trees less than 30 feet high. RIVER-BOTTOM FtLoraA. The narrow floor of the Santa Ana Canon *°W. S. Cooper, loc. cit., p. 63. “L. Abrams, loc. cit., p. 316 1929] THE FLORA OF THE SANTA ANA REGION 251 is a nearly level area bounded by the cafion walls. In parts the whole of the cafon floor is occupied by the sandy flood-plain and broad bottom lands of the Santa Ana River, in other parts above the river-bottom there are broad arable fields that slope down from the cafion walls. Although during the irrigating season nearly all the water is taken from the river near the eastern end of the canon, water is found in the river-bed some distance below the canal intake and water is found at all times in numerous ponds and marshes of the river-bottom. All types of habitat from truly aquatic to paludose and moist riparian are to be found, accommodating a varied flora. At a few points alluvial fans extend into the canon from the north or south and here and there in the broad river-bottom are bar-like ridges or “islands” five to ten feet above the river level. These fans and “islands” due to their height above the river level and their sandy rocky character are much drier than any other part of the river-bottom and are related floristicly to the arid hills covered by plants of the sagebrush formation. On the fans and “islands” of the river-bottom grow some of the most interesting plants of the canon, plants that are native of the interior valleys and that are brought into the cafion at times of flood. The ponds and marshes of the river-bottom are frequent in the middle and upper parts of the canon but become rarer to the west where, during the summer, the river is marked only by the sandy expanse of the broad dry bed. Submerged aquatics of the ponds include Potamogeton crispus, Zannichellia palustris, Lemna trisulca, and Myriophyllum spicatum and the floating flora is com- posed of such widely distributed species as Azolla filiculoides, Lemna minor, and Wolfiella lingulata. In the shallow water of the marshes are found Typha angustifolia, Cyperus melanostachyus, Eleocharis rostellata, Scirpus validus, Scirpus americanus, Polygonum hydro- piperoides, Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum, Jussiaea_ californica, Oenanthe sarmentosa, Samolus floribundus, Lycopus americanus, Bidens levis, and Helenium puberulum. A large number of sedges and rushes are found on the moist flats of the river-bottom, among which are: Cyperus laevigatus, Cyperus esculentus, Eleocharis capi- tata, Eleocharis acicularis, Eleocharis montana, Scirpus cernuus, Carex praegracilis, Juncus balticus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus torreyi, Juncus rugulosus, and Juncus xiphioides. Other plants growing on the moist flats with the sedges and rushes are: Equisetum funstonii, Distichlis spicata, Sporobolus asperifolius, Sporobolus airoides, Cynoden dactylon, Paspalum distichum, Cenchrus pauciflorus, Ane- mopsis californica, Ranunculus cymbalaria, Psoralea orbicularis, Psoralea macrostachya, Lythrum californicum, Epilobium califor- nicum, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Hydrocotyle umbellata, Hydrocotyle verticillata, Eustoma silenifolium, Lippia lanceolata, Petunia parvi- flora, Mimulus cardinalis, Plantago hirtella, Solidago occidentalis, Aster exilis, Baccharis emoryi, Baccharis viminea, Pluchea camphorata, Artemisia vulgaris var. heterophylla. On the sandy flats and “islands” of the river-bottom grow four species of willow, Salix laevigata, 252 MADRONO [Vol. 1 Salix nigra var. vallicola, Salix argophylla, and Salix lasiolepis, be- sides Populus fremontii, Populus trichocarpa, Alnus rhombifolia, and Platanus racemosa. The “islands” of the river-bottom have already been described, and the fact that the character of the vegetation is that of the sage- brush formation of the hillsides has been mentioned. Many of the plants found on the “islands” are of the same species as those found in the sagebrush but many are not and appear to be plants brought into the cafon during floods. Eriogonum thurberi, Amorpha fruti- cosa, Stillingia linearifolia, Hugelia densifolia var. sanctorum, Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Eriodictyon crassifolium, Pluchea sericea, Artemisia tridentata, and Artemisia dracunculus (a form distinctly different from that of the hillsides) appear to be of this type, most of these species being found in the interior valleys and mountains. Even several specimens of Cupressus forbesii are to be found in the river-bottom. Other plants of the drier parts of the river-bottom are Clematis ligusticifolia, Rosa californica, Croton californicus, Vitis girdiana, and Senecio douglasii, and such annual species as Loeflingia squarrosa, Lepidium lasiocarpum, Tillaea erecta of the spring and Heterotheca grandiflora, Ambrosia psilostachya, and Fran- seria acanthicarpa of the fall. THe Santa ANA CANon Fiora. In his treatment of the Upper Sonoran Zone in southern California Abrams recognizes three sub- districts"—Littoral, the seashore belt; Coastal, the fog belt; and In-: terior, the chaparral belt. The flora of the Santa Ana Canon region marks the transition from the flora of the Coastal Sub-district to that of the Interior Sub-district and growing together in the canon are plants representative of either the one or the other of the sub- districts. Out of twenty-two species which Abrams considers typical of the Coastal Sub-district eight are found in the Santa Ana Canon region, out of twelve species listed for the Interior Sub-district four are represented or common in the cafion region, and out of fourteen species of the “Lower Sonoran of the interior valleys’”” four species occur in the Santa Ana Canon. These species are: Juglans califor- nica, Ribes speciosum, Lupinus longifolius, Polygala cornuta var. fishiae, Rhus laurina, Ceanothus macrocarpus, Trichostema lanatum, Salvia leucophylla from the Coastal Sub-district; Pseudotsuga macro- carpa, Pickeringia montana, Ceanothus crassifolius, and Pentstemon antirrhinoides from the Interior Sub-district; Ericameria pinifolia, Bebbia juncea, Lepidospartum squamatum, and Tetradymia comosa from the interior Lower Sonoran valleys. Salix nigra var. vallicola, Salix argophylla, Atriplex canescens, Baccharis emoryi, Pluchea sericea, and Lepidospartum squamatum, all of which are well repre- sented in the cafion, are given by Abrams as characteristic trees and shrubs of the Lower Sonoran Zone of the Mojave Desert. Other plants **L. Abrams, loc. cit., p. 314. * Loc. cit., p. 319. 1929] JOHANN FRIEDERICH ESCHSCHOLTZ 253 found in the cafon that are characteristic of these several areas named by Abrams are: Dicentra ochroleuca, Hasseanthus variegatum var. elongatum, Rhus integrifolia, Nemophila aurita, Ellisia chrysanthemi- folia, and Encelia californica from the coast; Jepsonia parryi, Rhus ovata, Hugelia densifolia var. sanctorum, Porophyllum gracile, and Artemisia tridentata from the interior. Of these latter, Dicentra ochroleuca which is found near the top of Sierra Peak in the chaparral and Porophyllum gracile which is locally common on a rocky hog- _ back ridge in the sagebrush have not been reported from the Santa Ana Cafion region and represent extensions of range—the first from Santa Monica Mountains southward, the second from the Riverside district westward. JOHANN FRIEDERICH ESCHSCHOLTZ Witus Linn Jerson On Oct. 2, 1815, the exploring ship Rurik entered San Fran- cisco Bay. It had been fitted out by the Russian chancellor, Count Rumiantzof, to undertake a round the world voyage of discovery under the command of Lieutenant Otto von Kotzebue of the Russian Imperial Navy. Two naturalists accompanied the voyage, Adelbert von Chamisso and Dr. J. F. Eschscholtz, the latter being the surgeon of the expedition. These two botanized on the San Francisco peninsula during the month of October, after which the Rurik sailed for the Sandwich Islands on November 1. Among the new plants collected at San Francisco was a poppy- like species which Chamisso, after his return home, dedicated to his companion as a new genus, Eschscholtzia, and thus made well- known to all future Californians the name of the surgeon of the Rurik. Probably the first paper devoted exclusively, save for a few post-scriptal notes, to Californian plants and carrying California in its title, was written by Eschscholtz. This paper, “Descriptiones Plantarum Novae Californiae,”’ was published in the Mémoires de Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg in 1823. For the first time we have here named and described various very common Californian plants: Abronia latifolia, Navarretia (Hoitzia) squarrosa, Polemonium capitatim, Solanum umbelliferum, Ceanothus thrysiflorus, Rhamnus californica and Lupinus chamissonis. When Kotzebue undertook his second voyage of exploration Dr. Eschscholtz again went out with him. After this Eschscholtz became professor of anatomy in the University of Dorpat. His writings are of importance but they lie mainly in the field of zoology. Born at Dorpat in November, 1753, he died there in May, 1831. [Otto von Kotzebue, A voyage of discovery into the South Sea and Bering’s Straits, 1:275-290; 3: 38-51 (London, 1821). Adelbert von Chamisso, Werke, ed. 3, 1: 141-155 (1852); Entdeckungsreise um die welt, 103-118 (Munich, 1925).] 254 MADRONO [ Vol. 1 SERTULUM CALIFORNIENSE.—I. Wiis Linn Jepson CONCERNING THE IDENTITY OF ARABIS BOLANDERI Warts. In ihe preparation of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of California the object held in view was to prepare a flora resting primarily on studies of living plants or of actual preserved materials and not on published descriptions of species or reputed occurrences of species in California. With such a premise the author did not conceive it to be his duty to find a plant or a specimen for every published species, but it was his duty to determine a name for every plant known to him as constituting a distinct element in any one of the various plant associations throughout the state. Therefore, many published species were omitted and left for future study. One of these omitted species, of which we had no clear view, was Arabis bolanderi. This species was published in 1887 by Sereno Watson in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (22: 467). It was evidently based primarily on a collection made by H. N. Bolander in “Yosemite Valley or Mono Pass.” Both because of being the first cited specimen in the original diagnosis and _ be- cause of the specific name, I am taking the Bolander plant as the type. The specimen representing this type has been kindly loaned me by Professor B. L. Robinson of the Gray Herbarium, Harvard University. The label is the usual Geological Survey of California label; it bears in the hand of Asa Gray the annotation “with 6270 _ or 6273”, referring to Bolander’s numbers. In the Bolander field book, the locality for the number 6270 is indicated as “Big Trees, Yosemite Valley,” which in this case and of that year, 1866, means Clark’s Big Trees, Yosemite Valley region, that is to say, the Mari- posa Grove. Since no second collection at all similar to this one has to my knowledge ever been made in that region the probabilities are that this specimen was collected further eastward, and that the correct number is 6273 which in the Bolander field book reads “Arabis. Mono Pass.” Some disposal is given to this view by the fact that an almost identic plant, to be noticed further below, has been collected in the high central region of the Sierra Nevada by H. M. Evans. The type specimen consists of a single individual; it is a plant 4.8 dm. high, the stem from a triennial root, branching from 4.5 cm. above the root-crown, the branches ascending, slender. The herbage is thinly stellate-puberulent, or glabrous above. The cauline leaves are narrowly or attenuate lanceolate, sessile-auriculate, entire, 1.5 to 2.8 cm. long; the basal leaves probably oblanceolate or obovate and shortly petioled. The flowers are 5 mm. long, the petals about twice as long as the sepals. The racemes have the pods discrete or somewhat scattered and spreading widely or horizontally. The pods are narrowly linear, straight, 1.8 to 3 cm. long, 1 mm. wide (of uniform breadth), glabrous, on pedicels 4 to 6 mm. long. On the type specimen nearly all the pods appear mature and 1929] SERTULUM CALIFORNIENSE 255 many of them have dehisced. All the pods which have dehisced contain only sterile ovules; these ovules have not developed even partially. It is obvious from examination that all the pods are of uniform character and sterile, and apparently owe their peculiar form to sterility. Confirmation of this view is given by comparing a sheet of plants from Mt. Ralston (H. M. Evans in, 1918) which in habit, duration, flowers, racemes, pedicels and fruits resembles very closely the Bolander plant. The fruits are likewise sterile. In particular the pods of one individual of the Evans collection are essentially identical in shape and size and hue with those of the Bolander plant. The septum in the Evans specimen carries a peculiar whitish tissue which may possibly be related to the sterile condition. One is inclined to think that the two collections owe their similarity to the same causes. There is just one qualifying but interesting observation to be made on the Evans collection. One of the racemes bears amongst the sterile pods a single fertile pod, markedly conspicuous by its larger size in contrast to the small sterile pods above and below it. The seeds in this pod are narrowly wing-margined. On the type sheet of Arabis bolanderi Wats., Asa Gray had written Arabis (Turritis) retrofracta var. siliculis parvis. This annotation must have been before the eye of Watson. It is in any event a penetrating comment which may now be carried a step further. It is my judgment that the Bolander specimen is to be referred to Arabis retrofracta as an abnormal form. Two other specimens are cited by Watson in his original descrip- tion: “mountains of Washington Territory (Brandegee)” and a Torrey specimen from Colorado. The first I have not seen; the second con- sists of a single raceme mounted on the type sheet. It is not, I think, conspecific with the Bolander plant. A NEW OROBANCHE FROM SOUTHERN CALIForNIA. Orobanche valida Jepson n. sp. Stem simple or with supplementary erect branches from the middle, 1.7 to 2.7 dm. high; herbage, bracts and calyces dark brownish purple; stem, bracts and perianth minutely and sparingly more or less glandular-puberulent; spike dense; bracts lanceolate and slenderly attenuate, brownish purple or almost black, prominently exceeding the buds, somewhat shorter than the flower in anthesis; calyx 10 mm. long, cleft nearly to the base into lanceo- late lobes slenderly attenuate above the middle, the lobes equal or nearly so, about 45 as long as the corolla; corolla-tube curved out- ward and markedly constricted at the middle, the limb evidently 2-lipped; upper lip dark purple, its lobes triangular-ovate, acute; lower lip yellow, the lobes ovate, acuminate, with a median dark nerve, the sinuses between the lobes acute; lobes of the upper and lower lip approximately alike in size and shape, the corolla bilabia- tion being due to position rather than to structure; filaments glabrous, inserted at the constriction in the corolla-tube, slender, not markedly dilated at base, curved at tip, thus holding the anthers horizontally; 256 MADRONO [Vol. il anthers glabrous, nearly circular, rounded at apex, with acute basal tips to the cells; style glabrous; stigma flat, circular. Type locality: South Fork of Rock Creek, San Gabriel Mts., F. W. Peirson, no. 7937, June 2, 1928. Specimens of this species have been sparingly distributed under the name Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. It seems likely, also, that the plant cited as O. ludoviciana by Dr. A. Davidson in the Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences (26:16) as occurring on Mt. Islip in the San Gabriels may be of the same species as the plant of Rock Creek. It is necessary, therefore, to comment upon the Nuttallian species. Orobanche ludoviciana was collected by Nuttall in the northern Rocky Mountains. The writer has not seen the type but apparently authentic specimens from that region (Otter Creek, Montana, F. W. Anderson; Yellowstone Park) exhibit yellowish brown spikes with yellowish flowers. The lips of the corolla in O. ludoviciana are very unlike; the lobes of the lower lip are subulate-lanceolate with broad sinuses between them, the sinuses at apex being, as it were, truncate. The more elongate anthers are held vertically. The stigma is some- what 2-lobed and larger than in O. valida. It is well, also, to compare O. valida with O. cooperi; O. valida has the bracts about 14 to 74 as long as the calyx-lobes; glabrous anthers; calyx darker than in O. cooperi, its lobes equaling the corolla- tube and more attenuate than in O. cooperi; the corolla more con- stricted above ovary than in O. cooperi and its lobes sometimes some- what cuspidate (especially the upper); and the stigma disk-shaped. O. cooperi has bracts nearly as long as the corolla-tube; calyx-lobes as long as corolla-tube; anthers with a few long hairs at the upper end; the stigma elliptical, its revolute lobes 2 or it is irregularly and revolutely lobed. In O. valida the plant has a dark purple, almost black coloration; in O. cooperi the plant is yellow or yellowish. REDISCOVERY OF ERIOGONUM DESERTICOLA Wats. In mid-April, 1927, while on a botanical trip across the plain of the Colorado Desert in eastern Imperial County, the writer in company with Mr. Frank W. Peirson observed a species of Eriogonum which appeared to be new to California, a low bush one or two feet high but distinctly woody. The plants were in leafage only, but had a characteristic aspect. It was evident that no such plant had ever been included in any flora or manual of Botany relating to California. At my request Mr. I. T. Weeks, resident in the Imperial Valley, collected during August, 1929, good flowering specimens and it was then obvious that the plant was a described species. One of Watson’s new Eriogonums, E. deserticola, had long been to me something of an enigma in the history of that region. Collected by C. R. Orcutt in 1890 in the southwestern part of the Colorado Desert, published in 1891 (Proc. Am. Acad. 11:125) and described very briefly, the diagnosis carried the indication “apparently an annual”. This expression has _prob- ably misled others as well as the writer. Flowering branches broken 1929] SERTULUM CALIFORNIENSE 257 off the top of the plant do suggest in aspect some of the well-known annual species of this genus. With correlated vegetative and reproduc- tive material before one, it then became apparent that flowering branches had also been collected by Mr. Frank W. Peirson on Nov. 26, 1927, somewhere in the region on the southwest side of the Salton Sea. In the matter of distributional knowledge of this species we are under special obligation to Mr. I. T. Weeks, who has conducted a fairly thorough-going survey of the occurrence of the plant in the eastern Colorado Desert. The careful account of his findings appears in a separate article in this issue of the Society’s journal. It is some- what interesting that no one person, so far as known, has, during the period of seasonal development of the bush, collected all the stages which are necessary for a proper determination of its affinities. THE VEGETATION OF SILENT CANON, CoLorRADO DeEseERT. ‘The eleventh of April in 1927 was bitter cold in the eastern San Ber- nardino Valley. Snow lay heavily on all the heights of the neighbor- ing mountains and extended down into the foothills. So it was that, bound eastward over San Gorgonio Pass, to Mecca, we felt comforted for once by the warmth of the desert. The machine, heavily loaded with botanical supplies and commissary, held two of us, Mr. Frank W. Peirson and myself. After some days of delightful field work in Painted Canon, which lies in the hills northerly from Mecca, we turned southward along the new highway which approximately parallels the old wagon road to Fish Springs, thinking to turn off it and eventually end up at Seventeen Palms. In the Colorado Desert, as in other deserts, wagon tracks and trails may become completely obliterated in the winter season by the rushing waters of cloudbursts; at any time of the year and espe- cially in the summer by the loads of sand and debris shifted by winds of gale force or even moderate intensity. Through the latter cause, most likely, we were not able to pick up with certainty the wagon trail to Seventeen Palms, a well-marked locality which lies on the desert’s edge at the southeasterly base of the Santa Rosa Mountains. Pondering the matter we followed vehicle tracks which led westerly up the sandy floor of an arroyo. While it soon became plain that this was not the way to Seventeen Palms, we thought it interesting not to turn back. As the arroyo narrowed, masses of soft sandstone, fallen from the vertical walls, blocked the way in the sandy wash of the bottom, but the materials being loose it was tiresome but not difficult to clear a way for the car and so go on once more, and yet again and again. Drifts of boulders made greater trouble but we managed to keep going for about eight miles. Here in the cleft of a deep waterless canon northeast of and directly under a high point marked 2696 feet on the San Jacinto sheet of the United States Geological Survey we made camp (at about 1000 feet) and began to explore the immediate surroundings. Certain species are here very common on the sandy-gravelly slopes of the hills as everywhere through the Colorado Desert, such as 258 MADRONO [Vol. 1 Plantago insularis Eastw. var. scariosa Jepson and Chorizanthe rigida T. & G. Associated with the latter is the less common Chorizanthe corrugata (Torr.) T. & G. A very common annual, at this time, is Perityle emoryi Benth., still holding its lower fleshy-brittle leaves. In these plants the much flattened achenes show certain kinds of variability. Within the limits of one head we find achenes in which the sides are glabrous (commonly) or puberulent, the edges having a single line of hairs, or each edge may be 2-angled and each angle with a line of hairs, or one edge may be 2-angled and the other l-angled, thus resulting in 3 lines of hairs. Rafinesquia neo-mexicana Gray is not uncommon. Oenothera brevipes Gray, with its notoriously variable basal leaves, which are brittle-fleshy, grows in the sandy flats; the tips of the helicoid racemes are now all directed toward the morning sun. Very floriferous low bushes of Mirabilis laevis (Benth.) Curran are frequent. There has been considerable rain in the region this year and the bushes of Franseria dumosa Gray, normally so scrawny in habit, have taken on an appearance of attractive prosperity. Large beds of Hesperocallis undulata Gray, now in fruit, crowd the little low benches bordering the wash, their wavy-margined trough-like leaves imparting a serpent-like effect as they lie along the ground. During our stay not a mammal was to be seen nor was there heard the cry or song of a bird. Even for the desert the place seemed unusually hushed. The maps show no designation for it and, for this reason, the name Silent Canon was invented. Masses of the bloom of Wedeliella incarnata (L.) Ckl. marked conspicuously a single plant which trailed its stems over the ground in a tiny fork of the canon. The perianth is a genuine rose-purple and very beautiful. The cluster of 3 flowers simulates a single flower to an interesting degree, the inner lobe of each perianth being reduced to a very short segment. A number of shrubs of the singular Krameria parvifolia Benth, inhabited the lower rocky slopes. The sandy-gravelly slopes carry an abundance of Phacelia crenu- lata Torr., its purple corollas with a whitish eye. Langloisia seto- sissima (T. & G.) Greene is here, from luxuriant plants to small dwarfs. And it is not on every trip into the desert that one is enabled to collect such large fine specimens of Trichoptilium incisum Gray, as we obtained. The five paleae of this plant are most beautifully and regularly laciniate into five setae. Parosela emoryi (Gray) Hel. is a low spreading bush about two feet high in this canon. Great colonies of a heleniod plant attracted our attention as they grew on the steep slopes of the arroyo walls. The same species occurred, too, as more or less scattered individuals on the mesas above the walls. The two of us found this plant independently at different places and both felt that it was a novelty, a new species of Chaenactis, a little like C. carphoclinia Gray on one hand, a little like C. artemisiae- folia Gray on the other, but still essentially. unlike any Chaenactis either of us had ever seen. The flora of the canon, as we found it, consisted on the whole of fairly well-known species characteristic 1929] SERTULUM CALIFORNIENSE 259 of such situations in the Colorado Desert, but this one thing is unique and is here specially described: Chaenactis peirsonii Jepson n. sp. Plants. erect, 4 to 6.3 dm. high, with one or several naked or nearly naked stems from the leafy base; leaves basal, palmate in outline, twice pinnate and then pinnately divided into very unequal linear segments 2 to 16 mm. long; petioles very stout and thickened, almost fistulous; herbage puberulent, the inflorescence tending to be glabrous, the very young stems hoary-pubescent; inflorescence paniculate, widely and openly branched with very scattered heads; heads campanulate or broadly turbinate, 11 mm. high; involucre about 3-5 as long as the disk of flowers ; corollas whitish or slightly cream-color; involucral bracts linear, attenuate into slender points, thinly puberulent: receptacular bracts none; pappus-scales 4, sometimes only 2, very short, broad, truncate, 1-5 to 1-6 as long as corolla. Silent Canon, in the desert foothills, southeast end of the Santa Rosa Mountains, W. L. Jepson 11,708, Apr. 14, 1927. It is nearest Chaenactis carphoclinia Gray, a much more slender plant which has receptacular bracts and flowers with lanceolate pappus-scales a little shorter than the corolla. Chaenactis carphoclinia var. attenuata Jones has similar short obtuse paleae but is a very slender small plant with filiform branchlets. In C. artemisiaefolia Gray, a plant with different foliage, different habit and large heads, the pappus is commonly absent. The leaf segments, too, in C. artemisiaefolia are short and broad, whereas in C. peirsonii they are long and slender. NOTES ON THE GENUS PEDICULARIS IN CALIFoRNIA. The Great Basin region of Utah and Nevada as a physiographical area extends westward to the east slope of the Sierra Nevada. On the basis of general climatology the region of California east of the Sierra Nevada belongs also to the Great Basin area. Not as many Great Basin region plants have, however, been found as far west as the eastern borders of California as might antecedently be expected. Two con- siderations come to mind in explanation: first considerable areas have only been explored partially or visited at only one season; second, the vast arid region of the Great Basin is characterized by a number of climatic sub-regions, which, while local, influence the distribution of species. As exploration proceeds, it seems likely, however, that additional species of the Great Basin region will be added to the list of species found within the limits of California. In July, 1927, F. W. Peirson collected Pedicularis crenulata Benth, a plant of the Great Basin region, at Convict Creek, Mono County, in California. This is the first record known to me of its occurrence in the state. Pedicularis centranthera Gray of the southern Great Basin and bordering arid regions was attributed to “S. E. California” by Asa Gray in the Synoptical Flora (2°: 309) evidently on the basis of a specimen by Palmer from the Colorado River Valley, but most probably collected in Arizona. This species, very likely, will yet be found in California since it occurs in the desert so near the Cali- 260 MADRONO [ Vol. a fornia boundary. It has also been collected at Glenbrook on Lake Tahoe, not far from the California boundary. The northern part of the North Coast Range region in California is an area which continues, under exploration, to yield species addi- tional to the flora of California, south limit stations of species having their greatest development in western Oregon or western Washington. Pedicularis Howellii Gray has already been recorded from the Siski- you Mountains but P. contorta Benth. and P. bracteosa Benth, are new to California. P. contorta has been discovered near Thompson Peak in the Salmon Mountains at about 7000 feet (Alexander & Kellogg 288), while P. bracteosa has been found on Grizzly Creek, northern Trinity Co. (Alexander & Kellogg 281), at upper Campbell Lake, Shackelford Creek, Siskiyou Co. (Butler 1775) and on the summit above Cold Spring, Marble Mt. region (Butler 42). Berkeley, Sept. 1, 1929. THE LIFE FORM AND HABITAT OF ERIOGONUM DESERTICOLA WATS. I. T. WEEKs Last Sunday I spent considerable time among the sand hills above Gray’s Well and Yuma, and covered many acres of Eriogonum “for- ests’. Not a leaf was seen and undoubtedly none can be had until the growing season arrives next spring. Some of my notes on this field work will be -of interest to you. They are, in part, almost startling to me. Armed with camera and yard-stick, I measured and “shot” several plants that furnish a good idea of what Eriogonum deserticola at its best is like. My journey covered what seems to be its center of distribution in the Colorado Desert of southeastern California. From my observations, I would say that it is, pre- eminently, a species of the shifting sand-dune country. No plants were found on absolutely hard or solid ground, and few where the top soil, at least, was not sandy enough to be moved a little by strong winds. Individuals always reached their maximum development on the firmer and higher parts of the great range of shifting dunes in the eastern Colorado Desert; not, of course, on the crests or steep slopes that travel too fast to support any plant life. The eastern limit of the species coincides with the extreme eastern border of the sand-dunes, beyond which the surface soil is hard and rocky. Westward, individuals were found for about twenty-five miles, that is to within about two miles of the East Highline Canal or to within about eight miles of Holtville. However, as one nears the western limit, the colonies become more scattered, since the locations are apparently governed by the presence of a suitable sandy sur- face. As to the north and south limits, I learned nothing definite, but would suppose this species extended well into Baja California 1929] ERIOGONUM DESERTICOLA 261 and that the northern limit is determined by the range of sand-dunes, a distance of at least fifty miles. Measurements taken of individuals where they reached their greatest size are truly astounding for a member of the genus Eriogonum as I know it. The habitats of most individuals show either a recent removal of surface sand up to several feet, or the opposite, an addition of sand, until only an intricate mass of branches protrude through the surface. In fact, comparatively few plants were found where the surface of the ground seemed “normal”. Tap-roots, exposed by the wind, often stood erect one to three feet high, with few or no side roots; but more often, due to a smaller diameter or more removal of supporting sand, they leaned over and made a great arch with the arch supported at both ends by the soil. These arches, more or less symmetrical, are at least three feet high in the centre, with six feet or more of root-length exposed. At the crown-end where branching takes place, abrupt angles occur, with often very many branches of usually quite small diameter. The tallest plant measured, with normal ground surface, was five feet seven inches high. The greatest horizontal expanse, measured on the ground, where the lower and longest branches procumbently spread on opposite sides of the trunk, was sixteen feet. The trunk sent you was by no means exceptional in size, as I found many larger in diameter and a few that far exceed that one in diameter and length. On this trip I collected one trunk about four and one-half inches in diameter, and nearly four feet tall. In general, old specimens are procumbent and the lower branches are apt to be greatly extended along the surface of the sand. The branching is usually quite intricate in old plants, but the smaller branches show the typical branching common to the genus. Imperial Valley, Sept. 20, 1929. HARRIET A. WALKER From March, 1905 to November, 1927 Miss Harriet A. Walker served as helper in the Herbarium of the University of California. During her vacations she made collections of the native plants for the herbarium, the duplicates being distributed to other institutions. Her specimens have thus been frequently quoted by specialists mono- graphing various groups. While most of her excursions were in the San Francisco Bay region, she sometimes went further afield, to the Mendocino Range and to the Sierra Nevada about Blue Canon and Cisco. Born July 27, 1845, in eastern New York, the daughter of a Congregational minister, she graduated from Mt. Holyoke College and was for twelve years an asssistant in the Department of Botany at Wellesley College. She died June 26, 1929. Cirsium Walkerianum Petrak was named for her.—W. L. J. THE BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA.—VI. Witus Linn Jepson Archibald Menzies The first botanist to collect along the western shores of North America was Archibald Menzies. Attached to Captain Colnett’s first voyage to the Northwest Coast he botanized at various places from Nootka to Bering’s Straits in the years 1787 and 1788, but there is little record either of the voyage itself or of Menzies’ part in it. In 1790 he was assigned’ to Vancouver’s voyage to Nootka and remained with the expedition until its close. The expedition consisted of two ships, the Discovery and Chatham. They sailed on March 17, 1792 from the Sandwich Islands, sighted the Mendocino bluffs in the neighborhood of Fort Bragg and _ pro- ceeded north to carry on an exploration survey of the coast during the summer. Returning southward in the autumn the expedition entered San Francisco Bay on Noy. 14, 1792, thence going to Monterey and then to the Sandwich Islands. Leaving the islands in the spring, the ships fell in with land on the Humboldt coast where a party went ashore at Trinidad, May 3, 1793, thence proceeding again north- ward for summer surveying. On Oct. 19, 1793, the expedition again anchored in San Francisco Bay for a second visit, soon leaving for Monterey, thence returning to the Sandwich Islands by way of the Lower California coast. On March 15, 1794 the two ships set off once more for the Alaskan coast and at the end of the season visited Monterey for the third and last time (Nov. 7 to Dec. 2, 1794). At nearly all places where the ships anchored collections were made by Menzies. The season was often unfavorable and there were other difficulties, but even so, his gatherings of specimens were im- portant and very considerable. In 1792 while the expedition anchored near the Presidio at San Francisco (Nov. 14-24) the botanist went ashore and made notes of the vegetation, but did not join the excursion to San Jose, although writing up in his journal a very lively account of this land journey derived from his brother officers. At Monterey there was full opportunity for shore excursions (Nov. 26, 1792 to Jan. ‘For his appointment as surgeon and botanist to the Vancouver Expedition Menzies was indebted to Sir Joseph Banks. Sir Joseph was a great personage in his day. A patron of: science, perhaps to be regarded as the real founder of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, President of the Royal Society, he had all the influence which goes with education and learning, great wealth, high social station and an agreeable personality. In addition he had what is known as the grand manner and was very much in the public eye in the London of that day. There was no one in the great metropolis of any consequence, we may say, but that knew him personally or knew of him. On the occasion of my last visit to the Natural History Museum in London, the Keeper of the Herbarium, Dr. A. B. Rendle, called my attention to some framed caricatures.of Sir Joseph hanging on the wall of his study, good-natured cartoons scattered about the town over one hundred years ago. Sir Joseph went out with Captain Cook’s third voyage as a member of the scientific staff. Banks Island on the British Columbian coast was named for him. ARCHIBALD Menzies, F.L.S. Reproduced from an oil painting by E. N. Eddis hanging in the assembly chamber of the Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. Madrono, vol. 1, facing p. 262 Si a Cree vig a af a e et . . . * 1929] BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA 263 14, 1793) and his journal shows that he covered exactly the stations where Arctostaphylos tomentosa Pursh grows and of which Menzies’ was the first collector. Mistakenly attributed to the “Northwest Coast”, for a full century this species was thought to grow along the Oregon and Washington shores. Without doubt Menzies must have collected his specimens at Monterey, the shrub of the northern coast being a different one, namely Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper, long known, but not named until recent years. In 1793 the expedition anchored at Trinidad for a few days (May 2-5), but according to his journal Menzies did not accompany the watering party ashore. While this is the type station for his new Ribes, R. Menziesii Pursh, it may be said that the journal shows that the various members of the ship’s company, in the interest of the naturalist, were in the habit of bringing objects of natural history to him. In the autumn the expedition again sailed southward from the British Columbian coast. The Chatham, with Menzies aboard, anchored for one day (Oct. 20) in Bodega Bay and a shore trip was made. Going on to San Francisco Bay, Menzies rejoined the Dis- covery, his regular berth, but the unfriendly attitude of the new Spanish commandant furnished Captain Vancouver a reason for not permitting the botanist to continue his field work here. After a few days in this port (Oct. 21-24), the ships sailed for Monterey, where for the period of the stay (Nov. 1-6) similar restrictions were in force. Going on down the coast, Vancouver and his officers were received hospitably at Santa Barbara (Nov. 10-18), where Menzies made several botanizing trips. At San Buenaventura (Nov. 18-22) he did not land, but enjoyed shore excursions at San Diego (Nov. 27 to Dec. 9). | In 1794 the Discovery and Chatham anchored for the third time at Monterey. Their reception by the Spanish officers on this occasion was most hospitable and many land trips were made. It was during this stay that Captain Vancouver made a journey to the Vancouver Pinnacles east of the Salinas River. A launch was sent across Mon- terey Bay to Santa Cruz for fresh provisions and Menzies may well have gone with her and at this time have collected the Redwood, though I possess no portion of his journal covering the year 1794. In any event, the original specimen of Sequoia sempervirens in the National History Museum bears the legend on the back of the sheet, “Santa Cruz, Menzies.” At no place in the journal before me, how- ever, does Menzies mention seeing this most remarkable of all Cali- fornian coastal trees, either near Monterey or elsewhere, though in- dubitably he saw it at Trinidad, where it covers the high slopes near the shore with a stately forest.” After the return of the expedition to England, the plant collection was not, unfortunately, worked up as a whole under one direction. *The writer first examined the Menzies specimens at the Natural History Museum in 1905. *The great trees of this forest have now been logged. 264 MADRONO [Vol. 1 While the first set went to the government and is now preserved in the National Herbarium at the Natural History Museum in London, special portions of the duplicates were presented to various botanists and publication of the new plants was done piecemeal in a scattering manner and usually after long delay. An unfortunate lack is the fre- quent absence of definite stations for the collections, which has re- sulted, in some cases, in no little confusion. Perhaps about fifteen years since the existence in manuscript of a Menzies’ journal of the Vancouver voyage, preserved in the British Museum, was called to the writer’s attention. Several years later through the intervention of his friend, Mr. E. G. Baker, of the Natural History Museum, a copy was made of the Pacific Coast part of the manuscript. It was with the highest expectations that I looked forward to read- ing Menzies’ own account of his discovery of the many new species on our coast line, where no botanist save Haenke had been before him in California. With the Menzies journal in hand, a carefully prepared and validated transcript, it was at once obvious that one possessed a valuable historical document, but it was also apparent that it contained comparatively scanty records regarding the native vegetation. In the journal Menzies from time to time makes a few notes, in more or less general terms, of his botanical excursions ashore, but on account of the utter strangeness of the vegetation his comments are not, on the whole, of much significance. At that time the importance of a strictly scientific botanical journal with a num- bering of specimens in sequence by stations and dated as collected was not appreciated and such careful methods in the way of field research work had not then been developed. On the other hand the journal is amply filled with other matters. Save for the references to himself as a botanist just noted one might suppose from reading the manuscript that Menzies was the navigator or geographer of the expedition. The progress of the Discovery or her consort, the Chatham, every storm that impeded, every wind that aided their movement is faithfully set down. He records the land- falls and their appearance, the channels, the islands and the straits, the nature of the shoreline and the aspect of the country back of it. Ashore, with evident eagerness, he describes the natives, their physique, features, dress or absence of it, personal habits and tribal customs, food and means of subsistence. The missions in California are depicted and considerable space given to their industries and agriculture. The movements of the trading ships and the bartering for otter skins and furs came under his appraising eye. He was the first to make a correct guess as to the nature of the then unknown animal, the Rocky Mountain goat’, that furnished the “fine long white wool” used by the natives for their superior cloth on the upper coast of what is now British Columbia. The amazing runs of salmon in the mouths of the small streams emptying into ithe *Oreamnos montanus (Ord), a kind of antelope or chamois, not in the least of the goat family. 1929] BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA 265 archipelago waters on the British Columbian coast, the habits of an enormous school of otters with their young which an exploring party one day chanced into in the same waters, the prices of cattle and fowl in California, the structure and make of the water-tight canoes in the Santa Barbara Channel—all these and numerous other matters testify that, in all probability, few things escaped his naturalist’s eye. Faithfully and industriously he made every effort to carry out zealously the instructions of the Admiralty as prepared for that office by Sir Joseph Banks.’ Moreover the journal merits high praise in itself. Its statements are characterized by restraint and sobriety, and yet its descriptions are earnest and vivifying. The style, while occasionally a little pompous, is on the whole, nervous and forceful, showing an excellent command of the English vocabulary and exhibiting the writer as a man of deep thought and wide and careful observation, with a philo- sophical cast to his reflections. It is, by and large, an animated journal and difficult for any one interested in Pacific Coast history to lay down after once begun. The transcript of the Pacific Coast part of Menzies’ journal, as made for my use, consists of 752 pages. The first entry is that of April 15, 1792, when the Discovery and Chatham were approaching the Mendocino coast in the neighborhood of the present Fort Bragg. The last entry is that of Dec. 15, 1793, off the Lower California coast. The record covers, during the years 1792 and 1793, the activi- °>As one of the scientific staff on Cook’s third voyage, Sir Joseph had had experience as an explorer and was mindful of the needs of a surveying voyage and took an especial interest in the welfare of the expedition to Nootka under Vancouver. His letter of instruction to the botanist may to this day be regarded as a model of its kind. Menzies, therefore, reported to Sir Joseph by letter during the course of the voyage and on his return at the end of it. These letters are in the Banks Correspondence at the Natural History Museum, London. By the kind permission of the Keeper of the Herbarium, Dr. A. B. Rendle, they were copied for me in 1926. Letters of this kind are more intimate and revealing than a journal which is made with the idea of being filed with governmental authorities. In these letters Menzies discusses amongst other things the affair of Thos. Pitt, Lord Camelford, son of the first Lord Camelford who was a nephew of the great William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham. As the Honorable Thos. Pitt, Lord Camelford had joined the crew of the Discovery as an Able Seaman. While on the voyage his father died and he thus became Lord Camelford. For in- subordination he was thrice flogged at the order of Captain Vancouver, kept in irons, and discharged from the ship at the Sandwich Islands. Flogging has of course long since been abolished but it is, we think, one of the glories of the British navy that a lord could be flogged at the masthead just like a common sailor, or in other words that the rules and tradition of the naval service exerted greater force than the claims of nobility. This matter of Camelford has an especial interest because Menzies himself, as revealed by his letters, was put under arrest and perhaps only escaped flogging or the indignity of irons by reason of his judicial temper. It has indeed long been a wonder with me that Menzies, though generally acknowledged mild and just in disposition, came out so well in the end; but the return voyage brought the expedition into the Thames River in 1795 and he was enabled to appeal immediately to his great friend and powerful patron, Sir Joseph Banks. 266 MADRONO [Vol. 1 ties of the Vancouver survey from San Diego to the northern coast of British Columbia. By birth Archibald Menzies was of Scotland and belonged to a race of gardeners and botanists. Born at Aberfeldy in Perthshire on March 15, 1754, he became a gardener at the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh. At this place he attracted the attention of Dr. John Hope, Professor of Botany, who encouraged him to acquire the training of a surgeon at Edinburgh University. Subsequently he was attached to the navy in a surgical capacity. After returning from the Vancouver voyage he served in the West Indies, after which he lived as a practising surgeon in London where he died Feb. 15, 1842. The name Menzies is properly pronounced as if spelt Minges, but we in California have so long spoken the name phonetically that our pronunciation has come to have, in western America, the force of usage. The fame of Menzies is commemorated by many western plants. Our madrono, a tree than which none other in the western woods is more marked: by sylvan beauty, is well known by its latin name, Arbutus menziesii, while the genus Menziesia includes seven species of arborescent or low shrubs of North America and eastern Asia. One evening in 1906 found me a a meeting of the Linnean So- ciety in Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. The walls of the assembly room are hung with oil paintings of the past presidents of the Society, distinguished names all. Dr. B. Daydon Jackson, the Secretary, called my attention to one of them in particular. It was that of Archibald Menzies who held the presidency after the death of A. B. Lambert. The portrait is by E. N. Eddis, a copy of which is reproduced in this issue of Madrono. [Cf. G. S. Boulger, Dict. Nat. Biog. 13:258. Menzies’ Journal of Vancouver’s Voyage, April to October, 1792, ed. by C. F. New- combe (Archives. of British Columbia, mem. 5, pp. 1-171,—1923). J. Forsyth, Biographical Note [on A. Menzies] (Archives of British Columbia, mem. 5, pp. vii-xii, with two portraits and three illustra- tions, 1923). A. Menzies, Journal of Vancouver’s Voyage along the Pacific Coast of North America, pp. 1-752. ms. | Menzies’ Letters in the Banks Correspondence. ms. | Meaney, E. S., Biography of Archi- bald Menzies (Vancouver’s Discovery of Puget Sound, 295-297,— 1915). In this highly interesting book Meaney says that Menzies himself gives an account of the voyage in Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, vols. 1 and 2. These articles, however, relate en- tirely to his ascent of the mountain Whararai on the island of Owhyhee. It seems likely that this statement is copied from the Dictionary of National Biography (13:258).] 1929] BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA 267 Daniel Cleveland. One of the localized lip-ferns of the foothills of San Diego County is Cheilanthes Clevelandii Eat. It was named for Daniel Cleveland, for sixty years a resident of San Diego, who gave his leisure to the pleasures of collecting and study of the native plants. Ferns had for him an especial in- terest but he neglected few of the great groups of the plant king- dom. Being a pioneer he naturally gathered many new things. At a very early period he began to send plants to Asa Gray, who named for his correspondent a new Pentstemon, P. Clevelandii, discovered by Cleveland in Cafion Tantillas, northern Baja Califor- nia, but which later turned up at several stations in the mountains of coastal Southern California. Gray also named for him an en- demic Salvia of San _ Diego’s chaparral slopes as Audibertia Clevelandii. One vacation period, in June, 1882, he spent in Lake County at Allen’s Springs and thus Astra- galus Clevelandii Greene and Linum Clevelandii Greene were named for him, as also the well- marked Senecio Clevelandii Greene from the same region. Greene like- wise named the Shooting Star of San Diego County as Dodecatheon Clevelandii, and also Spergularia Clevelandii (Greene) Rob. from the same district. The month of July, 1882, Cleveland botanized in Plumas County, mainly about Prattville. Otherwise, his botanical trips were for the most part into the back country of San Diego County which was then much larger than it is at the present time. In that early day, brand-new generic types were not infrequently discovered in one or other of the Californias. In 1883 Lyman Beld- ing collected in the Victoria Mountains of Baja. California a new plant which Greene published as Orthocarpus Beldingi (Bull. Cal. Acad. 1:123) but soon used as the type of a new genus Clevelandia (1. c. 1:182) in honor of Daniel Cleveland. Thereupon the author of the genus writes contentedly to Cleveland: “You and Bebb’ are nicely disposed of generically according to my reckoning” (Cleve- land Corr. 87, ms.); but Asa Gray felt that the step was not well- DANIEL CLEVELAND * Referring to the genus Bebbia in honor of M. S. Bebb, the salicologist. 268 MADRONO [Vol. 1 taken and writes to Greene, “I wish you had given a better genus to good Cleveland” (Letters Witty and Salty and Wise, 278, ms.). While admitted in Engler & Prantl’s Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien (4°: 99), it is with the qualifying remark: “Die Gattung ist von Orthocarpus nur schwer zu trennen.” Aside from the ultimate fate of this genus, Cleveland’s name is well perpetuated by many specific names which give remembrance to his lifelong interest in the indi- senous flora. : Born March 21, 1838, at Poughkeepsie, New York, Cleveland studied law and was licensed in 1859. From 1859 to 1866 he fol- lowed his profession in San Antonio, Texas, of which city he was mayor for one year in 1865-1866. In November, 1867, he came to San Francisco, thence to San Diego in May, 1869, where he prac- ticed law and became well known in the city’s civic life. The San Diego Society of Natural History is only one of many organizations which he helped to found and make prosperous. To San Diegans he was more than an attorney-at-law—he was a scientist, local his- torian, hard-headed man of affairs, humanitarian and religious leader who crowded many achievements for the betterment of the city into his busy days. The years of his life, ninety: years and nine months, ended at San Diego on Jan. 3, 1929. Cleveland’s distributed plants are mainly preserved in the Gray Herbarium and the Greene Herbarium, though some are to be found in the University of California Herbarium. He never sold any plants or made collecting a business. The Cleveland Correspondence (ms.), includes many interesting letters from Asa Gray, Geo. E. Daven- port, E. L. Greene, C. C. Parry, Geo. Vasey, Geo. Engelmann, J. G. Lemmon, S. B. Parish and many other botanists and botanical col- lectors. So far as memory serves he published little in botany; a list of names of the marine algae collected by himself at San Diego which is appended to Orcutt’s “Flora of San Diego Co. and Lower California”, pp. 12-13 (1885); also a series of articles on “Bee Pasturage Plants of San Diego County, California” in the periodical Bees and Honey for 1928, written in the same year. Never robust physically, Cleveland went about seeking health on many a vacation trip, and as he went he made botany a recreation. Greene writes him: “I hope you gain strength in your mountain sojournings; and you surely add to the knowledge of our state flora wherever you go” (Cleveland Corr. p. 39, ms.). Most of his letters, it may be noted, contain some reference to his bodily ailments. Per- haps, as they humorously say in New England, he was one of those who enjoyed poor health and thus came into the fullness of enrich- ing well-spent years. [For further details as to his life and activities consult: Bio- graphical sketch in San Diego Union, Jan. 4, 1929. Cleveland Corre- spondance, pages 1-547, ms. Botanical Letters of Other Days, pages 72-91, ms. | 1929] BOTANICAL EXPLORERS OF CALIFORNIA 269 Harley Pierce Chandler The high mountain region which lies between the Klamath and Salmon rivers in northwestern California possesses remarkable fea- tures. The geological designation, Klamath area of Diller, includes it but one finds no special name on present day maps. Botanists speak of it as the Marble Moun- tain region and have a special in- terest in it because characterized by such remarkable endemics as Picea Breweriana, Lewisia Cotyle- don, Draba Howellii, and a num- ber cf other significant species. H. P. Chandler, the first botanist to explore the region, entered it from the direction of Eureka by way of Hupa Valley and Weitchpek in June and July, 1901, and went out eastward to Etna Mills. He traveled with a pack animal and made, including sev- eral new species, a large collec- tion, which was distributed in the form of sets to a number of the principal herbaria of the United States and Europe. The speci- mens were named by the writer and Mr. Jos. P. Tracy. For about eight years subse- quent to the Marble Mountain trip, Mr. Chandler continued, during intervals of school teaching, to collect in various parts of California, chiefly in the central and southern Sierra Nevada, in western San Diego County and the central Coast Ranges. The first set of his specimens was given to the University of California Herbarium. A peculiar labiate of the San Diego coast, which he discovered, was named Calamintha Chandleri in his honor by Thomas S. Brandegee. Born in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, on Aug. 26, 1875, he received his earlier college education. at Pomona College in Southern Cali- fornia and then entered the University of California where he took the Bachelor of Science degree in 1902. On coming to Berkeley his interest in botany was continued and confirmed as the major recreation to which he devoted all his leisure. His study of the Baby Blue Eyes group resulted in a critical paper, “A revision of the genus Nemophila”, published in the Botanical Gazette (34: 194- 215, pls. 2 to 5) in 1902. His capacity for taking infinite pains found an outlet in photographic studies of the native vegetation, an example of which, Argemone intermedia var. corymbosa Eastw., may be found in Jepson’s Flora of California, vol. 1, fig. 116. One of Hartey Prerce CHANDLER his characteristics expressed itself in a fine sense of orderliness, in- dustry and thrift. After a period of residence in southern Texas (1915-1916) he returned to San Jose, California, where he died May 6, 1918. THE ANNUAL DINNER FOR 1928 Abcut ninety members of the Society and their guests gathered at the Pig’n Whistle Restaurant in Berkeley on Saturday evening, February 18, to celebrate the annual dinner under the lead of the Toastmaster, Mr. Fred W. Koch, head of the Science Department of the Galileo High School, San Francisco. A brief discussion of various wheat cultures was made by Professor W. W. Mackie. A traveler’s impressions of the flora of Palestine were given in a talk illustrated with lantern slides by Dr. W. F. Bade, Director of the Palestine Institute, and Dr. L. R. Abrams of Stanford University spoke in memory of Mr. S. B. Parish who died June 5, 1928. This memorial was brief but happily and aptly worded. In connection with it Dr. Abrams read two letters which he had received from Mr. Parish in recent years. Both letters, he said, portray well the character of the man and his keen interest in botany, even in his declining years. The first is only a short note but it shows how clear and retentive his mind remained, for it was written in his eighty- ninth year, a few days following the annual dinner of the Society two years ago. This letter refers to a desert plant collected by Mr. Parish over forty-five years before. The second letter relates to the sreat Berkeley fire of September, 1923, which almost without warn- ing swept twenty-five city blocks and included the Parish home at 1668 Scenic Avenue in that terrifying disaster. Berkeley, February 14, 1927. Perhaps it may be worth while to put in writing what I said io you the other evening about the specimen of Calliandra eriophylla from Mesquite Canton. Mesquite Station was in early days the name of a siding on the Southern Pacific some distance east of Mecca, and the road ran there, as I remember, some two or three miles from the bases of the hills to the south part, I suppose, of the so-called Chuccawala Range. Mesquite Canon was the nearest dry wash running into these hills, and C. C. Pringle and I walked over to it and spent the night on the sand and in the morning ascended the wash some distance, coming back to the railway in the evening. The exact spot where we got the Calliandra I do not recall. I think this is the only California collection of this species that has been made. There are many good things, I think, yet to be discovered in that region. S. B. Parish. 1929] THE ANNUAL DINNER Ze Apt. 16, The Merrill, Berkeley, October 1, 1923. I should have written to you before this, but there has been much to do, and so much confusion, since the fire. Today I have your kind note and will no longer delay. The fire swept down with the greatest rapidity before the strong northern gale, and we had about 20 minutes to prepare. The Uni- versity boys carried almost everything out of the house and piled it on an adjoining vacant lot, where it was burned up. We escaped with what we had on, and what we had hastily thrust into two grips. We got this apartment the same evening, and were thankful to get a roof over our heads. While the fire took most of the things carried out of the house, some things must have been taken away, for a few trifles have since been brought to us. The real reason I delayed writing to you was that I had a faint hope that some one might have picked up the manuscript of my Mojave paper and saved it for me. But the chance is infinitesimal. I had put it and some notebooks in a small grip, and I blame myself that in the confusion it was not cared for. I thank you most sincerely for the interest you so kindly took in it and Stanford University for its willingness to publish it. It was practically finished, needing only the copying of a few pages—and I was not entirely dissatisfied with it after this final revision. The introduction was the expansion of a paper I read to the Sinapsis Club at the Citrus Experiment Station, and they had a copy of it made by their stenographer. The Systematic Catalogue was based on one I made for the Desert Laboratory. Possibly from these papers I may try to reconstruct the thing. But all my notebooks are gone, and the undertaking seems formidable. Any thought of the kind must wait until we are once more settled; then I will know if I have courage to try. We fortunately had considerable insurance, so that we can re- build, or buy a new house, but it will have to be a smaller and poorer one than we had, at the present exorbitant prices of labor and ma- terial. My wife faces the loss with the greatest bravery, and I try to imitate her, and we are both well. S. B. Parish. The main address of the evening was made by the guest of honor, Dr. Carl O. Sauer, Professor of Geography in the University of Cali- fornia, who spoke on the relation of the plant cover of a country to its geographic problems.—W. L. JEPSON. THE ANNUAL DINNER FOR 1929 The annual dinner of the Society for 1929 was held in Berkeley on February 23. The dinner itself was preceded by an all-day session held in Wheeler Hall, at which professional papers were read. At 272 MADRONO [Vol. 1 the morning session Professor W A. Setchell of the Department of Botany, University of California, presided, at the afternoon session, Professor W. W. Mackie of the College of Agriculture, University of California. The papers read fell under twenty-one titles as follows. Morning session: Effect of high temperatures on coniferous seed- lings, by Frederick S. Baker, Division of Forestry, University of Cali- fornia. Factors affecting the photosynthesis rate and the sugar-starch relation in the leaf, by R. M. Holman, University of California. Re- versible environmental modifications of Ruppia, by William Albert Setchell, University of California. The University of California Botanic Garden, by T. H. Goodspeed, University of California. Tertiary climates as indicated by fossil plants, by R. W. Chaney, Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C. The growth of plants in a controlled environment as related to ecological investigations, by A. R. Davis, University of California. The significance of local plant names in relation to the prehistoric and historic contacts of the Philippine peoples, by Elmer D. Merrill, University of California. The species of Hopi corn, by W. W. Mackie, University of California. The use of native plants by primitive peoples and early settlers in California, by Mrs. I. M. Blochman. Afternoon session: The relationship of the Monocotyledons, by Douglas H. Campbell, Stanford University. Spreading versus ap- pressed pubescence as a diagnostic specific character, as illustrated by the genus Lupinus, by Charles Piper Smith, San Jose High School. Chromosomes and classification in Crepis, by E. B. Babcock and Lillian Hollingshead, University of California. Structural features of wind blown pollen in relation to plant identification and classifica- tion, by H. E. McMinn, Mills College. The concept of the genus with illustrations from the ferns, by E. B. Copeland, University of California. The herbaria of the U. S. Forest Service, by Fred P. Cronemiller, U. S. Forest Service. The history of the coastal pine forests of California, by Herbert L. Mason, University of California. Pinus jeffreyi and Pinus ponderosa, by N. T. Mirov and C. L. Hill, U. S. Forest Experiment Station. Some popular fallacies concerning the growth of the California redwood, by Emanuel Fritz, Division of Forestry, University of California. Application of botanical knowledge to management of forest resources, by Leland S. Smith, U. S. Forest Service. Ecological changes in the Sierra forests, by O. M. Evans, U. S. Forest Service. A forest map of California, by Duncan Dunning, U. 8S. Forest Experiment Station. The dinner in the evening was held at the Belle de Graf Restaurant and was attended by eighty members and their guests. Dr. H. M. Hall of the Carnegie Institution presided as Toastmaster. Mrs. Hilda Grinnell spoke happily on the pleasures of field work and Mr. W. I. Hutchinson of the United States Forest Service gave an illustrated lecture upon the new wilderness areas set aside by the Forest Service within the national forests of California. The company was also favored with several songs by Mr. Robt. E. Saxe, who was accom- 1929] CHARLES RUSSELL ORCUTT 273 panied on the piano by the Society’s musician-laureate, Mr. W. W. Carruth. The dinner committee was under the chairmanship of Mr. H. L. Mason.—W. L. Jepson. CHARLES RUSSELL ORCUTT, NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTOR. For something over half a century Charles Russell Orcutt of San Diego has been identified with the desert areas of the southwestern United States and the adjacent regions of Mexico as a_ professional collector of insects, shells and plants. Botanizing in districts never before traversed, he discovered many new plants in a wide range of families. This material he sold to botanists and institutions. In only a few instances, if memory serves, did he himself publish his own discoveries as new species—and yet he was much given to pub- lication of a kind, especially lists of species. His check list of the “Flora of Southern and Lower California” (13 pages, 1885) was sufficiently creditable in typography and much used by collectors. It was followed by a fuller list, “Botany of Southern California”, in 1901 (172 pages). In 1884 he began to print a monthly journal under the caption, The West American Scientist. It was at that time the only medium that existed in western America for the publication of natural history notes and short articles and it, therefore, served a useful purpose. Among the contributors were such notable names as C. C. Parry, Edward Lee Greene, T. D. A. Cockerell, Josiah Keep, C. H. Eigenmann, Alice Eastwood and Geo. Vasey. Without pre- tensions typographically the issues nevertheless maintained a fairly uniform character for about ten years and then trailed off into chiefly advertising leaflets, irregular in size, title, make-up and form, which have been the despair of librarians who felt it a duty to maintain complete files of the journal for their “Californiana”. The most happy of his writing efforts are somewhat short articles, contributed mainly to Garden and Forest, which give a running account of his own journeys in the desert or of the little-known elements of its flora. As a collector and publisher Mr. Orcutt became widely known for his zeal and industry and also for his eccentricities and foibles. A characteristic production entitled “American Plants” (3 vols., 1907- 1910) is a strange medley which illustrates the author’s singularities. All of his publications have, at least, developed the merit of rarity. As a sort of promoter he projected most visionary botanical schemes but practically no botanists were deceived, though often much amused, by them. Although so peculiar in his business dealings with cus- tomers, he was not evilly disposed, nor malicious nor vindictive, but rather simple-minded and naive, with an intense devotion to field work which was wholly genuine and unflagging. Through him numer- ous desert plants, especially Cactaceae, have been introduced into cultivation. The genus Orcuttia, which includes two peculiar grasses of California and Lower California, was dedicated to him by Dr. Geo. Vasey and many ‘species bear his name. 274 MADRONO [ Vol. i Born in Hartland, Vermont, on April 27, 1864, he came in 1879 to San Diego and there made his home for the remainder of his life. While exploring the West Indies he died in Haiti on Aug. 24, 1929,— W. L. Jepson. OPEN LEFTERS On Geraea viscida (Gray) Blake. I am sending a package of Geraea viscida, including two roots. These plants were collected near Jacumba, California, at about 2800 feet altitude. This Geraea grows in hard red clay soil and has a deep tap root. The remains of last year’s stems show it to be at least a biennial, but judging from the size and depth of the root I would take it to be a perennial. The way the heads, after anthesis, become abruptly reflexed is worthy of note—J. B. FEupcE, May 28, 1927. Vaccinium ovatum in the Santa Cruz Mountains. On October 13, 1929 two forms of Vaccinium were observed near the Big Basin in the Santa Cruz Mountains. The common kind, Vaccinium ovatum, has a perfectly globose fruit without bloom. Please note that the other (var. saporosum) has a very pronounced pear-shaped fruit with bloom. The leaves of the pear-shaped one, too, are strikingly darker in color—H. A. Dutton, Los Altos. Rediscovery of Stipa Stillmanii Boland. in Placer County When collecting plants on the Sugar Pine Range, about twelve miles northeast of Forest Hill along the road between the Sugar Pine Ranger Station and Forbes Cattle Camp, I noticed a rather tall grass with plume-like top. It was a new grass to me, so I put several stalks in my press to work with later, not suspecting I had found anything rare. This location is on the road east of Iowa Hill, which is just across the American River Canyon from Colfax and only a few miles in an air line. After I found that my specimen was Stipa: Stillmanii, I looked for it around Colfax and eastward, but I have never seen it off the Forest Hill Divide and only in fairly dense shade. Since finding . the one clump near the Sugar Pine Station, the ranger has found one other clump. Last week, also, we located another small area on the east slope of the Red Star Ridge, in what is known as “French Meadows”, in T 15 N, R 14 E. I am sending some pictures of the last station, showing several of the plants. There are about twelve individual plants here. Jepson’s Manual cites Blue Canyon as country in which it is found, but so far I have not seen it there-—LELAND SEYMOUR SMITH, Aug. 1, 1929. 1929] DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AT STANFORD 275 Picea Breweriana Wats. I wish to report that, on a recent trip, I saw the Brewer Spruce on the north slope of Little Grayback, Josephine County, Oregon. This point is much further north than the point where, you will re- call, we located the trees on the pass above the Oscar Beer Ranch on the Expedition of 1908. On Little Grayback was found a tree that I consider a perfect specimen of Picea Breweriana. It was not grow- ing on the cliffs, but at the edge of the regular forest in deep soil. With its veil of “weepers”, I thought it was the most beautiful tree I have ever had the pleasure of seeing in our forests. The Little Grayback is the dividing mountain between Deer Creek and Little Grayback Creek, and constitutes the most northerly spur of the Siskiyou range.—JaMEs Davis, Oct. 7, 1929. New stations for trees in Oregon. In August, 1917, I found Cupressus Macnabiana well established on Sterr Peak, 5809 ft., and on one or two adjacent peaks in Jose- phine County, Oregon, and have a specimen of Chamaecyparis Nootka- tensis from Whiskey Peak, Josephine County, Oregon, three miles from the California line, so that you see we may yet find it south of the line and thus add one more arborescent species to your Cali- fornia list. I have found Populus tremuloides Vancouveriana very scattering but well established in the Willamette Valley. It had previously passed for the species which does not occur west of the Cascade Moun- tains. Most of the variety has now been exterminated by the settlers in clearing the land——Martin W. Gorman, Portland, Ore., Oct. 19, 1919, THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY. Botany at Stanford University is represented by a group of eight men, five of whom are technically the Department of Botany, and three Professors or Assistant Professors of Biology. These are re- spectively Dr. Douglas H. Campbell, now Emeritus but actively work- ing in the laboratory, Dr. L. R. Abrams, Curator of the Dudley Herbarium and Professor of Systematic Botany, Dr. Gilbert M. Smith, morphologist, algologist, and anatomist, Associate Professor James I. W. McMurphy, plant pathologist, Professor Geo. J. Peirce, phy- siologist; and Dr. L. B. Becking, cellular physiologist, Dr. L. L. Burlingame, geneticist, and Dr. A. G. Vestal, ecologist. To this list should be added the names of three Lecturers in Botany, Mr. Samuel B. Parish,’ systematist and collector of the Parish Herbarium, Mr. William F. Wight, plant breeder, of the U. 5. Department of Agri- * Deceased June 5, 1928. culture, and Dr. William A. Cannon, physiologist, formerly of the Carnegie Institution of Washington; and of Mrs. Roxana S. Ferris who, as Assistant in the Dudley Herbarium, gives help to every stu- dent of the Pacific flora who has occasion to use the Dudley Herbarium, and whose published work on the local and more distant floras is well known. The present personnel is the product of the ideas and ideals of Dr. Campbell and the late Professor Dudley. One may conceive a group of botanists concentrating on one or two or a few lines and, assuming ability and industry, making a correspondingly impressive contribution to the science; and one may imagine another group composed of men of diverse interests but united by one common interest—the study of plants—who will touch human life at just so many more points, and who will impress their students and the rest of the world with the corresponding breadth and importance of botanical science, which their contributions will tend to keep plastic and growing. What should be the ideals of a University group of botanists? Should they regard their function chiefly as that of contributors to knowledge as forming an academy of science or as the distributors of knowledge already and elsewhere acquired? And should they, any more than any other citizens of a commonwealth, indulge their own tastes without consideration of the relative values of different kinds of results in the cooperative society of which they are members, and from the success of which their own comfort and even existence depend ?—Geo. J. PEIRCE. ORDINANCES PROTECTING NATIVE PLANTS. During the last year ordinances were passed in both San Diego and San Bernardino counties which prohibit the collecting: of cer- tain wild plants growing in those counties. In both ordinances nearly all species of cactus are named, as well as a number of species of herbaceous and shrubby plants. As a result of the activities of nurserymen and landscape gardeners of southern California who collect the cacti by truck-loads, some of the rarer species of cactus are bordering on extinction and other species which were once abun- dant are becoming rare. The San Diego ordinance was enacted after many of the plants of Agave shawii, growing at the type locality of the species had been carried off and many other plants had been left up-rooted to die. Among the desert shrubs that the ordinances aim to protect are Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), Desert Holly (Atriplex hymenelytra), and Smoke Tree (Parosela spinosa). The Samuel B. Parish Botanical Society of Riverside and San Bernardino has advocated the passage of an ordinance in Riverside County similar to the ordinances of San Diego and San Bernardino counties. Such an ordinance would protect the remarkable growth of cactus known as the Devil’s Garden near the east entrance of the San Gorgonio 1929] CALIFORNIA MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY 277 Pass in the northern Colorado Desert. Because of its accessible location and the number of persons preying on its cactus-resources, if it is not protected this natural cactus garden will soon be devoid of the unique charm it now possesses. It is sincerely hoped that after the passage of these ordinances they will not be forgotten and that persons detected breaking them will be punished as the law provides.—J. T. Howe ti, Nov., 1928. CALIFORNIA MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ELIZABETH E. Morse In order to become more familiar with the Fungi which occur in this state, especially with those which are destructive or beneficial, edible or poisonous, the California Mycological Society with head- quarters in the Botany Building, University of California, Berkeley, has been formed. There are several branches in different parts of the state and there is an adviser in each branch. The interest of the schools and colleges has been enlisted, also that of lumbermen, or- chardists, campers, hikers and tourists. Specimens are being sent to the mycological laboratory from many localities, and these are now being classified. The extent of the work may be realized when we consider the size of the state, and the fact that fungi occur in all latitudes and altitudes, and are both terrestrial and lignatile. The comparative paucity of literature on this subject increases the difficul- ties encountered. California species frequently do not fit descrip- tions of similar species met in other parts of the world, particularly from the fact that they often attain unaccountable dimensions. There are indications of the presence of some species not previously met, or, at least, not recorded. One of the most important functions of the Mycological Society is to lend as much aid as possible to the building up of an herbarium of representative plants of the state. The Society’s herbarium at the present time has comparatively small numbers of fungi in its collec- tions, except for some special groups that have been more thoroughly studied. Such material is invaluable for purposes of reference and comparison. Those who realize the importance and value of this work, and who would like to render assistance are invited to send specimens, together with carefully prepared notes as to habitat, eleva- tions, and conditions of growth, to the Mycological laboratory of Dr. Lee Bonar, who is technical adviser, or to Miss Elizabeth E. Morse, who is secretary, at the Botany Building, University Campus, Berkeley, California. THE CARNEGIE LABORATORY AT STANFORD There was dedicated at Stanford University, on Aug. 27, 1929, a group of buildings constituting the central laboratory in the western 278 MADRONO ‘[Vol. 1 United States of the Division of Plant Biology of the Carnegie In- stitution. The units that compose this group are planned for research in plant taxonomy, experimental plant-growing, and _ biochemistry, and consist of a main two-story laboratory and library building, a preparation house, and a greenhouse with adjacent transplant and culture gardens. In the future this laboratory will coordinate and centralize the more general aspects of biological research being con- ducted at the Desert Laboratory at Tucson, Arizona, the Coastal Laboratory at Carmel, California, and the Alpine Laboratory at Pike’s Peak, Colorado, as well as a number of experimental bases throughout the western United States.—J. T. Howe Lt. NOTES AND NEWS From April to August Professor W. A. Setchell of the University of California, was away from California as a delegate to the Fourth Pan-Pacific Congress held in Java in May and June, 1929. Dr. Charles V. Piper, of the United States Department of Agri- culture, died at Washington, D. C., February 11, 1926. His Flora of the State of Washington, published in 1906, was followed by a Flora of Southeastern Washington (1914) and a Flora of the North- west Coast (1915). The two latter were produced in collaboration with R. Kent Beattie. Able and vigorous as a scientist, endowed with a strong personality and a fine presence, he was justly considered one of the most gifted men in the Bureau of Plant Industry.—W. L. J. In Science (67: 447) an announcement of the determination of living ray and tracheid cells over 250 years old is made by Dr. D. T. McDougall and Mr. J. G. Brown. Inez Mexia, botanical collector of the University of California, and Agnes Chase, of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, left during October for extended field work in Brazil. The following papers have been recently issued from the Depart- ment of Botany of Pomona College: The genus Corethrogyne in Southern California by Margaret L. Canby (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 26:8-16—1927); Studies in Onagraceae, Oenothera-Chylismia, by P. A. Munz (Am. Jour. Bot. 15:223-240,—1928); Studies in Onagraceae, Oenothera-Sphaerostigma by P. A. Munz (Bot. Gaz. 89 :223-240,—1928) ; The Plantago patagonica group of the United States and Canada by Ione Poe (Bull. Torr. Club, 55:406-420,— 1928); A revision of the genus Zauschneria by Martha Hilend (Am. Jour. Bot. 16:56-68,—1929); A revision of the genus Collinsia by Vesta M. Newson (Bot. Gaz. 87:260-301,—1929). L929] NOTES AND NEWS 279 The latest number (vol. 1, no. 3) of “Contributions from the Dudley Herbarium”, Stanford University, establishes a new genus of Saxifragaceae, Bensonia (Abrams and Bacigalupi), from south- western Oregon, contains a paper by Elmer I. Applegate on two new Downingias from southern Oregon, and another paper by Ira L. Wiggins describing four new plants from San Diego Co. The issue is dated May 20, 1929. Two papers dealing with Pacific Coast fossil plant beds were published in 1927 by the Carnegie Institution. One on the “Geology and Paleontology of the Crooked River Basin” in Oregon is by Dr. Ralph W. Chaney. The other “Fossil Records of some West Amer- ican Conifers” is by Mr. H. L. Mason. A volume of 163 pages makes up the fifteenth number of “Con- tributions to Western Botany” by Marcus E. Jones. It was distributed from Claremont, California on June 6, 1929 and consists of botanical observations and criticisms, reviews of literature old and new, and miscellaneous field observations. It is a typical Jonesian contribu- tion characterized by a pungent style, a type rarely met in these days but so abundantly present in numerous critiques of the old biological journal “Zoe”.—J. T. H “The Role of the Structural Features of Pollen Grains in Identify- ing the most Important Hay Fever Plants of California” is the subject of a paper by George Piness M. D. and H. E. McMinn of Mills College in the “Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine” (St. Louis, 1927). The interesting marine angiosperm, Eel Grass (Zostera marina L.), found in shallow coastal lagoons and shoals along the Cali- fornia coast and elsewhere in temperate regions has been investigated ecologically and morphologically by Dr. W. A. Setchell of the Uni- versity of California and the results of the studies have appeared in the two following contributions: Zostera marina latifolia—Ecad or Ecotype (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 54: 1-6,—1927); Morphological and Phenological Notes on Zostera marina L. (U. C. Publ. Bot. 14: 389- 452,—1929). Contributions to our knowledge of the physiclogy and life his- tories of some California fungi have been made by Dr. Lee Bonar of the Department of Botany, University of California, in Mycologia 20: 292-300 (1928). In the Botany of Ephedra in Relation to the Yield of Physiologi- cally Active Substances by G. W. Groff and G. W. Clark (U. C. Publ. Bot. 14: 453-588,—1929), a taxonomic consideration of certain North 280 MADRONO [Vol. if American species of the genus Ephedra precedes an account of the physiological effects of medical substances derived from plants of the eenus. Preliminary to a complete treatment of the Red Algae of the Pacific Coast of North America, Dr. N. L. Gardner has four contri- butions on New Rhodophyceae in U. C. Publ. Bot. vols. 13 and 14. Other recently published researches in the morphology and taxonomy of Pacific Coast algae include: Drew, K. M. A Revision of the Genera Chantransia, Rhodochorton, and Acrochaetium, with Descrip- tions of the Marine Species of Rhodochorton on the Pacific Coast of North America (U. C. Publ. Bot. 14: 139-224,—1928) ; Myers, M. E. The Life-History of the Brown Alga, Egregia Menziesii (U. C. Publ. Bot. 14: 225-246,—1928) ; Setchell, W. A. The Genus Microdictyon (U. C. Publ. Bot. 14: 453-588,—1929). Two contributions to our knowledge of the exotic flora of Cali- fornia have come recently from the Department of Botany of. the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. In the Escallonias in Golden Gate Park, with Descriptions of New Species (Proc. Cal. Acad. Se. 4th ser. 18: 385-391,—1929), Alice Eastwood describes the distinguishing characters of most of the species commonly culti- vated, not only in the Golden Gate Park, but rather generally through- out California. Eric Walther’s Key to the Species of Eucalyptus Grown in California (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc. 4th ser. 17: 67-87,—1928) is a contribution to a more ample knowledge of the taxonomy of this genus so widely and extensively cultivated in California. In an account entitled Studies in the Flora of Lower California and Adjacent Islands (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc. 4th ser. 18: 393-484,— 1929), Alice Eastwood reviews the botanical exploration of the islands off Lower California and of several localities on the main- land, and gives the names of species that have been reported for each. This report will form a basis for further studies of these southern areas that are closely related botanically to our own Cali- fornia flora. Three new species of Ceanothus, two species from California and one from Utah, have been described by Alice Eastwood (Proc. Cal. Acad. Se. 4th ser. 16: 361-363,—1927). One of the California species, C. cyaneus, is found in the mountains of San Diego Co. while the other, C. insularis, comes from Santa Cruz Island. An article on Certain Fossil Cones from the Pacific Coast by F. M. Scott of the University of California at Los Angeles (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 54: 7-11,—1927) describes coniferous material from various stations on the Pacific Coast of North America. A Preliminary Report on the Flora of the Charleston Mountains of Nevada by Edmund C. Jaeger, recently published at the River- 1929] REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE 281 side Junior College, is of interest to California botanists because of the close relationships between the flora of the Charleston Mountains and of the high desert ranges of eastern and southern California. The genus Haplopappus is the title of a Carnegie Institution Pub- lication, no. 389 (Washington, 1928, pp. 1-391), by Dr. H. M. Hall. This paper is an intensive and thoroughgoing study of a group that has a large representation in western America. There are 114 figures and 16 plates. “A Systematic Study of the genus Lessingia Cham.” has been com- pleted by John Thomas Howell (Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 16:1-44, figs. 1-70,—1929). The author recognizes seven species and a consider- able number of varieties, of which three are new. For specific criteria reliance has been placed chiefly on gland character, structure of style branches and habit. The author considers that the Tehachapi region represents the geographic center of the genus. A REVISION OF CALIFORNIAN UMBELLIFERAE.—V. Witiis Linn JEPSON (Concluded from page 162) 1 or 2, linear-acuminate; fruit broadly oblong, slightly pubescent, 3 to 4 lines long; lateral wings thick and corky, as broad as the body; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; seed deeply sulcate beneath the oil-tubes—Along the coast, mostly on or near the sea-bluffs, 5 to 200 ft.: San Mateo Co. to Humboldt Co. North to Wash. Locs.—Pt. Lobos, San Francisco, (Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 356); Pt. Reyes, Davy 6869; Newport, Mendocino Co., Jepson 13,487; Loleta, Humboldt Co., Jepson 2133. Refs.—ANGELICA HENDERSONI C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 13: 80 (1888), type loc. Long Beach, Ilwaco, Wash., Henderson 2158; Jepson, Man. 727, fig. 711 (1925). 2. A. tomentosa Wats. Stout, 2 to 5 ft. high, the stems and especially the leaves puberulent, or sometimes nearly glabrous; leaves bipinnate or ternate or quinate and then pinnate; leaflets ovate, acute, acutish or often long- pointed, sometimes varying to lanceolate or roundish, irregularly serrate, obliquely 2-lobed, or not lobed and merely oblique, 14% to 3 (or 6) in. long; petioles strongly dilated at base; fruiting rays 1 to 5 in. long; fruiting pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; ovary tomentulose; fruit oblong or elliptic, glabrous, 3 to 4% lines long; dorsal and intermediate ribs small and acutish; lateral wings nearly equaling the body in breadth; oil-tubes 1 in the intervals, or sometimes 2 in the lateral intervals, mostly 2 on the commissure; seed somewhat sulcate beneath the oil-tubes.—Dry woods, 300 to 4000 ft.: coastal S. Cal.; n. through the Coast Ranges to Humboldt Co. Locs.—French Valley, Palomar Mt.; Mt. San Jacinto (Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 1:98); San Bernardino Mts. (Pl. World 20: 247); West Fork Cucamonga Canon, San Gabriel Mts.; Big Pine Mt., Santa Barbara Co., J. R. Hall; Berkeley, H. A. Walker; Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson; St. Helena, Jepson 13,483; Calistoga, Jepson 13,484 ; een Trinity Co., J. W. Patton; Eureka, Tracy 6902; Alton, Humboldt Co., Tracy Var. CALIFORNICA Jepson. Rays very unequal (14% to 5% in. long), scaberulous at the ends; oil-tubes 2 (or 3) in the intervals, mostly 4 in lateral pairs on the com- missure.—Vaca Mts. Refs.—ANGELICA TOMENTOSA Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 11:141 (1876), type loc. San Francisco; Jepson, Man. 728 (1925). Var. elata Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 356 282 MADRONO [Vol. 1 (1901), type loc. Napa Valley, Jepson. Var. CALIFORNICA Jepson Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 3856 (1901). ; x : ; : i fl nt ihe x rm ‘ a ‘ ‘ : y fe os Aamaaelie. AAAAAAA AIAAAA ANAM AAAAAAAAAAA-HA~AAAARA AAANAAA px\e\{—~\~ = pa \N\) i] a a. : | | ) AY BAAAAAAAAY RS | AN AIAIA! 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