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THE MAGAZINE

OF

HORTICULTURE,

BOT Asrir,

AND ALL USEFaL DISCOVERIES AND IMPROVEMENTS IN

RURAL AFFAIRS.

" Je \'oudrais echauffer tout I'uiiivers de mon gout pour les janiins. II me semble
qu'il e>t iuipossible qu'uu luechant puisse I'avoir. II n'est point de vertus que je iie
suppose a celui que aime a parlei et h. faire des jardins. Peres de famille, inspirez
la jiirdiiiomauie a voseiifaos." — Prince De Ligne.

VOL. XIII.,

1847.

(vol. III., NEW SERIES.)

Edited by C . M . HOVE Y

BOSTON:
PIJBLISHF.D BY HOVEY AND CO, MERCHANTS KOVV.

184 7.

M27

V.

PREFACE.

The Thirteenth Vohime of the Magazine has been enlarg-
ed by the addition of one hundred pages more than any
previous vohime ; and the following Table of Contents will
show the very great variety of information which it contains
in every department of Horticulture, especially on the culti-
vation of fruits, and descriptions of new and fine varieties.

C. M. H.

Boston, December 25, 1847.

CONTENTS.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

GENERAL SUBJECT.

A Retrospective View of the Progress of
Horticulture in the United States, dur-
ing the year 1846. By the Editor, . 1

Taste ill Horticulture and in Designs. By
Observer, 14

Observations upon the Potato Rot. By
J. S. B., West Scituale, Mass., . . 22

Zinc Labels for Trees. By J. Owen,
Cambridge, 26

A Comparative Notice of the Hog and
Jerusalem Artichokes, with a descrip-
tive account ol' the growth, habit and
use of the former varietv. By Dr. M.
A. Ward, Athens, Ga., .' . . .30

A Leaf from the History of Pomology in
the Past. By T. S'. llnmricklio'use,
Coshocton. Ohio, 97

Instance of EfTect of Boiling Water on
Seeds. By X.. 100

Horticulture of the Past, as compared
with the I'jeseiit. By T. S. Humrick-
house, Coshocton, Ohio, . . . 14.5

On the Cultivation of the Arrow Root in
the United States, as an article of com-
merce. Uy Ur. A. Mitchell, of Port-
land. .Me. In a letter to Hon. H. .\. S.
Dearborn. Communicated by Gen.
Dearborn, 193

Guano, and its application to Fruit Trees.
By the Editor, 241

List of Tropical Plants which may be ac-
climated in the Southern States. By
Dr. A. Mitchell. In a letter to Hon.
H. A. S. Dearborn. Communicated by
Gen. Dearborn, 289

On the Transplantation of the Coniferous
Forest Trees, (Pines, &;c.,) of New Eng-
land to the Southern States. By Dr. A.
.Mitchell, Portland, Me. In a letter to
the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn. Commu-
nicated by Gen. Dearborn, . . . 349

On the Importance of the Cultivation of
the Oak, and other valuable Timber
Trees; with Observations on the Pre-
servation of Ship Timber, and the Pro-
cess of Decay in Wood. By .\. Mitchell,
M. D., Portland. In a letter to the Hon.
H. A. S. Dearborn. Comiiiunicuted by
Gen. Dearborn, 385

On the Study and Pursuits of Botany.
By A. Mitchell, .M. D. In a letter to
the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn. Commu-
nicated by Gen. Dearborn, . . . 433

HORTICULTURE.

Descriptive .Account of Thirty-two Va-
rieties of the Grape, fruited in 1846.
By J. F. Allen, Esq., Salem, .Mass.
With Remarks upon their general qual-
ities, &c.,

Root Grafting the Peach Tree and Rose ;
Grafting the Pear upon the Apple ; the
Apricot on the Peach; New Mode of
Raising Cucumbers, A.c. By M. W.
Phillips, Esq., Log Hall, Edwards, Miss.

Results of the Cultivation of the Pear
and other Fruit in the Southern States.
By R. Cliish(dm, Esq., Corresponding
Secretary of the Beaufoft Agricultural
Society

IV

CONTENTS.

Observations on Root Pruning. By A.

H. Ernst, Cincinnati, . . . .57
Descriptions and Engravings of Select

Varieties of Pears. By tlie Editor, —

1. Van Assene, Henkel, Elizabeth (Van
Mons,) Coter, Doyenn6 d'Ete, Doy-
enne Boussock, 59

2. Swan's Orange, Dallas, Calhoun, Mc
Laughlin, Ropes, Pennsylvania, . 24.3

3. Figue de Naples, Forelle, Ananas,
Bezi de la Motte, Belle et Bonne,
Thompson's, 337

4. Knight's (R. I.) Seedling, Johonnot,
Winship's Seedling, Henrietta, Lee's
Seedling, Manners, .... 481

Descriptions and Engravings of Select
Varieties of Apples. By the Editor, —

1. Twenty Ounce, Northern Spy, Red
Canada, 70

2. Early Joe, Fall Jennetting, Mars-
ton's Red Winter, .... 1.59

3. Hawley, Melon, St. Lawrence, . 535
Descriptive Account of Prince's Paragon

Peach. By W. R. Prince, Flushing, L. I., 76
Additional Remarks on the Northern Spy
Apple. By J. H. Watts, Esq., Roch-
ester, N. Y., 104

Some Account of the Cooper Apple and
its History. By T. S. Humrickhouse, . 105

Notice of some new Seedling Fruits of
the West, with a Description and En-
graving of the American White Winter
Calville Apple. By A. Fahnestock,
Lancaster, Ohio, 108

Pomological Notices ; or Notices respect-
ing New and Superior Fruits, worthy
of general cultivation. Notices of sev-
eral new Apples, Peaches and Grapes.
By the Editor, . . . . 112. 448

Remarks and General Hints on some few
varieties of the Pear. By S. Walker,
Rotbury, Mass., 118

George the IVth Peach. By W. R. Prince,
Flushing, L. 1., 120

Mr. Knight's seedling Pears. By the Edi-
tor, 150

A Way to keep a Record of the Place of
every Tree in an Orchard, by which La-
bels are dispensed with. By T. S. Hum-
rickhouse, Coshocton, Ohio, . . 156

A Brief Account of three varieties of Ap-
ples. By Asahel Foote, Esq., Williams-
town, Mass., 163

Explanations in reference to two or three
Western Apples ; with a Note upon a
new variety called the Butter Sweet.
By T. S. Humrickhouse, Coshocton,
Ohio, 195

Some Account of the Oswego Buerr^, or
Reid's Seedling Pear. By the Editor, . 198

Some Remarks upon the Cooper Apple,
and its Identity with other sorts. By
A. II. Ernst, Cincinuari, Ohio, . . 200

The Currant, its Cultivation, &c. By J.
IT. Watts, Rochester, N. Y., . .202

On the Cultivation and Tieatment of the
Peach Tree in Cold Houses. By Tho-
mas B.<'owau, Gardener to Dr. Dur-
fee, Fall River, Mass., .... 204

Notice of a new Seedling ,\pple. By A.
Fahnestock, Lancaster, Ohio, . . 256

A Way to keep a Record of the Place of
every Tree in an Orchard, — with or
without Labels. By M. W. Phillips,
Edwards, Miss., 291

On the Cultivation and Treatment of the
Grape Vine in the Green-house or Con-
servatory i with a Diary of the Progrcbs

of the Vines, Temperature, Ac. By
the Editor, 293

Root Grafting Apple Trees. By a Flush-
ing Propagator, 3]2

The Strawberry Question. By the Editor, 347

May's Victoria Currant, with an Engrav-
ing of the Fruit. By the Editor. . . 392

Descriptions and Engravings of select va-
rieties of Cherries. By the Editor, . 394

Notice of Three New Varieties of Fruit.
By Herman Wendell, M. D., Albany, N.
Y. With Descriptions and Engravings.
By the Editor, 443

Notice of two Seedling Peaches. By S.
T. .Jones, Esq., Staten Island, N. Y.
With Descriptions of the Fruit. By
the Editor, 447

Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau Cherry;
with an Engraving of the Fruit. By
Dr. Herman Wendell, Academy Park,
Albany, N. Y., 494

Descriptions and Engravings of select va-
rieties of Plums. By the Editor, . 529

The VIrgoulonse, or White Doyenne Pear.
By S. D. P., New Haven, Conn., . . 533

FLORICULTURE.

On the Cultivation of the Pelargonium,
with a Description of several new and
fine Seedlings. By Edward Beck; Esq.,
Worton Cottage, Isleworth, near Lon-
don, 34

Floricultural and Botanical Notices of
New and Beautiful Plants, figured In
Foreign Periodicals ; with Descriptions
of those recently introduced to, or orig-
inated in, American Gardens, 77. 215. 315,
358. 4(ii. 495. 5,0

Hydrdiigea japAnica, its Cultivation, with
an Engraving of the Plant. By the
Editor, 122

On the Cultivation and Treatment of
Cape Heaths, (Ericas.) By John Cad-
ness, Gardener to Mr. J. L. L. F. War-
ren, Brighton, 167

Notice of some of the Mosses of New
England. By William Oakes, Ipswich,
Mass., 171

On the Propagation of Stove and Green-
house Exotics ; in a series of letters.
By James Kennedy, Gardener to S. T.
Jones, Staten Island, N. Y.
Letter I. Propagation by Seeds, . . 210
II. Propagation by Cnttinss, . 259
ni. Propagation by Offsetts, . 313

IV. Propagation by leavers, . . 3.")6
V. Propagation by Inarching, . 357
VI. Propagation by Root Division 400
VII. Propagation by Leaves, . . 401
VIII. Propagation by Suckers, . 4.52

IX. Propagation by Plant Division 452

Descriptions of ei^ht new seedling Ver-
benas. By the Editor, . . . .213

Notice of some of the Plants of New
England. By William Oakes, . . 217

Some Account of the beautiful new shrub,
Spirip'a prunifolia, vnr. fiore pleno, with
a Drawing of the same. Communicat-
ed by M. Louis Van Hontte, Belgium, . 257

The Green-house and Conservatory in
Summer, 263

Descrl[)tiou8 of eight new varieties of
Prairie Roses. By the Editor, . . 353

Garden Notes. By Dr. M. A. Ward,
Athens, G.I., 492

Notes on Gardens and Nurseries, . . 436

CONTENTS.

REVIEWS.

European Agi-iciilture and Rural Econo-
my, from personal observation, . . 125

The Young Gardener's Assistant, in three
parts. The Florist's Guide. Tlie Fruit
Cultivator's Manual. The Kitchen Gar-
dener's Instructor, .... 126

Experimental Researches on the Food of
Animals, 127

Chemical Essays relating to Agriculture, 127

The Hasty Pudding ; a poem in three
cantos, 128

The Rural Register and Almanac for
1847, 128

Proceedings of the National Convention
of Farmers, Gardeners, and Silk Cul-
turists, 129

The Chemical Principles of the Rotation
of Crops, 129

A Report on the Trees and Shrubs grow-
ing naturally in the Forests of Massa-

chusetts : published agreeably to an or-
der of the Legislature, . . . 175. 221

The New England Book of Fruit, . . 225

The Fruits of America; containing a se-
lection of all the choicest varieties cul-
tivated in tlie United States, . . 268

A Dictionary of Modern Gardening, . 270

The Journal of the Horticultural Society
of London, 276

A Brief Coinpend of American Agricul-
ture, 279

The Culture of the Grape. By J. Fisk
Allen. Embracing directions for the
treatment of the Vine in the Northern
States of America, in the open air, and
under glass structures, with or without
artificial heat, 406

An Address delivered before the Chester
County Horticultural Society, at West
Chester, Pa., Sept. 10, 18-17,'. . .542

MISCELLANEOUS LNTELLIGENCE.

General Notices.
Cultivation of Annual Flowers, 185; Pruning
the Pear Tree, 186 ; Destruction ol Insects
by Hot Water, 226; The cultivation of the
Calceolaria as an Annual, 228 ; The culti-
vation of the Dahlia, 229; Scarlet Pelargo-
niums for winter blooming plants, 279; Root
Pruning Trees, 280; Culture of the Chinese
Primrose, 281; Thinning Annual Plants, 283;
Pot Culture of the Vine, 283; Root Pruning
and Management of the Pear Tree, 318; I'ro-
pagation of Gloxinias, 323; ( hrysanthe-
niums, 323; Carnations, Picotees and Pinks
— their Propagation, 325 ; Treatment of
A/.aleas, 326; Exposing Green-house Plants
in Summer, 326; Cultivation of Aloysia
citrioddra, 327; The Heartsease or Pansy,
327 ; Scarlet Pelargoniums for winter flow-
ering, 327; Culture of Asparagus in Ger-
many, 361 ; Cultivating the Pine Apple in
the open air in England, 363 ; VVindow
Flowers, 366; Propagation of Plants for
next season, 411 ; Pruning the Banksian
Rose, 413; Replacement of I'ranches in
Fruit Trees, 413; Autumn Pruning Fruit
Trees, 413 ; Culture of Vines in Pots, 414 ;
Cultivation of Tea China Roses, 416 ; Vine
Borders, 418; The Cultivation of the Cur-
rant and production of new varieties, 453 ;
Scarlet Pelargoniums, 456; Pruning Fruit
Trees, 457; Bottom Heat, 4.'i8; Preparation
of large shrubs for removal, 459 ; Preparing
for Winter, 460 ; Spring Bulbs, 502 ; Bulbs
in Pots, 503; Glazing, 505 ; .Management of
Hawthorn Hedges, 505; Flower Forcing,
506 ; Cultivation of Raspberries, 506 ; Cul-
ture of'Tomatoesin the open air, 507; Burnt
Earth for Roses, and the mode of prepara-
tion, 510; Proper Manure for Roses, 511 ;
Moss Rosea suitable for Pillar Roses, 512;
Bones as Manure, and their use in the cul-
ture of Pelargoniums, 512; Root Pruning
Fruit Trees, 513; Exjierinient on Root

Pruning Pear Trees, 514; Pruning, 546;
Pruning the Vine, 547; Tag^tes pinnata,
547.

Foreign Notices.

Em/and. — Exhibition of the London Horti-
cultural Society, 419 ; Dahlias and Dahlia
Exhibitions for 1847, 547.

France. — Exhibition of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society of Paris, 508.

Belgium. — Exhibition of the Agricultural and
Horticultural Society of Brussels, 550.

Domestic Notices.
Splendid Plantation of Pear Trees, J30; Re-
marks on the Hog Artichoke, 130; Wm. S.
Sullivant, Esq., 130; Pleasant Experiment
with Andromeda calyculAta, 131; The Win-
ter in Georgia, 132; Horticulture in Ohio,
132; Maine Pomological Society, 1C2; Gen-
esee Valley Horticultural Society, 133; Steu-
benvillc Horticultural Society, Ohio, 133;
HeliAnlhus divaricdtus and giginteus, 133;
New Grape in Ohio, 133; Muskeet Grass,
133; Decan's Superb Grape, 133; Scharges
Henling Grajte, 133 ; Pittsburg Horticultu-
ral Society, Pa., 187; Pinielea spectabilis,
lb7; Philips Sweeting Apple, 187; Supposed
Influence of the Scion upon the Stock, 187;
Colniar d'Aremberg Pear, 188; Grosse Cal-
ebasse Pear, 188; Beurr^ Langelier Pear,
188; Downing's Mammoth Rhubarb. 188;
New Horticultural Societies, 188 ; Horti-
cultural Society in Montreal, C. W., 188;
Tom Thumb Geranium, IbS; The Ameri-
can Agricultural Association, 234; Liberal
Donation to the Mass. Horticultural Soci-
ety, 235 ; Osage Orange, 235 ; Exhibition
of the Mass. Iloriicullural Society, 235;
Cultivation of the Fig and new varieties of
the Pear, 236; Growth of Trees in the
Southern States, 237 ; VV'eather in Peniisvl-
vania, o28; Cultivating the Peach Tree, 328;

•VI

CONTENTS.

New Horticultural Societies, 329 ; The
American "White Winter Calville Apple,
329; Reiil's Seedling Pear, 329; Hovey's
Seedling Strawberry. 366 ; Premiums for
ne%v varieties of Strawberries and Rasp-
berries, 367 ; Burr's Seedling Strawberries,
367 ; Pistillate Strawberry Plants not pro-
ductive, 369 ; Two new Seedling ("berries,
369; Albany and Rensellaer Horticultural
Society, 369; Seeds of Grapes, 374; Cin-
cinnati Horticultural Society, 374; Horti-
cultural Exhibitions of the American In-
stitute, 375 ; The Ninetcenih Annual Exhi-
bition of the Mass. Horticultural Society,
375; Springfield Horticultural Society, 420;
Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau Cherry, 422;
Seedling Peaches, 422; New Seedling Cher-
ries, 422; The Colmar d'Aremberg Pear,
422 ; Houghton's Seedling Gooseberry, 422 ;
Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies, 423;
Liberal Prizes for Pelargoniums, 423; Coe's
Transparent Cherry, 423 ; Richards's Reur-
r^ Pear,4Bl; Fruit Convention in the West,
462; Rockingham Horticultural Society,
Portsmouth, N. H., 462; Horticultural Ex-
hibitions, 462; Colmar d'Aremberg Pear,
515; Rhode Island Horticultural Society,
515; The Boston Pine Strawberry, 515;
First Annual Exhibition of the Albany and
Rensellaer Horticultural Society, 516 ; Ses-
bdnia vesicaria, 554; New Grasses, 554;
Weather in Georgia, — New Dahlias, 554 ;
Roses and Seedling Chrysanthemums, 555;
Rhode Island Horticultural .Society, 555;
Cleaveland Horticultural Society ,559; Pears
in the Southern States, 561.

M.^SS.^CHU SETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Appropriation for 1847, 81; Exhibitions, 81;
Report of the Committee on Flowers,
awarding premiums for 1846,82; Report of
the Committee on Fruits, awarding pre-
miums for 1846, 85 ; Report of the Com-
mittee on Vegetables, awarding premiums
for 1846, 88 ; Report of the Finance Com-
mittee, 90; Prospective Premiums, 91 ; List
of Premiums for 1847, 134; Exhibitions,

142; Premiums on Camellias and Chinese
Primroses, 142; Exhibitions, 189; Pre-
miums on Azaleas and Plants, 189; E.xhi-
bilions. 238; Exhibitions, 265; Premiums
for Pelargoniums and other plants, 285.
287; Exhibitions, 331; Premiums for Plants,
&c., 331, 332; Premiums for Roses, &c., 334;
Lyman Fund, 377; Exhibitions, 378; Pre-
miums for Prairie Roses, &c., 378 ; Exhibi-
tions, 424; Mr. Beck's Prizes for Pelargon-
iums, 424; Premiums for Plants, &c., 425;
Exhibitions, 462; Premiums for Plants, &c.,
463; Nineteenth Annual Exhibition, 466;
Premiums awarded at,47fi; Exhibitions, 520;
Officers elected for 1848, 521 ; Dahlia Exhi-
bition, and Premiums for, 523 ; Exhibitions,
561.

Retrospective Criticism.
Modesty, 80: Van Zandt's Superb Peach, 81 ;
Richards's' Beurr6 Pear, 526 ; The Fruits of
America, 526.

Answers to Correspondents.
Polmaise Healing, 92 ; Achimenes picta, 92;
Scarlet Pelargoniums, 92; Japan Lilies, 92;
The best varieties of Apples, Pears, Cher-
ries and Plums, 93; Mildew on Grapes, 93;
Plants, 93; Raising Grape Vines from Seeds,
94; Root Pruning, 142; Strawberries, 142 ;
Dahlias, 143; Cinerarias, 143; Pelargoniums,
143.

Obituary Notices.
Death of M. Soulange Bodin, 190; Mr. S. Gir-
ling, 190; Death of R. Arthur, Esq., 190;
Death of the Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert,
330 ; Death of Capt. Jona. Winship, 430 ;
Death of Henry Waggaman Edwards, 478 ;
Mr. James Weniworth, 527.

Horticultural Memoranda.
January, 47; February, 95; March, 143; April,
191; May, 239; Jiuie, 2S7 ; July, 335; Au-
gust, 38.3 ; September, 431 ; October, 479 ;
November, 527; December, 563.

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

j,Y,r. Diagrams. Pase •'^'-

l.'zinc Label for Trees, . . . . "29 j 23.

Plants. I 26.

27.

14. Hydrangea japonica, .... 123 i gg'

25. Spirae'a prunil6lia 11. pi. alba, . . 2.i8 .^gl

1 3b;

Fruit. I gj

Pears. 36.

4. Van Assene, 60 39.

5. Henkcl 62 | ^0.

6. Elizal)eth, (Van Mons,) . . . 63 | "JJ-

7. Coter 64 , ;^2.

8. Doyenne d'Et6, ^'' ' IJ'

9. Doyenne Boussock, . . . . 08 i **•

19. Swan's Orange, 247

20. Dallas, 249 ,

21. Calhoun 251 i 10.

22. McLaughlin, 252 11.

r. Pflwe

Ropes, 254

Pennsylvania, 2.55

Figue de Naples, .... 338

Forelle, 340

Ananas, 341

Bezi de la Motte, . . . .343

Heile et Bonne, 345

Thompson, 346

Sterling Pear, 444

Knight's Rhode Island Seedling, . 482

Johonnot, 484

Winship's Seedling, .... 486

Henrietta, 487

Lee's Seedling, 489

Hanners, 490

Apples.
Twenty Ounce, . • .71
Northern Spy, 72

CONTENTS.

vu

Fig. Pase

12. Red Canuda, 75

13. American White Winter Calville, . 109

15. Early Joe, 16o

16. Fall Jenr.etting, 161

17. i\'arston's Red Winter, . . . 162
IS. Red Streak, 164

50. Hawlev, 536

51. Melon," 537

52. yt. Lawrence, 539

Plum.

37. Schenectady Catharine, . . . 446

38. Judson, 447

46. Mulberry, 530

47. Albany Beauty, 531 ,

Fis:. Page

48. Denniston's Superb, .... 531

49. Uenniston's Red, . . . . 532

Cherries.

33. Late Duke, 897

34. Arch Duke, 398

35. Leniercier, 399

45. WendclTs Mottled Bigarreau, - . 494

Currant.
32. Victoria, 393

Vegetables.

2. Jerusalem Artichoke, .

3. Hog Artichoke, .

LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS.

A Flushing Propagator,
Allen, J. F., . . .
An Admirer of all Seasons,
Beck, E., London,
Buist, R., .

Cadness, John, .
Cowau, T. B., .
Chisholm, Robert,
Coit, D. W., .
D

55. 237. 369,

Dearborn, Hon. H. A. S., . 193. 290.

386,
Editor, 1. 59. 70. 77. 112. 122. 132.

159. 187. 188. 198. 213. 241.

263. 293. 3.37. 347. 353. 367.
394. 436. 448. 481. 529

Ernst, A. H., 57

Fahnestock, A., ... 108. 133

Foote, Asahel,

Frothingham, John,

Jlopkins, L. P.,

Huidekoper, A.,

Humrickhouse, T. S., 97. 105. 145. 156,
I. W. J.,

312

43

132

34

133

167

204

, 561

516

477

349.

, 433

150.

243.

393.

. 535

. 200

, 256

163

329

93

J. B.R.,

J. S. B.,

Johnson, B. P., 374

Johnson, M. C, 93

Jones, S. T., 447

Kennedy, James, 210. 259. 313. 356. 400.

452
M. A. W., . . . 132. 133. 374 554. 555
Mitchell, A., . . 193. 290. 349. 381. 433
Oakes, William, .... 171. 217

Observer, 14

Owen, J., 26

P., 130

Pope, A. R., 142

Philips, M. W., . . .49. 291. 526

Prince, Wm. R., . . 76. 81. 120. 526

R., 131. 224

S. D. P., 533

S. L. G., 187

Springer, Rev. C, 132

Van Houtte, L., 257

Veto, 81

\V., 330

Ward, Dr. M. A., . . . . 30. 492

Watts, J. H., 104. 202

Walker, S., 118

Wendell, Dr. Herman, . . . 443. 494
X., 100

LIST OF FRUITS.

Apples.

Golden Noble,

4.^8

American White Winter

Hawlcy,

5.35

Calville,

109.

111.

195.

Hollow Crown,

521

257.

329

Hunt's Orange Sweeting,

110.

Baldwin,

43d

195

Congress,

103

Melon,

537

Cooper,

105

200

Marston's Red W

nter.

162

Drap d' Or,

107

108

200

Northern Spy,

72

104

Dyer,

107

200

Philips Sweeting,

187

Early Joe,

159

238

Pound Roval,

165

Earlv Pennock,

109

Putnam Russet,

107

Fall Harvey,

107

Red Canada,

75

Fall Jeunetting,

161

Red Streak,

164

Fall Pippin,

201

Red Pcarmain,

no

195

Fameuse,

.S39

St. Lawrence,

5S9

Garden Ro> al,

438

Twent) Otir.ce,

70

Vanderspeigle, 165

White Winter Calville, 111

Zoar Beauty, 110

Zoar Large Green, 110

New .Seedlings, 256
Select Varieties, 70. 93

New Varieties, 108

List of kinds sent to Ohio, 106

Premiums awarded for, 66

Many varieties exhibited, 471

Cherries.

Arch Duke, 399

Coe's Tranapsrent, 423

Dtrwuer'B Late Red. 39S

I.«lfl D-uke, 337

VUl

CONTENTS.

Cherries, continued.

Lemercier,

Rocky Hill Honey Heart,

Waterloo,

Wendell's Mottled Bigar-

reau,
New Seedlings, 369. 371.
Best Varieties,

CURK.^NTS.

May's Victoria, 393.

Four uew varieties,

Figs.
Alicante, 56.

Celestial, 56.

Premiums awarded for.

Gooseberries.
Houghton's Seedling,

Grapes.
Calabrian Kaisin,
Cannon Hall Muscat,
Cliaptal,
Decan's Superb,
Josling's St. Albans,
Macready's Early White,
Muscat Blanc Hatif,
Muscat, August,
New Hlack Hamburg,

(No. 16.)
New in Ohio,
Prince Albert,
Raisin de Calabre,
Scharges Healing,
White Frontignac,
New and fine sorts,
Thirty-two varieties.
Premiums awarded lor,
Fine sorts for graperies,

Nectarine.
Best sorts.

.399

395

49-i

422

93

117
468
427
133
116
115
114
465

115

133

115

117

133

117

6

43

86

309.

411

210

Peaches.

Beltzar,

Beltzar Early Rareripe,
Beauty of Zoar,
Early Crawford,
Fahnestock's Seedling,

No. 1,
Fahnestock's Mammoth,
George IV.,
Graven's Red Cheek Cling, 110
Hovey's Cambridge Belle, 114

Jones' Early,
Jones' Large Early,
Manning,
Prince's Paragon,
Red Rareripe,
Silvan's Seedling,
Smoothstone,
Stetson's Seedling,

448
44S
441
76
121
110
110
114. 443

Pears. |

Andrews, 120 j

Ananas, 441 i

Belle et Bonne, 344 j

Beurr^ Aurore, 237 i

Adam, 437

des Cliarneuses, 237

Coloma, 437

Goubault, 451

Langelier, 188

Spence, 439

Superfin, 451

de la Motte, 342

Bringevvood, 153

Broom Park, 153

Brougham, 152

Calhoun, 250. 479

Chapman, 521

Cholwell, 451

Colmar d'Aremberg, 188. 422.

515

Coter, 64

Croft Castle, 154

Dallas, 249. 479

Dearborn's Seedling, 120

Dix, 120

Doyenne d'Et^, 66.425

Boussock, 66. 562

de la Motte, 56

Goubault, 451

gris d' hiver Nouveau, 452

Dun more, 154

Duchess d' Orleans, 436

Elizabeth, (V. M.,) 63. 429

Epargne, 55

Eyewood, 119. 154. 437

Excelenlissima, 525

Fondante d' Automne, M9

Forelle, 339

Figue de Naples, 337

Flemish Beauty, 439

Golden Beurre of Bilboa, 437

Grosse Calebasse, 188. 437

Haddington, 274. 450

Hanners 119. 489

Heathcot, 120

Henkel, 61. 437

Henrietta, 479. 467

Hall, 521

Johonnot, 484

Knight's (R. I.) Seedling, 449.

481

Kingsessing, 450

Lee's Seedling, 488

Leon le Clerc Van Mons, 6.

Van Zandt's Superb, 81. 526
White Ball, 114

Winesburg Large Yellow, 110
Yellow Cling, HI

Best kinds for forcing, 210
Seedlings, 422

Premiums awnrdetl for, 86

Las Canas,

Louise d' Orleans,

Mabille,

March Bergamot,

Moccas,

Monarch,

McLaughlin,

Moyamensing,

Nouveau Poiteau,

Oakley Park Burganiot,

Oliver's Russet,

Onondaga,

Osband's Summer,

Oswego Beurr6,

Pailleau,

119. 270
437. 467

Paradise d' Automne, 437. 467
Pennsjlvania, 255

Pengethly, 151

Pratt, 449

Prince Esterhazy, 437

Rapelje's Seedling, 449

Reid's Seedling, 198. 329. 450
Richards'a Beurri, 401. 526
Ropes, 254

Ross , 152

Rostiezer, 429

Smith's Bordenave, 450

.^ummer Bon Chretien, 461
Swan's Orange, 243. 449

St. Ghislain, 237

sterling, 445

St. Dorothee, 471

Thompson's, 345

Tyson, 120. 141. 437

Van Aasene, 60

Van Mons, numbered var. 437
Vicompte de Spoelberch, 560
Virgoulouse, 56

Virgoulouse, (old,) 533

Westcolt, 515

Wilbur, 119. 521

Winship's Seedling, 429. 4«5
Winter Bartlett, 422

White Doyenn6 533

135, Van Mons, 437. 467

1482, Van Mons, 4.37. 467

New and valuable var., 6. 5.52
Various sorts, 55. 190. 535
Best varieties, 93

Varieties for quince stock, 320
Exhibited at Paris, 510

Exhibited at Brussels, 552
Large specimens, 514

New sorts exhibited, 469

Premiums awarded for, 86

Plums.

Albany Beauty,
Bimeless Seedling,
Dennislon's Red,

Superb,
Inhoofgage,
Judson,
Mulberry,

Reine Claude de Bavay,
Schenectady Catherine,

Silvan's Yellow Gage,
Washington,
Premiums awarded for,

450
425
151
153
155
251
274. 450
451
152
562
243
449
198
4.39

531

110

532

531

111

447

530

530

446.

530

110

55

86

Strawberries.

Black Prince,

Boston Pine, 275. 347

Gushing,

Excelsior,

Hovey's Seedling, 275

Lizzie Randolph,

North's Victory,

Ross's Phwnix,

Stoddard's Seedling,

Swanstone Seedling,

Mr. Burr's Seedlings,

New varieties.

Premiums awarded for,

142
515
275
329
347
378
367
275
335
275
367
7
86

CONTENTS.

IX

LIST OF VEGETABLES.

A rrowroot,

193

Cucumbers,

A rtichoke,

31

Roman Emperor,

Hog,

31

130

133

Snake,

Jerusalem,

31

Egg Plant, 51. 96. 192.

Asparagus,

277

361

Beans,

553

Lettuce, 96

Dwarf Russian,

466

Palestine, 335

Lima,

466

Royal Cape,

BeetE.

553

Onions,

B rocoli.

553

Pumpkin, Farmington,

Cabbages,

192

426

Peas,

New var.,

476

Potatoes, 22

Oxheart,

374

Ash-leaved Kidney,

Carrots,

476.

553

Blue St. Helena,

Cauliflower,

371

525

553

Early June,

Celery,

96.

192.

371

Mountain June,

Couv6 Tronchud

a,

466

Ross's Early,

.'51
383
466

430.
476

.333

.524
335
553
476
:<71

.333
371
553
478
374
371

Potatoes, 30 varieties, 476

15(1 varieties, 553

Seedlings, 475. 478. 553.

559

List of new seedlings, 553

Rhubarb, 558

Dowiiing's Mammoth, 188
Giant, 333

Victoria, 333. 335

Squash, Wisconsin, 476

Canada, 466

Tomatoes, 96. 558

Many varieties, 553

Giant , 476

Water Cress, 382

Premiums awarded for 1846,88

Premiums offered for 1847, 134

LIST OF PLANTS

ENUMERATED IN THE PRESENT VOLU.ME.

In the body of the Magazine, a few errors occur in the spelling of the botanical names, the
capitalizing of generic and specific names, their derivation and accentuation •. these are all
corrected in the following list of plants. The synonymes, in several instances, have also
been given, where plants have been incorrectly indicated.

Lists of Beck's new Pelargoniums, 41. 495
List of fine varieties of CHmellias, 142

Lists of new and fine Pelargoniums, 143. 420
Lists of fine Dahlias, 143. 52.3. 518. 5.S1

List of fine Heatlis, 171

List of the Mosses of New England, . 171
List of fine new Verbenas, . . . 213
List of the Plants of New England, . 217

List o( American .sp. and var. of Oaks, . 224
New and fine Fuchsias, . . . 266. 331

New Petunias, 331

New Lilacs, 331

Fine varieties of Roses, . . . 334. 509
New varieties of Prairie Roses, . . 354
Fine new Gladioli, ..... 378
New varieties of Scarlet Geraniums, . 378

>4'bies canadensis

181

Abutilon striatum

103

vendsum

522

551

psoniflornm

360

Acacia decipiens

400

>4canthus vulgdre

434

Achlmenes atrosangi

inea

5U9

coccinea

265

541

cupreita

501

grandifldra

316

541

hirsLita

265

498

ign^scens

498

I.ehnjinu'

522

InngiUora

265

jnultiflira

509

obl6ng;i

265

pdtens

26.5

315

picta 8. 92

265

.379

))cduncul4ta

265

pyrop.-e'a

540

rd^ea

265.

541

Skinneri

540

VOL. XIII.-

— B

^schyn4nthus Boschm-

nus 79

Lobb(d7i»s 216

miniitiis 216

PaxtOnj 509

^'srhmea longifldra lul-

gens 510

yigeratum Wrights 131

Alliiisi maurdruni 434

Andromeda calycnlata 131

Anigozinthos cocilneus 379

.4nenidne japonica 465. 496.

509

Aneiira sessilis 131

Aqtiil^gia seciinda 287

yfrundo saccliarifera 290

Ardlsia crenulAla 435

A'rbor infelix 434

Azalea iiulica CApeii l.?9

I)aniels(d?ia 70

etquisUa 405

Gledstan^sn 287. 405

.\zalea Indica Herbirt/a

purpurea 169

Large ( licrry 189

Remingiiiiia 189

speci6sa 189
striata formosis-

sima 405

seedling while 189

nndifldra orndta 285

obtusAta 78. 316

Barritm rdlva 131

Begdnja 41bo coccinea 78

coccinea 361

fnchsioides 361

/?^tula iiopulilblia 434

nouv4rd(V( splendens 509

Briek^ll/rt cylindrAcca 131

Brugnidns/a Knighti'r .332

Wavniini'/ 510

Duddl6«"Lindley«no 8. 379

Burcliella specidsa 286

Calvcanthus fiurida 502

CONTEXTS.

Calceolarias 405

Callistfimoa spl^ntlens 286
Calyst6gia puWscens 78. 359.
496
Camfelha jap6nica Comte

de Paris .316
Ducliess d'Orleans316
La Reine 360
Campiuula gr4ndis 267
iiobilis 498
Cdrica Papaya 290
C4ttleya Harrisdiij* 85
C^drus Deoddra 10
C^ltis crassiWlia 183
Cireus erucigera 468
exteiisis 286
gladi4tus 610
graiiiUfl6rus 493
grand illdro-speciosis-
sitnus Maynirdu 404
C6.strum aurautiacum 496
rdseuin 426
Chimondnthus frdgrans 502
Chirita sinensis 509
Clerodindron Devonian-
sis 509
in('ortiin4tuin 509
speciosissimum 509
CllviVi nobilis 381
Clit6ria 493
Cqff'ia aribica 290
Crdcus sitivus 290
Crow^a canaliculdta 425
Ciiphea miniftta 509
platyc^utra 509
strigill6sa 509
Cycas revohUa 290
Cyperus papyrus 434
Ddphne Fortiuu 315
Delplilnium BarI6wu' 379
Dic^utra spectdbilis 500
Dichorizdiidra ovita 510
Dipladdnia r6sa camp6s-

tris 500

Echinocictus Eyridsu' 332

mammul6sus 468

niammillaroides 3.32

multiplex 379

Otx6nis 3.32. 492

sc6pa 468

Echin6psis vAlida 510

Echltes spl^ndens 551

£rica densifWra 465

hyemilis 522

muliifldra 465

vegans 426

ventricisa 378

versicolor 426

5sp. 509

Flssidens exiguus 130

niinutulus 130

Forsyth?a viridlssima 501

Fuclisio corymbifldra 77. 94

fulgens 77

micrintha 77. 359

var. acdntha 468

Cleopatra 424

exoni^nsis 424

Lady of the Lake 424

Nymph 468

Mrs. F. Milbank 424

Sir H. Pottinger 424

Smith's Vesta 425

FumAria fornidsa 500

Finik/a grandifl6ra 317

Gardenia Devonidna 216. 499

fl6rida var. Fortunidraa 79

mallelfera 499

r4dicans 79. 378

Stanleyana 8. 216.

499

G6snera Coop^ri 266

Gerardfdjia 266

rUbra 266

splendena 266

tubill6ra 266

zebrina 266. 421

Gladiolus belviddrus 8. 85

gandav^nsis 381

Leibnitzii 381

Lisette 333

Wilhehninus 333

Glottidium floriddimm 554

Gloxinia 41ba maxima 2G5

bicolor 265

Cartdnj 8. 265

cauliscens 403

celestial 265

Comtesse Caroline

Thun 502

Comtesse Inza Thun 502
Comtesse Leopoldine

Thun 502

grandifldra 425

iusignis 265

macrophylla variegd-

ta 265

Prince Camille de

Rohan 502

rabra 265. 403

speciisa 265

supirba 425

seedlings 425

TeichlSri 403. 502

varieties 502

Habrothimnus ilegans 551

Hoeminthus tenuifdlius 378

/fedychium GardnerKinum

468

Heliinthus divaricdtus 133

giginteus 133

tuber6sus 133

HAya carndsa 401

HydrAngea hort^nsis 123

involucrAta tl. pi. 361

jap6nica 123. 267. 315.

361

/mpitiens platypitala 402

Ipomae'a Bona Nox 493

QuamdclU 100

L<iaru- 79. 359. 493

Ipomopsis picta 428

Ismdne calathlna 832

Ixora coccluea 403

r6sea 379

salicif61ia 403

Jasmine, Maid of Orleans 426

Justlcm calytrlcha 287

cArnea 287

coccluea 465

violAcea 509

Kklmia latifdlia 132

Kierlia bellidifldra 131

Lagerstrffl'mia indica 426

Leschenaiiltia arcuAta 402

fornidaa 360. 403

spl^ndens 360

Liebigjo specidsa 541

£,ilium Brdwnij 865

cull6sum 403

Lllium chalced6nica 381

eximium 80

jap6nicum 80

lancifdliura Album 265.

380

punctdtum 265

rdseum 265

rubrum 265. 380

longifldrum 381

philad^lpliicum 80

sangulneum 80

specidsum 380

testAceura 265

Thunbergjdnttwr 334

seedlings 380

LindheimSrta texAna 131

LisiAnthus RussellidnMS 267

campanuloides 452

Lob^ha liitea 452

jLychuis vesicAria fl. pi. 333

Lycopddium clavAtum 132

dendroldeum 132

lucidulum 132

Macliira aurautiacum 2.35

Magndha acuminAta 522

auriculata 522

macrophylla 378

Mammia americAna 290

Mammillaria, 11 sp. 468

Mannettm glAbra 465

MarchAntia disjuncta 131

Methonica Leopdldii 359

Milt6n/a speclAbilis 333

Miisa paradisica 290

sapi^utium 290

Myristica officinAlis 290

iVep6nthes distillatiria 285

Niphce'a obl6nga 499

riibida 499

Notothylas orbiculAris 131

valvAta 131

NutiAllf'a grandifldra 380

O'lea europiE^a 290

P<Ri)i\ia grandifldra cAruea

333

HericartidjiHTTi 333

prolifera tricolor 333

sulphiirea 333

triiimphans 333

WhitWJt 333

Moutan Hissi'dna 8

Passifldra frAgrans 267

Pentstdnion Gorddnj 541

Murraydraum 85

Phldx var. Anuais Chau-

viere 379. 383

Augusta 379

bicolor 423

borboni^nsia 462
candidlssima ndva

463

Charles 382

Cromwell 428

del^cta 379

Eclipse 402

Egyptienne 425

Fleur de Marie 382

Go- the 402

Grato 383

Kermesina 382

Lawr^nci'a 42.?

Norfolk! J 519

CEil de Lynx 379

plcta 485

PdttsiJ 463

CONTEXTS.

Phlox var. Princcsse Ma-

Rilies ri'ibi'ura

221

rianne

402

sangiiineum

317

Richards6nu'

425

specidsum

222

speciosissiraum

462

strig6sus

222

speculum

402

vill6sus

222

Standard of Per-

RondeietiVz specidsa

378

fection

402

Piibia tinctdria

290

seedlings

425

Russelha jiincea

285

Vail Houttei'j

333

Sabbdtta chloroides

425

vincfefldra

462

Sassafras offlcinile

185

Wilder!

425

i-chistidum serritum

130

new var.

519

Scliubertia gravdolens

401.

Pli) llogduium norwdgicum

402

130

SMam Sieb61d(7

561

Piinclda spcctibilis

187

Sesb4n(« vesiciria

554

Pinus Sfrobiis

351

SiUa abutilon

103

Platycddon grandilldrum

315

polyandra

102

Polygala mixta

509

striatum

103

Prlnos gldber

132

Siphoc4mpylos nltidus

551

verticillitus

132

Sillya lieteropliylla

379

Pyrus jap6nica

502

Sopiidra falcdta

400

R&ndia longiflora

499

^pirffi'a prunifolia 11. pi

flaniinculus aconitifilius

259

alba

257

iJhodora canadensis

132

trilobdta

259

Phododendron chamsecls-

Stitice Uickensdna

509

tns

316

Fortiinj

509

Ril/e.i aureiim 222

317

purpurea

509

canadensis

222

Steplianotus floribundus

286.

fronddsus

222

425

Gordonidnum

317

Sisyrincliiiim longistylum

499

nigrum

221

Tagdtes pinnita

547

rotundifolium

222

Tectona grindis

290

Tetragonoihica texdna
Thea viridis
Thibaiidia pulcli6rrima
Thunb^rgjci chrysops
Till4nds(a, 2sp,
Torfinia asiatica

scdbra
Tracheiium caerilleum
i/'lmus crispa

variegdta

vimin^lis
f-'erb^na Melindres

fine varieties named
Vern6nia Lindheimdrt
Veronica Lindleydna

specidsa 8. 26

Vexilliria maridna

ternatea

virglnica
Viburnum opulus
f iola odorAta
Virgllia liitea
Kitis Labriisca
Weig^l/'/ rdsea
Wistaria Consequdna
Wits^u/fl corymbdsa
Yucca filamentosa

gloridsa

sup^rba
Zjlmia elephintipe.s

131
290
497
267
509
317. 509
509
426
380
380
380
360
519
131
8. 381.
509
581
493
493
493
221
132
334
223
500
331
499
85
85
85
379

THE MAGAZINE

OF

HORTICULTURE.

JANUARY, 1847.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. A Retrospective Vieto of the Progress of Horticulture
in the United States during the year 1846. By the Editor.

It has not been our good fortune, since our first annual
summary of Horticultural Improvement, in 1838, to record
such a general interest and wide spreading taste in Horticul-
tural and Rural pursuits, as at the present period. The rapid
changes in national prosperity from 183.5 to 1845, a period of
ten years, were attended with equally great fluctuations in
the tastes and pursuits of large classes of the community, and
until the last year or two, it can scarcely be said that a
rapidly progressing zeal has been manifested in Horticultural
and Rural occupations.

But a better day seems to be dawning : alive to the im-
portant benefits which result from a more thorough knowledge
of the art of cultivation, we find a more active interest taken
in every thing which relates to gardening. He who possesses
a spot of ground, even if his taste has not been cultivated
sufficiently to fully appreciate it, feels it no less his duty than
his pride to go forward in the march of improvement, and
plant trees, either for profit or ornament, that they may be
valuable at a future day, if not at the present moment. It is
not an individual taste which impels the public now, but a
general cooperation to carry out impro-jrements which have
too long been left neglected or abandoned. Such a state of
prosperity is cheering to every cultivator, and it should be
the aim of all interested in a pursuit so conducive to the
morals and happiness of a people, to encourage and foster so
laudable a zeal.

VOL. XIII. NO. I. 1

2 Progress of Hortimilture

The yearly advancement in an art like gardening must be
necessarily limited: improvements constantly arise, but there
are few startling discoveries, or wonderful achievements, to
record. Science is always unfolding something new to the
cultivator, but experience only will confirm the value or im-
portance of innovations upon established rules and systems.
The old routine of practice is not to be thrown aside at once ;
neither should customs be pertinaciously adhered to which
had their origin at an early period, and have become part and
parcel of our knowledge. But the cultivator who would aim
to excel, must make himself familiar with all the principles
of the art ; continual study and research, united with obser-
vation and experience, will then enable him to attain the most
satisfactory and successful results.

The season of 1846 has been throughout New England as
dry, or drier than the three previous dry ones of '43, '44 and
'45 ; that is, there has been less rain during the summer of
1846, than during that of 1845 ; yet vegetation has gone on
as if the season had been nearly an average one as regards
moisture ; trees have made a most remarkable growth ; crops
have been generally exceedingly good; there was a good
yield of grass, and the fruit crop was far above an average
one. All this, however, has taken place in the absence of
actual rain ; but if we could know exactly the atmospheric
moisture, we should find that it has been very much greater
than in 1S45 ; there has been a constant succession of cloudy,
misty and hazy weather throughout the summer and fall,
which has so far prevented evaporation, that what rain has
fallen has had the greatest effect.

The winter of 1845 and 1846 was considerably colder than
that of 1843 and 1844. It commenced very early in the
west ; large quantities of snow fell ; and a series of severe
frosts injured all kinds of roots and plants, killing many,
which had stood out for years, quite down to the ground.
January was tolerably mild, with one heavy drifting snow
which, however, nearly disappeared the latter part of the
month. February was a cold and stormy month, with two
drifting snows, and good sleighing the whole month ; the
thermometer indicating 6° below zero. March, on the con-
trary, was a month of more than ordinarily mild weather, the

in the United States. 3

snow disappearing under a warm sun, leaving the ground
with but httle frost at the close. April continued the same,
with scarcely a moderate rain during the entire month ;
planting commenced early in consequence of the dry and fine
weather, and fruit trees were in bloom the latter part of the
month, promising an abundant crop. The month of May
continued favorable ; one or two rather severe frosts occurred,
which injured the blossoms of fruit trees in some low and
cool situations ; at the close, several refreshing showers were
highly beneficial to advancing vegetation. In June, cool
weather set in, and the whole month was accompanied with
cloudy, misty, and showery days, without, however, any .
great quantity of rain ; this was highly favorable to grass
crops, which had begun to suffer. July continued nearly
the same with easterly winds. In August, hot weather
set in, the thermometer attaining 100 degrees in the shade ;
and, but for cloudy and lowery days, vegetation would have
suffered severely. September continued favorable, though
still without rain. October was mild with no very severe frost
until the Sth or 10th. November was quite different from the
corresponding month in 1845, when 11 inches of rain fell : It
continued mild till the 25th, when a light snow fell; this was
succeeded by rain, but not sufficient to keep the ground open.
Early in December more snow fell, and now (loth) covers
the ground about 4 inches, with but an inch or two of frost
in the earth beneath.

The season has been on the whole favorable. Apples were
smaller than usual, owing to the drought, but the aggregate
crop was heavy. Pears were not near so numerous, large, or
handsome as last year ; in some locations, the blossoms were
injured by the early frosts. Peaches were never more abund-
ant in the Middle and Western States, and there was a fine
crop in New England. Plums were as plentiful as usual.
The potato crop was but little affected by the rot in com-
parison with the season of 1845.

Horticulture.

Under this head, we may refer to the strawberry question,
as one of importance, and which at last has been satisfactorily
settled. Four years has the subject been agitated, and during

4 Progress of Horticulture

this time the conflicting opinions of cultivators, in all parts of"
the country, have been recorded in our volumes. But until
the experiments of the last year we have not been able to
arrive at certain results. It was therefore with much pleasure
that in our review of Mr. Longworth's pamphlet, in the last
volume, (p. 358,) we had the opportunity to give our views
at length, and views, we are happy to say, which coincide
with the opinions of all intelligent cultivators.

So satisfactory has been the result, that we should not again
occupy the attention of our readers with the subject, but for the
purpose of noticing some strictures upon the opinions which we
have from time to time advanced, while the question has been
under the process of investigation, by our old correspondent,
the Rev. Mr. Beecher, in the Westei'n Farwer and Gardener.
We have always had a high respect for Mr. Beecher's opinion,
but, in the present instance, for some motive which does not
appear, he has, by quotations here and there from our re-
marks, having reference to the opinions of our correspondents,
falsified our views and endeavored to make it appear that we
have advanced positive conclusions upon the question, with-
out due investigation. This we deny; we have never had
but one opinion upon the abstract question of fertile and
sterile strawberries ; but during the season of 1843, from facts
which were contributed by several of the most observing and
careful cultivators, we did doubt the necessity of staminate
flowers to impregnate the pistillate ones, believing that ste-
rility or fertility was greatly owing to the method of culti-
vation ; and we then observed that as soon as convinced to
the contrary^ we shoidd lose no time in informing our readers
of the fact; we then immediately set about instituting a series
of experiments to test this under our own eye; and when
they were brought to a close the last season, we gave, as we
promised, the results of our investigations, — satisfactory as
they have been to all.

Some excellent Pomological articles have been contributed
by our correspondent, Mr. Humrickhouse, one of the most
important of which is that upon a uniform nomenclature of
fruits ; the principles which he advocates as necessary to
carry out this, he has laid down in a plain and concise man-
ner ; and we trust they have been carefully read and consid-

in the United States. 5

ered by all cultivators. Until these principles are acted upon,
it will be useless to expect correctness in our catalogues of
fruits. There is abroad among cultivators, as well as writers
upon Pomology, a want of respect in regard to priority of
names, and original descriptions. In Botanical science, the
strictest propriety is observed in this respect ; and, to prevent
errors and confusion, it should be no less observed in Po-
mology.

The blight of the pear tree, so fatal in the west, has been
the subject of an article by Mr. Ernst, (p. 135,) and he has
given a very clear description of the manner in which the
disease appears. But he has added nothmg new to the re-
marks of Mr. Beecher, in our Vol. X. (p. 441.)

Another subject which has attracted considerable attention
has been noticed by Mr. Ernst, viz., the duration of races of
plants. Our experience is against the opinion of Mr. Knight,
but how far the causes which Mr. Ernst alludes to, have any
effect upon the vigor of a variety, remain to be tested by
long and careful observation.

One of the most valuable papers which our last volume
contains, is that of Mr. Humrickhouse, on the cultivation of
the pear upon the apple ; a great deal has been said by foreign
writers about the excellence of the hawthorn and mountain
ash, as a stock for the pear, and by some American journals
the apple ; but so far as the latter is concerned, we think Mr.
Humrickhouse has conclusively proved that, though fruit may
be produced on the apple, the pear is the stock which, for
orchard culture, must be relied on. For garden cultivation,
the quince is decidedly preferable, and while the cultivators
of Great Britain are imitating the method of the French, in
adopting dwarf trees upon the quince, our own cultivators
should not neglect to follow their example ; the false notion
that the quince is a very short-lived tree, is sufficiently re-
futed by the fact that a long row of qiienouille trees in the
Garden of the London Horticultural Society, which we saw
in 1844, had been planted 2.5 years^ and was then in the most
vigorous and fruitful condition.

The conclusion of our European notes of gardens has given
us space to bring up our Pomological notices: and during
the year, we have given an account of all the new fruits of

6 Progress of Horticulture

importance, and also added the engravings and descriptions
of eighteen kinds of pears, besides several apples and plums.
The remarks of our correspondent, Mr. Manning, (p. 146,)
embrace all the new fruits proved by him in 1845, and we
have the promise of notes on such as have proved good the last
year. The Leon le Clerc, which in 184.5 created so much
attention, did not fruit so well last year, probably owing to
the hot summer ; in many places, it cracked badly ; but this
should not induce any one to discard it ; the experience of
several successive seasons should always be required before
deciding upon the merits of a new kind. The Dunmore has
fruited again ; but specimens from the President of the Mas-
sachusetts Horticultural Society, from a tree on the qumce
were not of so high a character as given by Mr. Thompson.
A definite opinion must be deferred to another year. The
true Monarch has not yet fruited, but it is hoped that speci-
mens will be produced this year ; trees received from various
sources in England since the identification of the true kind
by Mr. Thompson, have proved spurious. The following
kinds of pears have proved to be valuable varieties, posses-
sing qualities which entitle them to general cultivation : —
Henkel (Yan Mons), Van Assene, Doyenne Boussock, Dallas,
Doyenne gris d'Hiver Nouveau, Doyenne d'Ete, Knight's
seedling, McLaughlin, Elizabeth (Van Mons), Coter, Ananas
(of the French) Plumbgastel, Beurre d' Anjou,'Pratt, and some
others. Some new grapes have been lately added to our
already extensive list ; in a future page will be found a notice
of some of them by Mr. Allen, but we may name Wilmot's
Black Hamburgh, New Black Hamburgh No. 16, Muscat
Blanc Hatif, Cannon Hall muscat. Black Tripoli, Wortley
Hall Seedling, and Macready's Early white, as fine additions
to this excellent fruit. A favorable season for peaches has
also brought to notice some new seedlings which we shall
notice in the course of the volume.

As connected with the culture of the grape, which is every
year rapidly extending, by means of cheap and appropriate
structures, we should not omit to call attention to the capital
article of Mr. Russell upon their management in the cold
house. He has touched the wliole ground, and, with mode-
rate judgment, no person can fail to produce a fair crop of
grapes, if his advice is followed.

in the United States. 7

A great number of new strawberries are noticed in some
of the agricultural journals ; Dr. Brinkle, of Philadelphia,
having raised two hundred and fifty varieties since 1842,
and Mr. Burr, of Ohio, about fifty. We await the opinions of
our friends in regard to their merits. At least three years
will be required to accurately test their value before offering
to the public. To raise a strawberry from seed one year,
bring it into fruit, with a dozen or two berries the second,
and name, describe, and offer it for sale the third, will not be
a sufficient guaranty to induce cultivators to buy. Princess
Alice Maud, the Swainston seedling, Prince Albert, the
British dueen, and other foreign kinds, though some of them
are tolerably good, have proved far inferior to American
seedlings, and they cannot be relied upon for principal crops.

The establishment of a class of premiums by the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society, through the liberality of some
unknown amateur cultivator, must have a good tendency in
the selection of fruit ; these premiums being for the best two or
three varieties during a series of three years ; and those kinds
which gain two out of the three, will have the standard of
superiority, so far as the fruit alone is concerned ; something
must then be allowed in regard to the growth and hardiness
of the tree, and the general qualities of productiveness, beauty,
&c. &c. Good results, however, must follow, as the commit-
tee will, at the close of each year, publish a list of the names
of the fruits which take the premiums.

Floriculture.

The increasing interest in Pomology, and especially a de-
sire for information relative to new pears, has induced us to
devote much of our room to that subject ; consequently our
last two volumes have not contained so many articles upon
the cultivation of plants as those which preceded them ; with
an increase, however, of the number of pages, we shall again
look well to the interest of the Florist, and endeavor to devote
our usual room to the cultivation of rare and beautiful plants.

Our last volume, however, contains some excellent articles.
The phlox, which has recently attracted more attention from
the increased beauty of the Belgian seedlings, has been the
subject of a notice, and we have described twenty-four of the

8 Progress of Horticulture

best varieties, and given some remarks upon their cultivation.
A capital article on the tulip has been contributed by one of
our most successful amateurs, and also one upon that beauti-
ful, but too much neglected flower, the pansy, by the same
writer. These have been in such detail, that we trust they
have been found of great value to cultivators.

A reference to our reports of the Massachusetts Horticultu-
ral Society will show the variety of new flowers and plants
which have been exhibited. Among the number, will be
found many of the newest fuchsias, gloxinias, gladioluses,
roses, achimenes, pelargoniums, &c. The fuchsia has been
shown in fine condition, and some of the new sorts have been
great improvements upon the older kinds. Some of the new
gladioluses have been extremely fine, particularly belviderus,
a fancy striped variety. Achimenes picta has been the gem
of pot plants, and will always be a favorite.

Of new and rare plants which deserve particular mention,
we may name Veronica speciosa, a very handsome summer
flowering plant with spikes of violet blue flowers. Buddlea
Lindleyd?^a, a shrubby plant with pretty clusters of purple
and lilac flowers ; Gloxinia tubiflora with fragrant flowers,
and G. Cartoni with exquisite white and pink blossoms.
Some of the new pelargoniums have been exceedingly fine,
but we hope to see them another year better grown, and
brought forward with greater care ; in another page we have
offered some remarks upon the cultivation of this family to
which we refer our readers. Some fine new pseonies have
been exhibited, and in particular one of the shrubby kinds,
called Hissidna, a remarkable improvement upon the old ones.
In our Floricultural notices, some new plants of remarkable
beauty have been described, particularly the yellow tree
pseony; Gardenia Stanle^rdwa, and the fine things found by
Mr. Fortune in his China expedition, an interesting account
of which (p. 445) we have already given.

The production of seedlings of all kinds is yearly increas-
ing, and good results must follow these numerous experi-
ments. Mr. Wilder has been successful with the camellia,
and has raised two very fine varieties, for which the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society awarded a handsome silver
pitcher. A great quantity of Japan lilies have been raised

in the United States. 9

from seed, and we have no doubt that, in a year or two, some
beautiful new kinds will be added to our gardens. The high
price which these superb lilies have been held at, owing to
their slow increase, and great demand, has prevented their
finding their way into general cultivation ; but in a year or
two we hope to see them in every collection. The Chinese
azalea is the flower next to the camellia which is attracting
great attention in England and on the Continent, and many
superb new seedlings have been recently produced. We hope
our amateurs will try their hand at the production of new
kinds.

We stated, in our annual summary last year, that we
should not let a season pass by without impressing upon cul-
tivators the necessity of more attention to the culture of hardy
rhododendrons and azaleas ; and we are happy to know that
what we have already said has induced many gentlemen to
introduce several plants into their gardens. Only let a good
collection once be seen in full bloom, and, our word for it, they
will be more eagerly sought after than any other flowering
plant. They are so perfectly hardy, and easily cultivated,
that it is only surprising that their great beauty has not been
recognized before. Our nurserymen have only to furnish
themselves with a good stock, and dispose of them at reason-
able prices, and then their introduction into every garden will
speedily follow.

Our extracts from foreign journals, particularly the Gar-
dener's Chronicle, contain some valuable hints relative to the
art of cultivation. We allude particularly to the advice on
watering out of doors, — the drainage of pots, (p. 265,) and
the general treatment of greenhouse plants (p. 66). The one-
shift system of potting, which a year or two ago attracted so
much notice in England, having lost its novelty, is numbered
among other theories of the day applicable to some plants, but
of no general utility. Guano has attracted less attention
among cultivators of plants, but this arises from a settled con-
viction of its value, after the many details of experiments
of the three or four preceding years. We are most happy to
notice that Dr. Lindley has paid a merited compliment to our
friend Mr. Teschemacher, in extracting several columns from
his excellent pamphlet on Guano. Some valuable hints on

VOL. xni. — NO. I. 2

10 Progress of Horticulture

the use and application of Guano will be found at p. 168, by
our correspondent, Mr. Robinson.

Arboriculture.

The introduction of ornamental trees and shrubs of the
more scarce and rare kinds is rapidly extending, and nursery-
men are making greater elTorts to add to the very limited
number which their collections have heretofore contained. It
is gratifying to see the experiments which are now being
made to test the hardiness of many trees which have recently
been introduced to Great Britain, and some of which, from
the elevated regions of warm countries, will be likely to prove
hardy in the climate of the Middle and Eastern States.
Among those more particularly noticeable, we may name the
Cedrus Deodara or Deodar Cedar, from the East, where it
forms one of the most majestic trees. In the notes of our
foreign tour, we have repeatedly spoken of this cedar, and
urged its introduction into our gardens, where it will un-
doubtedly prove hardy. A small specimen in our collection,
little protected with straw, stood the last winter well : as soon
as it has acquired more strength, we shall try it unprotected.
The Lucombe Evergreen oak we have proved to be quite
hardy ; and specimens now before us, (Dec. 15,) are nearly
as green and beautiful as the holly. The Paulownta is
another tree, of the habit of the catalpa, producing large pur-
plish flowers about the same size, with very large leaves, and
of a growth as rapid as the ailantus. It has stood out quite
unprotected on Long Island, and we have no doubt it will
prove hardy around Boston. The original tree, which stands
in the Jardin des PI antes, of Paris, has very much the appear-
ance of the catalpa, the leaves not beuig near as large as has
been stated, when the tree acquires a moderate size.

The London Horticultural Society, perceiving the great
good which must eventually result from the production of
seedling trees and shrubs, has introduced into its schedule of
prizes for 1847 two or three liberal ones for the best hybrid
trees or shrubs : within a few years great improvements have
been made in the lilac, magnolia and some other plants, and
no doubt this movement of the Horticultural Society will aid
much in inducing amateurs and nurserymen to extend their

in the United States. 11

experiments to all those ornamental trees and shrubs "which
are most likely to give improved varieties.

Under this head, we may allude to the excellent article on
transplanting large trees, by our correspondent, Mr. Hender-
son (p. 248) ; not that we are great advocates for removing
large specimens, but merely to show that it can be done, — and
successfully, — when it is desirable to plant in some exposed
situation, or produce immediate effect in landscape scenery.

The Public Garden in Boston, it is stated in the papers, in-
tend to rearrange their grounds, and plant at least one speci-
men of every American tree which will stand in this latitude;
if such is the intention, we hail it as the first really progres-
sive step which has been made since its organization. Had
the amount been laid out for the improvement of the grounds,
and the planting of trees, which was expended in purchasing
a large collection of plants, the proprietors, as well as the
public, might now have enjoyed the luxury of umbrageous
walks and shady groves, which a judicious arrangement of
trees would, in five or six years, have produced.

Garden ARcmTECTUKE,

The improvements in the erection of greenhouses and other
structures for plants, are rapidly extending. To aid in tliis,
we have given, agreeably to our promise, a full account of the
mode of constructing grapehouses on the Curvilinear plan,
first adopted by Horace Gray, Esq., of Newton, which has
succeeded so well, that a large number have been erected,
and others are now building in the same style. Our engrav-
ings at pp. 379 to 383 represent the manner of construction so
plainly, that any carpenter of moderate ability could erect a
building.

To test its applicability for the purpose of forcing, in our
climate, as well as for grapehouses merely, we have recently
erected a hothouse, eighty-four feet long, fifteen wide, and
twelve feet high at the back ; with a roof facing the south
only, the ventilators being in front, and in the back wall. We
shall endeavor to give a plan of it hereafter ; it is now, as we
write, just put in operation. Grapes are intended to be planted
for forcing. It is fitted up with a pit the whole length, bottom

12 Progress of Horticulture

heat being supplied by pipes in a chamber beneath, and is
warmed with one of Mr. Whately's cast-iron boilers.

The principles of heating are now a subject of much discus-
sion m foreign journals. We alluded last year to the system
which was attracting so much interest, viz., the Polmaise.
Flues have had their day, — steam succeeded, — hot water took
its place, — and now comes the Air Ki?ig to dethrone them
all. According to the accounts which have been given, the
mode of heating by warm air has been far more successful
thus far, — as well as, it is stated, more congenial to the plants,
— and at not a quarter of the expense, — than hot water. Two
years ago we tried a small house heated upon this system, but
it did not succeed, owing to improper construction; this year
we have again partially tried this plan, and it appears to work
admirably. The Polmaise system is merely the construction
of a chamber over the furnace, from whence the air is con-
ducted into the house, and, traversing its length, when it
becomes cool, is brought back by drains under the floor, to be
heated again. Thus a constant circulation is going on, which
is highly congenial to the plants, moisture being supplied by
a pan of water, over which the hot air must pass as it comes
into the house. For the climate of England, there is no doubt
of its perfect success, but for our severe weather it remains to
be seen whether it can be made to answer ; the only requisite
will be a powerful furnace to supply hot air. We shall soon
give some plans and a further account of this new mode,
that our amateurs may be induced to try it; for vineries
where only a slight heat is required, in the months of March
and April, it will succeed well.

COMMERCIAL GARDENING.

The increase of nurseries is the best evidence of the prosper-
ous condition of Commercial Gardening : a large extent of
country to supply, with an increasing taste every where ap-
parent, has caused a demand which has not been fully met,
particularly in choice varieties of pears. In the Atlantic cit-
ies, this is especially the case. But large quantities of stocks
have been planted out, and we may soon look to a supply
fully adequate to the wants of the public.

in the United States. 13

In Boston and vicinity, the nurserymen have been extend-
ing their premises, and their collections of trees. The Pomo-
logical Garden of Mr. Manning has been extended, and the
facilities for supplying trees increased ; and we are happy to
know that the deserving young men, who have succeeded to
the management of their father's place, so well sustain the
reputation of the garden for accuracy. Mr. Allen of Salem
has been highly successful in the culture of the grape, and it
is with great satisfaction that we lay before our readers, in
another page, the result of his experience thus far, in regard
to this delicious fruit.

A constant demand for large trees has been of service to the
older establishments around Boston, whose accumulated stock
might sometimes be thought of little value ; and Messrs. Win-
ship and Kenrick have contributed to supply the demand.
Messrs. Hovey & Co., by the construction of two new houses
upwards of one hundred feet long, have greatly extended their
collections of greenhouse plants; and their stock of fruit trees,
especially of 7ieiv and j^are kinds, is very large. The specimen
fruit trees, containing 500 varieties of pears alone, are rapidly
commg into fruit. Mr. Walker, of Roxbury, is devoting much
attention to the pear, with a view chiefly to raise large and
fine specimens which will come at once into bearing, and thus
prevent the amateur from waiting for a supply of fruit.

Our time has not allowed us our usual autumn visit to New
York, but we learn that our Flushing friends have a fine
stock of trees. Mr. Reid, of Murray Hill, has a fine piece of
ground at Elizabeth town, N. J., from whence his stock is
mostly received. Mr. Thorburn, at Hallet's Cove, is devoting
much attention to a fine collection of plants.

In Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, many addi-
tions have been made to the several nursery establishments,
and our correspondent, Mr. Buist, has opened a seed estab-
lishment in Chestnut Street.

Of commercial gardening in other cities, we have no direct
information. In our last volume is an account of its condi-
tion in Western New York, particularly around Rochester
and Buffalo. In the former city, Messrs. Bissell and Hooker
and EUwanger & Barry, Moulson, and others, are extending
and increasing their several collections of trees and plants.

14 Taste in Horticulture and in Designs.

Garden Literature.

The principal publications of the year have been Browne's
Trees of America; the Farmers' Dictionary^ by D. P. Gar-
dener ; the Fruit Cultu7'ist, by J. J. Thomas ; and the C0771-
pendof Atnerican Agriculture, by Mr. Allen. Mr. Downing' s
Fruits has passed to a sixth edition. A Report of the Trees
and Shrubs of Massachusetts, by order of the State, has been
completed by G. B. Emerson, Esq., but it will not be distribu-
ted till after the Legislature convene. Other smaller works
have been published. A new edition of the Flower Garden
Companion, by Mr. Sayers ; and pamphlets on the Grape and
Straiobeny, by Mr. Longworth ; and the Cidtu7'e of the
Grape, by Dr. Flagg. Mr. Colman's work has reached the
seventh No., three more completing the work. The old New
England Farmer has been discontinued, and its place filled
with the Horticidturist, published at Albany. The Geyiessee
Farmer is ably edited in the Horticultural department by
Mr. Barry, of the Mount Hope Gardens, Rochester. The
American Agriculturist and Cultivator continue to be issued
with their usual merit.

Art. n. Taste in Horticulture and in Desig7is.
By Observer.

We have been often pleased, in the perusal of the "Maga-
zine of Horticulture and Botany," at the laudable attempts
of the Editor of that periodical, to introduce to the favorable
notice and adoption of gardeners, and of those who may have
a rod or two of ground to cultivate, such contrivances for the
handsomer growth of plants as combine ornament with util-
ity. A well ordered garden of ever so humble a character,
properly laid out, or its plants judiciously arranged, pleases
the eye very much more than a larger domain where Flora
reigns indeed, but in a state of misrule and misprison. We
have seen such gardens, so rudely kept, and so slovenly at-
tended, that it would require the ardor of a botanist to per-
ceive any particular interest in the variety, nay, in the profu-

Taste in Horticulture and in Designs. 15

sion, which oftentimes may be found there. We have also
seen in some a very Umited area of a few feet of neatly kept
borders and beds, much fewer plants, yet of such choice selec-
tion, and admirable adaptation to the circumstances of the
place, as to afford a degree of pleasure as satisfactory as it
was unexpected. We have been often most sadly disappoint-
ed in our expectations of some 7iew species, some rare or lately
introduced variety^ through the careless or unpropitious man-
ner in which it has been presented to our eye, and again as
agreeably surprised to find, in some other collection, points of
real merit and of excellence, which a better growth, or more
favorable coincidences, have brought out. Were plants, like
some other organized beings, as sensitive to a careless and in-
different regard to them, or to their wants, we could imagine
how often and how deeply they must be wounded in their
feelings, or shocked, at the want of common sense and of just
propriety exercised towards them. In floriculture, more than
half the art of culture depends on the proper taste employed
in bringing out and setting forth the distinctive merits of the
subject under consideration : — this the more especially, if the
subject be a plant of some well known kind, in which the ge-
nius of the florist would develope some new beauty, hitherto
unperceived ; or if, again, it be some new variety of an old
and well known kind of flower, where none but his critical
eye would be able to see the distinctive marks of the variety
from the original species, uifless his contrirance or his art
should make them at once prominent. To these ends, the
florist must become not only the artist, but the inventor : and
the more fertile his mind in experiments, the more successful
will he be in expedients. Whoever has had &x\y practical ex-
perience in floriculture knows well how much soils and ma-
nures aflect the growth and general habit. The cultivator of
fruits, too, is well aware how much depends on good man-
agement, not only of cultivation in the soil, but also of judi-
cious training, and artistical operations above the ground, on
the body, branches, entire plant itself. Would he produce
fair specimens of fruit, he knows that he must most carefully
train, prune, ripen. JXo superfluous growth must be allowed
to hinder the more important portions, on which are to de-
pend the healthy and operative functions. Every tree, every

16 Taste in Horticulture and in Designs.

vine, has its rules of culture, whether espalier or standard.
The better they are trained, the more orderly they look, and
the more certain the anticipated result. As, in every thing
which requires attention, there are, and must be always, rules
to be observed and methods to be employed, so, particularly
in the order and management of the garden, there must be a
similar propriety, to be strictly and rigidly regarded.

It is on the just appreciation and nice tact acquired, of these
facts, that the skill of the florist depends. He not only is the
experimenter on the nature and properties of the soils best
adapted to the luxuriant or more natural growth of plants,
but he must combine the talent of a discriminating taste on
the future arrangement of their growing and flowering. To
a certain extent only can art overcome nature ; and excess of
care may prove as fatal, in some cases, as its want. The na-
tive habits of plants ought to be known. We should not ex-
pect to see the delicacy and tenderness of some species, whose
native growth is usually sheltered by situations combining
shade and moisture, exhibit themselves in a transplanted suc-
cessful culture, exposed to the sun, and chilled by the change-
ful winds : nor should we anticipate a gorgeous exhibition of
brilliancy, in tints of petal or foliage, where heat or light were
insufficient. These same remarks hold good in the artistical
arrangement of the growing plant, so that it may adapt itself
to its unnatural situation, and imitate nature as much as its
circumstances allow. In this, nature should be regarded as
much as art will permit : for when either are forced out of
their legitimate sphere, the eflect must be always and un-
questionably bad.

We have spoken of the skill of the florist in setting out the
particular merits of new species and varieties, so as to show
their best points, and at the same time to permit and even
invite the eye of the beholder to detect at once the difterence.
It is well known that some quite choice varieties difler so
little from the older ones, that such skill is necessary to make
their merit appreciated. Sometimes it consists in the better
shading of the petal, sometimes in the deeper green of the
foliage, and sometimes in the straighter or cleaner contour of
the stem. Judicious pruning frequently obviates unpropitious
characteristics, or ingeniously contrived apparatus overcomes,

Taste in Horticulture and in Designs. 17

by training, some unsightly traits. These minuter distinc-
tions apply more particularly, however, to the greenhouse
culture, than to that of out-door. But even here we have
been offended at the want of good taste. Pot culture, at the
best, is liable to great inconveniences ; yet a degree of ele-
gance, combined with artistic effect, has been repeatedly
attained. In greenhouses of commercial gardens, we do not
of course expect such niceness and propriety ; nothing more
beyond what will conduce to successful culture, and to the
best disposal of the stock on hand. But, in private collections,
how unseemly are crowded masses of pots, a multitudinous
grouping of mere individual plants, all struggling for those
elements of light and air which should belong by good rights
to but a few only ! — upright plants growing crooked and un-
sightly, for want of management ; trailing kinds stiffly tied
in unnatural positions, and others trained in modes where,
what of beauty might be intrinsic in them, stands more than
a fair chance of being lost. Every one knows how much
depends on the contour of a greenhouse, that a most judicious
management be regarded, so that the individual merits of
each plant may be brought to light. A well-ordered private
collection should excel in the propriety of its management,
not only in the culture, but in the choice. If intended for
display, elegant designs should be introduced : if for bril-
liancy, profuse flowering kinds, and these well grown : if for
uniqueness, larger, rarer and more picturesque species : if for
choiceness, the newer and later-known species and varieties :
if for the effect of peculiar cultivation, those kinds which are
best and only thus adapted : if for delicacy and grace, those
of tenderer and lighter character. But in all, choice, taste,
and artistic effect are essential, plenty of room, neatness of
execution, adaptedness of design. In fine, other things con-
sidered in the right place, choice is the great desideratimi ; not
rejecting some, simply because old, nor hastily making ac-
quaintance with others, because they are new. For scarcely
in any department of productive labor is it found more true
than in horticulture, in all its branches, that that which is
recommended for netv^ is not decidedly an improvement, nor
that which is condemned as old^ is henceforth of no value.
In out-door culture of the garden, the above observations

VOL. XIII NO. I. 3

18 Taste in Horticulture and in Designs.

may also apply. The nature and capacities of the situation
are to be consulted. Smaller areas should be devoted to
humble and showy specimens ; larger and wider should em-
brace a greater and more various growth. So numerous have
become the objects of the florist's care, that scarcely any soil
or spot could be found, which is not suited to ornamental
improvement. For shade and for sunshine, for moisture and
for aridness, for fertility and for sterility, for mould and for
sand, for clay and for peat, may be found plants appropriate.
For trellises and for arbors, for pillars and for pediments, for
vases and for baskets, for fountain and for mimic lake, are
the very flowers and plants which are needed. For all sea-
sons of the year, from earliest April to chill December, are
hardier or more delicate, little or larger floral gems, which
may gladden the heart of the recluse or of the generous.
Only, to have them enjoyed in their perfection, every one
should strive to do them justice. So propitious and kind a
deity as Flora, should not be mocked with a want of taste
and sense of propriety. She reigns over the graces and ele-
gances of life and of nature ; she expects her devotees to pay
her their homage in the same spirit and truth.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society also, has done
much to introduce a better and more correct public sentiment
in regard to the value and importance of Horticultural pur-
suits. By its judicious and high-minded management, we
can see yearly, the improvements which are taking place
around us in this respect. If it were for fruits alone, that our
gratitude should be shown towards this Society, it would be
no small matter. But it has by no means stayed its eflbrts
or its hands in these. For the creation of new varieties of
superb flowers, we are deeply indebted to its members. For
the enterprise shown in the introduction of every thing of
foreign interest, we ought not to forget some, and not a few,
who hold prominent and laboriously useful offices of its honor
and trust. For its weekly displays of every thing which
the season affords, from the newest and latest Belgian pear to
the prettiest annual or more gorgeous perennial, introducing
to notice whatever is thus curious and valuable. And for its
annual exhibition, intended to gratify the public, and to en-
courage its members to a laudable and more earnest endeavor :

Taste in Horticulture and in Designs. 19

these are instances of the sagacity of its institution, and of
the propitious results. It stands thus in a prominent and
conspicuous point of view, and is recognized by its influence
and eflects, as in some measure the dictator of the pubhc taste
in those matters which more particularly concern it. To its
tables resorts the inquirer after synonyms of undetermined or
unknown fruits, or else to gather from the experience it has
realized, some valuable information, which it is supposed
capable of imparting. To its flower-stands resorts the inquirer
after what is new or beautiful in floriculture, to learn some-
thing which interests him. To ascertain how some diflicultly
cultivated plant may be treated with success, goes the ama-
teur, to find what he has not himself discerned. Of these,
we have been. Much that is new, beautiful, curious, rare,
valuable, we have thus acquired. We trust that a Society
like this will continue to receive the public approval, and be
the means of diffusing a correct taste as well as knowledge,
in our midst.

The prominent as well as important situation in which this
Society finds itself placed before the public, who look to it for
the best and happiest results of Horticulture, in all its depart-
ments of operation, renders any thing savoring of a critical
spirit, a peculiarly delicate afiair. Yet, out of justice to the
great and general cause for which the pages of this Magazine,
Mr. Editor, are, we suppose, intended, we venture, with an
attempt of a proper degree of modesty, to difler from the cri-
terion of taste displayed in the Hall of the Society during the
two last Annual Exhibitions particularly. We allude to
those larger and smaller designs, which rendered a small
space around the fruit tables still smaller, without adding
any thing of general interest to the occasion. It seems to us
a pity to destroy so many good, bad and indifferent flowers,
dahlias, german asters, marigolds and eternals, by nailing
them through the centre, like base coin, to wooden structures,
called pagodas and temples, or sticking them on flat pieces of
pasteboard, of the shape of battledoors, pentagonal stars, or
any such devices. We know not, but that we are little
better, perhaps little worse than barbarian in our opinion, but
such it is, and we shall dare the censure of such judgment.
Statues, vases, columns, temples, &c. &c., are all well enough

20 Taste in Horticulture and in Designs.

in their places ; but, to our mind, they should be real. They
should be works of art ; not skeletons of wood made with
saw and hammer and covered with fantastically arranged
flowers, where the design is merely to make surface of masses
of blossoms, or by pieces of moss and lichens glued on, to
cover up the wood. In the open air, a bust, a statue, a
broken column or a classic vase, are all attractive among
embowering walks and sylvan shades. A rudely constructed
arbor of crooked limbs of trees, naked or festooned with ap-
propriate vines, would be a fit recess for Flora ; and in larger
and more extended grounds, a moss-house is very well, in
the way of the picturesque, but such strange constructions of
moss and withered flowers, certainly seem to be very much
out of keeping, both with the Hall of the Society and with
the intentions of Horticulture. We never have been able to
look at all such efforts without a feeling that they were in a
high degree puerile ; and that they injured essentially the
purpose and eflect of public exhibitions of floricultural skill.

We have always had a great admiration for a bouquet. At
any season of the year, such a bunch of flowers is particularly
agreeable. But the very idea of a bouquet seems to imply the
good old English and familiar word, nosegay ; some prettily
arranged and easily handled affair, which one could carry
lovingly about with him, and regale his olfactories with the
breath of more than Araby's odors. But think, Mr. Editor,
of such a bouquet, — a nosegay a yard or two in length, filled
with dahlias, marigolds, both scented, indeed, but by no
means perfutned, amaranths and zeranthemuns, for blossoms,
with a suflicient back-ground of greenery of various sorts and
kinds ! There are bouquets, to be sure, of gigantic propor-
tions, intended as centre ornaments for vases ; we like these ;
much genius and true taste can be displayed in forming them;
but we do object to those frame- work and pasteboard designs
which lean against the walls on either side of the hall, wherein
nothing is to be seen of art or invention, and the whole matter
lies in tying in place, or nailing to a flat surface. We by no
means would discourage enterprise or talent ; but let it have
its legitimate sphere. A florist should be a cultivator of
flowers ; he should learn how to present them to the eye,
with the best advantage and taste. He should learn how to

Taste in Horticulture and in Designs. 21

make them tell, so to speak ; how to exhibit all their intrinsic
charms. The fruit-grower should grow his fruit in such a
manner as that he can realize all the healthful energies of
that variety of tree, shrub or vine, which comes under his
care. The saw and hammer belong only to him as accom-
paniments to the knife, to lay in wood, to prune out excres-
cent or useless branches. Both in their horticultural art fol-
low nature, though they deviate from her at the same time.
Nature is their mistress ; to her general laws they are obliged
to submit. The nearer they do this, — the happier they effect
the union of their art with her laws, the more perfect their
success. A finely cultivated plant displays more talent and
skill than any number of pagodas of dahlias, or temples of
hollyhocks. An elegantly grouped bunch of choice flowers,
pyramidal or cylindrical in its contour, is far more attractive
than hosts of moss-covered obelisks, decked ofl" with stars of
asters and wreaths of amaranths. For our own part, we
would give more and go farther to see a single weH grown
rhododendron, or a new azalea, than all such efforts at
effect, combined. Perhaps the trouble and expense of con-
veying choice and well cultivated pot specimens outweigh
the advantages proposed ; and that these more cumbrous de-
signs can be fabricated on the very spot, and serve to make
a show. This may be so ; and there may be some weight in
the observation : if so, we only regret the circumstance all the
more. But certainl}^ such is not the case with the others,
with inelegant designs and strange perversities of withering,
withered and long dead flowers. We do not presume that, if
we are correct, our single anonymous suggestion will be
adopted ; if we are wrong in our condemnation, we are quite
willing to remain in that predicament ; nay, we rather prefer
it to that of falling in with such notions, so contrary to our
ideas of what would promote and encourage a floricultural
taste in our community.

•We have taken the liberty, Mr. Editor, to use your pages
on this subject-matter of our communication, (if you think it
worthy an insertion,) because, as we set out, so we repeat,
that it has given us pleasure oftentimes heretofore, to notice
your efibrts to promote that elegance and beauty of design in
floriculture, on which its success depends. We trust that

22 Taste in Horticulture and in Designs.

you will be induced to continue in your course ; and by such
suggestions as you derive from foreign periodicals, (not al-
ways to be followed, indeed,) and from your own observa-
tions, that your Magazine will, as its title imports, become
the medium of " all useful discoveries and hnpi-ovevnents in
rural affairs."

We have lately seen that a meeting of the proprietors of
the Public Garden in your city has been held ; in which were
taken some active measures to carry out the plans of that
Institution, as modified and improved, by the introduction
and planting of all native trees and shrubs, and by making it
a pleasant and profitable resort of the citizens of Boston. We
trust that efibrts so laudable will be carried into effect ; and
that success in its project will cooperate with the efforts of all
lovers of horticulture, in elevating the public taste, and in
thereby improving the public morals.

December 8, 1 846.

Art. III. Observations upon the Potato Rot. By J. S. B.,
West Scituate, Mass.

As the disease which has affected the Potato for a few
years past, both in the United States, and in Europe, has ex-
cited a great deal of anxiety among agriculturists, and is yet
involved in some mystery, any attempt, however humble, to
throw light upon this subject, and to explain the nature and
progress of this disease, cannot fail to attract the attention of
those engaged in tilling the soil, whose wealth and prosperity
are more or less affected by this prevailing epidemic.

Having pursued, during the past season, a series of original
investigations upon the subject, the following are the conclu-
sions to which I have arrived. The disease has not prevailed
so extensively this year as it did in 1845 ; but yet, complaints
have reached us of its ravages in some places, and almost
every where slight traces of its existence have been perceived.
I discovered such indications in my own garden, and having
the facilities at hand, determined to give the subject a careful
examination.

Observations upon the Potato Rot. 23

It has been said that the leaves are first affected ; and that
the withering of these leaves, as if they had been struck by a
blight^ is the first sign or warning of the presence of the de-
stroyer^ But I am inchned to doubt the correctness of this
statement. The first indication of the presence of the disease,
is upon the haulm or stalk. This, if carefully examined, will
be found to be covered with mmute black specks, strikingly
resembling in appearance the excrement of the fly, and visible
to the naked eye. These specks are a species of fungus,
which attacks the plant, in most cases very suddenly, and
which, in my estimation, is the chief cause of the rot. As
soon as their roots (for they are parasitic^ have penetrated
through the cuticle of the stalk, the sap, from Avhich they
derive their nourishment, becomes vitiated, and the withering
of the leaves is the immediate consequence. This withering
of the leaves affects the health of the plant, and renders it
more susceptible to the attacks of the fungus. Soon the pith
of the stalk becomes diseased, and, if examined with a lens,
will be found to contain many of these black specks, showing
that the fungus is there. Finally, it extends down the stalk
to the roots, or parts cormecting the stalk with the tubers.
These roots are completely hollowed out by the fungus, or in
other words, their interior is entirely destroyed, or, eaten up.
The skin of the tuber is next attacked, and this becomes dis-
colored. By lifting up the skin carefully, and examining tiie
tuber with a lens, the same black specks will be found, show-
ing that the fungus is there. Last of all, the roots of the
fungus penetrate the cells of the tuber, destroy their texture,
and, by breaking down their walls, the contents of contiguous
cells are brought together, and corruption, or putrifaction
ensues. This is the last stage of the disease, or the 7'ot. The
above is a brief sketch of the progress of the disease, which I
have endeavored to clothe in language comprehensible by
every farmer.

In harvesting a field of potatoes, those who have carefully
noticed the appearance of the stalks, have been able to tell
what hills were affected by the rot, and what were not ; and
not only so, but the same observation enabled me to tell what
tubers in any particular hill were affected. The stalks of
those hills which are affected, are rotten at the bottom, near

24 Observations upon the Potato Rot.

their connection with the root; that is, their texture is entirely
destroyed, and they are in a brittle, decayed state. Some-
times one stalk only in a hill is in this condition, and the
tuber or tubers connected with that stalk, will be found
affected with the rot.

After the potatoes are harvested, those on which the black
specks above described are found, will decay ; but in the pro-
cess of decay, I have not found that they affected sound
tubers, and caused them to rot. The disease cannot be com-
municated ifi this way ; it must pass through the several
stages aforenamed. There may be instances in which tubers
slightly affected, or containing merely the germs of the dis-
ease, from peculiar causes, will remain sound through the
winter, and it may be in this way that the disease is propa-
gated from year to year. But of the correctness of this sug-
gestion, I am not fully satisfied. It needs to be confirmed by
observation. Those who are acquainted with the natural
history of the Fungus tribe, are aware, that their sporules, or
seeds, are exceedingly minute and numerous. Probably mil-
lions proceed from a single plant. Besides, these seeds are so
light, being but a mere dust, as seen by the naked eye, that
they are easily wafted about, and so minute, that they might
attack a plant without being perceived, until they had reach-
ed their maturity. It is owing to this, that the disease pre-
vails so extensively, and it may be that it has thus been prop-
agated even across the ocean. The wide prevalence of the
disease, indeed, will be no matter of surprise to those accus-
tomed to the enlarged views of the diffusion and propagation
of plants, which an acquaintance with Botany furnishes.

I have prepared specimens, illustrating the progress of the
disease under consideration, which I should be happy to show
to any one desiring further information. The fungus which
attacks the potato is very small, so much so, that it is proba-
ble there are no glasses of sufficient power to render their
seeds visible. Yet, that they have seeds, no one can doubt.

The specimens to which I have alluded, show the fungus
upon the outside of the stalk; next upon the pith or inside;
next upon the interior of the root ; next upon the skin of the
tuber ; and, last of all, in the cells of the tubers themselves. I
have also prepared specimens, showing the different appear-
ance of the healthy and the diseased plant.

Observations upon the Potato Rot. 25

In an article published by Mr. Teschemacher, in the New
England Farmer, about two years since, he attributes the
disease in the potato to a fungus, and states, that to discover
a remedy for the disease, he apphed various substances to the
fungus, to effect its decomposition ; and names salt as the first
appUcation. '-The action of this w-as so instantaneous and
decided," says he, " that I did not proceed to any other. A
portion of the dark substance was placed on a piece of glass
on the microscope stand, in a drop of distilled water, and then
thoroughly examined : a little salt on the fine point of a pen-
knife was then added ; a nearly instantaneous change took
place; the dark-colored masses separated, much of them
seemed to pass away, and instead appeared numerous dark
slate-colored globular bodies, which I easily recognized as the
spores or reproducing bodies of the fungus." Having the
above article by me at the time I pursued my investigations,
I repeated the experiments first tried by him ; but not with
similar success. The decomposition of the plant was not
effected ; nor was I able to discover the spores. Three seve-
ral times I repeated the experiment, but with no different
result. I did not try either of the other substances mentioned
by him, as time did not permit.

The disease called in Germany the Potato scab or wart^
and which Dr. Wallworth ascribes to a species of subterra-
tiean fungus, which he calls Erysihe subterranea, cannot be
the same, I think, as the Potato rot, for this is not caused by
a subterranean fungus, but by one which attacks the stalk of
the plant, as I have already stated. Mr. Teschemacher, in a
subsequent article in the New England FarTner, appears to
be of the same opinion, and the remarks which I have offered
upon this disease will be found, in the main, to agree with his.

A writer in Silliman's Journal of Science and Arts, for
September, 1845, states that it " cannot be said with certainty
that the disease first appears as a fungus upon the leaves ; "
and that " there are well authenticated instances where the
potato tops have remained green and flourishing, while the
tubers were much diseased." In this statement, I am in-
clined to think there is an unintentional mistake, which has
arisen from want of accuracy in the observations. There
may be well authenticated instances of diseased tubers in

VOL. XIII. NO. I. 4

26 Zinc Labels for Trees.

hills where a part of the tops were green and flourishing;
but I think if all the tops had been closely examined, some
one would have been found affected, and that one communi-
cating with the very tubers which were rotten. I am fully
convinced, that the disease is caused by the fungus in ques-
tion, and that it first attacks the stalk.

In the remarks of Professor Playfair, in his Lectures de-
livered before the Royal Agricultural Society, in London,
reports of which were published about a year since, he at-
tributes the disease to the destruction of the cellular walls of
the tuber, and in this he follows Liebig, the scientific German
chemist. But this destruction of the cells, it appears to me,
is not the pi^imary cause of the disease, but an effect, as I
have already stated, of the penetration of those cells by the
roots of the fungus. Most of the phenomena described by
both the above gentlemen, may be discovered attending the
disease; but its true cause lies behind those phenomena.
That there is any constitutional weakness affecting the cellu-
lar tissue of the potato, I am inclined to doubt. We have had
peculiar seasons, both here, and in Europe, for the past three
years ; seasons which have been highly favorable to the gene-
ration and propagation of Fungi, and they have been remark-
ably abundant every where. It is these fungi that have at-
tacked the potato, and produced the disease. I believe its
prevalence to be owing, or attributable, to the peculiar state
of the atmosphere ; and that no specific, or infallible remedy
for the disease, has been yet discovered. It may disappear
in a few years. A change in the atmosphere may render the
reproducing spores of the fungus inert for a time sufficient to
destroy them, and this may check the disease. - 1 indulge in
no apprehensions for the future. A merciful Providence
watches over us all, and in his goodness we may safely trust.

West Scituate, Mass.. Dec. 1846.

Art. IV. Zinc Labels for Trees. By J. Owen, Cambridge.

In the last number of your Magazine, you have described
a kind of label for trees, which comes near enough to a

Zinc Labels for Trees. 27

method practised by me, for several years, to induce me to
think that you alluded to a conversation I had with you on
the subject a short time since. I have now written out my
method, and accompanied it with some explanations. If you
think the genuine reading of any importance, you are at
liberty to give it a corner in your next number. A great ob-
jection to the use of unpainted zmc, marked with a lead pen-
cil, one of the modes adopted by your correspondent, is the
indistinctness of the writing, the color of the zinc and of the
pencil mark being nearly the same.

Loudon, in his great work on Gardening, has enumerated
many kinds of tallies used in England, no one of which com-
bines, to so great a degree, those essential advantages, dura-
bility, convenience and economy, as the painted zinc. Even
for mercantile purposes, I think this will prove the most con-
venient mode to nurserymen, and be highly useful to pur-
chasers, most of whom, with the loss of the common wooden
labels, soon lose the names of their fruit trees, about which
they remain indifferent, till at length the different varieties
begin to bear. Then curiosity is excited to identify the kinds.
The greatest confusion follows. Serious mistakes are made
and perpetuated. A large and dear experience is necessary,
before the amateur can separate the wheat from the chaff,
distinguish the genuine from the spurious, and at last arrive
at even a tolerable degree of certainty in the nomenclature of
fruits.

I send you a few tallies, as specimens of the various
methods I have used, at different times, while seeking for
something better than the " good old way."

Cambridge, Nov. 21, 1846.

Method of Making the Labels.* — Have ready a sheet of
zinc, which must be perfectly clean. Take the purest white
lead, ground in oil ; thin it with spirits of turpentine, in
place of oil ; add mastic varnish {copal turns the paint
yellow,) sufficient to make the composition adhere well
to the zinc and give it hardness, but not in excess, which

* Any tinman will furnish strips of clean zinc, cut them into pieces of two square
inches, after being painted, and punch them, at the rate of 23 cents per hundred.
This would be cheaper than to use whole sheets.

28 Zi7ic Labels for Trees.

would render the surface too smooth. Apply the paint thin,
with a common painter's brush ; the newer it is the better.
Let the paint dry, in a clear sun, a week at least, when
another coat may be added. This should be suffered to re-
main a fortnight, if possible, in order to acquire greater hard-
ness before being cut ; otherwise the edges will be rough, paint
being apt to peel from metallic surfaces when first applied.

The zinc may now be cut into pieces, two inches long by
one wide, and punched at least half an inch from one end of
each tally, in order to allow of some wear from the wire used
to attach it to the tree. The best wire is made of copper.
Narrow strips of sheet lead are sometimes used, but, besides
being more clumsy, they are not stiff enough. Iron rusts
away in a very short time, besides not being so tough as cop-
per. No. 23 copper wire may be bought for 50 cents per
pound, which will cut into 640 pieces of 8-inch lengths.

From the liability of the tallies to twist off a fine wire in
high winds, this size is none too large. The French nursery-
men mark their trees, when sent out of the nursery, with bits
of lead a half inch square, having a number stamped on each,
and for such mercantile purposes, find a much finer wire suf-
ficient. But when it is desirable to write the name of the
tree in full, which is generally the case when a tree is planted
out, more surface is required, and of course a larger wire is
necessary to prevent its being broken by the wind. It is a
better way yet, to rest the tally against a twig, or, if the tree
be small, and without convenient twigs, to bend the wire
round the stem and tally together, for the first year, taking
care to guard against rubbing on the written side. This will
prevent the friction of the wire on the zinc, which is some-
times so great as to cause the tally to drop and be lost.

The best material for writing upon the tally, is a common
black-lead pencil. It is not only the most convenient, but
perfectly durable, time rendering the marks almost inefface-
able. If the pencil be tolerably hard, and cut to a fine point,
you can write many things on a very small surface. Besides
the name of the tree, other memoranda, as one may wish,
may be noted at the time of planting, and afterwards, as in
grafting anew, making experiments, &c. They may in this
way be made to relate their own history to many generations,

Zinc Labels for Trees.

29

and, though nature alone can give them " tongues," art can
give them tallies, the inscriptions on which will often be more
interesting to the amateur, (to his shame be it said,) than the

higher and more mysterious language of

nature.

We are obliged to Mr. Owen for a com-
munication of his mode of making zinc
labels, which was the plan we had reference
to in our remarks appended to the article of
Mr. Phillips, (XII. p. 426.)

Accompanying the above, Mr. Owen sent
us several specimens of the labels, an en-
graving of which we have annexed, {fig.
1.) showmg the size and form. The
specimens show the effect of the paint-
ing when properly or improperly mix-
ed. One, with mastic in excess, does not
take the pencil mark readily. Another,
with copal in excess, takes it rather better,
though quite indistinct, both having too
glossy a surface ; a third, painted one coat,
in proper proportions, in August, written
upon November 23, and exposed to the
weather until December 10th, gives the
pencil mark such permanence, that it can
only be removed by the aid of sand. A
fourth specimen shows the effect of wetting
the surface of the label when the writing
is made, which gives it a blacker and more
distinct mark. One label, written upon m
1841, but twisted off by the gale of Sep-
tember last, has the mark as distinct as those that have not
yet been exposed to the weather. To show how much may
be written upon one label, we copy the following from one
sent us by Mr. Owen, and occupying only a portion of one side.

Beurr6 Diel. Planted Nov. 21, 1841 ; proved spurious. Grafted Aug. 13,
1842 ; bore in 1845.

We have only one cautionary remark to make, — that is, that

Fig. 1 . Zinc Lab el
for Trees.

30 Hog and Jerusalem Artichokes.

in all tallies which are attached to trees with wires, especially
when it is necessary to twist the wire, that it may prevent
the label from rubbing, care should be taken that they are
looked at, at least every spring, in order that they may not
girdle the branch. We have had imported French trees, with
the lead tags, mentioned by Mr. Owen, attached, which were
badly girdled from inattention to this. It is also best to at-
tach the label to a small lateral shoot, rather than the main
trunk, or any of the principal branches, as a little neglect will
not then be attended with so much injury. — Ed.

Art. V. A Comparative Notice of the Hog and Jerusalem
Artichokes^ with a descrij)tive account of the growth^ habit ^
and use of the former variety. By Dr. M. A. Ward,
Athens, Ga.

Please to express my thanks to those of your correspond-
ents who have so kindly criticised the error in my note on the
Hog Artichoke, published in the July No. of your Magazine,
(XII. p. 268.) They might, without departing very surpris-
ingly from the usages of the times, have charged me with
ignorance, stupidity, or even with some moral dereliction ; for,
unhappily, a spirit of bitterness has of late been creeping into
the discussions or controversies which are found m some of
our Horticultural periodicals, that would seem more congenial
to the arena of political gladiators, than to the garden, with
its serene pursuits and researches, the tendency of which
should be to excite emotions of admiration and benevolence,
rather than of rancor and uncharitableness. My fault, —
and it has mortified me much, — was but " a slip of the pen,'^
at which I was myself as surprised as I was to see it in print
at all ; — for my note to you, written in the greatest haste,
was intended merely to call your attention to the subject,
without a thought of publication.

And now, while my pen is in the apologetical humor, I
believe I may as well forestall future criticism, by begging
pardon in advance, for another hasty act. It would certainly
have been more safe, as well as modest, to have written the

Hog and Jerusalem Artichokes. 31

words " distinct variety;^ instead of " distinct species of He-
li an thus." I hope, too, that I have wounded the feelings of
no one by an imphed distrust in the ability of other botanists,
to settle this little matter, by naming Drs. Torrey and Gray,
as those with whose determination I should rest quietly satis-
fied ; for it is well known that the characters of the species in
most of the order Compositse, especially in the large genera,
are often obscure and puzzling, — requiring great practical skill
and access to the most recent published descriptions and col-
lections of dried specimens, to enable one satisfactorily to set-
tle the name of a kind which he has never seen before.

My opinion, when given, was based principally on the dif-
ference in the form of the tubers ; — and it is, I believe, a re-
ceived canon in Botanical nomenclature, that a difference in
the structure of any of those parts from which the specific
characters are taken, — provided it be constant, and propaga-
ted by seed, shall be regarded as a sufficient ground for be-
stowing a different specific name. It is true that 1 have not
applied the test of raising them from the seed, but I have, for
several seasons, grown the two kinds, side by side, in my
garden, and note the following distinctions : —

The tubers of the Jerusalem artichoke, {fig. 2) are commonly
produced in a compact clump around the foot of the stalk, sel-

Fig. 2. Outline of a tuber of the Jerusalem Artichoke of the natural size.

dom spreading over an area of more than 12 or 18 inches in
diameter, but often lying touching one another like eggs in a
basket. Their general form approaches the globular, and in

32 Hog and Jerusalem Artichokes.

the smaller specimens often attains it : though they are fre-
quently very irregular with knobs and protuberances, which
are always obtusely rounded at the end. Those of the Ten-
nessee or Hog artichoke, {fig' 3) are three or four times less in

Fig. 3. Outline of a tuber of the Hog Artichoke, nearly of the natural size.

size, but vastly more numerous, formed both along the course
of, and at the extremities of stolones, which extend, variously
branching and interlaced, so as to form a thick mat over a
space 3 or 4 feet across. Those who are sceptical with re-
gard to the doctrine that Irish potatoes are not roots, but
modified stems, I think will have no doubts as to the nature
of these productions. In form, they are always long and
slender, acutely conical at both ends, though thickest towards
their distal extremity, which terminates not with a mere eye,
or bud, but with a regular built crown, as in the tuberous
roots of Convallaria multifiora. In some, now before me, not
larger than my little finger, this commencement of next year's
stem projects an inch, and has already put forth fibres three
inches long. I am told, but have not observed the fact my-
self, that these tubers remain solid and succulent in the
spring, long after those of the common sort have become
corky or hollow — a property which greatly increases their
value, as food for hogs.

The stems of the Jerusalem artichoke, as they commonly
stand less thick on the ground, are larger in diameter,
the epidermis green, but, on the upper part and branches,
thickly sprinkled with minute brown spots, or tinged of a
purplish brown on the side next the sun. Those of the new
sort attain about the same height, but are more branched, the

Hog and Jerusalem Artichokes. 33

branches long and slender, and entirely of a bright purple
hue. The flowers of these expand the soonest by 10 or 14
days, the petals of the ray longer, often twice as long as the
other, and the plant altogether makes a more gay and striking
appearance. Indeed, a field of these, of from 5 to 10 acres, or
even of one acre, viewed from an elevated distance, in the
month of September, adds a very remarkable feature to the
landscape.

Now it may be that these differences are those of a variety
only, for so far as I can see, the specific character given by
Limiseus, '' H. fol. ovato. cordatis trinervizs," and even the
recent one in Eaton's Manual, " Leaves 3-nerved, scabrous ;
lower ones heart-ovate ; upper ones ovate, acuminate ; petioles
ciliate ; root tuberous," — will apply quite as well to one
sort as to the other. Still if it be true, as is most probable,
from its having been introduced mto this country from that
direction, that its native habitat is Texas, or Mexico, whilst
the old one hails from Brazil, I shall continue to think, till
the matter is settled by authority, that the new sort is also a
new, or at least a different species.

As to the taste of hogs for them, it seems to be an acquired
one, like that of men for oysters, or pickled olives. They
almost always reject them at first, but after a while begin to
relish, and then become ravenously fond of them, — turning up
and pulverizing the soil to a great depth, in search of the
smallest fragment.

There is a great difference of opinion as to their value in
an economical point of view ; some unhesitatingly pronounc-
ing them a humbug, while others think they are destined to
produce as important a change in our rural economy, as did
the introduction of the root culture into England. For my-
self, I believe that, with judicious management, they may be
made to reduce greatly the expense of raising pork — and that
they woidd be well worth cultivating, were it only for their
effect in renovating the soil.

Athens, Ga., Nov. 16, 184G.

VOL. XIII. NO. I. 5

34 Cultivation of the Pelargonium.

Art. VI. On the Cultivatioti of the Pelargonium,^ with a De-
scription of Several New and Fine Seedlings. By Edward
Beck, Esq., Worton Cottage, Isleworth, near London.

It is with much pleasure that we announce to our readers,
that we have been able to secure the assistance of Edward
Beck, Esq., one of the most successful amateur cultivators of
the Pelargonium, as an occasional correspondent of our Mag-
azine. Mr. Beck has been particularly successful in the pro-
duction of new varieties of pelargoniums, and his seedlings
of the last three years have annually carried off the first prizes,
at the Exhibitions of the London Horticultural and Royal
Botanic Societies of London, for this most beautiful but far
too lightly prized flower by our amateur cultivators.

Mr. Beck has also been one of the most successful cultiva-
tors of roses in pots, which have recently been made objects
for prizes by the London Horticultural Society, and his gar-
dener, Mr. Dobson, obtained the highest prize for the best
twelve varieties. But so wedded to the cultivation of the
pelargonium is Mr. Beck, that he has offered his whole stock
of roses, the finest collection in pots in the kingdom, for £50,
and he states, to use his own words, that " I find if I am to
be as successful as I desire, I must not undertake too much,
or something will be neglected, so I make every thing subser-
vient to pelargoniums. I grow some choice orchids, but they
are, at times, shamefully neglected, though we often show them
in my slate articles* very creditably, and now and then pick up
a prize." This is the true way to acquire great results, for

* Mr. Beck is aa extensive manufacturer of slate pots, which are finely adapted
to large Camellias, oranges, &c., and they may be obtained at the annexed prices in
London : —

12 inches

square,

14 "

"

15 "

II

16 "

II

IS "

(1

20 "

i<

22 "

II

24 "

II

s.

d.

6

0

11

0

12

6

16

0

19

0

22

6

25

0

32

0

We hope some of our extensive cultivators will import a few and try them.
We intend to do so. They are far better looking than the unsightly tubs generally
seen. — Ed.

Cultivation of the Pelargonium. 35

amateurs too often, with little time to devote to their gardens,
and unwilling to incur great expense, grasp at too much, and
too frequently have but little to show either creditable to
themselves, or gratifying to their friends.

Last year, Mr. Beck raised about 3.000 seedlings, out of
which he has kept, for a second year's trial, from twenty to
thirty plants. Of every plant he keeps for trying a second
season, he saves only two or three cuttings which he contin-
ues to grow ; and these, when their merits are fully proved at
the exhibitions of the second season, are propagated for a stock.
Mr. Dobson, he informs us, has his stock "in wonderful con-
dition, both seedlings, yearlings, and two years' old. The
latter I am particularly interested in, because there are some
entirely novel points in their characters." Another season, it
is his intention to publish an illustrated catalogue, which shall
exhibit the true characters of the flowers, the faults as well as
the merits.

Mr. Beck is, strictly speaking, an amateur cultivator, but
the fame of his seedlings spread far and wide, and there were
so many applicants for his plants that he was induced to offer
them for sale ; and to such an extent has the demand been,
that the past season, his orders exceeded in value three hun-
dred poimds sterling, for young plants to be delivered in Octo-
ber. No better test is needed to show the great merit of his
seedlings.

Pelargoniums, like many other plants of easy and rapid
growth, which every body thinks there is no art in cultivat-
ing, are too frequently seen in any thing but the real condi-
tion in which skilful and judicious treatment will bring
them ; and the errors also lie as much in cultivating too highly
as in not cultivating at all. The very large plants which
are often exhibited, and which now continue to form highly
attractive objects at the Horticultural Exhibitions, may be,
and undoubtedly are, fine specimens of what art may accom-
plish, so far as growth, form of the plant and abundance of bloom
are concerned ; but the quality of the flowers is generally — we
might say always — sacrificed to the luxuriant growth of such
huge specimens. Witness what Mr. Beck writes us on this
head : —

" Let me, while on the subject of these plants, remark, that,

36 Cultivation of the Pelargonium.

if you want to see fine flowers, the pots must be filled with
roots, the foliage ceasing to be luxuriant previous to the bud's
expanding ; this throws the remaining vigor of the plant into
the flowers, and then you will see them in their true charac-
ters on the two year old plants. I assure you very candidly,
if my varieties had been shown by Mr. Cock only last season
at our exhibitions, the flowers would have been entirely con-
demned, his plants were so fine, the bloom so bad. But hap-
pily our collection was always there to vindicate my judgment
in sending them out. In no one instance last season, did I
see my productions in their true character, all aiming at large
specimens, had their plants growing when they should have
been flowering, the foliage, in some cases, rmming over the
bloom."

We do not, by any means, wish to condemn the practice of
growing large plants ; on the contrary, we have recommend-
ed it : but then we should not do so with kinds intended to
show the delicacy of color, or excellent pencillings, which con-
stitute the real beauty of the pelargonium. But large speci-
mens form handsome show plants, always admired, and to
fill up the tables of a Horticultural Exhibition, most prom-
inent objects.

We trust our remarks, with the following hints on their cul-
tivation by Mr. Beck, will have a tendenc^;^ to redeem the
pelargonium from the neglect to which amateurs seem to have
consigned it. In England, the choice kinds command a rap-
id sale, as Ave have just seen, at prices rarely less than 07ie
pomid, and from that to two pfounds two shillings sterling per
plant, exceeding even in value, taking into consideration its
rapid propagation, almost any other plant. But with us, fifty
cents is the standard price, while a camellia, or some other
plant far less suited to parlor cultivation, commands quadruple
that sum. We would suggest to the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society, the propriety of establishing prizes for the exhi-
bition of the pelargonium, with a view to bring it into proper
estimation : a series of prizes, on the principle of the Lon-
don Horticultural Society, which has been highly advan-
tageous to a just appreciation of its great merits, and at the
same time given it a rank j^r5^ among the amateur collections
of plants. That plan is as follows : —

Cultivation of the Pelargonium. 37

Pelargoniums in collections of twelve new and first-rate varieties culti-
vated with superior skill, in eight-inch pots. Gold Banksian medal, £1.
Silver Gilt, £4. Certificate of excellence, jG2 10s.

Pelargoniums, in collections of twelve varieties in eleven-inch pots.
The same medals. [These are the large specimens. — Ed.]

Scarlet Pelargoniums, in six distinct varieties in pots not less than eleven
inches in diameter. Silver Gilt medal, £4. Certificate of Excellence,
£2 10s. Large Silver medal, £l 15s.

To be disrjualified, if not really fine.

Some such arrangement, reducing the number of plants to
six in the place of twelve, if thought expedient, the better to
accommodate amateurs, with one of the Society's, or one of the
Appleton Gold medals, and two or three smaller prizes,
would be the means of at once rescuing this flower from the
commonality, if we may so use the word, into which it has of
late fallen. May we not hope that our hints will be duly
weighed before making up the list of prizes for 1847 ?

We now come to the directions of Mr. Beck for the full cul-
tivation of the plants, as laid down in a small treatise pub-
lished by him, biit which, being now out of print, we publish,
to save the author the labor of rewriting : —

REMARKS.

The following remarks upon the management of the pelar-
gonium, are principally intended for the guidance of private
growers ; for the method of training adopted by exhibitors is
not that which I think best calculated to make the finest
display upon the home stage. It is requisite that plants in-
tended for exhibition should have every truss carefully sup-
ported by a stick, or they would not bear the transit without
considerable injury ; this gives them a stiff, unnatural appear-
ance, very different to that where Nature predominates over
Art. Again, for exhibition, it is requisite that the flowers
should be much closer to the foliage than is desirable in a
private collection. If the accompanying directions are fol-
lowed, the plants ought to be close and bushy until the end of
April, when the flower-stalks should push boldly above the
foliage, so that when the whole are in flower, the eye should
rest on a rich varied sheet of bloom, unbroken by the dis-
figurement of the innumerable sticks so offensive at our grcu
Metropolitan Shows. I have endeavored to give the colors
accurately ; but the tints are so varied, and called by such

38 Cultivation of the Pelargonium.

different names, that it is no easy matter to convey right im-
pressions to all minds.

SOIL.

This should always be in stock. A top spit of turfy loam
in alternate layers, with the muckings out of the stable, al-
lowed to lie in a heap till the straw is well decomposed, and
then turned repeatedly in frosty weather until well incorpo-
rated, forms an excellent staple, and should be placed under
some open shed, and protected from washing rains. Cow-
dung, several years old, when it assumes the appearance of
black mould, peat that contains plenty of vegetable fibre, and
the best silver sand, should be housed in a similar mamier.
Presuming a provision of this kind to be at hand, we will fol-
low the plants as they go from my stock.

POTTING FOR WINTER.

They are sent out by me in four-inch pots, and well estab-
lished ; shift them at once to a six-inch size, with plenty of
crocks, into a compost of two-thirds turfy loam, as above de-
scribed, not sifted, only rubbed down, and the larger stones
picked out, and the remaining third peat and silver sand.
Promote their growing freely until they have rooted well
round the pots, then keep them quiet by withholding water
as much as possible, and by giving them abundance of air ;
pinch the tops off the shoots, leaving not more than three eyes
to break from.

POTTING FOR BLOOMING.

At the beginning of February, shift them again into eight-
inch pots. An oyster shell over the hole, and a less quantity
of crocks, will give abundant drainage. Let the soil be three
fourths turfy loam, the remainder silver sand and cow-dung.
Rub off by hand the outside and top of the ball ; pot mod-
erately solid ; bury a portion of the stem if too long ; support
and train out the leading shoots, if possible, to short sticks,
and water with a rose. Keep them close, to encourage their
rooting ; then give them air at every opportunity, but avoid
doing so in cold easterly winds, which are always better ex-
cluded.

FIRE HEAT.

Ought to be withheld as much as possible. If the house is
fitted with roller blinds and curtains for the front and ends,

Cultivation of the Pelargonium. 39

several degrees of frost may be excluded by their use ; and if
we set the fuel saved, and the better condition of the plants,
against the wear and tear of blinds, we shall find ourselves no
losers by their use. In severe weather, do not let the fire
heat, particularly at night, raise the temperature above 45 de-
grees. Pans of water for evaporation, placed on the heating
apparatus, whether pipes or flues, will be found valuable.

BLOOMING.

In April, we begin to arrange for this interesting time, now
at hand. The blooming shoots should be trained out by
sticks, that ought not to appear higher than the base of the
flower-stalk : the truss that will not support itself is either
drawn or unfit for the amateur's stage. Air should be freely
given from early in the morning till two, three, or four o'clock,
when the sun warmth should be shut in, and the syringe oc-
casionally drawn over them. The water should be rain, con-
ducted from the roof into a tank under the stage, or other
convenient place, where it will be kept at the temperature of
the house — an imj)ortant 'point. At the end of this month,
the eye, brought to a level with the plants, should look hori-
zontally over a surface of buds standing above the foliage,
similar to a crop of barley, when ripening.

FUMIGATION.

At all times, the plants should be kept clean ; but previously
to the flowers appearing, it is indispensable that not a green
fly should be allowed to exist ; fumigate, therefore, whether
aphides be detected or not.

STAGING.

The arrangement of the plants on the stage, when they are in
bloom is a point deserving of attention, for the general efiect is
very much heightened thereby. Some flowers, which will not
bear a nearer situation, are striking when placed at a distance
from the eye ; then again, placing the most opposite colors side
by side displays them to much greater advantage. But on this
point I need not enlarge.

BLINDS.

To preserve the flowers in bloom, the bees must be care-
fully kept out ; nothing answers better, for this purpose, than
cheap open muslin blinds, about A.d. per yard. By this means,
the light and air will be freely admitted, while the insects are

40 Cultivation of the Pelargonium.

effectually excluded. [This is very important ; we have had
many other flowers injured by bees, as well as pelargoniums,
especially azaleas, and if bee-raisers knew the injury their
bees do to their neighbors, they would banish them from their
premises. In very large greenhouses, it will be attended with
trouble and expense to put up the blinds recommended by Mr.
Beck, but where there are bees, it must be done, or the flowers
will be quite spoiled. — Ed.]

CUTTINGS

Should be taken off" the plants when they can be got. They
strike more readily early than in autumn, and, in addition,
they make finer plants. If not obtamed before, they must be
selected at the general

CUTTING DOWN.

This is generally in July. The plants should be allowed
to become quite dry, and then be cut back as closely as the
leaving suflicient eyes will allow. They should be kept in
the greenhouse, and have plenty of air until the wounds are
healed, then be watered and kept close, to induce them to
break strongly. This they will soon do, and the shoots length-
en to an inch or more, when they should again be allowed to
dry, be shaken out, the roots cut boldly back with a sharp
knife, and repotted into a six-inch size. If plunged into gentle
bottom-heat, they will soon root round the pots, and be in a
state for the same course of treatment which they received as
young plants. [In our dry climate, the plants may remam in
the open air, where they heal up rapidly enough. Neither is
it important to plunge the plants in bottom heat, after they
are potted. — Ed.]

STRIKING.

This is performed in a variety of ways. Mr. Cock, than
whom there is not a more successful exhibitor, strikes all his
cuttings in the ground under a hand-glass, without heat. Our
method is to make a very open compost from a large admix-
ture of sand, then plunge them on the surface of a tank, cov-
ering them with hand-lights, kept close during the day, and
removing the tops at night. In this way, Mr. Dobson is very
successful. The average time they take to emit roots is three
weeks, when they are potted singly into small sizes, and
when well rooted, they are shifted into the four-inch pots, in

Cultivation of the Pelargonium. 41

which they are sent out. [In our fine, dry, and warm cU-
mate, especially in July, the mode adopted by Mr. Cock is
full as successful as that practised by Mr. Dobson. — Ed.^

I would conclude these observations by remarking, that a
different treatment to the above, in many particulars, may be
followed with equal success. Practice and observation are
far better instructers than the most careful directions. Season,
situation, soils, &c., exercise their influence, and produce dif-
ferent results, even when the course of treatment is precisely
similar. But it may be taken as a rule, that neglect will be
followed by its natural consequence — inferiority both of speci-
mens and bloom. He who waters his plants without first
ascertaining whether they require it, must not be surprised at
the appearance of the spot, or at their dying altogether. He
who allows them to be crowded together in ill-ventilated
houses, must expect them to be drawn in foliage and flower ;
and he who purchases the new varieties, and allows them
to remain till April in the pots they are sent out in, starving
for room, and filthy with fly, must not expect to see the blooms
exhibiting their true character, or answering the expectations
of the purchaser.

DESCRIPTION OF MR. BECK's PELARGONIUMS.

Seedlings of 1845, senL out October last.

Aurora, raised in 1844, and unequalled in my collection. — Eye very
striking, purely white at the base of the back petals, which are of a rich
glowing crimson, inclining to scarlet, with a deep blotch, leaving merely a
lighter edge ; bottom petals of a fine glowing crimson ; good substance, free
bloomer, and excellent habit.

Received prize at Horticultural Society's Exhibition, 1844, and the high-
est prize at the same, 1845, and at the Botanical Society's Exhibition also.

Competitor, 1845. — A rich-colored flower, top petals covered with an
even tint of velvety-maroon, leaving a narrow rim of rosy crimson on the
edge ; centre of the flower light, slightly tinged with blue, with lower petals
of a bright rosy purple, with a deep rose-colored spot in each ; free bloomer
and good habit.

Received the prize at the Horticultural and Regent's Park Exhibitions,
1845, and the medal at each of the same exhibitions this season.

Hebe^s Lip. — Velvety-crimson top petals, with dark spot gradually shad-
ing off" to the margin ; white centre, with bright rosy pink under petals;
large flower, free bloomer and good habit.

Shown at Regent's Park only, 1845, and obtained prize. Exhibited this

VOL. XIII. NO. I. 6

42 Cultivation of the Pelargonium.

season at Horticultural Society's Exhibition, and Regent's Park, and re-
ceived a medal at each.

Bacchus, 1845. — A fancy flower of very fine shape, the upper petals a
deep maroon, with a narrow border of rose ; centre white, rose-colored un-
der petals, having dark clearly defined veins and blotches in each ; excellent
habit and free bloomer.

Shown only this season at Chiswick, and obtained the Silver Banksian
Medal.

Patrician, 1845. — Very finely-formed flower, rosy pink lower petals, with
dark top ones changing to rosy crimson on the edge ; excellent quality,
habit and bloomer, but more common in colors than the others.

Shown at the Botanical Society's Exhibition, 1845, and received a prize ;
and this year at the same, and obtained silver medal, and at Chiswick, and
obtained certificate of merit.

Resplendent, 1844. — Rather small flower, the color of Foster's Confla-
gration, with a whitish-tinged eye and a well-defined spot ; a free bloomer
and good habit.

Shown for the scarlet prize at the Botanical Society's Exhibition, 1845,
and obtained it.

Sirius. — A large-sized crimson-scarlet flower, of excellent quality and
substance, and has been much admired in my collection.

Gigantic. — This is sent out as a Trade flower only. It is of great size,
forming large and abundant trusses, making a striking object on the stage,
and is also well adapted for exhibition, particularly in the country.

[The prices of these are £l. lis. to £2. 2s. each. — Ed.]

I beg to remark, that their characters are not my own, but taken from the
Reports of the Exhibition, with the exception of the two last.

Seedlings 0/1844, sent out October, 1845.

If the Exhibition Lists are consulted, it will be seen how often the fol-
lowing have been shown and obtained the highest prize in the class "New
and First-rate Varieties."

Arabella. — A beautiful flower, with white centre ; ground-color warm
rosy pink ; deep blotch on the top petals, softening into crimson ; free
bloomer, good habit, and constant.

Othello. — A flower of novel character ; the upper petals of a deep even
purple color, surrounded by a perfect margin of a rosy tint ; under petals of
an even rosy purple color ; close habit, and not an abundant bloomer.

Desdemona. — A striking flower, from the great contrast between the up-
per petals, which are a rich maroon, surrounded by a narrow rim of pink,
and the lower ones, which are a pinkish white, terminating in a white cen-
tre ; good habit, free bloomer, and constant. This flower has an inclination
to twist.

Marc Antony. — To deep-colored top petals, bordered by a narrow rim of
light rose, are united bottom ones of light rosy pink ; in the centre of each
is a purplish spot ; good habit and free bloomer.

Isabella. — Delicate warm pink under petals, uniform in color, short and

Descriptive Account of the Grape. 43

well rounded ; top petals deep bright maroon, softening evenly to the edge,
which is of a warm pink, similar to the under petals ; free bloomer and good
in habit.

Mustee. — Handsome large flower ; ground-color delicate warm pink, with
a steady purple maroon blotch ; good habit, and free bloomer.

Rosy Circle. — Fresh rosy color, dark, well defined spot; good round stiff
flower ; profuse bloomer, and constant.

Favorita. — This flower is inferior to Foster's Favorite,h\it sufficiently like
it to be mistaken for it. Its good quality consists in its constancy ; and,
from its habit of growth and bloom, it is desirable for either the private
stage or exhibition table.

Margaret. — A small, smooth, good-shaped maroon-colored flower; pro-
fuse bloomer ; the lower petals flat, pink ; the margin on the upper ones is
of a bright tint.

Zenobia. — A very attractive flower, but defective in its general form, the
lower petals being too pointed. Its novelty consists in its massive mulberry
spot on the upper petals, margined with rose ; centre white, lower petals
delicate pink ; profuse bloomer, and good habit.

Art. VII. Descriptive Account of Thirty-two Varieties of
Grapes., fruited in 1846 ; with Remarks upon their gen-
eral qualities, &c. By J. F. Allen, Salem, Mass.

Below is a list of the grapes which I have grown under
glass, and exhibited at the rooms of the Massachusetts Hor-
ticultural Society this season, with a description of them.

By the term, "hangs well," may be understood that the
fruit will keep on the vine, after it is ripe, sixty days, or
more ; provided, that proper attention is given, to keep the
house dry and well aired: by a "late house," is meant one
in which fire heat is applied in autumn, to ripen and preserve
the crop.

Black Hamburgh. — More extensively cultivated, and de-
servedly so, in the vicinity of Boston, than any other grape
under glass. It is a great bearer, the flavor very rich and
sweet ; bunch large, shouldered alike on both sides ; berries
roundish and sometimes elongated, large, and, when well
grown, very black, with a thick bloom. Good for forcing,
cold, or a late house; hangs well. It was sent to England
about eighty years since from Hamburgh, and this name giv-

44 Descriptive Account of

en to it there : in the north of Europe, it is grown by the name
of Frankendale, which is probably the true one.

Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh. — A new variety, quite
distinct ; bunch large and shouldered ; berries very large,
round, black, with a very thick bloom, and having a ham-
mered appearance ; flesh firm, and nearly, if not quite, equal
to the old Hamburgh ; in appearance handsome ; hangs well,
and suitable for forcing, cold, or late house.

Wilmot's Black Hamburgh. No. 16. — Another seedling
disseminated by Mr. Wilmot ; fully equal to the old, and per-
haps with more spirit : bunch large shouldered ; berries
round and large.

Zinfindal. — A very handsome grape ; bunch large and
long, often with one, and sometimes two, shoulders on the
same side, nearly as large as the main bunch ; berries medi-
um size, round and very black, with a thick bloom ; flavor
good : when first colored, quite acid ; should remain on th5
vine several weeks after apparently ripe, or until the berries
begin to shrivel. Suitable for a forcing or late house. It is
probably a German grape. I cannot find any described an-
swering to it.

It was first grown in this vicinity by S. G. Perkins, Esq-,
of Brookline, who received it from a gentleman in New York
state ; it very closely resembles a grape miscalled Franken-
dale, (also grown in this neighborhood,) but it is not the
same, being more acid.

Frankendale — alluded to above; resembles the Zinfindal
in every particular except flavor, and this is quite sweet. It
is proper to mention, here, that the two are thought synony-
mous by many ; this last I have not grown myself, but have
carefully examined it in other houses, and only name it here
as connected with the Zinfindal ; as it is desirable the true
name of each should be found, and this may be the means of
calling attention to them.

Black Portugal. — A strong-growing grape, of fair quahty;
bunch very large, shouldered, and compact ; berries set
well ; requires severe thinning, oval and very black, with a
thick bloom ; should hang some weeks after coloring, before
eating. Suitable for forcing cold or late house.

Early Black July. — The earliest grape ; bunch small and

Thirty-two Varieties of the Grape. 45

compact ; berries small, and covered with a rich bloom ; when
first colored, very acid, but will, by hanging, become very
pleasant-flavored. Too small to be desirable in the forcing
house.

Miller's Burgundy. — Very like the early Black July, but
easily distinguished by the foliage of this being covered with
a white down. Not worth a place in the house.

EsPERioNE. — Bunch very large and shouldered ; berries
black, round, medium size, with a thick bloom ; flavor sweet ;
does not hang well ; the berries soon shrivel and become dry
and poor.

Hansteretto, or Hanstetto. — Bunch large ; berries large,
black, and oval ; does not set well.

Black Prince. — A fine, spirited grape ; bunch long and
shouldered ; berries oval, black, with a thick bloom ; medium
size ; sometimes cracks ; hangs long. Suitable for forcing,
cold, or late house.

Black St. Peter's. — Very like the Black Prince ; hangs
long.

Black Prolific — A good grape; bunch very large and
shouldered: berries black, round, with a rich bloom, very
like the Black Hamburgh ; hangs well. Suitable for forcing,
cold or late house.

WoRTLEY Hall Seedling. — The latest grape, and a very
good one ; bunch medium size; berries large, long and oval ;
black and covered with a thick bloom; hangs well; cracks
some. Suitable for a late house only.

Black Tripoli. — A good sweet grape, resembles the Black
Hamburgh ; berries more elongated.

Red Traminer. — A rich grape ; bunch large and shouldered ;
berries medium size, round and red colored; hangs well.
Suitable for forcing or cold house.

Aleppo. — A good grape ; bmich large and shouldered ; ber-
ries medium size and round : the color, when first formed,
red, changing to almost white at maturity. Suitable for forc-
ing, cold or late house.

Rose or Red Chasselas, a handsome grape, of good qual-
ity ; bunch rather small ; berries medium size, and of a red
or rose color ; hangs well. Suitable for all houses.

White Frontignan. — One of the best Muscat grapes ; bunch

46 Thirty-two Vai'ieties of the Grape.

medium size, rarely, but sometimes shouldered ; ripens about
ten days after the Hamburgh, and requires a dry situation ; in
a wet soil it will shrivel or shank and will not be worth cul-
tivation. Berries large and round, and when well ripened,
of a beautiful amber color ; does not hang so well as many
kinds. Suitable for forcing cold or late house.

Grizzly Frontignan. — Another fine Muscat grape ; bunch
not very large, slightly shouldered ; color reddish gray, with
a thick bloom ; ripens before the Black Hamburgh and other
Frontignans ; hangs well. Suitable for forcing cold or late
house.

Black Frontignan — Same flavor as the other Muscats:
bunch long; berries black and round; requires the same
situation as the Avhite. Suitable for all houses.

Tottenham Park Muscat. — A seedling from the Muscat of
Alexandria, which it resembles. Bunch large and shouldered ;
berries oval, amber colored; flavor, muscat, but the two
years 1 have grown it, it has not been so rich as its parent ;
sets well^ and hangs well. Suitable for forcing and late
house.

Charlsworth Tokay. — A very fine grape of muscat flavor ;
hangs long. Suitable for forcing or late house.

White Muscat of Alexandria. — Bunch very large, and
shouldered ; does not set well ; one of the richest muscat
grapes ; berries large, oval, and of an amber color ; hangs
long. Suitable for forcing and late house.

Chasselas de Bar Sur Aube. — A very fine white grape ;
bunch large and long, often ten to twelve inches, usually
without shoulders ; very like the White Chasselas in flavor,
but to be preferred for planting ; a great bearer and sets well ;
berries medium size, round, and when fully ripe amber color ;
ripens before the common Chasselas. Suitable for forcing or
a cold house.

Muscadine or Early White. — Closely resembles the Bar
Sur Aube, but, with me, ripens ten to fifteen days earlier.
Good for forcing.

Golden Chasselas. — A fine grape; bunch long, sometimes
shouldered; berries, large, round, and of a golden color; some
seasons cracking badly ; does not hang well for this reason.
Suitable for forcing and cold house.

Horticultural Memoranda. 4tt

White Gascoigne. — A fine white grape ; bunch large and
compact, with shoulders; berries inclining to oval, cracks,
and does not hang well. Suitable for forcing or cold house.

PiTMASTON White Cluster. — Bunch small, compact and
shouldered; berries small, rich, and amber colored. Suita-
ble for forcing or a cold house.

Verdelho. — The Madeira wine grape ; bunch, medium size
and shouldered ; berries small and oval, and amber colored ;
flavor rich ; hangs well.

White Nice. — Bunch very large ; berries small and round ;
rich flavored.

Syrian. — Bunch very large and shouldered ; berries oval ;
flesh firm, and, if allowed to hang until of an amber color,
very fine flavored ; hangs well. Suitable for forcing or late
house.

Salem, December, 1846.

It is scarcely necessary for us to make a remark upon the
above most excellent and invaluable article to every grape
cultivator ; for Mr. Allen is every where well known as one of
our most zealous amateur grape-growers, devoting nearly all
his leisure time to this choice fruit alone. His liouses are of
great extent, and grapes are cut nearly the year round — com-
mencing with the forced ones, in April, and ending with those
from the late house, in January. Mr. Allen has upwards of
sixty varieties of grapes planted out, but he has only given
us the results of his own experience in regard to such as have
fruited, leaving the others to be noticed hereafter, when their
qualities can be compared and tested in the same manner as
those now enumerated. In connection with Mr. Russell's,
and other articles we have given heretofore, it affords all the
information any cultivator need require to produce grapes in
the greatest abundance and perfection. — Ed.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR JANUARY.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines in greenhouses and graperies will be at rest, and will require
no particular care till next month. Vines in hot houses will now begin to

48 Horticultural Memoranda.

show their buds, and will require much attention at this early season. Vines
in pots may now be brought into the greenhouse, where they will push their
buds early, and ripen a good crop of fruit, if properly managed.

Peach Trees in pots may now be brought into the greenhouse or vinery.

Figs in pots may be also forced in the same way.

Scions of fruit trees may be cut now, and placed away for use in spring.
Insert the lower ends in a box of earth.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Camellias y^iW now be the most brilliant ornaments of the greenhouse, and
will continue so until the roses begin to open their blossoms. But to enjoy
a good collection of this splendid flower, it is necessary that the plants
should be in the most healthy and flourishing condition. They should be
well shaped, the foliage deep green, glossy and rich, and the decaying
flowers should also be gathered every morning. An occasional syringing
should be given on fine days, with perfectly clean water, and with a good
supply of moisture at the roots they will continue to flourish and give an
abundance of flowers. Attend to the impregnation of the flowers if seeds
are wanted.

Japan Lilies should now be carefully repotted, injuring none of the fleshy
roots ; the offsets should be carefully taken off and placed in small pots.
The best soil is peat and leaf mould, with a very small quantity of loam
and sand. Place in a cool shady situation till the tops appear above the
soil.

Dahlias for very early flowering should be potted this month.

Roses will now be coming forward rapidly, and will need attention. Sy-
ringe freely, and keep the earth sufficiently moist without being too wet.
Fumigate as often as the green fly appears ; and water every 10 or 15 days
with weak guano. Repot young plants rooted in August.

Pelargoniums will now be acquiring strength to push their new growth,
as soon as they are repotted the last part of the month. Keep them rather
dry, and as near the light as possible.

Gloxinias, Gesneras and Achimenes may be potted now, and placed in the
warmest part of the house, when they will come forward early.

Azaleas may now begin to have rather more liberal supplies of water.

Cactuses should now be rather sparingly watered.

Fuchsias intended for raising young plants should now be placed in a
warm situation, in order to induce them to make shoots for cuttings. Old
plants do well headed quite down to the ground ; they then throw up a
strong straight shoot.

Pansy seed may now be sown to supply young plants for early planting
in the borders.

Nemophila'i should now have another shift into the next size pots.

Heaths will require attention ; if the pots are|full of roots, let the plants be
shifted at once ; water carefully, and syringe occasionally over the tops.

Verbenas should be repotted now.

THE MAGAZINE

OF

HORTICULTURE-

FEBRUARY, 1847.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. Root Grafting the Peach Tree and Rose ; Grafting
the Pear upon the Apple ; the Apricot on the Peach ; new
Mode of Raising Ciiciimhers^ S^c. By M. W. Phillips,
Esq., Log Hall, Edwards, Miss.

I HAVE neglected a reasonable duty longer than I should,
but my various duties have so completely taken up my time
at home, that I have postponed.

In comparison with trees groAvn in this latitude, your trees
are far behind in size, though equal in the bright and healthy
appearance of the bark and twigs. I can assuredly show
maiden pear trees, double and treble the size of yours, and
peach trees that are full twelve feet high, and two to three
inches in diameter. I do not wish to be understood as over-
rating my country, but as giving the facts, that I know I can
show any day. I can show fifty varieties of pear, maiden
trees, that will average ten feet high, with size and branches
to correspond. I have lost of pears nearly all that have been
here long enough to bear, whilst some, here since 1832, have
size, health and vigor, but never yet fruited.

Have you ever tried grafting peach trees 7 Have you any
knowledge of root grafting of the peach 7 I can show a few
grafted peach trees that are decidedly the prettiest trees I have,
not so tall, nor inclined to make long branches, but more
bushy. I desired some varieties, that were too remote to get
buds, and where I could get no one to work me a tree as a
specimen, as a dernier resort, I concluded to try grafting, and
though the trees were in bloom, the 'grafts with leaves and
bloom, I grafted, and have specimens about seven feet high,

VOL. xni. — ^No. II. 7

50 Root Grafting, 6^c.

grafted between the 6th and 9th of March, near one month
too late for this chmate, hut I could not get the grafts in time.
I was induced to try it, having been told by a youth that his
father succeeded well in grafting the peach, by using the
terminal ends of branches, and whip grafting. I did not graft
thus, but pared the graft as for whip grafting, and then split
the bark of the stock, and inserted the graft.

Root grafting the peach will be regarded, in this country,
as something new ; with your experienced countrymen it may
not, but it has advantages over all other modes. I received the
hint from a friend near Mississippi city, who informed me
that a neighbor of his, who was a very expert budder, and who
budded for any that required, would not work his own trees,
and gave, as his reason, that he intended to root graft, that it
was more certain, and made handsomer trees. Previous to
this, I Avas shown a lot of trees that were root grafted in
Hatch's nursery, but the information was vague ; since that
time, the gardener who worked the trees has returned, and says
they were worked on refuse roots, that were left after remov-
ing trees, and that he uses any part of the branches, just as
in any other grafting, and that he gave the hint to a gentle-
man who was either living, or was moving below, but is not
certain that the above gentleman is the one. Mr. Patrick
O'Connor, gardener at Hatch's nursery, has assuredly very
successfully root grafted the peach, and they are five to eight
or ten feet high — maiden trees.

He also root grafts the rose, and upon removal, the junction
is complete, and the wound will not be observable in another
twelve months. These trees and roses are, if any thing,
larger than I desire to remove. The advantages are, that, in
the month of February, when but little out-door work can be
advantageously done, the peach can be grafted ; the trees will
be saleable in November to any one, whereas my budded trees
of, say 10th of June, are not large enough to please one in
fifty, yet they are, in some instances, as large as those you
sent me ; and there is not such necessity for peach pits, and
so long culture. So far as I know, or can learn, Mr. O'Con-
nor deserves the credit, for he has actually the trees to show.
As to grafting the pear on the apple stock, I recommend it
to nurserymen, who desire wood, on the same principle as

Root Grafting, 6f'c. 51

for budding the rose ; the growth the first year is truly as-
tonishing, though probably on the same size pear stock, it
would be as great. My reason for inquiring — page 430,
November number — about this kind of grafting was. a friend
sent me eight different pears grafted on apple stocks. I had
expressed to him an unfavorable opinion of the plan, he
boasted of the size, and would prove to me I was wrong.
Before August, four of the eight were dead, and the residue
not promising, except two, Meadow and Butter. Upon no-
ticing his own trees, I find the ends of branches have decayed,
and that the trees seen by me are unhealthy.

I have seen many apricots worked on the peach, and I can
see no objection to it, our peach trees not being, in this partic-
ular region, so liable to decay as with you. I would recom-
mend grafting in the earth, so that the apricot could be under
the earth. We have no other stock here that will suit, our
Chickasaw plum stock not being large enough, and is too slow
in growth : our native plum, though large enough, is too slow.
What do you work apricot and plums on? The plum will
not live on the peach, — so says an intimate friend, zealous in
the cause, but young in it. I have never tried.

When giving you my experiment with soot and saltpetre for
cucumbers and melons, I ought to have included purple eg^
plant ; for this last it seems a soak, that is well adapted to
pushing vegetation forward, as well as keeping off a fly, or
flea, that destroys them. I could not succeed to get a plant,
save under glass, until I tried this steep. I have, from time
to time, tried ashes, soot, salt, lime, dry dust, smoking the
plants in the morn, with tobacco smoke from my cigar, but
they were not effectual. At length, in 1844, I tried the steep
first on the egg squash, and noticing some change, I tried it
immediately on cucumbers and from that time. I declare to
you, I have not seen a striped bug around my plants.

I differ from any person, except a lady now in Virginia, in
the mode of planting cucumbers. I make a rich, light, deep
tilled bed, about ten by sixteen or eighteen feet ; I then mark
off rows north and south, two feet apart, and draw up into
ridges, as high as can be, with a hoe. I then rake down the
ridge, so as thoroughly to pulverize the top, and plant my
steeped seeds some two inches apart ; cover lightly and press

52 Root Grafting, 6^c.

the earth with a plank. When the bud has formed, between
the semmal leaves, I pluck up the weak plants, leaving a
stand about a foot apart. My cultivation is then to hill up
once, so as to support the stem erect, and keep clean. From
a bed of this size, I have fed my family of about twenty-five,
and have gathered, myself, a bushel at a time for hogs, that
were not yellow. I think the fruit sets earlier, and that the
earth, being well shaded, they last longer. How it will do in
your climate I know not, but my teacher — the lady alluded
to — says, in Virginia, it is decidedly the best plan. In con-
sequence of my success in this, pursuing it since 1838, 1 have
put my melons six feet by about four, my former distance be-
ing eight feet square.

" My peach orchard numbers over one" thousand, instead
of " one hundred ;" these, with six hundred apples and three
hundred and fifty pears, will not admit of wrapping with paper
and then tarring. I must have something more readily ap-
plied. I will rely on whitewash with cowdung, for even
milk and soot would be too costly where one feeds his cows
entirely from his house, as I do, through choice, instead of
being uncertain, the cows not coming up.

I use, in my nursery, narrow strips of the pasteboard from
sperm candle boxes, hung on lower limbs. This frightens off
the rabbit.

I know the pear will succeed in this latitude, and do not
think Boston, or the northernmost limit in which they will
grow, can excel us. The only difficulty is winter pears.
My object is, not to prove this fact, but to prove which are
the best varieties. I am greatly pleased that you approve this
step of mine, for I really feel that I will do immense service to
my country, and of course secondarily aid all nurserymen.
\ am a cotton planter, rely only on that business for a living,
and ought to be considered a disinterested witness. But the
fruits will be here, side by side, to show for themselves.

I am influenced by a desire to induce men and women and
children, to love home, be industrious and temperate. If they
could enjoy fruits and flowers in abundance at home, they
would, it seems to me, become attached to the trees and plants ;
they would be at home all the time, and would inadvertently
work among them ; ennui, the ruin of this country, could

Root Grafting, ^c. 53

never be ; and, having fine fruits to hand to visiters and to
eat without stint, dram-drinking would become a thing of
yesterday. This is my first desire, and in truth my exertions
have been to this end, from the beginning. If there was less
desire to accumulate wealth, and more taste for the beautiful,
I have no doubt but what morals, education and religion, too,
would be advanced. I have acted under this belief, and 1
hope to taste the fruits thereof ere I am borne hence. My
motives have been impugned ; but I expected it, and only for
a moment have I faltered, — and who can bear to have his
nearest friends call one a theoretical book-farmer, a humbug,
and all that sort of croaking slang 1 That I have been often
wrong, is to be expected, but I have tried to be right.

Have you ever budded the apple on the pear 7 A gentle-
man of great zeal in aboriculture, and of unquestioned truth,
assures me he has had the apple to fruit, two years from the
bud, when put on the pear.

"We have much to learn yet, and T fancy amateurs must do
much of the teaching, because regular nurserymen and gard-
eners have their hands full, without trying experiments. I
have myself no fondness for extra natural things, and have
never tried any, in that way. I have worked pear on apple,
but upon the strong recommendation of a friend ; I do work
apricot on the peach, but I cannot get a better stock ; and if
worked, so as to cover the wound in the earth, I really see,
by practice, no kind of objection. I will continue until I can
get a thrifty stock. I am planting a number of apricot seed ;
if I succeed well with them, I will adopt this as a stock. I
do not think there will be much more, if any, time required.
I can produce apricots from the bud, at least eight to ten feet,
and why should a seedling not do this ?

You must only notice my rambling remarks, for I have but
little time to write for a magazine of merit.
Log Hall, Edwards, Miss., Dec. 14, 1846.

The communication of our correspondent contains many
good hints and suggestions, which the practica man, as well
as the amateur, will find worthy of attention.

The growth which trees make in the south'.vestern States
is certainly remarkable ; but is such a rapid growth desira-
7*

54 Root Grafting, <^c.

ble 7 f Does it not tend to produce blight ? And can the wood
be so well matured as when the growth is slower? These
are subjects worthy of consideration by the orchardist.

Such trees as our correspondent states he has had since
1832, without coming into fruit, we should deem fit subjects
for root-pruning ; this, we are sure, will speedily induce them
to bear. It at once checks the growth, and causes the forma-
tion of fruit spurs. We have tried this ourselves, and seen
it fully and successfully tried by others. It may be done the
coming spring.

We have root grafted the pear, apple and plum, but never
the peach, as we could not see that any thing could be gained
by the operation, for the seedlings are always of sufficient
size to bud the first year, and there is far more leisure in the
months of August and September to do this, than to graft in
the spring. We do not doubt but that the operation of root
grafting may be as well done on the peach as with the plum ;
and of the latter we have had fine trees ; as to the graft mak-
ing a much handsomer tree, we think this must be an error.
No better trees can be produced than those we have raised
from buds, being clothed with branches to the ground, — far
more numerous than should be allowed to remain when the
trees are removed where they are to stand. Where peach
stones are difficult to procure, root grafting may be very de-
sirable, as roots from old trees can be had for the purpose.

Root grafting the rose is very extensively practised with us,
and of the very rare kinds we raise hundreds in this manner.
So successful is the operation, that, from scions cut from trees
imported from France in October, we have had plants a foot
high in May, and ready for planting out into the border, and,
of perpetuals, in full bloom in nine months.

The apricot will do very well upon the peach, and where the
peach borer is not troublesome, it will answer every purpose.
But in this region the borer commits such ravages that the
plum stock is far the best ; besides, the plum checks the rapid
growth of the tree, and consequently the wood is better
ripened and able to resist severe winters. We work our apri-
cots upon the muscle plum, which is a free grower. The
Chickasaw and Canada plum are both unfit, though we know
many nurserymen who use them altogether. We have sev-

Cultivation of the Pear. 55

eral trees, procured of various nurserymen, in our collection,
on the Canada plum, and, in a late gale, a large tree was
broken off at the junction of the graft, from the overgrowth
of the scion. We would recommend the muscle plum to our
correspondent, as the very best stock for the apricot.

We have never budded the apple on the pear. Though
the apple will undoubtedly grow, it is doubtful whether such
a union will be of any utility. Perhaps, to test a new variety
as soon as possible, it may be advantageous ; but we need ex-
periments to show whether trees will continue to produce fine
fruit after they once begin to bear. We shall be happy to
learn the results of any experiments of this kind, which our
correspondent or his friends may be induced to try. — Ed.

Art. II. Results of the Cultivation of the Pear and other
Fruit in the Southern Slates. By R. Chishoui, Esq., Cor-
responding Secretary of the Beaufort Agricultural Society.

I PROMISED you, last summer twelve months, to communi-
cate my experience in fruit, but the past summer has been so
very unfavorable that I have had very little fruit, nearly all
having rotted on the trees. Of peaches, nectarines, and plums,
I did not get one single good fruit, though my trees were load-
ed, except from a tree of the Bolmar Washington plum, which
bore about fifteen or eighteen, which all came to perfection,
the largest being fully six and a half inches in circumference.
My apples were generally wormy and rotted before ripening.
My pears did rather better, though they too rotted very badly.
The Epargne bore well, and, from one or two fruit picked at
the right time, I should call it a good, juicy, and sweet fruit ; but
1 allowed most of the fruit to remain on the tree until over-
ripe, when they were mealy and flavorless. The Epine d'Ete,
or summer thorn, bore well also, and the fruit was larger than
the year before, and probably better, but I thought it only
fully second quality. The Grey Butter, St. Germain, Winter
Bon Chretien, Crassane, and Verte Longue Panache bore
well, and their fruits were about equal, though very different,

56 Cultivation of the Pear.

and I consider them of the first quality. The Echasserie, I
should also pronounce first quality, though it bore only a few
imperfect fruit. The true Virgouleuse bore a quantity of fruit,
but they all were cracked, knotty and utterly uneatable, which
is, I believe, the great objection to it, as the fruit is fine when
in perfection. The White Butter was knotty as usual with
me, and consequently just eatable. The best pear I ate dur-
ing the season was one of the size and shape of the summer
Thorn, but without any color on the cheek, and ripening
about one month later, the name of which I do not know, though
I am under the impression, from no good reason, that I received
it as the Doyenne, de la Motte, but I hope to be able to test
this point the next summer, as I hope that the tree I have
under that name will bear fruit if I can get rid of the bark
lice that infest it. Even my orange trees, which bore about
10,000 or 12,000 a year ago, have this season borne only
about 200 oranges. My oranges, by the by, were pronounced
the last year, by all who tasted them, as the best they had
ever tasted, except by one gentleman, who thought that those
he had eaten from the tree in Cuba were superior.

The cultivation of fruit, especially of peaches and pears, is
extending rapidly hereabouts. Of the apples, plums, and
cherries, we are doubtful of success, though some of us are
trying them. — I mean to graft and bud my apples mainly upon
our native crab, which I find on the plantation, and the oth-
ers upon native or acclimated stocks. I think that when we
are fairly under way, the north will get its best peaches and
late pears from the south, and the south its best apples, plums,
and early pears from the north, at least so says my theory on
the subject ; Q. E. D. as you will probably say — I am sowing
the seed of pears to try.

My small olive trees were loaded with fruit this year for
the first time ; but, just before the fruit was ripe, it Avas all
blown down by the gale of the lOth and 11th of October. I
have several hundred trees just coming into bearing.

If you raise figs in your houses, why do you not try the
Celestial, one of the smallest, but a good bearer, and the best
fig known here and to the south, and also the Alicante, a
very large, very productive, ever-bearing, and fine blue
fig? These are our two best figs. Wishing you many

Observations on Root Pruning. 57

able contributors, and many punctual subscribers, I remain
yours.

Near Beaufort, S. C, Dec. 21, 1846.

Will our correspondent be so kind as to forward us, at a
convenient opportunity, a tree of each of the figs he so highly
recommends 1 We are now importing some new sorts from
Europe with the hope of making a collection of the best ; and
would be glad to have the Celestial and Alicante to compare
with the European sorts, and note their relative merits. The
fine pear alluded to of the shape of the summer Thorn may
be the St. Ghislain, which resembles that variety in form.
Bark lice may be easily destroyed by washing with oil soap
about the consistence of common paint. — £ld.

Art. III. Observations on Root Pruning. By A. H. Ernst.

Cincirmati.

Permit me to make a few remarks, through your Magazine,
on root pruning as adapted to the culture of trees. This, al-
though a popular measure with some writers and cultivators,
I cannot but view as a sort of horticultural heresy, calculated
to produce much mischief This practice will have its day,
and then be permitted to slumber among the errors of the
times.

The principle of life, growth, and durability of trees, is not
unlike that of the animal. To secure these ends to the fullest
extent, both must be supplied with good and healthy nour-
ishment, suited to their condition, and just in proportion to the
number, capacity and healthy action of the receiving or ab-
sorbing vessels, will the plant or animal be benefited by it : if
these are obstructed or crippled, it is clear the plant or animal
must suffer just in proportion to such obstruction, however
ample or appropriate the food within their reach. The ex-
treme ends and the laterals of the roots are furnished with
what are termed spongioles ; these answer to the plant as the
lacteals of the stomach do to the animal, in absorbing from the
digested or prepared substance, in the one from the stomach,

58 Ohservatiojis on Root Pruning.

conveying it to the lungs, where it is changed into blood, and
is thus prepared to add to the life and growth of the animal :
the other from the earth, conyeying it through the sap-
vessels to the leaves, which are the lungs of the plants : from
these it is returned in a suitable condition to add to the growth
of the plant. The leaves of a tree are just as essential to its
growth and health, as its roots and food, and will as certainly
suffer from a want of a sufficient supply as the animal whose
lungs are impaired. Trees too, like animals, require and do
periodically rest : the tree, being deprived, during this time of
rest, of its leaves, ceases to grow, although its functions are
only in part suspended : if, during this time of rest, the roots
are deprived of moisture any considerable length of time, the
tree will die. All this goes to show how essential and im-
portant the leaves are to the growth of the tree, and the roots
to the supply of the nourishment from the earth for their abil-
ity to perform their office. Any culture, then, that has a ten-
dency to prevent the forming of the largest supply of leaves, is
a fatal error. This is the effect of root pruning. It is evi-
dent, if the spongioles of the roots are cut off or mangled, the
plant must suffer just as the animal would, if deprived of the
lacteals of the stomach, and is thus deprived from the form-
ing new wood and leaves, until new spongioles can be formed.
As often, then, as this is repeated, the plant will lessen in
strength until its life is exhausted by this unnatural process.

That the system of root pruning may be successfully ap-
plied to stunting and dwarfing trees, and forcing them into
fruiting, is an admitted fact, and where the durability of the
tree is no object, but a show of fruit of more importance, no
better expedient can be resorted to, to effect the object, and
where but limited room can be afforded, and a large variety
of fruit is desirable, the advocates of this system may have
sufficient cause for recommending it. But to those who have
not yet been crowded into narrow limits, and deem the dura-
tion of their trees of any importance, I should advise against
a resort to it by all means.

The practice of root pruning is very simple ; nothing more
is necessary than a sharp spade : with this, the roots are cut
off by forcing it in the ground with the foot, across the roots,
a greater or less distance from the body of the tree, accord-

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 59

ing to its size. The effect is to check the tree in its growth,
and to force it to expend all its remaining energies in forming
embryo blossom buds and fruit. This it will continue to do
until its vital energies are exhausted and life is extinguished,
the duration of which will depend very much on the vigorous
application of this destructive system.

The above remarks are offered in the hope that some one
more capable may be induced to take up the subject and show
its mischievous effects.

Spring Garden, near Cincinnati, December 21, 1846.

Art. IV. Descriptions and Engravings of Select Varieties
of Pears. By the Editor.

In our past volumes, we have given our descriptions and
engravings of new pears under the head of Pomological No-
tices. But, as our information under that head is intended
only to contain brief notices of new or choice fruits, previous
to a full description of them when better known, we have
thought it desirable to give our future descriptions of pears
under a distinct head.

We have the drawings of many fine varieties, which we
shall endeavor to present in this volume, and, among them,
some new and superior kinds, particularly of native origin :
among these will be the Onondaga, which we have already
noticed, and which we should have presented a description
and engraving of before, but for the hope of obtaining a full
and correct account of its origin.

The following six varieties are entirely new, and have never
yet been figured, part of them having been received from
Van Mons without names ; but brief notices of some of them
will be found in the communications of the late Mr. Manning
in a previous volume (VIII. p. 56.) Subsequent experience
has confirmed the good opinion which he then expressed of
their merits, and they may be enumerated among the best
varieties which have been recently added to our collections.

60 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

61. Van Assene.

This very excellent pear, {fig. 4,) was received from Dr.
Van Mons among the first lot of scions which he sent to Messrs.

Fig. 4. Van Assene.

Manning and Kenrick, in the spring of 1835. In the second
parcel, which came to hand in 1836, many varieties were du-
plicated ; but this name does not appear in that list. We do
not find the name in the catalogues of the most extensive
French and Belgian nurserymen, and we hence conclude that
it is unknown to continental pomologists, and probably only
exists in American collections. Mr. Manning first fruited it
in 1841, and briefly described it as above referred to, where
he calls it a " very tender, fine, and melting pear." Subse-
quently, we believe, it has been exhibited from Mr. Manning's
collection, but we have not had an opportunity to taste it

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 61

until the past year, when we received a fine specimen from
the Hon. J. S. Cabot. It was one of three or four which he
exhibited at the Annual Exhibition of the Massachusetts Hor-
ticuhural Society, and it must be ranked as a very superior
fruit. Wood vigorous, of a reddish chestnut color, with round
plump buds.

Size, large, about three inches long, and three inches in
diameter : Form, obovate, slightly angular, large and full at
the crown, and tapering to the stem, where it is obtuse : Skin,
fair, smooth, dull citron yellow, with several grayish black
blotches on the shaded side, and regularly covered with rather
large russet specks : Stein, long, about one and a quarter
inches, slender, smooth, pale brown, curved, and inserted in
a small, moderately deep cavity, with slight projections on
one side : Eye, medium size, closed, and considerably sunk in
a rather large, round, open basin ; segments of the calyx me-
dium length, narrow : Flesh, white, rather coarse, buttery,
melting, and very juicy : Flavor, rich, sugary, slightly per-
fumed and delicious : Core, large : Seeds, large, very broad,
deep brown. Ripe in September.

62. Henkel.

This is another of the productions of Van Mons, scions of
which were received with the Van Assene and others in 1835.
It was also sent again among those received in 1836. When
it first fruited, we are not informed, but the variety first
attracted our attention at the last Annual Exhibition of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, when some very good
specimens were shown from the Pomological Garden. It
probably had not fruited in 1842, when Mr. Manning de-
scribed all the new kinds which had come into bearing in his
extensive collection. The name does not appear in French
catalogues, but is enumerated in those of the Belgians. The
'Henkel {fig- 5) is a rich, sprightly and excellent fruit. Mr.
Manning, in a note to us, in regard to this and other sorts,
states that the young shoots are stout, and of a grayish brown
color ; petioles long; leaf folded and curled like that of the Easter
Beurre, but larger and thicker. This pear is remarkable for
VOL. xin. — NO. II. 8

62 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

two bud-like prominences on opposite sides, and near the mid-
dle of its long stem. The same thing may also be noticed on
the Wilkinson.

Fiff. 5. Henkel.

Size large, about two and a half inches long, and two and
a half in diameter. Form, obovate, slightly irregular on the
surface, large in the middle, and obtuse at the stem : Shin^
rather rouf^h, lemon yellow, more or less covered Avith patches
of cinnamon russet, and interspersed with dull green specks :
Stem very long, nearly two inches, moderately stout, curved,
light brown, and slightly inserted in a small, contracted cav-
ity : Eye, medium size, open, slightly sunk in a very shallow
uneven basin : segments of the calyn short and round : Fleshy
yellowish white, rather coarse, melting and juicy : Flavor^
sprightly, vinous, perfumed and excellent: Core, medium
size° Seeds^ large, broad, and deep brown. Ripe in Septem-
ber.

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 63

63. Elizabeth (Van Mons.)

158 Van Mons's numbered Varieties.

The list of good summer pears is rather limited, and the
additions to this class are few compared with autumn varieties.
Every new kind, therefore, of decided merit, ripening at this
season, is welcomed as a desirable fruit. The Elizabeth of
Van Mons {fig- 6,) is one of this description. It is not of

Fig. &. Elizabeth, {Van Mons.)

large size, but it has a great deal of beauty ; and, without be-
ing very high flavored, it has that mingling of sweetness and
pefume which will render it a favorite with most cultivators.
Mr. Manning describes it as "very sweet." It was received
from Van Mons, as No. 158 ; but as he gave Mr. Manning
permission to name any of the numbered kinds when they
came into bearing, it received from him the name under which
he has already briefly described it, (VIII. p. 57.) In the fall
of 1842, the last time we had the pleasure of a conversation
with Mr. Manning, at his residence in Salem, he gave us
some specimens of the Elizabeth, from which we made a draw-
ing, but they were rather small, and we thought it best to

64 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

await the opportunity of .procuring better ones : the past year,
we received a fine fruit from the collection of the Messrs.
Putnam of Salem, from which our engraving is made. Mr.
Manning, in answer to our inquiries, in relation to the intro-
duction of this pear, and its qualities, writes as follows : — " The
Elizabeth was received from Van Mons, as No 158, but I can-
not ascertain exactly when. A pear, received in 1834, with this
number, proved to be the Marie Louise, and I am inclined to
think that the variety which now bears the name was not re-
ceived earlier than 1838. I know of no more productive vari-
ety. When the fruit has attained about half its size, the
blossom end — about half the pear — is, in a majority of speci-
mens, covered with a thick russet, suddenly terminating in a
distinct line around the pear, some traces of which are often
visible when the fruit is mature. Young shoots reddish
brown."

Size, small, about two inches long and two in diameter :
Fo?'m, obovate, very full around the eye, tapering to, and end-
ing obtusely at, the stem : Skin, fair, lemon yellow, very bril-
liantly suffused with red on the sunny side, through which
appear deeper-colored specks, becoming paler in the shade,
often with traces of russet : Ste7nj medium length, about three
quarters of an inch, rather slender, smooth, olive browii, and
slightly inserted in a shallow cavity : Eye, small, open, little
sunk in an open, shallow basin ; segments of the calyx short :
Flesh, yellowish, coarse, melting and juicy : Flavor, saccha-
rine, rich and pleasantly perfumed : Co7^e, large : Seeds, rather
large, brown. Ripe the latter part of August.

64. COTER.

The Coter pear, {fig: 7,) was one of the varieties received
from Van Mons in 1834, and is enumerated in the list which
was published at that time as the " Coter peer." The younger
Mr. Manning has enumerated it among the fine new kinds
which have recently fruited in his collection, and has briefly
described it in our last volume, (XII. p. 149.) The past au-
tumn, he kindly forwarded us several specimens of this and
other pears, from which our drav/ing was made, and he has
recently given us the following additional information respecting

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 65

it : — " The tree is of moderate growth, making a romid, com-
pact head, and is a good bearer. Young shoots reddish ohve,
thickly sprinkled with light dots. Although I have, in your
last volume, p. 149, stated the time of its maturity to be Octo-
ber, they were not ripe, the last season, until from the middle
to the last of November, when I thought it the best pear then
ripe."

Fig. 7. Coter.

To those who are fond of such brisk and vinous pears as
the Beurre d' Aremberg, the Coter will not be so highly esteem-
ed ; but to those who like such as the Winter Nelis, it will be
considered nearly or quite equal to that variety. The name
does not appear in European Catalogues, and it is probable
that it is only to be found in American collections. Our spec-
imens were not ripe till the end of December, coming in after
the Beurre Diel, and proving to be a most valuable winter
pear.

Size, medium, about three inches long, and two and a half
in diameter : Form, obovate, nearly regular, tapering to an
obtuse point at the stem : Skln^ light yellowish green, some-
8*

66 Descriptio?is of Select Varieties of Pears.

what clouded with grayish patches, and considerably russeted
around the stem : Stem, medium length, about three quarters
of an inch, rather stout, nearly straight, fleshy and swollen,
and obliquely set upon an obtuse point : Eye, rather large,
open, and moderately sunk in an open, round basin; segments
of the calyx medium length, broad, pointed, and reflexed :
Flesh, white, rather coarse, buttery, melting and juicy : Fla-
vor, sugary, rich and delicious, with a slight perfume : Core,
medium size : Seeds, medium size, rather broad and flat, dark
brown. Ripe in December, and keeps a few weeks.

65. Doyenne' d'Ete. Theorie Van Mons.

The Doyenne d'Ete, {fig. 8,) though for some time known
in France, in the vicinity of Nantes, where M. Poiteau, the

Fig. 8. Doyennd d'EU.

author of the Thiorie Van Mons, states it has been consider-
ably cultivated, is entirely new to American collections. We
I eheve it fruited, for the first time here, in our collection in

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 67

1845, when a small tree produced six or eight pears : last year,
it bore upwards of a dozen, larger and finer than those of
the year previous. Around Nantes, it is esteemed the best
pear of the season, and, in comparison with the Citron des
Carmes, we think it not only full as good, but a far more beau-
tiful fruit, having a rich yellow skin, brilliantly shaded and
spotted with crimson. It is about the same size as the Citron
des Carmes, and the tree has the merit of bearing very young :
it also thrives well upon the quince.

Mr. Kenrick, to whom all Pomologists are greatly indebted
for the early communication of the lists containing the names
and numbers of the new pears forwarded by Van Mons, and
to whom the public are under great obligations for his labors
in the introduction of new fruits, was the first to make this
pear known to American cultivators, by his correct transla-
tion of M. Poiteau's description in the Hort. Reg. in 1836.
But it does not seem to have been introduced for some time
afterwards. We received it from Vilmorin of Paris, with
many other new kinds, in the spring of 1843. The tree is
quite unlike the Doyenne, having dull, brownish red wood,
making moderately vigorous shoots, and having long, oval,
pointed, dark green leaves. The fruit, like all summer
pears, should be picked early, even before they have acquired
any tint of yellow. They will then ripen off, and possess a
flesh as melting as a white Doyenne. M. Jamin, in his Cat-
alogtic^ sets it down as worthy of cultivation in the propor-
tion of six to three of the Citron des Carmes.

Size^ medium, about two inches long, and two inches in
diameter : Form, roundish, turbinate, largest in the middle,
gradually tapering to the stem, where it is obtuse : Skhi, fair,
smooth, pale yellowish green, becoming nearly yellow when
mature, broadly shaded and marbled with brilliant red on the
sunny side, and dotted with greenish russet specks : Stem,
rather long, about one and a quarter inches, moderately stout,
yellowish brown, slightly fleshy at the base, and obliquely
inserted without any cavity under a slight projection : Eye,
small, closed, inserted in a very shallow basin ; segments of
the calyx short, stiff, projecting : Flesh, yellowish white, rath-
er coarse, buttery, melting, and juicy : Flavor, rich, sugary,
sprightly, perfumed, and delicious : Core, medium size : Seeds,

68 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

small, flattened, dark brown. Ripe the end of July and be-
ginning of August.

66. Doyenne' Boussock.

Doyenn6 Boussock Nouvelle. Am. Orchardist.

The Doyenne Boussock is another variety, which was first
made known to our collections by Mr. Kenrick, who brought

Fig. 9. Doyenni Boussock.

scions home with him in the spring of 1841, on his return from
Europe; a portion of these he liberally gave to Mr. Manning,
in whose collection it first fruited in 1843. Mr. Kenrick sub-
sequently described it, in his American Orchardist, under the
name of Doyenne Boussock Nouvelle, where he states he re-
ceived it from M. Jamin of Paris : but, upon a careful inspec-
tion of M. Jamin' s latest Catalogue for 1843, we only find

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 69

the. Doyenne Boussock enumerated, and hence conclude that
the word Nouvelle was appended by M, Jamin merely to de-
signate it as a new variety. Our tree, which bore last year,
and from the fruit of which our drawing {fig. 9) was made,
was received from Paris in the spring of 1843, under the name
of Doyenne Boussock. The variety which the late Mr. Man-
ning described in our Vol VIII. p. 56, as this pear, proved to
be the Doyenne gris.

We have previously noticed a tree which has proved to be
this pear, (Vol. XII. p. 470,) which was purchased in Boston
at an auction of a lot of French fruit trees, and bore for the
first time last season : and we have remarked that it is some-
what singular that, among the many new sorts which have,
for several years, been imported by our amateurs and nursery-
men, the variety should be almost unknown, especially as it
proves to be so fine a fruit. It is nearly as large as the Duch-
esse d'Angouleme, and is even superior to that variety, hav-
ing a rich, brisk, and vinous flavor, somewhat like the Marie
Louise. All we know of its origin is what is stated by Mr.
Kenrick, viz., — " new and large ; of superior excellence ; ripen-
ing at Paris in November, according to M. Jamin, of whom I
received the fruit." (p. 143.) The wood is of a reddish brown,
sprinkled with large, round, grayish specks, much resembling
the white Doyenne in color, but it is nearly as vigorous as the
Beurre Diel, having very prominent buds, and remarkable for its
large and thick leaves of a bright glossy green : it is a good
bearer, and must rank among the best varieties which have
been introduced.

Size, large, about three and a half inches long, and three
inches in diameter : Form, obtusely obovate, regular, large
at the crown, and tapering little to tlje stem, where it is very
obtuse ; Skin, fair, lemon yellow, nearly covered with numer-
ous tracings of bright russet on one side, and regularly dotted
with large russet specks on the other : Stem, short, about half
an inch, stout, straight, wrinkled, brown, fleshy at the base,
and moderately inserted in a large shallow cavity : Eye, me-
dium size, open, little sunk in a moderately deep, open basin ;
segments of the calyx short, round : Flesh, yellowisii white,
rather coarse, melting and juicy : Flavor, rich, sprightly, vi-
nous, perfumed and excellent : Core, medium size : Seeds,

70 Descriptions of Three New Apples.

small, very slender and long, almost black, mostly abortive.
Ripe in October.

Art. V. Descriptions and Engravings of Three New Apples.
By the Editor.

Having, in our several volumes, described and figured up-
wards of seventy varieties of pears, embracing many of the
newest and most choice kinds, we now intend to devote the
same attention to that most valuable fruit, the apple. Having
collected together more than two hundred of the best varieties,
and upwards of one hundred new American seedlings, and
planted out specimen trees, of which several will come into
bearing the present year, we shall have the opportunity of
describing them from specimens produced under our own eye,
and shall be enabled to give all the particulars of growth,
productiveness, &c. These, we trust, will prove as interesting
and mstructive to pomologists as our articles on the pear.

We now commence with the descriptions of three new and
superior varieties, one of which has just been introduced to
the notice of cultivators. The two first have already been
briefly described in our pages, but we have not seen any de-
scription of the last. For the very fine specimens of the Red
Canada and Northern Spy, we are again indebted to our
friends in Western New York, Mr. Bissell of Rochester, who
sent us the former, and J. H. Watts of the same city, who
forwarded us a bushel of beautiful specimens of the latter.
To Mr. Watts also, we are indebted for some account of the
Northern Spy, which we have embodied in our description of
that apple below. The varieties are as follows : —

I. Twenty Ounce. Mag. of Hort. Vol. X. p. 210.

Gov. Seward's, J ^^ ^^^^ collections in New York.

Twenty Ounce pippin, J

l:;:^ g:ri.S; \ °^ ^ayug. oou..,. New York.

The first knowledge we had of this apple was in the au-
tumn of 1843, when some very fine specimens were presented

Descriptions of Three New Apples. 71

for exhibition, before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
by George Howland, Esq., of New Bedford, who procured
them from trees on his farm in Cayuga county, New York.
From their great beauty, as well as excellence, the committee
awarded Mr. Howland a premium, and requested a few sci-
ons for distribution among the members, which were duly for-
warded for that object. In the spring of 1S44, we were
fortunate in procuring a small tree of this variety, together

Fig, 10. Twenty Ounce Apple.

with several other new apples, selected from the orchards of
the west, and the past year j t produced two very beautiful
specimens, not quite so lavge as those exhibited by Mr. How-
land but of the size shown in our engraving, (^fig. 10;) the
tree from which they were gathered not being move than four
feet high. If proves fully equal to the character we then
gave it, and taking all its qualjli.es ir>to consideration, it must
rank as one of the finest early winter apples we possess.
Where it originated we ha^ve no information. The trees ap-
pear to be mostly confined to Cayuga county, New York.

Size, large, about three and a half inches deep and four
broad: Form, round, regular, shghtly ribbed at the base:

72 Descriptions of Three New Apples.

Skin, fair, smooth, dull yellowish green in the shade, but
nearly covered with bright orange red, in numerous short
stripes, mottlings and splashes, and dotted with rather large
prominent grayish specks : Stem, short, about half an inch,
rather slender, and moderately inserted in a somewhat con-
tracted deep cavity : Eye, medium size, closed, and sunk in a
medium sized open basin: Flesh, yellowish white, rather
coarse, crisp and tender : Juice, plentiful, pleasantly acid, and
high flavored : Core, large and rather open. Ripe in Novem-
ber and keeps till January.

II. Northern Spy. Mag. oiHort Vol. X. p. 275.

In the latter part of May 1844, specimens of the Northern
Spy were exhibited at the rooms of the Massachusetts Horti-

Fig. 11. Northern Spy Apple.

cultural Society, from Messrs. EUwanger and Barry, of Ro-
chester, New York. This was its first introduction to the
notice of Eastern cultivators ; it proved to be a fine apple, and
trees were much sought after by amateurs and nurserymen.
From Rochester, many trees were sent to this vicinity, and the
variety is now pretty generally distributed.

We are therefore happy to have the opportunity to give an
account of it, and an engraving from some superior specimens

Descriptions of Three New Apples. Td

recently sent us by J. H. Watts, Esq. of Rochester. A
variety possessing such superior quahties is deserving of the
most extensive cultivation. It has been stated by some wri-
ters in Western New York, that when the trees become old
they produce only small and inferior fruit, and that it is only
for a few years, when they are in their greatest vigor, that
they bear good-sized and sound apples : this has also been
contradicted, and we should think that the statement might
be rather premature ; for the variety is so new that few large
orchards can yet exist, and the difference of soil or location
may make much difference in regard to the fairness of the pro-
duct. At any rate, it is a variety well worth cultivation, for
in our estimation it is fully equal to any apple we possess, not
excepting the Baldwin, the favorite of NewEngland. The fol-
lowing information in regard to its origin, &:c. has been com-
municated by Mr. Watts : —

" I take great pleasure in sending you a box of Fruit,
known with us as the Northern Spy apple.

" My object (this season) has been to introduce it, believing
it to be equal to any grown. One of its peculiar properties is
that it keeps so well in ordinary seasons : it is in its perfection
in April and May, and is then as fresh as a June apple. This
year now the past one, all fruit has ripened earlier with us
than usual, and consequently many of the Spys are ripe. For
a description, and somewhat of its history, I am indebted to the
Genesee Farmer, of the year 184.5. It originated in the town
of East Bloomfield, state of New York, in the orchard of the
late Oliver Chapin, and has been known but for some five or
six years. The first of the fruit seen in our city, a friend tells
me, he discovered in the month of May, 1841, and he was de-
lighted with its appearance and soon discovered its fine flavor,
and on inquiry he found that it was a supposed seedling or
natural fruit, and it has proved so, and one which has not its
superior in our country.

"Young trees, or those that have carefully been pruned,
produce abundant crops, and the fruit is of large size and ex-
tremely beautiful.

" The tree is a rapid, upright and handsome grower, wood
dark brown, covered with gray-colored specks or dots. Very
easily distinguished from any other. Fruit somewhat coni-

VOL. XIII. — NO. II. 9

74 Descriptions of Three New Apples.

cal, sometimes slightly ribbed and frequently will mea-
sure twelve inches in circumference; stalk about three
fourths of an inch, set in a broad deep cavity. Eye deeply
set in a broad deep basin. Color pale green in the shade —
dark red on the sunny side. Those fully exposed to the sun
are entirely covered with a fine deep red. Flesh yellowish
white, tender, juicy and high flavored, with a peculiar musky
perfume. The Farmer says — " This, like all popular fruits,
is counterfeited by the men and boys who sell fruit around the
streets and corners, and every apple they can find that in any
way resembles the Northern Spy is so called." To show you
how much prized amongst us, I need only say that while
other apples — such as " Swaars," " Spitzembergs," " Bell-
Flowers," " Seek-no-Further," and other choice fruit, sell for
one dollar per barrel, the "Spys" bring from two dollars and
fifty cents to three dollars per barrel. Our Farmers and Hor-
ticulturists have been grafting of this fruit to a great extent,
and in two years more it will be quite plenty and will still
command a high price.

" The samples sent are taken from a barrel of a lot of sixty-
eight barrels, which I purchased this season, and I have been
particularly gratified that I have had it in my power to send
them abroad.

'■ They have been admired in New York, Albany, Connecti-
cut, Michigan, and I presume in Europe, as some have been
sent there, and those I now send you I hope ^zSS. find favor in
the eyes of the Bostonians."

We add our description from specimens before us : —

S'lze^ large, about two and a half inches deep, and three and
a half broad : Form^ roundish conical, flat and broad at the
base, tapering much towards the crown, which is small : Skin,
fair, smooth, yellow on the shady side, but nearly covered
with bright glossy red and distinct stripes of rich purplish
crimson extending nearly to the eye : often having a blotch of
russet around the stem, and covered with yellow scattered
specks : Stem, short, about half an inch, rather slender, and
very deeply inserted in a large wide open cavity : Eye, small,
and rather deeply sunk in a medium-sized, somewhat ribbed,
and abruptly depressed hollow : Flesh, yellowish white, fine,
crisp and tender : Juice, plentiful, and brisk, of a rich subacid,

Descriptions of Three New Apples. 75

possessing a peculiarly delicious aromatic flavor : Core, medi-
um size, rather open. Ripe in January, and keeps till June.

III. Red Canada.

The Red Canada (fig. 11), is a new fruit, recently intro-
duced from the vicinity of Toronto. Our specimens, which

Fiff. 12. Bed Canada Apple.

are very handsome, were sent us by the kindness of our cor-
respondent, J. W. Bissell of Rochester, to whom we have
before acknowledged our indebtedness for similar favors. His
letter accompanying the apples gives the following information
in relation to this variety : —

'• It gives me great pleasure to send you some specimens of
the Red Canada apple. Though not as much puffed, they
are more of a favorite than the Northern Spy, and such as I
now send you sell readily at two cents each. The branches
of the tree are bright colored and the shoots very slender. Sea-
son, January to April. The first scions were brought here
many years since by Hall Colby, from near, Toronto, C. W.
where the apple is supposed to have originated."

The apples are large, fair and handsome, and of superior
excellence ; but upon a careful comparison with the Northern
Spy, Baldwin, and other first-rate sorts, we are inclined to
give the preference to the Spy. The Red Canada is a firmer

76 Descriptive account of Princess Paragon Peach.

fleshed and less acid apple, but it is wanting in that peculiarly
rich and delicious aroma which places the Spy, in our estima-
tion, among the very best apples which have yet been brought
to notice.

Size, large, about two and a half inches deep and three
broad : Form, roundish, flat and slightly rubbed at the base,
narrowing a little towards the crown : Skin, fair, smooth, dull
yellowish green in the shade, covered with dull red on the
sunny side, with some indistinct stripes of a brighter tint, and
rather thickly covered with large, prominent, yellow specks :
Stem, short, about half an inch, rather slender, and inserted in
a moderately deep, somewhat open cavity : Eye, quite small,
closed, and slightly sunk in a very small, shallow, furrowed
basin'; segments of the calyx long : Flesh, greenish white, fine,
firm, and breaking : Juice, very abundant, brisk, pleasantly
acid and high flavored. Core, medium size, rather close.
Ripe from January to April.

Art. VI. Descriptive Account of Princes Paragon Peach.
By W. R. Prince, Flushing, L. I.

I PROMISED you, some time since, a description of Princess
Paragon peach, and now transmit the same. I am positive
as to the fact that the variety which has been disseminated
by some under this name, is erroneous, and I doubt whether
the true kind is in any nursery collection, unless received from
this establishment.

Prince's Paragon Peach. — A freestone; large size, perfect
oval ; skin yellowish green, red next the sun ; groove slightly
depressed, deepening at the extremity with a distinct mame-
lon ; a rounded cavity at the stem of moderate depth ; flesh
white, red at the stone, very juicy, sweet, rich, and luscious,
surpassed by very few ; stone large, rough, of a dull reddish
brown hue ; ripens September 15th to 22d ; flowers large ;
glands globose. The tree is very vigorous, attains a large
size, and bears moderately, thus allowing each fruit a full
expansion.

Linncean Bot. Gard. and Nurs., Flushing, L. I., Dec. 1846.

Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 77

Art. VII. Floricultural and Botanical Notices of New and
beautiful Plants^ figured in foreign periodicals ; with Des-
criptions of those recently introduced to, or originated in,
American gardens.

In our notices of new plants in our past volumes, we have
endeavoured to make our pages a record of nearly every-
thing which has been introduced into foreign collections ; fully
describing those worthy of general cultivation, and briefly'
those of mere botanical interest. To enable us to do this, we
have incurred much expense in procuring the various periodi-
cal works devoted to the subject, and! it has been our object
to make this article interesting to all : such, we believe, it has
been. But the researches of collectors have been carried so
far, that of the many plants which have been recently intro-
duced, only a few of those figured, in comparison with the
whole, possess that beauty which commends them to the atten-
tion of the amateur, and as our room is somewhat restricted
by an increasing number of contributors, we shall hereafter,
in order to enable us to keep up with their publication, only
describe those plants which appear really worthy of introduc-
tion into gardens.

I. Fu'cHSTA macra'ntha Hooker Large flowered Fuchsia,
(Onagracese.)

A green-house plant: gtowin^ four feet high \ with rosy crimson flowers ; appearing all summer
a native of Peru ; increased by cuttings ; grown in loam and leaf mould; Pax Mag. Bot. xiii.
p. 97.

This is one of the most splendid fuchsias that has yet been
introduced. Though quite distinct from others, " it most re-
sembles F. fulgens, being dwarf, and similar in habit j but it
differs from that species in its very dark green foliage, and the
gay color, and uneven length of its flower tubes. In this
latter respect, it comes near to F. corymbiflora, but the form
of inflorescence in the two species is quite different, and com-
pletely so the color of the flowers ;" F. macrintha being of a
rich glowmg rosy crimson. The flowers when well grown
are full six inches long, and the whole contour of the plant is
one of great beauty. It will probably prove a valuable species
for hybridization. It is as easily cultivated as the common
9*

78 Floricultural and Botanical Notices

varieties, and blossoms abundantly. It was introduced from
Peru, and is well worthy a place in every collection of plants.
{Pax. Mag. June.)

2. AzaYea obtu^sa Lindl. Blunt-leaved Azalea, (^ricacese.)

A green-house shrub ; growing three feet high ; with red flowers ; appearing in spring -. a native
of China : increased by cuttings ; grown in rough sandy peat. Bot. Reg. 1846 t. 35.

This is one of the azaleas introduced by Mr. Fortune from
China, and in addition to its other merits, it has that of being
"sweet scented like a Sweet briar." It is described, " as the
gayest of all the Chinese azaleas in cultivation. It is a little
bush, with very blunt leaves, both smaller and narrower in
proportion than we find upon the species already in our gar-
dens, and also smaller flowers of the most glowing red." It
is a free flowerer, and of dwarf habit. The species requires the
same treatment as A. Daniels^d?^a, viz. to be potted in rough
sandy peat, and the wood well ripened. It is increased by
cuttings in the usual way. {Bot. Reg. July.)

3. Bego nia a'lbo coccrNiA Hooker White and Scarlet Begonia^

(Begonidceos.)

A stove plant ; growing two feet high ; with white and scarlet flowers : appearing in summer :
B native of India, increased by cuttings ; grown in peat and leaf mould. Bot. Reg. 1846 t. 39.

The tribe of begonias is but little cultivated in American
collections ; yet there are some species of great beauty, and as
they flourish well in our climate under green-house treatment,
it is to be regretted that they are not oftener seen. The pre-
sent subject is one of great splendor ; having the outside of
the calyx vivid scarlet, and the inside of that organ and the
petals of a snowy whiteness, thus presenting a great contrast.
For bouquets, it would be invaluable. The treatment of this
family is simple : merely keeping them in a warm and dry
place in winter, starting them into growth in little heat in
February, and keeping them in the green-house in summer,
where they will form the finest objects among achimenes,
gloxinias, <fcc. This species should be immediately intro-
duced. {Bot. Reg. July.)

4. Calyste^gia pube^scens Lindl. Downy Bindweed, (Con-

volvulaceae,)

a half hardy climbing plant ; growing six feet high ; with pink flowers : appearing in July and
August : a native of China ; increased by the root ; grown in any good soil. Bot. Reg. 1846 t. 42.

" This is the first plant of its order that has been found, pro-

of New Plants. 79

ducing double flowers : they are about as large as those of a dou-
ble anemone, but the petals are arranged with the irregularity
of the rose ; they are of a pale delicate pink, and remain ex-
panded some days." It was found by Mr. Fortune, in Shang-
hai, and was sent home as a double convolvulus. It is a fine
addition to our climbing plants, and as it grows readily in
any good soil, it would undoubtedly form a splendid object
turned out into the open border in summer, in the same way
as we have recommended for Ipomaea Learii. It flowers freely.
{^Bot. Reg. Aug.)

5. Garde'nia flo'rida var. Fortunia^ja Mr. Fortune's Gar-

denia, (Cinchonacese.)

a green-house plant ; growing two feet high : with white flowers ; appearing in summer ; a
native of China ; increased by cuttings ; grown in leaf mould and peat. Bot. Reg. 1846 p. 43.

One of the most magnificent things which has recently been
introduced, ranking "on a level with the double white camel-
ha, which it equals in the beauty of the flowers and leaves,
and infinitely excels it in its delicious odor." It is thus spoken
of in the Journal of the Hort. Soc. : — " The common single and
double varieties of this plant are known to any one. That
which is now noticed difiers merely in the extraordinary size
of the flowers, which are nearly four inches in diameter, and
in having fine broad leaves, sometimes as much as six inches
long. The flowers are pure white, changing to light bufi" as
they go ofi", and not imlike a very large double camellia.
Their calyx has the long broad lobes of the original species,
instead of the narrow lobes, at least twice as short as the tube
of the corolla of G. radicans, by which that species is techni-
cally known." Such a description should induce every culti-
vator to possess what has so long been wanted — a white camel-
lia with a delicious perfume. It comes from the North of
China, where it was found by Mr. Fortune, and although
nothing is said of its treatment, it is probably as hardy as the
camellia. It is a noble acquisition. {^Bot. Reg. Aug.)

6. .^schyna'nthus Boschia^nus Pax. VandenBosch's Mschj-

nanthus. (Gesnerdcets.)

A stove plant ; growing two feet high ; with scarlet flowers; appearing in spring : a native of
Java : Increased by cuttings : grown in moss, peat and leaf mould. Pax Mag. Bot. xiii. p. 175.

All the JiJschynanthuses are handsome plants, but the pres-
ent species is peculiarly so from its abundant blooming, pretty

80 Retrospective Criticism.

trailing habit and brilliant flowers. " It will grow freely,
rather too much so, as will most of its family if planted in or-
dinary soil, and kept in the stove, or even in the green-house ;
but to flower it well it requires to be kept dry in the winter,
and brought into a higher temperature : after the blosoms
have begun to develop themselves, they will flourish well in
the green-house. It is a fine species and worthy of intro-
duction. {Pax Mag. Sept.)

7. LfLiuM sANGufNEUM Lindl. Blood Red Lily (i^iliacese.)

A hardy bulbous plant : growing eighteen inches high: with dark red flowers: appearing in
June : a native of Japan : increased by oflsets : grown in loam and leaf mould or peat. Bot.
Reg. 1S46, p. 50.

This lily is said to be one of the discoveries of Siebold, who
introduced the superb lancifoliums, in his Japan expedition. In
general appearance, it comes near to our L. philadelphicum,
having an upright and quite dwarf habit, attaining only the
height of twelve or eighteen inches, and terminated with " its
large solitary orange red flower." It has proved perfectly
hardy in the garden of the Horticultural Society — and no doubt
it will prove as hardy with us as the L. japonicum or exim-
ium. It is readily propagated by offsets, thriving well in light
loam and peat with a little well decomposed manure. Mr.
Groom, who presented the bulbs to the Horticultural Society,
has succeeded in raising several hybrids between this and other
species, some of which are very handsome. We shall have
several of them in flower the coming spring, when we shall
endeavor to give a full account of them. {Bot. Reg. Sept.)

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. Retrospective Criticism.

Modesty. — Mr. Editor: I have been informed, either directly or by some
indirect way, through the Horticulturist, that one object of starting that
work in opposition to Hovey's Magazine was, that the latter was too much
given to extolling the Editor's own wares. I have just spent a few leisure
moments in looking over the first five or six numbers of Downing's new
magazine, and find (omitting reviews) seventeen instances where he has
referred to or named " our work on Fruits and Fruit Trees, ^^ and twenty

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 81

instances where he has referred to all other works ; this does not include
nearly as many more instances where correspondents have referred to
" your book on fruits," and where he has selected notices of " Mr. Down-
ing's work on fruits." Nor do I mean to include several references he
makes to " our book on Landscape Gardening and Cottage Residences.'^

Another Specimen. — It is well known that Professor Lindley, fifteen years
ago, controverted with great ability the theory of Mr. Knight, that varieties
would run out by old age. The same position was taken by Mr. Prince,
Mr. Floy, and others. Last of all, Mr. Downing also assumed the same
ground in his work on fruits. Now he says that he is much gratified to
see Dr. Lindley, " the highest authority in Europe," come out lately and
"endorse our views'' \ I See No. 4, p. 181. — Respectfully yours, Veto.
Rochester, N. Y. Dec. 1846. — [Comment would be superfluous. — Ed.]

Van Zandt's Superb Peach. — I can't waste time on any anonymous
remarks like the one signed P. B. in your December number, and I think
you do wrong to admit such without signature, as it deprives your readers
of a full knowledge of their intent and disinterestedness. To solve the ques-
tion whether the nurseryman who wrote that article actually possesses the
"Van Zandt's Superb Peach," which, I perceive, is inserted in his Ckit-
alogue, and if others have it, I now offer a premium of $ 10 for a single
genuine fruit, to be exhibited to the Long Island Horticultural Society,
the ensuing summer, by any one of the nurserymen who have inserted it in
their Catalogues, the fruit to be grown by the Exhibitor. You will find
that I am perfectly an fait in this matter, as will hereafter be proven. If
they are inadvertently propagating a wrong variety, it is for the Interest of
all it should be corrected. I did not intend my remarks to apply to private
gardens. — Wm. R. Prince, Prince's Nurseries, Flushing, Dec. 24, 1846.

Art. II. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, Dec, 5th, 1846. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was
held to-day, — the President in the chair.

The Executive Committee reported that the sum of ^1,350 should be ap-
propriated for premiums for the year 1847, and that the income from the
Appleton, Lowell and Lyman funds constitute a part of the appropriation.

A Committee of three was appointed to make the annual settlement with
the Mt. Auburn Cemetery.

Adjourned three weeks, to December 23d,

Exhibited. — Fruit : From the President of the Society, Chaumontel,
Beurr6 d Aremberg and Columbia, pears : also three Apples received from
some unknown source — one the Cathead and the other, Fall Harvey. From
Wm. Stearns, Lawrence, Winter Nelis, Bishop's Thumb, Glout Morceau,
Wilkinson, St. Germain, Marsh (native) and Bleeker's Meadow, some of
them very fine. From S. Downer, Passe Colmar pears. From Josiah

82

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Lovett, Winter Nelis and Beurrfe Diel pears, both fine : also Minister ap-
ples. From S. W. Cole, Cranberry apples. William Thomas exhibited a
variety of apples raised in Ohio, among the number the Yellow Belleflower,
R. I. Greening, Cannahan's ravorite,Yellow Newtown pippin, Gloria Mun-
di (weighing \h lbs.) Winesap, &c., all of large size.

Dec. %Qth. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-day — the
President in the chair.

Agreeably to the by-laws, the Flower, Fruit and Vegetable Committees
made their reports, awarding premiums for the past year, which were ac-
cepted and voted to be published in the Transactions of the Society.

The following are the Reports : —

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE QN FLOWERS.

AWARDING PREMIUMS FOR 1846.

Hyacinths. — For the best display of 20 kinds, to Joseph Breck &

Co., . . . . . . . $5 00

For the second best display, to R. M. Copeland, . . 4 00

Tulips. — For the best 30 varieties, to Joseph Breck & Co., . 8 00

For the second best, to S. Walker, . . . . 6 00

For the third best, to W. Quant, . . . . 4 00

Pansies. — For the best 12 varieties, to Hovey & Co., . . 3 00

Green House Plants in Pots. — June 10th.
Geraniums. — For the best 6 varieties, to W. Quant, . . 6 00

For the second best, to William Doyle,
Calceolarias. — For the best 4 varieties, to William Quant
Cactus. — For the best 6 varieties, to Hovey & Co.,

For the second best, to William Doyle,
Fuchsias. — For the best 6 varieties, to W. Quant, .

For the second best, to Hovey & Co., .
Various Sorts. — For the best display, 12 pots, to Hovey & Co

For the second best, to William Doyle,
Hawthorns. — For the best display, to Messrs. Winships,

For the second best, to Hovey & Co., .
Hardy Azaleas. — For the best display, to D. Haggerston, . 3 00

For the second best, to Messrs. Winships, . . . 2 00

Shrubby PiEONiES. — For the best display, to Joseph Breck & Co., 3 00
Herbaceous P^eonies. — For the best 12 flowers, to J. S. Cabot, 5 00

For the second best, to Breck & Co., . . . . 3 00

For the best display, to W. Mellar, . . . . 3 00

Pinks. — For the best 6 varieties, to William Mellar, . . 4 00

For the second best, to Breck & Co., . . . . 3 00

For the best display, to William Mellar, . . . 3 00

Ranunculus. — For the best display, to S. Walker, . . 5 00

For the second best, to Breck & Co., . . . .3 00

Anemones. — For the best display, to Breck & Co., . .5 00

Forthe second best, to Hovey & Co., . . . .3 00

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
3 00

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 83

Division A. — Class 1.
Hardy Roses. — For the best 30 varieties, to Hovey & Co., . $ 8 00

For the second best 30 varieties, to Breck & Co., . . 6 00

For the third best 30 varieties, no claimant.

For the best display, to Messrs. Hovey & Co., . . 3 00

Class n. — For the best 12 varieties, to D. Crowley, . . 5 00

No competitor in this class.

Division B. — Class 1.
For the best display of Noisette, China Tea, &c. No flowers
offered.
Class H. — Hardy Perpetuals. — Best 6 varieties, to Hovey & Co.

For the second best 6 varieties, to Breck & Co.,
Hollyhocks. — For the best display, to D. Crowley,

No other competitor.
Magnolias. — For the best display, to J. Kenriek, .
For the second best display, to W. E. Carter, .
Carnation and Ficotee Pinks. — For the best 8 varieties, to J. L.
L. F. Warren, ....

For the second best variety, to Breck & Co., .
For the best display, to William Mellar,
Hardy Rhododendrons. — Best display : none offered

Second best display : none offered.
Phloxes. — For the best 10 varieties, to J. S. Cabot,
For the second best variety, to S. Walker,
For the third best variety, to Breck & Co.,
Balsams. — For the best display, to W. Quant,

For the second best display, to J. L. L. F. Warren, .
For the third best display, to Walker & Co., .
German Asters. — For the best display, to William Quant,
For the second best display, to Hovey & Co., .
For the third best display, to J. W. Mandel, .
Indigenous Plants.— For the best display, to G. Gilbert, ,
Herbaceous Perennials.— For the best display, to J. Breck & Co.,
For the second best display, to Messrs. Winships,
For the third best display, to P. Barnes,
Annuals.— For the best display, to Breck & Co., .
For the second best display, to Parker Barnes, .
For the third best display, to Walker & Co., .
Division A.

Dahlias. Premier Prize. For the best 12 dissimilar blooms, to

W. Quant, ...••••
Specimen bloom, to William Quant, ....
Specimen blooms, 6 varieties, to William Quant,
Specimen blooms, 2 varieties, to William Mellar,

4 00

3

00

3

00

3

00

2

00

5

00

4

00

3 00

5

00

4 00

3

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

4

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

6

00

4

00

3

00

5

00

4 00

3

00

8

00

4 00

6

00

2

00

84

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Division B.
Class I. — No premiums awarded.
Class II. — For the best 12 dissimilar blooms, to J.

L. L. F. Warren, $5 00

For the second best 12 dissimilar blooms, to Hovey & Co.,
Class III. — No premiums awarded.

Division C.
Class I. — No premium awarded.
Class IT. — For the best 12 dissimilar blooms, to William Quant.

For the second best 12 dissimilar blooms, to William Mellar, .
Class III. — For the best 6 dissimilar blooms, to Henry Reed,
Chrysanthemums. — For the best 12 varieties, to Daniel Crowley,

For the second best 12 varieties, to James Nugent,

For the third best, no claimant.

Premiums and Gratuities
Awarded at Weekly Shows and for Objects during the Season.
To Messrs. Hovey & Co., for a fine display of Camellias,
To Wra. Quant, for the second display of Camellias,
To W. E. Carter, for the third display of Camellias,
To W. E. Carter, for a plant of Chinese Azaleas,
To Salisbury & Willot, for fine plants. Azaleas,
To the President of the Society, for seedling calceolarias.
To N. J. Becar, of Brooklyn, N. Y. for the same,
To D. Crowley, for a splendid specimen of Moss Rose,
To Wm. Quant, for pot plants, $2, $2, f2,
To A. McLennan, for pot plants, $ 1,
To Miss Russell for bouquets, #2, ^2, $2, $ 1, $2, $2, $ 1, $ 1

$1 4^1 ^o ^o 4bo ^o ^ o

To Messrs. Winships, for bouquets, $1, $1, $3, $2, $

To D. Crowley, for pot plants, $ 1,

To W. Quant, for bouquets, $1, $2,

To J. S. Cabot, for fine Pansies,

To Thomas Needham, for fine Fuchsias,

To W. Mellar, for pot plants.

To Walker & Co., for pot plants, $ 1, $ 1,

To P. Barnes, for pot plants.

To J. L. L. F. Warren, for bouquets, $1, $1, $1, $1, $1,$1,

To the President of the Society, for a splendid display of Roses,

To Messrs. Winships, for fine Prairie Roses,

To Messrs. Hovey & Co., for pot plants, $2, $2,

To Walker & Co., for bouquets, $ 1, $2,

To Messrs. Hovey & Co., for a superb Verdnica speci6sa.

To R. West, for bouquets, $2, $1, $2, $ I, #2, $1, $1,

To W. Quant, for Stephan6tus floribiindus.

To the President of the Society, for Japan Lilies, &c.,

To J. L. L. F. Warren, for seedling Picotees,

To P. Barnes, for very fine Hollyhocks,

3 00

00
00
00
00
00

5 00

4 00

3 00

3 00

3 00

5 00

3 00

3 00

6 00

1 00

25 00

9 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

2 00

1 00

6 00

5 00

4 00

4 00

3 00

6 00

10 00

3 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

85

To Messrs. Hovey & Co., for superb specimens of Japan Lilies,

To W. Doyle, for bouquets, $1, $2, ^l,f2, $1,

To James Nugent, for bouquets, $ 2,

To P. Barnes, for bouquets,

To W. E. Carter, for Scilla maritima,

To W. E. Carter, for fine seedling Phloxes,

To W. Doyle, for Cattleyana Harrisonn

To E. W. Carter, for Hedychium Gardnenan«m,

To Messrs. Winships, for Aloe sp.

To J. W. Mandell, for bouquets,

To W. Doyle, for Stanhopea occulata.

To the President, for Dahlias,

To P. Barnes, for fine specimen of Ipomopsis picta.

To J. L. L. F. Warren, for Gladiolus belviderus,

To D. Haggerston, for Stove plants.

To Walker & Co., for displays of Annuals, &c. during the season.

To W. E. Carter, for the same.

To W. Quant, for the same.

To W. Miller, for the same.

To Messrs. Hovey & Co., for the same,

To W. B. Richards, for the same.

To A . Aspinwell, for fine display of Roses,

To L Davenport, for the same,

To Messrs. Winships, for fine Shrubs during the season,

To Messrs. Winships, for fine specimens of Yucca gloriosa,

filamentosa and sup6rba, ....

To E. W. Carter, for Polyanthus,

To W. E. Carter, for Spiraea japonica, Pentst^mon Murrayctnwm,
To J. Breck & Co., for displays of flowers during the year,

#500 00

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS,

AWARDING PREMIUMS FOR 1846.

The Committee on Fruits have awarded the following premiums for the
year 1846.

SPECIAL PRIZE LIST.

In accordance with a vote of the Society, and by the liberality of a gen-
tleman desirous of advancing Horticultural Science, ofl^ering one Hundred
Dollars a year, for three years.

Apples. — For the two best varieties and specimens of SuramerApples :
To Otis Johnson, for the Red Astrachan, . . $5 00

To Otis Johnson, for the Early Bough, . . . 5 00

For the two best varieties and specimens of Autumn Apples,

To George Hyde, for Gravenstein, . . . 5 00

To Otis Johnson, for the Porter, . . . . 5 00

VOL. XIII. — NO. II. 10

■ $3

00

. 7

00

. 2

00

. 1

00

. 1

00

. 3

00

2

00

. 2

00

. 2

00

. 1

00

. 2

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. 5

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. 2

00

. 2

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. 5

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00

. 3

00

. 3

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. 3

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. 3

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. 5

00

. 3

00

. 5

00

2

00

. 2 00

. 2

00

. 24

00

S6 MassacJmsetts Horticultural Society.

For the two best varieties and specimens of Winter Apples,

To George Walsh, for Baldwin,

To S. Walker, for R. I. Greening,
Pears. — For the two best varieties and specimens of Summer Pears,

To Otis Johnson for Jargonelle,

To S. Pond, for Williams's Bon Chretien, .
For the two best specimens and varieties of Autumn Pears,

To S. Walker, for Fondante d'Automne,

To S. Downer, Jr., for Louise Bonne de Jersey,
For the two best varieties and specimens of Winter Pears,

To J. S. Cabot, for Beurre d' Aremberg,

To Josiah Lovett, for Winter Nelis,
Cherries. — For the three best varieties of Cherries,

To Otis Johnson, for Black Tartarian,

To George Walsh, for New Large Black Bigarreau,

To J. F. Allen, for Sweet Montmorency,
Plums. — For the three best varieties of Plums,

To J. F. Allen, for Green Gage,

To S. R. Johnson, for Washington,

To Joseph Lovett, for Reine Claude Violet,
Peaches. — For the two best varieties of Peaches,

To J. F. Allen, for Bellegarde,

To Josiah Lovett, for Grosse Mignonne,

$ 100 00
AT THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION IN SEPTEMBER.

Apples. — For the greatest number of kinds, and the best grown,

to B. V. French, . . . . . #10 00

For the 2d best do., to George Hyde, . . .5 00

For the 3d best do., F. W. Macondry, . . . 3 00

Pears. — For the greatest number of kinds, and the best grown, to

M. P. Wilder,

For the 2d best do., to S. Walker, ....
For the 3d best do., to J. S. Cabot,
GitAPEs. — For the best exhibited, to David Haggerton,
For the next best exhibited, to Thos. Needham,
For the next best exhibited, to Hovey & Co., ,
For the greatest number of varieties, and the best grown, to

J. F. Allen,

For the next best do., to Wm. Quant,
Assorted Fruit. — For the best basket of Fruit, of various kinds,

to Otis Johnson, . . . . . . 10 00

For the best dish of Apples, not less than 12 specimens of one

variety, to Hyde & Co., . . . . . 5 00

For the 2d best do., to Otis Johnson, . . . 3 00

For the best dish of Pears, not less than 12 specimens of one
variety, to J. F. Allen, . . . . . 5 00

.$5 00

. 5 00

5j

. 5 00

. 5 00

. 5 00

. 5 00

. 5 00

. 5 oa

. 5 00

. 500

. 5 00

. 5 00

. 5 00

. 5 00

. 5 00

. 5 00

10

00

5

00

3

00

10

CO

7

00

5 00

10

00

5

00

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 87

For the next best do., to S. Walker, . . . $ 3 00

PREMIUMS DURING THE SEASON.
Apples. — For the best summer Apples, on or before the 1st Sep-
tember, to Otis Johnson, . . . . . 6 00

For the next best do., to A. D. Williams, . . .4 00

For the best fall Apples, on or before the 1st December, to

George Hyde, . . - . . . 6 00

For the next best do., to Otis Johnson, . . . 4 00

For the best winter Apples, on or before the 1st of March, to
George Walsh, ......

For the next best do., to Samuel Walker,
Pears. — For the best summer Pears, on or before the 1st Septem-
ber, to Otis Johnson, .....

For the next best do., to J. F. Allen, ....

For the best fall Pears, on or before the 1st December, to J. F.
Allen, .......

For the next best do., to Samuel Walker,
For the best winter Pears, on or before the 1st March, 1847, to
Josiah Lovett, .*....

For the next best do., to J. S. Cabot,
Cherries. — For the best specimen, not less than two quarts, to
Otis Johnson, ......

For the 2d best do., to George Walsh,
Peaches. — For the best specimens grown under glass, to J. F. Allen,
For the 2d best do., to Wm. Quant, ....

For the best specimen, grown in open culture, to John Merriam,
For the 2d best do., to Josiah Lovett,
Apricots. — For the best specimen of Apricots, to Hovey & Co., .

For the 2d best do., to E. E. Bradshaw,
Nectarines. — For the best specimen of Nectarines, to J. F. Allen,

For the 2d best do., to S. Downer, Jr.,
Quinces. — For the best specimens of the best kind of Quinces, to
Samuel Pond, ......

For the 2d best do., to Wm. Quant, ....

Plums. — For the best Plums of the best flavor, not less than two
quarts, to J. F. Allen, .....

For the next best do., to E. E. Bradshaw,
Gooseberries. — For the best flavored and finest specimens, two box-
es, to Alexander McLennan, ....

For the 2d best do., to J. Hovey, ....

Currants. — For the best flavored and finest specimens, two boxes,
to Otis Johnson, ......

For the 2d best do., to A. D. Williams,
Raspberries. — For the best specimens of Raspberries, not less than
two boxes, to J. F. Allen, ....

For the 2d best do,, to Chever Newhall,

6 00

4 00

6 00

4 00

6 00

4 00

10 00

6 00

6 00

4 00

6 00

4 00

6 00

4 00

6 00

3 00

6 00

4 00

5 00

3 00

6 00

3 00

5 00

3 00

5 00

3 00

5 00

3 00

88 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Strawberries. — For the best specimens of Strawberries, not less

than two boxes, to Hovey & Co., . . . . $6 00

For the next best do., Josiah Richardson, . . .4 00

Water Melon.— For the best specimen of Water Melon, to Otis
Johnson, ......

For the 2d best do., to R. S. ^Mcintosh,
MusKMELON.— For the best Muskmelon, to Wm. Quant,

For 2d best do., Alexander McLennan,
Figs. — For the best specimen of Figs, to J. F. Allen,

For the 2d best do., to F. W. Macondry,
Grapes. — For the best specimens and the best variety of Grapes,

grown under glass previous to July 1st, to D. Haggerston, 10 00
For the 2d best do., to J. F. Allen, . . . .7 00

For the best specimen and variety of Grapes, grown under glass

subsequently to July 1st, to J. F. Allen, . . . 10 00

For the 2d best do., to Hovey & Co., . . 7 00

Grapes, {Native.) — For the best specimen and variety of Native

Grapes, to Kendall Bailey, . . . . 5 00

For the 2d best do., to J. F. Allen, . . . . 3 00

5 00
3 00
5 00
3 00
5 00
3 00

Gratuities.

$326 00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

5

00

. 5

00

. 5

00

To J. F. Allen, for fine display of Grapes during the season, . 10 00

To J. F. Allen, for his seedling Montmorency Cherries,

To Josiah Lovett, for fine display of Blackberries, .

To Josiah Lovett, for the best Muskmelon, open culture,

To Charles E. Grant, for fine Native Grapes,

To W. H. Denning, for Beauty of Kent Apples,

To James Arnold, (by W. Young,) for fine specimen Grapes,

To Horace Gray, for fine specimen Grapes,

$371 00

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES,

awarding premiums for 1846.

The Committe for awarding premiums on vegetables, respectfully report
the following as the result of their examination : —
Asparagus. — For the earliest and best, not less than 3 bunches, to

William Quant, . . . . . . 5 00

Beets. — For the best, (pure blood beet,) during the season, not less

than 12 roots, to A. D. Williams, . . . . 5 00

Broccoli. — For the best 3 heads, to J. Lovett, . . .5 00

Beans. — For the best and earliest peck of string beans, to Thomas

Needham, . . . . . . . 3 00

For the best and earliest Lima beans, not less than 2 quarts, to

F. W. Macondry, . . . . . . 3 00

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 89

Cucumbers. — For the best pair under glass, previous to the first Sat-
urday of June, to Orr N. Town, . . . . $ 5 00
For the second best do., to D. Crowley, . . .3 00

Cauliflowers. — For the best and largest, during the season, not

less than 3 heads, to A. D. Williams, . . . 5 00

Corn. — For the best and earliest sweet corn, not less than 12 ears,

to A. D. Williams, . . . . . . 3 00

Cabbage. — For the best drumhead cabbage, during the season, not

less than 3 heads, to A. D. Williams, . . . 5 00

For the best Savoy cabbage, during the season, not less than 3

heads, to A. D. Williams, . . . . . 3 00

Egg Plants. — The bestdisplay, during the season, to Orr N. Town, 5 00

Lettuce. — For the best 6 heads, before 1st Saturday in July, to

Thomas Needham, . . . . . . 3 00

Potatoes. — For the best and earliest peck, previous to August 1, to

A. D. Williams, . . . . . . 3 00

Peas. — For the best and earliest peck in June, to F. W. Macondry, 3 00

Rhubarb. — For the largest and best, previous to the first Saturday

in July, not less than 12 stalks, to Josiah Lovett, . . 5 00

Sqcashes. — For the best pure Canada squashes, not less than 6 in

number, to A. D. Williams, . . . . 5 00

Tomatoes. — For the best and earliest, not less than 1 dozen, to A.

D. Williams, 5 00

Vegetables. — For the best display and greatest variety, at the

weekly exhibitions, during the season, to A. D. Williams, . 10 00
For the second best do., to F. W. Macondry, . . 5 00

For the best display and greatest variety, at the annual exhibi-
tion, to A. D. Williams, . . . . . 10 00
For the second best do., to F. W. Macondray, . . 7 00

Celery. — For the best and largest blanched, not less than 6 roots,

to A. D. Williams, . . . . . . 5 00

Gratuities.

To J. L. L. F. Warren, for a wreath of corn, 12 varieties.

To E. Wight, for variety of squashes.

To William Quant, for early Tomatoes,

To J. Hovey, for six heads of Lettuce,

To Thomas Needham, for a display of early cucumbers,

$ 124 00

Exhibited. — Fruit : From the Hon. J. S. Cabot, fine specimens of the
Beurr6 d' Aremberg, Winter Nelis and Columbia pears. From Josiah
Lovett, very fine Chaumontel, Le Cur6, Passe Colmar, Beurr6 d' Arem-
berg and Glout Morceau pears. From Messrs. Hovey & Co., Cross pear
and Baldwin and R. I. Greening apples. From S. R, Johnson, fine Dix
and Beurr6 Diel pears, and a variety called the Urbaniste, probably not true.

10*

. 3 00

. 3 00

, 3 00

. 2 00

. 3 00

90 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

From S. Walker, Baldwin, R. I. Greening and Nonsuch apples. From
Dr. Hedge, Cambridge, Easter Beurr6 pears. From A. D. Williams, R. I.
Greening, Baldwin, Winter Sweet Greening and Pearmain apples. From
George Walsh, Baldwin and Hubbardston Nonsuch apples, and fine Easter
Beurr6 pears. From John Dudley, Cambridge, Winter Bon Chretien
pears. From John Owen, Isabella and White Risling grapes, and Gran-
ny Earle apples, the latter small but good.

Saturday, Jan. 2d, 1847. — The quarterly stated meeting of the Society
was held to-day — the president in the chair.

Parker Barnes declined serving on the Flower Committee, and W. B.
Richards was elected to fill the vacancy.
The Finance Committee made their annual Report, as follows : —

Receipts during the year, from all sources, . $ 3,346 34

Expenditures during the year, . . $ 3,286 76

Balance in the Treasury, . . 59 58

$3,346 34

The Committee reported the property of the Society, including the New
Hall, to be valued at $ 42,035, the only debt being a mortgage of #15,000,
payable in 1848.

On motion of S. Walker, it was voted, that a gold pencil case, pen and
inkstand, or any other articles to the amount of $50, be presented to Dr. E.
Wight, for his long and faithful services as Secretary of the Society. —
Messrs. S. Walker, C. M. Hovey and E. M. Richards, were chosen a com-
mittee to procure the same.

An amendment to section XX of the by-laws, was proposed by S. Walk-
er, and entered upon the records ; the amendment strikes out all after the
word " them " in the 23d line. *

The following persons were elected honorary and corresponding members
of the Society.

Honorary. — Baron Justis Liebig, Geissen, Prof. Lindley, London, Hon.
Theodore Frelinghuysen, New Jersey, Col. T. H. Perkins, Boston, J. P.
Gushing, Esq., Watertown, Judge Davis, Boston, Josiah Bradlee, Esq.,
Boston, S. H. Smith, Esq., Providence, Dr. Israel Munson, New Haven.

Corresponding. — Prof. Asa Gray, Cambridge, E. N. Hosford, Albany,
Rev. Henry Colman, Rev. H. W. Beecher, Indianapolis, A. B. Allen, N.
York, L. Tucker, Albany, T. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Eng., M. Laffay,
Paris, R. Buist, Philadelphia, J. B. Russell, Cincinnati, Dr. William D.
Brinkle, Philadelphia, Capt. James P. Gerry, U. S. N., Hon. George
Lunt, Newburyport, E. Beck, Esq., London, C. Mackintosh, Dalkeith,
Scotland, Joseph Paxton, Chatsworth, Eng., R. Glendenning, Chiswick,
London.

Adjourned one week, to January 9th.

Saturday, Jan. 9th. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-
day,— the President in the chair.

The Executive Committee reported, that, as there was no Decorating
Committee appointed, and as $200 has been appropriated for that purpose,
the apportionments be altered as follows : — $ 650 to Flower Committee :

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 91

$ 550 to the Fruit Committee, and $150 to the Vegetable Committee, and
the report was accepted.

The committee chosen to settle with the Mount Auburn Cemetery, re-
ported that they had duly attended to the same, and had received from the
Treasurer of that Association, the sura of $3,233 41, being one fourth of
the net proceeds, the proportion belonging to the Society.

It was voted that the Lowell medal should be of the same valuation as
the Appleton medal, and the Committee on medals were authorized and
instructed to procure suitable dies for the purpose.

It was voted that the sum of $ 300 be placed at the disposal of the Li-
brary Committee for the increase of the Library, and that said committee
report a list of books which it is desirable to purchase ; also, voted to au-
thorize the committee to appoint a Librarian with a salary of $ 50 per
annum.

Voted to invest $2500 of the amount received from Mt. Auburn, for
paying the debt of the Society.

Kthibited. — Fruit: From J. Pinneo, Hanover, N. H., a variety of ap-
ples, viz : Twenty ounce (fine,) Jewett's fine red. Nonsuch, Sweet Pearmain,
Golden Pippin, (?) Lebanon Sweet, Erie Sweet, Dexter and Lebanon Sour;
several of them very good.

Adjourned two weeks, to January 23d.

Saturday, Jan. 23(i. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-
day— the President in the Chair.

The Executive Committee reported the list of premiums for the present
year, which was accepted and placed in the hands of the publishing com-
mittee.

The Executive Committee also offered a resolution upon the subject of
Prospective Premiums, which was accepted ; and the resolution was placed
in the hands of the Committee for establishing premiums, who made a re-
port as follows : —

Prospective premiums for objects to be originated subsequent to A. D.
1846, and which, after a trial of five years, shall be deemed equal or supe-
rior, in quality and other characteristics, to any now extant.
For the best seedling Pear, the Society's large gold medal, . . ^60

For the best seedling Apple, the Society's large gold medal, . . 60

For the best seedling Hardy Grape, the Society's large gold medal, . 60
For the best seedling Plum, the Appleton gold medal, . . 40

For the best seedling Cherry, the Lowell gold medal, . , 40

For the best seedling Strawberry, the Lyman plate, , . .50

For the best seedling Raspberry, the Lyman plate, . . .50

For the best seedling Hardy Rose, the Society's large gold medal, . 60
For the best seedling Camellia, the Society's large gold medal, . 60

For the best seedling Azalea indica, the Lowell gold medal, . . 40

For the best seedling Tree Paeony, the Appleton gold medal, . 40

For the best seedling Herbaceous Paeony, Lowell gold medal, . 40

For the best seedling Potato, the Society's large gold medal, 60

The Report was accepted, and ordered to be published.

Adjourned two weeks, to February 6th.

92 Answers to Correspotidents.

[Want of room compels us to omit the premiums offered for 1847 till our
next number.]

Exhibited. — Fruit : From the President of the Society, Nonsuch apples
and fine Easter Beurr6 pears ; also a variety of apples received from various
sources, among which were the yEsopus Spitzemberg (very fine,) Winter
Pennock (poor,) Fall Harvey, in good preservation, but flavor indifferent.
Messrs. Hovey & Co. exhibited Baldwin apples, and Bergamotte de Par-
thenay pears; also handsome Northern Spy apples received from J. H-
Watts, Esq., Rochester, New York, which the committee pronounced very
fine.

Art. ni. Answers to Correspondents.

We now resume our answers to correspondents, and shall endeavor here-
after not to allow so long a space to occur again.

PoLMAisE Heating. — T. C. — We intend to give a full account of this
method of heating as soon as we can find room : a great deal has been said
in its praise in the English papers, and from a small apparatus which we have
erected in one of our houses on the plan, we think much more favorably of
it than formerly. A few years ago we tried to heat a small house, with a
furnace, in the same way that dwellings are warmed ; but the furnace was
not of sufficient power, or properly constructed, and we erected a common
furnace with flues, in its place. Since the principles of Polmaise have been
so ably elucidated, we have pulled down the old one, and erected another,
combining that system with the common flue, and we find it to work so well,
that we should recommend it to the attention of amateurs for further trial.
We shall offer some facts which we think will show its economy over flues
or hot water.

AcHiMENES PiCTA. — Au Amateur. — This most beautiful species first flow-
ered here in our collection in the Summer of 1845, andsubsequently found
its way into many choice collections of plants ; it is the most brilliant of the
tribe, and is as easily cultivated as either of the other species. The little
corms or tubers should now be potted in a soil of leaf mould and peat, with
little sand, and placed in a hotbed or very warm place in the greenhouse,
where they will soon begin to grow. When they have made four or five
leaves, they may be potted off singly into small pots, or in shallow pans,
eight inches broad, five or seven plants in each ; in this way, they flourish
well, and make a splendid show ; give a good drainage. We shall endeav-
or to offer an article on this tribe soon.

Scarlet Pelargoniums. — X. — Many of the new kinds are a great im-
provement upon the old ones ; the following comprise six new and choice va-
rieties : King, Ingram's Dwarf, Mallason's No. 1, Mallason's No. 2, Nimrod
and Huntsman. They are all profuse flowerers, and of dwarf habit.

Japan Lilies. — I. W. J. — We shall endeavor to comply with your wish-
es, and should probably have done so before, had we not misplaced a draw-

Answers to Correspondents. 93

ing, taken from a superb specimen last summer, which we intended should
accompany our article; our plants last season were the admiration of all,
some of them producing sixty flowers. In the mean time we advise plant-
ing in a compost of leaf mould and peat in equal parts, with a small quan-
tity of sand.

The best varieties of Apples, Pears, Cherries and Plums. — S. D.
Redfield. — The earliest and best four summer apples are the Early Har-
vest, Bough, Red Astrachan and Williams's Favorite: the best four Fall , Por-
ter, Gravenstein, Fall Pippin and Lyscom : the best four Winter, Baldwin,
R. I. Greening, Russet and Northern Spy. The earliest and best three
summer pears, are the Citron des Carmes, Jargonelle and Bloodgood : the
best three Fall, Williams's Bon Chretien (Bartlett,) Louise Bonne de Jer-
sey, Paradise d'Automne : the best four Winter, Beurr6 d' Aremberg, Win-
ter Nelis and Glout Morceau. The two earliest and best cherries, are
the Mayduke and Black Tartarian : the two best late. Downer's late Red and
Sweet Montmorency. The two earliest and best plums, Bradshaw's and
Green Gage : the two latest and best, Jefferson and Coe's late Red. In
giving these names, we should remark that there are many others equally
deserving of the same rank. The Strawberry grape is a very good native
variety, quite new, but well worth cultivation.

Mildew on Grapes in Vineries. — M. C. Johnson. — Old vines are in
no way more subject to mildew than young ones, so far as our experience
goes : and we believe this is the opinion of grape-growers generally. How
far Mr. Kenrick's views are correct in relation to trailing on or near the
ground, we have no knowledge, as we do not think the experiment has been
tried here. We do not doubt ourselves, but that a trellis over an inclined
plane paved with brick or stone would be highly advantageous and greatly
promote ripening as well as check mildew, from the greater humidity which
they would enjoy. In an account of a very successful mode of cultivation
of the grape in houses without heat, which we gave in a previous volume,
(IX, p. 86) the excellence of the fruit was in a great degree attributed to the
paved floors, which were watered when they became heated by the sun,
and thus gave off an abundance of moisture of a genial temperature. Prob-
ably paving in the open air would have a similar effect ; and by watering
induce a humidity which would check the mildew. We hope our corres-
pondent will try this mode, and we should be glad to know the result.
The objection of Mr. Johnson is a good one, viz : — that the flowers as well
as fruit might suffer from the effects of heavy rains : to obviate this, the
distance of the trellis from the pavement should be increased. In the vine-
yards of France, the vines are trained to stakes about three feet high, but
we gathered very fine fruit within one foot of the ground — and the crop,
so far as we observed, was exceedingly good — satisfactory results can only
be arrived at by actual experiment.

Plants. — L. P. Hopkins. — As you invite questions from your subscri-
bers, I propose the following': —

1. Should Gloxinias and Gesneras be kept absolutely without water
during the winter, and allowed to die down to the ground ?

94 Answers to Correspondents.

Yes. In the month of November, we place the pots underneath the stage,
turning them upon their sides, where they remain till February, when they
are again repotted and started into growth in a mild heat.

2. What is the proper mode of treating tuberous rooted geraniums?
We have not had much experience with this class : they should, however,

be managed similarly to other tuberous rooted plants : keeping them rather
dry in winter, and potting them in fresh soil in March, and placing them in
the warmest part of the house until they are well established.

3. How should Fuchsias be treated after flowering? Should they be
allowed to rest or encouraged to grow ?

They should be allowed to rest. In December we place the plants under
the stage, and only give them an occasional watering, when they are quite
dry, till February or March ; they are then shifted into new pots, rubbing
off the loose soil, and either headed quite down to the ground or all the lat-
eral branches cut off to within an inch or two of the main stem ; they will
then make fine flowering plants by the month of June.

4. How should Cape Jasmine be treated, to make it flower, and to pre-
vent the leaves from turning yellow ?

Keep the plants rather dry during winter, and in March bring them into
a temperature of 75° or 80° with more moisture, which will start them at
once into growth ; by May they can be placed in the greenhouse, or even in
June plunged in the open ground, and they will retain the verdure of their
leaves the year round, and bloom abundantly. The soil should be leaf
mould, peat and sand.

5. How can Fuchsia corymbyflora be made to flower? I have several
plants of it, some old ones, and some raised within the year from cuttings —
they make a luxuriant growth, but refuse to flower, though I have kept
them almost withont water for two months at a time.

We have never seen this superb species in good condition in our gardens;
but we have described many fine plants which we saw in Europe, though it
is there generally considered a rather diflicult plant to manage well ; it is a
most luxuriant grower, and the only way to bring it into bloom is to confine
it to a moderate sized pot, and bend down the top of the shoot to make it
throw out laterals, which soon form flower buds.

6. What is the easiest mode of propagating the Oleander?

Placing the cuttings in phials of water, in a temperature of 75° or 80®,
until they emit roots, when they should be potted off into a light rich soil,
composed of leaf mould, peat and sand.

Our correspondent is informed that, in our previous volumes, excellent ar-
ticles have appeared oil the culture of the Azalea, Gardenia, Camellia,
Fuchsia, and, indeed, upon every popular plant.

Raising Grape Vines from Seeds. — A Subscriber. — I see no reason why
we may not have as great variety of hardy grapes adapted to the climate,
as apples, and propose to plant a quantity of seed from several different
kinds. As you have kindly offered to devote a portion of your valuable
Magazine for the purpose of answering inquiries, — will you please inform

Horticultural Memoranda. 95

me, through that medium, the best method of treating that seed. Loudon
and other writers give us directions for planting other seed and for taking
care of the young plants, but are silent about grape seedlings.

We are glad to find the culture of the grape, from seed, is attracting
more attention ; and we are happy to give all the information we possess to
aid those who will make the attempt ; convinced as we are, that it is to hy-
brids that we must look for varieties for out-door cultivation in our climate.

Our experience is rather limited, but we have now some hundreds under
way, a few of which we hope to see in fruit the present year. Our plan
has been to sow the seeds in boxes in February or March, placing them in a
greenhouse, if one is at hand, if not, in a hotbed, or even a frame; they
will soon make their appearance above ground, and when two inches high,
they should be potted off singly into small pots, and afterwards shifted,
according to their vigor. The second year they are turned out into the
open ground about the first of June, where they soon make vigorous shoots,
and on the approach of winter are protected with a covering of coarse litter,
or leaves. Their after treatment is the same as for vines raised from cut-
tings or layers. If A Subscriber will turn to our vol. IX, p. 373, he will
find some capital directions on this head, from our correspondent, Mr. Ca-
mak of Georgia.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR FEBRUARY.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Crrape Vines in the forcing house will now be setting their fruit, and will
need much attention, being careful to keep up a good temperature, not too
high at night, but regular and even. In the greenhouse and vinery, the
eyes generally begin to swell about the twentieth of this month, unless the
temperature is kept very low : as soon as they begin to swell, the shoots
should be loosened from their place in front, and tied loosely up to the trel-
lis, allowing the ends to hang down. In this way, they may remain for
two weeks, when the eyes will all show, and they may then be made fast
to the trellis : syringe lightly, every morning and evening, in good weather.
Cuttings may now be put in, if there is a hotbed at hand, if young vines are
wanted. Vines in pots may now be brought into the greenhouse, where they
will soon start into growth, and produce good crops.

Peach Trees and Figs in pots may now be taken into the greenhouse or
vinery, and will bring forward an early crop.

Scions of trees may still be cut and placed away as we directed last month .

Orchards, where there is a great deal to do in the spring, may be pruned
now, which will save time in the busy season of April and May.

96 Horticultu7'al Memoranda.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Pelargoniums will now require more attention. All plants which are in-
tended to bloom well in April and May should now be repotted, if it has
not been done before : eight inch pots are sufficiently small for good-sized
plants, and, if they are very large, they will require about eleven inch : as
soon as repotted, give them a good syringing, and, if they are attacked by
the green fly, fumigate immediately. Train out the shoots carefully, and
attend carefully to the watering : for further direction, we would refer to
Mr. Beck's article in our last.

Roses will now be advancing rapidly, and such as appear stunted for pot
room should be immediately shifted into a larger size : syringe occasionally,
and fumigate to destroy the green fly.
Japan Lilies should now be repotted in the manner advised last month.
Dahlias, if wanted for very early flowering, should now be potted and
placed in the warmest part of the greenhouse.

Camellias will now be in full bloom : give them abundant supplies of
water at the roots, and syringe occasionally overhead : pick off all decay-
ing flowers, and attend to impregnation, if seeds are wanted.
Verbenas should now be repotted.
Victoria Slocks will now need a shift into larger pots.
Achimenes, Gloxinias, dfc, started in pans, should now be potted off
singly into small pots.

Schizanthuses should be now shifted into large-sized pots.
Calceolarias will require potting again.

Fuchsias should now be propagated from cuttings of the new wood, if
young plants are wanted.

Gladiolus Gandavensis, and Floribundus should now be potted for early
blooming.

Sparaxis and Ixias, now about to bloom, should be liberally watered.
Ten Week Slocks, and other sorts of tender annuals, may now be sown
for producing plants to turn out early into the border.

Nemophilas should again be potted if very large and fine plants are
wanted.

Heaths should be carefully attended to ; giving good supplies of water,
and an occasional syringing overhead.

Azaleas now begin to show their buds, and may have a greater supply
of water.
Plants in Frames should be aired in fine weather.

VEGETABLE DEPARTMENT.

Hot Beds. — In gardens, where it is desirable to have early cucumbers or
vegetables of any kind, hotbeds should be put in operation ; about the mid-
dle of the month is the time to begin ; the beds will not then be in readiness
to plant until near the end of the month.

Cucumbers should be planted in small pots, three seeds in each, and al-
lowed to grow until they are hilled out next month.

Lettuce, Radish, Egg Plants, Marjorum, Tomato, Celery and other seeds,
should be immediately sown in order to have early plants for placing out in
the open ground as soon as the weather will admit.

THE MAGAZINE

OF

HORTICULTUR

MARCH, 1847.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. A Leaf from the History of Pomology in the Past.
By T. S. HuMRicKHousE, Coshocton, Ohio.

There has always been a proneness, in existing genera-
tions of mankind, to attribute all knowledge and all science
to themselves ; and to regard preceding ages as involved in ig-
norance and darkness, if not barbarism. The truth of this
remark applies to no age more than to the present, to no
country more than to our own, and to no subject more than
to Pomology. Brother Jonathan must amend,' — he must re-
form,— or he will, if indeed he has not already, become a prov-
erb.

Why should we arrogate so much to ourselves, when a lit-
tle research would be sure to lead us to the opposite conclusion ?

In the history of Pomology from the earliest to the pres-
ent times, the curious antiquary may find a vast field for his
researches ; and, in the attempt to explore it, will employ him-
.self fully as usefully as in many of his present undertakings.

Without further preface, I take the liberty of transcribing
what follows from the ^^ Memoirs and Correspondence of John
Evelyn, edited by William Bray, Esq., London, 1827,"
pages 435 to 437 inclusive, in the hope that, by publishing it,
you will confer a favor upon those of your readers who may
not have access to the work : —

" In a letter to Mr. Boyle, 23d November, 1664, he," (Eve-
lyn) " says, one Rhea (qu. Ray 7) has published a very use-
ful book concerning the Culture of Flowers, but it does no-
thing reach my long-since attempted design on that intire

VOL. XIII. — NO. m. 11

98 A Leaf from the History

subject, with all its ornaments and circumstances, but God
only knows when my opportunities will permit me to bring it
to maturity."

" In the Preface to the Acetaria, published in 1699, he men-
tions a work in which he had spent upwards of forty years,
and his collections for which had, in that time, filled several
thousand pages. The author of the Biographia Britannica
believes that this was the work part of which he had shewed
to his friends under the title of ' Elysium Britannicum,' but
which, in that Preface, he calls ' The Plan of a Royal Gar-
den,'«fcc. ; and that his Acetaria and Gardener's Kalendar.
were parts of it. This is confirmed by the preceding letter to
Dr. Boyle.

" Among the MSS. at Wotton, there are parts of two vol-
umes with the running title of ' Elysium Britannicum,' con-
sisting of miscellaneous observations on a great variety of
subjects, but not digested, except a printed sheet of the con-
tents of the intended work as follows : —

ELYSIUM BRITANNICUM,

IN THREE BOOKS.

Proeniissis proemittendis, 6lc.
Book I.

" Chap. 1. A Garden derived and defined, with its dis-
tinctions and sorts. — 2, Of a Gardiner, and how he is to be
qualified. — 3. Of the Principles and Elements in generall.
4._0f the Fire.— 5. Of the Air and Winds.— 6. Of the Wa-
ter.— 7. Of the Earth. — 8. Of the Celestial influences, parti-
cularly the Sun and Moon, and of the Climates. — 9. Of the
four Seasons. — 10. Of the Mould and Soil of a Garden. — 11.
Of Composts and Stercoration. — 12. Of the Generation of
Plants.

Book II.

"Chap. 1. Of the instruments belonging to a Gardiner,
and their several uses. — 2. Of the situation of a Garden, with
its extent. — 3. Of fencing, enclosing, plotting, and disposing
the Ground. — 4. Of a Seminary, and of propagating Trees,
Plants, and Flowers. — 5. Of Knots, Parterrs, Compartiments,
Bordures, and Embossements. — 6. Of W alkes, Terraces, Car-
pets, and Alices, Bowling greens, Maills, their materials and
proportions. — 7. Of Groves, Labyrinths, Doedales, Cabinets,

of Pomology in the Past. 99

Cradles, Pavilions, Galeries, Close-walkes, and other Relievo's.
— 8. Of Transplanting. — 9. Of Fountaines, Cascades, Riv-
ulets, Piscinas, and Water-works. — 10. Of Rocks, Grots, Cryp-
tas, Mounts, Precipices, Porticos, Ventiducts. — 11. Of Stat-
ues, Columns, Dyals, Perspectives, Pots, Vases, and other
ornaments. — 12. Of Artificial Echos, Musick, and Hydraulick
motions. — 13. Of Aviaries, Apiaries, Vivaries, Insects. — 14.
Of Orangeries, and Conservatories of rare Plants. — 15. Of
Verdures, Perennial-greens, and perpetuall springs. — 16. Of
Coronary Gardens, Flowers and rare Plants, how they are to
be propagated, govern'd, and improved ; together with a Cat-
alogue of the choycest Trees, Shrubs, Plants, and Flowers,
and how the Gardiner is to keep his Register. — 17. Of the
Philosophico-Medical Garden. — 18. Of a Vineyard. — 19. Of
Watering, Pruning, Clipping, Rolling, Weeding, &:c. — 20. Of
the Enemies and Infirmities to which a Garden is obnoxious,
together with the remedies. — 21. Of the Gardiner's Almanack,
or Kalendarium Hortense, directing what he is to do Moneth-
ly, and what Flowers are in prime.

Book III.
" Chap. 1. Of Conserving, Properating, Retarding, Multi-
plying, Transmuting, and altering the Species, Formes and
substantial qualities of Flowers, &c. — 2. Of Chaplets, Fes-
toons, Flower-pots, Nose-gaies, and Posies. — 3. Of the Gar-
diner's Elaboratory, and of distilling and extracting of Essen-
ces, Resuscitation of Plants, with other rare Experiments.
— 4. Of composing the Hortus Hyemalis, and making books
of Natural Arid Plants and Flowers, with other curious ways
of preserving them in their Natural. — 5. Of planting of Flow-
ers, Flowers enamell'd, in Silk, Wax, and other artificial rep-
resentations of them. — 6. Of Hortulane Entertainments, to
shew the riches, beauty, wonder, plenty, delight, and use of
a Garden Festival, &c. — 7. Of the most famous Gardens in
the World, Antient and Moderne. — 8. The Description of a
Villa. — The CoroUerie and Conclusion."

Surely, this grand conception of Evelyn's — formed by him
two hundred years ago, to which he devoted a portion of
his leisure during a period of forty years ; toward the comple-
tion of which he made vast advances, but to which he was

100 Effect of Boiling Water on Seeds.

prevented from giving form and substance, by the multiplic-
ity of important affairs in which he was engaged during his
whole life-time, has never been realized — no, not even ap-
proached, in any work yet given to the public. True : many
things in the design would, were it executed, be found more
curious than useful, and some even based upon error — such
and so great have been the advances made by science since
his day — but, are there not many admirable hints contained
in the mere statement of his plan, which modern horticultu-
rists would do well to avail themselves of and improve.
January 7, 1847,

Art. II. Instance of Effect of Boiling Water on Seeds.

ByX.

It is a well known fact to many, that certain seeds are pe-
culiarly difficult to be made to vegetate by the usual process
of sowing. Perhaps much disappointment has been often ex-
perienced, from the failure of germination of the seeds of choice
and curious plants. Many modes have been suggested or de-
vised to facilitate their germination; some founded on the
natural character of the original species ; such, for instance,
as sowing the seeds of the Primulacese, (those which are na-
tive of Alpine situations, as the Auricula, Androsace, Solda-
nella, &c.,) on snow, and exposing them to the open air when-
ever an opportunity occurred of their receiving a snowy
shower ; or exposing them to great natural or artificial heat,
in places strongly irradiated by the sun's rays ; in hotbeds,
on flues of conservatories and the like ; or subjecting them to
scalding heat, by pouring boiling water over them, as in the
case of Ipomse^a Quamoclit ; or, again, to the stranger process
of absolute boiling for the space of ten or fifteen minutes : also
of soaking in alkalies : immersing in acids, (e, g., oxalic acid,)
or watering with a weak solution of acid, until the seed vege-
tates, or with a solution of chlorine, which has the same effect.
Doubtless, in some of the instances, a chemical action is sus-
tained between the amylaceous particles of the seed and the
acid agent, or some gaseous principle is evolved which had

Effect of Boiling Water on Seeds. 101

been lost by drying or age, but in others, as in boiling and
scalding, the action seems mysterious. However curious the
subject, or inexplicable the mode, yet the pleasant fact re-
mains, and, in lieu of disappointment, by some one of these
modes, the careful experimenter is enabled to raise to success-
ful culture, species of plants, the seeds of which he may have
had in his possession for years, and been unable to excite to
a growth.

In the case of the harder kinds of seeds, those covered with
a very tough, or else with a very indurated shell or husk, for
instance, the Acacioe and Mimosas, it docs not seem so surpris-
ing that the action of extreme heat should be so well sustained.
The extremely hard-wooded shell of the Havv?-tliorn seed,
(Crata3^gus.) it is well known, enables that plant to resist
vegetative influence for one, two or more years: and although,
if sown as soon as ripe, many of the seed will appear on the
next spring, yet straggling plants may be seen in the seed
bed, rising from the original sowing, for successive seasons.
So the seeds of the Honey locust (Gleditsch/a) are of the
same character in process of vegetation. Subjected to boiling,
the seeds of Acacia lophantha will sustain no injury when
boiled fifteen minutes, as we have repeatedly observed: nay,
the young plants seem to grow the more rapidly from seed
subjected to that length of the process, than those from seed
not so long boiled. Many curious leguminous seeds are al-
most annually brought from tropical countries, either gathered
from wild plants, or sent from botanical collections, which are
thrown away by ignorant culturists, into whose hands they
may chance to fall, or sown without any reference to these
well known facts in vegetable economy, and are thus never
destined to see the light. To the Acacia and Mimosa tribe
especially, (of the great natural order Leguminosae,) our green-
houses and collections of living plants are very much indebt-
ed for rare elegance of foliage or exquisite beauty of flower,
or fragrance of blossom, or general contour of shape ; and in
some such collections, some one species or variety may be
rare.

To increase the chance of possessing some newer or rare
kind, it surely would repay the amateur or common gardener
for whatever trouble or patience he might exercise to insti-
ll*

102 Effect of Boiling Water on Seeds.

tute many experiments founded on a little scientific knowl-
edge to cause foreign seeds, which often fall into his hands, to
germinate. No one is the loser by such operations : for even
failure does not always detriment the general cause of culture;
but the rather enables a further experiment to be better made.
And patience, as well as experiment, is often found to be an
excellent paymaster in the long run : not only, as many have
known, in waiting for the blossoming of their rarer plants,
but also in the waiting for the germination of their seeds,
after months have elapsed since they ordinarily and normally
should have appeared above the soil. In our own very humble
and private experience, we have known the value of such a
virtue connected with floricultiiral science: and before our
eyes, at this moment, are some seedling Ziliacea? of rarer
kinds, for whose appearance we waited more than a year ;
although, in the same sowing, were others, for aught we know,
as difficult of vegetation, which appeared above the soil in a
few weeks.

The most singular feature by far of the power seeds possess
of resisting heat by boiling water (to return to our subject
matter,) is to be noticed in the fact of seeds not furnished
with strong and woody exteriors or shells ; and of those of
less durable envelopes ; of this latter, for instance, the seeds of
the Rubi, (Raspberry,) of which Lindley, in his Theory of
Horticulture^ p. 157, tells us that he was acquainted with the
germination of some seeds of this fruit '' picked from a jar of
jam, and which must, therefore, have been exposed to the
temperature of 230°, the boiling point of syrup."

Induced, at several times, by these accounts, and similar
found elsewhere in works of Horticulture, to institute some
experiments on the vitality of seed, we tried to see what suc-
cess one might have on four several sorts, which v/e subject-
ed to hot water raised to the boiling point, and kept in that
state for ten minutes. Of this lot, was a single seed of a
Gleditschia, several of Robinia, which, however, did not ap-
pear above ground. The third kind of seed has escaped our
memory, but it did not vegetate : the fourth seed was the
<S^ida polydndra, brought several years ago from the Botani-
cal Garden at Calcutta, by a friend of ours, and which we
had in our possession ever since, and, failing to vegetate it by

Effect of Boiling Water on Seeds. 103

the common process of sowing, in desperation, we put it to
the* severe test of the water trial, and, to our gratification as
well as surprise, several fine plants made their appearance
above ground in a few weeks. The Sides are malvaceous
plants, possessing soft seeds, that is to say, seeds with no in-
durated exterior, and which, one would naturally suppose,
could not resist much of an elevation of temperature, especial-
ly in boiling water, which, permeating their tissue, might
be thought capable of destroying their organization. But
notwithstanding appearances seemed so much against them,
yet something like a dozen plants came up and grew luxuri-
antly, of which we saved a couple by potting which have
given us a few flowers, pretty as are any of that genus, but
of little more ornament than that most common species now
rejected from our gardens, viz., ^Sida abuiilofi, original from
India, but now almost naturalized as a weed in gardens and
on rubbish heaps. The entire genus, indeed, may be set
down, in the words of Loudon, as " free flowerers of no great
beauty ;" of which we have certainly a rare exception in >S'ida
striatum {Abutilon striatum) of the Catalogues. What *S'ida
polyandra will prove in open culture, we can scarcely form
any opinion from our present knowledge ; if no better than
the old and rejected S. abutilon, thus much will it have
proved, that, in its case at least, it will add its weight of tes-
timony to the value and importance of a more experimental
and scientific process of seed sowing, based on philosophical
principles ; and that the record of the most seemingly trivial
facts in horticultural experience, may lead to results which
will bear on the greater interests of the general subject. And
so, Mr. Editor, should you deem this rambling and discursive
essay of any value in the record of facts relating to a pursuit
in which, with yourself, you are aware, we are interested,
you are at liberty to insert it in some corner of your Maga-
zine, that, perhaps, it may remind others of similar experi-
ments, from which they may receive even greater reward in
more successful results.
January 27, 1847.

We are most happy to present an article so full of interest
to every lover of rare plants : and we hope the minuteness

104 Remarks on the Northern Spy Apple.

with which these experiments have been detailed will in-
duce all who may have rare seeds placed in their hands to test
their vegetative powers. Has our correspondent tried the boiling
process on rose seeds, which often require a long period to
vegetate, especially if not sown as soon as gathered? We
might name other kinds which are found difficult to make
grow : but the hints here given are sufficient to induce all lov-
ers of plants to institute experiments. — Ed.

Art. III. Additional Remarks on the Northern Spy Apple.
By J. H. Watts, Esq., Rochester, N. Y.

Amongst the strange things of the day, I find a very strong
prejudice existing against the endeavors to introduce tlie North-
ern Spy apple ; — not that it is not a superior fruit, but that the
tree is not a fruitful bearer. Now in a country where fruit
is so abundant of other kinds, suppose our Spy trees are not
as prolific, does that militate against them entirely '? Surely
not • and, as I have interested myself much in favor of the
fruit, and not so much in the tree, I think it my duty to give
you the particulars. You will find them in the copy of a letter
which has been furnished me, and which I transcribe for
your use : —

"Mr. Oliver C. Chapin, of East Bloomfield, N. Y., says,
under date of the 20th January, 1847, — that the first North-
ern Spy apple trees were raised from seeds brought from the
Northwest part of Connecticut, about the year 1800, by Eli-
jah Taylor. The original tree was set in an orchard by He-
man Chapin, and some sprouts from it were taken up by
Roswell Humphrey, and by him the fruit was first raised —
(an honor, by the way, equal and more so than that he had
commanded — large armies) — as the original tree died before
bearing." "I believe there are nine of the trees first set out
by Humphrey now living, and they are rather larger than the
other trees in the orchard will average, of the same age, and
treated in all respects the same." "The trees have a hand-
some, upright top, are tolerably thrifty, and no indications of

Some Account of the Cooper Apple. 105

being short-lived." " They hear well every year, and a por-
tion of the apples are as good as any that we have, and, un-
der favorable circumstances, will keep till June.''' " I have
no means of ascertaining the quantities raised, but should
guess that four or five hundred bushels were raised annually
in the north part of this town, and a few in other places."

" The ojily objection that I knoAv of to them is, that a large
proportion of the fruit is small and scrubby, and of little val-
ue, being more unequal, in size and flavor, than most others."

Mr. Chapin does not say that the apple was called the
Northern Spy, in Connecticut. As you have correspond-
ence, no doubt, with growers of fruit in that region, you will
do well to learn more about it there, if you can.

You will see that the culture of the fruit has been mostly con-
fined to the region it was first produced in, although it is fast
wending its way west, and, generally, more or less all over the
United States, as scions have been sent in every direction*
Those I have had were raised fourteen miles east of Roch-
ester, and, the season past, a gentleman within two miles of
Rochester has raised some ten bushels, said to be very fine.
As I am not a grower of fruit to sell, nor of trees, I cannot be
said to be prejudiced for that purpose, but I agree Avith al-
most every one, that it is the best fruit of the apple kind I
have ever seen, and hope to live to see it as plenty as other
fruits which are now grown here in such abundance. I trust
your patience will not be exhausted. The facts about the
Northern Spy are what I have been seeking to find, and they
are at your service.

I may have some other suggestions to make to you hereafter.

Rochester, N. Y., January 22, 1847.

Art. IV. Some Account of the Cooper Apple and its History.

By T. S. HUMRICKHOUSE.

You request me, Mr. Editor, to send you a drawing, to-
gether with the history, &c., of the " Cooper apple." I can
furnish you with the history but not the drawing. When I
had the opportunity, last fall, from a specimen sent me by
Rev. C. Springer, to have made a drawing, I neglected to do

106 Some Account of the Cooper Apple.

so, for reasons which will appear in what follows, and be-
cause I supposed it would undoubtedly be recognized by Mr.
Downing, to whom specimens were likewise sent by Mr.
Springer, as an old acquaintance. I now regret it, since, had
I done so, I could have complied with your request.

The Cooper is, indeed, a most superior apple. If you
transcribe in full Mr. Manning's description of the "Drap
d'Or," (as I hope you will do in a note to this,) and add to it,
as Mr. Kenrick has done, that its season extends through No-
vember, you will have a complete description of the Coop-
er. Indeed, I believe them to be identical, though the one
specimen sent me by Mr. Springer was not enough to enable
me to come to that as a settled conclusion. Nor would I has-
tily, in any case, pronounce upon the identity of fruits.

The Cooper apple, like the Putnam, — should I not rath-
er say Roxbury Russet, — was brought from New England by
the emigrants who settled the " Ohio Company's Purchase,"
and founded Marietta, in company with the Rhode Island
Greening and other sorts. It is contained in the original list
of the varieties so brought out, now in the possession of Wil-
liam Rufus Putnam, as appears by the statement of Mr. Bate-
ham, Editor of the Ohio Cultivator, in an article published
in the number of his paper of the date of 1st. August, 1846,
and which, on Mr. Bateham's authority, I take to be undoubt-
edly genuine. As that list is valuable for reference, and will
be better preserved for that purpose in your Magazine, I have
thought proper to subjoin it.

" List of Apple Grafts received from Connecticut in 1796 : —

1. Putnam Russet,

2. Seek-no-Further,

3. Early Chandler,

4. Late Chandler,

5. Gilliflower (red),

6. Pound Royal,

7. Natural (Seedling.)

8. Rhode Island Greening,

9. Yellow Greening,

10. Golden Pippin,

11. Long Island Pippin,

12. Tallman's Sweeting, | 23. Spitzenberg.

13. Striped Sweeting,

14. Honey Greening,

15. Kent Pippin,

16. Cooper Apple,

17. Striped Gilliflower,

18. Black Gilliflower,

19. Prolific Beauty,

20. Queening,

21. English Pearmain,

22. Green Pippin,

Some Account of the Cooper Apple. 107

Having received, some time since, a letter from Mr. Spring-
er, informing me of his communication to Mr. Downing,
touching the Cooper, and some others of our varieties I
immediately wrote to him, referring him to the foregoing list
m proof that it is not an Ohio fruit. I also, about the same
time, mentioned the same fact to the Hon. James Matthews,
another of Mr. Downing's correspondents. And I requested
both of them, that, in writing again to Mr. Downing, they
should call his attention to it, and obtain from him his' opin-
ion, as he had seen the fruit, if it is not the '•' Fall Harvey "
the "Dyer," or the '-'Drap d'Or." This they will doubt-
less do.

I have already stated my opinion that the Cooper apple is
the -Drap d'Or" of Coxe, but by no means affirming such to
be the case.

Coshocton, January 27, 1847.

We trust our friends and correspondents in the West will
not suppose we wish to detract in the least from the merit
which attaches to their fertile soil, in the production of new
seedhng fruits, in endeavoring to show that many of those
which are supposed natives, are only well known eastern
kmds which were carried into their region by the early set-
tlers of the country from New England. There are undoubt-
edly hundreds of seedling apples of great excellence now in
existence in their nurseries and orchards, and we soon expect
to see great additions to our catalogues, especially from Ohio •
but as several supposed native fruits have prov^^d not to be
so. It may be well to proceed cautiously in identifying many
of the kinds which are yearly brought into notice, that confu-
sion may not grow out of hasty conclusions. Our excellent
correspondent, Mr. Ernst, whose exertions have been so sig-
nally important in detecting native seedlings, and bringing
them to the notice of cultivators, thought we were hasty in
our remarks when we stated that the " Detroit, Putnam russet
and other apples had proved to be Eastern varieties;" but we
believe now, that even some of those whose dictum was sup-
posed to be authority, admit what we showed to be the fact
(Vol. XH., p. 141,) that the Putnam Russet and Roxburv
rvusset are identical. ^

108 New Seedling Fruits of the West.

After seeing the notice of the Cooper apple in the Ohio
Cultivator^ we requested Mr, Humrickhouse, on whose good
judgment we could rely, to inquire into the history of that
variety, and, if possible, to send us an engraving, and, as the
result of his inquiry, we are enabled to offer the above excel-
lent paper, which every cultivator, we are sure, will join with
us in saying, has an important bearing on the question of the
seedling origin of the Cooper apple. Mr. Humrickhouse has
shown that it was originally carried from Connecticut ; but as
we believe there is no apple known under the name of Cooper
in Eastern collections, it is very reasonable to conjecture that
it may be known under some other name. For the present,
we shall only add Mr. Manning's description of the Drap
d'Or, alluded to by our correspondent, and leave the subject
to be taken up again when we have an opportunity to ex-
amine the fruit.

Drap d'Or. — A large, flat apple, of a bright, but pale yel-
low color, covered all over with small black pips (never with
a red check) ; the flesh is tender, very light and pleasant ; the
growth of the tree is large and spreading ; it bears well, and
should be found in every good collection. Ripe in September
and October. This is the true Drap d'Or of Coxe and Ronald^
but not of Duhamel. — Manning^ s Book of Fruits, p. 48.

Art. V. Notice of some Neio Seedlirig Fruits of the West,
with a Description and Engraving of the American White
Winter Calville Apple. By A. Fahnestock, Lancaster,
Ohio. •

I HAVE some choice native apples of great merit, amongst
which are the Early Pennock, A?nericati White Winter Cal-
ville, Crimson Nonpareil, Belle de Witt, Hart's Orange Sweet-
ing, Red Pearmain, Baldhill, Early Summer Red Streak,
Hocking Seedling, Hooker, Large Late, Large Vandevere and
Zoar Large Green, «fcc. These apples are not in any nursery
that I know of, except one, in Ohio, besides my own. I have
also a new Nectarine raised by Mr. Baker, supposed to have
come from the seed of a peach ; it has fruited but once, and is
very fine, also some new plums and pears, peaches, &c.

New Seedling Fndts of the West.

109

It would fill up too much of a letter to describe and name
them all, requiring some three or four sheets at least. I think
them all an acquisition to any nursery, and will send you
grafts this spring, or young trees in the fall, if you desire, of
every kind that is new and valuable, I will give you the
outline of two of the apples, with descriptions taken from the
fruit, which is correct and warranted.

Early Pennock. — It is the largest and handsomest apple of
its season I have ever seen, ripening from the 1st to the 10th
of August; a good eating fruit, and first-rate for cooking.
[Having already, by the kindness of Mr. Humrickhouse, given
an engraving of this fine variety, (XII., p. 472,) we omit it
here. — Ed.]

American White Winter Calville. — This apple {fig. 13,)
was propagated by taking sprouts from a seedling tree in the

Fig. 13. American WhUe Winter Calville.

orchard of Mr. Dan'l Miller, of La Fayette township, Coshoc-
ton County, Ohio. The size is large, sometimes equalling
that of the largest yellow Belleflower, to which it bears some
resemblance, as it also does to the " Belmont or^Waxen or
Gate," sometimes flat, mostly round or oblong, tapering some-
what to the eye, with broad ribs ; skin thin, delicate, of a
VOL. xm.— NO. in. 12

110 New Seedling Fruits of the West

waxen and glossy appearance, pale straw color, without a
blush ; seeds plump and oval ; stem from half to three quar-
ters of an inch long, small, and set in a deep pointed and
ribbed cavity. Calyx small and closed; in a moderate sized
basin, shallower at one end than the other : flesh white, ten-
der, juicy and fine grained, possessing a delicate aroma ; and
although it comes into eating early in November, it will keep
till March or even April, retaining its flavor well. The tree
is a fine, strong and upright grower in the nursery, foliage
peculiar, of a bright rich green, and very glossy.

Harfs Orange Sweeting is also very fine.

Red Pearmain is a very large, oblong fruit, handsomely
striped with red, and exceedingly fine for eating at this sea-
son— a very superior fruit.

The Zoar Large Green is a seedling from Zoar, and is a
very fine winter fruit, keeping till April. I have seen them
weighing one pound. They are brighter than the Rhode Isl-
and Greening, and a much larger fruit.

The Zoar Beauty and Flat Pear are also seedlings of Zoar,
and well worthy of a place in every orchard.

Bimeless Seedling Plum (the superintendent at Zoar) is in
size between the Green Gage and Imperial Gage, an uncom-
mon bearer and superior fruit in flavor. The original tree,
noAv about eighteen years old, stands in front of his mansion
house, and bears plentiftdly every year, and has never been in-
jured in the least by the curculio.

Silvan'' s Yellow Gage, a seedling of the same place, named
after their nurseryman, (Mr. Silvan,) is a plum of superior
merit.

Beauty of Zoar Peach, Silvan' s Seedling, and Zoar Late
Yellow, are seedling Peaches from Zoar, also Smoothstone.
The first and last named I have seen in bearing. They are
handsome and good.

Wineshurgh Large Yellow is a very large and fine peach,
a seedling from Winesburgh in Holmes County, and very ex-
cellent.

Graven! s Red Cheek Cling is a seedling of the same county,
bore this season. It is a large and handsome fruit, very de-
sirable.

Beltzar and Beltzar^s Early Rareripe originated in Coshoc-

New Seedling Fruits of the West. Ill

ton County, are fine early varieties, ripening from 1st to 10th
of August.

Fa/mesfock^s Seedling- No. 1, and Fahnestock' s Mammoth
Yelloio Cling., two seedlings of my own. — I consider them su-
perior, and they shall speak for themselves. The seedling is
much larger than the cling : one I had from the tree would
not go into a teacup, and measured larger in circumference
than any peach I have ever heard of We have some other
fine seedling peaches. Also a plum called the Imhoof Gage,
raised from a seed of the Green gage : it is rather oblong, and
nearly as large again as the Green gage, possessing all its
qualities. I would describe more to you, but space will not
allow.

There is a decided improvement in the taste of the people
here, and particularly in Columbus and Chilicothe. Our ag-
ricultural paper has done much, and will do more, for the ad-
vancement of the interest of all nurserymen and horticultu-
rists.

Lancaster, Ohio, January, 1847.

We are happy to give so good an account of the progress of
Horticulture in the West, and particularly of the production
of such a number of fine varieties of fruit. The Early Pen-
nock seems to be a most valuable early apple, and, from its
size and beauty, as well as excellence, worthy a place in ev-
ery collection. But, in regard to the other variety, described
by Mr. Fahnestock as the American White Winter Calville,
it may seem somewhat presumptive in us to ask why it is
called the American. If we compare the description of the
White Winter Calville, of Manning or Lindley, we shall find
that it answers almost precisely to that given above by our
correspondent. It is an old French variety of much merit,
and may have found its way into Ohio, from some of the ear-
ly French settlements in the West. Though we would, by
no means, pronounce upon a variety, merely upon a descrip-
tion, still we should wish to have good evidence that it is a
seedling before calling it the American White Winter Cal-
ville : for it is possible that one description may answer to
two apples, though it is not very probable. At any rate, we
trust Mr. Fahnestock will send us a tree or some scions, that
we may compare the leaf and wood as well as the fruit.

112 Pomological Notices ;

We shall be glad to receive any descriptions or notices of
new fruits which our correspondent may find the opportunity
to send U3. — Ed.

Art. VI. Pomological Notices : or Notices respecting new and
superior fruits, worthy of general cultivation. Notices of
several new apples, peaches and grapes. By the Editor.

Apples. In our last volume (XII. p. 474,) we briefly des-
cribed several new apples, which have been lately introduced
to cultivation; since that period, however, a few other new
sorts have been recommended to us by our correspondents, a
few of which we now name : —

Hooker. — This is a very fine apple, of which the following
account has been sent us by our friend J. W. Bissell, of Roch-
ester, N. Y. " The original tree is growing on the farm of
the grandfather of my partner, in Windsor, Conn., and was
brought to this country by E. B. Strong. The tree grows
strongly and bears a great crop, each alternate year : season,
December to April. You will notice that the flavor is much
like the Seek-no-further, which makes it a very great favorite
with women and children ; yet, unlike the Seek-no-further, it
is first-rate for cooking ; the skin is very thick and preserves
the fruit well. It is of medium size, with a red skin, and
high flavored."

Hawley. — This is another new apple, not known in the
nurseries, but, according to our correspondent, E. W. Leaven-
worth, Esq., of Syracuse, N. Y., of undoubted merit. He
writes us that " it is superior to any apple of the month of
October for the table. It has been cultivated by two uncles
of mine, in Columbia and Cayuga, for 20 or 30 years past,
— one calling it the Hawley, the other, Dows, apple. It is
large — as large as the Baldwin — fair, green, becoming partly
yellow, tender, juicy and delicious. Hawley and Dows are
the names of the men from whom the scions were originally
obtained.

Melvin Sweet. — This is the name of a variety considerably

New Apples, Peaches and Grapes. 113

cultivated in Concord, Mass. Our friend Mr. Moore, who
sent us some excellent specimens, informs us that it originated
in that town, that it is a great bearer, and readily brings 75
cents to ^1 a barrel more than the Baldwin. It is an apple
of good size, roundish form, with a yellowish green skin, dis-
tinctly striped with pale red, and possessing a rich and sugary
juice. In eating from November to February.

Granny Earle. — First introduced to notice by E. Phinney,
Esq., of Lexington. It is a small apple, of roundish oval
form, green skin, striped and splashed with red, with a white,
crisp and tender flesh, abundant juice, and high flavored.
Ripening from November to January.

Winter Harvey. — A very large conical apple, slightly rib-
bed, a native of Maine ; skin clear pale yellow : stem very
short : flesh, yellowish, firm and tender, juicy and excellent.
Ripe in December and keeps till April. Several barrels have
been sent to Boston market annually for the last three or four
years, and they retail as rapidly as any other kind. Some
specimens exhibited March 29, 1845, before the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, were in fine preservation.

The President is the name of a new variety highly recom-
mended by some of our friends in western New York, where
the variety is cultivated. We are promised a full account of
it ere long.

Leland Pippin. — This is the name of a variety cultivated
in the vicinity of Sherburne, Mass., and takes its name, we
believe, from our old friend Deacon Leland, of the Sherburne
nursery, who first introduced it to notice. It comes in after
the Porter, and is said to be fully equal to that fine variety.

Peaches. The rapidity with which seedling peaches are
produced, would lead us to suppose that a greater number of
fine varieties might have been raised. But, with few ex-
ceptions, the list of fine new ones is exceedingly limited, and
but a small number of them equal such foreign kinds as the
Noblesse, Grosse Mignonne, Malta, &c. Recently, there has
been a greater interest manifested in the production of seed-
lings, and we may hope soon to see some additions of greater
value than many which now fill up the catalogues. The fol-
lowing are new and promise well : —
12*

114 Pomological Notices ;

Sfetso7i's Seedling. — A variety of great beauty and excel ■
lence, with a white skin, beautifully sujffused with pale blush :
of rather oval form, terminating in a distinct mamelon at the
apex: flesh very juicy, melting and delicious. Ripens early
in September. Raised by N. Stetson, Esq., of Bridgewater.

Uovei/s Cambridge Belle. — One of the most beautiful peach-
es we have ever seen, with a clear waxen skin, tinted with a
glowing blush on the exposed side, and of a rich, brisk and
delicious flavor. Ripens early in September. Specimens
were exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
in September last, and the Committee stated it to be " of good
flavor, and worthy of cultivation."

White Ball. — This is an early variety, very beautiful and
excellent, a constant bearer, of good size and high flavored.
An accidental seedling in our collection. It is superior to
Morris's White, though not quite so large. Ripens early in
September.

Grapes. Some very superior varieties have lately been add-
ed to our rather limited list of good grapes : a few of which have
been fruited here, and others recommended by Mr. Thompson,
of the London Horticultural Society. The cultivation of the
grape is rapidly extending, and, as amateurs are anxious to
make a trial of all that have obtained a good reputation, we
embrace an early opportunity to briefly note the characters of
some of the recently introduced varieties which promise well.
Another season Ave shall be enabled to describe more particu-
larly such as have not yet fruited, in this country, from vines
in our own collection which will bear the present year.

Muscat Blanc Hatif. — A new and superior Muscat grape,
very early, ripening just after the Chasselas ; with good sized,
handsomely shouldered, bunches, and round berries of a clear
amber color, fall of a rich muscat juice. The berries set well,
and appear perfectly free from shanking, a defect of the White
Frontignan, which we noticed in vines planted nearly side
by side and in the same border. It is a most valuable grape.
Mr. Buist informs us he received the variety from the south of
France, about five years ago. The Pennsylvanian Horticul-
tural Society awarded him a handsome prize for fine specimens.
A few clusters exhibited by us last autumn were highly
esteemed.

New Apples, Peaches and Grapes. 115

New Black Hamburgh, {No. 16.) — When in London in the
autumn of 1844, we made several visits to the extensive
estabHshment of Mr. Wilmot, of Isleworth, well known for his
superior cultivation of the grape, for Covent Garden market.
Among the grapes which he recommended to us, as the very-
best in his collection, was one which he designated as the
New Black Hamburgh, (No. 16,) to prevent confusion with
Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh. The variety, we believe,
did not originate with him, but, from its superior excellence,
was adopted, as one among a select list which he had found
the most profitable for cultivation. Mr. Allen has briefly no-
ticed it at p. 44, after having fruited it in his collection,
and has spoken in just terms of its value. It is very similar
in appearance to the Black Hamburgh, but the foliage is quite
distinct, and the flavor is even more brisk and vinous than
that variety. It should be in every collection.

Macreadif s Early White. — This is the name under which
we have cultivated a very early and fine variety, received from
Mr. Rivers, near London. We have never seen the name, in
the catalogue, of any other nurseryman, and of its origin we
have no knowledge. It is a white grape, with oval transparent
berries, medium-sized bunches, and a remarkably sweet and
delicious juice. It ripened the earliest in our collection last
season, and hangs for some time.

Prince Albert. — This is the name of a new and fine grape,
which we saw in great perfection at the Royal Gardens, at
Frogmore, under the charge of Mr. Ingram, the Queen's Gar-
dener ; and a brief notice of it will be found in our account of
that place (XII. p. 81). There were only two vines in the
house, but each of these had three or four bunches of superb
grapes, although the vines had been only eighteen months
planted. Previous to this, Mr. Wilmot had also recommended
the variety, but he had no young plants to dispose of: a varie-
ty of such fine appearance, with bunches weighing about
31bs., we were anxious to possess ; and Mr. Ingram kindly
promised us some of the cuttings ; last season, Ave had the plea-
sure of receiving them safely, and in good condition, and now
have a few vines which we hope are sufficiently strong to
ripen a few clusters of the fruit. The variety originated, we
believe, in Jersey. Its general appearance is similar to the
Black Hamburgh.

116 Pomological Notices ;

Josling's St. Allan's. — This is a new seedling grape, des-
cribed by Mr. Thompson, in the last number of the Journal
of the London Horticultural Society. It was raised by Mr.
Josling, seedsman, &c., St. Albans, about six years ago. The
last season, fruit of it was exhibited before the London Horti-
cultural Society, September 1, and a certificate of merit was
awarded. The bunch, supported by a strong footstalk, is very
long and tapering, with strong diverging shoulders. The ber-
ries are about the size of the White Frontignan, round, green-
ish white, acquiring a tinge of yellow, when well ripened.
Flesh rather firmer than that of the Frontignan grapes, but
not so firm as that of the Muscat of Alexandria, very rich
and sugary, with a Frontignan flavor. The leaves in their
general outline are tolerably round, their lobes not deep, but
the serratures are tolerably sharp ; both the upper and under
surfaces are remarkably glabrous, and slightly tinged with
red. On the whole, the leaves bear considerable resemblance
to that of the White Muscat of Alexandria ; the berries, how-
ever, differ in being decidedly round, like those of the Fron-
tignans ; but the leaves of the latter are not glabrous, being
furnished with bristly hair, at and near the axils of the veins
beneath. It is perfectly distinct from any other variety known.
Mr. Josling states, that about six years ago he sowed seeds of
several kinds of grapes, which had been disfigured by wasps,
among which were the White Muscat, White Nice, White
Muscad ine, and White Sweetwater. The seeds were gathered
promiscuously, but he thinks it is between the White Muscat
and White Nice, as they grew side by side. It differs most
distinctly from the White Frontignan, from the time of show-
ing the fruit, until, and when, ripe. In showing its fruit, the
branches are very long on amazingly stout footstalks, which
start diagonally from the vine, in a manner very different from
any I grow. At this stage, they are very conspicuous through-
out the house. After this the berries assume a dark green
color, the Frontignan is of a pale green ; it shoulders, the
Frontignan does not : the bunch tapers to a point, the Fron-
tignan is more cylindrical ; the footstalk throughout the bunch
is very stiff", the Frontignan hangs loosely. In flavor, it ap-
proaches the Frontignan more than any other grape ; but even
in this respect it differs materially, the berry in the mouth

New Apples, Peaches and Grapes. 117

having more substance, and being more sugary and sweetmeat
like ; when ripe, it assumes a dark gold color. It does not re-
quire much thinning. It is late in ripening, and does not shank
or shrivel, like the Frontignan. Its habit of growth is strong
and robust. Mr. Thompson concurs in the opinion that it is
a valuable variety.

[This description answers exceedingly well for the Muscat
blanc hatif,]

Calabrian Raisin. — In the 2d No. of the Journal of the
Horticultural Society, Mr. Thompson describes a variety un-
der this name, which had fruited in the Society's garden. He
states that it was obtained from the nursery of the Messrs.
Baumann of Bohviller, who have a fine collection of grapes. In
their catalogue, it is called the Raisin de Calabre. The bunch
is large, slightly shouldered, long and tapering. The berries
are large, quite round, white, transparent, so that the seeds can
be perceived. The flesh is moderately firm, with a rich sug-
ary juice. It is a late grape, possessing likewise the property of
hanging long after it is ripe ; and it will keep for a considera-
ble time after it is cut. With good management, it may be
preserved for months, in a fresh state, fit for the dessert. The
vine grows vigorously, and is likely to be a good bearer.
From what has already been observed of its disposition to
form large bunches, those who make the production of them
a principal object, will doubtless grow bunches of this variety
half a yard or more in length, as has been done in the case of
the Black St. Peters, comparatively with which, grown under
similar circumstances, the Calabrian Raisin appears the larger
of the two.

On account of its long keeping, it is exceedingly suitable
for being planted with the Black St. Peters, which is the best,
often hanging till February. But a variety that would keep
equally long, and afford a contrast as regards color, was wanted.
This desideratum is admirably supplied by the introduction of
the Calabrian Raisin. Mr. Thompson states that it seems per-
fectly distinct from any hitherto cultivated or described. The
berries of the White Nice are smaller, and of a greenish color :
those of the Syrian are a little oval, and less transparent. Its
greatest resemblance is to the White Malvasia, but this is a
rather early grape, and of smaller size. It will prove a valu-
able acquisition.

118 Remarks on some Varieties of the Pear.

Arr. VII. Remarks and General Hints, on Some Few Varie-
ties of the Pear. By S. Walker, Roxbury, Mass.

Much has been -written, and much more said, on the merits
and cultivation of the pear, and still, Mr. Editor, we want that
light and information which experience alone can give us on
this subject.

We do not expect to add much, if any thing, to the stock
of information already acquired ; but, if any remarks which
may fall from our pen, or our lips, on this subject, shall elicit
remarks from others, either to establish our own views, or to
present to the fruit-growing community the best mode, or a
better mode, of cultivating this delicious fruit, and the varieties
that deserved the most extensive cultivation, we shall then
consider that something further has been done ; but, until we
find others, and many there are, more competent than ourself
to take up this interesting subject, we shall probably, at times,
presume to trespass on your kind indulgence, and solicit a
place for such remarks as opportunity may present, or our poor
ability may enable us to furnish.

Although specimens of some of the new varieties were pre-
sented, during the past season, (1846,) at the Hall of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, yet nothing of surpass-
ing excellence was brought forward in the new class ; that
is to say, the new pears which were shown, for the Jirst time,
did not fully sustain their foreign reputation, while others
which have been shown for several years, and among these
we found several native varieties, rather exceeded their repre-
sentation and our expectations. We shall mention those new
varieties only that we consider as worthy, in every respect, of
extensive cultivation. But, before we proceed to do so, we
wish to state briefly that the first, second, or indeed the third,
and sometimes the fourth trial of new foreign or native pears
is oftentimes insufficient to enable us to give an unequivocal
and decided opinion as to their true character and merits.
We ground our remarks, and form our opinion, from specimens
presented at the Hall of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-

Remarks on some Varieties of the Pear. 119

ciety, or fruit produced in our own grounds, or sent to us by-
kind friends during the past season.

Again, we wish it to be fully understood that no estimate
can be made of the true character of any fruit, more particu-
larly of the pear, unless the specimens are fair, well grown, of
full size and quite ripe : or, in other words, in the highest
state of perfection the variety will attain to under the most
skilful management and favorable season. Some varieties,
under the care of a lover of fruits, well cultivated in a conge-
nial soil, may be compared to " refined gold," while the same
variety in unskilful hands, the trees neglected, in grass land,
or in wet and impoverished soil, may prove as " dross." I
would further, and in conclusion on this part of my subject,
remark, that first-rate specimens, of the best flavor, cannot be
expected to be obtained from trees that are overloaded with
fruit. An overcrop is not only injurious to the fruit, but also
to the growth and future well-being of the tree. Nature
makes great efforts to accomplish her purposes ; but if all her
energy and resources are called upon to mature fruit, the trees
cannot increase in size, and nature thus taxed becomes ex-
hausted— tires — faints and dies under the load.

With the foregoing remarks, which we thought might not
be altogether unacceptable to your readers, we proceed to give
a list of such new varieties of pears as have, in our opinion,
been found worthy to be classed among those deserving of ex-
tensive cultivation.

Yan Mons Leon Le Clerc. — One of the best pears we ever
ate, and the best pear we tasted the past season.

Eye WOOD. — With this variety, after a trial of three years
we were agreeably disappointed. The first year we marked
it second-rate. The past season, it proved to be very ten-
der, very melting and juicy, subacid, too much so for persons
who like sweet pears, but to the lovers of the Brown
Beurre, and Beurre d' Aremberg, this variety will be highly
prized.

Fondante d'Automne. — This pear, when well grown and
fully ripe, has no superior, and very few equals.

Hannas and Wilbur. — (The latter native). These varie-
ties may be classed among the best of the season ; they were
both ripe on the 20th of September.

120 George the IVth Peach.

Dix. (Native.) This variety may be placed among the
very best pears in the country. At some future period the
Dix will be as well known, and as much esteemed, as the
Williams's Bon Chretien {Bartlett).

Dearborn's Seedling. (Native.) Fruit small, but very
fine flavor.

Heathcote. (Native.) This variety may be placed among
the best. The present season, we found it little, if at all, in-
ferior to the Saint Michael, {Doyefme blajic.)

Andrews. (Native.) A pear of great merit; it will be
extensively cultivated as it becomes better known.

Tyson. (Native.) Though last on m}'' memorandum, not
least in my estimation. This fine variety originated at Jen-
kinstown, near Philadelphia, some fifty years ago, and al-
though it may be classed among the best, it did not find its
way into the State of Massachusetts until the year 1S35, or
1836 ; when scions were sent by Dr. James Mease, of Phila-
delphia, to the Hon. B. V. French, ofBraintree, with an assur-
ance that the Tyson would prove equal to the Seckel. Mr.
French gave a part of the scions to various cultivators, and,
among the recipients, was William Oliver, Esq., of Dorches-
ter, who grafted the scions received into the leading branch of
a fine healthy tree. In the year 1841 or 1842, and, for some
two or three succeeding years, Mr. Oliver presented specimens
of the Tyson pear at the rooms of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society. We were present and partook of the first
specimen that Mr. Oliver presented ; and have continued to
notice the pear, from year to year, until the past season. We
now rank it, as we have ever done, among the best summer
pears.

Roxbury, February llth, 1847.

Art. YIII. George the IVth Peach. By W. R. Prince,
Flushing, L. I.

I HAVE been anxious, for several years past, to solve the
mystery which has hnng over this fruit, and at the same time

George the IVth Peach. 121

to present such facts and proofs as would satisfy others. In
this research, I have received the most important aid from a
gentleman of great intelligence, but who is, at the same time,
one of the least assuming votaries of Pomona, John W. Kne-
vels, Esq., of Fishkill. I received intimation long since that
the tree in the garden of the late Robert Gill, Esq., in Broad
Street, New York, whence the scions of the so-called George
the IVth were obtained, was an itioculated tree ; but it is only
within about three years, that I have ascertained satisfactorily
that the tree was obtained from my father, under another
title. I am now enabled to state these facts positively, and
to refer to unquestionable authority for proof on these two
important points. Dr. James S. Rumsey, a great connoisseur
of fruits, who resides at Fishkill Landing, is a step-son of the
late Robert Gill, Esq., already referred to, and who, at the
latter part of his life, removed from Broad Street, New York,
to Fishkill Landing. The lady of the late Mr. Gill, who is
the mother of Dr. Rumsey, now resides with him, and is in
perfect possession of all her faculties. Mr. Knevels, in his
letter to me, states thus : " From them I have often heard it
asserted that the peach named and noticed by Mr Floy, as
the George the lYth, was obtained, as is in fact well known."
(This Mr. Floy himself states.) " The tree grew in their
court yard, in Broad Street, and was one of several trees
received by Mr. Robert Gill, at one time, under an order sent
to your nursery, for so many trees of the Red Rareripe ; of
this there can be no question." — In reply to an application
made by me (Mr. Knevels) at your instance to Dr. Rumsey,
he says : " The fact of the original George the IVth peach tree
having been procured from Mr. Prince, as the Red Rare-
ripe, I have often mentioned to you and others interested in
such matters."

Such is the information obtained from other sources ; I will
now speak for myself In the spring of 1843, 1 planted a tree
of our ordinary Red Rareripe, (which is called " Morris Red
Rareripe," by Mr. Downing,) and a tree of the George IVth
side by side, and they have both borne fruit for three sea-
sons ; and, on a critical comparison of growth, foliage, glands,
flowers, and fruit, I cannot perceive the least particle of dis-
tinction. / therefore pronounce them to be ide?itically the same,

VOL. xni. — NO. III. 13

122 Hydrangea Japonica.

and to be the original and ancient Red Rareripe, brought to
Flushing by the Huguenot emigrants at the Revocation of
the edict of Nantes, together with the Pomme d'Api apple,
St. Michael, and Summer Bon Chretien pears, and some other
fine fruits, all of which were extensively cultivated in the
nursery and orchards of my grandfather, and have continued
to be so in numerous orchards and gardens up to the present
period. The Red Rareripe peach has been propagated to a
greater extent in our nurseries than any other variety, and
disseminated to every part of the Union. It acquired its cog-
nomen of " Morris," from being extensively cultivated in the
orchards of Gouverneur Morris, and his relatives, at Morrissa-
nia, a few miles from the city of New York.

The genuine original Red Rareripe, or George IVth, has
globose glands. The Red Rareripe of Mr. Downing, No. 41
of his work on fruits, is a distinct variety, and has serrated
leaves, without glands.

I shall send you the results of other investigations connected
with the history, nomenclature, and synonomy of the varie-
ties of the peach from time to time ; and in order to be perfect-
ly au fait on the subject, I have concentrated in my spe-
cimen grounds every variety of note, obtainable from France,
Italy, England, and our own country, and have even obtained
specimen trees of all the principal nursery and orchard col-
lections throughout the Union, for the purpose of perfecting
the synonomy of this estimable class of fruits. On investiga-
tion, I reject every inferior variety, and the collection now
oiTered, with the additional highly estimable varieties, which
I shall announce in our catalogue for the ensuing autumn,
comprise fruits of most admirable qualities, whose introduc-
tion will form a new era in the peach culture.

Linnoean Bot. Gard. afid Nurseries, Flushing, L. I. Feb. 1847.

Art. IX. Hydrangea Japonica, its Cultivation, with an En-
graving of the Plant. By the Editor.

Since the earliest expeditions which have been sent out
from Europe, in search of the Botanical or Floricultural

Hydrangea Japonica.

12'

treasures of other countries, few, if any, have achieved greater
results than that of Dr. Siebold, to Japan. For several years
the choicest new plants which have, from time to time, been
introduced to notice, have formed part of the gems which
enriched his magnificent collection.

The Japan Lilies are perhaps the best known, as they arc
certainly the most gorgeous of his acquisitions. Hydrangea
japonica, {jig. 14) the subject of our notice, though of less pre-
tensions, is another fine plant ; and we have just seen an-
nounced a most beautiful hardy spiraea, with flowers as white
as snow and as double as the ranunculus, clothing the stems
their entire length, which was brought home by this indefat-
igable traveller.

Hydrangea japonica, when it first flowered, was thought to
possess less beauty than the old and familiar H. hortensis :

Fig. 14. Hydrangea Japonica.

but the plants were young, and Quly produced inferior flowers ;
since the specimens have become older, and been grown with
a view to show its elegance, it is acknowledged to far surpass
the hortensis. A specimen from the garden of the London
Horticultural Society was exhibited in IS-IS, from which our
drav.'-ing is copied, and greatly admired ; but, the last season.

124 Hydrangea Japonica.

it was still more brilliant, having, at one time, upwards of
twenty heads of its showy flowers expanded at once.

In habit of growth, it much resembles the hortensis ; but it
makes longer and rather more slender branches, longer jointed,
with larger leaves, deeply serrated, and adhering longer to the
branches. The flowers are produced at the ends of the shoots ;
but, instead of being in globular heads, they appear in flat clus-
ters or cymes, the sterile flowers occupying an outer row,
while the fertile ones fill up the centre, contrasting prettily, by
their bluish tint, with the white flowers of the circumference.
Its broad and deep green foliage, and its numerous corymbs
of blossoms, render it one of the most conspicuous and beau-
tiful objects of the conservatory.

In a previous volume, (III. p. 63,) we have given the mode
of treatment of the Hydrdngea hortensis : H japonica requires
similar management. It should b,e potted in a compost of
peat and leaf mould, with very little loam, and, when in a
flowering state, placed in a half shady situation, and be lib-
erally supplied with water. Our plants, which are yet rather
small, in consequence of cutting them for propagation, have
received the same care as the common species, and both have
been placed in a frame or under the stage of the green-house,
until they commenced growing towards spring.

It is readily propagated from cuttings or layers, which, if
put in about April or May, in a slight heat, under good treat-
ment, form fine blooming plants the second year : when about
six inches high, they should be repotted; and if the plants are
very vigorous, they may be shifted into pots 6 or 8 inches in
diameter. The second spring, when they commence growing,
they should be top-dressed, and in May, if growing rapidly,
they may be potted into the next size ; stake up the shoots
carefully, and in June it will commence flowering, and con-
tinue in great beauty for several weeks. Every amateur col-
lection should possess a plant of the H. japonica.

It is of recent introduction to English collections, and first
flowered, we believe, in the Horticultural Society's garden.
In Belgium, it is common in most collections of plants.

European Agriculture and Rural Economy. 125

REVIEWS.

Art. I. European Agriculture and Rural Ecojiomy., from
Personal Observation. By Henry Colman. Vol. 11. Part
VIII. pp. 223 to 370.

Mr. Colman has now thoroughly taken hold of the subject,
and the present number possesses a value which could not attach
to any of the preceding ones. The subjects discussed are few,
but they are important and valuable to all. They are as fol-
lows : —

CVI. Crops (continued,) CVII. Flax ; CVIII. Live Stock ;
CIX. Dairy Husbandry ; CX. Manures ; CXI. General Re-
flections.

These subjects are treated upon with that minuteness of
detail, which alone can make them useful to any farmer.
Actual experiments are recorded, and results givdn. Under
the head of crops, are enumerated all the improved varieties
of wheat, &c., and, in the chapter on live stock, the best
breeds are described, and a comparison of their value added.
The number is illustrated with a fine drawing of a Leicester
ram.

In the chapter on manures, which we wish we had room to
copy, Mr. Colman adds the following to what he has previous-
ly stated on Guano : —

Guano still maintains its reputation. No new facts have transpired
respecting it, but old ones have been confirmed. It continues to be applied,
at the rate of two hundred pounds, and even four hundred pounds weight
per acre, to various crops, with signal success, unless its efficacy is sus-
pended or defeated by drought, or unless it comes in immediate contact with
the plant, when it proves fatal. It is never safely applied alone, and the
preferred mixture is a very liberal proportion of mould. Its mixture with
ashes, strongly recommended by some farmers, is, as I have before observed,
of questionable expediency. In Devonshire, I witnessed the most extraor-
dinary effects from it, this year, applied at the rate of about three hundred
ponnds per acre upon grass land. The extreme luxuriance and richness of
the grass, where it was applied, were most remarkable, especially when
seen in contrast with parts of the field not guanoed. Nor is its effecacy lim-
ited to one year, but continues for a length of time as yet not determined.

13*

126 Young Gardener' s Assistant.

But were its obvious effects limited to one year only, yet the increase of
crops, growing out of its use, furnishes in itself the means of greatly enrich-
ing the farm. (pp. 358, 359.)

This is just what we predicted of thevalue of guano as test-
ed by our own experience : the general cry was, and even now
is, that its effects are only immediate, " leaving the land poorer
than before," as some farmers have affirmed ; but Mr. Colman
now confirms all that has been said of it; and we trust that
we shall no longer have so groundless an argument brought
up against its use. Two more numbers, we believe, complete
the work.

Art. II. 1. The Young Gardener^ s Assistant^ in three parts ^
containing catalogues of Garden and Flower Seed, with
practical directio7is, under each head, for the cidtivation of
Oulhiary Vegetables and Floivers ; also, directions for ctd-
tivating Fruit Trees, the Grape Vine, S^c. 12th Edition,
By Thomas Bridgman, 1 vol. 8vo. New York, 1847.

2. The Florisfs Guide, containing practical directions for
the cidtivation of annual, biejinial and perennial Flowering
Plants, S^c. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. 174.

3. The Fruit Cultivator's Manual, containiiig ample direc-
tions for the cidtivation of the most important Fruits, ^c.
1 vol. 12mo. pp. 189.

4. The Kitchen Gardener's Instructor,' containing a cata^
logiie of Garden a?id Herb Seed, with practical directions,
under each head, for the cultivation of cidiiiary Vegetables,
Herbs, i^c. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. 181. New and improved Edi-
tions. 1847.

These are the titles of four books which the author has
placed in our hands, the first containing the same information
as the other three, but which are sold separately to those who
only wish to acquire knowledge in one department. It is
scarcely necessary for us to add any thing to what we have said
in their favor in our reviews of former editions : the best evi-
dence of their value is the fact, that the public have called

Chemical Essays relating to Agriculture. 127

for the 12th edition. This we are glad to add, however, has
been greatly improved, and new lists of flowers, fruits, and
vegetables added, to bring them down to the latest date. Mr.
Bridgman is indefatigable in his exertions in the cause of
Horticulture ; and it is gratifying to us to have an opportunity
to commend the plain common sense, and practical work of
the author, to all cultivators, and especially to those who wish
for elementary information in the several departments of the
gardening art.

Art. III. Experimental Researches on the Food of Animals,
and the Fattening of Cattle, with Remarks on the Food of
Man, based upon expei'imeiits undertaken by order of the
British Government. By Robert Dundas Thompson, M. D.,
Lecturer in Practical Chemistry, University of Glasgow.
From the last London edition. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. 172. New
York. 1846.

This is the title of a very useful work, which should be in
the hands of every individual interested in the breeding of
stock, and, indeed, we might say, in the hands of every one
desirous of obtaining a physiological and chemical knowledge
of animal diet. It is the result of an extensive series of experi-
ments undertaken at the instance of the British Government,
the original object of inquiry having been to determine the
relative value of barley and malt in feeding cattle.

The volume is neatly republished, and we commend it to
the notice of all who are interested in the health and comfort
of mankind.

Art. IV. Chemical Essays relating to Agriculture. By E.
N. HoRSFORD, A. M. Pamphlet, 12mo. pp. 68. Boston.
1846.

Since the publication of Liebig's valuable works, there
have been several contributions to the chemistry of agriculture,

128 Rural Register and Almanac.

and, of the more recent ones, the essays which are now under
notice. The pamphlet is an analysis of the grains and vege-
tables, distinguishing the nitrogenous from the non-nitrogenous
substances, for the purpose of estimating their separate value
for nutrition. It concludes with a letter to Prof. Webster, on
the action and ingredients of manures.

Mr. Horsford has lately completed his studies in Geissen
with Dr. Liebig, and has quite recently been elected Rumford
Professor in Harvard University ; and we are gratified to learn
that the services of one whose studies are so intimately con-
nected with the progress of our agriculture have been selected.
The work should be in the hands of every intelligent agri-
culturist.

Art. V. The Hasty Pudding ; a Poem i?i three Cantos,
written at Chancery, in Savoy, January, 1793. By Joel
Barlow, Minister Plenipotentiary to France. With a Me-
moir on Maize, or Indian Corn. Compiled by D. J. Browne,
under the direction of the American Institute. Pamphlet.
12mo. pp. 56. New York. 1846.

An amusing poem in flowing rhyme, depicting the delicious
qualities of hasty pudding, — a favorite dish with the author,
but not to be procured either in London or Paris, at the time
it was written. To this poem, Mr. Browne has added a com-
plete history of the Indian corn, in which he asserts and proves
its American origin. Brief descriptions of all the principal
varieties are given, and the pamphlet concludes with a great
number of recipes for cooking it, in various ways, either green
or dry.

Art. VI. The Rural Register and Almanac for 1847.
Pamphlet. 12mo. pp. 143. Philadelphia, 1847.

A gardening almanac upon a new plan, in which, besides
the usual calendarial information of the weather, upwards of

Rotation of Crops. 129

a hundred pages are added, upon the cultivation of fruits, ac-
companied with engravings of several of the most approved
kinds of apples, pears, cherries, plums, strawberries, &c.

The plan is an exceedingly good one, and an almanac of
this kind must prove an exceedingly good remembrancer to
every amateur cultivator.

Art. VII. Proceedings of the National Convention of Far-
mers, Gardeners, and Silk Culturists, held i?i Mechanics'
Hall, in the City of Neiv York, on the 12th, 13th, andlAth
days of October, 1846, in connexion with the Nineteenth
Annual Fair of the American Institute. Pamphlet. 8vo.
pp. 50. New York. 1846.

We are deprived of room, to notice this interesting pamph-
let as we could wish. It is filled with the reports of commit-
tees upon the great subject of diffusing Agricultural informa-
tion, the culture of silk, &c., and we can only advise its peru-
sal by all who have their interests and the good of the country
at heart.

Art. VIII. The Chemical Principles of the Rotatiofi of
Crops. Pronounced before the American Agricultural
Association, March 4, 1846. By D. P. Gardner, M D.
Quarto Pamphlet, pp. 18. New York. 1846.

Dr. Gardner is well known to the agricultural communi-
ty, for his exertions in bringing before them information upon
all subjects connected with the art of cultivation. But a short
time since, we reviewed the Farmers' Dictionai-y, a very ex-
cellent work, published under his supervision. We have now
before us a most excellent essay of the rotation of crops upon
chemical principles ; being an address pronounced before the
American Agricultural Association, of New York. We need
only add, that it is well worthy the attention of every intelli-
gent farmer.

130 Domestic Notices.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. 1. Domestic Notices.

Splendid Plantation of Pear Trees. — Edward King, Esq., of Newport,
Rhode Island, planted, the last spring, an orchard comprising about four
hundred pear trees, all of the choicest Belgian and other modern improved
varieties. The trees were of extra large size, eight to ten feet in height, and
suitable, therefore, to come into bearing the ensuing season, and many of
them produced flowers the first season. Notwithstanding the drought, there
were but six that failed in growing. These trees were obtained from the
Messrs. Prince of Long Island, and this orchard is probably the most valu-
able that has been formed in New England of this class of fruit. — Yours,
P., January, 1847.

Remarks on the Hog Artichoke. — I was very glad, Mr. Editor, to find, in
the pages of your last number, the article of your correspondent. Dr. Ward,
on the differences of variety, as he esteems it, of the two plants of Helian-
thus, growing in his garden. Nor am I, for one, sorry, that his manifest
" slip of the pen," or use of the corrective spirit of your several correspond-
ents, in showing the artichoke to be no solanum, which every one knew
before, called forth from Professor Ward the article with which he has filled
a few of your pages. For my own part, I am bold to declare, that, could
any thing induce him to give you an article occasionally, we should be no
losers. Among the many curious native and introduced plants of his adopt-
ed home, he might find much to tell us, in our boreal clime, on the varied
subjects of horticultural lore, or floricultural experience. And as the Dr.
is now infer it, especially in defence of the Hog Artichoke, I trust that he
will favor us with some seeds, roots, or the like, by which we can judge for
ourselves also, whether Torrey's and Gray's " determination" should be
" quietly" received or no. I have always taken a fancy to the Jerusalem
artichoke, on account of its fine head of flowers: I should like to cultivate
an acquaintance with this variety for the better reason, too, that it is more
showy in that respect. Agriculturally, its merits as a root would be bet-
ter tested at the south than with us : but, as another sort of sunflower, why
maj' not we hail it as an accession to our gardens, that it may show its hon-
est disk among the several sorts of Helianthus, which are now cultivated
with care. Will not the Dr. think of you, Mr. Editor, in a few seeds?
— Turnsole.

William S. Sullivanl, Esq., communicated to the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences (Boston,) through the Corresponding Secretary, a paper
entitled " Contributions to the Bryology and Hepaticology of North Amer-
ica," with drawings of some species: as Phyllogonium Norwegicum, {Brt-
del,) a curious and rare moss, recently detected in Ohio : Fissidens minutu-
lus {Sullivant) : Fissidens exiguus, {Sullivant) : singularly minute and del-
icate species of mosses : Schistidiira serratum, {Hooker and Wilson,) not un-

Domestic Notices. 131

common in Massachusetts also, and a moss of interesting character: Aneura
sessilis, (Sullivant,) Marchantia disjuncta, {Sulliv.) of the order Hepaticese;
also, Notothylas valvata and N. orbicularis, (Sulliv.) the two latter singular
hepatic plants of much interest. See Proceedings of Academy, p. 35, &c.

Professor Gray (of Harvard University) communicated the characters of
some new genera and species of Compositae from Texas, viz., Vernonia
Lindheimeri (Gr. and Engelman, PI. Lindh. med.): Ageratum Wrightn,
{Torrey and Gray^fi. ined.): Brickellia cylindracea {Gr, and Engel., PI.
Lindh. ined.): Lindheimera texana, (Gray,): Keerlia bellidifolia ( Gr. and
Engel., I. c.,) : Tetragonothica texana, (Gr, and Engel., I. c.,) : Barra-
tia calva (Gray.) See Proceedings Amer. Acad., pp. 46, 48. — R,

Pleasant Experiment with Andromeda calyculata. — It is well known, that
the flower buds of many of our native shrubs, as well as of trees, are formed
towards the end of the summer, and are in perfect readiness to expand early
in the following spring. Especially is this the case with the Amentacese, a
natural order, embracing plants furnished with aments or catkins: such as
the alder, poplar, willow, and the like. These hardy and daring efforts of
Flora seem to link, with an almost continuous chain, the autumn with the
spring. The curious, crisped, threadlike blossoms of the witch hazel, in
bunches of yellow flowers, appearing when nature is stripping the foliatre
from the deciduous trees, and when the cold winds of November are remind-
ing us of the snows and storms of winter, scarcaly wither on their parent
branches, before we find these amentaceous plants pushing off their envel-
opes, and making ready for the auspicious gales of April and May. Any
one who may go into our swamps in midwinter will notice the white and
silken flower buds of the swamp willow, with its black and loosened scale-
like covering failing to protect what it seemed intended to cover ; and by
every brook side, the already pendent aments of the black alder will attract
attention not less than the similar aments of the hazel nut by every wall, or
on the borders of ill cultivated fields. It seems to require but a moderate
continuance of vernal heat to set free the constraint laid on these flower
buds ; to loosen and elongate the spikes, and to shed in profusion , all around
the golden farina with which they are charged. The beauty of the wil-
low, when in blossom, is well known to every lover of wild nature ; and
its agreeable sweetness is recognized by the bees and many wintred insects
which, with a rare sagacity and instinct, know the times appointed for their
renewed labors.

Having frequently expanded these aments in winter, by cutting branches
of the shrubs, and placing them in water in a warm room, I was induced to
try what effect the same treatment would produce on the already formed
flower buds of the andromeda. This plant or low shrub grows in every
sphagnous swamp, and in overflowed meadows, and gives peculiar beauty
to every spring by its unique and regularly set rows of white bells on its
slender and leafy branches. Its leaves are sempervirent, and thus remain
all winter, turning rather brown on approach of cold. Each flower sprino-s
out from the axil of one of the smaller leaves, .which invest the terminal
racemes, and is of an ovate, cylindrical form, and of delicate whiteness.

132 Domestic Notices.

Some twigs gathered this winter on December twenty-ninth, 1846, expand-
ed their blossoms on January twelfth, 1847, and other fresh twigs, put into
water on January twenty-third, are now in full beauty of expansion, (Feb-
ruary 8lh). Thus those who are fond of winter bouquets need be in no lack
of at least one sort of beautiful flowers, not inferior, in any degree, to many
of the Cape heaths, which are so deservedly prized for their elegance and
rarity. I have tried a similar experiment on the buds of i?hododendron
maximum, but without success. Perhaps Rhod6ra canadensis may be made
to expand in the same manner : a trial would do no harm.

Some fresh tufts or plants of Lycopodium dendroideum, a few twigs of
Prinos glaber, a bit of Kalmia latifolia, and, if possible, a piece of Lycop6-
dium clavatum, and its more beautiful cospecies Lye. lucidulum, with
straight handsome pieces of Andromeda calyculiita, (the little plant under
our present notice,) and, if you like, a few of the silken amenls of S^\ix
eriocephala, let us add also the scarlet berries of Prinos verticiHatus, will
make up for you, reader, no mean mantel-ornament to remind you, as a
bouquet to be kept in water for a few weeks, of those pleasanter days which
are coming, when, from the lingering beauties of Flora in midwinter, you
need no longer cull with so much effort or care. — An Admirer of all Seasons^
February 8, 1847.

The Winter in Georgia. — The winter with us has been, thus far, mild.
No very killing frosts till January 8th, when we had the thermometer down
to 10°. On January 1, I noticed these in flower in the open garden ; —
Irish whin in full beauty ; a few monthly roses and little chrysanthemums,
the upper flowers and stems killed by previous frosts at 24° ; two or three
varieties of narcissus polyanthus ; Fiola odorata and tricolor; purple and
pink verbena ; sweet alyssum, dandelion, white and single hyacinths, Chi-
nese pinks. — Yours, M. A. W., Athens, Ga., Jan. 12, 1837.

Horticulture in Ohio. — There has, within the last few years, been awa-
kened, within this region of country, the most intense interest on the sub-
ject of Horticulture, and Ohio is yet destined to be a great fruit country.
She has such a variety of soils, that there are situations congenial to almost
every variety of fruit. The blight of the Pear tree is one of the most fatal
diseases that aflHict her fruit.

I wish you all possible success in improving the taste of the public. —
Yours, very respectfully, C. Springer, Meadow Farm, Ohio, Feb. 1847.
[We shall be glad to hear from our correspondent as often as leisure will
permit. — Ed.]

Maine Pomological Society. — We are glad to learn that our Pomological
friends in Maine have recently organized a society under the above name,
with the object in view of bringing into notice the new seedling fruits which
abound in the orchards of that State. The first meeting was held on Wed-
nesday, January 6lh, and quite a number of apples were exhibited by indi-
viduals from different parts of the State. At the second meeting, a code of
by-laws was adopted, and our friend, Dr. Holmes of the Farmer, chosen
Corresponding Secretary. At this meeting, a variety of apples were exhib-
ited. We hope, through our correspondents, to keep our readers informed
of the doings of the association. — Ed.

Domestic Notices. 133

Genesee Valley Horticultural Society. — "We are happy to witness the in-
crease of Horticultural associations in various parts of the country. In
Rochester, one has been organized, which, we doubt not, will have a most
beneficial effect in aiding in the dissemination of a better taste for Horticul-
ture. Having been notified of our election as an honorary member, we
have ordered our magazine to be forwarded for the Library ; and we trust
we may, in other ways, serve the interests of the society. — Ed.

Steubenville Horticultural Society, Ohio. — The Buckeye State is treading
closely on the heels of New York and the Eastern States, Societies have
been organized in Cincinnati, Cleaveland, and Columbus, and now we have
to add to the list that of Steubenville. Our name having been enrolled
among the honorary members, we trust that the offer of our Magazine will
not be an unacceptable addition to the Library. — Ed.

Helidnthus divarichtus and giganleus are both old and familiar acquaint-
ances of mine. The Hog artichoke is far enough from either. The whole
herbage approaches nearer to tuhtrbsus than to any of the commonly de-
scribed species — but is not : the phrase should have been inversely, or ob
"fusiform": I have never known it to fail of being decidedly tuberous,
never "mere strings." — Yours, M. A. W., Athens, Ga., Jan. 1847.

New Grape in Ohio. — We have a new grape in Ohio, of merit. — I say
new, because only brought particularly into notice within a few years. It
is growing on a Bog Island, which is in the Ohio River, below Wheeling,
and on this Island can be found this kind of grape only, and nowhere else
in the state or in the west, that we know of, is the same variety. Hon.
Thomas Ewing told me this day, that he ate the grapes from these vines
20 years ago, and thought them the best grapes he ever had tasted. They
bear a comparison with the Catawba, but they are a red grape. The suppo-
sition is, that they grevsr from seeds left on the Island by the French, proba-
bly in 1800, or thereabouts, either from European grapes or raisins eaten
there by them, (if the seed of a raisin will grow,) as the vines are tolerably
thick set, or rather in what we may term a clump.

We are getting a number of zealous Pomologists in our state. Ohio bids
fair to stand No. 1, in all respects, with her sister states. — Yours, respectful-
ly, A. Fahnestock, Lancaster, Ohio, Feb. 1847.

Muskeet grass. — Enclosed I send you a few seeds of the Muskeet grass ;
they look rather chaff-like, but they will come up. Sow them round the
edge of a pot in your green-house, and prick them out in the spring. —
Yours, M. A. Ward, Athens, Ga., Jan. 1847.

Deean^s Superb Grape. — I have seen a report that the Deean's superb
grape, exhibited by me before the Pennsylvanian Horticultural Society, was
a black variety. It is a white large round fruit, very handsome tapering
bunch, well shouldered and first rate flavor.

Schargcs Henling is a black variety, round berries, medium size, long
tapering bunches, very sweet spicy flavor. These two grapes are quite dis-
tinct from any others I have cultivated. — Yours, R. Buist, Phila. January 21,
1847.

VOL. XIII. — NO. in. 14

134 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Art. II. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, January 23, I8i7. — [At this meeting, a portion of the doings
of which we ga,ve in our last number, the Report of the Committee for
establishing Premiums for 1847 was adopted, and ordered to be placed in
the hands of the Committee of Publication. We now have the opportunity
to present the list of Premiums to be awarded the present year.]

LIST OF PREMIUMS FOR 1847.

SpEci.'i.L Prize List of Fruits,

To be awarded in the year 1847, viz : Twenty Prizes of Five Dollars each.

2 prizes for the two best varieties and specimens of Summer Apples.
2 prizes for the two best varieties and specimens of Autumn Apples.
2 prizes for the two best varieties and specimens of Winter Apples.
2 prizes for the two best varieties and specimens of Summer Pears.
2 prizes for the two best varieties and specimens of Autumn Pears.
2 prizes for the two best varieties and specimens of Winter Pears.
2 prizes for the best varieties of Cherries.
2 prizes for the Lest varieties of Plums.
4 prizes for the best varieties of Peaches.

20 prizes, at $ 5 each=flOO.

The specimens presented for the above prizes, shall consist of not less
than three specimens of each variety of Apples, Pears and Peaches ; not
less than one dozen Plums, and two dozen Cherries ; all of which shall be
at the disposal of the Committee on Fruits.

PREMIUMS FOR FRUITS.

For the best and most interesting exhibition of Fruits, during the

season, the Lowell Gold Medal, valued at . , $40 00

TO BE AWARDED AT THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION IN SEPTEMBER.

Apples. — For the best exhibition, the Society's plate, valued at $25 00

For the 2d best, the Appleton Silver Gilt Medal, . 10 00

For the 3d best, a premium of . . . . 5 00

Pears. — For the best exhibition, the Lyman Plate, valued at 25 00

For the 2d best, the Lowell Silver Gilt Medal, . 10 00

For 3d best, a premium of . . . . 5 00

Gkapes. — For the best exhibited, three varieties, two bunches each,

the Lyman Plate, valued at . . . . 25 00

For the next best exhibited, . . . . 10 00

For the next best exhibited, . . . . 5 00

Assorted Fruit. — For tlie best basket of Fruit, of various kinds, 10 00

For the next best, a premium of . . . 7 00

For the next best, a premium of . . . 5 00

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 135

For the best dish of Apples, not less than 12 specimens of one

variety, a premium of . . . . §5 00

For the 2d best, a premium of . . . . 3 00

For the best dish of Pears, not less than 12 specimens of one

variety, a premium of .... 5 00

For the next best, a premium of . . . 3 00

Assorted fruits in baskets shall not be entitled to any other than

the premium for such.
lOTAs above premiums to be awarded on the first day of the Exhibition.

PREMIUMS DURING THE SEASON.

Apples. — For the best summer Apples, on or before the 1st Sept.

For the next best, a premium of .

For the best fall Apples, on or before the 1st Dec,

For the next best, a premium of .

For the best winter Apples, on or before the 1st March, .

For the next best, a premium of ,
Pears. — For the best collection of new Pears, not exhibited before
this year, the Society's Silver Gilt Medal,

For the next best .....

For the best summer Pears, on or before the 1st September,

For the next best, a premium of .

For the best fall Pears, on or before the 1st December,

For the next best, a premium of ...

For the best winter Pears, on or before the 1st March, 1848,

For the next best, a premium of .
Cherries. — For the best specimen, not less than two quarts, .

For the 2d best a premium of .

Peaches. — For the best specimens grown under glass.

For the 2d best, a premium of . . . . '

For the best specimens grown in open culture.

For the 2d best, a premium of ....
Apricots. — For the best specimen of Apricots,

For the 2d best, a premium of .
Nectarines. — For the best specimen of Nectarines, .

For the 2d best, a premium of .
Quinces. — For the best specimens of the best kind of Quinces,

For the 2d best, a premium of ....
Plums. — For the best Plums of the best flavor, not less than two quarts, 6 00

For the next best, . . . . . -3 00

Gooseberries. — For the best flavored and finest specimens, two boxes, 5 00

For the 2d best, a premium of . . . . 3 00

Currants. — For the best flavored and finest specimens, two boxes, 5 00

For the 2d best, a premium of . . . . 3 00

Raspberries. — For the best specimens of Raspberries, not less than

two boxes, . . . . . . 5 00

For the 2d best, a premium of . . . . 3 09

56

00

4

00

6

00

4

00

6

00

4

00

15

00

10

00

6

00

4

00

6

00

4

00

10 00

6

00

6

00

4

00

6

00

4

00

6

00

4

00

6

00

3

00

6

00

4

00

5

00

3

00

4

00

3

00

5

00

3

00

5

00

3

00

5

00

3

00

10

00

7

00

10

00

7

00

h 5

00

3

00

136 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Strawberries. — For the best specimens of Strawberries, not less

than two boxes, . . . . . $6 00

For the 2d best, a premium of .

For the 3d best, a premium of .
Water Melon. — For the best specimen of Water Melon,

For the 2d best, a premium of .
Musk Melon. — For the best Musk Melon, a premium of

For the 2d best, a premium of .
Figs. — For the best specimen of Figs, a premium of

For the 2d best, a premium of .
Grapes. — For the best specimens and best varieties of Grapes,
grown under glass previous to July 1st,

For the 2d best, a premium of .

For the best specimens and varieties of Grapes, grown under
glass subsequently to July 1st,

For the 2d best, a premium of .
Grapes, (Native.) — For the best spec'n and variety of Native Grapes,

For the 2d best, a premium of .

$450 00

in? The Committee on Fruit will hold a session to award the premiums
on Summer Apples and Pears, on the 1st Saturday in Sepetember.

On Fall Apples and Pears, on the first Saturday in December.

On Winter Apples and Pears, on the first Saturday in March.

All gratuities for seedlings will be equal to the highest prize awarded to
■that variety of fruit.

PREMIUMS FOR PLANTS, FLOWERS AND DESIGNS.

DISPLAY OF GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS IN POTS THROUGH THE SEASON.

For the best display of Green-House Plants in pots through the

season, the AppletonGold Medal, valued at . . $40 00

For the 2d best display of do., the Society's Silver Gilt Medal,

valued at . . . . . . 15 00

Provided, however, that whatever amount may be awarded during the
season for the exhibition of Pot Plants, to the person who shall be entitled
to said medals, shall be deemed as constituting a part of their value.

DISPLAY OF GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS IN POTS.

To be exhibited at the opening of the Hall, on the 1st Saturday in May :
Pelargoniums. — Class I. — For the best six new and rare varieties,

grown in six-inch pots, a premium of . . . $6 00

For the 2d best, a premium of . . . . 4 00

Class II. — For the best six varieties of any sort, grown in

large pots, . . . . . . 6 00

For the 2d best, . . . . . 4 00

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

137

Roses. — For the best sis varieties of Tea, Bourbon, Noisette, or

Bengal, a premium of . . . . . $6 00

For the 2d best, . . . . . 4 00

For the 3d best, . . . . . 2 GO

Cut Flowers. — For the best display, a premium of . 3 00

For the 2d best, . . . . . 3 00

Fuchsias. — For the best six varieties, a premium of . 6 00

For the 2d best, . . . . . . 4 00

Cactus. — For the best six varieties, a premium of . . 3 00

For the 2d best, . , . . . . 2 00

Calceolarias. — For the best six varieties, a premium of . 3 00

For the 2d best, . . . . . . 2 00

Cinerarias. — For the best six varieties, a premium of . 3 00

For the 2d best, . . . . . . 2 00

Heaths. — For the best varieties, a premium of . . 3 00

For the 2d best, . . . . . . 2 00

Various Sorts. — For tha best display of various sorts of Green

House Plants, not less than twelve pots, a premium of 8 00

For the 2d best display, . . . . . 5 00

Hyacinths. — Premiums to be awarded second Saturday in May.

For the best display not less than twenty varieties, . 5 00

For the 2d best, . . . . . . 3 00

Tulips. — Premiums to be awarded the third Saturday in May.

For the bast thirty distinct varieties, a premium of . 8 00

For the 2d best, . . . . . . 6 00

For the 3d best, . . . . . . 3 00

Pansies. — Premiums to be awarded the fourth Saturday in May.

For the best twelve distinct varieties, a premium of . 4 00

For the 2d best, . . . . . . 3 00

For the 3d best, . . . . . . 2 00

Hawthorns. — Premiums to be awarded the fourth Saturday in May.

For the best display, a premium of . . . 3 00

For the 2d best, . . . . . , 2 00

Hardy Azaleas. — Premiums to be awarded 4th Saturday in May.

Fv">r the best display, a premium of . . . . 3 00

lor the 2d best, . . . . . . 2 00

Shrubby P.bonies. — Premiums to be awarded 4th Saturday in May.

For the best six varieties, a premium of . . 5

For the 2d best, ...... 4

For the best display, ..... 3

Herbaceous Peonies. — Premiums to be awarded 2d Sat'dy in June.

For the best 12 flowers, having regard to the number of varieties, 5

For the 2d best, ...... 4

For the best display, ..... 3

Pinks. — Premiums to be awarded 3d Saturday in June.

For the best six distinct varieties, a premium of . . 4 00

14*

00
00
00

00
00
00

138

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

I

For the 2d best, . . .

For the best display,
Ranunculus. — Premiums to be awarded in June.
For the best display a premium of
For the 2d best, ....

Anemones. — Premiums to be awarded in June.
For the best display, a premium of
For the 2d best, ....

Roses, in Classes. — Premiums to be awarded 3d Saturday in June.

Hardy Roses.
Class I. — For the best thirty distinct varieties, a premium of
For the 2d best, ....

For the 3d best, ....

For the third best display.
Class II. — For ihe best twelve distinct varieties, a premium of
For the 2d best, ....

For the 3d best.

Perpetual Roses.
Class III. — For the best ten varieties, a premium of
For the 2d best, ....

For the best display,

Prairie Roses.
Class III. — For the best display, a premium of
For the 2d best, ....

Carnation and Picotee Pinks. — Premiums to be awarded 3d Sat-
turday in July,
For the best ten varieties, a premium of
For the 2d best, ......

For the best display, .....

Magnolias. — For the best display through the season, a premium of
For the 2d best, ......

Hardy Rhododendrons. — For the best display of the season, a
premium of ..... .

For the 2d best, ......

Double Hollyhocks. — Premiums to be awarded third Saturday in
July.
For the best display, a premium of . . .

For the 2d best, ......

For the 3d best, ......

Double Balsams. — Premiums to be awarded 2d Saturday in Aug.
For the best display, a premium of . . .

For the 2d best, ......

For the 3d best, ......

Phloxes. — Premiums to be awarded 3d Saturday in August.
For the best ten distinct varieties, a premium of .
For the 2d best, ......

For the 3d best, ......

00
00

00
00

00
00

8 00
6 00

4 00
3 00

5 00

3 00

2 00

5 00

4 00

3 00

4 00
3 00

00
00
00
00
00

00
00

3 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00
1 00

6 00

4 00

3 00

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

139

German Asters. — Premiums to be awarded 2d Saturday in Sept
For the best display, a premium of . . .

For the 2d best, ......

For the 3d best, ......

Bouquets, Wreaths, Designs, &c.
Premiums to be awarded at the Annual Exhibition.
Vase Bouquets. — For the best pair suitable for the Bradlee Vases
For the 2d best, ....

For the best pair for the Society's Marble Vases,
For the 2d best, ....

Parlor Bouquets. — For the best pair suitable for the parlor,
For the 2d best, ....

For the 3d best, . . , .

Hand Bouqdets. — For the best pair, a premium of .

Foi the 2d best, ....

For the 3d best, ....

Grass Bouquets. — For the best composed of grass.
For the 2d best, ....

Bouquets cf Indigenous Flowers. — For the best, a premium of .

For the 2d, .
Moss Vases, Baskets of Flowers, or any other neat, appropriate
designs, suitable for the occasion. — For the best, a premium of
For the 2d best, ......

For the 3d, ...... .

For the 4th, .......

Wreaths. — For the best, not less than thirty feet in length,

For the 2d best, ......

For the 3d best, ......

Dahlias. — Premiums to be awarded fourth Saturday in September.

Division A.
Premier Prize. — Forthe best twelve dissimilar blooms, the So-
ciety's Silver Medal, . . . . .

Specimen Bloom. — For the best flower.

Various Colors. — For the best yellow, buff or orange ; purple
or maroon ; crimson or claret ; very dark ; white ; edged or
tipped ; scarlet ; pink or rose ; a premium of $ 1 each,
Division B.
Class T. — For the best twenty-four dissimilar blooms,
For the 2d best, ....

Class II. — For the best eighteen dissimilar blooms.
For the 2d best, ....

Class III. — For the best twelve dissimilar blooms,
For the 2d best, ....

Chrysanthemums. — Premiums to be awarded Nov. 13th
For the best twelve distinct varieties, in trusses,
For the 2d best, . , . .

U 00

3

00

2

00

10

00

6

00

10

00

6

00

5

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

1

00

3

00

2

00

3

00

2

00

12

00

8

00

6

00

5

00

10

00

5

00

3

00

5 00
3 00

8 00

. 8

00

. 5

00

. 6

00

. 4

00

. 5

00

. 3

00

. 3

00

. 2

00

140

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Herbaceous Perennials. — For the best display through the sea-
son, the Society's Silver Medal,
For the 2d best, a premium of .
For the 3d best, ....

Annuals. — For the best display through the season, the Society's
Silver Medal, ....

For the 2d best display, a premium of .

For the 3d best, ....

Indigenous Plants. — For the best display of the season.
For the 2d best, ....

Camellias. — Premiums to be awarded second Saturday in Feb.
For the best twelve varieties of cut flowers, with foliage.
For the 2d best, ......

Chinese Primrose. — Premiums to be awarded 2d Saturday in Feb.
For the best six varieties in pots, a premium of
For the 2d best, ......

trREENHousE AzALEAS. — Premiums to be awarded second Saturday
in March.
For the best six varieties in pots, ....

For the 2d best, ......

Premiums to be awarded at the Weekly Exhibitions.
For the best six Pot Plants, of different varieties, a

premium of . . . . $2 00

For the 2d best do., . . . . 1 00

For the best large Bouquet for vases or parlor, com-
posed of flowers gracefully arranged ,'_apremium of 2 00
5'or the2dbestdo., . . . . 1 00

For the best six hand Bouquets, . . . 2 00

For the 2d best do., . . . . 1 00

^5 00

4 00

3 00

5 00

4 00
3 00
3 00

2 00

8 00

5 00

3 00
2 00

6 00
4 00

5 00

^650 00
For this purpose, one hundred dollars have been appropriated.
PREMIUMS FOR VEGETABLES.
Asparagus. — For the earliest and best, not less than three bunches.
Beets. — For the best, (pure blood beet,) during the season, not less
than twelve roots, ......

Bkoccoli. — For the best three heads, a premium of
Beans. — For the best and earliest peck of string beans,

For the best and earliest Lima beans, not less than two quarts.
For the best and earliest variety of shell beans,
Cdcdmbers. — For the best pair under glass, previous to the first
Saturday of June, ......

For the 2d best, a premium of .

For the best and earliest, of open culture, a premium of
Cauliflowers. — For the best and largest, during the season, not
less than three heads, .....

For the 2d best a premium of .

5

00

5 00

3

00

3

00

4

00

5

00

3

00

3 00

5

00

3

00

Massachusetts Hoj^ticultural Society. 141

Corn. — For the best and earliest sweet corn, not less than 12 ears, $3 00
Cabbage. — For the best drumhead cabbage, during the season, not

less than three heads, . . . . . 5 00

For the 2d best, a premium of . . . . . 3 00

For the best Savoy cabbage, during the season, not less than

three heads, . . . . . . . 3 00

For the 2d best, a premium of . • . . . 2 00

Egg Plants. — The best display, during the season, . . 5 00

Lettuce. — For the best six heads, before the 1st Saturday in July, 3 00
Potatoes. — For the best, new seedling, of superior quality for the

table, 10 00

For the best and earliest peck, previous to Aug. 1, . . 3 00

Peas. — For the best and earliest peck in June, . . . 3 00

Rhubarb. — For the largest and best, previous to the first Saturday

in July, not less than twelve stalks, . . . , 5 00

Squashes. — For the best pure Canada squashes, not less than six
in number, .......

For the greatest variety exhibited during the season.
Tomatoes. — For the best and earliest, not less than one dozen.
Vegetables. — For the best display and greatest variety at the week-
ly exhibitions, during the season, ....

For the 2d best, a premium of .
For the best display and greatest variety at the ann'l exhibition, 10 00
For the 2d best, a premium of . . • . . 7 00

For any new variety of vegetables suitable for the table, and

worthy of cultivation, other than seedling potatoes, . .6 00

Celery. — For the best and largest blanched, not less than six roots, 5 00

For the 2d best, a premium of . . . . . 3 00

5

00

5

00

5

00

[0

00

5

00

#150 00
For the Committee to establish premiums, S. WALKER, Chairman.

The Rules and Regulations are the same as last season.

Feb. 6th. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-day — the
President in the chair.

A report on a package of seeds, received from Prof. Fischer of the St.
Petersburg Botanic Garden, was read by Prof. J. L. Russell, and the seeds
were placed in the hands of Prof. Gray of Harvard University, with a re-
quest to report upon such as prove worthy of cultivation.

A letter was read from Dr. W. D. Brinkle, of Philadelphia, in regard to
the origin and history of the Tyson pear. Dr. Brinkle states that he was
first led to this inquiry, after reading our description of this fine variety,
which we figured in our last volume (XH. p. 434), and he confirms the ac-
count we gave of it.

A letter was read from the lion. Theodore Lyman, enclosing an order
for a copy of Prof. Gray's new work, to be placed in the Library. The
thanks of the Society were voted to Mr. Lyman.

142 Answers to Correspondents.

The Finance Committee reported that they had purchased twenty-two
shares of the stock of the Worcester Rail-road, amounting to $2458 50.

George C. Crowninshield, Boston, and Francis George Theiler, Dor-
chester, were admitted members.

Adjourned four weeks to March 6th.

Feb. 13/A, Eihibiled. — Flowers : From the President of the Society
Twenty varieties of Camellias, viz., Alb6rtus, Donckelaern, tricolor, ochro-
leuca, Palmer's, Perfection, fimbriata, imbricata, F16y«, Gilesn, conspicua,
exiraia, Fordu, Wilder^', William IV., Eclipse, Slogans, alba plena, Prattzi,
Colvilh'i, Chandleri and Duchesse d'Orleans ; also, a fine cut specimen of
Acacia spectabile, one of the finest of this showy family, and flowers of
Chorizema v^rium.

Messrs. Hovey & Co. exhibited fourteen varieties of Camellias, as fol-
lows:— Floyu, alba plena, Henri Favre, elegans, Yauxn, Carswelh'cma,
Landrdthit, corallina, tricolor, myrtifolia, conspicua, Goussoma, Doncke-
laern and Chandleru ; also six pots of Chinese primroses, two of which were
the rare and beautiful double white, with several trusses of flowers on each.
From W. Quant, 12 varieties of Camellias, and six pots of Chinese Prim-
roses, among which was a seedling of a peculiar tint of blush, very pretty.

The Premiums for Camellias and Chinese Primroses were awarded to-
day, as follows : —

CAMELLIAS. — For the best twelve varieties of cut flowers with foliage,
premium to Messrs. Hovey and Co., x)f $8.

For the second best twelve varieties, to W. Quant, a premium of $5.

A gratuity of $8 was also awarded to the President for a variety of Ca-
mellias.

Chi.^ese Primroses. — For the best six plants, a premium to Wm. Quant,

of $3.
For the next best, a premium to Messrs Hovey & Co., of $2.

Art. ni. Answers to Correspondents.
Root Pruning. — A. R. Pope. The best season for performing root
pruning is in April. A trench should then be dug about three feet from the
trunk of the tree, extending in a circle completely around it : All the vay
large roots should then be cut clean off, either with a sharp spade or knife,
being careful not to injure the small roots. The trench should then be
-filled up, and the ground properly manured and cultivated ; the following
year, the results of the operation will be perceived, or, if not so decidedly
then, the second year ; some trees are so very vigorous, that even cutting
oflFthe large roots does not check them at once. We should judge that the
peach tree you speak of, however, was not the true kind ; perhaps it is a
seedling, and that is the cause of its non-productiveness.

Strawberries.— W. We stated, some time since, that the Black Prince
was considered as worthless by the London Horticultural Society ; those who
cultivate it will find it so, in comparison with better kinds. The Swain-

Horticultural Memoranda. 143

stone seedling is also quite unworthy of cultivation ; it is a very high fla-
vored fruit, but only of medium size, and a poor bearer ; the vines quite ten-
der in winter, and burnt by the sun in summer : in some situations, it may
produce half a crop ; but all who cultivate it, will be greatly disappointed if
they trust to the statements which have been made in regard to it. It has
been caltivated around Boston six years, but we have never yet known a
single box offered for sale, or but one box exhibited before the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society.

Dahlias, /. P. — Dahlias have been so much improved, that the cata-
logues do not now contain any really poor varieties : but there is quite a
variety of excellence in the many kinds which make up the great number.
The following are twelve fine kinds for show flowers : — Admiral Stopford,
Antagonist, Duke of York, Cleopatra, Marchioness of Ormonde, Harlequin,
Arethusa, Orlando, Punch, Sir E. Antrobus, Beeswing and Standard of
Perfection.

Cinerarias. A Prize Exhibitor. — This beautiful tribe, which has recent-
ly been so much improved, is of easy cultivation, either by seeds, cuttings,
or offsetts, and excellent articles will be found in our two last volumes on
their growth?. Raising from seeds, is the way to get new varieties, and if
choice seeds are procured fins kincis may he expcete;!. The seeds should
be sown immediately, in a pot, placed in a hot-bed, or the green-house, and
in spring the plants can be pricked out into the open ground. Taken up
and properly potted in the autumn, they will make beautiful plants for exhi-
bition in the spring of 1848.

Pelargoniums. C — Twelve fine pelargoniums, of such kinds as can be
obtained of our nurserymen, are as follows : — Sjlph, Queen Phillippi,
Celestial, Bridegroom, Priory Queen, Jenny Lind, Conservative, Sophia
Matilda, Foster's Matilda, King John, Erectum and Medora. Beck's new
seedlings are far superior to most of these, but they are yet rare, and none
of them for sale in American collections till the next autumn.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR MARCH.

FaUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines in the green-house will now have just broken their eyes,
and will be pushing forward with vigor ; by the latter part of this month,
if they have been properly treated, the shoots will be about ten inches in
length, and will show their flower-buds ; syringings should be freely given
in all good weather, until the eyes are all broken, and the usual attention
given to bending down the shoots, should the upper eyes get the advance
of the lower ones : the main object witli a good grape-grower, is, to break
every eye. Vines in pots, which are now showing fruit, should be moderate-
ly supplied with water. A temperature of 45 to 50 dcg. at night is ample
for this month.

144 Horticultural Memoranda.

Apple Trees may now be root-grafted, and placed in boxes, where they
may remain in a cool place till the season for planting out in April.

Raspberry Plants and Strawberry beds may be uncovered the last part of
the month, should the weather prove mild.

Scions may now be cut, and placed away in a cool place till wanted.

Pruning Trees may now be attended to where there are large quantities,
in order to prevent the accumulation of too much work in April.

Pear, Apple and Quince Seeds should be planted as soon as the frost is
out of the ground.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Camellias will now begin to make their new growth ; keep them well
watered, syringing the foliage twice a week ; pick off all decayed flowers ;
and prune off dead wood, or crooked branches; the Camellia bears the
knife well, and its freer use would prevent the quantity of unsightly plants,
which abound in every collection. Water once a fortnight with weak guano.
Inarching may now be performed.

Pelargoniums will now be coming forward in fine condition, if our remarks
have been followed. If there are any plants which have not been potted,
now is the time to do it ; and if any have not been properly trained, they
should not be neglected any longer : keep down the green fly, and occasion-
ally syringe the foliage.

Japan Lilies will now have grown 6 or 8 inches, and will require moder-
ate quantities of water, and a good airy situation on the stage.

Gloxinias should now be potted and placed in a hot-bed, or warm situa-
tion, to start them into growth.

Calceolarias will require another shift into larger pots.

Verbenas and Petunias will require repotting now.

Fuchsias. The old plants may now be turned out of the pots, the earth
partially rubbed off, and repotted again into a suitable compost.

Roses will now be coming into bloom, and will now require occasional
syringing over the foliage.

Cinerarias should now be shifted into larger pots.

Gesnera zebrina should now be placed in a hot-bed, to give the little corms
a rapid start.

Dahlias for early blooming may still be potted.

Heaths which appear stunted for want of room should now be repotted.

Hyacinths and Tulip beds will require attention the latter part of the
month ; if the weather is very mild, part of the covering may be removed.

Annual jlower seeds, such as 10-week Stock, Brachycome, Phlox Drum-
mondii, A''eTbena, Petunia, Lotus jacolaeus, and other choice varieties, may
now be planted, for early blooming in the open border.

Plants in frames will now need airing every fair day.

Veronica specibsa may now be propagated from cuttings.

Cactuses hould be more liberally watered after they show their flower buds.

Heliotropes, salvias, scarlet geraniums, and other showy plants, should
now be propagated for a stock, for bedding out in spring.

THE MAGAZINE

OF

HORTICULTURE.

APRIL, 1847.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. Horticulture of the Past, as compared with the Pres-
ent. By T. S. Htjmrickhouse, Coshocton, Ohio.

At this remote distance of time, it is very difficult for us to
estimate justly what proficiency the Antients may have had
in Horticulture. Evelyn did not rate it very high. In a let-
ter to Mr. Wotton, he says : — " Concerning the gardening and
husbandry of the Antients, which is your inquirie (especially
of the first), that it had certainly nothing approaching the
elegancy of the present age, Rapinus (whom I send you) will
abundantly satisfy you. The discourse you will find at the
end of Hortorum, lib. 4. capp. 6, 7. What they called their
gardens were only spacious plots of ground planted with pla-
tans and other shady trees in walkes, and built about with
porticos, xisti, and noble ranges of pillars, adorned with stat-
ues, fountaines, piscariae, aviaries, &c. But for the flowery
parterre, beds of tulips, carnations, auricula, tuberose, jon-
quills, ranunculus, and other of our rare coronaries, we hear
nothing of, nor that they had such store and variety of rare
exoticks, orangeries, myrtils, and other curious greens ; nor
do I believe they had their orchards in such perfection, nor
by far our furniture for the kitchen. Pliny, indeed, enume-
rates a world of vulgar plants and olitories, but they fall in-
finitely short of our physic gardens, books, and herbals, eve-
ry day augmented by our sedulous botanists, and brought to
us from all quarters of the world. And as for their husband-
ry and moie rural skill, of which the same author has written

VOL. XIII. — NO, IV. 15

146 Horticulture of the Past

so many books in his Natural History, especially lib. 17, 18,
&c., you'll soon be judge what it was. They took great care,
indeed, of their vines and olives, stercorations, ingraftings, and
were diligent in observing seasons, the course of the stars, &c.;
and doubtless were very industrious ; but when you shall have
read over Cato, Varro, Columella, Paladio, with the Greek
Geoponicks, I do not think you will have cause to prefer them
before the modern agriculture, so exceedingly of late improved,
for w^hich you may consult and compare our old Tusser,
Markham, the Maison Rustic, Hartlib, Walter Blith, the
Philosophical Transactions, and other books, which you know
better than myself."

If all this might well be said by Evelyn in his day, with
how much more propriety now, by us in ours ; and with
how much greater justice might we not also include his cat-
alogue of the then Moderns. If we examine, however, more
critically his remarks, so as to take in the whole scope of the
premises he lays down, may we not doubt if his be not too
severe a judgment ? In what consists the mighty difference?
Evelyn goes into particulars ; and it cannot be doubted that,
of many things, now the rarest and most admired ornaments
of our gardens, and the most exquisite delicacies upon our ta-
bles, they were entirely destitute ; of others, they possessed
not the same nor the abundance of excellent varieties that we
do : but our author is careful further to note, that " they took
great care indeed of their vines and olives, stercorations, in-
graftings, and were diligent," &c. : and Solomon, had he con-
sulted him, would have refuted much that he advances about
gardens ; and Virgil, had he borne him in mind, would have
put to flight much more in reference to horticultural skill.

Having mentioned Solomon, however familiar he may be to
most readers, I must be indulged in one quotation from him
— but one, out of many beautiful passages that occur in his
Song. " A garden enclosed is my sister, my spouse ; a spring
shut up, a fountain sealed. Thy plants are an orchard of pome-
granates, with pleasant fruits ; camphire with spikenard, spike-
nard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frank-
incense, myrrh and aloes, Avith all the chief spices. A foun-
tain of gardens, a well of living waters, and streams from
Lebanon. Solomon had a vineyard at Baalhamon ; he let

as compared with the Present. 147

out the vineyard unto keepers ; every one, for the fruit there-
of, was to bring a thousand pieces of silver. Let us get up
early to the vineyards ; let us see if the vine flourish, wheth-
er the tender grape appear, and the pomegranates bud forth.
The mandrakes give a smell, and at our gates are all manner
of pleasant fruits, new and old, which I have laid up for thee,
O my beloved."

If it were desired to magnify this subject, the object would
be sufiiciently attained by referring to the Mosaic account of
the creation of the world. " And the Lord God planted a gar-
den eastward in Eden ; and there he put the man whom he
had formed."

That much of the skill, and many of the most approved
appliances of the gardener's art have come down to him from
a very remote antiquity is true beyond dispute. St. Paul
seizes upon a figure, derived from this source, to enforce a
sublime doctrine. '•' And if some of the branches be broken off,
and thou, being a wild olive tree, wert graffedin among them,
and with them partakest of the root and fatness of the olive
tree, boast not against the branches : but, if thou boast, thou
bearest not the root, but the root thee. Thou wilt say then,
The branches were broken off, that I might be graffed in.
Well : because of unbelief they were broken off, and thou
standest by faith," &c.

To the Antients, then, are we indebted for the knowledge
we possess of the art of grafting. This great fact must not
be forgotten. And we have also derived from them our knowl-
edge of the operation of budding, sister to the former. This
demands from us redoubled acknowledgments. The precise
period of the invention of these arts, like many of the most
common and useful of our tools and implements of labor, is
lost in remote antiquity. To go no further back than Virgil,
we find him describing, in graceful hexameters, and not with-
out hyperbole, the modes and the effects both of grafting and
budding. Of grafting, he says : —

" Et saepe alterius ramos impune videmus
Vertere in alterius, mutatamque insita mala
Ferre pyrum, et prunis lapidosa rubescere coma.
Quare agite, 6 proprios generatim discite cultus,
Agricolae, fructusque feros molite colendo.

148 Horticulture of the Past

Neu segnes jaceant terrae : juvat Ismaro Bacho
Conserere, atque olea magnum vestire Taburnum.
Tuque ades, inceptumque una decurre laborem,
O decus, 6 famae merito pars maxima nostrse,
Macenas, pelagoque volans da vela patenti.
Non ego cuncta meis amplecti versibus opto :
Non mihi si linguae centum sint, oraque centum,
Ferrea vox : ades, et primi lege littoris oram.
In manibus terrae : non hie te carmine ficto,
Atque per ambages et longa exorsa tenebo.

Sponte sua quae se tollunt in luminis auras,
Infoecunda quidem, sed laeta et fortia surgunt.
Quippe solo natura subest. Tamen haec quoque siquis
Inserat, aut scrobibus mandet mutata subactis,
Exuerint sylvestrem animum : cultuque frequenti,
In quascunque voces artes, baud tarda sequentur,
Nee non et sterilis quae stirpibus exit ab imis,
Hoc faciet, vacuos si sit digesta per agros :
Nunc altae frondes et rami matris opacant,
Crescentique adimunt foetus, uruntqueferentem.
Jam, quas seminibus jactis se sustulit arbos.
Tarda venit, seris factura nepotibus umbram :
Pomaque degenerant succos oblita priores ;
Et tnrpes avibus praedam fert uva racemos.
Scilicet omnibus est labor impendendus, et omnes
Cogendae in suleum, ac multa mercede domandae."

Of budding, he says : —

" Nee modus inserere atq ; oculos imponere simplex.
Nam qu^se medio trudunt de cortice gemmas,
Et tenues rumpunt tunicas, angustus, in ipso
Fit nodo sinus : hue aliena ex arbore germen
Includunt, udoque docent inolescere libro.
Aut rursum enodes trunci resecantur, in alt6
Finditur in solidum cuneis via : deinde feraces
Planae immituntur. Nee longum tempus, et ingens
Exiit ad coelum ramis felicibus arbos,
Miraturque novas frondes, et non suapoma."

Who can doubt, that, had the discovery of the arts of graft-
ing and budding been reserved for the present age, the lucky
individual who should be the first to find them out and make
them known, would receive such applause as to place him in
the same rank of geniuses with Franklin, Whitney, Fulton,
and the host of worthies — names ever to be revered by sci-

as cmrvpared with the Present. 149

ence. In such case, would it not be considered one of the
wonderful events of our time ? When should we get done
talking about it ?

But this subject is so fruitful, care must be taken that your
pages be not overburdened with it ; if, indeed, too much has
not been already said. Allow me, in addition, to tranfer to
your pages the following extract from a letter of Evelyn to
Dr. Wilkins, Feb. 17, 1660, which I do without remark : —

" It is certain, as Dr. Goddard has shewed, that a section
of any tree- made parallel to the horizon, will, by the close-
ness of the circles, point to the North, and so, consequently, if
a perpendicular be drawn through them for the meridian, the
rest of the cardinalls &c., found out ; but this is not so uni-
versall, but that, where strong reflections are made, as from
walls, the warme fumes of dunghills, and especially if the
southern side be shaded, &c., those ellipticall and hyperbol-
icall circles are sometimes very irregular ; and I doubt not
but, by some art, might be made to have their circles as order-
ly as those which we find in Brazille, Ebene, &c., which,
within a very little, concentre by reason of the uniforme course
of the sun about them ; which is doubtless the cause of their
greater dilatation on the South part only with us, where the
pores are more open and lesse constipated. The considera-
tion whereof (though nowhere mentioned that I know) made
the poet, giving advice concerning transplantations, to cau-
tion thus : —

' Quin etiara Coeli regionem in cortice signant,
Ut quo quoaque modo steterit, qua parte calores
Austrinos tulerit, qua) terga obverterit axi,
Restituant : ades in teneris consuescere mullum est.'

And though Pliny neglect it as an unnecessary curiosity, I
can, by much experience confirme it, that not one tree in 100
would miscarry were it duly observed ; for, in some, I have
made tryall of it even at Midsummer."
Coshocton, February 13, 1847.

Probably a portion of our readers will not be able to give a
free translation to the above quotations ; and will think they
might have been omitted : but we preferred to give our corre-
spondent's communication entire. — Ed.

15*

150 Mr. Knighfs Seedling Pears.

Art. II. Mr. Knight's Seedling Pears. By the Editor.

It is well known that the late Thomas Andrew Knight,
President of the London Horticultural Society, to whose la-
bors the science of Horticulture is so deeply indebted, origi-
nated several new fruits, of great excellence, more particular-
ly cherries and pears. Of the former, all the varieties, we
believe, are well known in our extensive nursery collec-
tions, as well as in most amateur gardens, and specimens of
the fruit have, from time to time, been presented for exhibition,
fully sustaining their high reputation. But, of the pears,
very little information has yet been obtained. It is true they
have been described in the catalogues of the London Horticul-
tural Society, but, to American gardens, they are not familiar
acquaintances. Recently, nearly or quite all of the varieties
have been introduced, but, owing to the errors which occurred
in the dessemination of the scions from Mr. Knight's own
garden, it is yet somewhat uncertain whether all the kinds
are true to name, more particularly that finest of all his seed-
lings, the Monarch.

In the autumn of 1844, when we visited the garden of the
society, at Chiswick, and looked over the collection of pears
with Mr. Thompson, we were anxious to obtain all the infor-
mation in relation to these seedlings, as the high character
which Mr. Thompson had given to some of them, rendered
them particularly desirable, more especially on account of the
hardy character which was ascribed to the varieties, and, conse-
quently, their peculiar adaptation to our climate. The Monarch
we were most eager to possess, and when we left, Mr. Thompson
placed in our hands one specimen out of only three or four, in
his possession ; this we put into our trunk, and, after journeying
to Scotland, and from thence home, occupying about twenty-
five days, — we found the pear in good condition, and, upon tast-
ing it, about the middle of November, fully coming up to Mr.
Knight's and Mr. Thompson's estimate of the variety.

The Dunmore, we have not yet seen in good perfection. In
the autumn of 1845, we had one single pear, which ripened
prematurely and dropped off — it promised well : the present
year we hope to have many specimens, and fully settle the

Mr. KnigMs Seedling Pears. 151

question in regard to its qualities. In the mean time, before
this and the other sorts come into fruit again, we have thought
that the following article, from the Transactions of the London
Horticultural Society, an expensive work, which does not,
probably, find its way into the hands of many, would prove
highly interesting to our amateur cultivators, and prepare
them somewhat for what they may expect when they shall
have specimens from their own trees : —

The following account of some of the new fruits, raised at
Downton, has been prepared from descriptions made in the
society's garden, by Mr. Robert Thompson, to which notes
have been added by Mr. Knight. As- these varieties appear
of considerable importance, it was considered desirable that
an early opportunity should be taken, of making the public
acquainted with them. ,^

1. March Bergamot Pear. Fruit middle-size, in form and
appearance resembling the Autumn Bergamot. Flesh buttery,
a little gritty near the core, rich and excellent. Season,
March, or later.

Note. — Owing to its resemblance in form to the Autumn
Bergamot, and its ripening chiefly in March (it may be pre-
served later,) I have named this sort the March Bergamot.
The sample sent was not favorable in any respect, the most
perfect having been previously eaten, owing to my having
erroneously supposed that I had sent a sample of the fruit in
autumn. No pains were taken to preserve those that remained
and which, it appears, were found to be excellent, after endur-
ing the carriage to London in the beginning of March. It will
be found a much larger and a much better pear when grown
in the garden of the society. The fruit is, I think, quite as
large as that of an old Autumn Bergamot tree was, which
formerly grew in the same soil and chmate, and at the distance
of a few feet only. Both this variety and the Pengethley
Pear, would probably be greatly improved if grown upon a
wall, and, so cultivated, I believe both would be found very
valuable in cold and unfavorable situations, in Avhich the
French and Belgic varieties could not be made to succeed.

2. Pengethley Pear. Fruit middle-sized, obovate, a little
curved at the stalk. Eye small and a little open ; stalk about

152 Mr. Knighfs Seedling Pears.

half an inch in length. Skin yellowish-brown and consider-
ably russeted. Flesh yellowish, juicy and rich : a very good
pear. Season, February and March.

Note. — The Pengethley Pear remains in perfection quite as
late in the spring as the March Bergamot ; and it is larger
and more juicy, and its appearance more inviting. Some
persons who tasted both in the present spring, thought it the
best pear of the two. The very high price of pears in the
spring, in the London and other markets, induces me to think
that both these varieties might be cultivated with much ad-
vantage. This first appeared in the autumn of 1831, and
was then very fine. The tree is large, and its growth exces-
sively luxuriant.

3. Ross Pear. Fruit large, obovate. Eye open and slight-
ly sunken. Stalk short, moderately thick. Skin yellowish
green interspersed with russet. Flesh inclining to yellow,
gritty near the core, but rich, juicy, and sugary throughout.
Season, January.

Note. — This first appeared in 1832. The fruit was all of
large size ; and I suspect that, in a more favorable season and
better climate, it will become very large. The growth of the
original tree is extremely luxuriant.

4. Oakley-Park Bergamot. Fruit middle-sized, roundish
obovate, resembling a large swan's egg. Eye, partly open,
in a regular formed cavity. Stalk an inch and a half in
length, rather slender, and a little sunk at its insertion. Skin
greenish-yellow, sprinkled with russet. Flesh buttery and
melting, rich and excellent. Season, October.

Note. — The tree is of free growth, and has borne in the
three last years.

5. Brougham Pear. Nearly of the middle-size, obovate.
Eye open in a regular formed depression. Stalk short. Skin
yellowish-russet. Flesh yellowish- white, buttery, a little gritty
near the core, sugary and rich. Season, November. This
sort is highly deserving of cultivation where flavor rather than
size is the principal object.

Note. — This is not a small pear, though the sample sent
was small. It is at least as big as the Autumn Bergamot ;
but I "had sent away to several friends the largest and best
samples ; and I never saw ray pears so small as in this year,

Mr. Knighfs Seedling Pears. 153

(1833,) owing to what cause 1 do not know ; but probably to
the drought in the early part of the summer : I have named
it the Brougham pear, a sample sent by me to Lord Brougham
having been approved by his lordship.

6. Bringewood Pear. Fruit middle-sized, pyriform. Eye
open, with the segments of the calyx prominent. Stalk long
and rather slender. Skin yellowish-brown, almost covered
with russet. Flesh yellowish-white, a little gritty near the
core, the rest buttery, rich, and very excellent, with some-
thing of the peculiar flavor of the Monarch Pear. Well de-
serving of cultivation. Season, end of October till beginning
of December.

Note. — This variety did not prove nearly as good in the fol-
lowing year, as in that in which the sample was sent to the
society ; it was nevertheless a good pear, though inferior to
others of the same season of maturity.

7. MoccAS Pear. Fruit middle-sized, obovate, with a short
stalk. Eye somewhat open and very slightly sunk. Skin
brown. Flesh inclining to yellow, melting, juicy, rich, and
high flavored, resembling, in this respect, the Monarch Pear,
and almost equal to that very excellent variety. Season,
December.

Note. — This is, I think, a very fine pear, but the sample
sent was not equal in quality to the former produce. It is
somewhat singular that all my pears ripened much later, and
less perfectly in the last (1831,) than in the three preceding cold
and wet seasons : probably owing to the paralyzing effects of
the very severe frost of the 7th of May, which destroyed almost
sill the blossoms of the pears and apples in the surrounding orch-
ards. Tree of excessively rapid growth, and very productive
of blossom, which I have reason to believe capable of bearing,
without injury, very unfavorable weather.

8. Broom-Park Pear. Fruit nearly middle-sized, roundish.
Eye in a moderate-sized hollow. Stalk about an inch in
length, moderately thick. Skin entirely covered with cinna-
mon-colored russet. Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, with
something of a melon flavor, sugary and rich Its very pecu-
liar flavor may be said to partake of the melon and pine-apple.
Season, January. A sort highly deserving of cultivation.

Note. — The singular mixture of flavor in this pear was

154 Mr. Knight's Seedling Pears.

noticed here as well as in London. The tree is fine, and has
borne well in two seasons in which alone its fruit has existed.

9. Croft-Castle Pear. Fruit middle-sized, oval. Eye
open in a shallow depression, with the segments of the calyx
reclining. Stalk about an inch and a half in length, rather
slender, and somewhat obliquely inserted. Skin pale yellow,
not glossy, but rough with elevated dots, and partially rus-
seted. Flesh whitish, a little gritty, but melting and very
juicy, rich and sugary. An excellent pear. Season, October.

Note. — A variety of dwarfish growth, but very productive
of fruit.

10. Eyewood Pear. In shape and size very similar to an
Autumn Bergamot, but of a deeper cinnamon russet color.
Flesh yellowish- white, melting, buttery, juicy, and very high-
flavored. It is doubtful whether it would be exceeded by
Gansel^ Bergamot in a better season for standards than
that of 1831, when the above description was made. Season,
October or November.

Note. — In 1833, when other varieties of pears did not attain
their usual excellence in Herefordshire, this was found to be
very good. The tree is of a very free growth, and has borne
well during the last four years, the period commencing with
its existence, as regards a bearing state. The sample sent
was below the average size.

11. DuNMORE Pear. Fruit about the size of a Brown
Beurre, obovate. Eye open, slightly depressed. Stalk about
an inch in length, of medium thickness, rather fleshy at its
junction. Skin brownish-red next the sun ; yellowish with a
scattering of brown where shaded. Flesh yellowish-white,
melting and extremely juicy, sugary and rich ; a little gritty
near the core, but on the whole a most excellent pear. Season,
end of September or beginning of October.

Note. — This variety is as large, I think, as the Brown
Beurre, and I have never tasted the last mentioned sort better
than the Dunmore. When it has remained to ripen and grow
yellow upon the tree, I have thought it the most melting and
best pear of its early season. The birds are apt to destroy
most of the crop prematurely. The tree is fine and perfectly
healthy. Grafts of it, which were insterted into stocks two
years only ago, afforded an abundant blossom in the last

Mr. Knighfs Seedling Pears. 155

spring, and are now bearing fruit ; though the weather in
part of the spring was extremely unfavorable, and destroyed
every blossom of the more delicate varieties. The trees are
of a very rapid growth, and the varieties appear to be ex-
tremely well adapted to cold and late situations.

12. Monarch Pear. Fruit of large size, obovate. The stalk
is, in all cases, remarkably short and thick. The eye is open,
in a shallow depression. The general color is yellowish-
brown, tinged with red next the sun, and everywhere inter-
spersed with roundish pale gray flecks. Flesh yellowish,
melting, buttery, and rich ; slightly musky, but not disagree-
ably so, and this is the less perceptible in a dryer season than
the last. The tree grows vigorously, and is a most abundant
bearer as a standard, the fruit from which is much higher
flavored than from a wall. January is its season for becom-
ing fit for use.

Note. — I had this year (1834,) a sufiicient quantity of the
Monarch Pear to enable me to ascertain the specific gravity
of its juice, which is 1096 ; that is, fifteen above the Stire
Apple, and about that which a dissolution of 2 lbs. 6 oz. of
sugar would give to 8 lbs. of water. I doubt whether the
specific gravity of the juice of the grapes, which afford the
best French wines, be much greater, and the taste and flavor
of the expressed juice of the Monarch Pear appear to me to be
very delightful. I am planting it very largely for Perry, in
perfect confidence that sixpence per imperial quart of its ex-
pressed juice will afford a very high remunerating price. I
imagined, till the present season, that the excessively vigorous
growth of the variety, would render it unproductive as a wall-
tree, but grafts inserted three years ago are now bearing fruit,
and have formed a most abundant blossom for the next year.

From these descriptions, and the notes thereto, the Pomo-
logist may form a good estimate of Mr. Knight's seedlings.
Of the twelve, only five or six have yet fruited in American
collections ; one of these was the Dunmore, which Mr. Knight
thinks fully equal to the Brown Beurre.

But the Monarch, which Mr. Knight so named, (in honor
of William the IVth,) because he was " under conviction that,
for the climate of England, it stands without an equal," has

156 A Way to keep a Record of the Place of Trees

not yet fruited — that is the true Monarch. Some two or three
spurious varieties sold under this name, have borne a few pears,
sufficient to decide their utter worthlessness, and it yet re-
mains a matter of doubt, whether the true variety has been
introduced. We have reason to beheve, that it has not, only
in one or two instances, and that nearly all the trees which
have been disseminated are incorrect. Our principal reasons
are, that the trees sold for the Monarch, are of weak and slen-
der growth, straggling habit, and with dark-colored wood.
Now it will be noted that Mr. Knight says it is of " excessively
vigorous growth," so much so, that he feared it would "ren-
der it unproductive ; but grafts inserted three years are now
bearing fruit, and have formed abundant blossoms for next
year." Mr. Thompson states that the true Monarch may be
known from the spurious one, by its " yellowish wood."
These characteristics at once settle the question, that those trees
with small wood and slender growth and dark-colored shoots,
are not true.

We saw the tree in bearing in the society's garden ; and
from a nursery within three miles of Chiswick, we pur-
chased trees, grown from scions received from Mr. Thompson :
and they correspond in every particular with Messrs. Knight's
and Thompson's descriptions. The trees are exceedingly vig-
orous, of upright habit, and with yellow or pale yellowish
olive- colored wood : They will, we hope, produce a few speci-
mens this year, when we trust we may have the opportunity
to show a pear, whose reputation ranks so high, but which,
from a series of errors originating with Mr. Knight's gardener,
has for so long time remained unknown to cultivators.

Art. III. A Way to keep a Record of the Place of every Tree
in an Orchard, by which Labels are dispensed with. By T.
S. HuMRicKHOusE, Coshoctou, Ohio.

Having observed that much has been lately said about la-
bels for fruit trees, 1 send you herewith a map or plot of a
section of my experimental orchard on Whiteyes Creek in Co-
shocton County, Ohio, comprising about the one fourth of it,

in ail Orchard^ by which Labels are dispensed with. 157

to show the manner in which I keep the record of the place
of each tree. The plat and list subjoined will sufficiently
explain each other, and the whole plan — a plan which
may be carried out to any extent. You will perceive that, to
find a tree of any given variety in the orchard, you look at
the number placed before its name in the list, and find the
corresponding number on the plat. The number set after the
name in the list denotes the number of trees of that variety : —

OOOO 0000 000

56 55 55 55 55 54 54 53 52 52 52

OO 000000 ooo

46 47 47 48 48 49 49 49 49 50 51

000 o ooooooo
45 44 44 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 40

000 OOOOOO OO

34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 39

ooo 000000 00

33 33 32 32 32 31 31 31 31 30 29

ooooooo 0000

24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 28

0000000 o ooo

1 23 21 20 22 21 20 19 18 17 16

00 oooooooo o

1 15 15 14 14 13 12 12 11 11 10

No.

Trees. No.

19.

1. Hubbardston Nonsuch, 2

10. Zoar Phoenix, ... 1 20.

11. Red Everlasting, . .2 21.

12. Cathead, 2 22.

13. C. Down's large fall red, 1 23.

14. Blickensderfier, . . .2 24.

15. Pickman Pippin, . .2 25.

16. Poland Red Winter, . 1 26.

17. Seckel Pear, .... 1 27.

18. Summer Golden Pippin, 1 28.

VOL. XIII. NO. IV. 16

Trees.

Catharine Pear, ... 1
Pound Pear, .... 2
Jas. Taylor's Pear, . 2
Borsdorfier, .... 1
Black Apple, .... 1
Sops of Wine, ... 2
Knight's Grange, . . 2
Romankirgger, ... 2
Newtown Spitzenberg, 2
Summer Queen, ... 3

158 A Way to keep a Record of the Place of Trees, (^c.

No. Trees

29. Pound Royal, ... 1

30. Juneatiug, .... 1

31. Flushing Spitzenberg, 4

32. Grey French Reinette, 3

33. Yan Mons Reinette, . 2

34. Cooper's Russett, . . 1

35. Sweet Vandervere, . 2

36. Blenheim Orange, . 2

37. Zoar White Spitzenb'g, 2

38. Kirk's Lord Nelson, . 2

39. Zoar large Winter sweet, 2

40. Court of Wyke, . . 2

41. Foster's large strip'd fall. 2

42. Zoar Striped Fall, . 2

No.

50. Dumpling Myers, .

51. Laners Sweet, . .

52. Summer Rose, . .

53. Zoar Pippin, . .

54. English Codlin,

55. Zimmetartiger,

56. W, Robinson's fall pip'n, 1

Trees.

2
2
1
1

2

2

43. Zoar Winter Sweet,

44. Transparent, . . .

45. Hugh's Golden Pippin,

46. Sugar Loaf Pippin

47. Crimson Nonpareil

48. Zoar Gilliflower, .

49. Green Newtown Pippin, 4

1
1
3
1
2
4

Any man, who plants an orchard, can easily make a plat
of it, with a list of the varieties, and their places and the cor-
responding numbers attached, in the same manner as in the
foregoing. Or, if he likes it better, he can make his plat upon
a scale large enough to be enabled to write the name of each
kind in full opposite its place, as the names of towns are upon
maps. The following will illustrate this mode : —

o
Baldwin

0

Wine

0

Winesap

0

Murphy

0

Minister

0

Jonathan

0

Domine

0

Rambo

0

Detroit

0

Chandler

0

Gravenstein

0

Dyer

o
Oslin

o

Benoni

0

Swaar

After all, perhaps this will be nothing new to your read-
ers. It is not original with me ; nor can I tell whence I derived
it. Of course, it will be understood that the top of the map
should be north, as mine is, or that the points of the compass
should be in some other way ascertained.

Should any of your Boston friends take a fancy to the or-
chard, of which the section before described is a part, I will
sell the farm upon which it is situated, containing one hun-
dred and eighty-five acres of good land without a stone upon

Descriptions of Three New Apples. 159

it as big as your fist, at the exceedingly low price, as they
would consider it, of four thousand dollars. But, as they can
buy, in this neighborhood, any quantity of land equally good
and well improved, but without the orchard, at much lower
rates, I do not think any of them will be found to take me
up, so that I may rest easy. These last two sentences, you
will say, are not very germane to the subject.
Coshocton^ Ohio, February 6th, 1847.

Art. IV. Descriptions and Engravings of Three New Ap-
ples. By the Editor.

At page 70, we commenced a series of articles in which it is
our object to describe and figure all the fine varieties of apples
which appear deserving of cultivation, in the same manner
in which we have figured upwards of seventy-five varieties of
pears. The apple is the great staple fruit of our country, and
it is to be regretted that so little has been done to make known
the best kinds, or to set aright the numerous errors in nomen-
clature which abound in our Catalogues and Treatises on '
Fruit.

To attempt this object will be our endeavor in this article :
all the new and choice kinds which are. from time to time,
brought into notice, will be accurately described and figured,
while, at the same time, we shall not neglect a full account of
the older and proved sorts, giving the synonyms under which
many of them are cultivated, and other particulars relative to
their growth, the soils to which they are best adapted, &c.

We shall continue the numeral order of the varieties, com-
mencing with the article referred to.

IV. Early Joe.

In our last volume, (XII, p. 474,) under our Pomological
Notices, we briefly described this new apple, {fig. 15,) and
we have but little to add now to the account we then gave of
it, except a more full description. Mr. Bissell of Rochester,
who sent us some fine specimens, gives us the following par-

160 Descriptions of Three Neio Apples.

ticulars: — " Some of the delicious seedling apples of the Yal-
ley of the Genesee have been extensively noticed and dissem-

Fig. 15. Early Joe.

inated : a few yet remain to enrich the Pomology of less fa-
vored regions among iis, at the head of which should stand
the Early Joe. We send you herewith some specimens of
fruit of the ordinary size for your opinion and notice, should
you think it worthy. When neglected, the tree bears every
other year enormous crops, of the size and quality of these, but,
with proper care in trimming out, they will attain to nearly
double the size. The tree grows slowly ; the wood is slim ;
the bark dark-colored, and the green of the foliage is deep
and rich. It was called the Early Joe, because a fellow
named Joe for some time stole the apples early in the morn-
ing, before the family that owned the orchard were up, and
only desisted after the hired man had cut ' Early Joe' in the
bark of every tree. The parent tree grew in the orchard of
Mr. Oliver Chapin of Bloomfield, Ontario County, in the same
orchard with the Northern Spy, and is, we believe, still alive.'"
To this we have only to add, that the variety is really a very
good fruit ; its only objection, if it may be called one, to its
ranking among the best fruits, is its rather small size. It is a
handsome apple, with a deep red skin and a very tender flesh.
Size, medium, about two inches and a half broad, and two
deep : Form, oblate, slightly rounding towards the crown :
Skin, smooth, dull yellow, nearly covered with distinct stripes
of dark purplish red, interspersed with numerous whitish

Descriptions of Three Neiv Apples. 161

specks : iSfe7n, medium length, about half an inch, rather slen-
der, and deeply inserted in a round, narrowed cavity : Eye,
medium size, closed, and considerably sunk in an open, rather
broad hollow ; calyx, short : Flesh, white, slightly tinged with
pink, fine, and very tender: Juice, plentiful, pleasantly
acid and good : Core, rather large. Ripe in August, and keeps
two or three weeks.

V. Fall Jennetting.

Another variety received from the same source as the above.
It was brought into the vicinity of Rochester about twenty
years ago, from Athens, on the Hudson, but it does not ap-
pear to be described by any of our writers on Fruits. Mr.
Bissell states that the trees grow very rapidly, and bear every
alternate year enormously. The general appearance of the Fall
Jennetting, {Jig. 16,) is much like the Rhode Island Greening ;

Fig. 16. Fall Jennetting.

but it is more regular in its outline, broader at the base, and nar-
rows more to the crown. It appears to be a new and very de-
sirable autumn apple.

16*

162 Desa'iptlons of Three New Apples.

Size, large, about three and a half inches broad, and three
deep : Form, roundish, flattened, somewhat ribbed at the base,
and narrowing to the eye : Skin, fair, smooth, pale greenish
yellow, broadly tinged with deep blush on the sunny side,
and thinly and irregularly sprinkled with dark russety specks :
Stem, short, about half an inch, slender, and deeply inserted
in a rather contracted, funnel-shaped cavity : Eye, small,
closed, and moderately sunk in a small, round basin : seg-
ments of the calyx, long, twisted : Flesh, yellowish white,
fine, very tender : Juice, abundant, pleasant and sprightly,
with a fine perfume : Core, small, hollow : Seeds, small, an-
gular, full. Ripe in November.

VI. Marston's Red Winter. Kenrick's Amer. Orchardist.

Mr. Kenrick, in his American Orchardist, briefly describes
this new apple i^Jig. 17). It originated in Greenland, N. H.,

Fig. 17. Marston's Red Winter.

and fine specimens were sent us in the winter of 1845 and '46,
by Mr. Norton of that place ; those of the last year were not
equal in size to those of the year previous, owing to the very
dry summer, but they were equally high-colored and beautiful.
At first sight, they somewhat resemble the Baldwin, but upon

Brief Account of Three Varieties of Aj^ples. 163

more particular notice, the difference, both in form and color,
is quite apparent : there is less yellow than in the Baldwin,
and the skin has a smooth and more glossy surface. In form,
it is more oval than the Baldwin, narrowing little towards
each end. The flesh is more tender, and not so crisp as the
Baldwin. It deserves to rank among our best winter vari-
eties. Tree vigorous and productive.

Size, large, about three inches broad, and two and three
quarters deep : Form, roundish oval, regular, slightly narrow-
ing towards each end : Skin, fair, smooth, shining, yellow in
the shade, bright red in the sun, and nearly covered with
stripes of brilliant crimson, with a patch of russet around the
stem : Stem, short, about half an inch in length, slender, ob-
liquely and rather deeply inserted in a narrow, contracted cav-
ity : Eye, medium size, partially open, and moderately sunk
in a round, open, smooth, and* abruptly depressed basin :
Flesh, yellowish, fine, soft, and very tender : Juice, plentiful,
rich, and high flavored: Core, medium size, rather close:
Seeds, medium size, dark brown. Ripe in January, and keeps
till April.

Art. V. A Brief Account of Three Varieties of Apples. By

AsAHEL FooTE, Esq., Williamstown, Mass.

I HEREWITH send you specimens of three varieties of the
Apple, — known here as the Congress, the Redstreak, and the
Vanderspeigle. I name them in the order of their size, begin-
ning with the largest.

The two former have been in cultivation here for fifty years :
the latter is understood to have originated, within that period,
on the grounds of John Yanderspeigle, Esq., in Lansingburgh,
New York.

The Congress Apple (of this neighborhood,) is a common
and well known variety in Cayuga County, New York, and
is probably the apple described by Downing, as the Twenty
Ounce, or Cayuga Redstreak. It is in high estimation here,
both as a cooking and eating apple, and, in our markets,

164 Brief Account of Three Varieties of Apples.

takes precedence even of the R. I. Greening, and ^^sopus
Spitzenberg. The tree is of medium vigor, but a great and
constant bearer. The size of the fruit may be judged of from
the fact, that seventy-two apples^ taken seriatim^ last autumn,
measured a bushel. Season November to March. The speci-
mens now presented are scarcely medium.

The Redstreak^ {fig- 1^0 is also a winter fruit, of large
size, and high reputation, but very different in its character-
istics from the former. Considering its excellence, I can hard-

Fig. 18. Redslreak.

ly suppose it to be wholly unknown to our cultivators ; yet
my search has been in vain to find its accurate portrait in any
of our pomological authors. The trees of this variety attain
a large size, and produce abundantly in alternate years. On
old subjects, and under poor cultivation, a rather large per
centage of the fruit will be imperfect ; but, as a compensation
for this, the refuse yields a finer quality of cider and vinegar
than any other variety grown in this section. Season, Dec.
to March. The specimens are above an average, but not of the
largest size.

Brief Account of Three Varieties of Apples. 165

The Vanderspeigle, (not heretofore introduced to the pub-
lic, I think,) has been in cuhivation here some years, and is
highly esteemed by such as prefer a fruit of rather unusual
tartness. The trees are strong growers, and constant
and abundant bearers, and the fruit is uncommonly fair
and perfect, and keeps as well as either of the preced-
ing. From the figure, color, size, and flavor of this ap-
ple, I have little doubt that it originated from a seed of the
old " Red and Green Seek-no-further J^ It is, however, supe-
rior to that variety in several respects, — being more prolific —
more juicy — better for cooking — and a longer keeper. I think
it well worthy of cultivation.

I have purposely omitted saying any thing of the form,
color, consistence and flavor of these apples, in order that these
particulars (with drawings) might be supplied by yourself, in
case you deem them worthy of notice in your Magazine.

I am now engaged in investigating the history of the Con-
gress and Redstreak, and, if my inquiries lead to any sat-
isfactory results, you shall be apprised of them at an early
day.

P. S. Having a convenient opportunity, I send you
three more Redstreaks, — a Pound Royal, — a Swaar, — and
a Green Newtown Pippin. The Pippin is the smallest, the
Swaar, yellow — the Pound Royal, conical and irregular. I
send these as fair specimens of those varieties here, under
ordinary cultivation which, I might add with too much truth,
is no cultivation at all. The Pound Royal varies much in
shape, and this specimen is among the most irregular. This
and the Pippin have much more color than is usual.

The Redstreaks now sent are fair specimens for color, and
of rather unusual size. To what I said before respecting this
apple, I can now add, that it is highly esteemed for cooking,
and that the trees are among our very largest growers.

Further investigation has pretty fully convinced me that
this is the true Wine Apple, best described by Floy, in Lind-
ley's Guide to the Orchard.

The Pippin and Swaar are with us but moderate growers,
and the crops of fruit not heavy. The Pound Royal trees
are large, and fine bearers, and the fruit is much esteemed.

Williamstown, Feb. 27, 1847.

166 Brief Account of Three Varieties of Apples.

We are greatly indebted to our correspondent, Mr. Foote,
for the above communication, and also for the specimens of
fruit which accompanied his letter. But, unfortunately for us,
those which were forwarded with the first letter, by some
mistake, fell into the hands of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, and, although we had the pleasure of tasting them,
we had no opportunity to make drawings or accurate descrip-
tions ; consequently, we are unable to say much respecting
them, other than that the Congress, so called, is undoubtedly
the same as the Twenty Ounce, which Mr. Downing has
described under the latter name, from our account of it in the
Magazine (Vol. X. p. 210). The specimens, though overripe,
confirmed our good opinion of this large and superior fruit.
The Yanderspeigle seemed to somewhat resemble the old
Pearmam.

The Redstreak is an apple of large size and much beauty,
— indeed rather too large to become a popular fruit — and pos-
sesses a rich, sprightly and aromatic flavor ; and to us it is
quite new : after carefully examining the specimens, Ave com-
pared them with several varieties described hy Coxe^ and though
the engraving of the Wine Apple of the latter does not appear
quite flat enough, the description of this author answers ex-
ceedingly well for the specimens of the Red Streak ; and we
agree with our correspondent that the Redstreak is the Wine
Apple, first described by Coxe, and his description adopted by
Messrs. Floy and Downing. We add our own description
from the specimens received : —

Fruity large, about three and a half inches broad, and two
and three quarters, deep : Form, roundish oblate, flattened at
both ends, and ribbed at the base : Skiii, fair, smooth, with a
yellow ground, marked with bright red on the sunny side, and
splashed with broken stripes of deep crimson, interspersed with
a few rather large russet specks : Stem, very short, about quar-
ter of an inch, slender and deeply inserted in a large, wide, open
cavity : Eye, small, open and moderately sunk in a medium
sized and ribbed basin ; segments of the calyx short : Flesh,
yellowish-white, rather fine, breaking and tender : Juice,
abundant, sprightly, and vinous, with a high aromatic fla-
vor : Core, medium size, very broad, open : Seeds, medium
size, plump. Ripe in December and keeps till March.

Cultivation and Treatment of Cape Heaths. 167

The nomenclature of our apples is in great confusion, and we
think it will be almost impossible to do much towards clearing
it up, until the numerous varieties can be collected together,
the trees brought into bearing, their characteristics studied,
and a careful examination made of the fruit. This we hope
to do, having upwards of two hundred sorts, which will soon
enable us to commence our labors. — Ed.

Art. VI. On the Cultivation and Treatment of Cape Heaths
{Ericas). By John Cadness, Gardener to Mr. J. L. L. F.
Warren, Brighton.

I SEND you an article upon the cultivation of that splendid,
but, I am sorry to say, much neglected tribe of plants. Cape
Heaths, a genus, all the species of which are eminently beau-
tiful and worthy the most assiduous cultivation, if you should
think my remarks worth a place in your magazine.

Heaths are all of them especial favorites of mine, and
wherever I have had opportunity, I have paid considerable
attention to their cultivation, and I am greatly surprised that,
when such good specimens of other green-house plants are
grown in the neighborhood and exhibited in Boston, no
attempt has been made to grow a collection of the finer vari-
eties of this plant : there is, I know, some difficulty in manag-
ing some of the best kinds, but I have not the least doubt,
that, if proper provision were made for them, and proper care
bestowed upon them, they could be sufficiently well grown to
make them one of the greatest ornaments of the green-house.
The great difficulty in cultivating these plants with success,
is the extreme cold of winter and the extreme heat of summer;
the consequence of which is, in the former case, the plants are
exposed to a great degree of fire heat, and a too warm and
variable atmosphere at a season when they should be kept
cool and perfectly at rest ; for they, like all other plants, must
have their dormant season or winter ; for they can never be
expected to flower finely and as they should do, when they
are growing more or less the year round. But in order to give

168 Cultivation and Treatment of Cape Heaths.

them proper treatment, a house should be devoted entirely to
them, for they cannot be grown to perfection in a mixed green-
house ; and I am convinced, they would amply repay for all
the extra expense and trouble they require. All that is necessa-
ry in winter, is merely to keep the frost from them, and most
of them, if they have not been subjected to too much fire heat,
will bear several degrees of frost. One cause of heaths
not flowering well, in fact, the main cause, is because they are
kept too warm in winter, for if they do not experience a sea-
son of rest, they cannot have time to form and perfect their
flower buds, which they should do at this time : but, instead,
they are excited into an early, weak, and unprofitable growth,
and such a course of treatment soon renders the plant worth-
less. The next thing to be observed is to give them, at every
opportunity, a free circulation of air, both in the winter, and
in their growing season ; for heaths will not thrive well in a
close confined atmosphere ; and, if they are drawn up, and
weak, they will but poorly bear the heat of summer which is
the most trying time for them.

In summer, I believe it is generally thought necessary to
shade heaths a great deal. I have seen them hid away under
trees and stowed in frames, and shaded until they could not
bear a ray of light to fall upon them. They soon become
weak and sickly, and sufier far more than by being housed in
winter, if they do not perish altogether, which is generally
the case. My experience has taught me, that they will, if
placed in proper circumstances, bear the sun a great deal bet-
ter than is generally supposed ; in fact, naturally, the heath is
never found growing in shaded places, but the contrary :
they are always found growing on hill sides and open plains,
and, allowing that they have been made more tender by arti-
ficial treatment generation after generation, still in this, as in
every other similar case, the nearer we follow nature the better
shall we succeed. For the last two years, I have never made a
practice of shading heaths at all in smnmer, only in extreme
hot days. My summer management is this : as soon as the
plants can be trusted in a cold frame, I remove the plants
from the green-house. I choose, for the frame, an opensituation,
giving it a northern aspect, I then plunge the pots to the rim
in coal ashes at such a distance from each other as to allow a

Cultioatloii. and Treatment of Cape Heaths. 169

little for growth, but still so as to shade each other some. My
object is to keep the roots moist and cool, and, whenever by
their growth, which always happens, they begin to crowd
each other, I take them up and replmige them at suitable
distances again ; using the lights until all danger of frost is
over. By that time, by giving a plentiful supply of air daily,
and gradually inuring the plants to the open air, I dispense
with the use of them altogether, except to protect them from
heavy rains and stormy weather. In this manner, I keep
them until it is quite necessary to remove them to the green-
house in the fall, I am always particularly anxious to keep
them in the frames as long as possible, so that they feel the
effects of cold, (but not frost,) and their growth is entirely
stopped, even if it be necessary to protect the frames by cover-
ing.

By this treatment, I find that the plants acquire a hardy,
robust habit, and are more easily kept over winter ; last sum-
mer, I kept over 300 one year old plants in this manner, and
they were never shaded the hottest day, and I never lost
a single plant, and by plunging the pots, the young roots are
protected and kept moist and cool ; whereas, when the pot
is exposed to the action of the sun, the yOung roots are scorched,
then the plant begins to suffer and is unable to bear the sun :
they also require less water, which is a great thing, as too
frequent waterings are hurtful to them. Great care is neces-
sary that they shall not suffer for want of water, or that they
be over watered ; in either case, they will suffer more or less,
although they may not show it just at the time.

It will be seen, then,'that, in order to grow these plants suc-
cessfully, they must be placed in those circumstances, where
they can acquire a bushy and healthy, robust habit ; this
can be effected only by a free exposure to sun-light and
air at all seasons, and due regard being paid to their period of
rest or winter. A great deal also will depend upon the system
of potting which is followed, for this is a very important part of
their management, and requires both care and judgment. In
order to have the plants flower finely, they must have well
filled their pots with roots before their season of rest commen-
ces ; it is a bad practice to over-pot them at any time, par-
ticularly when young ; I like, rather, to shift them the oftener,

VOL. XIII. — NO. IV. 17

170 Cultivation and Treatment of Cape Heaths.

never by any means giving them more than a size larger pot
at a shift. Give them plenty of drainage, always placing a
portion of coarse fibrous peat or moss over the crocks, to pre-
vent the soil washing through them, and taking care to place
the neck of the plant high up in the pot, so as to give a
fall from the stem to the rim; this precaution, with good
drainage, will prevent them from damping off at the neck,
which they are very liable to do when kept too damp or over-
watered, if potted too low. In repotting large specimens, it is
a good plan, where they require a large pot, to place a pot re-
versed in the bottom of the large one, and fill nearly to the
top Avith crocks and coarse material ; for heaths do not require
a deep soil, and it will give a better drainage.

The soil most suitable for heaths, is a fibrous sandy peat,
which is rather difficult to procure in this neighborhood ; at
least I have found it so. The compost I have generally used
has been well decomposed leaf-mould, with a portion of the
most peaty soil I could procure, using more or less of the
peat, according to its quality ; sometimes I have used nothing
but leaf-mould, mixing equal parts of white sand, and rather
coarse river or brook sand ; all the coarse fibrous lumps should
be chopped small and retained in the compost, in order to
make the soil porous. The soil by no means should ever be
sifted for heaths, not even for young plants, as it becomes too
compact and heavy ; the best sand for heaths is freestone
sand, and a good portion of it used in small lumps, about the
size, and some larger, than peas ; it is also the best for propa-
gating when it can be procured.

As to propagating, I need say but little upon this -head, as
most of the varieties are increased with little difficulty ; most
of them strike well from cuttings, made of half-ripened young
wood ; and they can be propagated at any season that the
wood is in that state. They should be covered with a bell
glass, and be carefully watered, keeping them in a cool and
shaded situation. Some of the varieties are more difficult to
strike than others, and I find some will root better if the wood
is perfectly ripe ; but it requires a greater length of time and
they are not so liable to damp oft'; then again, there are some
kinds that I have been unsuccessful with. I have tried cut-
tings taken from the plant just at the lime that it is beginning

Notice of Some of the Mosses of New England. 171

to grow, and this way I have always succeeded with the
most difhcult kinds : but tliey require to be kept very close
for a great length of time. 1 send you a list of some of the
best varieties : —

Beaumont/awa,

Willmored/ia;

bdccans,

hyemalis,

tricolor,

Hartnelh'i,

ventricosa superba,

Bowiedwa,

Niven/d;za,

Bedfordidwa,

pannosa,

vestita coccinea,

Nonantum, Yale Gardens, March, 1847

Coventry an a,

nigricans,

Lambertidna,

grandinosa,

a'rdens superbus,

persoluta,

Aiioniana,

prsegnans,

Rollissonw",

vestita alba,

Archeridwa,

bicolor.

Art. VIL Notice of Some of the Mosses of New England.

By Wm. Oakes, Ipswich, Mass.

Mosses of the White Mountains.

The alpine region of the White Mountains, though a per-
fect garden of Lichens, is exceedingly unfavorable to Mosses,
from the great and sudden changes of temperature, but prin-
cipally from the great dryness which often prevails for sev-
eral weeks. In the forests at the sides and base of the moun-
tains are found many of the common mosses of New England,
with others which belong to its nortliern regions. Their
number, however, does not appear to be very great, though
man)'- of the species grow in great luxuriance and profusion.
The following list contains most of the interesting species,
both of the alpine region and the base. Specimens of many
of these have already been published in the magnificent vol-
umes of the Musci Allefj^hanicnses of Mr. Sullivant, our ex-
cellent American Muscologist.

/fy'pnum denticulalum, L. Alpine. Case.

stramineum, Dicks. Sullivant, Muse. Allegh. 38. Alpine. Base.
moUe, Dicks. Alpine.
var. alp^stre. H. alp^-stre, Swartz. Base.

172 Notice of Some of the Mosses nf Nciv England.

//y'pnum umbratum, Ehr. Muse. Allegh. 2. Base. Alpine.

reflexum, Weber df Mohr. Base.

subtile, Bruch. 4" Sch. Leskea subt. Hediv. Base.

lagbsum, Hedw. Muse. Allegh. 13. Alpine.

scorpioldes, L. Muse. Allegh. 27. Alpine.

uncinatum, Hedio. Muse. Allegh. 24. Base. Alpine.

adiincum, L. Alpine. Base.

fluitans, L. Alpine.
Climacium dendroides, Mohr. The European variety. Base.
Anacamptodon splachnoides, Brid. Muse. Allegh. 82. Base.
i?ry'um eapillare, L. var. coehlearifolium. Base.

turbinatum, Swariz. Alpine.

Duvahe'1 Voit. Alpine.

Wahlenbergn", Schwaegr. Alpine.
Bartranw'a ithyphy'lla, Brid. Alpine.

eonostoma, Br. cj- Sch. Muse. Alleg. 120. Conostomumboreale, Swariz,
-Splachnum mnioides, L. Alpine. Rare. Mr Greene found it many years
ago on the summit of Mount Washington ; I have only found it in a
single spot on Mount Franklin.

angusiatum, Linn. fil. Base. I found only a single tuft with abun-
dant fruit on the bones of some small animal.
Poly'triehum juniperinum, Willd. var. alpestre. Muse. All. 113. Alpine.

alpinum, L. Alpine. Base.

urnigerum, Menzies. Muse. All. 114. Base.
var. eapillare. Pogonatum eap. Brid. Muse. All. 115. Al-
pine.
Orlhotriehum Ludwign, Brid. Base.

speeiosum, Necs. Base.
Zy^godon Lapponicus, Br. 4" "Scj^- Gymnostomum Lapp. Hedw. Alpine.
Raeomitrium Sudetieum, Dry''ptodon Sud. Muse. A. 134. Alpine. Base.

raicroearpon, Brid. Muse. All. 133. Alpine. Base.

lanuginosum, Brid. Muse. All. 131. Alpine.

faseieulare, Brid. Muse. All. 132. Base. Alpine.

acieuliire, Brid. Base.
Grimmfa obtusa, Schwaegr. Alpine.

apocarpa, Hedw. var. livularis. Alpine.*

eonferta, Fund. Muse. All. 139. On the sides below the alpine region.
Auictangium eiliatum, Hedw. The common European variety. In bare

gravelly soil. Base.
Triehostomum vaginans, Sullivant. Muse. All. 176. Alpine.
Dicranum Schradto', Web. <^ Mohr. Muse. All. 163. Alpine.

elongatum, Schleich. Alpine.

fulv<illum, Smith. Alpine.
Weissm striata, Hook. 4- Tayl. Muse. All. 143. Alpine. Base.
Sphagnum reeiirvum, Pa/. Je 5. Muse. All. 206. Base.
Andrae^a rup^stris, i/erftw. Muse. All. 215. Alpine. Base.

crassinervia, Bruch. Alpine. Base.

Notice of Some of the Mosses of Neiv England. 173

Other Mosses at the Base are ZA^'pnum Schreb^n, (also alpine,) cordifo-
liuni, splendens, (also alpine, )tamariscinum, minutulum, pseudo-plumosum,
salebrosum, ruscifolium, triquetrum, chrysophy'llum, confertum, hispidu-
lum, recurvans, Crisla-caslrensis, Haldicmwm, &c. ; Neckera pennata, most
abundant, and fruiting finely on the trunks of the trees ; Neckera viticulosa,
very abundant, but rarely fruiting ; Neckera sericea, Pterigyrandrum hir-
tellum and intricatum, Leiicodon brachypus, Mnium punctatum, most abun-
dant and fine, both at the base and alpine ; Mnium afFine and hornum,
^ry'um roseum, ventricosum, nutans, cespitosum, Aulacomnion palustre,
Bartramz'a pomiformis, var. crispa, Bartramw fontana, most luxuriant, and
sometimes a foot long ; f unaria hygrometrica, Poly'tiichum piliferum, juni-
pirenum, commune, formosum, brevicaule, undulalum, Diphy'scium lolio-
suni, abundant and fine, Orthotrichum crispum, Hutchinsiae, strangulatum,
Drummond/a clavellata, Tetraphis pellucida, Fontinalis antipyretica and
squamosa, fruiting abundantly, Grim'mza apocarpa, Anictangium ciliatum,
(the common American rock variety,) Trichostooium tortile, Dicranum
glaiicum, undulatum, scoparium, cong6stum, heteromallum, (also alpine,)
Ceratodon purpureus. Sphagnum cymbifolium, acutifolium and squarrosum,
fruiting most luxuriantly, &c.

Of the above, ^y'pnum splendens and Crista-castrensis are
most abundant, the former fruiting finely in many places, and
the latter almost every where covering the ground, and the
fallen trunks in the forest, and fruiting most abundantly.

JungerManniace^ of the White Mountains.
(Species of Jungermannia of Linn. Hooker, &c.)

Plagiochila porelloides, Lindenb. Muse. All. 220. Base.

spinulosa, Nees. 4" Mont. Muse. All. 219, Base.
Scapania undulata, Nees.

nemorosa, Nces. Base. Alpine.
Jungermannea obtusilblia, Hook. Muse. All. 230.

barbata, Schreb. var. quinquedentata. Base,
var. Floerkii. Alpine.

setiformis, Ehr. Muse. All. 238. Alpine.

inflata, Huds. Alpine.

Taylorz, Hook. Muse. All. 227. Alpine. Base.

Schrader?, Mart. Muse. All. 235. Base. Alpine.

ventricosa, Dichs. Base.

curvifolia, Dicks. Muse. All. 242.

Michauxu, Weber. Muse. All. 237. Base. Alpine.

pumila? With. Base.

divaricata. Smith, var. rubricaulis, Nees. Base.

bicuspidata, L. Muse. All. 211. Base.

connivens, Dicks. Muse. All. 246. Base. Alpine.

trichopliy'lla, L. Muse. All. 245. Base.
17*

174 Notice of Some of the Mosses of New England.

GymnomitTium concinnatum, Corda. Muse. All. 217. Alpine.

Sarcoscyphus Ehrharti, Corda. Muse. All. 216. Base. Alpine.

Triehocolea tomentella, Nees. Muse. All. 255. Base.

Ptilidium cijiare, Nees. Muse. All. 256.

Radula pallens, Sidlivant, Muse. All. 261. Base.

Madotheca platyphy'lla, Z)w7Ho?-/. Muse. All. 263.

Fruiknia dilatata, Nccs. Muse. All. 267. Base.

Tamarisci, Nees. Base.
Herpetium reptans, Nees. Muse. All. 254. Base.

trilobatum, Nees. Muse. All. 251. Base.

deflexum, Nees. Base.
Pellia epiphy'lla, iVees. Muse. All. 284. Base. Alpine.
Aneura multifida, Dumorl. Muse. All. 278. Base.

The following additional species I have collected in Ips-«
wich and its vicinity : —

Jungermannia sphagni, i)jc^s. Muse. All. 229.

setacea, Weber. Muse. All. 243.
Lophocolea bidentata, Nees.

Cheiloscyphus asc^ndens, Hook. <^ Wils. Muse. All. 247.
Geocalyx graveolens, Nees. Muse. All. 249.
Radula complanata, Dumorl. Muse. All. 259.
Calopogeia Trichomanis, Corda. Muse. All. 257.
Hollia Lyelln, £n«?Ztc/ier. Muse. All. 281.
Aneura palmata, i\^ees. Muse. All. 279.
Metzg6ria fureala, Nees. Muse. All. 283.

The following species of the White Mountains, I have found
near Ipswich : —

Plagiochila porelloides, Seapania nemoiosa, Jungermannta Schraderi,
bicuspidata, connivens, triehophy'lla, Sarcoscy'phus Ehrhartj, Triehocolea
tomeni611a, Ptilidium eiliare, Madoth^ca platyphy'lla, Frullania dilatata,
Tamarisei, P611ia epiphy'lla, Aneura multifida, Herpetium trilobatum, Jun-
germannta curvif61ia, divarie^ta.

In Ipswich and its vicinity, I have collected the following
Mosses not recorded in Mr. Russell's Catalogue of the Mosses
of Massachusetts : —

//y'pnum denticul^tum, scitum, and virium,L6skea ol)scuraand rostr^ta,
.Bry'um ventricosum, Racomitrium sudetieum andacicul^e,Grimm2'a Penn-
sylvanica, Dier^num varium, Poly'trichum gracile, Menzies, Orthotrichum
Ludwigu' and strangulatum. (A Iso Buxbaumia aphylla in great abundance
in many places.)

Ipsivich, March, 1847.

Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts. 175

REVIEWS.

Art. I. A Report on the Trees and Shrubs, graving natur-
ally in the forests of Massachusetts : published agreeably to
an order of the Legislature. By the Commissioners on the
Zoological and Botanical Survey of the State. 1 Vol. 8vo.
pp. 547. Boston. Button &. Went worth, State printers. 1846.

This long anticipated and very valuable document, pre-
pared by George B. Emerson, Esq., has fulfilled the expec-
tations of those, who, more or less familiar with the subject,
yet needed the information therein contained, in a condensed
and plain form ; in such a form, indeed, as Avould render it
useful to the man of practical business, and as a reference to
him of more studious habits. Knowing the method employed
to render this report as practical and as acurate as possible, we
awaited in patient expectation its publication, feeling that
nothing would be lost by delay. Considering the circumstan-
ces under which it has issued, we can only be surprised that
so much has been done, and done so well. The author is a
gentleman of most assiduous habits of life, and engaged, for
the most part, in instruction of a very high order, demanding
his undivided attention while so employed. He is favorably
known as engaged in many popular schemes of education,
and as the patron of sound learning in its every department,
through his personal influence, as well as by his ready pen.
Amidst the variety of reading, which now presents itself to
the scholar, and besides these other and primary pursuits, he
has found some brief moments in which nature, in her many
departments of study, has been also regarded. With an ever
open eye and a finely cultivated, as well as natural taste for the
beautiful and the grand, for objects minute or great, he has
rendered himself not only an amateur, but in no small mea-
sure, a practical naturalist. A familiarity with such studies
is not to be obtained merely from books, but from observation
and personal inspection ; of such a kind as the volume before
us bears ample record. To collect and to condense the mass
of information laid before the public on this subject, is in itself
no small labor. To simplify, classify and render it delight-

176 Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts.

fully interesting and instructivp, is something still greater.
In these respects, the report most happily coincides with the
practically scientific report on " Insects injurious to vegeta-
tion," prepared by Dr. Harris, itself also a State document,
and connected with the general subject of the State survey.
Mr. Emerson, in his letter to Governor Briggs, tells us that

" The accompanying Report concludes the work of the Commission-
ers on the Zoological and Botanical Survey of the State. It has heen
prepared with especial reference to the instructions of Gov. Everett, accom-
panying his commission, and directing the Commissioners ' to keep care-
fully in view the economical relations of every subject of their inquiry.'
I trust it may do something ' to promote the agricultural benefit of the Com-
monwealth,' by leading citizens who are land-owners to a consideration of
the importance of continuing, improving, and enlarging the forests of the
State.

" It is due to the Legislature, and to yourself, that I should make some
apology for the tardy appearance of my Report. It is well known to your
Excellency, that ever since the commission was issued, in 1837, I have been
occupied, for ten months of every year, in a pursuit which left me no leisure
for the Survey, and little for reading, on subjects connected with it. I have,
therefore, been able to give to it only the summer vacation, and of that a con-
siderable portion has, every year, been necessarily taken up with other
things. Under these circumstances, it was hardly possible for me to give
to the Survey the attention it deserved, and let my Report appear at an
earlier period." p. 1.

We hinted at the method of arrangement : and of the facil-
ity aiforded to the reader in making the treatise of practical
value :

" In order that this Report should answer the ends for which the Survey
was ordered, the descriptions of the Trees and Shrubs are arranged accord-
ing to the Natural System. This has been done, not from undervaluing
the artificial system of Linnaus, which must still continue of use in aiding
to find the name of a plant and its place in the Natural System, but from a
conviction of the incomparably greater value of the latter. The artificial
system is based essentially on distinctions drawn from the stamens and pistils
alone. The Natural System, on the contrary, takes into consideration not
one part only, but every part and whatever relates to it, — the seed, from the
development of its embryo to its germination, the growth, formation and
arrangement of the wood, bark, buds and leaves, and the flower and fruit.
It is found that plants which resemble each other in the external forms of
their more essential parts, have a similar resemblance in properties and

Trees and Shnihs of Massachusetts. 177

uses, and require similar modes of management and culture. The adoption
of the Natural System is, therefore, particularly important in a compara-
tively new country like ours.

" The uses of the natural arrangement in abridging the labor of acquisi-
tion and aiding the memory of the learner are most important, and its ad-
vantages to cultivators, to physicians, — to all who are seeking to enlarge
their knowledge of the useful or dangerous properties of plants, that they
may be able to avail themselves of the one, or counteract the other, to gain
materials for the arts, or remedies or antidotes in medicine, — are too many to
enumerate and too obvious to be further insisted upon." p. 3.

The reader will perceive at once the vahie of the observa-
tions found in this volume, when he is made acquainted with
the means to obtain them :

" The descriptions of the species of all the trees, and nearly all the shrubs,
are my own, except where I have expressly given credit to others.
To collect my materials, I have scoured the forests in almost every part of
the State, from the western hills of Berkshire to Martha's Vineyard, and
from the banks of the Merrimack to the shores of Buzzard's and Narragan-
sett Bays. The leisure of several summers was first spent in ascertaining
what the ligneous plants of Massachusetts are, and how they are distributed.
If I have not discovered new species, I have found new localities for several
oaks, willows, poplars, pines, and birches, and some others of less impor-
tance, and have thus enlarged the Flora of the State. That some species
have escaped me is altogether probable, as, even in the summer of 1845, 1
found the Red Birch growing abundantly on a branch of the Merrimack,
some hundreds of miles farther north than it had previously been noticed by
any botanist.

" After having become familiar with the trees and their localities, I be-
gan to collect materials for their description ; and every important tree and
shrub has been described from copious notes taken under or near the grow-
ing plant itself. A point with which I have each year been more and more
struck, is the beauty of our native trees and of the climbing vines and under-
growth associated with them. I have thrown aside much which I had writ-
ten upon this point. Utilitarian readers will perhaps find too much still re-
tained. My apology for not pruning more severely must be found in my
sincere conviction, that associations with the beauty of trees about our coun-
try homes enter deeply into the best elements of our character ; and a hope
that what I have written may induce some of my readers to plant trees, for
the purpose of increasing the beauty, and the appearance of seclusion and
quiet, of the homes of their wives and children.

" A Report upon the Botany of the State is certainly very incomplete,
without even an enumeration of the Algae, the Mosses, the Lichens, and
the Fungi ; and, with a hope to prevent this omission, I furnished myself,
at the commencement of this Survey, with several somewhat expensive

178 Trees and Shrubs of Massac/uisells.

works upon these departments of botany. But I am obliged to confess, that
I have been able to do very little in regard to them. Since the commence-
ment of this Survey, my friend. Rev. J. L. Russell, ofHingham, has care-
fully prepared a catalogue of the mosses in the eastern part of the State,
whicli he was kind enough to place at my disposal. I was not willing that its
publication should be delayed till the appearance of this volume, and it has
been published in the Boston Journal of Natural History. Mr. Edward
Tuckerraan also prepared, at ray request, a catalogue of the lichens found on
the bark of trees in this Slate. As it is to be hoped that he will soon give
us a complete account of the lichens of New England, for which work he
is amply prepared, it would be doing him injustice to publish an imperfect
catalogue. The deficiency in the history of the Algae is likely to be soon
supplied, by Prof. Bailey, of West Point, in the thorough manner of which
he has given evidence in the Scientific Journal." p. 8.

Through the kindly cooperation of many friends of the
author, and to the general subject, by personal inquiry and
inspection in various manufactories, ship-yards, saw-mills, on
farms, and in wood-lots, amidst primitive forests, and on
mountain ranges, Mr. E. was thus enabled to present a mass
of information, which will be received with that interest,
which it demands. The labor of preparation, it is to be seen,
must have been great, and the pursuit profitable as well as
interesting, in giving opportunities for personal acquaintance
with scenery, and also with habits of social life, to be found
in our State ; it remains for us to express our conviction that,
in a scientific or more practical point of view, this concluding
report will serve the noble purpose for which it was intended,
and help, with the aid of others of the entire series, to fulfil
the idea, which originally projected the Zoological and Bo-
tanical Survey of Massachusetts.

To the lover of nature, to the highly cultivated taste, there
is scarcely any object so attractive as forest scenery, when
considered in all its merits, proportions and parts. At all
times of the year, the forests are objects of interest. When
full of leafy honors, their masses of vegetation afford indescri-
bable charms ; when the summer heats have abated, and
quiet autumn steals on apace, the innumerable tints of foliage
render so peculiar the American autumnal landscape, as to ap-
pear to those unfamiliar with the fact, in foreign countries, as a
pleasing tale, as some fancy of the painter or imagination of
the poet. When denuded and bare, their contour, outline or the

Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts. 179

sober colors of their spray, render them no less interesting
amid tiie snows of winter : and when spring awakens her
floral beanties to renewed life, the new-born garniture of the
forests, from the delicate and pleasant green of its infancy to
the rapidly changing verdure and dark foliage of its matured
vigor, is full of wondrous charms. The great variety of
woody plants found in the United States of America, and
even in our own little State of Massachusetts, affect most ma-
terially the diversified scenery of the country. The most
rugged and bleakest hills, whether on our own sea-coast or
more inland, if covered with forest growth, are interesting
objects at all seasons of the year, and equaUy, according to their
peculiar merits, the deciduous forests, or the evergreen woods,
are full of sylvan charms. Stretching for many a mile, the
craggy and precipitous range of low hills inSaugus and Lynn
are picturesque in winter or summer, for their black forests of
Juniper and Red Cedar, clinging among the fissures of the
rocks, and disputing with struggling pertinacity with each
other, or with some chance species beside, for food and nutri-
ment; while, in the lighter and more sandy soils, the rich and
towering White Pines give an air of comfort and elegance to the
surrounding country. The little village in which we reside,
seems surrounded almost, with a belt of this fine tree ; and
now, while the lingering snow of winter is lying about us, the
different colors and tints of the masses of spray, branches and
groups of trees, afford pleasing subjects for observation. In
the distance and background, two or three shades and varia-
tions of green, from the evergreen woods: nearer, the grey
branches of a young copse of some species of oak, surmounted
with the reddish hue of the last summers growth, relieves
agreeably the dull and prim drab color of the dead grass,
where the absence of the snow allows it to be seen. One
familiar with the appearance of trees and shrubs finds, in
his mid- winter walks, more tints and even strongly expressed
colors in the twigs, branches and trunks of the forests, than
the skilful painter could imitate : and, from the "hybernal
vestiges" of some tall annual, to the sempervirent or con-
tinued vital beauty of stronger and more enduring forms of
vegetable life, he can find many pleasing subjects, which escape
the careless eye.

180 Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts.

But, besides being objects of admiration, the forests afford
other subjects, of which let the author speak in the following
fine passage : —

" The immense variety, the many and important uses, and the great
beauty of our forests, must, naturally, attract the attention of an obser-
ver ; and, as the preservation and improvement of the forests, in their
highest degree, are above private effort, require joint action, and must
be effected on a large scale, on a system wisely begun and long continued,
by the men of one generation for those of the next ; and by the application
of science, taste and skill, not by one but by many men, not in one village
or town, but in a county and state ; it is wise in a government, not acting
merely for the present, but extending its forethought generously onwards,
making its knowledge and wisdom an invested capital for future use, and
desiring to do for coming generations what they, when looking back, shall
wish it had done, — it is wise, prudent and patriotic for such a government
to order a survey of the forests, among its other domains, that the people
may know the sources of their wealth and its extent, and learn how to value,
enlarge and enjoy it. The conception and ordering of this general survey
was worthy of the descendants of those who established free schools, free
courts of justice, and freedom in religion. The idea was a noble one, with
whatever success the work may have been executed." p. 1.

In a journal devoted, as is this, to one of the most useful and
important branches of agriculture, the important uses, which
forests subserve, in the great enonomy of nature, should find
place. We feel that it is benefiting and advancing the sub-
ject of Horticulture, by our presenting to our readers the follow-
ing valuable facts : —

" Forests protect a country from the violence of winds. The lively au-
thor of ' Life in Mexico ' writes : 'M. de Humboldt, who examined the will
of Cortes, informs us that the conqueror had left sugar plantations near
Cuyoacan, in the valley of Mexico, where now, owing, it is supposed, to
the cutting down of the trees, the cold is too great for sugar-cane or any
other tropical production to thrive.' And a most intelligent gentleman in
Worcester tells me, that he attributes the greater difficulty now experienced
in the cultivation of the more delicate fruits in that town, to the fact, that
the encircling hills, formerly crowned with trees, are now, to a considerable
degree, laid bare. The laws of the motion of the atmosphere are similar to
those of water. A bare hill gives no protection. The wind pours overitas
water pours over a dam. But if the hill be capped with trees, the windy cas-
cade will be broken as into spray. Its violence will be sensibly diminished.
We are not aware, on the now protected and irregular surface of New
England, how important are the screens furnished by the forests. Travel-

Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts. 181

lers from Illinois tell us, that, on the vast prairies in that and some of the
other western States, the wind is almost always fresh, and often blows a
gale, before which men can hardly stand. The new settlers are glad to
shelter their habitations under the lee of the spurs of forest which stretch
like promontories into the prairie lands. A forest near the coast, in any
part of New England, protects those farther inland from the chilling east
winds ; and, while such winds prevail, a person passing towards the
sea, experiences a marked change of temperature, upon crossing the last
wood and especially the last wood-covered hill. Ore who would have his
house screened from the northerly winds, must take care to have behind it
a hill crowned with trees, or at least to have a wood stretching from the
northwest to the northeast. A garden surrounded by tall trees admits the
cultivation, even in our severe climate, of plants almost tropical." p. 6.

And while on this subject, let us introduce to notice a some-
what novel material for clipped hedges, and its proved utility,
in the hemlock, (Abies canadensis.) Michaux,

" It bears pruning to almost any degree, without suffering injury ; it is
well suited to form screens for the protection of more tender trees and plants,
or for concealing disagreeable objects. By being planted in double or
triple rows, it may, in a few years, be made to assume the appearance of an
impenetrable evergreen wall, — really impenetrable to the wind and to do-
mestic animals. A hedge of this kind, seven or eight feet high, on a bleak,
barren plain exposed to the northwest winds, gave Dr. Greene of Mansfield
a warm, sunny, sheltered spot for the cultivation of delicate annual plants.
When I saw it, the annuals, several of which were rare exotics, were beau-
tiful, but the hemlock screen was much more so." p. 79.

Until within a few years, very little, if any attention has
been paid to the preservation or reproduction of forests ; a
want of prudence and foresight very remarkable for so calcu-
lating a people as are New Englanders in general. With some
rare exceptions, we are not aware that any thing has been effect-
ed in restoring old and barren lands to utility. There are thou-
sands of acres in every town in the state, where scarcely any
thing can grow as they exist now, and which might be ren-
dered productive of distant indeed, but of almost certain value.
The simplest kind of labor oftentimes produces this ; and we
know of instances where, in about twenty years, a return of
marketable White Pine, useful for wooden- ware manufacture,
was obtained from simply ploughing up the land, from which
operation alone, innumerable young plants of that tree instant-

VOL. XIII. — NO. IV. 18

182 Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts.

ly sprang. We know of knobs, so to speak, of the most rocky-
land, rendered productively valuable by the careful preserva-
tion and pruning of the Red Cedar, which sprang up sponta-
neously upon them, and which would have remained as
shrubs, if browsed by cattle, and have continued to be as use-
less for food, as unsightly to the eye. From the success which
has attended the experiments in France, on the most barren
sands, and in Scotland, on the bleakest highlands, as well as
from our actual knowledge of what humbler and more limited
operations have effected in this vicinity, we are persuaded
that the sterile and mossy ridges of grave], stretching around
some of our maritime towns, for instance, Duxbury, which is
particularly in our mind now, and the sandy plains of Hing-
ham, and of the more interior towns, could become of a future
value, which scarcely can be calculated now. The impor-
tance of forests, and indeed of every tree and shrub, in im-
proving the soil, is too great to be overlooked, while their own
intrinsic value is by no means small. This is effected by the
decomposition of the original soil through the roots ; by the
gradual decay of the foliage, and through the prevention of
the winds carrying the particles of soil from spot to spot.
Many an acre would resemble the moving sands of an Arabian
desert, were it not for the thick carpet, of pine leaves which
lie under the trees, which such a shifting soil bears : and not
a few such we know, where entire days are required to dig
out the walls and fences, buried, year by year, by the drift
sand; a species of husbandry of most improvident character, and
an evil which soon could be remedied, by the judicious plant-
ing of various species of pine. De Candolle tells us that he
herborized for a whole day, in similar artificial " forests sown
by Brementier on sand completely arid, and on which, before,
scarce a trace of vegetation could be seen." It is well known,
too, that the shade of the yellow Locust, (Robinia psuedaca-
cia,) is most favorable to the growth of nutritious grass, even
on spots where, before the planting of this tree, it was impos-
sible to make it grow, and numerous such facts only tend to
exhibit the facilities, as well as advantages, which this kind
of agricultural pursuit offers.

Those who are fond of vegetable statistics, whether in the
economical employment of the various kinds of woods, or in

Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts. 183

the more pleasing but less useful details of size, form, propor-
tions, of trees, will find much information in this report. Mr.
Emerson is evidently a connoisseur in this branch of taste,
and speaks with much felicity of many noble specimens of
Oaks, Elms, Pines and other trees. Every body admires the
Elm, and all are struck with their occasional extraordinary
sizes. Of these

" In Springfield, in a field a few rods north of the hotel, is an elm which
was twenty-five feet and nine inches in circumference, at three feet from the
ground, when I measured it in 1837. This magnificent tree divides, not
many feet from the ground, into several large branches. This is near the
place where the enormous Celtis, which was usually taken for an elm, once
stood. There are many other elms, not far from this, some of which make
a greater show at a distance.

" The Aspinwall elm, in Brookline, standing near the ancient house
belonging to that family, and which was known to be one hundred and
eighty-one years old in 1837, then measured twenty-six feet five inches at
the ground, or as near to it as the roots would allow us to measure, and
sixteen feet eight inches at five feet. The branches extended one hundred
and four feet from southeast to northwest, and ninety-five from northeast to
southwest.

" The great elm on Boston Common was measured by Prof. Gray and my-
self, in June of 1844. At the ground, it measures twenty-three feet six
inches ; at three feet, seventeen feet eleven inches ; and, at five feet, six-
teen feet and one inch. The largest branch, towards the southeast, stretches
fifty-one feet.

" The classical elm, opposite the gate of the Botanic Garden, Cambridge,
raeasured fourteen feet nine inches at four feet, in 1838." pp. 290, 291.

A fine large specimen of Celtis crassifolia Mr., or Hack-
berry, is thus mentioned : —

" I have found it in only two places : — in Springfield, on the east side of
the Connecticut River, and in West Springfield, on tlie west. Some of
the trees are, I hope, still standing. The most remarkable one has been
destroyed. It grew a few rods north of the Hampden House, in the broad
county road, in Springfield. When I measured it, in September, 1838, its
girth, at three feet from the ground, was sixteen feet ten inches ; at four,
it was fourteen feet three inches ; at six, thirteen feet. It had gnarled,
projecting roots, putting out on every side till nearly three feet from the
surface. It diminished, gradually, to the height of twelve or fifteen feet,
and there had several broad, irregular protuberances, where it had lost large
limbs. Above this, it tapered rapidly, dividing into three branches, which
formed a small, round, rather dense top, fifty or sixty feet high. It was
covered with a very rough, brownish gray bark, and had, altogether, so

184 Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts.

much the aspect of an elm, that it was, almost universally, taken for one.
I was informed that a still larger tree of the same kind had formerly grown
near it. Within two years, this noble tree has fallen, like its brother, be-
fore the axe of improvement.'" pp. 309, 310.

Here is a description of a picturesque tree, and an instance
of enthusiasm not, happily, rare among lovers of plants : —

" There is a tree of this kind at Cohasset, which was first pointed out to
me by the Rev. Dr. Greenwood, a man of taste, who was a lover of trees,
and which we rode twenty-five miles expressly to see. It is richly worth
a much longer journey. It stands in a lone pasture, half a mile or more
eastward from a place called the Gulf. At the surface, just above the roots,
it is eleven feet in circumference, and it is nine feet and two inches, up to
the larger branches, which begin at about seven feet from the ground. The
trunk loses little of its diameter for near twenty feet, although, in that space,
twenty large branches, and many small ones, put out. These are very
large, and project horizontally on every side, to a great distance, with an
air of mighty strength and power of resistance. The bark is cleft into
long prismatic ridges, nearly two inches high, which, on the larger branches,
are broken into hexagons, with an approach to geometric regularity. It is
of a mouse color, or purplish ashy gray, with white clouds of pertusaria,
and greenish and bluish ash parmelias. The height is forty or fifty feet ;
the average breadth of the head sixty-three feet, its extreme breadth sixty-
six. The whole head is of a broad, irregularly hemispherical shape, flat at top.
A striking circumstance in this tree is the fact that the enormous horizontal
branches push out as boldly seaward as in any other direction, though the
north-east wind sweeps from the Bay in this quarter with a violence which
has bent almost every other tree towards the land. I have observed many
other instances of the vigor with which the tupelo stands out against the
sea breeze." pp. 316, 317.

A picturesque ruin of a White Oak, * we are told,

" Is standing in Brighton, where the road called Nonantum Street
crosses that from Boston to Newton Corner. At the surface of the
ground, it measures, this first of October, 1845, twenty-five feet and
nine inches in circumference ; at three feet, it is twenty-two feet four
inches ; at six feet, fifteen feet two inches. It tapers gradually to
the height of about twenty-five feet, where the slump of its ancient
top is visible, below which point four or five pretty large branches are thrown
out, which rise twenty or thirty feet higher. Below, the places of many
former limbs are covered over by immense gnarled and bossed protuber-

* [This old specimen has always commanded our admiration : we have known it
for nearly thirty years, and it seems now as it did when we first saw it.]— Ed.

General Notices. 185

ances. The trunk is hollow at the base, with a large opening on the south-
west, through which boys and men may easily enter. It had, probably,
passed its prime, centuries before the first English voice was heard on the
shores of Massachusetts Bay. It is still clad with abundant foliage, and,
if respected as its venerable age deserves, it may stand, an object of admi-
ration, for centuries to come." p. 131.

Trees become objects of affectionate interest, and their un-
timely loss we properly deplore. An instance to the point,
in the case of a beautiful sassafras (Sassafras officinale Nees
Vonese7tbeck.)

" The sassafras never grows to the size of a tree of the first class. One
was growing in 1842, in West Cambridge, which measured more than
three feet through at the base, and rose without a limb more than
thirty feet, with a trunk very straight and slightly diminished, above which
it had a somewhat lofty and broad head. It was nearly sixty feet high,
and had been long growing by itself. It was felled and its roots dug up,
to alloiv a stone wall to run in a right line. Such pieces of barbarism are
still but too common. A tree so beautiful and lofty, and of such rare dimen-
sions, such an ornament to a bare hill-side, sacrificed to the straightness of
a wall!" p. 323.

[^To he continued.']

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Cultivation of Annual Flowers. — " Well grown Annuals contribute
much to the gaiety of the garden ; and although not quite so well adapted
for masses as some of our half-hardy plants, yet they are extremely eligible
for borders and mixed beds. They are frequently treated with too much
kindness, sown in soil of too rich a character, and, of course, ' run too much
to leaf.' We would advise all those, who can spare the means, to devote
two little frames to their especial cultivation at this period, the one with
bottom-heat, the other without it. That with bottom-heat would be better
with a plunging material, possessing a permanent heat of 70°, the pots
placed very close to a clear glass roof, and matted up at night. The other
frame, without bottom-heat, should be raised a foot above the ground level,
where water cannot possibly stand, and should be filled to within a foot of
the glass with cin'der ashes. They should be both well watered with boiling
water previous to placing the pots to destroy all insects. We would raise
both the tender and hardy kinds in the frame with heat ; managing the
sowings in a successive way, according to the period in which they were
required to blossom. The hardy, however, would have to be removed to the
18*

186 General Notices.

cold frame as soon as an inch high ; they wguIcI there harden down in a
couple of weeks, and be ready for turning out into the borders. The ten-
der annuals, if drawing in the warm frame, might be removed to warm and
light shelves, in the greenhouse or other structures. The soil for the hardy
kinds should be chiefly plain loam ; this will be found to produce a sturdier
plant than rich vegetable matters ; and much blossom, in proportion to the
amount of foliage. We would raise all our hardy annuals in pots through
the summer, in cool frames, turning them out when slightly pot-bound.
How often have we seen annuals, in rich borders, of immense size yet con-
tributing little to the decoration of the garden ; and, in a wet and dull sum-
mer, actually rotting in the ground." — Gardeners^ Chronicle, 1847. p. 119
and 120.

Pruning the Pear Tree. — A series of short articles has lately appeared in
the Gardeners^ Chronicle, upon the pruning of the pear tree, which we may
presume are from the pen of Mr. R. Thompson. As they are just nowin good
season, we extract the following upon the mode of pruning standards, equal-
ly applicable, also, to dwarfs, and, at another opportunity, we shall endeavor
to find room for that portion upon espaliers. We commend it to the atten-
tion of all cultivators : —

" We broke off, in our last"number, with the Pear Tree, supposed to be
stopped, at the time of winter pruning, to three buds above the desired
height of clear stem, which was assumed to be 6 feet. These three buds
will in all probability break into shoots. In the course of the summer there
is also great probability that the said shoots will grow at unequal angles of
elevation ; the shoot from the uppermost bud tending most to a perpendicular
direction, and, from this circumstance, it will generally be the strongest. An
equality of growth is now, however, desirable. This maybe secured by
bending the strong shoot from the upright direction, by means of a strip of
matting before midsummer ; and if in July it should still exhibit great
superiority in vigor, stop it by cutting or pinching off its point.

" At the end of the season, the three shoots will be tolerably equal, and
may be shortened to about a foot in length. Two shoots should be allowed
to grow from each of these three primary ones ; and thus six principal limbs
will be originated. These should, of course, be as nearly equi-distant as
possible. In order to secure this, care should be taken always to cut
above a bud pointing towards the direction which it may appear desirable for
the shoot from it to proceed. For example, if two branches are likely to
approach, or ultimately to cross each other, the leading shoots of such
branches should be cut to buds pointing in opposite directions. If, on the
other hand, there is too great a space between two branches, let these be
cut to buds situated on the respective sides of the branches or shoots next
the opening. If a branch has taken a direction too upright, cut to a bud on
its under side ; if too pendulous, shorten more than in the preceding case,
and to a bud on the upper side.

"The formation of shoots to form the principal branches of the top having
been effected, it will next be necessary to shorten the leaders of these where

Domestic Notices. 187

side branches from them are required ; or, on the contrary , where too many
shoots proceed from near the same point, they should be duly thinned, other-
wise confusion will inevitably ensue. As has been already observed, when a
shoot is cut back, three buds will generally break ; but nothing like tridents,
or what may be represented by the Greek letter ip, should now appear ; one
shoot should be left for the prolongation of the branch ; another for a side
branch next the greatest opening, and the third should be cut clean away."
— Gard. Chron., 1847, p. 67.

Art. II. Domestic Notices.

Pittsburg Horticultural Society, Penn. — We have been gratified to learn
of the organization of a society in this place : there are many zealous ama-
teurs in the vicinity, and, among the number, we may name our corre-
spondent, B. W. Fahnestock, Esq., whose collection contains all the choice
plants to be found in metropolitan nurseries. We hope, ere long, to have
the pleasure of accepting the many polite invitations which have been ex-
tended to us to visit Pittsburg. The new society having enrolled our name
among the honorary members, we have directed our Magazine to be for-
warded for the Library, and, should our time allow, we hope to serve its
interests in other ways. — Ed.

PimeUa spectahilis has been superbly in flower in our collection, with up-
wards oi twenty-five heads of flowers on plants not more than'a foot high.
It is one of the richest acquisitions to greenhouse collections.

Phillips Sweeting Apple. — There seems to be some doubt whether the
variety, known under this name, is a seedling, or an old kind under a new
name. In the absence of authentic information, it maybe considered a new
Ohio fruit of much excellence; but we hope to be able, next autumn, to
give a full account and description of it. — Ed.

Supposed Influence of the Sun upon the Slock. — Have you ever noticed, in
removing nursery trees — apples for instance — which were budded or grafted
when quite small, a remarkable similarity in the form, size, and general ap-
pearance of the roots of those of any one variety, and as remarkable a dis-
similarity between those of different kinds; one kind, for example, being
furnished with numerous small roots, another with few large and branch-
ing ones? and so of many other peculiarities? It may be all fancy, but I
think I have noticed such differences, and am inclined to think that the
scion exerts an influence on the stock not as yet known or appreciated. As
the season for transplanting is at hand, I wish you would bear the subject
in mind, and give me, some time, the results of your observation. In
a note to Mr. Downing, part of which he published in the Horticulturist for
December, I mentioned a peculiar appearance of some plum roots, hoping to
elicit, from him or some correspondent, some remarks, but have not as yet
noticed any. I think it a subject worth attention. — Yours, S. L. G., Saco,

188 Domestic Notices.

Me., March, 1847. [We have not, ourselves, directed particular attention
to this subject, but the coming month, when vpc shall see the roots of many
hundred trees, we will endeavor to note the peculiarities our correspond-
ent alludes to.] — Ed.

Colmar d'Aremberg Pear. — This new variety, which has been stated to
be " the largest dessert pear known," the fruit having been grown to the
size of 18 inches in circumference, fruited the last year in the collection of
J. P. Gushing, Esq., Watertown, and proved to be not only handsome, but
of excellent quality. Our specimen trees are full of flower buds, and we
hope to have the pleasure of giving our readers a full account of it the
coming autumn. — Ed.

The Grosse Calabash Pear, which has recently attracted much attention
among English Pomologists, is stated by M. Langelier, who raised fine
specimens last autumn, to measure 8 to 8^ inches in length, and weigh from
20 to 24 ounces. We had a tree of M. Langelier in the spring of 1844,
and it has now the appearance of bearing the coming season. Its quality is
stated to be first-rate. — Ed.

Beurri Langelier has, after the trial of the last year, (1846,) proved to be
one of the finest kinds known.

Doivning's Mammoth Rhubarb. — Some five years since, (Vol. VII,
p. 373,) we noticed this most superb variety of rhubarb : a ftera trial of three
years, it has proved to be far superior to any European variety — bearing as
early as the Tobolsk, as large as the Victoria, and more tender and better-
flavored than either. We are not sure but what we may say with truth,
it is the greatest improvement which has been made since the introduction
of rhubarb as a culinary plant. — Ed>

New Horticultural Societies. — We perceive, by the legislative reports,
that two new societies have just been incorporated, viz : the New Bedford
Horticultural Society, and the Hampden County Horticultural Society.
This speaks well for the growing taste in rural pursuits. — Ed.

Horticultural Society in Montreal, C. W. — A new association has recent-
ly been organized in Montreal, and a paper which has been sent us con-
tains an account of the first meeting, with the names of the officers. We
notice the names of several of our readers on the various committees, especial-
ly those of our friends, Henry Case and John Frothingham, Esqrs. We do
not doubt great good will be accomplished through the exertions of the
members. — Ed.

Tom Thumb Geranium. — This miniature and truly splendid variety of the
scarlet family of geraniums of which almost as much has been said in the
gardening papers, as of the veritable Tom Thumb in the Journals of the
day, is now beautifully in flower in our collection ; its entire habit is ex-
tremely dwarf, and an old plant, only about 6 inches high, has several fine
clusters of flowers which stand erect above the tiny foliage. When
bedded out in summer, the groups form one mass of glittering scarlet.
Compared with Smith's Scarlet, would be like comparing Tom Thumb with
the Kentucky Giant. — Ed.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 189

Art. III. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, March 6, 1847. — An adjourned meeting was held — President
in the chair.

The Committee, to whom was entrusted the publishing of the Transac-
tions of the Society, reported verbally, that their duty had been accom-
plished.

Voted, — That the report of the Committee of Publication be accepted,
and copies placed upon the table for distribution among the members of
the Society.

Voted, — That the President be requested to petition the Legislature now
in session, to extend the same patronage to the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society that it does to the various Agricultural Societies of the State.

A Committee was appointed to set the days of the next annual Exhibition
of the Society, and Messrs. Sam'l. Walker, E. M. Richards, C. M. Hovey,
were appointed.

John Washburn, Jr., Plymouth, was elected a subscription member, and
George B. Emerson, Esq., a corresponding member.

Adjourned one week, to March 13.

Exhibited. — Flowers : From Messrs. Hovey & Co., six fine varieties of
Azaleas in fine bloom, as follows : Speciosa, Remingtonw, Copew, Herb6r-
tii purpurea, Large Cherry, and a new seedhng white ; also, 8 varieties
of seedling verbenas, and the following roses, — Noisette Similor,Lamarque,
and Solfitaire ; Bourbon Souchet, Madame Angelina, Gloire de Paris,
and Moss Celinse : and a superb plant of the rarePimelea spectabilis, and
one of P. hispidae.

Premiums for Azaleas were accorded as follows : —

Azaleas. To Messrs. Hovey & Co. the Society's premium of six dol-
lars for 6 plants of azaleas in pots.

Plants in Pots. A gratuity of three dollars, to Messrs. Hovey & Co.,
for Pimelea Spectabilis.

March 13. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-day, the
President in the chair.

C. M. Hovey, Chairman of the Library Committee, made a report, and
it was Voted, that the report be accepted to the full amount of the appro-
priation, viz., $300.

Voted, — That the Recording Secretary be requested to send acopy of the
Transactions of the Society to every member, and to such Agricul-
tural, Horticultural and Literary Societies as may be deemed advisable.

Adjourned for one week to March 20.

Exhibited. — Flowers : From Messrs. Hovey & Co., — a fine plant of the
new and superb Hybrid Moss Rose Princesse Adelaide, about 5 feet high,
with from 25 to 30 buds and blossoms : also cut flowers, of Tea, Rose, Nisi-
da, Car(^ine and Bourgere ; Hybrid Perpetual Indigo, Dutchess of Mont-
morency, Mrs. Elliott, Lilacee, and various others. From P. Barnes, a

190 Obituary.

fine plant of Cytisus racemosus ; also seedling Cineraria and Verbena, and
rose Caroline Mignonne.

Fruits : From S. W. Cole, Marston's Red Winter, Jewett's Red and
^sopus Spitzenberg Apples, — the former, a fine new kind, which we have
described in a previous page. From S. Downer, Pomme de Neige apples.

March 20, 1847. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-
day,— the President in the chair.

The Committee of Publication submitted a report in reference to the pub-
lishing a new series of the " Transactions of the Society," and it was ac-
cepted.

Meeting dissolved.

Exhibited. — Flowers : From M. P. Wilder, Tea, Princess Adelaide,
roses, and other sorts.

Art. IV. Obituary.

Death of M. Soulange Bodin. — It is with feelings of pain that we
announce the death of this distinguished horticulturist, which took place
last July, at his residence at Fromont, near Paris, at the age of 72 years.

In our notes on the Gardens and Gardening of Europe, as gathered in our
recent tour (Vol. XI. p. 283,) we have given a very full account of M. Bo-
din's beautiful residence at Fromont, on the Seine, and, at the same time,
recorded our admiration of the taste in which the grounds were laid out, —
the extreme neatness prevailing in every part, — and the skilful arrangement
of the nursery department. The day we passed at Fromont was one which
will live long in our memory — and we shall ever feel grateful that we had
the pleasure, not only of a long and interesting correspondence with the intel-
ligent and accomplished proprietor, but the still greater gratification of par-
taking of the hospitalities of his home, where, after a life spent in the ser-
vice of his country, he had sought retirement, and devoted his fortune to
the planting and picturesque embellishment of his grounds.

Some years since, we had the pleasure of sending M. Bodin several vols,
of our Magazine, and recently received in exchange, a complete set of the
Annals of Fromont, in 6 vols., a work of great value, issued under his su-
perintendence when Fromont was the Royal Institution for the promotion
of Horticulture.

We need add but little to what we have said at the page referred
to. M. Bodin died, as he had lived, universally beloved and esteemed.

Mr. S. Girling, the celebrated dahlia-grower and nurseryman of Stow-
market, near London, died during the past winter. For some years, he has
been one of the leading cultivators of the dahlia, petunia, and other florist
flowers.

Death of R. Arthur, Esq. — Our readers will probably recollect our an-
nouncement, in the early part of our last volume (XII,) of a new correspon-

Horticultural Memoranda. 191

dentin Scotland, in the person of Mr. Arthur, travelling agent of the extensive
nurseries of Messrs. Dickson, of Edinburgh; we have just learned, by a friend
■who recently returned from a visit to his native city, that his death took
place in the early part of last autumn. Mr. Arthur was a man of great
business activity, and also a ready writer, and in his death our readers have
not only lost a valuable correspondent, but an upright and honorable man,
and a zealous lover and promoter of gardening pursuits.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR APRIL.

Grape Vines, in the green-house or grapery, will now be coming rapidly
forward, and will need constant, or at least careful, attention. The shoots
which spring from the spurs should be looked after and regularly tied
down ; for, if neglected, there is danger of breaking them off : this work
should generally be done in the middle of the day, when the sun has ren-
dered them more pliable ; if done too early in the morning, there is greater
danger of injury. The growth may also be pinched off two eyes beyond
the fruit buds, and rub off superfluous buds at the base. Syringe carefully
€very morning and evening in good weather. Give air early, and keep the
temperature rather low, in order that the branches may not be drawn out
■weak ; 50° to 55° is ample during the night. Cuttings may now be put in
hot beds. Vines in pots should be liberally watered, and, if the fruit is
set, occasionally with guano.

Raspberry beds should be uncovered as soon as the frost will admit ; new
plantations may be made this month.

Strawberry beds should also be uncovered, the coarse litter raked off care-
fully.

Currant and Gooseberry bushes may be set out, and old plants carefully
trimmed, manured, and the ground dug around them.

Apple, Pear, Plum and Cherry stocks may be set out this month.

Scions of trees may still be cut.

Grafting may be commenced this month, beginning with the cherries.

Fruit Trees of all kinds should now be transplanted.

FLO^WER DEPARTMENT.

Pelargoniums will now begin to open their blossoms, and, to preserve
them in beauty, they should be shaded in the middle of the day — or the glass
whitened to prevent the powerful rays of the sun from injuring their deli-
cate tints : if the shoots grow too upright, let them be tied down again, as
far as their pliability will allow : but do not let the sticks project above the
base of the flower-stems : keep them near the glass where they can have

192 Horticultural Memoranda.

an abundance of air and light, and water freely ; discontinue syringing after
the buds open. Fumigate, if the green fly appears.

Japan Lilies, managed as we have directed, will now be 2 feet high, and
will require a shift into the next size.

Achimenes of the several kinds should now be potted off carefully.
Camellias will now be making their new growth, and will require very
liberal supplies of water, and repeated syringings over the I'oliage ; old
stunted plants should be headed in, and they will soon push out vigorous
shoots. Inarching may still be performed.

Hyacinth and Tulip beds, owing to the late cold weather, could not be un-
covered ; they should now be looked after without delay.

Calceolarias should be repotted again.

Dahlias will now be coming forward when they have been potted, and
if a stock is wanted, the cuttings may be put in.

Verbenas may now be propagated from cuttings, for a stock for planting
out in summer.

Gloxinias which have started well, should now be shifted into larger
pots.

Pansies, raised from seeds last month, should now be potted off into boxes
or pots.

Salvia splendens and fulgens should now be propagated for a young
stock for summer.

Fuchsias will now need shifting into larger pots if fine specimen plants
are wanted.

Chrysanthemums should be propagated from cuttings, or the roots divided
to make a good stock.

Hydrangeas may now be propagated from cuttings.

Dwarf Rocket Larkspur seed should be sown as soon as the ground can
be made ready.

Gladioluses, tuberoses, and other summer bulbs, may now be potted for
early blooming.

Oxalises done flowering should be sparingly watered.

Pceonies should be removed this month.

Carnations and picotees, in frames, should be aired every fine day.

Choice annuals, such as we recommended last month, with other new and
choice kinds, should now be planted in pots and placed in the hot-bed or
green-house. Such as are already up may be potted off" into small pots.

Herbaceous plants, of all kinds, may be successfully transplanted this
month.

VEGETABLE DEPARTMENT.

Tomatoes, Egg plants, dfc. raised from seeds sown either in February or
March, should now be potted off into small pots, preparatory to their remov-
al to the open ground in May.

Lettuce, Radishes, Cabbages, Celery, &c. may be sown for a succession.

Cucumbers [already hilled out will need attention and liberal supplies of
water.

THE MAGAZINE

OF

HORTICULTURE.

MAY, 1847.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. On the Cultivation of the Arrow Root in the United
States as an Article of Commerce. By Dr. A. J\Jitchell, of
Portland, Me. In a Letter to Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn.
Communicated by Gen. Dearborn.

Dear Sir. — I enclose you a letter from Doct. Mitchell of
Portland, one of our most distinguished naturalists, with a
small package of seeds of the Arrow Root.

I hope you will make an experiment in cultivating that
valuable plant, although it is of a southern clime. If it is
brought forward in a hotbed, it is possible you may mature
the plant.

You can publish the letter in your Magazine, if you think
proper. With sincere esteem, your most obedient servant,

H. A. S. Dearborn.

Hawthorn Cottage^ Roxhury, April 5, 1847.

My dear Sir, — I here enclose you a small specimen of the
Indian Arrow Root, sent to me by Dr. Henry Bacon, of St.
Mary's, (South Georgia). The article was cultivated by him
on his plantation in Florida. I will here call your attention
to the cultivation of this plant, and briefly state that the suc-
cess has met the most sanguine wishes of the cultivator, and
bids fair to form one of the articles, as an American product
of commerce, both for export and import.

The specimen which I send was derived from the root of
the (Maranta arundinacea :) there are three species of this
genus, viz., the arundinacea, Galdnga^ com6sa ; they are
natives of the Indies, a herbaceous and perennial exotic, which

VOL. XIII. — NO. V. 19

194 Cultivation of the Arrow Root in the United States.

have been, a long time, cultivated in the West India Islands.
The specimen which I send you appears to be the most supe-
rior article that I have ever seen of the kind, abounding in an
excess of nutritive qualities, and purity of appearance, sur-
passing that of the West Indies.

An intelligent gentleman, Col. Halloes, and a favorite offi-
cer of Bolivar, has the honor, I believe, of being the first cul-
tivator of this plant, on a large scale, in our Union. He was
driven from his location in Florida by the Indians, after re-
ceiving a severe wound in the head by a rifle-shot ; he then
removed to Camden County, South Georgia, and entered at
once into the cultivation of this plant on a large scale : thus
you perceive this plant is gradually becoming acclimated in
our country, and I have no doubt but a few years will elapse
when we shall find it cultivated with success in latitude 36°
north. It grows well in a siliceous soil, on a light sandy loam,
resists the drought well, with more certainty of a crop than
either cotton or corn.

I will take the pains to enter into a more minute detail of
the facts connected with the cultivation of this article, as
proven, amount per acre, &c., and have them reported through
you in the agricultural department.

The Arrow Root obtains its name from the fact of the In-
dians using it to extract the virus communicated by their poi-
soned arrows.

With great esteem, I am, dear sir, your obedient servant,

Portland^ April 2, 1847. Augustus Mitchell.

We acknowledge our indebtedness to General Dearborn for
the communication of Dr. Mitchell's Letter, and also for the
package of seed accompanying the same, which we shall make
a trial of, and report upon its growth at a future time. It will
give us great pleasure to publish the intended communication
of Dr. Mitchell in relation to the mode of cultivating the Ar-
row Root, the produce per acre, the process of manufacture,
and the probable profit as compared with cotton, corn, or
tobacco. Gen. Dearborn deserves the thanks of every friend
of agriculture for bringing this subject before the public, and
we trust his eflforts to introduce a new and important article
of commerce will be seconded by every intelligent cultiva-
tor.—£rf.

Mr. liumrickhouse^ s Explanations, 4*c. 195

Art. II. Explanations i?i reference to Two or Three West-
ern Apples; with a Note upon a New Variety called the
Butter Sweet. By T. S Humrickhouse, Coshocton, Ohio.

I AM induced to offer a few additional observations, includ-
ing a correction or two, upon some items contained in Mr.
Fahnestock's article, March number of your Magazine, and
in your remarks thereunder, in order to guard against mis-
conceptions, which, if left unnoticed, might grow out of them.

First : — Hart's Orange Sweeting, or, as it may be better to
call it simply. Hart's Sweeting. Scions of this apple were
first obtained by me from Mr. Isaac B. Hart, of Tiverton
township in this county, in the spring of 1841. On referring
to ray note-book, I find that, on the 6th day of April, lb41, I
grafted, by the method of root-grafting, and placed in the
nursery, six trees of it ; and that I did not extend its cultiva-
tion further till 1845, when having, in the preceding winter,
examined and eaten of the fruit from the original tree, I, on
the 24th of March of that year, grafted seven more trees of it,
by the same method, and planted them in the nursery. One
of the last-mentioned trees I sent to you last fall, numbered,
if I mistake not, LI. ; and from another of them the scions
were taken which I gave to Mr. Mathews, who sent them to
Mr. Fahnestock.

The fruit is of a clear yellow ; of the size of the Green New-
town Pippin ; nearly round ; sweet, juicy, tender, and good ;
keeping till April. It is a seedling raised by Mr. Hart, as he
informed me.

Second : — Red Pearmain, often called Long Pearmain. This
is, in my estimation, a first-rate apple, in this climate, for
November and December. It is not, iiowever, a seedling
of Ohio, but is one of the varieties originally brought to Mari-
etta from Connecticut ; and the name of Red or Long Pear-
main has obtained for it here from its color and shape. It is
the English Pearmain of Mr. Bateham's list.

Third: — American White Winter Calville. This fruit was
first oftered to the notice of pomologists by myself I obtained
the scions from trees in the orchard of Mrs. Foster, which
she had raised from sprouts taken from the tree (since dead)

196 Mr. Humrickhouse' s Explanations

at Mr Daniel Miller's. Respecting its origin, Mr. Miller in-
formed me that his tree was brought from Virginia about forty
years ago, and was a sprout taken from a tree in an old or-
chard on the south branch of the Potomac ; that it was not
a grafted tree, and that they had no grafted fruit in the or-
chard, with which he was well acquainted, where the sprout
was obtained. I first saw and ate of the fruit in the winter
of 1838-9, and grafted nineteen trees of it in 1841. In Jan-
uary, 1843, I sent a description of it to Wm. Kenrick, accom-
panied with scions. Last spring, I sent scions to yourself,
which you have since informed me were growing.

Mr. Miller and Mrs. Foster called this apple the " White
Pippin" and knew it hij no other name. The name of Amer-
ican White Winter Calville was first given to it by myself.
So you see it cannot be the White Winter Calville of the
French, after which I named it, on account of its resemblance
to that old variety ; else, in naming, as I thought, a new vari-
ety, I unconsciously hit upon its old name with the errone-
ous prefix of "American," a thing little likely to take place.
It cannot be the same with the French variety, because this
apple has been propagated by means of sprouts time out of
mind, as I may say ; a thing impossible unless root-grafting
had been employed upon the first tree in the series, and
that tree had established itself upon its own roots, and threw
up sprouts from them to be taken and reared into trees. At
the time at which this must have happened, had it happened
at all, I believe that root-grafting the apple was not practised;
and there was, moreover, little or no grafted fruit of any kind
in the part of Virginia from which the family of Mr. Miller
removed. Nor would the slightest suspicion now exist of
its being the French variety, if I had not unfortunately re-
named it.

My reasons for giving it the new name I believed to be suf-
ficient at the time ; they were briefly as follows : — There are so
many apples called " Pippin," with various prefixes and adden-
da, as to have already brought in great confusion in relation to
some of them. The prefix " White" might come at some time to
be omitted, since the difference between white, green and straw
color, as descriptive of the color of an apple, is often very slight
indeed; and we have already "Green Pippins" and "Golden

in reference to Two or Three Western Apples. 197

Pippins" and " Yellow Pippins" without number. It bore a
very striking resemblance to the French variety, and evidently
belonged to the same class. And lastly, inasmuch as the fruit
would be first introduced to the notice of pomologists by the new
name, I conceived that no inconvenience could result from it.

Upon the whole, this case is a good one to exemplify the
propriety of the principle of the Fifth Rule as set forth in
my article upon the subject of the Uniform Nomenclature of
Fruits, (Vol. XII. p. 47), which is, —

" That the names given to new seedlings be sufficiently
distinctive to guard against and prevent their being confound-
ed with previously named sorts."

Had I adhered to it in this case, no doubt would ever have
arisen, as I believe there is no foundation for any, of this be-
ing a new and distinct variety.

Fourth : — The varieties before referred to, as well as the
Early Pennock, Crimson Nonpareil, Belle de Witt, and Zoar
Large Green, have been already widely disseminated among
nurserymen by myself and others, chiefly by Mr. Mathews.

Coshocton, March 16, 1847.

Note. Allow me to call your attention to a very fine
red apple of medium size, called Butter Apple or Butter
Sweet, the origin of which is unknown to me further than
that it was first cultivated, as I am informed, in the neighbor-
hood of Wooster, Ohio, whence I obtained two trees in 1839,
which are now bearing. It is hardly a sweet apple, very
juicy and sprightly, with an exceedingly high musky flavor
such as I never found in any other apple. It keeps well into
winter. T. S. H.

If, as we may infer from the remarks of our correspondent,
in whose opinion we place the greatest confidence, the Amer-
ican White Winter Calville is a native variety, his explana-
tion in regard to the name is especially valuable to prevent
mistakes hereafter. After our remarks, appended to Mr.
Fahnestock's article, had gone to press, it occurred to us that
we had received some account of the variety in ques-
tion before, and, in turning to a former volume, (XL p. 448,)
we found we had done, what is not usual with us, overlooked
his communication, and also the fact that, through the kind-

19*

198 Oswego Beun^e, or ReicTs Seedling Pear.

ness of Mr. Humrickhouse, we have a tree of the Calville
raised from scions received from him last spring. It ap-
pears, however, that the origin of this variety is yet rather
obscure, and though, from the facts he adduces, we can
scarcely doubt that it is an American seedling, still it may
be an error. We are well aware that the best proof of a
seedling variety is its propagation from suckers. So much
did the late Mr. Manning rely upon this, that he highly offend-
ed a gentleman who had produced a fine seedling cherry,
when he expressed his doubts about its native origin, and, to
test its not being some European variety, asked the posses-
sor of the original tree to give him a sucker, Avhich would
at once settle the question.

We shall, therefore, rely upon the information of our corre-
spondent in regard to the native origin of the American White
Winter Calville, and deem it an entirely new variety. When
our own trees come into bearing, we shall make a careful
comparison of the fruit as well as of the wood and leaves, and
give our readers the results of our inquiries. — Ed.

Art. III. So77ie Account of the Oswego Beurre, or Raid's
Seedling Pear. By the Editor.

The past year has brought to the immediate notice of cul-
tivators several new and excellent pears, and among them
some native varieties which promise to excel the best Belgian
or French kinds. Among the latter, may be named the
Swan's Orange, or Onondaga, and the Reid's Seedling, or the
Oswego Beurre. The first we have a very full and complete
account of, as well as a drawing and description of the fruit,
and shall soon give them to our readers as we promised last
December (Vol. XII. p. 492). The last we are now gratified
in bringing to the attention of cultivators, by the kindness of
our correspondents, in Western New York, who have sent us
the particulars which follow in regard to the history and ori-
gin of this pear.

We have not time now to enter into a defence of the correct

Osivego Beurre, or Reicfs Seedling Pear. 199

name of the variety, but if the brief account which has been
given of it is correct, its proper title should be " Reid's Seed-
ling," for Mr. Downing has stated that it was raised from
seed by Mr. W. Reed, of Oswego, New York, and as that has
been its name for some time previous to its introduction to
notice by Mr. Allen, we do not see how his becoming proprie-
tor or possessor of the stock, should give him any authority
to re-name it. This is the practice of some French nursery-
men, in order to increase their catalogues of new varieties,
but we hope it is not about to be adopted by our cultivators.
If the facts are as we suppose, and we see the Genesee Farmer
states they are, the legitimate name is Reid's Seedling ; though,
until we are more fully informed on this point, we shall prefix
both titles. Of the great impropriety of calling Swan's
Orange, the Onondaga, we shall speak when we describe that
fine pear. If every author or cultivator is at liberty to lay
aside old and established names, all efforts to arrive at a cor-
rect nomenclature may be abandoned at once.

The Oswego Beurre was raised by Mr. Walter Reid, of
Oswego, New York, and the original tree is now growing on
the farm, now, or late, in his possession. The tree is now of
large size, and cannot be removed with safety : last year, it
bore fifteen barrels of fruit, and, what is remarkable, it has
continued to bear annually ever since it first fruited, which
was when the tree was only eight or nine years of age. The
tree has, we believe, passed into the possession of Mr. Allen,
nurseryman of Oswego, from whom these facts have been
gathered, and who intends to keep it for propagation, and
raise a fine stock of young trees to supply the trade.

The fruit is of large size, not quite as large as the Brown
Beurre, but larger than the White Doyenne, of regular, oval-
obovate form, with a greenish-yellow and smooth skin, traced
more or less with russet, and with a short stout stem. The flesh
is very melting and juicy, and the flavor sprightly, saccharine,
rich and high-flavored. It ripens, Mr. Allen states, early in No-
vember, and is fit for the dessert from that time until January.
The tree is remarkably thrifty, hardy, and an early bearer.

This variety is probably a cross between the Brown Beurre
and the White Doyenne, as it partakes to some extent of the
merits and characteristics of both, and as these two varieties

200 Mr. Ernsts Remarks on the Cooper Apple.

were the only kinds known in the vicinity, at the time the
seed of this tree was sown, or accidentally dropped where the
tree now is. The tree is now growing in grass land, and is,
of course, not as vigorous as if standing in a highly cultivated
garden.

Our correspondent, who has communicated these facts, in-
forms us that it is a variety which, he does not doubt, will be
sought after with great avidity, as soon as its merits become
better known ; we hope, therefore, Mr. Allen will be success-
ful in rapidly bringing forward his young trees.

Art IV. Some Remarks upon the Cooper Apple, and its Iden-
tity with Other Sorts. By A. H. Ernst, Cincinnati, Ohio.

I HAVE read with instruction many of the articles from the
pen of your enthusiastic correspondent, Mr. Humrickhouse,
and always look them over with an expectation of meeting
something new and interesting. In his last, in your March
number, on the Cooper Apple, he says : — " The Cooper is
indeed, a most superior apple." This is true ; but he is in an
error in supposing it identical with the Drap d'Or, or the
Fall Harvey. After reading his supposition, I immediately
resorted to my trees, and compared the wood and their growth.
This I found to be decidedly different. I obtained my Fall
Harvey from the late R. Manning, and my Drap d'Or from
Capt. Lovett of Beverly. I therefore feel confident of their
genuineness. The Cooper, I obtained from Mr. George Dana,
Jr., a nurseryman of Belpre, Ohio, where it has been culti-
vated most, and is known best. The growth of the tree I
find to be upright, stiff, throwing out from its body thorny
spurs, much like a native or uncultivated tree. The wood is
yellowish red, and very much disposed to canker, showing
decay and tenderness. This is not the case with either of the
others. For specimens of the fruit, I am also indebted to the
same source. These were very fine, of a lightish yellow
color, slightly, but indistinctly streaked with red on the sunny
side ; globular form, but depressed at the base. It is not de-

Mr. Ernsfs Remarks 07i the Cooper Apple. 201

cidedly sweet, yet very pleasantly so and rich ; flesh white
and tender.

The Dyer, I have not, to compare the growth with. Mr.
Downing's description of that fruit is very applicable to the
Cooper, Had he given us the description of the growth of
the tree, its habit, and color of the wood, we could then have
judged of their identity.

I thought, Mr. Editor, this explanation, in the moment and
sudden excitement which has sprung up in regard to this
fruit, might allay some of the anxiety about its identity
with this or that apple. One Western editor gravely sur-
mises that it would be found identical with the Fall Pippin.
He might, with greater propriety, have supposed it the Maiden's
Blush. The growth and appearance of the wood of the Coop-
er is so decidedly marked and distinct from most others, that
any common observer who has seen it once will know it again
among a hundred sorts. Hoping, sir, I shall not be viewed
as impertinently intermeddling with this matter, but that this
description of the tree, with its habit, which I have not seen
alluded to by any of the writers on its fruit, may lead you,
or some of your readers, to identify it, is my apology for thus
troubling you.

Spring Garden, near Cincinnati, March 20, 1847.

Mr. Ernst has our thanks for the above remarks, and we
are sure we may speak for our correspondent, to whom he
alludes, that he will have his also. Such is the information
we need, and such is the information we must have, if we
would ever arrive at a correct nomenclature of our fruits.
Mr. Ernst, as well as other of our correspondents, knows how
much importance we attach, not only to the habit of growth
of a tree, in identifying fruits, but even to the color of the
wood, the shape of the buds, the form of the leaves, &c. This
we have set forth in the prospectus to our proposed new work,
the first number of which will probably be in the hands of
both Mr. Ernst and Mr. Humrickhouse before they see these
remarks. Without regard to these particulars, and without
the most careful observation, we never can arrive at any cer-
tain and satisfactory results. With a hope to do something
to aid in the good work, we have, at great expense and labor,

202 Cultivation of the Currant, Sfc.

commenced The Fruits of America, and shall leave its read-
ers to judge how much we have contributed to attain the end
in view. We trust Mr. Ernst's remarks will call out the opin-
ions of those who have the Dyer apple under cultivation ; our
own trees being yet too young to show their true habit ; and
one great object will be attained if the identity of the Cooper
can be settled before it is spread throughout the country, as it
is likely to be from its excellence. — Ed.

Art. V. The Currant, its Cultivation, 6^c. By J. H. Watts,
Rochester, New York.

An excellent article upon the Grape, and its culture in
America, appeared in the Albany Horticulturist, page 397,
from the pen of W. R. Prince, Esq., in which he showed
the importance attached to that fine fruit, not only as a des-
sert, but its use when manufactured into wine. As a pro-
moter of temperance, there can be no doubt but the grape
and currant can be made powerful auxiliaries in that impor-
tant cause. Some substitute for strong drinks is needed, and
a harmless and pleasant beverage can be made from both,
which our temperance friends would not forbid.

Of the currant, I now wish to speak. It is so common a
fruit, that almost all who have a garden cultivate it.

The large red Dutch bushes are preferable, being such
abundant bearers, and I know of no more useful ornament on
the borders of a garden than well shaped currant bushes. —
Trimmed as the English do them, they become an upright
tree, which keeps the fruit from the ground, and gives the
sun and air a good chance upon them.

Their early blossoming gives food to swarms of bees, and
their hum amongst the bushes is their rejoicing that spring
has again come.

1 have grown large quantities of the red currant, and, after
a bountiful use of them on the table, my family tried the ex-
periment of making wine, in the year 1844, at which time we
made 18 gallons. Having had such good success, in 1846 we

Cultivation of the Currant^ 6fc. 203

made 40 gallons. I send you a bottle, a sample of that made
in 1844. The wine remained in the half-barrel one year on
the "/ee5," and was then bottled and sealed. Its color is as
high as any grape wine. I never please my friends more than
when it is produced, and the strongest advocate of temper-
ance need not fear abusing his or her pledge in its use. One
pint of alcohol was all that was put in the 18 gallons.

I shall leave you to speak of its quality : — It is as pleasant
as a cordial, and, for summer drink, mixed with water, it is as
choice as claret.

I subjoin a recipe for any one who may wish to make it.
" Pick the currants when fully ripe, and, after obtaining the
juice, either by use of a wine-press, or by squeezing through
a cloth with the hands, — to each gallon of juice add six
quarts of water, three and half pounds of common brown
sugar, (to cost 6 to 8 cents per pound,) and put it in your
keg or barrel (according to quantity made,) minding that the
keg be full, and let it thus stand, until it has gone through the
necessary fermentation, then add the alcohol, one pint to 18
gallons, and close the barrel for one year at least, letting it
stand in the cellar. After this time, it is fit for use, and may
be bottled, and should be sealed. Age tempers it, and makes
it as it does other wines.

Rochester, March 30th, 1847.

The currant, of all the small fruits, is the most valuable.
To them, it holds the same relation as the apple to the large
fruits. Like the apple, it may be used for every culinary
purpose, or take its place among the dessert fruits. We are,
therefore, glad to present any article which shall extend its
cultivation ; for no garden should be without at least a dozen
bushes, which may be purchased for a small sum, and afford
an abundance of wholesome and delicious fruit.

The manufacture of currant wine was, some years ago,
carried on very extensively by the father of our friend W.
Kenrick, and the grounds which he and his brother now occu-
py, were covered with thousands of bushes, from which many
barrels of wine were annually made. Those Avere the days,
however, when King Alcohol stalked abroad, and the pleasant
beverage of currant wine had to give way to stronger drinks :

204 Cultivation and Treatment of the Peach Tree.

In these times of temperance reform, to recommend the use of
any other beverage than cold water might subject us to the
charge of opposition to this philanthropic cause ; but, as a
drink to take Ihe place of alcohol, such a specimen of wine
as Mr. Watts has sent us would do no one harm, and if it
could be made to take the place of alcoholic liquors, it would
be the most efficient aid in the promotion of temperance. A
light and pleasant drink of some kind is necessary in our warm
climate, and an article like this could be easily and cheaply
made by every one who has a spare rod of ground. We re-
commend the recipe of Mr. Watts for manufacturing the wine
to those who would like to make a trial of it. — Ed.

Art. VI. On the Cultivation and Treatment of the Peach
Tree, in Cold Houses. By Thomas B. Cowan, Gardener
to Dr. Durfee, Fall River, Mass.

The peach has, for a long time, occupied a conspicuous
place among other fruits, and ranks as one of the most deli-
cious, for summer use. It was first introduced into Europe
from Persia, which is said to be its native country.

The following account of its introduction into Europe is
given by Loudon, in his Eiicyclopedia. The peach tree, in
its natural state, is under the middle size of trees ; of quick
growth, and not long duration. Sickler considers Persia as
the original country of the peach, which, in Media, is deemed
unwholesome ; but, when planted in the alluvial soils of Egypt,
becomes pulpy and delicious. The peach also, according to
Columella, when first brought from Persia, into the Roman
Empire, possessed deleterious quahties; which Knight con-
cludes to have arisen from those peaches being only swollen
almonds, or imperfect peaches ; which are known to contain
Prussic acid which operates unfavorably on many constitu-
tions. The tree has been cultivated from time immemorial
in most parts of Asia ; when it was introduced into Greece is
uncertain ; the Romans seem to have brought it direct from
Persia duruig the reign of the emperor Claudius. The peach

171 Cold Houses, 4*c. 205

was introduced into England about the middle of the six-
teenth century, and, owing to the unfavorableness of the cli-
mate, it is always there cultivated against walls or under
glass.

Practical men have, at all times, found it difficult to culti-
vate the peach to perfection ; that is, having its peculiar rich
and delicious flavor ; for, in a great many instances, where the
trees are grown in houses, the flavor of the fruit is poor and
insipid, and little better, if the expression may be used, than a
turnip.

It is my intention to give as correct an idea as possible, in
regard to the making of the borders, planting, training, pruning,
general management, &c. The formation of the border, I
consider the most difficult part ; for, if it is not made properly,
it is quite useless to expect to raise good fruit ; and it matters
not how much care, time or expense may be spent afterwards,
it will never make up for this defect ; and it is always best to
do the work thoroughly at first, sparing no pains or expense,
as the trees will amply repay for all the extra trouble.

The border should commence at the back wall inside of the
house, and extend outside under the arches, to the dis-
tance of twelve feet from the front of the house. The soil
should all be taken out to the depth of two feet six inches,
sloping the bottom gradually, so that the front will be one
foot lower than the back : a drain should run along the front
of the border one foot deep, with small cross-drains leading
into it, so as to have a perfect command of draining off" all
superfluous water, particularly where the bottom is spongy
and wet. There should then be laid, on the bottom thus
formed, about six inches of stones and rubbish, leaving the
depth for the soil two feet.

TIic soils and manures which I consider best suited to the
peach, are three parts of the top sod of good old pasture land.
dug up about six or eight inches deep, and laid up in a
pile, with the grass side down, for about a year, and never
turned ; one eighth part street manure, and the other eighth
part decomposed horse or cow dung. I do not approve of
turning over and mixing the materials promiscuously together,
as I think such repeated intermixture is very injurious to the
soil, and, by often turning the compost, it becomes too heavy.

VOL. XIII. — NO. v. 20

206 Cultivation and Treatment of the Peach Tree

When the soil is in readiness, commence filhng up the bor-
der, mixing the materials in proportion, and turning them in
as rough as possible. After allowing a sufficient time for the
compost to be well settled, nothing remains to be done, but to
begin to plant the trees, in their respective places. As regards
season. I consider the fall the best time, if the trees can be pro-
cured, but, if not convenient at that season, they should be plant-
ed as early in the spring as possible. A good selection of trees
is important, for many individuals think large are prefer-
able to small ones. For training, no tree should be more
than one year from the bud, and should have a straight clean
stem.

Proceed now to open the holes about twelve feet apart,
along the inside front of the house, allowing them to extend
outside under the arches. Then proceed to plant the trees,
keeping the roots as near the surface as possible, spreading
them out with great care under the arches, in the fan
shape, so that the roots, when the tree begins to grow, will
run into the outside border. The planter must also bear in
mind, that he is planting trees which will last for years, and,
if some extra pains are taken, even if it occupies a little more
time to perform the work, he will be amply repaid in the end
for his trouble. As soon as the operation of planting is com-
pleted, each tree should receive a moderate watering, to settle
the earth about the roots. This done, commence setting out
the trees along the back wall, in the same manner, only that
those at the back of the house, should have all their roots
spread out towards the front, and if the house is very wide,
there can easily be a neat half-circular trellis put down, to
train another row of trees to, having the front posts of it
about two feet from the front row of trees. Though the fruit
will never be so fine, on such trillises, as that from the trees
trained on the rafters of the house, being rather too far from
the glass, and shaded partially by the other trees, yet I have
often known them to produce very fine fruit.

The planting all completed, which I shall suppose to be
done early in spring, the next and principal work will be the
pruning. The trees should now be headed down to three eyes,
above the lower part of the trellis, from where it is wished to

in Cold Houses, ^'c. 207

commence training the trees, rubbing off all eyes below these
three, if it is deemed desirable to have handsome shaped spec-
imens.

Fan-training, I think, is the best adapted to the peach, and
though most gardeners adopt this plan, few of them seem to
carry it out in a proper manner ; for, in a great many instances
which have come under my observation, a great portion of
the trees are unsightly objects, having lost their centre stem
before they have grown three or four feet from the bottom of
the trellis, and all shoots are laid in, whether they happen to
be front or lower, spoiling the regular and beautiful appear-
ance which a well trained tree always presents.

Commence training the top eye as it starts to grow, per-
pendicular, and the side ones in rather an oblique direction,
and, when the centre shoot has grown about two feet, it should
be stopped again to cause it to start out lateral shoots. The
first year I think it is as well to tie in nearly all the wood
the tree makes, as it encourages the roots to lay in a good sup-
ply of food, to support the tree another year, while, on the
other hand, if there was not much foliage to elaborate the sap,
the roots would remain partially inactive, not exercising half
the functions they would otherwise have to perform where the
tree was covered with foliage, and growing vigorously. I
think it is of vast importance to try to establish the trees the
first year. The trees will have to be examined once a month
through the growing season, to tie in all shoots to the trellis that
require it, and be particular to give plenty of air through the day,
shutting up close at night, unless the weather is warm ; in
that case, air may be left on night and day. Syringe freely
twice a week with pure water, and water the house inside so
that the earth will not look dry or parched.

About the first of January will be the time to commence
pruning the trees for the next or second season, cutting down
the centre shoot to within eight eyes from where it started
from the last season.

The side shoots should also be cut in to two or four eyes,
according to their strength : during the summer, all laterals
which spring from these, on either the front or loicer side, should
be cut close in as soon as they appear, laying in only those
which spring from the upper side, and these at regular dis-

208 Cultivation and Treatment of the Peach Tree

tances, say about a foot apart; being careful to err on the
right side, and lay in too little rather than too much: select-
ing such shoots as will give the tree a systematical and hand-
some appearance.

The pruning all done, and the shoots tied in their proper
places, give air every warm day, in order to keep the buds
from starting too early. The trees should be syringed with
the following preparation, before they begin to grow, in order
to destroy any insects, especially the red spider, which, in our
dry climate, is always a great pest, and, if the trees are not
examined very minutely, and attended to early, it will be dif-
ficult to exterminate them without considerable trouble, and,
perhaps, injury to the crop. This preparation, if applied as di-
rected, will stop their ravages, and, if continued once a week,
will effectually destroy them : —

To ten pounds of flour of sulphur, add four pounds of quick
lime; put them into a tight cask, and then pour boiling water
over them just sufficient to slake the lime, adding altogether
about twelve gallons, then stir the whole well together, and,
as soon as they appear well mixed, cover the top of the cask
over with a tight mat, to keep the steam in; then let it stand
for a day or moie, when it will be well settled and ready for
use. Then proceed carefully to turn off" the water as clear
as possible, and put it away into some other vessel for use,
as occasion may require. A pint of this mixture will be suf-
ficient for four gallons of water.

It is also probable, that when the trees are in a growing
state, they may be troubled with the aphis, or green fly, which
;may be easily detected by the curling up of the leaves; they
I may be easily destroyed by a strong fumigation of tobacco, or
by syringing with whale oil, soap and water, but the former
imode is greatly preferable.

The treatment for the third year will not differ much from
■ that of the last season. The trees will have to be looked
over regularly throughout the summer, divesting them of all
superfluous wood, and tying in all shoots that require it.

As soon as the wood begins to ripen, let down all the
sashes, so that there shall be a free circulation of air all
through the house night and day, until the frost begins to be
.rather severe. This will cause the trees to ripen their wood

m Cold Houses, <^c. 209

thoroughly, and form strong prominent buds. The winter
pruning should be done in November or December, and this
finishes the labor for this year.

Presuming that all has gone on favorably thus far, a small
crop of fruit may be expected the coming season. But I cau-
tion the amateur not to try to produce too much fruit, as he
will injure his young trees by so doing, unless they are very
thrifty ; a few specimens only should be suffered to remain,
looking rather to the furnishing of the trellis, for a crop the
next year, when he may reasonably expect some fine fruit.

As soon as the trees begin to show flowers, the temperature
will have to be kept very even through the day, allowing the
thermometer to range from 75° to 85°, and at night from 50°
to 60°, or even ten degrees lower, without injury, if the night
is cold, but it is always best, if there is danger of a sharp and
frosty night, to shut the house up early, as a preventive. All
syringing should be discontinued till the fruit sets, keeping a
rather dry atmosphere, or the blossoms will not set well. As
soon as the flowers begin to drop, commence syringing regu-
larly, until the fruit begins to ripen, and then discontinue it
till after the fruit is gathered.

When the fruit is done stoning, and the weather begins to
be warm, the sashes back and front should be opened, as
much as possible, through the day, and as soon as the weather
averages a good temperate heat, the sashes should be left
open, both day and night, till the fruit is gathered ; unless this
is attended to, the fruit will . have but little flavor. Closing
up the house in case of heavy rains, or cold east winds, is of
course an exception ; but, as soon as the fruit is gathered, the
sashes should be removed from the house altogether, and not
put on again till frosts set in, when the trees will require
some protection from their severity. After the fruit appears
to be well stoned, considerable attention should be given to
thinning the crop : only a single fruit should be left, at distan-
ces averaging six or eight inches apart, all over the surface of
the tree : as soon as the fruit has taken its last swelling, such
leaves as shade it too much should be partly removed, so that
part of the fruit may be exposed to the free action of the sun,
which, L think, adds greatly to its flavor.
20*

210 Propagation of Greenhouse Exotics.

The fruit being gathered, the routine of culture already de-
tailed should be continued.

The varieties which I think best suited for house cultiva-
tion, are the following : —

Peaches :— Royal George, Royal Kensington, Gross Gal-
lande, Grosse Mignonne, Malta, Noblesse, Old Mixon Free,
Early York, and Crawford's Late Melaca.

Nectarines :— Elruge, Broomfield, Murray, and Red Ro-
man.

Fall River, Mass. March 17, 1847.

Art. VII. On the Propagation of Stove and Greenhouse
Exotics ; in a Series of Letters. By James Kennedy, Gar-
dener to S. T. Jones, Staten Island, New York.
Letter I. Propagation ly Seeds,

I PRESUME that the design of your valuable Magazine is
the improvement of Flora and Horticulture ; and, therefore,
I consider it the duty of every practical gardener to contribute
occasionally the results of his experience, for the benefit of
his younger brethren. With this view, however, I take up
my pen, to give the results of my experience, on the various
modes of propagating greenhouse and stove exotics, and
shall embody such observations as are calculated to render
comprehensive the whole subject to even the most inexperi-
enced. I shall arrange the various modes under the follow-
ing respective heads, and treat of each separately : —

1, Seeds ; 2, Cuttings; 3, Offsets ; 4, Layers ; 5, Inarching; 6,
Root Divisions ; 7, Leaves ; 8, Suckers; and 9, Plant divisions.

1. Seeds. — When an exotic is in flower that will yield
seed, it ought to be placed in a situation where it can com-
mand the full benefit of the sun's rays, and, if the weather is
favorable, it should be abundantly supplied with air and water,
in order that the seeds may &well off" to their proper size, and
get thoroughly ripened ; for, on these two points, depends their
.future germination when placed in the soil to produce new

Propagatio7i of Greenhouse Exotics. 211

individuals. Should the plant, at any time, be exposed to the
open air, as is not an infrequent occurrence with inhabitants of
the greenhouses in summer time, it should be placed in a
situation where showers cannot reach to injure the impregna-
ting and fertihzing part of the frutification. When the seed is
ripe, it will rattle in the seed-vessel or pod, and should be
gathered in a perfectly dry state, after which let it be exposed
to the air, in a shady place, for a few days, that it may still
get further hardened, when it may be put up in separate par-
cels, labelled, and put up in a dry place till required for sow-
ing, (which time varies according to the object in view.)
Spring sowing, however, is the most favorable for all seeds,
(except in case of imported ones, a quantity of which should
be sown as soon as received,) for sometimes seeds will grow
when first received, that will not, if kept a few months longer,
and the remainder can be sown with those saved at home ;
but spring sowing is preferable to any other season ; the plants
get a long season for growth, and consequently must be bet-
ter prepared to stand the severity of the coming winter.

The sized pots I have always been in the habit of using as
seed pots, are those of five inches diameter, and three and a half
deep, a quantity of which I always get ready previous to the
time of sowing. 1 first have them thoroughly washed, out-
side and inside, and, when dry, I prepare them in the follow-
ing manner : — Over the hole in the bottom of the pot, I place
a large piece of broken pot or oyster shell, and over this about
an inch of finely broken potsherds, about the size of garden
peas ; and then fill my pot to within an inch or so of the top,
according to the size of the seeds to be sown, with compost pre-
viously prepared, composed of two thirds heath soil, and one
third fine friable loam, rather light than otherwise. The sur-
face on which the seeds are sown as well as the covering soil,
should be sifted very fine. The seeds sown and covered, the
whole should be settled with a slight sprinkling of water, from
a fine rose watering-pot, when they should be removed to the
propagating house, or to a previously prepared hot-bed, when
the burning heat is over. Keep the frame-lights pretty close
at night, but allow a little air in the middle of fine days, that
any rank steam may escape ; the pots should be plunged up
to the rims in sawdust, or some such material, and shaded,

212 Propagation of Greenhouse Exotics.

during bright sunshine, by means of mats. Due care mnst
be taken to supply them with water when required, but not
till it is really needful.

When the rudiments of the second leaf are formed, the pots
should be removed to a shaded part of the stove, there to
remain till the second leaf is perfectly formed, and the rudi-
ment of the third leaf is visible, when they must be carefully
potted oif into thumb pots, in compost according to their na-
ture, and again put in a shaded place till- they have taken
root; when they should be finally but gradually exposed to
their respective departments, — the greenhouse sorts to the
greenhouse, and the stove kinds to the stove ; — and, in con-
clusion, I beg to say, that the sooner seedlings are potted
oif the better, as they do not miss their moving so much when
potted young.

The young gardener must bear in mind, that the grand
feature to be attended to, in propagation by seed, is, that
it must fully reach maturity previous to gathering, for on this
depends its vigorous and healthy germination. The second
condition necessary to successful germination, is heat, and
this must be supplied by artificial means. The third condi-
tion necessary to insure success, is moisture ; therefore water
or some equivalent is indispensable ; but the quantity given is
a matter of importance, as there may be too much or too
little. In the first case, the seeds will burst and rot, and, in
the second, they will remain inactive in the soil. The fourth
condition necessary is air, and this must be regulated by the
state of the weather, still bearing in mind, that shading is
necessary in bright sunshine.

I think I have extended these remarks to the full legitimate
length of one article, and, if considered worthy of a place in
your valuable Magazine, they are much at your service, and
I shall continue the subject in a future number.

Staten Island^ N. Y., April 7, 1847.

Mr. Kennedy may be assured his article is most opportune
and valuable. Indeed, we view such articles as this, and that
upon the heath, in our last number, by Mr. Cadness, as the
very essence of practical knowledge. Could all gardeners,
who are able to impart information, but have the same liberal

Descriptions of Eight New Seedling Vei'benas. 213

and expansive views, how much more rapid would be the
progress of science among us ! We shall look forward to the
letters which Mr. Kennedy proposes to write, illustrative
of the title of the article, with great pleasure, and do not doubt
but that every amateur, or young practitioner, will be impa-
tient to treasure up the practical experience with which his
articles will be replete. — Ed.

Art. VIII. DescriptioJis of Eight Neiv Seedling Verbenas.
By the Editor.

Few flowers, in the same space of time, have attained that
popularity which attaches to the Verbena. Scarcely ten years
have elapsed since the introduction of the few original species,
and now our gardens abound with varieties of every tint and
shade, from the purest white to the deepest purple. During
this period, we have described, in our several volumes, every
really fine seedling originating in various collections, num-
bering in all upwards oi fifty ^ and we now have the gratifica-
tion of describing eight entirely new seedlings, selected last
year from a bed of some hundred plants, some of which are
remarkably brilliant and showy, and quite distinct from any
of the older ones.

Now that the verbena is brought to such perfection, in
regard to the color, as well as size, of the flowers, new
and distinct varieties are not produced with the facility of
former years; but, like the dahlia, pelargonium, fuchsia,
pansy and other flowers, the selection must be made from
hundreds or thousands of plants, so small is the chance of
success in a less number. That many new, very distinct and
splendid varieties will yet be added to our collections, there is
no doubt, and, to those who wish to make the trial, there is a
fair field for that object. Unquestionably, edged, tipped,
mottled and striped varieties will yet be produced as two-col-
ored ones have already been, and, as less patience is required,
in raising seedlings of the verbena than in most other plants,
the zealous florist should continue his eflbrts yearly, until
some new and unique tints are obtained.

214 Descriptions of Eight New Seedling Verbenas.

Gejn. — Flowers, fine deep rose, with a distinct cherry cen-
tre, and a yellow eye : petals slightly undulated, and little
starry : umbels, medium size, compact, and of a good form :
habit moderately vigorous : foliage good. This is a most
marked and brilliant variety. The numerous heads of flow-
ers which cover a large plant sparkle with all the brilliancy
o^ gems. If the flowers Avere as large, and the petals as smooth,
as some varieties, it would be difficult to produce its equal.

Suzette. — Flowers, large, and of the snowiest white, with
a pure white eye : petals large, broad, finely formed, and
slightly cupped : umbels, large and rather loose, but of hand-
some form : habit vigorous : foilage thick and good. Until
the production of this variety, Feast's white stood at the
head of this class : but this excels it, not only in the purity of
the white and its clear eye, but in the form of the umbel and
flowers.

Q,ueen of the Lilacs. — Flowers, medium size, clear lilac,
with lilac eye : petals smooth and flat : umbels, good size,
compact, and of a handsome globular form : habit moderately
vigorous : foliage good. A good lilac verbena has been a desid-
eratum, and although not so showy a color as some others,
it makes a most desirable variety. This is the best we have
seen.

Rosy Cluster. — Flowers, very large, clear fulgent rose, with
a yellow eye : petals undulated : umbels very large, rather long
and compact : habit very vigorous : foilage thick and good.
This variety is remarkable for its very large and showy heads
of blossoms, which are so compact from the undulation of the
petals as to appear as of one large flower. For bouquets, it is
a valuable variety.

Variabilis. — FloAvers, large, pale blush, tinted at the edges
with rose, with a blush eye : petals somewhat undulated :
umbels large, compact and of fine form : habit good. This
is an exceedingly delicate, and exquisite variety, its blush
flowers often assuming a pearly shade, beautifully tinted with
rose.

Caroline. — Flowers, very large, bright glossy pink, with
a yellow eye : petals broad, well formed and perfectly smooth :
umbels very large, rather loose, and of handsome form : habit
good : foliage good. None of the rearlly pink verbenas that

FloricuUural and Botanical Notices. 215

we have seen possess the dehcacy of this : its large and
satiny flowers nearly hide the small and neat foliage, and
give the plant the appearance of one mass of blossoms.

Dove-Eyed. — Flowers, large, of a peculiar rosy lilac, with
a deep and very distinct violet eye: petals large, Avell
formed, and cupped : umbels good size, rather compact,
and of handsome shape : habit, moderately vigorous : foli-
age thick and good. This is a variety quite as distinct in
its way as Gem : the peculiar dove-colored tinge of the flow-
er, and its fine dark eye, are entirely new, and have suggest-
ed a name which is strikingly applicable to this really beau-
tiful variety.

Othello. — Flowers, medium size, deep maroon purple, with
pale purple eye : petals slightly starry but nearly flat : umbels
very large, full and compact : habit good : foliage small and
good. Feast's purple and Gazelle have hitherto been among
the best deep purples. This variety has much larger umbels
than Gazelle, and thicker petals which resist the hot sun bet-
ter. The habit is also stronger and the foliage better.

Several other seedlings have been selected, but these are the
most distinct, though several are quite new in their way. If
further trial should show their merits to be worthy of a name,
we shall hereafter describe them.

Art. IX. FloricuUural and Botanical Notices of New and
beautiful Plants figured in Foreign Periodicals ; with De-
scriptions of those recently introduced to, or origiiiated in.
American Gardens.

Beck's Neio Pelargoniums. — It is with much pleasure that
we announce to amateurs of this most beautiful plant the
flowering, in our collection, during May and June, of nearly
all Mr. Beck's seedling pelargoniums, a descriptive catalogue
of which we have given, with his excellent article on their
cultivation, in our January nimiber, (p. 34.) Some of the
kinds are now opening their blossoms, and the improvement
over even what have been considered as new and fine kinds
is, indeed, most remarkable. All are so splendid that one

216 FloricuUural and Botanical Notices.

scarcely knows which most to admire ; but the most striking
are Aurora, Hebe's Lip, Competitor and Isabella : no descrip-
tion can do justice to these ; they must be seen to be fully ap-
preciated. They will be in the highest state of perfection the
latter part of May.

8. Gaede^nia Devonia^a Lindl. The Duke of Devonshire's
Gardenia, (Cinchonaceae.)

A stove plant ; growing two feet high ; with white flowers ; appearing in summer ; a native of
Sierra Leone ; increased by cuttings ; grown in leaf mould and peat. Bot. Reg. 1846, p. 63.

In our last volume, (XII p. 28), we described the new and
splendid G. Stanleyd^za, and the present plant is one intro-
duced at the same time, and by the same indefatigable col-
lector of African plants, Mr. Whitfield. "This glorious plant
is a native of Sierra Leone, and is, perhaps, the finest of its
noble race, and is, we trust, worthy of the name which we
have ventured to confer upon it. Handsome as Lord Derby's
gardenia certainly is, it is as far removed from this as an earl-
dom from a dukedom." The flowers are described as eleven
inches long, "pure white at first, but, after a time, changing
to a light straw color, and look much like then a huge white
lily." The plate certainly represents a most magnificent plant,
and the two species which are here mentioned must be to the
hothouse what the beautiful Japan lilies are to the conserva-
tory, the greatest ornaments throughout the summer and au-
tumn. The foliage is large, broad and handsome.

Mr. Glendenning, who furnished the plant from which the
drawing was made, states, that these species can be made to
bloom at a variety of seasons, as freely as the Cape Jasmine.
To do this, it is only necessary to place them, after flowering,
m a high temperature of at least 80°, with moisture, plunge in
bottom heat, and syringe freely. Afterwards expose them to a
lower temperature, and plenty of light, and the bud.s will be
set. They may then be removed to the greenhouse, where
their blossoms will freely expand. {Bot. Reg. Nov.)

9. iEscHYNA'NTHUs MiNiA^TUS Lindl. Vermilion Eschynanth.

Gesnerdce«.

A stove plant ; growing two feet high ; with vermilion flowers ; appearing in summer; a native
of South America ; increased by cuttings ; grown in peat and leaf mould. Bot. Reg. It>46. p. CI.

This is another of the brilliant -^Eschynanthuses, introduced,
through the exertions of Messrs. Veitch's collector in Java.

Notice of Some of the Plants of New England. 217

It is a fine companion to JE. Ijohbidnus, and " much finer "
than Vanden Bosch's iEschynanth, noticed at p. 79. The
flowers are vermihon colored with a yellow star in the throat,
and they are produced at the axils of the leaves in short clus-
ters. It is of the easiest cultivation in a damp stove, where it
produces flowers abundantly. {Bot. Reg. Nov.)

Art. X. Notice of Some of the Plants of New England.
By William Oakes.

Parony'chia argyrocoma Nutt. Gen. 1. 160. Torrey & Gray,
1. 171.

This beautiful plant was probably first collected in the Notch of the
White Mountains, by Drs. Chapman and Alexander, in the summer of 1843.
In the same year, I found it in the gravel of many of the recent slides of the
Notch, and Mr. Tuckerman has since found it in unmoved soil on a flat
rocky knoll, near the summit of Mount Crawford, several miles distant from
the Notch. It has not been found elsewhere north of Virginia.

Sibbaldia procumbens Linn. Torrey & Gray, 1. 433. var.

quinquedentata.

In the alpine region of the White Mountains, 1846. Of my abun-
dant and luxuriant specimens, almost all the leaves have five teeth, the
two outer ones nouch smaller. The petals are generally obovate and
obtuse, sometimes oblong-elliptic and acute. The flower is sometimes
six-parted, with six stamens and nine or ten ovaries in two irregular circles.
6reuni macrophy'Uum Willd. Torrey & Gray, 1. 421.

Borders of woods at the base of the White Mountains, not in the alpine
region.
Gnaphalium supinum Linn. Torrey & Gray, 2. 429.

On the sides of Mount Washington, and other places in the alpine region
of the White Mountains. 1843.
Solidago humilis Herb. Banks. Torrey & Gray, 2. 206.

The dwarf alpine state of this species, (alpina,) common in the alpine
region of the White Mountains, is S. Virga-aiirea, var. alpina of Bigelow,
and Torrey & Gray, 2. 207.
Veronica alpina Linn. var. Wormskioldii Hook. Bor. 2. 201.

Alpine region of the While Mountains. Pickering & Oakes, 1825.
Euphrasia ofiicinalis Linn. D C. Prod. 10. 552.

Stem dwarf, simple ; leaves roundish, with obtuse teeth; flowers "very
pale, and extremely minute. It is probably E. micrantha Rcichenbach, Fl.

VOL. XIII. — NO. V. 21

218 Notice of Some of the Plants of New Englajid.

exc. p. 358. See Koch Fl. Germ. 2d. ed. 2. 628. In the alpine region of

Ih3 While Mountains. 1844.

Festuca ovina, var. vivipara Linn. F. vivipara Smith.

In the alpine region of the White Mountains, 1843.
Luzula arciiata Hook. Fl. Lond. t. 153. Jhncus arcuatus,
Wahl.

In the alpine region of the White Mountains. 1843.
Senebiera Coronopus Poiret. Torrey & Gray, Flora, 1. 115.

Abundantly naturalized about Newport, Rhode Island. Robbins, Sept.
1829.
Z>r^ba caroliniana Walter. Torrey & Gray, 1. 109.

Salem, Massachusetts. Pickering. 1824.
Stellaria iiliginosa Murray, Gott. 55. S. aquatica, Pollich.

Torrey & Gray, 1. 186.

In Chester, New Hampshire. Dr. Robbins, June, 1829.
Arenaria squarrosa Michx. Torrey & Gray, 1. 179.

In Block Island. Dr. Robbins. Sept. 1829.
O'xalis corniculata Linn. Fries, Novit. 2d. ed. 136.

Block Island, Dr. Robbins. Sept. 1829. Stem strongly pubescent, dif-
fuse, with many procumbent branches at base. Stipules well developed.
Root not stoloniferous, apparently annual. There is some confusion among
authors with respect to 0. corniculata and slricta. According to De Can-
dolle and Torrey, corniculata is perennial, and stricta is annual. Accord-
ing to Linneeus and Fries, the reverse is exactly true of both. Our com-
mon American slricta is sometimes troublesome in gardens with its abun-
dant stoloniferous perennial roots.
Melilotiis leiic^iitha Koch. Torrey & Gray, 1. 321.

Partially naturalized in Rowley and in Shirley, Mass., and in other places
in New England.
Ammaniii« humilis Michx, Torrey & Gray, 1. 480.

Danvers, Massachusetts. Dr Nichols. 1818.
/S'axifraga Virginiensis Michx. Torrey & Gray, 1. 571.

Var. chlorantha. Petals pale green, instead of snow white, as in the
common variety. The margins and backs of the petals are also sprinkled
with short hairs like those of the rest of the plant, but paler, and not so
uniformly glandular. Topsfield, Mass. 1842.
Archangelica peregrina Mitt. Torrey & Gray, 1. 622.

This species was first found in Salem, by Dr. Pickering, in 1824. I have
since found it in many places on the coast of Massachusetts and New Hamp-
shire, and also in the alpine region of the White Mountains.
C'ariim Cariii Lin?i. D C. Prod. 4. 115.

Naturalized by road sides in many places in Massachusetts and New
Hampshire.

Notice of Some of the Plants of New England. 219

Lonicera flava Sims. Torrey & Gray, 2. 6.

Monroe, Connecticut. Dr. H. C. Beardslee. 1829.
Cy'nthia virgi'nica Don. Torrey & Gray, 2. 469.

In Monroe, Connecticut. Dr. H. C. Beardslee. 1830.
Erythroe^a spicata Persoo7i. D C. Prod. 9. 60.

Erythrae'a Pickeringu Oahcs, Hovey's Mag. Vol. 7. p. 179. Soon after
this species was published, I obtained specimens of the European E. spica-
ta, and ascertained by comparison that it was identical with my own. Per-
soon erroneously states that E. spicata growsjn moist meadows in Europe,
which induced me to consider it different from our salt marsh plant.
Halen«a deflexa Griscbach, in Hook. Fl, Bor. 2. 67.

Svi^rtia deflexa Smith. S. corniculata Michx. In Orono, (Indian Old
Town,) Maine. 1828.
Convolvulus panduratus Linn. Torrey, Fl. 1. 225.

New Milford, Connecticut. Dr. Rohbins. 1829.
Cuscuta epilinum Wei/ie. D C. Prod. 9. 452.

On flax in fields in Rowley, Massachusetts. 1826.
i^inaria elatine Miller. D C. Prod. 10. 268.

Naturalized in Ipswich, Massachusetts. 1825.
J/imulus alatiis Solander in Ait. Hort. Kew. D C. Pr, 10, 369,

New Haven, Connecticut. Dr. Robbins. 1828.
Pedicularis Janceoiata Michx. Hook. Bor. 2. 107. P. pallida

Pursh.

New Haven, Connecticut. 1828.
iS^achys palustris Linn. Curtis. Fl. Lend.

Naturalized in Ipswich and other parts of Essex County, Mass. Exactly
the European plant.
<S'tachys arvensis Linn. Curtis, Fl. Lend.

Naturalized abundantly along the road-side from Kittery to York, Maine.
Also in Cambridge, Mass. 1818.
Scutellaria parvula Mich.T. Benth. Lab. 410.

In East Haven, Connecticut. Dr. Robbins. 1828.
J.maranthus pumilus R<if. Nutt. Gen. 2. 201.

At Gay Head, Martha's A^ineyard, Mass. 1829.
<S'alic6rnia ambigua Michx. 1. 2.

At Gloucester, Mass. Pickering. 1825. At Martha's Vineyard and
Plymouth, Mass. Oakes.
Poly'gonum glaucum Nutt. Gen. 1. 254.

At Martha's Vineyard, Mass. Oakes, 1829. At Block Island. Dr. Rob-
bins.
J5uph6rbia E'sula Linn. Eng. Bot. 20. t. 1399.

In Newbury and other towns in Essex County, Mass. A pernicious
weed, thoroughly naturalized, and not easily to be exterminated from the
places in which it is once introduced. 1828.

220 Notice of Some of the Plants of Neio Englatid.

Z(iquidambar styracifliia Linn Michx. f. Arb. 3. t.

In Greenwich and Stamford, Conn. Dr. Ives. Dr. Robbins.
Aristida gracilis Elliott. Fl. 1. 142. Gray, Gram. & Cyp. 1. 9.

At Danvers, Mass. 1819. At New Bedford, T. A. Greene, Esq. At
Sandwich, Mass.
Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Gen. 1. 57. Gray, 1. c. 1. 10.

At Plum Island, Mass. Oakes. 1829. At Milford & Stratford, Conn.
Robbins. 1829.
Aristida purpurascens Poiret. Gray, 1. c. 1. 8.

At Nantucket, Mass. Oakes. 1829. At New Haven & Lyme, Conn.
Westfield, Mass. and Block Island. Robbins. 1829.
Selaria italica Pal. de B. Torrey, Fl. 1. 153.

Uxbridge, Mass. Robbins.
Paiiicum amarum Elliott. Fl. 1. 121.

At Milford, Conn., Robbins, and at Stratford in the same state, Dr. H.
C. Beardslee.
Tripsacum dactyloides Linn. Gray, Gram. & Cyp. I. 40.

Bridgeport, Conn., Dr. H. C. Beardslee. 1829.
Cenchrus echinatus Lin7i. Torrey, Fl. 1. 68.

East Windsor, Conn. Robbins. 1829
Festuca fascicularis Lamarck. Torrey, Fl. 1. 122.

Greenwich and Bridgeport, Conn. Dr. H. C. Beardslee. 1829. Block
Island. Robbins.
Andropogon Virginicus Linn. Torrey., Fl. 1. 156.

Nantucket, T. A. Greene, Esq. In Killingworth, Connecticut, and North
Providence, Rhode Island. Robbins. 1829.
Andropogon macrourus Michx. Torrey, Flora. I. 156.

At Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, Mass. 1829.
Cyperus Grayi Torrey. Cyp. 268.

In Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. 1829. Also at Plymouth Beach
and Plum Island, Massachusetts.
Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Torrey, Cyp. 280

Nantucket, Mass. 1829.
^Scirpus O'lneyi Gray., in Boston Journal Nat. History.

On the borders of a small brackish pool in Martha's Vineyard, Mass. 1829.
>S'cirpus Robbinsu'. Eleocharis Robbinsri Oakes in Hovey's
Mag. Vol. 7. 178.

In Uxbridge, Mass. Robbins. This species is, as I supposed, found in
almost every part of New England.

Ipswich, Mass., April, 1847.

Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts. 221

REVIEWS.

Art. I. A Report on the Trees and Shrubs growing nat-
ural/}/ in the Forests of Massachusetts. Published, agree-
ably to an Order of the Legislature, by the Commissioners
on the Zoological and Botanical Survey of the State. 1 Vol.
8vo. pp. 547. Boston, Dutton and Wentworth, State Print-
ers. 1S46.

[ Concluded from -page 185. ]

The many fme native woody shrubs, and some of the more
delicate forest plants, or the useful medicinal ones, are duly
noticed in portions of the Report, with suggestive remarks.
In the opinion of Drs. Torrey and Gray, there is no essential
difference between our High Cranberry (Yiburnumopulus^ L.),
and the European Guelder Rose, a variety of which latter is
propagated by gardeners as the well known snow ball tree.
Some other fine species of Viburnum are thus closely related :
and, doubtless, experimental sowing of the seed might produce
as remarkable results as in the snow ball tree. And while on
the improvement of varieties by successive sowing of seed, we
are reminded of some very just and valuable remarks of this
Report on the subject of the Currant family : —

" This family includes only one genus, which comprehends the Currants
and the Gooseberries. They are either spiny or unarmed shrubs, natives of
the mountains, hills, woods and thickets of the temperate regions of Amer-
ica, Europe and Asia, but unknown within the tropics, or in any part of
Africa. They are fouftd particularly about mountains. Most of the spe-
cies produce agreeable, refreshing, subacid fruits. The Black Currant,
Rihes nigrum, a native of Siberia and northern Europe, is cultivated for the
pleasant tonic and stimulant properties possessed by a jelly made of its ripe
fruit. The Red Currant, Riles rubrum, found wild in the mountainous
woods of Britain and other northern countries of Europe, and in the north-
ern part of America, and the White, which is a variety produced from this
by cultivation, are, in most places, justly valued for their uses in cookery,
as a dessert, and as affording a cooling and wholesome drink. The com-
mon Gooseberry, R. uva crispa or grossularia, a native of the same regions,
but hardly known in gardens on the continent of Europe, while the size and
richness of its fruit are the pride of English, especially Lancashire horti-
culture, is generally but rather unsuccessfully cultivated here for its use in
21*

222 Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts.

tarts and pies, and sometimes as a dessert. The Missouri Currant, B.
aureum, has been introduced on account of the luxuriance of its growth, and
the beauty and fragrance of the flowers ; and another from California, i?.
specibsum, which has been erected into the genus Robsonia, deserves to be
introduced." — p. 419.

The Round-leaved Gooseberry, (Rlbes rotundifoliimi, L.)

" No native gooseberry promises so much as this. The introduced spe-
cies often refuses to flourish in our gardens, even with careful cultivation.
It is not perfectly adapted to our soil and climate. But this native one is ;
and, if the art of cultivation can make as great a difference in it as has been
made in the wild European gooseberry, the fruit will be the finest of the
kind in the world. The cultivated species, on its cold, northern, native
mountains, is small, hard, hairy and acerb. Cultivation points at its large,
beautiful, firm, sweet, delicious fruit, as the triumph of art. This change
has been produced by long and careful culture. What may not be made,
by similar efforts, of a fruit perfectly suited to our climate, which, in its
natural state, is pronounced delicious !

" Found in mountainous and rocky places from Massachusetts to the moun-
tains of North Carolina, and west to beyond the Rocky Mountains." — p. 421.

Of fine, wild, native species and varieties of the Raspber-
ries, we are informed that —

"The wild Red Raspberry, 1? slrigbsus, not inferior to the cultivated,
and very nearly like it, and the High Blackberry,!?, villosus and R.
frbndosus, and some varieties of the Low Blackberry, R. Canadensis, of
Torrey and Gray, are delicious and wholesome fruits. They difl^er much
in different localities. This circumstance is worthy of consideration with
those who mean to attempt to improve these fruits by cultivation. The
variety of High Backberry found u,t Fall River and around Buzzard's Bay,
is superior to any that I have tasted, in the vicinity of Boston." — p. 429.

We have already alluded to the practical value of the Com-
mon Locust tree ; beside this, it is an universal, and deservedly
so, favorite of all, whether we take into consideration the del-
icacy of its foliage, or the snowy grace of its pendent blos-
soms. Of late years, its cultivation has been much checked
in consequence of the extensive ravages of the locust borer,
an insect of insidious habits, and of destructive tendency.
Premiums, we believe, have been repeatedly offered for cer-
tain and sure preventives of its fatal evil : —

Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts. 223

" An unexpected remedy has, however, been suggested by the success
of Joseph Cogswell, Esq., in the cultivation, some years ago, of a large
plantation of the locust. He found that, when it forms a wood, those trees
only are attacked by the worm which form the outskirts, exposed to the
sun and free air. Whether it is that the insect parent of the worm de-
lights, as many do, in the sun light, and avoids the shade of the woods, or
from whatever cause, it was found that all the interior of the plantation was
free from its attacks. If this conclusion should be confirmed by further ex-
perience, it will be best, whenever the tree is cultivated for its limber, to plant
it in masses of several acres in extent, and to substitute, in the sunny and
exposed situations which it has usually held, some of those numerous trees
which flourish best in them." — p. 4(33.

Some promise of future valuable results may be anticipated
by experiments on our native grapes by seed-sowing, to a
greater extent than has already accrued. Of the Common oli
Fox grape, (Fitis Z/abrusca, Z«.,) we are told of a remarkable
variety, the Summer White Grape : —

" One of the most remarkable varieties is the Summer White Grape or
Early White. In appearance, it presents some peculiarities. • The leaves
are on rather long, bristly and downy footstalks, with a rusty down closely
covering the under surface. The fruit is two thirds or three quarters of an
inch in diameter, round, pale green, or of the translucent color of the Mal-
aga grape, when just ripe, afterwards turning red. It is, in some varieties,
very agreeable to the taste. It ripens in the last of July, and in August
and September. I have gathered some of this variety in the woods, de-
cidedly superior to the Isabella grape." — p. 468.

We confess ourselves wholly unacquainted with such a
superior wild variety, or, indeed, of any such kind, which
even approaches to a well ripened Isabella : and doubtless here
the old adage applies, de gustlbus non, 6lc. ; yet how far
hardier or better varieties may not be artificially produced,
no one can affirm without previous experiment.

The peculiar charm of some happy blending of species of
flowering shrubs by the accident of Nature is pleasantly set
off in the following description of what every admirer of the
rural must have noticed in this vicinity : —

" On some lanes in Brookline and other places in the vicinity of Boston
a natural hedge of barberry, sweet briar, wild rose and privet has formed a
most graceful border for the road-side. This, which gives an airofwild-
ness and retirement perfectly suited to the purpose for which much of this

224 Trees and Shruhs of Massachusetts.

suburb is used, has, in several places, been made to give place to the stiff,
puddingstone wall ; and the change is called improvement.

" If the suckers and lower branches are removed, and only the upper
branches allowed to grow, the barberry forms a very beautiful little tree,
and sometimes shoots to the height of ten feet. At limes we find such a
tree by the road-sides, surprising us by its gracefulness and the beauty of
of its bright yellow flowers in June, and of its rich scarlet berries and its
fading orange-scarlet leaves in autumn." — pp. 523, 524.

We have thus presented to our readers a more than usually
long notice of this remarkable document, of which every page
seems replete with interest, both of things old and new, rare
and well known. Accompanying the text of five hundred
and thirty-four pages, are seventeen copperplate prints of
specimens of the following trees in outline, done with a beauty
and accuracy as creditable to the artist as is the subject mat-
ter to the author. These plates consist of figures of the White
Oak, QiuercAis alba, leaf and acorns, &c. ; the Overcup Oak,
d. macrocarpa, leaves and fruit ; the Rough or Post Oak, Q,.
stelldta, leaves and fruit ; the Swamp White Oak, Q,. bicolor,
&c. ; the Chestnut Oak, Q. castdnea ; the Rock Chestnut Oak,
Q,. montdna ; the Black Oak, Q,. tinctoria; the Scarlet Oak,
Q,. cocc'mea ; the Red Oak, Q,. rubra ; the Bear Oak, Q. ilici-
fblia ; the Shellbark Hickory, Cdrya alba ; the Mockernut
Hickory. C. tomentbsa ; the Pignut Hickory, C. poixhia ; the
Bitternut Hickory, C. amdra; the Nettle Tree, Celiis occiden-
idlis ;• the Tupelo Tree, Nyssa multijibra.

We cheerfully recommend such a treatise as this to the
friends of Horticulture, feeling that the style and manner in
which the subject is treated will be peculiarly interesting —
especially to the floriculturist, who engages in a love for beau-
tiful native shrubs and forest flowers ; and to the arboricul-
turist will it prove a useful companion and guide, to furnish
him with important hints, or to serve as a pleasant source of
instruction. R.

March 10, 1847.

The New Engla?id Book of Fruit 225

Art. II. The New England Book of Fruit ; co7itaining mi
Abridgment of Manning'' s Descriptive Catalogue of the most
valuable Varieties of the Pear, Apple, Peach, Plum and
Cherry, for New England Culture: to which are added
the Grape, Quince, Gooseberry, Currant and Strawberry ;
with outlines of many of the finest sorts of Pears drawn
from Nature ; with Directions for Pruning, Grafting, and
General Modes of Culture. Third Edition, Revised and
Enlarged. By John M. Ives. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. 144. Sa-
lem. W. & S. B. Ives.

The increasing interest in the subject of Pomology, and the
eagerness to procure information, may be, in some measure,
perceived by the recent publication of works treating upon the
subject. Almost every individual who possesses a spot of
ground is desirous of planting a few trees, but a want of some
information upon the subject often deters them from their ob-
ject. The larger and more complete works are too expensive
for those who have but little space for gardening purposes,
and a manual like the New England Book of Fruits comes
very opportune to the many who wish for something more
than a mere catalogue of names.

In the preface to this edition, the author informs us he
has brought together "the experience of practical cultiva-
tors in a condensed form and at low price." The original
descriptions of Mr. Manning, as they appeared in his Book of
Fniits, (Vol. IV. p. 18.5,) are retained, and many additions
have been made to his list. The present edition contains a
descriptive catalogue of 69 varieties of pears, 55 of apples, 24
of peaches, 29 of plums, and 19 of cherries; also currants,
gooseberries, strawberries, quinces and grapes. The outline
engravings which appeared in the second edition also accom-
pany this volume. Some few fruits have been added by Mr. Ives
and addenda to those originally described ; and some of the
original descriptions struck out, in order, we presume, to have
the book contain about the same number of pages.

It is unnecessary for us to again recommend a work con-
taining a great portion of the experience of Mr. Manning for
twenty-five years ; for, although many new and fine fruits

226 General Notices.

have been brought to notice since the volume first appeared,
the descriptions which were made by him are exceedingly
valuable, as they were the result of many years' careful ob-
servation. We therefore commend the work to the attention
of all who need a manual to aid them in the selection of a few
choice fruits for their gardens.

We have only to regret that the size and form of the Avork
have been reduced : if the present edition had been uniform
with the last, it would have, we think, been preferable to its
present form, in which the pages are so reduced as scarcely to
admit of the largest engravings. The title-page is accompa-
nied with a colored vignette.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Destruction of Insects ly Hot Water. — Foremost among universally trou-
blesome insects, stands the Scale, of various species. This gentleman
shelters himself beneath his flat shield so securely, that there is no getting
him to move, or if he is dislodged it is only to leave behind a brood yet
worse than himself. Hitherto he has baffled everybody. It has been pro-
posed to glue him down by a wash of paste or gum water, to grind him to
pieces by incessant rubbing, to kill him with poisons more subtile than
those provided for her friends by Sir Edward Lytton's " Lucretia;" but
somehow he always reappeared, and not unfrequently seemed to be invigor-
ated by the applications in question. At last it has been ascertained by
Mr. Gordon, the Superintendent of the Ornamental Department, in the
Garden of the Horticultural Society, that the Scale may be dealt with
effectually by means of — hot water, which seems to dissolve him. Water
of the temperature of 140° will annihilate the Scale, and all his young ones,
eggs included, and will not injure the bark of trees on which he feeds. It
may be applied by a syringe or a sponge ; all that is indispensable is, that
it shall come in contact with him. It may be urged, that if water at the
temperature of 140° will not injure bark, it will leaves. But, in the first
place, it is possible to attack the Scale when plants have no leaves ; in the
second place such water will not hurt hard leaves ; and thirdly, if the leaves
are killed, they will grow again, so that the worst consequence of this appli-
cation to plants is a temporary loss of beauty instead of a permanent and
increasing loss of health.

It is not irapiobable that this method will be found applicable to other in-

General Notices. 227

sects besides the Scale. "We learn, indeed, from a correspondent that " a
pharmacien of Macon has made use of hot water against some of the insects
that attack the Vine in France, particularly a species of Pyralis, known
under the name of Ver de la Vigne, the ravages of which, in certain depart-
ments, almost exceed belief. After various attempts to destroy it by fumi-
gations with sulphur, corrosive washes, &c., the plan was adopted of at-
tacking the insect in the state of chrysalid in the fissures of the bark where
it lodges, by pouring boiling water over the stocks. This mode of proceed-
ing does not appear to injure the wood, or to impair the vegetative powers
of the plant, for Vines that were so treated gave a much larger produce than
those in the neighborhood where the insect was allowed to remain undis-
turbed." We hope to be able to lay before our readers some details con-
cerning this gentleman's process.

With the Gooseberry Caterpillar, another and very different, but equally
effectual method has been employed for some years by our correspondent
" F. H. S."

" In dry weather, about the end of March or beginning of April, two
men go round the garden with two wheelbarrows, the one full of maiden
soil, the other empty ; the surface soil for 2 inches deep, in a circle of two
feet diameter, is removed from under each bush, and replaced with the
maiden soil, and as soon as the leaves begin to appear, a light covering of quick-
lime and soot is spread on the new soil, lest a few of the eggs might hap-
pen to have been left behind."

The explanation of this is obvious. The young Gooseberry Caiterpillars
(see vol. i. p. 516) or the chrysalids of the Gooseberry Saw-fly {vol. i. p.
548), lie all winter in ground about the roots of the bushes ; in the
beginning of April, they revive or hatch, and immediately climb up to the
leaves. It is therefore obvious, that if the top soil is removed as above recom-
mended, the enemies are carried away from their prey, and having no food
when they are revived or born, perish. We should, however, mix lime
with the old soil when it is removed, for the purpose of killing the chrysa-
lids ; the caterpillars will die of themselves.

Here we have a remedy which cannot fail, because it is dependent upon
the habits of-life of the insects themselves ; and we doubt not that an inge-
nious man of leisure, well acquainted with the facts of insect existence,
vpould devise similar methods of dealing rffcctually with other species which
as yet have baffled human skill. In some measure this has been done in
the case of the Curculios, which ravage our apple trees ; and in France, a
Mr. Blaud has completely overcome the enemies of his Olives, by a pro-
ceeding very like that which " F. H. S." finds so certain with his Goose-
berries and Currants.

The Olive suffers greatly from the ravages of certain moths, whose cater-
pillars attack not only the leaves, but the flower-buds and fruit, and thus
produce incredible mischief. These moths, called Tinea olaella by Fabri-
cius, have been made, it seems, into two genera, by M. Duponchel, who
calls them Elachista and (Ecophora, although they appear to be not even
different species ! There are three broods of them in the year, of wiiich

228 General Notices.

the first is the only one that is unattackable. The others drop to the
ground, creep into some dead leaf or cavity, and there undergo their trans-
formations. It therefore occurred to Mr. Blaud that if, shortly before these
caterpillars drop to the ground, he were to dig a ditch round his Olive trees
the caterpillars would fall into it ; and that then, by throwing back the
earth, he would bury them alive. He tried the method, and found it an-
swer perfectly.

Another Olive-scourge is the Oscinis or Dacus Oka, a little fly, which
deposits its eggs in the Olive fruit, where they hatch and become a grub,
which feeds upon it. These grubs in the autumn crawl forth, descend the
branches, and bury themselves an inch or two below the surface, where
they undergo their transformations and pass the winter. Mr. Blaud buries
them, too, by throwing 18 inches of mould over the soil at the foot of the
Olive trees, and beating it down. Out of this tomb the flies never emerge.

These facts, and twenty others, prove that if we still suffer from the
attacks of our insect enemies, it is the fault of our negligence, or ignorance,
or both, and that a study of the habits of these minute creatures, if its re-
sults are applied by men of skill and judgment, will reduce them, as it has
reduced other living things, entirely under the dominion of Man. — Gard.
Chron., 1847, p. 203.

The Cultivation of the Calceolaria as an Annual. — As the Calceolaria may
be grown as an annual, I shall begin treating of it as one of those plants
that can be sown and flowered the same season. Those who have not got
any seed should get some immediately ; it can now be obtained from any
seedsman, and, as they are plentiful in most parts of the country, and bear
seed freely, the seed can be got cheap. The seedlings, if treated in the
following way, will flower in July, August, and September. The seed
should be sown in a slight heat, not below 55 degrees, nor above 65 de-
grees, because, if higher, the seedlings will draw up long and slender, too
much so to bear handling well ; for they must be transplanted as soon as
they have three or four leaves, and the sooner it can be done the better.
The soil should be loam, leaf-mould, and sand, very fine. As the seed is
very small, it should scarcely be covered with the soil; a little moss put
over the pot until the plants begin to spring, will be quite sufficient, but it
must be removed before the plants can be drawn off with it, as there is
some danger of that sometimes. The soil for the transplanting should be a
little stronger and coarser than what they were sown in. They may be
put in at about one inch apart, each way, for the first planting, and tiien the
largest ones removed as they show themselves, to give both the weaker ones
and themselves more room. They may be potted at once, or they may be
again transplanted into pans or boxes, to save room and pots ; for, by that
time, pots will be in great demand for the many things that are easier plant-
ed out, if previously well established in pots. Meanwhile, the calceola-
rias will be growing on in the boxes, and, if lifted carefully and potted,
just when the first pots are emptied into the flower garden, they will not be
much later in flowering than if they had been potted after the first trans-
planting. The soil should be richer and coarser every time they are shifl-

General Notices. 229

ed, until they are put into six or eight inch pots, where they will flower as
well, and often better, than those obtained at a high price fiom the dealers.
Where the grower does not intend competing at exhibitions, but simply
requires his plants for the decoration of his garden, I would advise him to
adopt this plan, whereby he will be supplied with little more cost than his
trouble ; and this would be comparatively nothing if we take into account
the number of plants he could have for tlie price of the very cheapest plants
he could buy. Besides, he would be likely to obtain far better flowers.
Any person who has been in the hhbit of raising seedlings, knows what an
amount of pleasure he has experienced on seeing a beautiful child of his
own, if I'may use the expression, showing its face for the first time. I am
sure that any person trying this plan will have a hundred flowers out of one
packet of seed, as good as the one flower he could have bought at the same
price. And, whenever the flowers show themselves to be unworthy of
room in the inside, there will always be a place outside, in which any thing
in flower will look better than a blank, or a plant out of flower. Where
there is not much room for w-intering them, none but the very best need be
kept ; the rest, having ripened their seed, may be turned out ; and the pots
may be used for some of the plants in the flower-garden before the frosts
set in. There is no plant I know that is so easily crossed as the calceola-
ria, for the herbaceous and the shrubby kinds cross as readily together as
any of the shrubby or herbaceous ones taken by themselves. The way I
generally do, when I have decided on what two flowers I wish to cross, is
thus : — With a knife I scrape the pollen froin the anther of the one, and
apply it to the stigma of the other with the same instrument, taking care to
have the anthers removed before they burst. Where there is to be more
than one cross effected upon one plant, there will be something needed to
show which flowers are crossed with this or that variety. The best and
most simple method is to use diflJerent colors of thread, tying a distinct color
to each flower, and keeping a'note of the cross in a book ; by this means,
■when the seed is ripe, it is easy to know from what flowers it was obtained.
I recollect, some years ago, just at the beginning of the calceolaria mania,
to have been in the house of a great grower, and his flowers were marked
with thread of different colors ; and I believe he reaped the benefit of his
colors, for he raised some of the best flowers that appeared for some time
after that, and got great prices for them. But every thing of that kind has
its day, and I believe he has now no better flowers than his neighbors. —
{United Gardeners'' Journal, 1817, pp. 97, 98.)

The Cuhivalion of the Dahlia. — The following remarks on the manage-
ment of this fine autumnal flower, are from a Descriptive Catalogue recent-
ly sent us by the author, Mr. Charles Turner, of Chalvey, near Windsor,
one of the most successful cultivators around London. Mr. Turner was
formerly with Mr. Brown, of Slough, well known not only for the superior
specimens of blooms which he has repeatedly exhibited, and taken the highest
prizes, but for the production of many of the finest varieties which have
been raised. We therefore make no apology for the length of his observa-
VOL. XIII. — NO, V. 22

230 Genei'al Notices.

lions, confident that every amateur will find them of the greatest assistance
in the growth of superior flowers : —

" Culture of the Dahlia. — Having been frequently solicited to give the
particulars of my system of cultivating the Dahlia for exhibition, 1 beg to
offer the following directions, as the result of considerable experience, at-
tended with uniform success, from 1834 to the present time. During this
period I have grown the ' King of Autumn ' in four different localities,
and in as many different soils. The ground I occupy at present, differs
materially in its nature, and consists of old black vegetable garden mould,
stiff loam, and sandy or peaty loam.

The finest flowers are produced with less labor and attenticm on the
latter, to which, of course, I give the preference ; and I would recommend
to those beginning the culture of the Dahlia, or others selecting a new piece
of ground, to choose a moist, light part of the soil, for flowers that produce
green, hard centres, and likewise a convenient situation for giving them
plenty of water, as their rapid growth causes them to produce flowers with
perfect centres ; when those floweis that generally come thin after their
first blossoms, should have an open situation and heavy soil, in order to pro-
duce slow growth. The Marquis of Aylesbury, Hudson's Princess Royal,
&c., are suitable to the former; Lady St. Maur, Beauty of Sussex, and
such flowers, to the latter situation.

Planting. — The ground having been well turned, or thrown up in
ridges, during the winter, levelled when in a dry state late in March, or
early in April, and well dug previous to planting, I proceed to mark the
distance ; which should be six feet from row to row, and five feet six in the
rows. This will not be found too much ; as large flowers can never be
produced, if the plants once become drawn.

A few spits of light rich soil, well-mixed in the spot where the plants
are about to be placed, will cause them to take hold, and be established, in
much less time ; and, if the ground is poor, the same quantity of rotten
manure mixed in underneath, will also be of great benefit.

The last week in May, or the first week in June, is the proper time to
commence planting. Select those plants that are short, stout, and fast
swelling ; and avoid thbse that have stood too long in the pots, and have
become stunted in the points, and hard in the leg. If such cannot be avoid-
ed, it would be a saving of time to re-pot, and place them in a brisk heat.
I would recommend, also, that the young plants should be repotted, as soon
as received from the nursery, into four-inch pots, and placed in a cold frame,
free from slugs, and to be kept growing, though slowly, giving all the air
possible in fine weather, so that the stems of the plants may be of a dark
green color, short-jointed, and of a healthy appearance. Green fly should
not be allowed to exist amongst them. By attending to these simple
means, it is easy to lay the foundation of future success, which cannot
be obtained with bad plants.

Stake them at once with one large stake, to be permanent, and secure
the plant with a strong piece of bass, suflBciently loose to allow the stem
to swell. Add two small stakes at right-angles, to which the plant must

General Notices. 231

also be secured ; this will keep it in a firm position during the worst wea-
ther. Add large stakes as the plant advances, and keep the side-branches
secured. In this particular, there is generally some neglect ; by deferring
the tying until it can be done all at once, an unexpected high wind may strip
the plant of half its branches.

I must strongly impress on those who wish to obtain fine large flowers,
the importance of tying the branches " out," not up in a bunch like a wheat-
sheaf, which is too often the case ; as it is essential that the sun and air should
circulate freely through the plant, as well as around it.

Thinning. — Under this head, no definite rule can be laid down. Never
allow the plant to become full of small branches, and then removed at once ;
all superfluous shoots should be cut away as the plant progresses. It is also
injudicious to subject each variety to the same amount of thinning ; for, by
such treatment, as much injury will be done to some kinds as good to others.
Those that are generally too large and coarse must be spared ; when such
varieties as require size only should be thinned considerably. As I before
observed, no precise rule can be laid down ; and nothing but close observa-
tion in this important part will make the operator perfect.

Nearly the same rules apply to disbudding. Those that it is necessary
to reduce in size must be deferred until a later period, which will bring the
flowers more compact, with smaller petals, and better general form. Infor-
mation will be obtained on this part of the subject, by referring to the an-
nexed catalogue, which cannot be given in detail here.

Shading of Blooms. — Here the enthusiast often makes a sad mistake, by
being too anxious, giving himself extra trouble, and, at the same time, spoil-
ing the blooms he so much wishes to preserve, by shading them too long
before they are wanted ; shading out of character many of the light flowers,
and making all tender, and less able to bear a journey, or exposure when put
up for competition. It is requisite to shade some light flowers, and some
of the yellows, earlier than others, in order to produce them clear and dis-
tinct : when, on the other hand, those with slight tips, or marking, must be
deferred ; otherwise, the face of the bloom would be without its character-
istic feature — indistinct blush, instead of the attractive tip or edge.

The time required for shading before a given day when the blooms are
wanted, must, in a great measure, depend on the weather. Four or five
days will be sufficient for an early show, but, as the season advances, ex-
tend the time ; and secure the buds or young blooms likely to be good,
from friction against the neighboring blooms and foliage, by tying them to
stakes or parts of the plant.

There are many kinds of shades in use for protecting the blooms, of vari-
ous degrees of merit. Those I prefer are made of tin, painted white. A
spring in the ferule attached to the side of the shade fixes it at any height
it may be required ; the stalk of the bloom is then crossed, and firmly secured
to the stake, leaving the bloom fixed under the centre of the shade.

Pots, inverted on what are termed tables, are desirable for some varieties.
I do not prefer them for general use ; one great disadvantage being the
time occupied, in fixing the bloom, being double that of the shades above

232 General Notices.

described. Flowers ■with weak foot-stalks are best secured under pots.
Avoid any contrivance that will not admit the air freely.

Those who have grown the Dahlia for exhibition will be fully alive to the
importance of keeping down insects, more particularly the common enemy,
the earwig. Many plans are adopted for this purpose : the most common,
and, perhaps, most effectual, being with small pots half-filled with dry
moss, placed on the stakes that support the plants, and bean-stalks placed
about them, to which they retire. The most active vigilance is necessary,
as they fly from plant to plant ; but, commence early to examine the plant,
and keep them down as much as possible. The surface of the ground
should frequently be moved ; it will require to be forked up between the
plants about five or six weeks after they have been planted. Cleanliness
should be observed in every department, and at every stage of their growth,
or success will be any thing but certain.

Watering. — From constant watering, the soil near the plant will become
baked and hard. It will, therefore, be best to mulch them with partly-
decomposed manure ; this should be done immediately after they have been
forked over, as it will keep the roots nearest the surface moist.

Use soft water, if possible. If not naturally so, pump it, in the morning,
into tubs or tanks, leaving it to the action of the sun and air ; to be used in
the evening. AA'hen the plants have become large, it will be necessary to
give them considerable quantities at a time, instead of frequent waterings;
but this, of course, will depend upon the state of the weather, soil, &c. On
no account neglect giving them a slight sprinkling overhead, through a fine
rose or syringe, in dry weather, after the sun has left them ; as the dew
following this operation, will keep the plants in a wet state until the follow-
ing morning, which will prove a preventive of the thrip, and keep the
earwigs from eating the points of the young shoots, which they often do
before any blooms appear. The color and size of the foliage will also soon
show the beneficial effects of this practice.

Selecting Blooms for Exhibition often puzzles the most experienced grow-
ers,— the dark selfs being so much more numerous and superior in shape
to the light flowers, that, in selecting twenty-four, one or two points often
have to be sacrificed — either shape, or contrast in colors. I recommend that
as much diversity of color should be introduced as possible, with due regard
to shape and perfect centres. Much can be done by arrangement ; yet we
often see stands contain a whole row of flowers of great similarity. At all
times, place deep circular flowers at the four corners ; and select quality
before size. If a bloom is observed to be shaky behind, or inclined to open
in the centre, when packing up your box, it may safely be concluded that
it will not make one of the number required, by the time it is wanted. Dis-
card it at once, and look for the next best of the same sort.

If the blooms are intended to travel a long distance, provide plenty of
young ones in addition.

Never, unnecessarily, handle the blooms. It should be remembered
that all this pains-taking has been to produce them in the highest state of

General Notices. . 233

perfection, to be looked at only. The dead appearance, caused by rough
usage, can never be removed.

Fancy Dahlias are becoming very popular, and deservedly so. The pre-
judice is fast wearing away, that these party-colored flowers could never be
produced of good shape. Every succeeding season has tended to remove
this impression ; and many, in the accompanying list of fancy Dahlias,
would grace a stand of the ordinary varieties.

I should recommend the sam.e treatment for these as the other varieties.
Perhaps they should not be grown quite so strong ; and those known to be
too long in the petal (the prevailing fault at present), should not be disbud-
ded so early as the others ; this will improve the outline of the flower but
reduce it in size, a point, however, of much less importance.

Fancy Dahlias, in a ievf years, will, no doubt, be as extensively culti-
vated as the ordinary varieties, being more showy in the borders, and, with,
improved shape, will be more attractive in stands.

Raising Seedlings is, perhaps, attended with more interest and pleasure
than any other part of the culture of this beautiful flower. Daily watching
the expansion and development of each promising bud is attended with no
little excitement.

Much has been said and written respecting which sorts are best to save
seed from. I will not attempt to instruct, further than give the system
practised by me ; which is, to remove all thin, or otherwise inferior blos-
soms, as they appear ; for the fewer petals there are, the greater the quan-
tity of seed, with little or no chance of its producing a good double flower.
By this, it will be seen, much ultimate trouble will be saved. In small
select collections, there will not be so much to do on this point ; but, in
large collections, there will be many varieties from which it is not desirable
to save seed. This accounts for the number of fine seedlings that have been
produced by amateurs, from small collections ; when many, who annually,
raise thousands, do not produce a good one. It is worthy of remark, that
those seedlings that take the lead and bloom first, seldom, if ever, produce
a flower worth preserving ; these are from the finest seeds and thinnest
blooms ; they vegetate first, and keep ahead all through the season, and
can easily be distinguished by their tall habit, without side-branches ;
whereas the late, small plants, that require nursing to make them bloom
before the frost arrives, generally produce the best flowers; as it is well
known that very few of our best seedlings are ever shown the first season
of their blooming. These are from the smallest seeds, and very double
flowers.

Concluding Remarks. — I am an advocate for changing tlie stock of good
old varieties. Growing them year after year, in the same garden, without
even partly changing the soil, produces the result which may be anticipated :
the flowers degenerate ; and a change becomes necessary.

Keeping the roots and propagating from them being so simple, and now

so generally understood, it would be a waste of time and space to enlarge

on this part here ; but I recommend that pot plants should be preserved of

those varieties as are known to rise badly from the ground, such as the

22*

234 Domestic Notices.

' Duchess of Richmond,' ' Mrs. Shell}',' and several others, which often
decay during the winter.

In taking a retrospective view of the Dahlia fancy, it is pleasing to re-
mark the gradual improvement of this autumnal favorite, up to the present
time. This improvement is annually progressing towards greater perfec-
tion ; for of late years many of the finest varieties have been introduced,
and it is notorious that an established fine seedling at the present time will
command a higher price than at any previous period. To mark the progress
of the Dahlia, the stand that obtained the £20 prize for the best twenty-
four blooms at the Cambridge Dahlia Show, 1840, contained only one
variety that was shown in the first stand, of the same number of blooms, at
the Metropolitan Exhibition, 1846 — a brief period of six years. That vari-
ety was Springfield Rival, a flower of thirteen or fourteen years' standing.
I need not mention that both stands were grown by myself. The former
was considered to be the best that had been produced up to that time, and
the latter was certainly the best twenty-four I had shown during 1846. I
very well remember that, at Cambridge, Unique was what is termed the
" bloom of the exhibition ;" Penelope, Amato, Hope, Conservative, Maid
of Bath; and many other flowers now out of date, were stars in that superior
stand." — (C Turner^s Catalogue, 1847.)

Art. II. Domestic Notices.

The American Agricultural Association of New York city, recently organ-
ized, has issued a circular, giving a programme of the first contemplated
exhibition to be holden in the large room of the Association, No. 501 Broad-
way, on the 19th of the present month, when a liberal number of premiums
will be awarded. We make the following extract from the Circular, in
regard to the objects of the Association : —

" Influenced by such considerations, and conscious that no part of the
world offers greater advantages for the development of horticultural produc-
tions, where the wealth of the community, the facility of access, and the
nature of the climate all combine, if seconded by the zeal of those desirous
of advancing a favorite pursuit, to lead the Association to the most sanguine
hopes of immediate success. Our sister cities of Boston and Philadelphia
have entered upon this field of amicable competition with remarkable advan-
tage, and while, in most respects, their opportunities are inferior, let it not
he said that we cannot even equal them, when we have once appreciated the
benefits of the scheme. Around New York city, the establishments of nur-
serymen and gardeners are more extensive and complete than in any other
part of the country, and their proprietors yield to none in the energy with
which they manage their business, the enterprise with which they obtain
the best productions of foreign soils, or the skill with which they develop
them. If we remember the great number of conservatories, greeDhouses

Domestic Notices. 235

and plant-rooms, which are attached to private dwellings, we cannot fail to
be convinced that united action only is wanting to bring into prominent view
the existing floral wealth amongst us. And the vicinity of the city, with its
sisters of Brooklyn and Williamsburgh, and, hardly more removed, Jersey
City and Newark, with the rivers running to the North and East studded
■with the seats of those devoted to rural pursuits, emulating, in their zeal,
the inhabitants of Stalen and Long Islands, presents a field of horticultural
prosperity certainly unequalled in any part of the United States. Con-
scious, therefore, of sufficient strength, determined to go on, confident of
the support of a people always ready to aid a public enterprise, and trust-
ing that the plan may meet with approbation, the Association submits,
through the Executive Committee, the following scheme of its contemplated
operations."

We are glad to learn that another attempt has been made to organize a
society in New York, for, as the Committee state, ihere is no want of en-
ergy or enterprise, either among the professional cultivators or amateurs
around the city, and united action is only necessary to carry out all they
propose. With such gentlemen as Messrs. Bradish, Frelinghuysen, Len-
ox, Bell and others, as the Executive Committee, and such active mem-
bers as Messrs- Thorburn, Reid, Hogg, Dunlap, Smith, &c., w-e cannot
doubt of success. We shall endeavor to give a brief report of the exhibi-
tion.

Individuals sending plants from a distance are notified that Mr. James
Hogg, 562 Broadway, will take charge of them. — Ed.

Liberal Donation to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. — We are
happy to announce another liberal donation to this institution of $500 by
Josiah Bradlee, Esq., the amount to be added to the permanent fund for
premiums on flowers and fruits. Mr. Bradlee has already presented the
Society with two beautiful China roses, and we are glad to record this addi-
tional act of munificence for the promotion of a science which contributes
so much to the public good. — Ed.

Osage Orange {Macliir^ Aurantiaca). — Messrs. J. F. Dair & Co., of
Cincinnati, have been successful in introducing for sale, from the native
forests of the Far West, a great quantity of the seed of this beautiful tree,
•which we, years ago (Vol. IL p. 9), recommended as a valuable hedge
plant, especially south of New York. Around Boston, it has not been found
hardy, only in some very dry and cool northern exposures. As a general
hedge plant in the latitude of 42° north, it will, we fear, never answer the
expectations of cultivators. But where it stands the winter freely, it makes
one of the most beautiful screens or hedges, its glossy and deep-green foli-
age having all the elegance of the orange tree. Messrs. Hovey & Co. sup-
plied J. P. Cushing, F,sq., of Waiertown, with plants for a hedge in 1839 or
'40, but, notwithstanding every care has been taken with it, it is yet small
and gaps have been made in it from the destructive effects of severe frosts.
To our friends around New York and Philadelphia, we would highly rec-
ommend the osage orange. — Ed.

Exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. — The first public

236 Domestic Notices.

exhibition of the season will take place on Saturday, May 15th, when pre-
miums will be awarded for greenhouse plants, pelargoniums, roses, cac-
tuses, &c. &c. The season has been rather backward, and the day has
been put forward from the 1st to the 15th on this account ; yet we antici-
pate a good display of plants, especially of pelargoniums. — Ed.

Cultivation of the Fig, and new Varieties of the Pear. — By accident. I
did not see the number of your Magazine containing my last communication
and your request for the fig trees, until a very few nights since, when it was
quite late to send the trees, as they are out in small leaf. I will try, how-
ever, to send you some of them later in the season, or, if I cannot, 1 will
send you small trees of all the good kinds we have in cultivation that I can
get. The fig grows readily from cuttings, put out in August, and frequent-
ly bears a few fruit the next spring. Of all the varieties we have, and they
are not very few, the Alicante and Celestial are decidedly the best.
The coming summer, I hope to be able to send you outlines of the most re-
markable. My wife took the outline of one of the first Alicante figs we had
last summer, which I send you herein. It is much longer than usual, but
proportionably narrower in consequence, and probably not of the .largest.
This is the most productive variety I have ever seen, bearing constantly,
from about the middle of July until about the middle of November, when
we usually have our first killing frost. This one was plucked ripe on the
4th June, in the open garden, being one of what is usually called first crop ;
usually, we get only the second and third crops. The true shape of this
fig is more nearly such as my dotted outline, but may be not quite so large,
but little if any smaller.

Since my first communication to you I have considerably increased
my number of varieties of the pear, now numbering 126 varieties,
many of which may fruit this summer for the first time. I received, a
few days ago from Paris, the following varieties, Orpheline d'Enghien,
Tavernier de Boulogne, Colmar d'Aremberg, Belle — , Epine Dumas, Bezi
des Veterans, Bonne d'Ezee (quere Bonne des Zees ■? of you), Beurr6 gris
d'hiver, Nouveau or deLugon, and St. Nicholas. Do you know these varie-
ties and what is their character and reputation, as also of the Bon Chretien
Napoleon, Bonne Ente, (or Anthe) ou Sublime Gamotte, Delices Charles
Van Mons, Beurre des Charneuses, do. de Richelieu, do. de Beaulieu, do.
Moir6, Excellentissima, Louis Philippe, Bezi de Caissoy or Quessoy, do.
Sans pareil, Poire de Passy, Angora ou Belle Angevine, Bon Chretien d'Au-
che, do. de Vernois and Noisette, which 1 received last year 1 Some of this last
list will blossom and probably bear fruit the coming summer, though the
trees (dwarfs) are very small, even for that shape. I have twice received
from Europe the Beurr6 gris and Beurr6 dor6 as different pears, and think
that they are, as both times I have lost them ; the first time, one tree lived
a few years and died of the fire-blight, when 1 was travelling for the sum-
mer, and the last year it came dead, while the true Beurr6 gris is a very
vigorous and flourishing tree. They are considered as different in every
•work on gardening that I have in French. I received, both last year and
this, the Bartlett from Paris, as the Bon Chretien Williams, and not as

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 237

Poire Guillaume, as Mr. Downing says in his first edition of Fruits, dSfc.
I have never before now had the St. Ghislain ; at any rate, no tree sent me
by that name ; therefore, the pear of mine that you allude to cannot well be
that pear. Be it what it may, it certainly was the most delicious pear that I
have ever eaten, but this is not saying a great deal, as I have not tasted many
of the finest. In looking over the catalogue of the nurseryman who sent
me the tree, I see Bezi de Lamotte along with the Chaumontel, de Vaat
and others, and no Doyenne de la Motte. — Yours, R. Chisholm, March 25,
1847.

Growth of Trees in the Southern States. — From your remark upon
the growth of the trees of your correspondent. Dr. Philips, I see that you
have no idea of our climate, where peach trees are in full bloom now,
and blossoms were seen since 14th February. Pear trees, Crassane,
and Messire Jean, are in bloom, and some are putting out leaves, which
may live until next Christmas. I put in two buds of the Beurr6 des
Charneuses last year about this date into one sucker, at the root of the
supposed St. Ghislain, which are, at this time, 4 feet 8, and 6 feet 4 high
above their insertions. The Fire-blight is very rare with me, and I hope
will hereafter be still more so, but I believe is much more common on sandy
soils here, where the pear is grafted upon pear roots. I have set out one
plant of what was given me by a gentleman who imported, direct from you,
I believe, one dozen plants when they sold at $ 5 per dozen, as your Seed-
ling, a pistillate plant, about two miles from here in a straight line, and
equally far from any other plants, except one plant of what was given me
as Keene's seedUng, also pistillate, about half a mile farther off still, to try
whether they will bear fruit. Both are in excellent soils for them. I have
found the Crassane and Bon Chretien d'hiver pears, very sweet cooked
when gathered half-grown, in thinning out the fruit ; and Bailly, in his
Manuel du Jardinier, mentions also the Salviati, Chaumontel, Colmar,
Messire Jean and Echasserie as good either for the table or to cook. My
only little musk apricot tree being about to die last spring, I grafted below
ground, three scions upon roots of peach, and two out of the three lived,
and grew well, say about three feet high, the roots being quite small. I
have just received from Paris the Beun-6 Aurore or Capiaumunt ; Are they
synonymous? I find quinces grow very freely from cuttings put down at
any time during the winter. — Yours respectfully, Robert Chisholm, Beau-
fort, S. C, March 25, 1847.

Art. III. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, April 3d, 1847. — The quarterly stated meeting of the Society
was held to day — the President in the chair.

The President announced to the Society, that he had received, from Josiah
Bradlee, Esq., a check for $500, for the purpose of being added to the per-
manent fund for premiums on flowers and fruits.

238 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

The thanks of the Society were voted to Mr. Bradlee for his very liberal
donation.

The thanks of the Society were voted to Geo. B. Emerson, Esq., for a
copy of his Report on the Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts.

A package of seeds from the Rocky Mountains was received from J. B.
Russell, of Cincinnati, and the thanks of the Society were voted for the
same. The seeds were placed in the hands of the Committee on Flowers
for distribution.

The thanks of the Society were voted to R. Buist, of Philadelphia, for a
copy of his Manual on the Culture of the Rose.

A letter was read from Wm. R. Smith, of Macedon, N. Y., accom-
panied with scions of the Early Joe, and Red Canada Apples, and Swan's
Orange, and Osband's Summer pears. The thanks of the Society were
voted to Mr. Smith, and the scions distributed to a few members.

The XXth Section of the By-Laws was amended by striking out all after
the word " them" in the twenty-second line.

Adjourned one week, to April 10th.

Exhibited. — Flowers : From John Thomas, gardener to J. L. Gardener,
flowers of five varieties of Pelargoniums. From W. B. Richards, two varie-
ties of Crown Imperials and Polyanthus narcissus.

Afril lOth. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-day, — the
President in the chair.

A letter was received from Mr. A. H. Ernst, accompanied with fourteen
varieties of apples, and one variety of the pear, which were laid on the table
for distribution — and the thanks of the Society voted for the same.

Adjourned one week to April 17th.

April mh. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to day, —
the President in the chair.

A box of seed was received from Mrs. Percival, and the thanks of the
Society voted.

Voted, — That the Recording Secretary be requested to give notice through
the public press, of the opening of the Society's Hall for Public Exhibition.

William D. Ticknor was elected a Subscription Member.

Adjourned for one week to April 24.

April 24</t. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-day — the
President in the chair.

No business was transacted at this meeting, and the Society adjourned
for one week to May 1.

Adjourned two weeks, to May 8.

Exhibited. — Flowers : From P. Barnes, a plant of Hybrid perpetual
Duchess of Sutherland Rose, and seedling Verbenas, some of them fine.

Fruit : From J. F. Allen, Black Hamburgh and White Chasselas grapes
— and Black St. Michael figs. From B. V. French, Yellow Newtown
Pippin apples. From S. W. Cole, specimens of apples called the Red
Russet, of fine flavor for the season.

Horticultural Memoranda. 239

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR MAY.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines will now be in full flower in the greenhouse and grapery, and
the temperature should be raised a few degrees, and the house kept rather
closer, especially during cold and windy weather. Discontinue syringing
while they are in blossom. By the middle of the month, the berries will
probably be nearly all set, when more air should be given, and syringing
again commenced : the walks should, however, be well watered every
warm day, in order to create a humid atmosphere. Continue to stop the lat-
erals where they have pushed from a previous stopping, and tie in leading
shoots carefully where the vines have not yet attained their full length.
The border should be carefully forked over, with the addition of some good
manure, and a slight coating of guano. Vines in the open air, of both for-
eign and native kinds, should now be tied up to the trellises, and put in order
for the season. A'^ines in pots, now swelling their fruit, should be liberally
watered with liquid manure.

Raspberry plunlaiions may yet be made with the best success, in conse-
quence of the late backward weather. Dig around old plants, and tie up
the stems to stakes.

Strawberry beds may be made all the month. Old beds should be care-
fully raked, and cleared from all old dead runners, weeds, &c.

Grafting should all be completed this month, if possible.

Pruning should now receive attention ; it is a kind of work which should
be done with deliberation and judgment.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Pelargoniums will be in their greatest perfection this month, and, if they
have been properly managed, quite the showiest plants of a good green-
house collection. If the plants show signs of weakness, give them a little
guano water : see that they are all carefully and neatly tied up, and place
them in a situation where they can have an abundance of light and air, and
be shaded from the sun from 10 till 2 o'clock. Fumigate, if there is a
sign of the green fly.

Camellias will now be making their new growth, and should be liberally
watered at the root, and freely syringed over the foliage ; no plant delights
more in moisture during the growing season than the cameUia.

Azaleas will now need attention, if fine specimen plants are wanted next
season. As soon as they begin to make new shoots, the tops should be
nipped off, in order to make them bushy and compact. If plenty of room,
now is a capital time to encourage them in their growth by a liberal shift
into larger pots. Syringe freely over the foliage.

Gloxinias should now be potted again, if they have been properly man-
aged.

Achimenes will now need another shift, and, if very fine specimens are
wanted, they should be put into shallow pans, thiee plants in each.

240 Horticultural Memoranda.

Hardy Roses should now be pruned, being careful to cut well in, with the
exception of Hybrid Chinas and Bengals. Prairre roses should also have a
portion of the old wood cut out, in order to give place for the new.
Hydrangeas, if wanted for fine specimens, should now be shifted.
Chinese Primrose seeds should be sown this month to make fine plants
for the autumn.

Heaths, Epacrises, and similar plants, should now be propagated from cut-
tings.

Scarlet Geraniums should now be propagated for a stock for next win-
ter.

Verbenas and Petunias of fine sorts may now be propagated by cuttings
for turning out into the border.

Gladioluses, Tigerjiowers, and other spring bulbs, may be set out in the
open border now.

Fuchsias will need another shift now, if fine specimens are wanted. No
plant is more ornamental than this, and, if properly treated, they form the
very finest ornaments for the balcony or verandah, during the months of
July, August, and September.

Pansies, managed as we have directed, should now be planted out in beds
properly prepared.

Dahlias may be put out the latter part of the month, or as soon as all
danger of frost is over. [See the remarks in a previous page of the present
number.]

Carnations and picoiees, wintered in frames, should now be turned out
into beds, where they will bloom better than in pots.

Annual Seeds of all kinds may be sown now in beds, and, after being
properly thinned, they may be put out to fill vacant places in the border.

Daphnes should now be propagated from cuttings of the young wood just
hardened.

Chrysanthemums should now be propagated, either by cuttings or suckers.
Cyclamens done blooming may be removed to a cold frame.
Phloxes should now be taken up, divided and reset, in order to have fine
blooming specimens.

Cactuses, now coming into bloom, should be liberally watered.
Salvias of the several kinds may be planted out the last of the month.
Herbaceous plants of many kinds may be safely transplanted until the mid-
dle of the month, or even later.

Roses in Pots, wanted for early flowering specimens in the autumn, may
now be encouraged to make new wood by a shift into a larger size.

Cape Jasmines may now be easily increased by cuttings placed in a little
bottom heat.

Greenhouse Plants of all kinds may be now propagated before the very
hot weather sets in. Every zealous amateur, or enterprising gardener, will
find an abundance of labor to occupy him this month, which is, in truth,
the busiest of the year. The out-door garden, too, will need every
attention, and to have a succession of showy flowers throughout the season
ahauld be the mala object of every gardener who knows his duty.

THE MAGAZINE

O F

HORTICULTUR

JUNE, 1847.

ORIGINAL COiMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. Guano^ and its Application to Fruit Trees.
By the Editor.

The use of Guano for Horticultural purposes is steadily
gaining friends, and, although much has already appeared in
our pages upon the subject, and numerous pamphlets pub-
lished, there is still, with many, a great prejudice against its
use in any form in gardens. Some allege that it possesses no
virtue ; others, that it is altogether too powerful ; while by far
the greater part of cultivators have not made any experiments
with it, but quietly await the results, after others have failed
or succeeded in their endeavors to introduce so economical
and valuable a fertilizer.

Since the first introduction of Guano, wc have annually
made use of considerable quantities, and tried it upon a vari-
ety of trees, shrubs, plants, flowers, vegetables, &c., and in
no case but with the most marked success, unless we except
some few pot plants, when it was used, through negligence, too
strong. We have an account of an experiment we tried in
laying down an old pasture to grass, the results of which
were so much beyond our expectations that we intend soon
to publish it. For the present, we have only room to oflfer a
few hints on its application to Fruit Trees, this being just the
season for that purpose.

Mr. Teschemacher, whose articles on the use of guano have
occasionally appeared in our pages, formerly recommended its
application in a liquid state, but more recently, in his treatise
on the subject, he has advised its direct application to the
soil, as the insoluble portion contains the chief substance of

VOL. XIII. — ^NO. VI. 23

242 Guano, and its Application to Fruit Trees.

which the seed is composed. Separate from the extra labor
which its appUcation in a liquid state would require, we are
decidedly of opinion that the trees are much more benefited
by its incorporation with the soil, where the roots may find
food as they require it.

The object with all judicious cultivators is to keep the roots
of trees as near the surface of the ground as possible, where
they will more readily receive the benefit of light rains, the
genial warmth of the surface soil, and the action of the air
upon the roots, a subject too often lost sight of, especially in
heavy soils. It is for this reason that, in such soils, we do
not recommend the use of guano alone, but only in connec-
tion with some well decomposed manure, which, acting me-
chanically, by loosening the soil, and rendering it more per-
meable to air, the roots can more readily extend in search of
nourishment.

Reasoning thus, we have applied Guano to our specimen
fruit trees, particularly pears, which are planted on the bor-
ders of the walks, six to eight feet apart, at the rate of a pound to
each tree, (four to six years old,) strewed equally over the width
of the border, and immediately dug in, a thin coat of manure
having been first given. This is done early in June, when
the borders are usually dug.

The results of this single application have been surprising.
The trees have grown with rapidity, making short-jointed
and stocky shoots, and, with a judicious summer-pruning,
ripening perfectly well. A portion of the trees are on the
quince stock, and the others on pear ; but we make no difler-
ence in the application of guano to each.

Our advice, therefore, is, to all who have fine trees which
they are desirous of forwarding ia a vigorous and healthy
manner, to apply guano as we have recommended. On trees
planted the present year, a half pound to each tree will be
ample, spreading it within a circle of three feet from the tree :
to those two years planted, a pound each may be applied ;
and to those older, the quantity may be increased slightly ;
always strewing it on evenly, and digging it in to the depth of
a few inches with the spade.

At a future time, we shall continue an account of our exper-
iments with guano on forest trees, shrubs, grape vines, roses, &c.

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 243

Art. II. Descriptiojis and E?igravings of Select Varieties of
Pears. By the Editor.

In the series of articles which we have, from time to time,
presented to oar readers, describing all the choicest varieties
of pears which have fruited in American collections, we have
generally placed those of native origin together. This arrange-
ment we have thought preferable as long as practicable, in
order to bring them more immediately before amateur culti-
vators, with a view to show their comparative merits, and to
give a better estimate of their number, than if they were indis-
criminately intermixed with foreign kinds. Until the num-
ber of choice native pears is so reduced, as to delay our descrip-
tions, this arrangement will be continued.

67. Swan's Orange. Ge7i. Farmer, Vol VII. p. 25.

Onondtfa Seedling, \ "^ ^°""« collections.

In the winter of 1845, in looking over the Genesee Farmer,
the Horticultural department of which is under the supervis-
ion of our correspondent, Mr. P. Barry, of the Mount Hope
Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y., we were somewhat interested in
an account of a new pear described and figured under this
name. A very high encomium was bestowed upon it ; but we
supposed its merits were overrated, or it would not have been
so long confined to the locality of Rochester without being better
known. Believing it to be either some foreign variety, under
another name, as Mr. Barry expressed his doubts about its
native origin, or only a new fruit of fair quality, we made no
exertions to procure a tree for our collection, and the name,
for the time, was partially forgotten.

In the summer of 1846, our correspondent, J. W. Bissell,
of Rochester, kindly offered to send us specimens of the vari-
ous new or little known fruits of western New York ; and, on
the 10th of October, we received a box containing a variety
of apples and pears, accompanied with the following note : —
" Swan's Orange Pear, sometimes called the Onondaga. The
first scions were brought here, some years since, by L. B.
Swan, from a tree upon the farm of his father in Onondaga

244 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

County. The parent tree is dead, and it cannot now be as-
certained where it originated, and no one knows it except
from this source. It is a rapid grower, and an early and
abundant bearer. We consider it one of our very best pears,
and hope it will please you." On opening the box, we found
six unusually large pears, and we more than ever had
the impression that it must have been overrated, as a pear so
very large and handsome could not, by any possibility, have
been for some years cultivated without its qualities — if so
very superior — being widely and extensively known. As
they appeared rather hard, and not in a state for eating, we
placed them away to ripen.

A fortnight after this, we ate one of the pears, and, to our
great surprise, we found it to possess qualities of the very high-
est excellence — qualities which we had scarcely found in any
pear we had ever tasted. We had just eaten of all the fine
kinds of the season, such as the Belle Lucrative, Flemish
Beauty, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Marie Louise, &c., and when
we state that neither of them came up to the Swan's Orange,
we only state what, in our humble opinion, we believe to be
true. At this time, we had not examined the specimens in
the bottom of the box, which were wrapped up in paper, and
our surprise was still mcreased when we found one of the
pears to weigh upwards of thirteen ounces. Four weeks
elapsed before we ate the last specimen, and, up to that pe-
riod, they remained perfectly sound, without the least appear-
ance of rot at the core. Indeed, we do not hesitate to afiirm
that, if the epithet of the " best pear in the world" belongs to
any variety, it is to the Swan's Orange.

Desirous to give a full account of so remarkable a pear,
whose history appeared to be involved in some obscurity, we
applied to our friend Mr. Bissell to supply it, and, at the
same time, wrote to other correspondents, that we might have
all the particulars ; and we are happy to state that these have
been kindly furnished by E. W, Leavenworth, Esq., of Syr-
acuse, to whom we are indebted for the following account,
under the date of Dec. 26th last, so interesting that we make
no apology for its length : —

" The entire history of the ' Onondaga Seedling' is em-
braced in the following facts, so far as the same has yet

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 245

been traced. Some six or eight years since, and, perhaps, ten,
Deacon Joseph Swan, of Onondaga Hollow — four miles south
of this — had a son living in Rochester. In the fall of the
year, he took from home, and exhibited in Rochester, some
specimens of this pear. It received universal admiration. Ell-
wanger & Barry procured scions from Mr. Swan — grafted into
an old tree or trees — and have the fruit now growing. They
also propagated the tree in their nursery, and called it ' Swan's
Orange,' and ' The Onondaga Seedling.' They have spread
the knowledge of the tree extensively. I have, this season,
undertaken to trace its history. I traced the only trees I
have yet found, being Mr. Swan's single tree, and five owned
by one Killman, to the garden of Henry Case, at Liverpool,
five miles north of here, on the Onondaga Lake. Case left this
country many years since ; but I found him by letter at Gran-
ville, in Ohio. I have a letter from him, received a few weeks
since, in which he says that he cut the graft from which his
original tree grew, on the ground of the father of the late
Fisher Curtiss, Esq., of this town, in Farmington, Conn., in
the Avinter of 1806 ; that, in the spring of 1806, he put the
graft into a small tree, about three miles west of Onondaga
Hill ; and, in 1808, moved the tree to Liverpool, where it died
in 1823. But, in the mean time, it had become a large tree,
and borne fruit, and many grafts had been taken from it; he
particularly remembers Mr. Kill man's. He does not state the
cause of the death of his tree in 1823. Mr. Swan informed
me that his tree came from Case's. Swan's tree is old and
not thrifty — grows in the grass — I presume was never ma-
nured or dug about — and the place is a steep side hill, and
every way unfavorable. There are no young shoots on the
tree, or were none last year. Mr. Killman has one small tree,
and four in bearing about fifteen years old. They are also in
grass, but are thrifty, hardy, excellent growers and bearers —
bear every year, and abundantly. These are the only trees
known here.

" I have not yet attempted to trace the history of the tree
at Farmington, Conn., but if no other person does, I will."

Since the receipt of the above, we have had several letters
from Mr. Leavenworth, but he has been unable to learn
any thing respecting its history in Connecticut, and, though
23*

246 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

we have delayed our description to complete this, we have
also been unable to glean any further account of its origin.

Nothing is more important in pomology than uniformity of
nomenclature. A fruit once named, no alteration should be
made, even upon what might sometimes seem reasonable
grounds. If every individual can re-name a fruit as soon as
he introduces it into his garden, pomologists might give up
at once all attempts to reduce the chaotic confusion, which
already exists, into something like order. The rules which
govern pomological science are precisely the same as those
which have always governed botanical science, and are prob-
ably familiar to most cultivators. A fruit which has been
named by a special vote of a Horticultural Society, and de-
scribed and figured under that name, cannot be changed with-
out violating all these rules; and no author or pomologist who
had the promotion of the science at heart, and not the exhi-
bition of his own dogmatic opinion, would attempt such an
alteration. Such is the case in regard to Swan's Orange. The
Horticultural Society of Rochester, some years since, called it
after Mr. Swan, because he first exhibited specimens of the
fruit, and he was, in fact, the individual who brought it to
notice. From 1806 to 1823, a period of seventeen years, while
it grew in the garden of Mr. Case, we cannot learn that it had
a name, or that any attempt Avas made to disseminate it, or,
from 1823 to 1840, a period of seventeen years more, do we
hear any thing of it : but, no sooner did the younger Mr. Swan
perceive its excellence, than he exhibited the fruit, introduced
it to notice, and gave away the scions to nurserymen that the
trees might be disseminated. Will any individual say that
" Mr. Case's name, if that of any person, should be attached
to it" 1 Certainly not. And again, allowing, for a moment,
that Mr. Swan's name should not be coupled with it, why
should it be called Onondaga, a name, we admit, which we
should like, if it were for the first time applied. Did it origi-
nate in Onondaga county 1 Certainly not. It is a New Eng-
land pear, and grew in that ^^ sandy soil and rude climate
near Hartford" where " many sorts of pears that once flour-
ished well are now feeble, and the fruit often blighted." The
name of Onondaga cannot apply, and, without alluding to Mr.
Barry's description and figure of this variety, the priority of

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 247

introduction to notice is sufficient to establish the name of
Swan's Orange. How stands the case with the Bartlett pear,
which, though an old and well known English variety, is
now called by that name, even in some pomological works, be-

Fig. 19. Swan's Orange.

cause it was first imported into Mr. Bartlett' s garden. Here
we have a foreign pear described and figured in European
works, and yet it is called after the person who first brought
it to notice in this country. Go further back, and see
how foreign pomologists respect priority of name. The Bart-
lett, so called, was raised in Berkshire, in England, by a Mr.
Wheeler, and was first introduced to notice by Mr. Wil-

248 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

liams, a nurseryman at Chiswick, near London, whose grounds
are now in the possession of Mr. Glendening, and where we
saw the old tree in 1844. Yet no cultivator attempted to call
it after the individual who raised it. Mr. Williams brought
it into notice, and, from this circumstance, it received the
name of Wilhams's Bon Chretien.

It only remains for us to add our description to these rather
long preliminary remarks, which have been extended from
the exceeding high merit of the variety, a variety which, we
repeat, must be called the "king of pears." It is no small
credit to our rapid strides in pomology, thus early to be ena-
bled to possess a native variety which fully equals, if not
surpasses, any thing which the accumulated labors of Euro-
pean pomologists for centuries have produced.

Swan's Orange (Jig. 19), in general appearance, somewhat
resembles a large specimen of Williams's Bon Chretien,
having the same uneven surface, but, towards the crown, it
is much broader, and the stem end is nearly always swollen
and raised on one side, so as to throw the stem into an oblique
direction.

The tree, as our correspondent, Mr. Leavenworth, remarks,
is a thrifty, hardy, and excellent grower, and bears fine
crops, even under the ordinary treatment of orchard cul-
ture, in grass land. Messrs. Ellwanger &. Barry inform us
it is a most rapid grower. Whether it will succeed upon the
quince remains to be ascertained, but we shall try it next
autumn. The wood is strong and upright, rather short-joint-
ed, with prominent buds, and of a clear olive shade.

Size, large, about four and a half inches long, and three
and a half in diameter : Form, oblong obovate, little uneven,
and irregular or Bon Chretien shaped, largest in the middle,
narrowing towards the crown, and tapering to the stem, near
which, on one side, it is suddenly contracted : Skin, very fair,
smooth, greenish yellow, but becoming a bright yellow when
mature, leaving a few traces of green, russeted .around the
eye, faintly tinged with blush on the sunny side, and very
regularly covered with small, round, russet specks: Stem,
rather short, about half an inch in length, moderately stout,
crooked, greyish brown, with white specks, slightly fleshy at
the base, curved and obliquely inserted in a very shallow

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 249

contracted cavity, with a swollen lip or projection on one
side : Eye, medium size, closed, and rather deeply sunk in
a large, round, smooth basin ; segments of the calyx broad,
fleshy, and partially reflexed : Flesh, white, fine, very melt-
ing, buttery and juicy : Flavor, rich, sprightly, vinous, and
delicious, with most agreeable and high perfume : Core, small,
very close : Seeds, remarkably small, and very dark. Ripens
in October, and will keep from four to six weeks.

We have only to remark that a figure of it will appear
in an early number of the Fruits of America, from a beauti-
ful painting by our artist, Mr. Sharp.

68. Dallas. Mag. of Hort. Vol. XI. p. 251.

In our volume for 1845, (XI. p. 251), a brief account of
several of Ex-Gov. Edwards's seedling pears appeared from

Fig. 20. Dallas.

his own pen, and, in our last volume, (XII. p. 441), we fig-
ured and described what we thought to be one of the best of

250 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

his numerous seedlings, viz., the Elizabeth. At that time,
we had only made a single trial of them, in the fall of 1845,
but the last season, having the opportunity to taste some of
them again, we found two which appear well deserving of a
place in collections, especially those of any extent. These are
the Dallas and Calhoun — the latter of which, as Mr. Edwards
has stated in his communication above referred to, he consid-
ers " one of his best, as might be known from the name."

The Dallas {fig. 20), is a fair-sized pear, of a russety ap-
pearance, and comes in at a good season, during November
and December, after the great number of early autumn kinds
are past and gone.

Size, medium, about two and a half inches long, and two
and a half in diameter: Form, obovate, regular, full at the
crown, and tapering to the stem : Skin, dull yellow, thickly
interlaced, and, in some places, quite covered, with cinnamon
russet : Stem, medium length, about three quarters of an inch
long, moderately stout, straight, pale brown, and inserted
without any cavity : Eye, large, open, and moderately sunk
in a small, round, slightly wrinkled, basin ; segments of the
calyx medium length, round, stiff: Flesh, yellowish white,
fine, melting, and juicy : Flavor, rich, vinous, and slightly
perfumed : Core, medium size : Seeds, small, pale brown.
Ripe in November, and keeps into December.

69. Calhoun. Ma^. o/ i^or/. Vol. XL p. 251.

The success which has thus far attended the experiments
of pomologists, in raising new varieties from seed, should en-
courage all, who have the time and patience, to persevere in
the laudable effort of adding new kinds to our collections.
Most of the native sorts have a vigor and hardiness which en-
able them to withstand our variable climate, suffering less
from severe frosts, and freer from the attacks of the blight, in
localities where that disastrous malady annually destroys
many trees. No individual who plants an orchard of apples
would think of selecting foreign sorts. The Baldwin, Green-
ing, Russet, Newtown pippin, Bellflower, &c., would be cho-
sen ; and, if our apples are so much superior, why should not
our pears partake of the same character 1 If we may judge
from the Seckel, Dix, Tyson, Swan's Orange, Andrews,

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 251

Lewis, Reid's Seedling, Lawrence, &c., this will undoubtedly
be the case. Gov. Edwards deserves the thanks of all culti-
vators for what he has done in the production of new kinds,

Fig. 21. Calhoun.

and to add three good varieties is an achievement which but
few will be able to accomplish in the same period of time. Our
description of the Calhoun, {Jig. 21), is as follows : —

Size, medium, about two inches long, and two inches in
diameter : Form, roundish, regular, slightly tapering towards
the stem: Skin, fair, smooth, yellow, covered with russet
specks, and traced with russet on the sunny side : Stem,
short, about half an inch, stout, and inserted in a very slight
cavity : Eye, small, closed, and slightly depressed in a very
shallow basin ; segments of the calyx medium length : Flesh,
yellowish white, soft, melting, and juicy : Flavor, rich, per-
fumed, and excellent : Core, medium size : Seeds, large, brown.
Ripe in October and November.

70. McLaughlin, il/a^. o/^or^ Vol. VIIL p. 62.

In the fall of 1831, Gen. Wingate, of Portland, sent to the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society a basket of pears, which

252 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

he stated to be a seedling raised in Scarborough, Me., and the
Committee pronounced it a "very fine fruit." Mr. Manning,
ever eager to add every new and desirable variety to his
collection, procured scions of the pear, with which he grafted
trees that produced fruit in 1841 or '42 : at that time, he gave
a short description of it as above referred to, with the remark
that it was '-'juicy and good."

In the fall of 1846, our correspondent, Mr. Goodale, of Saco,
sent us several specimens of the McLaughlin pear, {fig. 22),

Fig. 22. McLaughlin.

with the following note : " I send you a sample of the McLaugh-
lin pear, thinking it probable you might like to describe it
in your Magazine some time. With us, it is vastly superior
to many usually considered first-rate, — though I do not con-
sider this as strictly first-rate — but it is the best winter pear

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears 253

we have fruited here, usually in eating in December, and
November to February, I think it not improbable that it
may be a cross of the old St. Germain and Brown Beurre."

The pears sent us by Mr. Goodale were of large size, and
proved to be a very excellent fruit, — not quite first-rate, but
well deserving a place in a select collection. Our drawing
was made on the 15th of December, and some of the pears
kept till January, though in a rather warm room. We sub-
sequently wrote to Mr. Goodale for some account of the ori-
gin of this variety, and his statement is as follows : —

As you requested, I give you all the particulars known to
me in regard to the McLaughlin pear. There are some dozen
trees on the McLaughlin farm, about ten miles from here; all
are evidently grafted, some of the older near the ground, the
others in the branches. The widow of the man who planted
them says the scions came from Westbrook, an adjoining
town, but no such pear is known there, that I can ascertain.
It is believed to be a seedling raised in this vicinity. The
fruit, though not strictly first-rate, is usually very good, and,
in favorable seasons, when the trees are not overloaded, little
inferior to any pear of the season ; last of November to Jan-
uary, and they have kept sometimes nearly through Feb-
ruary. The trees grow in grass land, and have received no cul-
ture whatever for many years, and bear well.

Gen. Wingate, in his letter dated October, 1831, states, that
a person in Oxford County, (whose name, he believes, was
Lamb,) many years since, raised a number of pear trees from
seeds, all of which produced, as he understood, inferior fruit,
with the exception of one tree; and, from that tree, the scions
were taken and engrafted by Mr. McLaughlin, of Scarborough.
There is no doubt of its native origin.

Size^ large, about three and a half inches long, and two
and a half in diameter : Form, oblong, tapering slightly
towards the crown, and contracted near the stem, where it
ends obtusely : Skin, fair, slightly rough, of a bright cinna-
mon russet, tinged with brownish red on the sunny side,
showing a few traces of a bright yellow ground on the shad-
ed side : Stem, short, about half an inch in length, rather
stout, swollen at its junction with the tree, little curved, and
obliquely inserted in a shallow cavity on one side of a small

VOL. xin. — NO. VI. 24

254 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

projection : Eye, medium size, open, and moderately sunk in
a rather shallow, uneven, ridged, or puckered basin; seg-
ments of the calyx, broad, short, wavy, and pointed : Flesh,
yellowish, rather coarL>e, melting, and juicy : Flavor, rich, su-
gary, slightly perfumed, and excellent : Core, rather large :
Seeds, large, plump, pointed, light brown. Ripe in Novem-
ber, and keeps till January.

71. Ropes.

Last autumn, our correspondent, Mr. J. F. Allen, of Sa-
lem, presented us with a very handsome pear, much resem-

Fig.n. Hopes.

bling the Seckel, which he proposed to call the Ropes, {fg.
23,) from its having originated in the garden of Mr. Ropes, of
that city, about the year 1833 or 1834. It first produced a
few pears in 1844, but none were eaten until last summer,
(1846,) when it was found to possess very good qualities,
which will undoubtedly improve as the tree attains age and
finer specimens are produced. It resembles the Seckel so
much, that one not well acquainted with the latter would
scarcely detect the difference. The following is our description ;

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

255

Size^ medium, about two and a half inches long, and two
and a half in diameter: Form, obovate, regular, tapering
toward each end, and very obtuse at the stem : Skin^ fair, of a
uniform pale cinnamon russet, slightly tinged with red on the
sunny side : Stem, rather short, about half an inch in length,
stout, dull brown, curved, and rather deeply and obliquely
inserted in a small cavity, swollen on one side : Eije, small,
open, and slightly sunk in a smooth, shallow basin ; segments
of the calyx, round, short, projecting: Flesh, yellowish,
coarse, melting, and juicy : Flavor, sugary and good, with a
rich perfume : Core, small : Seeds, medium size, black. Ripe
in October and November,

72. Pennsylvania. Mag. of Hort. YoLX. i^.2\Z.

Our first knowledge of this pear was from Mr. Manning, in

Fig. 23. Pennsylvania.

the fall of 1843, when he gave us some fine specimens pro-

256 Notice of a New Seedling Apple.

duced in his collection, from which we made a drawing at
that time. Wishing to have another trial of it before giving
a figure and description, we last year had some very fine
specimens from the collection of Mr. Cabot, and we were grat-
ified to find it prove a very excellent pear, — not first-rate. —
but a good-sized, handsome variety, worthy a place in a large
collection, — its productiveness and hardy character giving it
a claim over some of the better, but more delicate foreign sorts.

The Pennsylvania pear is a seedling found on the ground
of Mr. J. B. Smith of Philadelphia, the original tree of which
is stated to be nearly forty feet high, of a pyramidal form,
and remarkably robust habit. Its origin and age are not
known. It received its name from the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society. As an American fruit, it may be ranked
with the Buflum, Gushing. Fulton, — other not strictly first-
rate varieties.

Size^ large, about three inches in length, and three inches
in diameter : Form^ obovate, largest in the middle, lit-
tle swollen on one side, and tapering to the stem, where
it ends obtusely : Sk'w., fair, and slightly rough, dull yellow,
very rnuch russeted, particularly around the crown, with a
ruddy tinge on the surmy side : Stem^ long, about one and a
half inches, stout, straight, wrinkled, brown, slightly fleshy
at the base, and inserted with scarcely any cavity, but with a
swollen projection on one side: Eye, small, closed, and rather
deeply sunk in an uneven, ridged, contracted basin ; segments
of the calyx, short, pointed, stiff": Flesh, yellowish white,
coarse, melting, and juicy : Flavor, rich, sugary, slightly per-
fumed, and good : Core, small : Se^ds, very small, plump,
light brown. Ripe in October, and keeps some lime.

Art. III. Notice of a neiv Seedling Apple. By A. Fahnes-
TOCK, Lancaster, Ohio.

A NEW Seedling Apple has been raised by the Rev. C.
Springer, Meadow Farm, near Zanesville, Ohio, which, on
account of its great productiveness and late keeping, I consid-

Some Account of the Neio Shrub SpircB'a prunifblia. 257

er quite an acquisition, or, at least, very desirable. Mr.
Springer informs me, under date of May 3d, that its season
of maturity is ^out the 10th of March, and tliat it is still im-
proving, and rots the least of any apple he has in his orchard,
(and he has a fine collection.) He also stated to me that it
produced enormously — far beyond any other tree he has. I
will endeavor to forward you scions in the fall, with others
you requested of me.

In relation to your remarks on the American White Winter
Calville, I wrote to the Mr. Mathews, of Coshocton, and he
says it is certainly different from the old White Winter Cal-
ville.

I hope to be able to bring to yournotice some other fruits of
merit, from time to time.

Have you Feast's new Seedling Grape 7 I think it desirable.

Lancaster, Ohio, May 17, 1847.

Our correspondent will find a brief note in a future page
from a friend in Montreal, in which he states that Mr. Fah-
nestock's description of the American White Winter Calville
answers perfectly to the old White Calville, a variety well
known in Canada. — Ed.

Art. IV. Some Account of the Beautiful New Shrub Spiraea
prunifblia, var. fiore plena, with a Drawing of the Same.
Communicated by M. Louis Van Houtte, Belgium.

Some time since, in our article on the Hydrangea japonica,
(p. 122,) we announced the introduction of a new and ele-
gant shrub, called the >S'piroD^a prunifolia, with double flowers,
which was another of the great acquisitions of Dr. Siebold, in
his Japan Expedition. We now have the gratification, through
the kindness of our correspondent, M. Van Houtte, the cele-
brated nurseryman of Ghent, in Belgium, to furnish a draw-
ing of the same, which has been forwarded for this purpose,
together with some account of this charming plant : —

It is difficult to convey an impression of the beauty of this

24*

258 Some Account of the New Shrub Spirm^a prunifblia.

shrub from the specimen represented in the engraving, {jig.
25). Imagine a neat, deep-green, upright bush, covered with
thousands of snow-white flowers, of the size represented, and
as perfect as roses, and some idea may be formed of this new

Fig. ^5. SpircB^a prunifolia.

spiraea. Braving with impunity the severity of our hyperbo-
rean latitude [Belgium], it must be considered one of the great-
est acquisitions for decorating the lawn or parterre.

We do not know the native country of this shrub. M.
Siebold, to whom we are indebted for its introduction, we

Propagation of Stove and Greenhouse Exotics. 259

learn, found it cultivated in the Japan gardens, where it at-
tained the height of six to eight feet. Its native habitat is
supposed to be Corea, or the north of China, and it is some-
times found growing in a wild state in the environs of cities,
but evidently not indigenous.

According to M. M. Zuccarini and Siebold, (^Fl. Japan^) it
forms an upright and bushy shrub, with slender branches,
which are covered with a smooth, ash-colored bark, which,
when old, detaches itself in thin scales. The leaves are oval,
rounded at their base, a little acute at the apex, downy be-
neath, and denticulated at the edge. The flowers, which ap-
pear in clusters of four to six, the entire length of the shoots,
are perfectly snow-white, and perfectly double. In shape,
they resemble the double i^anunculus aconitifolius, and their
number and arrangement, as well as the light green of the
foliage, and neat habit, render it the most charming of hardy
shrubs.

Its cultivation is the same as that of the ^S'pirse^a trilobata,
and other well known kinds ; and it is increased either by
division of the root or by layers. L. V. H.

Mr. Van Houtte has now the whole stock in his possession,
and proposes to sell the plants by subscription the coming
fall, as will be seen by reference to his advertisement. We
trust it will soon find its way into our gardens. — Ed.

Art. V. On the Propagation of Stove and Greenhouse Ex-
otics : in a Series of Letters. By James Kennedy, Gardener
to S. T. Jones, Staten Island, New York.

Letter IT. Propagation by Cuttings.

As my former remarks on the Propagation of Exotics seem
to have met with your approbation, I will continue the arti-
cle in your next number. I believe my last letter treated of
the propagation by seeds, as far as necessary to insure suc-
cess, and therefore I will devote this article to propagation by
cuttings.

260 Propagation of Stove and Greenhouse Exotics.

2. Cuttings. — Most exotics may be increased by this mode ;
many of them by yomig cuttings a little hardened at the base,
some by ripened ones, and a few by means of very yomig
ones. However, when it is desired to propagate any partic-
ular kind, a healthy plant should be chosen for the purpose.
This is not generally borne in mind. Many cultivators select
the shabbiest plant in their collection, without ever consid-
ering that it is to become the parent of many, and nine out of
every ten will be diseased. Indeed few, if any, will ever
make good specimen plants, be they ever so well treated. At
any rate, if the cutting be not healthy, reason will teach us
that it cannot perform the functions necessary to produce'
roots.

If the kind to be propagated from is an inmate of the green-
house, let it be removed to a moist stove about the first of
February, where it will produce its young shoots early, and,
when the shoots are of a sufficient length, say from 1^ to 3
inches, according to the sort, take it back to its own depart-
ment to harden off a little, and get ripened more or less, as
may be required : this, however, must be regulated according
to the sort in question. From the first of February to the
end of May is the best time to increase by cuttings, as then the
plants have ample time to root and be potted off in season to
stand the following winter with success. But the time of taking
off cuttings depends chiefly on the nature of the plant to be
propagated. Heaths, epacrises, phylicas, diosmas, burto-
nias, &c. &c., should be taken off when the plants are in a
growing state, or when they have nearly completed their
growth ; and this is generally in spring, or beginning of sum-
mer. If not naturally in a growing state at this time, it is
easy rendering them so by a slight degree of artificial heat.
Some take their cuttings off in the fall ; but this practice I do
not approve of, as it incurs the expense of artificial heat to
protect them during winter; besides, the absence of light, and
the presence of damp, will more than likely occasion many
deaths ; but, when taken off in spring, the bright days are
coming, solar influence increasing, and, consequently, very
little fuel is consumed ; and, what is of the most consequence,
the plants are full as well established by winter as those put
in in the fall.

Propagation by Cuttings. 261

In some kinds of plants, it is necessary to take lateral shoots,
and these should be slipped off, so as to have with them the
axillary formation of the bud and vessels of the leaf. Of these,
the gnaphalums, helichrysums, burchellias, loganias, da-
viesias, and some banksias, are instances, some of which will
not strike otherwise. The cause of this is, I expect, that the
heel consists of wood, more or less ripened, and is not so likely
to damp off after planting. However, let this not lead the
young propagator to believe that he must have wood of these
sorts thoroughly ripened (such is not the case) : A medium
state is the best and surest. The cuttings of succulent plants,
and, in fact, all fleshy plants, should lie exposed in an airy
place for some time after being severed from their parent,
that their juices may become dried ; for, if put in in a fresh
state, the ends of the cuttings soon turn black and rot, where-
by the expectations of the propagator are frustrated. Of these,
the cactus tribe are instances, as well as the milky tribe, such
as the succulent euphorbias, all of which are full of milky
juices.

The sized pots I have been in the habit of using as prop-
agating pots, are those of five inches diameter, and three
and a half deep. Over the hole in the bottom, I put a large
piece of broken pot or oyster shell, over which I place some
finely broken crocks about the size of peas, and on this I put
a little rough soil or moss, then my compost, composed of two
thirds peat and one third mellow loam, with a little sand to
keep the soil porous, that all superabundant moisture may
freely drain off. With these materials, I fill my pots to with-
in an inch or so of the top, and this inch I fill up with fine
silver sand ; give all a gentle watering with a fine rose wa-
tering pot, when they are ready for my cuttings. If the pot
is well drained, this preparation will answer for most sorts of
cuttings ; the sand on top retains just sufficient moisture for
the well-being of the cuttings, and no more ; and the soil be-
low the sand furnishes nourishment to the roots as soon as
they penetrate through the sand. The shallower cuttings are
planted, if they are well fastened, the sooner and better will
they root, and there is less danger of their rotting or damp-
ing off. From half an inch to an inch and a quarter may be
considered a medium length to be inserted ; for ericas, epa-

262 Propagation of Stove and Greenhouse Exotics.

crises, and all such fine-leaved, delicate kinds should not be
planted any deeper than absolutely necessary ; but there are
other sorts which will require to be planted deeper.

After the cuttings are planted, and well fastened in the pots
of sand, give a slight watering; place the bell-glasses over
them ; and let each be taken to their respective departments,
— the stove kinds to a bark bed with a moist heat, and the
greenhouse kinds to the front shelves in the greenhouse, —
taking care to shade them when the sun is powerful, and to
wipe the bell-glasses dry every morning ; if this is not attend-
ed to, the moisture accumulating on the sides of the glass will
cause the cuttings to turn mouldy, and eventually die off,
even after they have struck root. When the sand appears dry
on top, give sufficient water in the morning to reach the bot-
tom of the sand. From June to October, the greenhouse kinds
may be plunged out of doors in a dry, shaded border, when
any that remain without rooting must be taken to their former
quarters. While plunged out of doors, they should be de-
fended from heavy rains.

The sooner cuttings are potted off, after they are rooted, the
better ; let thumb-pots be used for this purpose, and, when
potted and watered, let them be kept close for a time, till they
get somewhat established, being careful that they are shaded
regularly when necessary : if any of them are drawn up
weakly, let their tops be pinched off, which will encourage
them to push strong and bushy. Those of the stove kinds
not struck must remain in the bark bed, and not be removed
till rooted. Geraniums, verbenas, &c., may be struck in a
warm border any time during the summer ; but when a large
stock is required, the best time is September. There is an
erroneous opinion entertained by many gardeners that a plant
can only be preserved for a few years by cuttings, and that it
is only by such that a plant can be raised so as to be propa-
gated successively for ages. For my part, if I get a plant to
strike root and thrive, I would not have any dread of losing
it afterwards.

Staten Island, N. Y., May 20, 1847.

Mr. Kennedy's article will be continued in our next num-
ber. It is unnecessary for us to say that his letters show him
to be a perfect master of his professsion. — Ed.

TJie Greenhouse and Conservatory in Summer. 263

Art. VI. The Greenhouse and Conservatory in Summer.
By the Editor.

A GREENHOUSE OT Conservatory in our northern clime — where,
for about eight months of the year, nearly all tender plants
require protection from frosts — is a necessary appendage to
every garden of any extent — or, we might say, to almost
every dwelling ; — for it is near to, or immediately adjoining,
the house, that the conservatory should always be constructed.
Separate from the interest which winter flowering plants alone
create, it is necessary to the beauty and brilliancy of every
summer garden to have a place where great quantities of
showy plants can be brought forward for decorating the bor-
der and parterre throughout the summer.

Every one admires the beauty of a well-kept collection of
greenhouse plants. Whether we view it in autumn, when stud-
ded with that showy flower, the chrysanthemum, — in winter,
when gay with the beautiful camellia, — or, in spring, when the
many-hued roses breathe their delicious odor, and the exquisite
tints of the pelargonium dazzle the eye, — it is always the same
delightful place. Secure from the heavy storms and wintry
blasts, the floral treasures of all climes are ever before us, in-
teresting us in their growth, and delighting in their variety and
aspect.

But of all places the most dreary, — the greenhouse, as
usually managed in summer. — is the most so. No sooner
does June — "rosy June" — arrive, than the plants are all
tumbled out of the house as if they had no right to be there;
all their former brilliancy and beauty is forgotten ; and, with,
perhaps, the exception of the camellias, are huddled into
some out-of-the-way place, — or under the shade of some old
tree, where they remain all summer, — sometimes wet and
sometimes dry, — as if they were so many cumberers of the
ground. Mr. Repton, in his Landscape Gardening, speaks
of the greenhouse as "generally a deserted and unsightly ob-
ject," and alludes to one which he constructed in such a style
that it might be turned into a pavilion, in summer, in order to
avoid this dreary aspect ! It is true, at the time he wrote,
that our gardens were not enriched with the variety of plants

264 The Greenhouse and Conservatory in Sn7nmer.

which the researches of botanists have brought to notice, and
inany of which are so pecuharly adapted for summer orna-
ments of the greenhouse. The gorgeous Japan UHes, the bril-
liant achimenes, the superb fuchsias, and the elegant tribe of
gloxinias and gesneras, then mostly unknown, will alone enrich
and render the greenhouse as attractive in summer as at any
other season of the year.

Desirous that our amateur friends should enjoy the treat
which has been of so much gratification to us, we have ven-
tured to devote a page or two to a recapitulation of some of
the plants, which will enable them to attain the desired object.
We do not intend to enter into a full account of the growth
and management of the plants, leaving that to another oppor-
tunity, but merely to give a full list of such as we have, for
two or three years, cultivated in the greenhouse throughout
the summer months, or the interval from June to September,
when it usually presents only a "beggarly account of empty
benches."

JAPAN LILIES.

The Japan lilies are, par excellence, the gems of the sum-
mer ornaments of the greenhouse. Perfectly hardy though
they may prove to be, the entire success which attends their
cultivation in pots, — aside from the delicate tints of some,
as well as the gorgeousnes3 of others, which would scarcely
withstand exposure to the winds and storms, — will always
render them the most prominent objects of attraction. No de-
scription of them would be adequate to their merits, and, to be
fully appreciated, they must be seen in flower. There are
several species and varieties ; but those which are especially
splendid are the following : — lancifolium dlbum, 1. punctatum,
1. roseum, and 1. rubrum ; testaceum and Brownu. They
commence blooming the latter part of June, and continue in
flower till September.

ACHIMENES.

Next to the lilies should, perhaps, be ranked this beautiful
family, though some might dispute its claim over the Gloxin-
ias. There are about a dozen species and varieties, though
we have only cultivated nine, as follows : — A. longiflora,

The Greenhouse and Conservatory in Summer. 265

grandiflora, rosea, hirsuta, coccinea, pedunculata, oblonga,
(Niphoe^a oblonga,) picta, and patens, the last one yet very-
rare : picta is, perhaps, the most attractive of the whole, as its
flowers are not only very splendid, but the leaves are of a
very velvety texture, and richly marked with dark-colored
bands, presenting a fine contrast with the yellow and scarlet
spotted flowers. They commence flowering in April, and con-
tinue till October ; of the easiest cultivation in very light soil,
composed of leaf mould and heath soil. Three or more plants,
placed in a small pan ten or twelve inches wide, make a fine
show when in full bloom.

GLOXINIAS.

"One of the principal ornaments of our greenhouses," says
a Belgian writer, in describing a new variety of this tribe,
'•during the summer season, is the gloxinia in all its delight-
ful species and hybrid varieties, whose brilliant flowers are
admired for a long space of time, and among which are
blue, violet, white, and rose, with their rich and velvety
tints, and shining with a lustre inimitable. What would
be our greenhouses without this plant? Grouped together
in quantities, and in company with their allies, the achi-
menes, gesneras, &c., what a variety of form and colors !
What flowers ! What a splendid sight !" To any one who
has seen a good collection, well grown, this apparently imag-
inative statement does not convey the reality. We may in-
deed exclaim. What colors ! — What brilliancy and beauty !
We write after just having seen some magnificent specimens
which are already covered with flowers.

Since the process of hybridization has been applied to this
tribe, some remarkably elegant varieties have been produced,
the handsomest of which in our collection is the Cartoni, a per-
fect gem. In Belgium, some still more striking varieties have
been produced, one of which is a deep red with distinct stripes
of blue, — a combination of colors rarely seen in flowers. Of
the many kinds already introduced, the following are the
best: — Rubra, speciosa, alba maxima, macrophy'lla varieg^ta,
insignis, bicolor, Cartoni, and Celestial.

Their cultivation is very simple. The bulbs should be

VOL. XIII. — NO. VL 25

266 The Greenhouse and Conservatory in Summer.

potted in April or May, and placed in a hotbed or very warm
part of the greenhouse to give them a start, and, when root-
ed, they may l)e shifted into large pots, and placed upon the
stage for the season. From October to March, they may be
kept in any dry place, the pots turned down on their sides.
Peat, leaf-mouldj and sand is the proper compost.

GESNERAS.

The Gesneras are all very beautiful plants, and some of the re-
cent additions to the tribe possess remarkably brilliant flow-
ers as well as the richest foliage. Of this character are ze-
brinaand Gerardid;ra. One, the tubiflora, is highly fragrant,
and a single raceme of its showy flowers will perfume the green-
house. The best are G. rubra, zebrina, splendens, Cooperii,
Gerardidwa, and tubiflora : culture and treatment the same as
for Gloxinias.

FUCHSIAS.

The Fuchsia, in its numerous hybrid varieties, is one of
the most valuable ornaments of the greenhouse, the balcony,
the verandah, or the parterre. In either situation, it always
shows to good advantage, and, when the specimens are well
grown, their profusion of flowers renders them the most at-
tractive objects. We have already said so much in favor
of the fuchsia, and given such an account of the fine speci-
mens we saw in English collections, that it is unnecessary to
again repeat it. We may, however, say a word in favor of
some varieties which we have found to bear the heat better
than others, and which are, therefore, more desirable. These
are. Defiance, Salter's 40 and Salter's 41, Chauvieru, Ex-
pansa, New Globe, E'ppsii, and Queen Victoria (Smith's).

HIBISCUSES.

The Chinese hibiscuses are the most gaudy objects in sum-
mer, and, when the plants are large, and bloom freely, they
add much to the effect of a well-arranged house. The plants
should not be too numerous, but scattered here and there ;
their large and showy flowers are always admired. There
Hre four varieties, the scarlet, yellow, salmon, and rose.

The Greenhouse and Conservatory in Sionjner. 267

They require good-sized pots, and, in winter, they may be
stored under the stage, or in a dry cellar.

MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS.

Veronica specisba. — A brilliant and beautiful object, flow-
ering from June to August, and singularly elegant from its
heads of rich, violet flowers, and smooth, shining, fleshy foli-
age.

Hydrangea japonica. — This new and fine species, which
we have already given a fall account of, v/ith an engraving
(p. 123), is a rich addition in the early part of the summer. Its
heads of blue and white flowers attract universal admiration.

Thimberg'm chrysops. — A climbing plant of peculiar beauty.
Rather shy in blooming, but v/ell repaying for all the care to
bring it into a flowering state. This is done by encouraging
the plants to grow freely early in the season, and then to com-
mence stopping the shoots as soon as they attain the length of
three or four inches. In this way, we have succeeded in pro-
ducing a fine display of flowers. Its cserulean petals, with a
golden eye, are charmingly beautiful.

Passiflbra. frctgrans. — A highly fragrant species, v^nth very
beautiful flowers, and blooming freely, if trained up to a neat
trellis. It should be in every good collection.

Campaaula grandis. — A very showy plant, attaining the
height of five or six feet when well grown; and clothed with
flowers from the pot up. We have already fully described
this, and given an article on its treatment, (XII. p. 346).

Lis'ianlhiis Russeliiknus is also a very fine plant, though
rather difficult to manage well : when grown in perfection, its
numerous deep-blue flowers contribute much to the beauty of
the greenhouse.

Our list could be easily extended with other plants, many
of which are already familiar to cultivators. We have no
space to enumerate more at this time ; but, at another oppor-
tunity, we shall name several new kinds which have just
been introduced, and which are stated to be fine objects as
snmmer and fall flowering plants.

268 Hovey^s Fniils of America.

REVIEWS.

Art. I. The F?mits of America, containing a Selection of
all the choicest varieties cultivated in the United Stales.
By C. M. HovEY, Editor of the Magazine of Horticulture.
In Octavo and Quarto Ps'os. every alternate month ; with
four splendid colored plates, and eight pages of letter-press.
Boston. 1847.

After the appearance of the prospectus to this work, which
all our readers, who are interested in fruits, have probably no-
ticed, it is not necessary that we should recapitulate the ob-
jects for which it was published. Suffice it to say, that sucFi
a work has been long needed, and is, in truth, necessary to
extricate us from the confusion which exists in all collections
of fruits.

We have for some years contemplated a work of this kind,
and have been collecting, from all the sources in Europe, as
well as at home, every variety of fruit, with a view to form a
collection which would enable us to study the habits and char-
acteristics of the trees; to detect errors and identify kinds ;
and draw up a truthful description of every desirable fruit.
As a cultivator, Ave have long felt the want of this ; convinced,
as we have been, that a greater part of the errors, and the con-
fusion and disappointment attendant thereon, might have
been, in a great measure, prevented, could we have had re-
course to such a publication. In a country covering such a
vast extent of surface and passing through as many hands
as fruits usually do before they reach every state and territo-
ry, it could not otherwise than be expected that some mis-
takes would be made, even with all the care of the most care-
ful cultivator : but when we recollect that a great many deal-
ers in trees are not nurserymen, and have but little acquaint-
ance with trees, these errors are constantly increasing; and,
without resorting to original descriptions, and actual represen-
tations of the wood, foliage, and fruit, there is no way to rec-
tify, with certainty, these errors.

Preparatory to the issuing of such a work, we neglected no
opportunity to gather all the materials to render it valuabl e

Hovci/s Fruits of America. 269

and permanent — a standard for onr nomenclature. Our tour
to Europe was undertaken with this in view ; and our visits
to all the most extensive nurseries, and to the garden of the
London Horticultural Society, the Jardin des Plantes and the
Luxembourg garden, of Paris, were for the main object of
making ourselves acquainted with certain fruits which, for
years, have been cultivated under erroneous names, and erro-
neously described in our treatises on Pomology.

Premature descriptions of fruits only tend to perplexity and
confusion : such has been the effect of too many of our works
on fruit. The late Mr. Manning, after the experience of
a quarter of a cerdury^ only began to describe the fruits which
he had proved and identified during that time ; and the Lon-
don Horticultural Society, with all the means at their com-
mand, described bat a few additional fruits in their Catalogue
for 1842, pubhshed ten years after their previous edi-
tion of 1832, — and this is what gives it its chief value. Fruits
so change, with soil, locality, and treatment, that neither one
nor two years will enable any individual to judge with accu-
racy of their true character.

Long impressed with these ideas, we have been in no haste
to give the results of our investigations ; but, trusting to a due
appreciation of our efforts, undertaken with a view to accu-
racy, we have issued the first number of a Avork which, we
hope, will supply the desideratum so long wanted. Of its
merits, we shall leave cultivators to decide.

Of some of the peculiar features of the work, we may be
permitted to speok. The first of these are portraits of trees
of such kinds as are at all peculiar in their habit of growth, —
for instance, the pear and apple. No pomological work has
ever attempted this.

Mr. Loudon, in his great work, the Arboretum Britanni-
cum, has shown how important such portraits are, in identi-
fying ornamental trees and shrubs : but how much more val-
uable must they be, when brought to the aid of pomologists,
to enable them to detect synonyms and identify varieties !

A second feature is, the outline engravings, with the text.

These will enable the cultivator, after comparing specimens of

fruit with the colored plate, to test them further by an outline ;

on some thin paper the form may be traced off, and t.ien the

25*

270 Johnso7i's Dictionary of Modern Gardening.

pear cut in halves, laid down upon the drawing, and exam-
ined.

We need not say, how important are the representations of
the wood and foliage. Professor Agassiz, a friend informs
us, has made a collection of many kinds of our forest trees,
hy the wood alone ; and, if we are correctly informed, he sta-
ted that botanists should rely more upon the wood than the
sexual formation of the flower.

Our artist is too well known to need our praise ; but the
specimens show that the art of chromo-lithography produces
a far more beautifnl and correct representation than that of
the ordinary lithograph, washed in color, in the usual way.
Indeed, the plates have the richness of actual paintings,
which could not be executed for ten times the value of a sin-
gle copy.

It will be the object of the work to figure and describe all
the rare and choice varieties of fruits, both new and old^ which
may deserve a place in any select collection. The first num-
ber contains the Beurre d'Aremberg, Glout Morceau, and Van
Mons Leon le Clerc pears, and the Baldwin apple. No. 2
will contain the Vicompte de Spoelberch, Winter Nelis, and
Sieulle pears, and the Northern Spy apple.

Art. II, A Dictionary of Modern Gardening. By George
William Johnson, Esq., Fellow of the Horticultural Soci-
ety of India, &c : with One Hundred and Eighty Wood
Ciils. Edited, with numerous Additions, by David Lan-
dreth, of Philadelphia. 1 Vol. 12mo. pp. 635. Philadel-
phia, 1847.

The eagerness of our cultivators for Horticultural informa-
tion has induced the republication of several English works,
with annotations and additions, and they are about as numer-
ous as those of American authors. This, however, is to be
expected in a country yet in its infancy in Horticultural and
Pomological science. With due allowance for variation of
climate, English works may be made applicable and useful
to every cultivator, and, until our own practice and experi-

Johnsofi^s Dictionary of Modern Gardening. 271

ence shall have become more extensive, they must be the
source from whence we must draw largely for information in
every department of gardening. Of the best of recent publi-
cations of a general nature, that of Mr. Johnson holds a conspic-
uous place, containing, as it does, a great amount of informa-
tion in a small volume, and placed within the means of every
cultivator who cannot afford the expensive Encyclopaedias of
Loudon.

The American edition now before us has been under the
editorial supervision of Mr. D. Landreth, of Philadelphia, and,
in its arrangement, the usual style has been laid aside. The
preface of the American publishers informs us that '•' the ordi-
nary form in cases of a reprint, with additions and explan-
atory notes, has been departed from in the present instance,
with a desire to preserve the book from the awkward aspect
which it would necessarily present if every addition by the
American editor had been included within brackets, or print-
ed in varied type."

They also inform us that "this edition has been greatly
altered from the original. Many articles of little interest to
Americans have been curtailed, or wholly omitted, and much
new matter, with numerous illustrations, added : yet the pres-
ent editor freely admits, and has desired the publishers freely
to state, that he has only followed in the path so admirably
marked out by Mr. Johnson, to whom the chief merit of the
work belongs."

We must' willingly admit that a book whose every page is
marred with a profusion of brackets, or a varied type, to des-
ignate the editor's notes, has our especial dislike ; and, if we
can know just what the original writer slates, and avoid this
it is a great improvement in the republication of foreign works.
Without having time to compare this with the Enghsh copy
we notice that, on all important subjects, the editor informs
us how far he has followed the original.

The arrangement is alphabetical, and one of the most im-
portant as well as earliest subjects is the apple. Here we
have apparently nothing of the English edition, as the editor
copies a list of apples from the catalogue of Messrs. Landreth
& Fulton, with the remark that they are believed to be emi-
nently worthy of culture. The descriptions of several vari-

272 Johnson^ s Dictionary of Modern Gardening.

eties follow, accompanied with outline engravings of seven-
teen kinds.

The Baldwin is among these, and the editor states, "though
nearly confined to New England, it ought to be an apple of
the world. It has few superiors, and is above average qual-
ity in all respects : few taste it without admiration."

The descriptive list of cherries is illustrated with engrav-
ings of eight of the best varieties.

The following biographical sketch, probably by the Amer-
ican editor, will interest many of our readers, and afford a
spechnen of the writer's style :—

" LANDRETH, David, was a native of England, the son of a farmer of
Berwick upon Tweed. Early in life, his aUeniion was attracted by plants
and flowers, and, yielding to his fondness for them, and impulses which
they only who love nature can fully appreciate, he determmed to adopt gar-
denino- as a profession. At that day, the art was less widely and ardently
pursued than at the present, and the sources of information, and consequent
means of improvement, were limited. Then publications on the subject
were not, as now, of almost daily issue. Periodicals on gardening and
rural affairs were unknown ; and, save the works of Miller, there was
scarcely one for reference. Since then. Horticulture has assumed its right-
ful place as a delightful, if not a fine art, cherished and pursued by the in-
tellectual and refined.

The subject of this sketch, after having availed himself of the usual rou-
tine of practice in the neighb irhood of his birth-place, as a mean most
likely to promote his views, and extend his knowledge of the more approved
rules of the profession which he had espoused, removed to the vicinity of
London. Here he profited by an observance of the operations in the exten-
sive nursery establishments and pleasure grounds around the metropolis;
and having prepared himself for the efficient practice of his art, embarked
for America. The hostilities between the mother country and her colo-
nies, then existing, prevented his sailing for a middle port, and he accord-
ingly took passage for Quebec, where he resided for three years. On the
conclusion of the war, his longing desire to remove to a southern point, and
climate more genial to his pursuit, could now be gratified ; and, in the au-
tumn of 1784, he arrived in Philadelphia, the spot towards which his eye
had been unwaveringly directed — but why, he has been heard to say, he
could not tell. There, all were strangers, \^'ithin its wide extent, there
did not live a solitary being with whom he could claim acquaintance, much
less friendship. How many have since followed from their father-land,
and found peaceful and happy homes !

With a pocket but scantily supplied, and winter approaching, when but
little employment in his line could be expected, he availed himself of a

Johnson^ s Dictionary of Modern Gardening. 273

temporary engagement. It was not long, however, ere his qualifications
and correct deportment secured the favoiable notice of Robert Morris, the
distinguished revolutionary patriot, in whose employment he entered, and
continued for several years, and with whose regard he was honored until
the close of Mr. Morris' eventful life.

Mr. L., on relinquishing the employment of Mr. Morris, was enabled to car-
ry out his long-cherished and original design of establishing himself as a Nurs-
eryman ; and shortly thereafter laid the foundation of what has been known
throughout the I'nion, for more than half a century, as the " Landreth
Nurseries." He ultimately associated with himself a younger brother,
Cuthbert, who had followed him to America, and their united efforts ena-
bled them successfully to conduct what was then considered an extensive
business. A scrupulous regard to what was due to others secured respect
and moderate competency.

To the brothers Landreth, Philadelphia is, in a degree, indebted for the
early development of horticultural taste, and in the facilities which they
afforded for its gratification, the whole Union has participated. Their pro-
ductiwns, ornamental and useful, have been distributed far and wide. Spec-
imens of fruits a[id flowers from their grounds exist in almost every town
and hamlet in the country. The earliest collection of Camellias in Amer-
ica was made by them, and their importations of valuable plants and fruits
were e.xtensive. Their collection of indigenous plants, obtained through
the agency and friendship of traveling collectors, and local correspondents,
was, perhaps, the largest of its day, if wc except the magnificent one of the
Bartram Botanic Garden.

How vast have been the enlargement of horticultural taste, and the means
of gratifying it since Mr. Landreth first embarked in his floral enterprise !
Then a green-house, or, as it was popularly termed, a " glass-house," was
an object of amazement, and a simple rose, exhibited in a window budding
and blooming " out of season," attracted a wondering crowd. Now a res-
idence in town or country is scarcely considered perfect which does not em-
brace at least a room prepared for the preservation of plants ; and the thou-
sands who throng the exhibitions of our Horticultural Society evince the
extent of interest on the subject.

The temperate and regular habits of Mr. Landreth promoted health, and
protracted life beyond the ordinary term. In manners, he was plain and
unobtrusive ; his temperament ardent, actively sympathizing with the afflict-
ed, or warming with indignation at oppression. His fondness for plants in-
creased with age, and, though their culture was the source of his support,
he loved them for themselves alone. ' Trade' was, with him, an adjunct
to the gratification of a refined enjoyment. Never did painter look upon
his canvas, in glorious enthusiasm for his art, with an eye more abstracted
from the lucre which his pencil brought, than did David Landreth in the
contemplation of his floral family. A beautiful plant, a noble tree, or a
landscape decorated by the hands of nature or of man, were to him objects
of the purest pleasure. After an active and well-spent life, and with an
enviable reputation, he died on the 22d August, 1836, aged 84." — pp. 337,
338.

274 Johnsoji's Dictionaiy of Modem Gaidenin^.

The interest which is now extending in the cultivation of
the pear has probably induced the American editor to add as
much information as possible : and fifteen engravings of the
best kinds accompany the descriptions, some of which are
quite new. The latter are called the Haddington and Moy-
amensing, both of which originated on the farm of J. B.
Smith, near Haddington, Philadelphia. Both of these have
been described, in a letter to the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, by Dr. Brinkle, of Philadelphia ; but, as we have not
found time to insert them before, we copy them here : —

" Haddington, {Smithes.) We have, by the merest chance, this excel-
lent addition to our stock of winter pears. Mr. J. B. Smith, when on his
farm, near Haddington, Philadelphia County, in 1828, reared, from the seed
of the pound pear, a number of young plants for slocks. This one acci-
dentally remained unworked, and, on Mr. Sniiiirs removal to the city, was
brought by him and planted in his garden, where it now stands, singularly
erect, and with iew horizontal branches. It comes into use in December,
and keeps through winter. The skin is green ; when ripe, slightly yellow
on the sunny side, and marked by minute russet dots or specks. The tex-
ture of the fruit varies — some are quite melting, others incline to break; it
never cracks, bears abundantly, and we conceive it quite an acquisition to
our winter pears."

" MovAMiiNsiNG, (Smith's Early Buller.) This is supposed to be a na-
tive. It stands in the garden of Mr. J. B. Smith, I'hiladelphia ; is thirty
feet high, open in growth, and uniformly sheds its leaves early in August.
The fruit vary in shape : some are roundish, others obovate ; color, a uni-
form light yellow. Stem, an inch long — in some specimens set in ashallow
basin ; in others rising from the crown, with a fleshy and enlarged base.
Calyx rather prominent, in a shallow plaited cup. Ripe from middle July
to close of August. The texture is buttery — so much like a Beurr6 as to
have received the above synonym. It is a desirable variety." — pp. 432, 433.

The Strawberry is treated of at length ; and, after quoting
from the English copy, the American editor makes the follow-
ing remarks: —

" The American reader, though he will find much which will instruct in
the culture of this delicious fruit, will perceive there is loo much detail and
tedious labor."

" Many of the varieties named in the preceding article are comparatively
unknown in this country, and others have been tested, and found wanting.
Our American seedlings have, on the whole, given most satisfaction, and are
most reliable ; whilst the efforts now being made to produce varieties prom-
ise, from the success already attained, to give all that could be desired." —
p. 571.

Johnson^ s Dictionary of Modern Gardening. 27 o

The editor has shown his good judgment in describing only-
four or five varieties, as there are, in fact, less than that num-
ber of superior kinds. Two only are figured ; namely, Hovey's
seedling and the Gushing, a variety raised by Dr. Brinkle, of
Philadelphia. It is gratifying to us to know that our seedling
has proved so excellent everywhere. The editor states that
" too much cannot be said in its praise." The editor has also
the correct opinion of its character ; and adopts our conclu.
sion, that it will not bear withoui being in the neighborhood
of staminate kinds.

Ross's Phoenix^ which has been so highly praised by some
individuals, has, so far, proved imworthy of cultivation in the
neighborhood of Philadelphia. Such has been the experience
around Boston ; and its growth is now nearly given up. We
never yet saw so small a quantity as one quart of the Ross's
Phoenix, although it has been grown about Boston these six
years. Like the Swanstone seedling, the vines nearly all burn
up in summer, and what few remain are quite killed by the
winter. Experience thus shows the fallacy of cultivating
every new variety of strawberry because it is a seedling, and
also the importance of giving a new variety a trial of more
than one year before it is propagated and sold as superior to
all others.

The Cashing is stated to be V'"!ry large, high-flavored, and
productive : we shall speak of it after we have given it a tri-
al. A plant was exhibited before the Pennsylvania Horticul-
tural Society, in 1846, with ticenty-six fine berries on it. Mr.
Breck, who, in company with Mr. Haggerston and other cul-
tivators, visited our garden last summer, to inspect a large
bed of the Seedling and the Boston Pine, counted one hundred
and forty -three berries on a single plant of the latter. W'e are ea-
ger to possess a variety which will excel this in productiveness.

In conclusion, we can commend the American edition for
considerable originality, and for its adaptation to the wants of
a large class of cultivators. The volume treats upon every
subject which comes within the province of the garden. A
full monthly calendar is given ; and, with the various classes
of plants which are treated upon, a list of all the most select
and choice varieties. It is printed in a small, neat type, and
is embellished with a number of engravings.

276 Journal of the Horticultural Society of London.

Art. III. The Journal of the Horticnllnral Society of Lon-
don. In Quarterly Numbers 8vo. Eighty pages each.

We some time since announced the publication of this Jour-
nal, which commences a new series, in a cheap octavo form;
the old and expensive quarto having been discontinued, after
running the society deeply into debt. This series commenced
on the 1st of January 1847, and one volume complete, and
parts 1 and 2 of the second, have been issued. We have al-
ready given several extracts from the first A^olume, but very
little has yet appeared which could be considered of much in-
terest to a majority of our readers. The papers have been
long, and some of them rather dry, — more theoretical than
practical, — as a majority of the communications have been,
and ever will be. The magazines of the day, appearing as
they do weekly or monthly, are the sources to which the cul-
tivator looks for information, and the source through which
the practical man prefers to communicate with his professional
brethren.

The chief value of the Journal of the Society is the publi-
cation of its own transactions, which interest a very large
number of fellows who look to it for an account of what is
doing in the Society's Garden, — for descriptions of all the new
plants, trees, shrubs, fruits, vegetables, &c., which are intro-
duced through the Society's Botanical collectors and corre-
spondents— for the details of Experiments carried on in the
garden — and for scientific discussions in the various branches
of Horticulture.

Among the scientific papers, one of the most valuable is an
essay on " Hybridization amongst Vegetables," by the Hon.
and Rev. Mr. Herbert, which fills a larger part of two numbers
of the work. The Rev. author arrives at the following con-
clusions relative to the specific diflerence of plants : —

"When the generic characters, as ultimately stated by Enlicher, of
Pisum, the pea and Vicia, to which the bean beU)ngs, are carefully com-
pared, it will appear that, except a little prolongation and straighter posi-
tion of the flower, which, in some other races, would be immaterial, the
only fixed feature of difference is the asserted roundness of the seed in pea,
audits lateral compression in the vetch and bean, a feature which, if the
fact were undeniable, is insignificant in many other genera. If the pea,

Journal of the Horticultural Society of London. 277

vetch, and erect bean have sprung from one type, and are convertible, to
what result does that fact lead us ? Can we maintain a multiplicity of cre-
ated roses, cistuses, potentillas, cornflags, and irises, in the face of that
fact? Are we not forced thereby to the points, which I urged above thirty
years ago, that the genera are the substantial divisions in botany ; that the
asserted difference between the species and local varieties of botanists has
no firm basis ; and that it is a matter deserving grave consideration, whether
even a multitude of established genera are not variations from fewer origi-
nal kinds, of which the real limitation maybe found in a higher position
amongst tribes, classes, or orders? And, if that point be established; as I
humbly think it must be in the vegetable kingdom, upon what footing will
the species and vaiieties of zoologists stand, when the analogies between
plants and animals are fully considered, which it is not my province, and
which I do not pretend to have sufficient depth of knowledge, to investigate?"
—p. 103.

In our early vohimes, (T. 11. and III), we gave two cap-
ital articles on the cultivation of asparagus, which is rarely
seen in good perfection. As many of our present readers may
not possess those volumes, we extract the substance of a paper
on its culture, as detailed in the first part of Vol. II. : —

"In selecting the ground for permanent beds, choose a piece free from
trees, and sloping to the south, if possible. I should prefer a strong sandy
loam of the depth of three feet; if not naturally so deep, make it that depth
artificially. Take out a trench two feet six inches wide and three feet deep,
laying one third of the soil on the vacant ground where you commence, and
carrying the other to the place where you intend to finish. Suppose the
trench to be now taken out, and the ground ready for trenching, lay over the
whole surface six inches in depth of dung from old hotbeds, shaking it well
with a fork. Turn in the first spit and crumb with a full-length spade into
the bottom of the trench, mixing the dung and soil thoroughly together with
a fork ; then throw on the other soil, until the second trench is the same
depth as the first ; and so proceed until you come to the last trench, into
which throw half the earth taken back, and add dung equal to that for the
first spit, mixing it and the soil well together with a fork, as before. Now
that the ground has been once trenched over, and the bottom spit thorough-
ly mixed, tread the whole surface, and again lay on it about six inches in
depth of dung, shaking it well as before. Then proceed to trench the
ground back, leaving the bottom spit that has been mixed with manure un-
molested. Proceed as before : after the first spit and crumb have been
turned in, mix the dung and soil well together with a fork, which will be
two thirds of the trench mixed, throwing on the top the remainder of the
earth unmixed with dung, until you come to the first spit that has been
mixed, and so continue until the ground has been all trenched a second
time ; then throw in the earth laid out at the commencement of the trench-
ing, adding dung equal to that for the spit just thrown in, and well mixing

VOL. Xni. — NO. VI. ^

278 Journal of the Horticultnral Society of London.

it with the soil. There will now be an opening at the top, and one third of
the earth left at the bottom. Tread the whole surface over, and again lay
on six inches in depth of dung, forking it up the hill, and keeping the same
opening. The whole mass of ear;h and dung will then be tlioroughly
mixed from bottom to top, and the opening will take the remainder of the
earth thrown out of the first trench.

The work should be done in dry (not frosty) weather — say, in October.
The ground being thus prepared, throw it up in rough spits, one spade deep,
to be pulverized by the frost against planting time.

My time of planting is, when I observe the plants to have grown about
an inch above the ground in the seed-bed, choosing a dry day when the
soil will work freely. After having marked out my beds four feet in width,
and having allowed two feet for the alleys, I strain a garden line or each
side, and, as before mentioned, with a rake draw the soil equally off the bed
into the alleys about two inches and a half deep. I then strain the line ex-
actly through the middle of the bed, and, with the point of a dibble, make
light marks one foot six inches apart. That being done, I then strain the
lines nine inciies from the margins of the bed, being a distance of one foot
three inches from the middle row to the outside ones. These I mark in the
same way as I did the middle one ; but so that the plants will not be oppo-
site each other. Every thing being now ready, plants are obtained from
the seed-bed, selecting the finest, and exposing them as little as possible to
sun and air. I place one plant over each mark made in the bed, spreading
the roots out as regularly as possible on the surface, and laying, as I pro-
ceed, a little soil with the hand from the alleys on the plants, in order to
fix them in their places. The bed being planted, I strain the lines on the
outside, and, with a spade, throw the soil from the alleys over the crowns,
covering thein about an inch and a half, but not deeper. If any burned veg-
etable matter can be obtained from the rubbish heap, I shotild recommend
coating the beds over about half an inch in depth with it, after they have been
planted. In autumn, when the stalks are ripe, cut them down close, and
clean off the beds, taking care not to disturb the soil, the crowns being so
near the surface. Make a mixture of equal parts rotten dung and burned
garden rubbish, and coat the beds with it three inches in thickness, just
covering it with soil from the alleys. In this state, allow them to remain
during winter, and, early in March, run it through with a fork down to the
level of the bed when covered.

1 have cut a few heads the second year afler planting ; but in the third
year one half the fine asparagus that comes up may be cut without injuring
the plants. The fourth year, the beds are in fine bearing condition ; and
when in this state, my method is, to keep every thing cut, both large and
small, up to the first or second week in June, with the exception of the
heads selected for producing seed. After this time, I allow the whole to
take its natural growth, and I find my beds to continue for years in a good
bearing slate. Some of them were made ten years ago, and I have cut
finer asparagus from them this season than I did three years back. And I

General Notices. 279

must mention, further, that I have not put a barrow-load of dung on them
for four years. In the summer months, I keep the rubbish of the garden
burning, preserving the ashes dry until autumn ; and as soon as the aspara-
gus is fit to cut down, I take off half the soil above the crowns with a fork,
laying it on the alleys. I then put on three inches in thickness of burned
rubbish, running it through with a fork as near the crowns as possible with-
out injuring them. I then take a portion of the soil that has been removed,
and cover the beds with it, allowing it to remain on them tlirough the win-
ter. Early in March, I mix the whole well together with a fork, and rake
the beds otF regularly, watering with manure-water once a week through
the growing season, if required.

1 have grown a crop of turnips or lettuces on my beds every year since
they were planted ; but I do not recommend the plan, if sufficient ground
can be had for these crops in other parts of the garden." — pp. 39, 40, 41.

Mr. Meek, the champion of Polraaise heating, has a long arti-
cle on the subject ; but the success of the system has been con-
fined to so few, that we shall not enter into a discussion of it
till we have more evidence of its general application.

Under our head of Floricultural Notices, we shall mention
all the new plants of interest which are described in the Jour-
nal.

Art. IV. A Brief Compend of American Agriculture. By
R. L. Allen. 12mo. pp. 437. 2d Edition. New York.

1847.

At page 487, (Vol. XII.) we noticed this work, and we are
happy to learn that a second edition has already been called
for, — the best evidence of its value. We again recommend it
to the attention of every friend of Agricultural Improvement.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Scarlet Pelarfronium'! for Winter Blooming Plants. — The Huntsman and
General Tom Thumb scarlet geraniums, deserve more attention than is
generally paid them, as winter blooming plants. There are few persons

.280 General Notices.

who will not admit, that they form objects of great beauty for the green-
house or conservatory, during the dark and dreary months of winter ; and
they are plants of such easy cultivation, that 1 am surprised we so seldom
see them in bloom in the winter time. I have seen them in bloom from
September till the return of Spring, by ihe plan of taking off cuttings
about this time, or selecting some of the best dwarf plants, from the store
pots, and potting or striking them in sixties, in good rich soil ; as soon as
ihey are rooted, they can be finally shifted into twenty-fours ; then plunged
over the rims of the pots in the open borders, or in beds of ashes. They
will require little or no attention till taken up, except to top the shoots occa-
sionally, and to pinch off the blooms till the plants attain a moderate size,
"which will be about the end of August or beginning of September. In
October, before the frost comes, they must be taken up, the pots washed
and cleaned, and then they must be at once removed to the greenhouse or
conservatory. They wi'.l be in full bloom, and a supply will come on in
rotation. The little trouble that is occasioned will be amply compensated
by a brilliant display of rich scarlet blooming throughout the winter. ( United
Gardeners'' Journal, 1847, p. 241.)

Root Pruning Trees. — Some three or four years ago, when the sub-
ject of root-pruning was first discussed, we felt much interested in the
subject, and republished an article by our correspondent, Mr. Rivers, of the
Sawbridgevvorth Nurseries, England, showing the benefiis and advantages
of the system. We also practically satisfied ourselves that the plan was
an important one to every cultivator, enabling him to bring trees into bear-
ing, when all other means had failed. But some of our amateurs and pro-
fessional men have not been convinced of its utility, and even our friend,
Mr. Ernst, in a recent article, (p. 57,) views the system " as a sort of
horticultural heresy, calculated to do much mischief," which " will have
its day, and then be permitted to slumber among the errors of the times."
To all who entertain such impressions, we invite their attention to the fol-
lowing remarks ; and when they have proved them by experiment, as we
have, to be correct, we doubt not it .will be generally adojited where it is
desired to grow a variety of trees in a small space, and speedily bring them
into fruit. — Ed.

As I was one of the first who called your attention to the root-pruning of
pear trees, for the purpose of making them bear early, I was glad to find,
on a visit to Sawbridgeworth Nursery the other day, that Mr. Rivers has
carried out, with the most complete success, his management of the pear,
so as to produce early fcuitfulness, and yet the most vigorous and healthy
growth. I should say that you will scarcely find one tree in a hundred of
his vast nursery of pears, (covering, I cannot recollect how many acres,)
which is not covered with bloom. The trees are three to four feet high,
trained conically, and, with few exceptions, all grafted on quince stocks.
In addition to the dwarfing effect of this slock, he finds many of the best
kinds of pears, which are worthless on pear stocks, produce excellently
flavored fruit on the quince. There are, however, some kinds which he
finds it impossible to cultivate on this stock, and therefore, in order to avail

General Notices. 281

himself of the advantages of the stock, he first grafts on it a common pear,
and then grafts or buds the reluctant or refractory variety on the pear ; and
by this mode of double working, he procures a good bearing tree, with all
the advantage of the quince root. Five years ago, I had small pear trees,
with bloom buds in November, which bore a good crop in the following
year ; and any one who had laid in a stock of these little conical trees last
autumn, might have this season had an orchard of pears in full bearing,
always presuming that we do not have such a May to destroy our fruit as
we had last season. It is astonishing what a collection of these trees may
be contained in a small space ; from five to six feet apart, in rows running
north and south, is quite space sufficient. I feel satisfied that not half suffi-
cient attention is paid to this fruit for our desserts ; a very little care, and a
judicious selection of sorts, would ensure them daily from the end of July
till May. 1 found two sorts in Mr. Rivers' fruit house, both in excellent
Older — the Fortune, an admirable pear, and the Ne plus Meuris, and I dare
say these will be equally good a month hence. I think he told me he had
nearly 900 kinds, of course very many of which are worthless, but there
are many which he has not yet proved; and again, although his grounds
affijrd a great variety of soil and aspect, yet as it is known that climate,
aspect, and soil have a strong influence on the excellence of the fruit, we
are still in want of information from your various correspondents on this
subject. There are many kinds which produce finer looking fruit on walls,
which, however, are much surpassed in flavor by the smaller fruits, as on
espaliers or on conical shaped standards. I have adopted a suggestion of
Mr. Rivers, in planting a conical trained standard near the wall between
my peach trees, and find the fruit of the tender varieties better flavored than
what is grown against the wall ; and these trees take up little or no wall.
Mr. Rivers finds the trees grafted on quince stocks flourish better when the
whole of the stock is covered with earth (he grafting at about six inches
from the ground) as the stock is apt to get hard and hidebound, especially
when the graft is of a kind of vigorous growth. He has planted several
on mounds of earth, tonguing the stock to encourage the throwing out of
small roots, and he proposes in the autumn to replant them, cutting away
the bottom strong roots, and then obtaining little else than a mass of fine
fibrous roots for the support of his tree, which will make fruitfulness cer-
tain. When this matter was first discussed, that is, a systematic course of
root-pruning, for we all admitted that it was occasionally done before, the
objectors cried out that no good fruit would be produced ; that the fruit like
the trees would be stunted and vviihout flavor and gritty. I can report that
the fruit on my root-pruned trees has been finer than that produced on old
trees which were left in their natural stale ; but these pruned trees must be
duly attended to, manured, and must be mulched in a dry summer. — (Gard.
Chron. p. 253.)

Culture of the Chinese Primrose. — In pot culture, two difl^erent methods

may be pursued. When the object is to obtain a number and succession of

plants, three or four sowings should be made from the beginning of July to

the end of September. As soon as the seedlmgs have formed two proper

26*

282 General Notices.

leaves, they may be potted in small thumbs, and afterwards progressively
shifted till they are in pots of the required size : four and six-inch ] ots will
generally be found large enough. The soil proper for them consists of one-
half sandy loam, the other half leaf-soil, or leaf-soil and peat. The seeds
may be raised in a slight hotbed, where the plants may remain until they
are establisiied in their first shift ; they must then be removed to a cold
frame, open day and night, and covered with glass only during violent rain.
On the approach of frost, they may be removed to a cool, airy part of the
greenhouse, as near as possible to the glass, as, without abundance of light
and air, the flower-stems will be drawn, and the colors will be dim. They
require, at all times, an abundant supply of water, and, therefore, the pots
should be well drained to ensure a due circulation ; for few plants are more
impatient of stagnant water about their roots. Some recommend the plants
being placed a little deeper in the pot at each shifting, but that is a bad
practice, being calculated to cause them to damp ofl^ at the neck. In this
way, a succession of flowering plants may be maintained from November to
May ; those with the largest flowers and finest colors only should be re-
served for seed ; the others may be destroyed as soon as their beauty is
past. I anticipate that we shall, by and by, have spotted and variegated
varieties: perhaps, by impregnating the white and pink with each other,
something of the kind may be produced. Those intended for seed should
be placed in a drier atmosphere and higher temperature than ihe green-
house affords.

In the cultivation of large specimens, either of the single or double vari-
eties, healthy young plants may be selected in the beginning of August, in
four-inch pots, with their roots just appearing at the outside of tlieball:
they may at once be transferred to pots a foot in diameter, prepared in the
most careful manner ; they should have not less than two inches of large
crocks in the bottom, then a thin layer of fine pieces, which should be cov-
ered with the fibres of turf or ])eat ; the soil may be the same as before rec-
ommended, but the loam should be in large turfy pieces, and mixed with a
third part of crocks and pieces of charcoal ; the whole should be carefully
placed in the pots, and mixed with pure but sharp sand in such a manner
that veins of it may run right through the mass; the soil ought not to be
pressed into the pots, but merely slightly shaken, and the pot beat on the
potting-bench. The plants should have been well watered a short time
previous to potting, and will not require a further supply for two or three
days. They may be placed on a gentle hotbed until they begin to grow,
but must not be allowed to remain longer than a week, when they must be
removed to a cold frame, and elevated upon inverted pots until their leaves
are on a level with the edges of the frame. Air must be increased grad-
ually for a few days ; afterwards, the lights may be taken off for two or
three hours, morning and evening, and during the middle of the day, and
at night, tilted upon the side opposite the quarter from whence the wind
blows. A slight shower in the morning or evening will be of benefit to
them, but not more than will sufliice to wet the leaves ; nor must heavy rain
be allowed to fall upon them ; for a thunder shower of very short duration

General Notices. 283

would counteract the effect of all previous care. During bripht weather,
slight syringings morning and evening may be given immediately before
putting on the lights. They should not be too frequently watered, but,
when water is given, it should be in such quantity as will thoroughly pen-
etrate the soil, and run out at the bottoms of the pots. The soil in the pots
should be maintained in a condition to admit a free circulation both of air
and water, so that, when water is given, it may quickly disappear from the
surface, and make its way through the mass. They may remain in the
frames until the weather becomes too cold for them, when they must be
removed to the greenhouse or conservatory. — {Gard. and Land Steward^ s
Journal, 1847, p. 241 )

Thin^dng Annual Plants. — At this season, those who cultivate annual
flowering plants must be on the alert to afford a timely thinning, for, if
left in the crowded state in which they are sure to spring up, they will pre-
vent each other from attaining any ihing like an average degree of perfec-
tion. Much of the necessity of this operation may be obviated by sowing
the seeds moderately thin in the fir?t instance ; but, as in all cases it is nec-
essary to deposit more seeds than can be permitted to remain, if they vege-
tate, there will be many plants to remove. If they are of rare or valuable
species, they may be carefully taken up and transplanted into another part
of the garden : if they happen to be of those kinds which are not required
for such purpose, they should be pulled up, with reference only to the safety
of those which are intended to be left. The number of plants which should
be permitted to remain in a patch will vary according to the habits of the
species ; thus a large vigorous growing plant, of good habit, should stand
as a single plant, whilst any of a more straggling growth, two or three
should be retained, and those sufficiently near each other to form an outline
of perfect unity, but not so as to appear crowded. In the case of less vig-
orous growing plants, about three plants should be retained ; prostrate plants
must be regulated by a similar rule, according to the multiplicity or pau-
city of their branches. In taking up the plants which are removed, care
must be used that those remaining are not injured by the operation ; and,
that this may be the result, it should be do"e at as early a period as possi-
ble, that is, as soon as a few leaves are perfected. After thinning, more
than ordinary diligence must be used to prevent injury from the depreda-
tions of snails, slugs, &c. ; lime, from its caustic properties, is, perhaps,
the best preventive, as it is not at all injurious to the plants when applied
in moderation. The staking of the kinds of upright habit should also
be attended to at an early period, and those of suitable habits should be
pegged down to the soil, and will thus form very pleasing masses. — (/rf.
p. 255.)

Pol Culture of the Vine. — From long experience, I have proved the fol-
lowing method of cultivating Vines in pots to answer most admirably. The
Black Hamburfjh is, perhaps, the best kind f .r pot-culture ; but 1 have also
found the While Frontignan and Musque Fronlignan (H) to succeed well ;
the latter sets its fruit best in the coolest part of the house. 1 prefer buds
from old spurs to any other. About the middle of January , the prunings are

284 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

introduced into heat, to forward the buds previous to potting, and in the first
week in February the buds are prepared in the usual way. I insert one
only in a four-inch pot, just covering the wood ; I use leaf-mould finely
sifted, mixed with a small portion of silver sand. The pots are then
plunged half their depth into a bottom heat of about 70° ; if the young
vines receive due attention, they will require a shift in the middle of April
into eight-inch pots, using a mixture of well rotted cow-dung, leaf-mould,
and strong 1 lam, in equal proportions. 1 then again subject them to bottom
heat, until the roots fairly show that another shift is wanted, which is the
final one. I employ at this shift fifteen-inch pots, and use a soil composed
of three parts strong loam, and the other part cow-dung. I train near the
glass, with a view to ripen the wood effectually, and pay strict attention to
stopping the laterals, preserving the main branch to the length of eight
feet. I always allow one foot in addition to the bearing wood, in case of a
bud starting at the top, which it often does when the vines are luxuriant.
During the growing stage of the vines in the fruiting-pots, I apply liquid
manure once a week, made from cow-dung, and when the shoots exhibit a
tinge of brown, I pick out the laterals with my finger and thumb, retaining
the leaves, and two or three laterals at the extremity. When the wood is
fully matured, water is gradually withheld, and the vines pruned to the
required length and stored away in a dry shed exposed to the north winds ;
there they remain until they are required for forcing. A week previously
to introducing them into heat, the plants receive a thorough watering with
clear liquid manure in a tepid state. Treated as above described, they
fruit most abundantly ; the number of good-sized bunches I manage gener-
ally to bring to perfection, is from ten to fifteen on each vine. I may men-
tion that I moss the stems for about a foot and a half in height from the
surface of the pots ; the stems root freely into the moss by keeping it con-
tinually moist. When the fruit is swelling, I supply the plants liberally
with the liquid manure above mentioned, and, in addition, I apply guano-
water once in eight days, in the proportion of about a pound of guano to a
gallon of water; by this application I have proved that three or four pounds
of fruit may be brought to perfection on a vine. The pots are placed in
pans on a flue, and trained near the glass. — ( Gard. Chron. p. 253.)

Art. II. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, May 1, 1847. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held
to-day, — the President in the chair.

The committee appointed for fixing the days of the annual exhibition,
reported that they had decided upon Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday,
the 22d, 23d, and 24th days of September next ; anj the report was ac-
cepted.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 285

The following members were elected : — Jonathan Chapman, C. H.Mills,
A. W. Thaxter, Thomas Lamb, J. E. Thayer, J. W. Blodgett, Isaac
Babbitt, T. P. Gushing, and 0. Everett, Jr., Boston; Joseph Murray,
Med ford.

Adjourned two weeks, to May 15th.

Exhibited. — Fruit : Mr. J. F. Allen, of Salem, made a very rich display
of grapes fortheearliness of the season — his collection containing just twelve
kinds, of which the following are the names: — Early Black July, Miller's
Bergundy, Early White of the French, and Pitmaston white cluster, (these
four are the earliest grapes, and the Pitmaston the earliest and the best of
these,) Zinfindal, Ferral, Black Hamburg, White Chasselas, C'hasselas de
Bar Sur Aube, Aleppo, White and Grizzly Frontignan ; also. Black Figs,
of St. Michael. From S. Needham, cucumbers, well grown. From O.
N. Towne, a brace of cucumbers. From J. F. Allen, tomatoes.

Maij I5th. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-day, — the
President in the chair.

A letter was read from Prof. Gray, accompanied with a copy of his
Flora Boreala Americana, and a copy of Mr. Ward's Treatise on the
Groiulh of Plants in closely glazed cases. The thanks of the Society were
voted.

A copy of the Transactions of the Worcester County Horticultural So-
ciety was received from George Jacques, of Worcester, and the thanks of
the Society were voted.

Exhibited. — Floweks : From the President of the Society, a fine display
of greenhouse plants of various kinds, among which were Azalea variegiita,
A. nudiflora ornata, (a hardy variety,) and twenty seedling azaleas, some of
them fine striped varieties ; thirty seedling calceolarias ; seedling cinerarias
and petunias, and a variety of roses, including the Persian yellow, Madame
Angehna, Paul Joseph, «Sic. ; also, cut flowers of camellias, including two
new seedlings. From T. Willott, gardener to J. A. Lowell, a variety of
plants, among which were the iVep6nthes distillatoria or pitcher plant, and a
splendid specimen of Russ611ia ^'lincea. From N. Stetson, South Bridge-
water, a fine plant of Cylisus racemosus and Madam Desprez rose.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., six plants of new and splendid pelargoniums,
as follows : — Beck's Aurora, Rosy Circle, Isabella, Zanzummin, and Desde-
mona and Chandler's Celestial ; nothing could excel the beauty of Mr.
Beck's seedlings. From W. Quant, 12 pelargoniums of various kinds,
seedling cinerarias, six fuchsias, a superb specimen of Stephanotus flori-
bundus, and a variety of pot plants and cut flowers. From J, Thomas,
gardener to J. L. Gardener, seedling verbenas, and a variety of cut flowers.
Front J. L. L. F. Warren, 26 species and varieties of cactuses and bou-
quets. Bouquets and flowers were also contributed by T. Needham, James
Nugent, J. Hovey, J. W. Mandell, W. B. Richards, A. C. Fernald,
A. Bowditch, and J. Breck & Co.

Premiums were awarded as follows : —

Pelargoniums, Class II. — For the best 6 plants, to W. Quant, ^.
For the second best 6 plants, to W. Mellar, $i.

286 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Fuchsias. — For the best six varieties, to William Quant, $6.
Cinerarias. — For the best six varieties, to W. Quant, $3.
Various sorts of Greenhouse Plants. — For the best twelve plants,
to W. Quant, #8.
For the second best twelve plants, to A. Bowditch, S5.
Cut Flowers. — For the best display, to W. Quant, 03.

For the second best, to J. Nugent, $2.
Gratuities. — To M. P. Wilder, for a display of greenhouse plants, $8.
For the same, to Thos. Willott, $5.
To Henry Reed, for Cytisus racemosus, $3.
May 22. Exhibiled. — Flowers : From the President of the Society,
twelve seedling calceolarias, some of them very beautiful ; cut flowers of
seedling camellias, one of which appears to possess good properties, and
other varieties ; Tea, Princesse Adelaide, and Solfitaire roses, the former
quite rare ; also, Bourbon and Perpetual roses, and hardy azaleas, (forced.)
From R. M. Copeland, fine hyacinths. From W. Quant, a splendid plant
of Stephanotus floribiindus, cinerarias, geraniums, &c. From J. Thomas,
six handsome verbenas, also a fine show of sweet peas, pelargoniums, cal-
ceolarias, &c.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., beautiful seedling pansies. From T. Need-
ham, cut flowers of verbenas, cinerarias, abutilons, &c. From Joseph
Breck & Co., hyacinths in great variety ; fine varieties of Phlox subulata ;
white swan and other double varieties of the Polyanthus, with a great va-
riety of other perennial flowers of the season. From Mrs. L. Spalding, a
fine pant of C^reus ext6nsis, in full bloom. From J. L. L. F. Warren,
Burch^lla specidsa, a new and rare species ; also, Callistemon spl6ndens,
bouquets, &c. Bouquets and cut flowers, from A. Bowditch, J. VV. Man-
dell, and S. R. Johnson.

The award of premiums was as follows : —

Plants. — For the best six pot plants, to W. Quant, a premium of $2.

To A. Bowditch, for the second best, a premium of #1.
Bouquets. — For the best mantel bouquet, to A. Bowditch, $2.
For the second best, to W. Quant, $1.
For the best hand bouquets, to A. Bowditch, $2.
For the second best, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $1.
Gratuities — To Wm. Quant, for a splendid plant of Stephan6tus flori-
biindus, S5.
To R. M. Copeland, for a very fine display of hyacinths, $3.
Fruits. — Mr. Allen again made another fine display of his grapes, viz:
Ferral, Black Hamburg, Zmandal, early Black July, Grizzly Frontignan,
Pitmasion white cluster, and white Chasselas ; also, black and white figs
of St. Michael, Azores. The Pitmaston white cluster is a small round
berry, and, when fully ripe, of a fine amber color; it will ripen in from
tea to twenty days less time than the Chasselas or Sweetwater. It is a
very desirable variety.
Vegetables. — From W. Quant, fine asparagus.

Horticultural Memoranda. 287

May 29. Exhibited . — Flowers : From Messrs. Winship a fine display of
flowering shrubs, such as spiraeas, azaleas, Pyrus japonica, Wistaria, &c.
&c. From J. Thomas, plants of verbenas, Tropaeolum minor, seedling
calceolaria and Pelargonium Matilda. From Joseph Breck & Co., 200
fine tulips, a beautiful new aquilegia, (A. secunda,) Jberis Tenoreana, va-
riegated mountain ash, and other shrubs and flowers.

From Messrs. Hovey &. Co., very fine seedling pansies. From E. Wins-
low, beautiful tulips. From A. Aspinwall, a fine display of roses. From
P. Barnes, a fine plant of Azalea Gledslan^su, seedling verbenas, &c.
From J. L. L. F. Warren, £uph6rbm splt^ndens, Justicfa carnea and caly-
tricha, double white and purple Chinese primroses ; a variety of rhododen-
drons and other flowers. Bouquets and cut flowers, from W. B. Richards,
E. Wight, James Nugent, A. Bowditch, P. Ivory, W. Mellar, E. M.
Richards, Miss Russell, S. Walker, and others.

Premiums were awarded as follows : —

Plants. — For the best six plants, to J. Thomas, f2.
For the second best, to J. L. L. F. Warren, SI.

Tulips. — For the best 30 distinct varieties, to Joseph Breck & Co. $8.
For the second best 30 varieties, to S. Walker, f6.

Pansies. — For the best 12 distinct varieties, to Messrs. Hovey & Co., $4.
For the second best, to Joseph Breck & Co., $3.
To P. Barnes, for a pan of fine blooms, a gratuity of #2.

Bouquets, &c. — For the best 6 hand bouquets, to A. Bowditch, $2.
For the second best, to J. L, L. F. Warren, f 1.
A gratuity of ;^2 to J. Thomas, for a moss vase.

Fruits. — From J. F. Allen, very fine grapes, as follows: — Chasselas
bar sur Aube, Black Hamburg, White Frontignan, Sweetwater, Zinfindal,
Aleppo, and Grizzly Frontignan ; also, white figs. From T. Needham,
handsome black spine cucumbers. From W. Quant, fine black spine cu-
cumbers.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR JUNE.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines will soon be swelling rapidly, and will require a liberal
quantity of air — always given early in the morning — and a good supply of
moisture, which should be created by watering the walks about four o'clock
in the afternoon just after the sashes are closed for the night. If dry
weather should set in, the border should be mulched with some coarse
strawy manure. Continue to stop the laterals, and tie in all leading shoots.
If the bunches have not been properly shouldered, they should be imme-
diately attended to. Young vines raised from eyes should now be shifted
into larger pots.

288 Horticultural Memoranda.

Pruning and staking all kinds of trees should now be attended to. A
little attention to this will add greatly to their form and appearance.

Grafted trees should be looked after, and the clay and matting removed,
if the ties are girdling the stems.

Thinnin'^ the fruit is an important object, when young trees have set too
large a quantity.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT,

Catnellias should now be removed from the greenhouse or conservatory,
into a half shady situation, and be properly arranged and placed upon
boards, so that the worms cannot enter the pots. See that they are regu-
larly syringed.

Pelargoniums will be past their beauty the latter part of the month, when
they should be removed to the open air, and their branches headed in and
cuttings put in, if a young stock is wanted.

Ericas should be removed to frames facing the north, or plunged out into
the open ground in a half shady situation.

Diosmas, epacrises, <^c. may receive the same treatment as the ericas.

Oxahscs, Sparaais, locias, <Sfc., done blooming, should be placed in a dry
place, and the pots placed on their sides.

Japan Lilies will begin to flower this month ; let them be neatly staked
up, and be liberally watered, and occasionally syringed.

Fuchsias will now be in full flower, and should be occasionally watered
with a weak solution of guano.

Roses wanted for flowering in beds or clumps, should be turned out im-
mediately. Those wanted for blooming in the autumn should be plunged
in the ground in a sheltered place, and the soil mulched with litter. Where
a young stock is wanted, they may now be propagated from cuttings.

Achimenes and Gloxinias will now be great ornaments of the greenhouse,
and a good stock should always be on hand for this purpose. Repot such
as require it, and bring on a fresh lot for late blooming.

Cyclamens may now be turned out into the open ground, selecting a half
shady place.

Noepolilan violets may now be increased, by dividing the roots and making
new plantations.

Hyacinths and tulips may be taken up the latter part of the month.

Azaleas, removed from the house, should be placed in a half shady aspect,
and plunged in tan or the open ground.

Daphnes may still be propagated from cuttings.

Ipomce'a Learii should now be turned out into the open border, and
trained up to stakes at least eight feet high. It will form a complete pyra-
mid of bloom in August.

Heliotropes may be propagated for a stock for winter flowering.

Greenhouse plants of all kinds may now be removed to the open air ; and
a great number of kinds do much better if they are plunged out into the
border, especially Abutilons, Alloysias, Euphorbias, Salvias, and scarlet
Geraniums.

THE MAGAZINE

O F

HORTICULTURE.

JULY, 1847.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. List of Trojncal Plants which may be acclimated in
the Southern States. By Dr. A. Mitchell : in a Letter to
Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn. Communicated by Gen. Dear-
born.

Dear Sir, — Yours of the 18th was duly received, and its
contents, as usual, perused with pleasure. I will here re-
mark, that, agreeably to your wishes, and in observance of
the rules of punctuality, I had previously requested Dr. Hen-
ry Bacon, of St. Mary's, Geo., to give me a full history of the
mode of culture of the Arrow Root in that region. And as
this matter is connected exclusively with our present desires
to show the success in the acclimation of tropical plants, in
our country, it becomes necessary to show the difference in
the mode of culture and soils, comparably with that of the
West India Islands. As you well know that a competent
knowledge of the physical causes which affect the growth
and nutrition of plants points out the more obvious means
of insuring success, when I receive from Dr. B. the commu-
nication on this subject, a full detail shall be immediately en-
closed to you.

It is my opinion, that all plants, however opposite the zones
in which they exist, can be transplanted and acclimated with
success, if the natural order of those plants can be specified
and detected as an inhabitant, indigenously growing in the
respective and opposite latitudes, where there are existing
proofs of such facts.

We will here subjoin a list of those plants that can be cul-
tivated with success in Florida, and gradually introduced ;
some of them, I am well aware, have been cultivated to a.

VOL. XIII. — NO. VII. 27

290 AccUmatioJi of Troj>ical Plants.

certain extent in our country; but anew mode of chemical
process, and knowledge of facts connected with scientific in-
quiries may revive them with more purity, and render them
a lucrative article of commercial exports. Such observations
would more properly include the indigo plant ; likewise the
madder plant (i^ubia tinctorium) ; the Turkish poppy, (Papa-
ver somniferum) ; saffron plant, (Crocus s^tivus) ; olive tree,
(O^lea europae^a) ; tea plant, {T/iea viridis) ; coffee plant,
{Coffea arabica) ; sago plant. (Cycas revoluta) ; black pepper,
(Piper nigrum) ; nutmeg, (Myristica officinalis) ; Mahogany
tree, (Swietenm Mahagojii) ; the banana and plantain, (Musa
paradisiaca, and M. sapientum) ; papaAV tree (Carica papaya) ;
Mammee tree, (JMammea americana) ; date palm, cocoa-nut
tree; likewise the Teak-tree {Tecthna grandis) which could
be introduced and rendered valuable. The sugar cane (ilrundo
saccharifera) is gradually improving in the amount of saccha-
rine matter contained in its annual cuttings, and, since its in-
troduction and cultivation in the southern portion of our coun-
try, its joints have become more extensively filled with the
saccharine juice, and it will not be long before it will yield
equal to that cultivated in the West India islands, constitu-
tionally adapting itself to regions farther north. I am, dear
sir, respectfully yours, Augustus Mitchell.
Portland^ Maine, June, 1847.

Our thanks are again due to General Dearborn for the com-
munication of Dr. Mitchell's paper. The subject is one of deep
interest to our agriculturists, and the suggestions of Dr. Mitch-
ell, that the plants of the opposite zones can be cultivated with
success in the southern portion of the country, are undoubt-
edly correct. It only wants some zealous cultivators to feel
an interest in the matter to make a full trial of the kinds he
names. The lamented Dr. Perrine, who labored so long in
this great object, had just begun to see some of the fruits of
his many years devotion to it, when the Florida war com-
menced : its long continuation delayed and frustrated his
plans, and he finally fell a victim to the ferocity of the sav-
ages, who then spread over that part of the territory. Now
that there is every opportunity open to prosecute the work,
we hope Dr. Mitchell may find friends who will assist him
in carrying out his suggestions. — Ed.

A Way to keep a Record of Trees. 291

Art. II. A Way to keep a Record of the Place of every
Tree in an Orchard, — with or ivithont Labels. By M. W.
Philips, Edwards, Miss.

I QUOTE the first part of the above sentence from page 156.
as used m the heading of an article on this subject, and 1
might state an advertisement, offering a farm for sale.

I herewith give you m}^ plan, and, thinking it so simple, I
would not have thought of telling any one how, but for the
article alluded to.

My peach orchards I designate as "Griffiths " or " S. W. or-
chard,"— " Downing's," or " East orchard," and "The or-
chard." The first contains 25 rows, of 16 trees each ; the sec-
ond, 28 rows, of 16 trees each ; the third not complete.

I begin at a farm road leading south, and number the first
orchard as roAvNo. 1 West, No. 2 E., No. 1 W., &c : trees in
each row, Nos. 1, 2, 3, &c., going north to south — all of which
rows are laid off" with a compass.

I have a book in which I keep registered the names of trees,
with all the necessary information ; an example I give from
my East orchard.

East. Row No. 1.

No. Variety. Bloom. Leaf. Color. Ripens. Qualify.

I. Snow. Small, White. Reniform g. {Fruit not ripened here yet.)

I am examining every tree I get, as to bloom and leaf,
without regarding any description from books : I note it : af-
ter I have thus a history of all my fruit trees, I will erase ev-
ery name that does not come up to description ; and if a fruit
is worthy of a name, that comes to me under a wrong one,
and I find it differs, I will name it, for future examination.
My apple orchard contains 575 trees, and rather too large for
plotting. My pear orchard now numbers 165 ; and I have
some 1200 peach trees. I could not strike out any simpler
plan than mine. My peach book is more extended than any
other, because the peach is our own fruit, and I am desirous
of paying the closest attention to it. My pear book will note
color of wood; any peculiarities in leaf; growth, shape, size,
color, ripening, and quality, of fruit, if for table or dessert.
But it will be years before my pears will tell.

292 -^1 Wai/ to keep a Record of Trees.

If the SO or 90 trees add so much to the vahie of Mr. H.'s
farm, how shall I cipher up the worth of mine ? I have not
told you any thing of my plums, cherries, figs, quinces, walnuts,
peccans, &c., &c. I can only say, in the way of slipping in
an advertisement, that, if any one Avill give me his price per
acre, I will throw in some 5000 buds and grafts of all sorts of
fruit, together with a few Berkshires, grade Durhams and
Devons, Saxons and Southdowns, Bantams, Bremen, Polands,
with horses and mules, to help along, and my corn fodder and
tools thrown in.

As to labels, I think I mentioned, some time since, that I
had tried cedar and zinc. I have now a little more experi-
ence with them. I split the cedar about one eighth of an inch
thick, three to four inches long, and about two wide. I put
them into my pocket ; and, whilst at leisure in the field attend-
ing to my hands, or in the shade, I smooth them with my
pocket knife, and cut them into some fanciful form. I then
write, with a lead pencil, the name, No. of row, and No. of tree
in the row : with a sharp-pointed implement I scratch this in,
then follow with my pencil. I have some of these over one
year old, and the wood has blackened so much, by stain of
trees, &c., that the name is not intelligible ; others, that I
gave a coating to of linseed oil, and then one of copal varnish,
are as clean, bright, and neat, as the day they were placed on
the tree.

My zinc labels, with the preparation your correspondent
gave me, are rusty already, except where I gave a coating of
varnish : these are bright and plain ; and so are the labels that
were written on with a lead pencil ; and to this period of time,
[ would as lief have the lead pencil, as both do best with the
varnish, and the lead better than the preparation — if no var-
nish be used.

I have now 1000 zinc plates, and a lot of copper wire, cut
for the purpose of labelling my trees, and only wait for the
idle time of summer. I wish to learn the name of every tree
I have, and can only do so by having the name and the tree
in my mind at the same time : and, the labor being my own,
it is my loss.

May 10, 1847.

Cultivation of the Grape Vhie, Sfc. 293

Art. til On the Cultivation and Treatment of the Grape
Vine in the Greenlwuse or Conservatory^ with a Diary of the
Progress of the Vincs^ Temperature, t^*c. By the Editor.

From the first pubhcation of our Magazine, we have devot-
ed many pages to the cnhivation of the grape vine under
glass, and a great number of articles will be found in our sev-
eral volumes by various correspondents, both amateur and
professional cultivators. The management of the vine in
pots was fully detailed by ourselves in our first volume, (p. 37),
in the Greenhouse and Grapery, in some able papers in the
same volume, by Mr. Russell, (pp. 48, 94, &€.), in the Grapery,
by Mr. O. Johnson, (VIII. p. 201), and in the Cold-house, in
a very valuable article, (XII. p. 384), by Mr. Russell. We
now have to add our own experience on its treatment in the
Greenhouse exclusively, where a valuable collection of plants
is cultivated ; and, at a future time, we hope also to give an ar-
ticle on its management in the early vinery, which will make
our Magazine a complete treatise on the growth of this deli-
cious fruit.

Our information on the cultivation of the vine has been, in
a great degree, gathered from the experience of English Cul-
tivators, and, without making any allowance for variation of
latitude, clmate, &c., we have followed them so strictly that
an impression has been formed that the grape could not be
grown in the greenhouse without great injury to the plants ;
or, in other words, that either the vines or the plants must
sufljer, whichever the cultivator may deem of the least im-
portance. Now in the cool, cloudy, and rainy climate of
England, where every gleam of sunshine, especially in win-
ter, is necessary to the health and vigor of both plants and
fruits when grown under glass, it is important that there
should be no obstruction to its free penetration to every part
of the house ; but, under our burning sun, where, often for
weeks in succession, there is scarcely a cloud to obstruct its
rays, it is absolutely necessary to the well being of most kinds
of plants that there should be some shade. If this is not
to be obtained by vines on the rafters, it must be had by whi-
tening the under surface of the glass, or by fitting up curtains,
27*

294 Cultivation of the Grape Vine

which may be rolled up and unrolled as occasion may re-
quire. It is thus apparent to all, that, however so much En-
glish practice may disclaim against the growth of the grape
in the greenhouse in that climate, in this country it may
be successfully cultivated without injury to the plants.

Our collection consists of a great quantity of plants, and
particularly of choice assortments of the camellia, azalea, rose,
heath, pimelea, cactus, &c. &c., and, for the camellia, we
have, in addition to the shade of the vines, had to whiten a
portion of the glass. These plants have all been cultivated
in the highest condition, and are vigorous, healthy, and not
the least injured by the grape vines. By the time the vines
require a high temperature to swell the fruit, the plants should
all be removed from the house, but their places may be im-
mediately filled with those which are suited to a greater heat,
and the greenhouse still keep up its cheerful and brilliant ap-
pearance, as we have already shown in our last number
(p. 263). At the time we now write, (June), the berries of the
grapes are as large as bullets, and the conservatory one blaze
of flowers, and the temperature 9G° at noon.

Our conservatory is upwards of eighty-four feet long, twenty-
two wide, ten feet high at the sides, with a sjtan roof, and
sashes on all sides from the sill to the plate. The inside ar-
rangements are two central walks, one the whole length, and
the other from the street front to the lawn front ; another walk
leads all round the house next the glass, thus leaving two
spaces which are constructed with stages, and two which are
level with the walks, on which the large specimen camellias
and other plants are placed. With this description, we shall
return to the growth of the vines : —

THE BORDER.

When the conservatory was erected in 1841, the growth of
vines was not contemplated for the reasons we have just
alluded to. But, in 1842, as we were desirous of proving
some new kinds, and the correctness of others, of whose names
we were in some doubt, we commenced the formation of the
border, intending to plant the vines another year, not with
the expectation that we should raise any grapes worth the

in the Greenhouse or Conservatory. 295

trouble — we were more solicitous about the welfare of the
plants — but merely for the above object. Consequently, the
border was made only fourteen feet wide, and two and a half
deep, and as the conservatory was set well up with a view to
have a fine gravelled terrace, the border was eighteen inches
above the level of the lawn. The border was formed by
carting in sods and good loam from an old pasture, and mixing
wiih them about one quarter of well decomposed manure from
the stable yard, and from old hotbeds. This was done in
July and August at leisure time. In the fall, the whole was
trenched over in a rough manner, and about thirty bushels of
ground bones added. In this way the soil lay till the next
spring, when it was again trenched over and ready for plant-
ing. We are not thus particular in order to show how a bor-
der should be made, but merely that it may be seen that a
Jine crop of grapes can be obtained without all the quackery
so often recommended in their formation, such as a bed of
oyster shells or boiled bones, dead horses, cattle, and dogs,
slaughter-house manure, blood, soot, &c. All that is neces-
sary, in our opinion, to produce the very best grapes, is a
good, rich, loamy soil, well top-dressed, every year, with old
stable manure and guano, in order to bring the roots to the
surface, rather than that they should go to the bottom after the
dead carcases.

PLANTING THE VINES.

Owing to the delay in trenching the border, it had not be-
come sufficiently settled to plant the vines before July. They
were young plants one year old, and had been prepared by
heading them down early in the spring, and training up
one shoot which had now attained the height of six or eight
feet. Holes were opened about four inches deep, and two feet
broad, and the roots, after the tops had been drawn very care-
fully through the holes in the sill, so as not to injure the
leaves, well spread out, shaking the ball completely free from
soil. A good watering was then given to settle the earth,
and the shoots tied up. If the work is well done, though
as late as July, the vines will not receive the l.^ast injury.
We do not advise late planting when it can be done earlier in
the season, but even August is much belter than to lose a

296 Cultivation of the Grape Fme

year, as the vines will then make a shoot from ten to twenty
feet long.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

After the vines are planted, it is only necessary to see that
the roots are well watered, should the weather prove dry, and
the surface mulched with a little coarse stable manure. The
leaves should also be well syringed every evening after the
house is closed for the night, which should be rather earlier
than usual. No other care is required but to keep the shoots
tied up, looking after them every few days, and nipping off all
laterals at the base of the first leaf. If duly attended to,
they will reach the top of an ordinary grapery by the end of
the season.

It will have been noticed that our conservatory was so con-
structed that the sides are ten feet high ; in consequence of
this, it required a longer time to get a good shoot up to the
rafters ; and, as no good grapes could be expected until they
reached them, the vines in December were headed down to
within two feet of the floor.

Second Season. — About the 1st of March, the vines began
to break their eyes : as soon as fully out, all were nipped off
but two ; these were allowed to grow until they attained the
length of two or three feet, for fear one might, by accident or
carelessness, be broken off: at the end of that time, the weak-
est one was cut quite out, and the remaining one grew rap-
idly, reaching the top of the house early in the season, and
making a thick and vigorous cane. The same treatment
was followed as the last year : all the laterals were nipped off
at the first leaf, and this repeated every time the remaining one
pushed, until the wood was fully ripe, when they were cut
clean off to the main eye : if done too early, it will cause the
eye to push, but if at the proper season, which can only be
told by the vigor of the shoots, and the ripeness of the wood,
it greatly strengthens the eye at the base. Syringing should
be well attended to before the plants are brought into the
house, and, in September, it should be thoroughly aired to
ripen the wood, on which much depends. In December, the

in the Gi-eenhoiise or Conservatory. 297

vines were primed, and cut back to three good eyes from the
bottom of the rafter ; these were left to produce fruit.

Third Season. — From this period our diary commences;
but, as it was not kept with the accuracy of the following
year, and as there was but a few grapes, it would only occu-
py time and space to give it entire ; we shall therefore only
quote some of the remarks which were casually noted down,
showing the progress of the vines, that the amateur, who
wishes to follow our practice, may know how far he is suc-
cessful.

March Ath. — Vines in the middle of the house have burst
their eyes : those at each end much swollen.

12th. — Some of the earliest vines are so far advanced as to
show their fruit buds.

22c?. — Yinesmost advanced have shoots about twelve inches
long; those which started latest about two inches. (It may
be proper to remark, that a flue run across the centre of the
house and returned again).

April 5th. — Vines most advanced have made shoots two
feet long, and the largest bunches of buds are one inch long :
the latest now show fruit buds.

19th. — The most forward vines have shoots now about five
feet long. The two side shoots, (there being one main and
two side ones), have had the ends nipped off two eyes above
the fruit buds.

May 3d. — The most forward vines now begin to open their
flower buds : longest shoots about eight feet. The conserva-
tory up to this time, since the vines began to push, has been
syringed every night in favorable weather, — both plants and
vines.

16th. — During the last week, the temperature has been kept
higher, and rather closer than usual, The most forward vines
have now their fruit well set: the latest just coming into
flower. 'I'he most rapid growing vines have already reached
the top of the house, twelve feet.

2(!>th. — Vines very vigorous, so much so, that the leading
shoots have to be turned and trained along the ridge, and the
laterals left at full length to prevent the main eyes from break-
ing.

298 Diary of the Cultivation of the Grape Vine

Z\st. — The most forward vines have swelled their berries
so fast that thinning has already been commenced. They
are the size of large peas. All the vines now having their
fruit well set, syringing has been commenced again. Dur-
ing the whole of May, the conservatory has been well aired, and
the plants are in the best condition.

June 7lh. — Nearly all the plants have been removed from
the house.

XAih. — The grapes have swelled up rapidly, and a few of
the clusters, not having been sufficiently thinned, have been
looked over again : house opened early, and closed in good sea-
son, and well damped and syringed.

2Sth. — During the past fortnight, the vines have grown
well, and the fruit continues to swell freely. The house kept
well damped.

July 12th. — Vines continue to grow linely, and copious sup-
plies of water are thrown over the walks at noon and night.
The wood now beginning to ripen, some of the lowest lat-
erals, which were left to prevent the breaking of the eyes,
were now cut oif to within two buds of the main shoot.

August ist. — The berries of the Black Hamburgh begin to
color, and the Muscadine appears to be approachhig maturity.
The house closed early, and the walks damped, — wood ripen-
ing well.

16th. — The Hamburghs have now all attained an even
dark color. The house is closed early, but damping the walks
to any extent is now discontinued. The Muscadine grape
nearly ripe.

31st. — Some of the Hamburghs have swelled to a fine size.
The wood has ripened exceedingly well, and the vines ap-
pear in fine condition.

This ends our Diary for this season. The grapes were cut
in September, and, though only from two to five bunches were
allowed on each vhie, they were of superior quality.

DIARY OF THE FOURTH SEASON.

Before commencing our Diary, we should remark, that the
vines were very strong, and were pruned back to half their

in the Greenhouse or Conservatory

299

length, about six feet. This was done in December. The
shoots were then bent down, and nailed horizontally along the
front in order to keep them back as much as possible. This
is always necessary, as the heat is so much greater on the
roof that they would start too early.

By the 25th of February, the eyes began to swell, and, on
the 28th, they were so much pushed that they were imme-
diately loosened from their places, and tied loosely to the trel-
lis. From this period our Diary commences :

14
15
16
17

TEMPERATURE.

E .

o

3

G

2

1

42

72

60

2

39

60

47

3

40

72

50

4

41

72

60

5

43

75

55

6

43

60

52

7

49

62

48

8

43

60

50

9

49

70

57

10

47

72

53

11

49

75

55

12

41

75

56

13 54

58
54
52
44

18 44

19 46

70 56

Some of the vines have burst a few of their
eyes.

Weather warm during the week, and the eyes
have swelled rapidlJ^

Weather warm for the season.

Vines breaking well : since they were tied to

the trellis, they have been freely syringed,

both morning and evening, in good weather.

Some of the eyes about one inch long, and

show their fruit buds.

Very cool morning, with considerable frost.

Nearly all the eyes are so far pushed as to show
fruit. A few vines which do not appear to

300

Diary of the Cultivation of the Grape Vine

20
21
22
23
24
25

26

27
28
29
30

31

49
53
45

48
48
53

54
55
49
50
52

54

41

79
55
70
75
55
54

56
68
62
70
70

69

60

48

70

58

58

59

break even, have had the top of the shoots
tied down towards the main stem.

Some of the eyes have now pushed to the length
of eight inches, and show two or three fine
clusters of fruit buds. Syringing continued
every night.

Weather mild and fine for the season.

Many of the spurs on the old wood, which
were pruned to two eyes, having thrown out
a number of shoots, all were rubbed off, (dis-
budded), except one of the strongest, which
is to form the bearing spur for next year :
each of these were carefully tied up to the
trellis.

The month has been very favorable for grapes,
there having been but little cloudy or stormy
weather. The vines have consequently done
well, and some of the shoots, which were
upwards of fifteen inches long, have been
topped two eyes beyond the fruit buds.
Both plants and vines have been well syr-
inged every evening in good weather.

All the vines were now tied up to the trellis
with strong matting, to prevent the weight
of the grapes from breaking them down.
The vines which were bent down, have
broken evenly. Disbudded the shoots again
on the spurs, and topped the bearing branch-
es two eyes beyond the fruit. Weather fine,
with cool, frosty nights.

in the Greenhouse or Coiiservatory .

301

50
46

48
48

45

56

58
50

58
56

58
60

48

Weather warm and pleasant.

The weather has continued so pleasant and
fine, that very light fires have been required
the past week. Every vine has been tied
in its proper place on the trellis, and all have
broken very well. Wilmot's Black Ham-
burgh is a little later than the old variety.
The leading shoots are now about four feet
long, and have had the laterals pinched ofi*
at the first bud. The clusters of fruit buds
now swell out. Syringing continued both
night and morning.

Cool, frosty, and very windy.
Very cool. Syringing discontinued on account
of cool weather.

Weather fine again, and warm.

Weather continues fine : camellias and other
plants syringed freely every night.

Exceedingly warm for the season.

Cooler with rain. Good fires required to keep
up temperature. Vines have grown rapidly,
and some of the laterals have pushed so
much as to require stopping again. Some
of the main shoots have reached the top of
the house, about six feet.
VOL. XIII. — NO. vn. 28

302 Diary of the Cultivation of the Grape Vine

26
27
28
29
30

May
1

2

48185

8

9

10

57
59

58
58
57

80
76
75
60

56 I 82
59J71
65 180

Cool, with white frost.

The month has been a favorable one for the
growth of the vines, on account of the few
cloudy days. Fires have been lighted to
keep up a good temperature ; but allowed
to cool down except during a few cold days.
Some of the most forward vines now begin
to open a few flowers. The border not yet
having been dug, it was manured with ten
or fifteen pounds of guano, and spaded
about six inches deep.

Vines now growing rapidly, and flowers are
open on several of them. Syringed the
house, and all the plants for the last time
until the fruit is set. Temperature slightly
raised, and house closed earlier than usual.
A light fire kindled every night.

Cool frosty morning. Vines looked over care-
fully, and all shoots tied in regularly, cut-
ting ofl" any superfluous ones, and thinning
out the bunches of fruit where more than
two small ones, or one large one, appear on a
spur. All the vines are now in full bloom,
except Wilmot's Black Hamburgh. The
main shoots, having all reached the top
of the house, have been stopped, but the
laterals allowed to continue their growth
for the present.

Cloudy, wind E.

in the Greenhouse or Conservatory.

303

11

12
13
14
15
16

56

55
54

58
60
61

17

18
19
20

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

75

80

82
84
84

82

62

68
68
70
70
70

Very cool and windy,
set.

Many of the berries well

62
64
53

58

54
50
52

60
58
60
60
62

84
81
78
79

29 62

30 60

31 60

80
70
80
70

72
75

72

68
70
71

75 60

Since the 11th, the weather has been warm
and pleasant. Berries swell up lapidly, and
some of them being as large as peas, com-
menced thinning. The old spurs and lat-
erals, which pushed their eyes, have all been
topped again, and the leading shoots tied
up. Wilmot's Black Hamburgh now in
bloom.

Weather cooler, with white frost. Rather
strong fires required to dispel damp. Re-
sumed syringing the plants twice a week.
Continue thinning the fruit.

Weather cool, and good fires required.
Finished thinning to-day.
Cool and cloudy.

Weather since the 24th cool, with mist and
rain. Fires required to prevent damp. Com-
menced shouldering the clusters of fruit.

Weather continues cool and cloudy.

Continues rainy and cool, without sunshine
since, the 23d. The month has been fa-
vorable except the last week, but rather
more fire has been required than usual to
keep up a good temperature, but not suffi-
cient to injure the plants in the conservato-
ry : both vines and plants are in good health.

304 Diary of the Cultivation of the Grape Vine

61

90

78

Weather warm again, and grapes now swell
up rapidly.

Grapes have swelled very fast within a few
days, and are now the size of Miller's Bur-
gundy when fully grown.

The vines having been allowed to make an
abundance of lateral wood at the top of the
house, where they were stopped on the 7th
of May, in order to prevent the breaking of
the eyes intended for the next year's crop,
they have now been cut quite out to two
eyes, as the grapes are now so far advanced
as to take the supply of sap, and prevent
any danger of breaking. The large clus-
ters have all been shouldered, and such as
seemed too much crowded with berries have
had a portion of those in the middle of the
bunch cut out. House thoroughly damped
over all the walks, every warm day, as soon
as the house is closed in the afternoon. The
greater portion of the camellias and other
plants have been removed to the open air.

The weather having been quite dry, the bor-
der has been mulched with coarse manure,
and about a barrel of water given to each
vme.

Weather cooler ; dry east wind ; house closed
early and well damped.

Weather warm and dry. House well damped.

m the Greenhouse or Conservatory.

305

17

62

18

65

19

62

20

61

21

63

22

61

23

60

24

59

25

62

26

62

27

61

28

64

29

66

30

65

July
1

2
3
4

68

70
04
66

87

83

84

80

78
78
92

92
90

70

89

70

63
64
75

78
73

Gave the border about ten barrels of water.
House well damped morning and evening.

Weather rainy and cool. Light fire kindled
at night, and, to prevent any danger of mil-
dew as well as red spider, the hot water
pipes and flues, were dusted with sulphur.

Fire kindled in the morning in consequence of
the cool, damp weather, with heavy show-
ers.

Since the 21st, the weather has been cool,
cloudy and rainy, and light fires have been
required twice to keep up a good tempera-
ture. The vines having been allowed to
ramble freely, all the laterals were now cut
in to one eye beyond where they pushed,
and all the spurs neatly tied in.

Cool, cloudy, and rainy.
Fine again.

House well aired after being kept

rather close during the dull weather.

During the month, the vines have continued
to advance rapidly, and, since the refresh-
ing rains of the 20th to 28th, the berries
have swelled very fast. The house has
been kept at a good temperature by light-
ing fires five or six times only during the
cold and cloudy days.

Weather warm and dry. House well damped
both morning and evening.

28*

306

Diary of the Cultivation of the Grape Vine

5

67

89

75

6

61

92

70

7

66

90

75

8

68

92

76

9

69

97

78

0

69

93

80

1

70

98

81

2

68

94

81

3

70

90

81

4

68

91

80

5

67

90

78

6

68

88

76

7

65

86

72

8

63

85

74

9

64

86

73

0

63

88

76

1

68

92

75

2

70

85

75

3

70

87

75

4

74

90

70

5

64

91

69

6

62

89

70

7

62

91

70

Fine weather since the 1st of the month.

Grapes continue to SAvell up fast. House well
watered.

Very warm during the last three days.

Warm with refreshing showers. The vines
have pushed out a strong growth on the lat-
erals since the 25th of June, and the whole
were looked over and cut back to one eye
beyond the last pruning.

A few berries on one of the Black Hamburgh

vines show signs of coloring.
Wilmot's Black Hamburgh begins to color,

and the berries of the White Muscadine have

a transparent appearance.

The weather since the 12th has been cool for
the season, with east winds, and the house
has been kept rather close, in order to keep
up a good temperature.

Warm again.

Cool and rainy. Light fire kindled, and flue
dusted with sulphur.

Cool and rainy weather continues, and fires
are required to keep up a good tempera-
ture.

Vines looked over again ; the laterals having
grown considerably since the 12th, they
were again cut back to one eye beyond the

i?i the Greenhouse or Conservatory.

307

28
29
30
31

60
62
62
64

Ano.
1

2
3
4
5

6

7

8

9
10
11
12

13

64

90

70

92

71

93

81

96

80

92

70

93

80

94

70

93

79

97

85

96

80

95

80

93

75

92

78

94

80

93

79

94

80

93

81

last stopping. Wood now begins to ripen,
and the main shoots are well colored to the
top of the house.

The weather, since the 29th, has been warm
and fine, and the berries have changed color
very rapidly. The Black Prince and Griz-
zly Frontignan begin to color well. The
walks are still watered three times a day,
and the house closed rather early, as the
grapes always double their size, after they
begin to color, if properly treated. During
the day, an abundance of air is given from
both top and side lights.

Warm, with light showers.

Cooler with showers.

Weather fair and warm. Watering the walka
still continued, night and morning, and the
grapes swell up rapidly, and color well.
Muscat Blanc Hatif, a new grape, and
Macready's Early White, both exceedingly
fine sorts, are now ripe, and might have
been cut, in good condition, the latter part of
July. Pitmaston White Cluster and White
Muscadine are also fully ripe. All the
Hamburghs have now assumed a fine dark
color.

308 Diary of the Cultivation of the Grape Vine

14

63

95

74

15

62

93

80

16

60

91

78

17

63

94 79

18

62

90

70

19

60

91

71

20

61

90

70

21

60

91

70

22

60

89

78

23

61

90

68

24

60

91 69

2o

60

90

67

26

58

65

62

27

60

80

60

28

62

90

64

29

61

91

67

30

59

93

64

31

60

91

60

The weather having been dry since the 10th,
gave about a barrel of water to each vine.

Cloudy and cool, with east wind and rain.

Cut specimens of the Muscat Blanc Hatif,
White Muscadine, Pitmaston White Clus-
ter, White Frontignan, Macready's Early
White, and Wilmot's Black Hamburgh for
exhibition, — the latter colored well, but not
ripe.

Cold easterly storm ; but the grapes being ripe,
no fire required.

Warm again. House well aired now, both
sides and top, leaving the sashes open late
in the afternoon, in order to color the fruit
well and ripen the wood, previous to bring-
ing in the plants for the winter.

All the fruit in the house is now ripe, with the
exception of the Esperione and Black Prince.
The last is late, and has the valuable prop-
erty of hanging very late.

From this date, the diary was discontinued, as the tem-
perature was of no importance merely to ripen the wood.
Abundance of air is all that is now required till the vines are
pruned in December.

From the 23d of August, the grapes were gradually cut
until the 1st of November, when the last of Wilmot's Black

in the Greenhouse or Conservatory. 309

Hamburgh were taken off. Besides the noble appearance of
this new grape, it is remarkable for hanging late on the vine.
The number of vines in the conservatory is nineteen, embra-
cing ten kinds, which we have arranged about in the order
of their ripening : —

1.

Macready's Early White,

Aug. 1,

2.

White Muscadine,

" 5,

3.

Pitmaston White Cluster,

" 8,

4.

Muscat Blanc Hatif,

" 10,

5.

White Frontignan, .

" 15,

6.

Grizzly Frontignan, .

" 20,

7.

Black Hamburgh, .

" 20,

8.

Black Prince, .

" 25,

9.

Wilmot's Black Hamburgh,

" 25,

0.

Esperione,

" 30.

To this list, many others may be added, when a variety of
kinds is wanted. Our selection was principally made for the
purpose of proving the kinds we have enumerated. The
Muscat of Alexandria should be one of the number in a choice
collection, giving it the warmest situation in the house. We
have already inarched one of the duplicate vines in order to
have so splendid a variety. Other new sorts have also been
recently introduced at each end of the conservatory, and as soon
as we prove them, we shall give an account of their merits.

Trusting that our diary will be the best guide to the ama-
teur in the treatment of the grape vine in the greenhouse or
conservatory, we shall conclude our article with a few obser-
vations on thinning the grapes, and pruning the vines.

THINNING THE BERRIES.

This is an operation which is generally altogether too care-
lessly done. Our attention was first drawn to this subject
after reading a small treatise upon the vine by Mr. Roberts,
one of the best modern cultivators of the grape in England.
The ordinary mode of thinning grapes is to cut them out here
and there in sufficient quantities to allow the swelHng up of
the remaining berries, regardless of the true form of the bunch.

310 Diary of the Cultivation of tJie Grape Vine

We cannot do better than to quote Mr. Roberts's own words
detailing his practice : —

'' The time of thinning I recommend, is when the berries
arc well set, or attain the size of No. 2, or 3, shot, beginning
at the bottom of the bunch, leaving the leading berry if pos-
sible, and according to the kind of grape, having care to thin
judiciously, as there is great difference between the Cannon
Hall Muscat and Frontignacs as to size. As you proceed
thinning upwards on the bunch, say, for an inch or two, more
or less, from the bottom, you find the peduncles, or footstalks,
or what more technical term you may apply to them, to con-
sist of three berries (the leading one, and one on each side),
my practice is to leave the lead or centre berry, taking off the
other two. As you approach higher up the bunch, or ap-
proaching the middle part, such sorts as the Hamburghs form
a sort of secondary shoulders, and upon the sides of these you
will find them set on in threes ; proceed to thin, as for the
bottom, leaving the leading berries, taking off the side ones as
before, proceeding upwards to the top of the bunch to the
main shoulders, suspending or raising the shoulders with
strands of soft matting, and thinning the same as before men-
tioned, taking care to remove all inside berries, as they scarce
ever color well, and if the grapes have to hang long on the
vine, they contribute to mouldiness in damp weather. The
above system of thinning leaves a bunch equally balanced,
each berry acting its own part, and not robbing another, will
be found to assunae a strong bold footstalk, and be regular as
to size in every part of the bunch."

If a bunch of grapes is carefully examined, it will be seen
that Mr. Roberts has adopted the only proper mode of thin-
ning,— a mode which keeps the peculiar form as well as the
size of the cluster, while, at the same time, they are more
thoroughly thinned than in the ordinary way, as the central
berries, which often do not color, and frequently rot before
the clusters are ripe, are all removed, and room allowed for
the others to swell up. In performing the operation, care
should be taken not to injure the berries. They should be
handled as little as possible, and if the hands of the operator
are moist, from great perspiration, he should wear a glove, or.

in the Greenhouse or Conservatory. 311

in the large shouldered kinds, a small stick may be made use
of to lift the shoulder up so as to cut out the inner berries.

THINNING THE BUNCHES.

This is a matter of much importance to the future health
and well doing of the vines. On no account overbear young
vines. There is no rule by which to be governed, as some
vines are stronger than others, and something depends on the
border. It may be safe to say that the spurs should not be
nearer than one foot apart, and that each spur should not be
allowed to mature but one bunch : they often show three, and
amateurs are too apt to leave two or more on. Experience is
the only sure guide ; but it is better to have too small a crop
than too large £tone. The bunches should be cut out as soon
as the berries are sufficiently swelled to see which are the
best shape. Our vines matured and colored well, about twenty
clusters each, averaging one pound to the bunch.

PRUNING.

At the end of the fourth season, the vines will have reached
the top of the house, and the future pruning will be merely
to secure a good spur every year ; for we premise that the
spur system will be adopted, as it has been with us. Some
cultivators cut the old spur clean out : this is Mr. Russell's
plan. Our mode is to cut back to the first or second eye, —
generally the second, as it is larger and fuller than the first,
but always select a prominent one, even if the third. This
eye will produce the fruit ; but, as the spur which it forms
must be cut out after it has borne, provision should be made
for one to take its place : this is done by selecting one of the
shoots which spring from the numerous buds at the base, at the
time of disbudding, and tieing it in to the trellis, stopping
it, and otherwise managing it during the year in the same
way as the fruit-bearing ones. At the autumn pruning, the
old spur is cut off close to the main stem, thus leaving it
straight and clean. If this plan is not adopted, the old spurs
would become crooked and unsightly, and, in a short time,
extend far beyond the trellis. The same practice is to be
followed every year, always bringing up a new spur to take

312 Root-Grafting Apple Trees.

the place of the old one, and always pruning off to a good
roimd plump eye. No system can be more simple, and we
are sure none more successful in securing a good crop of
grapes.

Art. IV. Root-Grafting Apiple Trees. By a Flushing Prop-
agator.

Allow me to give to the public, through your valuable jour-
nal, some account of the quickest and the easiest mode of
raising apple trees by root-grafting, as I am desirous of en-
couraging young nurserymen and propagators in the raising of
apple trees.

1st. In the fall, all the seedling apple stocE:s intended for
grafting should be carefully taken up, and placed in a heap
in a cellar, and then the roots taken off and carefully pre-
served by mixing them by sand : all the scions intended for
use should be cut before the frosty weather sets in, and care-
fully placed in sand or earth. Grafting may be commenced
as early as convenient ; it will not matter if you begin as early
as November, and work at it through the winter till March,
provided the roots, after being grafted, are heeled into boxes,
and placed in the cellar till spring.

2d. All the roots, as you want them, should be washed,
and then cut into pieces about four inches long or less, accord-
ing to their length, and placed regularly on a table or bench,
and the scions cut about three inches long, and placed in a
heap near at hand ; and then begin to graft. The system
which I have always tried, and which succeeded best, is
tongue-grafting, making a nice fit with the barks, and then
bind slightly with muslin strings. These strings are made
by mixing six ounces of Burgundy pitch, six do. of tallow,
three do. of beeswax. These should be melted, and then put
on to the muslin with a brush. It may then be cut into strips
nine inches long, and half an inch in breadth. This is bet-
ter than matting, as it does not require to be cut otf. The
boxes should be made twelve inches deep, two feet in width,
and three feet in length, and filled with fine sifted mould or sand.

Trees grafted by tliis system are the best, grow very thrifty,

Propagation of Stove and Greenhouse Exotics. 313

and are generally fit for sale in two years, if placed in good
soil. A man accustomed to grafting can do from nine to
twelve hundred a day very easily, and tie his own strings.
Weak growing kinds generally grow stout and remarkably
straight by this plan, and as it can be done in the winter,
when nothing else of consequence can be done, there is a great
saving of time.

In the spring, the boxes should be taken out of the cellar,
and placed in some frames, pits, or the greenhouse, to start
them into growth : or, if none of these are at hand, place them
out of doors in a warm situation, as it is necessary to start
them two or three inches before planting out ; they will not be
injured if you do not plant them out till the middle of May.
Such has been my practice of root-grafting, and, if properly
done, it will never fail to succeed.

Flushing J L. /., Jime, 1847.

Art. V. On the Propagation of Stove and Greenhouse Ex-
otics : in a Series of Letters. By James Kennedy, Gardener
to S. T. Jones, Staten Island, New York.

Letter III. Propagation ly Offsets.

This is the mode by which bulbous and tuberous rooted
plants are propagated. They are, however, sometimes in-
creased by seed, but being so much longer than offsets in
reaching a flowering state occasions this mode to be but sel-
dom resorted to.

There are some kinds, however, from which I would prefer
propagation by seed. Of these, the amaryllis, of which there
are many varieties. I have found hybrids to be much pref-
erable, as they often surpass the originals in beauty, and in-
variably flower more freely under good management.

In a situation I had the honor of filling as head gardener,
in England, about eight miles from London, I succeeded in
obtaining some beautiful hybrids by transferring the pollen
from Amaryllis Johnsomi to A. reticulata, from reticulata to
vittata, from fulgida to vittata, from fulgida to Johnsonii, and

VOL. xni. — NO. VII. 29

314 Propagation of Stove and Greetihouse Exotics.

from Johnsonti to equestris, — the seed, as soon as ripe, should
be collected, sown m pots, thoroughly dramed, and placed in
a hotbed, where they should be regularly shaded, when nec-
essary, and watered sparingly. Under this treatment, they
will vegetate quickly, and, when two leaves are produced,
they should be potted off separately into thumb-pots, well
drained, as above remarked.

Care must be taken not to pot them deep, but to have the
young bulbs level with the surface of the mould, and, when
potted, give as much water as will reach the bottom of the
soil. They should then be placed in the hotbed for a few
days, and regularly shaded from the sun. When the bulbs
recede from the surface, they should have a shift into pots a
size larger, and so on during the summer, until, they are thor-
oughly rooted. By this treatment, many of them will flower
abundantly the following spring. I should have mentioned
that they require regular supplies of water, but not too much.
The following compost I have found exactly to suit: — Three
parts light turfy loam, two parts white sharp sand, and one
part turfy peat ; along with which treatment, an occasional
watering with clear liquid manure would not, by any means,
do injury.

The bulbous genera generally, such as the Gladiolus, Mo-
rse^a, Ixia, Antholyza, &c. &c. should, when done flowering,
be allowed to dry till the following October. This is the
time for increasing by offsets, as then they are in a dormant
state, and will not receive any injury in separating them from
the parent. Nor will the parent's flowering principle receive
any check for the coming season. Small pots thoroughly
drained, and a compost composed of equal parts rich mellow
loam, peat earth, leaf mould, and sand, with the addition of a
little cow manure, will be found exactly suitable. After pot-
ting, let them be placed in a cool frame, when the only atten-
tion required is protection from heavy rain and frosts. No
moisture should be given further than the soil in which they
are potted furnishes, until the pots are full of roots, when they
should be shifted into pots a size larger, using the compost
above directed. They should then be taken into the green-
house, where many of the largest of them will flower if kept
regularly watered.

Staten Island, N. Y., June, 1847.

Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 315

Art. VI. Floricultural and Botanical Notices of New and
Beautifid Plants figured in Foreign Periodicals ; with De-
scriptions of those recently introduced tOy or originated i?i,
American Gardens.

Achimencs patens. — This new and beautiful species, which
has been figured in the Journal of the London Horticultural
Society, and pronounced one of the most beautiful of all that
have yet been introduced, is now finely in flower in our col-
lection. It is a fine species, having a compact and neat
habit, with small, deep-green, shining foliage, and flowers of
the richest violet hue, about the size of A. grandiflora, and
fringed at the edge of the corolla.

Platycbdon grandifihrum — a most beautiful campanula-
ceous plant — is no\v coming into flower. It is represented as
the most showy of all the campanulas, to which genus it
has been stated to belong, under the name of C. grandiflo-
rum.

Hydrangea japonica has been one of the most popular and
generally admired plants in our collection. Our engraving,
at p. 123, gives a fine representation of its habit of growth
and bloom. Its great attraction consists in the contrast be-
tween the outer flowers and the inner ones, the former being
large and white, while the latter are small and of a deep blue.
It is of the simplest cultivation, and must become an indis-
pensable addition to every collection of plants.

10. Da'phne FoRTU^Ni Lindl. Mr. Fortune's Daphne, (Encacecs).

A half hnrdy shrub ; growing two to three feet high ; with lilac hlossonvs ; appearing in spring ;
a native of China; increased by cuttings and grafting; cultivated in peat and loam. Journal of
HQrt.Soc.Vol. II. p. ^4.

This "charming shrub" is one of Mr. Fortune's discoveries
in China, where it was found growing in a nursery garden
near Shanghae, in the winter of 1843. Being deciduous, it
was then leafless, but, as it was taken to the south of China,
to be shipped with the other plants, the warmth forced it into
bloom, and it proved to be a fine shrub. The next spring,
Mr. Fortune found it growing wild on the hills in the province
of Chekiang, where it forms a dwarf shrub two to three feet
high. In March and April, the flower-buds expand, and then

316 Floricnltiiral and Botanical Notices.

the whole of the hill sides are tinged with its beautiful lilac
colored blossoms, and have a very gay appearance. It flow-
ered in England for the first time, in the spring of 1846, and,
as yet, it is extremely rare. Mr. Fortune states that it grows
freely in a loamy, well-drained soil, and that it is readily in-
creased by cuttings. The Chinese name is Nu-lan-ee, and
the bark, like the mezereon, is acrid and poisonous. In Eng-
land, it has been treated as a half-hardy shrub, but as it is
found growing where the thermometer falls to within a few
degrees of zero, it may prove hardy in our dry and cool win-
ters. Mr, Fortune remarks that, whether hardy or not, " it
Avill always be a favorite amongst spring flowers in the green-
house, where it richly merits a place in every collection.
{Hort. Soc. Journal, 1847).

11. AzaYea obtu^sa Litidl. Obtuse-leaved azalea. (En'mce«).

A half-hardy shrob ; growing two to three feet high ; with blush-colored flowers ; appearing in
spring ; a native of China ; increased by cuttings ; cultivated iu peat and loam. Journal of Horl.
Soc. Vol. n. p. 127.

"A distinct species" of the azalea, which Mr. Fortune
found growing on the sides of the green tea hills in the prov-
ince of Chekiang, and also on some of the islands of the
Chusan Archipelago, where it is called the "silver silk flow-
er," by the northern Chinese. There are two varieties, both
of which have been introduced, one with flowers of a rich
white color ; the other pink, and both are beautifully dotted
with dark spots on the under petals. The corolla in form is
nearly round, and not unlike i?hododendrum chamaecistus, or
a finely-shaped pelargonium, in appearance. Its flowers are
produced in great profusion in the months of April and May.
The habit of the plant is compact and neat, and it is alto-
gether a fine addition to this beautiful family. It is increased
like other azaleas, and grown in similar soil. {Hart. Soc.
Journal, 1847).

12, Came'llia japo'nica var, Comte de Paris. The Compte

de Paris's Camellia, (Ternstromiaccfs).

A new and beautiful variety of the camellia, which was
obtained from a plant of the Duchesse d'Orlcans in the collec-
tion of M. Van Ghiersdale of Ghent. A single branch having
sported in color, it was inarched or grafted on a good stock,

Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 317

and the sport thus retained. It differs from the Duchesse
d'Orleans, in having the ground color rose striped with red,
while the parent is white striped with rose. The flower is
finely imbricated and perfect, and the variety must rank as
one of the finest which has been produced. {Flore des Serres
et des Jardins de U Europe, 1846).

13. ToRE>^iA asia'tica L. Asiatic Torenia, {SchrophuIaridcecB).

An annual plant ; growing two feet high ; with blue and purple flowers ; a native of India ; in-
creased by seeds ; cultivated in m\y good soil. Flore des Serres, &c., Vol. II. pi. 151. 18W-

A new and most beautiful annual, cultivated in a similar
manner to the petunia, growing about two feet high, and pro-
ducing beautiful sky blue flowers, finely marked with a large
spot of deep purple on each petal. The plant is of a diff'use
habit, with ovate leaves, and terminated with numerous flow-
ers. It is easily raised from seed, and is a great acquisition
to our gardens. {Flore des Serres, ^c.)

14. Fd'nkia GKANDiFLO^A Sieb. 4* Zucc. Large-flowered Funkia.

(hilidcece).

A greenhouse plant ; growing two feet high ; with white flowers ; appearing in summer ; a na-
tive of Japan -, increased by division of the root ; cultivated in any good soil. Flore des Serres,
&.C., vol. II. pi. 158.1846.

This is stated to be one of the most splendid plants intro-
duced by Siebold from Japan. It flowered for the first time
in Belgium, in the garden of the Horticultural Society des
Pays Bas, in July, 1846. Its general appearance is the same
as the other species, but it throws up a fine stem, which is
clothed with flowers of the purest white. Its cultivation is
the same as the other species. It will probably stand in the
open groimd as well as the F. japonica, but the situation
should be well drained. It is readily increased by division of
the roots. {Flore des Serres, ^c, 1846).

15. RiBEs GoRDONiA^uM, (Garden hybrid.) Mr. Gordon's

Currant, {Ribes'mcew.).

A hardy shrub ; growing two feet high ; with salmon-colored flowers ; appearing in June ; a gar-
den hybrid ; increased by layers. Flore des Serres, ic. Vol. II pi. 165. 1847.

A new and beautiful flowering currant produced in Bel-
gium, between the M. sanguineum and aureum; the flow-
ers are produced in the same form as the first named,
but the calyx is red, and the corolla yeUow ; it is probably as
hardy as the aureum, and will be a splendid shrub for our
gardens. {Flore des Serres, (^'C, Nov. 1846).
29*

318 General Notices.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Root-pruning, and the management of the Pear Tree. — In our last number
we copied an article from the Gardeners'' Chronicle, (p. 280) on Root-prun-
ing pear trees, and particularly called the attention of all fruit cultivators to
the subject. The article was prepared for our May number, but was
crowded out for want of room. In a subsequent number of the Chronicle,
some writer, who signed himself a " Constant Reader," proposed a number
of questions to the writer of the article, and doubted the possibility of rais-
ing the pear to perfection on any other stock than the pear. He states that
he has been for years interested in the proper stocks for trees, and then
shows his ignorance by asking, " how much the fruit partakes of the flaA'or
of the quince" ! Mr. Rivers himself took up his pen in reply, and his re-
marks must be satisfactory to all, that the quince stock and root-pruning
are the materiel to produce pears in abundance and fine perfection. — Ed.

I feel that it is a duty I owe to your correspondents and the gardening
world generally, to notice the letter of a " Constant Reader," in No. 21.
It will, perhaps, be the better mode to take his questions and remarks seri-
atim. He says, " I have been for years much interested in the proper stock
for fruit trees ; my impression is, that the pear cannot be produced in its
highest state of perfection (whatever the mode of treatment or the stock
used) on any other stock save the pear stock." To this I can answer most
positively that the very finest pears I have ever seen or tasted have been
produced on pear trees grafted on the quince. I use no stocks but the pear
and the quince ; the former for orchard trees, or for those who prefer the
pear stock ; the latter solely for garden trees, principally to form prolific
pyramidal trees, for which they are unrivalled both in beauty and fertility.
I fear "Constant Reader" has also been constant to his home: has he
never seen or tasted the magnificent pears in some of the fruit gardens near
Paris ? has he never seen the pear trees in the Potagerie at Versailles 1 or
tasted the fruit from themi (Mind, trees there are nearly all grafted on the
quince.) If he has not done this, he has yet something to see and taste.
I repeat, that I use only the pear and the quince as stocks, and I find the
pear stock submit as kindly to root-pruning (or even more so) as the quince.
I can illustrate the good effects of root-pruning very forcibly in my speci-
men orchard, and at any time your correspondent may see and believe ;
however, 1 must tell my tale, and then proceed

About thirty years ago, my father planted some rows of pear trees in a
portion of the nursery, then a recent purchase ; these were all common
sorts of pears, standards, grafted as usual on the pear stock. They grew
most luxuriantly for some eight or ten years, when their leaves began to
'Change from their usually vivid green to a light yellow ; in a year or two,
this yellow tint increased till their foliage was really of a bright straw color ;

General Notices. 319

the trees soon after all died, so that, at the end of fifteen years, not a tree
was left on this portion of the nursery, the subsoil of which, I must add, is
hard white clay, full of chalk stones ; this peculiar soil occupies a very
small space, not more than a quarter of an acre, as the neighboring soil is a
tender, sandy loam.

When I came to years of thinking, the untimely fate of these pear trees
was often present to my mind, fori remembered so vividly with what pleas-
ure I had filled my pockets from them. I at that time also found that, to
be able to know any thing about pears, I must have a specimen tree of ev-
ery kind that I cultivated. No other but this " pestilent spot" of earth
happened to be just the place most eligible as a site for my specimen ground.
What could I dol I did not then think of root-pruning, but I thought that
I should find some way or other to avert the untimely fate of my trees ; I
therefore planted them in the usual way, digging the holes about two feet
in depth, and mixing some manure and compost with the earth taken from
the holes, but leaving the hard clayey subsoil below, to the depth of two
feet, untouched. I watched my trees narrowly after four or five years, as
I then expected to see traces of the effects of the clay soil upon them. I
think some eight years must have passed and gone before their foliage
turned yellow. My first thought said, remove them to a different site and
soil ; second thought, take them up and give them some fresh compost,
they will last a few years, and you can then find a good place for them ;
third thought, if you can renovate them for a few years by taking them up
and replanting, why not do this periodically, so as to keep your trees
healthy ; the site is good, — make the soil equally so ; fourth thought, what
•occasion is there to remove the tree ? cut its principal roots, leaving those
that are fibrous ; and so I became a pruner of roots. Now for effects, and
^' A Constant Reader" must recollect that any day the Eastern Counties
rail will carry him either to Harlow or Sawbridgeworth, each equally con-
venient, for a few shillings, to see with his own eyes all that I state.

In my specimen ground are several standard pear trees from eight to ten
years old ; these terminate long rows of standards, left to grow as nature
dictates, both root and branch, except occasional thinning of their heads.
These, it must be recollected, are among my root-pruned specimen trees, a
great number of which are from twelve to fifteen years old. They have
had their roots pruned three times within these eight years, the last time in

December, 1844. They are now full of health, and foliage, and fruit, in

fact, all that I can wish them to be. The standard trees, with roots un-
pruned, have their leaves yellow, and are, I fear, hastening to death.

I now proceed to give a list of such sorts of pears that on my soil are de-
cidedly higher in flavor when grafted on the quince, and not, (as your cor-
respondent almost ludicrously says) " partaking of the flavor of the quince."
Pray, have you or Mr. Thompson ever ate a quince-flavored pear? that is,
a pear having such a flavor from being grafted on the quince, (as I well
know there are many pears with a very odd flavor.) Does the Ribstone
Pippin taste of the Crab because it is grafted upon it ? Does the peach ac-
quire the flavor of the Mussel plum because it is budded upon it? Does the
Green Gage ever taste sour and austere? and yet it is almost invariably

320

General Notices.

grafted upon the common wild plum, which is uneatable, from its peculia r
astringent acidity. I do hope, for the credit of your paper, that your cor-
respondent is not your " Constant Reader." To* return to my list, I must
first premise that every sort of pear is, as far as my experience at present
goes, improved by being worked on the quince; but the following, in list
1, are remarkable for growing freely on the quince in most soils, without
being double worked, bearing large fruit of the highest flavor : —

List I.

1. Beurr6 d'Amanlis,*

2. Beurr6 Ananas,

2. Beurr6 d'Aremberg,

4. Beurre de Capiaumont,

5. Beurr6 Diel,

6. Beurre Easter,

7. Bon Chretien, Williams's,

8. Chaumontelle,

9. Citron des Carmes,

10. Colmar,

11. Colmar d'Aremberg,

12. Comptede Lamy,

13. Crassane,

14. Doyenn6 Gris,

15. Doyenn6, white,

16. Duchesse d'Angouleme,

17. Duchesse d'Orleans,

18. Forelle, or Trout pear,

19. Fortunee, (Parmentier)

20. Franc Real, Summer,

21. Glout Morceau,

22. Gratioli of Jersey,

23. Jargonelle,

24. King Edward's,

25. Louise Bonne of Jersey,

26. Napoleon,

27. Passe Colmar,

28. Poire Chenille,

29. Princess Royal, (Groom)

30. Saint Denis,

31. St. Germain,

32. Van Mons Leon le Clerc,

33. Vicar of Winkfield,

34. Wiihelmina.

There are many other sorts that I feel almost assured will do equally
■well on the quince stock as the above. I forbear to add them till I am fully
convinced by proving them. No. 3 : Of this I ate my best specimens about
the middle of last April ; they were vinous, juicy, and delicious, from
plants on the quince. Specimens from plants on the pear stock kept only
till the end of February.

No. 5. This pear seldom ripens well from trees on the pear stock ; on
the quince, the fruit are larger, more handsome, of perfect flavor, and they
invariably ripen well.

No. 6. On the pear stock here ; (it must be borne in mind that I am al-
ways referring to trees in the open quarters — not wall trees ;) this is a most
crab-like pear, bearing but very seldom, and never ripening ; on the quince
it bears well, is of high flavor, and always ripens in April and May ; it is,
however, inclined to be gritty at the core, and this at present is the only
pear I have found to be so from the quince stock.

No. 19. This is a perfect crab from trees on the pear stock ; from the
quince it is very melting and juicy, and really a good, small, late pear. I
ate my last and only specimen this day. May 26.

* D'Amanlis, according to most French authors} d'Amalis, according lo Horticulturftl
Catalogue of Fruits.

General Notices. 321

No. 21. Grows freely here on the pear stock, and blooms freely, yet sel-
dom bears any clear fruit ; they are generally full of spots, and often do not
ripen. at all kindly. On the quince stock it bears clear handsome fruit,
which invariably ripen, and are very highly flavored.

No. 23. On my finest soil here, a tender loam six feet in depth, subsoil
sand, this sort always cankers, and very seldom produces any good fruit ; in
short, it is a very shy bearer when on the pear stock ; on the quince it grows
freely, and bears most abundantly ; fruit, fine and clear, and of high flavor.

No. 25. This, of all the pears I know, is most benefited by working on
the quince. My specimen tree, on a pear stock now twelve years old, has
scarcely borne a dozen good clear fruit, and some standards of nearly twenty
years' growth canker at the lips of their shoots, and their fruit is, in most
seasons, spotted and misshapen. On the quince, how diflferent ! I have
trees, from three to five years old, full of fruit, and these have hitherto,
every season, been large, remarkably high-colored, beautiful, and of the
highest flavor. " Constant Reader" will, I think, see that I have some
confidence in the quince stock, when I state that I have a young plantation
of this variety, on the quince, of 1500 trees, which I hope to make up in
the autumn to 3000 ; these are to bear to supply the London market. At
the expense of being thought a little egotistical, I must tell him that I am
not only a pear tree grower, but also a pear grower ; Providence has kindly
blessed me with fifty acres of good land, on vvhich roses and pears, and I
know not what, seem to be "very happy:" this is a favorite phrase with
one of our best gardeners, who, when he sees a tree in fine order, or one
the contrary, designates them " happy and unhappy trees."

No. 27 bears here, on the pear stock, a tremendous quantity of fruit ;
these are often inclined to speck, and they seldom ripen well in the fruit-
room. On the quince stock the fruit are clear, always ripen well, and are
of the highest flavor. I have, as above, given my remarks on a few well
known and preferable sorts ; they may be applied, with slight modifications,
to all the varieties in List L

List IL

Pears that require double working before they will succeed on the quince;
this is merely grafting or budding some free-growing sort of pear on the
quince, and then re-grafting the graft, the following season, with the " re-
fractory sort," to use the expression of your friend "Dodman."

1. Bergamot, Autumn,

2. Bergamot, Gansell's,

3. Beurre Bosc,

4. Beurr6 Ranee,

5. Broom Park,

6. Brougham,

7. Crassane, Althorp,

8. Crassane, Winter,

9. Dunmore,

10. Hacon's Incomparable,

11. Inconnue, Van Mons, 175,

12. Jean de Witte,

13. Marie Louise,

14. Monarch, Knight's,

15. Nelis, Winter,

16. Ne Plus Meuris,

17. Saint Marc,

18. Seckel,

19. Suflblk Thorn,

20. Thompson's,

21. Urbaniste.

322 General Notices.

No. 3 is exceedingly "refractory," and I am not quite sure that it will
live and flourish for any lengthened period, although double worked on very
thrifty stocks. In some soils, this fine pear does not ripen well on stand-
ards ; it is therefore very desirable to get it to do well on the quince, as it
will, I have no doubt, bear when the tree is young; at present, it is, while
young, a shy bearer.

No. 4. My standards of this sort, on the pear stock, too often bear mis-
shapen fruit, inclined to speck and crack, and, in some seasons, not ripening
well on the quince. Its fruit is clear, fine, and remarkably high-flavored

No. 11. I notice this pear, as I remarked, a short time since, one of your
correspondents inquired of you its origin, which you could not give. I re-
ceived it, with several other sorts, from M. Van Mons, I think about eight-
een years ago ; I understood him at the time that they were seedlings, not
then named ; this is a very hardy and excellent late pear, about the size of
Beurre d'Aremberg, but larger, first rate in quality as a melting pear, and
fit for the table from February to April ; the sorts then received were placed
in the nursery catalogue as " Inconnue Van Mons," and numbered. They
all still stand under the same name, with different numbers attached.

The sorts I use to form a stock on the quince for re-grafting are Beurr6
d'Amanlis, Jargonelle d'Automne, Fondante de Brest. These all form the
most luxuriant stocks. Grafting on the quince often fails. I have known
eighteen out of twenty to succeed in some seasons, and the same number
to fail in others. It is an uncertain mode ; budding is preferable. For
double working you may always graft, that is, if you prefer it, or if your
buds fail. Grafts succeed perfectly on the shoot of the pear produced from
the quince stock the preceding season. I earth up my trees, to encourage
them to root close up to the junction of the graft with the stock, but not
with the view of making the graft root. I wish to avoid this, as the effect
of the quince stock is then lost. If you wish for cultivated pears on their
own roots, there is much time and labor lost by this mode ; for any variety
of pear may be layered, and good plants obtained, ia about two seasons.

And now for the last paragraph of your " constant" friend. Can we al-
ways find " soil and locality in every respect suitable" to the growth of
foreign varieties of pears 1 Is not our method of placing them against
walls and espalier rails, &c. " unnatural ?" The peach tree, which, in the
United States, in a natural state, bears such enormous crops, bears here at
least equally fine fruit, but in most " unnatural" places. My root-pruned
pear trees, many of them, I have purposely made to contend against nature ;
in a soil that is naturally death to them I make them flourish. To use the
oft-quoted sentence, " a man that can make a blade of grass to grow," &c.
is a benefactor to his race, and if I can, by precept and example, enable the
numerous occupiers of small gardens to grow pears and apples for their des-
sert nine months in the year, and plums and cherries during the summer,
shall I not also be a benefactor in a humble way ? I hope so.

Allow me to advise your correspondent to visit the Horticultural Gardens
at Chiswick ; he may there see pear trees of some twenty-five years' growth
on the quince stock, with roots protruding from the stock close to its junc-

General Notices. 323

tion -R-ith the graft. Pictures of health and fertility, they have borne many
bushels of fruit, and yet I have never heard the Fellows of the Horticultu-
ral Society complain that they tasted like quinces. Some fine trees of
about the same age, on the quince, are also in the border. These were all
removed about two years since, and, of course, their roots were pruned ; on
them may therefore be seen the effects of root-pruning.

I will conclude with the words of " Dodman :" "A very little care and
judicious selection of sorts would insure them (pears) daily, from the end
of July till May." I may add, that any garden ten yards square, or even
less, will, with the quince stock for pears, the Paradise stock for apples,
the Cerasus Mahaleb as a stock for cherries, judicious root-pruning and
surface culture, supply a very ample dessert of delicious fruits. — (T. Riv-
ers, in Gard. Chron. p. 372.)

Propagation of Gloannias. — These may be raised either from seeds, or by
cuttings of the young shoots, or by leaves. The seeds should be sown in
shallow pans of sandy soil, on a thin bed of silver sand, a little of which
should afterwards be dusted over them. Place the pan in a brisk hotbed,
and cover it with a bell glass until the seeds vegetate. The cuttings should
be taken off when the young shoots are about three inches long ; plani them
in silver sand, and set them in a hotbed. Leaf propagation may be done
in two ways : — 1. Insert a leaf in sand, like a cutting, the base soon forms
a knob, from which a bud is subsequently developed. 2. Cut the principal
rib at the back of the leaf through with a knife, in several places, an inch
or more apart ; then press the leaf flat upon the sand, and place a few small
stones on the top, near the incisions, to keep it down flat ; the ribs are to
be placed downwards ; then cover with a bell glass, and place in a brisk
heat ; little knobs will be formed at the incisions, which, in due time, will
put forth buds. Keep them all, while growing, in a warm, moist atmos-
phere, and, when their leaves are mature, allow them to become comparatively
dry, in which state they may be set away in a cool frame for a month or
two ; after which they should be potted in fresh soil, of equal parts sandy
peat and leaf-mould, set in a warm pit, and gradually watered until they
are fairly started, when they must have plenty of heat, light, and water,
and a little weak liquid manure once or twice a week. — ( United Gardeners^
and Land-Stewards'' Journal, 1847, p. 321).

Chrijsanlhemums. — When the stormy and withering blasts of November
have laid desolate the gems which adorn the flower-garden, the comforts of
a well-managed greenhouse or conservatory begin to be valued ; and, in
order to render them as pleasing and delightful as the means placed within
our power will allow, preparations, some time previous, are absolutely
necessary, we having but few plants which bloom naturally at that period ;
and these, in many instances, do not receive that care and attention to
which they are entitled. In no instance is that more generally observed,
than in the culture of the chrysanthemum ; arising, no doubt, from the
vague idea, that it is diflicult to grow handsome plants, on account of their
straggling habits. If the following remarks are fully carried out, I have
no doubt but those who hold that opinion will be induced to think other-

324 General Notices.

wise. There are various methods resorted to in propagating the chrysan-
themum— viz., by offsets, layers, and cuttings ; but, as I consider the latter
the best method, I shall confine my remarks solely to it. From the middle
to the end of May is the best season for putting in cuttings : select the
points of the shoots of the current year's growth, not more than two inches
long ; cut them close to a joint; remove one or two of the bottom leaves ;
plant very thinly under hand glasses ; and, if a gentle bottom heat can be
conveniently applied, it will accelerate their rooting : bottom heat is not,
however, absolutely necessary, as they will strike readily without it in a
mixture of leaf-mould and sand ; shade the glasses for a few days; and,
when the cuttings have taken root and begin to grow, remove the glasses
and pinch out their tops, which will cause them to push three or four shoots
each ; when they have grown about an inch, lift them with as good a ball
as possible, and pot in large sixties, in a mixture of loam and rotten dung
in equal portions ; place them in a close frame, and shade a few days till
they have taken with the pots, when they may be set out of doors, allowing
them plenty of room to prevent their being drawn ; supply them liberally
with manure water. When they have grown about three inches, pinch
out their tops again ; this will cause them to throw out from ten to twelve
shoots, and will be the means of keeping them dwarf. When they have
grown about an inch, repot them in thirty-two's, or six-inch pots, in a mix-
ture the same as previously mentioned ; set them in some place out of doors,
where they will be shaded for a few hours during the heat of the day, but
by no means place them under the drip of trees. After that time, which
will be about the middle of August, they •will want nothing more than keep-
ing the pots clear of weeds and suckers, and watering — alternately using
manure or guano-water. About the beginning of October, a few of the
most forward may be placed under the protection of glass at night, being
fully exposed during the day, as the chrysanthemum will not suffer forcing :
the others may be taken in as the weather may render necessary. I may
mention that they will stand two or three degrees of frost, without sustain-
ing any injury. By following the above directions, 1 have grown upwards
of 200 plants in one season, varying from a foot to eighteen inches high,
with from eight to twelve stems each, and from 30 to CO full blown flowers
on each plant, without a yellow leaf, and without the assistance of wooden
legs. When the plants have done flowering, they may be cut down and
stored away in some convenient place, where they will be sheltered from
the frost. Allow them but little water till the end of April, when they
may be exposed to the open air till the cuttings are wanted ; and when these
are taken off, the plants may be either thrown to the rubbish heap, or a few
of the early flowering sorts may be planted in the shrubberies ; shorten all
the stems to within six inches of the pot ; this will cause them to throw out
more shoots, which may be again stopped ; you will thus keep this nat-
urally untidy, straggling plant, within due bounds; and, instead of being
(as is often the case) tied up in a bunch, or left at random, they will be fine
dwarf flowering plants without the least assistance of stakes, blooming at a
period when but few flowering plants adorn the shrubberies. — [lb. p. 324).

General Notices. 325

Carnations, Picofees and Pinks — their propagation. — The propagation of
these plants by pipings, may now be commenced ; the following method we
have found the most successful : — Make up a bed two feet in height in a
shady situation — let it be composed of rotten manure, which possesses a
gentle warmth ; place a one, two, or three-light box over it, according to
the number of pipings you intend to plant. The compo^ for this purpose
should consist of one part rotten turf, one part horse manure two years old,
and one part loam and road sand, in equal quantities ; this should be sifted
through a very fine sieve, and turned frequently in the open air to incorpo-
rate and sweeten ; after which, place a layer of it, four inches in thickness,
over the bed that is prepared ; level it on the surface, and water it freely
with a fine rose watering pot the night previous to planting. The glasses
we use for striking are octagon shaped, and measure ten inches in diam-
eter, five inches deep at the sides, and raised at the top two inches ; we
occasionally use larger glasses, but seldom find them answer so well. In
taking the pipings from the parent plants, be careful not to strip the main
stem — the better way is to cut them off with a knife. We prefer the top-
most shoots for piping, for two reasons ; first, they are generally of a slen-
der growth, and will more readily strike ; secondly, if left on the plants,
they are difiicult to layer without breaking. It is necessary to leave five or
six of the young shoots on each of the mother plants for layering ; if they
are over-pruned, it is detrimental to the plants, and injurious to their future
blooms. The pipings should be prepared by taking the two side leaves off
at the third joint from the top, and cutting the stem through horizontally,
just below it ; shorten the two leaves above it, and the piping is complete.
Having prepared and carefully labelled the number of sorts you intend to
plant, proceed in the following manner : — First, sprinkle a small portion of
silver sand over the bed, then make an impression with the glass that you
may know the distance to plant them ; fill a garden-pan with water, and
place it inside the frame, that each variety may be immersed during the
time of planting ; take each piping between the finger and thumb, and gently
run it into the soil three quarters of an inch in depth ; the distance between
each piping should be half an inch, and the same between the rows. After
planting, they must be watered sufficiently to moisten the soil through ; let
them be well dried before covering them over with the small glasses, or
they are likely to mildew. The advantage of double glassing will be found
of great benefit in cold and wet seasons.

Pinks. — These flowers will require great attention during the next three
weeks: the pods must be carefully examined from day to day, and tied with
bass to prevent them from bursting. We advocate the use of bass for this
purpose, in preference to the India-rubber rings, or any other material.
The rings are strongly recommended by some parties, but, in our opinion,
they are a decided failure ; we lost from twenty to thirty blooms in one sea-
son by trying the experiment. The short round pods that are difficult to*
open, require the bass to be placed twice round them, and secured firmly
by a double knot ; those of a better shape will do very well with a single
VOL. XIII. — NO. VII. 30

326 General Notices.

tie. The bass should be placed evenly round the pod just below the shoul-
der.—(7^<. p. 375).

Treatment of Azaleas. — The main stock of these will now be out of bloom ;
and, after the gorgeous display which we have seen this season, T think I
was not far wron^ in saying a few weeks back they were likely to become
very general favorites. The jfirst thing to be done with them now will be
to remove the flowers and seed-pods as quickly as possible, and get them
into a house or pit where they can be properly shaded, and where a moist
atmosphere can be maintained at all times. Pot such plants as require it,
using plenty of sand and a little three-years' old cowdung with the peat ;
but as they will do for a long time in small pots, do not overdo them. The
best of my plants, which have done blooming, are now standing in a pit,
under sheet glass, where they are shaded, but kept at a brisk growing tem-
perature during the day, and syringed copiously, and shut up closely every
afternoon just before the sun leaves the pit, but air is admitted again about
nine o'clock. The second plants are under the shade of a late vinery, anil
receive just the same treatment as Vines, the fruit of which is just set :
here they will remain until they have made their growth, and then they will
be placed under sheet-glass to set the bloom. Prune in any straggling
shoots, and endeavor to get nice, round, compact plants. — {lb. p. 358).

Exposing Greenhouse Plants in Summer. — It is a common practice all
over the country, to set greenhouse plants, heaths, &c., out of doors dur-
ing the summer months, without any protection whatever, either to the tops
or bottoms of the plants, under the vain impression that the plants will be
benefited by such treatment. Plants, when fully exposed to the sun and
air, after a time become so dry as to nearly make it impossible to render
them moist again; hence, the scorched and stinted looking plants which
may be seen in summer. The pots of plants should always be moist : per-
sons with common observation will have noticed that all the youngest and
most tender roots of plants always extend next to the pot ; consequently,
they are the most liable to injury from any sudden check, occasioned by the
sun drawing all the moisture out of the pot, and, therefore, out of the soil
also. It is no uncommon thing to see the soil quite dried away from the
pot, and when the water is supplied, it sinks down the outside of the soil as
fast as it can be poured in, and the soil inside is not wetted in the least. How
can any person expect plants to grow by such unnatural treatment? Be-
sides, it is a great waste of time to be so frequently watering, as is very
often the case ; the whole morning and evening are often spent in this way.
If plants must be turned out of doors, they ought always to be plunged in
some porous substance ; although, at the same time, it ought to be some-
thing that will hold moisture ; for instance, very rough peat, moss, or saw-
dust. I have seen sand used by some, but I consider it holds the wet too
much, which is an evil almost as bad as the former. The pots should al-
ways be placed on slates, or some other material that will prevent the worms
from entering, as they are great pests if once allowed to enter. They
should also be shaded from the sun with some light material, and protected
from heavy rains. By following the above plan, a great deal of time will

General Notices. 327

be saved in watering ; and the plants, having a more natural treatment, will
present a more natural appearance. — {lb. p. 307).

CuUivalion of Ahijsia Citriodora. — Do you possess a neglected plant of
the too much neglected lemon-scented Verbena, or, as it is now called,
Aloysia citriodoral If so, lose no time in propagating a stock of healthy
plants from young shoots produced in a forcing-plant pit. When propa-
gated, encourage luxuriance by liberally potting in coarse loamy soil and
leaf-mould; inducing compactness of growth by frequently pinching off the
tops of the young shoots until the last week in May, when, having pre-
viously inured them to the external atmosphere, turn them out of their pots
into spare beds in the reserve garden, the compost being open, and mod-
erately rich, with a substratum of old mortar or rubble. If large bushy
plants are desired, plant them sufficiently distant from each other, and con-
tinue stopping the growing shoots whenever they attain the length of two
or three inches. In September following, re-pot them into large pots, and
place them in a close cold-pit, giving scarcely any water, when they will
soon become deciduous. Here they may remain until required in succession
for forcing through the winter in a plant-forcing structure. Their utility,
when their delightful fragrance is taken into account, need not be descanted
on, inasmuch as the perfume of this odoriferous shrub is too universally
appreciated to require eulogium. — [lb. p. 307).

Tlie Heartsease or Pansy. — These plants are easily propagated by cut-
tings or side shoots, which may be taken off them at almost any time of the
year. To ensure success in striking, I should recommend the cuttings to
be planted early in the spring, or late in the autumn, they will do equally
well at either season. The side shoots which appear from under the
ground, when sufficiently long, are the best for increase ; they strike root
much earlier, and generally make the best and soundest plants. The com-
post for this purpose may be composed of one part turfy loam, one part
light vegetable earth, and one part horse manure, two years old. It is
necessary that a small portion of road-sand should be added to this com-
post to prevent the water from hanging too much about the necks of the
plants. After planting them, water freely, whether in pots or in the open
ground, and protect with hand-glasses, if requisite, but be sure to dry the
cuttings before covering them over, as confined damp is very injurious to
their future growth ; they must be placed in a shady situation. — {lb. p. 311).

Scarlet Pelargoniums for icinler floicering . — The employment of scarlet
pelargoniums for decorating the greenhouse or conservatory during winter
is limited, considering their fitness and appropriate beauty, when judiciously
cultivated for this purpose. Having experienced considerable success in
their cultivation, I am induced to state the method I have adopted, the rela-
tion of which will doubtless interest those of your i-eaders who are engaged
in the winter cultivation of this general favorite : — In August or Septem-
ber, strong cuttings of Giant, Scarlet, Sol, Smith's Superb, Huntsman,
General Tom Thumb, &c., were propagated and potted inrimediately into
five-inch pots to winter, their efforts of growth being repeatedly retarded by
pinching off the growing shoots until March, when they received a liberal

328 Domestic Notices.

potting in poor soil, which induced the formation of numerous " eyes," or
embryo shoots. By the last week of May, these became strong shrubby
plants, and were turned out into strong wicker baskets, sunk out into a bed
or border, of rough turfy loam and fibrous peat soil, with a limited quantity
of silver sand and leaf mould. The baskets were filled with similar com-
post, and distributed six feet asunder, to allow the plants to grow into large
bushy specimens, which, as ihey advanced in size and symmetry, were fre-
quently stopped, to render them dwarf, and as compact as possible. They
were not permitted to bloom in this situation, and, in the second week of
September, tiie baskets (which were constructed in halves, to enable me
to remove them from the enclosed ball) were divided, and the entire balls
potted into very large pots, admitting the addition of fresh compost and
good drainage. This accomplished, they were removed to a cold pit for a
fortnight, and, in the first week of October, the best specimens were placed
in the greenhouse conservatory, and soon commenced blooming, continuing
in great beauty until Christmas, when they were succeeded by the remain-
der in the dry cold pit. At that time, the specimens first introduced into
the warm conservatory were pruned back moderately, and plunged in the
pit of a plant forcing structure, where they grew rapidly, receiving, as be-
fore, frequent stoppings, and waterings of w-eak manure-watei. In the first
week in March, these were restored to the conservatory again, in readiness
to bloom immediately, and were succeeded in the forcing structure by the
secondary lot, treated similarly on being introduced there. These latter
afforded plenty of cut flowers in April and May, and finally the whole were
shortened back considerably, and turned out for decorative purposes in June,
making a very respectable display in the flower-garden in August and Sep-
tember. So much for the winter treatment of this useful and very orna-
mental plant, which, in my estimation, may be brought to much greater
perfection as a specimen pot-plant than at present it appears to have attained ;
and, in expectation of more valuable communications on the subject, I am
inainly induced to forward the foregoing observations. — [lb. p. 324.)

Art. II. Domestic Notices.

Weather in Pennsylvania. — We have had a good deal of rain during the
past two weeks, and crops of every kind bid fair to give more than an average
yield. We have had no frost this spring to injure any thing, and the foli-
age of the forest is exceedingly rich, and fruit of every kind very abundant;
apples, perhaps, will not be so abundant as they were last season, owing to
the trees having been somewhat exhausted. — A. Huidckoper, Mcadville, Pa.
June, 1847.

CuUivating the Peach Tree. — Have you ever experimented any in grow-
ing peach trees from cuttings ? I have been in the habit of growing tomato
plants sepaiately, in boxes about six inches square, until they were in

Domestic Notices. 329

bloom. The boxes are very loosely put together with small nails, and,
when taken carefully apart, the very numerous roots of the tomato keep the
earth together, and the whole can be put in the ground without the tomato
being in the least retarded by transplanting. This spring, to support the
plants which I had started in this way in my grapery, I used some trim-
mings of a peach tree, and, on setting out the tomatoes a few days since, I
found that not only each peach twig was in leaf, but that most of them had
thrown out small roots an inch or two in length. The earth I used was
well decayed chip manure and garden mould. As this is apparently an easy
way of multiplying select peach trees without the trouble of budding,! make
the suggestion (perhaps not a new one) that, if you think it worth while,
you may make the experiment yourselves. — Yours, <Sfc., ^i. Huidekcper,
Meadville, Pa., June, 1847.

New Horticultural Society. — A short time ago, p. 188, we noticed the
formation of several new Horticultural Associations. Since then, we have
been favored with accounts of several additional ones in various parts of the
country as follows : — The Detroit Horticultural Society, Detroit, Mich.;
the Albany Horticultural Society, Albany, N. Y. ; and the Montreal Horticul-
tural Society in Canada. The constitutions, by-laws, and lists of officeis of
each have been sent us by some of our correspondents or subscribers. We
are happy to notice this increased evidence of the spread of Horticultural
taste. — Ed.

The American White Winter CalviUe Apple. — In your March number,
you have something about the White Calville apple. T have an old tree of
that name, and the fruit is pretty well described in that article. I think,
with our other fine apples, it came from France. The tree is nearly dead,
and is the only one I know of. — 1 am yours, respectfully, John Frothing-
ham, Montreal, April, 1847.

Reid's Seedling Pear. — With your remarks in the Magazine about the
name of Reid's Seedling, which I noio consider the correct one, I am
much pleased ; they harmonize entirely with my views. I perceive
by Mr. Allen's article, in the Horticulturist for May, that Mr. Reid sowed
the seed from which the tree sprung. I hope you will insist upon this
name, as it is full time that the piopensity to rename old things and to
change the names of new ones, had a check given to it ; it is becoming ex-
ceedingly annoying as well as expensive to those who are not constantly
alive to all these manoeuvres and deceptions now practising in the horticul-
tural world, and it is the duty of the editors of horticultural magazines, who
are the recognized guardians of horticulturists, to protect them and detect
these deceptions. A case in point occurred here last autumn. A nursery-
man purchased from another a number of strawberry plants ; from some he
lost the labels — one of those proved to be of superior character, probably
well known to many, but took not at all as he is a new beginner. He im-
mediately dubbed it the " Excelsior strawberry," and advertised it as anew
variety, in the Cultivator of last September or October. This is downright
cheating, and is but one of many cases that are occurring every day. It
has a very injurious tendency, as many persons, who are not well informed,

30*

330 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

are deterred from purchasing any new things from positive fear of decep-
tion.— Yours ^ W., June, 1847.

Art. III. Obituary.

Death of the Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert. — The Gard. Chronicle, of
June 5th, announces the death of the Dean of Manchester, which took place
suddenly, at his house in Hereford street, at 1 o'clock on Friday, the 28th of
May, in the 69th year of his age.

The Chronicle truly states that his death " is the greatest loss which
horticulture has sustained since the death of Mr. Andrew Knight, not
merely on account of his skill as an experienced cultivator, but because of
his scientific attainments and profound knowledge of the laws of hybridizing,
which had been so fully elucidated by himself in the experience of a long
life, which he had applied with admirable judgment, and to which we must
continue to look for years to come as the surest aid to the improvement of
the races of plants. Fortunately for the world, his latest views on the
subject have been preserved in the two valuable papers ' Upon Hybridiza-
tion among Vegetables,' which have been published in the Journal of the
Horticultural Society, and which constitute a rich mine of valuable facts
and not less valuable reasoning."

Mr. Herbert was the originator of quite a number of new plants, and
among them some fine camellias. The Chronicle thus closes a notice of
his death : —

" The Dean of Manchester was early and constantly attached to natural
history. In youth he was an indomitable pedestrian and an excellent shot,
and made his gun subservient to the study of ornithology, as well as his
pencil and paint-brush, with which he was tolerably expert. The edition
of White's Selborne, published by Professor Rennie, in 1832, contains
many closely printed pages of his ornithological observations ; and the title
page gives a spirited specimen of his^ draughtsmanship. In more domestic
periods of life, the science of botany, and the art of horticulture, (two
very different things) were pursued by him with great success. The Bo-
tanical Magazine and Register received from him frequent communications.
His greatest work in this line, ' The Amaryllidaceaj,' accompanied with a
treatise on hybrid intermixtures, was published in the year 1837. And
such leisure as remained to him, in the succeeding years of connection with
a great manufacturing city, and of declining strength, was employed on the
Iridaceffi, which, had longer time or better health been granted him, would
have been as complete as the former."

Art. IV. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, June 5th, 1847. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was
held to-day — the President in the chair.

The following members were elected : — Albert BuUard, T. H. Foster,
John J. Adams, and George T. Bigelow, Boston.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 331

[III our account of the meeting May 1, we omitted to give the names of
all the members which were elected at that time. They are as follows : —
Adolphus Davis, T. T. Boiive, Edmund Quincy, Hez. S. Chase, Samuel
May, and Lewis Decker, Boston ; H. P. Fairbanks, Charlestown ; George
Quant and John Thomas, Brookline ; E. S. Furber and E. W. Sampson,
Dedham; Thos. Sinclair, Brighton; Otis Arthur Gay, Hingham ; Ralph
Crooker and C. E. Grant, Roxbury.]

It was Voted, that the Chaiiman of the Committee of Publication be re-
quested and authorized to have the seal of the Society altered and enlarged,
by causing the words " Mass. Horticultural Society," and the date of its
incorporation annexed thereto.

Voted, That the several committees be instructed to have placards pre-
pared, requesting contributors to furnish to the chairman a list of their con-
tributions.

Adjourned for two weeks — to June 19th.

Exiiibited. — Flowers : From the President of the Society, a variety of
cut flowers an 1 plants, viz : — Cactuses in var. ; two new spotted seedling cal-
ceolarias, and a variety of others ; camellias ; fuchsias, var. Salterii major,
Paragon, Bowdin, Brookmanii, Chauverii, and robusta ; six or eight varie-
ties of elegant cinerarias ; petunias, Eliza, Contributor, Tunandra, and a
fine plant of Hebe, well grown and in perfection ; six varieties of lilacs,
viz., Duchesse d'Orleans, De Nemouis, Charles X, Prince Nolger, double
purple, and a dark red. From Breck & Co., a fine bunch of Wislarta
ConsequoTia, with more than fifty racemes of its elegant flowers drooping
in the most graceful manner. The plant from which this was taken was
grown in the open air without the least protection, and made a growth last
season of twenty-two feet in one direction ; also, a variety of cut flowers,
paeonies, »&c. From Messrs. Winship, a great variety of cut flowers, in-
cluding many sorts of flowering shrubs, paeonies, honeysuckles, &c. Bou-
quets, plants and cut flowers, from Messrs. Hovey & Co., W. Quant, A.
Aspinwall, P. Barnes, E. Wight, A. Bowdiich, J. L. L. F. Warren, T.
Needham, W. Kenrick, W. B. Richards, J. Ilovey, J. Thomas, E. M.
Richards, Jas. Nugent, J. M. Mandell.
Award of Premiums : —
Plants in Pots. — For the best six pot plants, to Wm. Quant, $2.

For the second best six, to J. Thomas, $ 1.
Bouquets, Designs, &c. — For the best large bouquet, to William
Quant, $2.
For the second best large bouquet, to Messrs. Winship, $ 1.
For the best six hand bouquets, to A. Bowditch, $2.
For the second best six hand bouquets, to J. L. L F. Warren, $ 1.
For a design, a moss vase with flowers, to J. Thomas, $2.
For the second best do., to Miss Russell, $ 1.
Fruit : From J. F. Allen, very fine specimens of the following grapes :
Zinfindal, Black Hamburgh, White Chasselas, Aleppo, Grizzly Frontignan ;
also, May Duke cherries. Black figs, and Bergamot limes. From A.

332 Massachusetts Horticiiltiiral Society.

Moore, Concord, sweet apples in fine preservation, a new variety, which
promises to be a valuable kind. From \V. E. Carter, fine specimens of the
Hubbardston Nonsuch apple. From T. Needham, a brace of cucumbers.
Vegetables : From T. Needham, fine lettuce.

June 12lh. Exhibited. — Flowers : From the President of the Society,
fine new hardy Ghent azaleas, white camellias, Brugsn ansza Knightn,
calceolarias, petunias, spiraeas, tree paeonies, roses, and cut flowers in va-
riety. From Capt. Sweetlin, of the ship Augustine Heard, from Valpa-
raiso, a cactus from the Araucaria mountains, in Chili. This was a noble
specimen of this tribe of plants, measuring nearly five feet in circumference,
and very formidable from the immense number of its thorns. From J. E.
Teschemacher, a plant of Ismene calathina, or white Peruvian Wedding
flower, very fragrant; plants of Echinocactus Ott67t?5, and E. mammillari-
oides, a seedling from Vera Cruz, (curious) ; also, a fine plant of E.
Eyriesu, with three blooms of its elegant long, tubular, white flowers, and
nine buds.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., nine varieties of new hardy azaleas; also,
hand and table bouquets. From J. L. L. F. Warren, several kinds of tree
paeonies, very fine ; also, rhododendrons, bouquets, &c. Bouquets, roses
and cut flowers from A. Aspinwall, W. Quant, W. Mellar, T. Needham,
J. Nugent, J. Breck & Co., E. M. Richards, J. Thomas, P. Barnes, W.
Kenrick, Messrs. Winship, J. Hovey, and S. Walker.
Award of Premiums : —
Pot Plants. — For the best six plants, to Wm. Quant, $2.

For the second best, to A. Bowditch, $ 1.
Hardy Azaleas, Hawthorns, &c. — For the best display of hardy aza-
leas, to Messrs. Winship, $3.
For the second best display, to Messrs. Hovey & Co., $2.
For the best display of hawthorns, to Messrs. Winship, $ 3.
For the second best, to S. Walker, $2.
Bouquets, Designs, &c. — For the best design, a moss vase, (dissimilar
to former ones shown) with flowers, to J. Thomas, $2.
For the second best design, to Miss Russell, S 1.
For a vase bouquet, to J. Thomas, $2.

For the best table and mantel bouquet, to Messrs. Hovey & Co., $2.
For the second best, to Messrs. Winship, $ 1.
For the best six hand bouquets, to A. Bowditch, $2.
For the second best six, to Messrs Hovey & Co., $ 1.
Gratuities — To S. Walker, for a display of ranunculus, $3.

To J. L L. F. Warren, for six hand bouquets, $ 1. For this and a

previous display of rhododendrons, $3.
To. J. E. Teschemacher, for a plant of Ismene calathina, and plants
of Echinocactus, spec. Ononis, mammillarioides, (a seedling) and
Eyriesu, $3.
Fruit ; From J. F. Allen, six varieties of grapes, fully ripe ; also, figs
and May Duke cherries.
Vegetables. — From T. Needham, string beans and a brace of cucum-

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 333

bers. From A. D. Williams, lettuce, rhubarb, and a brace of cucumbers.
From A. Robeson, New Bedford, by Wm. Brims, rhubarb. From J. L.
L. F. Warren, Giant and A'ictoria rhubarb.

June 19. Exhibited. — Flowers : From the President of the Society,
several new and fine fuchsias, among which were Empress, a white vari-
ety, Lady of the Lake, Vesta, Frostii, and Venus Victrix; two spotted
seedling calceolarias, &c. From S. Walker, a seedling phlox, from mac-
ulata, being more dense flowered than that old species ; also, the double
iychnis viscaria. From John Thomas, four plants of pelargoniums and
four of calceolarias.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., a superb specimen of the new and elegant
Hydrangea japonica ; also, bouquets. Bouquets, plants and cut flowers
from Breck & Co., J. L. L. F. Warren, A. Aspinwall, A. Bowdiich, E.
M. Richards, W. Kenrick, James Nugent, S. R. Johnson, W. B. Rich-
ards, W. Mellar, G. C. Crowninshield, O. H. Mather, and Messrs. Win-
ship.

The following is the award of premiums : —

Plants in Pots. — For the best six plants in pots, to John Thomas, $2.
For the second best six, to George Quant, $ 1.

A gratuity to Messrs. Hovey & Co., for Hydrangea japonica, of $3.
Bouquets, &c. — For the best six hand bouquets, to Messrs. Hovey &
Co., $2.
For the next best, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $ 1.
A gratuity to A. Bowditch, for six hand bouquets, of $ 1.
For a design, with an oval bouquet, to John Thomas, $2.
For a moss vase, filled with forty varieties of flowers, to John Thom-
as, $2.
For the best large bouquet, to W. Mellar, $ 2.
For the second best, to W. B. Richards, $ 1.
For the best pair of mantel bouquets, to Messrs. Winship, $2.
Fruit: From 0. Johnson, very fine specimens of Coolidge's Favorite
peaches. From J. F. Allen, six varieties of grapes; Early Tawny nec-
tarines. Black figs, and Coolidge's Favorite peaches ; also, May Duke,
Elton, and Black Tartarian cherries.

From John Hill, Early Virginia strawberries.

Veget.vbles : From Messrs. Winship, 12 stalks of Myatt's Victoria
rhubarb, weighing 12^ lbs. ; also, water cresses. From B. V. French, 12
stalks of the same, weighing 15 lbs. Victoria rhubarb from W. Quant.
New potatoes from H. Hazleiine, Somerville.

June 2i}th. ExhUnted. — Flowers : From the President of the Society,
a variety of new peonies, among which were sulphurea, a yellowish vari-
ety of the shape of Whittlejii, prolifera tricolor, triumphans, grandiflora
carnea, Hericartiana, &c. ; also, Gladiolus Willielminus, scarlet, with
white stripe; Lisette, orange, with pink stripe, both fine; and a fine dis-
play of roses in variety. From John Thomas, a fine specimen of Miltonia
speclabilis, three pelargoniums, and other plants. From T. Needham, fine
cut flowers of Phlox Van Houttii, with other flowers. From Messrs. Win-

334 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

ship, a beautiful specimen of Virgil/a lulea, and a quantity of hardy roses,
azLileas, &c.

From INlessrs. Hovey & Co., a splendid display of roses, in upwards of
200 varieties, thirty of the finest of which were as follows: — Carangeon,
Sir W. Scott, Provence, Boula de Nanteuil, Chenedole, Coupe d'Hebe,
Geo. IV, Bizarre Marbree, Paul Perras, Madame Plantier, Melanie, Anar-
elle, Emeline, Ernest Ferray, La Ville de Londres, Aspasie,Neron, Frank-
lin, Gil Bias, Bijou des Amateurs, Mazeppa, Kean, Capitaine Sissolet, Le
Meteor, Loui-e Leker, d'Audigne de la Blanchaire, Letitia, Yandael, Pau-
line Garcia, and Gazelle ; twelve varieties of moss roses, twenty varieties
of perpetuals, including La Reine, and eight kinds of Noisettes ; also, hand
bouquets, &c. From J. L. L. F. Warren, six pot plants, including Zilium
Thunbergmnum. Roses in variety, bouquets, &c., from Breck & Co., W.
Mellar, W. B. Richards, W. Kenrick, E. Wight, E. M. Richards, A. As-
pinwall, Capt. Macondry, S. Downer, Jr., A. Bowditch, and S. Walker.
Premiums were awarded as follows : —

PEONIES. — For the best 12 flowers, to J. Breck & Co., $5.
For the next best 12 flowers, to S. Walker, $3.
For the best display, to J. Breck & Co., $3.
For new varieties, a gratuity to Col. Wilder, $5.
PiNKS.— For the best display, to W. Mellar, $2.
A gratuity to J. Breck & Co., for fine flowers, $2.

Roses. — Class I. Hardy Roses.
For the best 30 varieties, to Breck & Co., $8.
For the next best 30 varieties, to Messrs. Hovey & Co., $6.
For the next best, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $4.
For the best display, to Breck & Co., $3.

Class II.
For the best 12 varieties, to Messrs. Winship, $5.
For the next best, to A. Bowditch, S3.

Class III. Hardy Perpetuals.
For the best 12 varieties, to Breck & Co., S5.
For the next best 12 varieties, to A. Aspinwall, $4.
For the best display, to Breck & Co., $3.
Plants in Pots. — For the best six plants, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $2.

For the next best, to J. Thomas, $ 1.
Bouquets, Designs, &c. — For the best design, to Messrs. Hovey &
Co., $2.
For the next best, to Miss Russell, $ 1.
A gratuity to J. Thomas, for a design, $ 1.
For the best pair of mantel bouquets, to Messrs. Winship, $2.
For the best pyramidal bouquet, to Messrs. Hovey & Co., $2.
For the second best pyramidal bouquet, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $2.
For the best six hand bouquets, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $2.
For the next best six, to A. Bowditch, $ 1.
Fkuit: From the President of the Society, fine specimens of Boston
Pine and Princess Alice Maud strawberries. From A. Aspinwall, abas-

Horticultural Memoranda. 335

ket of extra fine Hovey's Seedling strawberries. From N. Stetson, very
fine specimens of Boston Pine and Jenny's Seedling strawberries. Tw'o
boxes of Early Virginia strawberries, by O. Johnson. From S. Downer,
Jr., Hovey's Seedling, Ross's Phoenix, Early Virginia, Willey's Seedling,
and Wood strawberries. From John Duncklee, of Brighton, Hovey's
Seedling strawberries. From Isaac Fay, Fay's Seedling strawberries.
From Josiah Richardson, Hovey's Seedling and Boston Pine strawberries,
very fine; also, seedling strawberries. From F. Putman, Salem, seedling
strawberries, branches and fruit large, appearance good; represented to be
a great bearer. From James M. Richardson, from the garden of Capt.
Lee, seedling strawberries. From Azell Bovvditch, Stoddard's Seedling
strawberry; the committee state that they were "poor specimens of the
Wood."

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., two large baskets of Boston Pine straw-
berries, fine specimens. From Hon. T. H. Perkins, by Mr. Wm. Quant,
Black Hamburgh, Grizzly Frontignan, Golden Chasselas, and Muscat of
Alexandria grapes. From J. F. Allen, twenty-two varieties of grapes, —
among them we noticed Tottenham Park Muscat, Wilmot's new Black
Hamburgh, fine ; Austrian Muscat, new ; Purple Muscat, new; Zinfindal,
fine; Muscat of Alexandria, fine. The grapes by Mr. Allen were tasted
by the committee ; they were ripe and in great perfection ; also, figs,
plums and nectarines. From J. L. L. F. Warren, seven varieties of straw-
berries, viz., British Queen, Prince Albert, Hovey's Seedling, Willey's do.,
Mottier's do., Early Virginia, and Alpine. Red and White Wood, and
Boston Pine strawberries, by John Owen. Mr. Cole presented an apple for
a name. From A. Bowditch and Mr. 0. Johnson, peaches.

Premiums for Grapes. — The Society's first premium of $ 10 for grapes,
exhibited before the 4th of July, was awarded to J. F. Allen.
The second premium of $8 for the same, to Wm. Quant.

Vegetables : From Josiah Loritt, 2d, thirteen stalks Victoria rhubarb,
vpeighing 21 lbs., some of the stalks measuring 43 inches. From T. Need-
ham, fine cucumbers. From T. H. Perkins, by Wm. Quant, fine Palestine
lettuce. From Mrs. Pratt, by A. McLennan, Royal Cape lettuce.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR JULY.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grafe FiTies will now need but little attention, such as the occasional
stopping of the laterals, as often as they push beyond two or three joints,
and the airing and damping the house. Our diary, in another page, is so
complete that we need not repeat what we have there so fully detailed.
The berries will now begin to color. Vines in pots should be liberally wa-
tered, using liquid guano occasionally. Isabella and other grapes in the

336 Horticultural Memoranda.

open air will now need much pruning, — such as nipping off the young
shoots two eyes beyond the bunch, and cutting out all other wood not
wanted for bearing next year. A little attention to this will secure larger,
better, and higher flavored grapes.

Strawberry beds will need care now ; weed and clean all new beds, and
lay in all the strong runners and clip off others. Two and three year old
beds may be renovated by immediately digging in part of the roots, allowing
the new runners from those remaining to fill their place.

Summer-pruning trees should be attended to now. All the strong shoots
should iiave about four inches of the end nipped off; this will induce them
to form fruit spurs at the base, and on the old wood.

Plum, Cherry and Pear trees may be budded now.

Insects should now be looked after, especially the pear-tree slug and
aphis. A good quantity of whale-oil soap should be kept in readiness, and
one washing will immediately destroy them.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Pelargoniums will now be the main objects of attention, where there is a
choice collection. The old plants should be headed down very close, and
placed in a half shady situation until they begin to push. The cuttings
may be put in in pots or in frames, either in the open air — which we think
best — or in a cool part of the greenhouse.

Chinese primrose seeds should be sown now.

Hyacinths, Tulips, and other winter bulbs, should be taken up.

Ten week arid Victoria Slochs seed should be sown now for winter flow-
ering.

Carnations and Pico tees may be layered this month.

Camellias may be potted this month, and grafting the plants may also be
commenced.

Oxalis Mr la and Boweii should now be potted for early flowering.

Roses, intended for early flowering, should be plunged in the open ground
in a sheltered situation.

Mignonette should be sown now for flowering early in autumn.

Azaleas should be repotted this month. Specimen plants should be kept
growing in a warm part of the greenhouse, and the others plunged in the
open air.

Hardy roses should be layered this month.

Dahlias will require pruning and staking, and, if the weather proves dry,
they should be liberally watered, and the ground mulched around each
plant.

Heliotropes may now be propagated for next year's stock.

Cyclamens should be plunged in the open ground in a half shady situation.

Tree violets should have all the lateral shoots pinched off, and they will
soon form upright plants.

Tree pa^omes may be grafted the latter part of the month.

THE MAGAZINE

O F

HORTICULTURE

AUGUST, 1847.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. Descrijjtions and £!?ig?'avi?igs of Select Varieties of
Pears. By the Editor.

We continue our descriptive list of pears. Some of the
number which are enumerated below are tolerably well known,
and part of them very highly esteemed kinds. The Ananas
is of more recent introduction, and is a very fine early autumn
pear.

73, FiGUE DE Naples. Hort. Soc. Catalogue, 3d. Ed. 1842.

Comtesse de Frdnol, > jjort. Soc. Cat., 3d. Ed.

Ue Vigne Pelone, >

Fig Pear of Naples, Book of Fruits, (first series,) p. 91.

' S- of some English and American collections,
r ourcroy , )

The Figue de Naples is tolerably well known around
Boston under the name of the Beurre Bronze, it having
frequently been exhibited under that name, though incor-
rectly. Mr. Manning fruited it for several years, and, in his
Book of Fruits, he described it as a "very productive vari-
ety, bearing young, juicy and good." Last year, a tree in our
collection, received under the name of Beurre Bronze, pro-
duced several fine pears, and we were somewhat surprised to
find it so fine a variety. Whether from the season, the locality,
or the soil, we considered it as one of the best pears of the season.
It possesses a rather thick skin, but the flavor is peculiarly rich,
musky and delicious. Since our description was made, we have
observed that Mr. Thompson has described it in the Gardener's

VOL. xin. — NO. VIII. 31

338 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

Chronicle^ and he remarks that " it requires particular man-
agement after gathering. It has a thick, tough, softly rus-
seted skin, which appears to permit occasionally a too rapid
evaporation of the juices, in consequence of which the flesh
does not become melting, but actually the reverse, until it
finally decays. To prevent this, it is necessary to pack the
fruit away from the free action of the air."

The tree grows very vigorously, with upright brown shoots,
sprinkled with brown russet specks, and is very productive :
the fruit all have a remarkably clean skin, free from specks.
It grows freely, and bears well on the quince. Our descrip-
tion of the Figue de Naples {fig. 26), is as follows : —

Fig. 26. Fiffue de Naples.

Size, large, about two and a half inches in diameter, and
three long : Form, oblong, slightly contracted in the middle,

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 339

and very obtuse at the stem : >S'A*m, fair, smooth, pale green,
becoming lemon yellow when mature, marbled with dull red
on the sunny side, and very regularly and thickly covered
with small green dots and russety specks : Stem^ medium
length, about one inch, moderately stout, rough, dark brown,
fleshy and swollen at the base, and inserted without any cav-
ity : Eye, rather large, open, and slightly sunk in a broad,
shallow, smooth basin ; segments of the calyx broad, long,
pointed, and quite reflexed : Flesh, yellowish, fine, melting,
and very juicy : Flavor, rich, sugary, vinous and excellent,
with a fine musky perfume : Core, medium size : Seeds, me-
dium size, plump, brown. Ripe in November, and is in eat-
ing three or four weeks.

74. FoRELLE. Hort. Trans., Vol. V. pi. 17.

Poire Truite, ) ^^^^ g^ ^^^^ 3^ ^^ ^g^^

Forellenbirne, )

Trout Pear, of some gardens.

The Forelle is, without doubt, the most beautiful pear
which has ever been produced, and would deserve cultivation
for its appearance only, if it were even a second rate pear.
But it stands almost as high for its excellence as for its beauty.
Dr. Diel, in his Pomology, speaks of the Forelle as compet-
ing with the best French varieties, and Mr. Thompson states
that it " merits his eulogium in all respects."

The Forelle {fig. 27), takes its name from the resemblance
of its beautifully speckled skin to the Trout, and, in the French
collections, it is generally called the Truite pear. When the
fruit is produced in perfection, it is deeply colored with ver-
milion, and profusely covered with grayish russet dots, which
are margined or rayed with crimson. The tree grows very
rapidly, more resembling, in the color of the wood, which is
of a rich violet red speckled with grayish white, an apple than
a pear: young shoots woolly : leaves, roundish ovate. It is
very productive, and grows either upon the quince or pear
stock.

Mr. Manning, who described it among the many kinds
which he proved in his collection, (Vol. III. p. 49), stated that
with him it had not come up to the character given it in the

340 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

Pom. Mag., but we suspect he had not produced it under
favorable circumstances. Our drawing is from a specimen
produced in the collection of Mrs. Heard, of Watertown, in
1846, and, in beauty as well as quality, it was a first-rate
fruit. Where the locality is unfavorable as a dwarf or stand-
ard, we would recommend it as deserving a wall or an espa-
lier.

Fig. 27. Forelle.

Size, large, about two inches in diameter, and three long :
Form, oblong obovate, regular, rather the largest in the mid-
dle, and tapering to an obtuse point at the stem : Skin, fair,
smooth, dull yellow in the shade, broadly shaded with ver-
milion on the sunny side, and beautifully speckled with gray-
ish dots, which are deeply margined with crimson : Stem,
rather short, about three quarters of an inch, slender, nearly
straight, and obliquely inserted in a small, shallow, contract-
ed cavity, with a swollen lip or projection on one side : Bye,
medium size, partially open, moderately sunk in a small and
rather abruptly depressed basin ; segments of the calyx broad

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

341

and closed np, little reflexed : Flesh, white, very fine grained,
buttery, melting and juicy : Flavor, rich, sprightly, vinous,
shghtly perfumed and excellent : Core, medium size : Seeds,
medium size, nearly black. Ripe in November, and fre-
quently keeps till January.

75. Ananas. Bon Jardinier.

Poire Ananas, of French collections.

The Ananas {fig. 28), is a new pear, recently introduced
into our collections from the French gardens, and it proves to

Fig. 28. Ananas.

be a very delicious variety. Of its origm, we have no infor-
mation. It is not mentioned in the last edition of the Cata-
logue oi Xhftlion. Hort. Soc, and is probably not known in
31*

342 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

English collections. It first fruited in 1844 or '45, and our
drawing is from a specimen produced in the collection of Col.
Wilder last autumn.

The tree is a very vigorous grower, making stout and
strong annual shoots, of a rather light olive shade, with very-
large grayish specks. It thrives well upon the quince, pro-
ducing abundant crops.

This is not the Ananas d'Ete of the Hort. Soc. Catalogue,
but an entirely distinct variety, ripening later, and a much
richer pear. It is well worthy a place in every select collec-
tion.

Size^ large, two and a half inches broad, and three inches
long : Form, pyramidal, slightly angular, large at the crown,
and regularly tapering to the stem : Skin, fair, smooth, thin,
orange yellow when mature, little russeted on the shaded
side, slightly tinged with red next the sun, little clouded with
green, and covered with russet specks: Stem, rather short,
about half an inch, stout, rough, brown, wrinkled, and fleshy
where it adjoins the fruit, which is slightly on one side : Eye,
small, closed, and rather deeply sunk in a narrow, angular
basin ; segments of the calyx narrow, long and pointed : Flesh,
yellowish, rather coarse, melting, and very juicy : Flavor,
rich, sprightly, vinous, and delicious, with a pleasant aroma :
Core, small : Seeds, large, plump, pale browQ. Ripe in Oc-
tober, and will keep some time.

76. Bezi de la Motte. Hort. Trans., Yol. Y. p. 132.

Bien Armudi, > jj^^^ g^^ ^^^^ 3^^ ^d.

Beurre Blanc de Jersey, )

This old pear, which was first described by Quintinye, in
1685, upwards of a century and a half ago, and pronounced
by him of such excellence as to be likely to take the place of
the White Doyenne, is yet very little known. As late as
1830, when it was figured in the Pomological Magazine, it
was quite new to English collections, and to the present day,
with us, it has been confined principally to the gardens of am-
ateur cultivators. It is, however, one of those pears which
belong rather more to the orchardist than the amateur, as it
is a hardy and vigorous tree, a regular and abundant bearer,

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 343

ripening freely and keeping well, and admirably suited for a
profitable market fruit. The Pom. Mag. (1830), states that
it possesses " all the good qualities of the White Doyenne,"
while Mr. Thompson places it in the Catalogue of the Hort.
Soc. for 1842 as of 2d quality. This is our estimate of it,
strictly as to its eating qualities. In some seasons, we have
tasted specimens which were first-rate, while, in the average
of years, it will not come quite up to that character. Its other
qualities, however, claim for it a place in every good collec-
tion.

The Bezi de la Motte {^fig- 29), is supposed to have origi-
nated in the East, as the Bien Armudi, a Turkish variety,

Fig. 29. Bezi de la Motte.

has proved to be the same in the Garden of \he Horticultural
Society. A warm and dry season like that of 1846 probably
suits this variety better than a cool and wet one, as the fruit
last year was excellent. The tree is of vigorous and rapid
growth, forming a regular and compact head, and it succeeds
well upon the pear or quince : on the former stock, it does

344 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

not, however, come into bearing until the fifth or sixth year.
Wood ohve gray, with brownish specks.

Size, large, about three inches in diameter, and two and
a half long : Form, roundish, somewhat angular, broad and
flattened at the crown, and tapering slightly to the stem :
Skin, rather rough, dull greenish yellow, thickly russeted
around the crown, the russet extending over the surface in
very large, distinct, and conspicuous dots : Stetn, short, about
half an inch, moderately stout, nearly straight, greenish brown,
and rather obliquely inserted in an angular, moderately deep
cavity : Eye, medium size, open, and deeply sunk in a large,
open, sliglitly angular basin ; segments of the calyx broad,
pointed, reflexed : Flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melt-
ing and juicy : Flavor, sugary, pleasant, and excellent, with
a slight perfume : Core, large : Seeds, very large, dark brown.
Ripe in October, and in eating two or three weeks,

77. Belle et Bonne. Pomological Magazine, pi. 118.

Sohone and Gute, Hort. Soc. Cat., 3d. Ed.

Belle de Bruxelles, of some collections, (incorrectly.)

Lindley, Thompson, and Manning describe the Belle et
Bonne {fig. 30), as a valuable pear; and Mr. Kenrick, fol-
lowing the Pomological Magazine, quotes its language, viz.,
that it is "a delicious Bergamot of the best kind." It is one
of those pears which are more variable than others, according
to the season, abundance of the crop, &c., as in some years it is
quite first-rate, and in others not coming up to this character.
It is a large and fine fruit, and the tree \z vigorous and heal-
thy, not coming into bearing early, but producing great crops
when the tree has attained age.

It was introduced into the collection of the London Horti-
cultural Society about the year 1826, from the nurseries of the
Messrs. Baumann, of Bol wilier, and Mr. Manning first fruited
it in our gardens, and received it from various sources as the
Belle de Bruxelles. Wood, dark brownish ohve, sprinkled with
dark brown spots, short-jointed, with deep green, oval, lance-
olate leaves.

Size, large, about three inches broad and two and three
quarters deep : Form, roundish, narrowing a little towards the

Descripiloiis of Select Varieties of Pears.

345

stem, slightly angular, and often depressed : Skin, fair, yel-
lowish green, having a faint ruddy tinge on the sunny side,
and regularly covered with dull green and dark russet specks,
thickest on the shaded side : Stem, medium length, about one

Belle et Bonne.

inch, stout, smooth, curved, light brown, and deeply inserted
in a large narrowed cavity : Eye, large, closed, and consider-
ably depressed in a very broad, somewhat furrowed basin ;
segments of the calyx very large, broad and pointed : Fleshy
white, coarse, slightly gritty at the core, buttery and juicy:
Flavor, rich and sweet, with a pleasant musky perfume :
Core, medium size : Seeds, small, dark brown. Ripe in Sep-
tember,

73. Thompson's. Hort. Soc. Catalogue, 3d. Ed. 1842.

Of the newer and more recently introduced pears, the
Thompson's (^fig. 31), holds a conspicuous place. It is a

346 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pea?'s.

Flemish variety, first received by the London Horticultural
Society, and has been named in compliment to the able super-

Fig. 31. Thompson's.

intendent of the fruit department, Mr. R. Thompson, by the
Society. It is, as its name should indicate, a most excellent
pear, possessing a peculiarly delicious perfume, a very melt-
ing flesh, and has the sugary character of the Passe Colmar,
but relieved with a sprightliness which that variety does not
possess.

Mr. Manning received the scions of the Thompson's from
the London Horticultural Society, and first fruited it in 1841,
at which time he gave some account of it in our Magazine,
(Vol. VHI. p. 64). Since then we have repeatedly tried it,
and the last season we had some very fine specimens from
the collection of the Hon. J. S, Cabot, from one of which our
drawing is made. We have never eaten it of secondary
quality.

The tree is rather late in coming into bearing, of vigorous
growth, with yellowish olive-colored wood sprinkled with

The Strawberry Question. 347

grayish specks, and the leaves are of medmm size, dark
shining green, with very wavy margins.

Size, medium, about two inches in diameter, and two and
a half long : Form, obovate, regular, tapering towards the
stem, below which it is slightly contracted : Skin, fair, smooth,
lemon yellow when mature, considerably russeted around the
stem, and on one side : Stem, short, about half an inch long,
rather slender, slightly knobby, and inserted with scarcely
any cavity by the side of a slight projection : Eye, medium
size, open, and slightly depressed in a small basin ; segments
of the calyx short, broad, and apparently united : Flesh,
yellowish, fine, melting and juicy : Flavor, rich, sugary and
delicious, with a peculiar delicate aroma : Core, medium size :
Seeds, large, long, and nearly black. Ripe in October, and
keeps some time.

Art. II. The Strawberry Question. By the Editor.

Start not, dear reader ! We do not intend to open anew
the whole subject of the strawberry question which has been
agitated for several years, and now so satisfactorily settled.
Oui object is merely to notice the opinions of some writers in
regard to our Seedling, and to show how little they know of
its true character.

In our last volume, (XII. p. 359), we fully discussed the
subject of the fertile and sterile character of strawberries, and
stated that a series of carefully conducted experiments had
convinced us that the blossoms never change their form. If
pistillate or staminate, they forever remain so. We also stat-
ed, in reply to Mr. Saul, of the Highland Gardens, (p. 455),
that every cultivator who found staminate plants in his beds
of Hovey's Seedling might rest assured that he did not possess
the True variety.

Mr. Downing, who ought to know our strawberry without
looking at the blossoms, — for we have scarcely a gardener in
our grounds who cannot pick out Hovey's Seedhng by the
leaf alone, among a dozen other sorts, — has stated that his

348 The ^traivherry Qiiestio?i.

beds of plants change from staminate to pistillate, and from
pistillate to staminate, according to the age and vigor of the
plants. So convinced had he become of this being a " fixed
fact," that, with becoming modesty, he offered to prove his
doctrine by sending to the Massachusetts Horticultural Soci-
ety, in 1847, twelve plants, in pots, of the staminate Hovey's
Seedling.

Now mark the result. Agreeably to his statement, Mr.
Downing did send twelve plants to the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society in June last, for the Committee to examine
and substantiate his views. But judge of the disappoint-
ment which followed this liberal offer to prove his theory.
The plants duly came to hand, and the committee were to-
tally surprised at the result. Was it possible so great an
error could be committed by a nurseryman and an author 1
In the place of Hovey's Seedling, which every cu] tivator could
detect at once, some spurious variety was received, having
no resemblance to the original whatever, the foliage being
small and narrow, and the trusses of flowers of an entirely
different form. So apparent was this, that the plants did not
need examination, and those who saw them could not con-
jecture how a pomological writer could venture to send such
plants until he had taken some pains to ascertain their genu-
ineness by some other mode than the staminate blossoms : for
it argued that the true variety, though now spread all over
the United States, was quite unknown to Mr. Downing.

Such is the basis of his modified theory that '-some perfect
blossomed sorts have a tendency to vary mto barren forms" ;
and these twelve plants are evidence, introduced by himself,
to show that a little observation, and the least prac^/ra/ knowl-
edge of the subject would have long ago convinced him of its
utter absurdity.

We might notice some of the statements which are occa-
sionally made, that mdividuals who procured their plants of
Messrs. Hovey & Co. have found some staminate sorts among
them : those who are conversant with the habits, character
and cultivation of the strawberry are aware that seedlings
are constantly springing up from the berries which partially
decay on the vines : if there are any who do not know this,
they are referred to English writers, and we may here allude

Transplantation of Coniferous Forest Trees. 349

to an article in the Transactions of the London Horticultu-
ral Society by Sir George Stuart Mackenzie, (Vol. VII. p.
342). He states " that many berries decay and are passed
over, and inferior ones are not gathered. The seeds from
these drop, and new sorts come up, and if runners from these
are taken, of course they are not the true kind." This ac-
counts for the staminate plants, which, after a year or two,
spring up, and if, in making new beds, the plants are not
selected by those who know them by some other way than
the " staminate flowers," the error will be perpetuated, and
inferior sorts be the result.

Not long since, we noticed that some western cultivators
had purchased staminate Hovey's Seedlings of some of the
Eastern nurserymen, who had found such in their beds,
and supposed they were the original form of the variety : and
notwithstanding we have repeatedly asserted that the origi-
nal plants were the same as they are now — imperfect.^ hav-
ing the stamens, but few or no anthers — still they imagine
that their short acquaintance with the variety is better than
the testimony of the originator, before whose eye they have
constantly been for thirteen years. It would be quite useless
to argue the question with those who hold such absurd no-
tions.

We may, therefore, repeat that Hovey's Seedling, when
true, must have some staminate variety to impregnate it, and,
for this purpose, Ave use exclusively the Boston Pine, "which
is fully equal to it in every quality but size; being a week
earlier, the most productive of all strawberries, of delicious
flavor, and only about one quarter less in size than Hovey's
Seedling, averaging four inches in circumference.

4
Art. hi. On the Transplantation of the Coniferous Forest

Trees {Pines, ^'c), of New England to the Southern States.
By Dr. A. Mitchell, Portland, Me. In a Letter to the
Hon. H. a. S, Dearborn. Communicated by Gen. Dear-
born.

Since my last communication to you, I have received a let-
ter from Dr. Bacon, informing me that he has been suflering
VOL. XIII. — no. VIII. 32

350 Transplantation of Coniferous Forest Trees.

from a sev^ere attack of rheumatism, which has prevented him
from making a full report on the culture of the Arrow Root ;
and promises to do so as soon as he recovers. In my previous
communications to you, I hinted at making a few cursory
observations on the difference of success in the cultivation of
plants, and transplantation of trees, from altitude of moun-
tains and elevated lands in the same line of latitude, and those
taken from a similarity of soils, more on a level Avith the
ocean in adverse latitudes, whether high or low. It appears
you have communicated my previous letters, which were pub-
lished in the Boston Magazine of Horticulture., edited by C.
M. Hovey, Esq., of which t acknowledge the receipt of May
and July numbers. I was truly pleased with the perusal of
a paper so admirably adapted to the wants of this country,
eliciting so much valuable and practical information, which
should meet the most sanguine wishes of every lover of Hor-
ticultural pursuits and Botanical science : liberal favors should
be extended to such a work as the present, and also the one
to be published on the Fruits of America, which, we hope,
will meet with a large share of public patronage.

In the autumn of 1840, I suggested to several gentlemen of
Charleston, S. C, the probability of success in the transplan-
tation of some of our coniferous forest-trees, to their region.
They replied to me that the experiment had been tried for
several years, and had invariably failed ; although every thing
had been tried to crown their efforts with success. Notwith-
standing this discouraging answer, I was determined to try
the experiment, and impose on them the enterprise ; knowing
that many of their specimens were taken from the elevated
table-lands of that State, or the swamps of our country — with
the roots denuded of earth, often shipped in the spring — arriv-
ing there withered by exposure. With these hints of the sup-
posed cause of failure, I accordingly selected a soil in this
country, as our sandy plains in exposed situations, to take up
my trees, having in view the similarity of soils in Carolina,
in which I was to transplant them ; they were principally the
Balsam-fir, intermixed with varieties of the Spruce, amount-
ing to some hundreds, varying from one to six feet in height,
taken up the latter part of October, with a large ball of earth
on their roots, and packed in crates. They arrived there safe

Transplantation of Coniferous Forest Trees. 351

with the exception of some of them being heated and spoiled
by remaining too long under the hatches, and wonld have
been liberally purchased, had there not been a popular clam-
our against them, that they would not live ; yet I suggested
the propriety on the plan proposed of a gradual acchmation,
by not placing them at first in too exposed situations. I, how-
ever, succeeded in distributing them for a small remuneration ;
and, as a lone solitaire of the Balsam-fir was said to exist in
the precincts of the city, I busied myself in hunting it up.
On finding the tree alluded to, it proved to be a species of the
white pine, (Pinus *S'tr6bus), growing in the garden at the
neck, belonging to the Hon. Joel R. Poinsett, a gentleman well
known in the science of Horticulture, as well as his able com-
peer, the Hon. Thomas Bennett. Some weeks elapsed, and
I made an excursion into the country, and, when visiting a
plantation belonging to Mrs. Lynah, 1 accidentally discov-
ered a tree of the Balsam-fir growing in this lady's garden on
the banks of Stone River. This tree was thriving luxuriantly
in the most exposed situation, under the direct rays of the
sun, on an elevated sandy ridge ; this native of my hills had
undergone, by acclimation, a remarkable change, its acerose
leaves nearly twice as large, presenting a brilliantly varnished
appearance, with its foliage of a rich deep-green, and a healthy
structure throughout. The lady informed me that a gentle-
man from Massachusetts presented this tree to her some time
in the fall — six years previous. This encouraged me as to
the future success of those I had transplanted; and I had the
satisfaction of seeing many of them without much care pass
through the first and second summer in a thriving condition,
as, out of the city in some places, five out of seven succeeded ;
since that, 1 can give no farther information concerning them,
but have not the least doubt that success would have been
certain had the trees been younger, or seeds had been obtained
from trees growing in exposed situations in soils similar to
those of the south.

The surest way for the collection and arranging of facts, in
the acclimation of plants, is to devote our attention to Botan-
ical Geography. Thus, plants or trees of the same family do
not thrive nor succeed so well when transplanted from elevat-
ed and mountainous regions to the plain, however contiguous

352 Transplantation of Coniferous Forest Trees.

the localities or habitations of such plants may be, as those
from opposite latitudes or zones of a great distance, with a
similarity of soils. This is applicable also to seeds derived
from the parent stock of stunted growths, otherwise physi-
cally deteriorated constitutions of such plants growing on
mountains, in sheltered positions, shady ravines, or in soils or
positions presenting no similarity. It is well known to every
accurate observer, that powerful summer heats are capable of
causing trees and shrubs to endure the most rigorous winters;
which would militate decidedly against the opinion of some
as to the acclimation of plants from Southern to Northern lat-
itudes. Seeds contained in pericarps germinate sooner if
planted immediately after being separated from their natural
covering. I do not think that the mean annual temperature
of various countries in the temperate zones and tropical regions
affect the growth and nutrition of plants so much as has been
supposed. The habits and life of a plant may be changed.
and brought to exist on food not naturally suited to its consti-
tution by the care and cultivation of the same by man, who
is the most active agent in the dispersion of plants. Many
plants, as those the most useful to mankind, by slow and
gradual acclimation, become distributed over a vast region ;
as a proof of this position, we have only to point to the Indian
corn, rice, cotton, and sweet potato, growing in our own coun-
try. Again, — plants, whether herbaceous or perennial, as in
medical botany, may, by removal from opposite zones, become
stunted in their growth, with less luxuriance of appearance,
yet there will be a greater concentration of active properties,
than what is possessed in its original habitation. The designs
of our Creator are obvious in all of his works. Without care
or much protection by man, we see the delicate plant, Nas-
turtium peruvianum, or Indian cress, braving the different
climes, and lingering on the verge of our Northern winter.
This plant is a native of Peru ; its systematic name is Tropoe^o-
lum majus, from TQixmaiov, or Tropaion, a warlike shield or tro-
phy. " This fanciful but elegant name was chosen by Linnaeus
for this singular and striking genus, because he conceived the
shield-like leaves and the brilliant flowers, shaped like golden
helmets, pierced through and through, and stained with blood,
would justify such an allusion." It was first brought to

Descriptions of Eight New Varieties of Prairie Roses. 353

France from Peru, S. A., in 1684: in its original state, it is
said to be found growing to a considerable height, forming
quite a tree.

I cannot refrain from expressing the most earnest wishes
for the success of our enterprise in establishing an Experi-
mental Garden in Florida, for the cultivation and acclima-
tion of tropica] plants. The feasibility of the plan is so clear
that the national advantages derived therefrom cannot but
strongly impress the public with the ulterior benefits which
will grow out of its foimdation when brought to maturity.
As it will be the means of introducing many of the most val-
uable plants of the tropics from distant regions, promoting
agricultural science, increasing the original material of our
manufactures, adding largely to our staple commodities and
commercial exports, and, above all, diffusing a love for the
cultivation of plants in the rising generation, that will perma-
nently base and characterize us as an agricultural nation.
With great esteem, I am, dear sir, very respectfully yours,

Augustus Mitchell, M.D.

Hon. H. a, S. Dearborn.

We have already expressed our opinion of Dr. Mitchell's
papers, which possess great value, and we are gratified in be-
ing the medium of communication, through General Dearborn,
of his letters. For his complimentary notice of our labors in
the science of Horticulture, we feel highly honored. Another
excellent letter is postponed, for want of room, to our next.
—Ed.

Art. IV. Descriptions of Eight New Varieties of Prairie
Roses. By the Editor.

No productions of the flower garden have attracted more
attention within a few years than the new and beautiful vari-
eties of Prairie roses, which now form the principal ornaments of
-every good collection during the month of July, after other
roses have gone. Mr. Feast, who was the first to give a
new feature to our native Prairie, deserves the thanks of
32*

354 Desci'iptions of Eight New Varieties of Prairie Roses.

every lover of this beautiful tribe for the origination of his
superb seedlings. For years, we have been cultivating for-
eign roses, very few of which, in comparison with the
Prairies, deserve a place in the garden. Some of the Bour-
saults are exceedingly showy and brilliant, but, with few ex-
ceptions, they, like all other varieties of climbing roses, must
give way to the Prairies.

Two years ago, we gave a full descriptive account of all
Mr. Feast's seedlings, (Vol. X. p. 246,) with a view to correct
any errors which might have arisen in the dissemination of
the kinds; and we believe our article was the means of en-
abling cultivators to detect mistakes, and the different varie-
ties are now readily obtained under the correct names.

It is well known that, since Mr. Feast produced his fine
seedlings, our correspondent, Mr. J. Pierce, of Linnsean Hall,
near Washington, D. C, whose place we have twice noticed,
has raised several new and extremely beautiful varieties,
some of them vieing with Mr. Feast's, while others much ex-
cel them. Mr. Pierce raised twelve kinds, brief descriptions
of which he sent us last season ; but, as they only referred to
the color of the flowers, we thought it preferable to delay
their publication until we could render them complete. Most
of our plants have flowered finely this year, and we have been
enabled to do so, and we now annex the following descriptions
of each : —

Anne Maria. — Flowers, medium size, pale pink, with rose
centre, cupped and very double : clusters, large, numbering
twenty to thirty flowers, and rather compact : foliage, medium
size, very pale green, undulated, slightly serrated, and rather
smooth : spines, strong, pale green : habit, robust, vigorous
and good. It is quite distinct from any of the others.

Eva Corinne. — Flowers, large, very delicate blush, with
beautiful carmine centre, globular, and very double : clusters,
medium size, containing from ten to twenty flowers, rather
compact : foliage, medium size, rugose : spines, purplish :
habit, vigorous, and very erect. This is the most delicate of
all the Prairies, and its clusters of blush flowers, with their
deep centre, which are perfectly globular and quite fragrant,
entitle it to a prominent place in every garden. It blooms
quite late.

Descrijitions of Eight New Varieties of Prairie Roses. 355

Miss Gunnell. — Flowers, medium size, of a delicate blush
or buff, precisely of the shade of Lady Hume Camellia,
cupped, very regular, and double : clusters, large and spread-
ing, numbering twenty-five to thirty flowers : foliage, large,
undulated, and partially rugose : habit, vigorous and good.
This is quite unique for the delicate tint of its flowers, which
are produced in large clusters. It is one of the very best.

Jane. — Flowers, medium size, of a beautiful light, or lilac,
rose, imbricated, and very double : clusters, large and rather
compact, numbering twenty-five or thirty flowers : foliage,
large, coarselj'', and sharply serrated : habit, very strong and
vigorous.

Ranunculiflora. — Flowers, small, pale blush, very much
resembling Baltimore Belle: clusters, large, usually twenty
or thirty flowers : foliage, very rugose : spines, purplish :
habit, vigorous and good. This variety is slightly fragrant,
and flowers rather late.

Pride of Washington. — Flowers, medium size, pale rose,
cupped and double, somewhat resembling Jane : clusters,
medium size, numbering ten to twenty flowers: foliage, me-
dium size, slightly serrated, and nearly smooth : habit, vigor-
ous and good.

Triumphant. — Flowers, medium size, deep brilliant rose,
imbricated, very double, and finely formed : clusters, large,
and rather compact, numbering from twenty to thirty flowers :
foliage, very large and handsome, undulated and bright green,
deeply and sharply serrated : habit, very strong and robust.
This variety is remarkable for its ample and beautiful foliage,
as well as its deep and brilliant rosy flowers.

President. — Flowers, small, deep pink, compact, and very
double : clusters, medium size, and rather loose, numbering
fifteen to twenty flowers : foliage, medium size, rugose,* and
rather deeply serrated : prickles, purplish red : habit, vigor-
ous and good. This is one of the latest flowering varieties.

These are aU Mr. Pierce's seedlings, eight in number. We
have four others, which have not yet flowered sufficiently
strong to give a correct description : their names are, Mrs.
Hovey, a superb white; Virginia l.ass; Linnsean Hall Beau-
ty, and one unnamed. Another season they will probably
bloom in fine condition. Mr. Pierce speaks very highly of

356 Propagation of Stove and Greenhouse Exotics.

Mrs. Hovey, as being a fine white, the "largest, doublest and
best" of all his seedlings; it is of superb habit, with splendid
deep green foliage, and, if it proves a pure white, it will be
the greatest acquisition which has yet been made.

In our volume for 1844, (X. p. 98,) will be found an article
by Mr. Pierce, upon the Prairie rose, with some remarks on
its employment for hedges or live fences. In that article he
states, that, having sown a lot of seeds for the purpose of
stocks, "he was not a little surprised to find that he had
among them twelve fine varieties of double roses." It would
be gratifying to amateurs to know how he procured the seed
by which he should be so very successful in producing these
double varieties; whether they were from the single Prairie,
or from the double varieties — or whether they had been im-
pregnated with other sorts. We trust Mr. Pierce will find the
opportunity to communicate this information, that those who
wish to follow up his experiments may have some guide as
to the best method to adopt to attam the end in view.

To Messrs. Feast and Pierce, the Covers of the rose are
deeply indebted Mr Feast, we are gratified to know, has
received some reward for his beautiful productions. We trust
that Mr. Pierce, whose seedlings are fully equal to any which
have been raised, will, in due time, also receive that token of
merit which is justly his due.

Art. V. On the Propagation of Stove and Greenhouse Ex-
otics : in a Series of Letters. By James Kennedy, Gardener
to S. T. Jones, Staten Island, New York.

Letter TV. Propagation by Layers.

There are many kinds of Exotics, such as the ilfyrtus, Tas-
minum, A'erium, Punica, «fcc., which succeed best by this
mode of propagation, and, indeed, it may be considered the
most certain mode of propagation by division. The great ad-
vantage it has over any of the other modes is, that the part
layered receives nourishment from its parent wliile roots are
being formed, whereas cuttings get no further supply than

Proj)agation of Stove and, Greenhouse Exotics. 357

that laid np in the leaves. The state of the wood most favor-
able for layers is that of a medium state for ripeness ; both
wood and bark should be softish and not too ripe ; and. above
all, in a perfectly healthy state. The month of May is a
favorable time for performing this work. Shoots or branches
properly situated for layering, should be brought down gently,
slit, and inserted into the pot of the parent plant ; but when
this is not convenient, let pots be filled with the soil in which
the plants love to ramble, and placed conveniently near for
the purpose : let them be secured firmly with wooden pegs,
and cover them about two inches or so with suitable soil,
over which let a little moss, or mowings of short grass, be
placed to keep the earth moist. This done, give all a good
soaking of water, which must be repeated regularly when
necessary. As soon as roots are found to protrude, an occa-
sional watering with clear liquid manure would be of great
benefit to the young layer. At any rate, we are certain it
would not do injury, and, therefore, might be applied without
risk. By attending to the above hints, the shoots will be
eflectually rooted, and ready for potting off by the end of the
summer, but, should there be any not sufiiciently rooted, they
must be allowed to remain till the following spring.

Lettek v. Propagation hy Inarching.

When it is desired to inarch any particular kind of Exotic,
the stock to be grafted on, as well as the plant from which the
graft is to be taken, must stand sufficiently near each other to
allow the branch, as it grows on the parent plant, to approach
and join readily to that part of the stock where it is desired
to be worked on, forming a kind of arch, for the graft is not
intended to be cut off till sonif time after performing the ope-
ration ; nor is the head of the stock intended to be cut off
till there is a perfect union between the two. The Citrus,
Punica, and similar exotic genera, are often propagated by
this mode, on stocks raised from pips ; and some genera, such
as the Magnolia, Camell/'a, &c. &c., are generally worked on
the commoner sorts, and sometimes three or four sorts on one
stock ; in fact, 1 have seen as many as twelve varieties of the
camellia on one stock, which was, indeed, a varied and im-
posing object when in flower.

358 Floricultural and Botanical Notices.

The single red camellia is the best for stocks to work upon ;
it is easily propagated by '^•uttings; and it produces a much
greater quantity of fibrous roots than any of the other sorts,
and, consequently, must be able to coii\^ey a greater quantity
of nutriment up into the system. The time to take off the
cuttings is about the middle of May, or when the wood has
become somewhat firm. They should be cut off in a hori-
zontal direction, close at the place where they pushed from
last, and smoothed off a little at the base with a sharp knife.
Well-drained pots, the same size recommended for seeds and
cuttings, will exactly suit. Let the pots be filled with equal
parts of loam and silver sand. After inserting them tightly
into the pots, give a little water to settle the soil, when they
should be put in a cool frame for a week or so, and kept
shaded when the sun is strong, after which they should be
plunged to the rims in bottom heat, and regularly watered
when necessary, and kept shaded, as above remarked.

When they have struck root, which is generally indicated
by their pushing young shoots, they should be potted off
singly into small pots, well drained. A compost composed
of the following materials will be found suitable : — To
a barrowful of turfy loam, — not sifted, but chopped with the
spade, — add half a barrowful of well rotted cow manure ; half
a barrowful of peat and leaf mould ; and one fourth of a barrow-
ful of silver sand : by following this mode, the young propagator
will soon have an ample supply of stocks to practise upon.

Staten Island^ July 28^/«, 1847.

Art. VI. Floricultural and Botanical Notices of Neir and
Beautiful Plants figured in Foreign Periodicals ; uith De-
scriptions of those recently introduced to^ or originated in,
American Gardens.

Calystegia pubescens. — This new and beautiful climber,
which we lately noticed, (p. 78), as one of Mr. Fortune's
acquisitions in China, is now beautifully in bloom in our col-
lection. Mr. Fortune sent it home as a double convolvulus.

Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 359

It has much of the habit of the common bindweed of the fields,
with shghtly pubescent fohage, and the flowers are about the
size of an anemone, irregularly double, and of a pale, delicate
pink. It will probably prove a fine plant for turning out into
the border in the same way as the Ipomaea Learii. At pres-
ent, it is extremely rare. It is a valuable acquisition to our
summer flowering greenhouse plants.

16. Fuchsia micra'ntha Hook. Great-flowered Fuchsia. {Ona-

grdccce.)

A greenhouse shrub ; growing two feet high ; with rosy crimson flowers ; appearing in summer;
a native ofPeru ; increased by cuttings -, cultivated in good rich light soil. Flore des Serres, Vol.
n pi. 15i. 1S46.

Among all the fuchsias which have been mtroduced. this
species stands conspicuous, not only in the color of the flow-
ers, which are of the most brilliant deep rose, but in their
very large size, and the abundance in which they are pro-
duced on plants not more than two feet high. It was found
in Peru by Mr. Lobb, collector for Messrs. Yeitch of Exeter,
and first flowered in their collection in 1845. It is one of the
most desirable which has yet been introduced, having all the
splendor of the F. corymbiflora, but, unlike that variety, bloom-
ing with the ordinary care given to the common varieties.
{Flo?-e des Serres, Sept. 1846).

17. Metho'nica LeopoYdh Van Houtte. King Leopold's Me-

thonica, (hiliacece).

A bulbous plant ; growing four feet high ; with yellow flowers; appearing in summer; a native
of Africa ; increased by offsets; cultivated in sandy peat and loam. Flore des Serres, Vol. H. pi.

163. 1846.

Another fine plant belonging to the liliaceous tribe, and
having somewhat of the noble appearance of the Japan lilies,
and like them flowering in summer. It is described as hav-
ing a majestic bearing, ample and deep green foliage, and
large flowers of a soft yellow, marbled and striped with rose,
and the colored figure fully justifies the description. It was
sent home from the western coast of Africa in 1845, by the
collector of Van Houtte, and first flowered at his establish-
ment in August 1846. It is named in honor of Leopold, King
of Belgium. It is of robust habit, but the stems are rather
slender, and the leaves, which are recurved, have a terminal
tendril which is generally curled up. The flowers are very

360 Floricultural and Botanical Notices.

large, with undulated segments. It requires the same soil
and treatment as the Japan lilies. Increased by offsets in the
usual way. {Flore des Sen-cs, Nov. 1846).

18. Came'llia japo'nica var. La Reine. The Queen's Ca-

mellia. ( Ternstromiaceix).
This is stated to be one of the most beautiful camellias
which ha^ yet been produced ; of exquisite form, and of a
pure white, delicately tinted with rose : petals round, and
finely imbricated. It history is not known ; but it was pro-
cured by Van Houtte of an amateur cultivator, whose taste
for the camellia was so nice that but few varieties were
esteemed of sufficient excellence to deserve cultivation: it has
also been pronounced, by the principal amateur cultivators of
Gaud, " one of the three best camellias known." {Flore des
Serres, Nov. 1846).

19. Abu^tilon PiEONiFLo^RUM Nob. Pseon^^-flowered Abutilon.

{Malvdce(s).

a greenhouse plant ; growing four feet high ; with deep crimson fiowers ; appearing in summer ;
a native of Brazil ; increased by cuttings ; cultivated in peat, loam, and sand. Flore des Serres,
Vol. II. pi. no. 1816.

A pretty species of the abutilon, with bright rose-colored
flowers, and pubescent foliage, attaining the height of three
or four feet, and flowering in clusters at the ends of the branches.
For out-door cultivation in summer, it will probably become
a very ornamental object. Cultivated in any good soil, and
increased by cuttings. {Flore des Sen-es, Nov.)

20. Leschenau'ltia sple'ndens Hook. Splendid flowered Les-

chenaultia. {GoodenidcecB.)

a greenhouse plant ; growing a foot high ; with scarlet flowers ; appearing in spring ; a native of
New Holland ; increased by cuttings ; cullivaied in peat, leaf mould, and sand. Flore des Serres,
Vol.II.pl. 176. 1816.

The beauty of the well known Leschenaultta formosa, is
familiar to all cultivators. L. splendens is of the same habit,
but more robust, and the flowers have all the brilliancy of the
old Ferbena Melliidres, being deeper and brighter than for-
mosa. It was introduced into England by MesTs. Lucombe
& Pince, and a plant exhibited by them in 1846 had upwards
of three hundred flowers expanded. It should be introduced
into every fine collection of plants. Its cultivation is the
same as for the other species. {Flore des Serres, Dec).

General Notices. 361

21. Hydra'ngea involucra^ta, var. fl. ple^no, Sieh. Double-

flowered Hydrangea, (^S'axifragacege).
This is another beautiful Hydrangea, introduced by Dr.
Siebold from Japan, and somewhat of the character of H.
japonica. The sterile flowers compose the outer circle of the
corymb, and are double, of fine rose color, and resemble little
pompone roses. The fertile flowers are numerous, and fill up
the centre. Siebold found it growing in mountainous dis-
tricts, flowering in the months of July and August. This in-
defatigable collector, it is also stated, distinguished four vari-
eties, viz., one with lilac flowers — one second with blush
flowers — a third with yellow flowers — and the last with rose-
colored flowers, which is the one now under notice. In habit,
the plant is erect and handsome. It will prove a beautiful
companion to the H. japonica, and should receive the same
treatment as that species. {Flore des Seires, ^c, Jan).

22. BEGo>^iAFucHsiofDEsiiZooA-. Fuchsia-likc Begouia. {Begon-

iaceae).

A greenhouse plant ; growing two or three feet high ; with scarlet flowers ; appearing in winter ;
a native of New Grenada ; increased by cuttings ; cultivated in peat, loam, and sand. Flore des
Serres, kc, Vol. H. pi. 212. ll>47.

This is without doubt the finest Begonia which has yet
been introduced. The flowers are very large, of a brilliant
scarlet, and, being produced in long, pendent racemes, they
have the appearance of a fuchsia, from whence its name. It
is of easy cultivation, commences flowering in winter, and
remains in bloom for a long time. Its cultivation is the same
as that for the other species, of which some are well known
in our gardens. This and the B. coccinea should be in every
good collection. Their brilliancy would add greatly to the
appearance of the warm greenhouse or stove during the win-
ter and spring months. {Flore des Ser?'es, ^c, Mar).

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices,

Culture of Asparagus in Germany. — Numbers 20, 21, and 22, of the
Chronicle, the last I have received, contain sundry articles on the culture of
asparagus, by which it appears that, in your country, the preference is-

VOL. XIII. NO. VIII. 33

362 General Notices.

given to asparagus which is suffered to grow some inches above the ground,
and which, consequently, acquires a green color by atmospherical influence.
You consider this mode of culture preferable for two reasons : first, because
the eatable part of such asparagus is larger ; secondly, because it has a
finer flavor.

Living in a part of Germany where the culture of asparagus is very com-
mon, I hope the following remarks, though from a foreigner, will not be
unwelcome. Asparagus which has obtained a green color by its being ex-
posed to the air, will neither be grown nor eaten here, and, strange enough,
exactly for the same reasons which have been alleged by you for growing it
above ground. However, we do not avail ourselves of artificial means, as
supposed by you, such as tubes of earthenware or metal, and still our as-
paragus, if well managed, is white and eatable almost the whole length.

The manner of growing it is as follows : It is never planted otherwise
than in a deep, light, and sandy soil, which has been trenched to a depth of
three feet, well drained and well manured. A thick layer of horsedung is
put on the bottom of the trench and mixed with the soil. Strong loamy or
clayey soil is decidedly disadvantageous to the growth of this vegetable.
It 'will not thrive in it, does not become tender, and will very often become
brown spotted, which the common people here call ironmould (Cipumala),
especially if drainage has been neglected.

We take plants of two or three years' growth, according to their vigor,
and usually plant them in furrows, which are made at two feet distance, and
from one and a quarter to one and a half feet deep. The distance between
the plants is likewise two feet. In these furrows the plants are permitted
to grow uncovered from the month of March or April, the usual and best
time for planting, till the beginning or middle of November ; at all events,
before severe frost is coming on. The soil, which has been taken out of
the farrows and heaped up at the sides, is then put in, and the beds are
completely levelled. The plants have had time during summer to establish
themselves sufficiently.

Next spring, the young shoots will make their appearance above ground,
and if every thing has been duly attended to ; if strong and healthy plants
have been selected, and if, besides, water has been given during a dry sea-
son, not a single one ought to fail. Some people begin to cut the strongest
shoots in the third year, but a better result will be obtained by leaving them
undisturbed till the fourth summer, only giving them, every spring, in Feb-
ruary or March, a good dressing of cowdung. Manure is the most essen-
tial requisite for growing fine and tender asparagus. The shoots are cut at
sunrise and late in the evening, at a length of not more than nine inches,
cutting them with a long knife under ground as soon as the top of the shoot
is lifting the soil. Asparagus will always have the finest taste if eaten im-
mediately after having been gathered, but ought never be kept longer than
one day, and should be covered meanwhile with light earth, sand, or some
other material of this description. It is a very bad practice, lately in use
with our market gardeners, to immerge the asparagus, immediately after
cutting, in a tub with water, leaving it in the water till they bring it to mar-

General Notices. 363

ket. By this practice, the finer flavor is altogether lost, and the cooks
should be warned against doing the same.

Wherever manure is not a very expensive article, the culture of asparagus
pays well, since the lightest and the most sandy land, where nothing else
can be grown with advantage, can easily be adapte 1 to its culture, and will
yield a rent for a long series of years. Besides, the same land can be made
use of for carrots and other vegetables, when the time of cutting is over.
Living myself some hundred steps from the Baltic, and having read differ-
ent accounts of the famous asparagus culture at the sea coast near Saa
Sebastian, in Spain, I have last year made the experiment to grow it in
pure sea sand containing no humus or vegetable matter whatever. It only
received a moderate supply of manure, and has even not been watered dur-
ing the last hot summer ; nevertheless, it is growing this year so well, that
I might have cut a tolerable quantity of shoots as big as a lady's finger, if
I would be foolish enough to do so.

The price of asparagus with us varies from four to seven or eight
schillings, or English pence, per pound, the former being the general price
from the moment the weather begins to become warm. Many thousand
poutids are sent by the steamers to Sweden and other foreign countries,
since the Lubeck asparagus is well renowned. Though I never liad the
advantage of seeing your fine country, and, therefore, cannot be a judge of
your green asparagus, I have several times eaten green asparagus in Italy
and France, but I dare confess merely for want of better. However, there
is no quarrelling as to matters of taste. As far as regards tenderness, I am
at a loss to understand how asparagus can improve by being exposed to the
drying influence of air, wind, and sunshine. It may become more aromatic,
though I doubt it, but it will certainly require a greater exertion in being
Biasticated.

Some persons assert that another kind of asparagus is cultivated in some
parts of the south of (Jermany, which always appears green on the table,
though white shoots are equally eaten. I have hitherto not been able to
procure any authentic information about its existence, and am inclined to
think, that only the manner of culture will produce the difl^erence. An
English giant asparagus has lately been offered by some nurserymen, like-
wise hitherto not cultivated by myself. Different sorts may require a differ-
ent treatment.

The season for asparagus is at present on the decline. However, I have
requested a friend at Lubeck to send you with this letter a sample of our
market asparagus, grown and sold in the common way, and I beg you to
give it a fair trial, not overlooking that it will have been cut almost a week
when arriving with you. — Gard. Chron., 1847, pp. 403, 404.

CuUicating the Pine Apple in the open air in England. — The last mail
brings to hand our foreign papers, and we fifid in one of them an important
article on ttie growth of the pine apple, — heretofore supposed to require the
very highest temperature, — in the open air. The communication of this
fact has been made by Lady Rolle, of Bicton, in Devonshire, to Dr. Lind-
ley, and we quote the whole from the Chronicle, and would particularly ask our

364 General Notices.

readers to notice his remarks on what he considers the " practical" interest
of the experiment, viz : the necessity of a low night temperature in forcing-
houses of all kinds. To our cultivators, however, the communication is of
greater importance ; as, under our burning sun, during summer, there is no
doubt of the perfect ripening of the pine apple, and other fruits, if the
plants could only be stowed away from danger of frost in winter, and then
set out in properly prepared beds, or pits, in summer, exposed to the sun
and air. The subject is one which we shall refer to again ; for the present,
we have not room to say more. — Ed.

The name of Bicton will long be associated with important experiments
in the cultivation of the pine apple. The latest which has come to our
knowledge has had for its object a demonstration of the possibiitiy of ripen-
ing this fruit in the open air during our summer.

We learn from a statement, which Lady Rolle has been so obliging as to
put into our hands, that in May last Mr. Barnes, having some plants ready,
although the weather was unfavorable, opened a trench, casting the earth
right and left, so as to form a bank on each side, which he imagined would
afford some shelter from cold winds ; in the bottom of the trench he placed
bricks in threes, in the form of a triangle, so as to make a dry bottom for
the plants to stand on, and, at the same time, to secure a ready passage for
air and water. The plants, having been placed on the bricks, were packed
to the rims of the pots in tree leaves, which had been used dunng the win-
ter in and about hot-beds. This being done, the whole surface, banks and
all, was covered with charred hay or grass, which Mr. Barnes considered the
best material for absorbing heat, retaining it, and giving it off gradually ;
in which expectation he has not been deceived, for although the weather
proved cold at intervals, stormy and windy, with frosty mornings, and many
dark sunless days, yet no injury was sustained, and when the sun did ap-
pear the fruit made great progress ; at the same time the suckers which
sprung up grew vigorously and were most healthy. The varieties of pine
apple employed in this experiment consisted chiefly of Queens, together
with Black Jamaica, Montserrat, Enville, Moscow Queen, Anson's Queen
or Otaheite, and Black Antigua, &c. The plants employed had never
been subjected to fire heat at any time. They were turned out after they
had blossomed.

A pine apple thus produced has been placed before us by Lady Rolle,
and we can state that it was a Queen, of excellent quality, weighing three
pounds fourteen ounces, although from having been cut several days it had
lost some ounces. It was perfectly well swelled, with the exception of a
small portion below the crown, which was " blind ;" this did not, however,
prevent its being a handsome table fruit.

It thus appears that so tender a fruit as the pine apple may be enabled to
bear full exposure to the air of May, June, and July in this climate, by a
little judicious management. The cold winds were kept off by banks
thrown up across (we presume) the prevailing currents. The want of a
sufficient amount of earth heat was compensated for by a " lining" of leaves
still capable of fermentation. And then, by covering the scene of the ex-

General Notices. 365

periineut with a black substance, the heat absorbing power of the ground
was so much increased as to enable it to maintain a night atmosphere round
the plants high enougii to repel the late frosts of Devonshire, and to main-
tain a healthy growth during the day. These are, we imagine, the three
points which have chiefly led to su -cess. It must, however, be remarked
that the fruit was set before the p/anis were exposed to the air. Had this
been neglected, we believe the experiment would have failed ; and we even
attribute the " blindness" of the upper part ol the fruit to the setting pro-
cess not having been completed there, at the time when the plants were
removed from shelter.

It may be alleged that this experiment is more curious than useful ; that
the only practical result is that it merely enables a fruiting house to be
cleared in May, and immediately converted into a succession house, instead
of remaining full of fruiting plants till August. We, however, do not re-
gard it in that light. It will be highly interesting to know what sort of
young plants will be formed by the suckers thus obtained ; Mr. Barnes says
they are extremely vigorous ; we should expect them to be so ; and if they
continue to thrive thus during the remainder of the summer, they will prob-
ably become the parents of very fine fruit. This is, however, in the future.

What in our eyes is of most practical interest is the establishment of the
fact, upon which we have so long and often insisted, that a high night tem-
perature in forcing-houses is a fatal mistake. Good gardeners are begin-
ning to admit the correctness of this view in vineries ; but they have
doubted whether the principle could be applied to the pine apple, because it
naturally grows in countries so much hotter than those occupied by the vine.
But they forget the effect of radiatittn at night ; they have not considered
how low the temperature of even the tropics must ofien become near the
surface of the ground, under the bright and cloudless skies of such regions ;
they have not recollected that ice is formed during the night in Bengal.
The new experiment of Mr. Barnes has shown that what is true of the vine
is equally true of the pine apple ; for, notwithstanding the efficacy of a
black surface, it is impossible that the temporature of the air round his
pines should not have been much below 40° in the "frosty mornings" of
which he speaks.

Another point is the excellent flavor of the fruit thus produced. To
what was that owing? not to high temperature, nor to bright and long-con-
tinued sunshine, for we are told that the weather was stormy, with many
dark sunless days. It was caused by the free access of air constantly pass-
ing over the leaves, incessantly feeding them on the one hand, and helping
them on the other to elaborate their juices by the as incessant removal of
their superfluous water. What a lesson is this to us all ! What a condem-
nation of our vicious system of building glass-houses to be filled with stag-
nant air and vapor ; of our miseiable ventilation ; of our barbarous flues ;
of our water-pipes and tanks, and the sluggish atmosphere which they
warm. Let us even add what a triumph it is for the friends of Polmaise,
de luinstrating as it does the soundness of their views of the paramount im-
portance of rapid currents of everchanging air. For ourselves, we are per-
33*

366 Domestic Notices.

fectly convinced that the day is at hand when the first question aslfed of an
architect will be not how he proposes to heat a hothouse, but how he will
manage to ventilate it. The costly and complicated machinery of hot-water
apparatus will be only remembered as a folly, and the simple processes
which combine a rapid distribution of heat with a rapid motion of air, will
be universally employed. We may depend upon it, that, in nine cases out
of ten, cold is much less dangerous than heat, and that half our bad culti-
vation is caused by a mistaken eagerness to keep plants in an artificial in-
stead of natural condition. — {Ih. p. 467.)

Window flowers. — This is the season when those who do not possess green-
houses will see the reward of their care and labor in the blooming plants which
have been tended by them in-doors. The dry air of sitting-rooms must be
counteracted as much as possible by syringing, by exposure to gentle rains, and
by admitting as much of the atmospheric air as can conveniently be done.
Green fly may easily be kept down in small collections by picking and rub-
bing them off by the hand ; or all the pots may be put into a frame closely
covered up, and subjected to tobacco smoke. Do this in the evening and
leave the plants till the morning, when they should receive a good watering
by a fine rose or a syringe. Keep plants in pots moderately moist, without
allowing water to remain in the saucers. By these means, and bringing in
a succession as the former plants get shabby, a window may be made very
interesting to the amateur, and an air of elegance and refinement be given
to the dwelling.

Plants may now be cultivated in balconies, and on the stone in front of the
window, so as to give a beautiful and attractive appearance to the exterior
of the house. Fuchsias do admirably well for this purpose, as they will
continue to bloom until the frosts of autumn disturb them, and require less
care than most plants equally showy. Let strong healthy plants be potted
in six inch pots, in a light rich soil, and let these pots be dropped into others
just large enough to admit the space of about half an inch all round ; the
inserted pot standing on moss or leaf-mould until its brim is on a level with
that of the pot containing it. By this little contrivance, the hottest suns
will be unable to scorch the roots of the plants, they will retain moisture
longer, and will flourish more luxuriantly. If a drooping variety of fuchsia
is made to alternate with those of erect habit, a mass of bloom will be pre-
sented of great depth and richness. Other showy plants can, of course, be
treated in the same way.

Take time by the forelock, and prepare for your collections next year, by
purchasing or striking young plants. It requires some forethought to keep
up a succession of window flowers without a greenhouse, but it may be
■done. Former papers have treated more fully on this subject, and to them
ithe readers of the Chronicle are referred. — {lb. p. 404,)

Art. II. Domestic Notices.

Hovey's Seedling Straiuberry. — It has been gratifying to us to hear that
our seedling has taken the prizes at nearly every horticultural exhibition in the

Domestic Notices. 367

country ; at the Genesee Valley Horticultural Society, the best quart of
strawberries the first premium for Hovey's Seedling. At the Long Island
Horticultural Society, Messrs. Winter received the prize for three quarts,
which were " unexceptionably fine" ; these were in competition with upwards
of THIRTY other varieties, including Buist's Prize, North's Victory, Tay-
lor's Seedling, Black Prince, and others, which have been advertised as
equal or superior to the seedling ; and this, too, in Flushing, where our friends
pride themselves upon their great collections, and the successful cultivation
of this fruit. At the Utica Horticultural Society, " Mr. Wm. Walcott's
Hovey's Seedlings were acknowledged, by common consent, to be the larg-
est strawberries ever seen in this country, some of them measuring four and
three quarters inches in circumference." At the Montreal Horticultural
Society, " the competitors for the prize were numerous : a large basket of
Hovey's Seedling, from J. Archbald, gardener to Jas. Savage, Esq., ex-
cited unusual admiration, and very deservedly received the first prize." At
the American Agricultural Association, New York, D. W. Coit, Esq., of
Norwich, Conn., received the first prize, in competition with a large num-
ber of varieties from Messrs. Prince & Co., of Flushing. We merely note
these awards to show that a strawberry must be a very good one to compete
with it, although it was raised thirteen years ago. — Ed.

Premiums for New Varieties of Strawberries and Raspberries. — The Cin-
cinnati Horticultural Society have offered the sum of $ 100 for a seedling
strawberry, which shall " exceed the most our Seedling in average size,"
and, we presume, equal it in other respects. This we learn from the
Ohio Cultivator, although we have seen no official report on the subject.
When the report of the committee offering the premium comes to hand, we
shall notice the particulars on which the award is to be made. The pre-
mium is to be given in 1850. The same sum (;J;100) is also offered for the best
seedling Raspberry. — Ed.

Burr's Seedling Strawberries. — Three years ago. Dr. Brinkle raised a
great number of new seedling strawberries, and named and described some
thirty or forty of them, many of which were stated to be much superior to
Hovey's Seedling ; but we believe not one of them has proved to be val-
uable. Mr. Burr, of Ohio, has, within a few years, raised a great number
of varieties, several of which, the present year, he has named and offered
for sale ; he has also exhibited them before the Columbus and Cincinnati
Horticultural Societies, and they have reported upon them as " remarkably
fine." It is now nearly fourteen years since our two seedlings were pro-
duced, and although Col. Wilder, and Capt. Lovett, of Beverly, and other
cultivators around Boston have raised thousands of seedlings within the last
six years, they have not found one, which they consider wonhy of a name,
knowing that unless they excel the older kinds, there would be no real merit
in their production. They are well aware that it is as easy to raise seedling
strawberries of the size and quality of all the older kinds, as to raise any
other seedling plants; but, in the present improved state of this delicious
fruit, it would be useless to encumber our catalogues with such sorts.

Such may not, however, be the case with Mr. Burr's strawberries i we

368 Domestic Notices.

hope he has succeeded in raising something finer than any we have yet had ;
but our doubts are at once raised when he states, in his descriptions, that
one kind " averages larger than any other known," and" yet that it is only
"■four and a half inches in circumference," when it is well known that
Hovey's Seedling, under ordinary treatment, measures five and a half.
Another kind is stated to be so prolific as to have produced " thirty-five
quarts on a bed six feet by twenty." Our seedling has produced twelve
quarts on a bed two and a half feet by twelve, which is forty -eight quarts
on a bed six feet by twenty. We notice these things because Ross's Phoe-
nix, Buist's Prize, Brinkle's Gushing, and various others have all been
advertised as the finest sorts known.

That our amateur cultivators may know something of the merits of Mr.
Burr's seedlings, we quote the names and descriptions, as drawn up by the
Columbus Horticultural Society. — Ed.

1. Ohio Mammoth. — Fruit very large, averaging larger size than any
other strawberries known ; shape rather long, conical, and somewhat angu-
lar; color light red, flavor sweet and excellent ; foliage large, and plants
vigorous, hardy, and productive ; flowers perfect, or staminate. — Produced
from Burr's old Seedling and Hovey's.

2. New Pine. — Fruit large, color pale red, flavor very high aromatic,
sweet and delicious ; very early and uncommonly productive ; plants vigor-
ous and perfectly hardy ; flowers pistillate ; believed to be the best straw-
berry cultivated. — From Burr's and Hovey's.

3. Rival Hudson. — Fruit of a dark and shining red color, resembling
the Hudson of Cincinnati, except that the fruit and stem are longer ; flavor
very rich and excellent ; plants hardy and very productive ; a very hand-
some and excellent variety for market, or domestic use ; flowers pistillate. —
Produced by the old Hudson and Burr's.

4. Columbus. — Fruit large, nearly round, of a beautiful dark color, and
rich sweet flavor ; plants uncommonly prolific, and quite hardy ; flowers
pistillate. — From Hovey's and Burr's.

5. Scioto. — Fruit of large size ; color light scarlet ; flavor rich, sweet,
and delicious ; plants very productive, vigorous, and hardy ; pistillate.

6. Scarlet Melting. — Fruit rather long, with a neck ; color bright red
or scarlet; flavor excellent; flesh very tender, (melting readily in a dish
with sugar,) consequently not suitable for transporting to market, though
delicious for the table ; plants very productive, of rapid and vigorous
growth, and hardy ; pistillate. •

7. Profusion. — Fruit medium size or small; flavor rich and sweet;
plants hardy, and a prodigious bearer, — two hundred perfect berries having
been counted on a single plant ; pistillate.

8. Late Prolific. — Fruit of good size, largest berries measuring over
three inches; flavor rich and excellent. A very valuable variety owing to
its lateness of ripening — being full ten days later than most other varieties —
and its great productiveness — thirty-five quarts of the berries were picked
from a bed si.x feet by twenty, which is equal to two and a quarter bushels
to the rod ; plants uncommonly vigorous and hardy ; pistillate.

Domestic Notices. 369

9. Burr's old Seedling. — (Staminate,) maintains its liigh reputation,
in this region, for productiveness and excellent flavor, and is found to be
the best variety for planting contiguous to the pistillate varieties to ensure
their productiveness. — {Ohio Cultivator.)

Pistillate Straiuherry Plants not froduclivc. — The two strawberry plants
mentioned in my last, (p. 237), both flowered, but there never was any
sign of a fruit while in my garden. I do not remember a season when they
bore so well. I am doubtful whether what I got as your seedling and
Keen's are not the same, as the leaves and fruit are exactly alike, while a
few plants given me to try by Mr. Lewis R. Sams, as your seedling, im-
ported direct from you by himself, are very different in both fruit and leaf.
T have in cultivation two other kinds, the one a pistillate plant, with rather
ovate leaves, fruit firm fleshed, sometimes with a whitish neck, conical
shaped, and comparatively free from acid, and very productive. The other,
a perfect flowering plant, bearing a small crop of small fruit, early, and
afterwards a fair crop of large cockscomb-shaped fruit, soft fleshed, rather
acid, but very high flavored, bearing for about one month after Keen's
seedling. Both these varieties, but especially the latter, are very vigorous
growers, and the latter variety bears its fruit upon a stalk that shoots above
the leaves when in flower, but drops under them when the fruit grows.
Can you tell me the names of these varieties'? They are common here, I
believe. We have the promise of little fruit hereabouts this summer. We
had very severe cold on the 8th January last, a black frost or ice in April,
(about one month later than common,) then a drought, followed, for about a
month past, by frequent and heavy rains. — Yours, R. Chisholm, Beaufort,
S. C, June 25, 1847. [It would be rather difficult to name the kinds of
Strawberries which our correspondent alludes to merely from his description.
The experiment with the pistillate, or imperfect flowering strawberries, is
only one among the many which, when fairly tried, settle the question
about the change from the normal form. — Ed.]

Two new Seedlincr Cherries. — Our correspondent, Dr. Wendell, of Albany,
has raised two new seedling cherries, as will be seen by a report of the
Albany Horticultural Society in another page. We are happy to see atten-
tion given to the cherry, for we believe there is room for great improvement
in this fine fruit. Undoubtedly Dr. Wendell will send us some account of
his two seedlings. — Ed.

Albany and Rensselaer Horticultural Society.— nBy the kindness of the
Secretary of this new and flourishing society, we have been favored with
detailed reports of the two exhibitions held on the 3d and 24th of July.

We regret that we have not room to give them entire ; but, as they
would occupy eight or ten pages, we are obliged to condense them so as to
give only the most interesting portions of the reports.

The first exhibition of the society was held at the Geological Rooms, in
the city of Albany, on Saturday, the 3d of July.

Grkenhouse Plants and Flowers. — The committee on greenhouse
plants and flowers report, that the first premium on the six best greenhouse
plants is due to L. Menand, of Watervliet, $2. The second to James

370 , Domestic Notices.

Wilson, of Albany, $1. James Wilson exhibited the largest variety of
greenhouse plants.

For the best twenty-five varieties of hardy roses, the committee award
the first premium to James Wilson, $2; and for the second best variety
of roses, to Herman Wendell, $ 1. For the greatest and best variety of
hardy roses, a premium of $2, to James Wilson. A premium of $2 is
awarded to J. Dingwall for a beautiful variety of flowers, consisting of
verbenas, picotees, and carnations.

The committee would specially commend Mr. William Cooper for the
beautiful bouquet of wild flowers, of fifteen varieties ; and they trust that
a very large increase in this department will be made, from the wild flowers
of our hills and valleys.

The chairman of the committee, W. Newcomb, having retired, the res-
idue of the committee would report that their chairman presented a large
and good assortment of annual, biennial, and perennial flowers, together
with dahlias and roses, and that your committee would report that Mr.
Newcomb has exhibited the best and largest variety of annual and herba-
ceous, biennial and perennial flowers.

The committee regret that they were not enabled to make a more full and
complete report, owing to the want of time and the late hour of exhibition ;
but, upon the whole, your committee would say, that the great number and
variety of roses and beautiful flowers exhibited does great credit to the
taste and enterprise of the exhibitors, and that they are specially deserving
of the thanks of the society. — Wm. Newcomb, Chairman.

Floral Ornaments. — The committee on floral designs and bouquets
respectfully report, that, after a close examination, they have concluded to
award to Nathan B. Warren, of Troy, for the best round bouquet for vase,
the first premium of $2. To E. P. Prentice, of Mount Hope, the second
premium of $1. For the best pair of hand bouquets, one flat and one
round, to James Wilson, of Albany, the first premium of $2 ; and to Dr.
Herman Wendell, the second premium of % 1. — S. E. Warren, Chairman.
Cut Flowers, &c. — The principal exhibitors of flowers were Wm.
Newcomb, Dr. Wendell, William Cooper, Joel Rathbone, E. P. Prentice,
John Dingwall, James Wilson, and others. Dr. Wendell exhibited twenty va-
rieties of verbenas, including Dove-eye, Suzette, Rosy Cluster, and Caroline.
Fruits. — The committee on fruits report, that there were exhibited by
Dr. Herman Wendell, of Albany, ten varieties of cherries, viz : May Duke,
Florence, Black Heart, Napoleon Bigarreau, Arch Duke, Black Tartarian,
Yellow Spanish or Bigarreau, Bigarreau Colouer de Chair,Wendeirs Mot-
tled Bigarreau (a seedling), and Carnation Bigarreau (a seedling) ; and
three varieties of strawberries : Hovey's Seedling, Hovey's Boston Pine,
Ross's Phoenix.

By D. T. Vail, of Hill Top, Mount Ida, Troy, six varieties of cherries,
viz: Black Heart, Black Tartarian, White Heart, Ox Heart, May Duke,
Morello. By A. Walsh, Lansinburgh, three varieties of cherries: White
Tartarian, May Duke, and Morello ; one variety of gooseberries. By
James Hall, Albany, two varieties of cherries : Ox Heart, and May Duke.

Domestic Notices. 371

By Isaac Dennison, Albany, four varieties of cherries : Black Heart, Ox
Heart Bigarreau, China Heart, Black Tartarian ; one variety of gooseber-
ries. By Frederick Keisel, two varieties of cherries : Red Heart, White
Heart.

By John Meads, a seedling cherry, raised from dried fruit. By Dr.
Alden March, very superior Black Tartarian. By James Wilson, Albany,
one variety of gooseberries, and four of strawberries : Bishop's Range,
Myatt's Eliza, Victoria, Swainstone's Seedling. By John W. Haydock,
Greenbush, Hovey's Seedling strawberries. By E. P. Prentice, Mount
Hope, Hovey's Seedling strawberry. By J. A. Kanouse, Albany, Ross's
Phcenix, and one name unknown. By D. D. T. Moon, Watervliet, Hovey's
Seedlings. By Joel Rathbone, Kenwood, five varieties of gooseberries.

The committee award the first premium on cherries to Dr. Herman Wen-
dell, Albany, for the largest number of varieties of best character ; the
second to D. T. Vail, of Troy.

The first premium on strawberries to James Wilson, for Swainstone's
Seedling. The second to J. W. Haydock, Greenbush, for Hovey's Seedling.

In awarding the premium on strawberries, the committee decided on the
flavor, not the size of the berry. The Hovey Seedlings were the largest
berries, but, in the opinion of the committee, not of the finest flavor. — J. M.
Ward, Chairman.

Vegetables. — The committee on vegetables report, that Alex. Walsh,
of Lansir.gburgh, is entitled to the premium of $2 for the earliest and best
potatoes,— Ash-leafed Kidneys. Mr. Walsh also exhibited a fine specimen
of Sea Kale, and Windsor beans. Henry Vail, of Troy, is entitled to
premium for best Marrow Fat peas, $2; and for twelve best beets, $2.
To Peter Chapman, of Greenbush, is awarded a premium of $2 for best
six heads of celery ; and to Frederick Keisil, six heads nearly, if not equal
to Mr. Chapman's, a premium of $2. V. P. Down, of Greenbush, pre-
sented some very fine large cucumbers, which are entitled to special com-
mendation. James Wilson exhibited some fine Ross's early potatoes,
scarcely if at all inferior to Mr. Walsh's, quite equal in size but not in ma-
turity. Dr. Herman Wendell exhibited two fine heads of lettuce, and some
fine cucumbers.

The chairman, Mr. Prentice, having retired, the residue of the committee
examined a variety of articles presented by Mr. Prentice, all of superior
excellence, and they award him a premium for best cauliflowers, $2; do.
cabbages, $ 2 ; do. rhubarb, $ 2 ; all of which were very superior and en-
titled to special notice. The rhubarb of the Giant species was of a size
seldom equalled.

Mr. Prentice also exhibited some of Hall's early potatoes, equal in size
to those of Mr. Walsh, but not quite as perfectly matured ; and very fine
specimens of onions, peas, and beets.

The committee are gratified at the spirit manifested at this opening exhi-
bition, and trust that the number of contributors will increase, and a new
impulse be given to the cultivation of choice vegetables. — E. P. Prentice,
Chairman.

372 Domestic Notices.

Dr. Herman Wendell presented to the society, a Treatise on Gardening
and Fruits, published London, 1718 ; also, Downing's Fruit and Fruit
Trees, and Johnson's Dictionary of Modern Gardening. Thanks of society
tendered to donor. — B. W. Johnson, Secretary.

Exhibition of the 24th July. — The second exhibition of the society was
held at the Court House, in Troy, on the 24th July.

The committee on fruit report, that there were exhibited by Henry Vail,
of Hill Top, Mount Ida, Troy, seven varieties of gooseberries, viz : Wood-
ward's White, Smith Hepburn's Green Prolific, Winman's Green, Ocean,
Massy's Heart of Oak, White Hardy, and Red Spine ; four varieties of
raspberries, viz : Franconia, New Red Antwerp, Old Red Antwerp, White
Antwerp ; four varieties of currants, viz : Champagne, Red Dutch, New
White Dutch, and Black English ; Madeleine or Citron des Carmes pears ;
Sweet Bough apples.

Dr. Herman Wendell, Albany, (not entered for competition,) three vari-
eties of cherries, viz : Wendell's Mottled Bigarieau, Transparent Guigne,
and Black Morello ; four varieties of currants : Red Dutch, White Dutch,
Champagne Pink, and English Black ; two varieties of gooseberries, viz :
Roaring Lion, and White Smith ; ripe tart Bough apples. Wm. New-
comb, Pittstown, three varieties of gooseberries, and two of currants. S. E.
Warren, Troy, twelve varieties of gooseberries, viz : Lord Crewe, Fox
Hunter, Queen Caroline, Eagle, White Smith, Sulphur, Husbandman, Sir'
Sidney, Eliza, Ashton Seedling, Overall, Roaring Lion ; four varieties of
currants : English Black, Red Dutch, Champagne, White Dutch ; Red
Antwerp raspberries

A. Walsh, Lansingburgh, Crimson, Yellow, and White gooseberries ;
Black and Red currants. Nathan G. Warren, Troy, four varieties of cur-
rants : Black English, Red Dutch, Champagne, and White Dutch ; two
varieties of raspberries ; Red and White Antwerp. V. P. Down, Green-
bush, White Smith gooseberries ; Improved Red Antwerp, and White
Antwerp raspberries. James Wilson, Albany, four varieties of currants,
viz : May's Victoria, Knight's Sweet, White Grape, and Red Dutch ; May's
Giant raspberries, and two plates of different varieties of gooseberries, not
named.

Joel Rathbone, Kenwood, Albany county, five varieties of gooseberries,
not named ; one variety Red Antwerp raspberries. E. P. Prentice, Mount
Hope, Albany county, ripe Early Harvest apples. John V. Fassett, Troy,
White Smith gooseberries. John VV. Haydock, Greenbush, near Troy,
White Grape currants. Amos Briggs, Schaghticoke, Rens. county. White
and Red Dutch currants.

Premiums awarded as follows : Currants. — 1st, to J. W. Haydock,
White Grape, $2; 2d, James Wilson, Knight's Sweet, fl. Gooseber-
ries.— 1st, S. E. Warren, Lord Crewe, $2 ; 2d, Henry Vail, Green Walnut,
$1. Raspberries. — 1st, Henry Vail, Franconia, $2; 2d, V. P. Down, Im-
proved Red Antwerp, $1. — Herman Wendell, Chairman.

Greenhouse Plants and Flowers. — The committee on greenhouse
plants and flowers report, that Louis Menand, Watervliet, is entitled to first

Domestic Notices. 373

premium .$2, on greenhouse plants, and that he exhibited the greatest va-
riety of greenhouse plants. Mrs. Day O. Kellogg, Troy, exhibited a beau-
tiful Ardisia Philadelphia. Dr. Herman Wendell exhibited sixteen varieties
of phloxes, viz: Auguste, Madam Renard, Fleur de Marie, Noi Polkii,
Gralo, Anais Chauviere, Picta, Lavvrencia, Van Houttei, Tendre Emelie,
Princesse Marianne, Alcarda, Suaveolens, Lilach, Superbissima, Grandissima
Nova; also, roses and dahlias, and the following twelve varieties of new
and beautiful verbenas, viz: Dove Eye, Rosy Cluster, Suzette, Roseum,
Monk's Purple, Buist's New Blue, Feast's White, Bicolor graadiflora,
Majestica, Polk, Eclipse, and Caroline.

Wm. Newcomb exhibited thirty named varieties of Dahlias, and thirty-
six unnamed do. in bouquets, and a large variety unnamed ; one round bou
quet, with a large variety of choice flowers ; one flat do ; a large collection
of annual flowers, and biennial and perennial.

James Wilson, Albany, thirty six choice varieties of Dahlias not named.

Wm Buswell, Troy, three varieties of Dahlias.

The Chairman of the Committee retired, and the residue of the Committee
report that they recommend a premium of $2 to Wm. Newcomb for a very
large and best variety of Dahlias named and unnamed ; also a premium of
$1 for beautiful flat bouquet of cut flowers. He also exhibited the greatest
variety of annual, biennial, and perennial flowers.

Stephen E. Warren, of Troy, exhibited a beautiful floral ornament, taste-
fully arranged. — Wm. Newcomb, Chairman.

Floral Ornaments. — The Committee have been much gratified with
the fine display of Floral Ornaments at this, the second exhibition of the So-
ciety. Fifteen vase bouquets were oftered for competition. The first pre-
mium was awarded to Mrs. D. Thomas Vail, of Hill Top, Troy. The Chair-
man retired, being interested, when Amos Briggs of Schaghticoke was ap-
pointed Chairman. To Joel Rathbone, of Albany, the second premium was
awarded. To Dr. Herman Wendell, of Albany, the first premium for best
pair of hand bouquets, one of which contained twelve varieties of Verbenas.
Wm Newcomb, of Pittstown, offered for exhibition three designs, mostly
composed of Dahlias, of which there were seventy-six varieties. Mr. New-
comb is entitled to much credit for the interest he has taken in the culture
of flowers.

The Committee think Mrs. Charles H. Merritt deserves at least the thanks,
of the Society for five vase bouquets, containing many fine balsams most
tastefully arranged.

James Wilson, of Albany, exhibited a bouquet of mixed rockets, very
showy. E. P. Prentice, of Mount Hope, many beautiful flowers. Allen
Clarke, of Lansingburgh, a large collection of flowers, among which the
Abutilon meekly raised its head, one of Nature's gems, raised on Flora's
fairy ground. — S. E. Warren, Chairman.

Vegetables. — Premiums awarded : —

Beets. — Twelve earliest and best blood, E. P. Prentice, $2. String
Beans. — Dr. Herman Wendell, $1. Cucumbers. — V. P. Down, best

VOL. XIII. — NO. VIII. 34

374 Domestic Notices.

brace, $2. Six fine Roman Cucumbers, do., special premium, Si.
Squashes. — Joel Ralhbone, $2. Tomatoes. — Best six, Y. P. Down, $2.
Second do., E. P. Prentice, $ 1.

Discretionary. — The Committee recommend, as worthy of special no-
tice and commendation : —

Some very fine onions by Wm. Newcomb. Superior mountain June
potatoes, John H. Willard. Winter squash, James Montgomery, Troy.
Choice celery, by the President, Joel Rathbone. Very fine onions, E. P.
Prentice. Oxheart Cabbage, V. P. Down. Seedling cherries, very fine
flavored, Dr. Herman Wendell. Very large mountain June potatoes,
rhubarb, beets, onions, by Isaac Lovejoy. Alexander Walsh, a variety
of vegetables, fruits, flowers, garden loots, &c., tastefully arranged, at-
tracted much notice. A premium for collection awarded of $2. — Henry
Vail, Chairman. — Yours, B. P. Johnson, Secretary.

Seeds of Grasses. — I send a few more seeds of the grass which I once
sentyou as the Muskeet, but Mr. Camak was misinformed about it. It is
not the Muskeet of the South-western prairies, but has been cultivated for
some years in southern gardens under the name of South A merican Velvet
Grass. It proves hardy here, and a tuft or two of it tastefully placed in a
flower bed, highly ornamental, especiall}' when contrasting its whitish spikes
with its dark green leaves. These leaves are exceedingly soft to the touch.
— Yours, M. A. TV., Athens, Ga., July, 1847.

Cincinnati Horticultural Society. — Among the many Reports of Exhi-
bitions which have been kindly sent us by our correspondents, but which
we are not able to publish from their length, is one of the Cincinnati Horti-
cultural Society. Our correspondent writes as follows: —

" Our spring exhibition went off very well, as you will see by the en-
closed report. Your old Seedling Strawberry continues to maintain its
high character and popularity. I noticed they were selling in n.arket yes-
terday, [June 4], at 15 cents per quart, while the Hudson and other kinds
sold at 7 to 10 cents. The sale of all kinds now averages 200 bushels per
day in our different markets ! It would amuse you to hear the German
hucksters recommending " Ho-vey's Shtrawberries ; firscht-rate." — YourSf
J. B. R., Cnicinnati, June 5, 1847.

As Cincinnati is considered the great market of the Union for the Straw-
berry, certainly in quantity, if not in quality, we make room for th& follow-
ing account of the exhibition of strawberries, as it will tend to show what
varieties are principally cultivated, where some writers still insist that the
old Hudson, so called, is the best: Mr. Carter has shown what the fertile
soil of Kentucky will do when accompanied with proper treatment. We
shall send him the first number of our Fruits of America, to show that
we highly appreciate his skill in the cultivation of the Strawberry : —

" A. H. Ernst exhibited 12 different kinds of Strawberries, 25 elegant
Bouquets, with a liberal supply of Evergreens, &c.

From Mrs. W. P. Resor, Hovey's Seedhng Strawberry, with a profu-
sion of elegant cut flowers and Bouquets.

From S. S. Jackson, several baskets of cut flowers, superb bouquets^

Domestic Notices. 375

Hovey's Strawberries, &c. ; besides 14 neat bouquets from his sons, Mas-
ters John and Isaac.

Dr. Mosher exhibited a dish of Hovey's Strawberries, several Bouquets,

and a pot of the famous Muskeet grass, the seed of which was brought by

him from the prairies of Western Texas, considered there one of the most

nutritious grasses.

S. M Carter, of Kentucky, sent over handsome specimens of Hovey's

Strawberries, and a plant of the same (potted,) which contairned 50 berries,

30 of them being ripe." — Cin. Gaz.

Hiirtkultural ExhihUions of the A'ncrican Agricultural Association. — At

the meetin-gs held on the 19th of May and the 23d of June last, premiums

were awarded to the following persons : —

Exhibition on May 19th.

To Mr. James Hogg, for the best set of bridal bouquets.

To Mr. John Quinn, gardener to N. J. Becar, Esq., for the best six pelar-
goniums, best six calceolarias, and the best seedling greenhouse plant (a
camellia).

To Mr. Isaac Buchanan, florist, for the best six roses in pots, the best six
fuchsias, and the best.three cactuses.

To Messrs. Ball and Hawser, florists, for the second best seedling green-
house plants (azaleas).

To ■ Cummings, Esq., Williamsburgh, for the best twelve pansies.

To Mr. Richard Brewster, gardener to J. F. Penniman, Esq., a discretion-
ary premium for pelargoniums.

To Mr. Wm. Russell, florist, discretionary premiums for seedling pelargo-
niums, cinerarias, and hardy azaleas.

To Mr. J. Woods, gardener to P. Perit, Esq., a discretionary premium for
well grown greenhouse plants.

To Mr. Dummett, gardener to Halsey, Esq., Astoria, for the best

strawberries, and the best peas.

To Mrs. Henry Parish, a discretionary premium for very fine lemons.

To Mr. Routh, gardener to J. C. Beekman, Esq., for the best potatoes, the
best two heads of cauliflowers, the best brace of cucum.bers, and a dis-
cretionary premium for rhubarb.

To Mr. John Briell, for the best six stalks of rhubarb, and the best three
heads of lettuce.

To Mr. F. Hay ward, gardener to Archibald Russell, Esq., Esopus, for the
best blanched Sea Kale.

To John White, gardener to R. K. Delafield, Esq., for the best mush-
rooms.

To Mr James Dooriss, gardener to J. J. Jones, Esq., a discretionary pre-
mium for cucumbers.

Exhibition on June 23d.

To Mr. G. C. Thorborn, for the best pair of parlor bouquets, and the best
pair of hand bouquets.

To Mr. Charles More, for the second best pair of parlor bouquets.

376 Domestic Notices.

To Mr. Joseph Monk, for the second best pair of hand bouquets, and for
the best display of climbing roses.

To Mr. George Saul, gardener to Shepherd Knapp, Esq., for the best bas-
ket of flowers, and for the best bush beans.

To Mr. Kennedy, gardener to S. T. Jones, Esq., for the second best bas-
ket of flowers.

To D. W. Colt, Esq., Norwich, Conn., for the best strawberries.

To Mr. Wm. R. Prince, for the second best strawberries, the largest col-
lection of strawberries, and for the best twenty hardy roses.

To Mr. H. Van Horn, for the best Morello cherries.

To Wm. Armstrong, gardener to H. Delafield, Esq., for the best goose-
berries.

To Mr Dummett, gardener to Halsey, Esq., for the best apricots, for

the best turnips, and a discretionary premium for melons, (one weighing
9 lbs. 13 oz.)

To Mrs. W. C. J I. Waddell, a discretionary premium for lemons.

To Mr. Charles Doran, gardener to E. Holbrook, Esq., for the best six
fuchsias, for the best display of greenhouse plants, and a discretionary
premium for a fine display of roses.

To Mr. John Quinn, gardener to N. J. Becar, Esq., for the best ten per-
petual roses.

To Messrs. Parsons & Co., for the second best perpetual roses.

To Mr. Wm. Russell, florist, a disci-etionary premium for a beautiful dis-
play of seedling climbing roses.

To Messrs. Phelan & Sons, florists, a discretionary premium for a fine dis-
play of roses.

To Mr. J. B. Mantel, a discretionary premium for a fine display of roses-.

To Messrs. Ball & Hawser, for a fine display of seedling roses.

To Mr. Clovis Le Roy, gardener to Dr. Stevens, for the best cauliflowers.

To Mr. McNamara, gardener to Pillot, Esq., for the second best cau-
liflowers, and for the best artichokes.

To Mr. John Buill, for the best early cabbage and for the best lettuce.

To Mr. Joseph Cudlipp, for the best beets.

To Mr. Routh, gardener to J. C. Beekman, Esq., for the best peas and for
the best potatoes. By order of the Executive Committee : James Hogg,
■ Sec. fro tern.

[We regret that, in the above report, the names of the flowers and fruits^

which obtained the premiums, are not given. It is of very little interest to

know who, but it is very important to know what, takes the premium. We

trust, in future reports, the Society will see that the names of the success-
ful flowers and fruits have the names given. — Ed.]

The Nineteenth Annual Exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety will be held at the Society's Hall, on Wednesday, Thursday, and Fri-
day, September 22, 23, and 24.— £</.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 377

Art. III. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, July 3d, 1846. — A stated monthly meeting of the Society was
held to-day, — the President in the chair.

The Finance Committee reported that they had sold ten shares of stock
in the Shoe & Leather Dealers' Bank, which produced the sum of $ 1067 18.
One thousand dollars of this had been invested in the Massachusetts Hos-
pital Life Insurance Co., on the 15th of May last, being the Ltman Fund.
A certificate of deposit had been placed in the hands of the Treasurer, and
the balance, $67 18, paid into the Treasury. The Report was accepted.

The following membeis were elected . — Nathaniel Dana, C. B. Dana,
and John N, Turner, E. C. Emerson, James P. Oliver, and R. A. Rich-
ards, Boston.

Adjourned two weeks to July 17th.

[In our last report, we omitted to give the doings of the meeting on the
19th of June. At that meeting, the Fruit Committee made a Report on the
Special Prize List for Fruits, as follows] : —

Early in the year 1846, a gentleman in the vicinity of Boston, desirous
of promoting and advancing the science of Horticulture, placed at the dis-
posal of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Three Hundred Dollars,
to be expended at the rate of one hundred dollars per annum for three con-
secutive years, in special premiums for fruit, viz. : Twenty premiums of
five dollars each to be awarded by the Committee on Fruits, under the direc-
tion of the Society, with the understanding that the Committee should pub-
lish a special report, stating the kinds and varieties of fruit to which the
premiums were awarded, together with the names and residences of the
cultivators. In accordance with the wish and desire of the donor, the Com-
mittee have awarded the following prizes to the finest specimens and best
varieties of fruit which have been exhibited at the Hall of the Society dur-
ing the past season, 1847.

[This Report has already been given in full, page 85. — Ed.]

To such other varieties of Fruit as may be presented at the Hall of the
Society during the years 1847 and '8, and which shall prove equal or supe-
rior, in all respects, to the varieties which now constitute the prize list will
be awarded the prizes under this donation, and they will be added to this
list, but, as long as the above varieties shall continue to prove superior to
all other kinds exhibited at the Hall, they will be considered as entitled to
the special prizes, and will be designated in future reports as having re-
ceived the prize for one, two, or three years, the object of the donor being to as-
certain, and make known through the Society, the best varieties of Cherries,
Plums, and Peaches which may have been exhibited before the Society for
three consecutive years. Respectfully submitted. — S. W alker. Chairman.

The above Repon was accepted.

The following persons were elected members : — Anson Dexter, Edward
Sayers, Boston ; H. H. Crapo, New Bedford ; Charles A. Hewins, Rox-
bury ; Charles Spring, Brighton ; Thomas Wiilott, Roxbury ; Royal Doug-
lass, Cambridge ; Benjamin W. Balch, Dedham.

34*

378 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Exhibited. — Flowers : From the President of the Society, ten plants of
new Gladioli, as follows : — Due d'Orleans, Lemanhii, Christianus No. 1,
insigiiis, Willielmus, Spoershill, pyraniidalis, Dohreii, Paulonia, and Queen
Victoria ; some of them very beautiful ; also, new scarlet geraniums, viz.,
Prince Albert, Cyrus, Queen, Shrubland superb, Brighton Hero, Gen.
Tom Thumb, and Goliah, and cut roses of various kinds. From J. L. L.
F. Warren, ten plants in pots, including Rondelet/a speciosa, JErica ventri-
cosa alba, Ix6ra rosea. Gardenia radicans, &c. ; also, one round va?e bou-
quet, one flat do., six flat hand do., and two round hand do. ; a fine display
of Prairie Roses, and cut flowers in variety.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., one large circular bouquet, two very fine
large flat do., and six hand do. ; also a great variety of fine Roses, and other
cut flowers. From John Kenrick, a fine flower of Magnolia macrophylla.
From J. E. Teschemacher, a plant of Haemanthus tenuifolius, a rare and
very beautiful flower. From Joseph Breck & Co., one large circular bou-
quet ; Prairie and other Roses ; Pinks ; and a great variety of perennial
flowers, including Van Houtte's phlox. Bouquets and cut flowers from S.
Needham, A. Aspinwall, W. Kenrick, S. Walker, P. Barnes, A. Bow-
ditch, W. Mellar, B. V. French, and Messrs. Winships.

Premiums were awarded as follows : —

Plants in Pots. — For the best six plants, to J. L. L. F. Wyren, $2.

Bouquets, &c. — For the best six hand bouquets, to Messrs. Hovey
& Co., $2.

For the second best, to Azell Bowditch, $ 1.
For the best pair flat Mantel bouquets, to Hovey & Co., $2.
For the second best, to Winships, $ 1.
For the best round bouquet, to Hovey & Co., $2.
For the second best, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $ 1.

Prairie Roses. — For the best display, to Samuel Walker, of $4.
For the second best, to Messrs. Winship, 3.

Gratuities. — To M. P. Wilder, for ten new varieties of Gladioli, $ 5,
To J. E. Teschemacher, for a fine plant of Haemanthus tenuifolius, $3.

Fruit : The exhibition of Strawberries was one of the finest we have
ever witnessed, and presented a marked contrast with the display a few
years since. The specimens of Hovey's Seedling and Boston Pine, of
which the display was mostly composed, were the largest which have ever
been seen, one basket of about four quarts by Mr, Richardson being filled
with berries from five to five and a half inches in diameter. A variety of
seedlings were shown, but none of them of any great merit.

From the President of the Society, a few specimens of Alice Maud, and
Jenny's seedling, and one truss of Lizzie Randolph, one of Dr. Brinkle's
seedlings, having upon it five or six berries of very ordinary appearance and
size. From Josiah Richardson, two large baskets of Boston Pine, very
fine, Swainstone, Richardson's Seedlings, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and the
most magnificent basket of Hovey's Seedling, containing about four quarts,
which we ever saw ; six of the berries weighed three ounces and a half.

Massachusetts Hortmiltural Society. 379

From Isaac Fay, Fay's Seedling, of good size. From Otis Johnson, Hov-
ey's Seedling strawberries, and beautiful specimens of Cooledge's Favor-
ite peaches. From W. T. G. Morton, M. D., Hovey's Seedling.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., Hovey's Seedling and Boston Pine straw-
berries. From E. Bovven, Lynn, Early White Heart cherries^ From J.
L. L. F. Warren, Early White Heart cherries, (?) and Swainstone
Seedling, Jenney's Seedling, Prince Albert, Stoddard's Pine, British
Queen, White Wood, (beautiful specimens,) and Hovey's Seedling straw-
berries. From John Fisk Allen, five varieties of Grapes; black Figs ;
and three varieties of peaches, viz., Royal George, (fine,) Grosse Mignonne
of New Jersey, ? (small,) and Hoffman's Favorite; also Black Tartarean
and Elton cherries. From Samuel Downer, Jr., Cooledge's Favorite
peaches, and fine specimens of Hovey's Seedling strawberries. From Sam-
uel Walker, of Roxbury, Seedling Wood strawberries.

July Idth. Exhibited. — Flowers : From the President of the Society,
three new phloxes, viz., Annais Chauviere, similar to GEil de Lynx, but
more delicate ; Augusta and Delecta ; also Prairie and other Roses. From
T. Needham, a fir.e plant ot Buddlea Lindley^na ; and cut flowers of Phlox
Van Houtten, very fine. From Jos. Breck & Co., a fine lot of perennial
plants, including fine specimens of Delphinium Barlowjj. From J. Thomas,
six plants of the buff, white, and orange Thunbergias.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., Ten kinds of Perpetual Roses, including
some new and fine sorts, viz.. Queen of the Prairie, Perpetual Pink, Su-
perba, Eva Corinne, Anne Maria, Jane, Pallida, Miss Gunncll, Piide of
Washington, and Triumphant ; also the following Picotees and Carnations :
Duke of Newcastle, Princess Victoria, Lady Peel, Lady Campbell, Meteor,
Victoria, Chiswell Beauty, &c. ; also two new seedling picotees, six hand
bouquets, two table bouquets, one round bouquet, and a plant of the beau-
tiful new Achimenes patens. From J. L. L. F. Warren, six plants, viz.,
Zamia elephantipes, Gardenia radicans, Anigozanthus coccineus, Soliya
heterophylla, Echinocactus multiplex, and Mammillaria sp. ; also bouquets
and cut flowers. Bouquets, dahlias, &c., from Messrs. Winship, A. Bow-
ditch, James Nugent, P. Barnes, W. Kenrick, W. Mellar, and A. Aspinwall.
Premiums were awarded as follows : —
Bouquets. — For the best six hand bouquets, to A. Bowditch, $2.

For the next best, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $ 1.

For the best pair of mantel bouquets, to Messrs. Winship, $2.

For the next best, to J. Thomas, $ 1.

For the best round pyramidal bouquet, to Messrs. Hovey & Co., $2.

For the second best, to J. Thomas, $ 1.
Gratuities — For seven plants of Thunbergias, to J. Thomas, $2.

For a fine plant of Buddlea Lindleya//o, to T. Needham, % 1.

For Echinocactus multiplex in bloom, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $ 1.
Fruit. — From the President of the Society, Black Eagle and Bigarreau
cherries. FromO. Johnson, Bigarreau Colouer de Chair, Bigarreau, Spar-
hawk's Honeyheart and Black Tartarian cherries, fine specimens ; also
Cooledge's Favorite peaches, and British Queen, Prince Albert and Alice

380 Massachusetts Horticultural i>)OCiety.

Maud strawberries. From F. W.Macondry, Cooledge's Favorite peaches.
From Jos. Richardson, Black Tartarian cherries; also Hovey's Seedling,
Deptford Pine, Prince Albert, and Richardson's Seedlings, Nos. 1 and 2.
From J. F. Allen, seven varieties of Grapes, and Black Figs.

Messrs. Hovey & Co. exhibited Myatt's new Hautbois Strawberry, one
of the most delicious of this class which has been produced ; the plants hav-
ing been obtained of Mr. Myatt, in 1844 ; alsoBuist's Prize. Deptford Pine,
Alice Maud, and Hovey's Seedling. From Capt. Lovelt, Prolific Haut-
bois and Hovey's Seedling strawberries. From P. Barnes, Bigarreau cherries.
From Isaac Fay, Seedling strawberries, which the Committee consider
" large and handsome, but they lack the essential quality of a good straw-
berry, viz., delicious flavor"; White and Red Wood Strawberries from
J. Owen and J. L. L. F. Warren. In deciding the qualities of new Seed-
ling strawberries, the Committee used Hovey's Seedling as the Standard.
We had the opportunity of tasting the various Seedlings presented, but
none of them can be considered as having any remarkable qualities.

July 17. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-day, — the
President in the Chair.

A delegation of three members was appointed to attend the next annual
Exhibition of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and extend the invi-
tation to them to attend the coming Exhibition of the Massachusetts Hor-
ticnltural Society. Messrs. M. P. Wilder, B. V. French, and S. Walker
were chosen.

William H. Parker was elected a member.
Adjourned two weeks to August 7.

Exhibited. — Flowers : From the President of the Society, four Seed-
ling Japan Lilies, resembling the L. speciosum, but not so dark. From
Messrs. Winship, a variety of shrubs and trees, such as ZJ'lmus variegata,
crispa., and viaiinalis, ^etula lasciniata, pendula, &c. ; also bouquets and
cut flowers. From J. Thomas, plants of Achimenes longiflora, Gardenta
radicans, and a species of Dendrobium. From Dr. C. F. Chaplin, Cam-
bridgeport, very fine double China Pinks.

Messrs. Hovey & Co. exhibited several very large specimens of Japan
lilies. One plant of L. lancifolium album had five main stems, and up-
wards of thirty buds and flowers; one of L. rubrum (or speciosum) had
fourteen buds and flowers, and a most magnificent object ; Achimenes picta,
grandiflora and patens, (new) ; Nutlaha granditlora, Platycodon grandi-
florum and Fuchsia Nymph ; also ten varieties of fine carnations and pic-
otees, in all upwards of 80 blooms, six hand bouquets, two table bouquets,
and one round bouquet, carnations, cut flowers, dahlias, &.C., from J.
Breek & Co., N. Stetson, J. L. L. F. Warren, J. Nugent, W. Mellar,
S. R. Johnson, A. Bowditch, P. Barnes, and W. Quant
The award of premiums was as follows : —

Bouquets. — For the best six hand bouquets, to Hovey & Co., $2.
For the second best, to A. Bowditch, $ 1.
A gratuity for six do., to J. Nugent, $ 1.
For the best pair of mantel bouquets, to Messrs. Winship $2.
For the second best do., to Hovey & Co., $ 1.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 381

For the best large oval bouquet, to William Quant, $2.
For the second best do., to Hovey & Co., $ 1.
Plants in Pots. — For the best six plants, to John Thomas, %2.

A gratuity to Hovey & Co. of $ 5.
Caknations and Picotees. — For the best ten varieties of flowers, to
Hovey & Co., $5.
For the second best, to S. R. Johnson, $4.
A gratuity to Hovey & Co., for the best display.
A gratuity to Parker Barnes, for fine seedlings, of 2.
Double Hollyhocks. — For the best display, to Messrs. Winship, $2.
Fruit. — From J. F. Allen, ten varieties of Grapes, including some good
specimens of Wilmot's Black Hamburgh, and a fine cluster of the White
Nice; also fine peaches. From Messrs. Hovey & Co., very fine speci-
mens of Faslolff raspberries. From Messrs. Hyde, a seedling cherry,
somewhat resembling the Black Eagle. From J. S. Sleeper, a seedling
cherry, similar to the Downer. From O. Johnson, Black Tartarian, Flor-
ence, Napoleon Bigarreau, and Black Heart cherries. From S. Walker,
fine specimens of the Downer cherry. New large black Bigarreau from
Mrs. Walsh. From S. A. Walker, handsome red and white Dutch cur-
rants. N. Stetson, of Bridgewater, sent some very splendid Figs, large,
but not quite ripe. From W. Quant, a fine Melon, and cherries called
the Harback Cherry. From Messrs. Winship, handsome mulberries from
the Canton or Alpine variety. From Capt. Macondry, very handsome
peaches. From J. L. L. F. Warren, Franconia, FastolfF, and new Victo-
ria raspberries and thimbleberries. From C. Newhall, Knevett's Giant
raspberries. White and Red Dutch currants from Jos. Richardson, An-
son Dexter, and W. & R. Williams. From B. V. French, fine Black
Eagle cherries.

July 2ilh. Exhibited. — Flowers : From the President of the Society,
fifty pots of seedling Japan Lilies, having from one to three blooms on each ;
also Veronica Lindleyana, new and pretty, and V. speciosa, both good spe-
cimens, and Gladiolus gandavensis and Liebnitzu. From W. Mellar, a
fine plant of Clivta nobilis, and cut flowers. From Jos. Brack & Co., a
quantity of cut flowers, including iilium longiflorum and chalcedonica. W.
Kenrick exhibited a pretty specimen of the double rose bramble, with small
pink flowers ; also bouquets. From Hovey & Co., plants of Gloxinia Car-
t6ni, and a seedling, fuchsias, Majestica, Enchantress, and Salter's 41,
and yinca alba ; also bouquets of various kinds, and carnations. From J.
Thomas, Achimenes longiflora, a seedling gloxinia, and other plants and
bouquets. From W. Quant, Achimenes longiflora, Japan lilies, Finca alba,
and rosea, and Agapanthus umbellatus. Cut flowers and bouquets from P.
Barnes, S. R .lohnson, E. M. Richards, A. Bowdiich, C. F. Chaplin, J.
L. L. F. Warren, John Hovey, and Messrs- Winship.
Award of premiums : —

Bouquets and Designs. — For the best six hand bouquets, to Messrs.
Hovey & Co., $2.
For the second best, to Azell Bowditch, $ 1.

382 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

For the best pyramidal bouquet, to Hovey & Co., $2.

For the second best, to Mrs. Russell, $ 1.

For the best pair of mantel bouquets, to Messrs. Winship, $2.

For the second best, to Hovey & Co., $ 1.

For the best design, a premium of S 2 to J. Thomas.
Gratuities. — To M. P. Wilder, $5 for his fine display of Japan lilies,
and $ 3 for a fine plant of Veronica Lindleya?!a

To William Meller, a gratuity of $ 3 for a plant of Clivia nobilis.

To Joseph Breck & Co., for a fine display of hollyhocks, $3.

To P. Barnes, for fine hollyhocks, $2.
Plants in Pots. — For the best six, to William Quant, $2.

For the second best six, to Hovey & Co., $ 1.
Fruit : From J. F. Allen, the following varieties of grapes : Black Por-
tugal, Tottenham Park Muscat, White Frontignan, Black Hamburgh,
White Nice, Wilmot's Black Hamburgh, and Zinfindal ; also, Violet Hative,
Nectarines, Yellow Rareripe, Noblesse, and Crawford's late peaches, Sweet
Montmorency cherries, two varieties of figs, and specimens of the Bergamot
lime. Mr. Tudor exhibited from his gardens, at Nahant, a branch of the
Amire Joannet pear, which contained two hundred and thirty-two pears,
which were not, however, ripe ; the branch measured but twenty-seven
inches in length, and was literally covered with fruit. From C. Newhall,
Knevett's Giant raspberries. From O. Johnson, Franconia raspberries.
From H. Bailey, Franconia raspberries.

From Hovey & Co., the following grapes: Chasselas of Fontainebleau,
Pitmaston White Cluster, Macready's Early White; also, FastolflJ" rasp-
berries. From F. W. Macondty, fine specimens of peaches. From J. L.
L. F. Warren, Franconia and FastolfF raspberries. From Anson Dexter,
Franconia raspberries. From the Messrs. Winship, White Antwerp, and
Franconia raspberries, and White thimbleberries. From Josiah Lovett,
Knevett's Giant raspberries. S. R. Johnson, John Hovey, and J. G.
Thurston, exhibited fine specimens of English gooseberries. From S. W.
Cole, three varieties of apples, of last year's growth.

Vegetables : From Samuel Walker, water cress, raised from seed from
the banks of the Isis. From A. D. Williams, new potatoes.

July 31. Exhibited. — Flowers : From J. Breck & Co., twelve varieties
of fine double balsams, and twelve do. of fine double hollyhocks, and the
following fine phloxes : Charles, white with blush eye; Kermesi7ifl', white
with lilac eye ; Fleur de Marie, white with violet purple eye ; Annais
Chauviere, pure white with a very distinct light purple eye, corolla large,
round, and perfect, — a very beautiful variety ; (Eil de Lynx, white with a
purplish red eye, fine ; Grato, rose white mottled with pink ; also, cut
flowers in great variety. From Messrs. Hovey & Co., two large flat, one
pyramidal, and six hand bouquets. Bouquets and cut flowers from J. Par-
ker, J. Nugent, Wm. Kenrick, Messrs. Winships, E. Winslow, J. L. L.
F. Warren, and A. Bowditch.
Award of premiums : —
Bouquets. — For the best six hand bouquets, to Hovey & Co., $2.

Horticultural Memoranda. 383

For the second best, to A. Bowditch, $ 1.

For the best pair of mantel bouquets, to Hovey & Co., $2.

For the second best, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $ 1.

For a large pyramidal bouquet, to Miss Russell, $ 2.

A gratuity to Miss Russell for a basket of flowers, $ 1.
Fruits: From Messrs. Hovey & Co., Muscat J31anc Hatif, Pitmaston
White Cluster, and Chasselas de Fontainebleau grapes ; also, Lemercier,
and Late Duke cherries. From J. F. Allen, Wilmot's Black Hamburgh,
Victoria Hamburgh, Purple Muscat, and Black Hamburgh grapes ; also.
Sweet Montmorency cherries. Noblesse, Grosse Mignonne peaches, and figs.
From O. Johnson, Black Hamburgh, Zinfindal, White Muscat of Alexan-
dria, White Frontignan grapes; also. White Dutch currants.

From W. Quant, Regne de Nice, Black Frontignan, Purple Muscat,
Muscat Muscadine (?), Black Hamburgh, extra large berries, Muscat of
Alexandria, White Frontignan grapes, very handsome. From John Wash-
burn, Red Astrachan apples, From John Owen, Early Harvest apples.
From A. D. Weld, Red and White currants, fine. From A. D. Williams
& Son, Red and White currants, fine. From John Hovey, seedling goose-
berries. From Mrs. Spalding, figs, extra large.

Vegetables : From John Galvin, Newport, R. I., by Eben Wight, Ro-
man Emperor cucumber. From S. H. Hunneman, Roxbury, by J. C.
Hunneman, two large winter squashes, of last year's growth, perfectly
sound. From A. D. Williams, new potatoes.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR AUGUST.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines in the greenhouse or grapery will now be nearly ripe ; some
of the earlier kinds quite ripe, such as the White Chasselas, Macready's
Early White, &c. Plenty of air should now be given, a little very early
in the morning, and the floor should not be damped any longer. If any of
the laterals push, they should becut back again to the first eye. Vines in
the cold house will need particular care, as this is the season for mildew :
see that the house is closed early in cool windy weather, and do not allow
great drafts of air at any time until they begin to color ; keep the floor well
damped in hot dry weather. Vines in the open air should be now looked
after : see that all the laterals are cut off two eyes beyond the fruit, which
will prevent the shoots from becoming entangled ; lay in the wood carefully
for next year's bearing, and head in all that is not wanted for that purpose ;
this will throw the sap into the grapes, and mature a few leaves, which
are better than a mass of young foliage for elaborating the sap.

Strawberry beds may be made this month, after the first good rain, pro-
vided the ground has been duly prepared. Let the rows be two feet apaity

384 Horticultural Memoranda.

and the plants a foot apart in the rows ; alleys may be allowed at any dis-
tance, as the cultivator may fancy. Our plan is to set ten rows of Hovey's
Seedling, leaving an alley four feet, and then ten rows of the Boston Pine ;
both are equally productive, and one fertilizes the other. Old beds should
now be duly weeded, and if the old plants have not been dug in, it should
be done without delay. New beds set out last spring should have the run-
ners laid in, or if large fruit is the object, all cut off.

Summer-pruning trees should yet be continued as advised in our last.

Plum, Cherry, Pear, and Apple trees should be budded this month.

Insects : continue to attend to the destruction of these pests of the culti-
vator.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Camellias should be potted immediately, if not already done; grafting
should also be completed early in the month. Plants wanted for very early
flowering should novi' be taken into the house and placed in a warm situation.

Oxalis Hirta and Boiviei should be potted.

Mignonette should be sown early in the month, and if a succession is
wanted, another sowing should be made about the 25th.

Roses should be budded and layered this month.

Chrysanthemums should be layered this month, and if plants have been
raised from cuttings, they should now be repotted for the last time, and the
tops pinched off. Water occasionally with guano.

Dahlias should all be staked in season, or one severe wind will destroy
the expectations of the year. Prune off all superfluous laterals.

Pansies may now be increased by cuttings or layers.

Chinese Primroses raised last month from seed should now be potted off
in small pots.

Verbenas for keeping over winter should now be layered into small pots.

Fuchsias should be repotted, if very large specimens are wanted.

Cactuses should be repotted this month.

Euphorbia jacquinceflora should be repotted, and the tops of all the strong
shoots pinched off to make them bushy.

Orange and Lemon trees should be budded now.

Victoria, Ten Week, and other stocks should be sown now, if plants are
wanted for flowering in the spring.

Pelargoniums will now require attention. If the plants were not headed
down last month, they should be done so now, and the cuttings put in as
directed last month.

Perennial plants, of many kinds, may be separated and transplanted the
last part of the month.

Ncmophila insignis, schizanthuses , and other winter flowering annuals
should be sown now.

Petunias, of fine kinds, should now be propagated from cuttings or lay-
ers for a spring slock.

Tree pcconies should be propagated by grafting.

Greenhouse plants, of all kinds, should be repotted now, and put in order
for the winter.

THE MAGAZINE

OF

HORTICULTURE

SEPTEMBER, 1847.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. On the Importance of the Cultivation of the Oak and
other valuable Timber Trees ; icith Observations on the
Preservation of Ship Timber, and the Process of Decay
in Wood. By A. Mitchell, M. D., Portland. In a Let-
ter to the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn. Communicated by Gen.
Dearborn.

My dear Sir, — The following article was communicated
by me to Gen. Joseph M. Hernandez, of St. Augustine, Fl.,
and published in the Florida Herald. You will probably
recollect that this gentleman has been, for many years, ex-
clusively devoted to the science of Agriculture, and is one of
the best systematic planters in that State. An Essay written
by him on the Culture of the Tobacco Plant has been consid-
ered to be one of the most elaborate articles ever published on
that subject.

Reasoning from analogy on the soil and productions of the
southern portion of our Union, we may attribute to Florida,
as having within its domains as many natural advantages as
any of the tropical regions in the cultivation of those plants
that are indigenous to those countries, presenting an exten-
sive surface, which as yet remains imperfectly explored — rich
in the spontaneous growth of many esculent plants for the
support of man, and the growth of domestic animals, and offer-
ing a wide field for the cultivation and introduction of many
more for exportation and home consumption. Such are the
tea-plant, cojffee, tobacco, sugar cane, Turkish poppy, olive-
tree, cotton, indigo, saffron, grape, fig, &c. As we shall

VOL. XIII. — NO. IX. 35

386 Importance of the Cultivation of the Oak

briefly descant, at present, on the vital importance of a com-
munity being well versed in agricultural science, in order to
improve with advantage those rich fields which a bounteous
Creator has spread out before us, we shall principally ad-
vert to the forest-growth of this peninsular portion of our
United States, with some original observations on the preser-
vation of ship timber, and the process of decay in these woods.

As our navy may be considered the present and future bul-
wark of our safety as a commercial nation, it is not thought in-
appropriate to make a few remarks on those woods which are
principally used in the construction of our ships of war and
commerce.

The process of decay termed dry rot has been a theme of
scientific inquiries for man)?^ years among many of our most
eminent chemists ; and the most elaborate investigations have
been made, both at home and abroad, in order to ascertain
the chemical effects of air, heat, light, and moisture, on the
same, as our oaks and various timbers that have been pre-
viously prepared and appropriated to use for ship-building.
We do not, at present, have the presumption to offer any pre-
servative means that would counteract the effects of this
dreaded enemy to our national purse, but simply to throw
out some hints that may, in the future, be useful as a rally-
ing point to others that can claim a precedence over their
more humble brothers in the profession of science. The mod-
ern use of iron in the construction of marine vessels has been
thought, at a subsequent period, would supersede that of
wood ; we should then have oxides to contend with instead
of fungi ; but we do not believe the former will ever super-
sede that of the latter. As the grand engine of navigation is
deteriorating every day from the causes of decay, it may be
asked, what is the dry rot ? and how long has it been known
to affect the timbers of vessels, and the cause of this effect?
Well, in answer to the former, the dry rot is caused by the
spontaneous decomposition of the vegetable albumen which
acts as a ferment on the other constituent principles that may
be present in the wood, as sugar and starch, which disinte-
grates the fibres of the wood, and accelerates the growth of
mushrooms by the formation of ammoniacal salts. Of these
fungi, there are two species, — as the Xylostroma giganteum^

and other valuable Timber Trees. 387

which grows in the timher hke a thin hroad patch of 3'^ellow
leather, and the Serpula distruens, which is not so large, of
a reddish color, and white at the edge growing externally.
As the canse of this dry rot proceeds from an excess of vege-
table albumen in those woods that have been in modern use
for ship-building, we may answer the latter question by say-
ing that the primitive oaks of Great Britain, and those of our
country, which were used in the early construction of their
navies, were not so rich in albuminous matter as the oaks of
secondary growths, and those of various locations, are now :
therefore the dry rot and fungous growths in such timbers
were not known, nor never would have been, had we the tim-
ber now of those primitive forests of our country, Europe, and
Great Britain. It will appear, by these observations, that we
intend to maintain that the cause of dry rot proceeds from the
inegligence and want of knowledge in the selection of those
trees which resist the effects of time and exposure without
the process of decay. Such is our position, and. without fur-
ther comment, we proceed to illustrate many points connect-
ed with the subject under consideration, as it is one of the
most important to which the attention of a maritime people
can be turned.

The oaks of North America, as described by Andrew Mi-
chaux, consist of twenty-nine species and varieties, most of
which are useful in ship-building; the one considered the most
useful, and stands at the head of the list, is the live oak,
Quercus virens. It is a perennial tree, of slow growth, like the
rest of its congeners, and is common to Florida, where the
most extensive forests of this tree are seen. It is generally
found growing from latitude 37° to Florida, '' and westward
to the mouth of the Sabine River," but never more than 15" or
20 miles from the sea. This valuable tree can be said to con-
tain less of the causes of decomposition, as albumen, sugar,
and starch, than any of the species hitherto described ; there-
fore, it is the most durable, and less liable to decay ; and,
with all this natural immunity against spontaneous decompo-
sition, we should not overlook the locality of its growth, age,
and season of cutting for ship-timber. This is a necessary
precaution, which is applicable to the whole tribe of oaks
that are used in the mechanics. The best localities for the

388 Importance of the Cultivation of the Oak

selection of durable timber from those trees, are elevated re-
gions, high table lands, and an open comitry, where they are
not overshadowed by other growths. They should stand
where there is ample room for their branches, with a free
access of air, heat, and light on all sides, as often seen on the
boundary of some plantation, or as ornaments which ven-
erate the mansion of the planter, or such like places. The
woody fibres of such trees are more dense; they contain more
carbon or astringent qualities, with less vegetable albumen :
whereas, to the contrary of this, should such timber be cut in
low wet grounds, ravines and shady places where they grow
compact, it would be liable to decay from the causes men-
tioned, as there would be an excess of those constituent prin-
ciples, and a softer structure that would hasten the decay,
and cause the dry rot, so deleterious to our navies. The age
of the oaks is next to be considered. They generally attain
their maximum height and full development at the age of
fifty or sixty years, and, after that period, they progress but
slowly, until they arrive at a very advanced age, as two or
three hundred years or more. Those of the live oak that can
be best recommended for durable timber, are such as have
arrived to the period of a hundred years or more, if the con-
stitutions of the trees are sound, and no visible decay is pres-
ent. The gigantic growth of this tree at the age last men-
tioned far surpasses any of its species. The measurement of
one of its limbs by myself in a horizontal line exceeded sixty-
five feet, while the diameter at the junction exceeded the size
of the bodies of many red and black oak species of a full size,
or secondary growths that have survived seventy winters.
We repeat that the maturity of the species of oaks must be
considered before used or appropriated for ship-building ; for
it is at this period the strength and durability of the wood
are fully developed, and the longitudinal fibres tough and re-
sisting. As the albuminous matter of which we have spoken
is a nitrogenized compound, it is of a putrescible nature, and
therefore forms food for insects, which penetrate the wood in
various directions, admitting air and water to the interior of
the timber. It is evident that this chemical action, or fer-
mentative process, must be greatly favored by external causes, •
or the location in which the wood is placed. The close ap-

and other valuable Timber Trees. 389

position and dense mass of timbers that are seen in the hull
of a battle-ship of the line on the stocks is considered as favor-
able to this action, although there are no doubts but what the
germs of the disease are lurking in the timbers previous to
their use, occasioned by the want of care and suitable selec-
tion of appropriate trees, and preservation of the timber after
cutting. The local sites of navy yards, where there must be
a proper depth of water, unavoidably place the timber in a
topographical situation that is unfavorable to the preserva-
tion of the wood, as heat and moisture accelerate the chem-
ical action, and promote the fungous growths, whose nu-
trition depends on the chemical changes heretofore men-
tioned.

Could we always find a suitable hydrographical station for
a navy ^^ard, where, combined with its facilities, there was
a dryness and purity of atmosphere, many of the causes
that decompose the materials tor ship-building would be pre-
vented ; but, as such localities cannot always be found in the
surveys for such stations, we must patiently submit to the in-
jurious effects of heat and damp almosphere, however well
giiarded the ships may be in their sheltered positions by ven-
tilation and suitable protection ; although it is of the highest
importance that the geographical situations of such places
should be well understood and taken into consideration,
as rivers, marshes, bogs, mean standard of the thermom-
eter, barometer, and hygrometer, and mean quantity of
rain.

The proper season for cutting such timber will next be con-
sidered. The months of July and August, when the trees arc
in foliage, and the juices circulating freely, is decidedly the
best period for cutting; as then the greater portion of the al-
bumen is contained in the cambium or descending sap, while
most of the nitrogen is set free by exhalation, and is princi-
pally combined with the fluids that circulate exteriorly. T he
trees, after they are fallen, should be immediately rough hewn,
and deprived of their sap-wood and bark, placing the timber
in the most favorable situation for seasoning and desiccation
by elevating it from the earth. The ordinary process of sea-
soning wood consists in merely exposing it to a current of air.
It would be a desirable thing if we could find a location where
35*

390 Importance of the Cultivation of the Oak

a dry air could be naturally maintained throughout the year ;
but this desideratum could not be easily obtained. The time
necessary to season the oaks differs according to the density
of the structure, (and various dimensions of those woods that
are exposed for desiccation;) a plank probably would not
require twelve months, while a piece of larger dimensions
could not be thoroughly seasoned in six or seven years ; and,
if placed in a humid situation, would not season at all, and
the result would be a decomposition from the formation ofam-
moniacal salts and mushroom growths.

To benefit property, and perpetuate the materials for ship-
building, and increase our navies, we propose that the legis-
latures of our States appropriate means for the cultivation of
those oaks that are indigenous to their regions. In order to
ensure success in such an undertaking, a tract of land should
be set apart of some thousand acres in a favorable location for
their growth. The soil for this purpose should not be too
rich nor stimulating : the trees can be propagated from the
acorn, or transplanted from their native forests. If the lat-
ter plan is adopted, the trees selected for this purpose should
be from four to five years of age, of a healthy appearance,
and perfect symmetry. We recommend their being taken up
in the latter part of October or the month of November, with
a careful preservation of their roots, and immediately trans-
ferred to the soil that is allotted for their permanent abode.
This period for transplanting those trees is decidedly the best,
as then the descension of the sap is completed, and the action
of the leaves quiescent, while that of the absorbing rootlets
ceases also, because the nutrition which is taken in by them
is not convertible into woody substance without the coopera-
tion of the leaves. They should be set apart, at proper dis-
tances, in such a manner as to have ample room for growth,
and the free action of heat and light on all sides. Such parks
or nurseries in our States would be more commemorative of
the genius of a nation than all the marble monuments and
towering edifices that can be erected. This scheme is not
only thought worthy of a government's consideration, but is
applicable to every individual farmer and landed proprietor
in this country. They should be transplanted on the out-
skirts of every farm or plantation ; marking the boundary of

and other valuable Timber Trees. 301

their different possessions, by the growth of those sylvan
giants that have been the pride of nations for centuries.

Augustus Mitchell, M. D.
Portland, June 24, 1847.

Hon. H. a. S. Dearborn.

No subject is of more importance, in a national point of view,
than the preservation of our Forests, and the formation of
new plantations for the supply of timber for maritime pur-
poses. The subject has been, from time to time, agitated,
and Congress has been memorialized in reference to it, (Doc.
241, 25th Congress.) But amid the party strife v/hich at
that time occupied public attention, the matter ended with a
reference to the Committee on Naval Affairs.

We hope, now, that the efforts of Dr. Mitchell may be in-
strumental in again drawing attention to this important ques-
tion, and should the establishment of an Experimental Gar-
den in Florida for the cultivation and acclimation of tropical
plants be successful, that not only will the attempt be made
to acclimate the useful trees of other climes, but that the whole
subject of Arboriculture will be its leading feature, — that a
series of experiments may be carried out to ascertain the
best period of felling trees, and the best plan of seasoning
timber, — the prevention of dry rot, — and all other questions
pertaining to the preparation of timber for naval purposes.

Should Congress not move in the matter, we trust the in-
terests of each and every State maybe appealed to in the way
Dr. Mitchell proposes ; our own State has just concluded her
Report upon the trees indigenous to her soil, and we doubt not
that the interests of the Commonwealth will induce her to
take some steps to accomplish this. Mr. Emerson lias set
forth, in just terms, the importance of the preservation of our
forests, and urged the formation of new plantations of trees
on the thousands of acres which now lay waste and barren.
A tract of land set apart for the growth of our native trees,
as well as all those of other parts of the country, and of
foreign growth, which will flourish in this latitude, and en-
trusted to the care of some competent individual, would be
an object, as Dr. Mitchell remarks, " more commemorative of
the genius of a nation, than all the marble monuments and

392 May's Victoria Currant.

towering edifices that can be erected." Such a garden would
form a school for the study of the noble trees which enrich
our forests, and make them as familiar as the commonest
plants of our gardens, and furnish a fund of practical in-
formation in regard, to their growth, habits, usefulness in
the arts, and. adaptation to the purposes of ornamental land-
scape.

But we have not room to follow the train of ideas which
Dr. Mitchell's article calls up : of the importance of the sub-
ject, all will agree, and we hope that something may soon be
done, especially in our own State, to induce our land-owners
to preserve what remains of our primitive forests, and to com-
mence, at least in a limited way, the plantation of new ones
on what are now considered unimproveable lands. — Ed.

Art. II. May^s Victorio Currant^ with an Engraving of
the Fruit. By the Editor.

In our article upon the cultivation of the currant, in a pre-
vious volume, (Vlll. p. 325,) we offered some remarks upon
the importance of raising currants from seed with a view to
the production of new and improved varieties. Among the
smaller fruits, none possess a greater value than the currant,
and yet none have received less attention at the hands of cul-
tivators. Mr. Knight, impressed witli the idea that very su-
perior kinds would be the result of proper attention to the
growth of seedlings, wrote an article upon the subject v.'hich
was published in the Transadions of the Society. He also
raised a great number of seedlings, and three of them were
thought to possess ^uch merits as to be deserving of names.
The gooseberry has been improved fr( rn a small and austere
berry to a very large and delicious fruit : the strawberry has
also been produced of such size and flavor as to be scarcely
recognized as the offspring of the wild berry of the woods and
pastures. And why may not the same success attend exper-
iments to improve the currant ? There is no reason to do.ubt
they will, and we may yet hope to see currants nearly as

May's Yictor'ia Currant.

393

large as cherries, and possessing a flavor much sweeter and

richer than any we now possess.
The White and Red Dutch
currants have been cuUivated for
a great length of time, and have
not, until now, been displaced by
any new varieties. Mr. Knight's
seedlings, though good, did not
supersede these old sorts. We
have, however, in the variety
under notice, one which bids fair
to take a place at the head of all.
This is May's Victoria. Though
recently raised from seed, and as
yet confined to a hmited number
of collections, its merits are so
great that it will soon find its
way into every garden. The
berries are of very large size, of
a rich deep color, often meas-
uring five eighths of an inch in
diameter, and the bunches are
from five to six inches long. The
flavor is also excellent, and, —
what is of great importance, — the
fruit will hang in perfection for
a much longer time than the
White or Red Dutch.

This variety was raised by
Mr. Wm. May, nurseryman, of
Yorkshire, Eng., and the fruit
was exhibited at one of the shows
of the London Horticultural So-
ciety, and was awarded the prize
both for its size and excellence.
It has been but little disseminated,
owing to the high price of the plants ; bat, as they are easily
multiplied, we may soon hope to see it introduced into every
garden where the production of fine fruit is an object.

Fisc- 32. Victoria Currant.

394 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Cherries.

Our plants produced a few specimens last year, and, from
the ordinary size of the clusters and berries, we thought it had
been overrated ; but, the present season, when the bushes had
acquired sufficient strength to bear a crop, we were happily dis-
appointed in finding the fruit and bunches of such large size
and beautiful appearance ; and our drawing {^fig- 32) is an
accurate representation, by measurement, of the size of both
berry and bunch.

The plants are of exceedingly vigorous habit, with foliage
differing from the White and Red Dutch in being thicker,
deeper green, and not so finely cut at the edges : in good rich
soil, the annual shoots are very stout and strong.

The currant, as we have stated in the article before allud-
ed to, requires to be severely pruned when the object is large
and handsome bunches and berries. It would be useless to
expect fine fruit unless this is attended to. At the spring
pruning, every new shoot should be headed back to four or
five eyes, and the old wood wholly cut out, or as much of it
as possible, as it is only on the young and vigorous wood
that the best fruit is produced. By attending to these sug-
gestions, the cultivator may have the very finest fruit.

We may therefore highly recommend the Victoria cur-
rant ; and, as its production is one step towards a superior
fruit, we hope our amateur cultivators may be induced to fol-
low up ther experiment until something still better shall be the
result.

Art. III. Descriptions and Engravings of select varieties of
Cherries. By the Editor.

Having, in our several volumes, described and figured up-
wards of EIGHTY varieties of pears, embracing all the choicest
which have yet been proved, and having also commenced
another series of articles in which we intend to describe and
figure all the fine sorts of apples in the same manner, we now
intend to devote the same attention to the cherry, and describe
and figure all the fine ones which are worthy of cultivation.
We have been gathering the materials for some time, and

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Cherries. 395

should hav& commenced our article sooner ; but, as om* object
is to enumerate them only so far as we can do so with perfect
accuracy, we have deferred it until our own trees have come
into bearing. "We have now nearly one hundred specimen
trees, of about as many sorts, which we have received from
all the best sources, both at home and abroad, and as they
have commenced fruiting this year, we are enabled to
give an account of them with the specimens before us.

The late Mr. Manning, in an excellent paper in a previous
volume, (VIII. p. 281,) and one of the last which he ever
wrote, has given a brief synopsis of forty-four kmds, includ-
ing several seedlings, which he had fruited in his collection.
Our object will be to give the descriptions in detail, with the
habi's and general character of the trees, together with out-
line engravings of the varieties enumerated, and we hope they
m^y be the means of aiding the amateur in clearing up the
confusion hi the nomenclature of this fine fruit.

Nothing, it seems to us, could more impress an individual
with the importance of a careful selection of the best kinds
of fruit when planting a garden, or an orchard, than an in-
spection of our market during the cherry season. First, let
him look at any of our pomological works, and then at the
catalogues of our most extensive nurseries, and he will find
there enumerated some sixty or eighty sorts all characterized
from " fair to prime;" then let him, and, if he pleases, with
catalogue in hand, walk through our market and examine the
fruit. What does he find ? Why, with three or four excep-
tions, if, from the limited quantity, they can so be called, he
does not meet with one of the varieties. The May Duke,
Sparliawk's Honey, Downer's Late Red, a few Tartarians,
and a few Bigarreaus, to the amount of some bushels, may
be seen ; but the named sorts do not amount to one tenth of
the supply. The Downton, the Elton, the Black Eagle, the
Waterloo, the Florence, and other equally delicious sorts, in-
troduced twenty-five years ago, are not seen, and indeed
scarcely known. The whole stock is mazzards, and even poor
at that, for we have seen very fine mazzards better worthy of
a name than some which have received a high-sounding title.

And why all this neglect? Are not the fine sorts to be ob-
tained 1 Or, are seedlings good enough. Undoubtedly, until

396 Descriptions of Select Vmieties of Cherries.

within a few years, the former were not to be had in any
quantity, and the trees of only moderate size. This, coupled
with the prevailing mania for large trees, has induced many
to purchase seedlings ; but another great cause has been, that
few of the many who plant have any knowledge of the su-
periority of the choice sorts over the wildings, and are con-
tented to know that they have a cherry ; and this idea is,
unfortunately, too prevalent : for we are assured by nursery-
men, that the call for large mazzard trees is still very great.
For ourselves, we should as soon think of planting seedling
pear trees as seedling cherry trees, for there is almost as much
difference between an Elton cherry and a mazzard. as between
a Seckel and a wild pear.

The cherry has received too little of the attention of amateur
cultivators. From the period of the introduction of the Black
Tartarian into England, as early as 1794, very little improve-
ment was made until 1814 or 1815, when Mr. Knight, with
that application of science to the art of gardening for which
he was so eminent, produced several new kinds, remarkable
for then- beauty and excellence; but, from that period till
within a few years, there seems to have been as little done as
previous to Mr, Knight's efforts. We have some accidental
seedlings of native growth which possess superior qualities,
but few attempts have been made to produce new varieties by
cross fertilization. The plum, during this period, has been
nearly doubled in size, and greatly improved in quality ; but
there is scarcely a cherry whicn excels in size, and but few
which equal in flavor, the Black Tartarian, the oldest variety
we possess. Cultivators have turned their attention to the
growth of seedling pears, and we hope that the cherry may
also be made the subject of experiment for the production of
larger and better varieties.

Notwithstanding the apparent efforts of pomological writers
to clear up the doubts in regard to the distinct character of many
sorts of cherries, great confusion still exists; and it will be
difficult to arrive at certain conclusions only through a care-
ful examination of the trees, foliage, and fruit, of each.
Though a work of no little labor, we hope to do our part
towards accomplishing it ; and our series of articles is
commenced with that end in view. Another year, when our

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Cherries. 397

trees will be more fully in fruit, we shall be enabled to iden-
tify many sorts ; for the present, we annex the descriptions
and engravings of three late varieties, each of which are but
very little known to cultivators.

1. Late Duke. Pomological Magazine, pi. 45.

Anglaise Tardive, Hort. Soc. Catalogue, 1842.

The origin of this fine cherry is unknown ; it was first re-
ceived from M. Vilmorin, of Paris, by the London Horti-
cultural Society, and though, from one of its names, Anglaise
Tardive, it would seem to be of English origin, no trace of
it has been discovered in English collections. The Pom,. Mag.
states that Switzer and Hill, old writers, mention a late May
Duke, but it is doubtful whether it could be referred to this
variety.

Lindley, in his description of the Late Duke, observes that
it has great affinity to the Arch Duke, and Thompson, in his
Synopsis in the Transactions of the London Hort. Soc, (vol.
vii. p. 276,) says that the " Arch Duke may not be found to be
diflerent when obtained correct, but that
hitherto the May Duke has been received
for it." There is no doubt, however,
that the Arch Duke is a different fruit,
as we shall soon show, and that the true
variety had not come under Mr. Thomp-
son's observation at that time.

The Late Duke {fig. 33.) is a val-
uable cherry, ripening very late, of large
size, an abundant bearer, and resembling
the May Duke in quality, though rather
more acid ; our tree, though small, was
covered with fruit, and, but for the birds,
we should have gathered a fine crop ;
by netting over some of the branches,
we succeeded in obtaining some fine
specimens, from which our drawing is

made. -^'^•23. Late Duke

• Clierry.

i^ rmt, large, one and an eighth of an inch in diameter, round-
ish heart shape, with a slight suture on one side : Skin, rich deep

VOL. XIII.— NO. IX. 36

398 Descriptions of Select Varieties of CJierjies,

shining red when mature : Stem, long, about one and a half
inches, slender, and rather deeply inserted in a shallow cavity:
Flesh, pale amber color, tender, and slightly adhering to the
stone : Jidce, abundant and rich, subacid, similar to the May
Duke : Stone, medium size, roundish. Ripe the last of July
and beginning of August.

The frnit is borne in pairs, or threes, on a short peduncle,
about a quarter of an inch in length. The tree is of vigorous,
upright, and rather compact growth, little more spreading
than the May Duke, and with rather larger leaves. It will
prove a very valuable cherry.

2. Arch Duke. Guide to the Orchard.

Griotte de Portugal, Duhamel.

Portugal Duke, of some collections.

Late Arch Duke, ? tj * c /^ , oj tj lo^r.
_ ^ , ' S-Hort. Soc. Cat., 3d Ed. 1842.

Late Duke, j

There has been a variety of opinions among pomological
writers in regard to this cherry, {fg-
34,) some asserting that it is synonymous
with the Late Duke. Lindley is the
only English author who seems to have
been acquainted with it. Mr. Thomp-
son, at the time he wrote the excellent
paper in the Transaciiovs of the Hort.
Society, above alluded to, had not proved
it, and, as late as 1842, it had not been
identified in the garden of the Society.
The May Duke has generally been sold
for this variety ; our tree was received
from Mr. Rivers, and is quite unlike
either the May Duke or Late Duke,
though the habit of the tree is similar ;
the fruit ripens intermediate between the
two, and is more heart-shaped, of larger
size, rather darker color, and fully equal

Fig. M. Arch Duke Cherry. ^ !, r^, ■ V^

to either of them m quality.
Fruit, large, one and an eighth of an inch in diameter, ob-
tusely heart-shaped, slightly compressed, with a distinct

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Cherries. 399

suture on oue side, and indented at the apex : Skin., dark
shining red, when fully mature mottled with a deeper shade :
Stem, long, about one and a half inches, slender, and deeply-
sunk in a roundish cavity: Flesh, light red, tender, and
slightly adhering to the stone : Juice, abundant, subacid, rich
and high flavored : Stone, medium size, oval, compressed.
Ripe from the middle to the end of July, about a fortnight
before the Late Duke.

The fruit is borne, like the Late Duke, in pairs and threes,
on a common peduncle, which is about a quarter of an inch
to the fork and rather slender. Tree, vigorous, rather more
spreading than the May Duke, and with thicker and larger
foliage.

3. Lemercier. Migazine of Horticulture, Vol. XIL

The Lemercier (/o-. 35,) is a new French variety of very
recent introduction; and a brief account of
which will be found in our last volume,
(p. 343.) It nearly resembles the Late
Duke, ripening about the same time, and
of about the same quality. The original
tree is said to have been found in Bra-
bant, by M Lemercier, after whom it was
named, and was introduced to Paris by
M. Noisette, in 1835. Our tree was received
from France in 1842, and bore, for the first
time, last season ; the present year, the
trees were quite full of fruit, although only
four years old, and standing in the nursery
row. The fruit was ripe the latest of any
cherry, and, but for the high wind and rain
of the fifth of August, would have remained ^^v 35? Lanerder
in parfection till the present time. Cherry.

Fruit, large, one inch in diameter, roundish, and rather
obtuse, with a shallow suture on one side, ending in a distinct
prominent paint : S/cin, light shining red, of a somewhat trans-
parent appsarance, and marbled with a deeper shade : Stem,
rather long, about one and a half inches, moderately slender,
and deeply inserted in a large, broad, deep hollow : Flesh,

400 Propagaiio7i of Stove and Greenhouse Exotics.

pale amber, tender, and partially adhering to the stone : Juice^
very abundant, subacid, rich and good : Stone, rather small,
roundish. Ripe the beginning of August.

The tree is of vigorous growth, with the foliage of the
Duke cherries, but with branches of a very spreading habit.
The fruit is also generally borne in pairs, and not on forked
stems, which will at once distinguish it from the Late Duke.

Art. IV. On the Propagation of Stove and Greenhouse Ex-
otics : in a Series of Letters. By James Kennedy, Gardener
to S. T. Jones, Staten Island, New York.

Letter VI. Propagation hy Root Divisions.

This is a mode often resorted to in increasing those kinds
of exotics that will not produce seed, or propagate readily by
any other means. But it could not be carried out extensively,
unless the propagator possesses the acquisition of a conserva-
tory to supply his wants. And even then, the greatest care
should be taken, not to approach too near, or to injure the pa-
rent plants. However, let as large pieces as possible be pro-
cured, and potted off separately, using that compost in which
the parent plant is found to flourish best. It is useless to re-
mark that the pots ought to be proportioned to the size of
the roots. In potting, let their points be a little above the sur-
face, (say an inch) ; after potting, let them have a sprinkling
of water to settle the soil round them, when they must be
plunged up to the rims in a previously prepared hot-bed ; but
not too hot, nor containing much rank steam. A little air
should be given in the middle of the day, and regularly
shaded by means of mats when the sun is powerful. As soon
as they have taken fresh root, and the tops begin to produce
leaves, let them be removed, and hardened off gradually to
their respective departments.

There are many species of that most interesting and orna-
mental genus Acacia, which can only be increased by this
means, as .4cacia decipiens, iSophora falcata, &c. &c.

FloricuUural and Botanical Notices. 401

Letter VII. Propagation by Leaves.

This is a mode of propagation which has become quite as
common, and fidly as successful, as propagation by cuttings;
and, indeed, I consider it the easiest and most successful mode
of increasing such exotics as gesneras, gloxinias, Hoya car
nosa, &c. &c.

The state most favorable for rooting leaves, is when they
have completed about three parts of their growth. Let the
leaves of the desired kinds be taken off close to the stem, and
inserted into pots, such as were recommended for cuttings, pre-
pared in the same manner. The whole of the leaf-stalk and
about half an inch of the leaf should be covered, and laid in
a slanting direction, when they should have a sprinkling of
water, the bell-glassns put on, and removed to the propagatmg-
house, or a previously prepared hot-bed, where, if kept uni-
formly moist, warm, and the bell-glasses regularly wiped inside
every morning, they will soon strike root ; but care must be
taken to shade them in bright sun-shine, in order to prevent
excessive perspiration until they emit roots ; after which they
may be fully exposed to the light. Should any happen to
damp off, let them be immediately removed, otherwise, they
might endanger the whole. As soon as the leaves begin to push
young shoots, the glasses may be taken off and the pots re-
moved to a dry shed, there to remain for a ^e\v days previous
to their being potted off.

Staten Island, N. Y., August, 1847.

Art. V. Floricnltural and Botanical Notices of New a?id
Beautiful Plants figured in Foreign Periodicals ; with De-
scriptions of those recently introduced to, or originated iti,
American Gardens.

Schubertia. (^raveolens. — This new and handsome climber,
already noticed, (Vol. XII. p. 480,) with flowers greatly re-
sembling the beautiful Stephanotus, is now coming into bloom
in our collection. The flowers appear in clusters, are pure
36*

402 FloricuUural and Botanical Notices.

white, and very fragrant. It is a most desirable greenhouse
cHniber.

New Phloxes. — Some fine additions to this elegant family of
hardy garden perennials have been recently introduced, prin-
cipally from the Belgian and French collections. A few ^xars
ago none but self-colored sorts were to be seen, but now we
have them edged, pencilled, striped, marbled and shaded, of
almost every tint and hue. Some of the new ones are re-
markably beautiful and distinct, and among them may be
named the following : — Standard of Perfection, with two
colored flowers, each petal half white and half pale blue, of
fine form, and disposed in magnificent pyramids : Goethe,
white, flamed with pale lilac, beautiful : Eclipse, blush,
shaded at the edges of the petals with deep purplish rose,
flower large and handsome : Fleiir de Marie, white, with dis-
tinct violet eye: Annais Chaiiviere, white, with a distinct pur-
ple eye : Specidum, white, slightly mottled with pink, the
flowers disposed in spikes.

Many others have been introduced and will yet flower, but
owing to the weakness of imported plants, not so strong as
another year. Charles, Blanc de Neuilly, Nymphse^a alba,
Kermesiutt, OEil de Lynx, Princess Marianne, and some oth-
ers, have flowered superbly this year; and are all fine addi-
tions to this most brilliant of our aiitumnal flowers.

23. Imp.Otiens plalype'tala Lindl. Flat-petaled Balsamine.

(Balsaminaceae.)

A greenhouse plant ; growing two feet hi; h ; willi vinirt-colored flowers ; appearingin winter;
a native of Java ; increased by cuttings and seeds ; cultivated in rich soil. Flore des Jserres, pi.
L'la. 1B47.

A new and charming species of the Balsam, which, in our
climate, will probably succeed as an annual, and become a
great ornament to our gardens. Unlike the other species, the
petals are quite flat, and the flowers appear in clusters at the
axils of the leaves. It is of the easiest cultivation in any
good rich soil. {Flore des Serres, April.)

24. Leschena'ultia arcua'^ta De Vriese. Drooping Lesche-

naultia, (Gooden/dcecc.)

A greenhouse plant; growing one foot hi^h; witli yellow and crimson flowers ; Rppraring in
spring ; a i.ative of Swan River ; increased by cuttings ; cuUivaied in peat, leaf mould, and sand.
Flore des Serres, pi. 21 U. IM'.

Another most brilliant species of this fine tribe, with large

Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 403

yellow flowers, with the centre petals tipped with deep crim-
son, and very showy from the contrast of colors. The habit is
more robust than the L. formosa, and the flowers are pro-
duced in the same profusion as in that species. It is a native
of Swan River, and requires the same treatment as formosa.
{Flore des Scrres, (^'c, April.)

25. Ixo^RA sALiciFO LiA De Cand. Willow-leaved Ixora.

{Cincho)iaceai.^

A stove plant ; growin? two feet hi;h ; with bright rose-colored (lowers ; appearing in spring \
a native of Java ; increased by cuttings ; cultivated in peat, loam, and sand. Flore des Serres,
pi. 217. 1847.

This is one of the prettiest of this family, which, we regret
to say, is very little known in our collections, though the old
I. coccinea has been introduced many years. I. salicifolia has
very long and narrow leaves, and the flowers, which at first
are of a bright nankeen, change, as they open, to a rose ver-
milion. The corymbs are ample, and, by the variety of tints,
form a showy object. Introduced into the collection of Van
Houtte from Java, where it first flowered in March last. It
requires the same treatment as the I. coccinea. {Flore des
Ser?-es, April.)

26. Gloxi'nia teuchleri (hybrid) Hort. Teuchler's Gloxinia.

{Gesner dcecs.)

a greenhouse plant ; growing a foot lii^li ; wiili bUie and scarlet flowers ; appearing all sum-
mer ; a hybrid ; increased by cuttings ; cultivated in peat, leaf mould, and loam. Flore des Ser-
res, pi. 2iO. 1617.

This is one of the most magnificent hybrids which has been
produced, having the ground color of the old G. rubra, and
distinctly marked with large bands or stripes of deep blue, of
the color of G. caulescens. It is said to have been obtained
from seed by M. Teuchler, of Bohemia, between the G.
caulescens and rubra, the flowers being the size of the former.
Recently, many amateurs have visited the garden of Van
Houtte to see it in flower, doubting the remarkable coloring
which has been given in the plate. We hope soon to ss^, it
in our collections. {Flore des iSerres, April.)

27. L'lLiu:,! callo^sum Zucc. Hard-bracted Lily, {hili-

dcecB.)

A greenhouse bulb ; growing two feet high -, wilh scarlet flowirs : appearing in summer ; a na-
tive of Japan ; increased by ortsets ; culiivateU in peat, leiif mould, and loam. Flore des Serres,
pi. 23U. 1S47.

A very delicate species of lily, with linear, grass-like leaves,

404 Floricultiiral and Botanical Notices.

and small scarlet flowers, having two bracts, terminated in a
small roiuidish hardened point. It is a native of Japan, and
was found by Siebold at an elevation of one or two thousand
feet above the sea, where it grew in abundance in a volcanic
soil. It is a very pretty addition to the lily tribe, flowering as
it does at the same time of the larger Japan kinds. It is cul-
tivated in the same manner. {Flore cles Serres, Ma}^.)

28. He'nfreya sca'ndens Lindl. Chmbing Henfreya. (Aca;i-

tliaC€(E.^

A greenhouse plant ; growing three or four feet high ; with white and rose-colored flowers ; ap-
pearing in spring ; increased by cuttings ; cultivated iu peat, loam, and sand. Flore des Serres,

pi. :331. 1847.

A beautiful species of*a new genus, remarkable for its
climbing habit, — unusual in this family, — its beautiful foliage,
and terminal clusters of Urge white flowers, tinted with rose.
Its native country is not given ; but it flowered in England last
spring in the collection of Mr. Knight, and a medal was
awarded by the London Horticultural Society for a fine speci-
men. It is increased by cuttings, and grown in a rich light
soil. {Flore des Serres, May.)

29. Ce^reus grandiflo^ro-speciosi'ssimus Maynardii Nob. May-

nard's Cereus. [Cactdcece).

a greenhouse plant ; growing four feet hi^h; with orange scarlet flowers ; appearing in spring ;
an English hybrid ; increased by cuttings ; grown in ricll soil. Flore des Serres, pi. 23o. 1847.

Many attempts have been made to produce new varieties of
the cereus, between grandiflorus and speciosissinius ; but we
are not aware of any successful accomplishment of the ob-
ject, except the plant now under notice. It has been thought
that some singularly fine kinds might be the result of the
union of these two. The specimen before us is certainly very
showy ; having a stem similar to the grandiflorus, and flow-
ers somewhat like it in form, but of a deep orange scarlet
shade : the pale tint of the former having neutralized the rich
violet hue of the speciosissinius. The flower has two rows
of numerous petals, the outer ones standhig erect, and the in-
ner ones with the ends curved inward. Their diameter is 9 to
10 inches.

This variety was produced from the seed of speciosissimus,
impregnated with grandiflorus, by Mr. Keynes, gardener to
Viscount Maynard. It is of vigorous habit, flowers freely

FlorirAiUural and Botanical Notices. 405

and abundantly, and the flowers remain in beauty two or
three days. It is a fine addition to this showy and brilliant
family. {Flore des Serves, June.)

30. AzaYea indica exquisi^ta Ho7-t. Charming Azalea. (E?-i-

cdce(S.)

A greenhouse plant; growing three feet hi^h ; with variegated flowers; appearing in spring ;
a garden hybrid. Flore des Serres, pi. 239. 1847.

The production of seedling azaleas has greatly increased
during the last few years, and the English, French, and Bel-
gians, have raised many superior varieties ; our own ama-
teurs have also given this fine tribe much attention, and
some of their seedlings are among the best in our collections.
The variety now under notice is one which well represents its
name, being exquisitely beautiful : the flowers are of a deli-
cate rose, mottled with a deeper shade, striped with crimson,
and edged with white. It is of a robust habit, and an abun-
dant bloomer, and must rank among the very choicest which
have yet been produced. It was raised by Mr. Smith, of
Norbiton, near London, who has been one of the most suc-
cessful cultivator'^ of seedling azaleas and rhododendrons.
{Flore des Serres, June.)

31. Azalea indica stria^ta formosi'ssima Hort. Beautiful

striped Azalea. (E/*icdce«.)

A peculiarly delicate and unique variety, raised by Mr. Van
Geersdale, of Ghent. The flowers are white, elegantly and
irregularly striped with pale rosy violet ; they are large and
of handsome form, and abundantly produced. It is a tine
companion to the exquisita. Gledstanesi/, and others of the
same style of flowers, being distinct from either. The plant
is of good habit. {Flore des Serres, June.)

32. Calceolarias. Van Houtte's Seedlings.

Amateurs, who have seen the ordinary seedlings which
have been shown at our exhibiiions, can form no conception
of the beauty of the new ones, raised by M. Van Houtte, of
Ghent. About twelve varieties are figured in the Flore des
Serres, for June, and they are of the most remarkable char-
acter, both foi the variety of their spots, blotches, bands, and
pencillings, as well as for their brilliant colors.

406 Alleii on the Culture of the Graj)e.

REVIEWS.

Art. I. The Culture of the Grape. By J. Fisk Allen. Em-
bracing Directions for the Treatment of the Vine in the Nor-
thern States of America, in the Open Air, and under Glass
Structm-es, with or without artificial heat. Pamplilet, 8vo.
56 pages. Boston, 1847.

The culture of the grape, under glass, is rapidly extending
every year. In our northern climate, where, except in cities,
this delicious fruit cannot be produced in the open air, in any
perfection, a grape-house, either with or without heat, will
soon be a necessary appendage to every garden of any extent.
A few years since, a bunch of handsome grapes, even as early
as September, was quite a rare production, and commanded a
very liberal price. Now our market is supplied with them from
April to December, and at such reasonable rates, as to greatly
increase the consumption of such a healthy fruit.

The increased attention which has been given to its culti-
vation, has demanded more information in regard to the treat-
ment and management of the vines. With the exception of
Prince's Treatise^ there has been no elementary work, adapted
to our climate, to which amateurs could refer, and the princi-
pal information has been given through the pages of our
Magazine. A book, of the character of that before us, has
been wanted, and Mr. Allen, whose experience as an exten-
sive cultivator for the supply of large quantities of fruit, has
been extensive, and his practice successful, has been so often
applied to for information in regard to this subject, that he has
been induced to give the results of his experience in the
pamphlet now under notice.

The cultivation of the grape in England has been exten-
sively pursued] and many treatises have been written upon the
subject: oneof the best of these isthatof Speechly, whohas been
considered the best cultivator. But neither his, nor other
treatises of foreign writers, are wholly adapted to our climate,
and the young tyro who follows them, is often sadly disap-
pointed in his crop. The difference of climate requires differ-
ent modes of management, and althougli valuable hints and

Allen on the Culture of the Grcqic. 407

suggestions may be learned from Speeehly, and other writers,
yet there will be much judgment to be exercised in applying
their practice to our own.

Mr. Allen has thus alluded to this : —

" There are several works published in England, written by practical
men, giving ample directions for the cultivation of the grape in that coun-
try ; but the climate of the Northern States of America is so different from
that of England, that, however well calculated these directions may be for
the latter, they can hardly be expected to suit the former. The tempera-
ture of England is milder, and is not subject to the great extremes of heat
and cold which we experience. The searching northwesterly winds, which
prevail with us in New England in the winter and early spring months, with
the mercury often at zero, and even below that point, and the sudden
changes we are liable to, in this season of the yeai, often equal to forty de-
grees in a few hours, render the care requisite, for the successful forced
culture of fruit, very great, and the process a more difficult one, in (his coun-
try, than in England." — p. 2.

In regard to the "more difficult" process of producing the
grape, in this country, the atUhor undoubtedly alludes to early
forcing ; for we apprehend that in cold houses the process re-
quires as little care, if not much less, than in England.

The directions, Mr, Allen remarks, " are intended for those
who may dgsire to cultivate this fruit, for their own pleasure
or convenience, and do not wish to incur the expense of a
regularly educated gardener, and who have felt the want of a
concise and simple explanation of the process, and the rules
by which the operations of forcing and of growing grapes,
under glass structures, can be carried out."

Mr. Allen thus alludes to some of the advantages of our
climate over that of England : —

" The disadvantages we labor under, in this country, in forcing fruit,
from the extreme coldness of the weather in winter, are counterbalanced, in
some degree, by the superior brilliancy of the sun, and consequent dryness
of the atmosphere, at the time of ripening, which gives a flavor to tiie fruit,
such as it can rarely be made to attain, in the moist, dull, and cloudy
weather of England. The variations of the temperature are always in-
dicated by a Fahrenheit thermometer." — p. 4.

Having just written our article upon the treatment of the
grape in the greenhouse, (p. 293,) and having given our

408 Allen on the Cnlture of the Grape.

views in relation to the formation of the border and general
management of the vine, we shall briefly notice some of the
directions of Mr. Allen, which differ from our own ; particu-
larly his views in relation to the preparation of grape borders.

The work commences with the grapery, — its location, — the
formation of the border, — planting the vines, — and their treat-
ment for five years successively. The forcing of the grape, —
the retarding-house. — list of varieties, — and, in conclusion, the
pruning and training of out-door grapes.

"First in order," the author remarks, "and of the utmost
importance, is the situation of the house. It must be so lo-
cated that stagnant water will not remain on the border, or
within reach of the roots of the vine." These directions are
all-important, and cannot be deviated from in the successful
management of the grape. Not so, however, the direction,
that " the house should front the south," or "a slight varia-
tion, provided it is to the east." If forcing was only to be the
object, this would hold true; but, for the ordinary culture of
the grape, either with or without heat, it is, by no means,
necessary. In our bright climate, any position but a northern
one, will enable the cultivator to produce the most delicious
grapes. We wish this to be understood, because there are many
small gardens where it would be desirable to have a grape-
house ; but where the location of the dwelling, or the form of
the garden, would not allow of its being so placed, without set-
ting at nought all appearance of harmony and good arrange-
ment. It may be set down as a rule, that a grape-house may
be so situated as to face any point from East to West, and
without the least injury to the crop of fruit.

The preparation of the border is next in importance. Mr.
Allen's plan is as follows : —

" If the soil is a good loam, begin at one end and trench it ; mark off ten
feet the entire width ; throw out the soil two feet deep ; if bones, or the
carcases of aninmals can be had, cover the bottom well with them ; if these
are not readily procured, slaughter-house manure maybe substituted; mark
off ten feet more of the border, and cover this manure with part of the soil
from it ; upon this, put an inch or two of oyster shells, or old lime rubbish,
mixed with broken bricks ; over this, put some soil from the border ; then
a good covering of cow manure ; upon this, a slight covering of loam again,
followed with a good portion of oyster shells, or the substitute ; and over
this, a thick coveting of stable manure, well rotted ; finish with a covering

Allen on the Culture of the Grape. 409

of the loam. The whole length is to be made hi this manner, in alternate
spaces of ten feet each trenching. After it is finished, the border should
be three feet six inches deep ; it will settle to less than three feet in a few
months ; any soil left, after it is finished, can be carried off.

The proportions recommended for this border, are one half loam, one
fourth bones, or other strong manure, one eighth oyster shells, or lime and
brick rubbish, and one eighth rotten stable manure." — p. 7.

It will be noticed that Mr. Allen recommends the plan of
many English cultivators, viz : the employment of the car-
casses of animals, if they can be had, in the making of the
border. They may undoubtedly be used ; but, as we have re-
marked in the article alluded to, we believe they are, by no
means, important, and, indeed, rather to be objected to, espec-
ially in retentive soils ; and we are sure such borders never
give better crops, or more delicious fruit than those which
are made without them. We advised a thorough trenching
of the border, but Mr. Allen directs that, although made up
in layers, yet that the sm-face should only be spaded over be-
fore planting. Trenching could not of course be done where
there were dead carcasses ; but yet the compost above these
should be, in onr opinion, well intermixed. The best English
grape growers, with one or two exceptions, advise this.

The planting of the vines and general management is near-
ly the same as we have already laid down.

In the forcing of the vine, Mr. Allen has had excellent suc-
cess ; and his remarks under this head are of great value. For
several years he has exhibited fine fruit in May and June,
which has attested his successful management. It is this
portion of the work which will be read with great interest,
for although we do not expect the number of cultivators will
be numerous, who will attempt forcing, in comparison with
those who rear the grape in cold houses, yet the directions
are so explicit, that, with good judgment, and proper attention,
those who would make the attempt will be successful, if his
directions are followed. To the work we must refer for these
in detail.

We only here notice some of the general rules which are
laid down : —

"If it is intended to winter-force, you must not commence the process,.
the first year, before the first of March ; the second year, you may begiu.
VOL. xni. — NO. IX, 37

410 Allen on the Cnlttire of the Grai~>e.

the middle of February ; the third year, the first of FebniaTy, and so on,
fifteen days earlier every year, until you reach the first of December ; be-
yond this you can hardly go, as this allows only time to prune and clean the
vine after it has gone into rest.

In a house that is forced in December or January, every year, (en pounds
of grapes is quite as much as each vine will perfect, on an average of
years." — p. 23.

From the Diary of the vines during the last winter, we
learn that fires were first made, and forcing commenced De-
cember 20th, 1S46! First flowers opened February 15th.
Grapes began to color April 10th. Fully ripe May 20th.
Being a period of five months.

The retarding of vines has been tried by Mr. Allen. And
he still continues the practice, producing grapes by the means
very late in autumn. The treatment of the vines is the
same as for the grapery, the only difference being the exclu-
sion of the snn by shading with mats, to keep them back as
much as possible. The vines are usually retarded about ten
days : —

" Early in March, the sun must be excluded from the house ; this can be
done by spreading sails, or mats, over the glass ; the doors and lights must
be open day and night when the temperature is above freezing.

In May, when the vines push their buds, the covering must be removed
from the glass: keep the temperature as low as possible, night and day,
during the summer ; the end of May, or early in June, the vines should be
put to the rods, or trellis.

Early in July, the grapes will be in blossom ; apply the sulphur now to
the floor of the house, and observe the vines carefully during this and the
next month ; if the mildew appear on the wood, fruit, or foliage, shut the
house at night, and apply more sulphur. Never allow it to remain on the
fruit; if, by accident, any should get on, brush it off immediately,— open-
ing the house by day, as in any grapery. Early in August, the grapes will
require to be thinned.

In October, when the nights become cool, close the doors and windows,

{ivhcre it has not been done before on account of mildew,) giving as much air,

and keeping as low a temperature, {rvhen the sun shines,) by day, as possible.

In November, small fires must be made and kept up in the night-lime and

in cloudy weather.

The fruit will be ripe the last of November and in December ; after
which, the house must be kept as dry as possible, having sufficient fires
to keep out the frost.

After the fruit and foliage are off, prune the vines, and protect them
from the frost."— pp. 31. 32.

General Notices. 411

We believe the process of retarding grapes, as practised by-
Mr. Allen, will soon be generally adopted by gentlemen who
are desirous of having grapes upon their tables half the year,
without forcing, and at little expense. If the proper kinds
are selected, the fruit will hang upon the vines in excellent
order till January. The Black Hamburgh, Wihnot's New
Black Hamburgh, West's St. Peters, St. Peters, (old,) Black
Prince, and Syrian are the principal sorts.

In our January number (p. 43,) we presented our readers
with an excellent paper by Mr. Allen on the merits of thirty-
two varieties of grapes which he had fruited in his collec-
tion. Among them are included nearly all the sorts he rec-
ommends for cultivation. He has, however, given a list of
names of upwards of fifty kinds which are found in foreign
collections, some^of which he has already proved. Two
years hence the qualities of all of them will be ascertained
from vines in Mr. Allen's, and other collections around Bos-
ton; and we shall not fail to give our readers an early and
full account of them, especially such as prove valuable ac-
quisitions.

The concluding chapter is devoted to an explanation of the
different systems of pruning and training the vine. Mr.
Hoai'splan is first noticed; next the ordinary method of long
canes ; and last the spur system.

In conclusion, we may recommend this little treatise to the
attention of every grape-grower, convinced that he will rise
from its perusal, with a better knowledge of the proper treat-
ment of this most delicious fruit.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Propagation of Plants for the next Season. — The summer garden is now
in its glory, and amply repays its possessor for all his expense, labor, and
care. Verbenas, petunias, and other creeping plants nearly cover the beds ;
pelargoniums, salvias, and fuchsias have assumed their deep and rich tints,
and dahlias rule over the whole in profuse magnificence. The amateur be-
gins to take breath for a while, and basks in the paradise himself has cre-
ateii; Weeds are now less luxuriant, and lawns appear to repose in their
rich green, sometimes, indeed, too much imbrowned by the summer suns.

412 General Notices.

From the present time till the middle of September, this beauty will rather
increase than diminish, and the labor demanded will be less than at earlier
seasons of the year.

But we must intrude upon this state of repose by the note of warning
and remind the amateur that, if he wishes a repetition of the scene before
him next year, he must propagate at once. Many plants should now be
well rooted, such as wallflowers, pinks, and carnations ; biennials should be
sown, and roses budded. But it is to the propagation of exotic plants, re-
quiring the management of a frame, that I now call attention, and would
advise the following mode of treatment : — First, let a gentle hot-bed be
made. If you have a spent melon or cucumber bed, that will do, if the old
dung is mixed, to the depth of a foot, with leaves and mowings of grass.
You may either insert your cuttings in the mould in the frame or in pots.
The latter plan is preferable on many accounts ; the cuttings strike easily
against the sides of the pots, and they can be moved more readily. Indeed,
many things will be best left together in the striking pots until the spring,
and consequently they should be grown in a vehicle which can easily be re-
moved. The soil should be fine, yet porous, having a good portion of sand
mixed with it.

As a general rule, the cuttings should be wood of this year's growth,
having consistency and strength at the part to be inserted in the ground.
Pelargoniums strike without any difficulty, and will scarcely fail under the
most ordinary management ; other plants are more difficult, yielding more
easily to damp, wind, &c. Let every cutting be taken off at a joint, and
inserted firmly into the soil. If the soil is moist, water need not be applied,
except in small portions. It often happens that an excess of water causes
a cutting to perish. Skill is shown in keeping the leaves from drooping ;
for, if they do so to any extent, they seldom recover their crispness ; and
every gardener knows that a cutting with half-withered leaves has liltle
chance. Place the pots in the frame as soon as they are filled, and keep
them close for a few hours. Attentively watch them ; pick off dead leaves,
and maintain a gentle heat. By treatment of this kind, and by remember-
mg the different habits of the woody and the succulent varieties, you w-ill
accomplish your purpose, and be independent of nurserymen and friends an-
other year. Do not be afraid of having too many ; but cut w-herever you
can without injuring the beauty of your beds. Some are sure to die,
and by misfortune, many may. Provide an abundance, and then you will
be able to do to others as you are often glad they should do to you — give
some away.

In looking over the propagating department of the garden at Putteridge,
belonging to Colonel Sowerby, I was surprised to find that, under the hot
suns of May, thousands of cuttings just put in did not flag in the least, al-
though they had no shade but the glass. Mr. Fish informed me that this
was accomplished by keeping the plants a sufficient distance from the "lass.
By this simple arrangement, the light becomes difliised before it reaches the
plants ; whereas, if the glass were too near, they would require shading, or
be parched up. With these hints, added to his own experience and obser-

General Notices. 413

vation, it is hoped the reader will secure for himself another season of as
great beauty and abundance as I presume he is cnjoyuig at the present
time. — {Gard. Chron., 1847, p. 541.)

Pruning the Danksian Rose. — This ruse differs widely in appearance from
other roses, and tlie difficulty experienced by many in inducing ii to grow
and flower freely, points out the error of treating it as other roses. It is
met with in the regular course of business, and the question that it is a rose
being satisfactorily determined, it is pruned as a rose ; the how, when, and
where being never once thought of. Hence the cause of the disappoint
ment that so frequently ensues. JS'ow, how pleasant it would be, if, with
a little management, the many barren plants could be induced to change
their character, and thus convert barrenness into a source of admiration and
delight. To accomplish this end, do not prune the Banksian at set sea-
sons, as with other roses. It is disposed to form strong shoots in the sum-
mer time. Watch for the appearance of these, and, so soon as they are
about a foot long, pinch off their tops. In consequence of this check, they
will form laterals, whicii become well ripened, and flower with certainty.
It is necessary to cut their tops off early in spring, and from this period the
plants should be watched throughout the growing season. Where too
many shoots arise from one spot, let some be broken out entirely when
young, and let the others be stopped when they attain the length belore
mentioned. There was a plant which covered one side of a house in tliis
neighborhood, but which was unfortunately destroyed by the severe frost
during the winter of 1837-8. It was subjected to the treatment mentioned
above, and produced annually thousands of its beautiful blossoms. — {lo. pp.
611, 542 )

Replacement of Branches in Fruit Trees. — I observed that Monsieur Jamin
(Paris) whenever his pear trees, trained distaff fashion, required a branch,
he made, in the autumn or winter, an incision above a dormant eye through
the bark and down the sides, and that this process invariably produced a
branch. I have followed this plan last year with success, except that, in
some instances, a bloom shoot, instead of a leaf-shoot, has been produced. I
observe that Mr. Rivers has not yet explained the rationale of doublu-w ork-
ing refractory pears. I suppose he will if he can. I have a tree of the
purple-leaved filbert, which, last year and this year, bore fruit, and a few
of them, the husks being of a beautiful purple brown, mixed with the com-
mon sort, is very ornamental in a dessert-plate. The tree itself is nearly as
beauliful, as a shrub, as the purple beech. — {lb. p. 541.)

Autumn Pruning Fruit Trees. — The present is one of the most impor-
tant periods of the whole year as to giving due attention to fruit-trees. The
autumn will soon appioach with rapid strides, the solar light become much
diminished, and the soil perhaps starved by heavy rains. It will then be
too late to talk of the benefits of light to trained fruit-trees. We are of
opinion that all tender fruit-trees, trained, will now be benefited by a con_
slant stopping of the growing shoots. Any amount of control may be exer.
cised over the roots by such means. Of what use is tlie excitement of so
late a root action as we frequently see encouraged by means of enriched
37*

414 General Notices.

soils and the neglect of stopping ? As much of the ascending current as
will keep the leaves well fed and sustain their color, will, we believe, be
quite sufficient after the middle of August. In looking over peaches and
nectarines, it will be found that many of the shoots, which were deemed
necessary and nailed in for succeeding crops, will begin to overlap each
other. We stop many of these at this period without hesitation. Pears,
too, whatever superfluous shoots may have been retained — with the idea of
preventing the blossom-buds of next year from " breaking" — should now be
well shortened back. In doing this, there is no occasion to strip them en-
tirely away ; this would remove too many valuable organs. Our practice
is, and we are very successful in pear culture, to merely shorten them suffi-
ciently to admit the sun's rays with freedom. The sturnps cut thus back
(each carrying three or four efficient leaves) will assist in producing elab-
orated matter, both to feed the fruit and to invigorate the embryo blossom
buds, now actively engaged in depositing food for a healthy development in
the ensuing spring. — {lb. p. 544.)

Culture of Vines in Pots. — At p. 292, " A Novice" requested informa-
tion on this subject, and, as the call has not been responded to, I venture to
send you the details of a practice which will affiard ample success, if fol-
lowed out. Any variety may be fruited in pots, but there are some which
ought to take the lead, either in a limited, or extensive, collection, amongst
which are the Black Hamburgh ; the White Muscat of Alexandria, \^hich is
a truly splendid grape, in pots, and much more certain in setting the fruit
than when planted in the border ; the White Frontignan ; Chasselas Musque ;
St. Peters ; and, for very early forcing, the White "Verdelho : these are es-
tablished favorites, but others may be introduced when variety is desired.
Propagation should be effecte<i from single eyes, and it will be necessary to
consider if they will be required for very early forcing, or not, because it is
well known, that a vine acquires a constitutional habit of breaking early, or
otherwise, accordingly as it has been treated.

If required for early purposes, prominent eyes should be chosen, from
early forced vines. The mode of making the cuttings is immaterial, pro-
vided there is a portion of wood, say an inch, left on each side of the eye ;
make the cuttings at the time of pruning, and preserve them in sand . A t the
time of starting, which may be from the beginning of December to the end
of February, prepare some eight-inch pots, by half filling them with broken
crocks then, to within an inch of the rim, with a compost of light loam, leaf
mould, and a little sand ; lay the cuttings on this (horizontally, with the eye
uppermost) pretty thickly, press them slightly down, and cover with sand ;
some, prefer sand, but this is immaterial. They should then have the brisk
bottom heat of a dung-bed. As soon as they are rooted, which they will
indicate by starting into growth, they must be potted off into five-inch pots,
and replaced in the fiame, keeping up a brisk heat thereto, and giving them
air at every possible opportunity, otherwise they will draw too much : the
object is to induce a stocky habit. When these pots are well filled with roots,
give them a shift into larger pots, and still keep liiem in the frame, until
they have again rooted well, when they should he shifted into eight-inch

General Notices. 415

pots, and placed in the vinery. If it is desired to have fruit the next year,
a portion of the strongest must be placed in the best situations, near the
glass, and forwarded, by successive shift ngs, into the fruiting pots; but, as
these never succeed so well as canes from year-old plants, I always leave
them, the remainder of the season, in the eight-inch pots, allowing them to
make as much wood as they will, without stopping them, as this induces
the formation of a good stock of roots. The compost for these shifiings
should consist of strong, fibry loam, very roughly broken, with a little ad-
mixture of rotteninanure.

In producing fruiting canes, from year-old plants, thorough drainage is
indispensably necessary, and, unless this is carefully attended to, the results
will be unsatisfactory. Therefore, presuming that the fruiting pots are at
least fifteen inches deep, six at the very least should he open drainage, for
which purpose 1 have found old biicks, broken rather small, to answer ex-
ceedingly well; amongst which,! have occasionally mixtd some rough
charcoal, with very good effect. The fruiting pots being thus prepared, se-
lect the strongest and best-rooted vines fiom the stock, and pot them into the
fruiting pots at once. The soil I use, and should recommend, is chopped
turf, from a heap which has been laid togetner one year, mixed with a few
finely-broken bones ; this is the best medium for their roots.

Soma years ago, I happened to hear an exceedingly clever and intelligent
man descanting on the culture of vines in pots, and he made a remark,
which, I think it worth while to record, because it ought always to be
avoided ; he said, " vines are great feeders, and the more nourishment you
can crowd into a pot, in the shape of rich manures, bones, and the like,
the better it will be for them." To myself, who, at the time, was but a
tyro in pot- vine-culture, this seemed plausible enough, but further experi-
ence soon convinced me of its fallacy : that they are gross feeders is quite
true, but they must have siimulatives a little at a time, in a clear liquid state,
and the medium through which this percolates, must be as porous as possi-
ble, in order that the spongioles may not be gorged with too much nourish-
ment, otherwise the result is, long-jointed, weak, unfruitful wood. The
three great requisites, then, are perfect drainage, pure soil, and stimulation,
at intervals, in a liquid stale.

When the vines are potted, place them in good situations along the vinery;
or wlierever the canes can be trained near the glass, and keep them liberally
supplied with pure water until they have well filled the pots with roots,
when they may occasionally have some liquid manure ; the latter is best
made by stirring sheep or deer dung in water, and leaving it to settle, using
only the clear liquid ; and always, in every stage, both that and the water
employed should be applied in a tepid state. When the shoots have formed
six or seven joints, stop them, and remove the lateral from the terminal
bud, keeping the other laterals closely stopped at the first joint; tliis will
cause the top eye to break again, and give the buds below increased strength
to bear fruit ; stop the canes again at five feet, and ihey will not require lur-
ther attention than stopping the axillary shoots, and applying water. When
the growth is over, prune off all the axillary shoots at once, and secure the

416 General Notices.

roots from frost. At the time of starting, let the pots be top-dressed ; a lit-
tle fine bone-dust may be used amongst the top-dressing. Apply liquid ma-
nure once a week at first, and twice a week when the fruit is set; but dis-
continue it entirely when the ripening process begins. Do not leave more
than eight or ten bunches of fruit on each vine ; the bunches should be well
thinned, and the growth judiciously, but not too severely stopped. After
the fruit is cut, if tlie soil is all shaken out from the old plants, and they are
re-potted in fresh soil, and headed dow'n at the proper time, they will make
superior canes the next year. By using a very porous soil with good drain-
age, and keeping up a good supply of stimulants, I have taken good fruit
from the same vines lour successive years ; this w as done by training a
young cane from the base of the fruiting one, and removing the latter as
soon as the fruit was cut. — {Farm, and Garil. Journal, 1847, p. 4.)

CuUivation of Tea China Roses. — The following article, though relating
to Tm roses, may be applied, in our climate, to some of the other kinds,
and especially to the Bourbon, Noisette, and China varieties : —

Having seen in print, and often heard the fact remarked, that this de-
scription of rose rarely succeeds, if grown in the open borders of gardens
near London, perhaps a few remarks, deduced from experience, might prove
interesting, more especially respecting this particular iamily ; ibr it is ad-
mitted by every one, that no collection of roses, however small, can be com-
plete without them ; their general appearance being so distinct, and, adding
to this their delicate and tinted colors, the beauty of their foliage, and pe-
culiar scent, renders them objects of special admiiation to all who see them.

About three years ago, I for the first time procured several of these roses,
and planted them in a south border, in ordinary soil, tolerably well manured,
but they grew poorly, and made only a few blooms, and certainly did not
repay the trouble they had cost; and, moreover, the ground would liave
been belter occupied in growing Verbenas, or other bedding plants ; and,
by most people to whom I mentioned my disappointment, I was told that the
suburban atmosphere was not sufficiently pure to allow of the growth of
these roses. But, determined noi to abandon their cultivation without a
further trial, I removed them, in the autumn, into a much richer soil ; but,
in spite of carefully protecting them from severe frost, 1 lost about half dur-
ing tiie winter ; those, however, which survived, grew and bloomed beauti-
fully through the summer and autumn, and which tended to sliow, that soil
and treatment had more influence than, the slightly impure atu.ospheta;
and, encouraged by this partial success, I determined, if possible, to render
it more general in the following season ; and, being convinced tliat damp
was the cause of so many dying in winter, 1 saw that it was essential to pro-
vide drainage.

As iny garden is not nalurall}' drained, nor is it exactly practical to do so
artificially, I therefore adopted the iollovving plan to efiect that object, upon
that part wlierc 1 intended to plain tliese ruses, by taking away ilie earth
entirely to the depth of about 12 or 13 inches, and then filling up a or 3 in-
ches with stones, or other rubbish, and placing a little moss or straw above,

General Notices. All

to prevent the earth mixing with the drainage, and which I find answers
every purpose, except during tlie heavy winter rains, when the water can-
not pass off quickly enough below the drainage ; and, to rectify this, I dig,
early in the autumn, a deep trench at the end of the border, into which the
water runs, and which might otherwise lie stagnant air.ongst the soil and
stones, and but for this precaution, all the pains taken might be rendered
nugatory.

Hiviiiir said so much about drainage, if not too tedious, I will now pro-
ceed to describe the soils, and their proportions, which I used to carry out
my experiment. I divided the space of ground, above described, into four
parts, and filed up the first with equal portions of earth I had taken out,
and manure, (remains of an old hot-bed ;) the second, with two-thirds of
common meadow turf, and one-third manure ; the third, with manure en-
tirely, as recommended by Mr. Rivers in his last year's catalogue ; and the
fourth, having exhausted all the manure, I used instead, scalded sphagnum
about one-third, turfy peat one-third, and one-third of ordinary soil ; and,
in each case, I have been fully remunerated for the trouble taken, by the
vigorous growth maintained, the abundance and constant succession of
bloom, and the beauty of the individual flowers ; and, although in each of
the soils tried the result was satisfactory, I will just mention the uifferences
observable between them. In the first-named soil, the growth was vigorous,
and blooms good and abundant, and the plants but slightly cut by frosts in
winter. In the second, the growth was more vigorous, and the blooms finer
than the first, and not more than a few twigs killed by the frost. In the
third, the growth was exuberant, and the foliage magnificent, but the
blooms were not so abundant as in the preceding cases, and sometimes sin-
gular abortions or sports were produced — afibrding strong evidence of the
validity of the theory of morphology. They, however, had so strong a
disposition to grow during the mild rainy seasons m autumn and winter, that
some were much injured by the frost, and others quite killed ; — and the
fourth, the result was similar to the first, with the exception of being a lit-
tle more injured in winter.

It will, therefore, be seen, all points being considered, that, in the case
where two-thirds turf and one-third manure was used, the roses succeeded
best; the cause of which appears to me quite obvious, in the fact of the re-
quirements of the plants being better supplied in this soil than in the others,
viz., free access to the roots of atmospheric air, and being a soil that would
not bind, tlie roots meet with no check in their progress, and nourishment is
supplied through the most advantageous medium, and from the best source,
the soil never containing mure moisture than it holds by capillary at-
traction.

I mast, however, just advert to protection during winter, respecting
which I can only give the result of two years' experience, having both sea-
sons tried about equal numbers, by protecting the roots of some with moss,
about 6 inches thick, as recommended in Mr. Rivers' catalogue, and others
by laying branches of evergreens or fern over them, while others have not
received further protection than merely placing saw-dust, or cinder-ashes,

418 General Notices.

about an inch thick over the roots, and althougli the roses to which tlie lat-
ter method was adopted, appeared to have suffered most from frost, tliey,in
reality," were the least injured, which was clearly proved, in the ensuing
summer, by their growth being, upon the whole, more vigorous than the
others, particularly the bottom shoots and suckers. I account for this latter
plan proving best, from the circumstance of the two former harboring too
much damp, which is more destructive to the roots than moderate fiost.

The aspect in which these roses are grown to the best advantage, ap-
pears to depend entirely upon the season. If placed facing the south, (be-
ing so excitable,) they are more apt to grow during warm winters and early
springs, and which renders them liable to be cut off by frosts ; in such a
case, the south is a bad aspect; but if, on the contrary, the winter is cold,
there cannot be a better. For average seasons, however, I think, against
or near a west wall, is the best situation, as it is, to a great extent, pro-
tected from the north-easterly winds, and catches but little of the early
spring sun, and, when they do, it is not till late in the day, so that, should a
frost have occurred in the night, the thaw will necessarily be more gradual
than in a southerly or easterly situation, an item to which too much atten-
tion cannot be paid.

These roses seem to receive great benefit from the application occasion-
ally of weak guano-water. I have also tried super-phosphate of lime, but
upon these soft-woodfed sorts it does not appear to have much or any effect,
although on the hard-wooded kinds it may be most, beneficially used.

These roses are often grown to great advantage, budded either on the
Wild-Briar or the Boursault, for, although they are sometimes liable to fail-
ure, still, when they do succeed, they prove very beautiful.

For pot-culture, the Tea China roses cannot be. too strongly recom-
mended, as they are so grown, with the greatest ease, to perfectit;n, taking
care that the soil used is rich and open, (turfy,) and that good drainage be
provided. Indeed, I think many of the more delicate, weak-growing varie-
ties, such as Elisa Sauvage, &c., are suitable only for pots, as in the ojien
borders they are often subject to failure. The comparatively hardy and
vigorous varieties, such as Devoniensis, Comte de Paris, Josephine Rlalton,
Bougere, &c., cannot be too numerously cultivated, or too sliongly recom-
mended for growing in beds or otherwise, more particulaily the first-named
one.— {Gard. Chron., 1847., pp. 467, 468.)

Vine Borders. — Having already passed my opinion in favour of concreting
the bottom of vine borders, perhaps I may be permitted to speak in delence
of concreting their surface, though 1 have no personal experience of its good
results. As we cannot command the sun's powerful exhalations in all sea-
sons, or give them, the crevices of the rock for their pasture, we must sub-
stitute something else ; but is it not wrong to call concreting the surface of
the borders a new practice? The material may be ; hut everybody knows
how well vines grow, and bear, with their roots under flag-stones, and I
have no doubt but many of your readers may remember Preston Hall Gar-
dens, in Mid-Lothian, (the scene of Mr. Hay, the late garden architect's
first labors,) where there was a range of houses between three and four hun-

Foreign Notices. 419

dred feet in length, with a broad gravel walk close up to the front of them,
kept hard and smooth, so that moisture could not penetrate; and I never
heard of such a thing as shanking there : whereas, in the gardens of Oxen-
ford Castle, close by, I well remember, during the wet summers of 1816
and 1817, when I was a pupil there, a (quantity of the late grapes were not fit
to send to table; no fault could, however, in consequence, justly be laid
to the charge of my worthy preceptor, Mr. Shiels, whose fame as a grape-
grower, the Horticultural Society of London has established, nor could it
be imputed to the want of proper drainage, for there was commenced, and
well-performed, that system which has since made the name of the Earl of
Stair so famous ; but the soil was cultivated stiff, and very rich. In the
gardens of Marham some vines have been lately planted in some Pine-stoves,
and ihose that have the surface of the borders covered with gravel, quite
firm, are far more prolific than those where the border is cultivated ; and,
completely eclipse the vines planted in a house that (if my information is
correct) had twenty pounds' worth of ground-bones mixed with the soil.
So much for " pabulum." I believe the simplest, and the best, composi-
tion for a vine border, is light loam, brick rubbish, and farm-yard manure,
not much decayed, in equal proportions, and to be well-drained. — {Farm,
and Gard. Journal, p. 4, 1847.)

Art. II. Foreign Notices.

Exhibitions of the London Horticultural Society. — The exhibitions of this
Society for the year have been exceedingly fine, but, from the great length
of the reports, we have been unable to find room for them. The exhibition of
pelargoniums having been exceedingly fine, and many amateurs feeling an in-
terest in this flo%ver, we have rtiade room for the following account of them : —

The collections of Pelargoniums were more numerous than on former oc-
casions. The display was very effective, and rendered more interesting
than usual, by the general introduction, in the different stands, of the new
and improved varieties. One feature, in this exhibition of Pelargoniums,
must not be allowed to pass unnoticed ; we allude to the collection from E.
Foster, Esq., of Clewer; these plants were specimens of superior cultiva-
tion, and were grown and exhibited without sticks or other mechanical sup-
ports. They were grown in 8 inch pots ; the plants were very large, and
the only training they appeared to have been subjected to, was in the lower
shoots having been tied down horizontally, and inclined downwards to spread
out the branches, and conceal the surface of the pots ; having been thus se-
cured, they appeared then to have been allowed to take their natural course
upwards, growing with great luxuriance, having thick branches, with large
and healthy foliage, and with stout and well-developed flowers. The con-
trast afforded by the exhibition of these plants, and the regulated manage-
ment applied to the other collections, will no doubt be productive of great
improvement in this department. The contrast showed clearly the faults on

420 Domestic Notices.

either side, and that a union of the two styles, finding the happy medium,
and keeping the means concealed by which the necessary degree of training
is accomplished, will be most satisfactory for all purposes. — In the Ama-
teurs' Class, for 12 new and first-rate flowers, grown with superior skill in
8 inch pots, the 1st prize was awarded to Mr. Whomes, gr. to E. Foster,
Esq., of Clewer, whose sorts were Orion, Ariel, Lucretia, Pericles, Cla-
rinda, Jenny Lind, Marion, Minerva, Armida. Ondine, Bertha, and Ardens.
Mr. Cock, of Chiswick, obtained the 2d prize for Isabella, Duchess of Lein-
ster, Sylvia, Hector, Zenobia, President, Roselta, Minerva, and Miss Hal-
ford. — 3d prize to Mr. Robinson, gr. to J. Simpson, Esq., who showed Ju-
liet, Duke of Wellington, Sarah, Duke of Cornwall, Magog, Sunrise,
Dido, Erectum, Rosy Circle, Orion, Matilda, and Aurora. — 4th prize to Mr.
Coysh, gr. to R. Hudson, Esq., for Oberon, Nina, Cleopatra, Nabob, Me-
teor, Champion, Beauty of Clapham, Sunrise, Lady Sale, Rosy Circle,
and Matilda. — 5th prize to Mr. Stains, for Hebe's Lip, Orion, Desdemona,
Camilla, Aurora, Bianca, Sirius, Isabella, Rosy Circle, Pearl, Vesuvius, and
Duchess of Leinster. In the same class, for Nurserymen, Mr. Dobson,gr.
to Mr. Beck, obtained the first prize. His colleclion contained Competitor,
Centurion, Blanche, Emelie, Aurora, Cassandra, Princess, Desdemona,
Pacha, Cavalier, Rosamond, and Hebe's Lip. — Mr. Gaines, of Battersea,
received the 2d prize, for Lady Bulkeley, Lady Kitty, King of Saxony,
Eximia, Orion, Princess, Hector, Model, Altraclor, Salamander, Aladdin,
and Shield of Achilles. For collections of 12 specimens grown in 11 inch
pots, the 1st prize, in the Amateurs' Class, was awarded to Mr. Parker, gr.
to J. H. Oughton, Esq., for Roulette, Adonis, Rainbow, Hesperus, Enchan-
tress, Flora, Duke of Cornwall, Matilda, Emma, Duchess of Leinster,
Hector, and Superba. The second prize, in the same class, was given to
Mr. Goulding, gr. to T. Turner, Esq. ; and the 3d to Mr. Higgins, gr. to
E. Saunders, Esq. In the Nurserymen's Class, the 1st prize was awarded
to Mr. Gaines, Battersea, for Witch, Colherstone, Emma, Floridum, Lady
Sale, Queen of Bourbons, Pirate, Miss Holford, Alba Grandiflora, Princess,
Lady Prudhoe, and Henrietta. The prize of £1, oflfered by " Philo," for
the best 6 seedlings, not sent out, two years old, and by any raiser, excited
much expectation ; but stiange as it may read, but two competitors ap-
peared to contest the prize, Mr. Whomes, gr. to E. Foster, Esq., of Clewer,
and Mr. Dobson, gr. to Mr. E. Beck, of Isleworth. The prize was awarded
to Mr. Dobson, who produced 6 superior seedlings, remarkable for variety,
quality, and form — Honora, Cavalier, Grandiflora, Centurion, Cardinal, and
Gulielma. To the other collection, which contained some fine specimens,
no names were attached. — {Gard. Chron., 1847, p. 422.)

Art. III. Domestic Notices.

Springfield Horticultural Society. — We are gratified to learn that a soci-
ety has been recently formed in this town. The first exhibition was held on

Domestic Notices. 421

Friday, July 2d, and some very handsome flowers and fine fruits, particularly
strawberries, were exhibited. From a report which has been sent us, we
learn that " it fully equalled the highest anticipations, that could have been
formed, of the abilities of our citizens to make a creditable exhibition of
this character, whenever they were seriously called upon lo do so. Of flow-
ers, there were every variety which the season affords, including a most rich
display of roses of every hue and form. A number of rare and elegant pot-
plants, principally from the green-houses of B. K. Bliss and Mrs. Trask,
added largely to the interest and beauty of the display. The number of
contributors was large, revealing the gratifying and encouraging fact, that
an interest, practical as well as theoretical, pervades the community to a
very general extent. A few beautiful dahlias, notwithstanding this is not
the season for them, were among the attractions present.

In fruits, there were some of the richest specimens of strawberries and
cherries, that we ever saw. The former were particularly numerous and
fine, and a large portion of them were from Cabotville and Chicopee Falls,
the citizens of which villages contributed very essentially to each depart-
ment of the exhibition, and proved that, comparatively, they are in advance
of their brethren in this part of the town, in the attention which they bestow
upon the science and practice of Horticulture."

The following is a condensed account of the flowers and fruits exhibited : —
from B. K. Bliss, a splendid assortment of green-house plants, consisting
of geraniums, G^snera zebrina, Achimenes picta, salvia, &c. ; also three
yellow Persian melons, a species of muskmelon, fully ripe; one large and
very beautiful pyramidal bouquet, one small do., one large flat do., one vase
of pansies, one vase of cut verbenas, also a variety of cut flowers ; all of
which attracted great notice.

From James T. Ames, Esq., Cabotville, one Chinese Orange in full bear-
ing; very fine plants of the Sago Palm, Hoya carnosa, Century plant; su-
berb specimens of Hovey's Seedling, and Ross's Phcenix strawberry, one
basket fine cherries. Splendid bouquets from R. Whittier, Esq. and Moody
Ferre of Cabotville ; also from Mrs. W. B. Calhoun, Mrs. C. W. Chapin,
Miss S. Willard, Mrs. S. Bailey and Miss Isabella Clary. Mrs. Richard
Bliss, a fine Orange tree in full bloom ; also a fine display of cut flowers,
and Hovey's Seedling strawberries.

From Lucius Harthan, Cabotville, fine specimens of Moss and Hybrid
Perpetual roses ; also magnificent specimens of Hovey's Seedling strawber-
ries, the largest and handsomest exhibited. From T. W. Carter, Esq.,
Chicopee Falls, a magnificent pyramid of roses, cherries and strawberries.
From George Merriam, fine black Tartarian cherries. From Charles Mer-
riam, fine specimens of Early Virginia and Hovey's Seedling strawber-
ries.

From George Bliss's garden, fine strawberries. Superior specimens of
Hovey's Seedling strawberries were also exhibited by Mrs. W. B. Calhoun,
J. Hitchcock, Cabotville; Elizur Bates, Richard Bagg, Jr., and P. C. Da-
vis, Chicopee Falls ; also a fine lot from Dr. Bridgman, Cabotville, from
VOL. XIII. — NO. IX. 38

422 Domestic Notices.

plants set out April 27, 1847. Fine cherries from Mrs. Chas. Howard, Dr.

J. H. Grey, R. Whittier, Esq. and Dr. Bridgman, Cabotville. From R.

E. Bemis, Esq., Cabotville, fine specimens of new potatoes, While and

Black Heart Cherries.

In the evening, a Horticultural Society was organized under the act of in-
corporation passed by the last Legislature.
The following were chosen its officers ; —
Wm. B. Calhoun, President; Timothy W.Carter, J. B. Bridgman,

Henry Vose, Vice Presidents; B. K. Bliss, Secretary and Treasurer; Ru-

fus Whittier, D. M. Bryant, Richard Bliss, Henry Brewer, Jr., Lucius

Harlhan, Directors.

The Society starts under good auspices, and we trust will continue to be

largely encouraged and sustained in its worthy objects by the efforts of our
citizens. Such exhibitions, as that of yesterday, we hope will be repeated
as often as may be, convenient. They surely must exert a good influence
over the minds and tastes of the community. — (Springfield Republican.)

Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau Cherry. — In our last number (p. 369,) we
noticed the production of this new cherry by our correspondent. Dr. Wen-
dell of Albany. W^e have the pleasure of stating that a full description of
it, accompanied with an engraving, will appear in our next number. It is a
very superior variety. — Ed.

Seedling Peaches. — We have recently received from S. T. Jones, Esq.,
Staten Island, two seedling peaches, which ripened in his cold house as ear-
ly as the 1st of August, and one of which was of very superior quality,
being large, handsome, and of delicious flavor. We shall give a descriptive
account of them in our next. Our thanks are due to Mr. Jones for his at-
tention in forwarding the fruit. — Ed.

New Seedling Cherries. — Dr. Kirtland of Cleveland, Ohio, has raised sev-
eral seedling cherries, which he has placed in the hands of Messrs. Elliot
& Co., of that place, for sale. The following are the names : — Cleveland
Bigarreau, Rockport Bigarreau, Late Bigarreau, Elliot's Favorite, Ohio
Beauty, The Doctor, and Kirtland's May. Dr. Kirtland does not hold him-
self responsible for any description or statement Mr. Elliot may publish, but
he has the fullest confidence that they will be correct. — Ed.

The Colmar d'Aremberg Pear. — We are surprised to see this new and
fine variety advertised as the Winter Bartlett ! For what reason this new
name is given we are at loss to conjecture, unless to mislead those who pur-
chase. There is no such pear, in truth, as the Bartlett, and to add the cog-
nomen of Winter, and apply it to this new pear, which has always been re-
ceived from abroad under one name only, ihat of Colmar d'Aremberg, is
only tending to produce confusion and error. We trust no American nur-
seryman will coin new names for foreign fruits. — Ed.

Houghton^ s Seedling Gooseberry. — The exhibition of some very fine spec-
imens of this variety, at a late meeting of the Horticultural Society, re-
minds us that we have neglected to notice it before. The great difliculty
attending the growth of the large and fine sorts of English gooseberries is,

Domestic Notices. 423

that, in most localities, the berries are rendered worthless by the attacks of
mildew ; and the consequent disappointment has induced many to give up
their cultivation altogether. Mr. Houghton's gooseberry is a seedling from
our native kind, produced some time ago, and is considerably cultivated in
Lynn, where Mr. Houghton resides. It is of only moderate size, but posses-
ses a fine flavor, is a most extraordinary bearer, and in ail seasons is remark-
ably free from mildew. The specimens which we have seen, induce us to re-
commend it for general cultivation, especially in situations where the large
English sorts cannot be grown. We have no doubt, that with proper atten-
tion in the selection of seeds from the largest berries, other and improved sorts
may be raised from this, and eventually a progeny of large fruited kinds,
equal to the English, but possessing all the adaptation to our variable climate
of the parent plant. We trust our hints may be acted upon by amateurs
who have the leisure to do so. — Ed.

Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies. — The exhibition of the American
Agricultural Association will be held in New York, on Wednesday and
Thursday, the 8th and 9th of September.

The annual exhibition of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society will be
held at Masonic Hall, in Philadelphia, on Wednesday, Thursday, and Fri-
daj% the 15th, 16th, and 17th of September.

The annual exhibition of the New Haven County Horticultural Society
will be held in New Haven, on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday, the
28th, 29th, and 30th of September.

The horticultural exhibition of the American Institute will be opened at
Castle Garden, New York, on Tuesday, the J/th of October, and continue
open for several days.

Liberal Prizes for Pelargoniums. — We are gratified in being able to an-
nounce that our correspondent, Mr. E. Beck, of Isleworth, near London,
has authorized us to place in the hands of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society the liberal sum of £7 sterling, to be awarded in the spring of 1848
for pelargoniums, in two prizes, viz. : — " one prize of £5 for the best, and
one of £2 for the second best, exhibition of 5/'.r plants of the most dissimilar
and best varieties, cultivated with superior skill in eight-inch pots, open to
all." Mr. Beck is strictly an amateur cultivator, but the reputation of his
seedlings spread far and wide, and he was literally compelled, by the great
number of applications for his seedlings, to consent to let out the plants.
All his leisure time is devoted to the culture of the pelargonium, which is
his favorite plant. The liberal offer of £7, to be distributed in prizes by
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, shows the interest he lakes in the
spread of a taste for his favorite flower, and we doubt not that we shall
see, another year, specimen plants competing for the prizes which will
compare with the splendid specimens annually exhibited by himself, and for
which he has always carried off the highest prizes. — Ed.

Coe''s Transparent Cheri-y. — A rather glowing account of this cherry has
recently been published in the Horticvlivrist. An amateur friend, who has
passed the spring and summer in Hartford, latfly called on us, and assured us
that the variety is not of so high a character as there represented ; thatit issim-

424 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

ply a very good cherry ; he has eaten it day after day, and he states that he
considers it inferior to a very common cherry brought into Hartford and
sold under the name of the Rocky Hill Honey-heart, a native variety, orig-
inated near Wethersfield, eighty years ago. Coe's Transparent is classed
next to the Downer, " the finest American cherry:" some amateurs around
Boston prefer Sparhawk's Honey-heart to the Downer, though both, in our
estimation, have few equals. The varieties of cherries are so confused that
we think few cultivators can really know what sorts are the best The
Black Eagle has been classed, this year, among the best which have been
shown here, and has been awarded one of the special prizes of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society. We have plenty of delicious cherries, and
unless the new sorts much surpass them in size, we think it quite useless to
encumber our catalogues with their names. — Ed.

Art. IV. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Satxirday, August 7, 1817. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was
held to-day, — the President in the chair.

Mr. C. M. Hovey read a letter from E. Beck, Esq., Isleworth, near
London, corresponding member, presenting to the Society, through him,
the liberal sum of £1 sterling, to be appropriated as prizes for pelargo-
niums, as follows : —

" I wish to place at the disposal of the Committee, seven pounds sterling,
to form two prizes for pelargoniums for 1848. Five pounds and two pounds
for the best and second best exhibition of six plants of the most dissimilar
varieties, cultivated with superior skill in eight-inch pots, open to all.

The thanks of the society were voted to Mr. Beck for his liberal donation,
and the Corresponding Secretary was authorized to send Mr. Beck a copy
of the vote.

Voted, That the Corresponding Secretary be requested to prepare and
forward a letter of condolence to the family of their late Vice President, Jon-
athan Winship, Esq.

Mr. C. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y., presented the Society a bound
copy of the 1st volume of the Horticulturist.

Voted, That the thanks of the Society be presented Mr. Downing for
the same.

The following gentlemen were elected members : — James Lloyd, Thomas
Briers, John Albree, Joseph N. Howe, Boston ; Thomas Leighton, Jr.,
William Leighton, Cambridge. ,

Adjourned two weeks to August 21st.

Exhibited. — Flowers : From the President of the Society, four plants
of JLilium lancitolium album, and one seedling; seven plants of Fuchsias,
viz. : Mrs. Frederick Millbank, flesh-colored sepals and rosy lilac corolla,
Cleopatra, flesh-colored sepals, crimson and scarlet corolla, new, large
flower ; Sir Henry Pottinger, flesh sepals tipped with green, purple crim-
son corolla ; Exoniensis, and Lady of the Lake ; also Gloxinia sup6rba,

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 425

Cartoni, rubra, grandiflora, a seedling, and three pots of Achimenes ; Q5il
de Lynx, Fleur de M.irie, Lawrencu', candidissima nova, Nymphaea alba,
Standard of Perfection, speciosa, Eclipse, Egyptienne, and other phloxes,
and several dahlias. From J. Breck & Co., a large collection of fine hol-
lyhocks and balsams; fine specimens of Phlox picta,Q]]il de Lynx, Charles
Kermesi/tfl alba, Wilder?', paniculata alba, ami decussata alba ; also a seed-
ling raised by Mr. Kichardson, the corolla of a purplish blue, flowers in
dense corymbs ; also another seedling of Mr. R. color of the flower ap-
proaching crimson — much darker than P. Richardsonu ; also cut flowers in
great variety, including perennials and annuals. From William Quant,
six fine plants of crinistm Cockscomb.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., six hand bouquets and two mantel bouquets.
From J. L. L. F. Warren, six plants in pots as fcdiows : — Steplianotus
flonbiindus, Achimenes longifiora and picta, Ardisia crenulata. Fuchsia,
Smith's Yesta, and Croweo caniculata, new ; also, a fine show of Gladiolus
floribundus, gandavensis, and Belviderus ; a fine specin.en of I'wccogloriosa,
and a great variety of other cut flowers ; also two large and eight hand
bouquets. From Samuel Walker, a fine seedling phlox, flowers pink, with
purple eye, arranged in panicles. From G. Gilbert, Plymouth, a fine
disp ay of native plants, including a profusion of O'rchis blephariglotiis,
and fimbriata, Sabbatzo chloroides, (pink and white,) Lobeho curdiralis, &c.
Bouquets, cut flowers, &c. from H. Hazeltine, A. Eowditch, Rev. Mr.
Barry, James Nugent, W. Meliar, John Paiker, and J. Thcmas.
Premiums were awarded as follows : —

Bouquets. — For the best six hand bouquets, to Hovey & Co , .ff2.
For the second best, to J. L. L. F. W'airen, $ 1.
For the best pair of mantel bouquets, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $2.
For the second best, to Hovey & Co., $ 1.
For the best large vase bouquet, to John Thomas, $2.
For the second best, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $ 1.
Plants in Pots. — For the best six, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $2.
Gratuities — For six fine plants of cockscombs, to W. Quant, $3.
For a fine display of Gladiolus two weeks in succession, to J. L. L. F.

Warren, $3.
For a vase of indigenous flowers, to J. Thomas, $2.
Fruit. — From Messrs. Hovey & Co., six varieties of grapes, as fol-
lows : — Black Hamburgh, Bourdales, Pitmaston White Cluster, Muscat
Blanc Hatif, Grizzly Frontignan, and White Fiontignan ; aI?o, Doyenn6
d'Ete and Mabille pears the first a delicious sun;mer pear, and the latter a
desirable variety, being very melting and juicy, but not high flavored.

From J. F.* Allen, Black Hamburgh and Wortley Hall grajies, (well
colored;) Grosse Mignonne and Ni.blesse peaches, Franconia raspberries,
Madeleine pears. Early Harvest apples, Black fig of St. Michael's, and
Sweet Montmorency cherries: the cherries were of fine flavor. From A.
D. Williams, Early Bough and Williams's Favorite apples ; also Red and
Wliiie currants. From J. Hovey, fine Early Harvest, annd Williams's
Favorite apples. From E. M. Richards, Early Bough, Early Harvest,

3S*

426 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Early Nonsuch, and Early White Sweeting apples. From J. L. L. F.
Warren, Fastolff raspberries. From Charles C. Grant, Moorpark aprirots,
White Dutch currants, and raspberries. From George Wilson, White
Dutch and Victoria currants ; both varieties were fine, and some clusters of
the latter nearly six inches long. From J. Wa&hburn, Red Astrachan
apples. Frt>m Anson Dexter, Red currants. Fiom J. Lovett, Knevelt's
Giant raspberries, Red Warrington gooseberries, (?) fine, and Houghton's
Seedling; the latter variety very handsome. From Otis Johnson, Made-
leine pears of fine flavor.

The Committee on Fruit have awarded the following Prizes : —

Strawberries. — For the best specimens, Hovey's Seedling, to S.
Richardson, $6.
For the second best, Hovey's seedling, to A. Aspinwall, $4.
For the third best, Hovey's Seedling, to I. Fay, $3.

Cherries. — For the best specimen. Black Tartarian, to O. Johnson, $6.
For the second best, Downer's late Red, to S. Walker, $4.

Raspberries. — For the best specimen , Knevett's Giant, to J. Lovett, $ 5.
For the second best, FastolfF, to Hovey & Co., $ 3.

Gratuity. — For a seedling cherry, to S. & G. Hyde, $6.

Special Premiums for Cherries. — To. M. P. Wilder, for the Black
Eagle, $5.
To S. Walker, for Downer's late Red, $5.

Vegetables. — From R. Williams, three splendid varieties of wheat,
with a specimen of chess from St. Joseph County, Michigan. From A.
D. Williams, some fine Drumhead cabbages. From John Munroe, fine
Marrow squash. From James Nugent, tomatoes.

August Hlh. Exhibited. — Flowers : From Messrs. Hovey & Co.,
six plants in pots, comprising the following, most of them entirely new : —
Trachelium caeriileum. Gloxinia Cartont, Cestrum roseum, (new,) Maid of
Orleans Jasmine, (double and beautiful,) and £iica versicolor and vagans ;
also six hand and one pyramidal bouquet, and fine double balsams. From
Cheever Newhall, a plant of Lagerstroe mta indica, ten feet high, and six
feet in diameter, full of bloom. From Joseph Breck & Co., fine double
balsams, and a great variety of other cut flowers. From James Nugent,
six hand bouquets, and fine double balsams. From J. L. L. F. Warren,
two mantel and six hand bouquets, fine double balsams, gladiolus, and
other cut flowers. From F. R. Bigelow, three flowers of Ceieus triangu-
laris on one stem. From T. H. Perkins by William Quant, splendid double
balsams. From S. R. Johnson, fine double balsams and other cut flowers.
From 0. H. Mathers by Thomas Needham, veiy fine double balsams.
From G. C. Crowninshield by John Quant, very fine double balsams. Bou-
quets, &c., from A. Bowditch, A. Dexter, John Parker, J. Thomas,
Messrs. Winships, and W. Kenrick.

Premiums were awarded as follows : —

Double Balsams. — For the best display, to William Quant, $3.
For the second best, to Thomas Needham, $2.
For the third best, to John Quant, $ 1 .

Massachusetts Ilorticidtiiral Society. 427

Bouquets, &-c. — For ihe best six hand bouquets, to Hovey & Co., $2.
For the next best, to James Nugent, $ 1.
For the best mantel, to J. L. L. F. \N arren, $2.
For the best pyramidal, to Hovey & Co., $2.

Plants in Pots. — For six plants, to J. Thomas, $2.
For six plants, to Hovey & Co., $ 1

Gratuities. — The Committee recommend a gratuity of $ 3 to Cheever
Nevvhall for a fine plant of Lagerslrce'mia indica.
For a moss vase and bouquet, to J. Thomas, $ 2.
For a pyramid of Flowers, to Miss Ru&sell, $ 1.

The Committee give notice that no premiums will hereafter be given for
designs, nor for any other than hand or mantel bouquets until the Anr.ual
Exhibition.

Fruit. — From J. F Allen, Black Hamburgh grapes; Grosse Mignonne
and Cooiedge's Favorite peaches ; Franconia rasjiberries ; Black figs ; Mont-
morency cherries ; the Montmorency cherries were picked two weeks pre-
vious and laid aside, fully exposed to light and air, and were in a fine state
of preservation. From C. F. Putnam, Jolimont pears. From T. H. Per-
kins, by W. Quant, green Persian melons. From the Pomological Gar-
den, Charlomonski and Tetofsky apples, and Rivers's Early No. 1 plums.
From E. M. Richards, Summer, (of England,) Summer Rose, Early
Bough, Early Harvest, and fine Ked Aslrachan apples ; also a fine Chris-
tiana melon. From J. Owen, handsome Early Harvest apples, and Jargon-
elle (of the French) pears. From H. Vandine, three kinds of plums, and
Sopsavine apples.

Messrs. Hovey & Co. exhibited eleven kinds of grapes, as follows: —
Black HamDurgh, VVilmot's Black Hamburgh, Bourdales, White Fron-
tignan, Muscat Blanc Hatif, Piimaston White Cluster, Red Chastielas,
Chasselas of Fontainebleau, Macready's Early While, Grizzly Froiuignan,
and Chapial, the last a new grape received from France, very handsome;
also Doyenne d'F.te pears, and Lemercier cherries. From J. Hovey, fine
Early Harvest, and Williams's apples. From J. Lovett, Red Astrachan
apples, gooseberries, and beautiful blackberries. From S. Walker, Early
Harvest apples. From J. L. L. F. Warren, Franconia raspberrie.«, and
Sopsavine apples. From J. Washburn, Red Astrachan apples; plimis for
a name. From B. V. French, large and fine blackberries. Fiom Uiis
Johnson, White Dutch currants.

August 21. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-day —
Vice President Richards in the chair.

The following gentlemen were elected members of the Society : — Jesse
Hall, James Ingersoll, \\ illiam H. Milton, Boston ; Hiram Brooks, Cam-
bridge. Adjourned one week, to August 28iii.

Exhibited. — Flovvkrs : From Messrs. J. Breck ^ Co., a great variety of
fine phloxes, including Eclipse, picta, Charles, Nymphffi'a alba, paniculata
alba, grandiflora nova, Richardson??, Wilder?, Frelinghuysen, rosea super-
ba, CEil de Lynx, Fleur de Marie, &c. ; also double balsams, verbenas,
Didibcus caerulea, and a variety of other annuals and perennials. From

428 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Thomas Needham, a variety of fine phloxes, viz : Princesse Marianne, Van
HoultJt, Cromwell, Kleur de Marie, bicolor, &c. ; also dahlias, inarigi-lds,
balsams, and other cut flowers. From Parker Barnes, phloxes and dahlias
in variety, and cut flowers ; also two superb specimens of Ipomopsis picta.
From Messrs. Hovey & Co., several new and fine phloxes, viz : PrinceSse
Marianne, CE.l de Lynx, Kermesina, NymphiE^a alba, Goethe, a new and el-
egant striped variety, Blanc de Neuilly, Apollo, &c., these came too late
for competition ; also, plants of Achimenes picta, longiflora, grandiflora and
patens, and Gesn^rci tubiflora ; six hand bouquets. From J. L. L. F. War-
ren, six hand and two mantel bouquets; Gladiolus floribiindus, gandav^nsis,
natalensis liybrida, balsams, phloxes, and cut flowers in variety. Bouquets
and cut flowers from S. Walker, S. R. Johnson, Anson Dexter, Messrs.
Winship, John Hovey, Jas. Nugent and W. Kenrick.
Award of Premiums : —

Phloxes. — For the best 10 varieties, to J. Breck & Co., $6.
For the second best 10 varieties, to S. Walker, $;4.
For the third best 10 varieties, to Parker Barnes, S3.
Pl.^nts in Pots. — For the best six pot plants, to Hovey & Co., $2.
BocQUETS. — For the best six hand bouquets, to Hovey & Co., $2.
For the second best six, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $1.
For the best pair of mantel bouquets, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $2.
For the second best pair, to James Nugent, $\..
Gratuities. — To Hovey & Co., for two plants of G^snera tubiflora, $3.
To Parker Barnes, for two fine specimens of Ipomopsis picta, ^2.
To Miss Russell for a basket of flowers, fl.
Fruit — From J. F. Allen, Crawford's Early, Noblesse, variety un-
known, Grosse Mignonne, Lafayette, Cooledge's Favorite, and Belle Garde
peaches; Hunt's Tawny Nectarine, Sugar Top, Summer Francreal, and
Jargonelle pears ; Black Hamburgh, Gascoigne, Grizzly Frontignan, and
Wortly Hall Seedling grapes, and Black Fig. From the Pomological
Garden, Cheston or Matchless plums, and Sparhawk's apples. From Otis
Johnson, Jargonelle, and Bloodgood pears ; and Early Bough apples, fine.
From J. L. L. F. Warren, English Jargonelle, and French Jargonelle pears ;
Sopsavine, and River apples. From A. D. Williams & Son, Williams' Fa-
vorite, and other apples ; Jargonelle, and other pears. Fiom J. S. Sleeper,
Apricot plums. From O. H. Mathers, by T. Needham, Black Hamburgh,
Chassclas Musque, White Frontignan, Frankendale, and Chasselas de Fon-
tainebleau grapes.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., eleven varieties of grapes, as follows: —
Bourdales, Chaptal, Chasselas de Fontainebleau, Grizzly Frontignan, Black
Prince, Pitmaston White Cluster, Esperione, Black Hamburgh, Muscat
Blanc llatif, Wilmot's Black Hamburgh, White Frontignan. Fnmi A.
Bowdilch, Black Hamburgh, and Royal Muscadine grapes. From H.
Vandiue, Early Black, Royal de Tours, Wilmot's Early Orleans, and
Early Yellow Gage plums ; also, a Seedling peach and Sopsavine ap.
pies. From E. M. Richards, Summer apple. Red Astrachan, Early
Bough, Banoni, Red Juneating, and River, (fine) apples ; also, Christiana

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 429

melon. From Josiah Lovett, 2d, Jargonelle pears; Early Cross plum ; ex-
tra fine blackberries, and Red Astrachan apples, fine. From J. Hovey,
Williams' Favorite apples, fine ; and plums. From James Nugent, Sweet-
water grapes. From James W. Sever, pears. From Samuel Tufls, Moor-
park apricot. From Anson Dexter, Summer Francreal pears.

August 2Sth. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-day —
Vice President, E. M. Richards in the chair.

A communication was read from the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,
extending an invitation for delegates to attend their Exhibition to be held
in September next.

Voted, That it be placed in the hands of the Corresponding Secretary, to
reply lo.

Voted, to adjourn for two weeks.

Exhibited. — Flowers : From J. Breck & Co., cut flowers in great vari-
ety. From Messrs. Hovey & Co., a great variety of Noisette, Tea and
Bengal roses, and six hand bouquets. From W. Mellar, a variety of dah-
lias, among which we noticed fine flowers of Punch, Marchioness of Corn-
wallis Arethusa, La Polka, &c. Cut flowers, dahlias and bouquets from
J. Thomas, W. B. Richards, S. R. Johnson, P. Barnes, S. Walker, A.
Bowditch, J. L. L. F. Warren, T. Needham, Jas. Nugent, H. S. Waldo,

E. M. Richards, Messrs Winships, W. Kenrick,and P.Barnes. From J.
Quant, six plants of very fine cockscombs.

Premiums were awarded as follows : —

Bouquets. — For the best six hard bouquets, to Hovey & Co., $2.

For the second best six hand bouquets, to A. Bowditch, $ 1.

For the best pair of mantel bouquets, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $2.

For the second best pair of mantel bouquets, to James Nugent, $ 1.
Gratuities. — Tlie Committee recommend a gratuity of $ 3 to John
Quant, for six fine dwarf cockscombs.

To Miss Russell, for a basket of flowers, $ 1.
Fruit : From the Pomological Garden of R Manning, No. 1454 Van
Mons, and Rostiezer pears, — the latter of the very first quality. From C.

F. Putnam, Elizabeth, (Van Mons,) has continued to prove excellent and
handsome. From J. F. Allen, five varieties of grapes, Hardwick Seedling,
and Newington (?) nectarines, Crawford's Early, very fine, variety unknown,
and a Seedling peach of delicious quality. Sugar top, and Summer Franc
real pears, and Washington figs.

From E. Brown, Lady Haley apples, and Dearborn's Seedling pears.
From Eben Wight, Red Astrachan, Benoni, and High top Sweeting ap-
ples. From Josiah Lovett, Bloodgood pears. Early Bough apples, and
very fine blackberries. From A. D. Williams, Williams's and other sorts
of apples; also Beurre d'Amalis pears. From Messrs. Winship, Win-
ship's Seedling pear, which pntves to be a fine variety. From L. ]\L Weld,
Benoni apples, and St. Ghislain pears.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., ten varieties of grapes, as follows: — Black
Hamburgh, Bouidales, Muscat Blanc Hatif, Esperione, Zinfindal, Chasse-
las of Fonlainebleau, White Fronliguan, Black Prince, Grizzly Frontig-

430 Obituary.

nan, and Wilmot's Black Hamburgh. From T. Needliam, six varieties of
fine grapes. From E. M. Richards, Benoni, Early Spice, Summer Pear-
main, fine. Summer Queen, and Spice Sweet apples ; also Christiana mel-
ons. From Samuel Walker, Summer Franc Real, and Williams's Bon
Chretien pears. From J. L. L. F. Warren, Dearborn's Seedling pears.
From Otis Johnson, Dearborn's Seedling pears and Early Bough apples,
very handsome. From A. Bovvditch-, Black Hamburgh, and Royal Musca-
dine grapes. From S. R. Johnson, Washington and Green Gage plums,
beautiful specimens. From John Nugent, apples, for a name. From L.
P. Grosvenor, Williams', a Seedling, River, Garden Sweet (fine,) Sugar
Sweet, Mexico, Quince, Benoni, Hill Top, and Red Astrachan apples.
From Isaac Fay, Washington, Royal de Tours, Duane's Purj le, and Apri-
cot plums. From J. Washburn, Lawrence's Favorite plums.

Vegetables. — From Mr. Crowninshield, by John Quant, some fine egg
plants.

Art. V. Obituary.

Death of Capt. Jonathan Winship. — Died at his residence in Brigh-
ton, on Saturday, the 13th of August last, Jonathan Winship, at the age of
62 years.

We are pained in announcing the death of Capt. Winship, who is well
known as one of our oldest nurserymen. His health has been on the de-
cline for some time, but, with the hope of invigorating it, he visited the
springs. Receiving no benefit from his journey, he returned home, and soon
sunk under the effects of his disease.

Capt. Winship for a long period in early life was engaged in seafaring
occupations. His first voyage was made in 1803, when he accompanied
Capt. O'Cain, as clerk in the ship Ocean, and was absent three years. His
second voyage was made, as Master, in 1805, when he was absent four years.
In 1809, he sailed on his third voyage, and was absent seven years ; during
this time, he visited the North West Coast, and was engaged in the Fur
trade and sale of Sandal Wood. He returned in 1816, and retired to his
late residence in Brighton.

Always deeply interested in the cultivation of trees, which he had prac-
tised in his youthful days, he soon conceived the idea of commencing a
nursery. The only one which then existed around Boston, was that of the
late John Kenrick, father of William and John Kenrick, who still occupy
the same premises. In 1824, in connexion with his brother Francis, opera-
tions were begun. The grounds which now comprise the nursery were then
a barren pasture ; only a small portion of them were ploughed up at first and
devoted to trees ; but year by year, as the taste for Horticulture has been
disseminated and the demand for trees increased, the nursery has been en-
larged, and it now covers about thirty acres of land, filled with a great as-
sortment of trees, shrubs and plants.

HorticuUural Memoranda. 431

Capt. Winship was one of the earliest members of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, and has been one of the most prominent e.\li'bitors
ever since its formation. He has been on various committees, whose duties
he has always most faithfully discharged ; and, at the time of his death, and
for several years previous, was one of its Vice Presidents. No member
had a deeper interest in the welfare of the society; and though, within a
few years deprived of the opportunity of frequenting the exhibitions, yet
the reports show that he did not neglect to contribute liberally of the pro-
ducts of his large collection.

We need not eulogize his character as a man ; he was too well known to
need this from our pen. He was gentlemanly and courteous to all who had
intercourse with him ; honest and upright in every dealing. He has left be-
hind him a large circle of acquaintances, who deeply sympathize with the
bereaved family in the loss of a kind and generous parent.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR SEPTEMBER.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines in the cold house will now be coloring rapidly, and will soon
be matured. The house should be aired very early in the mornino- ; and
except in cold, cloudy or rainy days, left open till late in the afternoon ;
keep the laterals pruned off. Vines in the greenhouse, or where the grapes
have matured and been cut, should now have all the laterals which have
been made since \he first stopping, two eyes beyond the fruit in the sprino-,
cut quite back ; this will admit air and light, and thoroughly ripen the
wood, which is an important point in grape-growing. Let the house be
aired day and night in good weather. Vines in the open air will need the
same attention recommended for last month.

Strawberry beds may yet be made with success ; old beds, or beds planted
in the spring should be kept clear of weeds, and the young runners laid in
if plants are wanted for new beds. See directions of last month in reference
to planting.

Cherry and other fruit trees budded last month will require some attention.
See that the strings are not girdling the stocks, and if too tight let them be
loosened and tied again with fresh matting.

Currant and Goosebtrry Bushes may be safely transplanted this month.

Peach Trees should be budded this month.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Dahlias will be in full flower during this month, and will require occa-
sional attention. The main shoot should be kept tied up, and all superflu-

432 Horticultural Memoranda.

ous laterals cut out. The flower buds should also be thinned out when
fine large flowers are wanted for exhibition. Repeated waterings over the
foliage invigorate the plants more than the same quantity of water given
at the root.

Neapolitan violets should be planted out now in beds, where they are
to remain during the winter. A little protection will keep them in fine
growing condition, and they will afford an abundance of blooms all the
spring.

Nemophila, Schizanthus and Mignonette seeds may still be sown for a suc-
cession.

Chrysanthemums layered last month should be taken up and repotted, and
placed in a half shady situation until they recover from their removal lO the
pots.

Pelargoniums should now be repotted. Let the plants be well shook out
of the old earth and put into smaller pots, in a good compost, placing them
in a half shady place till well rooted, when they should be exposed to the
sun. Cuttings put in last month will be rooted, and should be now j>otted
off.

Chinese primroses will now require large pots.

Heaths, Epacrises, d^c, if the roots have filled the pots, should be shifted
into larger ones.

Pceomes should be transplanted this month.

Ixias, Sparaxis, and other cape bulbs, may be potted this month.

White Lilies should be taken up and re-set this month.

Japan Lilies will now require but little water.

Callas should be now potted.

Leschenaultia formosa should now be repotted, and the branches neatly
trained to small stakes.

B-oses planted out in the borders may be taken up this month and potted,
preparatory to placing in the greenhouse or in pits during the winter. Cut-
tings put in last month should now be potted off. Plants in pots should now
be shifted into a good rich compost.

Hyacinths and Tulips may be planted this month.

Azaleas should now be raiher sparingly watered in order to ripen the
wood, and induce the plants to form flower buds in profusion.

Herbaceous perennial plants may be safely transplanted this month.

Scarlet Geraniums bedded out may be taken up the latter part of the
month and potted.

Heliotropes should be re-potted.

Verbenas for winter flowering should now be shifted into larger pots.

Victoria and other stocks for winter blooming may now be shifted into
three inch pots.

Carnation layers should be taken up and re-potted this month.

Greenhouse plants of all kinds should now have attention, such as prun-
ing, top-dressing, washing, &c. before being placed in the house next
month : much labor may be saved by attention to this early.

THE MAGAZINE

OF

HORTICULTURE

OCTOBER, 1847.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. On the Study and Pursuits of Botany. By A. Mitch-
ell, M. D. In a Letter to the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn.
Communicated by Gen. Dearborn.

Dear Sir, — In the various branches of natural science, there
are none of more ancient date than the study and pursuits of
botany. The jfirst account of plants may be traced to the
history of the creation, by Moses ; and from that period up to
the birth of our Savior, when he noticed in his beautiful com-
parison of the lily of the valley, with the wisdom of Solomon, it
continued to be a theme of study among the ancients; although
rude in its conceptions and erratic in its views, it may be
said to constitute the basis of this science ; when the illus-
trious Linnseus, or the great northern light, emerging from
obscurity, gave order and regularity to the study, which ren-
dered comparisons more easy ; and, from that date, the spe-
cific arrangement and physiology of plants engaged the atten-
tion of the most eminent men of the world, and laid the foun-
dation of agricultural science.

The great civilizer of man was agricultural pursuits, and
those patriarchal tribes which adhered to the strict rules of
husbandry and agriculture, grew into power and became
great and powerful nations, while the precarious subsistence
of nomadic tribes, that have depended on the hunt and chase,
are rapidly becoming extinct, and the time is not far distant
when historical records will be the only proof of their exist-
en e.

In order that the naturahst should practically benefit his
country, his mind should be placed on those objects that may

VOL. XIII. — NO. X. 39

434 On the Study and Pnrsuits of Botany.

be analyzed and turned into the channel of real and beneficial
use to mankind, adding to his comforts, and generating a sup-
ply for his wants. The phenomenon of abstruse studies will
not be hindered in its progress by such a course ; the real de-
velopment of useful facts will gather a stronger body, and in-
terest alone will support the practical results. The science of
horticulture has greatly improved within the last few years
in our New England Slates; there seems to be a general dis-
semination of love for the culture of flowers ; among our ladies,
this high order of taste, which embellishes the mind, and
strengthens the reflective powers, shows that a pleasing rev-
olution is going on, which, we trust, will pave the way for
research and inquiries in botanical science that will show a
well arranged herbarium in every young lady's boudoir. In
the analysis and study of plants, something new and pleas-
ing is revealed -at every step, and the different analogies gives
a wide scope to the thoughts, historically pointing out many
things of sacred interest. Thus, the ylcanthus vulgare, or
bears-foot, is supposed by Michselis to be the herb which
formed the crown for our Savior's head, in the mock derision
of his tormentors ; others of eminence suppose it to be the
tree called the naba, or nabka, of the Arabians ; the Shittim-
wood of Scripture is the black acacia growing in the valley
of Sinai; the Arbor infelix is the tree on which the Romans
hung their criminals ; and the most ancient canoes are said to
have been constructed from the bark of the Cyperus papyrus.
The manna of Scripture is said to be produced by a species of
Tamarisk ; and by the camel's-thorn {Alhdgi maurorum ;) a
similar manna distils from a species of Celastrus, in India ;
likewise the common larch affords an inferior manna. Al-
though those trees last mentioned produced a manna some-
what analogous to the manna of Scripture, yet its constit-
uent principles in chemical analysis must have been different ;
as we have reasons to suppose that the manna which fed the
children of Israel contained nitrogen, as putrefaction would
take place if it was kept over night ; this may be considered
as an omnipotent design of their Great Preserver to combine
all the sustenance possible in this species of food. The vari-
ous trees which afford the manna could be introduced and
cultivated with success in the tropical portion of our country.

On the Study and Piir suits of Botany. 435

Amid all the wonders which unfold themselves in the
great temple of nature, there are some in its arcanum which
we can but imperfectly comprehend or analyze. The ascen-
sion and circulation of sap, to perfect the growth and nutri-
tion of plants, has employed some of the most able minds,
without arriving at any satisfactory conclusions. I recollect,
in the month of April, 1840, that a phenomenon occurred to
me which attracted my attention, l^eingout one morning on
a ramble in my favorite pursuits,* I discovered a specimen of
a bird which I was desirous of obtaining perched upon the
loftiest summit of a white birch tree. i?etula populifolia. A
discharge of the gun brought down the bird, and, when stoop-
ing to pick up my game, I was much surprised at a contin-
ued shower of rain, in large drops, oozing from the bn rk of
the branches of a large limb just above my head : this contin-
uing unabated, I was forced to go from under the limb, to
prevent my powder being wet when re-loading. As the leaves
had not expanded, and the buds had just begun to germinate,
I took particular pains to investigate the matter, as the sky
was perfectly clear, and no more than ordinary dew on the
grass. The location of the tree was near the base of a high
hill, the ground very moist, and studded over with springs of
water. The tree on examination proved to be of a healthy
structure throughout, and no appearance of water dropping
from the limbs of any other part of the tree except the branch
alluded to; this, to all appearances, was sweating from every
twig and ramification, from the junction of the limb with the
main trunk to its termination. This continued for an hour,
and 1 left. Returning that way late in the afternoon, the
raining from the limb had but slightly diminished, presenting
nearly the same appearance as when I loft in the morning.
By what law this singular ascension of the aqueous fluid
could have taken place in a separate limb of the tree, I am
not able to answer, as atmospheric pressure, the epidermis of
the bark, are all combining obstacles to the influence of cap-
illary attraction, without we consider the principles of ii3'dro-

* He is a distinguished ornitholop;i-it, and lins fiirnislied spvrrnl hundred drauliftiliy
prepared .specimens ol birds (rom Florida lo Maine, for ihe niuseiun of the ^aUlral His-
tory Society in Portland. — //. A. S. D.

436 Notes on Gardens and Nurseries.

statics. Time and perseverance will effect a great deal : thus
we see the barren hills of your native state changed into lux-
uriant fields by the science of agriculture and ingenious labor,
its orchards hanging with rich clusters of golden fruit, while
its gardens are embellished with every hue of (he gaudy ex-
otic and indigenous straggler, v hich shows that systematic
regularity is the governing principle which superinduces so
much comfort and wealth among an active and enterprising
people. With great esteem, I am, dear sir, very respectfully
yours, Augustus Mitchell.

Hon. H. a. S. Dearborn.

A RT. 11. Notes on Gardens and Nurseries.

Pomological Garden of R. Mannings Salem, Sept. 18 17. —
The collection of fruits, gathered together after a long series
of years by the late Mr. Mannhig, — though, at his death, the
most extensive in the country, — has been augmented, by his
son, by the addition of all the choicest varieties of recent in-
troduction to notice. V e recently availed ourselves of the
opportunity to look over the collection, and passed a half day
in noting down the characteristics of many of the varieties,
— their vigor, productiveness, &c.

Mr. Manning will fruit upwards of two hundred kinds of pears
the present season, a larger number than he has ever had in
bearing, and among them some of Van Mons's numbered sorts,
which now promise well. The fruit generally is larger and
finer than in previous years, and some of the varieties have
never been surpassed in size and beauty. A tree of the Marie
Louise was literally loaded with fruit, some of which were of
the largest size which this delicious pear attains. Many vari-
eties received under new names have been detected as syn-
onymes, but, as we hope to give our readers an article from
Mr. Manning himself, we shall only allude to a few of these.
More will undoubtedly be added to the list, when the fruit is
mature enough to be eaten.

The Duchess of Orleans Mr. Manning thinks one of the best

Pomological Garden of R. Manning, Salem. 437

pears in his collection : it is large and handsome, ripening in
November, and fully equal to any pear of that season ; the
tree is a very vigorous and upright grower, and, although so
large a fruit, bears in clusters. Beurre Coloma proves to be
the Capiaumont. The Tyson pear has again proved deli-
cious, the tree a good bearer, and very vigorous. A Dix
pear tree double grafted, on the quince, was loaded with a
barrel of splendid fruit. Henkel is a great bearer, and a deli-
cious pear, fully equal to the old St. Michael. Prince Ester-
haz)'- proves to be the Josephine. The Dundas continues to
prove fine, a good bearer, and very handsome. Beurre Ken-
rick, named by Van Mons in honor of our friend Mr. Kenrick,
is exceedingly large and handsome this year, and a good op-
portunity offered to test its qualities; it has been very small
in previous years. Eyewood is a great bearer, and Mr. Man-
ning thinks it one of the best of Mr. Knight's seedlings. The
Stynan is an immense bearer, and its good qualities entitle it
to a place in all collections. Las Canas is producing very
fine specimens this year ; though of only medium size, it is
one of the most delicious pears ; it is productive, bearing in
large clusters. Belle Lucrative (known also as Fondante
d'Automne,) Fulton, Alpha, and other kinds, were loaded
with fruit. The Fulton should be in every collection, and,
for market, no sort can be mors profitable. The Golden
Beurre of Bilboa grows and bears well on the quince, and
Mr. Manning esteems it among our very best varieties.
The Calebasse Monstreuse, received by Mr. Manning direct
from M. Duval, is in bearing, and is a large, good-looking
fruit: it is, however, quite distinct from the Grosse Calebasse
of M. Langelier. The Bezi de la Motte was loaded with some
of the largest and hand.somest specimens we have ever seen
of this variety, which has always proved good here.

Of the numerous varieties of Van Mons which promise well
are 3G.5, 8.58, 1336, 11.5.5, and 104. One called Rameaux has
fine large fruit, yullivan, so named by Mr. JManning, is an
excellent pear. Beurre Adam looks well. Paradise d'Au-
tomne is one of the most vigorous trees in the Garden, as
well as a good bearer; in excellence unsurpassed. The I'etre,
a native fruit, has never been properly appreciated ; it isaregular
bearer, and a fine pear. Nos. 135 and I48ki Van Mons, which
39*

438 Notes on Gai'dens and Niirsei^ies.

Mr. Manning has already noticed, (XII. p. 147,) are now pro-
ducing large and fine specimens : as Mr. Manning received
permission from Van Mons to name any of the numbered
kinds which he received from him, we trust his son will avail
himself of the opportunity to do so, not only with these two
fine varieties, but with all the numbered ones which may
prove worthy of cultivation. Nothing seems more objection-
able to us than the dissemination of fruits under numbers in-
stead of names.

Passing a Baldwin apple tree in full bearing, Mr. Manning
stated that it was one on which he tried the experiment of
changing the bearing year. It is well known that the Bald-
win only bears every other year. To obviate this was the
object of Mr. Manning; and, in the spring of 1846, he spent
nearly two days in cutting oif all the blossoms. It had the
desired effect ; this year, the tree is completely loaded with
fruit. This experiment is valuable, for it shows that, in a
large orchard, when the trees, by chance, nearly all fruit the
same year, any number of them can be made to fruit in the
alternate year simply by the labor of destroying all the blos-
soms. A tree of that delicious apple, the Minister, was full
of fruit, and of very fine size ; Mr. Manning thinks that this,
as well as the Porter and Williams, only need a good rich
soil and high cultivation to make the fruit free from the de-
fects which many cultivators complain of in regard to these
sorts.

A great number of apples were in bearing ; but we had not
time to examine them. Mr. Manning pointed out an English
variety which he thinks a decided acquisition, being about
equal to the Porter, of large size, roundish form, and with a
pale yellow skin ; it is the Golden Noble. The Garden Royal,
a native variety, is also a superior early apple : the last speci-
mens had just been gathered; it is deserving a place in the
most select collection.

The trees generally have greatly improved in vigor during
tlie last two years ; but the constant cutting of scions has had
the tendency to make many sorts unfruitful. Where the trees
have had all the young wood taken off, the remaining buds,
which ordinarily form fruit spurs, spring into growth, and
make very long shoots. A Beurie d'Aremberg was one com-

Garden of the Hon. J. S. Cabot. 439

plete and compact head of wood. Mr. Manning's grounds are
in excellent order, and afford a rich treat to pomologists.

Garden of the Hon. J. S. Cabot. — The most extensive collec-
tion of fruits among our amateur cultivators is that of Mr.
Cabot. Not only does it contain a very large number, but
they are all of the very choicest kinds, and, — what is of more
consequence, — grown so as to show what the real characters
of the fruits are ; all experienced cultivators are aware, that
a pear frequently does not attain its true size and excellence
the first or even second year of its bearing; the tree maybe
feeble, or it may be the peculiar habit of the variety ; and, in
consequence, many pears have been discarded, even before
they had produced a perfect specimen.

Mr. Cabot's grounds in the city are about an acre in ex-
tent, and are filled with large trees, some of which have
several kinds on each, and probably nearly a hundred kinds
are in fruit. A short distance from the city, he has another
garden, stocked with young trees of all the new pears to be
had, several of which are already in bearing.

Among the new pears, he has one which he received from
us as the Monarch, which we noticed some time since,
(p. 1.55) ; it is a graft on the top of an old tree, and has upon it
only three fruits ; they now look like the true sort ; but, in
the course of a month, we shall be able to decide this ; after
so many attempts, it will be gratifying to know that we pos-
sess the genuine kind which Mr. Knight praised so highly.
The Flemish Beauty, and Louise Bonne de Jersey are the
handsomest objects among the pears : the latter, on a quince
stock, was loaded with very large specimens, while, at Mr.
Manning's, on the pear, they were not more than two thirds
as large or as fair. The Flemish Beauty, we are induced to
think, will prove to be the true Beurre Spence, which Dr.
Van Mons thought was the best pear he ever raised; we have
some speculations to offer on this head at another time. The
Andrews here, as well as at Mr. Manning's, were large and
splendid ; this pear has never been properly appreciated ; we
place it at the head of our native varieties. Gendesheim is
a great bearer, handsome and good ; the Cabot is very hand-
some this year ; Pailleau, first noticed by Mr. Manning in our
Magazine, Mr. Cabot thinks a very desirable variety. The

440 Notes on Gardeiis and Nurseries.

Columbia, Winter Nelis, Beurre d'Avemberg, Van Assene,
and oth.^rs, were full of noble specimens. Indeed, we might
enumerate fifty kinds, all of which were producing beautiful
fruit.

Mr. Cabot has one of the choicest collections of herbaceous
plants; but, with the exception of the phloxes, ie\Y were in
bloom. Clematis Sieb61d<7, trained to a trellis, was covered
with its beautiful flowers, and, widi a little protection, it
stands our winters without injury.

Mr. Cabot has entered zealously into the cultivation of seed-
ling pears. Of seedlings of this year from selected seed, he
has more than five thousand, and, of previous years, a large
quantity, some of which are nearly old enough for bearing :
all of them he intends to set out or graft vvith a view to the
production of new varieties. With a few such cultivators, we
might soon hope to have many additions to our collecyons of
this fine fruit. . Mr. Cabot's garden is a model of neatness in
every part.

Grapery of J. F. Allen. — The culture of the grape is car-
ried to a much greater degree of perfection than in former
years, and especially m cold houses. Four years ago, (Vol.
IX. p. 425,) we noticed Mr. Allen's place before the span-
roofed grapery was completed. This house is upwards of
eighty feet long, about twenty wide, eight feet high at the
sides, and sixteen in the centre. It is planted with vines on
each side, and the ends, about three and a half feet apart;
and with two rows on each side of the central walk, about
three feet apart, making in all upwards of one hundred vines
in the grapery. Most of them are now in a bearing state,
and embrace a variety of kinds. We noticed very handsome
specimens of Wilmot's Black Hamburgh, Wilmot'snew Ham-
burgh, (No. 16,) Tottenham Park Muscat, Aleppo, Syrian,
Zinfindal, White Frontignan, Rose Chasselas, &:c. These
were all nearly ripe.

In the retarding house, which we have particularly noticed
in our Review of Mr. Allen's work, (p. 410.) the early
grapes were just beginning to color, while the latest ones ap-
peared quite green : by the aid of the flue, these will be rip-
ened oflf in November, and, with an occasional fire, will hang
till January, thus continuing the supply for about ten months of
the year.

Residence of N. Stetson, Esq. 441

The peaches in the peachery had all been cut, and the trees
were ripeiihig off a fine crop of wood for next year. Mr. Allen
has raised a seedling peach of much merit, which he has
called the Alantiing, in honor of the valuable labors of his
townsman, the late Mr. Manning : its production was quite
accidental ; a sucker from a budded tree had made a very
large growth before it was noticed, and Mr. Allen concluded
to let it bear fruit: the result was, as we have stated, a very
handsome peach only of medium size, but very high flavored.

Mr. Allen has succeeded in producing very handsome grapes,
and amateur cultivators will be much interested by an in-
spection of his hoijse when full of fruit.

Bridgewater, Sept. 1847. Residence of N. Stetson, Esq. —
We have more than once alluded to the influence which rail-
roads have exerted in the dissemination of a taste for horti-
cultural pursuits, bringing together, as they do, town and
country, and affording an opportunity for the more frequent
inspection of collections in and around large cities, by which a
taste is fostered and cherished, and imparted to all whose
leisure permits them to avail themselves of the facilities of
travel.

It is not often that we have been so highly gratified with a
visit to our suburban friends, as in a recent trip to Bridgowa-
ter, and an inspection of the garden of Mr. Stetson. We were
aware that he did not undertake any thing but what he car-
ried out, but we were not prepared for so complete an exhibi-
tion of gardening zeal. It reminded us of our friend John-
son's fine place at Lynn, where it would require a very good
opera glass to detect that pest of every ambitious gardener,
a weed. Perfect neatness prevailed every where. This is
the true secret of an attractive garden ; for, no matter how
rare or how extensive the collection, if slovenliness is shown
at every step, the eye soon tires, and the mind becomes insen-
sible to every thing which would otlicrwise astonish and de-
light. Mr. Stetson's garden we might term a bijoii'm its way.

The garden and houses cover about two acres of land sit-
uated nearly half a mile from the station of the Fall River
Rail-road at this place, just within a proper distance to catch
a glance of the cars as they go and return, and commanding
a tine view of a prettily wooded country to the east, with the

442 Notes on Gardens and Niirseries.

Taunton River in the distance. The house is a substantial
building, of some years' standing, but additions and ahera-
tions have been made by Mr. Stetson, which afford all the
convenience and comfort which a country residence can pos-
sess. The ceilings and walls of the drawing-room have been
elegantly done in fresco by an Italian artist.

Descending the steps from the veranda of the drawing-
room, we alight opposite to the greenhouse ; this, of course,
at this season, was only a show of tasteful arrangement in
the stage, consisting wholly of strips of cherry wood, run-
ning lengthwise, about half an inch apart, which covered the
risers as well as the steps, a very neat mode of completing a
greenhouse for an amateur : it is about fifty feet long, and fif-
teen wide, and the grapes which are intended to cover the
rafters, have pushed about half-way up, having been planted
last spring.

From the greenhouse, a walk leads to the grapery, which
is a neat building, with a span roof, constructed on the curvi-
linear plan, precisely as described by us in our last volume,
(XII. p. 377.) It is fifty feet long, and twenty wide, and built
in the most thorough manner. The vines were planted out
in the spring of 1846, and have made a very vigorous growth,
with some of the strongest shoots nearly an inch in diameter.
On each side of the centre walk, there is a row of vines, and
some of them have been allowed to ripen a few bunches of
fruit. Among the kinds, Mr. Stetson has the Prince Albert,
Cannon Hall Muscat, Wilmot's Black Hamburgh, &c. &c.

Mr. Stetson has quite a number of wall trees, particularly
of pears, embracing the newest and best kinds, such as Col-
mar d'Aremberg, which was producing two splendid speci-
mens, one of them more than four inches long : this is stated
to be a remarkable variety, and, if its quality corresponds
with its size, it will be a great acquisition. Winter Nelis,
Beurre d'Aremberg, and others of equal merit, had all made
very vigorous growths, although only planted last year, and
quite small trees. They are trained with much skill.

In the open quarters, the trees are vigorous and in fine
health, particularly the peaches, which are entirely free from
gum. canker, or that great pest the borer; although the stems
are at least four inches in diameter. Mr. Stetson is some-

Notice of Three New Varieties of Fruit. 443

wliat lavish in the use of whale oil soap, and to this he attrib-
utes the cleanliness of his trees : two washings are given dur-
ing the season, one in the spring, and the other in the fall,
and, with this simple reniedjr, the trees are kept in the most
perfect health. We have frequently recommended the appU-
cation of soap, and are convinced its general use in the man-
ner here stated would soon banish every borer, and many of
the diseases which usually affect trees of all kinds, especially
the peach. Some of the Crawford's Early measured nine
inches in circumference. Mr. Stetson has a fine seedling
which sprang up ''^ome years ago, and is now growing against
the house to which it is trained. It is one of the most deli-
cious as well as most beautiful kinds we haA^e ever seen. The
cultivation of the peach needs more encouragement in the
way of premiums for superior specimens; for, while we have
large amounts yearly distributed for the pear, the peach is
nearly or quite forgotten.

We might name many of the kinds of standard trees in the
garden, which embraces all the best kinds, but our space will
not permit ; in a year or two, they will produce an abundance
of the choicest fruit. The wall trees will also soon begin to
bear, forming a superior collection.

The native grape vines on trellises, and on the house, were
trained with the greatest precision, showing how much can
be done by a little care and attention in the early progress of
the vine. The borders were filled with fine flowers : and the
prairie roses and other climbing plants trained up to iron pil-
lars. Indeed, no part seemed to be forgotten, and, with the
additions which will be annually made, Mr. Stetson will pos-
sess one of the most interesting places in the county.

Art. II. Notice of Three Neto Varieties of Fruit. By Her-
man Wendell, Esq., Albany, N. Y. With Descriptions
and Engravings. By the Editor.

Dear Sir, — With pleasure I send you, for examination and
notice, a few pears of a new variety raised from seed by a

444

Notice of Three New Varieties of Fruit.

Mr. Sterling, who resides near Buffalo in this state : it is
called the Sterling pear : its history, as given me by Messrs.
Wilson, Thorbiu-n & Teller, nurserymen of this city, who
own the tree, and from which I procured the fruit, is as fol-
lows : — Mr. Sterling, being on a visit to Connecticut some
eighteen or twenty years since, ate of the fruit of a pear tree

Fig. 36. Sterling Pear.

growing there, and saved the seeds. On his return home, he
planted them, and succeeded in raising and fruiting several trees,
all of which, with the exception of this one, proving worthless.
Grafts were procured from him, brought to this city, and pre-
sented to the above-named individuals, by a gentleman whose
residence is in this vicinity, and who vouches for the truth of
the above stateaient. The tree is of thrifty growth and up-

Notice of Three New Varieties of Fruit. 445

right habit, and an early bearer. It is but two years since
the grafts were inserted, and it lias this year borne about two
dozen pears.

I also send you a few plums of a very delicious character,
taken from a tree growing in the garden of Mr. A. Van Voast
of this city. It is called the Schenectady Catherine plum,
and originated iii a garden of that city. Trees have been
growing there for several years past. I cannot account for
the remissness of pomologists in that vicinity for allowing so
valuable a fruit to remain unknown, comparatively, so long
a time. I rank it among the very best, fully equal, in all
respects but color, to the Reine Claude. It is a thrifty grower
and prolific bearer, having borne large crops of fruit for sev-
eral years past : its growth is similar to that of the Imperial
Gage.

And, together with these, I send you a few specimens of
the Judson plum, a valuable seedling, grown by a gentleman
of that name residing at Lansingburg, some eight or nine miles
north of this city. The tree is said to bear very heavy crops,
and to be a thrifty grower.

Academy Park, Albany, N. Y., Sept. 3, 1S47,

We are gratified in having the pleasure of presenting our
pomological friends with the above notice of three new fruits,
which possess great merit, especially the plums, one of which
we class at the head of all the varieties we now possess. We
add the following descriptions and engravings of the several
kinds : —

1. Sterling Pear.

Size, large, about three inches long, and three inches in
diameter : Form, roundish obovate, largest in the middle,
tapering to each end : Skin, very fair, smooth, clear pale
waxen yellow, beautifully marbled and shaded with red on
the sunny side, with a small patch of russet at the base of the
stem : Stem, long, about one and a half inches, rather stout,
curved, knobby, swollen, and fleshy at the base, and inserted
without depression : Eye, medium size, open, and slightly
sunk in a small, smooth, shallow basin ; segments of the calyx
medium length, narrow, projecting: Flesh, white, coarse,

VOL. XIII. — NO. X. 40

446 Notice of Three New Varieties of Fruit.

tender, half-melting, and juicy: Flavor, sweet, pleasantly
perfumed and good : Core, rather large : Seeds, medium size.
Ripe the last of August and beginning of September.

The Sterling pear, {fig. 36), is one of the handsomest early
pears which has come under our notice; the skin having a
clear waxen appearance, beautifully tinged with bright red.
Though only second rate, its beauty, size, and great produc-
tiveness will commend it to cultivators, especially those who
supply the market.

2, Schenectady Catherine Plum.

Fruit, medium size, about one
and a half inches, broad, and one
and a half long : Form, roundish,
narrowing rather more towards
the apex, which is little depressed,
than the base; suture rather shal-
low, extending half round : Skin,
rich deep purple, violet in the
shade, slightly netted on the sun-
ny side, and covered with a thin
azure bloom : Stem, medium
length, about three quarters of an
inch, rather slender, and inserted
in a very deep, contracted cav-

Fig.-ii. Schenectady Cathei-ine Plum, ity ; FlesJl, greeuisll yejlow, fine,

and very melting, separating freely from the stone : Juice,
very abundant, of a honied richness, and deliciously flavored:
Stone, small, thick, ovate. Ripe the beginning of Septem-
ber.

This variety, {Jig.ST), is fully equal to the Green Gage, be-
ing quite as sweet, more melting, and exceedingly high-fla-
vored. It must rank as the best purple plum yet produced,
surpassing the Reine Claude Violet, both in size and excellence.

3. JuDsoN Plum.

F?'uil, rather below medium size, about one and a quarter
of an inch broad, and one and a quarter deep : Form, round-

Notice of Two Seedling Peaches. 447

ish, little flattened at the base, one side slightly larger than
the other; suture shallow and indis-
tinct, extending to the apex : Skin,
of a fine clear violet red, slightly mot-
tled with a deeper shade, covered
with small fawn-colored specks, and
a thin lilac bloom : Stem, medium
length, about one inch, slender, and
inserted in a small, rather deep hol-
low : Flesh, pale yellow, melting,
and separating from the stone : Juice,
abundant, rich, brisk, vinous, and
high flavored : Stone, rather large,
oval, compressed. Ripe the end of
August and beginning of Septem-
ber.

The rich and beautiful color of the ^^s- ^s- J^dson Plum.
Judson, {Jig. 38), will render it a great favorite, aside from its
other fine qualities : though not quite equal to the Catherine,
it ranks among the very best, and is deserving a place in
every good collection.

We learn that Messrs. Wilson Thorburn & Teller have a
few trees of each of the above sorts for sale. — Ed.

Art. IV. Notice of Tico Seedling Peaches. By S. T. Jones,
Esq., Staten Island, N. Y. With Descriptions of the Fruit.
By THE Editor.

Dear Sir, — I have forwarded to you a small box, contain-
ing specimens of two seedling peaches raised in my garden,
and which have borne fruit the present year the first time.

They are considered valuable, not only for their size and
flavor, but from .ripening in advance of all the other peaches
in my cold houses, and, I hope, may also meet with your
favorable opinion.

My gardener, Mr. Kennedy, who, I believe, is a correspond-
ent of yours, has distinguished the two sorts by the names of
Jones's Early and Jones's Large Early.

448 Pomological Notices.

The large specimens are somewhat remarkable from their
obtuse form. In contact with each fruit, I have sent some of
the leaves, by which the glands may be seen, but, at this
time, our recollection of the blossoms is not sufficiently clear
to give a description of them.

CedarSj Staten Island, August 3, 1847.

The specimens came safely to hand, in very fine order,
and we were much pleased with them, and consider both of
them acquisitions, though the Large Early is superior to the
other. We annex the following descriptions of each : —

Jones's Early. — Fruit, medium size, about two inches
broad, and two deep : of roundish form, oblique at the apex ;
suture shallow, but distinct, extending around the fruit : Skin,
yellowish white, beautifully tinged with pale red on the sun-
ny side : Flesh, yellowish white, tender and juicy, slightly
rayed with red at the stone, from which it separates freely :
Juice, abundant, rich, and excellent : Stone, small. Ripe
early in August.

Leaves, crenated, with small, globose glands.

Jones's Large Early. — Fruit, large, about two and a half
inches broad, and only two deep, of roundish form, much
flattened at each end ; suture deep, extending around the
fruit, terminating in a small point, one half a little larger
than the other : Skin, clear delicate white in the shade, green-
ish at the apex, and broadly shaded with deep crimson in the
sun : Flesh, white, fine, and perfectly melting, rayed with
pink at the stone : Juice, very plentiful, rich, sprightly, and
delicious : Stone, medium size. Ripe early in August.

Leaves, crenated, with reniform glands.

Art. V. Pomolorrical Notices: or Notices respecting New
and Superior Fruits worthy of General Cidtivation. By
the Editor.

We have been awaiting an opportunity to present our notes
on the new fruits of the last season, but the favors of our corre-
spondents— thanks to their kindness — have occupied all our

Pomological Notices. 449

space, and prevented ns from doing so. As the season is now
at hand when amateurs will be making their selections of
trees for fall planting, we shall now note down what we have
on pears, and defer our remarks on other fruits until another
time.

During no year since the introduction to notice of our na-
tive pears by Mr. Downer, in 1829, have we known so many
American sorts of equal merit to have been made known.
The Swan's Orange, Reid's Seedling, Osband's Summer,
Pratt, Moyamensing, Haddington, Kingsessing, Ropes, Ra-
pelje, all good, and some of them unsurpassed, have been,
in this period, brought to the notice of pomologists. Add to
these, several foreign kinds, whose merits have been fully
established, and the acquisitions of the last year or two have
been of great importance and value.

Swanks Orange. — This has been so fully noticed in our
account of it, (p. 67,) that we shall only remark that this
splendid variety must hold the highest rank among pears.

K/ili^'ht's Seedling. — A Rhode Island seedling, raised in
Cranston, and first exhibited at the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society in 1835, when it was pronounced fine. Since
that time, however, it has been but little seen, and is compar-
atively a very new fruit. In size and appearance, it some-
what resembles the Belle Lucrative, and is nearly, if not
quite equal to that delicious variety. We would suggest that
it should be called Knight's R. I. Seedling, as many suppose
it to be one of the late Mr. Knight's productions.

Pratt. — This is also from Rhode Island , it is a good sized
pear, rather above medium, of oblong obovate form, with a yel-
lowish green skin, thickly dotted with russet, and of excel-
lent quality, though not equal to Knight's Seedling.

Osbaitd's Summer is an early variety, ripening about the
period of the Bloodgood, and fully equal, if not superior, to
that sort. The size is rather larger than the Bloodgood, in
shape similar to the Muscadine, with a pale yellow skin, dot-
ted with green, and tinged with red on the sunny side. The
original tree is growing in Macedon, N. Y.

Rapelje's Seedling. — Dr. Stevens of New York has just
placed in our bands a specimen of this new pear, which is
stated to have originated near Astoria, L. I. Itisofmedi-
40*

450 Pomological Notices.

um size, pyriform shape, with a dull yellow skin dotted and
traced all over with brownish russet. The flesh is very juicy
and melting, but without much perfume. It is an abundant
bearer.

The Moyamensing and Haddington have been already
fully noticed, (XII. p. 274;) an opportunity to taste them has
enabled us to form some opinion of their merits : though very
excellent pears, we do not place them among our best sorts.

Kitigsessing. — This has just been brought to notice. It
is, we believe, a native, found growing in the suburbs of Phil-
adelphia. It is of medium size, oblong obovate form, with a
pale green skin, and possesses a melting flesh, with a sweet
and perfumed flavor, but little deficient in character. It is,
however, worthy of trial.

S7nith^s Bordenave. — This is the name given to a very fine
early pear, which fruited in the garden of A. Smith, Esq.;
Hartford, Conn. ; the tree was imported from Bourdeaux, and
it appears to be not only a new, but a very superior fruit.
Size rather above medium, with yellowish green skin, melt-
ing flesh, and high perfume. We think it will form a decid-
ed acquisition. It ripens in August.

Reid's Seedling. — This variety we have given a full ac-
count of by one of our western correspondents, (XII. p. 198.)
We have since learned, from other friends, that it is a very
superior variety, fully deservmg the commendations of our
correspondent. We intend to figure it soon, with the others
now noticed.

Last year, (XII. p. 339,) we briefly noticed several new Bel-
gian pears which have been recently brought to notice, and, since
then, some further account has been given of them in the
French periodicals : —

Louise d' Orleayis. — This is one of the productions of Van
Mons, and was raised from seed in 1827, and first came nUo bear-
ing in 1843. Col. Van Mons and his brother, in consequence
of the superior quality of the fruit, named it, by permission,
in honor of the Queen of the Belgians. In general appear-
ance, it resembles the Bonne des Zees, a variety little known
here, but which we ate in Paris in 1844. It is of medium
size and oblong form, measuring about three inches in length,
with a stout stem an inch long, and inserted in a shallow

Pomohgical Notices. 451

cavity : skin of a bronzed green : flesh white, fine, and very
mehing: flavor rich, sngary and deUcions. It ripens in Oc-
tober and .\ovember. It is staled that it must rank " the
noblest of its kind."

Nouvemc Puiteau. — Another variety from the nursery of
Van Mons, raised in 1827, and fruited in 1843. M. Eouvier,
who introduced it to notice, states that he desired to dedicate
this pear to the intimate friend of Van Mons, M. Poiteau, Ed-
itor of the Annals of the Royal Society of Horticulture, and
his sons favored his proposal. Fruit nearly pyriform, about
four inches long and three in diameter, tapering into the stem:
stem medium length, about three quarters of an inch, green-
ish, becoming paler when mature, marbled and speckled with
red: flesh buttery and melting, with a rich and sugary flavor,
perfumed like the Brown Beurre. Ripe in November.

Beune Gouhault — A fine, large, new pear, raised by M.
Goubault of Angers, with the B. Superfine and the Doyenne
Goubault, each of which are stated to be desirable varieties.
The size is quite large : skin of a greenish yellow, marked
with dots : stem rather long and slender : flesh fine, buttery
and melting, with a perfumed flavor. Ripe early in Septem-
ber.

Betirre Svperjine. — Fruit large, measuring four inches long,
and about three in diameter; somewhat irregular and angu-
lar: stem short, stout, and swollen at the base : skin yellow-
ish green, becoming yellow when mature, more or less dotted
and traced with reddish russet dots : flesh fine, buttery, and
melting, with a higlily perfumed and excellent flavor. Ripe
the last of September.

Doyenne, GoubanU. — A large and fine late fruit, beginning
to ripen in rsovember, and keeping till April. Skin yellow,
dotted with gray: flesh melting, with a perfumed and exqui-
site flavor. It ranks as a superior late keeping variety.

Ckitiwell — An English variety, described by Mr. Thomp-
son, in the Journal of the London Horticultural Society. The
fruit is staled to be three inches long and about two in diam-
eter : the form curved pyramidal : eye small, open : stem
about half an inch in length : skin smooth, thin, yellowish
green in the shade, and partly tinged and obscurely streaked
with dull red next the sun, where it is also sprinkled with

452 Propagation of Stove and Greenhouse Exotics.

pale dots. The flesh is yellowish white, melting, buttery,
very sugary and rich, with a musky flavor, resembling the
Seckel, or Henri Quatre; on the whole, it mostly resembles
the latter, but the skin is thinner and smoother, and the eye
is not so much plaited. The end of September and beginning
of October is the season of maturity.

Doijenni Gris (Thiver nouveau. — Rather a long name, but
it proved last season to be a very late-keeping pear, and of
superior quality. The present season will afford a better op-
portunity to test it.

Art. VI. On the Propagation of Stove and Greenhouse Ex-
otics: in a Series of Litters. By James Kennedy, Glardoner
to S, T. Jones, Staten Island, New York.

Letter VIII. Propagation hy Suckers.

The exotics generally propagated by this mode are such
as the Aloe, Pitcairnia, Yucca, 'J'illandsi«, &c. &c., which,
after they have done flowering, generally produce, in the
summer months, suckers either from the stem or roots. These
may be carefully taken ofl" in the following spring, potted off"
into separate pots, proportioned to their size, and phmged up
to their rims in a mild hotbed, where, if regularly supplied
with air on fine days, and shaded when the sun is powerful,
they will soon strike root.

Letter IX. Plant Divisions.

This is the mode generally resorted to in increasing most
deciduous herbaceous kinds of exotics, such as Lobel/'a luiea
and campanuloides, ^o\vh.xhi(t, /uncea, «S:c. &c., as well as
all shrubs which are prone to produce numerous suckers.
Tne best time to divide the plants is when they receive their
summer poning; then the divisions can be potted into sepa-
rate pots, and allowed to mingle with their fellow-denizens in
their proper departments, where exactly the same treatment
will be suitable for all.

In conclusion, I would beg to remark, that by these loose
hints, (for such indeed they are,) 1 have endeavored to illiis-

General Notices. 453

trate the principal modes of increasing exotics, as far as my
humble abihties would allow, with the way each mode may
be performed with certain success. At the same time, I doubt
not but many of the directions and observations will, by some,
be considered trifling, unimportant and tedious ; but to such
objections I would answer, they are necessary to perfect suc-
cess.

We are all well aware that, to accomplish any particular
object, a certain amount of pains must be called into action;
and I say, that, to aim at the successful propagation and cul-
tivation of beautiful, delicate and expensive plants, it is im-
possible to bestow too much pains on their management. I
would also beg to say, that, in preparing this for the Maga-
zine, the writer lays little claim to originality. There is not,
perhaps, a single process described which has not been long
in practice in every nursery establishment where propagation
appears in its real character: but if the amateur or young
gardener gains any benefit from this, I am more than doubly
paid for my trouble.

State7i Island, N. Y., September, 1847.

We need not again commend the letters of Mr. Kennedy :
he has stated that, to many, the details may seem " trifling
and unimportant." Perhaps they may to the experienced
propagator; but to the amateur, or young professional man,
these very "trifling" hints are the most valuable. We only
hope Mr. Jones will continue to contribute of his fund of
knowledge in our future numbers. — Ed.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

The Cultivation of the Currant, and the Production of New Varieties. — We
recently, in out notice of May's Victoria Currant, (p. 392,) offered some re-
marks in relation to the great improvement which we believe would result
from the production of new seedlings. The editor of the Gardener's Jour-
nal, in an article which appeared about the same time, has taken the same
view of the subject, and in words so similar, that we copy them to show we
are not alone in our views of improvement in this neglected fruit. The rasp-

454 General Notices.

berry and the gooseberry he also thinks, and justly too, may be greatly im-
proved. We quote the whole of his remarks, and commend them to the
attention of every amateur : —

Last week, we took occasion to recommend to the attention of garden-
ers, and garden amateurs loo, the subject of improving what are called the
" small fruits." We then referred to the strawberry, the raspberry, the
gooseberry, and the currant, as examples, and offered some suggestions for
the improvement of the former. We now proceed with such further re-
marks as suggest themselves, and, in following up our former plan, will in-
quire, what can be done for the raspberry ? Perhaps less than in most other
kinds of small fruit. It is not clear that the flavor of the raspberry could
be at all improved. There is probably not much to be gained in the way of
imparting to it variety of appearance. The best varieties at least possess
the property of size, in a considerable degree ; and, though this might be
enlarged upon, yet it does not seem to strike one as a very necessary change ;
some of the present varieties, when well grown, may indeed be considered
large. Tn what way, therefore, could our present race of raspberries be im-
proved on ?

There does seem to be one point at least on which an improvement might
be wrought. Notwithstanding that the fruit is held in such universal esti-
mation, the raspberry season is but of short duration. True, there is a
double bearing variety, as it is called, which fruits later than the other kinds :
this is valuable, so far, in itself: but we also take it as the earnest of some-
thing further. It is, in fact, just the thing to work with ; and we have no
doubt that a little well-directed energy would very shortly produce from it
varieties which would materially prolong the raspberry season.

What can be done for the gooseberry? That the gooseberry cannot re-
sist the power of improvement to which we are referring, thete is ample
evidence in the production of the prize varieties for which Lancashire is fa-
mous. But the Lancashire growers breed only for size ; that quality they
have indeed stamped upon the fruit in a very remarkable degree ; but this
of itself is not enough for the dessert, nor yet for the culinary department ;
quality, not less than quantity, is a necessary recommendation in the gar-
den of the connoisseur. Gooseberry growers may, therefore, busy them-
selves to impart the flavor of the choicer kinds to the large show varieties
that are now chiefly raised ; and, in doing this, they will have eflTected an
improvement worthy of the eflbrt. But why not also prolong the gooseberry
season? It is fully short enough. Some of the early kinds might, in lime,
be pushed a little nearer the vernal equinox than we now have them ; and
this early race would not be injured by increased size, and more concen-
trated flavor. Then, aga.n, with the late varieties. Might not new
forms, later than any we now possess, be obtained ? And would not, in this
case also, additional size constitute a further improvement? These results
are only waiting the well-directed eflbrts of some zealous individual to meet
a full realization.

What can be done for the currant? We see no reason why bunches of
currants should not, for size, bear a closer comparison than now, with

General Notices. 455

bunches of grapes. The thing is by no means so ideal as it might at first
seem to be. Were the berries double the size of those of the largest of our
present varieties, and these, borne, as we now see them, occasionally, from
a dozen to a dozen and a half in a bunch, we should have a very respecta-
ble approach, if not to the clusters of Eschol, at least to the more ordinary
range of our cultivated grapes. Some of the varieties bear fruit which is
less acid, and less w^oody-tasted, than that of others : these qualities would,
of course, be required in the new and improved series. Then, again, cur-
rants are a fruit which it is often considered desirable to keep for some time
— some months indeed — on the trees. It would be worth attempting to
obtain varieties which would hang better than our present varieties do. On
the subject of improving the present varieties of currants, we have recently
met with some judicious remarks by Mr. Tomlinson, in the Midland Florist ;
and, as they bear directly on the subject before us, we will introduce them
here : —

" I have for years been an extensive cultivator of currants, selling the
produce in the large town in my immediate neighborhood, and I find that,
though the red grape is a large and fleshy fruit, still it ripens unkindly,
which is a great drawback to its more extended cultivation. The old long-
bunched red is, with me, far preferable ; but I see no earthly reason why
this fruit might not be improved in a very great degree. Would it not be
possible to raise a ' currant show,' on the principle of the Lancashire goose-
berry shows? and if this could be carried out, and an inducement given to
raise fresh varieties from seed, I make no doubt that we should speedily
have currants double the present size, and much longer in the bunch ; and
I am sure that nothing would pay better than improved varieties of both
black and white, as well as red ones. The plant comes early into bearing,
and any improvement on the old sorts would speedily supersede them, as
the black Naples is now displacing the black grape.

" I heard of several new sorts, which I purchased last autumn, and am
now growing them, to test their respective qualities. Of course, I cannot,
the first season, decide, as I should wish to have my plants well established.
The sorts purchased are : —

"1. The Gondouin Bed. — A continental variety, with peculiarly red
wood and large foliage, very distinct in habit.

" 2. The Cherry Red. — Also from the continent. This has extremely
large foliage, and stout shoots.

" May^s Victoria. — This, I see, has been mentioned in several publica-
tions as a large and very prolific variety, and would, doubtless, be a fine
sort to save seed from.

" Haughion Castle (Red). — This was raised in the far north of England.
Its character to me was large and late. It appears to be an erect grower,
and has abundance of fruit, which is of good flavor, though, from the cir-
cumstance of the trees being planted only last autumn, not so large as when
they become established.

" 5. Goliath. — I have also received with this a first-rate character as a

456 Genei'al Notices.

^oorf red currant ; and, if any induction is to be made from its luxuriant
mode of growth, I should fancy it would respond to its name.

" I have selected some of the largest herries on both Goliath and May's
Victoria, the seeds of which I intend to sow ; and should these prove large,
I will again sow from the largest. By this means, in a series of years, I
hope to arrive at the height of my ambition, namely, to produce currants as
large as small marbles. Now I am confident there is nothing Utopian in all
this ; and I am certain that, if a few persevering individuals were to devote
their attention to the improvement of the currant, it would be attained in
less than ten years."

Once more we may state — and we repeat it, because it is a rock on which
very many split — that experiments of this kind are the better for being con-
ducted on a limited scale. One case of cross-breeding, carefully wrought
out, on correct principles, is more pregnant with really useful and valuable
results, than a thousand promiscuous ones, or a hundred carelessly prose-
cuted ; while, of course, the labor and trouble attending the experiments
becomes lessened a hundred or a thousand fold. Those, too, who have
time and opportunity for more extensive operations, should take care to
multiply carefully — instead of carelessly — conducted experiments. — {Gard.
and Farm. Journ., 1847, p. 115.)

Scarlet Pelargoniums. — I am inclined to predicate a longer rule for scarlet
pelargoniums, because they are highly useful in our summer gardens, are
easy of cultivation, and must always please by the splendor of their numer-
ous flowers. As show flowers, they could scarcely be admitted, for they
have too little variety, and besides, they produce less effect in pots on a
small scale than in the open air. I have had an opportunity this season of
comparing several good gardens, and in nothing has dissimilitude been more
manifest than in the presence or absence of these beautiful flowers. A gar-
den plentifully supplied with them has an unspeakable charm, which no
other production 1 know of can confer; indeed, I never remember seeing
too many of these, but on the contrary have generally observed that more
might be introduced with advantage. The first advantage which may be
mentioned is the foliage, which has such a fine exotic character, and looks
so fresh at the autumnal season, when so many productions have a russet
hue. Next comes the permanency of the flowers, the trusses of which are
often so large that a supply, to fill up the places of those which have de-
cayed, is furnished for a considerable time. Further, they will resist frosts
much longer than other tender plants, surviving those early attacks which
often destroy the dahlias. Lastly, they are as easy of propagation as any
thing can be, both by seeds and cuttings; they may also be preserved
through the winter with a very small portion of care.

Large specimens produce a fine effect, and they may be secured by taking
up the tallest plants in the autumn, potting them, and turning them out in
the spring. 1 have some plants of Smith's Superb, which are four years
old, with stems of an established woody character, and above a yard high.
When these are surrounded by others of a dwarf character, as General Tom
Thumb, or other dwarf varieties, so as to hide the stems of their older

General Notices. 457

neighbors, the result is very pleasing. Whole beds may be filled with the
dwarf kinds, and Mignonetto growing among them will add the grace of
an exquisite perfume to their own beauty. If a stock is kept in pots, they
do admirably to fill up gaps, or to insert in places where earlier flowers have
gone o.T. In fact, they are invaluable ; and in addition to the remarks of
last week, respecting propagation for next year, I would give a little advice
as to the treatment of scarlet pelargoniums.

Having procured as many cuttings as possible, pot them thickly in pans
or pt)ts, and place them in a frame as directed before, care being taken to
guard against damp, which is very fatal to their succulent stems. If the
cuttings are allowed to dry over before the wounded part is inserted in the
soil, the effect will be more sure. It has been found that these pelargoni-
ums do well when potted as above, and kept in a room of a dwelling-house
near the light. Indeed, as gardeners say, " they will grow like grass,"
and, in the winter, dryness is almost all they need to preserve them. In
addition to the young plants made from cuttings, all the old roots may be
taken up when the frosts come, and may be preserved by being cut down
and potted ; or they may be dried and hung up by the roots in an out-build-
ing, excluding frost and damp. Then again in the spring, the young shoots
of those preserved in pots may be cut oflT and struck. There are numerous
varieties of scarlet pelargoniums, some with variegated foliage, and as many
as possible should be procured. — {Gard. Chron. 1847, p. 556.)

Pruning Fruit Trees. — I suspect that even the pruning of Paris will not
do for this climate, and that, as regards pears and apples, at least bloom buds
will not be obtained with certainty by the same means. I was in Paris two
years ago, and took a lesson in pruning from M. Jamin. Nothing could be
more perfectly trained than his pears and apples, and they were loaded with
fruit. But I have either mistaken the precepts of my master, or his prac-
tice is not suitable for this damp climate. I find my memorandum of what
he told me during a clinical lecture in his nursery. He is careful to thin
out the branches (pears), and keeps thinning as the tree goes on, leaves the
leader, and, in May or early in June, pinches off all wood shoots, and these
so pinched he cuts back to one eighth of an inch in winter. These make
bloom buds the next year, but those pinched off which are not strong make
bloom buds the same year; some, of course, shoot after being pinched;
these are again pinched, and, if no bloom buds are made, are cut off close,
as before stated. The leader is shortened in winter. If this branch is well
stored with bloom buds, he shortens to about six inches; if growing vigor-
ously and no buds, he leaves it longer. He is against bending down the
branches, and leaves no spurs ; the branches about nine inches apart. A fter
the leader attains about eight feet, he lets it grow on. In the main, he fol-
lows D'Albret's theory and practice of pruning fruit trees, 6th edit. I
think you would do some service if you were to give us an abridgment of
D'Albret's book as regards pruning. I attempted this, but find some diffi-
culty in giving the proper equivalents for technical words, and so must leave
it to some one more experienced in the art. — {Id. 1847, p. 637.)
VOL. XHI. — NO. X. 41

458 General Notices.

Bottom Heat. — The following article, by Dr. Lindley, appeared in a late
number of the Gardeners' Chronirle, and, although not quite so applicable
to our climate as that of Great Britain, still the hints which it contains are
of sufficient interest to claim the attention of all cultivators. Every gardener
is aware of the importance of bottom heat in the growth of many kinds of
plants ; but the question is, how many other sorts are there to which it has
not been applied, that may not be benefited by it?

One of the most important points to which modern gardeners have had
their attention turned is that of bottom heat. It is, to a great extent, the
cause of their eminent success in some branches of horticulture ; and the
tim§ is coming when it will be looked upon as the foundation of all practice
whatsoever. As matters now stand, the subject is only considered specially
in a few cases, such as pine apples, melons and cucumbers, and in the ope-
rations of seed-sowing and cutting-striking. But it really concerns every
plant that is known ; more, perhaps, than even top-heat. Those for which
it is so carefully studied are only extreme cases, but they point the way to
general rules. We may be sure that, if one plant is so constituted that its
roots require to lie in a medium of a particular temperature, all other plants
will also have some temperature which suits their roots better than any
other. This is acknowledged to be so with their branches and leaves ; and
it is certainly quite as true as respects their roots.

We might be certain that this opinion is well founded, even in the ab-
sence of direct proof, because we know that the aim of cultivation is to imi-
tate, as exactly as possible in all respects, the conditions under which plants
naturally grow. If in its natural state, where it arrives at the greatest per-
fection of which it is susceptible, a plant is continually exposed to a certain
temperature of the earth, to another of the air, to a particular amount of
light, of humidity, of atmospheric pressure, it cannot be doubted that the
first business of the gardener is to imitate those peculiarities by all the means
at his command ; having done that, he may proceed to stall-feed his plants,
till they resemble the bullocks at the Smithfield Club ; but to cram them till
he has secured their perfect health, is like overfeeding a savage debarred
from his natural exercise and occupations.

A very interesting proof of the advantage of attending to this subject is to
be found in our columns of last week, (p. 543.) It is there shown that, in
Mr. Purdey's garden at Bayswater, a vinery has been filled with wood and
fruit in little more than two years, by merely warming the border in which
the vines grow. It is said that the latter made shoots thirty-seven feet long,
strong, short-jointed, and well ripened in the first year. The grapes, which
we have seen, are excellent, and were ripe in the beginning of August ; so
that they must have been forced in good time. We fully anticipate bunches
from this house which shall equal the largest of Syria. Mr. Purdey has
obtained this result by applying artificial heat to his vine-border, so as to
insure its having a suitable temperature at the season of growth. In gen-
eral, vines are treated as a man would be, if exposed to a steam bath with
his feet in ice. The manner of heating that has been adopted at Bayswa-
ter has the fault of being too expensive. Let Polmaise be substituted for it,

General Notices. 459

and the whole cost will consist in forming a cavity in which the warm moist
air shall circulate when desired.

The necessity of providing some means of warming the borders of vines
to be forced (we will even say grown) in a climate like this, will be obvious
when we compare the temperature of the earth in the south of France and
Great Britain. The mean temperature of the earth near London, in the
three first months of the year, may be taken as 38°; that of Marseilles or
Bourdeaux will be at least 65°. The mean temperature of the earth, near
London, in July and August, is 62°; that of Marseilles, about 78°, and of
Bourdeaux, 77°. We will ask whether it is probable that such differences
in the soil can be unimportant to the plants which grow in it. It would be
a capital experiment to attempt to grow grapes in a house whose border
should be in the inside the house, aud into which no other artificial source
of heat should be admitted.

We have little idea in this part of the world of the temperature of the soil
in some countries. Captain Newbold f lund the heat of the granitic soil in
the vicinity of Bellary, at 8 P. M. in May, as high as 121°; that of the
black soil, 122°. 5 ; that of the air, in the shade, being 95°. 5. At midnight
the temperature of the black soil was still as high as 86°, that of the air
being 80°. That of a bare rock of granite, in the same locality, at 2 P. M.,
was 120'^. 5 ; of black basaltic rock, 122°; that of the granite at midnight
was 86°. 5. Other examples are given in the " Theory of Horticulture."

But, in attempting to apply these principles to practice, gardeners are
stopped at the threshold of their inquiry by the absence of evidence as to the
tem,>erature of soil in different countries. By a perseveiing search through,
books, they find, indeed, plenty of statements as to the temperature of the
air, but that of the earth observers have almost invariably neglected. It is,
therefore, interesting to inquire whether the temperature of the earth in
which plants grow may not be inferred from that of the air which rests upon
the surface. It has been shown, in the " Theory of Horticulture," (p. 96)
that in October, near London, tlie mean temperature of the earth has been
found 3° or 4° above that of the air, although in general the difference is not
more than a degree or a degree and a half in favor of the earth. The per-
manent heat of the earth may therefore be regarded as being always higher
than the mean of the air; but the amount of difference will be regulated by
the temperature to which the earth is exposed, and by its own conducting
qualities. It seems to us, however, that for gardening purposes the tem-
perature of the earth may be taken as, on an average, 5° above the mean
temperature of summer in warm countries; very often more, seldom less ;
so that if the mean temperature of Rome, in the hottest month, is 77°, it is
probable that that of the soil, at the same time, will not be less than 82°.
As we advance to the northward the difference diminishes, so that in Lon-
don it is not more than 2° in favor of the earth. — {Id. 1847, p. 555.)

Prcparalion of large Shrubs far removal. — We hold the early part of au-
tumn to be the best time in the whole year for the removal of evergreens,
and the month of November to be the best on the whole for that of decidu-
ous trees, provided the soil to receive them has been duly prepared. The

460 General Notices.

reasons are obvious, and those who well understand the propagation of the
cuttings of these two broad classes can easily appreciate them. Autumn
possesses a less capricious atmosphere than spring, and there is a much
greater amount of ground heat, which is a great essential ; the trees, more-
over, will endure the necessary check much better at this period, and if the
operation is performed under proper conditions, they will be, in a great de-
gree, recovered by the period of germination. It may not be generally
known that much may be done by way of anticipation in preparing large
trees for removal ; and the course we have to recommend is, to perform the
check by instalments. We advise, then, that a trench be immediately ex-
cavated to the bottom of the ball, in the case of evergreens, at about six
inches farther from the main stem than the ultimate size of the ball intended
to be removed. Those who have leisure may perform the operation at
twice, doing one half the circle now, and the other half a fortnight hence.
This will be found to have checked all propensity to late and immature
growths, and to have accelerated the rest period, thus giving the tree a
longer period for recovery. It will, moreover, induce the formation of a
new set of small fibres in the interior of the ball, which will act immediately
the tree is removed. Deciduous trees or shrubs should not undergo the op-
eration until the beginning of September, and they will be in a fit state for
removal by the last week of October ; whereas the evergreens may be
planted in the early part of that month. — {Id. 1847, p. 559 )

Preparing for Winter. — The time has arrived when every gardener who
wishes to manifest an acquaintance with his profession will be looking round
the sphere of his operations to see what is to be done in reference to the
approaching cold season. His head must be employed, and his hands ac-
tively engaged from the present time up to Christmas, when probably rain
and frosts may keep him in-doors. Neglect now will be productive of fatal
results, for gardens in the present day are as full of exotics as of indigenous
productions, and various differences of treatment are demanded for the pres-
ervation of the stock until another year. Begin your perambulations, then,
at once, and let nothing escape you, in the kitchen garden, the flower gar-
den, the shrubbery, and the greenhouse. Let your observation be extended
to the future, and carefully mark what is to be done.

In the kitchen garden you must decide at once what plots of ground you
will leave fallow, to be thrown up in ridges during the winter, that the soil
may be pulverized and ready for early crops ; and what portions you will
plant and sow at once. Seed beds of cauliflowers, cabbages and lettuces
should be finished immediately. According to your probable wants must
be your supply of young cabbages, to be cut young, and others to remain
till the spring and summer. Spinach may still be sown ; also some onions.
Some cultivators recommend parsnip sowing at this season in preference to
the spring ; and ii would be well to try the experiment, if you have not done
so. Do not neglect to leave a piece of ground for autumn-planted potatoes,
as the advantages of the plan are so well attested, provided proper precau-
tions are taken as to soil, mode of planting, &c. All broccolis and winter-
greens must be earthed up as a means of promoting growth, and guarding

Domestic Notices. 461

against frost. The blanching of celery should proceed gradually, about two
inches at a time, care being ta!;en to prevent the soil falling into tlie heart
of the plant, and, at tlie same lime, not to crush and twist ihe tender tissues,
as is often done by the rough grasp of the gardener. Finally, attend to
cleanliness. Strawberry beds should be finished off now, and not left in a
wild, rank state till the spring. Pea sticks, and all decayed haulm, and all
weeds, should be removed not only that neatness may give its charm to the
garden, but also to |>revent the rapid production of damp and mouldiness,
which are quickly generated among masses of decaying vegetation.

In the flower garden you should consider what departments you intend
devoting to bulbs, and the beds must be prepared for that purpose as soon
as possible. A difficulty is felt in this case, on account of the beds being
often occupied till late m the season by autumnal flowers, which we are, of
course, unwilling to sacrifice before the frost commits its ravages. Here
there is no remedy but to pot hyacinths and other bulbs, which ought to be
growing, and then to have them out as soon as the beds are ready. Atten-
tion should now be given to taking up plants which it is desirable to pre-
serve, a few at a time, so as not to leave gaps, or spoil the general appear-
ance of the garden. Young fuchsias, ptlargoniums and verbenas, if taken
up carefully and placed in a shaded frame after being potted, will flag
scarcely at all. They will form pretty window plants till (Christmas, and,
what is more important, will constitute a stock to propagate from in the
spring. Tender greenhouse plants, which have been out (»f doors during
the summer, must be watched, lest an unexpected frost should injure them.
They need not be taken in, but the amateur should have his eye upon them,
and, when the night is brilliant and frosty, the most sensitive should be put
under shelter.

The cuttings prepared for next year should now be looked over, and if
they are rooted may be potted, either singly or three or four together, ac-
cording to their habits. Every piping of pinks and carnations must be in
the ground or pots at once, if you wish them to stand the winter. The se-
cret of preserving these beautiful plants is, to secure plenty of roots. — {Id.
1847, p. (i05.)

Art. II. Domestic Notices.

'Richards'' s Beurri Pear. — Last spring, a gentleman of Ilingham gave us
a very favorable account of a new pear, which had originated in western
New York, scions of which had been sent to him, as one of the very finest
pears, fully equal to the Swan's Orange ; at the same time, he kindly offered
to give us buds, should his few scions succeed. Subsequently to this, we
saw a notice of it in the Horticulturist, where it was called the Hichards's
Beurr6, and there stated to be better than Swan's Orange, and we were very
desirous to secure a few buds ; but, just as we were sending after them, a
couple of specimens of the fruit came under our notice, and, to our ast n-
ishment, they proved to be the old Summer Bon Chretien, one of our oldest
41*

462 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

fruits. These specimens were exhibited by Wm. R. Prince, at the annual
exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, on the 22d of Sep-
tember. This only shows how cautious editors of horticultural journals
should be, in inserting every notice of a new seedling fruit which may come
to hand, before they have any evidence of its being so. — Ed.

Fruit Convention in (he West. — By the Ohio Cultivator, we learn that a
convention of fruit cultivators was to be held in Columbus, Ohio, on the
29th and 30lh of September, in the Hall of Representatives in the State
House. The objects of the convention are stated to be the discussion of all
subjects connected with fruit-growing, to bring to notice new seedlings of
Western origin, to correct erroneous names, &c. A full report will be
given of the convention, which we shall notice when it comes to hand. — Ed.

Rockingham Horticultural Society, Portsmouth, N. H. — We have been
gratified to hear of the formation of a society for the advancement of horti-
culture in Portsmouth. There are many fine gardens in and around the
town, and, from the taste which exists among the many amateurs, some of
whom are our readers — and we trust all will be — we do not doubt that the
association will do much towards disseitiinaiing a greater love for trees and
plants. The first annual exhibition took place on the 15th of September.
—Ed.

Horticultural Exhibitions. — The Essex County Natural History Society,
Salem, the New Bedford Horticultural Society, and the Rhode Island Hor-
ticultural Society, held their annual exhibitions on the 29lh and 30th of
September, and October 1. We only legret that our engagements would
not allow us to be present at either of them. Our thanks are due to the
officers of each of the societies for their attention in sending us tickets. — Ed.

Art. hi. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, September 4, IS47 .—^Exhibited. — Flowers : From the Presi-
dent of the Society, a variety of fine phloxes, viz. : PottsM, Blanc de Neu-
illy, Princesse Marianne, Bourboniensis, speciosa, Nynipha;^a alba, vinca-
flora, rosea alba, Cromwell, Standard of Perfection, Richardson's dark red,
Auguste, Candidissima nova, rosea superba, speciosissima, &c. ; also Mar-
chioness of Cornwallis, Princesse of Radzville, Captivaiion, La Folka, Are-
thusa, Cheltenham Queen dahlias, and others ; Japan lilies grown in the
open ground, roses and other cut flowers. From Joseph Breck & Co.,
dahlias, phloxes, verbenas, roses, delphinium, petunias, Argemone mexi-
cana, antirrhinums in great variety, lavateras and other cut flowers. From
P. Barnes, a very handsome seedling verbena, red, with a white eye, good
shaped flower, and well formed cluster ; also dahlias in variety, and other
flowers.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., several fine plants, viz. : Achimenesgrandi-
fl6ra, Achimenes pedunculckta, Achimenes rosea, Achimenes longifldra,
Maid of Orleans Jasmine, double and fragrant, Schubertja gr^v^olens,
Verdnica specidsa ; also six hand bouquets, one round table bouquet, and a

Massachusetts Horticultural Societij. 463

variety of dahlias. Bouquets, dahlias, and cut flowers were exhibited by
T. Needhani, J. Robinson, J. L. L. F. Warren, A. Bowdiich, J. Nupent,
John Parker, J. Hovey, L. Davenport, S. R. Johnson, Messrs. W inships,
W. Kenriclt. John Richardson, and W. B. Richards.

The award of premiums was as follows : —

Plants in Pots. — For the best six plants, to Messrs. Hovey & Co., f2.

Bouquets. — For the best six hand bouquets, to A. Bowditch, $2.
For the second best, to J. Nugent, $ 1.

For the best pair of mantel bouquets, to J. L. L. F. Warren, $2.
For the second best, to J. Nugent, #1.

Gratuity. — To Miss Russell, for. a basket of flowers, % 1.

Fkuit : From the Pomological Garden, Hostiezer, and No. 1454 A'^an Mons
pears ; English Wheat plums; Lyscom, Yellow Summer, Salinas, Longville's
Kernel, Walpole, Garden Royal, Corse's Sweeting apples : The Ros-
tiezer pear proves to be one of the most delicious early pears, equal to the
Seckel ; the Garden Royal apple is also a fine variety. From Cheever
Newhali, Julienne and Beurre d'Amalis pears, and Royal ivlu&cadine, St.
Peter's, and White Frontignan grapes. From J. F. Allen, Aleppo, White
and Grizzly Frontignan, Fsperione, Wilniot"s No. 16, Zinhiidal, Black
Hamburgh, and White and Rose Chasselas grapes; figs; Crawford's
Early, Bellegarde, Royal, (?) Snow, La Fayette, and Gros Mig-
nonne peaches; (?) Peterborough, Roman, and Newington (?) nectarines;
Valle6 Franche, Dearborn's Seedling, Passans du Portugal, Sum-
mer Franc Real, and Tyson pears, — the latter beautiful specimens.
Handsome specimens of the Tyson pear were also shown by J. H. Welch,
Dorchester. From S. R. Johnson, superb specimens of the Washington
and Imperial Gage plums. From John Hovey, Yellow Crab apples, and
White Ga^e plums. From Otis Johnson, Washington, Beurre Komain,
Julienne, Dearborn's Seedhng, and Williams's Bon Chretien pears.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., Black Hamburgh grapes. Julienne pears,
and Washington, Cooper's Large Red, Green Gage, and Scarlet Gage (?)
plums. From Samuel Walker, Belle de Bruxelles, Hampden's Bergamot,
Chenille, Andrews, St. Ghislain, fine, Belle Lucrative, Williams's Bon
Chretien, Summer Franc Real, and lJeurr6 d'Amalis pears; Washington,
Diamond, very large, and Green Gage plums ; Seedling peaches, and Mo-
rello cherries. From J. L L. F. Warren, Maidens Biu»h, Porter, and
Grand Sachem apples ; Julienne, and Dearborn's Seedling pears; Yellow
Siberian Crab apples; and Duane's Purple and Bingham piunis, both fine.
From S. Downer Jr., Early Ann peaches. From Azell Bowditch, Black
Hamburgh, and Royal Muscadine grapes. From Isaac Fay, Bingliam,
Duane's Purple, Breevort's Purple Gage, and Washington plums. From
E. Brown, Williams's Bon C/hretieu pears. From D. Locke, figs. From
Josiah Lovett, Yellow Gage plums, and Benoni apples, fine. Irom James
Pailen, Egg, and White Gage plums. From William Quant, Murray,
and EIruge nectarines, beautilul.

From Messrs. EUwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., fine speeimeis of
the Early Joe apple. From W. Clapp, Summer Queen apples, one of ihe
best of the season. From Peter Fay, Souihboro', Greeuiiig Fay apples,

464 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

(a seedlinof,) large, handsome, and good. P\om Galen Merriam, Cool-
edge's Favorite, and Crawford's Karly peaclies ; and Williams's Bon
Chretien pears, from John S. Sleeper, Prince's Yellow Gage, Cooper's
Large Red, and Dunne's Purple plums, fine. From K. E. Bradshaw,
Washington and Bradshaw plums, large and beautiful. From Mrs. Geo.
Jlalleit, two watermelons, weighing 30 and 32 pounds each. From Parker
Barnes, Beurre d'Ama-Iis pears, and Green Gage plums. From Thomas
Needham, ('hasseias de Fontainehleau, Black Hamburgh, fine, Frankindale,
and VVMuie Frontignan grajies. From J. W. Sever, Green Gage and
While (iage plums, and Dearborn's Seedling and Summer Rose pears.
From Ans m Dexter, Williams's Bon Chretien and Summer Frmc Real
pears. From Fi. M. Richards, Beiioni, fine. Spice Sweeiing, and Summer
Pearmain apples, fine; Dearborn's Seedling pears. From F. W. Macon-
dry, peaches I'or a name ; Summer Franc Real, (?) pears ; White Gage, and
Duanes Purple (') plums From A. D. Williams, Harrison's Fail bak-
ing, Orant>e, and Beurie d'Amalis pears; Superb Sweet, and VVilliams
apples; Field .Marshal, Yellow Gage, and Orleans plums. From .'\. D.
W. Williams, Black Hamburgh, and Royal Muscadine grapes. From Jo-
siah ichardson. Native grapes. From Henry Vandine. Huling's Superb,
Ponds Seedling, (?) Italian Damask, Karly i3lack. Sweet Seedling, Wil-
mot's I'iaily Orleans, Imperial Gage, and Coopers Large Red plums, and
Green Sugar of lloyersuerda pears.

The (Jommillee awarded ihe following Peizfs. —

Apples. — For the bnst Summer apple, to E. M. Richards, for the Be-
noni, the first premium ol $6
For the next best, to Jolin Hovey, lor the Early Harvest, the second
premium of $4.

Special Pkemium for Applf.s. — To E. M. Richards, for the Benoni,$5.
To John Hovey, for the Early Harvest, ;jf5.

Being for the two best varieties and specimens of Summer apples exhib-
ited previous to Septenitiei 1st.

S'pieiu''f;r lllh. — An ailjourned meeting of the Socie'y was held to-day —
the President in the chair.

Letters were read from the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Amer-
ican Agricultural Absociation, New llaveii Horticultural Society, and Long
Island lloriicullural Society, inviting ihe Massachuseiis Horticultural Soci-
ty to send delegates t«i llieir respective exliibilions.

Vtilcd, That a delegation consisting of two, to be chosen by the chair, be
appointed to attend the Exhibiiion of the New Haven Horticultural Society,
and Messrs. F. W'. Macondray and S. Downer, Jr , were appointed that
Committee, with power to hll vacancies.

Ihe Vice Presidents of the Society were appointed a Committee to wait
upon Delegates from other Societies.

A Coniiuiltee of three was chosen hy the chair, to nominate a list of offi-
cers of the Society for the coming year, viz., Messrs. E. Wight, F. W.
Macondray, anil Otis Jolinsoii.

Adjourned tor one week.

Massachusetts Horticultural Soeiety. 465

Exhibited. — Flowers: From the President of the Society, one hundred
and fifty dahlias ; among them were Madame Dresser, Sir Edward Antro-
bns. Dawn of Day, Marchioness of Cornwallis, Mimosa, Golden Rule, Are-
thusa, Princesse Hadziville, Cleopatra, Beauty of England, Fulwood Scar-
let, Captivation, &c. From P. Barnes, fifty dahlias ; among the new vari-
eties Princesse Radziville, Essex Goldfinch, La Polka, Marquis of Ayles-
bury, and other fine varieties ; Essex Primrose, Isis, Smith's Lady Sale,
Great Western, King of the West, Cheltenham Queen, &c. From Joseph
Breck & Co., fifty dahlias, German asters, Euphorbia variegata, and a
great variety of other cut flowers.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., a great number of splendid German asters
in ten or twelve varieties ; also six hand bouquets, and two mantel bou-
quets. From John L. Gardiner, by J. Thomas, seven pot plants, viz. :
one Justicm coccinea, two of J. carnea, Manettta glabra, jE^rica mulliflora,
jETrica densiflora, Fuchsia; also a collection of German asters, and two
mantel bouquets. From G. C. Crowninslueld, by John Quant, fine Ger-
man asters. From T H. Perkins, by William Quant, two mantel bou-
qtiets. From J. L. L. F. W arren, seven hand and two mantel bouquets ;
a plant of Anemone japonica, a new hardy variety, not before exhibited at
the Society's rooms ; German asters, dahlias, gladiolus, and other cut flow-
ers. Bouquets, dahlias and cut flowers, from J. Robinson, S. R. Johnson,
T. Needham, James Nugent, W. B. Richards, A. Bowditch, and A. Reed.

Award of Pr-miums : —

German Asters. — For the best display of flowers, to Hovey & Co., $4.
For the second best, to John Quant, $3.
For the third best, to J. Thomas, $2.

Plants in Pots. — For the best six plants, to J. Thomas, $2.

Bouquets. — For the best hand bouquets, to J. Nugent, $2.
For the second best, to Hovey & Co., $ 1.
For the best pair of mantel bouquets, to W. Quant, $2.
For the second best to Hovey & Co., gl.

Fruit : From R. Manning, Krzenetzen, Van Mons, No. 1434, and Hamp-
den's Bergamot pears. From J. F. Alien, Green Gage plums ; Black Ham-
burgh, Aleppo, Rose, and White Chasselas grapes; also a small cluster of
the August Muscat, anew early Muscat grape, which will probably prove a
valuable kind ; Klizabelh of Van Mons, Passans du Portugal, Cabot, Julienne,
and Hannas pears ; Crawford and Bellegarde peaches; EIruge nectarines;
Brunswick figs. From James Nugent, Williams's Bon Chretien pears ;
Black Hamburgh and Chasselas grapes. From W. R. Austin, Summer
Francreal, Williams's Bon Chretien pears ; Cooledge's Favorite, and lielle-
garde jieaches. From S. R. Johns(m, fine Washington plums. From
Messrs Hovey & Co , fine Wilmot's Black Hamburgh, Plack Hamburgh,
and Chasselas grapes. From Oiis Johnson, Belle et Bonne, Aston Town,
and Dearborns Seedling pears, the latter very fine ; also Summer Pear-
main apples. From George Wilson, Green Gage, Goliah, Cooper's
Large, and Kirke's plums, the latter a superior variety, and quite rare.
From Col. T. H. Perkins, by William Quant, Persian Green-fleihtd mel-

466 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

ons, fine ; Elruge and Golden nectarines, very fine ; Vanguard, Noblesse,
and late Heath peaches, beautiful specimens.

From E. E. Bradsha^v, \Va>hiiifjt<in, Imperial Gage, and Bradshaw
plums, beautiful specimens ; also seedling peaches, handsome, and of fair
quality. From F. W. Macondry, Duane's Purple, Prune Plum, and
Green Gage plums ; Black Hamburgh grapes. From J. Stickney,
Early Crawford peaches. From A. D. Williams, Andrews, Wil-
liams's Bon Chretien, Dearborn's Seedling, Julienne, and Beurr6 d'Am-
alis pears ; Golden Pippin and Ram's Horn apples. From Josiah Lovett
2d, Diamond plums. From James H. Watts, Rochester, N. Y., Kensing-
ton rareripe (?) peaches. From Moses B. Seward, Rochester, N. Y.,
Hawley apple, a new, large, and exceedingly fine autumn apple. From
O. H. Mathers, by T. Needham, Chnsselas, Frankindale, {!) White Fron-
tignan. Black Hamburgh, and Chasselas Musque grapes, fine. From
J. L. L. F. Warren, Belle et Bonne, Napoleon, Dearborn's Seedling, and
Julienne pears ; Green and White Gage, Duane's Purple, Diamond, and
other plums; Grand Sachem, and Porter apples. From Elisha Park, Mo-
rello cherries. From Eben Wight, Julienne, A'alle Franche, Williams's
Bon Chretien pears ; Orange Sweeting and Pumpkin Sweeting (?) apples.
From Lewis Slack, Westboro', Garden Royal apple, a very fine fruit.
From A Dexter, Williams's Bon Chretien and other pears. From H. A.
Dyer, Brooklyn, Conn., Mexico, Sugar Sweeting, and Golden Orange ap-
ples. From Galen Merriam, Jacques, Cooledge's Favorite, and Hastings's
peaches. From Henry Rice, the Bruce apple, a native fruit, handsome,
and of fine quality. From S. Downer, Jr., Groc Roi Louis pears. From
A. Bowditch, Black Hamburgh and Chasselas grapes. From J. J. Stimp-
son. Providence, Julienne pears.

From the President of the Society, Knight's Seedling pears, a Rhode
Island variety, of superior quality, large and handsome.

Vegetables. — From Azell Bowditch, Dwarf Russian beans, and Lima
beans. From A. D. Williams, Canada and Marrow squash. Sweet corn.
From P. Barnes, Couv6 Tronchuda. From S. Walker, Snake cucumber.

NINETF.ENTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION.

The Annual Exhibition was held at the Society's Hall, in School Street,
on Wedneslay, Thursday, and Friday, September 22d, 23d, and 24th.

In consequence of the backward, season, the late period at which the ex-
hibition took place wa5 highly favorable to exhibitors, whose specimens of
fruits and Hov\ ers, especially the former, had but just attained a good growth.
A wet and cool summer had brought forward the dahlias, and they were
seen in much greater profusion than at either of the last two annual exhibi-
tions. Of other flowers, the show was rather meagre ; the roses were quite
destroyed by the deluge of rain of the week preceding the show, and flow-
ers of most kinds were so much damaged as to render it difllcult to make a
good selection. The bouquets were not numerous, nor, with few excep-
tions, very remarkable for beauty, and the display of plants in pots was of
the most meagre description. Indeed, we hope, for the credit of the Soci-

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 467

ety, that, another year, something will be done to restore the interest in the
Flural deparloient of the exhibition. The prevailing mania for fruit-show-
ing will be highly injurious, if it is to be allowed to usurp the room, as well
as the means, of the Society. It is true, a larger Hall will be required to
show plants to advantage, but it is evident that there is a decreasing inter-
est in their cultivation for show, from the want of proper encouragement by
more liberal premiums. The great feature of the last two exhibitions, Flo-
ral designs, has been done away with to a great degree, and, we doubt not,
will be entirely so another year. The small designs, so much more appro-
priate, were generally neat and pretty, but there was a scarcity of fine bou-
quets, although the prizes for them were very liberal. As a whole, the ex-
hibition of plants and flowers was inferior to those of previous years.

But, if there was a falling off in the Floral display, it was not so in Fruit
exhibition. A richer show, we venture to say, was never made, particu-
larly of pears and grapes ; and the great extent and perfection to which their
cultivation has attained around Boston could only be appreciated by an in-
spection of the exhibition. There were but few peaches, and, with one
exception, rather poor. The apples were much finer than usual, and we
are glad to note greater interest in this most valuable fruit. Among the
show of vegetables, the potato was well represented.

Some of the most attractive objects in the ornamental department were
the following : — A Grecian vase by Mr. Quant, of good proportion, exceed-
ingly neat and well executed. A monumental design by Mr. Thomas,
well done, but injured in effect by too many marygolds. The design of Mr.
Walker, which occupied the wall at the head of the Hall, with the follow-
ing inscription, " Welcoime friends again," had a very pretty effect. The
two immense bouquets by Messrs. Hovey & Co., which occupied the mar-
ble vase on each fruit table, greatly ornamented the central portion of the
Hall. At the opposite end of the room from the entrance, ihe beautiful
Marble Statues, Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter, were placed, with
Flora crowning all ; and the arrangement of the plants among them formed
a pleasing coup d'ml. Over the entrance were placed the various grass
bouquets, dry leaf trees, &c., some of which were extremely beautiful,
and the walls were festooned with the choice wreathing of Mr. S. A. Walker
and others.

The Fruit was abundant, and generally excellent, — some of the speci-
mens surpassingly fine. Among the pears, Mr. Manning, as usual, led off
with tivo hundred and fifly-jive sorts, some of which were large and fine, and,
among the number, fine specimens of the Coter, 135 and 1182 Van Mons,
Caen du France, Las Canas, Duchesse d'Orleans, Paradise d'Automne, &c.
Next came the President, with one hundred and fifty-nine kinds, many of them
entirely new. Messrs. Hovey & Co., with seventy varieties, more than
half of them shown for the first time. Messrs. Walker, Capt. Lovett, Mr.
Johnson, S. Downer, Jr., Mr. Ives, and others, also had large collections.
The Williams's Bon Chretien of Mr. Pond were very fine, as were also Mr.
Vandine's Flemish Beauty, both of which took prizes The Belle Lucra-
tive of the President were extremely large, and some Fred, of Wurtemberg,

46S Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

by Messrs. Hovey, the most magnificent of pears. Capt. Macondry'sWash-
ingtons were perfectly beautiful. But by far the finest display, showing,
certainly, the highest cultivation, was twelve dishes of pears by Mr. Crooker,
containing Van Mons Leon le Clerc, of remarkable size and beauty. Many
other collections were deserving of notice, but our room will not admit us
to enumerate all we could wish.

The grapes, however, cannot be passed by. Every year, the culture of
this fruit has greatly improved, and the truly magnificent spec m^ns exhib-
ited leave little to be desired in the way of better. Mr. Needham was the
successful competitor for the prize ; and his Cannon Hall Muscats, though
not near ripe, were truly noble berries and bunches. Mr. Allen, tis usual,
had the most extensive collection, all very good, and the Hamburghs well
colored, but the berries and bunches small. Messrs. Hovey & Co. had
the Wilmoi's Black Hamburgh, jet black, with very large berries, and also
some superb Grizzly Frontignans and Hamburghs. Mr. Donald, Mr.
Young, and Mr. Towne had also finely grown grapes, with berries of good
size and well colored, though not quite black.

The vegetables were few and excellent, the most attractive exhibition
being thirty-five varieties of potatoes, fifteen of them seedlings, by Mr. S.
W. Cole. The Committee, in commendation of Mr. Cole's zeal to bring
together this valuable collection, awarded him, very justly, a gratuity often
dollars. We shall probably give some account of them at a future time.

Plants. — From the President of the Society, several camellias, acacias,
Achimenes longiflora, and other plants. From Messrs. Hovey & Co., six
large plants of Achimenes rosea. Fuchsia fiilgens, Acantha and Nymph,
Gloxinia Cartoni, G^snera zebrina, &c. From Mrs. Pratt, by A. McLen-
nan, twelve fine coxcombs of large si^e, Hedychium Gardnerzanwwi, and
other plants. From J. L. L. F. Warren, a collection of Cacti, containing
nineteen plants, embracing, among others, C^reus crucigera, and Wild-
iana, Echinocactus scopa, and mamulosus, and eleven species and varieties
of Mammillaria ; also two plants of Achimenes grandiflora.

Designs. — From W. Quant, a moss vase and pedestal, eight feet high,
of very chaste construction, covered with moss, ornamented with amaranths,
and filled with flowers. From J. Thomas, a monumental design, about
eight feet high, rather heavy in form, but neatly wrought in moss, and pro-
fusely ornamented with bouquets of flowers. From Messrs. Hovey & Co.,
a large flat design, four feet by six, representing mosaic work, inlaid with
asters, amaranths, rudbeckias, and zinnias. From T. Needham, a grotto
design, highly finished with moss. From Jas. McNeil, gardener to J. D.
W. Williams, a chaste and very pretty design, a Floral Bower with a basin
in the centre, containing gold fish, and a fnuntain at play. From S. A.
Walker, a motto, about fourteen feet long, " Welcome, friends, ognin,"
— the groundwork moss, and the letters in amaranths. This was suspend-
ed by wreaths of amaranths and other flowers, held in the beak of an eagle,
with a star attached. From Master Rosamond Walker, a duck, feathered
with amaranths and immortal flowers. From Isaac Rich, a very neat ara-
besque design of mosaic work wrought with amaranths and other flowers.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 469

Bouquets OF VARIOUS KINDS, Baskets of Flowers, Wreaths, &c. —
From Messrs. Hovey & Co., two very large round bouquets for the Soci-
ety's Marble vases, about four feet high and two wide, composed principally
of amaranths, but containing choice roses and other rare flowers ; also two
smaller pyramidal bouquets, and two mantel bouquets. From Jas Nugent,
a pair of large pyramidal bouquets for the Bradlee vases, and six hand bou-
quets. From Messrs. Winships, a pair of large pyramidal bouquets, and one
pair of parlor bouquets. From J. L. L. F. Warren, two large pyramidal
bouquets, one grass bouquet, and two hand bouquets. From John Quant,
a pair of pyramidal bouquets, composed of indigenous flowers. From Henry
Reed, gardener to N. Stetson, Esq., a beautiful circular bouquet, with flat
surface of choice dahlias. From O. N. Towne, a flat bouquet of dahlias
and other flowers. From Miss R. Bowker, a splendid bouquet of dried
grasses, and a tree composed of dried autumnal leaves of various shades,
arranged with much taste. From Mrs. D. Sparrell, a tree made from very
handsome specimens of dried grasses. Bouquets were also contributed from
R. West, Salem, Jona. Warren, Jr., E. M. Richards, John Hovey, A. Bow-
ditch, and others.

From Miss Russell, one large and one small basket of flowers, arranged
in her usual neat and chaste style ; also a pair of stars handsomely wrought
with amaranths. From J. A. Kenrick, made by his daughter, a pretty
basket of flowers, and a handsome wreath.

From S. A. Walker, two beautiful wreaths, each thirty-five feet long,
composed of evergreen, amaranths, immortal, and other showy flowers.
From A. Bowditch, a wreath thirty-five yards in length.

Dahlias, Asters, and other Cut Flowers. — From the President of
the Society, a great number of fine dahlias, filling one of the circular stands,
and containing some very fine blooms. Dahlias were also shown by P.
Barnes, S. R. Johnson, John Parker, Jos. Breck & Co., Hovey & Co.,
J. L. L. F. Warren, A. Bowditch, R. Ames, Jas. Nugent, O. H. Mather,
John Hovey, W. Meller, C. A. Hewens, and others. A fine lot of Ger-
man asters from Hovey & Co. Handsome coxcombs from H. Hazletine.
Fine roses and dahlias from L. Davenport. Beautiful pansies from Hovey
& Co. Cut flowers of various sorts were also sent by O. H. Mather, Jas.
Nugent, Breck & Co., and others. Zilium lancifolium album, grown in
the open air, from the President. From F. R. Bigelow, two flowers of
Cereus triangularis.

Fruit. — From the President of the Society, 159 varieties of pears, viz. : —
Andrews, Ananas of the French, Angleterre Noisette, Angelique de Rome,

A. de Bourdeaux, Ambrette, Autumn Superb, Belle et Bonne de Hee, B. et
Bonne, B. Angevine, B. d'Angers, B. des Trois, B. Excellent, B. de Grande
Montaigne, Beurre Bruneau, B. de Nerckman, B. Curtet, B. d'Elberg,

B. de Louvain, B. Montefortaine, B. Incomparable, B. d'Aremberg,
B. d'Amalis, B. d'Angleterre, B. Ranee, B. Easter, B. Coloma, B.
d'Anjou, B. Cutter, B. Bronze from France, B. Bronze, L. H. S.,
B. Diel, B. Golden of Bilboa, B. de Capiaumont, B. Bosc, B. Bcalieu,
B. de Rhine, B. Kenrick, B. Brown, B. Beaureal, B. Audisson, Bufiam,

VOL. xm. — NO. X. 42

470 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Brougham, Belmont, Williams's Bon Chretien, Bezi de la Motte, Bleeker's
Meadow, Bezi Vaet, B. des Veterans, Bergamolte, Gansel's, B. Parthena)^,
B. Easter, B. de Brunon, B. Suisse, B. Seedling, B., Dr. Ives's, Catillac,
Chaumontel Beige, C. English, Colmar d'Aremberg, C. d'Ete, C. du Lot,
Comte de Lamy, Comtesse de Lunay, Columbia, Comprette, Gushing,
Dunmore, Dearborn's Seedling, Dix, Duchesse d'Angoulenie, D. de Mars,
D. d'Or'.eans, Doyenn^ gris, D. gris d'hiver nouveau, D. dore,D. crotte,
D. panachee, D. musque, De Tonneau, De Louvain, Delices Charles,
Dumortier, Deschamps, Epine d'hiver, E. d'Ete, Eyewood, Fulton,
fontarabie. Belle Lucrative, Fortunee, Figue de Naples, Famenga,
Fondante de Lille, Ferdinand de Meester, Gil-o-gil, Glout Morceau,
Gendesheira, Girardin, Heathcot, Henriette, Gov. Edwards', Jalou-
sie de Funtenay Vendee, Julienne, King Edward's, Knight's Seedling,
Lawrence, Liberale, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Lewis, Leon le Cterc, Ma-
rie Louise, Miel de Waterloo, Napoleon, Doyenn6 Boussock, Manning's,
Ditto from France, Naigly, Passe Colmar, Petre, Philippe of France,
Poire de Louvain, P. de Conda, P. d'Amour, Ridelle, Roi de Wurtemberg,
Rousselet de Rheims, Seckel, St. Germain de Tillion, St. G., Prince's, St.
G., Striped, St. G., Uvedale's, Sieulle, Sucre Verte, Swan's Egg, Sage-
ret, St. Andre, St. Laurens, St. Michael Archangel, Sarazin, St. Denis,
Tarquin, Triumph de Jodoigne, Summer Thorn, Sansparielle, Snrpasse
Virgoulouse, Urbaniste, Unknown, six varieties, Le Cure, Van Mons
Leon le Clerc, Verte Longue, V. L. d'Automne, V. L. Panachee, Voix
aux Pretres, Vicompte de )||poelberch. Van Mons, No. 65, Wilkinson, Win-
ter Nelis, Wilbur.

From the Pomological Garden of R. Manning, 255 varieties of pears, era-
bracing many new sorts, viz. : — Aston Town, Angers, (?) Althorpe Cras-
sane, Angelique de Rome, Ananas d'Ete, Alpha, Ambrosia, Alexander of
Russia, Andrews, Bergamotte d'Automne, B. Libboten, B. Parthenay,
B. Fortuned, B. Sylvange, B. Gansell's, B. Cadette, B. Hampden's, B.
Welbeck, Beurre Spence, B. Whitzurab, B. Easter, B. Preble, B. Ken-
rick, B. L'elbecq, B. Brown, B. Verte, B. d'Angleterre, B. Beaumont, B.
d'Aremberg, B. Adam, B. Bosc, B. gris d'hiver nouveau, B. Diel, B.
Coloma, B. Van INlons, B. Golden of Bilboa, B. Van Marum, B. de Cap-
iaumont, B. d'Amalis, Beauty of Winter, Bezi Montigny, B. de la Motte,
Buffum, Black Pear of Worcester, Bon Chretien Turkish, B. de Biuxelles,
B. Tucker's, B. Fondante, B. Williams's, Belle Lucrative, B. et Bonne,
Bleeker's Meadow, Belmont, Bois Napoleon, Bodin, Boucquia, Brugman's
birne. Bishop's Thumb, Bonne Louise, Copsea, Cross, Colmar Epine, Cat-
illac, Calebasse Monstreuse, Chapman's, Columbs d'hiver, Charles de Bou-
logne, Capsheap, Croft Castle, Citron of Bohemia, Chaptal, Columbia,
Colmar Niel, Caen du France, Comte de Lamy, Chaumontelle, Cuvelier,
Clinton, Charles of Austria, Commodore, Coier, Crassane, Clara, Coloma,
Caroline, Colmar d'Automne, Calebasse, Gushing, Cabot, Chelmsford,
Doyenn6 Boussock, D. While. D. Crotte, D. Mons, D. d'hiver, D. Bosc,
D. Louis, D. d'Alencon, Dingier, Duchesse d'Angouleme, D. d'Orleans,
D. de Mars, Dix, Dundas, Double Amande, Dunmore, Dearborn, Endicott,

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 471

Emerald, Eyewood, Enfant Prodige, Echasserie, Fulton, Eigne Extra, Fos-
ter's St. Michael, Figuede Naples, Frederick of Wurtemburg, Flemish Sa-
bine, F. Beauty, Fondante Van Mons, Fantasie V. Mons, Franc Real d'hiver;
Glout Morceau,Girardin, Green Pear of Yair, Gendesheim, Gil-o-gil, Hen-
ry IV., Hugiienot, Hunt's Connecticut, Hericart, Henkel, Hathorne's
•Seedling, Hacon's Incomparable, Healhcot, Henrietta, Harvard, Hadley,
Horticulture, Jaminette d'hiver, Jalousie, Jubin, Knight's Seeedling, King
Edward's, Juvardal, Jaminette, Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee, Johonimt,
Julienne, Lincoln, Las Canas, Long Green of Europe, Long Green, (of
Coxe,) Locke, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Le Cur^, Lewis, Leon le Clerc,
Leon le Clerc Van Mons, Lederbirne, Louis of Boulogne, Late Deschamps,
Louis Philippe, Marie Louise double Rmploi, Manning's, Meuris d'hiver, Ma-
rie Louise, M. L. nova, Marulis, Messire Jean, Michaux, Muscadine, Ma-
rie Louise, (Pitts,) Napoleon, Navez, Plombgastel, Petre, Pennsylvania,
Pome Poire, Paradise d'Automne, Pitfour, Princess of Orange, Passans du
Portugal, Pope's Russet, Parmentier, Quetelet, Queen of the Low Coun-
tries, Passe Colmar, Reine des Poires, Raymond, Ronville, Rousselet de
Meester, Rameaux, Rousselet de Rheims, Royale d'hiver, St. Germain
llvedaie's, St. Germain Prince's, St. Germain Brande's, St. Germain
d'Ete, Seckel, St. Ghislain, Stevens's Genesee, Superfondante, Shobden
Court, Surpasse Virgouleuse, Surreine, Styrian, Sovereign de Printemps,
Shakespeare, Sieulle, SuUivain, Summer Thorn, Schoeling Merry, St. An-
dre, Thompson's, Urbaniste, Van Assene, Vacat, Whitfield, Wilbur, Win-
ter Nelis, Winter Crassane, Wilkinson, Washington, two seedlings, and
Nos. 104, 108, 135, 177, 365, 658, 858, 879, 969, 1036, 1074, 1100. 1155,
124-2, 1258, 1295, 1336, 1344, 1406, 1454, 1482, 1485, 1535, 1590, and
1602 Van Mons; Pyrus Bohvilleria, a distinct species; 75 varieties of ap-
ples, 5 of peaches, and 5 of plums ; but we have no room for the names.

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., 70 varieties of pears, viz. : — Arboricrite, (?)
Beurre d'Aremberg, B- de Moire, B. Diel, (?) B. Crapaud, B. de Capiaumont,
B. Brown, B. Ranee, B. Easter, B. Dumortier, B. de Beaumont, B. Curtet,
Belle j-yucrative, B. d'Esquermes, B. Excellente, B. et Bonne, (de Hee,)
B. Heloise, B. Apres Noel, Bergamotte de Parthenay, Belmont, Bezi de
Montigny, Colmar d'Aremberg, C. du Lot, C. Prieule, Captif St. Helene,
Doyenne Musque, D. Boussock, D. Grey, Duquesne d'Ete, (or Julienne,)
Duchesse de Berri, D. d'Angouleme, Delices de Jodoigne, Dingier, Dun-
more, Excellentissima, Esperine, Epine de Toulouse, Eigne de Naples, Fer-
dinand de Meester, Fondante Rouge, Forme de Delices, Frederic de Wur-
temberg, Inominee Palrie, Louise Botme de Jersey, L. B. d'Angers, Leon
le Clerc, (old,) Ditto (Van Mons,) Melon de Kops, Madotte, Napoleon,
Passe Colmar, Passans du Portugal, Poire Gerardin, P. Sabine, P. Duver-
nay, Soldat Labourer, (?) Saint Dorothee, Seckel, Seedling Maria, Tar-
quin de Pyrenees, Tardive de Mons, Van Mons Sargeret, Van Mons Late
Vicompte de Spoelberch, Williams's Bon Chretien, — and 4 new varieties
from France ; 12 varieties of grapes, as follows : — Black Hamburgh, B. H.
Wilmot's, Black Prince, Esperione, Bourdelas, St. Peter's, White Fron-
tignan, Grizzly Frontignan, Chasselas de Fontainebleau, Muscat Blanc Ha-

472 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

tif, Red Chasselas, and Chaplal ; 4 varieties of apples, 4 of peaches, 2 of
plums, and fruit of the Psidium Cattleyonum.

From S. Walker, 60 varieties of pears, viz. : — Andrews, Belle et Bonne,
Bergamotte, (}Iampden's,) Beurre d'Aremberg, B. Bruvvn, B. Duval, B.
Diel, B. de Capiaumont, B. Easter, B. Ranee, B. Golden, of Bilboa, Bezi
Vaet, Bon Chretien Williams's, Catillac, Chaptal, Chauraontel, Colmar,
(Autumn,) Crassane, C. Althorp, Dearborn's Seedling, Doyenne Blanc,
D. gris, D. dore, Duchesse d'Angoulerae, D. de Mars, Epine Dumas,
Eyevvood, Figue, F. de Naples, Flemish Beauty, Fourcroy, Belle Lucra-
tive, Fondante Van Mons, Gendesheim, Glout Morceau, Hull, Jaminette,
Jolionnot, Lawrence, Louise Bonne de Jerse}^ Madotte, Messire Jean,
Marie Louise, Napoleon, Payency, Passe Colmar, Princesse d'Orange,
Rousselet de Rheims, (?) Saint Ghislain, Seckel, Urbaniste, Verte Longue
d'Automne, Van Mons Leon le Clerc, Le Cur6, Bicknal Seedling, Vallee
Franche, — 3 varieties names unknown.

From Josiah Lovitt, about 80 varieties of pears, as follows : — Urbaniste,
Julienne, Andrews, Alpha, Hacon's Incomparable, (?) Long Green, St.
Julian, (?) Flemish Beauty, Columbia, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Bleeker's
Meadow, Harvard, Williams's Bon Chretien, Beurre d'Aremberg, Sum-
mer Franc Real, Figue de Naples, Belle Lucrative, Boucquia, Dix, Winter
Orange, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Seckel, Dearborn's Seedling, Golden
Beurr6 of Bilboa, Chauraontel, Lewis, Catillac, Charles Van Mons,(?) Wil-
kinson, Hericart, Napoleon, Marie Louise, Beurr6 d'Amalis, Brocas Ber-
gamotte, Stone, (Ohio,) Jalousie, Doyenne White, Glout Morceau,
Belle et Bonne, Le Cur6, Gil-o-gil, Franchipane, Styrian, (?) Ful-
ton, Bezi de La Motte, Easter Beurre, Passe Colmar, Fresh Pond, (?)
Beurre de Capiaumont, Cranston's Favorite, Cumberland, Louis de Boulogne,
Beurr6 Diel, Winter Nelis, McLaughlin, Van'Mons, Paradise d'Automne,
Great Citron of Bohemia, Brown Beurr6, Hessel, Beurre Bosc, Passans du
Portugal, St. Ghislain, Pound, King Edward, Musk Bon Chretien, St.
Michael Archangel, (?) Honey, Duchesse de Berri, Winter Crassane, Fred-
eric de Wurtemberg, Surpasse Virgoulouse, Vicompte De Spoelberch,
— 8 varieties without names.

From O. Johnson, 60 varieties of pears, viz. : — Williams's Bon Chretien,
Dearborn's Seedling, Vall6e Franche, Belle Lucrative, Beurr6 Ranee,
Gushing, Verte Longue, Bleeker's Meadow, Rousselette de Rheims, Rous-
selet Panach^e, Seckel, Green Sugar, Beurre d'Amalis, Buffam, Duch-
esse d'Angouleme, Uvedale's St. Germain, Dix, Winter Nelis, Glout Mor-
ceau, Beurre d'Aremberg, Doyenne Blanc, Echasserie, Martin Sec, Belle
et Bonne, Easter Beurre, Passe Colmar, Messire Jean, Hericart, Henry
Fourth, Le Cure, Hacon's Licomparable, Beurr^ Diel, Prince's St.
Germain, Jalousie, Beurr6 Bosc, Frederic de Wurtemberg, Capiau-
mont, St. Ghislain, Flemish Beauty, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Urbaniste,
Johonnot, Pope's Quaker, Epine d'Ete, Harvard, Napoleon, Bezi de la
Motte, Julienne, Gil-o-gil, Franc Real d'Hiver, Princesse d'Orange, Cale-
basse, Washington, Catillac, Columbia, Beurre Bronze, — and 6 varietie s
without name ; also 4 varieties of grapes, 2 of peaches, and 3 of plums.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 473

From B. V. French, 66 varieties of apples, as follows : — Gloria Miindi,
Yellow Belle Fleur, Hawlhornden, Male Carle, St. Lawrence, Heinette
du Canada, Porier, Fail Greening, Adams Sweet, French Sweet, New-
town Pippin, (Yellow,) Baldwin, Jewett's fine Red, Wellington, York Rus-
set, Blenheim Orange, (?) Lady Apple, Royale, Winter Pearmain, Murphy,
Nonsuch, Roxbury Russet, R.L Greening, Sweet Greening, Wells Pippin,
Jericho, Bourrassa, Red Winter, Dutch Codkn, Ruggles. Gardner's Russet,
Bean Sweet, Danvers Winter Sweet, Seaver Sweet, Newark King, Mexico,
Roman Stem, Blenheim Pippin, Fameuse, Huhbardston Nonsuch, Winter
Gilliflower, Spice, ^5£sopus Spitzemberg, Conway, Perry's Winter Sweet
Russet, Fearn's Pippin, Long Russet, Beauty of Kent, Scarlet Nonpareil,
Ribstone Pippin, Ross Nonpareil, Pumpkin Sweet, Red Winter, Sugar
Sweet, Dominie, Smith's fine Table,— and several without naines; also 36
varieties of pears, and 4 of peaches.

From the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, about 30 varieties of pears,
among which were the Moyamensing, Pelre, Pennsylvania, Sieulle, Chap-
man, Lodge, Kingsessing, GanselTs Bergamot, and other common sorts,
including beautiful specimens of the While Doyenne; also about 30 varie-
ties of apples.

From Cheever Newhall, 22 varieties of pears as follows : — Urban-
iste. Belle Lucrative, Heathcot, Napoleon, Gushing, Fulton, Freder-
ic de Wurteniberg, Dunmore, Althorpe ('rassane, Andrews, Le
Cure, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Glout Morceau, Beurr6 d'Aremberg,
B. d'Amalis, B. Diel, Knight's Seedling, Wilkinson, Passe Colmar, Duch-
esse d'Angouleme, Black Pear of Worcester, Washington ; also 3 varie-
ties of apples, Early Crawford peaches, and Black Hamburgh grapes.

From F. W. Macondry, about 30 varieties of pears, viz. : — Passe
Colmar, Catiliac, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Le Cur6, Flemish Bon
Chretien, Gushing, Summer Thorn, Beurre d'Amanlis, Gros de Brus-
sels, Easter Beurre, Napoleon, Washington, Beurre Diel, Glout
Morceau, White Doyenne, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Archduke Charles,
Queen of the Low Countries, Ananas, Soldat Labourer, (?) Beuir6 Moire,
Rousselettede Rheims, McLaughlin, Van Mons Leon leClerc, Brown Heurre,
Urbaiiiste, Messire Jean, Beurre Bosc, Belle et Bonne, Crassane, Seckel,
Bezi de la Motle, — 3 varieties no name.

trom J. F. Allen, 25 varieties of grapes, as follows : — White Gascoigne,
Esperione, Black Prince, Chasselas de Fontainebleau, Golden Chac^selas,
Red Chasselas, Chasselas de Bar Sur Aube, Purple Sweetwater, Syrian,
Black July, Black Hamburgh, B. H. Wilmot's, B. H. Wilmot's No. 16,
Black Lombardy, Sweetwater, White, and Grizzly Frontignan, Aleppo,
White Tokay, Zinfindal, Ferral, White Nice, Miller's Burgundy, Worlley
Hall, Tottenham Park Muscat, Muscat of Alexandria and Isabella; also
Brunswick, Black and Early White Figs; 15 varieties of pears, Elruge
nectarines, Lombard plums, and 2 kinds of peaches.

From Messrs. Wiuship, 40 varieties of pears, viz. :— Beurr6 d'Amalis,
B. d'Hardenpont, B. Diel, B. Easter, B. Ranee, B. Brown, Colmar d'Ete,
Rousse Lench, Muscadine, Dearborn, Fulton, Gansell's Bergamot, Bezi

474 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Vaet, Cumberland, Flemish Beauty, Winter Nelis, Passans du Portugal,
Doyenne White, Seckel, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Frederic of Wurtem-
berg. Ananas, Rushmore's Bon Chretien, Marquise, Heathcot, Vallee Tran-
che, Passe Colmar, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Washington, Messire Jean,
Glout Morceau, Belle Luciative, St. Ghislain, La Fortun^e, Surpasse Ma-
rie Louise, Wilkinson, Williams's Bon Chretien, and some without name ;
also Grand Sachem apples, very large.

From J. M. Ives, Salem, 20 varieties of pears, viz. : — Petre, Dix, Belle
Lucrative, Summer Rose, Bezi Montigny, Cabot, Buffam, Long Green,
Bezi de la Motte, Beurre Bosc, B. Golden of Bilboa, B. d'Amalis, Wash-
ington, Bon Chretien Fondante, B. C. Williams's, Bleeker's Meadow, Na-
poleon, Andrews, Winter Nelis, Cushing ; some of the Belle Lucrative
were from trees on quince, some on pear, and some on mountain ash.

From J. L. L. F. Warren, 36 varieties of pears, viz. :-:-Beurre Brown,
B. Easter, B. d'Aremberg, B. d'Amalis, Winship's Seedling, (?) Bezi de
la Motte, Stone, Marquise, Verte Longue Panache, Belle et Bonne, Wil-
liams's Bon Chretien, Messire Jean, Black Pear of Worcester, Seckel,
Louise Bonne de Jersey, Summer Franc Real, Buffam, Andrews, Duchesse
d'Angouleme, Poire de St. Marc, Fortunee, Bishop's Thumb, Juli-
enne, Bezi Montigny, Wilkinson, Figue, Doyenne dor6, Marie Louise,
Washington, Catillac, Duchesse de Mars, St. Ghislain, Madotte, Autumn
Bergamot, Bergamolte de Paques ; also 25 varieties of apples, 5 of plums,
3 of grapes, 2 of quinces and peaches.

From E. Wight, 14 varieties of pears, viz : — Wilkinson, Yallee Franche,
Dix, St. Ghislain, Burnett, Gansell's Bergamot, Cushing, Napoleon, Long
Green, TJrbaniste, Seckel, Passe Colmar, and Lewis; also 15 varieties of
apples. ,

From W. Stearns, Salem, 25 varieties of pears, viz :•— Lawrence, Wash-
ington, Chaumontel, Winter Nelis, Urbaniste, Wilkinson, Ronville, Wil-
liams's Bon Chretien, Autumn Bergamot, Harvard, Summer Thorn, Duch-
esse d'Angouleme, Beurr6 Brown, Orange, Napoleon, Seckel, Endicott,
Long Green, White Doyenn6, Rousselet de Rheims, Gansell's Bergamot,
Bishop's Thumb, St. Ghislain, Piatt's Bergamot.

From A. D. Williams & Son, 35 sorts of pears, viz. : — Beurre d'Aman-
lis, B. de Capiaumont, B. Easter, Pcsse Colmar, Harvard, Sylvange, Flem-
ish Beauty, Columbia, Dix, Le Cure, Napoleon, Chaumontel, Seckel,
Long Green, and other kinds; also 12 varieties of apples.

From James Arnold, — Royal Muscadine, Victoria, Black Hamburgh,
St. Peters, and Muscat of Alexandria grapes. From T. Needham, 12 vari-
eties of grapes : — Cannon Hall Muscat, Muscat of Alexandria, White Fron-
tignan. Black Hamburgh, Syrian, Reigne de Nice, Golden Chasselas, Chas-
selas Musqu^, Black Lombardy, Frankendale, St. Peter's, and Chasselas
de Fontainebleau. From James Nugent, Black Hamburgh grapes. From
A. Bowditch, Black Hamburgh grapes. From S. Pond, 12 varieties of
pears. From E. M. Richards, 12 varieties of apples, includirg some fine
specimens of the Walpole ; and 2 varieties of pears. From J. H. Welch,
Dorchester, 8 varieties of pears. From Jona. French, 15 varieties of pears,

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. A7o

part of them unnamed. From S. D. Pardie, New Haven, Henrietta, Dr.
Totten's Seedling, and Edwards's Seedling St, Germain. From Rev. F.
D. Huntington, a branch containing 8 Louise Bonne de Jersey pears. From
J. S. Sleeper, 6 varieties of pears. From VV. R. Austin, 7 varieties of
pears, and 2 of peaches.

From N. Stetson, Bridgewater, splendid specimens of Crawford's Early
and Stetson's Seedling peaches ; also Fall Pippin apples. From H. Van-
dine, 12 varieties of pears, 5 of apples, 2 of peaches, and 2 of plums, one of
which was the Coe's Golden Drop, very handsome. From I. Fay, Cam-
bridge, 6 varieties of pears, 3 of plums, and 2 of peaches. From W . Clapp,
Dorchester, 10 varieties of apples, and 3 of pears. From Geo. Hallett, 2
watermelons. From S. L. Goodale, Saco, Me., Le Cur6 pears, grown on
the mountain ash. From A. Wellington, Lexington, 2 kinds of apples.
From W. G. Lewis, Roxbury, Green Gage plums. From Anson Dexter,
3 varieties of pears, and 2 of apples. From Geo. Newhall, 8 varieties ot
pears. From A. D. Weld, 11 varieties of apples, and 4 of pears. From
H. Adams, Waltham, Seedling pears. From S. P. Allen, Cambridge,
Williams's Bon Chretien pears.

From John Washburn, Plymouth, 11 varieties of pears, including Delices
d'Hardenpont, Pitt's Prolific, Seckel, Louise Bonne de Jersey, &c. ; also
fine orange quinces. From W. R. Prince, Flushing, L. L, 6 varieties of
pears, and Howard's Splendid, and Van Zandt's superb peaches ; also fruit
of Cydoniajaponica, and Chinese Sand pear. From J. Deane, 6 varieties
of apples. From Dr. D. Chaplin, Cambridge, 10 varieties of pears, and
one of apples. From S. Dike, Stoneham, 3 varieties of pears, and Sibe-
rian Crab apples. From Henry Wheeler, Framingham, 2 varieties of ap-
ples, and 3 of peaches. From L. Slack, Garden Royal apples. From R.
W. Cushman, Roxbury, fine Williams's Bon Chretien pears.

From S. Downer, Jr., Williams's Bon Chretien, Louise Bonne de Jer-
sey, Golden Beurre of Bilboa, Epine Dumas, Le Cure, Belle et Bonne,
Winter Nelis, Brown Beurr6. From R. Ciooker, Van Mons Leon le
Clerc, Easter Beurr^'., Duchesse d'Angouleme, Dix, Louise Bonne de Jer-
sey, Doyenn^ Blanc, Williams's Bon Chretien, Napoleon, Beune Die],
Iron, &c. From O. N. Towne, 13 varieties of pears ; and Black Ham-
burgh, Chasselas of Fontaineblean, and Frankindale grapes. From J.
Owen, 5 varieties of apples, 7 varieties of pears, 7 of peaches, and Green
Gage plums, and 3 varieties of grapes. From S. W. Cole, Quince apple,
and Spring pippin, growth of I8i6 and 1847. From B. SiUiman, Jr., New-
Haven, fine Catawba grapes. From N. P. Smith, Groton, a Seedling ap-
ple called the Moor. FromH. Hosmer, Watertown, Williams's Bon Chre-
tien pears. From D. Wilbur, Jr., Somerset, Hull and Wilbur pears.
From Messrs. Hyde, Newton, 11 varieties of pears, 2 of apples, 2 of peaches,
and a watermelon weighing 38 lbs. From Samuel Phipps, IG varieties of
pears, and Gloria Mundi apples. From W. B. Kingsbury, 6 kinds of pears.
From G. Merriam, 12 varieties of pears, and 3 of peaches. From George
Andrews, Salem, 6 varieties of pears, and 3 of apples.

Vegetables. — From S. W. Cole, Chelsea, 30 varieties of potatoes, viz. : —

476 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Victoria, Prince Albert, Long Red, Kidney, No 36, (Early), Hill's Early,
Hall's Early, Knevett's Defiance, Early Maiden, Ladies' Finger, White
Chenango, Carter, Long White, Black, Wait's Seedling, Prince Edward,
Ipswich Seedling, No. 29, St Helena, Snowball, Pink Eye, Parker, Wel-
lington, No. 30, Waterloo, Black Chenango, White Chenango No 2, Che-
nango, Early White Blue Nose, No 35. For this nnost valuable and ex-
tensive collection exhibited by Mr. Cole, he has the thanks of the Commit-
tee. This exhibition embraces varieties ripening from the earliest to the
latest, all of very fine appearance, free from worms, rot, or canker. The
Committee are of opinion that any gentleman desirous of selecting varieties
for cultivation could not do better than to consult Mr. Cole's collection.
Also Farminglon pumpkin. Winter Crookneck squash, Turnip cabbage.

From Geo. Hallet, tomatoes. From G. C. Crowninshield, by John
Quant, 3 fine egg plants. P'rom O. N Towne, extra fine eg,g plants. From
E. M. Richards, Canada squash raised in 1846. From Daniel Hnnis, Roxbury ,
fine celery. From N. Stetson, Bridgewater, by H. Reed, giant tomatoes, one
■weighing 3 lbs. From Samuel Reed, East Cambridge, Seedling potatoes.
From Josiah Stickncy, very large beets. From B. V. French, long blood
beets, turnip do, and Wisconsin squashes. From A.. D. Weld, Long Or-
ange carrots. From A. D. Williams & Son, Marrow and Canada squashes,
Blood beets. Savoy cabbage, Drumhead cabbage, tomatoes and pum[ kins.
From Charles Howe, Dorchester, Canada squash raised in 1846. From
Richard Waterman, Warwick, L. L, Early June potatoes. F'rom Josiah
Newliall, Lynnfield, Black Spanish radish, French Sugar beets, Club gourds,
and Spanish peppers. From J. F. Allen, Giant tomatoes.

From F. W. Macondry, cabbages, marrow squash, Canada squash, tur-
nips, beets, carrots, parsnips, field corn, and Lima beans. From Leonard
Stone, Watertown, two new varieties of cabbage, seed received from Henry
Colnian, Paris. From William Bogle, Melrose, Scotch kale. From Par-
ker Barnes, Appalachicola beans. From J. L. Gardner, Seedling potatoes.
From J. L L. F. Warren, Trichcsanthes Columbina, Snake melon, squash,
growth of 1846. From Alpheus Hardy, Andover, specimen of a stalk of
wheat or Egyptian corn from seed received from the banks of the river
Nile. From Otis Johnson, some fine ('anada squashes. From W. M.
Stone, Watertown, a double Crookneck squash, quite a curiosity. From
W. H. Sumner, Clipper gourd.

The award of premiums was as follows :

FRUITS.

Apples. — Eben W^ight, Robert Manning, Otis Johnson, Judges.

To B. V. French, for the best exhibition of apples, the Society's plate,

valued at $25.
To J. L. L. F. Warren, for the 2d best, the Appleton silver gilt medal,

'$10.
To E. M. Richards, for the 3d best, $5.

To J. L. L. F. Warren, for 12 specimens of the Hubbardston Nonsuch, ^ 5.
To John Owen, for 12 specimens of the Porter, $3.
Pears. — Robert Manning, David Haggerston, and Eben Wight, Judges.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 477

To Marshall P. Wilder, for the best exhibition of pears, the Lyman plate,
valued at $25.

To Samuel Walker, for the 2d best do. , the Lowell silver gilt medal, $ 10.

To Josiah Lovett, 2d, for the 3d best do., $5.

To Samuel Pond, for 12 specimens of the Williams's Bon Chretien pear,
$5.

To Henry Vandine, for 12 specimens of the Flemish Beauty pear, $3.

The Committee, in awarding the premiums for the best pears of not less
than 12 specimens, deemed it a duty incumbent on them to bestow the
premium, (where there was a doubt,) in favor of the variety the qual-
ity of which had been repeatedly tested and approved. They would
therefore beg leave to recommend a gratuity of five dollars, equal to
the highest special premium.

To Ralph Crooker, for 12 specimens of the Van Mons Leon le Clerc
pear, $5.
Grapes. — David Haggerston, Alexander McLennan, Wm. Quant, Judges.

To Thomas Needham, gardener to O. H. Mather, Brighton, for the ihree
best varieties, (two bunches of each,) the Lyman plate, valued at $25.

To Hovey & Co., for the 2d best, $ 10.

To Wellwood Young, gardener to Ja's Arnold, N. Bedford, 3d best, $5.
Assorted Fruit. — C. M. Hovey, John Fisk Allen, D. Haggerston, Judges.

For the best basket of assorted fruit, containing a fine variety, to Otis
Johnson, $ 10.

For the 2d best basket, to W. Quant, $ 7.

And they recommend a gratuity to A. Bowditch, for a basket of grapes
tastefully arranged, $5.

FLOWERS.

For Floral Decorations, dfc. — Joseph Breck, A. Story, Wm. Quant, Alex-
ander McLennan, L. Winship, S. R. Johnson, Judges.

For ihe best pair of vase bouquets for the marble vases, to Hovey & Co.,
$10.

For the 2d best do., to J. L..L. F. Warren, $6.

For the best pair of vase bouquets for the Bradlee vases, to James Nu-
gent, $ 10.

For the 2d best do., to Messrs, Winship, $6.

For the best pair of parlor bouquets, to Messrs. Winship, $5.

For the 2d best do., to Charles Brims, $3.

For the 3d best do., to Hovey & Co., $2.

For the best pair of hand bouquets, to A. Bowditch, $3.

For the 2d best do., to James Nugent, $2.

For the 3d best do., to R. West, $ 1.

For the best bouquet composed of indigenous flowers, to John Quant, $ 3.

For the 2d best do., to E. M. Richards, $2.
For Designs, Baskets of Flowers, cjr. — To Wm. Quant, for a moss vase on
a pedestal, v/ith flowers, first premium, $ 12.

To J. Thomas, for a design, wrought with moss and flowers, 2d prem-
ium, $8.

478 Obituary.

To Hovey & Co., for a design, mosaic work in asters and other flowers,
3d premiunn, $6.

To Thomas Needham, for a grotto, 4th premium, $5.
For Wreaths. — For the best not less than thirty feet, to S. A. Walker, $ 10.

For the 2d best, to Wm. Quant, $5.

For the 3d best, to A. Bowditch, $3.
Gratuities. — To S. A. Walker, for a motto, on which was inscribed "Wel-
come, friends, again," with an evergreen wreath, star and eagle, $7.

To Mrs. Sparrell, for grass design, $4.

To Miss Bowker, do., $3.

To Miss Russell, for one large and one small basket of flowers, $4.

To Miss Russell, for a pair of stars, $2.

To Miss Kenrick, for basket of flowers and wreath, $ 2.

To Charles Brims, for mosaic design, $3.

To 0. N Tovvne, for design composed of dahlias, $2.

To Henry Reed, for design composed of dahlias, $2.

To Samuel Walker, for design composed of dahlias, $2.

To John Quant, for one pair of round bouquets, $2.

To A. Bowditch, for wreath made by a child, $ 1.

To J. L. L. F. Warren, for one pair of hand bouquets, $ 1.

To Master A. R. Walker, for a "duck," $ 1.

To A. McLennan, for fine cockscombs, $3.

To Jonathan Mann, Jr., for best grass bouquets, $3.

To J. L. L. F. Warren, for 2d best, $2.

To James McNeill, for grotto and fountain, $5.

VEGETABLES.

F. W. Macondray, A. D. Williams, Jr., Josiah Lovett, 2d, Judges.

To S. W. Cole, for thirty varieties of potatoes, among which were scat-
eral superior seedlings, $ 10.

To F. W. Macondray, for the best display and greatest variety of vege-
tables, $ 10.

To A. D. Williams & Son, for the 2d best do. do., $7.

They recommend a gratuity to D. Brims, for blanched celery, of $ 5.

To William Bogle, for Scotch kale, a gratuity of $3.

To S. Reed, East Abington, for a bushel of very fine seedling potatoes,
a gratuity of $7.

To Ricnard Waterman, Warwick, R. I., for a bushel of Early June po-
tatoes, a gratuity of $ 7.

Art. IV. Obituary.
%

Died, in New Haven, (Conn.,) his native city, on the 22d of July last,

Henry Waggaman Edwards, late Governor of Connecticut; favorably
known to pomologisls as the originator of several valuable pears.

Governor Edwards graduated at Prmceton College in 1797, and subse-

Horticultural Memoranda. 479

quently filled, at different periods, the offices of Representative and Sena-
tor in the Congress of the United States, and Spealcer of the House of Rep-
resentatives, and Governor of his native state.

But, however extensive and enduring may be his fame by virtue of his
many exalted stations and great public services, his name is probably des-
tined to a wider notoriety, and to be handed down further to coming gen-
erations, in connection with his pomological labors.

In the fall of 1817, and the following spring, Governor Edwards planted
the seeds of pears, with the design of obtaining new and superior varieties
of this fruit. In doing so, he selected the seeds of the best which couM be
procured, including many sorts, but the number was then very limited com-
pared with our day.

This being the first systematic attempt of the kind in this country, as far
as the writer is informed, was regarded by some of his neighbors with rid-
icule, while the more considerate of them considered it but a doubtful ex-
periment. The result of the project is no longer conjectural : of some forty
or more healthy bearing trees thus produced, a large proportion are valuable
varieties. Some proved worthless ; several rate highly for culinary pur-
poses ; while others are destined to take a high rank as table fruits. Of
the latter, may be mentioned the Calhoun, Elizabeth, Dallas, Henrietta,
Citron, and some others ; several of which have been described in horticul-
tural periodicals, and in the Fruits and Fruit Trees of America by Mr.
Downing. So propitious a result has already had its natural influence on
other cultivators in his vicinity, many of whom have, for several years past,
been following his example of raising pears and other fruits from the seed.

New Haven, September, 1847. D.

[Our readers will remember our descriptions and engravings of most of the
above fine sorts, and we are gratified in being able to offer so just a tribute
to the pomological labors of Mr. Edwards. — Ed.]

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR OCTOBER.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines, in the cold houses, will now be nearly ripe, and will need
less attention ; the principal care required being to keep the house thor-
oughly ventilated in all good weather, guarding against damp, which occa-
sionally, at this period of the year, is troublesome : all the young and super-
fluous laterals may now be cut out, leaving only the wood which is fully
ripe, to be shortened in at the winter pruning in December. Vines in green-
houses will now have matured their wood and about finished their growth :
pick up all dried or decayed leaves, and prune off all young unripe laterals,
leaving only the mature growth. Keep the house open day and night in
good weather.

480 Horticultural Memoranda.

Straioberry beds will require a final hoeing and weeding for the season,
during the month, and preparatory to being slightly covered next month.

Currant, Goaeberry, and Rasfherry bushes may be set out this month.

Fruit trees of all kinds may be safely removed during the whole of the
month : it will be for the benefit of the trees if the ground is prepared as
early as possible by a thorough trenching or digging.

Peach trees recently budded will require atteation to see that the liga-
tures are not girdling the trees.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Dahlias. — The first severe frost will destroy the dahlias, and the roots
should be taken up immediately after. We even prefer to teke up young
roots when the tops are quite green : if very severe frosts occur, the stem is
often damaged so far down as to endanger the death of the roots before
spring. Take up on a dry day, and place in the cellar.

Japan Lilies may now be placed under the stage of the greenhouse, or
in the cellar, placing the pots on their sides.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissi, and similar bulbs, may be planted this
month.

Ixias, Sparaxis, Oxalises, &c. should all be potted this month.

Pelargoniums will soon require to be removed to the greenhouse. Cut-
tings not potted oflf should be attended to at once.

Roses planted out in the borders during the summer should now be taken
up and potted. Young cuttings should also be potted ofl?. Old plants in-
tended for forcing should be repotted if not already done. Layers of hardy
kinds should be taken up and placed in a frame, where they can receive
protection. Hardy varieties may be safely transplanted this month in the
open border.

Azaleas should be removed to the greenhouse.

Achimenes of the different sorts, now done flowering, may have the tops
cut down, and the pots placed away under the stage.

Gloxinias and gesneras may have the same treatment as the achimenes.

Fuchsias done blooming may be placed away under the stage, where it is
free from damp.

Camellias should now be removed to the greenhouse, giving the pots a
good washing, and the foliage a thorough cleansing, if possible.

Verbenas and petunias may now be raised from cuttings, or by potting
rooted layers of the former.

Carnations and picolees should be protected in frames.

Chrysanthemums should now have occasional waterings with guano.

Mignonette and Sweet alyssum should be placed on an airy shelf near the
glass.

Abutilons, planted out in the border, should now be taken up and potted.

Cactuses should now be sparingly watered.

Herbaceous plants of all kinds can now be successfully transplanted.

Greenhouse plants of all sorts, planted out in the open ground, or plunged
in pots, should now be potted, and prepared for removing to their proper
places.

THE MAGAZINE

OF

HORTICULTURE-

NOVEMBER, 1847.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. Desa'iptions and Engravings of Select Varieties of
Pears. By the Editor.

In continuation of our article descriptive of select pears, we
have the pleasure of drawing the attention of cultivators to
six native varieties, some of them of great excellence, partic-
ularly Knight's Seedling and Winship's Seedling. Though
both of these have been known for some time, they do not
appear to have been generally introduced into cultivation. It
is gratifying to find the list of American pears continually
augmenting, and more gratifying to find some whose merits
have yearly improved, as soil or locality may have been fa-
vorable to the trees, or judicious cultivation, and more care-
ful ripening, may have produced better specimens. We are
more and more convinced that, ere long, as with the apple,
our greatest reliance must be placed on our native varieties.
Their peculiar hardiness and adaptation to our climate give
them a value over most foreign sorts, and, among the many
superior ones already brought to notice, the cultivator need
have no trouble in making a selection of the very finest pears.

79. Knight's (R. I.) Seedling. N. E. Farm. Vol. X. p. 82.

In the fall of 1831, Mr. A. Foster, of Providence, R. I., sent
to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society a box of pears,
which he called Knight's Seedling, {fig. 39,) and which he
accompanied with the following letter : —

" With this, you will receive a small box containing about
a dozen specimens of the Knight's Seedling pear. This is a

VOL. XIII. — NO. XI. 43

482 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

new variety, a native of this state, and is considered by many
to be equal to the St Michael or the Seckel. Were it left to
me to decide, I should hesitate, before I placed this or any
other pear on a par with ihe St. Michael: nor have I, as yet,
seen any variety that possessed the sweet and delicate flavor
of the Seckel.

" The original tree is now standing on the farm of Mr. Wm.
Knight, of Cranston, in a wild, rocky and uncultivated spot,

F\g. 39. Knight's Seedling:

remote from any dwelling, and, until within a few years, has
almost remained unnoticed and unknown. Within forty rods
of this pear tree, separated by a piece of swampy ground,
stands another of natural growth, but of no value whatever."
Such is the account given of it sixteen years ago, since
which period, we are not aware of the fruit having been often seen

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 483

until last year. It is comparatively quite a new fruit. The
Committee who tasted the fruit considered it "well worthy
of cultivation." Mr. Foster kindly offered to send scions for
distribution in the spring of 1832.

Soon after this, Mr. Manning introduced it into his Pomo-
logical Garden at Salem, fruited the tree, and disseminated
the variety ; but, like many other new fruits originated or
brought to notice at that time, when there were but few zeal-
ous cultivators who appreciated the importance of giving
new fruits a trial, it did not attract much attention. Even
in Mr. Manning's garden, among the numerous varieties
which he was then receiving from Van Mons and other sources,
its merits were overlooked. In Rhode Island, its cultivation has
been very limited, having been confined to the immediate local-
ity of its origin, and, up to the fall of 1846, it appears to have
been very little known, although Mr. Manning's son has occa-
sionally exhibited it, but without knowing much of its his-
tory or qualities. Since last year, however, when some good
specimens were shown by Col. Wilder, who received the sci-
ons of the late Mr. Manning, its excellence has been jusdy
appreciated, and another trial of it the present season has
given it a rank among the best pears.

In general appearance, it greatly resembles the Belle Lu-
crative, and some specimens that we have eaten have been
nearly or quite as good. The tree is vigorous, hardy and
productive : wood yellowish, smooth, and very free from
specks.

Size, large, about three inches long, and two and three
quarters in diameter: Form, obovate, regular, rather full at
the crown, and tapering to the stem : Skin, fair, smooth, green,
becoming yellowish green when mature, and thickly covered
with dark green specks : Stem, medium length, about one
inch long, moderately stout, curved, and obliquely inserted
with scarcely any cavity: Eije, medium size, open, and but
little sunk in a broad shallow basin ; segments of the calyx
broad and partially reflexed : Flesh, white, rather coarse,
melting and juicy : Flavor, rich, sugary and excellent, with a
pleasant aroma : Core, small : Seeds, medium size, dark.
Ripe in September.

484 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

80. JoHONNOT. Book of Fruits, 1st Ed. p. 74, No. 27.

Franklin, (so named by the Mass. Hort. Soc. in 1831.)
iV. E. Farm., Vol. X. p. 103.

The Johonnot pear, {fig. 40,) does not appear to be prop-
erly appreciated. It is one of the four varieties which the
late Hon. John Lowell stated were the only good native sorts
which we possessed in 1828 ; yet it is by no means common in
collections, and rarely to be found in the market : this, how-

Fig. 40. Johonnot.

ever, cannot be on account of its excellence, for it is a pecu-
liarly rich and spirited pear, and highly esteemed by pomol-
ogists. It has the name of being a rather shy grower, which
has induced cultivators to neglect it, substituting other and
inferior sorts, even before they have given this a fair trial.
Around Salem, it is grown to a fine size, and we apprehend
that, in a good rich soil, it will prove a productive and profit-
able pear.
The Johonnot was raised by the late George S. Johonnot,

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 485

Esq., of Salem, and first came into bearing, we believe,
about the year 1823 or '24. A drawing of the fruit was sent
to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and, at the re-
quest of Mr. Johonnot, it was named the Franklin pear ; but,
for some reason, it does not seem to have been gen rally
adopted. Through Mr. Manning, it was introduced to culti-
vation.

The tree, under ordinary cultivation, is a rather slow grow-
er, and the productiveness of the variety renders it yet more
tardy in attaining a good head : but, like the Andrews, and
some other sorts, it should not be allowed to bear too much
before the tree attains a fair size. Young trees in our collec-
tion appear as vigorous as a majority of kinds. It seems to
prefer a good deep rich soil. The wood is of a dark reddish
brow)i, and the leaves are peculiarly glossy and handsome.
Growth upright when young, becoming spreading in older
trees.

Size, medium, about two and a half inches long, and two
and a half in diameter: Form, roundish obovate, irregular,
swollen on one side, and tapering roundly to the stem : Skin,
slightly rough, pale greenish yellow, partially covered with
dull russet, and little browned on the sunny side: Stern, me-
diiun length, about one inch long, stout, uneven, russety
brown, and obliquely attached to the fruit by a swollen, fleshy
base, without any cavity: Eye, large, open, and moderately
sunk in a rather large, round, open basin ; segments of the
calyx rather long, and recurved : Flesh, white, coarse, melt-
ing and very juicy : Flavor, rich, brisk, and excellent, with a
delicious musky aroma: Cor-e, large, and slightly gritty:
Seeds, small, broad, flat, and dark brown. Ripe in Septem-
ber.

81. WiNSHip's Seedling. Mag. of Hort. Yol. X. p. 212.

For six or eight years, the Messrs. Winships have occasion-
ally exhibited a seedling pear, but, for some reason, it has not
attracted much attention until the past season. Four years
since, it first came under our eye, and the specimens we tast-
ed were so good that we made a drawing and description of
the variety : but, upon making inquiry of some cultivators in
43*

486 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

regard to its excellence, we found but few who knew it, and
those who did thought we had overrated it. We therefore
deferred giving a full description until another trial, and
briefly noticed it as above referred to.

This variety, {fig. 41,) originated in the nursery of the
Messrs. Winships of Brighton, about fifteen years ago. Nei-
ther Kenrick, Manning, or Downing, even mention it, and it

Fig. 41. Winsfup's Seedling.

seems to have been almost entirely confined to Messrs. Win-
ships' grounds, where it has fruited abundantly every year,
coming in at a season when there are few pears to be had.
The present year, the fruit was all gone when Dearborn's
Seedling was ripe, and its season is between the Citron des
Carmes, (or Madeline,) and the former variety, when there
are no pears, if we except the Jargonelle, of equal merit.
The tree is of vigorous growth, with yellowish wood, and

Descriplio7is of Select Varieties of Pears. 487

produces abundantly : the fruit is handsome, somewhat re-
sembhng a small specimen of Williams's Bon Chretien. It
comes inio bearing the third or fourth year.

Size, medium, about two and three quarters of an inch
lona, and two and a half in diameter: Furm. pyramidal, full
at the crown, slightly contracted below the middle, and taper-
ing to the stem: Skin, fair, smooth, pale lemon yellow when
mature, with a few traces of russet, and a tinge of blush on
the sunny side : Stem, long, about one and a half inches,
rather slender, curved, greenish brown, with dark spots,
slightly tleshy at the base, and inserted without any cavity :
Eye, medium size, closed, aud moderately sunk in a roimd
basin; segments of the calyx medium length : F/e^A, white,
fine, melting and juicy : Flavor, rich, sugary, pleasantly per-
fumed and excellent : Core, large: Seeds, \a.rgc, broad, pale
brown. Ripe in August

82. Hknrietta. Mag-, of Horl. Mo\. X\. ^. 252.

Ffr. 42. Henrietta.

We have already described three of Gov. Edwards's seed-
lings, viz., the Elizabeiii, l>allas, aud Calhoun, and we now

488 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

add another which has proved to be of nearly equal merit.
There are others of his seedlings which are said to be excel-
lent, but these are all we have found worthy of cultivation
among the kinds which v/e have had the opportunity of try-
ing.

The Henrietta, {fig. 42,) is a medium sized and pretty
pear, and the tree is hardy, vigorous, and very productive.
It also ripens the last of August and early in September, be-
fore Williams's Bon Chretien and other larger varieties are in
eating.

Size^ medium, about two and a half inches long, and two
and a quarter in diameter: Form, obovate, inclining to oval,
tapering towards each end, and rather obtuse at the stem :
Skin, fair, smooth, dull yellow, thickly covered with large
crimson dots on the sunny side, and slightly russeted at the
base of the stem : Stem, medium length, about one mch long,
moderately stout, smooth, curved, and inserted little on one
side in a shallow cavity : Eye, medium size, closed, and rather
deeply inserted in an abruptly depressed and furrowed basin ;
segments of the calyx slender, projecting : Flesh, white, rather
coarse, melting, and juicy : Flavor, rich, saccharine, and
pleasantly perfumed : Core, large : Seeds, medium size, ob-
tuse, very dark. Ripe the last of August and beginning of
September.

83. Lee's Seedling.

This is the name we have given to a very good pear, {fig.
43,) sent to us by J. C. Lee, Esq., of Salem, in whose garden
it originated a few years since. Three yeais asio, when it
came into bearing, Mr. Lee informs us, it did not appear to
possess much merit, but, last season, it was a great deal bet-
ter, and, the present year, we found the specimens sent to us
to be exceedingly good, sufTiciently so to merit a place in a
large collection of pears. It possesses somewhat the appear-
ance of the Seckel, having a russety skin, and a brownish
red cheek, and it has much of the spicy aroma which gives
the Seckel its high character. If the flesh was more melting,
it would rank among our best pears.

Size, medium, about two and a half inches long, and two

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 489

and a half in diameter : Form^ roundish oval, largest in the
middle, tapering to each end, and obtuse at the stem : Skin^
slightly rough, pale greenish russet, and little browned on the
sunny side, and covered wiih minme russet specks : ^S'^em,
short, about half i.n inch long, moderately stcut, fleshy at the

Flg.XZ. Lee's Seedling:

base, and obliquely inserted without any cavity : Eye, me-
dium size, open, and slightly depressed in a very small shal-
low basin ; segments of the calyx short, round : Flesh, white,
little coarse, half melting and juicy : Flavor, rich, sugary,
and brisk, with a !^picy -^roma : Core, large : Seeds, small.
Ripe in September.

84. Banners.

Hdiinas, of various collections.

It has generally been supposed that the Manners pear, {fg.
4-1,) — incorrectly called Hannas — was a foreign variety, and
that the original tree was imported from France. We had
formerly entertained this opinion, but when, among all the

490 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears.

numerous varieties which have been received from abroad
during the last twenty years, this has not been found among
those which have fruited, we conckided there must have been
some error in the generally received opinion of its foreign ori-
gin, and that it should be considered ^.native fruit. Impressed
with this opinion, we recently called on Mr. Hanners, who
resides in Boston, and who is now upwards of eighty years
of age, and gathered the following facts, which show con-

Fig. 44. Hanners,

clusively that it is a native variety, which probably originated
in this city.

Before the Revolution, a large tract of land on Federal
street was owned and occupied by Col. Webb, as a garden
and pasture. Mr. Hanners's garden adjoined that of Col.
Webb. At that time. Col. Webb had several fine pear trees,
as well as other kinds of fruit, in his garden, many of which,
especially the pears, were imported from England. Mr. Han-

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Pears. 491

ncrs had two pear trees growing in his garden, and these he
had grafted with scions procured from Col. Webb's trees.
One of them was the \Yhite Doyenne, (or St. Mi:hael.) and
the other the St. Germain. Some time subsequent to the
planting of these trees, he had a small pear tree from Col.
Webb's garden, which had not been grafted. This was
the one now known as the Banners. The three trees were
all that were planted in Mr. Hanners's garden, and they were
all growmg and bearing fruit, up to 1844, when the place
was sold, and the trees cut down. Mr. Hanners's daughter
also stated to us, that she well recollects when t'.ie tree
first came into bearing; she had been to school, and, when
she came home, her parents showed her some of the pears,
which had just been gathered, and she then remarked that
they looked " more like squashes than pears" from the re-
markably obtuse form of the stem end, wnich gives this vari-
ety a resemblance to a bell squash. The fruit was very large
the first year, when it bore only a small quantity. It con-
tinued to produce an abundant crop of fine pears.

The late Mr. Manning introduced this pear to notice. He
first saw it in the market where it was sold as the St. Michael,
and generally brought the handsome price of fifty to seventy-
five cents per dozen. Tracing the pear to Mr. Hanners's gar-
den, he procured a few of the scions, and subsequently ex-
hibited the fruit ; since which period, it has been considerably
disseminated, and, from its excellence, deserves a place in
every good collection. It greatly resembles the Cushing in
quality, having the same very melting flesh and yellow skin.
Mr. Manning and some amateurs in Salem have doubted
whether it should not be considered as a synonyme of the
latter ; but its very obtuse form should at once set at rest all
such doubts, how much so ever they may otherwise appear
similar. If this is not sufficient, the growth of the tree, color
of the wood, and form of the leaf, should at once do so. The
shoots of the Hanners are upright, and of a dull yellow, while
those of the Cushing are partially spreading and of a dull
red ; and the leaves of the Cushing are considerably serrated,
while those of the Hanners are nearly entire.

Size, large, about three inches long, and two and a half in
diameter: Form, oblong, full at the crown, little contracted in

492 Garden Notes.

the middle, and very broad and obtuse at the stem : Skin^ fair,
smooth, yellowish green, becoming pale yellow when mature,
and regularly covered with large, conspicuous, pale russet
specks : Stem, rather long, about one and a quarter inches,
stout, curved, much swollen at the base, and obliquely in-
serted in a rather shallow open cavity : Eye, small, open, and
slightly sunk in a small shallow basin ; segments of the calyx
short, round : Flesh, white, fine, melting, and very juicy :
Flavor, rich, sprightly, vinous, and little perfumed : Core.
large : Seeds, medium size, long and pointed. Ripe in Sep-
tember.

Art. II. Garden Notes. By Dr. M. A. Ward, Athens, Ga.

May 1. — I have often heard it asserted that, although the
common English ivy would grow in common soil, and flour-
ish indifierently well on trees and wooden walls, yet it would
only flower when supported on old stone work. Last autumn,
a stem of it, running up the north side of my house on a
wooden wall, and near the tin water spout, not only flowered
profusely, but set and ripened all its fruit. It proved quite
ornamental. Its dense clusters of large, curiously acorn-shaped
berries of a jet black wherever the thick ash-colored bloom
happened to be rubbed ofl*, remained all winter quite undis-
turbed by birds or insects, though looking very temptingly.
It was not till one morning in the first part of April that I
saw a pair of mocking-birds exploring the vine, and, after
some time, they began to peck at and taste the berries — very
slowly and cautiously — as if aAvare that they were experi-
menting upon unknown aliment. The rascals seemed per-
fectly conscious that they were not Black Tartarian cherries.
The next morning 1 looked, and not a berry was left.

May 12. — Echinocactus Ononis has a very fine flower fully
expanded. The plant is about six years old, and five inches
in diameter. Last year, it showed two buds, but they fell off
when half grown. They come out on the ridges at some dis-
tance from the central crown, where I expected to see them,
as 1 believe is the manner of most melo-cacti. The flower

Garden Notes. 493

stood stiffly erect, about two thirds as large, and of the same
form as that of Cereiis grandiflonis, the calyx and petals all
of one color, which is a most delicate blush, like that of Lady
Hume's camellia, shading off to a deeper tinge at the midribs ;
stamens white, as numerous and disposed as in the grandi-
florus ; the tube of the calyx showing also the same exquisite
tinge of green, nearly scentless; opened about nine o'clock —
closed forever at nine at night.

Sept. 1. — I have never observed, in reports of floral exhibi-
tions, or in notices of visits to northern gardens, one of my
decidedly favorite climbing plants, the Clitoria, or, as I believe
it is now called, Vexillaria ternatra. Its very large, upside
down papilionaceous flowers, of the richest mazarine blue, are
exceediugly grateful to the eye at this season of the year. I
have not yet seen Ipomffi\i Lear/i, but, until I do, I certainly
shall doubt if it can compete with my beauty when gracefully
trained. Vexillaria virginica, and V. Mariana are also well
deserving a place in every garden. I believe they are all
perennials, but may be treated as annuals. Ipomoe^a Bona-
nox is another magnificent climber, making a most exuberant
growth, with singularly shaped leaves and flowers, haviug a
tube six inches long, and the limb of the corolla curiously
plaited, of the purest white. It would scarcely ripen its seeds
at the north, but it would be well worth while to obtain them
from the south every year.

Sept. 16. — The Guernsey liily is now splendidly in flower
with me. Some bulbs have been left neglected and forgotten
in the ground for four or five years. Several of them now
send up three naked scapes two and a half feet high, each
with an umbel of six to eight flowers.

Sept. 18. — Chromatella is a better rose than Solfitaire, — a
little better in color and in form, and, with us, a much more
free bloomer. Both are rampant growers. A cutting of Sol-
fitaire, put down about a year ago, is now ten feet high, and
has probably another month to grow before checked by frost.
They will certainly form most magnificent bushes for another
year : but I have seen half open buds of Rivers's Yellow Tea
[Qy. Yellow Persian — Ed.] which to my taste must surpass
what either of them can produce.

La Reine produces huge buds, but I am jealous they will

VOL. XIII. NO, XI. 44

494

Wendell's Mottled Bigaireau Cherry-

prove to be what we call hard-headed^ that is, open badly, or
not at all, like Smith's yellow JNoisette, and Bourbon Tea.
Athens, Ga., Sejit. 2U, 1847.

Art. III. WendelVs Mottled Bigarrcan Cherry ; tcith an
Engraving of the Fruit. By Dr. Herman Wendell, Acad-
emy Park, Albany, N. Y.

Some time since, we noticed this new and fine cherry as
having been exhibited before the Albany and Rensselaer Hor-
ticultural Society in June last, where it attracted much
attention; and, in our September number, we announced that
a description of it would soon appear in
our pages. Owing, however, to some
delay, the draAving did not come to
hand in season, and we now have the
pleasure of presenting it with a correct
description by Dr. Wendell.

This new and beautiful variety is the
produce of a seedling tree grown by
Dr. Wendell, of Albany. The seed
was of the large white Bigarreau, from
a garden of that city which has in it a
collection of the finer varieties of the
cherry. The seed was sown in 184U,
and the tree first bore a few cherries in
1845. Dr. Wendell's description is as
follows : —

The mottled Bigarreau, {Jig. 45,) is
of large size, regular, obtuse-heart-shaped, dark purplish red,
and beautifully mottled with dark points, those points becom-
ing quite indistinct, however, when the fruit is fully ripe ; the
suture is distinctly marked with a dark line extending about
half way round the fruit. The stalk is about an inch and a
half long, somewhat stout, and set in a round and regular de-
pression. The flesh is firm and crisp, though not lough, but
juicy, liigh-flavored and rich. The fruit is ripe from the tenth

Fig. 45. Wendell's Mottled
Bigarreau Cherry.

Floricidtural and Botanical Notices. 495

to the fifteenth of July, about the time of Downer's Late Red.
The tree is of upright growth, quite thrifty, and an early
bearer, as the seed was sown only seven years since, and this
is the third time it has borne. The first year, it bore three
cherries ! — last year, about a dozen ! — and this year, (1847,)
more than a quart ! H. W.

Academy Park^ Albany^ September, 1847.

Art. IV. Floricultural and Botanical Notices of New and
Beautiful Plants figured in Foreign Periodicals ; with De-
scriptions of those recently introduced to, or originated i?i,
A/iuri'- n Gardens.

Mr. BecWs new Pelargoniums of 1847. — Last winter, (p.
41,) we presented our readers with an article on the Culti-
vation of the Pelargonium, and, at the same time, gave a full
description of his seedlings, of 1845 and 1846, and which
were the leading kinds exhibited the past season at the Lon-
don exhibitions. We now present a full description of his
newest seedlings, which have not yet been exhibited only by
himself, and which attracted universal admiration at the May
and June shows of the London Horticultural Society. They
are oflered for sale, young plants to be delivered in October
1847, at £1 I \s. 6d. sterling each : —

Centurion. — A flower of moderate size ; deep rosy purple
under petals, with a blotch on each; centre white, with rich-
colored top petals ; prolific bloomer, and excellent habit.

Cruenta. — A high-colored flower, with broad under petals
of a rich crimson salmon color ; top petals deeper in tone,
with a large blotch terminating abruptly in the centre, which
is white; particularly stout habit.

Cavalier. — A remarkably bright flower; lower petals of a
delicate salmon color; a scarkt hue pervades the top petals,
which have a deep blotch, and are velvety in texture; a very
constant and prolific bloomer, very distinct, and an excellent
flower for exhibiting, though of feeble habit, and with parsley-
s. aped foliage.

496 FloricuUural and Botaiiical Notices.

Cassandra. — Dark maroon upper petals one mass of color,
except a narrow clean bright margin : lower petals light pink ;
free bloomer, and good habit.

GuLiELMA. — A very smooth, constant, and well-shaped vari-
ety ; a deep lilac purple spot shades off to the margin of the
upper petals ; the lower ones are of a lighter color, with a
clean white eye ; excellent habit and bloomer.

GusTAvus. — Striking flower ; upper petals very dark maroon
blotch, with deep rose edge; lower ones rose ground, with
whitish eye deeply veined down to the centre ; good habii,
free bloomer, and constant.

HoNORA. — A round, moderate-sized flower, very clean pink-
ish white lower petals, with steady purple maroon spot upon
the upper ones, leaving a well-defined margin ; not a free
bloomer or strong habit.

Rosamund. — A novel variety, of a general rich rosy purple,
with striking white eye, fine dark spot terminating well at the
base of the petals, and shading gradually off to the margin ;
good habit, free bloomer, and constant.

Blanche.^ — Large pinkish white flower, with well-defined
dark spot, broad petals, but not smooth on the edges ; abun-
dant bloomer, and good habit.

Grandiflora. — A thin, large, good-shaped, constant variety,
rosy-scarlet lower petals, the upper ones of a deeper color,
with dark crimson spot veining olT to the edge and throat.

A?iemdne japouica. — This very beautiful plant is now in
bloom incur collection, and it is a fine acquisition to our stock
of late flowering perennials. A young plant imported last
February, has grown so rapidly as to fill a pot ten inches in
diameter, and, during the whole of October, it has been one
of the finest objects of the conservatory. It grows about fif-
teen inches high, with a neat anemone-like foliage, and the
pale rosy flowers, Avhich are semi-double, and rise on tall
stems, are exceedingly showy. Throughout the summer, it
has been placed in the open air.

Cist7'uin aurdiitiacum is also now flowering in the stove,
where its panicles of deep yellow, tubular blossoms are highly
ornamental, especially at this season of the year, when there
are but few yellow flowers. The plants have been kept in
the greenhouse all summer, and, now brought into a little

FlorinuHural and Eotajiical Notices. 497

higher temperature, tl e flowers are developed in all their
beauty.

Calysterrja pubiscens. — This beautiful plant, which we
have already described, (p. 358,) and which has recently
flowered in our collection, will probably prove a most valu-
able summer flowering plant. M. Van Houtte states that
the mere figure of the plant does not give scarcely any idea of
the " floral luxury which is developed under good culture.
The little roots or rhizomes were left in ihe open ground, only
protected with a good covering of leaves, and this year they
flourished in a most remarkable manner. The branches were
more than six feet long, and much ramified, gracefully i win-
ing round the branches of trees which had bien placed in the
form of a hedge, and entirely covering them with their leave's.
They flowered splendidly all sunmier, and were, as late as
Sept. 1.5th, covered with a multitude of blossoms, nnich larger
in size, and more brilliant in coloring, than the English fig-
ure. The flowers are quite full and double, of a beautiful
rose, and, in their form, resemble large, irregular roses, which
have been fixed upon the stem of a Convolvulus. Experi-
ence proves that if will be a fine acquisition to summer flow-
ering plants in the open air." From the success which has
attended the culture of Ipomaeas in the open ground, we sus-
pected that the Calystegia would thrive well ; but it nas hith-
erto been rather too rare to spare the plants for this purpose.
Another year, we shall try M. Van Houttes plan. — Ed.

33. Thibau'dia pulche^riuma Wnllich Beautiful Thibaudia.
( racciniaceai )

A ?reenhouse shrub -, ?ro\vin? four to sU feet hi4h ; with yellow and scarlet flowers ; appearing in
■winier ; a native iif India -, increased by cullii gs ; grown in htaih ^oil aid loam. Flore des
Serres, pi 243. 1847.

A very showy and beautiful shrub, attaining the height of
four or five feet, with branches clothed with immense clus-
ters of yel'ow and scarlet tubular flowers, somewhat resem-
bling the larger heaths. The flowers appear only on the two
year old wood, in pendent fascicles of from twelve to twenty
each, in all the stages of development, and, from their peci.liar
striated aspect, present a remarkably gay appearance. It
was found in the north of India, by Dr. V\ allicli, and it has
recently been introduced to Englan<i by Messrs. Lucombe,

44*

49S Floricultural and Botanical Notices.

Pince & Co., of Exeter. The cultivation is simple, only re-
quiring a good soil, composed of loam, leaf mould, and heath
soil. The flowers begin to open in December, and bloom till
spring. {Flore des Serves, July.)

34. Campa'nula no'bilis Lindl. Noble-flowered Campanula.
(Campanulaceae.)

A half-hardy (or hardy) herbaceous plant ; growing three feet high ; with blue flowers : appear-
ing in autumn; a native of China; increased by division of the root ; grown in any good soil.
Flore des Serres, pi 247. 1S47.

In habit, grandeur, and the form of its flowers, this fine
species resembles the Blue Bell ; it is, however, perennial, and
the flowers are larger than the Blue Bell, measuring three
inches long, and one and a half in diameter. The leaves are
deeply heart-shaped, of a bright pale green, and placed on
footstalks from six to nine inches long. From among them
rises the flower stem, which branches at the bottom, and
bears upon its divisions several fine nodding flowers, which
seem to be the largest yet found among campanulas. The
corolla is pale purple on the outside, paler within, and sprin-
kled with bright purple dots, exceedingly beautiful.

This is one of Mr. Fortune's acquisitions in China, where
he found it ornamenting the gardens of Chusan and Shanghse.
It has hitherto been treated as a greenhouse plant ; but there
is little doubt it will be as hardy as the other species. Our
plants, which were imported last spring, were not quite strong
enough to bloom, but will do so next year. \\ hen our stock
is more abundant, we shall try its hardiness in the open
ground. It prefers a soil principally composed of rough sandy
peat, {Floi^e des Serres, <^'c., July.)

35. Achi'menes igne'scens Nob. Brilliant-colored Achimenes.
{Gesnerkcedd.)

A greenhouse plant ; growing two feet high ; with sciirlet flowers; appearing in summer; a
native of Guatemala ; increased by offsets ; grown in peaii leaf mould, and sand. Flore des Serres,
pi. 248. 1847.

New species are yearly being added to this fine tribe, and
the present is one recently received in the collection of Van
Houtte from Guatemala. In general habit, it resembles hir-
suta, but the flowers are clear scarlet, except the throat, which
is yellow. With all the brilliancy of the old coccinea, its
habit is stronger, and flowers much larger ; cultivated like the
other species. {Flore des Serres, ^'c, July.)

Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 499

36. NiPH^ A RU^BiDA Hooker Reddish Niplisea. {Gesjier-

aceae.)

A sreenhoiise plant ; growin? one foot hi°h ; with white flowers ; appearing in summer ; a native
of Mexico ; (?) increased by ofifsets ; grown in peat, leaf mould, and sand. Flore des Serres, pi. 2.51.

1847.

A much more beautiful species than the old oblonga, not
only in the more numerous flowers, but in their size ; the flow-
ers are white, and borne on long peduncles, forming large
clusters. The leaves are also handsome. It was introduced
into England and Belgium about the same period. {Flore des
Serres, t^'c, July.)

37. Gard^enia mallei'fera Hook. Clapper-bearing Gardenia.

(Cinchonacese.)

a stove shrub ; growing four feet high ; with pale buff flowers; appearing in spring ; a native of
Sierra Leone ; increased by cuttings ; grown in leaf mould, loam and sand. Floie des Senes, pi.
249. 1847.

We have recently noticed several of the splendid species
of Gardenia which have been introduced ; and the present
plant is another from the same source ; it has exquisite large
pale bufi^ flowers, with a very curiously formed stigma, which
has somewhat the appearance of a bud ; the foliage is also
handsome, deep green, and rich. It is a noble acquisition,
and, with tbe G. Stanleyd/m and Devonidna, should be intro-
duced into every fine collection of plants. Culture the san e
as for the other species. {Flore des Sores, July.)

Sir. W. J. Hooker remarks that the species described by Dr.
Lindley as G, Devonid?ia is the Kand«a longiflora of Salis-
bury.

38. Sisyri'nchium longistylum Nob. Long-styled Sisyrin-

chium. {IridacecB.)

a greenhouse bulb ; growing six or eight inches hi^h ; with yellow flowers ; appearing in spring;
a native of Chili ; increased by offsets ; cultivated in loam, leaf mould, and sand. Flore des
Serre-i, 1847, pi ao5

A very pretty species, with somewhat the appearance of an
Ixia in its flowers, and the peculiar imbricated habit of the
Witseiu'a corymbosa in its foliage. It was introduced into
the collection of Van Houtte in 1845, and, from its free
blooming, handsome habit, and golden flowers, must prove
one of the greatest ornaments of our gardens. It is a half-
hardy perennial, and should be wintered in the cold house.
Loam, leaf mould and sand make a suitable compost. It flow-
ers freely. {Flore des Serres, Aug.)

500 Floricultural and Botanical Notices.

39. DiPLADE^NiA ro^sa-campe'stris Nob. The Rose-colored
Field Dipladenia. {Apocynacece.^

A stove plant ; growing four to six feel high ; -with rose-colored flowers ; appearing in spring ;
a native off?) increased by oflscts or tubers : cultivated iu leaf mould, peal, and sand. Flore dea
Serres, 1647. pi 256.

The Dipladenias are beautiful climbing plants, adapted to
stove culture, the greenhouse being scarcely \varm enough to
keep them in good health, growing a few feet high, and pro-
ducing numerous bell-shaped flowers of various shades. The
present species is especially beautiful, and has received the
poetical name of the Rose des Champs. " Nothing can be
more beautiful or more elegant in color, than the large flowers
of this species, with their ample petals, of a soft rose, satiny
beneath, and spotted in the centre with deep rose." The
leaves are opposite, oval, distinctly russeted, and velvety, and
the flowers appear in clusters on the ends of the shoots. It is
a very fine plant, and merits a place wherever there is a suit-
able one to bloom it well. {Flore des Serres, Aug.)

40. Dice'ntra specta'bilis Nob. Elegant Dicentra. (Fw-

mariacecB.)

A hardy perennial ; wilh purple flovyers ; appearing in summer ; a native of China ; increased
by division of the root ; cultivated in any good soil. Flore des Serres, 1847, pi. 258.

" Beyond all comparison the handsomest of all the Fume-
worts which have been introduced. It was introduced to Eng-
land by Mr. Fortune, who brought it home with him from
China. In good health, its stems grow nearly two feet high,
and have three or four axillary racemes of beautiful flowers,
each raceme from four to six inches long. The flowers are
full an inch long, and nearly three quarters of an inch wide.
J\lr. Fortune states that it is one of those plants of which the
Chinese mandarins are passionately fond, and cultivate ex-
tensively in their small gardens. He found it in the Garden of
the Grotto, (in Chusan,) growing on artificial rockwork with
the beautiful Weigelia rosea. Its great resemblance is to the
old jPumaria formosa, (now Dicentra,) but is far finer iu
every way. It is a very great acquisition, and, with the
Anemone japonica, and other of Mr. Fortune's plants, will
probably prove quite hardy. {Flore des Serres, Aug.)

Floriculttiral and Botanical Notices. 501

41. Achi'bienes cuphea^ta Hook. Coppery-leaved Achimenes.

(Gesnerdcere.)

A --eei !u>nsp i Iniit ; iT' vins I wo feet h\i\\ ; vi-lh scarlet fldwi^rs ; arpeH.Mis all siiniiner : a
rative iif i\ew Grenada; increased hy ofr^ets and ciuliiiss ; culiivaled in turfy peat, leaf mould,
and sand. Flore des Series, 1647, pi. 26ii.

A new and interesting species of this now qnite extensive
fnniily, containing upwards of a dozen species. The leaves
are of a dnll, coppery hue above, and a rosy purple hue be-
neath, and the flowers, which are small, and of a rich scar-
let, have a pretty effect upon the sombre-colored foliage. It
was found in New (Irenada, and the seeds sent to the Kew Gar-
den in 1840, and the plants flowered in April last. It requires
the same treatment as the other species, and, from the pecu-
liar rambling habit of the plant, rooting, as it does, at every
joint, and its bright flowers, it will be a desirable species.
{F/ore des Serres, Aug.)

42. FoRSYTHiA viRiDi'ssiMA L'lvdl. Dark-grceii leaved For-

syth ia. (Oledcecs.)

A liai-dy shrub ; growing six to ten feet hish ; with yellow flowers ; appearing in spring ;
a native of China ; increa^ed by layers ; cultivaltd in any good soil. Flore des Serres, 1847, pi.
2til.

This is a new and beauliful shrub, brought home by Mr. For-
tune, on his return from China, who has given the following
account of it in the Jovrnal of the London Horticultural So-
ciety:— " It is a deciduous shrub, with very dark green leaves,
which are prettily serrated at the margin. It grows eight to
ten feet high, in the north of China, and sheds its leaves in
autumn. It then remains dormant, like any deciduous shrubs
f)f Furope. but is remarkable for the number of large prom-
inent buds which are scattered along the young stems pro-
duced the summer before. Early in spring, these buds, which
are flower buds, gradually unfold themselves, and present a pro-
fusion of bright yellow blossoms all over the shrub, which is
highly ornamental "

Mr. Fortune found it growing at Chusan, in the same gar-
den with Weigel/ff rosea owned by a Chinese mandarin, and
called the "Grotto Garden," by the English. It is a great
favorite, and is grown in all the gardens of the rich in the north
of China. He afterwards found it growing wild in the moun-
tain of C^hekiang, when he thought it even more ornamental,
iu its natural state among the hedges, than when cultivated
i'l the fairy gardens of the mandarins.

502 General Notices.

M. Van Houtte states that " this remarkable plant is des-
tined to be one of the greatest ornaments of our gardens, de-
veloping its flowers in the earliest days of spring, at the same
period as Chimonanthus fragrans, Calycanthns floridus,
Pyriis japonica, &c., among which its golden yellow flowers
contrast very nrettily, or in the middle of a cluster of orna-
mental trees and shrubs, either deciduous or evergreen." It
is easily multiplied by cuttings or layers. {Flore des Sen-es,
Aug.)

43. Gloxinias. Hybrid varieties.

1. Prince Cainille tie Rohan. 2 Teichleri. 3. Comtesse I.eopoliline Thun. 4. Comtesse Inza
Thuii. 5. Comtesse Carnline Thun. Flore des serres, 1847, pi. 2(j8.

These are all exquisite hybrids of the gloxinia, surpassing,
with the exception of G. Cartoni, any that have yet been
raised. G. Teichleri we have already described, (p. 403.)
No. I, is similar to Cartoni; 3, white, with a claret centre;
4, white, with a blue centre, and 5, white, with crimson cen-
tre. M. Van Houtte has become the proprietor of these, which
were raised by Mr. Joscht, gardener to the Comte Thun, of
Bohemia, and they will soon find their Avay into collections.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Spring Bulbs. — Having made a selection from the bulbs advertised in a
good catalogue, according to nis tastes and pecuniary means, the amateur
should immediately decide what to do with them. In their arrangement,
reference should be constantly made to the season when they bloom, that
the position in the garden may be chosen which is best adapted to their
display. Many of them come in flower at a time when the whole garden is
not readily accessible, especially if there is much grass, lo place flowers
in situations seldom visited, or which cannot be reached without getting
damp in the feet, or without treading over gravel walks which recent frosts
may have disturbed, would be a useless expenditure of time and money.
The eye, therefore, should glance round the premises, and the bulbs be
apporiiiined to those parts nearest the dwelling-house, which frosts and
rams are least likely to make unapproachable.

By detailing his own practice, the writer conceives he may best promote
tlie interests of his readers, and he will therefore tell what he means to do

General Notices. 503

in relation to his own garden in the department of bulb-planting. A road
parses up to his house, bounded on one side by a lawn, wiihin a foot of the
edge of which are circular beds, about two feet across, and a yard distnnt
from each other. These are now occupied v\ith dahlias and scarlet pelar-
goniums alternately, and consequently may soon be expected to be vacant,
and they are then destined to be occupied by bulbs. It is proposed to re-
move the soil to the depth of eight inches, and then to dig into the lower
stratum a good quantity of leaf-mould and road-grit, which has previously
been mixed together, and, for the greater part of the past year, has been
in a decomposed state. This being well incorporated with the soil of ihe
beds, the surface of each must be smoothed, and the bulbs placed upon it, a
little pressure being used with each, to settle the disturbed mould, which
would otherwise be loo hollow. Round the bed put two rows of crocuses
not more than one inch from each other ; then six hyacinths spread equally
over the remaining portion, filling up the vacant spaces with early tulips.
Each bed of this size will thus contain about seveniy-two crocuses, six hya-
cinths, and a dozen early tulips. The taste of each gardener can regulate
the colors of these various kinds of flowers, as there is room for great diver-
sity. The hyacinths may be all different, or mixed, or all alike in each
bed ; and the crocuses may be mixed, or of one kind. If a number of small
beds are together, a good effect would be produced by having one color in
a bed, the contrasts being furnished by the beds themselves. As there niay
be innumerable combinations of colors, each amateur can consult his own
pleasure in the matter.

When the beds are thus filled, a little leaf mould and sand maybe placed
over them, and the soil taken out should then be carefully replaced, if of
good quality ; but, if it is gravelly and heavy, it had better be all removed
at once, and a light friable loam be put instead of it. All is then complet-
ed, and we must wait till spring does its work, and brings the flowers above
the soil. The crocuses will appear first, then the tulips, then the hyacinths,
keeping up a succession from February to May. By the beginning of June,
all will be ready for removal, to make way for summer flowers. The in-
terest attached to such beds will be very great indeed, fully repaying the
cultivator for all his expense and toil, and giving a beauty of no common
kind to the garden at a season generally deficient of flowers.

Of course, the gardener can place his bulbs where he pleases ; and this
illustration is only given as a general guide. The principles of manage-
ment will apply in every case, an adaptation being adopted according to
the size and position of the grounds. — [Gard. Chron. 1847, p. 637.)

Bulbs in Pots. — A correspondent of the CAro?nc/e requests some information
respecting the growth of bulbs in pots, in the practice of which he confesses
he has himself failed. The subject was glanced at in an article on hya-
cinths, in No. 36 of this paper, to which the reader is again referred. How-
ever, as the subject is capable of being more minutely treated, and is ex-
tremely interesting at this season, we shall endeavor to give thote explicit
details which will satisfy the inquiries of the least instructed in these mat-
ters In these papers we write for the tyro and not for the advanced gar-
dener, and therefore repetitions must occasionally be excused.

504 General Notices.

Whether bulbs will flower well or not depends more upon their previous
culture than on that which can be given them in pots, or in the ground ;
since it is not the process of formation which we furtiier by our care, but
that of development. Before a pelargonium cutting can become a busliy
plant, its branches must be made, for, although the rudimentary principles
of a tree are certainly contained in a seed, yet the parts are not formed, and
do not e.xist even in miniature at that early period. With bulbs it is difl'er-
ent, for they do contain in embryo all the parts of the future plant and
flower, so that their successful growth depends more on their healthiness
and strength at the time of planting, than on any subsequent culture.
Hence it follows that good bulbs must be planted, or fine flowers will never
be the result of the greatest skill and attention. Firmness ai d weight are
therefore to be considered in choosing bulls, even more than size ; for a
large bulb, if spongy, will never be so flourishing as a smaller one which is
compact and firm. Select fine, well-developed bulbs, in which a large
quantity of healthy secretions has been treasured up during the previous
season of growth, and then they will flower well in spite of poor soil and
bad potting. This is proved by the fine flowers produced by hyacinths in
water. Good soil is therefore to be regarded as more important for the
future well-being of the plant than for its beauty at the present season ; and,
as most amateurs regard more the production of fine flowers now, than the
future increase of their stock, a well-grown, compact formation is indispen-
sable.

If these remarks are correct, it follows that the size of the pot is not of
much importance in flowering bulbs ; and this suggestion of theory we have
found correct in a rather extensive practice. We have flowered hyacinths
and early tulips in the smallest pots, and they have been as fine as when
grown in vehicles four times as large. We recommend 3-inch pots for hya-
cinths— those which are deep rather than wide. This sized pot is elegant,
and has the advantage of taking up little room. More water will be de-
manded in proportion as less soil is allowed to the roots, but this is a mat-
ter easily regulated. For tulips, when planted singly, the same size pot
may be employed ; but a good effect is produced by three or four in a pot,
and then it must be larger. Crocuses, we find, do best about ten together
in 5-inch pots. But no rule can be laid down in these matters ; every gar-
dener must consult his own convenience, and the facilities he possesses.

Good drainage is absolutely necessary, for all bulbs are injured by wet
lodging around and under them, although a percolating moisture does them
good, as they bloom naturally in the wet season of the year. A few crocks
should, therefore, be placed carefully at the bottom of the pot; and the soil
should be light and sandy. The directions which have been given repeat-
edly in the Chronicle, respecting gradually admitting moisture to bulbs,
must be well attended to : and, for this reason, no water need be applied at
the time of planting. If the soil is moderately moist, that will answer ev-
ery purpose for some weeks to come. Place your pots against a wall, on a
bed of coal-ashes, to prevent the ingress of worms, and then cover them
six inches deep with leaf mould or loam. This heap may have all the rain,

General Notices. 505

and in a few weeks the roots, protruding through the hole of the pot, will
show that forcing may safely be carried on. — {lb. p. 652.)

Glazing. — About three years ago, a correspondent recommended the
glazing of lights, by placing the glass edge to edge ; and, having had some
experience of the evils attending the lap and lead system, I immediately
foresaw the value of the plan, provided the joints could be made water-
tight. I had, therefore, a few sashes made for experiment ; they answered
admirably, and I have not had any more made on the old plan, nor do I in-
tend having any. They stood last winter (a fair one for a trial) without
letting the least water through, or chipping at the edges, as was supposed ;
and I strongly recommend the plan. The sashes are easier to glaze, admit
more light, and their weight is lessened. I should be glad to find a substi-
tute for putty ; and, if your correspondent, who some time ago recom-
mended marine glue, has tried it, and would favor your readers with some
account of his experience as to how it has stood the weather, and the best
manner of using it, he will oblige — J. L. — {lb. p. 653 )

The Management of Hawthorn Hedges, in my opinion, has been, and is
now much misunderstood ; but, be that as it may, I will give you some ac-
count of my mode of managing them in the different stages of their growth.
I will begin with an old hedge, which is thick at the top and thin at the
bottom, and which is stopped with thorns. In the first place, I remove all
the old stoppings or mendings, and, if I have no other use for them, commit
them to the flames ; I then commence at the back side of the hedge, (that
is, the side most out of sight, so as not to disfigure the front, if possible,) at
one end, and take out one of the plants. I choose one as young as possi-
ble, which I lay near the ground and close to th'i bottom of the hedge ; I
then, according to the length of the first, lake another thorn, plant about
the middle of that just laid down, and lay that on the top of the former,
which of course reaches beyond it, then a third, and so on, going backwards
to the end ; by this means, they generally keep each other down ; but some-
times a tie is wanted, seldom a crook, to keep them down. With young
hedges, I always like to have the ground well worked before 1 begin to
plant ; I prefer a single row of plants four inches apart, but perhaps six
would do as well. I prefer nursery plants, which 1 trim a little at the
roots, but not at the top ; I p'ant as shallow as possible, just covering
the roots ; I consider from one foot and a half to two feet the best size
for the plants. If it should be very dry in March and April, I approve
of giving a good watering, and, if the summer is very dry, perhaps a
slight mulching, and this concludes my first year's operation, except
weeding occasionally, which I generally do with the Dutch hoe. In the
second spring after planting, I take the first plant at one end of the
hedge, and lay it down in the direction of the other end, then the third
plant, fifth, and so on to the end ; I then begin at the other side of the
hedge, and lay as before in the contrary direction, so as to make the
plants cross one another. About midsummer, I take a pair of shears,
and clip the sides and top a little, leaving one shoot in about every two
VOL. Xlll. NO. XI. 45

506 General Notices.

feet ; this I let grow to the length of three feet ; then I lay these over
the first laying. 1 then let the young hedge grow so as to fit itself for
cutting into the desired shape, which should slope from the ground to
the top like a wedge. — {lb. p. 654.)

Flower Forcing. — Those who intend to provide a rich display very early
in the spring, should now be in the market, and select things adapted for
the purpose, of a superior character as to amount of flower-buds, and form
of the plant. These things involve, of course, some little expense, but
such is amply repaid where a proper forcing structure is provided. It can-
not be expected that gardeners, as they are ordinarily situated, can provide
all things necessary for this purpose so well as the nurserymen, whose sole
business it is to look after things of the kind. As one important division of
good forcers, we would recommend the ordinary American shrubs, many
of which, although too large for the drawing-room stand, are admirably
adapted for the vestibule or balcony, or for placing in conspicuous stations
in the conservatory or mixed greenhouse. Of such are the various Rhodo-
dendrons, Azaleas of the nudiflora class, with various hybrids; the Rho-
dora canadense ; Ledum lalifolium and thymifolium ; Kalmia latifoiia, an-
guslifolia, and glauca ; Andromeda pulverulenta ; the Daphnes, especially
Cneorum, and even the old Polygala Chamsebuxus. These, with more of
the same tribes, although not of very recent introduction, will be found to
add greatly to the spring di play, as also 1o the diffusion of a most gratify-
ing fragrance. Such should be obtained forthwith, potted in smallish pots,
and plunged in the warmest corner of the garden, from whence they may be
successively introduced to the forcing-house, from the middle of November
until February. Such, if gradually cooled down when out of blossom,
may be turned out into a reserve garden of bog earth in April, and will not
unfrequenlly force very well the next season. When too large fur pots,
they will come in for the decoration of the shrubbery, so that little loss will
be incurred.— (/i. p. 639.)

Cultivation of Raspberries. — A few words on the cultivation of this favor-
ite fruit may be useful at this season, when the old beds require care, and
new planla'ions should be made. The raspberry will bear fruit with al-
most any treatment, and this is the reason its culture is so often neglecied.
Odd corners of the garden, and shaded situations where nothing else will
flourish, are often chosen, and a small crude fruit is the result. Like every
other garden production, the raspberry knows how to turn free air and
warm suns to excellent account, and every available advantage of this kind
should be given them.

In most gardens, we find this plant cultivated in comparimpnts, in rows
just wide enough apart to allow of a passage for gathering the fruit ; but,
too frequently, these alleys become a mass of entangled branches before the
summer ends, thus preventing the comlortable taking of the crop, and
keeping the young shoots from the sun and air. Now, in whatever way
you plant your canes, let there be great distances between the clumps, wide
enough in the rows to allow of other crops If the rule is observed, never
to have two rows of raspberries together, but to put them at distances suffi-

General Notices. 507

cient to allow of the growth of cabhages, turnips, celery, &c., every desir-
able end will be answered. In this case, the canes need not be far apart
individually, and a greater as well as a finer produce will be secured.

In making new plantations, let the ground be trenched half a yard deep,
and plenty of rotten manure be incorporated with the soil. This should be
done a month or two before the time of planting, to allow of the settling of
earth. As a general rule, raspberries planted this season should not be ex-
pected to bear fruit the next, as the object is to secure a vigorous growth of
canes for another year. If you get your plants from a nursery with but lit-
tle root to them, and probably very dry before you plant them, it will be
necessary to nurse them well, in order to get any new shoots from them;
and, if this year's stems are allowed to bear, you will probably have the
fruit and nothing more for your pains, and have to fill up vacancies next
year. You had better, therefore, cut down the stems to within a foot of
the ground at the time of planting, and wait patiently till strong shoots next
year repay you for your trouble.

But if you have a svpply on your own ground, or can go yourself and
see the plants taken up at a nursery near your garden, you may secure a
crop next season without the risk of injuring your plantation afterwards.
The writer has just planted out a quantity of the Fastolff raspberry, with
the two objects of having fruit next season, and a permanent stock, and will
detail his manipulations for the guidance of any who may have confidence
enough in him to follow his example In the first place, a hole was dug
with a fork, about half a yard across, but not deep, the soil being only
loosened by that instrument. With the same invaluable tool the plants
were dug up fr<im thei: old quarters, care being taken to have masses of
root fibres adhering to them, and at least cne strong bearing stem was in-
serted in each hole, surrounded by four or five smaller ones. The weak
canes were cut nearly to the ground, but the strong were allowed about
four feet, and from these the writer has no doubt abundance of fruit will
be gathered, and, in most cases, shoots produced as well. The disturb-
ance being small, and great care being taken in arranging and treading
down tlie roots, the season also being early, it is concluded the canes
will have no difficulty in progressing as well as they would have done in
their former situation. This plan presupposes that you have an abun-
dant stock of your own, or are not careful of expense, since more canes
are required than would ordinarily be given to a new plantation.

Old beds should be now attended to. Cut off close or dig up all but
three strong cnnes to each stake, and let them be firmly tied with some
material strcmg enough to last a year. The thin top should be pruned
down to a bud, leaving the canes strong and straight. Some rotten
dung may then be forked in, care beii.g taken not to injure the Lunches
of roots, which will be f^und in ail directions. — {lb. p. fi68.)

Culture of La tanas in the ofni air. — For a long time, these charming
shrubs have been kept in the hothouse, where they have been far from pro-
ducing all the ornamental effects of which they are suscejaible. Cultivat-
ed in the greeniiouse later in the season, the umbels of flowers are much

508 Foreign Notices.

more ample, more numerous, and brighter colored ; and we would not place
them in the stove only to hasten their flowering. We know of many ama-
teur cultivators who have these plants in the form of a tree, from ten to
twelve feet high, with round heads, studded in all parts with the clusters
of flowers. So managed, these plants acquire an aspect and a charm inex-
pressible. But there is another mode in which, according to my mind, they
may be made to acquire a form still more ornamental and picturesque ; that
is, planting them in the open ground in the open air, and in a good soil : this
has been my practice for '^ome years. My plants thus grow kindly, and
form pyramids, which are literally covered from the bottom to the top with
innumerable umbels ot flowers, of the brightest color, and so agreeably
changeable, as every one knows.

I set out the plants in their places about the middle of May, or as soon as all
appearance of frost is over. I cut off, at this time, all the ill-shaped branches
which injure the handsome form of the plants, and nip (IF the ends of the
branches which are too vigorous : and I then plant in a light soil very rich
in humus. When the autumn frosts arrive, the plants are all taken up and
potted, cutting in all the exuberant roots. They are watered lightly, and
placed in a good greenhouse temperature, in a dry and light situation^
where they are left until they begin to grow again. I would remark that,
by this mode, old and deformed plants may be rapidly improved, and, no
matter how ill-shaped, be made to take a ■very handsome aspect. —
(Van HoiTTTK, in Flore des Serres, Sept. 1847.)

Art. II. Foreign Notices.
FRANCE.

Exhibition of the Royal Horticultural Society of Parii, Srpt. 22, Ifi47.
— Those who have seen the shows in London or Ghent, or that of the Cer-
cle General held last spring in Paris, would be sadly disappointed wiih the
exhibition of the Royal Sociey, which took place last week at the Orangery
of the Luxembourg ; the flowers were badly arranged — no taste whatever
was shown in the grouping of the plants ; for instance, China Asters were
seen in different corners of the room, and even one collection, to which, by-
the-bye, a prize was awarded, was left standing upon the floor during the
whole time; added to this, it was impossible to find out to whom some
collections belonged, or to whom prizes were awarded, for the ofllicers of
the Society had omitted, in many instances, this very necessary duty, even
on the second day of the show ; moreover, either from accident or design,
one of the most splendid of autumn flowers, the Dahlia, was altogether
omitted from the schedule of prizes. Among the general collections \\t're
here and there a few good specimen plants of Veronica Lindleyana, Cuphea
platycentra and miniata, Tillandsia acaulis, Pilocereus senilis, .4£schyiian-

Foreign Notices. 509

thus Paxtoni, Brugmansia Waymanii, Clerodendron Devonierse, and Ane-
mone japon-ca, but there were many things quite unworthy of a place in
any exhibition. As to Orchids there was scarcely a plant. Cut Roses
were numerous and good ; those in pots were just as they had been grown
for market or private sale, in 4-inch pots; not one fine specimen could be
seen. China Asters are now becoming quite a fashionable flower on the
Continent, and several good collections were shown among which were
some beautiful varieties of good form, splendid color, perfectly double, and
nearly as large as an ordinary Dahlia. The fruit was neither plentiful nor
so fine as I have often seen it, but this is alone attributable to the cold mis-
erable weather that has prevailed for some weeks past ; there was but one
small collection of Grapes, and those not ripe ; as to Pines, two small
Queens certamly not weighing more than 2 lbs. each, were the sole repre-
sentatives of French culture. As the Roses attracted the greatest number
of admirers, I cannot do better than give the names of some of the finest
varieties : — Mr. Berger was awarded the 1st, or Grand Luxembo\irg Prize,
for a large collection, among which I observed, Tea-Scented : Eugene Des-
gaches, Goubault, Adam, Eugenie Jovain, Devoniensis. Isle de Bovrhon :
Souvenir de la Malmaison, B^luze, Paul Joseph, Deuil du Due d'Orleans,
Madame Souchet, Reine des Isles Bourbon, Charles Souchet, Manteau de
Jeanne d'Arc, Fafait, and Marechal de Villars. China: Clara Sylvain,
Cels Multiflore, Virginale, Miellez, Triumphant, Carmin d'Yeble, and Da-
rius. Noisette: Lamarque, Julie de Loynes, Solfaterre and Lamartine.
Hybrid Per 'petual : Aubernon, La Reine, Clementine, Gennt des Batailles,
and Acidalie. Mr. Verdier, prize for large collection, in which were many
of the before named, together with the Goubert, Elise Sauvage, Don Car-
los, Taglioni, Comte de Paris. China: Cramoisie superieure, Madame
Breon, Joseph Deschiens. Isle de Bourbon: Proserpine, Comice du ISe iie
et Marne, Madam Nerard, Comte de Rambuteau, Henri Plantier, Leveson
Gower, and Phoenix. Hybrid Perpetual: Fulgorie, Duchess of Suther-
land, Rivers, Aubernon, and Prince Albert.

Messrs. Ren6 and Margottin had also a large and good collection, com-
prising the same varieties, hut, for the reason before given,! know not if
they obtained prizes. Mr. Modeste Gu6rin obtained the Grand Prize of the
Duchess of Orleans, for Roses in pots. The plants were very small, in 4-
inch pots, but tolerably well blown for the size Among them were most
of the established favorites, together with many of the new kinds of 1846.
M. Jacquin Aine obtained the 1st prize for Greenhouse Plants, comprising
Erica ventricosa, mutabilis, capitata, pulchella, and versicolor ; Achiii enes
grandiflora, multiflora, patens, picta, longiflora, and atrosaiiguiiiea ; Cuphea
platycentra, miniata, and strigulosa; Statice Dickensonii, Fortunii, and
purpurea ; Torenia asiatica and scabra ; Tillandsia acaulis, green and
brown; Anemone japonica, Chirita sinensis, Bouvardia splendens, Justicia
violac=!a, Polygala mixta, Veronica Lindleyana, Russelia juncea, and vari-
ous other plants. M. Chauvi^re obtained the 2d prize for a Miscellaneous
Collection, among which the most remarkable were Clerodendron Devon-
iense, speciosissimum, and infortunatum ; ^schynanlhus Paxtoni ; Cuphea
45*

510 Foreign Notices.

platycentra and miniata ; Brngmansia Waymanii, Cassia corymbosa, Ane-
mone japonica and vitifolia, Lilium lancifolium album, Staiice arborea, and
Torenia asiatica. M. Michel had a prize for a small collection of Heaths,
which were very good for the season ; among them were Lamberlia versi-
color, cupressina, speciosa, linea, varia, mammosa, rosea, verlicillata, coc-
cinea, echiiflora purpurea, Swainsonia, arbuscula, soufra, gracilis, erecta,
blanda, Bowieana, glutiiiosa, and ventricosa. M. Cels exhibited a fine
specimen plant of Cattleya-crispa, with thr^e or four spikes, covered with
flowers. There were also two good plants of ^schraea longifolia fulgens
and Dichorizandra ovata, but as no names were attached, I am ignorant as
to whom they belonged ; the same will also apply to some good grown
plants in another part of the room, viz., Nepenthes distillatoria, Cereus
gladiatus, nearly three feet high, Echinopsis valida, and Mammillaria alvi-
dens. M. Bertrand was awarded a prize for a fine specimen plant of Ane-
mone japonica, with nearly 100 flowers ; he had also a fine specimen of
Cuphea platycentra. M. Malingre was awarded a prize for China Asters,
in pots, comprising some very fine flowers, in the different sections known
here as German, English, and Russian. Messrs Jamin and Durand gained
the 1st prize, or Grand Medal of the Princess Adelaide, for Fruit, consist-
ing of nearly 150 varieties of Pears, and 15 or 20 varieties of Apples.
The season has not been favorable ; nevertheless, there were some very
large specimens, especially among the Pears, such as Duchesse d'Angou-
leme, Calebasse, Catillac, Bon Chretien d'Espagne, Colmar d'Arembourg,
Yan Mons, Triomphe de Jodoigne, Doyenn^ dore, Belle de Berry, Fon-
dante de Joffart, Beurr6 Spence, Fondante des Bois, Incomparable, Capiau-
mont, Noirchaire, d'Arembourg, Bosc, Passe Colmar, and Williams. M.
Dupuy Jamain was also awarded a prize for a large collection, but very
little if at all inferior ; in it were fine specimens of most of the above-
named ; together with some kinds not yet let out, viz., Beurr6 Bretonneau,
Bergamotte soldat, and Princesse Charlotte ; also the new Plums, Drap
d'Or d'Esperon, large golden fruit, and Reine Claude Monstreuse, with
Mirabelle d'Octobre, Prune des Delices, Perdrigon violet, and Fellembourg.
M. Goulette exhibited some enormous Melons, cultivated in the open air ;
M. Vilmorin, some seedhng Potatoes, among which I noticed one marked
A., middle size, rose color, and very handsome. M. de Villeneuve exhib-
ited a very good collection of Oranges and Lemons, the most remarkable
being Lumie du Commandeur and Doux, Perette de Florence, Limonier
Pomme d'Adam, Pouzin, Incomparable and Ferrari, Bigaradier d'Espagne
and Bizarrerie, Liraettier des Orfevres, C6dratier de Rome et des Juifs.
M. Houebre gained a prize for a collection of Potatoes. Among the Veg-
etables was nothing worthy of notice, excepting three or four enormous
Potirons and some Palates. — {lb. p. 654.)

Burnt Earth for Roses, and the Mode of Preparation. — Earth may be
burnt at any season of the year. It has been the custom here, for some
years, on the decline of spring, when the operations of pruning, grafting,
&c. are ended, instead of suflTering the rough branches to lie about, pre-
senting an untidy appearance, to collect them in a heap. A wall of turf.

Foreign Notices. 511

aV>out three feet high, of a semicircular form, is then built round them.
The branches are set on fire, and when about half burnt down, seed-weeds,
and such rubbish as collects in every garden and will not readily decompose,
are thrown on the top, and earth is gradually cast up as the fire breaks
through.

During the first two or three days, great care is requi-ite to keep the pile
on fire. Here is the pomt wiiere many fail. They allow the flame to
break through and expend itself before the heap is tl.oroughly kindled.
Constant watching is necessary atthis juncture. As the fire breaks through,
a layer of bushes and weeds should be added, and then a layer of earth.
Follow up this plan, and the fire will spread through ihe whole heap , and
any amount of earth may be burnt, by continually adding to those places
where the fire appears strongest. The soil burnt here is the stiffest loam
that can be found within our limits, and which is ratlier of a clayey nature;
also turf from the sides of ditches and ponds, in itself naturally sour and
full of rank weeds.

Burnt earth has been found beneficial in every instance where applied.
In black garden mould, rather wet, in which Peach-trees were disposed to
sucker and canker, despite of the use of various manures, two or three an-
nual dressings of it appear so to have altered the nature of the soil, that
they now grow clean, vigorous, and liealihy, are free from suckers, and
produce roots completely matted with fibre. The like success has attended
its application to various other trees. — {Paul's Bose Garden, exiracl in Gar-
deners' Chronicle, 1847, p. 639.)

Proper Manure for Roses. — That stable manure, which is excellent in
most cases, and the kind in general use for Roses, is not of the best de-
scription/or /j^^i s^n/s- Its tendency is to render them still lighter; and
if it can be dispensed with, we think it desirable to do so. Manures should
be applied here in a more concentrated form, (yow-dung is exceljein, es-
pecially for the tea-scented Roses; and pigeon-dung, rabbit-duno, and
night-soil, are all great improvers of light soil. The unpleasantness at-
tending the preparation and use of night soil may in a great me;isure be
done away with by pursuing the following plan : — A basin, or reservoir
should be formed on the ground, to hold a given quantity. In the bottom
of this, loam may be thrown, heavy or light, turfy or not, as may be at our
command, or whichever is thought best suited to the character of ihe soil
we intend to manure. Upon this the night-soil is lowered from the cart
and a sufficient quantity of loam thrown in to absorb the whole. The heap
should then be covered over closely with a layer of earth, about a foot
thick, and remain closed for about six months. It may then be broken up,
more or less, according to its state, mixing dry soil, or ashes, or durnt laith
with it in the operation, and casting it up in ndges. About a monili aiter-
wards it may be turned over again, that the night-soil may be well mixed
with the loam. In spring or autumn it may be carried to the places where
required, and forked in as other manures ; or it may be scattered over ihe
beds immediately after they are forked in spring, wiieii it will be v\ ashed
down by the rains. We cannot conceive of any description of manure lo

512 Foreign Notices.

surpass this, applied in the latter manner, to Roses on light soils. By its
use. we administer at the same time a cool and rich fertilizer, and a sub-
stance calculated to he of permanent benefit t(» the soil. — {lb)

Muss Roses suitable for Pillar Roses. — On such soils as I have just rec-
ommended, the varieties termed " vigorous" may be fashioned into " Pillar-
Roses," and they are indeed unique when cultivated in this manner. Some
of our readers may perhaps doubt whether Moss Roses are suited for this
purpose ; and writers have too often spoken of them collectively as being
of dwarf and delicate growth. What will such say to a pillar formed with
the old red Moss reaching to the height of 15 feetl That such a one exists
I can confidently assert; for I measured the plant last autumn in company
with the owner, who assured me he could have trained it higher, but that
he was unable to obtain |)oles to support it. It cannot be said that the
pillar is well furnished with branches the whole height, but I feel confident
that many varieties will form handsome, well-furnished pillars 6 or 8 feet
hisrh. Surely much more is not required. Ten feet is perhaps the maxi-
mum of height desirable even for a Pillar-Rose. Beyond this, not only are
the best flowers out of sight, but there is infinite trouble in protecting the
plants from the wind, in pruning, &c.

If the reader should wish to see the plant alluded to above, it is in the
garden of Mr. Anderson, of Bull's-cross, near Cheshunt, growing within
a ft'W feet of the road. When I inspected his Moss Roses last winter,
some of the shoots of the previous year's growth were above 6 feet long,
and extremely robust, and the main stems had swelled to a considerable
size. The mossy calyces were still hanging on the trees, showing there
had been an abundance of fli.wers. There were several other plants of
the Muss Rose formed as pillars, two or three of which were nearly equal
in height to the one above-mentioned.

Now to what circumstances is this uncommon case due? — for uncommon
I admit it to be. Is it owing to situation, soil, the age of the trees, or
the fostering care of the cultivator? Partly, 1 should say, to all. The
garden lies open to the sun ; the situation is airy; the soil is a brown-
i.sh loam, not exactly light, but friable, and containing a good share of
vegetable matter; — a soil in which Wallflowers and Fuchsias vie with
Roses in vigor. The ages of the largest Rose-trees are probably from
12 to 20 years.— (7/i.)

Bones as Manure, and their Use in the Culture of Pelargoniums. —
The researches of the chemist and the practical testimony of the farmer
having more fully established the value of bones as a manure, not for Tur-
nips only, but for various other crops, it behoves us to ascertain whether
tliey have been employed in gardening as extensively as they deserve. If
we find they have not, we ought to lose no time in making use of them.
The greatest obstacle to the more general use of bones in gardening, as
well as in farming, is their undergoing decomposition so very slowly. But
this difficulty is got over by dissolving them in sulphuric or muriatic acid.
This plan, however, though excellent as far as Turnip culture is concerned,
must be defective, inasmuch as it confers no lasting or permanent benefit on

Foreign Notices. 513

the land. Professor Way prefers using two parts of the bones undissolved,
on the principle of their more continued and permanent benefit. I would,
however, very particularly direct attention to a sort of bone manure not in
general use (perhaps owing to its limited supply), which, being very fine,
requires no digesting with sulphuric or muriatic acid, and which is both im-
mediate and permanent in its effects. This bone manure is the sawdust of
a button factory. When I lived, in 1839, at Leigh-court, in Somersetshire,
the late P. J. Miles, Esq., had, from a button factory in Bristol, a large
quantity of this dust fur his Turnips, and its effects were astonishing. The
progress of the plant after the first shower of rain, was extraordinary ; so
great, indeed, that it induced Mr. Hatch (who was then gardener there,)
to try it on many things in the garden, and with favorable results. Among
other things he tried it on Pine plants, and the effects produced were won-
derful. In 1842, Mr. Spencer, gardener at Bowood, used this same bone-
dust for Pelargoniums, and with good results. The roots that were emit-
ted into the soil containing the bone-dust, were as large as moderate-sized
goose-quills; and the plants, in consequence of their having such strong
and vigorous roots — powerful absorbents of food — grew to a size almost
incredible. And not only were they large, but they were strong and
vigorous enough to support their trusses without the aid of sticks, although
many of the trusses consisted of 12, 13, and 14 flower? each. The plants
had only a few sticks at the commencement of their growth, merely to keep
the branches at regular distances from each other. The flowers were half
as large again as usual. I well remember Mr. Brown, late of Slough
Nursery, who happened to call at Bowood while the Pelargoniums were
in bloom, expressing his surprise at the number of flowers on each truss,
the size of the flowers, and at the vigor of the plants : he added that
he never in his life saw any thing like them. Some of these plants kept
up a succession of flower from four to six months. A few that were
*' spotted'' were put in soil containing the bone-dust, and in 10 days,
they had put on so many young leaves as to completely hide the " spot-
ted" ones. This dust was purchased cheap at the factory in Bristol in
1839, but its value being soon ascertained, in 1842 the price was more
than doubled, and the dust inferior. I do not know what quantity of
dust is to be had annually in this country, but this 1 do know, that if
we could reduce our bone manure to the finely divided state of this dust,
we should then have a most valuable fertilizer without additional labor or
expense. — {lb. p. 637.)

Root-Pruning Fruit Trees. — We have, from time to time, placed before
our readers, the best information on the subject of Root-Pruning, believing
the practice in many cases to be of great value. We therefore with pleas-
ure copy the following additional evidence of the success attending root-
pruned trees. — Ed.

The question of root-pruning fruit trees is one of decided importance, not
to gardeners alone, but to a vast number of amateurs and private persons,
whose small plots of ground are too frequently encumbered with unfnulful
trees — spared only from year to year under a hope that they will ultimately be-

514 Foreign Notices.

come productive. More especially is this the case with pears and apples,
when planted either upon walls or as espaliers: it is generally in these sit-
uations where root-pruning is found peculiarly effective and valuable. We
are not surprised that the subject should attract the attention of our read-
ers. Two communications treating on this matter will be found in another
part of the paper. By one of these we are supplied with what appears to
us the most conclusive evidence in favor of root-pruning that the most scep-
tical can require. We therefore refer such of our readers as may be in
any way concerned in this matter, to Mr. Drewett's article, given else-
where. We insert below a descriptive notice of a sample of fruit sent to
us by Mr. Drewett, being pears, and the produce of root-pruned trees.
They were clear, handsome fruit, and the subjoined dimensions correspond
to the several sorts, measuied by us at the time they were received. The
circumference of each fruit was taken round the thickest part, and the
length, from the base of the stalk to the eye : —

Beurr6 Diel, circum. 9^ in., length 5 in.
Brown Beurr6, circum. 9,^ in., length 4^ in.
Inconnue Cramoisine, circum. 8 in., length 4 in.
Glout Morceau, circum. 7.^ in., length 4 in.
Passe Colmar, circum. 7^ in., length 44 in.
Swan Egg, circum. 8iJ in., length 4 in.
Chaumontel, circum. 8 in., length 5^ in.
Navarre Beurr^, circum. 74 in., length 35 in.
Nothing could exceed the clear and healthy appearance of the fruit. The
result, as detailed by Mr. Drewett, is most successful ; it is not, however,
other than a most reasonable and natural one. It is merely what, we ven-
ture to assert, ^^ill be the result with pears and apples in ninety-nine cases
in every hundred, where similar experiments are fairly made ; such are the
effects which our own experience, at least, would lead us to expect. As
we cannot expect that our own opinions upon any question are to be im-
plicitly received by all, however corroborated by the evidence of others, we
therefore earnestly invite the consideration of our practical readers to tiiis
practical question. A little discussion on so important a matter would nec-
essarily lead persons to thought and experiment, and this would tend greatly
to a better understanding of cause and effect in reference to the matter at
issue. — {Gard. Journal, 1847, p. 24:J.)

Experiment on Root-pruning Pear Trees. — I beg to furnish you with a
statement relative to a successful experiment I have made on some pear
trees at this place, growing on a wall fourteen feet high, and about sixty
yards in length. The sorts are for dessert. Having been previously in-
formed that the trees were never known to produce any thing like a crop, I
was resolved to make some alteration in them ; and in Oct. 1813, I tried an
experiment on them in loot-pruning. I had a trench dug out the whole
length, about four feet from the wall, and three feel deep, when I under-
mined them, until I could have foil scope for severing all those roots which
had a tendency to go downwards; those I found rather numerous. I had
them pruned vvith great care, and as the soil was removed, 1 continued to

Domestic Notices. 515

raise them nearer the surface, from their cold abiding place. Having pro-
vided myself wiih a good stock of loam, I supplied the roots with a lib-
eral share of it, and by the time the trench was nearly filled up again, the
points of any of the side roots were brought near the top.

The first season following, the trees made very little progress. The
second year after they were pruned and nailed, I made three incisions with
a knife down the whole length of the stems, as they appeared to be what
persons in the profession term hide-bound. As the season advanced, the
trees began to make up for the rest of the previous season, sendmg forth
fine healthy shoots, which I allowed to remain on the trees until the au-
tumn, not even stopping them. The third season a great improvement
appeared to be going on, both in forming healthy shoots, and forming
fruit buds. The shoots I allowed to remam their full length, until the wood
w^as ripe, the same as before.

I have great pleasure in being able to state, that the trees this season
have produced a splendid crop of fruit, and fine in quality. I gatheied,
a few days ago, from one half-standard, which does not extend more than
fifteen feet wide, 228 fine pears, fit for table, when ripe ; and from ano-
ther tree (Beurre Diel) which only extends to nine feet wide, eighty six
fruit was gathered : some of them weighed ten ounces each. — {lb. p. 245.)

Art. hi. Domestic Notices.

Colmar d^Aremberg Pear. — We have fruited this beautiful variety the
past season in our collection, one of the pears being quite large ; but some
of the most remarkable specimens were sent to us by N. Stetson, Esq., of
Bridgewater, whose garden we lately noticed, (p. 441.) One of these
weighed fourteen and a half ounces, and measured /ovr and a half inches
long : and they were produced on a small espalier tree only planted two
years. The great size, early bearing and productiveness, as well as great
excellence of this pear, will render it indispensable in every choice collec-
tion. It ripens at a good season, about the first of November, just after
Swan's Orange, and keeps up the succession of fine large pears. — Ed.

Rhode Is/and Horticultural Society. — This new association held its second
annual exhibition at Providence on the 29th and 30th of September. The
display of fruit, particularly of apples, was exceedingly fine ; among the
pears, some new sorts were exhibited, and there were also fine specimens
of the Pratt, Capsheaf, BufTum, Knight's Seedling, and other R. I. vari-
eties. The Westcott, a variety recently brought to notice, is said to be
excellent. The report has been received, and we shall notice it in our
next number. — Ed.

The Boston Pine Strawberry. — Your Boston Pine Strawberry, (of which
you may recollect I obtained just a dozen plants of you two years ago this
autumn,) has done well with me. I did not expect, as a s^ffmma^e kind,
that it would equal your seedling, but it has come up fully to my expecta-

516 Domestic Notices.

tions, and I know of no variety that I would prefer, to cultivate with that,
for a very abundant crop ; although I have the Early Scarlet, Iowa, Bath,
and others, which I have used for that purpose : the staminates, you know,
are all noted for their strong growth and rapid increase, but your pine, I
think, exceeds all others in this respect ; certainly all that I have cultivated.
Of the twelve vines procured of you, as I have remarked, in the fall of 1845,
I gave four to a friend going west early in the following spring. This left
me but eighi to start with, and yet these eight gave me, as I believe, from
fifieen hundred to two thousand plants at the close of the season, and from
these \vere picked very little, if any, short of a bushel of fruit the past
summer. — Your very oh'' t servant, D. W. Coit, Noriuich, Conn., Oct. 1847.
First Annual Exhibition of the Albany and Rensselaer Horticultural Soci-
ety.— The first annual exhibition of this Society was held at the State Geo-
logical Rooms, in Albany, on Saturday, September 11th, 1847, and a full
repori lias been sent, which, as heretofore, we must condense for want of
room : —

" It is not yet six months since the society was formed ; and, of course,
no opportunity has been afforded for increasing the varieties, or extending
the cultivation of the various articles exhibited, and yet the show of fruit,
flowers, and vegetables astonished and delighted every beholder. A more
beautiful, a more extensive horticultural exhibition has seldom or ever been
witnessed in this State.

The undersigned begs to congratulate the friends and supporters of the
society up(m the entire success of this, their first annual exhibition ; and
trusts that this satisfactory and encouraging result will induce them to fur-
ther and continued exertions for the prosperity and welfare of the society.

Frujts : The Committee on Fruits report that there were exhibited by
R. H. Vail, of Ida farm, Troy, eleven varieties of apples, viz., Holland
Pippin, Early Tart Bough, Heart's Pippin, Jersey Sweeting, Early Sweet
Bough, Spitzemberg H. I. Greening, Domine, Vandervere, Swaar, and
one variety not named ; three varieties of pears, viz., Bartlett, Beurr^ Ranee,
and (^aliilac ; seven varieties of plums, viz., Coe's Golden Drop, Flushing
Gage, Heine Claude, Yellow Egg, Imperial Gage, Yellow Gage, and a
seedling of a fair character ; one variety of the peach, the Red Magdalen ;
and three varieties of grapes, viz., Isabella, Winne, and a native Blue vari-
ety.

By D. Benson, of Albany, Beurr6 Diel pears, Washington, Royal Pur-
ple and Nectarine plums, and a very fine variety of seedling peach. By
Wm. Newcomb, three varieties of watermelons and three of muskmelons.
By E. P. Prentice, of Mount Hope, Albany, very beautiful specimens of
Bergen Yellow peaches, one variety of watermelon, and one variety of
muskmelon. By John Gott, of Albany, a limb bearing thirty beautiful
peaciies, not named, and two varieties of plums. Green Gage, and a seed-
ling variety.

By Stephen E. Warren, of Troy, seven varieties of peaches, viz., No-
blesse, Royal George, Palroon, Sweetwater, Lemon Cling, Red Magda-
len, and a seedling; three varieties of Mectarines, viz., Perkins seedling.

Domestic Notices. 517

Red Roman, and one variety not labelled. By Bradford R. Wood, of Al-
bany, five varieties of plums, viz.. Red Magnum Bonum, Sweet Gage,
Green Gage, Washington, and beautiful Rareripe peaches. By Wm. Bus-
well, of Troy, Coolidge's Favorite peach, \A'ashington plum, and a seed-
ling plum. By. B. B. Kirtland, Havvthornden apples and Netted musk-
melons. By J. I\lcD. M'Intyre, of Albany, Egg plums, and one variety of
apple not named. By Dr. Jas. McNaughton of Albany, Rareripe and Mor-
ris White peaches, very fine. By V. P. Douw of Greenbush, Beurr6 Diel
pears. Royal Blue plum, a seedling Green plum, a seedling Yellow plum,
Miller's Burgundy grapes, and four varieties of watermelons, viz.. Black
Spanish, Joppa, Rio Janeiro, and Mountain Spanish, and Netted muskmelons.

By Joel Rathbone, Kenwood, Albany County, Green Gage and Blue
Gage plums, Royal George, Sweetwater, and Morris White peaches,
Seckel pears, Catawba and Isabella grapes, Newington nectarines, Rock
Nutmeg watermelons, and large Long Island watermelons. By Isaac Den-
iston of Albany, twenty-seven varieties of plums, viz. : Bleeker Gage, Yel-
low Gage, Deniston's Superb, Reine Claude, Columbia, Albany Beauty,
Eleanor, Yellow Egg, Lawrence's Favorite, Chancellor Gage, Deniston's
Red, Bleeker's Red, Blue Gage, Buel's Favorite, Green Gage, Washing-
ton, Mirabelle, and ten seedlings not named.

By Amjs Briggs, of Schaghticoke, Rensselaer county, sixteen varieties of
plums, viz. : Nectarine Plum, Orange, Orleans, Prince's Yellow Gage, Reine
Claude, Coe's Golden Drop, Blue Gage, French Red Gage, Imperial Gage,
Washington, Yellow Gage, Purple Magnum Bonum, and four seedlings of
fine appearance, but not of first quality ; Bartlett pears, Seckel peais, and
one variety unnamed, and apples, not labelled, one variety. By James Wil-
son, of Albany, six varieties of pears, viz. : Althorpe Crassane, Doyenn^
Gris, Doyenne White, Beurre Capiaumont, Henry the Fourth, and Lewis ;
Reinette Van Mons apple; Bleeker's Red, St. Catherine, Wheat and Jud-
son plums, and May's Victoria currants. By John Taylor, of Albany, two
varieties of apples, not labelled ; Sweetwater and French Cluster grapes.

By James Coates, Red Magnum Bonum plums, Quackenbush plums, Al-
exander apples, and two varieties of watermelons. By L. Menand, White
Alpine strawberries. By J. K. Paige, of Albany, six varieties of pears,
viz. , Seckel, Bartlett, and four varieties not named ; five varieties of peaches,
sixteen varieties of grapes, thirteen varieties of plums, and Valparaiso wa-
termelons. By Dr. A. March, of Albany, very beautiful specimens of Red
Magnum Bonum and Yellow Egg plums.

By Dr. Herman Wendell, of Albany, nineteen varieties of pears, viz.,
Duchesse d'Angouleme, Seckel, Gansell's Bergamot, Napoleon, Beurre
Knox, Muscadine, Easter Beurre, Beurre Diel, Bartlett, Doyenn^ White,
Leon le Clerc of Van Mons, Comte de Lamy, Fulton, Summer St. Ger-
main, Chaumontelle, Duchesse de Mars, and three varieties unnamed ;
twenty varieties of apples, viz. : Newtown Pippin Green, Rambo, Baldwin,
Esopus Spitzemburg, Yellow Newtown Pippin, Male Carle, Lady Apple,
Gloria Mundi, or Ox Apple, Gravenstein, Lemon Pippin, Golden Sweet,
Fall Pippin, Vandervere, R. I. Greening, Hawthornden, Ribstone Pippin,

VOL. XIII. — NO. XI. 46

518 Domestic Notices.

Seek-No-Further, Siberian Crab, and two varieties not named ; iwenty-
five varieties of plums, viz. : Coe's Golden Drop, Coe's Late Red, Yellow
Egg, Red Magnum Bonum, White Perdrigon, Virgin, Peters's Large Yel-
low, Prune d'Agen, White Magnum Bonum, Lombard, or Bleeker's Red,
Long Scarlet, Catherine plum, American Wheat plum, Bleeker's Gage,
Schuyler's Gage, Washington Yellow Gage, Blue Gage, Nectarine, Reine
Claude, Imperial Gage, Holland plum, two English varieties, labels lost,
and one seedling from the Lombard, resembling that variety ; Golden Chas-
selas, Bland's Virginia and Isabella grapes ; Red Roman nectarines; six
varieties of peaches, viz. : Early Anne, Early Tillotson, Emperor of Rus-
sia, and three seedlings ; Black Spanish and Valparaiso watermelons, and
five varieties of muskmelons, viz. : Beechwood, Sweet Ispahan, Christiana,
Green Citron, and Yellow Early canteloup. By John Townsend, of Al-
bany, five varieties of apples not named.
Premiums. — The Committee have awarded the premiums as follows : —
Apples. — For the best exhibition, to Dr. Herman Wendell, of Albany, 83.
For the second best exhibition, to Henry Vail, of Ida Farm, Troy, $2.
Pears. — For the best exhibition, to Dr. Herman Wendell, $3.

For the second best exhibition, to James Wilson, of Albtny, $2.
Plums. — For the best exhibition, to Isaac Denniston, of Albany, $3

For the second best exhibition, to Dr. Herman Wendell, $2.
Peaches. — For the best exhibition, to Stephen E. Warren, of Troy, $3.
For the second best exhibition, to John Keys Paige, of Grapland,
Albany, $2.
Grapes. — For the best exhibition of native grapes, to Henry Vail, $3.
For best specimen and greatest variety of foreign grapes, to John K.
Paige, of Albany, $3.
Nectarines. — For the best exhibition, to Stephen E. Warren, $3.
Watermelons. — For the best specimens, to V. P. Douw, ol Greenbush, $ 2.
For the second best specimens, to Joel Rathbone, of Kenwood, Al-
bany, $ 1.
Muskmelons. — For the best specimens, to Dr. Herman Wendell, $2.

For the second best specimens, to V. P. Douw, $ I.
The Committee beg leave to notice favorably, and as the best specimens
of the particular varieties named, some Coe's Golden Drop and Nectarine
plums exhibited by Mr. Amos Briggs, of Schaghticoke ; and some very
large and beautiful Bergen Yellow peaches exhibited by E. P. Prentice, of
Mount Hope, Albany County ; also a few beautiful specimens of a|)ples,
peaches, plums, and a very beautiful new seedlmg pear called the ISterling
pear, exhibited by Messrs. Wilson, Thorburn & Teller, from their nur-
sery.— V. P. Douw, Chairman.

Floral Designs, Vase Bouquets, <SfC. — The Committee on Floral Designs,
Bouquets, &c. report that there were presented for exhibition more than
twenty designs, bouquets, &c., nearly all of which were very beauti-
ful, and reflected great credit for skill and taste on the part of the exhibi-
tor.

Domestic Notices. 519

Messrs. Dingwall, of Watervliet, Henry Vail, of Troy, Joel Rathbone,
Mrs. D. T. Vail, Mrs. C. H. Merriu, Troy, Dr. H. Wendell, L. Menand,
and Mr. Wilson were the principal extiibitors.

L. Menand exhibited a very splendid oval-shaped floral ornament for a
dinner table, ar anged in a china basket wiih great taste and skill, composed
of the chtticest and rarest greenhouse flowers, to which the Committee
awarded a premium of S3.

Mr. Dmswall exhibited a pair of beautifully arranged vase bouquets,
composed of choice flowers, to which the premium is awarded of $3.

Mr. Wilson exhibited a pair of flat mantel bouquets, arranged tastefully
with choice flowers, to which the premium is awarded of $2.

Mrs. Chas. H. Merritt, of Troy, exhibited a basket bouquet most
beautifully arranged with rare flowers, to which the premium is awarded
of S2.

Mr. Wilson exhibited an exquisitely designed pair of bouquets, one flat
and one round, composed of the choicest and rarest flowers, and arranged
with conswnmate skill, to which the first premium is awarded of $2.

Mr. Menand also presented a beautifully arranged pair, designed with
his usual pure iasic and great skill, to which the second premium is awarded
of $1.

All of which is respectfully submitted. — Herman Wendell, Chairman.
Greenhouse Phnls and Flowers. — There was an exceedingly fine show
of plants and flowers from Dr. 11. Wendell, James Wilson, Henry Vail, J.
Dingwall, and Wm. Newcomb. Dr. Wendell exhibited many new and
fine plants, among which were twenty-five varieties of verbenas, including
six seedlings ; also, Snseite, Polkii, Eclip.se, Caroline, Dove-eye, Roseum,
Rosy Cluster, Monk's Purple, Dwarf White, and others of newer varieties ;
eighteen varieties of new and beautiful phloxes, most of them never exhib-
ited before this society, viz. : — Charles, rosea superba, Nymphasa alba,
Auguste, Grandissima nova. Princess Marianne, decussata alba, Mazeppa,
Fleur de Marie, Almerine, Breckii, Lawrencia, Eclipse, Dodonoea, Annais
Chauvieie, Norfolkii, and two seedlings.

Premiums. — The Committee have awarded the premiums as follows : —
For the best exhibition of greenhouse plants, to L. Menand of Waler-

vhet, $3.
For the best exhibition of dahlias, to James Wilson, of Albany, $3.
For the best twelve dissitnilar blooms, to James Wilson, $2.
For the second best twelve dissimilar blooms, to Henry Vail, of Troy, fl.
For the best six varieties of roses, to James Wilson, $2.
For the second best six varieties of roses, to Dr. Herman Wendell, $1.
For the best six varieties of phloxes, to Dr. Herman Wendell, $2.
For ihe second best six varieties of phloxes, to James Wilson, $ 1.
For the best seedling phlox, to James Wilson, $ 1.
For the best display of German asters, to Mr. Newcomb, of Pitts-
town, $2.
For the second best display of German asters, to Mr. James Wil-
son, $1.

520 Massachusetts HortifAiltural Society.

For the most extensive and best exhibition of verbenas, to J. Dingwall,

of Watervliet, $2.
For the second most extensive and best exliibition of verbenas, to James

Wilson, % 1.
For the best seedling verbena, to J. Dingwall, $ 1.
For twelve seedling dahlias, a discretionary premium to Mr. New-
comb, $2.
This being the time to award premiums for the season, the Committee
award, for the best and most extensive exhibitions of annual, bien-
nial, and perennial flowers during ihe season, to Mr. Newcomb, S3.
For the best and greatest display of phloxes during the season, to Dr.
Herman Wendell, $2.
The Committee beg leave to notice with commendation a large and beau-
tiful exhibition of new and rare, as well as splendid, dahlias sent to the ex-
hibition by J. M. Thorburn & Co., of New York, for which they return
the thanks of the society to Messrs. T & Co. — Wm. Netccomb, Chnirman.
Vegetables. — According to the report, a great variety and fine speci-
mens were exhibited, and the following is the report of the Committee
awarding premiums: —

Premiums. — The Committee have awarded the premiums as follows: —
For the best six squashes, to E. P. Prentice, of Mount Hope, $2.
For the best twelve blood beets, to V. P. Douw, $2.
For the best twelve carrots, to Joel Rathbone, $2.
For the best twelve parsnips, to E. P. Prentice, $2.
For the best twelve roots of salsify, to Henry Vail, $2.
For the best pair of egg plants, to Joel Rathbone, $2.
For the best six heads of cabbage, to Dr. Herman Wendell, $2.
For the best six heads of red cabbage, to E. P Prentice, $2.
For the best three heads of broccoli, to V. P. Douw, $2.
For the b-^st half peck of tomatoes, to Joel Rathbone, $2.
For the best six heads of celery, to T. Roeslie, of Albany, $2.
For the best half dozen martinias, to Wm. Newcomb, $2.
For the best display of vegetables, to E. P. Prentice, $3.
All of which is respectfully submitted. — B. B. KirUandy Chairman.

Art. IV. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, S;eptember 25th. —A meeting of the Fruit Committee was held
to-day, at which several of the delegates of other societies were invited to
attend, to taste some of the different fruits exhibited ; and the following is a
brief report of such as appeared to us worthy of note : —

Apples. — An apple found in the woods in the town of Dracut, of fine
appearance, good size, and pleasant flavor. From Mr. P. Smith, Groton,
apples grown upon the farm of Rufus Morris, called the Funtling, fine

Massachusetts Horticultural Society . 521

flavor and handsome. From Barton Whipple of Cumberland, R. I., Hol-
low Crown, presented by S. H. Smith, President of the R. I. Horticultu-
ral Society, of fine flavor, decidedly first-rate.

Pears. — From Dr. Stevens, of Astoria, N. Y., Rapelje, a second-rate
fruit. From J. Stickney, and also from M. P. Wilder, Dunmore, rather
acid, and not equal to its English character. From C. Newhall, and F. W.
Macondry, Washington, fine. From O. Johnson, Lynn, Johonnot, fine. From
Dr. Ives, of New Haven, Seedling No. 1, a small but good fruit. From Dr. J.
B. Chapin, Providence, a pear supposed to be identical with the Doyenne
Boussock, specimen premature, and not quite equal to those lasted last
year. From R. Manning, Henkel, very juicy. From M. P. Wilder, Lib-
erale, fair quality. From Dr. J. B. Chapin, Capsheaf, second rate. From
Col. Carr, Chapman ; the specimens were not in good order, but the
Committee consider this a fruit of high flavor. From D. Wilbur, Hull and
Early Wilbur, both fine.

October 2d. — The stated quarterly meeting of the Society was held to-day,
— the President in the chair.

The Annual Election took place to-day, and the following oflacers were
elected for the year commencing Jan. 1, 1848: —

President — Marshall P. Wilder.

Vice Presidents. — B. V. French, Cheever Newhall, E. M. Richards,
J. S. Cabot.

Treasurer. — Samuel Walker.

Corresponding Secretary. — J. E. Teschemacher.

Recording Secretary. — E. C. R. Walker.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology. — John Lewis Russell,
A. M.

Professor of Entomology. — T. W. Harris, M. D.

Professor of Horticultural Chemistry. — E. N. Hosford.
Standing Committees,

Committee on Fruits. — Samuel Walker, Chairman : P. B. Hovey, Jr.,
Otis Johnson, David Haggerston, J. S. Cabot, Eben Wight, F. W. Ma-
condry.

Committee on Plants and Flowers. — Joseph Breck, Chairman : H. W.
Dulton, W. E. Carter, Alex. McLellan, E, A. Story, William Quant,
William B. Richards,

Committee on Vegelahles. — A. D. Williams, Jr., Chairman: W. B.
Kingsbury, A. D. Williams, Josiah Newhall, James Nugent, Azell Bow-
ditch, E. C. R. Walker.

Committee on the Library. — C. K. Dillaway, Chairman : R. M. Cope-
land, Joseph Breck, W. B. Richards.

Committee on Synonymes of Fruit. — M. P. Wilder, Chairman : B. V,
French, C. M. Hovey, J. S. ('abot, the Chairman of the Fruit Committee.

Executive Committee. — The President, Chairman : the Treasurer, A.
Aspinwail, E. M. Richarus, Otis Johnson.

Committee for establishing Prtmtums. — The Chairman of the Committee
oa Fruits, Chairman : the Chairman of the Committee on Flowers, tlie
46*

522 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Chairman of the Committee on Vegetables, C. M. Hovey, David Haggers-
ton.

Finance Committee. — Josiah Stickney, Cliairnian, Joseph Balch, F. W.
Macondry.

Committee on Publication. — J. E. Teschemacher, Chairman : C. K. Dil-
iaway, Eben. Wight, Recording Secretary, Chairman of the Ct)mmittee on
Fruits, the Chairman of the Committee on Flowers, the Chairman of the
Committee on Vegetables.

A communication was read from A. E. Belknap, Esq., accompanied with
the seed of Lentils received from Smyrna.

Voted, That the thanks of the Society be presented to A. E. Belknap,
Esq., for his gift, and that the seed be placed in the hands of the Commit-
tee on Vegetables for distribution.

Adjourned for one week.

Exhibited. — Flowers : The annual exhibition of dahlias for premium took
place to-day. The show was exceedingly fine, and most of the flowers
superior to any ever before seen in the Society's Hall ; the season has been
favorable to a good bloom, and some of the specimens were surpassingly
beautiful, especially some of the new fancy sorts.

From the President of the Society, about 3iiO dahlias, among which were,
Marchioness of Cornwallis, Fulwood Scarlet, Mimosa, Lady of the Lake,
Essex Goldfinch, Sir. E. Antrobus, Punch, Eugene Sue, Ultimatum, Cap-
tivation, &c., also a fine plant of J^iica hy emails, and flowers of Aliililon
venosum, a fine species, with large flowers. From Hovey & Co., dahlias
in variety, and six hand bouquets. From P. Barnes, AchlmenesLehmann,
and a variety of dahlias. From Messrs. Winbhij), branches of Magnol/a
acuminata, auriculata, and macrophylla ; also Aralia spinosa in bloom, and
dahlias. From J. Hovey, bouquets and dahlias. From W. Kenrick,
three bouquets. From J. L. L. F. Warren, bouquets, and a variety of
dahlias. Dahlias were also exhibited by W. Quant, S. R. Johnson, W.
Mellar, E. Allen, J. Nugent, A. Bowditch, A. McLennan, T. rveedhara,
John Quant, and John Parker.

The award of premiums was as follows : —

DIVISION A.

Premier Prize. — For the best twelve dissimilar blooms, to Parker

Barnes, the Society's silver medal, . . . . . $5 00

Specimen Bloom. — For Lady Charlotte, a light lilac, to J. L. L. F.

Warren, 3 00

Specimen Blooms of Various Colors. — Best Yellow, to Henry
Reid, gardener to N. Stetson, Esq., for (Jleopatra, $ 1 ; Bvff
or Orange, to P. Barnes, for Biondetta, Ql ; I'mple or Maroon,
to T. Needham, for Arethusa, $\ ; Crimson or Claret, to John
Quant, for Beeswing, ^1 ; Vcri/ Dark, to P. Barnes, for Essex
Triumph, ^1 , White, to W. Qiant, for Antagonist, f I ; Edged
or Tipped, to T. Needham, for Viscount Ressigneur, ^l ; Scar-
let, to J. Quant, for Spitfire, $1 ; Pink or Pose, to T. rseedhuni,
for Widnall's Queen, #1, 9 00

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 523

DIVISION B.

Class T. — For the best twenty-four dissimilar blooms, to W. Quant, $ 8 00

For the second best twenty-four dissimilar blooms, to J. Kugent, 5 00
Class II. — For the best eighteen dissimilar blooms, to P. Barnes . 6 00

For the second best eighteen dissimilar blooms, to J. L. L. F.

Warren, . . . . . . . . . . 4 00

Class 111. — For the best twelve dissimilar blooms, to Messrs. Hovey

& Co., 5 00

For the second best twelve dissimilar blooms, to W. Quant, . 3 00

As we could not gettlie names of all the varieties which took the prizes, the
folldwing are named as among those in the prize stands : — Beeswing, crimson,
Antagonist, white ; Cleopatra, yellow ; .\rethusa, purple ; Purity, while ; Bi-
ondetta, buff ; Vicomte de Ressigneur, lipped ; Consiantia, edged ; Primrose,
sulphur; Lady Cooper, rose; Golden Rule, yellow; La tour I'Auvergne,
scarlet ; Cheltenham Queen, white ; Sir Edward Antrobus, crimson ; Caleb
Cope, vivid rose ; La Polka, primrose ; Ultimatum, fine scarlet; llburiel,
buffshaded with pink ; Ansel's Unique, yellow lipped with red ; La Belle
Blonde, white lipped with lavender; Lady St- Maur, white tipped with
light purple ; Princess Alice, white ; Fssex Triumph, very dark ; Kssex
Champion, bright orange; Princess Hadzville, white laced with purple;
Harlequin, white edged with scarlet , Lady Charleville, fine lilac ; Victory
of Sussex, maroon; Monsieur Walner, deep crimson with white edge ; In-
dispeiisible, white ; King of Lilac ; Fleur de Gand, lilac ; Spitfire, scarlet;
Essex (Jhampion, scarlet.

Award of premiums for flowers: —

BoiQUETS. — For the best six hand bouquets, to Ilovey & Co., $2.
For the second best, to A McLennan, $ 1.
For the best parlor bouquet, to Messrs. Winships, $2.

Gka.tuities. — To the President, for a display of dahlias, $6.
To J. Breck & Co., for a display of dahlias, $5.
To W. Kenrick, for a large bouquet, $ 1.

Vegktables. — From Hazen Hazeliine, one dozen celery.

October Qth. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-day, —
the President in the chair.

There being no business before the meeting, — adjourned for one week.

Exhihiled. — Flowers : From the President of the Society, Jose| h Breck
& Co., Hovey & Co., Parker Barnes, Emery Bemis, J. L. L. F. \\'arren,
John Parker, William Meller, O. H. Mather, A. Bowditch, John Hovey,
Kendall Bailey, T. Seward and others, superb collections of dahlias, em-
bracing numerous fine varieties and specimens.

From J. L L. F. Warren, two pyramidal and six hand bouquets. From
J. liovey, two mantel bouquets, and two plants of Amaryllis Belladonna.
From A. Bowditch, five hand bouquets. From W. Meller, two mantel
bouquets. From James Nugent, nine hand bouquets. From Hovey &
Co., two mantel and six hand bouquets. From John Quant, one pyramidal
bouquet.

524 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Premiums were awarded as follows : —

Bouquets. — For the beslsix hand bouquets, to Messrs. Hovey & Co., $2.
For the second best, to J. Nugent, $ 1.
For a pyramidal bouquet, to John Quant, a gratuity of $ 1.

Fruits. — From the President of the Society, Duchesse d'Orleans, Beurr6
Cutter, (? Curtet,) Belle de Brissac, Colmar d'Ete, (?) and Heathcot; also
from Messrs. EUwanger & Bariy, Rochester, Swan's Orange pears, very
beautiful. From E. Bemis, Cambridgeport, fine specimens of Louise Bonne
de Jersey and f\ederic de Wurlemberg pears. From Messrs. Hovey &
Co., Beurr6 Crapaud pears, very fine, and Semiana plums. From J. F.
Allen, Gansell's Bergamot, Seckel, Napoleon, Urbaniste, and Ronville
pears; also Black Hamburgh grapes, and figs. From T. Needham, Black
Hamburgh, Frankindale, Cannon Hall Muscat, Syrian, and Black Ham-
burgh grapes

From J. Munroe, Jr., Chelmsford, Heathcot, Le Cure, and two kinds of
pears without names. From W. Meller, Late Royal George, and Heath
peaches. From A. Dexter, Deacon Job apples, handsome; l?"eckel pears.
From Kendall Bailey, Isabella grapes, fine. From J. W. Sever, Brown
Beurr6 pears, fine. From G. Merriam, Flemish Beauty, extra large and
fine ; and Heath and Seedling peaches. From John Gordon, Capiauniont,
Napoleon, Brown Beurri, fino specimens, Buffum, and Louise Bonne de Jer-
sey pears. From J. S. Sleeper, Seckel pears, fine. From A. Merriam, Or-
ange pears. From W. H. Blodgett, quinces, large and fine. From J.
Washburn, quinces, large and handsome. From L. P. Giosvenor, Pound
Royal apples. From J. Arnold, oranges, large and well colored.

Vegetables. — From T. H. Perkins, by W. Quant, a dozen fine heads
of Palestine lettuce.

October I6th. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-day, —
the President in the chair.

The following gentlemen were elected members of the Society : — James
H. Welch, Amherst A. Frazar, Boston ; J. H. Bacon, Robert Bacon, Med-
ford ; Solon Dike, Stoneham ; John Donald, Brighton.

Adjourned for one week.

Exhibited. — FhUiTS : From the President of the Society, Colmar d'Ar-
emberg, Beurre Audisson, Doyenne Musque, Girardin, Doyenni Panache,
Beurr6 d'Anjou, Beurre de Rhine, Doyenn6 dore. Belle et Bonne de Hee,
Delices Charles, Doyenne Gris, Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee, Bergamot
de Brunon, Sargeret, Beurrt; de Herckinan, Petre, Heathcot, and four other
sorts without names. From F. Tudor, from his garden at Nahant, Napo-
leon, Fortuned, Chaumontelle, Croft Castle, Buffum, Beurre Diel, B. dAn-
gleterre. Belle et Bonne, Easter Beurrt, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Glout
Morceau, White Doyennt, Catillac, Seckel, Martin Sec, Prince's, and
Uvedale's St. Germain pears • also Porter apples, all very handsome speci-
mens. From J. Washburn, Delices dHardenponl pears. From J. Gor-
don, very large and fine specimens of Passe Colmar, Duchesse dAnpou-
leme, and Queen of the Low Countries pears, and two other sorts. From
J. S. Sleeper, handsome Dix pears.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 525

From Messrs. Hovey & Co., Excellentissima, Beurre Crapand, Sarge-
ret, Arhoricrite (?), and White Doyenne pears ; also a fine specimen of the
Swan's Orange, weighing ebven ounces, xece\\e A fxom Gen. E W.Leav-
enworth, of Syracuse, N. Y. From S. A. Walker, fine Brown Beurr6
pears. From K. Bailey, fine Isabella grapes. From E. M. Richards,
Pennook, White Calville, Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Pomme d'Api,
Black Prince, Dyer, Minister, Spice ('), Walpole, Lyscom, Kilhnm Hill,
American Wine, Fall Sops of Wine, Porter, Boxford, Fall Pippin, Moore's
Sweeting, Gardner's Sweeting, Pumpkin Sweeting, Pumpkin Russet, and
three varieties of apples unknown ; also McLaughlin, Beurre Bosc, Heath-
cot, Urbaniste, Le Cure, Harrison's Fall Baking, and two varieties of
pears unknown ; and Orange quinces. From E. Brown, Seckel pears,
fine, and Uvedale's St. Germain. From C. Newhall, Napoleon and Ur-
baniste pears, fine, also Norton's Seedling, and Ohio grapes From A. D.
Williams, Urbaniste, fine, Seckel. and Marie Louise pears. From S.
Downer, Jr., Louise Bonne de Jersey pears, fine. From Isaac Fay, Golden
Beurr6, (1) Easter Beurre, and Capiaumont pears; Oldmixon Freestone
peaches, and Semiana plums. From J. B. Chapin, by Capt. Comstock,
Capsheaf pears.

From J. F. Allen, White Nice, Syrian, Black Hamburgh, Wilmot's No.
16, Wilmot's Black Hamburgh, Portuguese Muscat, (very high flavored,)
and White Frontignan grapes; Noblesse peaches, and Seckel pears, fine.
From E. Grant, Roxbury, Isabella grapes, finely ripened. From H. Van-
dine, Cainbridgeport, a variety of fine quinces. From T. Needham, Syr-
ian, Black Hamburgh, White Frontignan, Whi'e Muscat of Alexandria,
and Frankindale grapes, all fine. From Neponset Hotel, a remarkable
cluster of L'vedale's St Germain pears. From S. W. Cole, Pocahontas
and Pierce's Seedling pears, and Long Stem apples. From Anson Dex-
ter, Blue Pearmain apples, (?) Passe Colmar and Duchesse de Angouleme
pears

The Committee tasted some of the new pears exhibited by the President
and Messrs. Hovey & Co., and made the following report. —

FriJin .**amuel Walker, the llyewood, rich flavor ; Beurr6 Duval, good.
From M- P. Wilder, Colmar d'Aremberg, (premature,) astringent ; Delices
Charles, handsome, but poor; Beurr^ d'Anjou ; had much the flavor of
Brown Beurre, and fully sustained the high character formerly given it by
the Committee ; Sargeret, inferior ; Girardin, pleasant, but not high fla-
vored ; Beurre de Rhine, good ; Heaihcot, fine ; Beurre de Herckman, pleas-
ant. From J. Washburn, Delices dHardenpont, fine. From Hovey &
Co., Beurre Crapaud, good ; Kxcellentissinia, fine. It is proper to state
that some of the specimens were not strictly in eating, the rare kinds hav-
ing heen picked for the Se[)teniber exhibition.

Vegetables. — From F W. Macondry, some fine celery. From Josiah
Loveit, 'Jd, a fine show of cauliflowers.

Oi/dbcr 23d. — An adjourned meeting of the Society was held to-day, —
the President in the chair.

There being no business before the Society, — it was adjourned one week.

526 "* ^ ♦ Retrospective Criticism. %

. Art. V. Retrospective Criticism.

''^

Richards''s Beurri Pear. — In your October number, page 462, when
speaking of the " Richards's Beurr6," you place me in a false position, as
it leaves the reader to suppose that T had exhibited that fruit as a new vari-
ety, when not only myself, but even my children, recognized the fruit as
the " Summer Bon Chreiien," the moment we saw it, and I so stated to
every one with whom I conversed on the subject. The pears were sent to
me by James R. Lawrence, Esq., of Syracuse. So much for this matter.
I will now call your attention to the fact, that no specimens of the " Van
Zandt's Superb" and " Prince's Paragon" peaches have been exhibited
any where the pres'^nt season, except those exhibited by myself, although
I announced that a reward of $ 10 would be paid in each case for the exhi-
bition of a single genuine fruit grown by any nurseryman who had those
varieties in their catalogues. I think this result is conclusive evidence that
I was correct in my position, that the trees which have been sold under this
name by most persons are spurious. Both are oval fruits, the former of
medium, and the latter of large size, and they are varieties of general ex-
cellence. I know when and with whom the errors originated, but deemed
it the most proper to merely put pomologists on their guard, without men-
tioning names, &c. — Yours, very respectjully, Wm. R. Prince, Flushing,
October 19, 1847.

[We did not intend to convey the idea that Mr. Prince did not know that
the pears in question were not true — and ought, perhaps, so to have qual-
ified our remarks, although there was no question against the name of Hich-
ards's Beurre. We only intended to state that the pears exhibited under
this name, without any reference to Mr. Prince, were the old Summer Bon
Chretien, as we knew that Mr. Prince did not raise them, but received
them from western New York. The only error ol Mr. Prince was, in not
placing a query against the name, which many, who did know the par-
ticular facts in regard to this variety, supposed to be a new pear. — Ed.]

The Fruits of America. — 1 see someone in the Horticulturist \s \eiUng
fly a bolt at your colored fruits. I hope and trust that envy and malice are
the cause, and not the badly colored or formed fruit. — Yiuwrs, M. W. Phil-
lips, Edwards, Miss., Sept. 1847.

[We should have supposed that our correspondent could have seen at once
the malice with which the notice was penned. We only regret that the
editor should have allowed the insertion of feuch a pseudo anonymous para-
graph, when he well knew the author, as well as the spirit with which it
was penned. It huppens, however, that the writer is not well able to conceal
his style, and, though signed " W., Philadelphia,'' our Boston friends well
know that the author does not reside many nale^ from this city. But for
the query of our correspondent, we should have left Mr. " W." undisturbed
in the enjoyment of his self-satisfied criticism. — Ed.]

•4
Horticultural Memoranda. 527

Art. VI. — Ohiluary. ■ ••

D'ed, ill this city, on the 24ih of October, Mr. James Wentworth, in
the 53d year of his age. ;.. i -iv

It is our painful duty to announce the death of an old and valued friend,
one wilh whom we have had an intimate connexion, as one of the house of
Dulton & Wentworih, ihe well known printers of our Magazine for 'everal
years, and of our new work, The Fruits of America. Mr. Wenlwoith had
the principal charge of the book work in their extensive establishment, Mr.
Dution attending to other duties, and it is to his taste and skill, as an ex-
perienced printer, that we owe much A)r the typographical execution of our
two works, particularly The Fruits of America. In the issuing of that work,
Mr. Wentworth spared no pains, and, without egoti.-m, we may say, that a
more finished specimen of the art never appeared in this country. Jv'owork
came into the office but what passed under his eye, and we have no doubt
that his laborious application to his art, — Messrs. U. & W. having been the
State Printers for some years, — hastened ihe disease of which he died. In
his death, his family have lust a kind husband, and tender parent, and we
deeply sympathize with them in their bereavement.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR NOVEMBER.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Viien, in greenhouse, will now be shedding their leaves, and,
where neatness is an object, as it ever should be in the greenhouse, the vines
should be carefully gone over every few days with a broom, brushing
upwards ; this will take off nearly all the leaves which are about to fall,
and the house may thus be kept miich cleaner ; a partial pruning may also
be made ; that is, to cut off all wood not likely to ripen, or such as is not
wanted for another year, not cutting too short, as this can be done at the
final pruning next mi iilh. Vines in cold houses will require nearly the
same treatment if the grapes are all cut. If there are yet some grapes on
the vines of late kinds, the house should be well aired every fine day, open-
ing the sashes early in the m<irnitig. Grape vines in the open air may be
pruned this month, and tender kinds laid down and covered with leaves,
straw, or coarse manure. Isabellas may also be pruned now.

Strawberry beds should receive a slight covering of some coarse strawy
manure, leaves, seaweed, or old haulm. We have covered with each of
these, and find very little difTermce in the keeping of the plants. All that
is necessary is sufficient to keep the ground from freezing and thawing, and
throwing the plants out of the ground.

Raspberry plaidaltons may he now made with good success ; hut, in the
latitude of Boston, they should be laid down, and covered with earth.

Fruit trees of all kinds may be safely removed this month. If planted
any time before frost, we think it preferable to leaving it till spring.

528 Horticultural Memoranda.

Scions of trees may be cut now if desired, and placed away in earth in a
cool place.

Ptar, apple, and quince seeds, and cherry stones may be planted now : let
the ground be well manured, and deeply dug. Sow in rows aboui a foot
apart, and one inch deep.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

D7hlias, ere this, have probably mostly been taken up, as the frost, the
middle of October, destroyed the plants. See that the roots are all housed
before severe frost.

Hyacihihs, tulips, dfc. — From the first to the tenth of November is the
best period to plant all hardy bulbs ; if planted too early, they appear above
the ground too early in the spring.

Japan likes should have the tops cut off, and the pots placed away in a
dry place till January.

Chrysanthemums will now be flowering freely, and should be kept well
watered ; giving liquid guano occasionally.

Azaleas should be rather sparingly watered at this season.
T^emuplnla msignis, and schizanlhuses should be repotted this month.
Hardy roses may be removed now with success. If rare kinds, it will be
well to lay down the tcps, and cover with leaves or manure.

Neapolitan violets should be protected in frames, or, if in pots, removed
to the greenhouse, where they will flower finely.

Pelargoniums, raised from cuttings, should now have the tops nipped off
to make them branch out, and become stocky plants. Older plants intend-
ed to form fine specimens should have attention : the branches should be
tied down, and the young shoots pinched oifas directed for young plants.

Herbaceous plants can now be safely transplanted ; any kinds partially
tender should be protected by a slight covering.
Poeumes may be removed now.

Chinese primroses in small pois should be shifted into the next size.
Alyssum, mignonette, and ten-week stocks in small pots should be shifted
to the next size.

Camellias should have attention ; all the plants should be neatly staked
up, the pots top-dressed, and the leaves washed before they are finally ar-
ranged.

Ericas will need careful watering, and all long shoots should be nipped
off to make the plants bushy.

Verbenas should be placed on a shelf near the glass.
Tender roses in the open ground should all be potted this month, and
placed in a frame : those potted early may now be pruned.
Gladioluses should be potted this month.

Petunias raised from cuttings now, make the best stock for next year's
plants.
Pansies, taken up and potted, will flower all winter in the greenhouse.
Heliotropes should now be propagated from cuttings for a spring stock.
Scarlet geraniums, if placed in the cellar m a dry airy place, will keep
well, and make fine plants for turning out into the border in spring.

THE MAGAZINE

OF

HORTICULTURE,

DECEMBER, 1847.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. Descriptions and Ejigravings of Select Varieties of
Plimis. By the Editor.

In our September number, (p. 394,) we commenced our
series of articles describing all the best varieties of cherries.
We now have the pleasure of giving the first article of an-
other series, describing and figuring all the choicest kinds of
plums now known, or which may be introduced or produced
from seed. Much confusion exists in the nomenclature of
this fruit, though to scarcely the extent of that of the cherry ;
but a great many varieties are cultivated under erroneous
names. Our object will be, not only to make the finest sorts
better known to cultivators, but to describe the best varieties
under their true names, that they may be identified, and their
synonymes readily detected.

Not many years since, with the exception of the Washing-
ton, Imperial Gage, and one or two other sorts, the princi-
pal plums in cultivation were of foreign origin. But now that
the rapid augmentation of our native kinds has afibrded a
better opportunity to make a good selection, the principal va-
rieties generally sought after are American seedlings. Thus
the Jefierson, Columbia, Lawrence's Favorite, Hulings'
Superb, Purple Favorite, McLaughlin, Thomas, &X3., are con-
sidered as among the choicest varieties which can be selected.
The Green Gage, from its superior excellence, has been, and
deservedly, a great favorite ; for no other variety, however so
large and showy, could equal it in flavor and richness. Now,
however, if not to be eclipsed by the Reine Claude de Bavay,
of which so much has been said, it is at least fully equalled
by a new native seedling, which we have already described,
the Schenectady Catherine.

VOL. XIII. — NO. XII. 47

530 Descriptions of Select Vaineties of Plums.

The curculio is the great foe to a much more extended cul-
tivation of the phmi ; but a fruit so vahiable, not only for the
table, but for the kitchen, should not be neglected : with a
little extra care and expense, the curculio may be so subdued,
as to do no material injury to a crop.

Our catalogues contain about forty diflferent kinds of native
seedlings, many of which have been some time in cultiva-
tion, while others are quite new, and recently made known
to the public : among the latter, are several which have been
produced on the Hudson River, that famed locality for plums,
and four of them we are now about to describe and figure.
Fine specimens were sent to us from the original trees, and
each of them we consider fine acquisitions to any collection.
We shall continue our descriptions of both foreign and native
kinds : —

1. Mulberry. Fi^uits and Fruit Trees of America.

Fruit, large, about two inch-
es long, and one and a half in
diameter, oval, tapering most
towards the stem, with a shght
suture on one side : Skin, pale
dull yellow, dotted with a few
crimson specks, covered with
white dots, and a thin, whitish
bloom: Stem, medium length,
about one inch, rather slender,
curved, and inserted with scarce-
ly any cavity on an elongated
obtuse point : Flesh, greenish
yellow, rather coarse, melting,
and adhering to the stone : Juice,
abundant, rich, sugary and ex-
cellent : Stone, large, oblong,
pointed at each end. Ripe the
i^^.46. Mulberry. first of September.

This fine plum, {fig. 46,) nearly equal in size to the
Washington, but much more oval, was raised in the famous
plum garden of Isaac Denniston, of Albany. The tree is
moderately vigorous, with large, broad, crumpled leaves.

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Plums. 531

2. Albany Beauty. Fruits and Fruit Trees., ^c.
Fruit, medium size, about one and a half inches long, and
nearly one and a half in diameter, roundish oval, with a very

shallow suture : Skin, greenish
yellow, with stripes of a darker
shade, dotted with red on the
sunny side, having a crimson
blotch at the base of the stem,
and covered with a thin bloom :
Stem, rather long, about three
quarters of an inch, slender,
curved, and slightly inserted in
a small, shallow cavity : Flesh,
yellow, melting, and separating
from the stone : Juice, abundant,
sweet and rich : Stone, medium
size, ovate. Ripe the last of Au-
gust, and first of September.
This variety, {fig- 47,) is an-
Fig.AT. Albany Beauty. Other of Mr. Deuuiston's Seed-

ling varieties, and, though not so large as the Mulberry, is
an excellent plum.

3. Denniston's Superb. Fruits and Fruit Trees, 6)*c.

Fruit, medium size, about one
and a half inches long, and one
and a half in diameter, oblong oval,
rather full at the end, tapering
much to the stem, with a distinct
suture extending half round : Skin,
greenish yellow, shaded and blotched
with crimson on the sunny side,
and covered with a thin lilac bloom :
Stem, medium length, about three
quarters of an inch, rather slender,
curved, and inserted without any
cavity on an elongated end : Flesh,
yellow, very melting and thick,
Fig.is. Denniston's Superb, separating freely from the stone:
Juice, plentiful, rich, vinous, high-flavored, and delicious :

532 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Plums.

Stone, medium size, with three prominent ridges on one side,
and very pointed at one end. Ripe the last of August, and
first of September.

This plum, {fig. 48,) is decidedly the richest of any of
Mr. Denniston's Seedlings that we have tasted, and comes
nearly or quite up to the Green Gage. Its flesh is of great
consistence, exceedingly melting and luscious. In size, it is
about the same as the Green Gage, but is much more elon-
gated towards the stem. It is a great acquisition.

4. Denniston's Red. Fruits and Fruit Trees, ^'c.

Fruit, large, about one and three quarters inches long, and
one and a quarter in diameter, roundish oval, tapering towards

each end, with a distinct suture
extending half round : Skin,
pale violet red, somewhat mar-
bled with light and dark shades,
thickly dotted all over with
fawn-colored specks, and cov-
ered with a thin violet bloom :
Stem, long, about one inch,
slender, and inserted in a rather
large deep cavity : Flesh, dark
amber or yellow, melting and
separating from the stone : Juice,
moderately abundant, sweet,
sprightly, and excellent : Stem,
small, ovate, compressed, point-
ed at each end. Ripe the first
of September.

This variety, {fg. 49,) is a
Fig. 49. Denniston's Bed. ^^^^ haudsome red plum, not

surpassed by any of the same color. It was also raised by
Mr. Denniston, as its name indicates, and is well worthy of
a place in a choice collection of plums.

The past season, Mr Denniston exhibited, at the show in
Albany, many additional varieties of seedling plums, and
probably we may have some more new sorts to add to the
fine ones which he has already produced. The plum is yet

The Virgmdouse, or White Doyenne Pear. 533

susceptible of a good deal of improvement, and we may yet
hope to find the excellence of the Green Gage in a fruit of
the size of the Washington.

Art. II. The Virgouloiise, or White Doyenni Pear.
By S. D. P. New Haven, Conn.

TwENTY-FrvE years ago, there was no pear cultivated in this
section of the country of such universally admitted excellence
as the Virgoulouse, or, as it is called by some, the St. Michael,
or White Doyenne. Every cultivator of pears, if he had but
one tree, would choose this sort, and many gardens contained
several trees with no other variety. About that time, or soon
after, the fruit began to crack and blast, and, for many years
past, the trees in many of our gardens have hardly produced
a single perfect or good pear ; and the cultivation of this once
favorite and delicious fruit is now generally abandoned in
this vicinity.

Remembering the high relish with which I had eaten the
Virgoulouse in my boyish days, I read with much interest
the remarks of Mr. Downing, in his Fruits a?id Fruit Trees
of America, on this pear, of which the following is an ex-
tract : —

" It is an old French variety, but, with us, is in the most
perfect health, and bears annually large crops of superb fruit.
On the seacoast, an unhealthy, diseased stock of this pear has
been propagated, until it has become so liable to cracking as
to be nearly worthless. In this case, it is only necessary to
renew the stock by procuring it again from healthy sources.
This experiment has been fairly proved of late." — (p. 379.)

In the same autumn (1S45) that I read these remarks of
Mr. Downing, I sent to him an order for some fruit trees, and
included in my list the White Doyenne, or Virgoulouse, fully
crediting what he had written on the subject. I prepared the
ground thoroughly for the trees, and gave them a deep rich
soil. The Virgoulouse has grown finely, and is a very thrifty,
beautiful tree. It has this year borne fruit, and you may
47*

534 The Vlrgoulotise, or White Doyenne Pear.

judge what was my surprise and disappointment to find that
every pear, when about half or two thirds grown, began to
cracl?:, and ultimately the whole proved worthless. I am,
therefore, forced to the conclusion that, however well the
Virgoulouse may do in other parts of the country, it cannot
be cultivated in this vicinity ; and I trust that Mr. Downing,
if he publishes another edition of his work, will correct his
statement in regard to this pear, and admit that there are
some parts of the country in which it cannot be produced of
any value. He must do this, or allow that he has himself
propagated the diseased stock. S. D. P.

New Haven, Nov. 1847.

In our Review of the Fruits and Fruit Trees, when that
work first appeared, we particularly noticed the paragraph
extracted above, and commented upon it at some length, as
we were quite surprised that Mr. Downing should hold to so
absurd a notion, that the cracking of the Doyenne pear in the
Eastern States was the result of its propagation on diseased
stocks ; and that, to grow it abundantly, it was only neces-
sary to procure trees from an inland nursery. We considered
his remarks as an attack upon the honesty of Eastern nur-
serymen, and defended them from so unjust an accusation.
The simple fact that the Doyenne pear is cultivated in many
gardens in Boston in all the beauty and excellence of its palm-
iest days, is sufficient to refute so barren an idea. Numerous
cases have come under our notice like that of our correspond •
ent ; young trees procured from the Highland Nurseries hav-
ing borne fruit in no way superior to old trees existing in
numerous gardens around Boston.

The cracking of this and other pears must be sought from
some other cause than diseased stocks : we are not yet with-
out hope that some additional light will be thrown upon this
interesting subject, and that we may yet see the Doyenne
in all its former beauty.

Practically, for this section of country, Mr. Kenrick's
views in regard to many old pears are correct. In favorable
situations, or upon the quince stock, the Doyenne, St. Ger-
main, Brown Beurre, and other pears, are produced in per-
fection; but, for orchard cultivation, no individual would

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Apples. 535

think of setting out one of these varieties ; certainly not as
long as we have native sorts, such as the BufTum, Heathcot,
Swan's Orange, Columbia, Fulton, Hull, Pratt, Tyson, &c.
We therefore sincerely hope, with our correspondent, that Mr.
Downing will correct his absurd notion about diseased stocks,
and admit that the cracking of the Doyenne pear is not attrib-
utable to any such cause. — Ed.

Art. III. Descriptions and Engravings of Select Varieties
of Apples. By the Editor.

We continue our descriptive account of the finest varieties
of apples ; six kinds having been already figured at pp. 70 and
163. During the past autumn, we have had the opportunity
to make a large collection of drawings, and in our next vol-
ume we shall give an account of several excellent varieties.

The three varieties now described are of very recent intro-
duction to notice, and of superior quality. The two first are
supposed to be natives of Western New York, and the last is
from Canada. They are each desirable additions to any col-
lection of apples.

YII. HAWLEy.

Dows, of some collections in Western New York.

We have already briefly noticed and described this excel-
lent apple, (p 112.) Last spring. Gen. E. W, Leavenworth,
of Syracuse, to whom we are indebted for our account of it,
sent us a few scions, and the past autumn he forwarded some
fine specimens of the fruit : our correspondent, J. H. Watts,
Esq., of Rochester, also supplied us with a quantity of beau-
tiful apples. We have thus been enabled to complete our de-
scription, and accompany it with a correct outline of the fruit.

The Hawley apple, {Jig- 50,) originated on the farm of Mr.
Matthew Hawley, of New Canaan, N. Y., about a century ago,
from seeds carried from Milford, Ct., from whence Mr. Hawley
removed at that time. For about forty years it has been con-
siderably cultivated near the locality of its origin ; but its ex-

536 Descriptions of Select Varieties of Apples.

cellent qualities having recently become better known, it is
now found in numerous orchards in Onondaga and Cayuga
counties. Mr. Leavenworth states that Hawley and Dows
were the names of the men from whom the scions were ob-
tained by his uncles, and it is from the fact that Mr. Dows'
farm, on which it was considerably cultivated, was near that
of Mr. Hawley, that it was called by some the Dows apple.
The trees grow large and vigorous, and produce good and
regular crops.

Fig. 50. Hawley.

Size, large, about three and a half inches broad and three
deep : Form, roundish, rather broad, flattened, and somewhat
ribbed at the base, and narrowing little towards the crown :
Skin, fair, smooth, with an oily surface, pale green, becoming
of a rich lemon yellow when mature, and covered with small
scattered russet specks : Stem, medium length, about three
quarters of an inch, straight, rather slender, and inserted in
a deep, broad, and uneven cavity : Bye, medium size, nearly
closed, and moderately sunk in a small, slightly furrowed
basin : Flesh, yellow, fine, soft, and very tender : Juice,

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Apples. 537

abundant, pleasantly acid, rich, brisk, high flavored, and de-
licious : Core^ large, rather close : Seeds, medium size, broad.
Ripe in September and October.

Vni. Melon.

' \ of some collections in Western New York.
Watermelon, )

The first account we have of this superior apple, {fig. 51,) is
that contained in a letter from our correspondent, J. W. Bissell,
of Rochester. In sending us a few scions of Swan's Orange
pear, and other fruits, among which were several apples, last
spring, he added some of this apple, and writes: — "I send
you the Melon, or Norton's Melon, as it is sometimes called."

A short time since, some fine specimens of the fruit were

Pig. 51. Melon.

sent to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, by Mr. W.
R. Smith, of Macedon, under the name of the "Water-
melon," and we were glad to have the opportunity of tasting
this variety. One of the apples was given to us by the chair-
man of the Fruit committee, from which we have drawn up
the annexed description, and from which our drawing has

538 Descriptions of Select Vai^ieties of Apples.

been made. It is, in our opinion, a very superior fruit ; with
a flesh remarkably tender and juicy, and a flavor strongly
partaking of the melon, from whence probably its name. It
is a large fruit, and of a peculiarly bright and handsome
appearance. It is, in some respects, like the Northern Spy,
and comes from the same source, as will be seen by Mr.
Smith's letter, which we copy : —

"I have taken the liberty of forwarding to thy address, a
few specimens of an apple known here as the ' Watermelon,'
though noticed in a Rochester Nurseryman's Catalogue as
' Norton's Melon,' for what reason I am not informed. It has
been cultivated to a very limited extent in East Bloomfield
for perhaps thirty or forty years, having been circulated from
the old Chapin orchard, famous for its paternity of the Nor-
thern Spy, &c. From a member of the Chapin family, I
learn that it is not considered a native of their vicinity, but
was brought from Salisbury, Ct. On this point, however,
there seems much uncertainty ; and I have thought it expe-
dient to send it to your society for exhibition, hoping that it
might be recognized. Ordinarily it keeps well until midwin-
ter, frequently several weeks later. The smaller specimens
indicate the average size."

No such apple is known to us to exist at the present time
in Connecticut, though it may be still confined to some par-
ticular locality. It is probable it was raised from seed at or
about the same period as the Northern Spy.

Size, large, about three and a half inches broad and nearly
three deep : Form, roundish, very slightly flattened at each
end, little angular, with an uneven and somewhat knobby
surface : Skin, fair, smooth, pale yellow in the shade, par-
tially covered with light red, and distinctly striped with Vermil-
lion scarlet, russeted around the stem, and covered with large
scattered russet specks : Stem, medium length about one inch,
rather slender, and deeply inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity :
Eye, large, partially closed, and rather deeply sunk in a large,
open basin; segments of the calyx broad: Flesh, white, fine,
crisp, and very tender : Juice abundant, with a delicious ad-
mixture of sweet and acid, and with a rich melon flavor :
Core, medium size, nearly close : Seeds, medium size, rather
broad. Ripe in October and November.

Descriptions of Select Varieties of Apples. 539

IX. St. Lawrence.

Montreal, of some collections.

Fine specimens of this handsome apple were forwarded us
by J. H. Watts, Esq., of Rochester, accompanied with the
following note: — "I send you some samples of the St. Law-
rence apple, which I believe the Committee on Fruit [of the
Rochester Horticultural Society] gave the premium to this
season. The Hawley apple was exhibited at the same time.
My ideas would be, that the Hawley is far superior."

Fig. 52. St. Lawrence.

Three years ago, we received trees of the St. Lawrence,
{fig. 52,) from Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester,
who recommended it as a fine variety. This it certainly is,
especially when its size and beauty are taken into considera-
tion. We, however, agree with Mr. W^atts that it is not equal
to the Hawley; indeed, we consider the latter as having few,
if any, equals of its season, in texture of flesh, as well as
color and flavor. The St. Lawrence bears a great resem-
blance to the Fameuse, another celebrated Canada apple ;
but it is much earlier, and nearly twice the size. We do not
find it described by any author.

Size, large, about three and a half inches broad, and two

540 Floricultural and Botanical Notices.

and a half deep : Form, oblate, regular, very broad at the
base, and narrowing little towards the crown : Skin, fair,
smooth, pale yellow, nearly covered with broad and distinct
stripes, and splashes of red and deep crimson, which extend
to the crown : Stem, short, about half an inch long, rather
slender, and obliquely inserted in a very broad, deep, and
open cavity : Eye, medium size, closed, and deeply sunk in
a very abruptly depressed and slightly furrowed basin ; seg-
ments of the calyx, medium length : Flesh, white, fine, slightly
stained with pink, and very tender : Juice, tolerably abiuid-
ant and pleasantly acid, with a rich and peculiar flavor :
Core, rather large, close : Seeds, small. Ripe in September
and October.

Art. IV. Floricultural and Botanical Notices of New and
Beautiful Plants figured in Foreign Periodicals ; with De-
scriptiotis of those recently introduced to, or originated in,
American Gardens.

44. Achi'menes Skinneri Lindl. and Achi'menes pyrop^'^a
Li?idl. (Gesnerdceffi.)

These are the names of two new species figured in the last
number of the Journal of the Horticultural Society ; and Mr.
Gordon, superintendent of the plant department, has commu-
nicated an article descriptive of their habits and treatment,
which we extract : —

Achimenes Skinneri is a very handsome and distinct spe-
cies, forming a link between the tall and dwarfer kinds,
being exactly intermediate between A. grandiflora and hir-
suta. The flowers are about the shape and size of those of
A. grandiflora, and like them are quite flat and round, not
reflexed, and narrow in the upper petals like A. pedimculuta
and hirsuta; while, on the other hand, the flowers, like those
of the tall kinds, (A. pedunculata and hirsuta,) have a large
eye and a yellow spotted throat. In foliage it differs from its
nearest ally, A. hirsuta, in the leaves being more pointed,
more attenuated than cordate at the base, more deeply and
sharply serrated on the margin, and of a lighter green in

Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 541

color. The leaves of A. hirsuta are deeply cordate, overlap-
ping the stem at the base, much broader, nearly ovate, much
thicker, studded with strong hairs, and much more wrinkled
on the surface.

Achimenes pyropsea, a charming little plant, is an inter-
mediate form between A. coccinea and rosea, having the
bright scarlet flowers of the former, and the habit of growth and
foliage of the latter. In brilliancy of color it surpasses either.

In cultivation, these, like the other achimenes with scaly
bulbs, may be made to bloom, any time from June to Octo-
ber, in constant succession; and the "ruby" has the advan-
tage of being much earlier in coming into bloom than the old
A. coccinea, which seldom can be bloomed till August, and
consequently too late for summer exhibitions ; on the other
hand, the ruby achimenes, if treated properly, will come in
well for summer exhibitions. {Journal of Hort. Sac, Oc-
tober, 1847.)

45. Liebi'gia sPECiosA, D. C, etjil. Elegant Liebisia, (Ges-

nerdcecs.)

A ?reen house plant ; growing two feet high ; with blue and white flowers ; appearing in sum-
mer; a native of Java; increased by cuttings ; cultivated in sandy peat, leaf mould, and loam.
Flore des Serres, 1847, pi. 271.

A beautiful species of a new genus, dedicated to M. Liebig,
the celebrated chemist. The leaves are large, oblong, acu-
minate; stem erect, and the flowers, which appear in axil-
lary as well as terminal panicles, are about twice the size of
a gesnera, of a pure white, shaded v/ith deep blue on the
upper side of the tube of the corolla. It was introduced by
Mr. T. Lobb, from Java, and first flowered in the Kew gar-
dens. It is a fine plant and should be introduced into every
collection, where it will make a fine addition to our summer
blooming greenhouse plants. {Flore des Serres, Sept.)

46. Pentste'mon Gordoni Hook. Mr. Gordon's Pentstemon,

(Schrophulariacese.)

a hardy perennial ; growing two feet higli ; with violet flowers ; appearing in autumn ; a native
of Columbia River ; cultivated in common garden soil. Flore des Serres, 1S47, pi. ^'89.

A fine North American species from the Platte River, and
one which would undoubtedly prove hardy in our gardens.
It has fine spikes of large violet flowers, and is extremely
beautiful. It was raised from seeds sent to the Kew gardens.
(^Flore d,es Serres, Sept.)

VOL. xm. — NO. xiL 48

542 An Address, delivered before the

REVIEWS.

Art. I. A71 Address delivered before the Chester County Hor-
ticultural Society, at West Chester, Pa., Sept. 10, 1847.
By Wm. H. Dillingham. With the Transactions of the So-
ciety for the years 1846, 1847. Pamph. 8 vo. pp. 48.

The Chester County Horticultural Society is a young and
flourishing association, and its first two exhibitions have been
highly creditable. Many fine kinds of fruits have been exhib-
ited at the two annual shows of 1846 and 1847, and liberal
premiums awarded.

We have now before us an address, delivered at the last
annual show in September, by Mr. Dillingham, and we ap-
propriate a page or two to a few of the most interesting por-
tions of the same.

Mr. Dillingham thus pays a merited tribute to the memory
of Penn : —

The name of the State in which we rejoice, is descriptive of its charac-
teristic features to the first settlers. Penn found the country granted to
him by his sovereign, a forest, and the designation assigned to it, equally
simple and appropriate, means, in plain speech, Penn's woods. It has
been our lot to see it, in " bud and blossom like the rose ;" and it is our
business here to-day, surrounded by the treasures of Pomona and the splen-
dors of Flora, products of the rich inheritance of a happy soil and clime,
perpetuated to us by the virtues of our ancestors, while felicitating our-
selves in these enjoyments, to increase its fertility and beauty. To the re-
gion occupied by the members of this Society, as part and parcel of the
original Countj'^ of Chester, pertain the honor and the responsibility of hav-
ing been the first resting-place of the Proprietary of this then noble forest,
the chosen spot to begin the development of his great idea of a Common-
wealth founded upon the blessed principle of " peace on eaith and good will
to man." You are the children's children in the third and fourth genera-
tions of his companions ; many of you still cultivate the paternal acres
which Penn himself granted to your ancestors. You have still the custody
of the earliest muniments of Title, and the Records of the first Judicial pro-
ceedings in our Commonwealth, which secure to you the possession of the
soil that produces these plants and fruits and flowers.

Invited upon this occasion to speak for you and to you, the speaker has
identified himself with you, and feels that he has a right to do so, not alone
from a devotion to the common objects of your interesting anniversary.
Our children have a common ancestry in the friends and co.napanions of

Chester County Horticultural Society. 543

Penn. Within these walls, now decorated by fair hands for this autumnal
festival, for half a life-time he took an earnest, anxious part in the questions
connected with the settlement of the estates where you plant your gardens
and cultivate your grounds. Here he has toiled, as some present can bear
him good witness, for days and weeks, to demonstrate, that a decayed relic
of one of the ancient monarchs of Penn's woods, " to wit," a certain black-
oak stump, should determine all questions about a boundary line of one of
the estates "aforesaid." But this ancient Hall of Justice, identical with
the history, transmission, and partition of every estate in this county for
the last sixty years, and with the present title to each particular spot where
these flowers and fruits were grown, is soon to pass away. It was well to
decorate it thus before the final sacrifice. Already its elegant and classic
neighbor seems impatient of its humbler presence, whose interesting mem-
ories it cannot supply.

In reviewing the history of this time-honored Hall, how are we reminded
of the contrast between those warlike demonstrations from ancient Upland,
■which threatened, with artillery, to batter down these rising walls, and the
peaceful decorations, redolent of beauty and harmony, which grace its exit.
These flowers and fruits, methinks, are kindly tokens which mother earth
sends up to bid the Old Court House good bye.

As Chester County led the van in the settlement and culture of Penn's
woods, so should it still be the banner county in agriculture and horticulture.
It possesses the elements for this distinction in the virtue, industry, intelli-
gence, and thrift of its population, and in the fertility of its soil, its genial
climate, its varied surface, its beautiful streams, its abounding springs, its
rich, indigenous Flora — and in the good fortune to have produced a son, the
pride and pleasure of whose life it is, to develop the history, character, and
properties, the beauties and the uses, of the vegetable world. Permit me
to add to these commanding advantages, your vicinity to and daily improving
facilities of intercourse with our great metropolis, justly famed for its devo-
tion to science, and particularly to the study of the Natural Sciences. Her
schools and her collections in these departments are scarcely rivalled on this
continent, and they are all within your reach. You have already set an
example worthy of imitation by every other county in the state, in your own
Collections of Natural History. They evince a taste and spirit worthy of
all commendation.

As Pennsylvania was the first to establish an Agricultural Society, so she
was the first state of this Union to establish a Horticultural Society : still
earlier, she had made an attempt at a Botanic Garden. It is now near an
hundred years since Bartram began his enterprise on the Schuylkill, and its
glory has not yet departed. You have still the evidence before you of what
Humphry Marshall attempted, soon after, in this •vicinity.

Botany, an essential element of Horticulture, has still higher claims upon
you : the first cultivators of the ancient County of Chester were country-
men of the immortal Linnseus, the great discoverer of that secret whereby
the whole vegetable kingdom was first reduced to system through all its
varieties, from the trees of the forest to the moss.

544 Afi Address, dellvei-ed before the

The Swedes were the true pioneers in this cultivation, now our pride and
boast. Within a century after the hardy sons of the North set foot upon
this soil, and with stout heart and strong arm assailed the giant forests,
their illustrious countryman possessed himself of his master key. — (pp.
11—14.)

The author thus alhides to the influences which have pro-
duced the increased attention to horticultural and rural pur-
suits : —

Within a few years. Horticultural Societies have given it an impulse, in
all its departments, unknown before. It is not fifty years since the Horti-
cultural Society of London was founded. The labors of this society have
produced results truly -wonderful. The example has been followed, and
similar societies have multiplied both in Europe and in this country. That
of Paris, established in 1826, has been patronized by the court, by the no-
bility, and very generally by their distinguished men. The Jardin du Plants,
at Paris, is regarded as the best establishment of the kind in the world, and
includes what may be called a school for horticulture.

These are, perhaps, the main sources of that impulse which has been
given to this pursuit throughout Europe. Horticultural societies are now
universal, and rapid progress has been made here as well as there, within
the last thirty years. Nothing is more obvious to those in the habit of re-
sorting to our own markets, than the improvements in esculent vegetables
and fruits, within this period, both in variety and quality. Still greater ad-
vances have been made in the general diffusion of a taste for plants and
flowers. The florists constitute now an important class in our large towns,
and some of their establishments are truly magnificent. The Greenhouse,
the Hothouse, and the Conservatory, are regarded as among the most re-
fined and elegantindulgencesof men of wealth and taste, and very generally
introduced. Many of our most distinguished men, in the various professions
and in the higher walks of life, took an active part in the formation of the
Pennsylvania Society, gave great attention to it for years, and still help
sustain it. It has always been a special favorite with the fair sex, whose
tastes and habits are so congenial to the beautiful flowers, and their virtues
so well reflected in them. The monthly exhibitions furnish opportunities
for pleasant re-unions to those who do not indulge in the gaieties of dissipa-
tion, and are uniformly characterized by pervading cheerfulness and inno-
cent enjoyment. It is impossible to be selfish or ill-natured at a horticultu-
ral exhibition. It is the appropriate place for cordial greetings, kind words,
winning looks, and cheerful smiles.

Our anniversary festival is well known to you as the most popular and
most joyous of the year. No do the votaries of Flora and Pomona grow
weary in their assiduities to keep up the interest of these annual exhibitions.
Few know how much time, and care, and thought are given, and cheerfully
given, in the preparations. There, as here, no doubt, the participation of
the ladies adds a zest to these labors — what else, indeed, could have drawn
such thousands and thousands to our gala through such a succession of

Chester County Horticultural Society. 545

years — the gay and joyous throng increasing at each succeeding anniversary.
It has in some measure supplied that, in which it is said we were deficient —
sources of innocent amusemenl. — (pp. 20 — 22.)

We might quote much interesting matter from. Mr. Dilhng-
ham's address, but we have only space for his closing remarks,
which we particularly commend to some of our amateur cul-
tivators, whose ideas in regard to the cultivation of flowers
are altogether too narrow and utilitarian : —

We would not, if we could, have every object in life merely utilitarian.
This might lead us to become sordid, selfish, and narrow-minded. These
flowers were not made in vain. This pleasure which we experience at the
sight of beautiful objects, and our enjoyment of their fragrance, are bless-
ings conferred upon us by a bountiful Providence, purposely designed to
lighten the burthens of life, alleviate its cares, and cheer us on our way.
What would become of us if there were nothing to divert the thick crowd-
ing memories of all that is sorrowful in the past, or prevent still darker fore-
bodings of the future? It is right to cultivate these tastes and to multiply
objects for their enjoyment. Nature invites it —

" Where wild flowers breathe their rath perfume ;-'

Scripture teaches it —

" Consider the lilies."

In Flowers we find the highest perfection of beauty, and fragrance most
grateful to the sense, — beauty of form, and color, and texture, and combi-
nation, in never ending variety; and equally endless variety of perfume,
each challenging comparison with the rest. The highest perfections of art
pale before the beauties of Flora — Art can but catch the breath which
Flowers exhale, to form its most exquisite perfumes. Horticulture comes
in aid of Nature to develop these perfections and multiply our delights.
The gardener's skill has achieved wonders. Witness the Rose, the Carna-
tion, the Pelargonium, the Camellia, and the Pansy ; compare each splendid
variety with its humble original.

Happiness is what we all seek. But there is no true happiness to be
found without a constant recognition of the Author of these beautiful things
around us, the observance of his laws, contemplation of his works, love of
his perfections, and awe of his power. Where can we learn the lesson
better than in this department of the volume of Nature ? Here we shall
be certain to find constant exhibitions of infinite w'isdom and infinite good-
ness,— here we discover that " order is Nature's first law." We seek to
imitate these perfections and to conform our own lives to the dictates of that
wisdom and goodness which engrosses our aflfections and our thoughts. We
see and feel that it is impossible for such beauties and perfections to have
originated without design. Thus we may find in the rose of Sharon and
the lily of the valley, emblems of flowers that never fade, — thus, by means
of " a well-watered garden," we may hope to attain a final resting place
under the shadow of the tree of life. — (pp. 33 — 34.)

48*

546 General Notices.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Pruning. — Now that the summer's business is fairly at an end, it is time
to take steps to provide against an inordinate pressure of business in the
forthcoming spring ; for any arrears of autumn or winter business, at that
busy period, will prove a great hindrance to the carrying out a properly
devised system through the ensuing season, and can be justified on the
grounds of necessity alone. Planting, pruning, training, trenching, &c.,
are matters that belong peculiarly to this dormant period, and having before
disposed of planting and trenching, by diverting attention to its importance,
we will now offer a few practical remarks on pruning. The habits of fruit
trees vary, more especially as to the manner of forming and exhibiting
their buds ; thus there is no difficulty in distinguishing the fructiferous por-
tions of the apple, or of bush fruit in general, whilst the apricot and the
filbert are, at this period, somewhat obscure in regard of these points.
Even in the pear, more especially some of the newer kinds, such as the
Passe Colmar, the Seckel, the Marie Louise, and some others, it is difficult
to prune with safety in the early part of winter. For these reasons, there-
fore, we say, prune bush fruit the moment you can find time. Follow
closely with cherries, plums, and apples, and towards Christmas lay by the
knife until the early part of February, when the filberts will be blossoming ;
then, after a slight thinning of the crowded and inside spray, male catkins
may be brought if requisite, and suspended among the bushes. The apri-
cots will, by this time, give unequivocal signs by which to know the true
blossom buds ; these, then, may immediately receive their pruning. The
peach and nectarine will succeed the apricot ; and these may be followed
by the pear, and lastly by the fig. In pruning bush fruit thin liberally.
Let no two branches in the black currant and the gooseberry touch when
finally thinned ; these seldom require shortening ; an equal and judicious
thinning is therefore every thing here. In pruning apples the thinning of
the branches or old wood should be the first step ; this, however, requires
caution.

The late Mr. Knight, of Downton, was much against cutting out
large limbs, unless a severe necessity existed. His authority is too weighty
to be passed over easily, more especially as he lived most of his time in a
cider district. In thinning the young wood of espaliers, remember that the
first point is to secure a continuance of leading shoots to form a compact
tree ; and the second, to secure a free admission of light to all parts of the
tree. The same remarks will apply to the pruning of all the rough espa-
liers or dwarf standards of the kitchen garden, be they of what kind they
may. Raspberries may now be planted and pruned : some of the soundest
remarks on this subject, we ever read, appeared in the Chronicle for Octo-
ber 9.— (Garrf. Chron. 1847, p. 703.)

Foreign Notices. 547

Pruning the Vine. — In your leading article on the subject of the Vineries
at Bishop's Stortford, you concluded by saying that the vines were pruned
on Mr. Crawshay's system. I presume from that general allusion that the
system is well understood by professional gardeners ; but I rather think it
is not as universally known as it would seem to deserve, if it can be proved
to be certain and successful. In all treatises I have read on pruning the
vine, from Speechley downwards, I have never met with any which has
detailed this mode of treatment, or recommended its adoption. I have
heard it in conversation described as " the walking-stick system," because
its principle consists in giving very much that appearance to the main stem,
which is always preserved. At each autumnal pruning the whole of the
new wood is cut oif to within an eighth of an inch of the old stem. So
small, indeed, is the spur left, that the growth of the wood of the follow-
ing year nearly levels it with the old wood. At the point of junction of
this eighth of an inch with the stem, one or more buds are developed, which
in the succeeding year become the shoots upon which the fruit is produced.
The old-fashioned grape-grower sees with dismay in this system all the
buds of the year which have grown and ripened under the influence of a
summer and autumn's sun, annihilated " at one fell swoop," and stares
when told that he is to trust entirely for his crop of next year to a bud
which he can hardly see. Might I ask your contributors who delight in
vine culture whether the success of this plan depends upon the great power
working at the roots — the forty barge loads of manure, such as our friend
at Bishop's Stortford supplies to the gluttony of his vines — and which con-
verts that which, in ordinary circumstances, would at best be but a weak
wood-bud, to the production of the finest fruit? Is this mode of pruning
likely to be generally successful ? There are, undoubtedly, many advan-
tages in it. Amongst others, it does seem more consistent with nature,
and with all our ideas of rendering culture subservient to her laws, to re-
tain the main stem of the tree which furnishes the largest capacity for the
flow of the sap ; it also enables us to keep both fruit and foliage close under
the rafters, and thereby to secure the greater quantity of light flowing into
our houses. Any useful discussion on the subject will oblige /. /. — {Id.
1847, p. 718.)

Tagetes pinnata. — Allow me to offer my meed of praise to this delightful
annual. As a perpetual bloomer, from earliest summer till latest autumn,
it is unrivalled as an annual. The rich golden yellow of its beautifully re-
flexed petals, the exquisite pinnate foliage and compact growth, are all
worthy of our warmest admiration, and claim for it a place in every garden.
As a mass flower I know nothing of its class to equal it. — {Id. p. 670.)

Art. If. Foreign Notices.

ENGLAND.
Dahlias and Dahlia Exhibitions for 1847. — Agreeably to our usual plan
of keeping our amateur cultivators informed of every thing relative to the
improvement and cultivation of the Dahlia, we have gleaned from our Eng-

548 Foreign Notices.

lish papers the following accounts of the Dahlia exhibitions of the principal
Societies in England and Scotland. We regret to see, with many of our
cultivators, a tendency to neglect the cultivation of this splendid autumnal
flower, without which our gardens would be despoiled of their greatest or-
nament. It is true the dry summers of 1845 and 1846 were so fatal to the
fine blooming of the plants, that many were so much disappointed in their
cultivation as to discard them, or at least greatly reduce the number of
their plants ; but the past season has been so propitious to their growth that
we trust another spring to see the usual attention given to the selection of
the new kinds, w-hich have been proved to possess the real properties of
good flowers.

Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society. — Best twenty blooms.
Beeswing, Miss Vyse, Louis Philippe, Lady of the Lake, Caractacus,
Lily White, Vanguard, Cloth of Gold, SirE. Antrobus, Marchioness Corn-
wallis, Marquis of Aylesbury, Princess Radziville, Berryer, Queen of She-
ba, Mrs. Anderson, Marchioness of Lorn, Scarlet Gem, Empress of Whites,
Captain Warner, and Alice Hawthorn. — To Mr. T. Handyside, Glen
Nurseries, Musselburgh.

Royal South London Horticultural Society. — Best twenty-four
blooms. Lady of the Lake, Beeswing, Yellow Standard, Beauty of Sus-
sex, Essex Triumph, Miss Sarah, Louis Philippe, Andromache, A'ictory of
Sussex, Lily White, Marquis of Aylesbury, Springfield Rival, Beauty of
Hants, Admiral Stopford, Empress of Whites, Captivation, Raphael, Non-
pareil, Essex Rosy Lilac, Princess Radziville, Mrs. Shelly, Captain War-
ner, Lady Stopford, and Standard of Perfection. — To Messrs. Cutter &
Shankey, Slough.

West of England Dahlia Exhibition. — Best twenty-four blooms.
Lady St. Maur, Beeswing, Lady of the Lake, Gloria Mundi, Admiral
Stopford, Biondetta, Miss Vyse, Louis Philippe, Captain Warner, Mar-
chioness Cornwallis, Captivation, Beauty of Sussex, Queen of Roses, Non-
pareil, Queen, Essex Triumph, Yellow Standard, Standard of Perfection,
Bermonsdy Bee, Aurantia, Mrs. Shelly, Cassandra, Springfield Rival,
Princess Radziville. — To Messrs. Cutter & Shankey.

Norwood Horticultural Society. — Best twenty-four blooms. Pul-
chella, Prometheus, Victorine, Metropolitan Queen, Mrs, Shelly, Chel-
tenham Queen, Model, Rosetta, Essex Triumph, Miss Vyse, Robusta,
Queen of the Isles, Erecta, Mary Anne, Scarlet Gem, Pride of Surrey,
Duncan, Beauty of Bath, Admiral Stopford, Essex Goldsmith, Standard
of Perfection, Alarm, and Bragg's Star. — To Mr. Gaines, of Battersea.

Metropolitan Grand Dahlia Show. — Best twenty -four blooms. La-
dy Cooper, Madame Zellar, Cleopatra, Beeswing, Nonpareil, Alexandria,
Marquis of Bath, Miss Sarah, Hon. Careat, Standard of Perfection, Essex
Rosy Lilac, Raphael, Victorine, Caractacus, Griseldi's Eboracum, Conspi-
cuum, Rembrandt, Ophir, Mrs. Anderson, Queen of Roses, Minerva, Miss
Vyse, and Berryer — To Mr. Barnes, Stowmarket.

Norfolk and Norwich Horticultural Society. — Best twenty-four
blooms. Marchioness of Cornwallis, Nonpareil, Essex Triumph, Yellow
Standard, Queen of Roses, Queen of Perpetuals, Standard of Perfection,

Foreign Notices. 549

Andromeda, Essex Rosy Lilac, Essex Bride, Captain Warner, Berryer,
Captivation, Beeswing, Marquis of Aylesbury, Madame Zellar, Esther,
Diadem, Bathonia, Rembrandt, Lady Slopford, Royal Chancellor, Prin-
cess Radziville, and Sir E. Antrobus. — To Mr. Widnall, Grant-Chester.

Royal Chelsea Dahlia Society. — Best twenty-four blooms. Lily
White, Beeswing-, Lady St. Maur, Essex Triumph, Lady of the Lake,
Gloria Mundi, Springfield Rival, Biondetta, Captain Warner, Yellow
Standard, Captivation, Arethusa, Yenusta, Nonpareil, Beauty of Sussex,
Queen of Roses, Hon Mrs. Herbert, Bermonsdy Bee, Empress of Whites,
Standard of Perfection, Admiral Stopford, Ackbar, Raphael, and Mar-
chioness of Cornwallis. — To Messrs. Cutter & Shankey, of Slough.

These are the principal Dahlia exhibitions, and a careful inspection of
the above awards will show which are the leading flowers. By a refer-
ence to our last year's summary, (Vol. XH. p. 489,) it will be seen that
we gave a list of such as our correspondent stated would be the " crack"
flowers, and they are all included in the above premiums.

Fancy Dahlias. — As much interest is felt in this class of flowers, we give
the following as the names of those which have been the most prominent
in the prize stands of the Royal South London and Metropolitan Grand
Dahlia Shows : —

Captivation, Surprise, Mimosa, Yiscount Ressegeur, Herherzoy Ste-
phen, Minerva, Miss Watson, Hermione, Admirable, Desdemona, Roi de
Pointelles, Adolphe Dubras, Coquette, Master G. Clayton, Baron Hugel,
Pantaloon Pamsl, Ober Justigrath, Mr. Walner, Queen of the French,
Madame Wachy and Narcissus.

Seedlings of 1848. — The following premiums were awarded at the Royal
South London Exhibition : —

An extra prize, presented by Messrs. Bragg & Bright, of Slough, for
four blooms of the best seedling fancy Dahlia not sent out, to Mr. Elphin-
stone, for a seedling named Mrs. Shaw Lefevre, a well-built flower, florets
fine in shape, of good substance, and smooth on the edges, eye beautifully
formed, color red and white. Extra prizes offered by members, open to all
classes, for four blooms of the best seedling Dahlia not sent out — 1st, to Mr.
Collisson, Bath, for a seedling named Shylock, a rich scarlet self, form
good, florets finely shaped, of good substance, and smooth on the edges,
eye beautifully formed, it also appears very constant; 2d, to Mr. Gaines,
Battersea, for four blooms of a seedling named Mount Blanc, a white va-
riety, flower large, form good, florets nicely shaped, of good substance, and
smooth on the edges, eye well up in the centre, its being a shade whiter
would be a decided improvement ; 3d, to Mr. Pope, of Chelsea, for a seed-
ling named Nell Gwynne, a handsome variety in its class, flower large,
tolerably good in shape, eye well up in the centre, color a bright primrose.
The above three seedlings, besides their prizes, were awarded first-class
certificates to each. Mr. Keynes exhibited four blooms of a seedling named
Walter Hilson, rather a striking flower, outline first-rate, it has great depth
of florets, which are nicely shaped, and of good substance, the eye is a little
defective, being a trifle sunk, color an orange buff"; it obtained a first-class

550 Foreign Notices.

certificate. Mr. Barnes, of Stovvmarket, exhibited four blooms of a seed
ling named Boule de Fue, form excellent, eye well up in the centre, the
florets rather quill too much to be perfect, color an orange red ; it received
a first-class certificate. Mr. Barnes also exhibited a fancy variety named
Jenny Lind, which received a first-class certificate, a very promising flower,
all the properties being tolerably good, color white and maroon. A first-
class certificate to Mr. Turville, for a seedling named Fire King, flower
large, form good, florets beautiful in shape and of firm texture, eye a trifle
too low, color a fiery orange scarlet: this variety should be grown in every
collection, for its splendid color. A first-class certificate to Mr. Collison,
Bath, for a seedling named Sir Robert Peel, a handsome-shaped variety,
with a beautiful formed eye, color a point against it, being a dull scarlet.
A first-class certificate to Mr. Smith, Hackney, for a seedling named Yel-
low Perfection, flower rather small, form good, florets beautifully shaped,
of good substance, and smooth on the edges. A first-class certificate to Mr.
Rudd, for seedling named Jenny Lind, a promising flower, possessing most
of the properties, color a white self.

This report comprises all the information we can glean from our foreign
papers, and the fancier will be at no loss in a selection of kinds in purchas-
ing plants. — Ed.

BELGIUM.

Exhibition of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Brussels, Oc-
tober 1, 1847. — The annual f(6tes for the celebration of the national inde-
pendence, commenced on the 23d September, and continued until the end
of the month ; these were gala days ; all the world seemed congregated at
Brussels. Concerts, plays, archery, and cross-bow shooting ; races, re-
views, dancing, illuminations, and various amusements, daily succeeded each
other ; the eclat was further increased by an exhibition given by the above-
named societies, thus uniting the utile el dulce ; the government also placed
several additional prizes at their disposition. The show was held at the
ancient palace of the Prince of Orange, near the Park, and was daily
thronged with visitors, who could not fail to be highly pleased. The flor-
ists and nurserymen of Belgium are not one iota behind their brethren of
England either in skill or enterprise, and in the present instance have nobly
sustained their reputation ; it is more particularly to their part of the exhi-
bition that I shall confine my observations ; not that the agricultural part
was less interesting, but simply because it is out of my province. I may,
however, say, en passant, that there were upwards of two hundred and
thirty exhibitors of cereals. The suite of apartments devoted to the show
consisted of eight or nine rooms on the ground floor ; these were entirely
filled with " Cereals, fruits, plants, cut flowers, and vegetables,'' arranged
with excellent taste ; bands of music were stationed in a tent in the court,
and performed daily from eleven till four o'clock, during which time the
public were admitted gratis. The middle of one salon was devoted to the
various kinds of grain, which were shown in the straw ; three rooms were
completely occupied with samples of potatoes, consisting of almost every

Foreign Notices. 551

known variety. Some idea may be formed of the interest the Belgians
take in the cultivation of this useful root by the fact that there were more
than one hundred and eighty collections of potatoes, among which I counted
about forty exhibitors of seedlings raised in 1846 and '47, the particulars
of which I will give presently. Vegetables of every description were nu-
merous and generally fine, especially carrots, pumpkins, and cabbages.
The fruit was magnificent. I hardly know how to express myself suffi-
ciently complimentarily of the pears and apples, — finer, I believe, were
never before exhibited, certainly never surpassed in quantity or quality.
The interest was further increased by some specimens of fine seedling
pears, of which more anon. This rich display entirely filled one large
salon and two ante-rooms. As for flowering plants, of course, no one ex-
pected to see the brilliancy of a spring exhibition, that is out of the ques-
tion at the end of September ; but, in every other respect, it was splendid.
The noble specimens of palms, ferns, conifers, cacti, orchids, &c., &c.,
were the admiration of every lover of horticulture.

Roses were neither numerous nor fine, certainly not to be compared with
those I have seen exhibited in France, more particularly at the Chateau des
rieurs. Two collections of well-known varieties, in small pots, were all
that were shown. General collections of stove and greenhouse plants were
numerous, but of course this was not the season to see them to advantage ;
among them were some well-bloomed orchids and other plants, from M.
Forkel, the king's gardener, at Lacken ; and in the collection of M. Ros-
seels, of Louvain, were Mr. Fortune's Anemone japonica, Cuphea miniata
and platycentra, Habrothamnus elegans, Justicia carnea, Echites splendens,
&c. From M. Louis, gardener to the Duke of d'Aremberg, were some
pretty orchids and plants of achimenes, together with Clerodendron frag-
rans, Hsemanthus coccineus, &c. ; and in that of M. Decraen I observed
Torenia asiatica, Cuphea decandra, miniata, platycentra, and strigillosa,
Siphocampylus nitidus, Bouvardia flava, Abutilon venosum, together with
several varieties of gesneras, phloxes, verbenas, &c. Among seedlings
were some pretty Gladioli from M. Carolus, and some phloxes from M.
Radigas, especially one in the way of Van Houttii. There was a pretty
good collection of fuchsias, from M. Millet, of Ixelles, but unfortunately
the season was too far advanced for them. Several prizes were offered for
dahlias grown in pots, and also for twenty-five cut flowers ; in this latter
class there were several exhibitors of fine flowers ; some were little if at
all inferior to those shown at the London metropolitan exhibitions, espe-
cially the stands of MM. Rosseels, Van Geert, Haquin, and De Knyflf,
which contained most of the English show flowers, and the best Belgian,
German, and French varieties; specimens of Beeswing, Andromeda, Jose-
phine, Lady of the Lake, Marchionness of Cornwallis, George Clayton,
Victorine, Scarlet Gem, La Belle Blonde, Optimus, Hon. Sidney Herbert,
Miss Vyse, Standard of Perfection, Star, Royal Chancellor, Reine d'Angle-
terre, Yellow Standard, Aurora, Bathonia, Alexandrina, and Antagonist,
were splendid. There were not more than ten or twelve seedling dahlias,
but the paucity in numbers was more than compensated by quality ; for

552 Foreign Notices.

among those few were two or three excellent flowers, and one superlative,
named Toisoa d'Or, which was considered by every amateur present to be
one of the finest dahlias ever raised, being large, finely cupped, very sym-
metrical, high in centre, and color golden orange or buflf; it unanimously
obtained the first prize, and I was informed it had been exhibited at several
dahlia shows during the season, and always gained the principal prize ;
among the continental varieties for 1848, this will be the flower of the sea-
son. I must not forget some charming bouquets sent by Madame Vauriet,
of Brussels; these consisted of an elegant "Bouquet de Noce," two
beautiful "Bouquets de Bal," and three splendid large "Bouquets de
Table," all arranged in exquisite taste.

I now come to the fruit rooms ; here there were upwards of eighty ex-
hibitors, among whom were the Due de Brabante, Comte de Fiandres,
and Princess Charlotte. I had been led to expect a large collection of
fruit ; Flanders has the reputation of being par excellence the land of pears,
in it have been raised more and better varieties than in all the rest of Eu-
rope put together ; I was not disappointed, for certainly finer specimens, as
regarded size and form, it would be difficult to produce. I have, it is true,
seen both in England and France as fine single specimens, but here you
meet them in almost every collection. That of M. De Bavay, of the Royal
Nursery, Vilvorde, contained about two hundred kinds of pears, apples,
plums, and peaches. The collection of M. De Rasse, of Tournay, con-
tained nearly one hundred kinds of pears, in which were also fine speci-
mens ; and in the collection of M. Desbuck, of Louvain, were also some
very fine fruit, but he had also several very small, which gave it an uneven
appearance. The exhibition from M. Louis, of Heverle, contained very
fine and large fruit, more especially of Duchesse d'Angouleme, Doyenne,
Beurr^ d'Hiver, Calebasse bosc. Napoleon, Belle de Bruxelles, and Beurr6
d'Aremberg pears. In that of M. Millet, of Ixelles, were some very large
pears, and some enormous apples. M. Weytz, gardener to the Prince de
Ligne, sent a small lot, containing, however, some very fine fruit. La
Societe de Pomone d'Antoing also contributed about one hundred varieties ;
and M. CoUignon furnished one hundred and fifteen varieties of pears, and
the like number of dilTerent apples, some of which were very superior,
though not at all equal to those of M. Bavay. M. Rummens had a small
but very fine collection of pears and some very large melons, that of M.
Joly contained enormous fruit of Duchesse d'Angouleme, Belle de Brux-
elles, Beurr^ gris, Calebasse bosc, Bezi de Chaumontel, and Bon Chretien
d'Espagne. I also noticed some very handsome pears in that of M. Meys.
As it is impossible to name all the finest varieties, I will pass on to the
seedling pears and apples exhibited by M. Bivort, of Geest, Saint Remy,
in which were Beurre Kennes (Bivort), a very handsome large fruit ; No.
2794, very large ; Docteur Capron, No. 2820, Marie Louise Nouvelle
(Van Mons), and a splendid fruit numbered 1011. Among the seedling
apples the following particularly attracted my attention : — Nos. 3, 7029,
7003, bright yellow, 7007, red, and 7023, a beautiful golden red. M.
Ouvelx, of Huy, had also a collection of seedling apples, in which were

Foreign Notices. 553

some very handsome specimens, but as they were not numbered I am una-
ble to send any particulars. The grapes were not ripe, and quite unfit for
exhibition. The pines were exhibited growing, and had nothing whatever
remarkable about them. Among the pears one, Triomphe de Hasselt, was
particularly conspicuous, from its enormous size and shape ; it must have
been at least six inches long, color brownish green, and bell-shaped ; I only
saw it exhibited by one person, M. Vandievoet. Among the vegetables
were some very large collections ; that of M. Simonis, of Liege, contained
more than three hundred and twenty different varieties ; in it were seven
varieties of beet, fifteen of carrots, nine of celery, eight of endive, forty-
seven of cabbages and broccoli, fifty three of Haricot beans, twenty-four of
lettuce, thirteen of turnips, nine of onions, thirty-two of peas, eight of
radish, eight of tomatoes, &c. That of M. Galoppin consisted of one
hundred different kinds of beans and peas. Mr. Vanderschriek had some
very large cabbages, pumpkins, vegetable marrows, haricots, lettuces, and
turnips ; but in the collection of M. Rampelbergh, were some most beauti-
ful specimens of broccoli, cabbages, carrots, endive, beans, cucumbers, and
pumpkins; better it would have been difficult to meet with. Potatoes oc-
cupied a considerable space in the exhibition. The society had offered one
gold, two silver gilt, and two silver medals, for the best collections and for
seedlings, and certainly there was no lack of competitors. As might be
expected among so many collections some were very even and good, and
others mediocre. There might be seen varieties that had been cultivated in
every kind of soil, and with all sorts of manure ; in one place was the pro-
duce of sets received from South America, in another from the south of
Europe, and in another from the most northern climates. In some collec-
tions it was indicated that they had been raised from diseased tubers ; in
others that sound tubers had been planted in land which had for the two
previous seasons entirely failed ; in fact, it was evident that a grand experi-
ment had been tried to avert the danger of a national calamity. Several
of the collections contained from twenty to seventy varieties, among which
were numerous specimens of early white and red Kidney, early white and
red round. Ash-leaved Kidney, early and late Irish Shropshire red, Shaw's
red Antwerp, blue Saxony, Grosse Monstreuse de Mons, Rouge de Landen,
long blue Dutch, spotted red and white Ghent, Rohan, Rose Mousson, early
and late Champion, blue Saint Helena, Rouge de Vosges, Come de Vache,
red Scotch, white and red Havannah, Howard, Nine Weeks, Ovale de
Growland, Langue de Boeuf, late American red, and many others. M.
Rops, of Namur, sent a fine large collection of one hundred varieties, and
eight tubers of each. These were all nearly of the same size. M. Lorio,
of Liege, had a small collection, but very good ; but that of M. Defays-
Dumonceau was the most remarkable, containing nearly one hundred and
fifty kinds, in capital order. The exhibitors of seedlings were numerous :
among the best appeared those of M. Lemercier, M. Defays, M. Jacobs,
M. Couvent, M. Vancelst, (about sixty different kinds, and most of them
very fine,) M. Julin, M. Demelin, M. Ouwerx, M. D'Hollonder, M. Peers,
(upwards of fifty varieties, and the pedigree of each given,) M. Reul, M.
VOL. XIII. — NO, XII. 49

554 Domestic Notices.

Beuwans, and M. Duerinck. Some of these seedlings were very hand-
some, and will, no doubt, prove great acquisitions ; but others were to ap-
pearance the exact counterpart of some already in cultivation. — ( Corres-
pondent of Gard. Chron., pp. 670, 702, 718, 1847.)

Art. III. Domestic Notices.

Sesbania. vesicaria. — The Fall Senna proves to be Glottidium florid^num
of Torrey and Gray, Sesbanta vesicaria of Elliott. I like to have a few
plants of it in my grounds. Some this year stand sturdily alone, like a
sunflower, full twelve feet high. Its large pinnate leaves of twenty or
more pairs go regularly to sleep every evening like the Mimosa. — Yours,
M. A. W.

New Grasses. — I should like to know whether any of the grass seeds
grew which I sent to you, and what they are. The spikes of some of them
are exquisitely beautiful, but perhaps too delicate for " grass bouquets"
which I see noticed in your exhibitions. A single spike of the one marked
[4. No. 1,] presents a system of carpentry scarcely to be equalled in the
castle in the air of a fairy. We have some other grasses, especially in
swampy places, which I think would prove useful in the hands of your lady
grass bouquet builders. They are, however, some miles from me ; but I
will try to procure some seeds for you, if you wish it. — Yours, M. A. W.,
Athens, Ga., Nov. 1847.

[We did try several of them and found them very handsome, but all have
not yet flowered, they were planted so late. The Means grass grew six
feet. If they stand our winter we shall have a better opportunity to see
them next year. We shall be glad to have the seeds. — Ed.]

Weather in Georgia. — New Dahlias. — We had our first hard frost this
morning, 34° ; two weeks ago we had some slight hoars, therm. 40°, just
enough to blacken the mere edges of dahlia leaves ; but they have since
ripened off and are now mostly dry ; the roots must be in fine order for
next year. Our unusually rainy summer has been very favorable to them,
and they have been in full flower from June to October, and finer than I
ever saw them before. The new kinds. Sir Ed. Antrobus, Orlando, Ithu-
riel. Antagonist, &c., were fine, but not much better than some old sorts,
especially Grandis, Smith's Napoleon, Mrs. Rushton, and Rosa Superba.
But by far the richest dahlia which I ever saw anywhere is Widnall's
Rainbow, as it appeared in my ground this year. I have grown it for sev-
eral years, but never saw it in such perfection as this year. Mr. Waddel
has raised some seedlings which are "better" than most of the late im-
ported ones. I have myself this year two seedlings, which I value highly.
It seems to me that in favorable seasons, that is, in wet and cloudy ones,
we of the South can far outstrip you in this Mexican plant. — Yours, M.
A. W., Athens, Ga., Nov. 1847.

Domestic Notices. 555

Bases and Seedling Chrysanthemums. — Our late blooming roses are also
exceedingly fine, better than I ever saw before ; and although the forests
have turned brovi'n and are fast shedding their leaves, the garden is very
gay with chrysanthemums, marigolds, zinnias, thunbergias, &c. By the
way, we beat you all hollow in chrysanthemums. Mr. Waddel has some
very superior seedlings. I intend to prepare some notice of our gardening
operations " in these diggins" for your annual review, if I can get time,
and my lame shoulder will allow me to write. — Respectfully, yours, M. A.
Ward, Athens, Ga., Nov. 1847.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society. — The second annual exhibi-
tion of this society was held at Hoppin's Hall, No. 33 Westminster street,
on the 29th and 30th of September last. The reports of the several com-
mittees upon fruits, flowers and vegetables, showing a schedule and descrip-
tion of the articles exhibited, and the premiums awarded, have been sent to
us, and we have endeavored to find room for their insertion. We have,
however, condensed them somewhat, leaving out the names of the fruits
exhibited by persons from other places, as they will be found in the list of
sorts exhibited at the last annual show of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society.

Fruits: By L. C. Eaton, North Providence: R. I. Greening, American
Nonpareil, Lyscom, Northern Stripe, American Golden Russet, Ramsdell's
Sweeting, Meadow Greening, Pearmain Russet, Tolman Sweeting, Porter,
Reddock, Baldwin, Winter Seedling, Nonsuch, Detroit, Bell Flower
Sweet (unknown), Jacob, Lady, Striped (unknown), Pie, Black, House
Sweeting, Gilliflower, Fall Sops of Wine, Peck's Pleasant, Forbidden
Fruit, Hubbardston Nonsuch, and American Russet apples of 1846 ; Seckel,
Williams's Bon Chretien, Bezi de la l\Iotte, Napoleon, Beurr6 de Cap-
iaumont, Knight's Seedling, Louise Bonne de Jersey, and unknown pears ;
five varieties peaches, unknown ; Native, Hamburgh, Golden Chasselas,
Muscadine, and Isabella grapes ; Orange, Portugal, and Pear quinces ; two
kinds of watermelons.

By Stephen H. Smith, Smithfield, President of the Society : French
Nonpariel, Clark, Blue Pearmain, American Nonpareil, Honey Greening,
Yellow Harvey, Winter Harvey, White Seek-no-Further, R. I. Greening,
Marigold, Newtown Pippin, Sprague, Maiden's Blush, Tolman Sweeting,
White Spanish Reinette, Lady, Queen Anne, Nonsuch, 'Red Seek-no-
Further, Waterman Sweeting, Roxbury Russet, Peck's Pleasant, Brook,
Dartmouth Sweeting, Baldwin, Esten, and Ribstone Pippin apples; St.
Michael's, Cumberland, Seckel, Capsheaf, Passe Colmar, Beurr6 d'Arem-
berg, Beurr6 Diel, Wilkinson, and Ananas pears; Native (Blackstone)
grapes ; Minorca melons.

By Marshall P. Wilder, President Mass. Hort. Society, 35 varieties of
pears. By Samuel Walker, Roxbury, 25 varieties of pears.

By Madam Ives, R. I. Greening, Baldwin, French Nonpareil, and Un-
known apples; Passe Colmar, Buffum, Williams's Bon Chretien, Duchesse
d'Angouleme, Seckel, and unknown pears. Thomas Carpenter, Cumberland,
Roxbury Russets, Peck's Pleasant, R. I. Greening, Black Gilliflower, and

556 Domestic Notices.

Wine apples; Blood and Seedling Clingstone peaches; White Native grapes.
Preserved Arnold, Smilhfield, Smooth Pearmain, Russet Pearmain, Tiflt
Sweeting, Sapson, Newtown Spitzenburg,To]man Sweeting, R. I. Green-
ing, Lady, No Blossom, Wine, Baldwin, Crow's Egg, Black Gilliflower,
Herkimer Sweeting, Peck's Pleasant, Roxbury Russet, and Unknown ap-
ples. Welcome Alverson, Johnston, Welcome and Peony Seedling apples ;
Williams's Bon Chretien pears. Mrs. M. Brownell, Duchesse d'Angou-
l^me pears. D. H. Leonard, Seekonk, Westcott pears ; Lemon Cling-
stone, Mammoth, White Magdalen, and two seedling varieties peaches.
Robert Manton, Beurre Diel and Napoleon pears. George W. Chapin,
Williams's Bon Chretien and St. Michael pears ; Miller's Spanish peaches ;
Isabella grapes. Henry Rogers, St. Michael pears. Edward Carrington,
Capsheaf, Seckel, Gansel's Bergamot pears. George B. Peck, Williams's
Bon Chretien pears. George Hunt, Seckel pears. William Magee
Snow, R. I. Greening apples ; pears, for a name ; three varieties peaches,
unknown ; Isabella grapes, and Orange quinces. Ezra Bourn, Russet

Pearmain, Sweeting, Tolman Sweeting apples; Seedling peaches.

David Ide, Smithfield, Gloria Mundi apples. Barton Whipple, Cumber-
land, Hollow Crown apples.

J. B. Leonard, North Providence, Warren Russet, Sapson, Black Gilli-
flower, American Nonpareil, and Russet Pearmain apples ; Seedling
peaches. William S. King, North Providence, Gloria Mundi, Borden
Russet, Tifft Sweeting, Crovr's Egg, Black Gilliflower, Baldwin, Un-
known, and Blue Pearmain apples ; Orange quinces. J. A. Larkin, Cran-
ston, Pumpkin Sweet, Ox, Vandevere (■?), White Spanish Reinette, and
Lady apples. J. J. Stimson, two varieties apples unknown ; Bishop's
Thumb, Golden Beurr6 of Bilboa, Julienne, Black of Worcester, Easter
Beurre, Williams's Bon Chretien, two varieties pears unknown ; Orange
quinces. Wanton Vaughan, Gloria Mundi apples. Dyer's Nursery, White
Gilliflower, American Nonpareil, Roxbury Russet, Cluster, Black Gilli-
flower, Gloria Mundi, and three varieties of apples not named. Moore's
Eagle Nursery, Unknown apples ; Williams's Bon Chretien pears. Lean-
der Fenner, Cranston, Chesborough Russet, Black Gilliflower, Esopus
Spitzenburg, Long Stem, Roxbury Russet, New York Pippin, Spice,
Pomme Water, Russet Pearmain, Knight's Pippin, Tifl!"t Sweeting, Smooth
Pearmain, Gloria Mundi, Fall Pippin, Borden Russet, R. I. Greening,
Dartmouth Sweeting, Peck's Pleasant, Cat Head Greening, Doozen, and
Unknown apples; Knight, Capsheaf, St. Michael, Seckel, Seedling, two
kinds of pears unknown; Melocoton, Lemon Clingstone, Blood, three seed-
ling varieties peaches.

Thomas Andrews, Smithfield, R. I. Greening, Roxbury Russet, and
Pomme Water apples, for a name. A. L. Andrews, Smithfield, R. I.
Greening apples. O. Manchester, Fruit Hill, Rhode Island Greening
apples. George Bartlett, Smithfield, Russet Pearmain, Roxbury Russet,
Pomme Roi, Baldwin, and Peck's Pleasant apples; St. Michael, Bufl^um,
Vicar of Winkfield, and Duchesse d'Angouleme (?) pears. R. H. Ives,
Knight's Seedling pears. Thomas W. Latham, Smithfield, Capsheaf,

Domestic Notices. 557

Williams's Bon Chretien pears. B. W. Comstock, Capsheaf, Williams's
Bon Chretien, Easter Beurre, St. Germain, and Unknown pears ; White
Nectarine peaches. W. H. Dait, White Doyenne pears. Rufus Sprague,
Cranston, Remington pears ; Water and Citron melons. By the Society,
Pratt Pears. Capt. S. Townsend, Duchesse d'Angouleme and Seckel pears ;
Black Hamburgh grapes. Mrs. Judge Burgess, Seckel pears ; Isabella
grapes. Moses B. Ives, Lemon Clingstone peaches. S. Metcalf, Seedling
(free stone) peaches. J. Metcalf, Seedling (clingstone) peaches ; Catawba
and White Sweetwater (open culture) grapes. Thomas Read, Late Ad-
mirable peaches. James G. Fales, North Providence, Orange quinces.
C. B. Manchester, nectarines. Miss P. Lippitt, figs. R. Dalglish, Black
Hamburgh, Muscadine, and Chasselas d'Arboyce grapes. James Arnold,
New Bedford, St. Peters, Royal Muscadine, Black Hamburgh, Horatio,
and Victoria grapes. Charles Hay ford, Isabella grapes. Richard Water-
man, Isabella grapes. Peter Church, Catwaba grapes. Samuel Lewis,
Isabella grapes. Miss Frances Aplin, Seedling, resembling Catawba
grapes.

Premiums awarded :

To L. C. Eaton, for finest specimens of most approved varieties of fall
and winter apples, $ 4.

Stephen H. Smith, for second best, $2.

Preserved Arnold, Smithfield, for best specimens of finest varieties of
winter apples, $ 3.

Thomas Andrews, Smithfield, for second best, $ 1.

Welcome Alverson, Johnston, for finest dish of fall apples, $ 1.

J. B. Leonard, North Providence, for finest dish of winter apples, $ 1.

E. Carrington, for second finest specimen of best autumn pears, $ 1.

R. Dalglish, for finest dish of autumn pears, $ 1.

B. W. Comstock, for finest dish of winter pears, $ 1.

W. M. Snow, for second best specimens of finest varieties of peaches, $ 1.

D. H. Leonard, Seekonk, for best dish of peaches, $ 1.

James G. Fales, North Providence, for best specimens of quinces, $2.

J. Kingsbury, for best specimens of most approved varieties of native
grapes, $2.

W. M. Snow, for second best, $ 1.

J. C. Dodge, Attleborough, for finest specimens of most approved varie-
ties of grapes, grown under glass, $3.

R. Dalglish, for second best, $ 1.

C. B. Manchester, for nectarines, $ 1.

L. C. Eaton, for best varieties of water melons, $ 1.

S. B. Halliday, for best varieties of citron melons, $ 1.

Leander Fenner, Cranston, for fine display of apples, pears, and

peaches, $2.

Flowers. — Mrs. H. Ives, by Robert Dalglish, Bouquet, Gladiolus,

Colchicum — Dahlias, Nonpareil, Charles XII., Cleopatra, Painted Lady,

and others. R. Dalglish, bouquet of Verbenas and Perpetual roses, fine.

S. Moore, Eagle Nurseries, dahlias, two bouquets. Wm. Magee Snow,

49*

558 Domestic Notices.

a great variety of dahlias, undernames. Ezra Hubbard, Amaranths, three
varieties, one striped ; German Asters, (fine,) Zinnias, Coxcombs, Balsams,
(good,) Dahlias, Ithuriel and other varieties; Helianthus Perennis, and other
flowers. Mrs. Peter Church, Marigolds. Mrs. George Hunt, bouquet of
German Asters. C. L. Bowler, Dahlias, a number of varieties rot named.
Miss E. A. Bowler, three fine bouquets. J. Kingsbury, bouquet of dahlias.
J. J. Kelton, Coventry, a number of good dahlias. Stephen Cornell, a
great variety of fine dahlias, under names. Mrs. Lewis P. Mead, fine
bouquet of dahlias. Mrs. Lieut, Paine, fine bouquet of dahlias. Mrs.
Lucy McLellan, Wickford, two fine hand bouquets. A. L. Andrews,
Smithfield, bouquet of dahlias and Gentiana crinita, (fringed Gentian.)
E. L. Edwards, Cactus Jenkinsonia, with three other varieties engrafted
thereon, a large plant. Mrs. William P. Rathbone, Night blooming Jas-
mine. Thomas J. Carpenter, a fine wall bouquet, harp sharped. Daniel
E. Carpenter, a great variety of fine dahlias, under names. L. C. Eaton,
a great variety of named dahlias. L. Mitchell, a stand of dahlias, but not
enough varieties for competition.

Premiums awarded :
For Dahlias. — The first premium, for the best twelve dissimilar blooms,
to Levi C. Eaton, $5.
The second premium, for the second best twelve dissimilar blooms, to

Stephen Cornell, $2 50.
The best dahlia exhibited, to Levi C. Eaton, $2 50.
For Bouquets. — To Silas E. Moore, for a bouquet, $ 1 50.
To Robert Dalglish, for a hand bouquet, $ 1 50.
A gratuity to Ezra Hubbard, for fine German Asters, $2.
Vegetables. — A great variety of vegetables were exhibited, but the
report does not possess sufficient interest to name the particular sorts. The
premiums were awarded as follows : —
For articles at the July exhibition, viz : —

To Mrs, Ives, by R. Dalglish, for the best cauliflower, $ 1 50.
Rev. J. W. Cook, Bristol, for the best rhubarb, $2 50.
Richard Waterman, Warwick, for early potatoes, $2.
J. J. Stimson, for best lettuce, $ 1.
For articles exhibited September 1 : —

Levi C. Eaton, for best sweet corn, $ 1 50.
S, B. Halliday, for best blood beets, $ 1.
For articles exhibited September 30 : —

W. C. Snow, for best drum-head cabbage, $2.
W, C. Snow, for best celery, $ 1 50.
S. B. Halliday, for best tomatoes, $ 1.
The committee also recommend that gratuities be given as follow? : —
To T. Andrews, Smithfield, for three specimens of potatoes, $ 1.
T. Edwards, North Providence, for handsome squashes and cab-
bages, $ 1,
S. E. Moore, Cranston, for handsome squashes, $ 1 50.
S. B. Halliday, by A. Reid, for a variety of fine vegetables, $3.

Domestic Notices. 559

A. G. Millard, Warwick, for potatoes and string beans, $2.
Richard Waterman, Warwick, for a fine article of seedling pota-
toes, $3.

Cleveland Horticultural Society. — This society held its annual
exhibition and fair at the Empire Hall, in Cleveland, on Thursday, Sep-
tember 16, 1847. The committee, in the report sent to us, state that "the
season, which has been backward throughout, prevented the exhibition of
many fruits which are generally mature at this time. Nevertheless, the
show was exceedingly fine ; the favorable spirit evinced towards the society
was never more flattering ; the increased zeal of the public was truly grati-
fying to its friends, and the ardent competition for the luscious prizes at the
sales was never equalled at previous meetings. So may it ever be until we
can boast with confidence that Cleveland is the garden of the West."

Fruits : The President, George Hoadly, exhibited the Stroat, Graven-
stein, Porter, Early Bough, Early Strawberry or Red Juneating, Autumn
Strawberry (of Thomas), Summer Pearmain, Kerry Pippin, Pryor's Red,
Norfolk Beaufin, Nonpareil, and Danvers' Winter Sweet apples ; Seckel,
White Doyenne, Heathcot, Frederick of Wurtemburg, Marie Louise,
Napoleon, and Rousselet of Rheims pears ; President, Pine Apple Clin<T-
stone, and Crawford's Late Melocoton peaches. Prof. J. P. Kirtland ex-
hibited, Newark King, Parson's Early, Pryor's Late Red, Fall Harvey,
Porter, Pound by weight, Hubbardston, Kerry Pippin, Putnam Russet of
Marietta, Roxbury Russet as cultivated by him for thirty -five years, Cat-
head, Holland Pippin, Yellow Bellfleur, Domine, Beauty of the West,
Swaar, Jonathan, White Pippin of Cincinnati apples; Charles d'Austria,
Louise Bonne de Jersey, Bon Chretien d'Ete, Autumn Bergamotte, Chau-
montelle. Brown Beurr^, Heathcot, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Tilton, Win-
ter Nelis, Beurre Van Marum pears; Catawba, Alexander, Isabella, Ohio
or Segar Box grapes ; Blood and Lemon Clingstone peaches.

Mcintosh & Co., Belmont, Ribston Pippin, Esopus Spitzenburg, Hol-
land Pippin, Pomme de Neige, Green Everlasting, Red Everlasting, Flower
of Kent, Norfolk Beaufin, Pumpkin Sweet, Summer Queen, Gravenstein,
Danvers' Winter Sweet, Mela Carle, Pennock's Red Winter, Summer
Pearmain, Rambo, Newtown Pippin, Rox. Russet, Black Gilliflower ap-
ples ; Williams's Bon Chretien, Beurre Diel, Cabot, Beurr6 d'Aremberg,
Stevens' Genesee, Surpasse Virgoulouse, Passe Colmar, Napoleon, Foster's
St. Michael, Greene Sylvange, White Doyenn6, Rousselet de Rheims,
Beurre Gris, Cumberland, Frederic of Wurtemberg, Marie Louise, St.
Germain, Wilkinson, Winter Nelis, Cushing, Newtown Virgoulouse, Sec-
kel, Compte de Lamy, Brown Beurre, Urbaniste, Rushmore's Bon Chre-
tien, Doyenne Gris, Lewis, Fortunee, Heaihcott, Summer Doyenn6, St.
Ghislain, Glout Morceau, Charles X., Prince's St. Germain, Aston Town,
Duchesse d'Angouleme, Uvedale's St. Germain, Beurre Aurora, Dix,
King's Bon Chretien, Easter Buerre pears ; Snow, Lemon Cling. Red
Cheeked Melocoton, President, Red Rare Ripe, Old Mixon Free peaches ;
Isabella, Catawba, Alexander, Seedling grapes ; Orange quince.

Elliott & Co., Isabella, Catawba, and Winslow's Seedling grapes ; Passe

560 Domestic Notices.

Colmar, Wilkinson, Winter Nelis, Marie Louise, Foster's St. Michael,
Bon Chretien Fondante, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Duchesse d'Angouleme,
Beurr6 Diel, Frederic of Wurtemberg, and Williams's Bon Chretien pears
— the two last named varieties were borne on trees two years from the bud
this year ; Coe's Golden Drop plums ; Cranberries, common variety grown
on sandy garden soil ; Old Mixon Freestone, Yellow Alberge, Late Yellow
Rare Ripe, Incomparable, Crawford's Early, Melocoton, Red Cheeked Me-
locoton, President, and Orange peaches ; Black, Baldwin, Stroat, Murphey,
Brabant Bellfleur, Cumberland Spice, Roxbury Russet, Belmont, Fall Pip-
pin, Court of Wyck, American Summer Pearmain, Maiden's Blush, Sum-
mer Calville, R. L Greening, Cable's Gilliflower, Gravenstein, and Alexan-
der apples ; Orange quinces.

E. Cable, Red Cheeked Melocoton, Admirable Cling, Cable's Late Me-
locoton, Cable's Pineapple CHng, Old Newington Cling, Powell's Yellow,
Morris's White, Cable's Early Melocoton peaches; Late Purple plums;
Williams's Bon Chretien, Seckel, St. Michael, Duchesse of Berry, Napo-
leon, Wilkinson, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Green Sylvange, Beurr6 Diel,
Easter Beurr6, Beurr6 d'Aremberg, and Capsheaf pears ; Maiden's Blush,
Fall Pippin, Sweet Russet, Autumn Sweet Bough, American Summer
Pearmain, English Codlin, R. L Greening, jiEsopus Spitzenburg, Ortley
Pippin, Stroat, Hampshire Greening, Jonathan, Richfield Nonsuch, Fa-
meuse. Peck's Pleasant, Goble Russet, Roxbury Russet, Winter Russet,
Hub. Nonsuch, Belmont, Baldwin, Dutch Pippin, Moore's Sweeting,
Swaar, Smoke House, Gilliflower, Yellow Bellfleur, Alexander, and Seek-
no-farther apples. William Case, Beurr^ Gris, Bergamolte Cadette, White
Doyenne, Beurr6 Van Marum, Virgoulouse, and Compte de Lamy pears;
Baldwin, Court of Wyck, R. I. Greening, Roxbury Russet, Cumberland
Spice, Brabant Bellfleur, Swaar, Black, and Royal Pearmain apples ; Ca-
ble's Melocoton, Red Cheeked Melocoton, Prince's Paragon, Morris's White,
Yellow Rare Ripe of Downing, Golden Rare Ripe, Case's Red Rare Ripe,
Newington Cling, and President peaches ; Isabella grapes, and two other
varieties unknown. A variety of fruits were also contributed by other indi-
viduals.

Flowers. — There was a very fine show, according to the report, espe-
cially of dahlias, the principal exhibitors of which, were Mcintosh & Co.,
who showed fifty-nine varieties of roses, and a quantity of dahlias. Elliott
& Co. exhibited upwards of eighty varieties of roses.

The annual meeting of the society for the election of officers took place,
and the following gentlemen were chosen : —

President, George Hoadly ; 1st Vice President, J. P. Kirtland, 2d, C.
D. Bray ton, 3d, W. D. Beaty, 4th, William Case ; Corresponding Secre-
tary, J. F. Hanks; Recording Secretary, J. Houghton ; Treasurer, H. F.
Brayton; Librarian, Benjamin Stair; Committee on Synonymes, J. P.
Kirtland, G. Hoadly, F. R. Elliott, A. Mcintosh, E. Cable ; Trees and
Shrubs, Hoadly, Houghton, Case; Finance and Library, Payne, Young-
love, Brown ; Entomology, Kirtland, Beaty, Hanks ; Manures, Case,
Cassels, Kirtland.— ( Cleveland Herald.)

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 561

Pears in the Southern States. — I have nothing to write you worth a place
in your journal, of which I am sorry. As to fruits, the St. Germain is the
only pear that I have had since the Summer Thorn and Messire Jeans have
gone out. All my other varieties, as the Winter Bon Chretien and Virgou-
louse, being cracked and gritty, except a few from a dwarf tree, the fruit
of which resembles the Bon Chretien in shape and size, but is, I think,
rather more mealy and not so good ; but this may be from its being upon
quince root. My St. Germain trees have borne a full crop, and the fruit is
very fine in size. I weighed one to-day that weighed a pound and an
ounce. The season has been of the worst for fruit that I have ever known ;
and trees that will bear in such a season deserve a place in every garden, in
my opinion. — I remain yours, respecifulli/, Robert Chisholm, Beaufort, No-
vember 1, 1847.

Art. IV. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, October 23d.— Exhibited.— Flowers : From Messrs. Hovey &
Co., a fine plant of iS'edum Sieboldn, and six hand bouquets.

Fruits. — From the President of the Society, Marie Louise, Ananas,
Parasille, Napoleon, and Bezi de la Motte, and Jacquemont pears : the
Ananas was pronounced excellent : also Seedling St. Germain pears raised
by Gov. Edwards, and received from New Haven. From Messrs. Hovey &
Co., Vicompte de Spoelberch, Figue de Naples, Passe Colmar, Beurr6
Crapaud, Bezi Montigny, and Beurr6 d'Aremberg pears; also Swan's Or-
ange and Reid's Seedling, received from western New York : the Com-
mittee pronounced the Vicompte de Spoelberch fine. From S. Walker,
Eyewood, Urbaniste, and Leon le Clerc pears ; Eyewood proves to be ex-
cellent. From J. Washburn, fine Orange and Portugal quinces, and Isa-
bella grapes. From J. Slickney, Madotte pears of indifferent quality.
From Miss Jones, Boston, Doyenn6 blanc pears, very fine: fine speci-
mens of the same pear were received from E. J. Long, and from a garden
in McLean street. From S. A. Walker, fine Brown Beurr^, Roi de Wur-
temberg, and Louise Bonne de Jersey pears. From George Newhall, Ful-
ton, Seckel and Urbaniste pears, all fine. From Hon. J. S. Cabot, speci-
mens of the Monarch pear, which proved to be very indifferent : this was
from a tree received from Messrs. Hovey & Co., and is the fourth variety
which has been received for the Monarch from England. It was not the
Monarch of Mr. Thompson, though it may be the Monarch of Mr. Knight ;
so many errors have been made in regard to this variety, that some culti-
vators doubt the existence of the original pear of Mr. Knight.

Oct. 30th. Exhibited. — Fruit: From the President of the Society ,Duchesse
d'Angouleme pears, very handsome. From J. F. Allen, Syrian, Zinfindal,
Wilmot's No. 16, Black Hamburgh, and White Nice grapes; also the
Ropes and Verte longue d'Automne pears. From Jos. Stickney, hand-

562 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

some Beurre Diel and Surpasse Virgoulouse pears. From 0. Johnson, a
basket of Duchesse d'AngouIeme pears, containing seventy-seven large
specimens, the produce of an espaUer tree, covering a space five feet high
and nine feet broad. From John Gordon, Easter Beurr6 pears, fine.
Quinces from John Washburn and Samuel Pond.

From A. H. Ernst, Cincinnati, Ohio, Winter Orange, Sieulle, and
Beurr6 Diel pears; also, Newtown Spitzenberg Kaighn's Spitzenberg,
Yellow Bellflower, Wine Sap, Rambo, Pryor's Red, Milan, Gennetting,
Newtown Pippin, Roxbury Russett, (received under the name of Putnam
Russet,) and White Pippin apples ; the Pryor's Red bears so close a re-
semblance to the old Pearmain, that we are inclined to think it the same
variety, only produced in fine condition in the soil and climate of the West.
From S. W. Cole, Doyenne Blanc, and Louise Bonne de Jersey pears ;
also, Holden Pippin, Western, Leland Pippin, Magnolia, and Bourrassa
apples, the latter fine. From S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Seedling pears
raised in that city and called the New Haven Beauty, flavor indifferent.
From Cheever Newhall, Oliver's Russet pears, which the committee re-
mark, "sustains its previous reputation." From Messrs. Hovey & Co.,
Doyenn6 Gris, Doyenn6 Santelete, Vicompte de Spoelberch, and Arbori-
crite(?) pears.

November 6th. Exhibited. — Fruits: From Messrs. Hovey & Co., Ex-
celentissima, Vicompte de Spoelberch, and Belle Heloise pears. From E.
M. Richards, Urbaniste pears, from a tree on the quince, fine. From J. S.
Sleeper, Belle Heloise pears. From S. Walker, Beurr6 Duval and Figue
pears, both excellent. From W. Stearns, Salem, specimens of the Law-
rence pears, which were delicious.

Nov.lWi. Exhibited.— Frvits: From J. F. Allen, Emerald, Winter Nelis,
Jervis (?), Brugmansbirne (inferior), Chaumontel and Glout Morceau pears.
From Dr. J, C. Warren, Beurr6 Diel pears, very fine. From T. Need-
ham, Frankindale, Syrian, Black Hamburgh, St. Peters, and Muscat of
Alexandria grapes.

November 20th. Exhibited. — Fruits : From S, Walker, Verte Longue
d'Automne, Beurr6 Ranee, good ; Sabine, good ; Figue, fine ; Duchesse
d'AngouIeme, fine ; Beurr6 Diel, fine ; Vicar of Winkfield ; this variety
fully sustains its reputation ; the specimens were fine and the quality ex-
cellent. From Mrs. Battell, of Norfolk, Conn., the Torrington Pounder
apple, the specimens were large and fine, quality not first rate. From
Joseph Burnett, Southboro', Flushing Spitzenburg (?) and Belden Sweet
apples ; the specimens were handsome, but only of fair quality. From
John Owen, two apples without names, and Messire Jean pear. From
Messrs. Hovey & Co., Esperine pear, past eating. From W. A. Smith,
Macedon, Wayne Co., N. Y., fine specimens of an apple called the Water-
melon, a description of which will be found in a preceding page.

Nov. 21th. Exhibited. — Fruits: From the President of tlie Society the fol-
lowing new pears were presented, viz : Doyenne Boussock ; these specimens
were different from all others which have been exhibited under this name ;
Doyenn^ Nerckman, Buerr6 d'Elberg. From E. M. Richards, specimens of

Horticultural Memoranda. 563

the Minister apple : this apple sustains its reputation as one of the best.
From Samuel Walker, Passe Colmar, Vicar of Winkfield, Beurr6 d'Arem-
berg, Glout Morceau, and Beurre Ranee pears. The specimens of the
Beurre Ranee were the best ever exhibited at the hall of the society, but
still they were not equal to the character given by Mr. Thompson in the
London Horticultural Society's Catalogue.

[For want of room, the business transactions at the meetings during the
month are postponed till our next.]

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR DECEMBER.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines will require to be pruned this month, and the vines put in
order for the winter. After they are properly pruned, all the old bark
should be very carefully peeled off, and, if there is any danger of insects,
the shoots, both old and new, should be brushed with the composition here-
tofore recommended for both trees and vines, viz., clay, cowdung, and sul-
phur, made of the consistence of paint, and put on with a brush : after this,
the vines should be laid 7!onco72<a% along the front wall, where they will
be in less danger of injury than upon the trellis. In cold houses, after the
vines are pruned, they may be laid down, and covered with strawy manure,
or mats. Vines in the open air of foreign kinds should be protected ; and
Isabella, and other native vines, have a thorough pruning.

Strawberry beds should be slightly protected with a thin covering of ma-
nure, leaves, or straw, if not already done.

Fruit trees, especially such as have been recently planted, should have
at least a barrow of manure placed in a heap over the roots : this will pre-
vent their being thrown out of the ground.

Currants and raspberries should receive the same protection as fruit trees.

Pear stocks should be taken up and laid m, in a dry soil, where they will
keep safely.

Fruit trees of all kinds should be looked to now, and such as have their
labels defaced replaced with new ones : care should also be taken that the
wires do not girdle the branches.

Scions of trees for grafting may be cut now, and placed in earth in a
cool cellar.

Apple stocks for root-grafting during the winter, should be taken up now,
and laid in, covering them with straw, so that they can be taken into the
house, and grafted, as leisure will permit, from February to April.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Chrysanthemums, as soon as done flowering, should be cut down, and
placed away in a cold frame, or in a cool cellar exposed to the light.

564 Horticultural Memoranda.

Camellias ■will now begin to flower, and will be the showiest objects in
the conservatory : but they should be in the best order. If the leaves are
dusty, let them be carefully washed with a sponge : after this, tie ihem up
to sticks, and top-dress the soil. See that they are well watered.

Pelargoniums will now begin to need more attention. Let the pots be
placed in a good situation, near to the light and air. Now is the time to
pinch off such shoots as are growing freely, and to cut out weak ones : if
they require it, the branches should be tied down to make them dwarf and
bushy : water sparingly now, as they should be got into as hardy a state as
possible : the leaves should feel quite stiff, and rustle under the hand.
Have a good lot of soil in readiness to shift next month.

Ranunculuses and anemonies, potted now, will flower well in the spring.

Roses should all be pruned, if not already done. Such as are intended
for early blooming should be freely syringed, until the buds are all broken :
water carefully, until they are well established. Cuttings of such sorts, as
the stock is limited, may be put in now. Tender sorts in the open ground
should be protected before frost, with manure, tan, sawd'ust, or dry moss.

Verbenas growing fre'?ly should be shifted into larger pots.

Azaleas will still require careful watering. Hardy sorts may be taken
up and potted, and brought into the conservatory for successive blooming :
they force well.

Oxalises will now begin to bloom, and should be removed to a light shelf
in the greenhouse, and liberally watered.

Calceolarias should now be potted off from the seed pans, and older plants
shifted into the next size.

Schizanthuses should now have another shift into the next size.

Cinerarias should now be repotted.

Heliotropes should be brought in for a succession.

Nemophilas will now begin to bloom, and should be shifted into larger pots.

Victoria stocks should be kept in a light and airy place, and rather spar-
ingly watered. This will make them strong and stocky.

Carnations, now brought into the greenhouse, will flower finely in Feb-
ruary and March.

Hyacinths in pots may now be brought into the greenhouse or parlor for
early blooming : bulbs may now be potted for a succession.

Japan lily seeds may be sown now, and the pans placed in a half shady
situation.

Sedum Sieboldii. — Plants of this fine autumnal flower, now done bloom-
ing, may be placed in a cold frame.

Achimenes of various sorts may now be placed in pans, in a warm situa-
tion, in order to start them for early blooming in March and April ; the lit-
tle tubers may be put in quite thick.

Greenhouse plants should now be thoroughly cleansed of all insects.
Smoke often for the green fly. Fumigate with sulphur for the red spi-
der, and wash off carefully all scales or mealy bags. Tie, stake up, top-
dress, and keep the pots clean by occasional washings.