LIBRARY

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

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THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE,

BOTAirV,

AND ALL USEFUL DISCOVERIES AND I M PUO VE M E NT S IN

RURAL AFFAIRS.

"Je voudrais ecbauffer tout I'unlvers de mon goAt pour Jes Jardins 11 me
semble qu'il est impossible qu'un mediant puisse I'avoir. II n est point de vertus
que je no suppose a celui que aime a parler et k fairs des jard.ns. Peres de fam.Ue.
inspirez la jardinotnanie \ vos enfans."— Prmce De Ligne.

VOL. V.
1839.

Edited by C M. HOVEY

BOSTON:

PUBLISHED BY HOVEY AND CO., MERCHANTS ROW.

NEW YORK:

ISRAEL POST, BOWERY.

1839.

T'

O

V. 5*

BOSTON:
Printed by Manning Sc Hallworth,

No. 8 Congress Street.

PREFACE

In the Fifth Volume of the Magazine, will be found a greater
amount of original information than has yet appeared in any of
the previous volumes. One principal object of the Magazine
was to offer a medium through which amateurs and practical
gardeners might communicate their ideas to each other; and the
excellent articles which have appeared in this volume, show how
far this purpose has been accomplished.

The Fifth Volume contains a larger number of engravings
than any of the preceding; one or more having appeared in
nearly every number; embracing also a variety of subjects. Our
own article, entitled a Retrospective View of Horticulture for the
last year, has been continued, and contains a full record of the
principal improvements for 1838. Several of our subsequent arti-
cles we have devoted to the subject of Ornamental Gardening,
which is now, we are happy to state, attracting more attention.
Our Notices of New Fruits and Vegetables have been continued,
and we have enumerated nearly every thing new, of importance.
The Floricultural Notices, though not so lengthy as in some of
our previous volumes, have embraced all the interesting plants in-
troduced or grown in this country. The Miscellaneous Intelli-
gence— of a more varied character than heretofore — has been
collected with considerable labor, and much of it will be found
important to the practical, as well as the amateur, Horticulturalist.

Notwithstanding such an amount of valuable matter has appear-
ed in the five volumes now completed, it is our intention to render
the sixth as replete with useful information, in each and every
department, as either of those which have preceded it. The
subject is by no means exhausted. The objects of the garden
are too numerous to be so quickly passed over. Improved meth-
ods of culture will be sought out — old systems exploded — and
while new kinds of flowers, fruits, shrubs, and vegetables are so
rapidly increasing, that the most zealous cultivators can scarce-
ly keep pace v/ith them, there is no fear that there will not be

sufficient to fill our pages, to render the study of Horticulture
always fresh and interesting. Ornamental gardening will receive
more attention. Engravings will be more frequently introduced,
including plans of gardens, green-houses, &.c. , with descriptive
notices, and other information that may furnish ideas for laying
out grounds.

These are our intentions, which we trust will be fulfilled, for
increasing the value of the Magazine; and we believe that we have
only to appeal to those who feel interested in Horticulture, and
who fully appreciate our zeal, to induce them to come forward
and give their aid to secure for the Magazine that support, which
alone will enable us to accomplish all we desire. The taste for
rural pursuits and enjoyments is rapidly increasing; but there are
a great portion of those who have engaged in such pleasures, who
believe that there is no necessity of consulting a work, so general
in its character, as our Magazine; that a cheaper, smaller, and
less comprehensive volume, contains sufficient information for all
who have not acres under cultivation. We regret that such an
opinion — the bane of all improvement — is entertained by so many,
and though it is gratifying to see new gardens springing up in all
parts of the country, it is a source of regret that the simple cost
of a Magazine, like this, should prevent the proprietors from pro-
curing that knowledge which will enable them to reap double
the amount of pleasure from a more judicious cultivation of their
grounds.

We have watched the progress of Horticultural improvement
with some interest, and none can feel a greater desire to promote
its advancement than ourselves; but we cannot do so to the sac-
rifice of too much time and labor. If our friends have not flatter-
ed us, the Magazine is worthy of a more generous support than
it has yet obtained; and we trust, that, in the course of the Sixth
volume, we shall receive such evidence that they have a desire
assist us, as will enable us to continue our labors beyond the
close of that volume.

C. M. H.

Boston, JVov. 24th, 1839.

CONTENTS.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

GENERAL SUBJECT.

A Retrospective View of the Progress of
Horliculture in the United Stales, dur-
ing the past year. By tlie Editor . 1

Remarks on preserving tender Shrubs
and Plants during winter, with some
hints on acclimation of Trees. By
A, J. Downing, Botanic Garden and
Nurseries, Newburgh, N. Y. . . 41

Observations on heating Greenhouses,
Hot-houses, &c. with hot water. By
J. W. Paulsen, gardener to J. A. I'er-
ry, Esq., Brooklyn, N. Y. . . .44

Some Remarks on the sizes of Flower
Pots usually employed for Plants, vviili
Hints upon the importtince of having
some standard for classifying the vari-
ous sizes. By the Editor • . .46

Notice of a paper of Capt. S. E. Cook,
R. N., on the genus Pinus and Abies.
From the Annals of .Natural History,
conducted by Jardiae, Hooker & Tay-
lor. By J. E. R 81

Some Notice of the Collection of Plants
of Ur. Wood, Professor of Materia
Medica in the Pennsylvania Universi-
ty. By Dr. G. Watson, Philadelphia 84

Horliculture in Buffalo, N. Y., with a
notice of the Garden of H. Pratt, Esq.
By M. B. Bateham, Rochester . , 161

Microscopic Observations, No. 2. By a
Correspondent 164

Some Notice of the Plants in the Collec-
tion of Gen. Robert Patterson, Phila-
delphia. By Dr. G. Watson, Philadel-
phia 201

Native Floriculture; with Remarks on
attention to some of the more common
foreign species, which have represent-
atives in this country. By Philanthos 241

Some Observations upon the Climate in
the Soutliern States; with Remarks
upon the management of Green house
Plants, and a List, in bloom in the
months of March and April. By G. R.
Rolton, gardener to J. W. Tisdale,
Esq., Mobile, Ala 244

Some' Remarks on several Gardens and
Nurseries, in Providence, Burlington,
(N. J.) and Baltimore. By the Editor

321. 361

On Trellis and Trailing Plants, By X. 324

Notices of Gardens and Horticulture, in
Salem, Mass. By the Editor , .401

On Habits incident to varieties. By an
Amateur • 417

Description of an improved Method of
applying bottom heat to beds for forc-
ing or propagating, or to beds in stoves
for Tropical Plants. By the Editor . 418

HORTICULTURE.

Horticulture in Western New York. By
M. B. Bateham, Rochester ... 12

Thoughts on Pruning. By Judge Buel,
Conductor of the Cultivator . . 14

On the propagation, training and pruning
of Fig Trees under glass. By J. W.
Russell, Supcrmlendeiit at Mount Au-
burn 20

A few Remarks on the comparative har-
diness of American and European va-
rieties of Fruits — old and new sorts
compared. By E. M. R. . . .50

Some Observations on the Rohan Potato.
By William Kenrick . . . .51

On the Culiivation ot the Cauliflower.
By J. W. Russfcll . • . .53

Notices of Culinary Vegetables, new or
recently introduced, worthy of general
cultivation in Private Gardens ur for
the Market. By the Editor . 86. 124

Notes on a novel method of preventing
Mildew in the open air culture of For-
eign Grapes. By A. J. Downing, Bo-
tanic Gardens and Nurseries, New-
burgh, N. Y 121

On the Cultivation of Brussels Sprouts.
By J. W. Russell . . . .123

On the Cultivation of the Strawberry as
an annual, being the substanct; of a
Lecture delivered before the Society
for the Promotion of Floral and Horti-
cultural Knowledge: Irom the Midland
Counties' (En.) Herald. By the Editor 167

On the Propagation and Cultivation of
the 0.uince Tree. By J. W. Russell ,281

On the Cultivation of the Caulihower, as
practised on the farm of 0. J. Wolbert,
Esq., at Frankford, near Philadelphia.
By Mr. Gregory Lee . . . . 32G

Observations upon some supposed de-
fects in the Cultivation of the Peach
and Nectarine on brick walls, in the
latitude of Boston. By J. W. Russell 420

FLORICULTURE.

Description of four new Verbenas. By
R. Buist 89

Some Remarks on the proper treatment
of the Strelitzia regiiiie. By M. B.
Bateham, Rochester, N. Y. . , 90

On the growth and treatment of the JSTe-
peiithes distillat(irla. By R. Buist,
Philadelphia 93

Further Observations on the propagation,
pottinc, blooming, and general man-
agement of the Auricula. By John
Clark ....... 96

The Brunsvigi'a Josephine. By X. . 101

Variations of Color from Original Types.
l!y.l.L. R 127

Observations on the practice of forcing
and blooming Plants in the winter
season. By J. W. Paulsen, gardener
to J. A. Perry, Esq., Brooklyn, N. Y. 128

Remarks u|ion growing Verbenas and
other Trailing Plants in raised beds,
upon turf, or the margins of grass plats.
By the Editor 131

On the Iris tribe, from the Cape of Good
Hope. By J. E. Teschemacher . . 172

Notes on some of the Flowering Shrubs
and Herbaceous Perennials, growing
in the vicinity of Boston. By a Mem-
ber of the Mass. Hort. Society . . 175

Observations on growing Verbenas and
other Trailing Plants, in groups, to
represent baskets of flowers. By the
Editor 179

CONTENTS.

On the propsgiiion, cnltiv.ition, and gen-
eral treatment ol" i'. liugoniums, (Ge-
vuaiiims.) By the Editor . . .203

An Account of five Seijillinsi Camellias,
niisad bv Dr. J. C. Gunnell, of VVasU-
iiifton, b. C. liyG. H. F. . .210

On the employ raent of Vases in Gardens.
By the Editor 211

Some Remarks on the cultivation of the
f'iol.i grandifldra, (Pansy.) liy S.
Walker . . . . . .249

Fancy Trellises for training Plants, By
the Editor 251

Budding hardy Roses in June. By a
Subscriber ...... 253

Method of flowering the Cliinthus pu-
ni'-eus, as practised by Mr. Sinton, gar-
dener to Gen. Patterson, Philadelphia.
Communicated by G. Watson, W. D. 254

A notice of rive new varieties of Verbe-
nas, with a brief desciiptinn of each.
By Dr. G. Watson, Philadelphia . . 282

On the Cultivaliou and Treiitinent of the
Lecljenaiiltja forui6sa. By the Editor . 281

On clianaing the color of the Flowers of
the Hydrangea. By J. D. W. Williams,
Esq., Elm Hill, Roxbury . . . a23

On the Cultivation of Mignonette for
winter and &pdng blooming. By the
Editor 329

On ilie propagation, cultivation, and
general treatment of the E'pacris. By
John Towne, E^q 376

Remarks on the Flower of Opuntia vul-
garis. By John Lewis Russell, Prof.
Bot. &,c. to the Mass. Hort. Sue.
&:c 422

Notices of new and beautiful Plants fig-
ured in the London Floricultural and
Botanical Magazines; with Remarks
on the Cultivation of many of the spe-
cies, and soipe Account of those which
it would be desirable to introduce into
our Gardens 22. 56. 101. 134. 181. 213. 255
287. 381

Notes on Gardens and Nurseries 59. ^17. 257
293. 331

REVIEWS.

A Flora of North America, containing a-
bridged descriptions of all the Icnown
indigenous and nntaralized Plants
growing north of Me,xico; arrrnged
according to the Natural System. By
John Torrey and Asa Gray .

A Cat ilogue of Plants found in the Vi-
cinity of Milwawkee, Wisconsin Ter-
ritory-. By J. A. Lapham, Milwawkee,
W.T

105

Address delivered before the New Haven
Horticultural Society, Sept, 25, 1838.
By Charles Uptiam Shepard . , 106

The American Silk Grower's Guide, or
the Art of raising the ^ Mulberry and
Silk, and the system of successive
crops in each season. By William
KenrJcls 108

Rolling Ridge, or four and twenty chap-
ters 110

Report of the Transactions of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society for the
year 1837—38; with Preliminary Ob-
servations. By John Lewis Russell,
I'ruf. of Botany and Vegetable PJiysi-
oiogy to the Society .... 138

Second Report of the Agriculture of Mas-
sachusetts. By Henry Colman, Com-
missioner for the A|;ricultural Survey
of the State. County of Berkshire,
1838 184

Boston Journal of Natural History. Pub-
lished by the direction of the Boston
Society of Natural History . . . 297

Journal of the Essex County Natural
History Society 300

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

GENERAL Notices Haarlem Hyacinths,

143; Cactus sppcidsus, 143; Observations
on a new principle of Fencing, construct-
ed by Mr. Breese, formed according to the
laws of vegetable physi(dogy,143; Carbon-
ic Acid Gas, 144; Hybrid Ferns, 144; Pre-
serving Potatoes, 144; Deleterious acids in
soils, 144; Double Flowers not monstrosi-
ties, 145; Horticulturalists not Florimani-
ecs, 145; Method of preserving Botanical
specimens to bs framed for constant e.xpos-
ureoii the walls of a museum or room,2i2;
Rhubarb Jam, 223; Hybridization of the
Cereus speciosissimus with the C. grnndi-
liiirus, 302; Geographical Distribution of
the CactiicejB,302; Why are Florists' Flov/-
ers negkcled.' 334; Product of Potatoes.
337; EpiWbium hirsutuin, 337; Growth of
Vegetables in hot springs, 423; Now Col-
oring Plant, 421j Uses of tlie C^rsi and

Cicti, 441; Increase of Soil from the falling
of the leaves of Pines and Firs, 442; Use
of the Root of the common Berberry for
Dyeing, 44-'; Van Wons's Theory for the
Aiuelioratian of Fruits, more particularly
Aijples and Pears, 44->; Grafting Pinks and
Carnations, 442; Improved Method of
traininir Raspberries, 443; La Gielie Her-
bace, 443 ; Thinning out the leaves of
Vines injurious to the Fruit, 443; Preserv-
ation of Friiit, 443.

Foreign Notices.

£nn-ian(7.— Heaviest Gooseberries in 1838, 32;
The Metr.ipjlitan Society of Florists and
Amateurs, .i-J; The Tree Dahlia, 32; Col-
oring Dahlias, 3-3; Magnificent display of
Dahlias, b3; Caniellm Frerlerick le Grand,
33j Prize Dahlia-, 6J; Large Oak Tree*,

CONTENTS,

110; New Moile of preserving Dahlias, 111;
The Assam Tea, 14(3; First Public Sale of
Assam Tea, 146 ; Heautiful Devices of
IMowers, 147; The Mangel Wurtzcl Pota-
to. 147; Effects of Frost upon Vegetation
inthe winter of 1837— 38, 188; Roses, 189;
Death of Plants eftected by Frost, ii-23;
Victoria Rhubarb, Si!?; Exhibition of Hya-
cinths, 2-27; Gigantic Cactus, 2d7; Ipomie'a
HorsldlUa;, '227 ; The Madia sativa, a-i7;
Apples imported into Liverpool from New
York, from the 1st to the 31st December,
IS38, 228; Verbenas, 2.28: Remarkable spL--
cinien of C^reus specioiissimus, 228; Mr.
Groom's Exhibition of Tuips, 268; The
llolian Potato, -JCS; Double AzAlea indica,
303; Fuchsia fiilgens, 303; The London
Horticultural Society, 303 ; Dahlia chal-
lenge, 303; The Royal Society of Horticul-
ture and Agriculture, 303; H6ya coriacea,
303; JNew Swan's Ecrg pear, 304; Van
Mons Leon Le Clerc jaear, 304; Cnmeli/a
japunica Prait/i, 338; Protecting duty on
Fruit, 338; Doryanthes e.\cclsa, 338; Gar-
den of the Royal Society of Horticulture
and Agriculture, 338; Value and prices of
Tulips, 334; Growing Plants in Glass Cas-
es, 424; Kew Flower Hall at ihe Stafford
Gardens, 425 ; Illicium Horiddnum, 443;
Collection of Orchidacete in the Nursery of
Messrs. Loddiges, 444; Great Specimens of
Cdcti in the Collection of the Duke of Bed-
ford, 444; Cnmbr^tum purpureum treated
as a Green-house Plant, 444; Hoitzia mex-
icina, 444; Hybrid mahonias, 444.

Scotland. — Caledonian Horticultural Society,
^28; Extensive Flower and Fruit Garden
belonging to the Duke of Buccleugh, 230.

France. — Acclimization of Plants by succeed-
ing generations not effected without hybri-
dization with hardy species or varieties,
148; The Trunks of Jlidrus multicaiilis in
France have undergone, in each of the
last winters, a fall of temperature estimat-
ed at 18^ 148; Value of Plants displayed
at the Anniversary Meeting of the Paris
Horticultural Society in June, 149; Elm
Leaves as food for Cattle, 230; Jlfdms. 230;
Betterhavejaune d'AlIemagne, 230; Culti-
vation of Radishes 230; Convolvulus Ba-
tatas, 230; The Vines of France, 262; Rou-
Killon, 262; Eisevaltes, 263 ; Montpelier
Roquevaire, 264; Hermitage, 264; Burgun-
dy, 265; Chambertin and Vougeot, 266;
Champaisne, 266; Polygonum tinct6rium,
267 and 347; Progress of Horticulture and
Agriculture in France, 346; Madder, 3-46;
The Tea Tree, 347; Milking qualities of
Cows, 347; Cultivation of the Mulberry,
426; The French, English, and Dutch
Koyal Horticultural and Floricultural So-
ciety of Paris, 427; Propagating Dahlias by
Buds or Joints, 445; /"riinus dom^stica my-
robdlana, 445; Large Seedling Grape, rais-
ed by Van Mons, 445; Effect of Lightning
on Trees, 445; Grafting the Lilac on the
Ash, 446; Roots of the CEnothiira biennis,
eatable, 446; A'gave americdna, 446.

Crtia.— Indigenous aud acclimated Fruits of
Cuba, 304 and 339; Andna Cherimdlia, 304;
Cdrica Papaya, 305; Chrysnphyllum Caini-
to, 306 ; Citrus aut-dntium, 306 ; Jambdsa
vulgdris, 307; Lucuma mammosa, 339;
Mammea americdna, 339; Mancifera indi-
ca, 340; Miisa, 341; Passifldra,342; Persea
gratissima, 343; Psidium, 343; Piinica gra-
ndtum, 344; Tamarindus oc<:\<iai\\.k\\s, 314;
Tlieobrdma cacAo, 345.

Domestic Kotices.

The A'gave americdna, 33, 351; Jl;'<irus mul-
ticaiilis, 34; Autumnal Marrow tquash,
35; Bailey's red and white Giant Celery,
35; The Rohan Potato, 35, 432; Pansies,
or Heartsease, 35; 'J'he pleasant residence
of J. Lemist, Esq., 36; Sabbatia clilorcidea
var. dlba, 36; Use of Sulphur in destroy-
ing the Wheat Fly, 36; Chinese Corn, y6,
386; Sempervivuin arachnoides, 111; Blue
Camellias, 149; Large single Dahlia, 150;
The Aeiides, or Tropical Plants, 160; Ca-
mellia japonica var. Baltiniciiea, 151; Bos-
ton Botanic Garden, 151; Wisldiia Con^e-
qudKfl, 151; Hand Glasses for striking cut-
tings, or protecting plants, 152; Splendid
collection of Gieen-house and Hothouse
Plants for sale, 152; A double Azdiea,
152; Pits for protecting plants during win-
ter, 192; Successful experiment in Multi-
plication of Petals, 193; Mr. Walker's Tu-
lip Show, 193; The Canker Worm, 231;
The Horticultural Association of the Val-
ley of the Hudson, 231, 385; Planting Hie
butt ends of Potatoes in preference to the
seed ends, 232; An Exhibition of Boses
and Cut Flowers for premiums, 269; New
Verbenas, 270; C^reus grand ifiorus, 270;
Dahlias, 270; The Madame Hardy Rose,
270; New Geraniums and Carnations, 270;
Pxuma Pottsii, 271; Chiyseii ci6cea and
calilornica, 271; Mr. Wales, of Dorches-
ter, 271; Psidium CattleydnM(n,271; Blight
in Fruit Trees prevented, horticultural
Society in Brooklyn, N. Y., 272; Maty-
land Horticultural Society, 272, 350; Mr.
Buist, 272; Prospects of the season in
Georgia, 307; Ceteuses in bloom, 307; Dah-
lias have flowered, 307; Silk Culture in
Georgia, 307; Horticultural Exhibitions to
take place in September, 308; Fine Caul-
iflowers, 308; Large 'J'urnip rooted Beets,
348; Seedling Verbenas, 348; Striped Dah-
lias, 34^; The Albany Horticultural So-
ciety, 349; Edgings for Flower borders,
350; Phlox Driimmondu, 350; Natural
vegetation in Sand, 350; O'rchis fimbri-
dta, 350; The American Harebell, 350;
A second Exhibition of cut flowers, for
Premiums, 351; Cereus nicticniilis, 361;
The Twelfth Annual Fair of tlie Amer-
ican Institute, 351; The Brooklyn Horti-
cultural Society, 351; Beet Sugar in Michi-
gan, 351; Annual Exhibition of the Mas-
sachusetts Horticultural Society, 352; En.
couragement to the Silk Cultivation by
Horticultural Societies, 352; Reports of
Horticultural Societies, 386; Great drougiiS
in Georgia, 386; Great sale of JI/6rus mul-
ticaulis, 386; Middlesex Horticultural
Society, 386; Horticultural Society of
Charleston, 386; JSTetumbium speciosum,
386; Great exhibition of Dahlias, at the
Conservatory of the Public Garden, 420;
Large Coxcombs, 431; The Dome of the
Conservatory, 432; Gloridsa superba, 432;
Pretty Annuals, 432; Lechenaultm fornid-
sa, 432; Additional New Verbenas, 432;
Gieal Crop ot Squashes, 433; Ripe Straw-
berries in October, 433; Horticulture in
Columbia, Pa., 433 ; Awnings for the
blooming of Dahlias. 447; Immense yield
of Mammoth pumpkins, 447; Tulip Show
in the city of Boston, 447; Premature
Flowering of Fruit Trees and Shrubs, 447;
/beris corondria, 448; Continued Drought
at Athens, Gb. 448; Gr«al Produe* of U»-

CONTENTS.

han Potatoes. 448; M. B. Bateliam, 448;
Mr. Itiiist, 449; Obstacles to llie Intro-
duction of Tropical Plants. Iiy the Tropi-
cal Company at Indiun Key, Tropical
Florida, 449; Fuclisia (ulseris, 451.

Retrospective Criticism.. — Horticulture in
Washington City, D. C, 112, 194, 195,
308; Pennsvlvania Horticultural Society,
113, 114; Horticulture in Mobile. Aa., 15i;
New Varieties of Camellias, 233; Mulli-
plex or IJouble Flower Irregularities, 2:13;
Mr. Buist's Collection of Camellias, 309,
auere, 4.36; Erratum, 152,193,232,308,352.

Massachusetts Horticultural Societif — 37, 77,
155,236,275,315,354,390,433.470; Award
of Premiums for 1838, 115; Mr. Lee's libe-
r<il offer of Premiums for Na'ive Flowers,
156; The Eleventh Annual E.\liibition ot
the Society, 393; Officers elected lor 1840,
434.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.— "6, 115,
153, 197, 234,273,313, 352; List of Flow-
ers, Fruits and Vegetables for which Pre-
miums will be awarded at the Autumnal
E.vhibition, 354.

Horticultural Association of the Valley of the
Hurlson—'3W.

Middlesex Horticultural Society— dS7 .

Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies. — E?8ex
County Nat. Hist, Society, 452; Albany
Horticul. Society, 455; Horticul. Exhib.
of the Burlington Lyceum, (N.J,) 457; Ma-
ryland Horticul. Soc. 458; Columbi.nn Hor-
ticul. Soc, Washington, (D,C.) 4tJ2; Hort.
Society of Charleston, (S. C.)466; Mid-
dlese.x Horticul. Society, 467; Horticul.
Soc. of New Haven, (Ct.) 468.

Supplement to the Reports of the Exhibitions of
Horticultural and Floricultural Societies, 75;
Horticultural Exhibiticn in Bangor, Me.
75; Horticultural Society of Charleston,
S=. C, 77.

Faneuil Hall Market. 38, 78, 118, 158, 198,
a38, 278, 318, 358, 398, 438, 471.

Obituary JVotices— Death of Judge Buel, 436;
Mr. G. R.Rolton,437.

Horticultural Memoranda for Jan. 39; Feb.
79; March, 119; April, 159 ; May, 199; June.
239; July, 279; Aug. 319; Sept. 359; Oct.
399; Nov. 440: Dec. 472.

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

MODE OF HEATING.
Improved Mode of applying bottom heat
to Pits or Beds for forcing or propagat-
ing plants, Fiffs.U—lQ . . 418. 419

I.MPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS.
Sizes of Flower Pots usually employed

in gardening, Pin-g. 2—7 . . . 49
Fancy Trellises for Pots for training

plants of slender growth, Fig. 13 . 252

PLANTS.

JVep6nthes distillat(ina. its habit of
growth. Fig. 8 95

VASES.

Ornamental Vases for Flowers for Green-
houses and Conservatories, Fig; 1 . U9

Ornamental Vases for Flowers for Gar-
den purposes, Fig. 12 . . . . 212

PLANS.
Raised bed on turf for planting Verbenas

and similar showy Plants, Fig.5, 9—10 133
View of circular beds of Verbenas

surrounded with basket work, Fig.

11 180

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

A Correspondent, 164

A Member of the Mass. Hort. Soc, . 175
An Amateur, ...... 382

An Amateur, ...... 412

An Observer of Nature, . . . .237

A Subscriber, 354

Bateliam, M. B.,Rochester,N. Y.,12.90. 163
Buel, Hon. Jesse, Albany, N. Y. . 14

Buist, D., Washington, b.C. . .194

B'l'st, R- • . 59. 89. 92. S52. 309

Burrows, J. W 76,113

Clark, John, 96

Coll, 144

Douglas, John, Jr . . .112.308

Uowning, A. J,, Nevvbuigh, W. Y., 41, 121

Editor. 1. 26. 27. 32. 33. 35. 36. 46, 59.75

86. 95 95. 100. 113. 114. 124. 131. 150. 151

152.167. 179. 193. 195. 203.911.217.233

251. 257. 270. 271. 272. 284. 993. 308, 321

329.331.348. 349. 350.351.361.382. 386
401. 418. 421. 431.444.417. 448,450

E. M.R 50

Flos., 151

G. H.F 210

Hancock, Thomas, . , 447.448.458

J. B. G, 433

J. L. R, . , . 69. 81. 127. 193. 350

J. T 181

J.W.J 193

307.

Kenrick, Wm.
L., . , •

Lee, Gregory, .
M.A. W.

M.B.B

Mather, Edwin M. . . . .

M.T. 39.79.119.159.199.259.279.319.

399. 440.

One who Knows, . . • . .

Paulsen. J. W 42.

Perrine, Dr. H

Philanthos,

Physis,

R 106.350.

Rolton, Gilbert R., Mobile Aa. .153,
Russell, Prof. John Lewis, A. M
Russell, J. W. . 20.53.123.281.

Salem,

Silliman.B.Jr

T. H

Teschemacber, J. E

Tovvne, J. Esq. . , . i .

Viola,

Walker, S

Watson, Dr.G. 84. 115. 155. 197. 201.
254.274.282.315.

Wilder, M. P

Williams, J. D. W

W.O

X 101.

THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE

JANUARY, 1839.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. .3 Retrospective View of the Progress of Horticul^
ture, in the United States, during the past year. By the
Editor.

Horticulture is in a much more flourishing condition, ancf
has made more rapid advances the past year, than In the pre-
ceding one. The return to a more settled state in commer-
cial affairs, and the excitement naturally resulting from an em-
barrassed state of affairs, both nationally and individually, in-
volving the interests of the whole community, having consid-
erably subsided, things have begun to assume their usual tone,
and a large class of the people, whose minds and attention
have been diverted from their usual channel, to the all impor-
tant topics of the day, have, with a return of more prosperous
times, again been allured from the anxious and engrossing
cares of business, to the pursuit of those avocations, which
have, heretofore, been the sources of pleasure and gratifica-
tion.

Horticulture claims to be among the most innocent, pure,
and delightful pursuits to which mankind have ever been de-
voted. From its practice spring all that contribute to the ne-
cessities, as well as the luxuries, of life. From an active par-
ticipation in its light and cheerful labors, grateful exercise and
health are afforded to the body; and from a contemplation of
the varied objects which necessarily come within its precincts,

VOL. V. NO. 1. 1

2 Jl Retrospective View of the

the mind acquires vigor and strength. Whether, indeed, we
view horticulture as a means of affording gratification to the
senses, of storing the mind with useful knowledge, or of min-
istering to our desires and comforts, it merits our especial at-
tention and care. To foster and encourage a love for an art,
so manifestly useful and important, and to diffuse information
which shall lead to its successful practice, has been, and will
continue to be, our only desire and aim.

The climate of the United States embraces the range of
temperature of every nation on earth; nor is the variety of its
soils surpassed, in number or fertility, by any other country.
The products of every soil and clime may be perfected with-
in our own borders, and the wants of the country made depen-
dent upon no other; not that we would be considered as say-
ing this should be done — as that would be quite fallacious: but
with the industry, enterprise, and perseverance of the Ameri-
can people, and the vast extent of country, climate, and
soils, this could be easily accomplished. We have noticed, in
our last volume, the letter of Dr. Perrine to Congress, where-
in he has stated the perfect practicability of cultivating all the
tropical plants, including the banana and the cocoa palm, which
are universally pronounced to be the "greatest blessings of
Providence to man." The rearing of silk worms, and the
manufacture of silk, which is attracting unusual attention, is
destined to become as great, and, we believe, far more pro-
ductive a species of husbandry, than any thing which has yet
attracted the attention of the agriculturists of this country.
The best results will grow out of the excitement which now
exists on this subject. There is no obstacle to prevent our
producing all the staple products of every other nation, and
we doubt not the accomplishment of these objects in due time.
It may not be out of place here to state, what we believe we
have not done previously, that Dr. Perrine succeeded in pro-
curing a grant of land agreeably to his petition, for the purpose
of acclimatizing the products of tropical climes, and he will,
we presume, immediately attempt the objects which he has
been so zealous to secure.

But we come more immediately to the subject of our re-
marks. We have stated that the attention given to horticul-
ture has been considerably greater than in 1837; and it will,
next, be our endeavor to show in what manner, and to what
extent, the advancement has been made. To do this, we
shall divide the subject into two heads, viz: The advancement
of Horticulture as an art; and the Statistics, or actual state of
Horticulture.

Progress of Horticulture in the U. States. 3

THE ADVANCEMENT OF HOKTICULTURE AS AN ART.

Horticulture and gardening are somewhat synonymous terms,
and are often used in the same sense. We have, however, now,
as we have generally done, chosen the former term from its
more general adoption. Horticulture, in its broad sense, cm-
braces the entire cultivation of gardens, whether it is filled
with fruits, flowers, or vegetables. Prof. Lindley defines
Horticulture as the "application of the art of cultivation, mul-
tiplication, and domestication, to the vegetable kingdom."
And that " agriculture, arboriculture, and floriculture are
branches of horticulture." But horticulture is, however, more
commonly used where the growth of fruits and vegetables on-
ly, is treated of, and the term floriculture applied to the culti-
vation of flowers. We shall not deviate from the usual mode,
and shall therefore divide this part of our subject into land-
scape gardening, arboriculture, horticulture and floriculture.

Landscape Gardening. — We do not mention this with the
expectation of pointing out any specimens where the principles
of the art exist in any perfection, or to record much improve-
ment in its practice; but to direct attention to its importance,
and the effect it would have, if carried into practice, even upon a
limited scale, upon the appearance of the country generally; and
particularly to the finish and cultivated aspect it would throw a-
round villa residences, of which there are great numbers spring-
ing up in all the principal villages and towns throughout the
country. The principles of the art are scarcely known, and
the modern, or gardenesque style, as it is called, has been mis-
taken for a rude imitation of nature, without any appearance of
art, while, on the contrary, the prevailing feature of a garden,
laid out in the modern style, should be the cognizance of art
in every part. We hope to see some attempts to produce this
style, and we shall endeavor, hereafter, to devote a portion of
our room to its elucidation, with the hope that it will be put in
practice.

^Arboriculture, like landscape gardening, has received little
or no attention, at the hands of American gardeners. It is true
that, so far as planting trees by the sides of public roads, and
in the principal streets of many of our large country towns and
villages, may be considered arboriculturally, much more atten-
tion has been given to the subject than heretofore.

This manifest taste, on the part of the inhabitants, augers well
for a spirit of improvement, and shows conclusively that there
is a latent desire, in a portion of the community, for that which
is ornamental and rural in nature; and, though only now display-
ed in the beautifying of the public streets and roads, may, here-

4 Jl Retrospective Vieiv of the

after, seek its enjoyment in something more than the mere plant-
ing of single rows of trees, but rather in grouping and ai-ranging,
in a natural mode, the trees of every clime and soil, and in
Durtui'ing and cultivating the less gigantic, though not less in-
teresting and elegant, handiworks oi" nature, — the ornamental
shrub, the splendid border flower, or the tender exotic.

The planting of trees, for the purpose of raising timber,
has been somewhat agitated the past year, and, we believe, a
petition has been drawn up by Mr. D. J. Brown, with a view of
memorializing Congress upon its importance in a national point
of view. We think the subject one of much importance,
and one which we hope will receive attention. The planting
of hedges is attracting more notice than heretofore, and
some splendid specimens will probably be seen in a few
years. The Maclur«, the Shepherdia, the buckthorn, and
the Newcastle thorn, appear to be those plants which are recom-
mended the highest. Some good articles have appeared in
our last volume, upon the subject of planting and managing
hedges, and we hope to add more information in reference
to the same, in the present one. Our correspondent, Mr.
Downing, of Newburgh, will probably publish, in the ensuing
spring, a work upon the forest trees and shrubs of America
and Europe, with observations upon their arrangement in both
the picturesque and gardenesque styles, &.c. Such a work
is greatly called for, and no one is more able to execute the
task than IMr. Downing.

Horticulture. — In this department, which embraces, accord-
ing to the general use of the term, every thing in relation to
fruits and vegetables, there has been a decided improvement.
Throughout the country there seems to exist an earnest desire
to add to our stock of fruits and vegetables, and to select such
only as are valuable, to take the place of those which already
encumber the ground, producing miserable and worthless fruit,
or gross and tasteless vegetables. In both there is room for
improvement, particularly in the interior of the country, where
it is a long time before fine fruits and vegetables, from a pre-
vailing prejudice, find their way into the gardens. We shall
take a slight view of the principal places, where there has ap-
peared to have been any thing done.

In Bangor, an exhibition of horticultural and other garden
products has been made the past fall, for the first time, and
much good will arise from this. A condensed account of
the show will appear in this or the succeeding number. Some
good gardens exist in the vicinity of this city, and we have
no doubt that the advancement of the art of horticulture.

Progress of Horticulture in the U. Slates. 5

here, will be fast and stead}^ In Portsmouth, N. H., there
are some fine gardens belonging to the wealthy gentlemen of
the town; but not much has been done, we believe, to in-
crease the number the past year. With the ample means and
taste of many of its citizens, we shall look for greater re-
sults another season. In Salem, and vicinity, about the usual
interest taken here has been continued without any remarkable
increase of taste. Mr. Manning continues to increase his
stock of trees, and prove the correctness of the different va-
rieties of pears and other fruits. Of pears, he fruited a large
nuniber of new ones the past season, some description of which
we expect to lay before our readers from his pen.

Boston and vicinity, with the same activity which has always
characterized must of the amateur practitioners, is gradually
rising in the scale, and will, undoubtedly, maintain that emi-
nence in pomology, and the higher branches of the art, for
which she has been heretofore so well known, both at home
and abroad. The late exhibition of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, in September last, was, as respects its display
of fruits, one of the most remarkable ever made in the coun-
try. After the lengthy and accurate report which has appear-
ed in our pages, it is unnecessary for us to particularize here.
Many of the celebrated new pears of Van Mons were seen in
perfection, and the specimens of fruits, forced grapes, and
particularly pine-apples, evince the high state that this branch
of gardening has attained. The list of premiums offered by the
Society has had a good tendency, and we doubt not that anoth-
er year will find the competitions so numerous, that there will
not be a single article on the prize list, but for which specimens
will be presented with the hope of carrying off the prize. The
cultivation of the pine-apple is perfectly carried out at Mr.
Cushing's, where we saw an abundance of beautiful ripe fruits,
many of various fine kinds, a (ew weeks since. The new sys-
tem of retarding the grape has been successfully tried, and we
anticipate the pleasure of presenting our readers with an arti-
cle upon the subject, from Mr. Haggerston.

The adverse state of commercial affairs has pressed more
heavily upon New York than any other city, and after the long
relapse, there is now every prospect of a rapid improvement
and a rise to a higher state, than, perhaps, the common course
of events would have carried her. Aroused to action by the
success of her sister cities, a new horticultural association has
been formed by the enterprise and influence of many of the
citizens, who are devoted to the art, which embraces the whole
extent of the great and fertile valley of the Hudson. It has

6 Jl Retrospective VifAo of the

commenced favorably, and we see no obstacle to Its future suc-
cess; we know the talents and industry of those who were the
most active in its formation, and we are much mistaken if they
do not make it attain a stand of usefulness inferior to no other
in the country. In the western part of the state, where, till
within a kw years, a garden did not exist, attention to the sub-
ject is awakened. Our friend and correspondent, Mr. Bate-
ham, of Rochester, has communicated to us, for incorporation
into this article, some account of the state of horticulture in
western New York; but we find it so interesting, that we have
given it entire, in an article by itself, and refer to that for infor-
mation upon this portion of the empire state.

Disputing the palm with Boston, we find Philadelphia rapidly
advancing in the forcing department, and in growing fruits and
vegetables under glass. The culture of the grape Is exciting
great attention. Since the result of Mr. Biddle's successful
attempts has been made known, a new impulse has been cre-
ated, and many new graperies are about being erected. The
nurserymen are cultivating grapes, in order to be prepared for
the demand, with all haste, and we learnt, during our late visit,
that the number of vines sold the past year has been large.
Until this season, we believe grapes from under glass have
never been seen In the Philadelphia market. What were pro-
duced commanded prices which will pay the cultivator a hand-
some profit.

The reports of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society have
regularly appeared In our pages the past year, and the state of
horticulture may be perceived from a perusal of these reports.
The Society is In a very flourishing condition. Many ladies
have been admitted members, and their presence at the meet-
ings has given a life and degree of interest to the proceedings,
which had in vain been previously attempted. Our corres-
pondent, Dr. Watson, we believe, was the first to propose the
introduction of ladies as members of the Society. We could
wish that the ladies of other cities would manifest the same zeal
in gardening pursuits, and we would by no means exclude them
from membership to any horticultural society in the country.
We hope every society will emulate the example of the Penn-
sylvania Horticultural Society. Besides the admission of ladies
as members, an efficiency has been given to the Society, which
it never before possessed, by the election, to the presidency,
of Horace Binney, Esq., a gentleman of cultivated talents and
high forensic attainments.

Baltimore, Washington, and other southern cities, so far as
we can get information, have not done much to record the past

Progress of Horticulture in the U. States. 7

year. The societies in each of these cities have held exhibi-
tions, but we have seen no regular reports of them. At Cin-
cinnati, St. Louis, and other cities in the west, we know not
how much has been done; but the amount of plants, seeds, &c.
which have gone from New England alone, will in a few years, if
properly m.anaged, add greatly to the aspect of the country.

Some of the more important additions to our gardens are
the Rohan potato, of which a great deal has been said, in the
agricultural papers, and some notice of which will be found in
another page, and an article on their growth will be given in
our next number. If all that has been stated in regard to their
productiveness is true, (and we cannot doubt it,) they will be an
invaluable addition to our husbandry. The Chinese corn is a
new kind brought into notice the past fall; but of its merits
we have no personal knowledge. The Cuba tomato Mr. Low-
ell speaks highly of, and recomm.ends its growth in the place of
the common kind. Some new seedling fruits have been ex-
hibited the past year. Messrs. Downing, of Newburgh, N. Y.,
have raised a fine gage plum; and Mr. Roe, of the same place,
four or five excellent varieties of the same fruit. Gov. Ed-
wards, and Dr. Ives, of New-Haven, have raised some fine
seedling pears. Under our pomological notices, and notices
of new vegetables, in the early part of the last volume, will be
found all that is new respecting fruits and vegetables.

Floriculture. — If we were to judge of the advancement of
this branch of the art, by the number of new plants annually
introduced, we could not say that the past year had been so
much an improvement upon that of 1837, as the latter year
was upon that of 1836. But setting aside this, as no criterion
to judge by, we find that the general desire to possess and
cultivate flowers has greatly increased. The rage for novel-
lies is not so great as it has been, and, with the exception of a
few zealous amateurs, the attention of cultivators is turned, as
we are glad to see it, to the better treatment of those kinds
which we have already admitted into our collections, and been
upon the point of discarding, without ever giving them a fair
trial. The taste for geraniums has increased considerably, and
some fine seedlings have been raised by Mr. Hogg, and others.
The season has been so unpropitious to the blooming of the
dahlia, that, although all the best varieties in England were
imported at immense cost, very few of them were seen in per-
fection the past autumn: the disappointment has been great, as
cultivators will be under the necessity of growing the whole of
their collections again, in order to prove those that are fine.
Some seedling camellias have been raised of much merit. The

8 A Retrospective View of the

tulip has become a more fashionable flower since the grand
display of Mr. Walker has taken place annually; and the pansy
is fast finding favor with the lovers of all delicate and beautiful
flowers, so much merit have those possessed which Mr.
Walker has been at great pains to raise. The plant which has
been the most extensively cultivated and greatly admired, the
past year, is the Ferbena Tweediedna.

Around Boston there has been a considerable increase of
taste, and several gardens have been improved, and some
green-houses and other garden structures added. The finest
dahlias were introduced into its vicinity, but from the excess
of heat and an unusual dry summer, the blooming failed com-
pletely. Mr. Sweetser has been forming a fine collection of
cactuses, of which we have previously spoken, (Vol. IV, p.
401.) The most remarkable movement in floriculture has
been the formation of the association for the purpose of estab-
lishing a public garden, on the lands belonging to the city, at
the bottom of the Common. The subscribers have purchased
the entire collection of Mr. Wilder, which will be removed to
a building now in preparation, as soon as possible. Should the
principle upon which the garden is got up, be a good one, the
land laid out with some taste, and the conservatory or green-
house well adapted to the plants, and arranged for good effect,
it will be the means of rapidly diffusing a taste, throughout the
whole community, for beautiful plants and flowers. We are
glad to see Boston taking the lead in so noble a cause, and we
trust that no efforts will be spared to render the garden credit-
able to the taste and spirit of her citizens.

From a personal notice of the state of floriculture in New
York, we should not judge that the past year had placed her
far ahead of her standing in 1837. The shows of dahlias,
which have always been good here, were rather slim the past
autumn, and, had not the frosts held off later than around Bos-
ton, there would have been a scanty display. But the heavy
and continued rains of October gave renewed vigor to the
plants, and when the frost overtook them, they were covered
with buds and blossoms. In Brooklyn, Mr. Becar and Mr.
Perry have added greatly to their collections. We have al-
ready noticed Mr. Hogg's visit to London, but he did not bring
out a large number of plants, his journey having been made,
principally, for his health. His seedling verbenas we have al-
ready noticed. Prof. Jackson, of Schenectady, has one of
the finest flower gardens in the country-
Philadelphia, with its enterprising florists, has been the place
from whence has been disseminated many fine plants the past

Progress of Horticulture in the U. States. 9

year. Mr. Biiist is continually adding to his stock. J. B.
Soiith, Esq., has raised some fine camellias. Messrs. Mac-
kenzie & Buchanan have a good stock; and Mrs. Hibbert,
Messrs. Dryburgh, Sherwood and others have improved their
respective establishments. One of the greatest novelties
has been the production of nearly one hundred seedling chry-
santhemums, the first which have ever been raised from seeds
in this country, and which, until within a year or two, have
never been grown in England; all the attempts to produce seed
having proved useless. Some seedling verbenas have been
raised by Mr. Buist, which are fine additions to this beautiful
genus. The grafting of the Cactaceae, particularly the Epiphyl-
kim truncatum, upon the Cereus triangularis, has been carried
on with great success, and some splendid specimens may be
seen in both the public and private gardens of this city. The
palms of IMr. Smith are objects worthy the inspection of every
lover of oriental scenery.

In Baltimore, the Messrs. Feasts have very good collections,
and have grown some seedling plants of various kinds, particu-
larly camellias and cereuses, which possess merit. Mr. Hack,
an amateur, has raised a number of seedling camellias, and we
saw a {ew promising looking buds, on several of the plants, as
we walked through his small house. The Exhibitions of the
Maryland Horticultural Society have been less interesting the
past year than in 1S37, and v.'e suspect that there has not been
a great deal accomplished within the last year.

In Washington, Charleston, and other cities at the south,
there has been, so far as we can learn, the usual attention given
to floriculture. Mr. Buist, of the former city, has introduc-
ed many fine things. Dr. Wray, of Augusta, cultivates a fine
collection of succulent plants. At Athens, Ga., Dr. Ward
has made several additions of beautiful plants to the Botanic
Garden there. From the western cities we have no accurate
knowledge of the advancement of Floriculture.

For particular information respecting new plants, the reader

STATISTICS, OR ACTUAL STATE OF HORTICULTURE.

This part of our subject relates to the formation and laying
out of gardens, the additions of green-houses, &c. to private
gardens: commercial gardening, &c.

Cemeteries. — Several cemeteries have been laid out in dif-
ferent parts of the country the past year. At Bangor, Me.,
one has been consecrated, and is called Mount Hope. In

VOL. v.— NO, I. 2

10 Jl Relrospective View of the

Taunton and Worcester, Mass., the grounds have been put in
order, and many trees planted. New York, aware of the im-
portance of cemeteries to large and populous eities, has moved
in the cause, and a large piece of ground has been taken for
the purpose. At Rochester, N. Y., one is projected, and a
most delightful piece of ground, finely undulated, and covered
with wood, has been selected.

Public Gardens, which may, in reality, claim that appella-
tion, can scarcely be said to exist in this country; but in the
one projected in Boston we hope to see something worthy the
name. The University of Michigan contemplate the forma-
tion of a Botanical Garden, with Dr. Gray at its head.

Private Gardens. — In Boston, W. P. Winchester, Esq. has
enlarged his house to more than three times its former size,
and it is now an elegant structure, tie has also filled it with
a fine collection of camellias and other plants. Mr. Warren,
of Brighton, has erected a house about one hundred feet long,
for the purpose of forcing vegetables and fruit for the market.
Mr. Wilder intends to devote one of the houses, heretofore
filled with plants, to the cultivation of the grape, and to confine
his collection of plants to what is now the stove. Mr. Lowell
has enlarged and otherwise improved his hot-house and green-
house. In Brooklyn, N. Y., Mr. Perry has added a fine green-
house and hot-house, eighty feet long, to his garden. In Phil-
adelphia some new green-houses have been erected; but our
friends have not given us the names of the gentlemen who have
made these improvements. The only one we know of, per-
sonally, is that of William Lloyd, Esq., Turners Lane.

Comraercial or JsTursery Gardens. — The state of commer-
cial gardening is more favorable to the nurseryman than for the
two or three years previous to the last. The demand for or-
namental trees and shrubs, as well as fruits, has been large. In
the Jl/orus multicaidis an immense trade has been carried on,
and some fortunes made by the fortunate growers of an abun-
dance of trees. The agitation, which has taken place in the
country respecting the rearing of silk-worms from the leaves of
this tree, and its superior advantages over all others, has given
it a value which the most sanguine could not have supposed
they would have ever attained. On account of the immense
demand for the trees, and from the supposition that they will
command at least half the price which they are now worth, al-
most every nurseryman in the Union is converting his grounds
into a mulberry plantation. Nor is the cultivation of the tree
confined to nurserymen alone; hundreds of individuals, stimu-
lated by the money which has been made in these trees, will

Progress of Horticulture in the U. States. 1 1

commence their growth. In Philadelphia, on a late visit, we
found the hot-houses of the florists converted into mulberry
beds, and the attention of many of the florists turned altogether
to this tree. The more trees that are raised, the better; but
we hope that the trees will not alone be grown, to the neglect
of the usual stock of the nurseryman.

At East Boston, Messrs. Mason, of the Charlestown Vine-
yard, have taken a large spot of ground for a vegetable and
fruit garden, and we have understood it was their intention to
erect a green-house upon the ground. Messrs. Mason have
produced some fine crops of grapes at their vineyard.

The trade in New York is reviving. Mr. Hogg will have
to remove his nursery farther out of town, as one of the
streets which are to be graded, the coming season, runs di-
rectly through the garden, and will cut it all up. Messrs.
Downing, of Newburgh, are extending their nurseries, and one
of the finest collections of fruit in the country is to be found
here.

We have mentioned that Messrs. Mackenzie and Buchanan
have commenced the trade in Philadelphia. They have erect-
ed two fine houses, which we saw nearly full of plants, last
November; they are enterprising young men, and, we have
no doubt, will do a good business. Mr. Buist has added a new
span-roof house to his grounds, upw^ards of eighty feet long and
thirty-two wide, with a partition between. It is a fine building.
Mr. Sherwood has just got his place, near Laurel Hill, in-
to good condition. Mr. Carr's grounds have been most de-
stroyed by the running of the Philadelphia and Baltimore rail-
road through them: it is, we believe, Col. Carr's intention
to sell out, if possible. The trade between the southern states
and Philadelphia is very large, and there is a fine field for the
enterprising nurserymen of this city.

From this some knowledge may be gleaned of the actual
state of commercial gardening in the country. It is rapidly on
the increase, and the stock of fruit trees, and, we might add, or-
namental trees and shrubs, is not near adequate to the demand.
Prices for the former are remarkably high, especially around
Boston, and prevent many from purchasing, who would buy at
moderate prices. It should be the object of nurserymen to
cheapen as much as possible: it is for their interest, as well as
for the convenience of the public, to do so: hundreds will
plant trees and cultivate flowers when they can purchase them
reasonably, who would not look at them at the high prices
which are too often demanded. As the knowledge of propa-

12 Horticulture in Western JVejo York.

gation extends, this may be expected ; as long as we have to
rely upon importations, it cannot be done.

It would give us pleasure to add some observations upon the
progress and state of agriculture, but we have exceeded our
limits already; and, offering these remarks to our readers, with
the hope that they may be found interesting, we must take
leave of the subject.

Art. II. Horticulture in Western JVcio York. By M. B.
Bateham, Rochester.

Western New York, or, as it is sometimes called, the
"'Genesee Country," is proverbial for the excellence of its soil
and the salubrity of its climate, as well as for the enterprise
and pubhc spirit of its intelligent inhabitants. With such unri-
valled advantages, it might naturally be expected that the sis-
ter arts of agriculture and horticulture would here make the
most rapid progress, in the march of improvement, and soon
attain a high degree of perfection. But, it must be remem-
bered that this country was, but a few years since, a wilderness;
its inhabitants, besides paying for their lands, and providing the
necessaries of life, have had a dense forest to subdue; dwel-
lings, villages and cities to erect; roads and canals to con-
struct; and the commercial and political aJSairs of a rapidly in-
creasing population to engage their attention. Under such cir-
cumstances, there has been but little chance for an accumula-
tion of superabundant wealth; and, although there exists a great
degree of general taste for horticulture, but few individuals
can be found who possess sufficient means, combined with the
requisite taste and disposition, to devote much time or money to
rural embellishments, or the delightful luxuries of floriculture.

About ten years ago, a few individuals began to manifest a
desire for the advancement of agriculture and horticulture in
western New York; and in two or three years several associa-
tions were formed for the purpose, which were highly benefi-
cial to the community. A horticultural society was formed at
Geneva in 1828. Its meetings and exhibitions have been held
alternately at Geneva, Lyons and Canandaigua, and the taste for
horticulture and rural embellishment, which is so conspicuous-

Horticulture in TFestcrn jYcio York. 13

ly displayed in those beautiful villages, alFords ample evidence
•of the usefalness of the society.

The Monroe County Horticultural Society was organized
at Rochester, in the fall of 1830. Its meetings were, for sev-
eral years, attended with a good degree of interest, and some
of the -exhibitions of fine fruits and vegetables would not have
■been discre;ditable, even to the halls of old Boston.

The well known Genesee Farmer and Gardener's Jour-
nal was commenced January 1st, 1831. This, together witJi
the two horticultural, and several agricultural societies, created
a universal excitement and spirit of inquiry on the subject of
improvement. The knowledge and discoveries, together with
the choice productions of older countries, were rapidly intro-
duced and disseminated; competition and laudable emulation
were encouraged by awarding premiums; old errors and preju-
dices were abandoned, and new objects, as well as new modes
of cultivation, adopted. By these means, the cultivators of
western New York began to see and appreciate the blessings
which a bountiful Providence had placed within their reach; and
the rich valley of the Genesee bid fair to become, by art and
cultivation, what it was evidently designed to be by nature, —
the garden spot of the west.

Owing however to unpropitious seasons and the failure of sev-
eral fruit crops, the societies and exhibitions lost their interest;
while the commercial embarrassments and political excitements
so absorbed the minds of the community, that all associated
efforts for the improvement of domestic affairs were neglect-
ed; and horticulture being so peculiarly a social art, but very
little has been effected by solitary individuals.

The present condition of horticulture, in this section, may
be mostly inferred from what has been said of its past history.
Gardening here is seldom studied as a science, and practised
as an art. The majority of families possess gardens of great-
er or less extent, and many of them are well supplied with fine
fruit and vegetables; but very few individuals are willing to de-
vote any considerable attention or expense to their cultivation,
especially in the department of floriculture. Above all, it is
surprising that so small a number, even of those who possess
sufficient means and good taste, do not oftener prove that

"He who loves a garden, loves a. green-house too:
Unconscious of a less propitious clime,
There blooms exotic beauty, warm and snug.
While the winds whistle, and the snows descend."

There are a few private residences, with gardens and green-
houses attached; and also several thriving nursery estabhsh-

14 Thoughts on Pruning.

merits, which deserve more particular notice than my present
limits will allow, and some account of which I may hereafter
furnish you.

It is gratifying to observe that the spirit of improvement
is again beginning to revive in this section, some evidence
of which has been quite perceptible the past season. A num-
ber of influential citizens have suggested a plan for an exten-
sive association, to be called "the Genesee Valley Horticultu-
ral Society:" to include the counties of Monroe, Livingston
and Genesee, together with such individuals from the adjacent
counties as choose to unite. This district will include many
individuals of wealth and taste, who are ardent friends of horti-
culture; and whose united efforts for its promotion could not
fail of proving eminently successful.

Yours, truly, M. B. Bateham.

Rochester Seed- Store, Dec. 10th, 1S3S.

Art. III. Thoughts on Pruning. By Judge BuELy
Conductor of the Cultivator.

We apprehend that the common practices in this branch of
rural labor are not altogether based upon a sound philosophy.
The animal structure, we all know, is admirably adapted to its
wants, to its habits, and to its uses. There is no surplusage
■ — no useless incumbrance — all is necessary to fulfil the designs
of nature. From analogy, as well as from the system and or-
der which every where pervade the visible creation, is it not
reasonable to infer, that every part of the vegetable structure
is alike essential to its well-being? Are not the branches and
leaves as essential to the tree, as the limbs and lungs are to the
animal.'' Who will say otherwise? Nature produces nothing
in vain. Although we may assist in carrying out her designs,
we cannot cross her purposes without sufiering the penalty im-
posed for a violation of her laws.

No part of a plant can be affected without affecting the oth-
er parts. Roots and branches reciprocally produce and nour-

Thoughts on Pruning. 15

ish each other. If a tree has part of its roots destroyed, the
branches which these supphed decay; and when some of the
branches are destroyed, some of the roots perish also. The
extent and form of the one, will, in a measure, ever correspond
with the extent and form of the other. If a young tree is kept
close pruned, divested of its limbs and foliage, it is soon
stunted in its growth, the wood becomes carious and diseased,
and the plant is short-lived. If, therefore, we destroy the equi-
librium which nature has established, between roots and
branches, by greatly diminishing the one or the other, we thwart
her designs and mistake our interest. Every branch has its
roots — its mouths — in the soil, to supply it with the elements
■of its food; and every root has its branch and its leaves — its
lungs — in the air, to convert these elements into food, for the
joint benefit of them both and of the stem. One cannot at-
tain growth without the co-operation of the other. Without
the roots, the plant cannot obtain the elements of food; without
the leaves, those elements, if taken into the system, are of no
benefit; but, on the contrary, like the undigested food upon the
animal stomach, generate disease, rather than promote health
and vigor. Every leaf performs its ofiice in the process of
nutrition and growth; and, other circumstances being alike, the
increase in the growth of the plant, will be in the proportion
to the number of healthy leaves: if one half of these be de-
stroyed, the growth will be but one half as great as if the
"whole had remained^if complete defoliation takes place, the
growth will entirely cease. Hence pruning decreases growth,
in proportion to the extent or severity with which it is prac-
tised.

""Whenever a tree has a live spray cut from it, an injury is
inflicted on that tree that can never entirely be repaired. Ev-
ery wound received is stored up; and if wounds be constantly-
added, they will accumulate to a degree too great to be borne,
and the tree will sink under its infirmities. It is useless to at-
tempt to transfer the timber of the boughs to the stem, or to
confine the growth of timber entirely to the stem. However
desirable it may be to the pruner, to have all the growth divert-
ed to the increase of the stem, he never will be able to effect
it. He may, like the dog, snap at the shadow, and lose the
substance; but never will he be able, by pruning off the boughs,
to increase the growth of the stem one jot. No; the size of
the stem will be in proportion lo the head it has to support.
The stem is not, as he may imagine, a production formed
merely for the use of man; it is the canal, or passage, in which
the juices pass between the roots and branches; and the size of

] G Thoughts on Pruning.

this passage is always in proportion to the offices it: has to per-
form. If the number of branches [meaning to include leaves]
be increased, the quantity of sap passing between them and
the roots will be increased; a greater space is necessary for
the increased quantity of sap, and consequently the stem is in-
creased. Let the head of the tree increase, and, depend upon
it, there will be a corresponding increase of the stem.

"It is said to be right to cut away a small proportion of the
weaker branches, and turn the current of the descending sap
more abundantly into the stem. It is hard to understand what
is meant by this explanation of the effects of pruning. Does
the sap descend down the stem till it arrives at the weaker
branches, and then ascend up them and increase their size, in-
stead of that of the stem? If so, the weaker branches would
soon become the stronger; or rather, if trees have the property of
sending the sap from the strong branches to the weaker, all the
branches would be equally strong. The descending sap, on
reaching the weaker branches, would become ascending sap.
And if the small branches be considered obstructions prevent-
ing the descent of the sap, the large branches must be greater
obstructions. But where does the sap descend from? Prun-
ers forget that they cannot cut a live spray from a tree without
lessening the quantity of its leaves. Their theory is founded
in error, and all their reasoning is false." — Ballard, in Farm,
Mag.

This explains what often seems enigmatical to superficial ob-
servers in vegetable economy, viz. that moderate sized trees
from a nursery have, ordinarily, a much thriftier and healthier
growth, and arrive sooner to a good bearing state, when trans-
])lanted, than trees that are very large. In the former, the nat-
ural proportion between the roots and the branches is preserv-
ed,— the former being taken up nearly entire — the sap vessels
are filled, and the growth is but partially retarded. While in
taking up very large trees, whose roots have greatly extended,
the mouths of the plant are seriously diminished, the sap ves-
sels contract and become indurated, in consequence of the di-
minished supply of sap — and the tree must acquire new roots,
and a new sap-wood, by a slow process of growth, ere it can
flourish with its accustomed vigor. The same evil results from
cutting off the entire top of a tree. It is deprived of its elab-
orating organs; and, although the root may send up the ele-
ments of food, it cannot benefit the plant for want of leaves to
convert it into vegetable blood. It is no argument against this
])osition, that deciduous trees spontaneously develop foliage
and flowers in the spring. There is a store of elaborated sap

Thoughts on Pruning. \1

laid up in autumn to effect this. Strip a tree in June, when
this store is exhausted, entirely of its leaves, and the tree will
not grow, and will probably die. The stem, at least, will sus-
tain serious injury. The nurseryman knows, that after an ap-
ple, pear, or plum stock has been cut down and grafted upon,
the heart-wood becomes unsound if the graft fails to grow, and
the whole stock dozy, and, in a manner, worthless for a future
scion, and that it will not grow a particle above where it sends
off suckers.

The tendency of pruning to generate disease, and to short-
en the life of trees, is illustrated in the appearance of old or-
chards, which have been injudiciously pruned. Wherever a
limb is split off by winds or accident, it exposes a diseased
heart-wood; and this disease at the heart spreads to the roots
and branches, and induces premature death. The natural du-
ration of the apple tree is believed to be more than one hun-
dred years; and yet how few are found in a healthy state at
fifty years. Mark the contrast, in soundness of wood, in vig-
or of growth, and in duration of life, between the apple and
other frequently pruned trees, and those trees, whether fruiter
forest, which are left to luxuriate naturally, without the artifi-
cial aid of the pruning knife.

If pruning be prejudicial to growth and longevity, why,
then, we may be asked, why prune at all? We answer, for
utility, to give beauty, and to improve and increase the fruit.

In natural forest growth, trees attain height, and a straight
clear timber form, from their crowded situation; and as the
lower branches become useless, they die and fall off. But in
cultivated grounds, or where there is ample room for roots and
branches to spread, this does not take place; and hence the
propriety of pruning here to obtain a good stem for timber, or
a handsome top for shade and ornament. Often there are two
or more leading shoots striving for the mastery, and, unless they
are shortened, or taken off, there will be two or more stems, of
diminutive size, instead of one stem, of larger size. We may
therefore prune shade trees to improve their form, or to please
the fancy, and timber trees to improve the bole; but in neither
case do we either increase the growth, or prolong the life of
the tree.

"As the twig is bent, sn will the tree incline," is literally true
in regard to pruning. We may give almost any form to trees
which fancy may conceive, by beginning early, and persever-
ing with the pruning knife or shears, as is witnessed in clipped
hedges, and often in ornamental and garden grounds. We
may make them dwarfs or standards, or give them a thin or

VOL. v. NO. I. 3

18 Thoughts on Pruning.

dense foliage, at our pleasure. They may be trained or cut
into the shape of animals, into geometrical forms, or architec-
tural or sculptural compositions.

We prune fruit trees to improve the fruit, and to induce a
bearing habit. The roots of trees take up from the soil a cer-
tain quantity of vegetable food, call it geine, or humus, or or-
ganic remains, or what you please — it has constituted parts of
vegetable structure, and is convertible, by natural processes,
into wood, or fruit, or both. If the tendency of the plant is
to wood, as is generally the case with all healthy young trees,
the fruit v/ill be sparse and inferior, at least till the tree has at-
tained to mature size. On the other hand, if the tendency to
growth is checked, by poverty of soil, disease, or injudicious
pruning, the tree will be brought into a precocious state of bear-
ing, and, in the case of judicious pruning, produce more and
better fruit.

In pruning, or training to induce a fruit-bearing habit, the ob-
ject is to check the uninterrupted, and, we may say, natural,
descent of the elaborated sap to the root, by encouraging a
horizontal, instead of an upright, growth of the branches,
when the tree approaches the bearing age. This causes a stric-
ture in the descending sap vessels, at the bifurcation or junc-
tion of the branches with the stem, and a consequent accumu-
lation of elaborated sap in the branches, to generate fruit buds,
and to swell the fruit. The same object is sometimes, though
injudiciously, effected, by taking out a narrow circle of bark,
or by ligatures, to prevent the descent of the elaborated sap.
Hence the upright shoot is often cut out, particularly in the
apple tree, and the branches are trained horizontally, diagonal-
ly, or in a half inverted position, as on walls, espaliers, and in
the en qucncille, or distaff form of training. These operations
liave also a tendency to improve the quality of the fruit, by
giving it a better exposure to the kind influences of the sun,
air and light, all essential to its due maturity and high flavor.
iVature ])rovides for the propagation of the species, by pro-
ducing perfect seed, leaving to art the labor and contrivance
of enlarging and enriching the pulp or fruit. All fruits may
be improved frorii their natural state, by artificial culture, though
nothing may be added thereby to the intrinsic value of the
seed, or natural duration of the tree. The seeds of the wild
crab, or wild pear, are as good to sow for stocks, to graft or
hud upon, as the seeds of the cultivated varieties of these
fruits; and indeed, according to Dr. Van Mens' theory, which
liis practice seems to have confirmed, they are the best from
which to Stan new varielies.

Thoughts on Pruning. 19

Prune, therefore, when necessary, to improve timber; prune
for ornament; prune to improve the fruit: but do not prune in
the hope of accelerating growth or of prolonging life. And
in all your prunings, cut while the wood is small, and spare to
the tree all the foliage you can consistent with the object you
have in view. By pruning when the tree is young, and prun-
ing often, we may secure a handsome stem and well formed
head, and we cause no wounds that do not speedily heal.

The common practice is, to prune in autumn or spring, when
the tree is divested of foliage. To this practice we make two
objections. In the first place, the wounds are exposed (un-
less covered with a suitable composition) to the searching
and corroding influence of the sun, wind and rain, there being
no leaves to shield, nor circulating pulp to heal them. In the
second place, it causes the multiplication of suckers, and of-
ten increases the evil which it is designed to cure. The sap,
arrested in the spring, when its flow is greatest, in its natu-
ral course to the amputated branches, oozes out and corrodes
the bark and wood, or exhausts itself in the production of a
prolific growth of suckers, more detrimental than the parts
that have been lopped off'. If pruning is performed the last
of June, when the exuberant flow of sap has abated, the
wounds are in a measure protected, by the foliage, from the
weather; much unelaborated has became elaborated sap, and
transformed into cambium, or pulp, whose healing qualities
soon cover the edges of the wound; few or no suckers are
generated, and the heart of the tree is in a measure preserved,
from canker and decay. These opinions, as to the propriety
of summer pruning fruit trees, have been confirmed, in our
mind, by three years' practice and observation.

Another common error in pruning, is the practice of cut-
ling off all lateral shoots from a young tree, except a few at
the apex; and to cut young, vigorous wood from the tops of
old trees, leaving long extended naked branches, which are of-
ten broken by the winds. In the first case, we obtain long
spindling stems, incapable of supporting, when transplanted to
an open situation, a respectable top. The same evil occurs
in the nursery, or the forest, when the young trees stand in a
crowded position. In the second case, we produce unsightly
and comparatively unproductive tops. Since the offices and
importance of leaves in vegetable economy have been better
understood, a manifest improvement in pruning has succeeded.

It is now contended, and we think upon correct principles,
that none., or but very few, of the lateral branches should be
cut entirely from young trees, until the tree is tall enough to

20 Propagation, training and pruning of Fig trees.

form ahead; but that the pruner should be content with short-
ening those which interfere with the main stem, and such as are
of unreasonable length. By this means, we obtain a tapering
and straight stem, and retain the aid of a large portion of the
leaves towards its enlargement. Every leaf contributes to the
growth of the stem below the point of connection. When the
tree has attained a proper height to form the top, it is advisa-
ble, particularly with the apple, to cut out the upright shoot,
leaving three, or, at most, four, laterals, or branches, upon dif-
ferent sides, to form the top. If a little attention is given an-
nually to cutting out the small limbs, which are likely to cross
or interfere with each other, the necessity of cutting off large
branches will, for a long time, be superseded. In old trees,
the old branches frequently become cankered and diseased,
and young thrifty wood is thrown out at or near their base.
In this case it is always preferable to cut the diseased wood,
leaving the healthy shoots to fill their places. When trans-
planting trees, the knife should be used sparingly. If the roots
are greatly diminished, in digging up the tree, the top may be
lightened by thinning its branches; or, if none of these can be
spared, without marring the form, the longer branches may be
shortened, or cut in, at a bud; but we do not advise, in any
case, the cutting oiF the entire top. j Etjfl

Mbany, Dec. 1838.

Art. IV. On the propagation, training, and pruning of
Fig trees under glass. By J. W. Russell, Superinten-
dent at Mount Auburn.

The fig tree is raised from suckers, layers, and cuttings,
and will thrive in almost any soil, provided it has a dry bottom.
But they produce more fruit in a strong loamy soil, than in a
light dry one. Layers or cuttings are preferable to suckers.
If figs are grown in large pots or boxes, a drainage of pots-
herds three or four inches deep, laid at the bottom of the box
or pot, is indispensably necessary to carry off the superfluous
water. The top sod of an old pasture field, two or three
inches thick, broken well to pieces with a spade, is probably

Propagatioriy training and pruning of Fig trees. 21

the best compost that can be easily obtained. A riddle ought
never to be used, for the most nutritive part of the conjpost
will not pass through it, therefore it is evidently a bad practice
to make use of it.

If the branches have been allowed to run up^ leaving the
bottom of the trees quite naked, every other branch should be
cut down near to the ground about the first of May, in order
to furnish the bottom of the tree with young wood, bearing in
mind the necessity of stopping the ends of the shoots in June:
this will cause them to throw out side shoots which will fur-
nish the tree with good wood, and which will bear fruit the
next year. By this time you will have plenty of fine wood;
you may, then, if you think it best, cut ofJ' the rest of the old
branches that were left the preceding year, performing this
business at the same time you pruned last year. Never neg-
lect to take off the ends of the strongest shoots, except the
leading ones, as before advised, for if this is not done, you
will soon have the trees in the same state you have been try-
ing to avoid.

When you prune, never shorten the shoots, as the fruit is
always produced near the ends of them; there will be a great
many fine, short side, and foreright shoots, which should nev-
er be cut off but when they are decayed: these shoots will
ripen much better than those of more luxuriant growths, there-
fore will be less liable to receive any injury from a severe win-
ter. When the figs are about the size of a filbert nut, take ofi'
the points of the top buds with your finger and thumb, or
cut them with a sharp knife. If the trees are trained to a trellis,
(which is probably the best method) the branches should be
laid in from eight to twelve inches apart, and trained horizon-
tally or in a pendulous manner.

By following this system of training, you will obtain more
fruit than from any other method I have any knowledge of.
If no fire heat is used, the trees in November should be cov-
ered with straw and bass mats, in order to protect them from
the sudden changes of the weather through the winter. About
once a fortnight, through the summer, give the roots a bounti-
ful watering with manure water.

Grou'ing the trees in pots or tubs. — No fruit does better than
the fig v\hen grown in pots. A few trees will furnish a sufii-
cient quantity of fruit for a small family, and they may easily
be grown without the aid of a green-house, or any other pro-
tection than an ordinary cellar. The same soil as above ad-
vised should be selected, and the plants, whether from suckers,
layers, or cuttings, planted in tubs, or pots, from ten to fifteen

22 Jfotices of new and beautiful Plants

inches in diameter at the top. Prune them as before directed,
and they will produce abundantly. On the approach of cold
weather, place the pots in the cellar, where the frost will not
reach the trees. J. W. Russell.

Mount Auburn, Cambridge, Dec. 1838.

Mr. Russell's article on the fig we hope will attract more
attention to this neglected fruit. Occasionally a fig tree is seen
in our gardens, but it is oftener grown as an object of curiosi-
ty than for its fruit. We are quite partial to the fig, and be-
lieve that it would be as much esteemed as many other fruits,
if good kinds were selected, and the fruit grown to a good size.
The fig, we believe, may be cultivated in the open air, taking
the precaution to cover the trees in the same manner that grape
vines are protected, viz: by laying their branches down, and
covering them with straw and leaves and garden soil. May
Mr. Russell's directions induce the cultivators of other fruits,
,to aTovv the fig also. — Ed.

Art. V. J\'^oliccs of neiv and beautiful Plants figured in
the London Floricultural and Botanical JMagazincs; with
Remarks on the Cultivation of many of the species, and some
Account of those which it would be desirable to introduce into
our Gardens,

.Edwards's Botanical Register, or Ornamental Flower Garden
and Shrubbery. Each number containing from six to eight
plates, with additional miscellaneous information, relative to
new Plants. In monthly numbers; 3s. plain, 3s. 6d. colored.
Edited by John Lindley, Professor of Botany in the Universi-
ty of London.

Paxlon's Magazine of Botany , and Register of Flowering Plants.
Each number containing four colored plates. Monthly. 2s. 6d.
each. Edited by J. Paxton, gardener to the Duke of Devon-
shire.

The Horlicidtural Journal, and Royal Ladies' Magazine. In
monthly numbers, with one or more plates; Is. each. Edited
by George Glenny.

Botanical aud Floricultural Intelligence. — The second part
of the first volume of Drs. Torrey and Gray's Flora of J\'orth

figured in the London Flor. and Bot. Magazines. 23

Jlmerica, has just been issued from the press. We have had
no time to look it through, but shall lay a review, of both this
and the first part, before our readers in our next number. We
intended to have done so before this late hour, but the closing
of the volume, and the press of matter necessarily precluding the
insertion of a lengthy review, we have deferred, — though, injus-
tice to the work, it should have been done sooner, — till a later
pei'iod, a full notice of the work.

We learn, with regret, that the number of subscribers to the
work is not yet near sufficient to defray the expenses of its
publication, and that a large number of copies will have to be
disposed of before the work will afford any remuneration what-
ever, to the authors, for their indefatigable labors and research-
es in gathering materials for its publication. This should not
be. A work so professedly original in its character, arranged
after the natural system, — enumerating all the plants which
have been heretofore described by the various botanists of the
country, and spread through, as they have been, a great num-
ber of volumes, — together with a vast quantity of new and un-
described species, including those collected by that learned
botanist, IMr. Nuttall, on his late tour to the Columbia river, —
is sufficient to entitle it to the attention of every amateur bota-
nist or cultivator of plants in the country. We hope that the
bare announcement of this fact will be sufficient to induce the
friends of science, generally, to come forward and render that
aid to the authors, which will ensure the publication of the re-
maining parts of the work.

Dr. Gray, whose intention of visiting Europe we announced
in our IV., p. 334, sailed from New York for London in No-
vember last. The principal object of his visit is to glean bo-
tanical information for the completion of the above work. He
will inspect all the large herbariimis around London, and visit
all the principal nurseries where living specimens may be seen.
On his return in the spring he will enter upon the duties of his
profession in the new university of Michigan.

Mr. JfuUall has given the name Wraym to a new genus of
his California plants, in honor of his friend. Dr. Wray, of Au-
gusta, Ga., a gentleman every way worthy of the honor. No
person has been more zealous in the collection of new plants
than Dr. Wray, and upwards of twenty plates have appeared
in Loddiges' Botanical Cabinet., drawn from specimens taken
from plants sent to Europe by Dr. Wray. The character of
the genus will be given in Dr. Torrey's Flora.

Mr. Brackem^idge, our correspondent, who accompanied
the Exploring Expedition in the place of Dr. Gray, is a most

24 JVotices of new and beautiful Plants

excellent practical botanist, as well as a first-rate propao;ator.
He was, formerly, and for a long time, in the employ of Patrick
Neill, Esq., LL. D., of Edinburgh, Secretary to the Caledo-
dian Horticultural Society, and had the management of his
select collection of plants. Since then he has visited Berlin,
where he was engaged with a rich banker, who possessed a
fine collection of plants. Subsequently, he came to this coun-
try, under the employ of Mr. Buist, of Philadelphia. Great
inducements were held out to him by the government to secure
his services; but we hope that, in his new avocation, he will
render better assistance to the cause of floriculture, than he
would have done to have remained behind. Our readers may
have reason to regret his absence, as Mr. Brackenridge prom-
ised us many articles, which would have, undoubtedly, been of
great value. When he returns, he will, probably, make the
loss good by the increased contributions from his pen.

J\Ir. Wilder''s entire collection of plants, both green-house,
hot-house and hardy, with only the reservation of about a hun-
dred different kinds, has been purchased by the subscribers to
the Public Garden which has been projected for upwards of a
year. The association have failed, in all their attempts, to get
the privilege to erect a green-house upon any part of the land,
west of Charles street, belonging to the city. The uncompro-
mising hostility of the directors of the mill-dam corporation, to
this proposed improvement of the waste lands of the city, has
been the cause of their not being allowed this privilege. The
individuals composing the directors, who have succeeded in
preventing the city from granting the prayer of the petitioners,
must derive a great deal of satisfaction from the fact, that they
have accomplished their designs.

Not to be prevented from proceeding with the establishment
of a garden, the subscribers voted to purchase the large and
commodious building, known as the Boston Riding School,
near Braman's Baths, adjoining the mill-dam. This will be
altered into a suitable green-house, or conservatory, with a
domical roof, for the plants, which will be removed thereto
as soon as possible, probably during this month. When the
whole is completed, we shall endeavor to give our readers an
account of the same, and, if permission is allowed us, a plan of
the building when finished. We have understood that it can
be made a fine structure for the plants. Operations upon the
formation of the garden will be commenced, we presume, as
soon as the weather will permit.

JVew Plants introduced into the country the past year. — The
number of new plants introduced into the vicinity of Boston,

figured in the London Flor. and Bot. Magazines.

with the exception of camellias, was not so large the last season,
as in 1837. All that we have heen able to learn are the fol-
lowing:—

Azalea Danielsz(in«

— lateritia

— /edifolia alba pleno

— indica lilacina aurantiaca

— — Smith's aurantia

— — — orange pink

— — — scarlet pink

— — — speciosa

— varlegata
^5ciicia Cyciopsis

.;2cacia latifolia

— melanoxylon
Cereus strigosus
Echinocactus crenatus
Fuchsia mutabilis

— recurvata
i?hododendron arboreum maxi-
mum coccineum

— arboreum veniistum

— campanulatum.

Dicotyledonous, Polypetalous, Plants.

Ternstromikce^,

CAME'LLM.

The camellias have just commenced blooming; and some
fine specimens are now expanded in the various collections. It
will be recollected that in our January number, of last season,
we gave a list of new ones imported, during 1837, by Mr.
Wilder. Since that time he has received several new varie-
ties, some of which are from the Abbe Berlese, the author
of the Monographie of this tribe. From the descriptions, it is
believed that many of them are very handsome.

Of the varieties enumerated last year, several will bloom
well the present winter. C. j. imbricata alba, in the collection
of J. W. Boot, Esq., is budded finely. Donckelaeri will
flower well with Mr. Wilder and Mr. Sweetser, as will some
of the others. In our calls, during the winter, we shall note
down all which are new that we find in bloom.

Mr. Wilder has kindly furnished us with a list of those he
has imported, to which he has annexed the descriptions as
received by him. The authority is good, and there is no rea-
son to doubt but that they will prove fine. The following is
Mr. Wilder's letter: —

Dear Sir — I send you below a list of some of the most dis-
tinguished new camellias, that I have imported this year.
Where I have received descriptions, I annex them.
Camellia japonica Lady Grafton; a large beautiful flower, of

the color and form of C. j. i?6sa triumphans.
C. j. rosetta; bright rose color; petals and form of the flower

like C. j. imbricata.
C. j. spectabilis maculata; double white, with pink stripes,

yellowish centre, after the manner of C. j. Press's Eclipse.

VOL. V. NO. I. 4

26 JYotices of new and beautiful Plants.

C. j. Loukidnrt ; double, orange red, striped and spotted

with white.
C. j. Jussieuidna; new Chinese variety; very bright orange

red, after the manner of C. j. rubra plena; interior petals

sometimes striped with white.
C. j. Tamponeidna; double, well formed, of a cherry red

color; the petals spotted, and striped with white.
C. j. Hendersonii; large, beautifully formed, rose-colored

flower.
C. j. Carswellidna; very fine, regularly formed flower, of a

deep red color, beautifully marked with white.
C. j. Fraserii; a large, full, brilliant red flower.
C j. elegantissima bicolor; double white, striped with rose.
C. j. Millinetti; large, double red flower; the petals bordered

and striped with white.
C. j. York and Lancaster; white, striped with red; some

flowers pure red, others entirely white.
C. j. Rollissoni; double white, handsome form.
C. j. Pressi nova rosea; form of the flower like eclipse, of

a light pink color, with crimson stripes.
C. j. pictorum coccinea; flower large, full, regular; of a

cherry red color; petals broad, and gracefully imbricated.

C. j. Alexandria perfects

— Beck's conspicua.

Bonardii.

r- Cockw.

compacta rubra.

CrewM.

dulcis.

C. j. latifolia macrantha.
— ■ — Ludovico.

Nannetidna pulchra alba

nova mutabilis.

ranunculiflora striata.

Rossii warratah rosea.

Rushmoredna.

spectabilis lutitiana.

SpofForthtdna striata

nova.

Youngil vera.

Withe China.

exonn.

— — fimbriata rosea.

formosissima nova,

— Garveyii.

Hondu.

lactea.

The names of some of these may not be spelt correctly,
but I give them as near as can be made out from the invoice.
^M. P. Wilder, Hawthorne Grove, Dec. 15, 1838.

These fine varieties, we believe, with the rest, all go with
the collection to the Public Garden, and another season prob-
ably many of them will bloom. — Ed.

JVo^es on Gardens and J^urseries. 27

Art. VI. JS'^otes on Gardens and JViirse^-ies.

JV'cM) York, J\^ov. 1838. — Having paid a passing visit to
some of the gardens of our friends in New York, Philadelphia,
and Baltimore, the past autumn, we have the pleasure of giv-
ing our readers some of our observations thereon, trusting that
they will not be found uninteresting. The season of the year
was not a propitious one, to observe a great deal that was very
interesting, as it was too late to find any remains of vegetation
in the open garden, and too early for the denizens of the green-
houses to greet us with their welcome smiles. Yet we have
observed something worthy of remark, and if we cannot des-
cant so much upon the brilliant hues of the camellia, the love-
ly tints of the rose, or the grateful odor of the orange-flower,
we may note down some facts in the treatment and manage-
ment of plants, which may be of benefit and importance to all.
Under our article of Retrospective Gardening, will be found
all that is new respecting the formation of gardens, the erec-
tion of green-houses, &c.

Residence of Jf, J. Becar, Esq., Brooklyn. — In the early
part of our Magazine, for 1S37, some notice of Mr. Becar's
place was made by one of our correspondents; and, later in
the season, our own remarks, after a short visit, were laid be-
fore our readers. Since that period, however, Mr. Becar
has added somewhat to the extent of his buildings, and gradu-
ally increased his collection of plants, until it has acquired that
choiceness which few amateur collections in the country have
attained.

In order to add value to our Magazine, as well as to enrich
its general appearance, by the addition of engravings of beauti-
ful garden structures, we shall, by the permission of Mr.
Becar, as soon as possible, present our readers with a plan of
the truly elegant conservatory which ornaments his grounds.
Of its architectural proportions and general appearance, and of
the neatness and finish of its internal arrangement, we have
before spoken. And, as we shall give all the particulars when
we offer the plan now alluded to, we shall not here repeat what
we have heretofore stated, otherwise than to remark that, in
addition to the conservatory and small hot-house, which was
erected two years ago, Mr. Becar has added alow house about
thirty feet long, adjoining the conservatory, which is devoted
to the cultivation of flowers.

28 Jfotes on Gardens and J^urseries,

In the conservatory, every thing wore the appearance of
neatness, attention, and care. It was truly a luxury to walk
through the house, so orderly, so clean, and so fresh was the
aspect of every part. The back wall is now covered with va-
rious kinds of running plants, including several varieties of
passion flovi^ers, four or five, or more of which, Mr. Becar has
engrafted, himself, upon one stock. The roots of these are all
planted in the back border, and luxuriate in the soil, throwing
out a foliage large and vigorous, and redolent with health. In
the front part of the house, the flowers of the chrysanthemums
were just assuming a fading tinge, and would, in a few days, be
removed, and their places occupied by a " corps de reserve "
of other plants, grown in the adjoining house; thus keeping up
the freshness of the house the season through. Few practise
this mode, and, except in such large collections as Mr. Cush-
ing's, where no expense is spared to keep up the beauty of the
house, it is rare to find this system carried out. It is, howev-
er, the only way to keep a green-house or conservatory in
beauty, and should be adopted by all amateurs who are desir-
ous of rendering their houses attractive at all times. A plant
in high health, whether out of bud, or in bud, is ever an ob-
ject of admiration; but the withered flower stem, the faded blos-
soms, or the decaying seed stalk, are unsightly things, and
should be removed from a place where their presence casts an
air of cheerlessness, which should never pervade the green-
house or conservatory during winter. But to return from this
digression.

Mr. Becar is a great admirer of the camellia, and has been
at much expense to procure nearly all the finest kinds. We
saw planted out, in the centre of the house, and in full bud,
imbricuta, elegans, conspicua, eximia, Colvillu, florida, and
others equally fine, together with the C. reticulata. A fine
large white, and a. pxouiflora^ were expanding their buds; Eu-
genia 5?2yrtif61ia, a plant which has reached the top of the
house, from its rapid growth, two or three times, and been suc-
cessively cut part way dcu'n, was pretty with its pendent
branches, covered with the clusters of berries. A large myrtle-
leaved orange was full of fruit, as was also a common orange
tree. Numerous other plants filled the bed, all of which are
planted out in the soil. At each end of the bed is placed a
marble vase of beautiful proportions, in one of which is plant-
ed an aloe, and in the other a Yucca. These, with the fine pro-
portions of the building, give a classic appearance to the inte-
rior.

^otcs on Gardens and JWirserits.

29

The beauty of vases in garden scenery has been already urg-

ed by our correspondent, Mr. Dc

(Vol. II, p. 281,

and we had intended to add something to his remarks, ourselves,

by the way of impressing
the subject more upon the
attention of our readers.
We have, however, omit-
ted to do so, and in a few
words shall now endeavor
to show the effect that
they will have in green-
houses and conservato-
ries, v/hen filled with a
proper selection of plants.
To do this, we shall se-
lect one of the forms of
vases which appeared with
Mr. Downing's paper,
and, fining it with plants,
shall suppose the follow-
ing [fig. 1,) to be a good
representation of the ef-
fect it will have when the
plants have made a vigo-
rous and healthy growth.

Surely we need not say
any thing further to show
how much they would add
to the beauty of the gar-
den, or the elegance of the
conservatory. In either
place, they are objects too
inviting not to be found in
every garden. These vas-
es are easily filled with handsome plants, well suited to the sit-
uation, and the following might compose, in part, the group for
the green-house. The centre plants may be geraniums, over
which might twine a Maurandya Barclaycina. To overhang
the sides of the vase, and droop its graceful stems, might be
planted the common periwinkle, the Ferbena chama:drif61ia,
and Tweediedna. These would make fine plants, though there
are many others which will do; and when the geraniums are in
flower, from March to June, over whose varied and odorous fol-
iage creeps the Maurandya, with its pendent purple bells, and
at the base of whose stems bloom the brilliant verbenas, re-

•30 J^otes on Gardens and JVurseries.

posing their large umbels of glittering florets upon tlie deep
green foliage of the periwinkle, with its procumbent stems trail-
ing almost to the earth, no more agreeable melange of elegant
objects could be desired.

In the house lately erected, JMr. Becar keeps a reserve
stock of geraniums, roses, &c. &c., and in it all the opera-
tions of culture, as propagating, grafting, inarching, &c. are
done. At one end there is a small pit, where a small quantity of
vegetables, such as lettuces, radishes, &c. can be raised. The
whole is well fitted up, and, being low, the geraniums are grown
in the greatest perfection. Mr. Becar is his own propagator,
-and all the potting, propagating, &c. is done at leisure hours,
Avith his own hands. When we present the plan of his con-
servatory, we shall say more ; at present we have exceeded
what room we intended to devote to his place.

Residence of J. W. Perry, Esq. — This beautiful place has
been partially described in our previous volumes, in conjunc-
tion with Mr. Becar's, they bei-ng near each other. But
since that period, the additions to the flower department have
been extensive, and consist, as Mr. Perry's gardener has al-
ready informed our readers, (IV., p. 389,) of a new green-
house and hot-house, about eighty feet long, and proportional-
ly broad and lofty. This range, of which we may have occa-
sion to speak more particularly hereafter, is well built and fin-
ished. Each department is heated with hot water, upon the
same system as that which warms the conservatory, and which
we have before given some description of (III, p. 163.)

It is so little time since Mr. Paulsen sent us a list of the
principal plants contained in Mr. Perry's collection, (IV, p.
■363,) that it will seem scarcely necessary for us to enumerate
them again. But, as some of them were mentioned in name
only, we shall note down a few which appeared to be of more
interest than the others. Most of the specimens were large,
and were purchased at the late sale of Mr. Pratt's plants, at
Lemon Hill, Philadelphia, and at Dr. Hosack's, at Hyde
Park, New York. Others were selected from various nurse-
ries by Mr. Perry's gardener. The plants which struck us as
valuable, were the banksias, of which there were four fine spe-
cimens; B. latifolia was just beginning to show signs of flow-
ering. The large double white camellia and the atrorubens
are superb plants, and probably as laige as any in the coun-
try; the acacias were also fine, particularly Jl. decurrens, of
which Mr. Perry possesses a fine specimen.

In the stove department the plants were looking well, con-
sidering the short time they have had to recover, since their re-

JVoles on Gardens and JVurseries. 31

moval. Urena speciosa was an imposing object, with a vigo-
rous new frond, six or eight feet in length. Musa sapientuni
was also handsome; the ficuses were large and strong specimens.
Corypha umbracaulifera and Latdnia borbonica were beautiful,
as were some other palms. The huge Cereus speciosissi-
mus Mr. Paulsen has trained up to the glass partition, between
the stove and green-house; it looks well. Each department,
considering that the range was not finished until late in the au-
tumn, was in good condition; and when the large plants have
been under the care of Mr. Paulsen another year, they will
liave altogether a better appearance than they possess now.

In the conservatory attached to the drawing-room of the
mansion, the plants, since the spring of 1837, have made such
an accession of new wood, that we hardly recognized them.
The passion flowers, planted out in the borders, have almost
overrun the ends and roof of the house. In the centre bed
the camellias have grown astonishingly, and were full of buds.
Mr. Perry has added several new ones. The chrysanthemums
'had been ornamenting the house, but were now past their beau-
ty, and their places would soon be filled with geraniums, and
other plants. We found the plants here in a healthy and
growing state; and, like Mr. Becar's, cleanliness pervaded
every part. Both places may be shown as specimens of neat-
ness, cleanliness, and care, and worthy of imitation by all who
possess a green-house or conservatory. We have hinted, in
our remarks upon ]Mr. Becar's place, that it is our intention to
present our readers with plans of beautiful green-houses, &c.,
and we have in view that of T^Ir. Perry's for one, if he should
consent to our wishes. JNIr. Perry has been to much expense
the past summer, in the erection of his new house and the
purchase of plants, and we trust the pleasure he will receive,
from the addition of such a fine structure, will be sufiicient,
not only to amply reward him for what he has done, but to in-
duce him to add, continually, to his collection, all the choice
plants that are introduced. We have no doubt that this place
will always be one of the first in the vicinity of New-York.

Multijlora Garden^ Mr. Maynard. — Mr. Maynard has on-
ly a small green-house, containing a collection of geraniums and
other plants. He intends, however, to enlarge and otherwise
improve its appearance. Mr. Maynard's operations are prin-
cipally confined to the open garden, where he has a superb
collection of herbaceous plants, and one of the finest collec-
tions of dahlias in Brooklyn.

32 Foreign Mtices.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. Foreign Notices.

ENGLAND.

Heaviest Gooseberries in 1838. — The following are the weights of
several of the heaviest gooseberries, of each class, for the past year,
declared at the Lancashire Gooseberry Shows in August last.
Red:— London, 27 dwts. 6 gr. ! Green:-Thumper, 23dwts. 6gr,

Wonderful, 25 dwts. 15 gr,
Atlas, 21 dwts. 22 gr.

Companion, 21 dwts. 12 gr.
Yellow :-Seedling, 23 dwts. 12 gr.
Leader, 21 dwts. 15 ofr.

Teazer, 20dvvts. 15gr.
Gunner, 20 dwts. 5 gr.

Peacock, 20 dwts. 6 gr.
Overall, 18 dwts, 20 gr.
Green Prince, 18 dwt. 2gr.
White :-Fleur de lis, 21 dwts. 5 gr.
Invincible, 19 dwts. 8 gr.
Nonpareil, 19 dwts. 6 gr.
Freedom, 19 dwts. 3gr.

The Roaring Lion, which has heretofore gained so many prizes,
appears to be falling off— as does also the white Eagle. The London
carries off the most prizes among the reds; the Leader among the
yellows; the Peacock among the greens; and the Freedom among
the whites.

A yellow seedling, raised by Mr, John Travers, near Ashton-Un-
derline, won fourteen times at eight meetings: seventeen of the heavi-
est berries, from the seed plant last year, were as follows: — one, 23
dwt. 12 grs.; two, 23, 8; three, 22, 2; four, 22, 0; five, 22, 0; six,
22, 0; seven, 21, 20; eight, 21, 8; nine, 21, 6; ten, 21, 5; eleven, 21,
4; twelve, 21, 0; thirteen, 20, 14; fourteen, 20, 12; fifteen, 20, 11;
sixteen, 20, 7; seventeen, 20, 3. The whole seventeen weighing 1
lb., 2 oz., 4 dwt., 16 gr.

This seedling is admitted, by all the growers who have seen it, to
be the largest that was ever let out in Lancashire. — Ed.

The Metropolitan Society of Florists and Amateurs Dahlia meet-
ing took place at Egyptian Hall, on the 28th of September. The
first prize, for one hundred blooms, was taken by Mr, Widnall,
whose success, the past year, has been wonderful. We have no
room for reports in this number, but in our next shall give all that
are of any importance. — Ed.

The tree Dahlia. — We have seen some statements heretofore, rela-
tive to the tree dahlia, but have doubted the existence of such a plant
— that is, one belonging to, or having any connection with, the genus
Dahh'(i!. Like the tulip tree, so called — but which bears but a slight
resemblance to that gorgeous flower — the tree dahlia may derive its
name from some fancied approximation to the dahlia, as the former
does to the tulip, and be a widely different plant, it is, however,
accurately figured and described in the Botanist for October, and we
hope to get a glimpse of that number of th<3 work, if possible, in or-
der to learn something respecting its habits and beauty. It is stated
to be thirty feet high. — Id.

Coloring Dahlias. — At a late show of the Colchester Horticultural
and Floral Society in October, the second prize for twelve dahlias,
grown by gentlemen's gardeners, v/as adjudged to Mr. Mallet, gar-

Domestic J^Toticcs. 33

dener to S. S. H. Smith, Bart., but was aftenvarcTs retained by the
committee, in consequence of its being discovere(i that the eyes of the
dark dahlias had been colored, with the evident purpose of deceiving
the judges. — Id.

Magnificent display of Dahlias, — At the Cambridge Grand Dahlia
Show, on the 6th of September, there was a most magnificent array
of dahlias worked into various forms and devices. Two of the most
splendid and attractive of these, were from that Prince of dahlia
growers, as he has often been called, but according to the Cambridge
Chronicle, that "levethean" grower, Mr. Widnall. One was a bal-
loon and car, wholly composed of dahlia blooms, suspended from
the centre of the room. The wire work, on which the dahlias
were placed, was fourteen feet high and twenty-two feet in circumfer-
■ence; there were sixteen different colored compartments, representing
the varied stripes of silk, the whole comprising between sixteen and
eighteen thousand blooms. The other was the words "Grand Dahlia
Show," on the outside of the hall, composed of about eight thousand
blooms; making the whole number contributed by Mr. Widnall, up-
wards oi twenty thousand. Besides these, there were other brilliant
<levices by other growers, which required many thousand dahlias in
their construction. — Ed.

Camellia Frederick Le Grand (Camelh'a japonica FloyzV,) is ad-
vertised in some of the London catalogues at £7 7s. a plant. This
is a pretty high price for this camellia, considering the number of years
the variety has been in London. We hope that the London nursery-
men will, when they become aware of its fictitious name, call it by
the true one, C. japonica Floyu. It is not unlikely that the adver-
tiser of the plant, tnay think it diflferent from the latter. — Id.

Aftt. IL Domestic Notices.

The Agave americuna in the collection of J. W. Perry, Esq., Brook-
lyn, N. Y.,(some account of which was given in our Vol. IV. p. 361)
has made a very fine grcwth the past season, and was (Dec. 1838) in
fine health. Since Mr. Paulsen communicated to us his remarks up-
on the growth of this plant, it has made four more leaves, making,
in the whole, eleven during the sunmier. The plant is now protect-
ed from the severity of the weather, by a temporary house made of
double boards, and the space between the two filled with straw or
hay, and covered with glazed sashes. In one corner of the building,
which is about twelve feet square, is a stove, in which a fire is kindled
when the temperature fiills below the freezing point. Mr. Paulsen
intends to keep the temperature as low as ])ossible, and not endan-
ger the health of the plant, so as to prevent it from making a prema-
ture growth, which it might do, were the house heated to a tempera-
ture exceeding 40". VVe saw this plant on a late visit to New
York, and should think there was no doubt that it would be carried
through the winter safely, and at a slight expense.— Ec?.

VOL. V. — NO. I. 5

34 Domestic J^otices.

Mbrus multicaulis. — This valuable tree has again, after the lapse
of two yeai'Sj been brought into notice, and from the many experi-
ments which have been made upon it, in feeding the silk-worm, all of
which have attested its excellence over all other varieties, there has
been a great demand for the trees. To such an extent has this de-
mand been carried, that trees, which could not have been disposed of
last spring at scarcely any prices, now command from fifty to seventy-
five cents each. The consequence has been, that many, who were
the fortunate possessors of large quantities of these trees, have re-
alized handsome fortunes. Many individuals, stimulated by the sto-
ries which have been circulated in the newspapers and agricultural
publications, of the immense profits which have been made in the
sale of the trees, have entered into the business, purchased trees, and,
though wholly unacquainted with them, have, in most instances, sold
at an advance which has afforded them a good profit for their time
and labor.

In New England the cultivation of the JViorus multicaulis has been
almost wholly abandoned. Most nurserymen, who formerly com-
menced their growth in considerable quantities, after having found
that the sale of the trees was in no way proportioned to the ratio of
increase, have, latterly, paid but slight attention to their cultivation;
and now that the demand has been so great, and the prices so exhor-
bitant, they have but a small stock to offer, on which they might re-
alize many hundred per cent, profit. The severity of our winters,
for the three or four past years, has been such as to destroy thousands
of trees; and farmers and others, who have left their trees exposed
with the hope of acclimatizing them, have lost their whole stock;
while other individuals, though not so unfortunate as to lose their
trees in this manner, have, from a want of faith in the silk manufac-
ture, taken no ])ains to increase their stock, and the present period
has found them with scarcely a sufficient number of trees to com-
mence their growth another year.

At the south this has not been the case; the trees there stand the
winter without any injury, and when once ])Unted in the soil there
is very little danger of their loss afterwards; their growth, too, is
immense, when compared with the trees of New England. The
season, there, is two months longer, and the trees consequently at-
tain to one third njore height than in New England. While, there-
fore, at the north the trees have not been increased, at the south
the}- have been multiplied to a great extent, and of the many thou-
sands of trees which have been offered for sale, and have changed
hands the past autumn, two thirds have been the growth of the middle
and southern states.

The high price of the trees, it is thought, by many, is injurious to
the cause of the silk manufacture; and that it will deter many gen-
tlemen, farmers, and others from entering into the business. We
think not. The price of the trees is based upon the fact, that there
is not yer, in the country, counting every tree of any size, a sufficient
quantity to manufacture five hundred thousand dollars' worth of silk,
only one-fortieth of the consumption of the country in 1836. Sup-
posing, therefore, that the manufacture of silk can be carried on at
a great profit, as has been satisfactorily tested, it will be some time
l)efore there will be trees enough in the country, notwithstanding
their unbounded increase, to feed worms sufficient to manufacture
one half the annual consumption of silk. Taking this view of the

Domestic J^oticcs. 35

subject, the trees, at double the prices they are now held, would not
be more than their intrinsic worth.

Professedly foreign from our province, as the growth of the mul-
berry tree and the manufacture of silk is, we cannot help express-
ing our sentiments upon the subject. Whether the Mbrus multicaulis
will be the tree best adapted to the climate of New England, remains
to be tested; but that it is the variety which will aftbrd the best and
most profitable food for the worms in the middle and southern states,
there is no doubt. Perhaps the Alpine, the Brussa, or the Canton
will do better in the severe climate of New England, where large
plantations are to be made; at any rate, each and all of these should
have a fair trial, and if, from their hardiness, they surpass the Chi-
nese, let them take its place. We shall watch the progress of the
cultivation of the mulberry with some attention hereafter, and note
down the results. — Ed.

Autumnal Marrow Squash. — A friend of ours in Hartford, Con-
necticut, to whom we highly recommended this variety of squash,
so much esteemed in the vicinity of Boston, informs us that it is not
so fine as he had anticipated. A small variety, called the Illinois
squash, is cultivated ai'ound Hartford, and our correspondent observes
that, "although he has a great respect for the opinions of his Boston
friends," he thinks that the Illinois squash is far superior to the au-
tumnal marrow. While on a visit to Hartford we were presented,
by our correspondent, with one of the former; and when we have
tested its qualities, we shall not forget to give our opinion of the
comparative merits of both. — Id.

Bailey red and white giant Celery has been grown around Boston,
this season, of enormous size. Dr. Howard, "of Woodland, Brook-
line, has raised some fine specimens. In our garden, we have some
roots which weigh five or six pounds. These are far preferable to
the common sorts, and always command a high price in the mar-
ket.— Id.

The Rohan Potato. — This celebrated potato will be very exten-
sively cultivated the coming season. It is one of the most extraor-
dinary varieties for productiveness ever known; nor are its eating
qualities inferior. Though not held up to be equal to the forty-fold,
the Mercers, and other well known kinds for the table, they are,
nevertheless, equal, if not superior, to many of the potatoes which
are to be found in our markets. For stock there is probably no crop
that can be raised more productive. Twelve hundred bushels to the
acre can probably be grown, if the statements of Judge Biiel and
others can be relied on, who have raised them. During the past dry
summer, side by side with other kinds of potatoes, the produce was
as ten to one. The severe drought affected the crop in a great de-
gree, yet the produce was immense. Sr. Helena potatoes, a variety
in considerable esteem, did not produce a crop that would pay the
expense of digging, in the same ground where the Rohan afforded
thirteen pounds to one planted. In our notices of vegetables, which
will appear in our next number, we shall add some additional facts,
relative to their growth, produce, and importance to the farmer. — Id.

Pansies, or Heartsease. — Our friend and correspondent, Mr. S.
Walker, of Roxbury, now offers for sale all his new and beautiful
named varieties of pansies, embracing some twenty or thirty of ex-
ceeding elegance, saved from the various sowings during four or five
years of his cultivation of this flower, and probably selected from
many thousand plants. We have, from time to time, noticed many of

36 Domestic J^otices.

these varieties, and ean recommend them to amateurs and gentlemen
who are desirous of making a collection of this pretty flower. Mr.
Walker svas at great expense to procure the most choice seed at first,
and has labored long to produce kinds worthy of cultivation. We
trust he will find his reward in a large and extended sale the coining
spring. — Id.

The pleasant Residence of J. Lemist, Esq., together with the
grou^lds, peacheries, graperies, &c. have been purchased by D. Dud-
ley, Esq. What disposition of the grounds is to be made we have
not heard. Probably they will suffer the fate of all such places, and
be cut up into building lots. The fine collection of plants was some-
what reduced by the sale of many of the best specimens by Mr. Lem-
ist, before it passed out of his hands. — Id.

SabbiU'm chloroides var. alba. — A beautiful white variety of this
showy native plant was found, the past summer, in the vicinity of
Plymouth, Mass., where the parent species grows in considerable
abundance. Unfortunately, the specimen was cut before the im-
portance of saving the seeds, to perpetuate tlie variety, was con-
sidered; and the particular locality of the plant is not remembered.
The Sabbatta being only biennial, the same root will not probably
flower again, and if this was only a single plant, it is doubtful wheth-
er it may be seen again. A friend, who has seen the dried speci-
men, descrioes it as very beautiful. — Id.

Use of Sulphur in destroying the Wheat Fly.— We see it stated
in the Genesee Farmer, that a farmer in Montgomery Co., N. Y.,
has preserved a large wheat crop, the past summer, from the grain
worm, by using brimstone in fumigation, liberally, while all around
him, who did not adopt this prevention, had their crops seriously
injured or destroyed. The statement is taken from an Amsterdam
paper, (a journal on the Mohawk,) and is probably correct. The
mode in which the fumigation was performed is as follows: — The
brimstone was prepared by melting, and in this, strips of old woollen
eloth were dipped; these were f\istened on sticks and fixed in differ-
ent parts of the field, and were set on fire, generally in the evening.
The matches were given in the greatest numbers to the windward
side of ihe field, and the offensive and destructive smoke of course
proved fatal to the insects that inhaled the gas. About one hundred
pounds of brimstone were used to one hundred bushels of sowing,
and the prevention was complete. The excellence of sulphur for
the destruction of the red spider and other insects, in green-houses and
hot-houses, is well known, and we have no doubt but the same rem-
edy can be applied to the destruction of all kinds of insects injurious
to vegetation. We hope that farmers and gardeners may each be in-
duced to try the experiment fully, and settle its efiicaciousness at
once. — Ed.

Chinese Corn. — This is a new variety, raised by Grant Thorburn,
of Hallet's Cove, L. I., from seeds said to have been taken from out
of a chest of tea from Canton. According to a statement of Mr.
Thorburn's, it is a most prolific and early variety, producing twice bls
much as the Button, and full as early. We shall notice it in our ar-
ticle on new vegetables, 8i.c. The seeds may be procured of Hovey
& Co. of Boston, Thorburn, of New York, and other seedsmen. — Id.

1^

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 37

Art. III. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, Oct. 21th, 18SS.— Exhibited. From R. Manning, Bnig-
mansbirne pears, and black apples. From Jos. Balch, a fine Portii-
jral quince, weighing sixteen ounces. From Dr. Joel Burnett, South-
borough, Burnet pears. From Peter Fay, an unknown variety of
apples.

November 11th. — Exhibited. From the President, Napoleon, Lew-
is, Passe Colmar, Wilkinson, and Duchess of Angouleme, (the latter
weighing 16 3-4 oz.) ])ears. From R. Manning, beurre Duval, and
Newtown Virgoulouse pears; also, Killam Hill, Fall Harvey and
Bean apples. From W. Kenrick, Napoleon, and Duchess of An-
gouleme pears. From S. Downer, Catillac and Bezi Vaet pears, and
Pomme de Niege (snow ap])le) Flushing Spitzen)herg, Brussels pip-
)in, and American Nonsuch a])ples. From N. Clapp, Lewis pears.

rom Geo. Browne, Beverly Hasle pears. From Rev. H. Rams-
dell, Thompson, Con., Nichols's winter sweet. Chandler, Reddick,
Pomme Royal, Randall's red sweet, and red pumpkin sweet apples.
From Mr. P. Sawyer, Arwigsburg grapes, and an unknown variety.

November '2.4th. — Exhibited. From R. Manning, Bishop's Thumb,
Surpassse St. Germain, and pound pears, and Canada russet apples.
From R. Ward, pears from a tree imported from France, the name
of which was lost, but which are called the pond lily pears, from a
resemblance in their odor to that of the water lily. From T. Ma-
goun, jr. Medford, a basket of i)ears, the name unknown; in size,
shape, and color they resembled the Bezi de Montigny. Dix pears
Avere presented, the produce of the original tree, and kept in fine
order.

December 1st. — Exhibited. From B. V. French, Wilkinson pears.
From S. Walker, Chaumontelle pears and Nonpareil apples.
From James Eustis, South Reading, sjiice, Trunnell and Ben apples,
the latter a handsome and good fruit. Mr. Eustis communicated a
letter with these apples, stating that the Ben apple is supposed to bo
a native. The original stock was standinjr, till within a few years
past, on a farm belonging to the late Dr. Hunt, of South Reading,
and which estate was formerly owned by Benjamin Smith, from
whence it received the name. It was probably never grafted, as
suckers have been taken from the tree which produce the same fruit.

December Sth. — Exhibited. From R. Manning, Glout Morceau,
Burgomaster (of Boston,) winter orange, and Prince's St. Germain
pears; also. Hooper a])i)lc, Danvers winter sweet, and Pomme Sans
pippin. From Cheever Newhall, Baldwin apples. From W. O.
Gordon, Dorchester, Dix pears. From W. S. Packard, Dorchester,
winter pears.

December 15th. — Exhibited. From E. M. Richards, Bicknell or
quince pears; also, wine apple (of Cox,) and another variety, the
name unknown. From R. Manning, Chaumontelle pears and Dan-
vers winter sweet, Bellflower and Pennock's red winter apples.
From Jona. Warren, African Prince, Parks and American Nonsuch
apples; the latter, however, is not the same as the Nonsuch, which
is an English variety. From H. Aspinwall, Brookline, pears from a

38

Fantuil Hall Market.

tree received as the Monsieur, but which prove to be the Burgomas-
ter (of Boston) pears. From M. P. Sawyer, Hooper apples.

The committees on fruits and flowers were to meet on the 29th of
December, to award premiums for the past year.

Art. IV. Faneuil Hall Market.

5, Tubers, fyc

From To

$cts.

Totatoes :

^ C per barrel, .

Common, | j;^^. ,^^^,,^1^

^, i per barrel, -

Chenangoes, ^ j^^^. ,^^^,,^1^ j

-, „ . C per barrel, 1
Nova Scotias, ^ j^^.i^ughei^i

„ , , C per barrel, . . 2

Easlports,j f,^, bushel, .Jl
Sweet Potatoes, per bushel, A
Turnips:

„ C per bushel, ,

Co""«'0"'j per peck,..

French, per bushel

Ruta Baga, per bushel, .
■Onions:

Red, per bunch, ..

Yellow, per bushel

. i ner bush

ieilOVV, \K\ UUSIICI, . . ..

inn •. ? per bushel, . ..
^V^"te, 5 'p^^ bunch, . . .

Beets, per bushel,

Carrots, per bushel,

Parsnips, per bushel,

Horseradish, per pound, . .

Radishes, per bunch,

Shallots, per pound,

Garlic, per pound,

Cabbages, Salads, 8j-c.

Cabbages, per dozen :
Savoys,

Drumheads,

Red Dutch,

Cauliflowers, each,

Brocoli, each,

Lettuce, per head,

Celery, per root:

Giant red and while, .

Common,

Spinach, per half peck, .
Tomatoes, per half peck.

^ cts,

1 50
60

2 00

1 75

1 50
6
75
75

75

1 00

1 00

25

15

8

Squashes and Pumpkins.

Squashes :

Autumnal Marrow,percwt.

Winter crook-neck, pr cwt.

Canada, per cwt

Pumpkins, each

From

To

^cts.

^cts.

1 50

2 00

1 00

1 25

2 00

—

12

25

Apples, dessert, new :

r^ S per barrel,. .

Common, < ' , , ,

' i per bushel,. .

Baldwins, per barrel,. . . .

Sweet apples, per barrel,,

Golden Pippins, per bbl. .

Greenings, per barrel, . . .

Russets, per barrel,

Blue Pearmains, per bbl. .
Pears, per dozen:

Chaumontel,

Burgomaster,

Beurre Diel,

Winter St. Michaels,. .. .

St. Germain, ,

Baking, per bushel,

Grapes, per lb :

Malaga,

White sweet-water,

Citron Melons for preserves.
Cranberries, per bushel, . . ,

Quinces, per bushel,

Berberries, per bushel, . . .

Lemons, per dozen, ,

Oranges, per dozen,

Pine-apples, each,

Chestnuts, per bushel, ...

Walnuts, per bushel,

Cocoanuts, each,

Almonds, (sweet, )per pound.

Shaddocks, sach,

Filberts, per pound,

Castana,

English walnuts, per lb

1 75

50

2 00

2 00

3 00
2 00
2 00
2 00

20
37^
25
50
50
2 00

25

Tn

1 50

1 00
20

12|

1 75

2 00

5

12i
25
4
4
5i

2 00
75
2 50
2 50
4 00
2 50
2 23
2 50

25

75

2 00

1 25
25

25
2 00
2 50

Remarks.— Our last report, for want of room, was not accom-
panied with the usual remarks upon the state of the market. At this

Horticultural Memoranda. 39

season of the year, however, there is but a slight alteration in the
prices of the principal articles. Since November, there has been
but a slight change. Cold weather set in rather earlier than was an-
ticipated, and some crops were not all harvested; but we believe,
with one or two exceptions, no material damage was done to any of
the principal productions for the market.

Potatoes have been received from the eastward in sufficient abun-
dance to keep the market tolerably well filled with a good assortment;
Eastports are rather scarce; but of other kinds there is an abundance.
The present week about fifty tons of English potatoes have arrived,
but probably in a very bad condition; having been taken in in hulk,
and been out upwards of eighty days, the whole have been complete-
ly heated and steamed though. They were of handsome appearance,
and would, undoubtedly, if they had been received in good condition,
sold well. The market appears to be now amply stocked, and sales
less brisk at the date of our last. Turnips are abundant and very
superior. Of beets, carrots, &lc. &c., the usual supply of good qual-
ity. A tolerable stock of onions by the bushel; bunched ones are
rather scarce.

Cabbages are abundant and good; fine drumheads and Savoys come
to hand. A few excellent cauliflowers, probably enough for the de-
mand, which is yet limited, have also been received. Celery is good,
though, from the sudden cold of the latter part of November, the
whole crop was not got in, and consequently the stock is lighter than
usual. Spinach comes in good. Autumnal marrow squashes, though
there is yet an abundant supply, have, from the advance of the sea-
son, become somewhat more in demand, and prices range a shade
higher than our previous quotations. A great many of spurious qual-
ity are in the market; the only really true ones, which are brought
in, are raised in the vicinity of Salem, and particularly at Danvers,
where no other kind is grown. From the fact that they have become
mixed, more or less, from the negligence of the market gardener,
they are losing their good name and reputation.

Of apples there is a good supply, and no alteration worthy of note
has taken place, since our last; there are scarcely any sweet ones
in the market. Some very good Burgomaster pears have kept up
the supply of this fruit. Grapes remain the same; the stock is rath-
er limited. Cranberries are in considerable demand, and prices have
advanced. Other fruits, chestnuts, &lc., about the same as our No-
vember report — Yours, M. T., Boston, Dec. SOth, 1838.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR JANUARY.

Another year has passed, and we have verged upon a new one.
Well, if we have not spent the past one idly, or squandered away our
time heedlessly, we need not opine that it has gone to oblivion. We
wish all our friends — our correspondents and subscribers — a happy
new year and a prosperous one; and while we hope that those which
have passed, have not been without their sources of pleasure, hap-

40 Horticultural Memoranda.

piness and contentment, so we trust that the present one, which we
are now entering upon, will afford us enhanced, and, if possible, far
greater enjoyment. Proffering advice to our friends, under this
head, and reminding them of their monthly labors through the season
for four years, and now commencing with the fifth, we hope that a
sincere and hearty wish for the contmuation of life, health and pros-
perity to all — and particularly to those who have given us their aid and
support, since we have undertaken the arduous task we are now per-
forming, will not be considered here as uncalled for or misplaced.

The labors of the garden are not urgent nor fatiguing this month.
Where there is nteither green-house, hot-house, hot-bed, or frame,
the gardener will have scarcely any thing to do, unless it is to tend
a collection of plants in the parlor or cellar. As the season advances,
however, his duties multiply, and by the month of March there will
be plenty to do. Something can be done this month to forward the
work of planting time; labels may be made, painted, and marked in an-
ticipation; sticks, for training up early opening flower plants, may be
also got out and prepared.

In the green-house and hot-house the active gardener will find much
to do: plants will require continual cleaning, the pots to be occasion-
ally washed, and the jjlants to be all trained up that need it; some
things will now require repotting; others will not need it till later.
Propagation of many plants may be carried on now successfully.
Dahlias may be started where the object is to get good strong plants.
Bulbs that have done flowering will not need much water. Labelling
plants, Sic. may be now done before more important operations will
have to be performed.

In the garden, where there are hot-beds, frames, &c. at this season
•of the year, there is also plenty of labor to be continually going on.
The preparation of horse manure, for hot-beds, must commence im-
mediately. Plants in frames will also require care, and, as the sea-
son advances, to be exposed to the sun and air. Besides all these
things to attend to in the forcing garden, the industrious gardener will
not leave any thing undone which will facilitate his labors during
planting time.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Camellias should be carefully supplied with water, and all decaj'ed
blooms should be taken from the plants. Repotting may be com-
menced the latter part of the month.

Jlmaryllises should be now potted, if not done before.

Dahlias may now be brought forward, if wanted for early bloom-
ing. Pot the roots, and place them in a warm part of the house.

Verbena Tweedieana may be now increased by cuttings or layers
with success.

VEGETABLE DEPARTMENT.

Cucumber beds should be now made up. A one or two light frame
will be sufficient for the seedlings, which should be hilled out in
three light frames. As soon as the seeds are up, commence the prep-
iirations for the beds in which they are to produce fruit.

Lettuce seeds may be planted in the beds with the cucumbers.

Rhubarb roots in pots may be now brought forward under the stage
«f the green-house.

Asparagus roots may be forced in beds prepared in the same man-
ner as those for the cucumbers, using, however, less manure.

THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE,

FEBRUARY, 1839.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. Remarks on preserving tender Shrubs and Plants
during the winter, with some hints on Acclimation of Trees.
By A. J. Downing, Botanic Garden and Nurseries, New-
burgh, N. Y.

The amateur of fine flowering shrubs or plants wiJl often
find himself thwarted in his attempts to cultivate, in the open
air, many beautiful ligneous and herbaceous species, which
thrive, perhaps, with all their wonted vigor and luxuriance,
during the warm and cloudless days of our almost tropical sum-
mer, but which the severe and protracted cold of our winters
either partially or wholly destroy.

Such trees and shrubs as are not originally from the tropical
regions, (which latter require the aid of the green-house or
stove,) will, many of them, bear our winters in the Middle
States with but a slight protection afforded, either by situation
or actual covering, during the most inclement season. How in
the best manner to apply this protection, so as to insure suc-
cess, is a question of some importance to the novice in such
matters.

It is a very common practice, even with many who consid-
er themselves somewhat experienced horticulturists, when they
wish to place a tender or half hardy shrub in a very favorable

VOL. v. NO. II, 6

42 Remarks on preserving Shrubs.

location, to choose some warm sheltered nook, fully open to
the sun^s rays during winter. Here they flatter themselves the
concentrated warmth of the aspect, and the many genial thaws
which will take place in so comfortable a position, cannot but
ensure the preservation of the individual shrub or plant. In
the spring it is with much surprise they behold their favorite
blackened and dead in all its leading shoots; and their astonish-
ment will be still greater, should they have chanced to leave a
duplicate of the same species under the shade of some cold
north wall or building, where it will most probably be found per-
fectly green, fresh, and uninjtn-ed in its wood or branches.

The rationale of the foregoing facts seems to be as follows.
In our cold and protracted winters, when the thermometer is
depressed below the zero of Fahrenheit, the sap vessels of
all half hardy plants become completely frozen. At the same
time our sun, during many days in winter, shines out with an al-
most undimmed brightness and warmth, and, rapidly thawing
the fluids in these sap vessels, the latter are so distended by
the sudden melting and perhaps subsequent freezing, as in many
places to be completely burst and incapacitated from performing
the functions for which they are intended. Those plants, howev-
er, which are protected from the sun's rays, and, consequently,
from the deleterious effects of this rapid change in the sap
from partial fluidity to congelation, but which are, on the con-
trary, restored to their former state by means of a gradual
thawing, as, for example, by the slowly increasing warmth of re-
turning spring, they will, in most cases, be found to have suf-
ferred I'ttle or nothing by the severity of the cold to which
they have been exposed.

Acting in accordance with this, we may protect many ten-
der plants, simply by placing them out of the reach of the sun's
rays during winter. On this principle, a northern exposure
will, in most cases, be found greatly preferable to a due south
aspect. After the unparalleled rigor of the winter of 1836-7,
peach and other tender fruit trees, planted on the northern sides
of hills, were found to be but little injured, whilst those on warm
southern knolls were almost universally destroyed throughout
the Middle and Eastern States.

Carnations, monthly roses, and many other plants of similar
habits, sufl:er severely in the more northern parts of the Unit-
ed States, if left in the open ground without covering; but, as.
many culturists are aware, the trifling shelter of a little straw,,
salt hay, or stems of decayed plants, thrown over them to pro-
tect them (not from the cold, but from the injurious influence of
the sun) they are almost as perfectly preserved, as in a more
temperate climate.

Remarks on preserving Shrubs. 43

Cold frames, which are pits for the preservation of tender
plants, without fire, are constructed upon this principle. A
friend of ours has succeeded in preserving a very considerable
collection of camellias in the open air in a thin board frame
without artificial heat, and with only the slight covering of the
common frame lights and a few layers of mats above them.
During winter this was scarcely ever opened, except occasion-
ally, to admit the air, but never the sun, and, at the approach
of spring, the frame was again subjected to the full influence of
the sun and air in the most careful and gradual manner.

Such half hardy trees or shrubs as the .Acacia julibrissin,
the white European jasmine, &c., may be kept in fine condi-
tion, simply by sheathing them with straw at the approach of
winter. Even the Lagerstrffi^nia indica, and ./2ucit6a japonica,
may be kept in full vigor in the open air, in this latitude, by
this practice. Some of the more tender magnolias require and
amply repay this trifling care, and almost every half hardy
shrub, or tree, may be carried through the most inclement
portion of our year, in a state of comparative security in this
manner.

It is well known to those who have made many experiments in
the naturalization of half hardy trees or shrubs, that the suc-
cess with which they withstand the effect of intense cold de-
pends mainly upon the complete maturity of the young wood.
Should the shoots of the current year, even of our more hardy
trees, be caught by an untimely frost, before they have ripened,
they will suffer greatly by the combined action of the frost and
sun upon the well filled and immature sap vessels; while, on
the contrary, even comparatively tender trees will withstand
very severe cold, if they are furnished only with sound mature
wood. This will point out to the culturist the necessity of
placing the half hardy shrub or tree upon a dry and warm sub-
soil, where it will not be likely to be urged into late growth
by excessive moisture of the soil. In such situations, natural-
ization of tender trees may be carried on with the best hopes
of success.

Nearly all half hardy trees will require the sheathing of straw
before mentioned, over the whole of their exposed stems and
branches while they are yet young; as the tree advances in size,
only the upper branches will probably need protection until,
in a few years, if the specimen is favorably situated, the cover-
ing may perhaps be dispensed with altogether, the wood having
become sufiiciently hardy, and the tree so much acclimated as
to bear the full rigor of the season.

A. J. Downing.

Mioburgh, J^. F., Dec. 1838.

44 Observations on heating Green-houses^ ^c.

Art. IL Observations on heating Green-houses, Hot-houses,
<^c., with hot water. By J. W. Paulsen, Gardener to J.
W. Perry, Esq., Brooklyn, New York.

As the following remarks on heating green-houses and hot-
houses, by hot water, may, perhaps, be of some interest to
gentlemen, who are erecting such buildings, I have sent them
to you for insertion in your Magazine, should you deem them
of sufficient importance.

Horticulture has made, within a few years, great advance-
ment in this country; a better taste in the erection of green-
houses, and hot-houses, and other garden structures, has pre-
vailed, and the desire to cultivate the more choice and tender
plants has increased of late, beyond the most sanguine expec-
tations. The citizens of the United States can certainly look
back with pride and satisfaction upon the growing taste and
love for the science of gardening, which is generally displayed
throughout every part of the country.

It is impossible to grow plants well, which require artificial
heat, without giving them a steady and proper temperature, and
particularly those whose growth is confined to hot-houses and
forcing-houses, where a very high degree of heat is necessary to
be kept up the whole winter season. It is highly important
that the heat should be moist and like the natural atmosphere,
and not of that dry and scorching character which is so preju-
dicial to all vegetation. No method of heating houses, for the
growth of plants, appears so well adapted to effect this object
as the hot water system; and amateurs and gardeners do not
appear to appreciate the importance of this mode so fully as
would be supposed.

In the conservatory, hot-house, and green-house under my
care there are two hundred and six feet of hot water pipes; and,
having effectually succeeded in keeping up a high temperature,
I flatter myself that I can speak with some experience upon
this mode of heating; and I shall endeavor to show the superi-
or advantages of the hot water system, in warming green-hous-
es and hot-houses, over the old method of heating by brick
flues. In the first place, I shall state the objections to the
flues; and, secondly, some of the principal advantages of hot
water pipes.

Objections to brick flues. — 1st. Flues dlfiuse a dry, and,
therefore, a very injurious heat, and give an unequal tempera-

Observations on heating Green-houses, ^c. 45

ture; because they always throw out ahiiost aborning heat near
the furnaces, while at the extremities they are nearly cold.

2d. Flues are apt to crack, and, consequently, allow the
escape of smoke and deleterious gases into the house, which
are injurious to all kinds of plants.

3d. Flues must be cleaned and repaired every year, and,
besides the expense attending these operations, such plants as
cannot be removed are covered with dust and soot.

4th. Flues, by diffusing such an unequal degree of heat,
and their liability to become cold, demand unremitted attention
during the long and cold nights, and require the gardener to be
up late to the injury of his health; moreover, in extensive build-
ings, it is not only very difficult to keep the frost out, but im-
possible to regulate the temperature.

Principal advantages of heating by hot water pipes. — 1st.
Hot water diffuses a moist and bland heat, most congenial to all
kinds of plants, and an equal degree of temperature in all parts
of the house, in consequence of the circulation of the hot wa-
ter through the pipes, which traverse all parts of the building.

2d. Hot water, considered in regard to economy in fuel,
is of the greatest importance. The very small quantity of
coal which is required to keep the water at a proper tempera-
ture, when once heated, is almost incredible. Although the
expense of putting up an apparatus is, at first, very large, yet
the very great saving of fuel, and the stability of the pipes
(scarcely ever needing repair) will be found, in the end, much
cheaper than brick flues.

3d. By the hot water system the highest degree of heat
may be maintained in the houses during the coldest nights,
without the need of additional fuel after the usual working hours
in the winter; and the constant attendance of the gardener,
who must watch all night with brick flues, is dispensed with,
thus relieving him of the unpleasant, as well as unhealthy, task
of attending upon the furnaces half, and sometimes the whole,
of the long, cold, winter nights.

4th. From hot water pipes no smoke, gas, or steam es-
capes, and the plants are much easier kept clean from fall till
spring.

5th. The pipes, if properly made and neatly put up, add
to the appearance of the interior of the house.

I am well aware that it is the general supposition among
many amateurs and gardeners, especially those who object to
the hot water system for warming hot-houses and green-houses,
that it is impossible to maintain the necessary degree of heat
without the aid of flues; but this I can confidentlv assert to be

46 Some Remarks on the sizes of Flower Pots,

incorrect. If the apparatus is well constructed and properly
attended to, it cannot but work to the perfect satisfaction of ev-
ery person. On the construction of the furnaces, the boilers,
and the reservoirs, depends, of course, every thing. The fail-
ure of many of the apparatuses, which have been invented, to
effect the desired object, has^undoubtedly prevented many ama-
teurs from adopting this system of heating their structures.

The first person who put up hot water apparatuses in this
vicinity, was Mr. David Anderson, 61 Tillory Street, Brook-
lyn. Some years since, he put one up for Charles Hoyt, Esq.,
on Brooklyn Heights, which gave the greatest satisfaction, and
answered all the purposes for which it was intended. Since that
period, Mr. Anderson has put up others in different parts of the
country, and they have always been found to be perfectly adapt-
ed to the purposes of heating large houses. Mr. Anderson, hav-
ing, consequently, devoted some years to the study of the sys-
tem of heating by hot water, for the purpose of maturing a plan,
which should combine the most advantages, has, at last, made
such improvements upon his original invention, particularly in
the economy of fuel, and the raising up a quick heat in the
house, as to render his system very complete.

Having seen several modes of heating by hot water in op-
eration, I am well assured that Mr. Anderson's is superior to
all others, both in the economy of fuel and strength and dura-
bility of the pipes and boilers. J have, therefore, thought that
.a plan so generally liked by all who have had it in operation,
should be generally made known to the horticulturists through-
out the country. The first cost of Mr. Anderson's apparatus
is large, and this has prejudiced some against it; but I am
perfectly convinced that his mode of heating, from its superi-
ority to any other system, will, in the course of time, be gen-
erally adopted throughout the country.

J. W. Paulsen.

Art. III. Some Remarks on the sizes of Flower Pots usu-
ally employed for Plants-, with hints upon the importance of
having some standard for classifying the various sizes. By
the Editor.

The great number of plants which are grown in pots, and
the frequent rules which are laid down in articles treating upon

ivith hints upon classifying the various sizes. 47

the management and cultivation of flowers, seem to render it
somewhat important that there should be some system adopt-
ed for classifying the various sizes. So far as we have given
advice upon the growth of plants, we have always had a clas-
sification of our own, by which we might be understood; and
when our correspondents have had occasion to recommend a
particular sized pot, we have generally accompanied such de-
signation with a reference to our own scale. But it is desira-
ble that such a classification should be not only generally
known, but put in practice throughout the country.

It is certainly a matter of no little importance to know what
particular size is recommended in an article; for, of all the
plants cultivated in pots, by those persons who are but partial-
ly acquainted with their management, probably one half are over-
potted. It is, therefore, necessary that, in speaking of a par-
ticular sized pot, it should not be designated as a "four cent"'
or a "&ix cent" pot, a "forty-eight" or a "sixty-four" pot,
a good sized pot, or a moderately large pot. Prices of pots
vary in different sections of the country, and what we might
call a "good sized pot," another might deem otherwise, and to
designate by inches is a waste of words; rather let them be
known by simple numbers, and these numbers to correspond
to a scale by which pots should be made. We apprehend
that such a system would be of great benefit to every person
interested in the cultivation of plants.

The pots made in the vicinity of Boston, New- York ai.d
Philadelphia, are each different, both in the sizes and materi-
als. Those around Boston are of the neatest proportions
and finish, and those at Philadelphia of the best materials.
The New York pots are, we think, so far as we have had an
opportunity to see them, inferior to either: they appear to be
made with less regard to beauty, and are generally burnt harder
than they should be, which renders them improper for many
delicate plants.

We do not wish to speak in too high praise of the pots
manufactured in the vicinity of Boston, for fear that our south-
ern friends will think we have too much of an affection for our
own things; but, from the satisfaction which we have heard
expressed by amateurs, who have visited the collecttons of
plants around Boston, and from the fact that hundreds of
pots are sent south, we believe that we are not claiming too
much in saying that those made here are as good an article, if
not superior, to those of any other city.

The beauty of a plant is, in a great degree, enhanced or mar-
red by the proportions and finish of tlie pot, m which it is

48 Some Remarks upon the size of Flower Pots,

grown. We have seen many a handsome plant in an ill-shap-
ed pot, which a florist or nurseryman could hardly dispose of;
while we have seen those of little or but slight beauty, grow-
ing in a neatly made pot, sold without any trouble.

A parlor wrndow should never be disfigured with unsightly
looking pots, which are too often found in that situation. Vases
and fancy pots have often been sought after to remedy the defect
of ugly pots; and, in most instances, on account of the impos-
sibility of finding those of handsome shape.

We have, ourselves, paid some httle attention to the manu-
facture of flower pots, and have endeavored to improve their
appearance and quality as much as possible, and we believe
we have effected some good alterations. They are generally
made too thick and heavy; often too deep; and invariably
burnt too hard. Too frequently there is not sand enough in
the composition, which makes the material too compact, and
prevents quick evaporation, which is necessary to the welfare
of the plant. It is not expected that all manufacturers will
make them equally good. Amateurs and others, using a great
number, can, however, knowing what are best suited to the
plants, give orders to have them made accordingly. Ericas,
and all New Holland plants, require pots which should be
burnt as little as possible, to give them strength and a good
color. These plants often die off from a stagnation of mois-
ture, caused by the firmness of the pots, preventing the excess
of water from passing off by absorption and consequent evap-
oration. More judgment is requisite in the manufacture of
flower pots than any other kind of earthern ware. Nursery-
men do not appear to be sufficiently aware of the importance
of having the pots properly made. With these hints on the
quality of flower pots, we proceed to give a scale of sizesy
which we should wish to see adopted by all growers of plants
in the country.

The smallest size made, is usually called the thumb pot,
from the circumstance that, in manufacturing, the thumb only
can be used inside to form the pot. The usual dimensions
are about two and a half inches wide at the top inside; the
same deep, and one and a half wide at the bottom. From its
small proportions, and the little use that is made of it, except
by propagators, we do not include it among those sizes which
we designate by numbers.

The dimensions of the different sizes are all inside measure;
the pots should be of sufficient thickness to be strong without
being heavy, generally varying from a quarter to half an
inch.

loith hints upon classifying the various sizes.

49

The next size {fig. 2) we designate as No.
1, and its dimensions are as follows: three and a
quarter inches wide at the top, and three and a
quarter in depth, and two inches wide at the bot-
tom.

3 No. 2 [fig. 3) is the next size, and measures

four and a half inches wide at the top, four and
a half deep, and two and a half inches wide at
the bottom.

The next size is No. 3,
[fig. 4,) and measures five and
a half inches wide at the top, five and a half
inches deep, and three inches wide at the bot-
tom.

5 The next size. No. 4, [fi.g.

5,) is six and a half inches
wide at the top, six and a half inches deep,
and four inches wide at the bottom.

No. 5 [fig. 6,) mea- ^

•sures seven and a half

inches wide at the top, \
seven and a half inches
and five inches wide at the bottom.

The last size.
No. 6, [fig. 7,)
measures nine in-
ches wide at the top, nine inches
deep, and six inches wide at the bot-
tom.

As few pots are used above the lat-
ter size, and may therefore be called
extra, we have not designated them
by a number. They are scarcely ever
made by the manufacturers, unless expressly ordered by per-
sons who desire such for particular purposes. Wooden tubs,
or boxes, generally answer as well or better than pots of large
size, as they are apt to get broken, especially in transportation.
The sizes of the pots which we have now recommended,
correspond very nearly to the English pots, viz: — No. 1 is
what is generally termed a forty-eight; No. 2, a thirty-two;
No. 3, a twenty-four; No. 4, a sixteen; No. 5, a twelve; and
No. 6, an eight. This explanation may be of some benefit to

VOL. V. NO. 11. 7

50 Observations on Jlmerkan and European Fruits.

those who read the English periodicals, in which the pots are
always designated in this manner.

Should our remarks be the means of establishing some fixed
scale for sizes, among nurserymen and florists, we shall feel
that they have not been without some value.

Art. IV. ^ few Observations on the comparative hardiness
of American and European varieties of Fruits. — Old and
new sorts compared. By E. M. R.

An impression extensively prevails, and it is very generally
taken for granted, that varieties of fruits raised from seed in this
part of the country are much more hardy than imported ones,
and, consequently, less likely to be affected by the frequent and
sudden changes in the atmosphere, for which this climate is so
remarkable. Notwithstanding the popularity of the foregoing
theory, it is thought that it is not warranted by facts, (which
by the way are stubborn things,) one or two of which, we will
endeavor to examine. Take, for example, the "Wilkinson"
pear. Has not the fruit, in some instances, exhibited all the
symptoms of blight, &c., which are supposed to belong to the
old varieties, and to be infallible proofs of their being worn out
sorts ? And all the "Lewis" pear trees belonging to one
person, three or four in number, were killed by the very severe
winter we had several years since. As regards apples, it may
be asked, what imported kind suffered in comparison with our
justly esteemed "Baldwin," whole orchards of which were
swept off, as with "the besom of destruction," the winter al-
luded to?

Another prevalent error is, that the cracking, blighting, &c.
of fruit furnishes conclusive evidence of their being old and
worn out varieties. To controvert this position, in addition
to the two American varieties above mentioned, we will
name, of foreign origin, the "Bezi V;»et," the "Forelle" or
"Trout" pear, and the "Beurre Diel," all of which, more
or less, have exhibited all the characteristics which are thought
to furnish indubitable marks of their being old, worn out and
discarded varieties.

Some Observations on the Rohan Potato. 51

We think that instances enough have been adduced to
prove, — that American sorts are not more hardy than the
Belgian or other imported sorts, and that the cracking, bhght-
ing, &c. does not always furnish conclusive evidence of their
being old and worn out varieties.

If it should be asked, what practical utility can result from
the discussion? — we may answer by asking, of what practical
use can it be, whether correct or wrong theories prevail in re-
gard to any subject? If we shall have been the means of
eliciting any communications from your correspondents, we
shall not have failed of one important object.

E. M. R.

Dedham, January 4, 1839.

Art. V. Some Observations on the Rohan Potato. By
William Kenrick.

The Rohan potato, which is said to have originated in
Switzerland, is so named for the Prince of Rohan, and is sup-
posed to be the most productive potato in the world. This
potato grows very large, and the quality, though not superior,
is good, or in precise conformity to the description of Judge
Buel, which I have subjoined. The tops grow with great lux-
uriance, and corresponding to the produce of the potato — •
therefore the hills should be allowed wide space, that the rays
of the sun be not wholly excluded from the soil. The
ground for their reception should be ploughed early, fine, and
deep, and, for the production of a great crop in our climate,
they must be planted early, or as soon as the ground is suffi-
ciently warmed for their reception ; but two eyes being suffi-
cient to plant a hill.

The seed of those which I now send you, was imported by
me, late in the spring of 1837, direct from France; this being
the second importation of the season, the first having perished
on the passage. They were, consequently, planted late; yet,
nevertheless, produced an abundant crop. Two potatoes of
the same, which were cut up in single eyes and planted by my
brother, at the same late season produced five pecks. This

52 Some Observations on the Rohan Potato.

year, the Rohan potatoes yielded me a large crop, while other
kinds yielded not one third of a crop.

Of the great productiveness of this potato, we have many
extraordinary accounts. Mr. Harger is stated to have raised
one hundred and forty-four pounds from thirteen ounces of
seed; and, as we are informed, some of his tubers thus raised,
were sold at the horticultural fair at New Haven, at one dollar
each; and from a single potato divided into eyes, the Hon.
William Clark, of Northampton, has raised a barrel.

Judge Buel, the able and indefatigable editor of The
Cultivator^ fully concurs in recommending deep ploughing
and early plantings as essential to the production of great
crops of the Rohan. I subjoin a few extracts from his re-
marks : — •

" We have cultivated the Rohan potato two seasons, and
feel justified in recommending them as a valuable acquisition
to our husbandry.

'■^First, — Because their quality, for the table, will justify it.
If not superior, they are good. The flesh is yellow, solid
and of good flavor.

" Secondly, — Because they admit of a great economy in
seed; two eyes sufficing (and many of the tubers have from
thirty to forty eyes,) to plant a hill, and three or four bushels
to plant an acre of ground.

" Thirdly, — Because they require comparatively little labor
in harvesting; a man being able to dig thrice as many of them
in a day as of ordinary kinds. The tubers are very large, one
hundred and ten of the largest of our crop completely filling
a flour barrel. Twenty-seven bushels were dug in our pres-
ence in one hour, the tops being pulled, by one man, at mod-
erate labor.

" Fourthly, — Because they yield an abundant crop. From
eighty-five rods of ground we gathered one hundred and seven-
ty-five bushels, while our common cultivated kinds did not yield
us half a crop."

Respectfully, your friend and humble servant,

William Kenrick.

JVonantum Hill, Mewton, Bee. 25, 1838.

Since our remarks upon this variety, in the early part of our
last volume, a great many experiments have been made in its
cultivation, and the result of all is, that it has been proved to
be the most decidedly prolific potato ever raised. We have
some further remarks to make upon it in a future number.

On the Cultivation of the Caiilifloicer, 53

Art. VI. On the Cultivation of the Cauliflower.
By J. W. Russell.

Your Magazine having, by this time, an extensive circula-
tion through the different states in the Union, it is not (in my
humble opinion) unreasonable to suppose, that, through the
perusal of its pages, by your numerous subscribers, a greater
amount of practical knowledge has been obtained, of the most
approved methods of cultivating and propagating rare and
choice flowering plants, than could, in any other way, have
been so easily acquired.

I beg leave, therefore, to depart from the beaten track, and
offer you a few brief and practical remarks on the propagation
and cultivation of the cauliflower, which is not only a very curi-
ous flower to examine, but is, when properly cooked, one of
the most delicious and delicate vegetables of the whole brassica
or cabbage tribe. The flower alone is the part for which the
plant is cultivated: the flower buds form a close round head,
and very white, and a good flower will measure from six to
ten inches in diameter; but if the flower is cut after it has be-
gun to expand or open, it will, of course, appear larger than
what I have stated; but it should be known, that it is by no
means so valuable as it was in its firm, close state.

Cauliflowers are raised from seed, sown as early in the
spring, on a warm southern aspect, as the frost leaves the
ground; again, for the autumn crop, the first week in June, on
a northern aspect. Half an ounce of seed, if good, will be
sufficient to sow abed four feet wide, by ten or twelve in length.
The soil for the seed bed ought to be light and in good heart,
but not too rich with manure; but those who have frames and
glass lights could forward the plants at least six weeks, by mak-
ing a slight hot-bed, and covering the manure about six inch-
es with good fresh mellow loam. About the middle of March
sow the seed, being mindful to secure the frame all round with
dry litter, laying boards on the top of it to keep out the rain
or snow, as well as to secure the soil in the frame from the
frost, which might, otherwise, penetrate through and freeze it.
Supposing that the seed is sown in a frame, and it having been
secured as before advised, the plants will soon make their ap-
pearance, when plenty of air must be given, every day when
the weather will admit of it, by propping up the glass, in or-
der to make them strong and healthy. The plants by the mid-

54 On the Cultivation of the Cauliflower,

die of April will be ready to transplant, which might be done
in the same frame they were sown in, if there is not another
at hand, by first taking up the plants, carefidly, with a trowel,
and carrying them to some warm sheltered spot, until you get
the frame ready. All that would be necessary to be done, is
to remove the soil from the bed, and then to fork it well over,
adding a little more manure if the bed is cold; but if the bed
has any heat in it, no more will be requisite, as a slight warmth
is all that is wanted. After the manure has been nicely level-
ed with the fork, and beat down solid, replace the soil and rake
it smooth; then provide yourself with a board, the width of
the frame, placing it on the soil to stand on, in order to prick
out the plants about four inches apart; select the strongest first,
and so go on, until all of them are transplanted.

As soon as the plants begin to grow, give an abundance of
air, every fine day, and water when the ground appears dry.
Every warm day, the glass should be taken entirely off the
frame. If the weather is fine about the 20th of May, the
plants may be put out in the ground, which should be prepar-
ed for their reception, to fruit or head. A mellow, loamy soil
should be prepared, that has had a bountiful supply of well de-
composed or rotten manure; holes may be opened about two
and a half feet apart, from centre to centre, and about twelve
in diameter, taking out six or eight inches of the soil, and fill-
ing it with the kind of manure spoken of, and mixing the un-
der soil and the manure well together. By taking the plants
carefully from the bed, with a hollow trowel, they will receive
but a trifling check, if any, when transplanted.

The plants must now be kept in a growing state, by giving
them plenty of manure water (which might be easily obtained
in any farmer's yard) three or four times a week, if there
should be a continuance of hot dry weather. This is where
the whole secret lies, in the growing of the cauliflower, i. e.,
to keep the plants growing from the time of planting, until you
perceive the flower has attained a sufficient size for cutting.

If the seed is sown in the open ground in June, a similar
mode of culture should be followed in the transplanting, and
final planting, as recommended above. These plants will not
begin to show their heads or blossoms until late in the autumn;
but if any of them should not complete their growth, they will
do nearly as well as in the open ground, if placed in a good cel-
lar where there is a good portion of light. Remove them care-
fully, and place the roots in good earth, and the operation is
completed.

On the Cultivation of the Cauliflower, 55

Plants for producing an early crop in the spring, should be
protected in cold frames during the winter. The seed should
be sown the latter part of July, or the beginning of August.
The plants may be set out in No. 2 pots; and upon the ap-
proach of cold weather, they should be set in a frame and pro-
tected from frost. Take advantage of every warm day in Jan-
uary and February, to open the frame, and in the month of
March they may be removed to a declining hot-bed, where
they should be turned out of the pots into the soil. Here
they may remain until the middle or latter part of April, when
they may be removed to a warm spot in the open ground, as
before advised. If a hollow trowel is used, and the plants are
taken up with a good ball of earth, they will not suffer in trans-
planting. Hoe and water, if the weather should be dry, and
by the end of May, or early in June, fine heads of flowers may
be obtained, thus keeping up a succession the year round. In
large private establishments, or where they are raised for the
market, they may be grown in deep frames, where they will
be fit for cutting the latter part of April. At Mr. Cushing's,
cauliflowers are cut for the table as early as March, and the
supply kept up the whole season by successive sowings, as here
recommended. A good mellow soil, and plenty of water,
during our hot summers, are the only requisites to ensure fine
heads of flowers.

In another article, I shall give the cuhivation of that fine
vegetable, the Brussels sprouts.

Yours, J. W. RussELE.

Mount Auburn, Cambridge, Jan. 1839.

Our readers will undoubtedly be gratified to learn that Mr.
Russell will continue the subject of the cultivation of many of
the choice varieties of garden vegetables. Such information
is greatly wanted. Very kw of the most common vegetables
are seen in that state of perfection to which they are capable of
being brought by judicious cultivation. In the hands of no
person could this subject be better handled. Mr. Russell's
practice in the cultivation of vegetables has been very extensive,
both in England, and in this country, and we trust that his re-
marks will be the means of not only introducing such vegetables
as the cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, &c., into more general no-
tice, but of imparting such practical information as will lead to
their cultivation in the highest state of excellence. — Ed.

56 J^otices of new and beautiful PlanU

Art. VII. J^otices of new and beautiful Plants figured in
the London Floricultural and Botanical Magazines; with
Remarks on the Cultivation of many of the species, and some
Account of those which it would be desirable to introduce into
our Gardens.

Edwards'' s Botanical Register, or Ornamental Flower Garden
and Shrubbery. Each number containing from six to eight
plates, with additional miscellaneous information, relative to
new Plants. In monthly numbers; 3s. plain, 3s. 6d. colored.

Paxton's Magazine of Botany , and Register of Flowering Plants.
Each number containing four colored plates. Monthly. 2s. 6tZ.
each. Edited by J. Paxton, gardener to the Duke of Devon-
shire,

T/ie Horticidtural Journal, and Royal Ladies' Magazine. In
monthly numbers, with one or more plates; Is. each. Edited
by George Glenny.

Botanical Intelligence. — M. Noisette has dedicated a plant to
the head of the reigning dynasty of France, Louis Philippe I.
It is called the V\\\Y\^odendron regium, or Royal Philip-
odendron. M. Noisette first met with the plant in England,
and introduced it to France, where he multipHed it and dis-
tributed it under the name of i?etula bella. After ten years'
care and labor, it attained only the height of three feet. M.
Noisette then planted it in the open ground, where it soon
became a tree of great height. On the 15th of August, 1837,
it began to develop a flower stem. He perceived that it
was a new species, and gave it the above name. The tree
does not appear to have any inclination to rise the first ten
years; but after that period, all of a sudden it assumes a new
shape, and becomes a most beautiful pyramidal tree. Its
place in the natural system has not yet been assigned, but it
approaches near the malvaceous and rosaceous plants. In the
north of France it appears to require protection. [Hort. Jour.)

Dicotyledonous, Polypetalous, Plants.

Ternstromikce?e.

CAME'LLM.

In the Horticultural Journal, for June, a very beautiful
seedling camellia is figured. It is in the possession of Mr.
Glenny, but is not yet named. The flower is of good size;
the petals not numerous, but large, broad, and handsomely

figured in the London Flor. and Bot. Magazines. 57

arranged in four or five rows: a few stamens are intermixed
with the centre petals. The color is a deep rich red, with
prominent veins of a darker tint. It appears to be one of
much merit. The particulars of its growth are to be given
hereafter.

Mr. Cowan, gardener to Col. Perkins, has now in bloom a
large number of seedlings: we have noticed the plants in our
visits to this place; but few of them have flowered till this sea-
son. We have not seen them, but understand, from good
judges, that several possess considerable merit. We shall en-
deavor to see them, and give our readers some account of their
beauly.

Mr. Carter, of the Botanic Garden, Cambridge, has also
raised and bloomed a very pretty seedling this winter. The
foliage is very large, firm, glossy and beautiful, and the habit
of the plant erect and vigorous: the flower is a bright rose,
with three or four rows of petals, arranged somewhat after the
style of coccinea. The plant was exhibited at a late meeting
of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society: it was only an in-
arching of six months, and probably, when the plant acquires
strength, the flower will more fully show its true character.

Mr. Gardener, of Salem, has also flowered some seedlings
this season, one or two of which, we have been informed, are
very pretty plants. Mr. Wilder has some seedlings which will
bloom. We omitted to state, in our notice of the sale of his
collection, that he retains all the seedling camellias.

The show of camellias is now very beautiful, around Boston.
At Mr. Wilder's there is the usual splendid display. At
Messrs. Hovey & Co.'s some magnificent blooms are now
open. C. j. eiegans lias sported to such a degree, that the
blooms are considerably spotted with white, and in this state it
is one of the most delectable flowers we have ever seen. C.
j. Chandleri has been truly magnificent; we have never seen
finer blooms of this very desirable variety. C Schrynarnas-
keri, and some other new ones, will bloom this month, togeth-
er with three or four seedlings. At Col. Perkins's, Mr.
Cushing's, jMr. Pratt's, Mr. Winchester's, and other places,
the plants will be at their height of bloom during all this month.
Before our next, we hope to visit some of these fine places,
and notice the various collections.

Yahaceoi or Leguminosce.
Hovea ilficiifolia, a very beautiful and rare species, is figur-
ed in the Horticultural Journal for October. It is a pretty

VOL. V. NO. II. 8

58 J^otices of new and beautiful Plants.

plants, with light purple blossoms and holly-like leaves. It
is a fine addition to this elegant genus.

The acacias will be now found displaying their golden blos-
soms in all the principal collections. All the varieties are ex-
ceedingly desirable plants.

Dicotyledonous, Monopetalous, Plants,

A new and elegant iJhododendron is figured in the Horticul-
tural Journal for September. In habit it resembles the hy-
bridum, butthe color of the flowers is much deeper, approach-
ing almost to a purple. It was raised by Mr.Glenny, of Worton.

R. aha clerense, in the collection of Hovey &. Co., will
bloom superbly in the course of the month.

Mr. Samuel Feast, of Biiltimore, has raised a large number
of seedling azaleas, many of which flowered last spring, and
proved to be equal or superior to any of the old varieties.
The plants are now showing bloom for the second time, and
Mr. Feast has kindly offered to send us a list of all the best,
with a description of the flowers.

Enkianthus quinqueflorus, that lovely shrub, only in the col-
lection of Col. Perkins, is now displaying a most profuse
bloom. We have not seen it this season; but Mr. Cowan in-
forms us that it never flowered so well before.

Mr. Towne's ericas are now beginning to put forth their va-
ried and ever charmingly delightful blossoms. A great num-
ber will be in flower this month, afi^brding a rich treat to the
lovers of this elegant tribe.
Yerbendceas.

Ferbena Tweedied)ifi (superba?). — Some time since, (Vol.
IV. p. 411,) we made some observations upon two kinds
of the Ferbena, each of which is called the V. Tweediedrirt.
The conclusions that we came to were, that the kind generally
grown the last season, the original plants of which came from
Mr. Buist, was the Tvveediedna superba, as it varied from
one received from Mr. Thorburn. We expressed a desire
that Mr. Buist would state from what source his plant was
originally procured. He has communicated to us the follow-
ing note: —

Ferbena Tweediedna. — In a late number of your ]\faga-
zine, you ask me to inform you from what source T procured
my plant of Ferbena Tweediedna. I purchased it of Messrs.
Low &. Co., Clapton, near London, on the 22d of April,
1837; and within twelve months of the time of its arrival in

Jfotes on Gardens and JVurseries. 69

my establishment, we had disposed^of eleven hundred 'and six-
ty-three plants. Many of our citizens purchased from four to
six plants each. It is a fact that all the verbenas are admirably
adapted for window plants, delighting in a dry atmosphere. —
Yours, respectfully, R. Buist, Philadelphia, Jan. 1S39.

Mr. Buist has sent us the descriptions of four new verbe-
nas, which we mentioned, some time since, he had raised from
seed. We have no room for the article in this number, but it
will appear in our next.

Art. VIII. Jfotcs on Gardens and JVurseries.

After that portion of our last number went to press, which
embraces the Review of Horticulture the past year, we re-
ceived, from our correspondents, some notices of a few resi-
idences, which have been laid out or improved the past year.
We are sorry they did not reach us in season, as it was our
wish to make that article as complete as possible. We, how-
ever, take this early opportunity to insert, under this head,
these omissions, with the hope that they will not be read with
any the less interest on account of their not appearing before.
We did not expect that we should be able to include every
place which has lieen laid out and improved the last year; but,
so far as lay in our power, it was our endeavor to procure all
the information which would make our article a complete ret-
rospect of the progress of the art in 1838.

Blitheioood, the Seat of R. Donaldson, Esq., near Barry-
town, on the Hudson river. We have heard much from our
correspondents on the Hudson of the extraordinary beauty of the
grounds of this place, which are beautifully disposed and laid out
in tasteful walks, &c., and abound with fine natural trees in beau-
tifully disposed groups. Elegant classic vases, sculptured in
Maltese stone, stand on pedestals near the house, and in various
parts of the grounds, and rustic seats, formed of branches and
roots of trees, are distributed in appropriate situations. A beau-
tiful entrance lodge, in the old English cottage style, is a pic-
turesque object; and the views from the house, and various
parts of the pleasure-grounds, are extensive and magnificent,
commanding a fine view of the distant Catskills, with the lord-
ly Hudson, broken up by several fine islands between.

60 JYotes on Gardens and JVurseries.

Rosicell L. Colt, Esq., is, we understand, fitting up a fine
demesne at Patterson, N. J. The services of Mr. Hobbs,
the inteUigent and capable gardener of the late Dr. Hosack, have
been secured by Mr. Colt, and we believe no pains will be
spared to render the whole a very complete residence.

Jit Ogdensburgh, J\\ F,, large forcing-houses, conservato-
ries, &c., with other extensive gardening improvements, are in
progress by Van Rensellaer, Esq.

In the interior of Massachusetts, the taste of the inhabitants
for flower gardens, and particularly for fine ornamental trees,
is not surpassed in any part of the Union. The beautiful vil-
lages of Springfield, Northampton, &,c., will recur to every
traveller through that state as forcible examples of this. No-
where among us, is higher keeping in suburban villas, most
tasteful arrangement of shrubs and plants, or a greater fondness
for gardening evinced. Superb elms, and other noble trees,
overhang almost every building, and flowering shrubs fill the
garden parterres. The elegant conservatory and grounds of S.
Whitmarsh, Esq., of Northampton, a zealous horticulturist,
are particularly deserving of notice here.

Pickering Bodge, Esq., of Salem, has lately erected a
beautiful villa in the vicinity of that town; additional improve-
ments will be made upon the grounds the ensuing summer,
when we hope to have the pleasure of presenting our readers
with a description of the same. Mr. Dodge has a fine grape-
ry, upwards of fifty feet long.

Philadelphia, jSTov. 1838.- — In our last we gave our remarks
upon those gardens in New York, which we had the pleasure
of visiting. We now offer a few memorandums upon some
of the private and pubhc gardens of this city, commencing
with a notice of the

Residence of J. B. Smith, Esq. — In our first and third
volumes we have given some account of Mr. Smith's garden,
green-houses, hot-houses, &c., and our readers are proba-
bly well aware, from our remarks, that he has one of the finest
collections of plants in the city. As a cultivator, Mr. Smith
stands at the head of all amateurs, and, we might with propri-
ety say, of all growers of plants in the country. His skill in
the growth of palms is remarkable, and the short time in which
he has cultivated some of his largest specimens from seeds,
would be almost incredible, were we not convinced of the fact
from a yearly inspection of his plants. The whole of the
present collection has been got up in less than five years; and,
though in so short a period, for the magnificence of the speci-
mens, few, if any other collections; will compare with his. Many

J^otes on Gardens and J^urseries. 61

of the plants, such as lemons, oranges, &c., it is true, were
purchased already grown; but a majority, and, in particular,
the palms and tropical plants, have been either grown from very
weak imported plants, or raised from seed since 1835.

By the kindness of Dr. Watson, we are enabled to give
our readers a more complete list of the largest specimens
which we saw on our visit, than we could otherwise have done;
as our visit was limited, and by no means lengthy enough to
do justice to a collection abounding in such splendid specimens
of that noble order of the vegetable creation — the palm
tribe.

Corypha umbracaulifera, and Latdnia borbonica, have attain-
ed the height of ten feet, and are probably the finest plants
in the country. Thrinax parviflora, Elee^is guineensis, Cocos
nucifera, Chamae^ops humilis, Caryota urens, and Jlreca mon-
tana, and other fine species of these same genera, all large
plants, presented one of the richest displays of foliage imagin-
able. Could these same plants be shown to advantage in a
lofty and elegantly finished house, (for Mr. Smith's collection
is so great, that they are excesssively crowded,) a scene of
grandeur would be displayed, equalling all that could be imag-
ined of the richness and magnificence of oriental scenery. The
broad, glossy, and waving fan-like fronds of the noble Cory-
pha,— the light and more graceful ones of the Chamse^ops hu-
milis,— the equally beautiful, but more humble Else^is guineen-
sis,— and the gigantic caudex of the screw pine, with its deep
green rigid leaves, — all unite to form a combination, which,
though destitute of brilliant or odorous flowers, may claim our
admiration, when the transient glories of the camellia, the rose,
or the tulip shall have faded and passed from our remembrance.
We sincerely wish that some spirited gentleman, who has the
means, would purchase these fine plants of Mr. Smith, and
build a domical hot-house, of such dimensions as to allow these
lords of the vegetable world to attain to their natural stature.
It has been generally supposed that palms are of slow growth;
but this is not correct: if plenty of room is allowed to the
roots, and the plants enjoy a temperature of seventy or seven-
ty-five degrees, they will soon attain a very large size. No
better evidence is needed to show this to be true, than the
specimens in Mr. Smith's collection.

Among the other plants which Mr. Smith has raised from
seed, are the Clusia alba, Moringa pterygosperma, Lawsonia
inermis, Hura crepitans, Brexia integrifolia and serrata, eight
or ten species of Dracse^na, five of Zamia, Adansonm dig-
itata, Jacquinia ruscifolia, &c. &.c. Carica Papaya, three

62 J^otes on Gardens and JVurseries.

years from seed, planted in 1S36, was in bloom and in fruit,
with four or five of the latter nearly ripe: the plant was about
eight feet high,

Mr. Smith's collection of cactuses is very large, and the
plants finely grown. We saw a great number of the Epiphyl-
lum truncatum, grafted on the Cereus triangularis, in full bloom.
He has also raised a new Echinocactus from seed. Cereus
flagelliformis we also noticed, grafted on the same stock; but
so vigorous was its growth, as scarcely to enable us to identi-
fy it. He has, likewise, several new cactuses, but we had
not the opportunity to take the names.

A new Datura and a Brugmansia have been raised by Mr.
Smith: the latter is identical with the B. Whymanu, noticed
in our last volume, (p. 73,) as selling in London at three
pounds sterling a plant. The flowers are produced one with-
in the other, to the number of two, and often more. The
Datura has large white sweet-scented flowers, of the size of
D. grandiflora. Mr. Smith has also raised a great number of
camelHas from seed, and some of the plants, from the appear-
ance of the foliage, promise well. He has succeeded in rais-
ing a seedling from the C. reticulata, fertilized with some of
the double varieties.

Had we the room, it would be impossible for us to enume-
rate near all the fine things which Mr. Smith possesses. He
has promised us, however, a list of all the best plants in his
collection, and we hope that we shall have the pleasure of lay-
ing it before our readers ere long. We left Mr. Smith, re-
gretting only that we could not spend a whole day in looking
over the plants.

Mr. Buisfs JS'^ursery. — Since we were here in the spring
of 1837, Mr. Buist has made many additions to his stock of
plants; he has also erected a new house, as we have before
mentioned. We found but little in bloom worthy of note, ex-
cept the pitcher plant, (Nepenthes distillatoria,) an account of
the cultivation of which Mr. Buist has sent us, which will ap-
pear in our next. It is a remarkably curious plant, and is de-
serving of a place in every stove, from the singularity of its
pitcher-shaped appendages.

The few orchideous plants here are doing well; they are all
planted in cork boxes, as recommended by our correspondent,
Mr. Brackenridge, (Vol. IV. p. 16,) and they have made
fine roots into the peat, and over the edges and into the crev-
ices of the cork: they are suspended from the roof. Very
few of these have yet flowered; but the coming season, proba-
bly, they will have acquired sufficient strength to bloom. We

Jfotes on Gardens and JVurseries, 63

are desirous of seeing this tribe of plants cultivated by our
amateurs, convinced that their growth is simple, and the flow-
ers of the cattleya, dendrobium, and other genera of the most
gorgeous descriptions.

Mr. Buist's camellias are in good health, and his collection
comprises a fine assortment of plants. He informed us that
the demand for Floyii and Landrethii from the London and
provincial nurserymen had been so great, that the stock of
young plants was completely exhausted. We saw nothing new
to note; indeed, in camellias Boston excels all her sister cities.
Many varieties, new and rare with Mr. Buist, have flowered
both at Mr. Wllder's, and Hovey & Go's., for three or four
years past. Mr. Buist is propagating his seedlings with all
despatch. The new seedling verbenas he is also increasing
as rapidly as possible.

Mr. Buist has many new geraniums, roses, &.c. Sec. But
a mere enumeration of their names would not interest our
readers.

JK'ursery of Messrs, Mackenzie ^ Buchanan. — Our young
and enterprising friends, Messrs. Mackenzie & Buchanan, have
already a very fine collection of plants; the two houses are
fine structures, and, though only a little over a year since they
commenced business, they are both nearly filled with plants.
The geraniums were numerous and well grown; and the col-
lection of roses and cereuses very good. Their stock of ca-
mellias is yet small, but they intend to enlarge it as speedily as
possible. .

We found here, on our visit, a splendid display of chrysan-
themums. Messrs. Mackenzie St Buchanan received the pre-
mium at the November meeting of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, for this flower. The bloom was now on the
decline, but about a hundred pots had contributed a gayness
to the house, which, at this season, no other flower is capable
of affording. The plants were v/ell grown, with a single stem,
and produced an abundance of blooms.

Mr. Mackenzie is favorably known to the public as the grow-
er of some fine seedling dahlias, and as latterly having the
charge of the collection at Lemon Hill. Mr. Buchanan is a
very good botanist, and very well acquainted with our native
flora, and, together, we doubt not they will command that share
of business which they deserve for their skill and enter-
prise.

City Garden of George Pepper, Esq., Chestnut St. — The
garden of Mr. Pepper, as well as the other places which we
have just noticed, has been before described by us in our first
volume; but since that time, although we have visited Philadel-

64 Jfotes on Gardens and J^urseries.

pbia once or twice, we have not had the opportunity of seeing thi^
fine collection. Since 1835, he has erected a very pretty new
house, mostly devoted to the growth of camellias, ericas, and
similar hard wooded plants; he has also made an addition to
the old one, so that it now contains three distinct apartments,
one above the other, viz: the green-house first, the succulent
house next, and the stove last; when we were here before, the
apartment now filled with cactuses and roses, (separated by
a glass partition) was the stove; but the plants, outgrowing this
rather contracted place, he was forced to put on another ad-
dition above this, and we should judge that nearly thirty steps
would have to be ascended, before the level of the new stove
could be reached. This is certainly making the most of a
city garden; for by carrying the houses up over out-buildings,
all the garden is saved. The stove is about fifteen feet high,
and the same in width.

Mr. Pepper has been very fortunate in procuring the assist-
ance of a very fine young man, Mr. Wm. Chalmers, Jr.,
who is devoted to his profession, and the collection shows
that his skill in cultivation is equal to his ardor in the pursuit.
We found every thing in fine order, and, for neatness, the
liouses under his care will not suJfFer in comparison with those
of any other private collection. We have previously noticed
the fine specimen of Epiphyllum truncatum, which Mr. Chal-
mers exhibited at the November meeting of the Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society. He has several others which are near-
ly as fine; and some of the plants which have not been graft-
ed more than ten months, have made such vigorous growth as
to produce from twenty to thirty flowers each. The splendor
of this species cannot be imagined, from its growth on its own
stock, but, grafted on the Cereus triangularis, it assumes an
exuberance of growth, and displays a profuseness of flowers,
entirely different from its general habit. Mr. Chalmers has
worked many of the species of this tribe upon the triangularis,
and the change is favorable to a greater development of flow-
ers.

In the stove the two most conspicuous objects are the Pan-
ddnus spiralis and the Latdnia borbonica, each upwards of
twelve feet high: they stand one at each end of the stove, and
strike the beholder, upon entering, by their majestic beauty.
Some of the fronds of the Latdnia are remarkably large: the
Panddnus has begun to throw out a side shoot from that part
of the stem from whence issue the first leaves. Fine plants of
the Poinsettia pulcherrima, with their gorgeous scarlet brac-
teag, towering above the surrounding foliage, attract the eye by
their vivid tints. Numerous other handsome plants fill up the

JYotes on Gardens and JVurseries. 65

bouse, the names of which we have no room to add at this
time.

The two green-houses we found filled with fine specimens
of various plants. In the new one the camellias were pushing
their buds rapidly, but none had opened. A great variety
of chrysanthemums, interspersed among the other plants, gave
a liveliness to the whole. Mr. Pepper is not so eager to pos-
sess new varieties, as fine specimens of the old and well known
plants, and hence his collection of camellias, though very good,
does not contain near the number of kinds which are found in
the green-houses of many amateurs around Boston, whose col-
lections of other plants are of a very linyited description.

We left Mr. Pepper's garden, regretting that there are
not more such fine places found in our large cities. How
many of our citizens flee from the city, during the warm weath-
er of our serene summers, to enjoy the freshness of the coun-
try air! But how few of them seem to appreciate the pleas-
ures of a winter garden. In the climate of New England,
where six months of the year the earth is shorn of its verdure,
how great is the enjoyment to be derived from the possession
of a green-house stored with the floral treasures of every re-
gion of the earth! Defying the hoary frosts of autumn — the
storms and snows of winter — and the chilling winds of spring
— surrounded with beautiful flowers, and verdant foliage — sum-
mer again approaches, greeting us in her varied and gay attire,
and invites us to new labors, even while the departing season
has scarcely passed from our remembrance. To us it seems
that a green-house should be an indispensable appendage to
every dwelling, and particularly to those citizens of our cities,
whose means to erect them are ample, and to whose leisure
hours they would afford so much gratification.

Residence of Wm. Lloyd, Esq., Turners Lane. — Mr.
Lloyd is quite an amateur, and has lately erected a very hand-
some green-house, about eighty feet long. When we saw it,
it was not quite finished. We found it, however, pretty well
filled with plants.

Mr. Kilvington, Mr. Lloyd's gardener, is the raiser of the
seedling chrysanthemums, of which we made mention in our last,
and who, we also stated, (Vol. IV. p. 471) exhibited a num-
ber of seedlings at the November meeting of the Pennsylva-
nia Horticultural Society. The plants were going cut of
bloom, and the flowers so much faded, that we could not tell
the value of all of them; we saw enough, however, to convince
us that Mr. Kilvington will save ten or fifteen, which will be
great additions to this splendid tribe.

VOL. V. NO. II. 9

66 Reviews.

REVIEWS.

Art. I. ^ Flora of JYorth America, containing abridged
descriptions of all the knoion indigenous and naturalized
Plants groiving north of Mexico; arranged according to
the JVaturul System, by John Torrey and Asa Gray. Vol.
I, Part I, and Part II; pp. 360. New York: E. & G.
CarviU & Co. Boston: C. C. Little & Co., &c. kc.
1838.

About two years since, we were told that the above work
was in contemplation, and until the publication of its first part,
in July last, we were eagerly anticipating it. The rapid pro-
gress which the science of botany has been making within a
few years, especially in the extensive field of North-Western
discovery, and amid the mountains and vast plains of the great
West, even to the shores of the Pacific, rendered it next to
impossible for the student, of limited means, to avail himself of
all that information so desirable, in the pursuit of his investiga-
tions; scattered as such information would be likely to be in
expensive periodicals and in foreign journals. A host of in-
dividuals, distinguished in botanical and floricultural science,
have traversed throughout unexplored routes, and contributed,
of their rich treasures, to swell the catalogue of plants. Of
the zeal and ardor of some we have often heard, from those
who have had the pleasure of their acquaintance amid these
scenes of their enterprise. With another, to whom American
botany is greatly indebted, we have long enjoyed a friendship.
Our very green-houses and flower-beds are yearly reminding
us of the names of others, who have transmitted, from Califor-
nia and Mexico, the beautiful and curious specimens of genera
and species new and rare. The magazine, on whose pages
this passing notice and brief tribute to science is inscribed, has
from time to time dazzled our imagination, and excited our cu-
riosity in behalf of the more desirable and elegant plants al-
ready in course of culture in England. Much more, undoubt-
edly, remains to be accomplished, many more gems of floral
worth are yet to be gathered, which "are wasting their fra-
grance on the desert air." So rich have been the rewards of
enterprise hitherto, that it is presumable these scattering gems
will yet be collected and rendered familiar to our gardens.

The work before us, intends to be comprised in three closely
printed octavo volumes of about 550 pages each. The specimens

Reviews. 67

of the first two numbers promise a work of exceeding value,
embracing, as it will, all the indigenous and newly discovered
plants north of Mexico: the work may be adjudged the most
complete manual and guide to the North American botanist.
Constant and numerous references are made to other authors
and botanists, who have seen, collected, figured or described
each species; and all of doubtful authority properly consider-
ed. Nuttall's M&8. notes on plants discovered by him, dur-
ing his late journey to Oregon and California, by way of the
Rocky Mountains, are to be comprised among the descrip-
tions.

We subjoin a few notices of species of interest, as floricul-
tural subjects, for the information of those readers who may
not have seen the entire work. Forty-seven natural orders
are already published, besides an unfinished number of the
Leguminosffi, now in course of preparation. These are as fol-
lows:— iianunculdceae, Magnoltacece, ^nonacese, Schizandra-
cese, Menispermaceae, Berberidkcex, Cambobaceae, Cerato-
phyllaceae, JYelumbikce?^., Sarracenidcece, Papaveraceae, Fu-
mariacese, Cruciferae,Capparidace8e, iJesedaceae, Polygalaceae,
Fiolacese, DroseraceE3, Cistaceae, i/ypericaceae, Frankenid-
cce, lUicebraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Portulacaceae, £latinaceae,
Linaceas, Geraniaccce, ^alsaminaceae, Limanthacea, Oxalida-
ceae, Zygophyllacea;, Xanthoxylaceae, Anacardiaceae, Amyri-
daceffi, Aurantiaceae, Ternstrosmidcece, JJfalvaceas, Tiliaceae,
JVfeliaceae, Cedrelacese, Fitaceae, t^ceraceae, Hip}X)castaneae,
(Sapindaceffi, Celastraceae,, jRhamnacese, Leguminosae.

Among species of i^anunculaceee, we find two poeonias,
Paeonui Brownu' [Douglas,) near the confines of perpetual
snow, North- Western America. Hook ji. Boreal, am. i.
p. 27.

Paeonia californica JVuttalVs Mss. — Petals small, deep
blood-red; the flowers of both species small. We should
like to see these American poeonies in our collections.

Among the Papaveraceae, we notice the following remarks:
Chryseis. — " We follow Lindley in discarding the name of
Eschscholtzm (or Eschscholtsm, as it has been commonly
v/ritten) for this genus: there being an older and generally ad-
mitted genus dedicated to the father of Dr. Eschschotz, (or
rather Elsholtz,) who accompanied Chancisso in Romanzoff's
voyage, and whom this genus commemorates." (P. 68, note.)

To Chrysei5 californica and crocea, so well known to ev-
ery florist, we find added C. csespitosa LindL, C. tenuifolia
Lindl., C. Aypecoides Lindl., all with smaller flowers than
the two older known species.

68 Reviews.

We perceive that Drs. Torrey and Gray have reduced Fio-
la tenella Muhl. &c. of the Western States to Tiola tricolor,
a. arvensis, Dec. It always seemed to us a variety, resem-
bling, in no faint degree, some depauperated specimen of the
pansy of our gardens, strayed away and naturalized. We
presume, however, that it is truly a native. (See order xviii.
Fiolacece, page 143.)

Among Caryophylleae, we find a little favorite of ours, Silene
quinquevulnera, and for whose curious little flowers we have
cultivated it, despite its weedy aspect and habits. Supposed
introduced: a native of England. Found in the Southern
States, on the sea-shore, &c. &c. A brilliant co-species, Si-
lene regia Sims^ (Bot. Mag. t. 1724,) is described as found
in Ohio, Louisiana, Kentucky; a superb plant for culture. The
old Agrostemna Githago, corncockle, is now Lychnis Githago,
a pretty but troublesome introduced weed among our wheat
and rye fields.

Who has not admired the Calandrim'a, so new and so uni-
versally cultivated by the fiorist? We hope soon to see two
others in culture, viz: C. Menziesw, with rose-colored flowers,
and C. maritima JVutt., from the sea-coast of Cahfornia, with
its " large and rather shovi^y, red" blossoms. (P. 197.)

Oxalidacese contains a new curious species of (/xalis, O.
trilliifolia, resembling Trillium grandiflorum, when out of flow-
er: blossoms, small white: found near the rapids of the Ore-
gon. (P. 211.)

The Mahogony (Swietem'rt Mahagoni L.) nat. ord., Ce-
drelaceae, has been discovered in South Florida.

Yitdceoi. — To Fitis Labrusca, Foxgrape, are referred the
following favorite varieties, viz: Isabella^ Schuylkill or Alex-
ander's, Catawba, and Bland's Grape.

Among Leguminosffi, we perceive a new addition to the
garden in Lathy rus ornatus J^utt., with very showy flowers,
as large as those of the sweet pea: Missouri, Platte. Thir-
ty-three species of Trifolium are described, and also forty spe-
cies of Astragalus!

Phaca sericea J^utt. Mss. — "Dwarf, depressed, densy
and canescently silky villose ; flowers purple, very numerous.
On the high hills of the Platte, near the Rocky Mountains, a
very elegant and curious species, forming a dense tuft, spread-
ing from a few inches to a foot or more in diameter, densely
clothed in every part with a silvery villous pubescence," &c.
We think this would be a charming addition to our flower-beds,
amid the heats of summer.

In conclusion, we recommend this distinguished and great
work to every botanist and lover of native flowers, and at

Foreign JYotices. 69

the same time to wish it all possible success. We welcome

its appearance among us, as a desideratum in advancing the

progress of our American Botany. J. L. R.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. Foreign Notices.

ENGLAND.

Prize Dahlias. — At the close of our last volume, (p. 452,) we made
gome remarks upon the subject of prize dahlias, and gave the re-
sults of the exhibitions of five or six societies — all of any note that
we had heard from at that time. Since then, we have receive^ ac-
counts of several other shows which have taken place in the provin-
cial towns, and they gave nearly the same returns of flowers as those
we have p»-eviously laid before our readers. That the kinds, however,
which were in the prize stands at the exhibitions of two of the most
popular dahlia shows, which are held in England, may be seen at
length, we annex the reports of the Birmingham Grand Dahlia
Show, and the Metropolitan Society of Florists and Amaieurs'Dahlia
Meeting, believing that the interest which is felt in the cultivation of
this splendid flower, and the desire to know every thing in relation to
the finest varieties, is so great as to need no apology from us for their
full insertion. These displays must have been magnificent. The
dahlia exhibitions of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, are call-
ed beautiful beyond description, with only their few hundreds of
flowers. What must be the splendor of the exhibitions of the Eng-
lish societies, where not only thousands, but tens of thousands of
flowers are displayed at once! Ours, in comparison, sink into insig-
nificance. We trust, however, that the cultivation of the dahlia,
though the failure in their blooming, the past year, has been so gen-
eral, will be by no means retarded; on the contrary, we hope that,
from this very cause, individuals will be induced to give more atten-
tion to their growth, and by constant care and attention overcome
any obstacles in the way of their successful cultivation. We hope,
also, that very liberal premiums will be awarded by our horticultural
societies, not for the greatest quantity, but for the most beautiful and
perfect blooms; it is in this way, that more can be done than any
other. It is to the almost lavish award of premiums, which has been
made in England, that the dahlia has arrived at its present state of
perfection, and the same good results will spring from a liberal offer
of premiums by our societies. With these few remarks, we subjoin
the reports of the exhibitions of the societies we have just alluded
to, and, in conclusion, we have offered some observations on the most
successful flowers.

70 Foreign J^otices.

Birmingham Grand Dahlia Shoio. — This annual exhibition was
opened on the 12th September, and great as was the public expecta-
tion, from what had been the current report of the beautiful display-
that might be expected, the result proved that the anticipations which
had been raised were fully realized.

Premier Prize, Twenty-four Blooms.

Widnall's Ne plus Ultra, Duke of Devonshire, Rienzi, Cambridge
Hero, Horatio, Conductor, Royal Standard, Suffolk Hero, Dodd's
Mary Queen of Scots, Variabilis, Unique, Rhoda, Topaz, Lady Kin-
naird. Glory of the West, St. Leonard's Rival, Ruby, Springfield
Rival, Conqueror of Europe, Ovid, Eva, and Brown's Sarah, Mr.
Widnall, Grantchester, near Cambridge.

Twenty-four Blooms. Amateurs.

1. Countess Mansfield, Kingscote Rival, Rienzi, Widnall's
Perfection, Squibb's Purple Perfection, Conqueror of Europe,
Knight's Victory, Sir H. Fletcher, Topaz, Ruby, S[)ringfiel(l
Major, Rosa Elegans, Blandina, Etonia, Jeffries' Triumphant, Suf-
folk Hero, Middlesex Rival, Sarah, Countess of Torrington, Beau-
ty of LuUingstone, Dodd's Marv, Royal Standard, and Conductor,
Mr, Searle, Cambridge; 2. Middlesex Rival, Dodd's Mary, Sir H.
Fletcher, Suffolk Hero, Stone's Yellow, Louthianum, Oxford Rival,
Diadem of Flora, Knight's Victory, Beauty of Bedford, Topaz, Ju-
liet, Springfield Rival, Glory of the West, Grand Duke, Day's Mary
Anne, Blandina, Napoleon, Lady Kinnaird, Bonlisholl, Ruby, Flow-
er of Eden, Bronze, Pandora, Mr. Hellier, Oxford; 3. Rival Sussex,
Smith's Lord Byron, Elphinstone's Purple Perfection, Sir Isaac
Newton, Royal Standard, Clio Perfecla, Marquis of Lothian, Dodd's
Mary, Hopwood's Lady Anne, Rosea Superba, Foster's Eva, Jeffries'
Triumphant, Ansell's Unique, Beauty of LuUingstone, Diadem of
Flora, Marchioness ot Tavistock, Knight's Victory, York and Lan-
caster, Doctor Halley, Girling's Horace, Rosetta, Middlesex Rival,
Hermione, and Melberry Rival, Mr. Sadler, at Sir Charles Throg-
morton's, Coughton Court; 4. Sir H. Fletcher, Dodd's Mary, Lady
of the Lake, Lady Cowper, Hopwood's Lady Ann, Countess of Shef-
field, Springfield Rival, Mountpleasant Rival, Giraffe, Jeffries' Tri-
umphant, Goliah, Lord Liverpool, Topaz, Sir Walter Scott, Cassi-
na, Hermione, Rival vSussex, Rhoda, Burgundy, Beauty of Berkshire,
Brown's Sarah, Vandyke, and Wilmer's Su|)erba, Mr. Mitchell,
Lord Vernon's, Sudbury Hall, Derbyshire; 5. Kelnor's Etonia, Gir-
ling's Topaz, Kington's Niinrod, Sir Edward Sugden, Brown's
Beauty, Grant Thorburn, Suffolk Hero, Maria Edgevvorth, Dodd's
Mary, Sir Henry Fletcher, Cambridge Hero, Brown's Sarah, Day's
Oxford Rival, Lord Stanley, Sussex Rival, Ansell's Unique, Barratt's
Stuart Wortley, Springfield Major, Clarke's Julia, Conqueror of Eu-
rope, Blandina, Calliope, Addison, Bowman's Pi'emier, Mr. James
Burbury, Stoneleigh.

Twelve Blooms.

1. Knight's Victory, Squibb's Purple Perfection, Rhoda, Hope,
Etonia, Royal Standard, Ruby, Jeffries' Triumphant, Topaz, Suf-
folk Hero, "Conductor, Countess of Torrington, Mr. Searle; 2. To-
paz, Marquis of Lothian, Summum Bonum, Knight's Victory, Dodd's
Mary, Pandora, Brown's Beauty, Bontisholl, Jubilee, Simraond's
Alpha, Lord Lyndhurst, and Royal Standard, Mr. Foreman, Chel-
lastone; 3. Sussex Rival, Marquis of Lothian, Whale's Royal Stand-
ard, Dodd's Mary, Foster's Eva, Cambridge Hero, Conqueror of
Europe, Widnall's Duke of Devonshire, Girling's Topaz, Widnall's

Foreign JVotices. 71

Conductor, Mafia Ed^eworth, and Clark's Julia, Mr. J. Burhury,
Stoneleigh; 4. Pur])le JPerfection, Coriiiiie, Springfield, Duke of Dev-
onshire, Dodd's Mary, Suftolk Hero, Squibb's Purple Perfection,
Brown's Beauty, Sir H. Fletcher, Conqueror of Europe, Marquis of
Lothian, and Dodd's Maty Queen of Scots, Mr. G. Mussell, Mr. C.
Ratheram's gardener; 5. Sir H. Fletcher, Dodd's Mary, Unknown,
Rival Suffolk, Addison, Bhmdina, Perfection, Springfield Rival, Suf-
folk Hero, Perfection, Glory of the West, and Ruby, Mr. Thomas
Taylor, Hinckley; 6. Ruby, Napoleon, Springfield Rival, Mrs.
Broadwood, Sir H. Fletcher, Dodd's Mary, Oxford Rival, Sam
Weller, Alman's Grand Duke, Bath Rival, Day's Mary Anne, and
Suffolk Hero, Mr. Hellier.

Six Blooms-.

1. Suffolk Hero, Blandina, Knight's Victory, Topaz, Royal Stand-
ard, and Dodd's Mary, Mr. Searle; 2. Clio Perfecta, Suffolk Hero,
Dodd's Mary, Sir H. Fletcher, Oxford Rival, and Beauty of the
Grove, Mr. Hellier; 3. Pandora, Bontisholl, Glory of the West, Beau-
moute's Premier, Royal Standard, and Suffolk Hero, Rev. Mr.
Cresswell, Radford, near Nottingham; 4. Marquis of Lothian, Suf-
folk Hero, Sir H. Fletcher, Independent, Middlesex Rival, and
Brown's Beauty, Mr. Hennej^, Wolverhampton; 5. Dodd's Mary,
Napoleon, Fisherton Rival, Springfield Rival, Topaz, and Conquer-
or of Europe, Rev. Frederick Smith, Elmhurst; 6. Dodd's Mary,
Topaz, Marquis of Lothian, Suffolk Hero, Foster's Hero, and Eto-
nian, Mr. Mussell.

Twenty-four Blooms. Nurserymen.

1. Premier Cup, Mr. Widnall, as above; 2. Royal Standard, Suf-
folk Hero, Topaz, Squibb's Purple Perfection, Conqueror of Europe,
Jeffries' Triumphant, Beauty of Berks, Maria Edgewortb, Hope,
Mrs. Wilkinson, Hero of Navarino, Metropolitan Yellow, Unique,
Conductor, Eva, Marquis of Lothian, Dodd's Mary, Bontisholl,
Robert Burns, Lady Kinnaird, Rienzi, Premier, Springfield Rival,
and Rival Sussex, Mr. Brown, Slough; 3, Dodd's Mary, Widnall's
Conductor, Widnall's Duke of Devonshire, RoyalStandard (Whale's,)
Beauty of West Riding, Hope, Stamford's Perfection, Clio Perfecta,
Rival Granta, Topaz, Springfield Major, Lady Dartmouth, War-
minster Rival, Suffolk Hero, Boadicea, (Carmack's,) Widnall's
Rienzi, Rival Sussex, Widnall's Perfection, Foster's Eva, Girl-
ing's Ruby, Springfield Rival, Girling's Exquisite, Knight's Victory,
and Ansell's Uni(iue, Mr. Hodges, Cheltenham; 4. Knight's Victory,
Dodd's Mary, Marquis of Lothian, Countess of Torrington, Spring-
field Major, Foster's Eva, Duke of Rutland, Clio Perfecta, Squibb's
Purple Perfection, Oxford Rival, Elphinstone's Purple Perfection,
Ansell's Unique, Macket's Helena, Suffolk Hero, Widnall's Lavinia,
Carmine Perfection, Jeffries' Triumphant, Glory of the West, Ru-
by, Lady Vernon, Blandina, Marquis of Northampton, Pandora,
and Sir H. Fletcher, Mr. Bates; 5. Sir F. Burdett, Springfield Major,
Ne Plus Ultra, Middlesex Rival, Ovid, Bontisholl, Clio Perfecta,
Essex Rival, Sylvia, Jeffries' Triumphant, Perfection, Squibb's Pur-
ple Perfection, Grant Thorburn, Springfield Rival, Dodd's Mary,
Exquisite, Unique, Independent, Dodd's Queen of Scotts, Horwood's
Defiance, St. Leonard's Rival, Ruby, Conductor, and Rival Sussex,
Messrs. Mountjoy and Sons, Ealing, Middlesex.
Twelve Blooms.

1. Widnall's Rienzi, Widnall's Conductor, Eva, Springfield Rival,
Suffolk Hero, Topaz, Dodd's Mary, Ruby, Unique, Lady Kinnaird,

72 Foreign JS'otices.

Brown's Sarah, and Marquis of Lothian, Mr. Widnall; 2, Middlesex
Rival, Conqueror of Europe, Rienzi, Beauty of Berks, Bontisholl,
Unique, Oxford Rival, Lady Kinnaird, Bowling-green Rival, Eva,
Topaz, and Sir H. Fletcher, Mr. Brown, Slough; 3. Barratt's Hero
of Wakefield, Barratt's Honorable Stuart Worcley, Beauty of Kings-
cote, Dodd's Mary, Widnall's Reliance, Widnall's Conductor,
Springfifld Rival, Brown's Corinne, Maria Edgeworth, Widnall's
Duke of Devonshire, Middlesex Rival, and Conqueror of Europe,
Mr. Earle, Bristol-road, Birmingham; 4. Summum Bonum, Dodd's
Mary, Middlesex Rival, Metropolitan Yellow, Jeffries' Triumphant,
Springfield Rival, Suffolk Hero, Ansell's Unique, Bontisholl, Lord
Byron, Afidison, and Ruby, Messrs. Mountjoy and Son, Ealing; 5.
Topaz, Heal's Glory, Dodd's Mary, Springfield Rival, Clio Perfec-
ta, Widnall's Duke of Devonshire, Grant Thorburn, Holman's
Scarlet Perfection, Bowman's Premier, Hope or Metropolitan Rose,
Foster's Eva, and Rienzi, Mr. Willmer, Sunbury, Middlesex.
Seedlings.

1. Cup, Mr. Smith, Worcester; 2. Mr. Widnall; 3. Mr. Will-
mer; 4. Messrs. Brown and Slough; 5. Mr. Widnall; 6. Mr. Will-
mer.

Device or Group.

1. Mr. Coudrey, Edgbaston; 2. Master William Pulling.

Metropolitan Society of Florists and Amateurs^ Dahlia Meeting,
Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, September 27, 1838. — First Prize, (Gold
Medal.) Mr. Widnall, Grantchester, for a stand of One hundred
Blooms,

Mr. Burchett, Lee, for Twenty-four Blooms, viz: — Birmingham
Victor, Knight's Scarlet Perfection, Miss Colt, Vanguard, Conquer-
or of Europe, Duke of Devonshire (Widnall's,) Countess of Tor-
rington. Lord Byron (Allman's,) Sir H. Fletcher, Macket's Helena,
Suffolk Hero, Avalanche, Purple Perfection (Elphinstone's), Clio
Perfecta, Springfield Rival, Topaz, Rival Sussex, Victory (Knight's),
Lady Kinnaird, Washington (Seal's,) Unique, Metropolitan Rose,
Captain Cook, Rose Triumphant.

Mr. Hopkins, Brentford, for Twelve Blooms, viz; — Knight's Vic-
tory, Dodd's Mary, Metellus, Squibb's Purple Perfection, Horwood's
Defiance, Bontisholl, Warminster Rival, Knockholt, Rival, Unique,
Rosetta, Springfield Rival, Lady Dartmouth.

Mr. Widnall's, Grantchester, for Twenty-four Blooms, (Nursery-
man's Class,) viz: — Widnall's Conductor, Ditto Cambridge Hero,
Ditto Ne Plus Ultra, Ditto Sir Walter Scott, Ditto Duke of Devon-
shire, Hope, Sir H. Fletcher, Eva, Sarah, Springfield Major, Unique,
Knight's Victory, Countess of Torrington, Calliope, Dodd's Mary,
Macket's Helena, Springfield Rival, Topaz, Ovid, Ruby, Suffolk
Hero, Conqueror of Europe, Warminster Rival, Lady Kinnaird.
Second Prize.

Mr. Willmer, Sunbury, for One Hundred Blooms.

Mr. Gurney, gardener to Capt, Lomax, for Twenty-four Blooms,
viz: — Middlesex Rival, Gaines's Queen Victoria, Knight's Victory,
Springfield Rival, Elphinstone's Purple Perfection, Girling's Topaz,
Kingscote Rival, Willmer's Duchess of Montrose, Bianca, Suffolk
Hero, Ansell's Unique, Rival Sussex, Cooper's Rhoda, Whale's Roy-
al Standard, Kington's Maid of Judah, Bontisholl, Oxford Rival, Ail-
man's Splendissima, Conqueror of Europe, Piltdown Rival, Dodd'^s
Mary, Gaines's Mirror, Sulphurea Elegans, Springfield Major.

Foreign JVotices. 73

Mr. Headly, Cambridge, for Twelve Blooms, viz: — Vanguard,
Eva, Victory (Knight's), Countess of Torringtnn, Sarah (Brown's,)
Suffolk Hero, Topaz, Pur{)le Perfection (Squibb's), Rienzi, Unique,
Springfield Rival, Rosetta (Maher's.)

Messrs. Brown, Slough, for Twenty-four Blooms, viz: — Jeffries'
Triumphant, Topaz, Duke of Devonshire, Lady Kinuaird, Royal
Standard, Conqueror of Europe, Ovid, Foster's Eva, Beauty of
Kingscote, Dray's Coriolanus, Clio, Middlesex Rival, Sylvia, Spring-
field Major, Ditto Rival, Sir H. Fletcher, Suffolk Hero, Warminster
Rival, Unique, Rienzi, Brown's Julia, Clark's Julia, Rival Granta,
Brown's Maria.

Third Prize.

Mr. Jackson, Kington, for One Hundred Blooms.

Mr. Howe, for Twenty-four Blooms, viz : — Dodd's Mary, Unique,
Harding's Mary of Scots, Souter Johnny, Marquis of Lothian, Ma-
donna, Rival Granta, Goldfinder, Plato, Rosetta, Duke of Sussex,
Royal Standard, Rival Sussex, Rienzi, Duke of Devonshire, Topaz,
Springfield Rival, Knight's Victory, Middlesex Rival, Ruby, Suffolk
Hero, Conqueror of Europe, Addison, Dodd's Mary Queen of Sjots.

Mr. Bragg, Windsor, for Twelve Blooms, viz: — Squibb's Purple
Perfection, Metropolitan Yellow, Suffolk Hero, Countess of Torring-
ton, Duke of Wellington, Howard's Defiance, Eva, Addison, Ro-
setta, Dodd's Mai-y, Springfield Rival, Unique.

Mr. Girling, Stowmarket, for Twenty-four Blooms, viz: — Robert
Buist, Girling's Ruby, Eva, Man of Honor, Ansell's Unique, Rienzi,
Mrs. Colt, Sir Walter Scott, Bontisboll, Corinne, Mungo Park,
Hethergreen Rival, Summum Bonum, Helena, Rosetta, Middlesex
Rival, Maid of Judah, Conqueror of Europe, Gaines's Queen Vic-
toria, Marquis of Lothian, Sir H. Fletcher, Australia, Duke of
Devonshire, Springfield Rival.

Prizes were also awarded to Mr. Gall, gardener to the Rev. E.
Coleridge, Eton, for Twenty-four Blooms; Mr. Lidgard, Hammer-
smith, for Twelve Blooms; Mr. Howell, Deptford, for Twelve
Blooms; Mr. Busby, gardener to Mrs. Crawley, for Twelve Blooms;
Mr. Mayle, Bedford, for Twelve Blooms; Mr. Trentfield, for
Twelve Blooms; Messrs. Catleugh and Son, Chelsea, for Twenty-
four Blooms; Mr. Pamplin, Hornsey, for Twenty-four Blooms;
Mr. Gaines, Battersea, for Twenty-four Blooms; Mr. Jeffries,
Ipswich, for Twenty-four Blooms; Mr. Gregory, Cirencester, for
Twenty-four Blooms; Mr. Willmer, Sunbury, for Twenty-four
Blooms.

Seedling Prizes.
1837. 1838.
Mr. Willmer, for Ringleader. Mr. Wood, for Mountain Sylph.
Mr, Gaines, for Primrose. Mr. Begbie, for Windsor Rival.
Mr. Protheroe, for Virgin Queen. Ditto, for Matilda.
Mr. Jeffries, for Climax. Mr. Whale, for President.
Ditto, for Diomede. Mr. Brown, for .

After these complete returns, embracing those given in a pre-
vious number (Vol. IV. p. 452,) it may seem unnecessary for us to
add any thing further. But, as some of our readers may like to see a
selection of the names of those varieties, which were more particu-
larly successful in winning the prizes, we have prepared such a state-
rnent from the returns of the societies, whose returns we have pub-
lished, constituting as they do the most popular exhibitions, and upon
whose reports we can rely with the utmost confidence.
VOL. V. — NO. II. 10

74

Forcis:n J\*otices.

It will be seen, from a jjlaiice at the reports, that there are several
varieties enumerated, which were not in any of the collections in this
country the past year. AVe have no douht, however, but they will
be added to our already extensive list of kinds, and we shall, there-
fore, divide our statenient into two parts, viz: — the first, to embrace
those llowers only which are already in our collections; and, second,
those wiiich will, in all probability, be added thereto the coming sea-
son.

Flowers in the collections of 183S.

Dodd's Mary 56

Sprinjifield Uival 54

Sntlolk Iloro 54

To))a7, (Girling's) 45

Sir Hein-y Fletcher 40

Conijucror of Europe 37

Ruby (Girling's) 35

JNliddlesex Rival 35

Victory (Knight's) 30

Roval'Standard 25

Bhindina 20
Hope, or Metropolitan Rose IS

Addison 18

.TelTrics' Triumphant 20

Rienzi 10
Purple Perfection (Squibb's) IG

Purp.Perfec'n (Elphinstone's) 15
Glory of the West 15

Lady Dartmouth 15

Concluctor 13

Beauty (Brown's) 12

Warminster Rival 12.

QueiMi Victoria (FoAvler's) 12
Ne Plus Ultra 12

Springfield Major 12

Beauty of Bedford 10

Sarah 10

Duke of Wellington (Dodd's) 10
Mary Queen of Scots (Dodd's) 8
Reliance 8

INIarchioness of Tavistock 5
St. Leonard's Rival 5

It will be recollected, that the new varieties which were first sold out
last spring, from their very high prices, were not of course grown to
one quarter the extent of the older kinds. Hence we see that Ne
Plus Ultra, Rienzi, Hope, Royal Standard, and others, did not gain
near the number of prizes of the old ones. It will be perceived,
however, that they were in the fust class prizes at the above shows.
The best llowers of each class from the above, arc as follows: — Best
dark, Suffolk Hero; best purple. Purple Perfection; best scarlet,
Glory of the West; best dark shaded, Ne Plus Ultra; best rose. Sir
H. Fletcher; best yellow. Topaz; best white, Blandina; best edged,
Dodd's Mary; Springfield Rival retains its character well.

Flowers supposed to be in the collectioms op 1889.
Unique (Ansel's)
Eva (Foster's)
Clio Perfecta
Rival Sussex
Marquis of Lothian
Duke of Devonshire
Countess of Torrington
Rosetta

A creat many others gained prizes, but these include such varieties
as are more frequently named. Undoubtedly, another season, they
will take a large number of jirizes.

From this sunmu\ry view, the dahlia fiincicr may form an estimate,
po far as one can be formeti, from the success of the flowers, of the
relative value of each. It will not be supposed, however, that those
oidy which have gained prizes will be cultivated; but that a greater
proportion of those kinds will be planted. Where the object is to
have showy plants, and not for exhibition only, there are some other
sorts which are fully as valuable,

45

Oxford Rival

20

SO

Cambridge Hero

12

30

Bontisholl

12

30

Lady Kinnaird

12

25

Mount Pleasant Rival

10

20

Stuart Wortley

10

20

Miss A. A. Broadwood

8

20

Ovid

8

Supplement to Reports of liort. and Flor. Societies. 75

A great quantity of new seedlings, to be sold out for the first time
this spriiii^, are now advertised. Mr. Elphinstone has eii^iit or ten;
Mr. Widnall, three or four; Messrs. Brown, three or four; Mr. Gir-
ling, six or eight; and many other growers, one or more each. Tliere
continues to he great iini)rovoinent in the various j)roperties of a flow-
er, and we think we do not judge incorrectly, when we state that,
five years from this time, not twenty of the kinds now grown will be
then considered as worth possessing. A few will retain a place in our
collections, but the majority will be consigned to the destiny of thou-
sands before them.

We hope that our amateurs and florists will make experimentg
in raising new varieties from seed; for we are convinced that they
will stand our scorching sun better than the English varieties: we
have seen this tested in some American plants which we have
grown the past year. Buist's Mrs. Rushton flowered the whole sum-
mer through, the })lant attaining its full height; while not half a doz-
en other dahlias, out of five hundred plants, perfected their growth
or disj)layed scarcely a bloom. The time is at hand for planting
seeds, and starting the roots for early flowering, and we trust that
the coming season will bo favorable to their well doing, and that a
more numerous and rich display of flowers will be made, than baa
ever yet graced our exhluitions. — Ed.

Art. II. Supplement to the Reports of the Exhibitions of Horti-
cultural and Floricultural Societies.

In the last number of our last volume, we gave the reports of all
the Horticultural and Floricultural Exhii)itions which we had receiv-
ed. We omitted, however, in that report, the Horticultural P^xhibi-
tion held in Bangor, in October last. The exhibition was got up by
the spirit and enterprise of a few individuals, without the aid of a
society, and a very excellent collection of plants and fruits was dis-*
played. We sball commence with an account of this exhibition.

Horticultural Exhibition in the city of Bangor, Oct. 4th and 5th,
1838. The exhibition took i)lace in the hall of the Mechanics' Asso-
ciation, and was well attended by the citizens, without any charge for
admission.

Fruits: — ^From E. Goodale and Sons, of Orrington, thirty-nine va-
rieties of pears and apples; among the former were the King of
Wurtemburg, (or Capiaumont,) Napoleon, Harvard, Williams's Bon
Chretien, Passe Colmar, and Hardenpont de printeinps; and among
the latter, the Maiden's Blush, Grand Sachem, red and green Sweet-
ing, Porter, Itibstone pippin, Golden Russet, Orange Sweeting, Gra-
venstein, Hawthorndean, yellow Siberian Crab, &,c, &c. From Gen.
Herrick, Hampden, fine Isabella, and white Chasselas grapes; also
thirteen varieties of apples, viz: Swaar, Nonsuch, Gloria Mundi,
Monstrous pippin. Wine apple, Seek-no-further, King's Pocket, New-
town pippin, Killam Hill, &c. &,c. From David Crowell, Exeter,
several varieties of apples, without the names. From Dr. Joseph

76 Supplement to Reports of Hort. and Flor. Societies.

Huse, Campden, Huse seedling apples. From M. P. Sawyer, Port-
land, presented by J. S. Sayward, Egg plums, Isabella and white
Chasselas grapes. From Asa Gilman, A. Walker Jr., and Mrs. Per-
kins, of Bangor, sjjeciniens of apples, plums, &.c. &c.

Plants: — The exhibition of plants, mostly from private collections,
was very splendid and vigorous. Miss Hutchings presented a fine
collection of healthy and rare plants. Mrs. Sylvanus Rich, Jr., Mrs.
Davidson, Mrs. J. Fiske, Mrs. Asa Sawyer, Mrs. John Hooper, Mrs.
S. E. Benson, Mrs. W. B. Reed, Mrs. F. F. French, Miss Holland,
Mrs. A. M. Roberts, Mrs. N. C. Bishop, Mrs. Isaac S. Whitman,
Mrs. J. Barstow, Mrs. H. Little, Mrs. Daniel Stone, and several
other ladies, presented beautiful specimens — monuments of their skill
and perseverance.

Flowers: — The collection of flowers was very brilliant, and im-
pregnated the air with their delicious odor. These were furnished
from the private gardens of the city, and by fair hands, which are
too numerous for us to give the names of the owners.

Vegetables: — The mammoth productions of the vegetable king-
dom astonished every beholder. These were from the gardens of B.
C". Attwood, at Glenburn Cottage; Samuel Stetson, Jesse Hinks, and
Mr. Copeland, of Brewer; the cottage garden of F. Wingate, Mount
Hope; Dr. Barstow, John Hooper, Amos M. Roberts, Ebenezer
French, Thomas Beacroft, J. Young, Asa Davis, J. S. Sayward^
W. T. Pierce, John Lowell, Nathaniel Jordan, M. T. Burbank,
Lewis Spooner, W. E. P. Rogers, Mrs- Susan Thompson, and oth-
ers. (Mechanic ^ Farmer.)

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. — Monthly meeting, Nov. 23d.
At the November meeting, the display of fruits, flowers, and vege-
tables, was, as usual, very interesting, and witnessed by a numerous
congregation of ladies and gentlemen members.

The committee on fruits awarded the premium for apples to Mr.
Thomas R. Fisher.

The committee on vegetables decided in favor of Wm. Chalaiers^
gardener to Mrs. Stott, for the best Cardoon, Brussels sprouts, and
the most intei-esting display of vegetables.

The plant and flower committee yielded the premium for the
twelve best chrysanthemums to Messrs. Mackenzie & Buchanan.
The following are the names: — Superb orange. Park's small yellow,
Expanded light purple. Curled pink, Expanded pale orange, brown
purple. Golden lotus. Crimson, superb rose, (?) Tasseled purple.
Starry purple, and Copper quilled, (.'').

Also to Wm. Chalmers, gardener to Mrs. Stott, for the best dis-
play of plants as follows: — A grafted Epiphyllum truncatum, nine
feet in circumference, and in full bloom. E. AckermanzV major, E.
speciosum, Stapelm ambigua, Ageratum mexicana, £rica vernixcoc-
cinea, Amarylbs vitrat,-^, Lechenaultm formosa, Eucoma fragrans,
crimson tea rose, Daphne odora, and a variety of chrysanthemums.
An honorary premium of five dollars was awarded to Robert Kel-
vington, for his show of elegant seedling chrysanthemums.

Mr Alexander Parker exhibited sixteen varieties of chrysanthe-
mums in pots, and twenty varieties cut; also, "Seal's Invincible"
dahlia in bloom, and a root of a dahlia which had flowered this sea-
son without planting.

Several beautiful varieties of cactus were brought forward in bloom,
by Mr. Wm. Chalmers, Jr., gardener to George Pepper, Esq.— JoAtj
W. Bui'rows, Recordmg Secretary.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 77

Horticultural Society of Charleston, S. C. — The following persons
were awarded each a silver medal, at the anniversary of the Society
in September last.

To Mrs. Davis, for ranunculus; to Mrs. Cochran, for picotees;
to Mrs. Wagner, for the best cultivated garden; to Mrs. F. Rut-
ledge, for the best cauliflowers; to Col. Lucas, for the greatest num-
ber and variety of the Camelha japonica; to the same gentleman, for
hyacinths; to the same for musk-melons; to Mr. John Michel, for C.
reticulata; to the same gentleman, for the finest specimen of a rose;
to the same, for the finest variety of roses; to Dr. Winthrop, for the
most beautiful flowering exotic; to Mr. Andrew Gray, for the finest
collection of dahlias; to Mr. M, D. Stroble, for an indigenous shrub; to
Mr.Edward Barnwell, for celery; to the same gentleman, for cabbages;
to Mr. James Bancroft, for artichokes; likewise for Guinea squashes.

To Dr. E. Horlbeck, for London leeks; to Mr. Joseph A. Win-
throp, for sugar beets; likewise for strawberries; to Mr. J. Hartman,
for Napoleon potatoes; to Mr. Tobin, for white onions, raised in the
garden of Dr. North; to Mr. Charles Bassacker, for peaches; to Mr.
Henry Stifley, for apricots; to Mr. S. Magwood, for pears; to Mr,
F. Michel, for Perrigaud plums; likewise for Portugal quinces; to
Mr. William McKown, for apples; to Mr. T. F. Purse, for imported
mulberries; to Mr. George Chisolm, for grapes; to Mr. Edward De
Cottes, for figs; to Mr. Henry Horlbeck, for nectarines. — Joseph F,
O'Hear, Secretary. (^Southern Agriculturist.)

Art. 111. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, Dec. 29th, IS5S.— Exhibited. Fruits:— From J. M.
Ives, Salem, Carthouse or Gilpin, Wellington, Michael Henry pippin,
and Svvaar apples; the first named a very fine fruit. From S. Walk-
er, Boston Nonsuch apples. From L. P. Grosvenor, Nonsuch,
Spitzemberg, Chandler and winter Queen apples. From Geo. New-
hall, Hubbardston, Boston Nonsuch, and two kinds of apples, names
unknown. From P. C. Brooks, apples, the names unknown. From
J. Clapp, S. Reading, Nonsuch apples, and a seedling of Mr. Corses,
of Montreal, From E. M. Richards, Moore's sweeting, Pomme d'
Api, Baldwin, Gardener, white Calville, Sweeting, Winesap and an-
other kind unknown; also Easter buerre. Prince's St. Germain, and
L' Echasserie pears; the latter a fine winter fruit.

Jan. bth, 1839. — Exhibited. Fruits: — Fine baking pears from Geo.
Brown, Beverly. From L. P. Grosvenor, Chandler apples. From
J. Prince, apples, the names unknown.

Jan. 12th. — Exhibited. Flowers: — A seedling camellia from W.
E. Carter, Botanic garden, Cambridge. The flower appeared one of
considerable merit. The color was a light rose; the foliage large and
glossy, and the habit vigorous.

Fruits: — From B. V. French, Ortley pippin. Nonsuch, Courtpen-
der plat. Sweet and Sour, Rhode Island greening. Ferns pippin, Seek-
no-further, yellow Bellflower, and Black apples. From R. Manning,
Catillac pears, and Conway, Russet peairaain. Court of Wyck and
Titus pippin apples. From E. M. Richards, white Calville apples.
From George Newhall, Isabella grapes in a fine state of preservation.

Jan. 19th. — Exhibited. Fruits: — From R. Manning, Pomme
d'Api apples. From S. Walker, Nonsuch and Baldwin apples.

78

Fancuil Hall Market.

Jan. ^Qth.— Exhibited. Fruits;— From B. V. French/ Wellitig-
ton, Pomme d'Api, and Monstrous pippin apples. From J. S. Cab-
ot, Esq., Salem, Lewis, Coffin's Virgoulouse, Wilkinson, Chaumon-
tel and beurre Diel pears.

The fruit, flower and vegetable committees have submitted their
reports of the award of premiums for 1S38; but we have no room
for their insertion in this number.

Art. IV. Faneuil Hall Market,

Roots, Tubers, fyc.

Potatoes :

r, ^ per barrel, . .

C°°^'»°"'? per bushel, ..
r-n 1 per barrel,

'^''«™"8»«»'5p«bu.l.el,

'=«'p°"'.f?:;:btd;::

Sweet Potatoes, per bushel,
Turnips :

French, per bushel,

Ruta Baga, per bushel, . . .
Onions:

Red, per bunch,

Yellow, per bushel,

White, ^pgj. f^^^^^jj^ _ __

Beets, per bushel,

ots, per bushel,

nips, per bushel

From To

ts, ,

Carrots,
Parsnips, ,^v.

Horseradish, per pound,
Radishes, per bunch, . . .
Shallots, per pound, . . . .
Garlic, per pound, . . . .

Cabbages, Salads, Sec.

Cabbages, per dozen :

Savoys,

Drumheads,

Red Dutch,

Cauliflowers, each,

Brocoli, each,

Lettuce, per head,

Celery, per root:

Giant red and white, . .

Common,

Spinach, per half peck, . .
Tomatoes, per half peck, .

^ cts,

1 25
50'

1 75
75

1 50
75

2 50
1 00
1 50

25
121

37i
37|

4
1 00
1 25

4

50
50

75
8

20
12

50 75
75 1 00

75 !1 00

^cts.

2 OO

37

From I To"
Sqnashes and Pumpiins, ^ cts. |^ cts.

Squashes:
Autumnal Marrow,percwt. 1 50 j 2 00
Winter crook-neck, prcwt.jl 50 2 00
Canada, per cwt 2 00

Pumpkins, each 12 25

Fruits.

Apples, dessert, new :

Common, 5 Per battel,. ,
' i per bushel,. ,

Baldwins, per barrel,.. . .

Sweet apples, per barrel,

Golden Pippins, per bbl.

Greenings, per barrel, . . .

Russets, per barrel,

Blue Pearmains, per bbl.
Pears, per dozen:

Chaumontel, ,

Burgomasler,

Beurre Diel,

Winter St. Midiaels,. ,.

S(. Germain,

Baking, per bushel,

Grapes, per lb:

Malaga,

White sweet- water,. . . . ,
Citron Melons for preserves,
Cranberries, per bushel, . .

Quinces, per bushel. ,.

Berbenies, per bushel, . . .

Lemons, per dozen,

Oranges, per dozen,

Pine-apples, each, ... .... .

Chestnuts, per bushel, . . .

Walnuts, per bushel,

Cocoanuts, each,

Almonds, (sweet, )per pound.

Shaddocks, each,

Filberts, par pound,

Castana,

English walnuts, per lb. . . .

2 00

50

2 50

2 50

3 00
2 58
2 25
2 50

20
Zlh
25"
50
50
2 00

25

m

2 50

20

75
2 75
2 75
4 00
2 75
2 50
2 75

25

50

1 00'

3 Oa

25

12i 25

2 00 12 25

2 00 2 50

5

12i
25
4
4
51

Remarks. — The mild weather of the past month, with the excep-
tion of one or two very severe days, has been favorable to a good

Horticultural Memoranda^ 79

supply of sucii articles as are grown in the itnmecliate vicinity: con-
sequently, there has been the usual stock on hand, with bnt slight al-
teration in the prices. Potatoes are amply abundant to meet all de-
mand for the present, without fearing enhanced prices; no arrivals,
nor shipments to notice since our last- Turnips are good, and plen-
tiful. Onions remain the same. No radishes have yet come to hand,
but, before our next, a good supply is anticipated. The stock of
cabbages holds out well and of fine quality. Cauliflowers are rather
scarce., and in some demand. No brocolis in the market. The
first lettuce has been received this week, and readily sold at our quo-
tations. Spinach comes in of fine quality, but not very abun-
dantly.

Of squashes, the stock, of all kinds, has become more reduced,
and an advance has been made upon the prices; prime autumnal
marrow sell quickly at two dollars; good Canadas the same, and
common at one dollar and a half. A small iot of West Indies
have arrived since our last. Pumpkins are about gone.

In fruit, with one or two exceptions, the market remains in the
same state as at our last report. Apples are in good demand, and
prices have improved accordingly; a scarcity at the south has caus-
ed the shipment of some small lots of Baldwins. Apples keep ex-
ceedingly well this season. Some Golden pippins and Lady apples
are retailing in small quantities. Fine pears are about gone; some
few St. Germains rexnain. Grapes without alteration. Cranberries
have taken a very rapid rise, and our quotations are fully sustained;
the stock is becoming very limited. Oranges and lemons are the
same. Chestnuts have advanced a little, probably from the lateness
of the season; the quality of the past year's crop has not beenequall-
iBd for some vears. Good walnuts are very scarce and in demand. —
Yours, M. T., Boston, January <2Qth, 1839.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR FEBRITART.

The same remarks which we gave under the head of January are,
in pai-t, applicable to this month also. Not any thing can be done
©ut, this month, and the green-house, hot-house, frames, hot-beds, &c.
will be all that will require attention; as the season progresses, every
department will need increased care and attention.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

The whole operations in the department are confined wholly to
in-door cultivation; grape-vines in green-houses, if not fully pruned,
should now have the work completed: vines, in pots, should be
brought in the latter part of the month, if desirable to get them for-
ward early.

Strawberries, inpots, may be now successfully brought forward in
frames, or on the upper shelves of hot-houses.

Peach and other trees, in pots, may be also hurried forward, by
placing them in the green-bouse.

80 Horticultural Memoranda.

Scions, for grafting, may be cut this month, and put away in earth,
in a cellar, until wanted for use.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Camellias continue to require a good portion of air and water. If
the plants have not been washed and cleaned of insects, let it be done
as speedily as possible. Repotting may commence as soon as the
bloom is fairly over. Seeds may be sown now.

Amaryllis should be potted as soon as they show signs of flower-
ing.

Verbenas, of all sorts, should now have little more water. The
Tweedie<ina should be repotted, and receive a more liberal supply
than the others. Train all of them to neat trellises made in any fan-
ciful shape.

Dahlias. If early blooms are wanted, the roots may now be
brought into the warmest part of the house and potted; as soon as
they show their shoots, divide them, or propagate by cuttings. Sow
the seeds now, so that the plants may flower strong.

LechenauUia formosa. Water this plant with care, as it suffers
from a superabundance of moisture.

Hyacinths, in pots, should receive a good supply of water, when in
bloom.

Oxalises done flowering should be very slightly watered.

Gladiolus iiataleiisis may now be potted for flowering early.

Roses, carnations, &c. in frames, should be looked after carefully;
take off the sashes every fine day.

Seeds of some annuals may be now sown in a hot-bed if one is han-
dy.

Geraniums, in small pots, should now be shifted into the next size,
(No. 3.)

Trevirana coccinea. The little imbricated roots^ of this pretty
plant should now be repotted in No. 1 pots.

Treepcconies, in pots, should now be brought forward in the green-
house or parlor.

Erica seeds may now be sown, and cuttings put in.

VEGETABLE DEPARTMENT.

Hot-beds, for early planting, should be made this month. Lettuce,
radishes, &c. may be planted, and other work commenced.

Rhubarb roots may be forced in pots in the green-house or the
frame.

Asparagus roots may be also forced in hot-beds or frames.

Tomato and egg plant seeds should now be sown, to produce a
very early crop.

Cucumbers sowed last month will be ready for hilling out into new
beds. Keep up a good heat by the aid of linings, if the weather
should be very severe.

Caulifioxver seeds may be sown for a very early crop.

THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE

MARCH, 1839.

ORIGINAL COMMUxNICATIONS.

Art. I. JVotice of a paper o/Capt. S. E. Cook, R. N., on
the genus Flnus and A^bies. From the Annals of JVatural
History. Conducted by Jardine, Hooker & Taylor. Nov.
1838. No. IX. &c. By J. L. R.

Capt. Cook, in communication before the section of zoolo-
gy and botany, at the meeting of the British Association, has
given a very interesting account of the most curious and valua-
ble sorts of pine, whether considered as objects of botanical
interest, or as materials for timber. Capt. Cook supposes that
seventy species may be found in the British collections, and
these confined to Pinus andc^l'bies; many of these are well de-
fined, others of doubtful nomenclature. As it would be in-
compatible with the means of an ordinary article to give a de-
tailed account of all these, they are divided into groups, with
occasional remarks on the European species.

The following are the groups.

1st. Old America — that is, the United States west to the
Mississippi and Canada, with Labrador, and extending to the
lin)its of vegetation to the north.

2d. Species indigenous to the range of the Rocky Moun-
tains. This group, consisting of about fifteen species, he calls
the '■'■Douglas Group.,^'' after a traveller whose memory well
claims such a compliment.

3d. From the uplands of Mexico.

4th. Species clothing parts of the Himalaya Mountains.

5th. Those of Europe.

VOL. V. NO. in. 11

82 JVotice of a paper of Capt. S. E. Cook,

Were information on the subject more complete, anotliei*
and sixth group would be made from those of Caucasus and
mountains north of Asia.

Of the first group, the number of species is about twenty,
presenting every variety of form and size. Capt- C. suppos-
es, however, that the timber of tliis group is only second-rate
quality, attributing its faults to a too rapid and sheltered growth.

Flnus and A^bies. — From the second, or Douglas group,
much may be anticipated to the timber yard and woodland.
According to accounts transmitted to Dr. Lindley, the c'^^bies
Douglasif, appears to possess the qualities of larch, durability,
quick growth and utility when young, with the advantage of
being an evergreen. It is readily cultivated from cuttings.

The JNIexican species are i^ew in number and of too recent
introduction, to ascertain much respecting them, and probably
are to be considered as tropical specimens, rather than as ob-
jects of utility. The Himalayan species are, as yet, few in
number, but of great interest. Aided by the liberal scientific
patronage of the East India Company, valuable results may be
looked for in this department of dendrology. »^'bies Webb-
idna has stood the winter, at Carlton, though suffering nearer
London. It may, probably, succeed eventually, while .,4'bies
./I/orinda, which has stood uninjured, deserves attention. Both
species grow from cuttings.

The Altaian silver fir, .3^bies P'lchta, Capt. Cook thinks,
might be found in the northern part of the Himalayan Moun-
tains, a most desirable tree to possess; while exertion should
be made, through the Russian government, to introduce it by
importation of seed in cones.

The last group, and to which Capt. Cook gives the most
importance and value, is the European. The reason of this,
he asserts, is owing to the most exposed and northern habitat
in which these species grow; being found in ditierent lati-
tudes, indeed, but in the same temperature, whether as grow-
ing on the sea-shore, or else on the mountain declivities. First,
he computes P. sylvestris, for its hardiness and good timber
qualities, as the head of the scale. Two species only grow at
a higher elevation, P. Cembra and P. uncinata. The former
grows above all other forests. A few are remaining on the
Montanuet Chamouny. It also thrives in the coldest parts of
Siberia. Timber superior to that of the sylvestris.

P. uncinata forms a complete zone in the high Pyrenees,
where it is placed above the P. sylvestris.

P. sylvestris is found from Norway to the south of Spain:
supplies Madrid with building materials.

on the genus Pinus and Abies. 8S

Next in rank are P. Laricio, and P. hispanica. P. La-
ricio seems confined to the central parts of the island of Corsi-
ca, in latitude 43°, at a moderately high elevation. P. his-
panica ranges from Sierra de Segura, in latitude 39°, to the
foot of the Pyrenees, in latitude 43°, generally at an elevation
of two thousand to three thousand feet. Erroneously repre-
sented as found in France.

P. Pinaster and Pinea, or stone pine, are next on the list.
P. Pinaster occupies a regular zone below P. sylvestris, in
the central range of Guadarrama.

The most northern limit of P. Pinea is on the plains and
uplands of Old Castile. Although so northern, yet the timber
is notoriously poor. Capt. Cook accounts for this fact on the
ground, that, although thus found at the north, it in reality if?
better suited, in a spontaneous growth, to the sandy wastes of
Andalusia, in the Terra Carliente of Spain, in company with
the palm and the cactus.

JP. halepensis, and its three varieties, come next. These
varieties are, first, that with large red cones, common in Spain,
and the hardier; the second has small cones, and was found on
the Riviere of Genoa; the third is P. Brutia of Prof. Tenore,
of which a specimen exists in the Botanical Garden at Naples.
Too tender for the growth of London.

Capt. Cook considers the species P. tartarica or Pallas-
idna, and the austriaca, as very nearly allied. The locality of
the former is the Crimea. The austriaca has been introduc-
ed recently by Mr. Lamson, of Edinburgh, and promises to be
a most valuable addition to the arboretum of Britain.

Of the hdrix (Larch,) immense forests exist in the Pied-
montese Alps, around Mount Rosa and Mount Blanc, and in
ascending the Great St. Bernard may be seen overtopping
every other object.

Of »/3^bies, the first in hardiness is Jl. excelsa, or common
spruce, ranging from Lapland to Savoy. Jl. pectinata, or sil-
ver fir, is unquestionably less hardy than Jl. excelsa. Exten-
sive forests of it exist in the Pyrenees, and a variety may be
found in Greece.

Capt. Cook takes up the theory, that immense tracts of
poor and wild land may be successfully employed in arboricul-
ture. " There is no question whatever that the GrampiRn
mountains might, at a cost comparatively trifling, enable us to
provide for our own wants, and even to export timber.

"The last Duke of Athol calculated that the possessor of his
woodlands, on the Tay, would, in a few years, be as rich, or
richer, than any individual in Britain! What are these wood-

84 JVotice of Dr. Wood^s collection of Plants.

lands? They consist of ten thousand acres of larch, planted,
in great part, upon barren moor-land, the aggregate value of
which was a very few hundred pounds per annum! By de-
voting one hundred thousand acres, which is about the size of
the larger highland estates, to a similar purpose, we should, in
seventy to seventy-five years, proceeding on the calculation of
the Duke of Athol, that, in the same period, his forests would
be worth five to six millions sterling, be possessed of national
capital, to the amount of fifty to sixty millions in timber alone.
It is needless to observe, that this immense result cannot be
obtained, or even the entire foundation laid in a moment, but
must be attained by steady and systematic perseverance."

It is the opinion of Capt. Cook, that P. Cembra^ which,
though superior to any other species, is of extremely slow
growth, might be improved by grafting on the P. sylvestris,
after the Tchoudy mode. The spruce should receive a proj)er
attention, being so well adapted to a damp soil. The silver
fir, of a rapid growth, and resisting wind, would be worthy of
trial in proper soils. An instance is mentioned of a specimen,
not occupying a space of more than forty feet in diameter, be-
ing valued at one hundred guineas for its timber, in a season of
scarcity for that article. The larch cannot be grown to much
profit on cold wet lands. The cedar of Lebanon, with a little
care, at first may be grown in any part of the south of England,
being raised easily from cuttings, and doing well by grafting.

Larch may be considered an improver of the soil. Planted
on wet land for this purpose, after fifteen or twenty years they
may be thinned, and, as they fail, removed. To this end,
they should be planted in masses, unmixed with other sorts,
and considered as fructifiers or amellators of the land; a few of
the trees suffered to remain, to defray the expense and loss of
time. In this manner, extensive and valuable pasturages may
be secured. J. L. R.

Art. II. Some JSTctice of the collection of Plants of Dr.
Wood, Professor of Materia Medica in the Pennsylvania
University. By Dr. G. Watson, Philadelphia.

It may not be uninteresting to some of your readers to
know the progress of our horticultural pursuits in Philadelphia.

Mtice of Dr. Wood^s collection of Plants. 85

I therefore shall commence by giving you some account of the
collection of Dr. Wood, Professor of Materia Medica, in the
Pennsylvania University. He has erected a stove and green-
house, ihirty-five feet in length, twenty feet high, and twenty
feet wide, for medical plants, as well as those ornamental, to ex-
hibit for the benefit of his class, combining utility with pleasure.
His collection of medical tropical plants is limited as yet, but
will soon be full, as he has ordered from Europe all that can be
obtained. Connected with the above, is a large garden, beauti-
fully laid out, filled with the native medical plants and shrubs, as
well as those highly ornamental. In the middle there is a
fish pond, surrounded with a suitable soil, containing many
of the orchidea, Sarracenm, JS\lumhium^ JV^ymphse^a, &c.

The following are some of the stove plants, which are in
fine condition and large specimens, viz: Jatropha Manihot^
J. Curcas, Tamarindus indica, Ipomae^a Jdlapi^ Laurus
Cassia, L. cinnamomum, Coffea arabica, Jlreca Catechu,
Phoe'nix (/actylifera, Saccharum officinarum, Piper medium,
^^/yrtus acris, M. Pimenta, Eugenirt caryophilata, Psidium
pyriferum, .^sclepias gigantea, Mangifera indica, Jambbsa
vulgaris. Quassia amara, Q. excelsa, Cycas revoluta, Cocollo-
ba uvifera, Astrapse^a Wallichw, Bixa orellana, Ca^salpinia
cucullata, Melaleuca Cajuputa^ Melastoma heteromalla, Dra-
cse^na terminalis, D. ferrea, Swietenia Mahdgoni, Alstonm
macrophylla, Strelitzia regina, Plumbago capensis, Termi-
nalia Benzoin, T. angustifolia, Crinum amabile, i^olichos
pruriens, i^/ibiscus populnoides, Tecoma capensis, Calathea
zebrina, Poinsettia pulcherrima, Jl'\oe perfoliata, ^i. arborea,
Jl. saponaria, ^fl. spirata, Ji. soccotrina, Ji. vulgaris, Zingi-
ber officinale, Picus elastica. Vanilla aromatica; besides a
great many of the finest cereuses, opuntias, cactuses, maryl-
lises, &c.

In the green-house, jLaurus Camphora, a fine specimen,
L. nobilis, Oiea europa;^a, Phormium tenax, Thea viridis,
T. Bohea, Pistacia lentiscus, P. Terebinthus, /Schinus
molle, Illicium anisatum, I. floridanum, i^icus carica, <S'cilla
maritima, Lechenaidtra formosa, Roella ciliata, Rlbes specio-
sum, in flower, Magnolia fuscata, a fine selection of roses, pel-
argoniums, azaleas, ericas, lemons, oranges, passifloras, &c.
Many of the oranges and lemons are fine specimens, having
been purchased at the late Henry Pratt's sale. Lemon Hill.
The collection, in its imperfect state, does the Doctor the
greatest credit, for his fine taste in the arrangement of his gar-
den and houses. It is gratifying to see the love of plants on

86 J\otices of Culinary Vegetables,

the increase in this fine city, and the good effects it will have
on the minds of the rising generation. When time permits,
you will hear from me again, enumerating some of the other
fine establishments recently erected here.

Yours, sincerely, G. Watson.

Philadelphia, Jan. 1839.

Art. III. J\lotices of Culinary Vegetables, new or recently
introduced, worthy of general cultivation in Private Gar-
dens, or for the JMarktt. By the Editor.

In again presenting to our readers our remarks on new veg-
etables, we feel gratified in being able to state that our notices,
which have appeared in our two last volumes, have been the
means of introducing to greater notice and cultivation, many
of the new productions which we have noticed and described.
We shall continue to add all the information which can be gath-
ered upon this subject, and shall not let any new variety, worthy
of notice, escape our attention.

Among those kinds, which have been more particularly
mentioned in our articles, and which have now become exten-
sively known, and much cultivated, are Bailey's red and white
giant celery, the forty-fold potato, the early Vanack cabbage,
and the Soissons bean. Each of these varieties have been
much sought after, and they have proved fully equal to what
they were recommended. Many of the other sorts which
were noticed are now under trial, and their good qualities will
soon be ascertained. New vegetables do not find their way
into cultivation with the rapidity of new fruits or flowers, es'^
pecially among that portion of the community who would be
the most benefited by their growth; the prejudices of market
gardeners and farmers against new articles, as well as new ex-
periments, are almost fatal to their introduction. Unless the
merit of a new variety is so very great as to partake of the
marvellous, it is a long period before it becomes generally cul-
tivated. The information, however, which is now diffused
through the great number of farming periodicals is, luckily,
dissipating such prejudices, and the more enlightened of our

new or recently introduced. 87

agriculturists have become somewhat convinced, that there may-
be great improvements made in the varieties usually cultivat-
ed, as well as superior kinds introduced, which may take the
place of those we now value.

The past year there has not been so many new varieties
brought into notice, as heretofore. In the kitchen garden de-
partment there have been one or two introductions of some mer-
it. To the farm there has been one addition of great importance
in the Rohan potato; indeed we may, with truth, say, one of the
most important acquisitions ever made to our husbandry. The
past year was not propitious to the gardener or farmer in our
vicinity; the unprecedented drought, during August and Sep-
tember, cut short the crop of most vegetables. Potatoes suf-
fered severely, and the only crop which may be said to have
been good and large, was the squash. Corn sufiered in com-
mon with all other products.

In Britain, and on the Continent, some new vegetables have
been introduced, which have attracted considerable attention;
these we shall briefly notice at this time, leaving a more extend-
ed account of them to a future period, when we may do so
from our personal observation.

The Cuba tomato, introduced by Mr. Lov/ell, the seeds of
which he procured in Cuba, during a residence there through
the winter of 1837, was exhibited before the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, and noticed by us in our reports (Vol.
IV. p. 390.) Mr. l.owell stated in a note, that it was pre-
ferred by the Spaniards to any other variety. The fruit is rath-
er smaller than the common tomato, of an oblong shape, and of
a deep red color, not quite so bright as the former. It is fine
for preserves. It is an abundant bearer, and full eight days
earlier than the common kind. Mr. Lowell's recommenda-
tion is a sufficient guarantee of its goodness.

The Imperial Watermelon, a new variety, was raised the
past summer, by T. Allen, Esq., of Hyde Park, New York,
which, for richness of flavor, firnmess of the flesh, thinness of
the skin, productivenes, and every other good quality, surpass-
es any thing we have ever tasted. We do not know the
source from whence the seed was procured; but it is sufficient-
ly early to arrive at perfection in our climate, and it must be-
come very extensively cultivated. The seed cannot, proba-
bly, be procured in any quantity, as only a few melons were
raised; we shall, after the trial of another season, notice it
again.

The Cedo JWlli pea, introduced for the first time last year,
has promised to be a fine and very early variety, and one which

88 JVotices of Culinary Vegetables.

we recommended to the notice of all gardeners. It is dwarf,
early, and prolific. We would not have gardeners, as well as
farmers, forget to cultivate, and extensively too, Groom's su-
perb dwarf blue pea, which we have heretofore recommend-
ed.

The Rohan potato. — This remarkable variety of the potato
will be very generally cultivated the coming season. The ex-
traordinary produce in almost every single experiment which
has been made in their growth, notwithstanding the past unpre-
cedented dry season, has convinced even those who have little
faith in new varieties of vegetables, that it is a most prolific,
and, consequently, a valuable article. Only a very limited
supply for planting could be obtained last spring, and four or
five pounds was the most that could be easily procured by a
single individual: but the increase has been so enormous, that,
from this small amount of seed, a sufficiency has been raised
to plant an acre or more.

After what we have said in our previous numbers, and the
appearance of Mr. Kenrick's article, (p. 61,) it is not neces-
sary that we should occupy the time of our readers with a
repetition of the same, but simply remark, in addition, that there
remains no doubt but that it is the most valuable article which
has been introduced to our husbandry for many years.

We have given an account of the origin of this variety in
our IV., p. 149. It was named in honor of the Prince Ro-
han, of Geneva, who was the first to disseminate it.

An opinion has gained ground, that the Rohan potato is
very inferior to our common kinds: this, however, is a great
error. We have previously given Judge Buel's opinion of its
quality, and we can confirm what he has stated. When the
potatoes are grown to their proper size, which is two or three
pounds each, we have no doubt that, with the same care in
cultivation, they will be found equal to any other variety. In
proof of this, we may notice that a late London paper slates,
that a "new and extremely prolific variety, of German origin,"
was introduced last spring, and cultivated for the metropolitan
market. Of its enormous produce there is no doubt; we late-
ly stated, (p. 35,) that twelve hundred bushels might be rais-
ed on an acre; and we have no hesitation in saying that it may
be made to exceed this!

A paragraph has just met our eye in the hondon Gardener^ s
Gazette, stating that a new variety, called the mangel wurtzel
potato, was introduced last spring, and that a gentleman of
Waterford procured four of the tubers. These were cut into
thirty-six sets, and planted on good land, with the usual quan-

Description of four new Verbenas. 89

tity of farm-yard manure, in drills three feet apart and twelve
inches between the sets, the whole occupying just twelve
square yards. When dug, the produce was one hundred and
twelve pounds, being at the rate of thirty-five tons to the acre,
or thirteen hundred bushels. There is not the least doubt
but that the mangel wurtzel potato, so called, is the Rohan
which has acquired the former name in England, from its great
size. We again commend it to the notice of every farmer or
gardener.

In our next article we shall notice some other new vegeta-
bles.

Art. IV. Description of four new Verbenas.
By R. BuisT, Philadelphia.

I BEG to hand you, according to promise, a brief description
of the new verbenas raised from seeds, which I received from
South America, last April. The seeds were brought by Mr.
Eyre, of this city, as being something entirely new, who very
kindly presented them to me; and, although he then described
a white sweet-scented verbena, I did not anticipate that I
should grow such a one from the seeds; not doubting that such
a plant existed, but fearful that we should not have the chance
to grow it. It is, however, an astonishing fact, that, from the
few seeds presented to me, four new varieties should have
been grown; in fact, three of them are distinct species.

Ferbena Eyredna, — Bright pink; flowers in corymbs as
large as V. Tweediedjia, and is also very profuse; is of a very-
strong upright growth, forming a superb bush, from two to four
feet high, well clothed with foliage. The leaves are ovate,
lanceolate, if grown on strong ground; but if on poor soil, they
are cordate, acuminate, and evenly dentate.; It is a most dis-
tinct and beautiful species, and makes an excellent contrast
with the procumbent sorts.

Ferbena alba. — White, flowers in spikes, frequently three
to four inches long, and in the evening has the delightful odor
of the jessamine; so much so, that it can be perceived at sev-
eral yards distance. The plant has a half procumbent habit,

VOL. V. NO. III. 12

90 Remarks upon the Strelitzia regina.

of stiff growth; the leaves are thickly covered with a silvery-
pubescence, and are ovate, lanceolate, and obtusely dentate.
When 1 first saw the plant in bloom, I was under the impres-
sion that it would be the type of a new feature in this lovely
tribe, and this impression is now strengthened, as it is a varie-
ty that seeds tolerably free, and is therefore excellent for hy-
bridizing the other varieties upon.

Ferbena intermedia. — Flowers rosy crimson, with a lilac
edge, and is much of the habit of V. Tweediedna, and equally
as profuse of blossoms; it flowers in depressed corymbs. I
have called this intermedia, as it appears, both in flowers and
habit, to be between Arranidna and Mclindres [chamaedrifolia,]
and is a procumbent variety.

Ferbena Tweediedna grandiflora. — This is a distinct varie-
ty from Tweediedjirt, and perhaps may yet become a species.
The plant is of a stronger growth, with larger and more dense
foliage. The flowers are also larger and equally as bright, and
is, in every respect, as far as I have seen it, a superior plant,
and will be found a valuable addition to this lovely group of
perpetual blooming plants.

The day is not far distant, when the whole of this family
will be fragrant; and I fondly anticipate that this country will
even rival England in its cultivation.

All the verbenas delight in a dry, rich soil, and rather an el-
evated situation; severe watering and heavy rains make ihem
meagre, yellow and sickly.

Yours, respectfully, R. Buist.

Philadelphia^ Jan. 17, 1S39.

Art. V. /Some Remarks upon the proper treatment of the
Strelitz'ia regina. By M. B. Bateham, Rochester, N. Y.

The Strelitzia regina, when blooming in perfection, is a
most magnificent plant, and, considering its easy management
and great beauty, it is surprising that so little attention is be-
stowed on its cultivation. On visiting, a short time since, the
principal exotic collections in the vicinities of Boston, New

Remarks upon the Strditzia regina. 91

York and Philadelphia, I found but a very few specimens of
this plant, and those were mostly small or sickly in appear-
ance. This led me to infer, that our florists either never saw
this noble plant in its full beauty, or else, as is often the case,
they have been misled by great names, or false theories, and
adopted a system of cultivation not suited to the nature of the
plant.

Mr. Sweet, in the Botanical Cultivator, says the Strelitzia
"is a grand genus belonging to the Jlfusaceae." A light sandy
loam is the best soil for the species. Loudon, Mcintosh,
and others, whose writings I have examined, all concur in
recommending a light sandy soil. And it might appear like
presumption in me to question their authority; but, as far as my
observation has extended, I have never seen a thriving plant,
of this species, growing in such soil.

The largest and most thrifty specimen of Strelitzia regina
which I have ever seen, is one belonging to Mrs. J. Strong,
of this city, now kept in the parlor of Mrs. H. Ely, and, at
this time, in full bloom. This plant has grown several years
in a rather heavy, rich, black loam, kept pretty moist, and
treated, generally, like a Calla, which it somewhat resembles
in its habit and growth. It has now sixteen or eighteen large,
thrifty leaves, about three feet high, and three strong flower
stems, with their crowned heads of flowers towering above the
whole. Each stem has three or four large flowers, which open
successively from a curious spadia calyx, and stand up like a
crest of gold. The petals are of a rich, orange yello^v, and
inside of them are three broad stamens of the deepest purple.
A drop of pure nectar distils from each flower, and stands,
like a brilliant gem, on the outside. The whole combining to
form a unique and gorgeous spectacle, justly admired by every
beholder.

This plant was brought to this city about three years ago,
and has flowered here three times. Its usual time of flower-
ing is in March and April, but in the fine warm parlor, and
under the excellent care of Mrs. Ely, it commenced blooming
this year in January. It remains in flower more than a
month.

Mrs. Ely's rooms are ornamented with a choice co-llection of
green-house plants, which always appear in a fine healthy con-
dition, and impart a pleasing air of refinement and elegance to
her splendid mansion, while, at the same time, they afford its
inmates constant and innocent enjoyment.

M. B. Bateham.

Rochester Seed Store, Feb. Sth^ 1839.

92 Growth and treatment of

The above excellent paper, upon the treatment of the Stre-
litzia, will add another to the many instances where plants have
been grown to great perfection, by an entirely different mode
of management than that laid down by even the most experi-
enced cultivators; and shows that, however so much depend-
ance may be placed upon the opinions of such practical men
as Mr. Sweet, Mcintosh, and others, there may be far better
methods of treating plants than those which their experience
has confirmed or suggested. Cultivators of plants are too apt
to be led on by those systems of management, which are laid
down in all works on gardening, fearing, after a long adherence
to any mode of cultivation, to depart from the usual track,
from the impression that they may be led into gross errors.
Accident has, in many cases, revealed the fallacy of long es-
tablished systems; and repeated experiments, guided by natu-
ral principles, will continue to make known new, and greatly
improved, modes of cultivation.

The Strelitzza is a most gorgeous plant, and is, by no
means, so well known or properly appreciated as it should be.
Its management is simple, and adapted to the green-house or
parlor; particularly to the latter situation, where it forms, with
its resplendent orange-colored flowers and sameness of habit,
a befitting counterpart to the broad and snow-hued blossoms
of the Calla ethiopica.

We can bear witness to the stunted appearance of the speci-
mens which exist in our vicinity; and we hope that the pos-
sessors of the plants will profit by Mr. Bateham's remarks, and
resuscitate them from their languishing condition to a healthy
state, and render them, what they certainly should be, objects
worthy of a situation in the richest collection of plants. — Ed.

Art. VI. On the Growth and Treatment of the 'Nepenthes
distillatoria. By R. Buist, Philadelphia.

When you visited my place in December, you expressed
your astonishment at the rapid growth the plant of the JVe-
penthes distillatoria had made, under my care, since the spring
of 1837, when you saw it before, and desired I would give

the JYepenthes distillatoria. 93

you my method of treatment. I have therefore sent you the
following observations, fearing;, however, that as the cultiva-
tion of it in this country is so simple, the information will af-
ford little interest to your readers. I shall commence by giv-
ing you the history of my plant, from the very day the seed
was sown.

In the first place, let me say, what may appear singular, that,
although I made repeated sowings of the seed, previous to my
raising the plant I now have, and several subsequently, I nev-
er got but the single solitary seed to vegetate, from which the
present plant was grown.

On the 22d of June, 1 836, I sowed the seed in a pot of
soil, composed of half peat and half cut moss or sphagnum,
finely mixed together, and covered the pot with a glass, and
gave it occasional waterings. In six weeks the seed appeared,
growing close to the side of the pot, and grew with astonishing
rapidity, after it had formed one or two pitcher haves. The
temperature, where it grew, was from 60° to 80° of Fahrenheit.

In the following winter I repotted the plant, and put a large
bell-glass over it, a little tilted on one side, to admit the air
freely; the pot was always kept in a saucer of water, which
water was very frequently changed. In June, 1837, the plant
became too large for the glass, and, for cheapness, I got a
case made, about twenty inches square, glazed on four sides,
having the top open, on the bottom of which was put the
plant in the same kind of soil, as above mentioned, covering
the surface with sphagnum, which is copiously watered every
few days.

The plant is now upwards of five feet high, having leaves
fifteen inches long, and one and a half wide, attached to the
extremity of which is a real old-fashion shaped pitcher, which
contains a quantity of water, seemingly confined by a lid, with
which the pitcher is surmounted; this water is not received in
the pitchers from any external source, but is conveyed from
the roots, through the stem and leaves of the plant, and depos-
ited in the pitchers, which is, no doubt, for some wise pur-
pose, either for the benefit of the plant, or, as some writers
say, to refresh man in the dry and arid countries of which it is
a native. It will thrive exceedingly well in a common hot-
house, or even in a well kept green-house, for I know the
plant will stand 45° with impunity. All that it requires is
plenty of fresh water, and an annual dressing with soil and
fresh sphagnum; it also dehghts in a half shaded situation; and
there is no plant in my collectiorj that has so many admirers

94 Growth and treatment of

as this wonderful plant. Hundreds, I may say thousands, have
called expressly to see it.

I am, sir, yours, R. Buist.

Philadelphia^ Jan. 18, 1839.

The pitcher plant, in the collection of Mr. Buist, is proba-
bly the only one in the country, and, as it is one of the most
singular objects of the vegetable world, we shall probably be
excused for making some additions to Mr. Buist's remarks up-
on its cultivation. We have already noticed it, (Vol. III.
p. 222,) and given the English mode of treatment.

The JVepenthes distillatoria was first introduced into Brit-
ain in 1789, but it was shortly afterwards lost to the country.
About twenty years since, it was again added to British col-
lections; the Messrs. Spenderds, of Liverpool, succeeded in
raising plants from seed gathered on the Cicar Mountains, in the
north-east of Bengal.

The economy and design of these curious pitcher-like ap-
pendages to the leaves, have been a matter of much thought
and study to botanists, but no satisfactory reason has been as-
signed, and we are led to believe that they are, like other phe-
nomena in the vegetable world, intended for no other purpose
than to show the wisdom and power of the Creator.

The native habitat of the JVepenthes is in low situations,
where the plants are often partially submerged in water. Lin-
naeus thought that the pitchers were designed as reservoirs of
water, to which animals might repair in time of drought; but
this cannot be their purpose, as they grow in low and wet situ-
ations. The water contained in the pitcher is soon evaporated
after the lid opens, but an equal portion is secreted during the
night. The stem and petioles of the plant contain an immense
number of spiral vessels; and, as it has been discovered that the
air of such vessels contains about twenty-eight per cent, of
oxygen, and that, as oxygen is destructive to vegetable life, the
pitchers are intended as sources by which the plants may dis-
charge it through these spiral vessels. Dr. Turner analyz-
ed the contents of a large one, and found it to emit, while boil-
ing, an odor like baked apples, from containing a trace of vege-
table matter; and he found it yielded minute crystals of su-
per-oxalate of potash, on being slowly evaporated to dryness.

The opened pitchers are invariably found to contain insects,
which has led to the supposition, that the secreted hquid is for
the purpose of enticing insects into the pitchers.

the J^epenihes distillatoria.

95

Fig. 8.

The plant, from Mr. Buist's article, appears of easy cultiva-
tion, although it has been considered by English gardeners
to be of exceeding difficult growth. We saw it when it was
but a week or two old from the
seed, and only three or four
inches high; last autumn we saw
it again, and it had reached to
the top of the stove, displaying
an abundance of its pitcher-like
appendages; it was only trained
to a string which was tied to the
top of the house. That our
readers may have some idea
of this extraordinary plant, we
have annexed a view [Jig. 8,)
of a plant in the Duke of De-
vonshire's collection, copied
from Paxton's Magazine of
Botany. It is taken from
an older, and stronger speci-
men than Mr. Buist's, and is
grown on a trellis, thus show-
ing its leaves to better advan-
tage.

The flowers of the JVepen-
thes do not possess much beau-
ty. They are produced, how-
ever, on a strong plant, for a
succession of twelve or eighteen
months.

We hope that Mr. Buist will
succeed in increasing his stock,
as it is a very desirable plant for
the hot-house, and should be in
the possession of every gentle-
man or amateur who has a desire
to make his collection complete.
It is increased by offsets, though
very slowly. Mr. Buist's plant
will soon outgrow its present
situation. — Ed.

96 Observations on the propagation, potting, blooming

Art. VII. Further Observations on the propagation, potting,
blooming, and general management of the Auricula. By
John Clark.

In my last communication in your Magazine, (Vol. Ill, p.
132,) I promised, at some future time, to continue my re-
marks, respecting the cultivation of the auricula and polyan-
thus. We had then proceeded as far as the time when the
plants were coming into flower, and from that period I shall
continue my observations.

Where a number of auriculas are grown, there will be some
that open their flowers earlier than others; such plants should
be removed from the frame which is, or should be, standing in
a south aspect, to some shady situation, and be placed under
hand-glasses; they should stand so as to catch the sun an hour
or so in the morning, and the remaining part of the day to be
shaded by some wall or fence; the glasses should be raised on
bricks, to allow a current of air to the plants, but should be
shut close and covered warm at night. If the early plants are
allowed the full sun, the blooms will be off before your gene-
ral collection is in flower. By this time, say the first of April,
the sun shines with great power, and it will be necessary to
draw the lights over your plants, and cover them with a mat
in the middle of the day; but prop up the lights so as to admit
air, and if the weather is pleasant let the lights be again remov-
ed by three o'clock, and let the plants remain uncovered till
sun-set; but be sure to shut close and cover again warm at
night, in case of frost.

Persons in possession of large collections of these plants
provide a stage for them during the blooming season; those
generally in use contain several shelves, placed in the same
manner as the shelves in a green-house, the size, of course, to
be according to the number of plants in the collection. I
generally had from one hundred and fifty to two hundred bloom-
ing plants, containing about one hundred varieties; the stage I
used was seven feet long, seven feet high, and three feet wide,
with a roof sloping to the back, the front set facing the north-
east. This would hold something more than one hundred full-
sized blooming plants, and it was so constructed that when
the plants were out it could be taken down and laid away.
The front and end had curtains that could be drawn up or let
down, as might be necessary, and were often needed to
keep off driving storms, which would spoil the blossoms if

and general management of the Auricula, 97

exposed; the stage should, however, be left open as much as
possible, to prevent the plants from being drawn up weak.
The flowers, with this treatment, will remain in bloom for
three or four weeks, and a more pleasing sight cannot be seen
in the garden through the year, and particularly at this early
season, when they are the only flowers in bloom. For that
reason I always prized an auricula very much, although the
carnation was my greatest favorite.

As the blossoms fade, the plants should be removed from the
stage, and placed in some shady situation, but not U7ider trees
or bushes, the dropping from which, in wet weather, vi'ould be
very injurious; they may be set under a wall facing the north
or norih-east; a few inches thick of coal ashes should be laid
down for the pots to stand upon, to prevent the worms from
getting into the pots, as they do great injury. When the
plants are all removed to this situation, ihey should be occasi-
onally looked over, and the dead leaves picked ofl:', the weeds
removed from the pots, and, in dry weather, supphed with
water two or three times a week. Look to the seed vessels,
and gather them as they ripen, if wanted, for if they are al-
lowed to remain on the plants after they are ripe, they burst
open, and the greater part of the seed is lost. Should any
one wish to raise seedlings, the best way is to select a few
superior sorts and set them by themselves, as the plants that
are bloomed on the stage are not so likely to ])roduce seeds,
and, if they do so, are not likely to be so good, owing to
so many sorts having grown together. A few plants of the
best kinds might be grown by themselves, placed so that they
could have a temporary covering, in case of severe frost or
storms of hail or rain. Grown in this exposed situation,
they will be more likely to produce seed, and the seed will
certainly be better. When the seed is gathered, it should be
thoroughly dried and put away till the time for sowing, which
is the latter part of February or first of March; some sow it
as soon as ripe, but I do not think this is the proper time.
It is best to sow when the plants are making their most rapid
growth. So says ]Mr. Warris, a gentleman who ranks very
high as an auricula grower, and one who has raised as many
auriculas as any other man in England.

In the latter part of August, or beginning of September, I
used to look over my plants, turn them out of their pots, and,
if I found they needed it, shook the earth from them, and
shortened the roots, and put them in fresh soil. If, on turn-
ing the plants out, I found them in a growing state, and the
roots not too much crowded, I merely removed a little of the

VOL. v. — NO. III. 13

98 Observations on the propagation, potting, blooming,

earth from the top and bottom, and rubbed a little from the
sides and replaced tliein in ilieir pots, filling up ihe vacancies
with fresh soil. Some growers of the auricula make a practice
of shaking the earth from the roots every year; but 1 do not
think it beneficial: if ihey are growing well, 1 think it prefera-
ble not to disturb them. I never found my plants grow well
till the roots had reached the sides of the pots. During this
operation all offsets, that are large enough, should be removed
into separate pots, or two or three may be placed round a
large pot, as before directed, unless the offsets can be taken
oft' with pretty good roots. It is best not to disturb them be-
fore spring; the young plants should be placed under hand-
glasses till they have taken root, and unless the operation of
potting is performed in cloudy weather, the plants had better
all be shaded for a few days. The same treatment will answer
for the polyanthus as well as the auricula, excepting that the
compost should contain rather more loam.

After this potting is finished, the plants will require but little
care till the middle of November; merely look them over occa-
sionally, pull up weeds and pickofFdead leaves; and supply them
with water when they become dry; should heavy rains occur dur-
ing the fall, a temporary covering may be built over them to pro-
tect them from the wet. By the beginning of November, it will
be time to prepare their winter quarters; many auricula growers
in England do not put their plants under glass. I have seen
the pots piled one upon another, on their sides, against a north
wall, and a board laid upon them to keep off rain. I am told
that many of the growers in Manchester keep their plants in a
south aspect under shutters which can be turned up on fine
days, and let down at night or in very stormy weather; those
shutters rest upon a rail, placed about eight inches from the
ground to admit air. I do not mention these methods of keep-
ing auriculas through the winter, because I approve of them,
but merely to show that they will bear the frosts of an English
winter without receiving any injury. JMy plan was to place
my cucumber frame in a sheltered part of my garden, fronting
the south. I filled the frame three parts full of coal ashes, or
sand, and in this plunged my pots to their rims; this brought
them near the glass, and, being plunged, there was no danger
from the frost. Through the winter I was careful to keep
them dry, particularly in December and January; in that state
the frost is not so likely to aftect them. The lights of the frame
should be draw^n off" every fine day, but take care to cover
them towards evening. This is all the care that the plants re-
quire till the latter part of February or beginning of March.

and general management of the Auricula, 99

When the time for sowing the seeds has arrived, some light
rich compost should be provided for their reception; the best
way is to sow them in pots or boxes; fill them to within one
inch of their top, and settle the earth down firm, level the sur-
face, and sow the seed as regularly as possible; gently press
down the seeds and cover them about a quarter of an inch deep,
with finely sifted compost; water them lightly, and cover the
pots with pieces of window glass, and place them on the front
shelf of a green-house, or in the window of a dwelling-house.
Keep the earth moist, and, in three or four weeks, the plants
will begin to appear. As soon as they get large enough, let
them be transplanted into pots or boxes about two inches apart;
place them in some cool, shady situation, where they can have
temporary protection during violent storms; there they may
stand till necessary to remove them to som,e place of shelter
during winter. If they do well, they will need another shift-
ing about the beginning of October, when the largest should
be put into small pots by themselves, and perhaps some few
of them may flower the following spring, but a greater part
will not bloom until they are two years old, and some not till
the third year. The raising of seedling auriculas, some per-
sons may think, is attended with too much trouble, particular-
ly when the probability that the greater part, by far, of them,
will not be even fit for common border flowers; but if a grower
raises one fine flower out of one thousand plants, it certainly
will be as much as he could expect to do, although there may
be many pretty varieties for stage flowers.

The varieties of auriculas are very nuiTierous, but they are
divided into five classes, viz: the green-edged, grey-edged,
and white-edged, the self or whole colored, and the alpines.
The green-edged flowers, with violet grounds, are the most ad-
mired and valued amongst florists, and of which there are many
beautiful varieties; the foliage of this class is bright green, and
so is the outer edge of the blossoms. The grey-edged, so
called, has a lighter foliage, pea-green, and covered thinly with
a white mealy powder; the outer edge of tlie blossoms of the
same color, with generally black or purple ground, and a white
edge. The white-edged, as the name implies, has a white
lacing round a black ground, and white eye. Of self, or whole-
colored flowers, there are many varieties with purple, scarlet,
and yellow flowers, with yellow or white eyes. The alpines
are something similar to selfs, but shaded round the outer edge
of the blossoms: some of those varieties are very beautiful.
Let the colors be what they may, the flowers must be hand-

100 Observatians on the propagation, ^-c. of the Auricula.

somely formed or ihey are of no value. The petals should
be large and spread out fiat, the edges smooth or rose leaved,
and the different colors about equally divided, and the eye
round.

My object in filling my auricula stage was to have as much
variety of foliage and blossoms as possible; many of our tho-
rough-going florists would not grow any of the selfs or alpines,
but I never considered my collection complete without some
of the best varieties of each tribe: they make a pleasing con-
trast with the other varieties.

I believe I have now touched upon the principal matters
•connected with the growth of this beautiful flower, and shall
feel gratified if I have imparted any information which may
lead to its more extensive cultivation. Should any of your
readers wish to try to import a few plants, I will endeavor to
furnish them with a list of such flowers as I should wish to
purchase, were I about to commence their cultivation again.
I do not think there would be much danger of their being in-
jured during the short voyages which are now made by the
steam packets, if some person who understood the manage-
ment of them would purchase them, and see to their being
packed up. The proper mode would be, to import a few
very fine sorts, and then raise seedlings from them.

Yours, very respectfully,

John Clark.
108 Court Street, Boston, January, 1S39.

We can commend the above article to the attention of our
readers. Mr. Clark's experience in cultivating the auricula,
polyanthus, ranunculus, carnation, and other florists' flowers,
in England, several years, has enabled him to impart the most
correct information. The auricula can scarcely be said to be
known among our florists, but its beauty entitles it to their
fostering care; and we hope the time is not far distant, when
we shall find the amateur grower possessed of his stage of
auriculas, its well as his bed of tulips or pansies. There has
been a great deal of quackery practised in the cultivation of
auriculas by some English florists, which has conveyed the
idea, to those who have happened to read works upon their
cultivation where such particular methods have been detailed,
that they were difficult to manage; but their growth to a high
Slate of perfection is as simple as Mr. Clark has stated it to

The Bnmsvigia Josephina. 101

Art. VIII. The Brunsvigia Josephine. By X.

The original bulb of this magnificent lily was in existence
in 1817, at Malmaison, and, for aught we know to the contra-
ry, still survives. It was procured by a Dutch flower collector
from the Cape of Good Hope, and sent from Holland to the
Empress Josephine, one of the most distinguished patrons of
horticulture. Redonte figured it in his superb work on the
Xiliaceae, under the name of Amaryllis Josephince. When
Mr. Neill was at Malmaison, in 1817, it had already produced
its flowers for the season; the expanded bieadth of these flow-
ers, forming a head, was three feet and a half, and the total
number of blooms on the spike was more than fifty. The
flower stalk alone was twenty inches high, and about three
inches wide. Seeds presented to him at the time, fiom this
plant, produced seedlings readily in the Dalkeith gardens.
The species flowered, for the first time in England, in May,
1817, at the collection of Mr. Griffin, South Lambeth.

This species, by far the most showy, is by no means un-
common in collections in this vicinity. Eine large old bulbs
have repeatedly flowered at the Botanic Garden, Cambridge.
We believe that the seeds of this species, like some others of
the Amaryllidacae are vivaparous^ germinating in the capsule,
and requiring to be sown immediately.

We hope to see, in the new City Garden, a good collection
of this superb family, so attractive, gaudy, and calculated to
produce universal admiration. X.

Art. IX. J^otices of new and beautiful Plants figured in
the London Floricultural and Botanical JMagazines; with
Remarks on the Cultivation of many of the species, and some
Account of those ichich it would be desirable to introduce into
our Gardens.

Edioards^s Botanical Register, or Ornamental Flower Garden
and Shrubbery. Each number containing from six to eight
plates, with additional miscellaneous information, relative to
new Plants. In monthly numbers; 3s. plain, 3s. 6d. colored.

102 J\*otices of new and beautiful Plants

Faxton's Magazine of Botany ^ and Register of Flowering Plants.
Each number containing tour colored plates. Monthly. 2s. 6c/.
each. Edited by J. Paxton, gardener to the Duke of Devon-
shire.

The Horticultural Journal, and Royal Ladies' Magazine. In
monthly numbers, with one or more plates; Is. each. Edited
by George Glenny.

The Gardener's Gazette, and Weekly Journal of Science and
Literature. Weekly; price Gd. each.

Floricultural Intelligence. — .J^eio Corrceas. Much attention
has lately been given, by English floriculturists, to the produc-
tion of new varieties of the Corrae^rt, two or three species on-
ly of which, at present, are to be found in our gardens.
Within a few years, three or four kinds have been raised by
Mr. Milner, an amateur florist near London, each of which
is said to be remarkably fine; the names of three of the best
are C. Milnerii, cordata, and rosea. The former was figured
some time since in the Horticultural Journal; the plant has a
fine habit, with bright foliage, and crimson floweis somewhat
similar to the speciosa. The second is, also, a free grower,
with light green foliage and large showy crimson flowers; the
last is a new rose-colored variety, and Mr. Milner has also a
number of seedlings besides those which he has flowered, which
may prove to be new and fine kinds. A plant of Corrae^a Mil-
nerii, exhibited before the Royal Society of Horticulture and
Agriculture, though not ten inches high, was full of flowers. It
is difficult to increase, and is selling at two guineas for a ?mall
plant. C. rosea is selling at five guineas each.

The corraeas are pretty plants and very desirable in a collec-
tion, and we hope our amateur florists will try the production
of new kinds. We believe Mr. Tovvne procured seeds from
the speciosa last year, and we hope he has, ere this, the
young plants coming on.

Yerbena JVivenu. — This is the name of a new species which
we have seen noticed in a late number of the Gardener'^s Ga-
zette. It was raised from seeds received by the Earl of Arran
from Mr. Tweedie, in March, 1838. The seeds were com-
mitted to the care of Mr. Niven, of the Glasnevin Botanic
Garden, where the plants were raised and flowered in July last.
From the description, we have no doubt that it is identical
with the species desciibed by Mr. Buist, in a previous
page, as the V. alba, and raised by him from seed last sum-
mer. It is described by Mr. Tweedie as a perfectly distinct

figured in the London Flor. and Bot. Magazines. 103

species, collected by him in a district called Tandel, in the in-
terior of the country. "'J'he beautiful spikes of white flowers
are highly odorous, but especially towards the afternoon, and
during the night. The plant is a remarkably free grower, and
its beautiful rugose, opposite, leaves, are, with the stems, cov-
ered with glandular hairs." The spike of flowers, when full
grown, is about six inches long. The description corresponds
exactly with that of the V. alba of Mr. Buist, and we have
no doubt of the two being identical. If Mr. Tweedie gave
the specific name when he discovered it, it will have the prior-
ity, and Mr. Buist's must give way to that of Ferbena Nivenn.
The question of priority is, however, of no great importance,
otherwise than that there should be but one name. It must
be a very beautiful species. Plants will be ready for sale by
the time tliis appears in print.

It is very singular that three kinds of Ferbena should have
been raised at about the same period in England, and in this
country. Mr. Hogg's new scarlet and Arran/dna, (the former
under the name of chamaedrifolia major,) were raised simultane-
ously in both countries, and it appears, from the above, that the
V. alba of Mr. Buist, and the V. Nivenii of Mr. Tweedie,
both, undoubtedly, one and the same, were also raised simul-
taneously. This tribe of plants will become one of the most
valuable and interesting in our collections; being suited either
to the stove, the green-house, the parlor, or the flower garden,
and blooming a greater part of the year.

Salvia patens is the name of a new and beautiful variety
with handsome broad flowers, of the most brilliant color.
Messrs. Low St Co. of Clapton, have the stock to dispose
of.

Pimelea crinita. — A new species, with white flowers, slight-
ly fragrant, has been raised from seeds received from Swan
river.

Seedling Cyclamens. — Mr. F. Putnam, of Salem, has now
in bloom a great number of seedling cyclamens. The plants
are in a strong and vigorous state, and present an array of
beauty seldom witnessed. We believe no remarkable new va-
rieties were obtained among the number.

Camellias. — For want of room, we have been compelled to
omit our notes on gardens and nurseries this month. We have
only the opportunity to notice some few new varieties of ca-
mellias which have flowered, and a few seedlings.

Among the newest varieties which we have seen in flower,
we may mention candidissima, Schrynmakersw, and rosea ple-
nissima; the former is fully equal to the double white; the sec-

104 J^otices of new and beautiful Plants.

ond is very similar to corallina, so much so as to raise some
doubt whether it is not the same; there appears, however, a
shade of difference, tliough we should not set it down as a
new variety until we have seen it bloom again; rosea plenissi-
ma, said to be, as its name indicates, a very double flower, is
not a remarkable variety; the flower is of a pale rose, tolera-
bly full, the stamina intermixed with the petals similar to Wel-
bankm. The following kinds have flowered in great perfec-
tion in the collection of Hovey & Co., viz. Floyii, conchiflo-
ra alba, elegaiis, concinna, Landrethii corallina, Goussonia,
oxoniensis, florida, Colvilh'i, and a great many others. C. re-
ticulata is now splendid, with several expanded flowers.

Mr. Carter, of the Botanic Garden, has flowered several
seedlings, some of which are very pretty varieties; though
none of them are very remarkable. Some of Mr. Cowan's
seedlings were very fine; one which Mr. Cowan sent us, and
which he has named Cowanii, is a very desirable plant.

In ISew York, Mr. Hogg has flowered Doncklaeri in great
beauty; Gilesu", another new one, also bloomed well, and our
friends who have seen the flowers, inform us that both are very
beautiful varieties, and worthy additions. Mr. Floy's new one,
called Washington, is said to be very elegant.

Mr. Buist, and Mr. Smith, of Philadelphia, have had some
of their seedlings flower. The Pratu'i of Mr. Buist, and the
E'stheri of JMr. Smith, have bloomed this season very strong
and fine, and established their character for splendor. An-
other year will be prolific in seedlings, and we doubt not that
there will be some additions made to the already large list of
American seedlings, which will equal, if not surpass, any of the
English varieties.

In Baltimore, some handsome seedlings have flowered (his
winter, as will be seen in another page; one called Baltimorea
is said to be very fine. Messrs. Feasts', who have each fine
collections of plants, have raised a number, but few of which
have yet bloomed.

WiodocUndron pallidum, a new variety, is now in full bloom
in Mr. Sweetser's collection. It is very showy, with large
conical heads of pale rosy flowers.

Crinums. — Mr. Samuel Feast, of Baltimore, has now in
flower the following species of Crinum, viz: — C. submersum;
bulb large, flower white, striped with a reddish purple. C.
Commelina; bulb long like longifolia, flowers pure white: both
of them are beautiful species, which he received from the inte-
rior of Brazil; C. amabile has also flowered finely.

Reviews. 105

REVIEWS.

Art. I. ^ Catalogue of Plants found in the vicinity of
Milwaukie, Wisconsin Territory. By J. A. Lapham,
Mihvaukie, W. T. 12mo.,pp. 15. Printed at the Adver-
tiser Office, 1838.

The above is a small pamphlet, containing a list of four
hundred and fourteen plants, growing in the vicinity of one of
the lately settled and rapidly populated towns of the far west.
Mr. Lapham is a botanist of some merit and of considerable
observation, and has shewn, by this little unpretending effort
in the cause of botany, a commendable zeal. The catalogue
before us, like all others of a similar nature, will present noth-
ing of much interest, to any but the student in the geography
of plants. Over so extended an area of vegetation as these
United States are spread, they afford to the inquisitive mind
constant and numerous instances for research. Much hitherto
unknown in the phenomena of the dispersion of plants, is daily
coming under investigation, and is offered for the general ad-
vancement of science. In this particular respect, every offer-
ing, however humble, is not without its intrinsic value.

We notice, among others, the beautiful Aquilegia canaden-
sis, whose rosy nodding blossoms are among the first to re-
mind us of spring; the ^'rbutus U^va u'rsi, no unapt represen-
tative of some delicate corolled heath; .;2'ster Novae anglite, or
our own New England aster; the brilliant ./isclepias tuberosa;
Baptism alba, or white indigo weed; the charming liarebell,
(Campanula rotundifolia;) the gaudy painted cup (Euchroma
coccinea;) the tardy, fringed gentian, ( Gentidna crinrta;) the
wavy squirrel grass, (i/ordenm jubatum,) so common with us
on salt marshes; the stately river queen, (JVymphas^a odorata;)
two species of Phlox, (the amateur florist's favorite;) with
several other very interesting plants, peculiarly western in their
habits. Of these latter may be mentioned that delicate spring
flower, not enough cultivated, Polemonium reptans, which, in
native situations, we have seen creeping over the ground in
large patches, and sending up numerous spikes of its blue flow-
ers, a character which cultivation does not impair. Then, too,
is Dodecatheon integrifolium, a co-species of that elegant gar-
den gem, the American cowslip, [D. Meadia,) and the little
daring flower of the west, which first tells of spring in the sun-
shine of March, Erigenia bulbosa; and the delightful water

VOL. V. — NO. III. 14

106 Reviews.

leaf (Hydrophyllum virginicum;) and the modest flowered
May apple, (Podophyllum peltatum,) whose ripened fruit be-
trays its presence by its perfume; and the snow berry under
our own culture; that indigenous, and, last, not least, the blue
spider wort, (Tradescantia virginica,) the beauty of whose di-
urnal flowers needs the aid of the microscope to entirely re-
veal! The Flora of the United States, whether northern,
middle or southern, has already furnished the flower border
with the treasures of vegetation; and it only needs further ac-
quaintance whh its riches to swell the florist's list with new
and rare plants. R.

Art. II. Address delivered before the JVew Haven Horticul-
tural Society, Sept. 25th, 1838. By Charles Upham
Shepherd. 8vo., pp. 24. New Haven, 1838.

This excellent address has been laying before us for some
time, and it should have received our attention long since; but
the crowded state of our pages, attended with additional labor
in preparing for a new volume, has put us under the necessity
of deferring a notice of it until the present month. We have
very little room to spare even now, but Prof. Shepherd's re-
marks are so good, and so appropriate to the state of horticul-
ture in other cities, as well as New Haven, that we cannot re-
frain from making a kw extracts.

Prof. Shepherd, though stating at the outset that if much
was expected from him on account of personal experience, he
should despair of fulfilling the requisites of the occasion, has,
notwithstanding, performed his duty with honor to himself, and
to the science to whose advancement the society is devot-
ed. Professor Shepherd, in the first instance, urges, what
we have repeatedly done, more attention to the cultivation of
vegetables, both by the farmer, "the mechanic, the tradesman
and the professional man," when a spot of ground is attached to
his dwelling; and justly observes, that the "very free use of
animal food is a vice in the dietetics of our people."

^ He next speaks of the soil of the gardens in the city and
vicinity of New Haven; and the following remarks, in connec-
tion with this subject, are so correct that we present them en-
tire:—

Reviews, ] 07

"A deficiency in the pabulum of vegetation, is at the foundation of
the unproductiveness of our gardens. The soil being sandy, is strong-
ly acted upon by the sun'3 rays, whereby the aqueous and gasiform
ingredients of the compost are dissipated, or, in the language of the
Cultivator, 'burnt up,' a fact which is not so generally understood
as could be desired; for many persons supposing, instead of this re-
sult, that the nutritious matter has descended into the subsoil along
with the water of filtration, seem to imagine that, in place of a new
dressing, the garden only requires deeper digging. This error of
opinion, in respect to the easy descent of the fertilizing particles into
our light soils, is particularly prevalent among the farmers of the vi-
cinity, who, in applying fish to their land, do it in so unskilful a man-
ner, that the stars equally divide the benefit with their crops. * *

" It should farther be observed, that if gardens ai*e yearly dressed
with proper amendments, they will be much better able to withstand
the withering influence of droughts when they occur in late summer;
for the crops will either be matured, or the ground so completely cov-
ered with plants, as to screen its surface from the scorching effects of
the sun's heat. Under such circumstances, irrigation can be adopted
with benefit; whereas, if the soil be exposed to the sun when artifi-
cial watering is resorted to, it rarely proves of any use."

Passing over a variety of subjects connected with that part
of gardening which relates to vegetables and fruits, Prof.
Shepherd approaches the "Domain of Flora," and in the fol-
lowing language urges the cultivation of flowers: —

" Need I speak of the inducements to cultivate such plants within
and about our houses? While their delicious odors regale our senses,
their form and beau|;y may be said to improve our taste. The in-
spection of plants so dissimilar to our native productions, is calculat-
ed to awaken in the minds of the young a curiosity in favor of botany;
a science whose study has been found to be highly propitious to early
mental culture, — operating as it does to sharpen the habits of observ-
ation, to promote discrimination, and to impart, in a remarkable de-
gree, the perception and love of order. Or, if the growth of foreign
plants go not so far as to make us botanists, it rarely fails of lending
aid in several subjects of general intelligence. By whom, for exam-
ple, can the figures in the sacred writings, respecting the heath of the
desert, or the tares that grow with the wheat, be apprehended in their
full force, except by the nice observer of plants? Readers of the
bible, who are destitute of a curiosity in plants, will be apt to fall in-
to the common error of supposing the plant which protected the faint-
ing prophet from the ardor of an eastern sun, to be our well known
gourd, instead of the pahna christi, or castor-oil plant, — that the
abstemious diet of the Baptist was a disgusting insect, instead of the
saccharine pods of the beautiful caroub-tree, — or that the lilies of the
field, whose glory attracted the notice of the Savior of mankind, was
our white garden-lily, instead of the rarer green-house plant, the
Pancratium maritimum."

He next calls attention to the cultivation of our native trees,
shrubs and plants, and notices upwards of fifty species, whose
claims to our care are far greater than many of foreign origin.
The hst is too long for insertion, but a great part of them are
those which have been described in our previous volumes

lOS Revieics.

(I and II,) by Mr. E. Kenrick. Native ornamental trees are
recommended, and the planting of the classic pine, especially
the P. (Strobus, "the loveliest of the group."

There are various other portions of the address which would
be read with great interest, but we must close this notice with
the following remarks on the planting of trees: —

"The planting of trees, though ennobled hy the example of heroes,
philoso})hers anil patriots, is a mode of exercising benevolence, pa-
tent to all. The man in humble life may partake of the pleasure of
erecting these verdant monuments to his memory, which outvie in
perpetuity the splendid palace of his wealthy neighbor. The satis-
faction of the employment is jnne, and wholly unmixed with corrod-
ing care. He who erects ma<inificent buildings experiences unceas-
ing anxiety while the work i)roceeds. His taste and judgment have
to pass the ordeal of public criticism, and, whether a[)proved or con-
demned, the exhibition of his wealth is sure to excite envy; while he
must reflect, moreover, that what is now regarded as correct in taste,
will, in thirty years, be considered odious and unsightly, and what is
jiow^ fresh and perfect, will, in as many lustrums, yield to inevitable
decay and ruin. On the other hand, he who rears trees, performs
the uset'ul labor without attracting notice, a circumstance not without
some pleasure to a virtuous mind. He beholds them flourishing in
elastic youth and vigor, spreading their fresh branches and lifting-
their verdant crowns into the air; he knows that they will continue to
exjiand, to widen their shape and soar still higher, assuming the per-
petually graceful forms which nature ever bestows on her own pro-
ductions. And when the planter is himself called from

•• The w.arm precincts of the cheerful day."'
lie is sure that he leaves behind, monuments that can

"The place of fame and elegy supply;"'
that as the wan traveller in future years rests his weary limbs beneath
tlieir shade, or as happy children gambol there, on him will be be-
istowed 'the passing tribute of a sigh;' and thus his name be handed
*lownto after days, far beyond the date to which his nnaided labors
,or virtues could have transmitted it."

Art. III. The .American Silk Grower^s Guide, or the art
of raising the JMulkerry and Silk, and the system of suc-
cessive crops in each season. Second Edition, enlarged and
improved. By William Kenrick. 12mo., pp. 168. Bos-
ton : Weeks, Jordan &. Co. 1839.

If books were all that were wanting to ensure success in the
silk enterprise, which is now attracting the attention of the
community, there would be no fear but that it would progress

Revietvs. 1 09

most rapidly. Since the publication of Cobb's Manual, some
eight or ten, or more, small works have been got up, profess-
ing to give directions for the cultivation of the mulberry, the
rearing of the worms, &c. The first named work, though not
professing much, was nevertheless a practical one, as it was the
result of much attention to the subject, and related principally to
the rearing of the worms and the reeling of silk: the cultivation
of the mulberry (the common white)being so simple as to require
but little to be said thereon. The Manual had the effect for
which it was intended, and was the means of drawing attention
to this important subject. After a lapse of time, however,
the interest in the silk enterprise fell off, and it was not till the
introduction of the Moms multicaulis that the public were
again awakened to its importance.

With the introduction and cultivation of this tree, came a
multiplicity of works upon its growth, (which is far more sim-
ple than the white,) and the manufacture of silk; and among
the number was that which stands at the head of this article,
the first edition of which was issued two years ago.

We will not say but that much good has arisen from the dis-
semination of these works; but we must not disguise the fact,
that, with the exception of what relates to the cultivation of
the tree, (which might be given in a kw pages,) many of them
have been merely compilations from Lardner's History of the
Silk Manufacture, and other foreign works upon the subject,
and not the experience of the authors.

Mr. Kenrick's work is divided into forty-nine sections, com-
mencing with the history of the silk worm; next, the varieties
of the mulberry — cultivation — gathering leaves — feeding the
worms — reeling — successive crops — manufacture of silk, &c.
&c. Mr. Kenrick was one of the first to introduce the M6-
rus multicaulis into this vicinity, and his experience in its cul-
tivation enables him to impart much useful information in that
portion of the work which relates to its growth and propagation.

Mr. Kenrick describes nine species and varieties of the
mulberry; among the number is a variety called the Chinese,
the young trees of which were introduced from Canton by J,
P. Cushing, Esq., of Watertown, and which Mr. Kenrick
considers "eminently splendid," for the feeding of the worms.

We conclude our notice of Mr. Kenrick's work, where,
perhaps, we should have begun, by quoting part of his prefa-
tory remarks, that our readers may see with what enthusiasm
he grasps the subject: —

"Our advantages are indeed very great; to be duly appreciated they
must be estimated singly and individually. How much greater and

110 Foreign JVotices.

more striking will they then appear, if considered collectively. Our
innumerable rivers and rapid streams, our immense forests and mines,
the exhaustless treasures of fuel and of flame, the combined ele-
ments of water, earth, and of fire, offer resources of mighty power,
unknown and immeasurable, and willing aids in abridging the labors
of man.

"Histoiy will record to endless remembrance, the names of those
illustrious individuals who have persevered as the faithful guides and
pioneers in this great work — those who, by their example or writings,
have served as lights to illumine our way, and to cheer us through
the long, dark and dreary night.

"The decisive impulse is already given — already are its mighty in-
fluences extending throughout our country, far and wide. The
Americans are awake! Hope dawns auspicious — the day and its
brightness will be ours. Endowed, as are our people, with fortitude,
with energy, and with intellectual resources unsurpassed — is there
one American who can doubt.?

"Most of all, might I desire to be useful, by aiding in the introduc-
tion of a culture, which may make rich the people, even of the less
fertile districts, and open to our country the resources of unceasing
wealth."

Art. IV. Rolling Ridge^ or four and twenty Chapters.
12mo,, pp. 266. Boston, Crocker & Brewster, 1838.

This is an exceedingly interesting little work, and well
adapted for the young reader who would wish to know some-
thing of the pleasures of rural life. It is written in a familiar
and easy style, and illustrates the happy manner of passing a life
far away from the fashionable world and scenes of vice. We
cannot say that we have fairly read it, as our time has not per-
mitted, but, so far as we have looked it through, we can com-
mend it as a book well fitted to infuse the reader with a taste
for agricultural and rural pursuits.

Art. I. Foreign Notices.
ENGLAND.

Large Oak Trees. — Ijoudon, in his Arboretum Britannicum, states
that the oldest oak in England is supposed to be the Parliament oak,
(so called from the tradition of Edward I. holding a parliament un-

Domestic JYotices. Ill

der the branches,) in Clifstone Park, belonging to the Duke of Port-
land, this park being the most ancient in the island. It was a park
before the Conquest, and seized as such by the conqueror. The tree
is supposed to be fifteen hundred years old. The tallest oak in Eng-
land was the property of the same nobleman — it was called Duke's
Walking Stick — higher than Westminster Abbey, and stood till of
late years. The largest oak in England is the Calthorpe oak, York-
shire, measuring seventy-eight feet in circumference where the trunk
meets the ground. The Three Shire Oak, at Worksop, was so call-
ed from covering parts of Yorkshire, Nottingham and Derby: it had
the greatest expanse of any recorded in this island, dropping over
seven hundred and seventy-seven square yards. The most produc-
tive oak was that of Gelonds, in Monmouthshire, felled in 1810. Its
bark brought £200, and its timber £670, (about $4,000.)— Arb. Brit.
New mode of pruning Dahlias. — The winter of 1837-8 was so se-
vere, that many persons lost their dahbas. The frost penetrated into
cellars, orangeries, and even caves. The usual mode of preserving
them was totally ineffectual, for a great number of roots were found
frozen hard. However, we have learnt a mode which is practised in
France, and is found to succeed perfectly. A dry spot is chosen out
in the garden or grounds, and a pit is dug there five or six feet in
width, and four feet deep. The leneth depends on the quantity of
roots which are to be placed there. When the pit is three feet deep,
it is narrowed three or four inches at each side, in order to obtain a
ledge or resting place, for a purpose to be mentioned hereafter. The
bulbs are then well wiped after the stalk is cut off in the usual way,
leaving three or four inches, to which a number is attached in wood
or lead. The bulbs are arranged side by side, the head upwards* in
the pit. They are then covered with old boards, resting on the ledge
spoken of above. If boards are not at hand, any old pieces of wood
can be made to serve, and prevent the earth passing through. The
earth is then thrown back into the pit, and well pressed down. If
exceedingly severe frost is expected, leaves, litter or grass can be
thrown over all. By this proceeding, the dahlias are sure to be safe.
It sometimes happens, that the stalks to which the thickets are at-
tached continue to live. We have seen some this year in bud as
large as candles, which succeeded perfectly. — Horticultural Journal.

Art. II. Domestic Notices.

Sempervlvum arachnoides. — This curious and beautiful little succu-
lent, so rare in our collections, (another specimen of which we have
since met with, in the green- house of Mr. Towne, Snowhill street,)
was brought about a year ago from the Italian Alps, near the limits
of perpetual snow. Casually gathered and thrown into a box, it was
transmitted to this vicinity, and, being found alive after an incarcera-
tion of four months, was planted ou^, while, true to its name, it re-
vived and grew. Several fine plants were raised from it, and are in
possession of several lovers of the curious in vegetation. We hope

* This, we venture to affirm, is exactly wrong; for by reversing it, every inclination
to moisture drains out of the hollow stalk, and prevents a common occurrence — the
rolling of the crowns, which prevents their breaking. — Ed. Hort. Jour.

112 Retrospective Criticism.

to see it flower during the next summer. A fine netting of hairs ex-
tends from the tips of the leaves, and invests the entire plant. But,
like many other vegetables, this perhaps will be regarded as a botan-
ist's flower and beneath the notice of the florist. Rarity, however,
may add a charm to some, but to us the little incident noticed above
Js sufiicient to recommend it to our favor. — Salem, Feb. 1839.

Art. III. Retrospective Criticism.

Horticulture in Washington City, D. C. (page 9.) Dear Sir,
— In your Magazine of Horticulture, January number for 1839,
and page 9, in speaking of the horticulture of the United States,
you are pleased to say, in speaking of Washington, that "Mr.
Buist has introduced many fine things." This expression, of itself,
jTiay be well enough, but it implies that no other person has done the
same thing, which implication is very incorrect, as you should have
known by referring to the publication in your Magazine, of our hor-
ticultural exhibitions, both before and after Mr. Buist became a resi-
dent of this city.

If you will inform yourself properly, you will find there are two
large and distinct green and hot-house establishments, of from ten to
fifteen years' standing in this vicinity, and greatly superior to Mr. Bu-
ist's in every respect, each of which has, in addition, large vegetable
gardens attached to them^ — one is the ))ropei-ty of Mr. Joshua Peirce,
the other belongs to Mr. John Douglas, Senior. The proprietors of
the above named estalilishments have been in the habit of "introduc-
ing many fine things," both before and since Mr. Buist was a resident
in this city, and either of thein would not hesitate to compare plants
with him at any lime.

Mr. Peirce has about four times the number of camellias, and
greatly outnumbers him in dahlias, as well as plants in general; his
green-house fruits are far superior, both in quality and quantity.

Mr. Douglas's green-house fruits are not inferior to Mr. Peirce's,
and, consequently, superior to those of Mr. Buist's collection of fruits,
and he would not hesitate to compare with Mr. Buist any variety of
plants.

In addition to the new plants, brought into this city by the public
gardeners, there are a number of private individuals doing the same;
some of these plants, which are of difficult cultivation, would bear a
comparison with plants of the best cultivators.

By examining the collection of Mr. Buist, you will find some of
the finest specimens of his collection of plants have been purchased
by him from the public and private establishments of this city. I
would most cheerfully grant that Mr. B. is acting the part of an in-
dustrious and enterprising citizen in his adojjted country; but at the
same time, there are others who have long been doing the same, and
continue to do so, and therefore should not be passed over unnoticed
by those who profess to promulgate the true state of things. — I have
the honor to be, Dear Sir, your obedient servant, John Douglas, Jr.
Washington, Feb. \3th, 1838.

Retrospective Criticism. 113

[Nothing gives us greater pleasure than to be corrected in any of
our mistakes, and Mr. Douglas, Jr., will receive our thanks for the
above note. We had no wish or desire to make it appear that Mr.
Buist has done more, or as much as, any other nurseryman, in intro-
ducing new things into the District. We are not personally acquaint-
ed with him, and had no interest in saying so; the only knowledge we
had of Mr. Buist's collection, was from his brother in Philadelphia,
who informed us, when we saw him some time since, that he gene-
rally sent him a duplicate of such new things as he added to his col-
lection.

It was our desire to make our article, (p. 1,) as complete as pos-
sible, and to give an impartial account of all the nursery establish-
ments in the country. That we might do justice to all, we gave due
notice, (see the cover of the September, October, and November
numbers, 183S,) to that effect, and requested eveiy gentleman, ama-
teur, gardener, or nurseryman to communicate to us all the informa-
tion which would aid us to do so. If we have been incorrect, it was
not intentionally. It is impossible to inspect, personally, all the
gardens and nurseries in the country at once, and we must, therefore,
depend upon our friends for information. Although we regret that
any errors have occurred, we do not take the blame to ourselves.
Before our next volume commences, we hope to have the pleasure
of seeing our friends in Washington; if we should not, we hope Mr.
Douglas, or some other person, will put us in possession of such
facts, relative to the progress of gardening in the city, as will enable
us to do justice to all. — Ed,]

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society (Vol. IV. p. 465, and 471.)
Sir, — Your remarks in your Magazine, article third, of Dec, cur-
rent, in relation to the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, have just
met my eye, and I cannot forbear to express to you my regret, that
therein you have placed me in an awkward position before your read-
ers, as I deem very unjustly. When I had the pleasui-e of seeing you
in November, you solicited from me, communications of our monthly
and special displays, as they might occur; at which time you remark-
ed, as I distinctly remember, that you had arranged with Dr. Wat-
son, for a communication upon our October exhibition. Of course, it
was settled in my mind that it would be fully done. If, however, you
were not satisfied with it, I ought not to be involved. As respects
the subsequent, or November meeting, the report of it did not ap-
pear before our community proper until two days prior to the De-
cember meeting, and then in connection with the call for that meet-
ing, from motives of policy intended for the good of the Society.

If you misunderstood me, permit me now to be explicit. In my
opinion it is due to our immediate community, that it should be Jirst
advised of the doings of the "Pennsylvania Horticultural Society;"
if there be any echo thereof from abroad, well, whether from the
east, west, north or south, doubtless it will be appreciated. I know
of no periodical, upon the subject of horticulture, to which I would
more cheerfully contribute than yours, but I must claim fi'om you a
qualification of your remarks alluded to, and an exemption from sim-
ilar ones, until merited. — Very respectfully yours, John W. Burrows.
Philadelphia, Bee. '29th, 1838.

[We regret that we should have misunderstood Mr. Burrows. It
was our wish, after the full reports of Dr. Watson had appeared, in
our pages, to continue them, in the same manner; but the change in
the officers of the Society led to a different result. When we visited

VOL. V. — NO. III. 15

114 Retrospective Criticism.

Philadelphia in November, we expressed a wish to Mr. Burrows, that
he would, as secretary, continue the reports as had been done by Dr.
Watson, and understood him to say he would do so, remarking at
the same time, that the October meeting was wanting to complete the
connection, and that Dr. Watson had kindly consented to furnish it.
We left the matter thus, understanding Mr. Burrows to say he would
continue the reports (not official ones, but abstracts) from the Novem-
ber meeting; and it was not until we received the above that we were
aware that it was necessary that they should appear in the city pa-
pers first. The delay thus caused, by our not receiving the report
until after they appear in the papers, and that only two days prior
to the succeeding monthly meeting of that, the report of which we
wish for, would prevent their being inserted in our magazine until
nearly two months after the meeting, when they would afford no in-
terest to our readers, particularly those in Philadelphia, where, we
are glad to say, we have a large number. We did not intend to ap-
ply any other blame to our correspondent, than that, as we under-
stood him, he promised to give us an account of the November meet-
ing, and we placed dependence upon it, we did not receive it in sea-
son. The "echo" of the meetings will be of no interest to us two
months after they have been held ; but Mr. Burrows will receive our
thanks for his kind offer to send them. Dr. Watson has since, with
much kindness, offered to send us immediate reports, and we trust
that they will be so complete as to afford as much interest as those
officially given. Any thing, however, of importance, which may be
omitted by Dr. Watson, will be given at the conclusion of the vol-
ume.— Ed.]

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. — In our January number, un-
der our Retrospect of Horticulture for 1838, we stated, in our inci-
dental remarks upon this Society, that there were many lady mem-
bers belonging to it, and that we believed our correspondent. Dr. Wat-
son, was the first to propose their introduction. We so understood
some of our friends in the city ; but Dr. Watson has requested us to
say it is a mistake, as ladies have been members since its commence-
ment. We are glad to make the correction, as we had no desire to
make it appear that the Dr. had been more zealous in advancing the
interests of the^society, than many other of our friends who are, per-
hapSjOlder members and have labored longer in promoting its objects.
— Ed.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. — Sir, — In reading your Mag-
azine for January last, we were somewhat surprised at some of your
statements in page 6, which relate to the Pennsylvania Horticultu-
ral Society. You state that the reports have regularly appeared in
your pages this last past year, and the state of horticulture may be
perceived from a perusal of these reports also; the Society is in a very
flourishing condition; and that many ladies have been admitted mem-
bers; and their presence at the meetings has given a life and degree
of interest to the proceedings. Thus far all is well, and is as it should
be, but, when you state that it was in vain to attempt to give life and
interest before their admission, and that your correspondent, Dr. Wat-
son, you believe, Avas the first to propose the introduction of ladies to
the Society, we have no hesitation in saying it is not correct. Our
object in thus writing to you is not to find fault, but to correct an er-
ror, which we hope you will receive in good faith. Independent of
the error thus spoken of, theie is nothing in your remarks but what
is just and true, and we join heart and hand with you in those that
refer to our worthy and highly talented President; for we know, by

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 115

experience, that since he has presided at the meetings of the society,
new life and vigor has been the result of his labors, and our course
cannot but be onward so long as he shall continue to dignify the Soci-
ety by presiding at its meetings. — With great respect, 1 remain yours,
Edioin M. Mather, Philadelphia, Feb., 1839.

Art. IV. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

Monthly Meeting, Feb. 19, 1839.— At the last stated meeting of the
Society, some very fine specimens of plants and flowers were exhibit-
ed, of which the following is a brief account.

Very fine plants from Mrs. Hibbert, to whom was awarded the
premium for the best display. They were as follows: — Azalea in-
dica, A. indica alba, A. purpurea pleno, and A. elegans; Lantana
mutabilis, Ruellia formosa, -firica mediterranea, E. arborea, Ca-
melh'a japonica var. speciosa, and C. var. conchiflora.

An honorary premium was awarded to Messrs. Hirst & Dreer, for
twenty-five very superior double hyacinths in glasses.

The premium for the best bouquet was awarded to Robert Kilving-
ton. Mr. K. generally exhibits fine taste in his basket bouquets ;
the handle and outside of the basket are covered over with various
mosses, (hypnums,) while the interior of the basket is composed of
every variety of flower attainable, and has a very fine efliect.

J. B. Smith, Esq., exhibited some vei*y fineripe bananas, (JUijsa
paradisiaca,) raised by him, for which he was awarded an honorary
premium. Mr. Smith has a large crop on the tree almost ripe. —
Yours, respectfully, G. Watson, Philadelphia, Feb 'iSd, 1839.

The Society have already published their list of plants, flowers,
fruits and vegetables, for the best specimens of which, premiums
will be awarded the present year. The prizes are liberal and the ag-
gregate amount large. The list is so lengthy that we have not room
to copy it. To the list is affixed the properties of ail the florists'
flowers, taken from standard English works; and the committees of
the Society have agreed to judge the specimens in reference to their
approach to the properties laid down. The idea is a good one, and
we are glad to see this flourishing Society set the example of conform-
ing to some standard rule. — Ed.

Art. V. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, Jan. I9th, 1839. — The exhibition of fruits, &c. at this
meeting, was given in our last, but we were necessitated to omit the
reports of the committees, which were made at this meeting, for
awarding premiums, until the present number. The following are
the reports: —

Fruits.

Pears. — To Mr. Samuel Downer, for the best summer pears, in-
cluding the Julienne, Bloodgood and Dearborn's seedling, a premi-
um of five dollars.

116 Massachmetis Horticultural Society.

To Mr. Robert Manninir, for the best autumn pears, includinjj the
Francreal d'Ete, Hazel, iBelle Lucrative, Golden beurre of Bilboa,
St. Ghislain, Marie Louise, Jalouise, Washington, Louise Bonne de
Jersey, Sec, a premium of live dollars.

To Mr. Aaron D. Williams, for the best summer seedling pear, a
premium of live dollars.

Apples.— To Mr. E. M. Richards, for the best summer apples, in-
cluding Williams' Early, Benoni, early sweet Bow, early Harvest,
and early Red Juneating, a premium of live dollars.

To Mr. Joshua Gardner, of Dorchester, for the best autumn ap-
ples, the Gravenstein and others, a premiuni of live dollars.

To Mr. B. V. French, for the best winter apples, including the
yellow Belldower, Murphy and Danvers Winter Sweet, a premium
of live dollars.

Cherries. — To Mr. Samuel Downer, for the best cherries, Dow-
ner's red seedling cherrj', a premium of live dollars.

Peaches. — To Mr. J.' L. L. F. Warren, for the best peaches of
open culture. Specimens of Early Royal George, and George IV.,
a premium of live dollars.

To Mr. M. P. Sawyer, of the city, for the best peaches raised un-
der glass, a premium of live dollars.

Plums. — To Mr. S. R. Johnson, for the best plums, including the
Bolmar's Washington and Green Gage, a premium of live dollars.

To Mr. Samuel Pond, for the next best, being tine specimens of
Bolmar's Washington, Prince's Imperial Gage, and Duane's Purple,
a gratuity of tive^dollars.

Nectarines. — To Mr. Thomas Mason, for the best nectarines, a
premium of four dollars.

Quinces. — To E. M. Richards, for the best quinces, orange and
pear shaped, a premium of live dollars.

Grapes. — To Dr. J. C. Howard, for the best foreign grapes grown
under glass, including the Black Hamburgh, and white Chasselas, a
premium of ten dollars.

To Mr. William Oliver, for the best foreign grapes, out of door
culture, the AVliite Chasselas, a premium of live dollars.

To Mr. Thomas Lee, for the best native grapes, (Elsinburgh,) a
premium of live dollars.

Gooseberries. — To Mr. Samuel Walker, for the best dessert goose-
berries, included in these were Hopley's Globe, Gascoigne, Warring-
ton Red, Welliuirton, Golden Gourd, Whitesmith and'Princess Roy-
al, a premium of live dollars.

Paspberries. — To Mr. J. L. L. F. Warren, for the best red and
white Antwerp raspberries, a premium of live dollars.

Strawberries. — To Mr. Vose, President of the Society, for the best
strawberries, Downton and Keen's Seedling, a premium of live dollars.

To Mr. Rufus Howe, for the best Early Virginia and Bath Scarlet
strav»berries, a gratuity of live dollars.

To Mr. J. L.^L. F. "Warren, for the best Methveu Castle straw-
berries, and some other line kinds, including a new variety raised by
him from the seeds of the Methven Castle, a gratuity of five dollars.

To Messrs. Hovey Sc Co., for a new seedting strawberry, raised
by them from seed, a s:ratuity of five dollars.

C(/rra/i^5.— To Mr.^A. D. Weld, of Roxbury, for the best white
and red currants, a premium of two dollars.

Musk Melon.— To Mr. Vose, President of the Society, for the best
green-fleshed melons ; these were the Persian, Minorca, Rock and
Cantaloupe, a premium of three dollars.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 1 17

To Messrs. S. & G. Hyde, for the best watermelons, a premium
of three dollars.

Flowers.

Roses. — For the best display to M. P. Wilder, five dollars.
For the best twenty-four hardy varieties, to M. P. Wilder, three
dollars.

For the twelve best hardy varieties, to A. Aspinwall, two dollars.

For the best twelve China and tender varieties to S. R. Johnson,
three dollars.

Hyacinths. — For the best display, to Hovey & Co., five dollars.

Carnations. — For the best display, to Messrs. Winship, five dollars.
For the best six varieties, to T. Mason, three dollars.
For the best seedling, to Mr. Meller, three dollars.

Pinks. — For the best display, to S. Walker, five dollars.
For the best seedling to Wm. Meller, three dollars.

Tulips — For the best twelve varieties, to S. Walker, eight dollars.

Fansies. — For the best display, to S. Walker, five dollars.
For the best seedling, to S. Walker, three dollars.

Geraniums. — For the best display, to M. P. Wilder, five dollars.
For the best seedling, to W. Meller, three dollars.

HerhaceousPlants. — For fine displays of herbaceous plants and bou-
quets during the season, a gratuitous premium of five dollars each, to
Dr. J. C. Howard, Messrs. Hovey & Co., and S. Walker.

Jilplnia nutans. — For a fine flowering specimen of this beautiful
plant, a gratuitous premium of five dollars, to Mr. D. Haggerston.

Seedling Phlox. — For a fine white seedling phlox, a gratuitous
premium of five dollars, to Mr. W. E. Carter.
Vegetables.

Cucumbers. — For the best specimen, to J. L. L. F. Warren, four
dollars.

Beets. — For the best specimen, to S. Sweetser, two dollars.

Rhubarb. — For the best specimen, to S. Pond, three dollars.

Celery. — For the best specimen, to Dr J. C. Howard, two dollars.

Beans. — For the best specimen!, of Lima, to R. Ward, three dollars.

Squashes. — For the best specimen, to S. Pond, three dollars.

Cauliflowers. — For the best specimen, to J. L. L. F. Warren, three
dollars.

Brocoli. — For the best specimen, to J. L. L. F. Warren, three
dollars.

Peas. — For the best specimen, to Rufus Howe, four dollars.

February 'id. — Exhibited. Flowers: — From Mr. E. Carter, three
seedling camellias, viz: — No. 1, a single red flower, variegated
with white, No. 2, very similar to nnemoneflora. No. 3, nam-
ed, by Mr. Carter, Lawrencta, a fine double rose-colored flower
spotted with white.

February ^th. — Exhibited. Fruits:— From E. Bartlett, Old Pear-
main, Ortley pippin, and Nowton pippin apples. From B. V.
French, Newton pippin, and Baldwin apples. From L. P. Grosve-
nor, Chandler, and Queen Ann apples.

February, \%th. — Exhibited. Flowers: — From S. Sweetser, cut
flowers of Camelha japonica var. Lindbritifa, Pisbnia Moutan papa.-
veracea var. Banksiff, and J?hododendron pallidum, hybridum, and
HusseWianum, (the last not true.) Fi-om W. E. Carter, three seed-
ling camellias, one of which promised to be a handsome" variety.

Fruits: — From George Newhall, Isabella grapes in a fine state of

118

Fancuil Hall Market.

preservation. From R. Manning, Woolman's long pippin (of Cox,
No, 124) and yellow Bellflower. From B. V. French, American
Nonsuch, and Ortley pippins.

Art. VI. Faneuil Hall Market.

Roots, Tubers, fyc.
Potatoes :

<^»~".f5:jS::.

«-,, > per barrel,

' "'X per bushel, . .
Sweet Potatoes, per bushel.
Turnips :

Common, 5 P'^^^^^t'^l'--
' i per peck, ....

French, per bushel,

Ruta Baga,per bushel, .. .

Onions:

Red, per bunch,

Yellow, per bushel,

White, ^P^^'^'^V'""
' 5 per bunch, ....

Beets, per bushel

ueeis, per ousnei,

Carrots, per bushel, ....
Parsnips, per bushel, . . .
Horseradish, per pound,
Radishes, per bunch, . . .
Shallots, per pound, ....
Garlic, per pound, . . ..

Cabbages, Salads, Sfc.

Cabbages, per dozen :

Savoys,

Drumheads,

Red Dutch,

Cauliflowers, each,

Brocoli, each,

Lettuce, per head,

Celery, per root:

Giant red and white, .

Common,

Spinach, per half peck, .
Tomatoes, per half peck,

From

To

$ cts.

^cts.

1 25

1 50

50

60

1 75

2 GO

75

_

1 50

1 75

75

2 50

1 00

_

1 50

—

25

37

12^

—

87.^

50

374

50

4

6

1 00

—

1 25

1 50

4

6

50

75

50

75

75

—

8

12

25

—

20

—

12

50

75

75

1 00

75

1 00

12^

25

10

15

10

124

12

25

6

10

17

20

—

—

Squashes and Pumpkins,

Squashes :
Autumnal Marrow,percwt. 3 00 4 00
Winter crook-neck, prcwt. 2 00 3 00

From To

^cts.

— Pumpkins, eacl

per cwt

4 00
12

Fruits.

Apples, dessert, new :
Common, 5 P^r barrel,
' ( per bushel,
Baldwins, per barrel,. .
Sweet apples, per barrel,.! 2
Golden Pippins, per bbl. ,3
Greenings, per barrel, . ..\2

Russets, per barrel, 1 2

Blue Pearmains, per bbl. ,

Pears, per dozen:

Chaumontei,

Burgomaster,

Beurre Diel,

Winter St. Michaels,

St. Germain,

Baking, per bushel,

Grapes, per lb :

Malaga,

White sweet-water,

Citron Melons for preserves,.

Cranberries, per bushel, . . .

Quinces, per bushel,

Berberries, per bushel, ....

Lemons, per dozen,

Oranges, per dozen,

Pine-apples, each,

Chestnuts, per bushel, ....

Walnuts, per bushel,

Cocoanuts, each,

Almonds, (sweet, )per pound.

Shaddocks, each,

Filberts, per pound,

Castana,

English walnuts, per lb

50

Remarks. — The month, up to the present time, has been remark-
ably mild, and while we now write (25th) the weather has the ap-
pearance of April, rather than of February. The continuation of

Horticultural Memoranda. 119

such weather has been favorable to a full supply of market produc-
tions, and the stock of many articles is as good as at the time of our
last report. Vegetables and fruits have kept exceedingly v/eW ; and
this may be attributed to the long and serene summer of last year, by
which, vegetables, as well as fruits, perfected their growth, and arriv-
ed at full maturity.

Potatoes have, contrary to the expectations of some, been quite
abundant, and without any enhancement in price since the fall ; this
was hardly to have been supposed from the short crop of last sea-
son ; but the great quantity which were pushed into the market
from Maine, in the early part of the winter, had a tendency to fill the
market ; and the probability is, that there is a stock now on hand
sufficient to last until the new crop comes in. The past week there
have been arrivals of foreign potatoes, viz: five hundred bushels
from Rotterdam, and a lot from Havre ; the former were heated
through, the latter we had not the opportunity of seeing, but they
were said to be fine and in good order. Turnips and onions remain
without alteration. The first radishes came to hand this week ;
they were of a fair size, and sold readily at our prices. Of horse-
radish, a good supply. Cabbages hold out remarkably well for the
season ; it is rarely that they are to be had of so good a quality as
late as this. Cauliflowers are scarce. Celery is very scarce and pri-
ces high. Spinach is much more plentiful. Squashes are scarce,
though, compared with the two or three last years, the supply, as late
as February, is remarkably good, and prices moderate.

The stock of apples, as the season advances, and from a steady de-
mand, gradually becomes limited and prices improve; we have now
to note a little variation in all kinds ; Baldwins and russets are the
kinds of which there is the largest stock remaining. Pears are about
gone ; some few Chaumontels only being left. Cranberries are the
same, with a fair supply. Of grapes there have been some arrivals,
and in tolerable good order. There has been an increased demand
for chestnuts and walnuts, and prices have advanced to our present
rates. Of other kinds of nuts there is the usual full stock. — Yours,
M. T., Boston, Feb. ^5th, 1839.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA.

FOR MAJICH.
FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grapevines, in vineries and green-houses, will now begin to swell
their buds, and attention must be paid to them in order that they be
made to break evenly. Prepare the border with a good dressing of ma-
nure, and, if severe cold weather ensues, protect with litter.

Peach trees and vines in pots may be brought into the green-house
and forwarded a few weeks.

Strawberries in pots, in a fruiting state, should have an abundance
of air, and be well supplied with water.

Gooseberry and Currant Bushes should be pruned this month, and,

120 Horticultural Memoranda.

if mild at the latter part, the ground enriched, and well dug between
the plants.

Grape vines, of foreign kinds, protected by covering last fall,
should have the same removed the latter part of the month.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Dahlias will now begin to show their eyes, and if wanted for early
planting, separate the tubers and pot them. The seeds may be sown
now, and the plants will bloom early.

Geraniums will be now coming forward rapidly, and those that
need it should be repotted.

Erica seeds may be now sown and cuttings put in.

Trevirana coccinea. — If the corms of this pretty plant were not
potted last month, let it be done this without fail, to ensure a good
growth.

Roses, carnations, auriculas, &,c., which have been wintered in
frames, should have an abundance of air every fine day.

Pansy seed may now be sown in boxes in the green-house or the
frame, and the plants will flower early.

Verbenas, of all kinds, will now be growing rapidly, and will re-
quire repotting.

Cactuses that show buds should now be more liberally supplied
with water.

Camellias will now be making their growth ; give good supplies of
water, and syringe twice a week ; shade the plants from the hot sun;
and perform inJirching this month.

Tulip and hyacinth beds will require uncovering the latter part of
the month, if mild.

Tender annual Jioioer seeds, such as globes, balsams, ice plant,
coxcomb, &c. &c., may be now sown in hot-beds to forward them.

Califomian annuals, such as Clarkia, Chryseis, Gilia, Nemophila,
Collinsia,CEnothera,Leptosiphon, &c., should be sown in patches in
beds, as soon as possible after the frost is out of the soil, so that it
can be prepared for their reception, for the first crop; a second sow-
ing may be made in May.

Rose bushes may be pruned the latter part of this month,

Jlzaleas should be freely watered now: repot as soon as done flow-
ering, if the plants need it.

Gladioluses may be planted in pots, for early blooming, and turned
into the border in May.

Chrysanthemums. — The plants should be exposed as much as pos-
sible to the air and light, to prevent the young shoots from being
drawn up.

VEGETABLE DEPARTMENT.

Rhubarb roots, in pots, brought into the green-house last month,
will now afford good leaves for cutting; water with liquid manure.

Tomato, egg plants, lettuce, and other plants, sown last month
in hot-beds, should be thinned out; the two first may be planted in
pots.

Lettuce and radishes may be sown for a succession.

Celery seed, for a summer crop, may be now planted in pota or
boxes.

THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE

APRIL, 1839.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. JVotes on anovel method of preventing Mildew in the
open air culture of Foreign Grapes. By A. J. Downing,
Botanic Garden and Nurseries, Newburgh, N. Y.

There are many situations, especially in the neighborhood
of cities, from Philadelphia, as far north as the forty-second
degree of latitude, where the more hardy and prolific varieties
of the foreign grape may be cultivated with considerable suc-
cess in the open air. Indeed, the only obstacle to general
success in their culture out of doors, in the Middle States, is
their extreme liability to attack by mildew of the young fruit,
when the latter are just swelling, or have nearly attained the size
of large peas. The mildew that then fixes upon them appears
to indurate the skin of the young grapes, prevent their swelling
to their proper size, and, in short, it generally renders them un-
fit for eating or any other purpose-
Various methods have been suggested, by different persons,
for the prevention of this mildew or bhght, which have been
tried with more or less success. Some have recommended
us to train the vines high, so as to be out of the reach of the
damp ungenial vapors of the moist earth; others, to keep them
low and well furnished with a fresh supply of young wood.
Another remedy, which appears to have found much favor,
consists in syringing the bunches while the grapes are very
young, with a solution of flower of sulphur, which, it is as-
serted, will, in most cases, prevent the attack of the foul para-
site.

VOL. V. NO. IV. 16

122 Method of preventing Mildew in Foreign Grapes.

We have no remarks, at present, to offer your readers upon
the relative benefits to be derived from any of these modes.
We simply wish to place before them another, and, as it appears
to us, a very successful mode of treating the foreign grape in
the open air, so as to have an abundance of fine fruit perfectly
free from mildew every year.

A person about four miles distant, who rears a considerable
quantity of Sweet Water, Chasselas, and other foreign grapes, for
market, and who was formerly much troubled with the attacks
of the mildew, was, some two or three years since, while reflect-
ing on the subject, struck with the fact, that, with him, young
vines, when they first came into bearing, generally produced
good and unblemished crops for the first one or two seasons.
After this, becoming comparatively feeble, the mildew began
to appear, and gradually grew worse every following season.

Reflecting upon this suggestion, thrown out by nature in the
above instance, it occurred to him, that if he could always keep
his vine young and thrifty, or by some means provide himself
with a succession of such vines, he might place the mildew,
in a great measure, at defiance.

This he has been able to effect in the following way, the
results being highly satisfactory. In the month of June, every
year, he selects, on every vine, a clean shoot, (left the pre-
vious summer for that purpose,) some five to eight feet in length,
which he buries in the earth, about eighteen inches of its mid-
dle part, in the common method of layering. The plants in
his little vineyard are planted in rows, and the layers being
made in the line of the rows, between the old plants, when
they are rooted, which they are the next year, they are tied
up to a stake to receive a partial training. The next, or sec-
ond season, all the old plants are dug up and thrown away, if
they are not perfectly strong and vigorous. In this way he
preserves a constant stock of strong new vines, which are
able, by their superior vigor, to resist the attacks of the mil-
dew, and which, as we can testify, bear beautiful and abundant
crops of fruit, free from mildew.

Those of your readers, who grow foreign grapes, are recom-
mended to put in practice this method of culture, which is re-
ally attended with a trifling degree of trouble. The success
which attends this method of constantly renewing the vines
would appear to lead to the conclusion, that, in a cold and
comparatively ungenial climate like ours, the foreign grape,
however well covered in winter, soon becomes too much en-
feebled to produce fair and unblemished fruit. In the south-

On the cultivation oj Brussels Sprouts. 123

em parts of the other continent, its duration, and, to a con-
siderable degree, its fruitfulness, extends to upwards of half a
century. A. J. D.

Botanic Garden and JVurseries, Feb. 1839.

Art. II. On the Cultivation of Brussels Sprouts.
By J. W. Russell.

The Brussels Sprouts are highly prized throughout Europe,
as a delicate culinary vegetable. Therefore it is grown as ex-
tensively as any of the brassica or cabbage tribe. The ap-
pearance of the plants is more like the Savoy cabbage than any
other variety, with this difference, — the stems grow to the
height of three or four feet, and are closely set, from the bot-
tom to the top, with sprouts like small cabbages in miniature;
each being from an inch to two inches in diameter.

The plants are raised from seed sown in April or May, an
ounce of which, if good, will be sufficient to sow a bed four
feet wide by ten in length. If the seed is sown in April,
(which would be the best method,) on a slight hot-bed, under
glass, the plants will be ready for the final transplanting by the
second or third week in May. Select a piece of ground for
this purpose, that is in good heart, and where (he soil is deep.
The plants need not be set out more than eighteen inches
apart each tcay, as the head does not spread like a Savoy, and
the leaves drop off before the sprouts are ready for gathering,
which will be by the first of October. The tops or heads
ought to be cut off two or three weeks before the sprouts are
gathered for use.

The whole treatment, as to the cultivation and management,

is precisely the same as the Savoy cabbage. In November,

or before the ground freezes hard, the plants might be taken

up, and planted in earth in a cellar, pretty close together, and

would be found to be an excellent vegetable through the

winter. -. ^^ -d

J. VV. Russell.

Mowit *Buburn, Cambridge, March 8, 1839.

124 Mtices of Culinary Vegetables,

Art. III. jyotices of Culinary Vegetables, new or recently
introduced, worthy of general cultivation in private gardens
or for the market. By the Editor.

After the lengthy notice, which we have heretofore made
of some new varieties of vegetables, it may seem almost a
mere repetition of the subject to again revert to the same; the
information, however, which has been heretofore given of new
vegetables has, in the first instance, consisted of such facts as
could be easily obtained from the best sources; but then sub-
sequent recommendation to general cultivation has been only
made from a perfect personal conviction, after a partial or
complete trial, that they are such as will prove valuable addi-
tions to the private garden, or may be successfully introduced
among the kinds which may be raised with profit by the mar-
ket gardener.

It is our intention to notice every new variety of vegetable,
whether valuable or inferior; but it will be recollected that a
mere notice of a new kind, and a recommendation of it to gen-
eral cultivation, are different things. Our object is to keep
our readers informed of all that is new, that they may try their
own experiments and judge for themselves; but we shall only
advise the introduction of new kinds, when we are fully sure
that, in some respects, they will prove as good or better than
those usually grown. We believe that those who have relied
upon our judgment for information, have not been disappointed.

The varieties now noticed, in addition to those in our last,
are recommended as deserving of trial.

Young''s Giant Tomato. — This is said to be a large variety
of the common tomato, growing to a very large size, and pro-
ducing an enormous crop, and fully equal, in its cooking quali-
ties, to the common kind. We do not know its origin, but
we have some of the seed, and shall try it the ensuing summer.

The Tobolsk Rhubarb. — Our readers probably recollect
the extended notice we took of this remarkable variety last
season. It continues to be highly praised in England, and meets
with a very ready sale. We mention it at the present mo-
ment to remark, that we have procured a root or two of it, and
shall endeavor to ascertain, as far as possible, from its cultiva-
tion the present year, whether it is all that has been said in its
praise.

Myatth new Gigantic Rhubarb is another kind, which is
also highly extolled for its good qualities, as well as mon-
strous growth. It is yet scarce.

ncip, or recently introduced. 125

The Chinese Prolific^ or Tree Corn. — Though not, per-
haps, exactly a garden vegetable, but rather adapted to farm
cultivation, we notice this variety, as some of our readers may
like to try it as a table corn. As a field crop it is highly
praised, and though there appears to be some doubt of its
yielding the great crop which has been stated, it may, never-
theless, be a valuable kind. Mr. Thorburn, of Hallet's Cove,
states, that the yield of the Dutton, (a variety whose excel-
lent properties are well established,) planted in the same field,
was not more than half as much as the Chinese. Both
received the same attention — were equally manured, hoed,
&c. The peculiar prolific quality is its producing two, and
frequently three and four ears on a stalk, where the Dutton
and other kinds, except the Baden, only produce one. It is
said to be as early as the Dutton. The origin of the corn is
ascribed to a few grains of it being found in a chest of tea on
Long Island, where it has been grown four or five years. It
is a white flint twelve-row corn, with ears from ten to fourteen
inches long. We hope our farmers will try it with the Dut-
ton, and see how good its claims are to general cultivation.

In France there has been considerable said, in their Journals
on Gardening, upon the Pe-tsaie, or China Cabbage, a plant
of late introduction. The past season many experiments have
been made in its cultivation, and French horticulturists ap-
pear to be divided with respect to its merits. To set the
matter at rest, however, a commission was lately appointed to
inquire into the subject and make a report upon its qualities.
This committee consisted of M. M. Castan, Porteau and
Rendu; and, as the subject may be of some interest to our
readers, we present the greater part of the same. The Chi-
nese use extraordinary quantities of this plant. It grows with
great rapidity, and is allowed, by those who deny its useful
qualities as an esculent, to be a valuable article of food for
cattle. It is known in China under the flattering title of the
Providence of the Chinese. The committee conclude their
report with a recommendation to its general cultivation
throughout France.

"On the day on which we w^ere appointed, we repaired at
six in the evening to the residence of M. Bossin. Our hon-
orable colleague placed before us a boiled vegetable of a deep
green, chopped small, which he informed us was the Pe-tsaie.
We tasted it, and at first perceived a slight flavor of spinach,
to which succeeded immediately that of the endive chicory.
After having again tasted it, with and without bread, we dis-
tinctly recognized the flavor of chicory.

126 J^otices of Culinary Vegetables.

"Your commissioners inquired of M. Bossin, in what man-
ner the dish had been prepared. He informed us, that in the
morning he gathered the first leaves of several of his Pe-tsaies,
that they were placed on the fire, where they remained to whiten
for three quarters of an hour; that, being taken from the water,
they were drained, and strongly pressed, to free them from
the superabundant moisture, and that then they were cut up as
small as possible; after that, they were again placed on the
fire in a saucepan containing melted butter; that salt was then
added, with a little flour and some milk. Such, he informed
us, was the preparation they had undergone.

"This explanation made us see the cause of certain hard
particles which we had remarked in tasting the vegetable.
They were the particles of the fibrous parts of the leaf, which,
notwithstanding the boiling, had preserved their hardness. In
fact, M. Bossin had dressed the outside leaves of the plant,
and, consequently, the toughest ones. Your commissioners
were inclined to think, that if the cottonous or fibrous parts
were taken away previous to cooking, the dish would be much
more tender, and more agreeable. They were also of opin-
ion, that if salt was thrown into the water, the plant would be
more tender still. M. Bossin determined to follow our sug-
gestions, and we agreed to meet again in a week.

"However, that gentleman was kind enough to furnish me
with a certain quantity of Pe-tsaie leaves, that I might let
some of my friends judge of the flavor. On the next day,
being in the country, I had them dressed, and offered them to
a party who were dining with me. Every one at once per-
ceived the flavor of chicory, and, as to myself, I found the
same flavor as in the dish prepared at M. Bossin's, without
finding any of the hard particles I objected to before.

"At the end of the week, we repaired to that gentleman's,
as had been agreed on. This lime the leaves had been taken
from the best side of the plant, and were the inner ones; the
fibrous parts were taken out, and the vegetable dressed as be-
fore. In order to vary the experiment, M. Bossin had part
seasoned with the sauce proceeding from a duck dressed with
turnips. When thus prepared, we discovered no hardness in
the Pe-tsaie; its substance was uniform and smooth, and we
again found, notwithstanding the seasoning, the flavor of chic-
ory. At first, it is true, the taste of the turnip was percep-
tible, but after the second or third mouthful, we could find it
no longer. The resuh of this second visit was, that your
commissioners were unanimous in finding in the Pe-tsaie qual-
ties which render it a vegetable essentially culinary. I have

Variations of Color from original Types.

127

forgotten to mention that we tasted some of it prepared with-
out any seasoning whatever, and were unanimous in declaring
that it possessed no flavor sufficiently determined to cause it
to reject any kind of seasoning.

"In this state of things, and well assured that the introduc-
tion of the Pe-tsaie will render a veritable service to the cul-
inary art in France, we have to recommend to you the propri-
ety of addressing a vote of thanks to M. Bossin, for his per-
severance in rearing the plant, and his politeness to your com-
missioners. We also recommend you to have the report in
the annals of the Society, in order to give it all the publicity
possible, and to determine, by this means, the cultivation and
use of the vegetable throughout the kingdom."

From this extract it will appear that the Pe-tsaie is an arti-
cle of much value, and we trust that the seed of it will be
introduced to this country. It has been cultivated in France
four or five years, though not pubUcly made known.

Art. IV. Variations of Color from Original Types.
By J. L. R.

The following native plants have come under my notice, as
subject to aberration in the usual tints of the flowers.

Usual color.

Variety.

Locality.

Prunella vulgaris

Blue

White

Cambridge, 1831

Gentitinasaponaria

Blue

White

do. 1825

do.

Blue & white
variegated

do. 1825

Cyprip^dium acaiile

Rosy

AVhite

Newbury, 1837

Lobelia cardinalis

Scarlet

White

Bot. Gar. Camb'ge

do.

Rosy

Topsfield

^flnagallis arvensig

Red

Light rosy

Hingham, 1837

Sabhatia chloroides

Rosy

White

Plymouth, 1837

Cichorium Intybus

Blue

Rosy

Cambridge

.>3chilleo JVTillefolia

White

Rosy

Charlestowu,1832

Hepalica triloba

Blue

White

Common

do.

Rosy

do.

Azalea visc6sa

Light rosy

With a deeper
stripe

Cambridge

Gratiola aiirea

Yellow

White

Plymouth, 1837

I/upinus perennis

Blue

Rosy

Lexington

Several of these varieties are unique and rare, and should
be carefully preserved for culture. The aberration in Lobelia
is very rare, a single instance of exchange to rosy, and the

128 On the practice of forcing and blooming Plants

specimen lost by a severe winter, and two only of white, being
known to me. The rosy variety of .Achillea »Millef6ha is very
beautiful, permanent, and easily cultivated. Very choice va-
rieties of Azalea may be found, by careful inspection of our
swamps. J. L. R.

Salem^ Mass., 1838.

Art. V. Observations on the practice of forcing and bloom-
ing Plants in the winter season. By J. W. Paulsen,
Gardener to J. A. Perry, Esq., Brooklyn, N. Y.

On reading your remarks, in the last volume of your Maga-
zine, (IV., p. 408,) upon the method of flowering the com-
mon white lily, in pots, in the winter season, I could not help
thinking how very little the system of forcing and blooming
common plants, in the winter season, is practised in this
country. Nowhere does the practice of forcing flowers pre-
vail to so great extent, as among the amateurs and gardeners
in Russia, Germany and Austria ; the climate being much
more severe there than here, and the weather generally dull
and cloudy from November to February, the gardener is ne-
cessarily forced in those countries to exert his greatest skill,
in order to be enabled to supply flowers throughout the winter
season. Loudon, although an Englishman, and perhaps not
always quite impartial in his observations, still remarks, in his
Encyclopcedia of Gardening, that "although the German
gardener has to contend with the greatest disadvantages for
forcing flowers, he certainly excels those of any other nation
in this branch of horticulture." We may well consider this
fact as a proof, that, whenever mankind have to contend with
difiiculties, their genius will be awakened and aroused to
action, and, by continued exertion and perseverance, the su-
perior talents which nature has bestowed upon them, will ena-
ble them to triumph over, and subdue, the greatest obstacles.

In Germany, at all the private gentlemen's residences,
where a steady supply of flowers is wanted, or by gardeners,
whose duty it is to raise them for sale, there is generally found
a small forcing-house, made use of only for that purpose. It

in the winter season. 129

usually consists of a small structure, about fourteen feet high at
the back, and five feet in front, with a span roof; and with a
stage inside, as near the glass as possible. Such a bouse should
always face the south. It is separated, generally, in two equal
parts, by a partition running the whole length of the centre of
the house, and the divisions are distinguished as numbers one
and two. In No. 1, the temperature should never exceed
50°, nor be allowed to fall below 40° of Fahrenheit. In No.
2, the temperature should not exceed 70°, nor descend lower
than 60°. When gentlemen have only moderate collections
of plants, and think that such a building as is here mentioned,
is too large and expensive, they may bloom many kinds by leav-
ing them as late as possible out of doors in the autumn, and
gradually introduce them from the green-bouse to the hot-
house ; thus dispensing with another structure.

Tulips, hyacinths, and all other plants, which are forced
here, are grown in great numbers; but those which are princi-
pally selected and forced in such a house as I have above
named, consist of the following kinds: — Paeonia Moutan and
its varieties, Kerria japonica, (Corchorus japonica,) Syringa
persica, and sinensis, (lilac,) i/elleborus niger, and viridis,
A'is pumula, biflora, &c. &c., all kinds of hardy centifolia,
provins, and moss roses, frittillarias, Lilium candidurn, Con-
vallaria majalis, (Lily of the Valley,) violets, &c. The
treatment peculiar to each is as follows: —

Tree Pceonies. — I have found the Chinese tree paeonies to
be excellently adapted for early flowering, with the advantage
that the plants will not be reduced by forcing, but that they
will continue to flower every year, in great perfection, if man-
aged after the following method: — Plant them in large pots
eighteen inches in diameter, and proportionably deep, early in
the spring: good, rich soil from the garden, mixed with aportion
of leaf mould and very rotten manure, will suit them best.
Plunge the pots in the open border among the other hardy
green-house plants, and give them, likewise, a daily supply of
water. About the first of November, having by this time lost
their foliage, remove them to a cold franie. By the middle
of the month, take one or more of the plants, (according to
the number you have prepared for forcing,) to the house de-
signated as No. 1. About the middle of December, they will
be so far advanced as to be removed to house No. 2 ; at the
same time bring in some plants from the cold frame to take
the place of those received from No. 1; syringe plentifully in
the house No. 2, in order to keep up a moist atmosphere.
By the beginning of January, the plants first taken in will be-

VOL. V. — NO. IV. 17

130 On the practice of forcing and blooming Plants.

gin to bloom; they should then be removed to the conserva-
tory, or green-house. The second lot or succession plants,
taken into No. 1, should then be removed to No. 2, and
some more taken at the same time from the frame to No. 1.
Proceed in this manner, and a continued bloom may be kept
up, until April or May, or that period, when those growing in
the open ground begin to flower. As soon as they have done
blooming, remove the plants to the green-house; take them
from thence to the frame at the end of March; and, in May,
plunge the pots in the open ground with the other plants, and
treat them as in the previous season.

Kerr'ia. japonica, (or Corchorus japonica, as often called,)
is a pretty plant with showy yellow flowers, and may be treated
precisely like the pseonies.

• Syringa persica and sinensis. — Although these are very
common plants, abounding in our gardens, they are, notwith-
standing, very cheerful objects in January in the green-house,
scattering their fragrance all around. Small, handsome, and
vigorous young plants should be selected and planted in pots,
early in spring, and treated in the same manner as directed for
the paeonies, with this difference, that the first crop should
not be removed to the house No. 1 , until the first of Decem-
ber. The /S. persica cannot be forced successfully more than
two succeeding years, when they must be turned out of the
pots into the open border, to recover their strength, and be
replaced by a new stock raised for that purpose.

Roses. — All hardy varieties of roses, especially the centifo-
lia, (or French rose,) and provins roses, will flower well
under the same management as that adopted for the syringas.
The plants should, however, be always cut back to four or five
eyes before their removal to the house No. 1, as they are,
otherwise, apt to make long slender shoots, and produce no
flowers. Except the camellia, there is not any flower for
which there is a greater demand than roses; and there are
none which sell better than a fine bud of the centifolia, or the
provins rose, during midwinter.

Convalldria majdlis. — This delicate plant may be flowered
well in January, by taking up the strongest roots in the month
of September. Set them half an inch apart in pots, in good
soil. About the latter end of November, the first crop may
be taken into the house No. 1 ; and by the middle of Decem-
ber, to the house No. 2. If the houses are heated by brick
flues, they may be placed on one end of them, where the heat
is not too great. Cover the top of every pot with an inverted
one of the same size, first filling the pots with soft moss,

Remarks upon growing Verbenas. 131

which must be kept regularly moist. By this mode they will
bloom early in gieat perfection.

Gardeners who have to supply a conservatory with flowers,
or gentlemen who are desirous of a fine display of flowers
during the most dismal part of the year, will derive much sat-
isfaction by carrying this system out. It is the only method
to keep a conservatory in beauty, and render it attractive in
the depth of winter. Among the varied foliage of the bank-
sias, ficuses, acacias, &c., what object is there more delight-
ful than the centifolia, or provins rose? What flower makes
a more gaudy show than the stately bloom of the tree paeo-
nies.'' What one has a prouder aspect than the frittillaria.''
What can be more pleasing to the eye, or agreeable to the
sense, than the snowy and fragrant blossoms of the Lilium
candidum? Add, to these, the sweet scented violet, the grace-
ful and modest lily of the valley, the magnificent tulip, and the
brilliant hyacinth, all intermingled with the camellias, ericas,
&c., in full bloom, — and it must be confessed that a conser-
vatory, or green-house, presenting all these claims, must
afford a most interesting sight.

These remarks have been extended to some length, but I
hope that they may serve to render the method of forcing
common plants, for early flowering, much more familiar and
more generally put in practice.

Yours, J. W. Paulsen.

Brooklyn, JV. F., February, 1839.

Art. VI. Remarks upon growing Verbenas and other Trail-
ing Plants in raised beds, upon turf, or the margins of
grass plats. By the Editor.

The cuhivation of plants in clumps, in the flower garden,
is but very little practised in this country. We have never
seen any specimen, ourselves, which could be scarcely con-
sidered as any approach to the system which is so generally
adopted by English practitioners. If, however, we reflect
for a moment, it will not appear very remarkable that no more
has been accomplished, for, until a few years, there has been
no opportunity to procure information which would assist in
putting the method into practice.

132 Remarks iipon groicing Verbenas,

From the system of planting in clumps, in the flower-garden,
has arisen that of planting in beds upon grass lawns, and which
has, wiihin a very few years, been carried to a great degree of
perfection. With the introduction of the verbenas, their creep-
ing habit, and brilliant flowers, much more attention has been
directed to this mode of beautifying the garden and pleasure-
ground, and perhaps no other improvement has added so much to
the embellishment of the garden. These groups, or clumps, have
been, in many instances, surrounded with wire-work, in imi-
tation of baskets, and the etfect of the grounds has been height-
ened in an eminent degree. Mrs. Lawrence, of Dayton Green,
and Lady Broughton, of Hoole House, whose delightful resid-
ences are finely and accurately pictured in Loudon's Villa Com-
panion, and Gardeners'' ^Magazine, have exhibited great taste
in the arrangement of their grounds, and particularly in the
planting of clumps of various flov.ers, surrounded with trellis
work, in imitation of rustic baskets, and also in the disposition
of vases, (which we have frequently urged,) through the
grounds, filled with verbenas, geraniums, &:c., &:c.

It is true that the state of gardening, in this country, will
not admit of that display of taste which is so prevalent among
the villa residences in England. The beauty and high keep-
ing of their lawns, the result of the humid atmosphere and
mild winters, and the great display of elegant shrubs and
plants, which are too tender to live through our severe winters,
prevent us i'rom exhibiting that refined state of gardening,
which we are so desirous of emulating. But if we cannot
have such delightful green turf, or such rare shrubs and plants,
in the ojien air, we can do much, — with the aid of taste in
grouping, the assistance of art in the construction of rustic
baskets, and the employment of statuary and sculpturesque
objects, — to render the grounds of our villa gardens but little
inferior, in general effect, to the most beautiful English resi-
dences of a similar character.

We make these remarks, prefatory to a design of ours, to
introduce into our pages some engravings, illusirating the sys-
tem of planting in groups, with the hope that we shall thereby
be the means of inducing those who are desirous of embel-
lishing their grounds, to put the method in practice. We are
confident that when once the system is adopted, it will be
found to contribute so much to the beauty of the grounds,
that we shall have no necessitv of urging its general imitation.

The continued introduction of new plants has rendered the
method of grouping much more interesting ; and the multipli-
cation of elegant new varieties, by the now very prevalent
practice of hybridization, has given to our gardens innuraera-

and other Trailing Plants.

ISl

ble new forms, which have increased the splendor of the gar-
den in a great degree. Among all that have been made
known, none have so highly assisted to ornament the flower-
border, as the many species and varieties of the verbena,
and of which there seems now to be no end. They multiply
readily from seed, and already the skill of the gardener has
produced some unique varieties, by hybridization. Geran-
iums, too, are increased to an unbounded extent, and, within
a year or two, improvements have been made in the form of
the flowers, and the habit of growth, which have given almost
a new character to the family. Both the geranium and the
verbena are plants which are more particularly adapted, from
their rapid growth, and period of blooming, to cultivation in
groups, in imitation of rustic baskets, &lc.

We had prepared a view of a basket of verbenas, to show
its beautiful effect; but we are compelled to postpone the in-
sertion of it till another number. In the mean time, we
present a plan of forming raised beds on turf, or even in the
flower-border, for the purpose of growing verbenas, migno-
nette, chryseis, anagahises, or other plants of similar habits.
The plan is taken from the Villa Companion, and is so easily
constructed, and at so slight an expense, that we recommend
it for adoption. A mixture of white, rosy, crimson, and
scmrlet verbenas planted on one of these, and allowed to hang
their trailing shoots over the edge, would form a splendid ob-
ject. On flower-borders it would simply require a few bricks
to be laid against some prepared soil, and laid with a little

mortar, sufficient to keep their places,
and 10,) is as follows: —

9

The plan, (figs. 9,

In the section, (fig. 10,) a is the surface of the turf; i is a
raised strip of turf, which serves as a preparation for, or base

134 JVotices of new and beautiful Plants,

to, the brick-work; c is a circle of bricks, laid flat, and half
sunk in the turf; c? is a circle of bricks, all laid in one slope,
with their lower edges resting on the circle of bricks, (c) ; e
is the level of the bed for planting. The perspective view
(fig. 9,) shows the appearance of the bed, when completed.
Such a bed may have a fine large fuschia trained up to a
single stem planted in the centre, and the surface covered
with a mixture of verbenas, mignonette, nemophila, &c., &c.
But as we have said something on this subject before, (p.
29,) we leave our readers to consult their own taste.

Art. VII. J^otices of new and beautiful Plants figured in
the London Floricultural and Botanical Magazines; with
Remarks on the Cultivation of many of the species, and some
Account of those which it would he desirable to introduce into
our Gardens.

Edwards's Botanical Register, or Ornamental Flower Garden
and Shrubbery. Each number containing from six to eight
plates, with additional miscellaneous information, relative to
new Plants. In monthly numbers; 3s. plain, 3s. 6d. colored.

Paxlon's Magazine of Botamj , and Register of Flowering Plants.
Each numBer containing four colored plates. Monthly. 2s. 6d.
each. Edited by J. Paxton, gardener to the Duke of Devon-
shire.

The Horticidtural Journal, and Royal Ladies' Magazine. In
monthly numbers, with one or more plates; Is. each. Edited
by George Glenny.

The Gardener's Gazette, and Weekly Journal of Science and
Literature. Weekly; price Gd. each.

Floricultural Intelligence. — JVew Verbenas. We have a-
gain to notice the raising of some new varieties of verbenas,
which are said to be fine. The Philadelphia florists appear
10 be as zealous in the production of new plants, as our trans-
atlantic neighbors; and particularly with the attractive group
of verbenas, the names of several new varieties of which, it
has given us much pleasure to enumerate in our Magazine.
In our last, we gave the names of four raised by Mr. Buist:
several more, equally as beautiful as those described, have

figured in the London Flor. and Bot. Magazines. 135

been recently raised and flowered by our correspondents, and
enterprising florists, Messrs. Mackenzie & Buchanan, of
Philadelphia. Mr. Lloyd's skilful gardener, Mr. Kilvington,
the grower of the seedling chrysanthemums, which we noticed
some time since, has also raised one exceedingly fine. We
shall endeavor to give our readers some description of the
flowers of these in a short time.

Y.uph6rbm Jacquin//?ora. — This fine flowering species of
the euphorbia we lately saw in bloom, at Mr. Hogg's nur-
sery. New York. We have noticed it in our last volume,
(IV. p. 261.) The plant in Mr. Hogg's possession is small
and weak; but we could see enough to satisfy us of its extreme
beauty. Its habit of growth is rather awkward, though care-
ful training will render it as comely as the other species. The
long spikes of rich scarlet blossoms, which are very freely
produced, have a magnificent appearance in a collection.
We hope Mr. Hogg will succeed, in propagating the plant
very rapidly.

HovesL Celsu. — This interesting plant, which has rarely, if
ever bloomed, in this country, is now displaying a few of its
rich purple blossoms, in the collection of Hovey & Co. The
flowers are yet scantily produced ; but the plants appear tol-
erably strong, and will, undoubtedly, show a more vigorous
bloom, when they have acquired more size.

Echinocddus tuhifibrus has lately flowered, at Messrs.
Winships' nursery. We have been informed, by those who
saw it, that it ranks in beauty, with the Eyriesn, which it re-
sembles, except in the tint of the petals. It is, we believe,
the first time it has flowered, in the country.

Camellias. — The production of seedlings appears to be
rapidly on the increase. It will be seen, by the report of the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, in another page, that sev-
eral seedling plants, in bloom, were exhibited, and a premium
awarded for one of the best. Mrs. Hibbert was the success-
ful competitor ; she also exhibited others, of some merit.
Messrs. Mackenzie & Buchannan have raised a good one.
Mr. A. Dryburgh, has also a fine seedling ; and Mr. Smith
has flowered two or three, which are said to be very remarka-
ble ; one resembles the C. var. Prattu', of Buist; it is a fine
shaped flower, and has sixteen rows of petals ; the first four
of which, have two white stripes in each ; the ground color is
a cherry red ; size, four inches. The other is a bold flower,
of an elegant shape, with five rows of petals, and a warratab
centre of small variegated petals ; color, a deep cherry red ;
four and a half inches. This variety has

J 36 JVotices of new and beautiful Plants^

been pronounced as superior to Yloyii. Another season will
more fully develop the character of these flowers, when we
hope to give a more detailed description of all that are really-
worthy of being cultivated.

Musa Cavendishu. — Mr. Bulst has fine plants of this new
banana for sale at very reasonable prices. Tt is one of the
most valuable of the tribe, and is easily grown, from its dwarf
stature, in any ordinary hot-house, where it will produce its
large clusters of fine fruit. A plant, only five feet high, has
produced, under judicious culture, a cluster of fruit, number-
ing from sixty to seventy. It requires a pot about two and a
half feet in diameter. The soil best adapted to its growth, is
a mixture of peat, loam, and rotten dung; plenty of drainage
should be allowed, and an abundance of water administered in
summer. The foliage is the most magnificent of all the ba-
nanas, and, independent of its rich fruit, is every way worthy
of a place in select collections.

Salvia patens. — In our last, we noticed the introduction of
this species into Britain; we have since seen an account of
it, drawn up by Mr. Bentham, the Secretary of the London
Horticultural Society, for the HoiHicuUural Transactions,
and which, as the plant appears to be one of great beauty, we
annex: —

"The >Salvia patens is a perennial, growing to the height of
two, three, or four feet, erect and hairy. The leaves are
large, ovate, or deltoid, broadly hastate, or somewhat heart-
shaped at the base, or the upper ones rounded, green and
hairy on both sides. The flowers are disposed in long termi-
nal racemes, usually branching into three at the base ; along
this raceme they are placed in opposite pairs, each one at the
axilla of a small linear-lanceolate floral leaf. The flower
stalks are short ; the calyx half to three-quarters of an inch
long, hairy, green, and deeply divided into two lips — the
upper one entire, the lower deeply two-cleft. The corolla,
of a rich blue, between two and three inches long, is remarka-
ble for its broad, gaping mouth ; the upper lip being long,
falcate, and erect, enclosing the stamens and pistil ; the lower
lip hanging, with two lateral oblong reflexed lobes, and the
middle one very broad and emarginate.

"The *S. patens will probably thrive best under the same
treatment as that which succeeds with /S. fulgens ; and, like
that plant, it will be found to vary much in the size, the bril-
liancy, and the number of flowers, according to the tempera-
ture and light in which it is grown. Particular care should be
taken not to weaken the plant, or suffer it to become etiolated,

J^oliccs of new and beautiful Plants. 137

in order that the raceme may not lengthen too much, and in-
crease the distance between the flowers."

Mr. Bentham remarks, that the richness and variety of col-
oring observable in the numerous species of /Salvia, which
adorn the mountains of South America and Mexico, have
long been known to botanists, but it has happened that few of
them have found their way into our gardens. The /S. splen-
dens, fulgens, and Grahamu' are well known, and he also adds
that it may be a matter of much surprise, that a species grow-
ing plentifully in the same district with the *S. fulgens, should
never, till now, have been transmitted to Europe. There are,
however, others of great beauty, among the Peruvian moun-
tains, not yet known, only from the dried specimens. <Si.
longiflora has a corolla five inches long; S. speciosa, from
the same place, has long dense spikes of rich purple; /S. leu-
cocephala has white flowers, said to far exceed the beauty of
S. leucantha. In the Mexican districts, there are also other
species, with inflated scarlet calyxes; there are also others,
said to have orange and yellow flowers of various shades.
The field is therefore wide, and we hope that enterprising
collectors will add all the finest to British collections.
Seeds were first sent to England last spring, and it flowered
for the first time, in August last.

Soldnum Herbert'ydnum. — This is a new species of the
iSiolanum, and is described as one of the most ornamental
species of the genus. The flowers are of an intense and
brilliant blue, and of a larger size than any of the species.
Paxton, in the Magazine of Botany, in figuring the plant,
states that it is remarkable for its dwarf and neat habit,
while nearly all the species have a coarseness in their growth,
which renders them by no means desirable. The present
plant rarely grows more than two or three feet high, being of
a shrubby nature, and the flowers are most abundantly pro-
duced when they are not more than six inches high. It is,
therefore, admirably adapted to cultivation, but its flowers, to
show the greatest beauty, should be looked down upon.

The plant has hitherto been treated as a stove species, and
it is found to thrive best in a humid atmosphere, in a partially
shaded situation. The soil best suited to the production of
flowers, should be composed of light loam, with a slight ad-
mixture of peat.

Its period of blooming appears to be in the spring and sum-
mer. It is increased by cuttings, which generally flower a
little more than a year after they have struck root. Messrs.
Young, of the Epsom nursery, have the plants for sale.

VOL. v. NO. IV. 18

138 Report of the Transactions

REVIEWS.

Art. I. Report of the Transactions of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society for the year 1837-38; with Prelim-
inary Observations. By John Lewis Russell, Prof, of
Botany and Vegetable Physiology to the Society. 8vo.
pp. 116. Boston, 1839.

Ever since the fornaation of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, until the past year, an address has been annually de-
livered before the members, at the anniversary meeting. From
some cause, the address was omitted at the last anniversary;
and, though we regret much that there has been a departure
from such an established custom, we cannot otherwise than feel
amply compensated, for any loss which we may have expe-
rienced, in the publication of the pamphlet at the head of this
notice.

The Society have shown a commendable zeal in collecting
together an account of its doings for the past year; and, al-
though the substance of the report has been given in our pag-
es, a compression of the same into a smaller compass than
that scattered through several hundred pages, prefaced with
the very interesting observations which accompany the report,
must be an acceptable offering to the members who take any
interest, or feel any pride, in the transactions of the Society.

The report before us was drawn up by Prof. Russell, at
the request of the Society, and our readers are too well ac-
quainted with the character of his articles which have repeat-
edly appeared in our pages, to need any praise of ours in sup-
port of the admirable manner in which the duty has been per-
formed. The preliminary observations of Mr. Russell ex-
tend to thirty-six pages, and a great amount of interesting
matter is embraced in the same. The remainder of the report
contains only the weekly exhibitions of the Society for the
year.

As this report may not reach the hands of many of our
readers, particularly those at a distance, we take much pleas-
ure in laying before them several extracts. The whole report
is divided into eight parts, viz: — The open Flower Garden —
The Green-house and Stove — The Nursery and Fruit Depart-
ment— The Vegetable Department — The Native Flora, and its
Culture — Remarks and Notices — Weekly Exhibitions — Annu-

of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 139

al Festival. The report commences with a happy allusion to
the progress of Horticulture in New England: —

" The fast fading glories of vigorous vegetation, or the yet linger-
ing tokens of autumnal splendor, o'er forest and hill-side, in the par-
terre and flower border, are reminding us of a season of unusual cha-
racter, as regards a tardy spring, an almost tropical summer and a
mild, warm and bland autumn. Scarcely had the last tones of a
voice* eloquent on antiquarian research, which recounted, from the
brief and scattered notes of history, the successful efforts of horti-
cultural skill on an untamed soil, two hundred years ago, died in our
ears, than we were again reminded, by the united offerings of Flora
and Pomona, of renewed efforts and acquired triumphs in the field of
cur own industry. Meagre as may seem to us the effects of such en-
terprise, the vista opens to us objects of interest as connected with
the culture of the soil. On tiie very sites where whilom grew the na-
tive and introduced fruits of New England industry, are now gar-
dens and orchards, vineyards and green-houses, the evergreen glades
of rural enterprise, or the renovated forests of arboricultural skill.
On a soil once enfeebled by negligent culture, or from alack of know-
ledge of the laws of vegetation, in the immediate vicinity of Plymouth
Bay, may be yearly seen, in the gardens of the amateur and florists, the
gorgeous products of other climes, or in its orchards the luscious high-
top sweeting apple, which, as has been suggested, perhaps owes its
origin to an English climate, introduced at an early period into the
colony, and scarcely straying out of the precincts of the county. Pro-
fusely scattered over hill-top and under pine shades, or bedecking the
transparent borders of fairy lakes, are native flowers, too, of rare oc-
currence, whose prototypes, perchance, gladdened the eyes of the pil-
grims as does their vernal or eestival blossoms now, those of their de-
scendants; plants of great interest, and gradually introducing them-
selves into culture. The light, warm soil ofNantucket, productive of lit-
tle else than a depauperated growth of oak, has been rendered the sub-
ject of horticultural skill, with whose choice products of the vine
under green-house culture, few other districts can compare. Family
tradition has given to Salem a venerable relic yet in comparative
vigor of growth — perhaps the first imported English pear (in the
garden of Endicott,) while not only the fruit list, but even the flower
catalogue, will mark that its soil has not degenerated in the produce of
Horticultural Science. The bold and rugged promontory of Nahant,
washed by the perpetual spray of the ocean, is already blooming with
sheltered flower borders, and destined to be again covered with some
hardy tenant of forest growth.

"A view thus retros;)ective, even in the extended vista of two cen-
turies, and over an area so thrilling with mementos of olden times,
cannot be without practical benefit. Little remains to us of the orig-
inal features of such times, save here and there a traditionary and re-
vered relic, a few hoary and moss grown trunks of the primitive
forest, or the enduring, never changing feature of geological forma-
tion; yet the thought that other flowers and fairer fruits have been
introduced and naturalized, to add wealth and the comforts of exist-
ence, not only to our day and generation, but to those who will suc-
ceed; that the asperities of an almost boreal clime, and the harshness
of a rude soil have been overcome, that each year is bringing some-

* See Ninth Anniversary Address, bj William Lincoln, Esq.

140 Report of the Transactions

thing new and still more rare and valuable — should incite to greater
efforts and constant improvement.

"So progressive and rapid are the present advances ofHorticulture,
aided by the co-operation of its kindred studies, that the annual festi-
val of a Society reminds the observer of new facts and important
acquisitions. It has therefore been deemed advisable, that the review^
of the past year be instituted; and whatever facts have transpired,
or suggestions made, be furnished as the Annals of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society."

Commencing with the open flower-garden, Prof. Russell
first mentions the Dahlia, as claiming early notice, and hints
at the scanty bloom the past year, as follows: —

"The Dahlia, for the past season, has succeeded less in display of
flowers than in any previous, for many years. The extreme heat of
a sunmier such as has not been known for several years, has proved
extremely unfavorable to inflorescence, and has deprived the autumn
of its usual floral charnis. Compared with the last, the annual Ex-
hibition of the Society was meagre in display as regards this choice
production and universal favorite. Whoever witnessed the profusion
of blooms, which gave a dazzling brilliancy to the flower-stands and
to the very walls, must have been struck with the sensible deficiency
of this season. New and choice varieties, imported by the ever active
zeal and enterprise of those forward in the introduction of fine and new
plants, failed to produce flowers, of which many were anticipating a
gratified inspection. From the experience of several previous cool
summers, exuberant in these floral gems, and from their universal
dearth amidst the bright sunny days of an almost unclouded sky, it
would appear that the several varieties, even under the effect of partial
acclimation, and a long absence from a native habitat, have lost none
of the peculiarities of constitution, with which a high and humid
region had endowed the original species. Some of the finest flow-
ers on the Society's tables were produced, as we understand, by a
constant and profusive syringing over the foliage and tops, evidently
an accidental imitation of the natural temperature; while other plants
copiously supplied with water daily, at the roots, shared the same
common fate in aj^depauperation or total absence of bloom. Facts
like these should serve as valuable hints, if not for practice, at least
for further experiment, and we feel assured that, on the minds of the
investigating and studious, they will not be lost.

Summers of great heat are favorable to the insect race. The past
has been a striking instance. Myriads of those minute foes, from the
various species of caterpillar to the almost invisible fly of every
genus, have ravaged equally our gardens and fields. Each year intro-
duces a new species, or develoj)s a new instinct in some well known
species, rendering its ravages more deleterious or difficult of evasion.
The Dahlia has not escaped : but some insidious insect has blighted
the hope of the cultivator, or some new form of disease has been
traced to the silent depredations of an unseen foe. In one instance,
falling under our observation, no less than four or five distinct larvae
of moths, better known as caterpillars, have rendered assiduity ne-
cessary to preserve a luxuriant foliage, so essential to the vigor and
health of the plant, while leading shoots and expectant buds have
been prematurely ruined. Such discouragements are inevitable and
to be expected, until some project can be devised for extirpation or
insurance against their presence. Undoubtedly a better and wider

of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 141

diffused knowledge of the exact species, and a studious investigation
of their habits, might enable the florist to resist such vexing inroads
on his time and labor. The gladsome visitants of spring, and the fa-
miliar denizens of our gardens, in the several kinds of insect-eating
birds, should be made the welcome inmates and guests of our lawns,
parterres, and orchards ; nor should indiscriminate warfare be urged
on all insects, as not a i'ew are, in turn, carnivorous in their propen-
sities, and devouring the more obtrusive and offensive, A peculiarly
destructive insect has been so abundant the i)ast season, as to destroy
not only the Daidia, but even choicer sorts of asters, zinnias and
the like. It were desirable that specimens of every such foe could
be collected and preserved for the Society's inspection, in order for
their better recognizance. Every gardener and florist, every culti-
vator and amateur, could furnish information, falling under his
notice, of decided utility and practical value."

The remarks relative to the diffusion of a knowledge of in-
sects, should be remembered. Much time and labor might
be saved by such an investigation of their habits, as would en-
able us to detect those stages of their existence when they
might be easily destroved.

Passing over a variety of information, in which Mr. Russell
notices the various collections of plants in the vicinity, and in
which he pays merited compliment to the amateurs, as well as
professional gardeners, he arrives at that section denominated
the Nursery and Fruit Department. Here the author urges
the importance of the wider cultivation of American forest
trees: —

"We could wish that the culture of our American forest trees from
seed were more attended to, among our nurserymen. We suspect
that the sale for younger s])ecimens, would amply repaj^ the trouble
and expense of their sowing and care. In consequence of this strik-
ing deficiency in our cultivation, thousands of young seedlings, espe-
cially of the firs and larches antl not a few of the oaks, are annually
imported from England. There are no good reasons why the En-
glish oaks should be preferred to the American, nor would they be,
were the facilities for ])rocuring the latter, more attainable. Even
these, and indeed most of the foreign species of forest trees, could be
introduced into our own nurseries by the seed, and afforded at a rate,
which, while liberally repaying the eftbrt and labor, would diminish
foreign importation. Several hundred of young ])lants of the English
white oak, are yearly raised in the private establishment of a patron
of agriculture, from acorns, the produce of parent trees imported
about thirty years since. We are aware that, in several nurseries,
this system has been for some years adojjted, but we could wish that
it were more extensive. We deem it at least, an experiment worthy
of trial."

The following notes on pears, apples, and plums, furnished
by Mr. R. Manning, contain some useful information relative
to the fruit enumerated.

"Pears. — Duchesse d'Angouleme has done finely as a standard,
and produced during the summer an abundance of fruit. Henry

142 Transactions of the Mass. Horl. Society.

4th may be considered superior. Marie Louise continues to hold its
h'l^h character. Buerre Duval, (new) recently fruited. Hooper's
Bilboa, very fine, beautiful and abundant bearer. Louise Bonne of
Jersey, very superior. Alpha, fruited last year and also this, (new.)
Rostiezer, (new) fruited last year for the first time. Petre, from
Bartrani Gardens, Philadelphia, fruited and very fine. Queen Caro-
line, very fine. Beurre Crapaud, very superior. Beurre Spence,
fine. Beurre Bronze, (true) also exhibited by Mr. Manning, under
the incorrect names of Fourcroy and Figue of Naples, by which
they were designated when received by him.

''Apples. — Mr. Manning has raised the early red Margaret, new,
and the best of the earlier sorts. Pennock's red, very superior.
Murphy, raised in Salem, fruited for the first time eight or nine years
since ; very fine.

"Plums. — Coe's Golden Drop is highly recommended for a late fruit.
The experience of a celebrated cultivator, who furnishes us with these
memoranda, has been with regard to Prince's Imperial Gage, that it
is apt to decay on the tree. The following, new and just fruited by
him, are furnished by R. Manning: Red Apricot Plum, (New Edi-
tion, Du' Hamel.) Huling's Superb, very fine, large ; fruited for
the first time. Morocco, early, very delicious ; fruited for the first
time. Duane's Purple French, fine, and free from rot.

"Cherries. — We subjoin the following description, furnished by J.
M. Ives, of a new Seedling Cherry, the finest of many sown and
raised in the year 1821, by Mr. R. Manning.

" 'Manning's Fine Red,' fruit, medium size, sweet and good; flesh
firm, and of a fine sprightly flavor; leaves very large, hiding the
fruit ; a great bearer ; ripens in the middle of July."

Under the head of native Flora, Prof. Russell notices the
residence of T. Lee, Esq., and enumerates many of the 6ne
American shrubs and plants which are so successfully cultivat-
ed in his grounds. We can bear witness to all that is said in
praise of Mr. Lee's labors, and are glad that Mr. Russell has
taken so favorable an opportunity to render his efforts so well
known, and, we doubt not, appreciated, by all who take any
interest in our native plants. The following are his remarks: —

"Although this branch of floriculture is not so much on the ad-
vance as we could wish, yet it is evident that a taste for the more
beautiful or curious productions of the New England flora is gaining
ground. The example, which, for so many years, has been set by
T. Lee, Esq., Jamaica Plains, will, without doubt, exert its influence
on the public. Specimens of New England forest trees may be here
found in the lawns and woods ; and copses of our flowering shrubs
introduced wnth pleasing effect. Beside the native flowers of a spon-
taneous growth carefully preserved, and, from this circumstance, bril-
liantly covering the ground appropriated, the rarer and more delicate
have been introduced with sedulous care. The showy orchidese suc-
ceed well. Each year adds something new, by transplanting or by
seed. Not discouraged by failures, repeated experiments have
crowned with unexpected success the efforts in the exposed growth
of the Rhododendron, Kalmia, Azalea, &c. &c. Such instances of
vigorous growth in Rhododendron Maximum, are seldom seen.
Kalmias of profuse inflorescence and of different colors cover the

General Jfotices. 143

ground in large patches. The past season has enabled the Rhodo-
dendron and Azalea to produce a great quantity of buds. In close
proximity may be found Laurus Benzoin, whose fragant blossoms in
early spring are perfuming the air, and the Mystic Witch Hazel,
whose golden fringes are the last mementos of the dying epoch of
annual vegetation. Nor are these fine native shrubs unrepresented
by foreign co-species, found capable of enduring our climate. To
the botanist we scarcely know of a spot so interesting in the choice
grouping of fine plants. We could wish that such eiTorts in pictur-
esque gardening were more frequent. The winding paths amid the
forest trees, beneath which are the more delicate or hardier flowers,
which otherwise deny their presence to the pleasure ground, — the
rude rock in whose crevices are growing the feathery fern, and on
whose sides the perennial moss, — the delicious perfume of the Cle-
thra, mingled with the odor of the Azalea — the snowy or roseate
corols of the Broad-leaved Laurel, and the superb heads of the Rho-
dodendron Maximum, the northern Magnolia and its southern sister
species — flower, shrub, tree, lawn, hill and dale, in happy unison,
from the co-operation of Nature and Art — these we conceive to be
worthy of attention in the cause of Horticultural pursuits, in a de-
partment hitherto too much overlooked."

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Haarlem Hyacinths. — In ordinary seasons these floral gems of
spring are in their full glory in the Haarlem sale collections, between
the 2bth and 30th of April. They are usually grown in distinct beds
according to their properties; they double or multiplicate by them-
selves, and so the early flowering and again the single of the finest
bells, colors, shape- They are grown in a compost of fine white
sand, rotted leaves of trees, fine peat earth, and a small proportion of
thoroughly rotted cowdung; the whole intermixed and reduced by
being turned over repeatedly.

Cactus specibsus. — Bonpland's original plant of this beautiful suc-
culent, made its first blossoms at the regal gardens of Malmaison in
1811.

Observations on a new principle of Fencing, constructed by Mr.
Bruse, formed according to the laws of vegetable physiology. —
The above is the imposing title of a mode of live fencing, or hedg-
ing, lately used in England. Shrubs or trees are selected, at a cer-
tain age, and planted "in two directions, a foot from each other; one
set, for example, pointing or sloping towards the north; the other
set sloping towards the south." At the point of crossing, the bark is
removed from each, and, by a system of inarching or grafting by ap-
proach, the entire row is made solid and firm. Fences of this nature

144 General Jfotices.

are to be found on the estate of Sir Thomas Neave, at Diigman
Park, Essex, and formed of ash. — Coll.

Carbonic Acid Gas, on Plants. — According to Dr. Schleiden, of
Berlin, the springs in the valley of Gottingen, are very rich, in free
carbonic acid; and in these, are found a most luxuriant vegetation,
appearing sevei'al entire weeks earlier in spring, and continuing very
much later in autumn, than at other places of the same district. It is
undoubtedly, the case, that the carbonic acid greatly promotes this
precocity, and continued prolonged vigor. — Coll.

Hybrid Ferns. — A. hybrid between Gymnogramma calomelanos,
and G. chrysophylla, to which Bory St. Vincent jiroposes to attach
the name of G. MartenszV, has been observed at the Botanical Gar-
den of Lou vain, by M. Martens. This gentleman conceives, that
this hybridity is not uncommon in nature, he having received speci-
mens of the same plant from Guadaloupe, through L'Herminierj
where it grows indigenous. He supposes several other ferns may be
considered hybrids. — Coll.

Preserving- Potatoes. — Let potatoes be dug up on a fine day,
when thoroughly ripe and dry, and let the haulm or straw be placed
on the highest part of the field or garden, on which the potatoes are
to be heaped, and let the heap be covered with dry straw, haulm, or
refuse hay, a trench should then be dug round it, and the heap cov-
ered with fine earth thrown on the hay or straw, which ought to be
thatched in such a manner that the droppings from the rain may fall
into the trench. This mode must be preferable to pitting, which
causes the dampness of the earth to rise, and, consequently, the pre-
mature sprouting of the potatoes.

The potatoes should also be placed in three or more heaps, in a
field or garden, to prevent their over-heating, which would take
place if they were all formed into one heap.

Or, if the potatoes are to be preserved in a dry cellar or out-house,
it should be considered that stone or wooden walls not exposed to
the sun or fire attract and retain dampness ; and as moisture is trans-
ferable into icicles by the action of frost, so it is necessary to place
dry sand, winnowed chaff, turf mould, reed straw, or any other dry
article, two feet thick, between the walls and the potatoes, and also,
under the latter, should the floor be earthen or otherwise damp, and
over the whole, as a protection from frost and dampness.

It would also be proper to spread the dry saw-dust, or any other
dry article, between layers of potatoes, to absorb the moisture, and
to fill up all crevices in the doors and windows in the out-house, to
cause the whole to be impervious to frost.

The experiment may then be made of dipping with a cabbage net,
or small bag, a few of those ripe and sound potatoes into boiling wa-
ter for one minute only, to deprive them of their sprouting qualities,
and to keep them in a dry place secure from frost, to ascertain how
long they would continue in a sound state for table use. (Gard.Gaz.)

Deleterious Acids in Soils. — Amongst the most extensive class
of substances in chemical products, is that of the acids. These are
given off in the decomposition of substances, for the benefit of the
soil, and are easily detected by the chemist. They are distinguish-
ed by the peculiar property of being sour, though they cannot al-
ways be detected by applying them to the tongue. They possess
the property of changing vegetable blue colors to red. The sub-
stance known to chemists as archil, or litmus, is applied either as
a tincture or on paper. The spread of chemical knowledge in the

General J^oticcs. 145

country has lowered the prices of tests, and what were sold a few
years since at exorbitant prices, are now found at almost all shops
in the country, whilst these, with the aid of a few domestic utensils,
is all that is required for carrying on chemical inquiry. If this is not
procurable, the test will be found by pouring boiling water over red
cabbage, or even rubbing the rind of a radish over white paper.
Gardeners or cultivators might often apply this knowledge to advan-
tage. Some years since, a gardener in the neighborhood of London
enqdoyed some sand to his heaths, when they all sickened and died.
Although there was no suspicion of any deleterious substances, a
chemist, on analyzing it, found free acid. The effects might have
been easily prevented by pouring boiling water previously over the
sand, and then introducing into it the stanied paper. A similar effect
was produced in the use of a brown loam with carnations, by which
the greater portion of the stock was destroyed. There was no
doubt but that, in this case, the acid was sulphuric acid, probably de-
rived from the spot from which it was taken, from the slow drainage
of an extensive portion of moor land, from the quantity of pyrites
which it contained. That this was the case was evident, as all the
water in the neighborhood was chalybeate, or in the state of sulphate
of iron. — Gard. Gaz,

Double Flowers not monstrosities. — The President of the Horti-
cultural Society of Paris, Viscount Hericart de Thury, in his late
address before that institution, has made some excellent remarks upon
this subject. There are many botanists who disclaim at every double
flower as a perversion of nature, and uho ])retend that nothing is
beautiful beyond its single state: to all such we commend the follow-
ing remarks. — Ed.

"Let me express my surprise that any one can still persist in con-
sidering our admirable double flowers as so many irregularities or
even monstrosities, as certain severe botanists express it. We re-
ject the notion, and even the expression. Such a denomination pre-
sents to the thought only the idea of hideous objects, givinjr birth to
disagreeable ideas, little in accordance with the most lovely flowers in
existence. For my own part, I cannot decide what expression I
ought to use to any person who tells me that the most beautiful roses,
the most brilliant pinks, the finest camellias, are nothing but the
fj'eaks of nature, because they are not the produce of primitive ori-
gin. At all events, the doubling of flowers is not a modern discovery,
and if it belongs not to nature herself — a question which it would be
important to study and determine — it cannot be denied that the prac-
tice mounts back to the most distant periods, at least if we may
judge by the history of the 'hundred-leaved rose' — 'the rose daugh-
ter of the spring,' according to Anacreon; — the rose 'consecrated to
Venus and colored by her blood,' according to Aphtonius, or 'the
blood of the lovely Adonis,' if we credit Bion and Ovid — the rose,
the queen of flowers, the most beauteous ornament of the sumptu-
ous gardens of Babylon, and of all the nations of the most remote
antiquity — the rose, in fine, whose origin is unknown, of which all
the most favored countries of the East, the land of wonders and en-
chantments, pretend to be the birth-place." — Id.

Horticulturists not Florimaniacs. — Horticulture is then extend-
ed every where, yet still there are some botanists, who, in their ex-
treme and disdainful severity, affect to confound us with the tulip-
madmen of Holland in the last century — with those florimaniacs who
did without eating or drinking, in order to increase the number of
VOL. V. — NO. IV. 19

146 Foreign J^otices.

their anemones — who spent whole days in admiring the colors of a
ranunculus or the size of a hyacinth — who paid ten or twelve thou-
sand francs for a single root — who indulged in a thousand follies of
the same sort, so ruinous to their families, that the Dutch States
were obliged to interfere to put a stop to this senseless traffic, A
few such men may still exist, but such are not our horticulturists,
those men who devote themselves to the scientific cultivation of plants
and trees, who occupy themselves in naturalizing them and rendering
them suited to the climate — to whom we are indebted for a crowd of
useful discoveries — to whom we owe those beautiful double flowers
which form the ornament of our gardens — to whom we must ex-
press our obligations for those delicious fruits, which are so many
conquests or novel products. To become such horticulturists, it is
necessary to be acquainted with vegetable jthysiology — to apj)ly the
laws of chemistr}^ and physics to the cultivation of trees, plants and
flowers — to be a botanist — to be, in tact, a persevering and indefatiga-
ble observer; for all the success of the business of florists, and of the
science of horticulture, depends essentially on the exact knowledge
of the period of developments in vegetation in coming into leaf, in
coming into bloom, and in the maturity of seeds and fruits. Horti-
culture, then, is not the madness of the last century, but a science of
deep observation and constant attention. The course which horti-
culturists should follow in their labors, has been pointed out to them
hy the greatest botanists, and it is after the precepts of Linuseus, of
Rey, of Alanson, of Dumahel, of Jussieu, of De CandoUe, of Bosc,
of Richard, of Thouin, of Mirbel, of Lindley, of Loudon, and oth-
ers, that the horticulturists execute their works — that they make their
observations — that they try their experiments — and that each, accord-
ing to his particular leaning, arrives at his object. One naturalizes
foreign vegetables; another directs the blooming to his wishes, either
by advancing it, retaining it, or retarding it, according to the weath-
er, the circumstances which present themselves, or the fetes which he
ought to furnish: one, again, busies himself in doubling flowers, and
another in varying their tints; another ameliorates fruits, and creates
new varieties, whilst his neighbor converts savage or bitter plants
into nourishing vegetables or savory roots. Such are the labors of
our horticulturists, which, day by day, present us with results of such
great importance. — (Extract from the Address ofHericart deThury.)

Art. II. Foreign Notices.
ENGLAND.

The Assam Tea. — Our readers probably recollect our notice some
time since, that the East India Company's collectors had discovered
the tea plant growing in Upper Assam, and that it was confidently
anticipated that the company would succeed in manufacturing the
tea. This they have succeeded in doing, and a quantity of it has
been sent to London, the first public sale of which we find noticed
in the Gardeners' Gazette, in January last, as follows: —

^' First public sale of Assam Tea. — The Commercial Sale Room in
Mincing-lane, where the public tea sales are held, was crowded at

Foreign JVotices. 147

ten, the hour of the sale, this morning, in consequence of its being
known that the whole of the Honorable Company's recent importa-
tion of teas from their territories in Upper Assam, India, were to be
sold. Mr. Thompson was the tea-broker selected by the Company
to offer these teas for sale. They consisted of three lots of Assam
Souchong, and five lots of Assam Pekoe. On offering the first lot,
which was Souchong, Mr. Thompson announced that each lot would
be sold, without the least reservation, to the highest bidder. We
never before witnessed such excitement as prevailed when the first
lot was competed for. The first bid was 5s. per lb.; a second bid
was made of 10s. per lb. After much competition, it was knocked
down for 21s. per lb., the purchaser beiug Captain Pidding, the pro-
prietor of the 'Howqua's Mixture' tea. The second lot of Sou-
chong was bought for the same person for 20s. per lb. The third
and last lot of Souchong sold for 16s. per lb.. Captain Pidding
being the buyer. The first lot of Assam Pekoe sold for 24s. per lb.
The second, third, and fourth lots of Assam Pekoe fetched the re-
spective prices of 25s., 27s. 6d., and 28s. 6d. per lb., and was also^
purchased like the previous lots for Capt. Pidding. For the last lot of
Pekoe most exciting competition took place. It was at last knocked
down at the extraordinary high price of 34s. per lb. Captain Pid-
ding was also the purchaser of this, and has thereby become the sole
proprietor of the 'Assam' as well as the 'Howqua's Mixture' tea.
The general opinion of the collected tea-brokers and dealers, with
whom the room was crowded, was, that the Assam tea is not only
valuable as a curiosity, but that the tea itself is of very superior
quality, being of a pleasant flavor, and of such strength, that some
asserted the fifth water from it was as strong as the first. Captain
Pidding intends to allow small parcels of it to be sold out at prime
cost. If this tea proves as good as that from China, we shall be en-
abled to employ hundreds of thousands of our own colonists in our
Indian territory, instead of depending on the Chinese; and the con-
stant intercourse and increased number of persons employed in our
own immediate interests, will greatly strengthen our hold on the
British territories in the East. Captain Pidding has asserted that
nobody shall have more than a single ounce packet, which will ena-
ble the greater number to taste and give opinions on the quality of
the article." — Gard. Gaz.

Beautiful Devices of Flowers. — At the Chelmsford and Essex
Floral and Horticultural Society, in September last, a device was ex-
hibited, which consisted of a carpet of flowers, imbedded in moss, of
various fanciful devices, containing every flower at that time in blos-
som in the stove, green-house or open air. Another carpet, thirty-
six feet in length, studded with different flowers and fringed with a
border of globe fuschias, was also exhibited. — Gard. Gaz.

The Mangel Wurtzel Potato. — We have had exhibited to us a
fine specimen of this species of potato, grown on Lord Ormonde's
estate, at Garryricken, by Mr. M'Enery. We understand one hun-
dred and sixty-eight of them, weighing eight stone and a half, Avere
grown by him this season, from two potatos, cut into thirty-three
seeds, and sowed a foot and a half asunder, in drills three feet apart.
They were in all other respects treated like an ordinary drilled potato
crop. Many of them attained an enormous size, and the smallest was
equal to that of a large potato of the usual kinds. The produce rated
at more than two hundred barrels the Irish acre. From its great fe-
cundity, the ease with which it is grown, and the little liabjhty there

148 Foreign Mtices.

is to failtire of the crop, this root is hkely to bcpome a vahiable addition
in the green-cropping system. — Kilkenny Moderator. [The Mangel
Wurlzel Potato, is, as we have before observed, nothing more than the
Rohan, under another name. — Ed.]

FRANCE.

Acclimazation of Plants by succeeding generations not effected
without hybridization icith hardy species or varieties. — M. Sou-
lange Bodin, Secretary of the Pans Horticultural Society, in an ad-
dress read before the society, in June last, advocates the doctrine,
that plants, not naturally hardy, cannot be made so by means of repro-
duction from the seed, and adduces an instance of this in the Bengal
Kose:—

"What shrub," he says, "has been more handled and worked on
by the hand of man, and, I may add, by M. Vibert himself, than the
Bengal Rose? Fifcy years of seed, coming from an infinite number
of varieties, have given birth to thousands of individuals: all these
different generations have passed under the eyes of M. Vibert — have
passed through his hands, and never has he perceived, in favor of
the species becoming quite at home in the climate, any perceptible
progress. A proof, unhappily too convincing, has been given in sup-
port of this opinion during the last two winters. In the first, a few
degrees of frost destroyed in a few days a vast number of Bengals.
The wood perished as far as the graft, or on a level with the ground,
almost all the sleeping eyes disappeared, and the young grafts left
not the slightest hope. If the hybrids of the Bengal resisted, it is be-
cause the impregnating power which acted on the reproducing germes
had destroyed, in the new produce, the character of their Indian type,
and had assimilated them to our native rose trees. Camellias, which
have many points in common with the tea-plant, have also refused
to yield to our plans of seed, by means of making them used to the
climate; and more than two hundred varieties, vvhich they have fur-
nished during the last five and twenty years from their seed scientifi-
cally impregnated, have not offered in their mode of vegetation any
change which could lead us to suppose that their natural organiza-
tion has been modified. Hitherto, therefore,the making plants quite
at home in a new climate, is nothing more than an expression which
hope has created, without any real value being attached to it. But
M. Poiteau has re-animated our courage by remarking, that if, in the
real acceptation of the word, pure acclimation is nothing better than
illusory, yet incomplete acclimation, such as I have just described,
can offer most valuable resources in the cultivation of our gardens."
— Gard. Gaz.

The trunks of the Mbrus muUicaulis, in France, have undergone in
each of the last winters a fall of temperature estimated at 18". — M.
Soulange Bodin, in his address above alluded to, makes this remark,
and adds, —

"Winter assumes each year, in our country, appearances which
deceive all the expectations of the agriculturist. It does not come to
us, as it does in the northern regions, enveloped in a thick mantle of
snow, which is extended from the period of autumn over the tender
plants, and not withdrawn until spring; and hs severe and repeated
lessons have given us proof of the precautions which the cultivation
of the mulberry tree, called multicaule, demands in this country. Me-
teorologists have proved that the trunks of these great shrubs have
undergone, in each of the last winters, a fall of temperature estiraat-

Domestic JVotices. 149

ed at eighteen degrees. 'But,' remarks M. Poiteau, 'if avast quanti-
ty of wheat perished in 1740, no person will, from that circumstance,
draw the conclusion that we should give up the cultivation of wheat
altogether. Thus we must act respecting this kind of mulberry tree.
It has a mode of development peculiar to itself, and its property of
sending forth shoots from the stock is probably an indication that it
would prefer to be cultivated rather as a tough-lived plant, than as a
tree of high trunk.' He proposes, in consequence, to treat it as we
treat the stocks of the quince tree, by turning them down every year
in November, and by banking the stock in order to preserve them
from the heavy frosts and the false thaws, which are more to be fear-
ed than a continued frost, no matter how severe. It is certain that
we ought not to give up, without great hesitation, the advantages
which MM. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, Villa de Montpascal, and
many other impartial men, have perceived in the multicaule mulber-
ry. However we may succeed, we cannot but recommend to our
cultivators to propagate, as abundantly as they can, the best varie-
ties of the white mulberry; and, to assist them in their labors, we
have to mention the mode of proceeding of M. Cante, who thinks it
best to give the form of an inverted T to the incision of the graft on
these trees. M. Vitmorin has declared to us, that he has proved the
great advantages which are to be derived from this plan. M. Cante
is gardener of the domain of Mivoye, where the Marquis Amelot de
Chaillou has made considerable plantations of mulberry trees, in-
tended to furnish food to a large nursei-y of silkworms, which he has
just erected." — Gard. Gaz.

Value of Plants displayed at the Anniversary Meeting of the Paris
Horticultural Society in June. — One of the best horticulturists pro-
nounced the plants exhibited, to be worth more than 400,000 francs^
(!^75,000!) {Hort. Journal.)

Art. in. Domestic Notices.

Blue Camellias.— There is a great desire, with rnany cultivators^
to possess blue colors of peculiar tribes of flowers; for instance, the dah-
lia, tulip, rose, camellia, &c. But all attempts to produce any near
approach to that color have failed. Within a few days,^ how-
ever, we have understood that the Messrs. Oddeaux & Co., " Florists
and Nurserymen from Versailles, near Paris," who have lately arrived
in Boston, have, among the many rare and curious plants which they
possess, a blue Camellia!! also, that they offer it for sale at the very
moderate price of #100. The Messrs. Oddeaux have, we have also
learnt, agreed to guarantee it to be blue, or no pay will be received !
They have, also, many other equally desirable new things; among
others, a scar/ef variety of Gardenia florida! and a luhite AmaryU'is
formosissima! likewise, the a/^ine dahlia, the roots of which are so har-
dy as to live through our winters unharmed ! together with many more
equally valuable things.

Many of our readers probably recollect the Messrs. Felix Preres
& Co., " florists from St. Cloud near Paris," who arrived in Boston

150 Domestic JVotices.

some years ago, with a full assortment of plants, surpassing, by their
descriptions, any thing before seen, and which they sold readily to the
delighted amateurs around the city, who fancied they had at last re-
alized all that their fancy had conjured up, — blue tuberoses — pinks
two feet in diameter — blue, green, and violet roses, — yellow pseonies, —
plants which flowered two or three years in succession, and other
equally marvellous rarities! But, alas! their golden dreams faded as
the contents of the packets became exhausted, and then, in the place
of all their cherished plants, came nothing but the most miserable
trash which had been banished from cultivation.

Such a lesson we should imagine would be suflicient to put every
one on their guard, and prevent their being completely duped again.
But there are some who fancy that nothing is too ridiculous to believe,
and who are willing purchasers. Messrs. Oddeaux & Co. may have
a brilliant selection of plants; and may, indeed, possess that rare ob-
ject, a blue camellia. But it seems to us a great sacrifice of time and
money to bring a plant so far which, at home, would command more
than the whole collection of plants is worth, were it valued at a
thousand dollars. We trust that gentlemen, as well as amateurs, will
be cautious in their purchases of such marvellous productions, and we
deem it our duty to put every one on their guard, that such barefaced
imposition may be exposed. — Ed.

Large single Camellia. — In the garden of Col. Lucas, of South
Carolina, there is now growing, in the open air, a very remarkable
specimen of the single camellia, undoubtedly of much greater pro-
portions than any other in the United States. The standing com-
mittee of the Horticultural Society of Charleston, in making their
last annual report, have appended the dimensions of the tree, with
a view to test the accuracy of the opinion, that there is no other in
the country that will bear a comparison in size. The dimensions
are as follows: —

Ft. In.
Largest diameter of tlie trunk, at the surface of the ground, ... 1

Circumference at do., 2 11^

Circumference, nine inches from the surface of the ground, where the

branches commence, ......... 2 9^

At three feet from the surface of the ground, it divides into eight branches,

six of which, in the aggregate, measure in circumference, . . 5 6

The largest of these branches is sixteen inches in circumference, and two

others fifteen inches each, the aggregate . . . . . . 3 10

The largest diameter of the tree, measuring to the extremity of the branch-
es and leaves, is . . ' 16 5

The smallest diameter, as above, 15

The circumference, .......... 49 8

The height, 16 10

We doubt whether there is such a large specimen in England, or,
indeed, out of its native country. The climate of South Carolina
is peculiarly adapted to its growth, and the mildness of the winters
is such as not to endanger it, after it acquires a growth of a year or
two. Mr. A. Gordon, Botanical Collector, in the Gardener''s Mag-
azine, (Vol. VII,) mentions a very large camellia as growing in the
garden of Mr. Noisette; and, probably, this is the same plant which
he alluded to. If the double and fine varieties of the camellia should
prove as hardy as the single, and can be as successfully cultivated,
they must add greatly to the splendor of the flower garden. — Ed.

The Aerides, or Tropical Epiphytes. — Various plans seem neces-
sary to the successful cultivation and flowering of these compara-

Domestic J^otices. 151

lively new and rare treasures of Flora. It appears generally under-
stood, that different species require a difference in the mode of treat-
ment. Epidendrum does very well wrapped in moss, (Sphagnum,
Hypnura,) or the like. We have seen it flower attached to a dry
limb, on which it naturally grew. A fine species, falling under our
notice, once made a good spike of blossoms, grown in sphagnum, in
a small flower-pot. In this instance it clasped the rim of the pot
with its fibres, instead of striking them downwards. In some of the
collections in France, trunks of decayed trees have actually been
planted within the houses appropriated to their culture, and species
of Vanilla, Dendrobium, tropical cymbidiums attached to them.
Inserting the fibres under the bark, or by wrap))ing a little moss about
them, they have done well, and flowered abundantly. We antici-
pate much satisfaction in the future inflorescence of several very fine
species of West India epiphytes, brought home by Hon. John Lowell,
and on which he is now instituting some experiments. An entire col-
lection of these vegetable wonders, properly grown, how superb!
We presume that more than a dozen distinct species may be found
in the collections of amateurs in this neighborhood, and we hope that
they will be still more numerous. — Flos.

CamelUa. japonica var. Baltimore^. — If it is agreeable, I will give
you a description of a seedling Camellia, raised by Mr. Zebulon
Waters, of Baltimore, now in flower. The flower is very large, of
the most delicate white, with a slight stripe of daik red, and also
shewing the same of a light blush, quite distinct from each other;
some of the petals have only one or two of those stripes, which
makes it very distinct from any other variety which has come under
my notice; also the petals are very large, in character of the variega-
ted, but cup-shaped, till fully expanded; it then becomes quite revo-
lute, which shows the prominent petals beautiful with the slight tinges
on them; it is not the character of the flower as to being double, but
the bold appearance it assumes when in bloom. It is moreover one
of the freest bloomers, seldom ever losing a bud. It is called Balli-
mbrea. — Viola, Baltimore, Jan. 1839.

Boston Botanic Garden. — This garden is now open to the public
for exhibition — price of admission, twelve and a half cents. We un-
derstand that the encouragement, thus far, has fully realized the ex-
pectations of the proprietors. The arrangement of the house, which
is well adapted to the purposes of exhibition, and the mode of heating
the structure, which is said to be one of the best constructed in the
vicinity, we shall notice in a future number. Mr. Wilder's plants
appear to good advantage, and, under the care of Mr. Donald, who
has the management of the collection, present a vigorous and healthy
aspect. An aviary is connected with the conservatory, and "birds in-
numerable" caroling their sweet notes, lend an enchantment to the
whole scene. On the whole, we think much good will arise from the
establishment of such a place, and it will, no doubt, become a place
of fashionable resort to the inhabitants of the city; the stranger will
also find it an agreeable place to beguile away a leisure hour. Great
credit is due to Mr. Gray for his zeal, which has alone enabled him to
carry his project successfully through. — Ed.

Wistaria Consequhna. — This most splendid climbing plant, which
we have repeatedly urged upon the notice of our readers, is now
flowering in great profusion at Mr. Cushing's, Belmont Place. The
shoots are trained to the rafters of the conservatory, and the depend-

152 Retrospective Criticism.

ing tresses of flowers are, many of them, nearly a foot long; the whole
forming a most magnificent display. It is only two years since this
plant was set out, at which time it was only two or three feet
high; some of the shoots now reach nearly to the top of the house.
At Mr. Pratt's, another plant is now blooming, but not in such splen-
dor as that at Mr. Cushing's. We again commend this plant to the
notice of every person who possesses a green-house, as one of the
most truly ornamental objects which can be planted. — Ed.

Hand-Glasses for striking Cuttings, or protecting Plants. — Our
correspondent, Mr. John Clark, No. 104, Court Street, Boston, has
shown us a hand-glass, which he has lately made, and which is most
excellently adapted to these purposes. The glasses are al)out a foot
and a half square, and will contain a great number of cuttings. For
striking cuttings, pii>ing pinks or pansies, and for protecting early cu-
cumbers, it is one of the best thiiiirs which could be used. They may
be seen at Mr. Clark's shop, in Court Street, or at the seed store of
Hovey & Co., Merchant's Row. — Ed.

Splendid collection of Hot-house and Green-house Plants for sale.
— Our readers will perceive, by our advertising sheet, that the splendid
collection of plants belonging to J. B. Smith, Esq. of Philadelphia, is to
be sold at public auction, the latter part of May, or early in June, unless
previously disposed of at private sale. The collection is particularly
rich in palms, many of which are of very large size. There are also
many large and fine lemon and orange trees, and one of the best col-
lections of camellias in the country, including a large number of seed-
lings, a few only of which have yet flowered. The cactuses are like-
wise numerous, and fine specimens. A reference to our notes upon
Mr Smith's place will show what are the more notable species and va-
rieties in the collection. We should hope some gentleman would buy
the whole, as they are too valuable to be scattered over the coimtry, and
perhaps lost. All the plants are in the most vigorous health. — Ed.

A double Azalea. — At the last anniversary of the Horticultural So-
ciety of Charleston, a silver medal was awarded to Mr. Strobel, for a
double azalcM, an indigenous variety, taken from the forests in the vicin-
ity of Charleston. It was pronounced very beautiful by the committee.
{South. Ag.)

Art. IV. Retrospective Criticism.

Errata. — In our last, page 88, first line, for "reco^nmended,'" read
"lecommend." Page 111, fifteen lines from the top, for "pruning,'*
read "preserving."

Horticulture in Mobile, Alab. — From a perusal of the second num-
ber of your Magazine, which has been received, I perceive you occa-
sionally notice Uie jirogress of old, and the formation of new nurse-
ries; and perceiving little or no notice of any thing of the sort further
south from you than Charleston, I take the liberty of giving you a
slight sketch of the establishment 1 now have, (all of which has been
recently erected by J. W. Tisdale, Esq., my jDatron and supporter,)
under the supposition that the information will not be without inter-

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 153

est to you. The green-house, which was erected very late this last
fall, is forty feet long, eighteen feet deep, and seventeen feet high in
the baci<. Three years' experience in the south has convinced me
that a low or narrow house will not succeed; first, from the circum-
stance that plants of vigorous growth, when well attended to here,
during the summer, grow as much as a plant of the same sort would
grow in the north in three, or perlia})s five summers. Last April I had
a plant of Acacia deall)ata, about six or seven inches high; the same
plant is now twelve feet high, and beautifully formed: a Eugenia
myrtifolia, about two feet high, at the same time. It is now between
five and six feet high, with a beautifully formed head, about three and
a half feet in diameter; other plants of a strong habit grow in the
same way. Secondly, a low and narrow house is too much exposed
to the intense rays of the spring sun for the benefit of the plants.
My propagating house is twenty-four feet long; I have also conside-
rable hot-bed frames. My stock of plants, considering the very short
time since I commenced the business, I think is pretty good. I have
about fifty varieties of camellia, (having imported some from Eng-
land,) about forty varieties of pelargoniums, seventy varieties of
roses, eighteen or twenty varieties of cactuses, a few rhododenlrons,
and eight varieties of Azalea indica, three or four ericas, a small col-
lection of choice hot-house plants, and a splendid collection of dah-
lias; and I atn happy to be enabled to say, that the encouragement
I have already received from ])urchasers is very promising; and I am
glad to be enabled to state, that the taste for flowers and flower gar-
dens is very fast increasing here. I am also contemplating the erec-
tion of a house for camellias, and some few other genera of plants. —
Yours, truly, Gilbert R. Rotton, Mobile, March 5, 1839.

[Mr. Rotton will accept our thanks for the information contained in
the above, and we hope he will give us further information upon the
state of gardening, in the vicinity of Mobile, for our retrospective arti-
cle for our next volume; we hope, also, that he may be induced to
send us some communications upon the treatment of plants in the
southern states, that our readers, many of whom reside there, may be
benefited by the experience of such cultivators as Mr. Rotton. The
management is materially different in the southern and northern states;
and amateur gentlemen would, no doubt, be happy to have the opinion
of jn-actical men, who reside among them, upon the growth of plants. —
Ed.]

Art. V. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

The stated meeting of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society was
held, on the evening of the 19th inst. The President in the chair.

The committee on plants and flowers reported, that they had visit-
ed the different green-houses and hot-houses in the city and vifiniry,
and had awarded unanimously the premium often dollars to William
Chalmers, Jr., gardener to George Pepper, Esq., for the best or-
dered and conducted green-house ; they likewise recommended, that

VOL. V. NO. IV. 20

154 Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

one of the Society's premium certificates be given him, attested by the
President and Secretary.

They likewise awarded the premium for the ten best varieties of
camellias, to Georire Pepper, Esq., he having exhibited Cameiha Lan-
drethn, C. myrtifolia, C. fimbriata, C. Lady Hume's Blush, C. im-
bricata, C. alba pleno, C. conchiflora, C. Pomponia, C. variegata,
and speciosa.

The premium, for the best seedling camellia, (C. Percivaln,) was
awarded to Mrs. Hibbert ; the color a beautiful rose, with a tolerably
well formed bold petal. The plant was not above eight inches high,
and growing ; and, although not a first-rate compact flower, it will
still be a valuable acquisition, when well grown. Mrs. Hibbert had
four others, tolerai)ly good.

The premium, for the best bouquet, was given to John Sherwood,
Laurel Hill.

The premium, for the best display of plants, in pots, was awarded
to Robert Buist, who exhibited, CnineWiaW oodsii, C. florida, E'pac-
ris paludosa, Pelargonium Lord Denman, Gem, Purpurea ca?rulea,
Compton«tna,Cicelia, Urhana, Admiral Naj)ier, Grantidnwrn, Man of
Ross; £ri(;a pubescens minor, jE. nlbida, E. jyinea, £. canaliculata,
£. regerminans; Feriiena alba, F". intermedia, F. incisa, V.Kyreuna,
V. Tweediea^a, and V. T. grandiflora; Azalea indica elegans, Gilling-
hkmii, A. magniflora, (a new seedlinc,) A. phcenica, A. alba, A.
hybrida, and A. sinensis; Pimelea hispida, i?hododendron, arboreum
hybridum, Ixora rosea, Euphorbia splendens, Didsma capitata,
Pultense^a c?aphnoides, and Daphne neapolitana.

An honorary premium was awarded to Andrew Dryburgh, for the
next best display of plants, in pots, he having exhibited Azalea in-
dica, A. purpurea, A. [jhoenicea, Amaryllis Johnsonu, A. vittata, var.
cineraria cruenta, C. linata, Collinsonza bicolor. Primula, double
white and lilac, violas of various kinds, Metrosideros floribiindus,
Gnaphalium grandiflora, Cereus Jenkinsonu, £uph6rbia splendens,
Coronilla glauca, Ferbena Tweedieana, V. incisa, i?hododendroa
ponticum, Erica andromediflora, Pelargonium Queen of Scots, Sir
William Wallace, Maherniaadorata, t/2Vum crinitum, J?6sa Russell-
idnum, R. blush y^erpetual, jR. indica multiflora, Grand perpetual
and sanguinea; Camelh'o splendens, C. conspicua, C. fimbriata, C.
Landrethii, C. imbricata, C. King ot the Netherlands, C. fulgens, C.
myrtifolia, Chandlerf, C. Pomponia, and a Calla sethiopica.

The Committee on Vegetables awarded the premium for the most
interesting display of vegetables, to Mr. Chalmers, gardener to Mrs.
Stot, who exhibited two dozen mushrooms, oak-leaved lettuce, six
cucumbers, radishes, and parsley.

The Committee on Fruit awarded the premium to Hugh Hatch,
Camden, N. J., for the best display of fruit ; he having exhibited
some fine apples.

Robert Kilvington exhibited, Erica urceolaris, E. nigrita, E. im-
bricata, E. regerminans, Gardoqui« Hookerii, Azalea phoenicia, A.
Ledifolia, Mahernia odorata, Pittosporum undulatum, P. To))ira,
Lotus jacobse^a, Blumenbachm insignis, Cherianthus Cheiri plena,
Fierbena Tweedieana, and a very superior new seedling, the largest
flower I have seen; jRubus rosafolius, Hoya carnosa, Roses, Yellow
Tea, Blush Tea, Thea golconda, R. Smithii, Pelargonium Coplea
Seckleunum, and two fine seedlings ; Eupatormm fragrans, Gna-,
phalium aureum, Cineraria cruenta, C. mollis, a fine display of hya-
cinths, polyanthuses, neriums, tulips, pansies, &c. &c., with the fol-

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 155

lowing fine native plants, viz: Pulmonaria virginica, Saxifragasp.
Houstonia coerillea, £>iaba verna, .^rabis coronopifolia, Corydklia
cucullata, -Senecio aiirea, Claytonia virginica, and Ophioglossum
vuluatuni,

William Chalmers, gardener to Mrs. Stot, exhibited, Burchella
capensis, Amaryllis JohnooiiM, Begonia argyrostii;ma, Lechenaultio
formosa, Azalea indica hybrida, Polygala oppositifolia, i'xia tricolor,
Cineraria purpurea, lUicium floridanum. Cyclamen persicum, Pelar-
gonium Fair Helen, Primula sinensis, P. double red. Petunias, Lady
Slippers, Camellias, of various kinds, Yellow Tea rose and migno-
nette, &c.

William Chalmers, Jr., gardener to George Pepper, Esq., exhib-
ited, Azalea phcenicia, A. alba, A. purpurea flore pleno, lx6r« coc-
cinea, Melastoma hetromalla, Justicia calatrix, Lantana mutabilis,
Eu\)h6v\na splendens, Ferbena incisa, V. Tweedietma, J^osa Smithn,
Yellow Tea, Blush Tea, VVhite Tea, Heliolropium peruvianum,
CamelU'a Pasoniflbra, and C. carnea.

Mrs. Hibbert exhibited Camellia fiilgens, C. i?6sa sinensis, C. La-
dy Hume's Blush, C. conchiflora, C. Goussonia, C. warratah, C. Gre-
ville's Red, C. Floyii, C. Fompbnia; Seedlings — C. Helenn, C. En-
terprise,and C. Priciaraa; Lantana mutabilis, Calla sethi6pica,Mahern-
ia odorata, Cineraria amelloides, Feibena Tweedieana, Erica joinea.

John Sherwood exhibited, Camellia King of the Netherlands,
C. fimbriata, C. imbricata, C. F'airlea, C. elata, C. variegata, C. myr-
tifdlia, C. warratah, C. Sasdnqua rosea, Daphne cneorum, and a seed-
ling camellia.

Alexander Parker exhibited various kinds of camellias, cac-
tuses, &c.

Mr. Reilly, gardener to Pierce Butler, Esq., exhibited some very-
superior lettuces, radishes, and a head of cauliflower.

Archibald Ritchie, gardener to Joshua Longstreth, exhibited some
fine lettuce, radishes of different kinds, parsnips, beets, &c.

The Society's room never before exhibited so much splendor, as it
did that evening ; it being literally filled with large and fine speci-
mens of various kind of plants, tastefully arranged, loaded with a
profusion of flowers of every hue and tint imaginable. The azaleas
and camellias were in a fine healthy state, and had a most pleasing
effect. The E'pacris palludosa is a beautiful plant, the flower sweet
scented, and will be a great acquisition to the amateur.

The vegetables were of the first quality, and does great credit to
the growers. — Yours, G. Watso7i.

Art. VI. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, March 2d, 1839.— Exhibited. Fruits: From B. V.
French, Royal, Mela carla, Bourassa, and Fearn's pippin apples,
also. King's Bunchretien pear, an old variety, introduced by the late
Hon. Rufns King, of which the name was lost. From R. Manning,
Danvers winter sweet, Pennock's red winter, and a kind of apple, re-
ceived from France, unknown. From Judge Heard, a basket of

156 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

handsome red apples, with somewhat the appearance of the Spltzem-
berp, but unknown to the committee.

March '23d. — Exhibited. Flowers: From S. Sweetser, J?hododen-
dron, arboreum hj'bridum, and pallidum. From J. H. Gardener, a
plant of the yellow Noisette rose, in bloom.

Fruits: — From J. M. Ives, Salem, Carthouse or Gilpin, Bullock's
Pippin or Sheep-nose, Wellington, Swaar, and Michael Henry pip-
pin apples. From B. Bussey, St. Germain pears, in fine preserva-
tion. From Job Sumner, Roxbury, apples, names unknown.J

The Committee on Flowers, throuirh their Chairman, reported
that the following premiums be offered for the year 1839.

Flowers.

Hyacinths. — For the best display, $5.00,

Geraniums. — For the best display, twelve varieties in pots, $10.00.
For the second best display, twelve varieties, $5.00. For the best
seedling, $3.00.

Tulips. — For the best twelve varieties, $10,00. For the second
best twelve varieties, $5.00.

Violas. — For the best display, $5.00. For the second best display,
$2.00. For the best seedling, $3.00.

Pinks. — For the best display, 5.00. For the best six varieties,
$3.00. For the best seedling, $3.00.

Carnations. — For the best display, $5.00. For the best six varie-
ties, $3.00. For the best seedling, "3.00.

Roses. — For the best display of flowers, $10.00. For the best
twenty-four hardy varieties, $5.00. For the best twelve hardy varie-
ties, 3.00. For the best twelve Chinese and other tender varieties,
$5.00.

Dahlias. — 1st prize, best display, $10.00; 2d prize, best display,
$6.00. 1st prize, best twenty-four varieties, $8.00; 2d prize, best
twenty-four varieties, 5.00. 1st prize, best sixteen varieties, $6.00;
2d prize, best sixteen varieties, $4.00. 1st prize, best eight varieties,
$5.00; 2d prize, best eight varieties, $2.00. 1st prize, best seedling,
$3.00. 2d prize, best seedling, $2.00.

Camellias. — For the best seedling, $10.00.

Heaths. — For the best six varieties in pots, $10.00,

The committee will also award discretionary premiums, for any
remarkable production.

Messrs, Haggerton &. Sweetser, Avho were appointed a sub-com-
mittee, at a previous meeting of the flower committee, to adopt reg-
ulations, to be observed on presenting shrubs, plants and flowers, for
piemiums, offered by the Horticultural Society, reported as follows:

First. — No shrub, plant or flower shall be displayed in but one
stand for a premium, and the same shall not be eligible to but
one prize.

Second. — All shrubs, plants and flowers so displayed, shall be la-
belled and numbered; and a duplicate of such label shall also be
handed to the flower conmiittee as soon as the said shrubs, plants
and flowers are arranged in the hall for exhibition; in order that the
committee may have time to examine the same and decide upon their
merits for prices.

The following y)roposal of a member of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, was read and referred to the flower committee, who
v\ere directed to make a report at the next meeting.

"To encourage the cultivation of the flowering plants of New
England, a member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society of-

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 157

fers the following premiums, to be awarded by the 'Committee on
Flowers,' on condition that the Society offer an equal amount.
For the year 1839,
For the best exhibition durinif the season, at their Hall, of the na-
tive i)lants of NevV England, wherever grown, —
A first premium of five dollars.
A second do. of five dollars.
A third do. of five dollars.

For the year 1840.
For the best exhibition durinir the season, at the Hall, of the na-
tive j)lants of New Eni;land, cultivated by the competitors, —
A first premium of ten dollars.
A second do. of five dollars.
A third do. of five dollars.

!A first premium of fifteen dollars.
A second do. of ten dollars.
A third do. of five dollars.
I A first premium of twenty dollars.
For the year 1342. < A second do. of ten dollars.
( A third do. of five dollars.
I A first premium of twenty-five dollars.
For the year 1843. < A second do. of fifteen dollars.
( A third do of ten dollars.

As competition with the long established Botanic Garden, at Cam-
bridj,re, would be hopeless, it is excluded. A gratuity, such as his
exhibition of plants may merit, might still be allowed by the Society,
to its skilful gardener.

The collection, also, of the donor, which, perhaps, is among the
next best, will be excluded.

Although to many cultivators the pecuniary reward will be no in-
ducement, others may consider it an object, as refunding, in some
measure, the cost, and who also will, if successful, be more than re-
paid by the propagation and sale of their plants.

It is expected the Committee will distribute the premiums, in whole
or in part, as they deem just — or withhold them altogether, should
this attempt fail to bring into cultivation 'native plants,' the pride of
our woods and meadows, — so justly valued abroad, and so long neg-
lected at home."

March 30th- — Exhibited. Flowers:— from S.Walker, two seed-
ling pansies, of great merit: one of these Mr. Walker has named
Louisa; it is considered one of the best Mr. Walker has yet raised.

Vegetables: — From J. L. L. F. Warren, fine radishes.

The following business was transacted at this meeting.

Mr Walker, from the Flovver Committee, to whom was referred
the subject of the proposal, from a member of the Society, read at
the last meeting, reported, that the liberal premiums offered by
Thos. Lee, Esq., ought to be complied with: and the report was
accepted.

We are happy to record this vote of the Society, upon this subject.
Mr. Lee has long directed his attention to our native Flora, and his
grounds ])robably contain a far better collection than that of any
other individual. His ])roposal to place at the disposal of the So-
ciety, a specific sum, to be awarded in each season, of the next five
years, amounting, in the whole, to one hundred and fifty dollars, dis-
plays a liberality only equalled by the zeal which he has manifested
in the cultivation of the plants of New England. Mr. Lee has com-

158

Fancuil Hall Market.

municated to us some notes upon the most ornamental plants grow-
ing ill this vicinity, which are demanding a place in our gardens; and
we regret that they did not reach us in season to have given them a
place In this number. They will, however, appear in our next.

Art. VII. Faneuil Hall Market.

Roots, Tubers, ^c.

Potatoes :

^ ^ per barrel, . .

<^°"^'"°"'JJerbu.shel, ..

Chenangoes, ^ ^f^. ^^l^^f^'^

NovaScotias,5P°'tTl^
' ( per bushel,

•r> , . ^ per barrel, . .
Eastports, j J^^. ^^^,^,^^,; _

Sweet Potatoes, per bushel.
Turnips:

Common, per bushel,. . . .

French, per bushel,

Ruta Baga,per bushel, .. ,
Onions:

Red, per bunch,

Yellow, per bushel, ....

White, per bushel,

Beets, per bushel,

Carrots, per bushel,

Parsnips, per bushel,

Horseradish, per pound, . . .

Radishes, per bunch,

Shallots, per pound,

Garlic, per pound,

Cabbages, Salads, ^c

Cabbages, per dozen :

Savoys,

Di-umheads,

Red Dutch,

Cauliflowers, each,

Brocoli, each,

Lettuce, per head,

Celery, per root:

Giant red and white, . .

Common,

Spinach, per half peck, . .
Dandelions, per half peck
Tomatoes, (green,) per peck.

^cts.

1 25
50

2 00
75
75
75

2 50
1 00

25

37i
37i

4
1 00
1 50
50
50
75
8

m

20
12

^cts.

1 50
60
25

37
50
50

6

1 25

2 00
75
75

12

75
1 00
1 00
25
15
10

I From To

Squashes and Pumpkins,'.^ cts.

Squashes :
Autumnal Marrow,percwt. 4 00 6 00

Winter crook-neck, pr cwt.

Canada, per cwt

West India, per cwt

Pumpkins, each

,^ cts.

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per half peck, .

Sage, per pound,

Marjorum, per bunch,.
Savory, per bunch,. . . .
int, per bunch, .

Fruits.

Apples, dessert, new :

Common, 5 P^r barrel,. .
' I per bushel,. .

Baldwins, per barrel,.. . .

Sweet apples, per barrel,.

Golden Pippins, per bbl. ,

Greenings, per barrel, . , .

Russets, per barrel,

Pearmains, per bbl.,

Pears:

Baking, per bushel,

Grapes, per lb:

Malaga,

Cranberries, per bushel, . . .

Lemons, per dozen,

Oranges, per dozen :

Sicily,

Havana, (sweet)

Pine-apples, each,

Chestnuts, per bushel,

Walnuts, per bushel,

Cocoanuts, each,

Almonds , ( sweet,) per pound,

Shaddocks, each,

Filberts, per pound,

Castana,

English walnuts, per lb

2 50

4 00

2 00

12

2 00

50

2 50

2 50

3 00
3 00

5 0

2 00

25

2 50

20

25
50
12|

2 00

3 00

5

12^
25

3 00

2 50
25

2 25
75

3 00

3 00

4 00

8 00

25
37i

25

2 50

4 —
5k 6

Remarks. — A month unusually open and mild, has prevented the
stock of some articles from getting so low as it often does, at this season.
It is, undoubtedly, owing to the open winter, which has just passed by,

Horticultural Memoranda. 159

that prices have been kept so stationary since the fall. For five sea-
sons since our reports have been commenced, there has not been one
in which there has not been a jrreater fluctuation in prices than the last.
Already early vegetables promise well, and the expectation now is, that
the market will be better, and more abundantly supplied with choice
articles, and at an earlier day, than has ever been done before.

Potatoes remain almost unchanged in price ; there has been no ad-
vancement, if the quality of those now sold is taken into consideration.
Eastports and Clienangoes are a shade higher, but this is on account of
their being all picked over and in prime condition ; the variation in
prices, since last fall, would not more than compensate for the labor of
picking without the loss of the stock. Turnips are exceedingly plenti-
ful for the season. Onions are less abundant and prices have improv-
ed. Radishes now come in more plentiful, and of better quality, and
at reduced prices. Horseradish is supplied in sufficient quantities.
The stock of Cabbages, which has held out so well, is now getting re-
duced ; prices remain the same for good quality. Cauliflowers continue
scarce. Lettuce has come to hand, within a week or two, in abun-
dance, and of fine size. Celery is very scarce ; what there is on hand is
inferior. Dandelions, of garden cultivation, have been received the past
week, and readily taken at our quotations ; they may be considered as
something new at this early season. Market gardeners would find them
a profitalde crop to raise. Spinach is scarce for the season; this is,
however, owing to the open winter, and consequent destruction of a
portion of the crop; a partial covering of snow is generally depended
upon ; but the past winter so little fell, that the roots have been exposed
and destroyed.

Of Squashes, there is a good supply of common quality. Prime au-
tumnal marrows and Canada crook-necks are, however, quite scarce.
West Indies are now abundant, there having been several arrivals within
a week or two.

In fruit there is not much doing. Apples, unless of prime quality,
all picked, scarcely maintain the rates at our last report. Pears are all
gone, except the baking. Grapes nearly gone ; what remains, of very
inferior quality. Cranberries scarce. Lemons abundant. Of Oranges,
a fine supply. Chestnuts are about gone. Walnuts are tolerably
abundant, and in fair demand. — Yours, M. T., Boston, March 26<A,
1839.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR APRIL.

Grape Vines, in graperies or green-houses, will now have started so
as to show their flower-buds by the middle of the month. Commence
syringing once or twice a week, as the shoots progress, and let them be
tied to the trellis, to prevent their being broken off. If any of the shoots
have not broken well, l^iey should be headed down, in order to make
good wood for another season. Fork over the border, and add manure,
if it has not already been done.

Peach trees, in pots, placed in the green-house last month, will now
be in bloom ; give an abundance of air until the fruit is set, when the

160 Horticultural Memoranda.

trees should be frequently syringed ; young trees may be planted in pots,
this month, and headed in so as to make fine trees another year.

Strawberries, in pots, if done bearing, should be removed to the
open air. If still in fruit, give an abundance of air, and keep them near
the glass.

Gooseberry and Currant Bushes may yet be trimmed, if not done
before; the earth should be dug between the rows, and the plants stak-
ed, if large and not able to support themselves.

Raspberry Plants should now be uncovered and tied up to stakes ;
dig the soil round the plants as early as convenient. New plantations
may now be made.

Straivberry beds may be planted with sucdess this month.

Fruit trees, of all kinds, may be more successfully removed this
month than at any other time in the year.

Grafting mny he performed this month, and trees trimmed where neg-
lected before.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Tulip beds should now be uncovered, if not already done, and the
surface of the beds loosened with a small trowel.

Hyacinth beds should also be attended to in the same manner as the
tulips.

Chrysanthemums. — The plants may be separated this month, or cut^
tings may be put in which will root freely.

Perennial plants, of all kinds, may be successfully removed this
month.

Ornamental shrubs may also be removed with safety, as soon as the
places are prepared for their reception.

Californian Annuals, as recommended in our last, may be sown this
month.

Rose bushes not yet pruned, should be finished as soon as possible.

Green-house plants, such as ericas, lechenaultias, &.c. may be propa-
gated this month.

Tender annual floioer seeds, sown last month in the hot-bed, should
now be potted oft' singly, into small pots, in rich light soil.

Dahlias will now begin to start their buds. Separate the roots ready
for planting as soon as the weather is mild, wiien early flowers are
wanted. For a fine bloom in September, the roots may be set out any
time in May. Those plants forwarded as previously directed, may be
turned out of the pots the latter part of the month, if warm. Seedlings
should be repotted.

Pansies, which have been raised from seed in pots, or boxes, should
now be set out in beds in the open air.

Tuberoses, and Jlmaryllis formosissima, may be planted in pots, in a
fran)e, or hot-bed.

Verbenas will need repotting as fast as they fill the pots with roots.

Gladiolus, planted in pots, may be turned out into the border this
month.

VEGETABLE DEPARTMENT.

Asparagus beds should be made and planted this month.
Rhubarb beds may be also made uj), and the roots set out.
Lettuces, radishes, celery. Sec. should be sown for a succession.

THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE

MAY, 1839.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. Horticulture in Buffalo^ JV. Y.; with a notice of
the Garden of H. Pratt, Esq. By M. B. Bateham,

Rochester.

The history, condition, and prospects of the city of Buf-
falo, are ahke remarkable and peculiar. A restless spirit of
enterprise and speculation appears to pervade all classes of
the comnnunity, and manifests itself in all their operations.
Their buildings, and other improvements, are characterized
by a scale of magnificence, which often surprises the passing
stranger; and if he looks at what Buffalo was, a few years ago,
instead of what it will be a few years hence, he is half inclined
to condemn their enterprise and liberality, as folly and extrav-
agance. But those who view the subject in its proper light,
and reflect on what that city must become, cannot but admire
the liberal public spirit and indefatigable enterprise which the
citizens manifest.

Buflalo is, emphatically, a commercial place, and the gen-
eral embarrassment of commercial affairs, for several years
past, has, of course, too seriously affected the community to
allow of much being done, of late, by way of improvements.
On visiting the city a few days ago, however, I was gratified
to perceive, that the indomitable spirit of enterprise is still
alive; the sound of the hammer and the trowel again salutes
the ear; and the accumulating piles of timber, brick, and

VOL. V. — NO. V. 21

162 Horticulture in Buffalo, Jf. Y.

stone, give good evidence that Buffalo will soon be "herself
again."

But that which will most interest your readers, and afforded
nie the greatest pleasure, was niy visit to the garden of H.
Pratt, Esq., mayor of the city, and president of the bank of
Buffalo. It is situated on a rise of ground, about a mile
north of the city, on the road to Niagara falls. A beautiful
stone mansion, erected the past season, is nearly completed,
and affords a fine view of the city, and the broad blue lake.
The pleasure-grounds and garden consist of about six acres;
and, considering the short time which the improvements have
been in progress, the present appearance of the premises
reflects the highest credit on the taste of the wealthy proprie-
tor, and tlie skill of Mr. Kelly, the gardener.

Near the house, and in other parts of the ground, Mr.
Kelly has planted a large number of native forest trees, some
of which are of very large size, and entirely prevent that
naked, barren appearance which is generally seen at newly im-
proved places. Some of these trees are from twenty to
thirty feet high, with large spreading tops, and stems from
eight to ten inches in diamater. They were transplanted last
spring, and Mr. Kelly informed me that not more than two
or three out of a hundred had died. They were removed by
a pair of wheels with a long pole, nearly according to the
directions given by Stewart, in the Planler''s Guide.

On the north side of the garden, is a range of horticultural
buildings, two hundred and sixty feet long, by fourteen wide,
built in the best manner with brick and stone walls, and a uni-
form glass roof. Entering at the end nearest the dwelling,
the first apartment is a peach-house and vinery about one hun-
dred feet long, intended for a succession house, to be used
without artificial heat. Some thrifty peach and apricot trees
are trained on a trellis against the back wall, and grape vines
are introduced through the front, and trained under the rafters.
A path runs through the centre, and beds of lettuce, cauli-
flowers, &c. occupy the intermediate space. A large number
of dahlias had just been potted and placed in this room.

The next apartment is also a peach-house and vinery, but
this is intended as r forcing house and is heated by a flue. It
is planted in the same manner as the first, with the addition of
several fig, orange and lemon trees. The peach and apricot
trees appeared in a very forward and healthy state, and (the
20th of March,) were just past full bloom — the young fruit on
some beginning to set. The grape vines were fast putting out

Horticulture in Buffalo, Jf. Y. 163

their leaves; — radishes, lettuces, &c. had already been fur-
nished for the table, from the ground beds in this apartment.

The next division is the green-house, and is of less dimen-
sions than the other two. The collection of plants is not
extensive, although very good, considering the short time it
has existed. 1 observed some plants, which if 1 had time, and
supposed you had the space, might be particularly noticed ;
but the collection is rather deficient in rare and interesting
plants, particularly such as are of late introduction ; (1 was
informed that Mr. Pratt intends to enrich this apartment,
before long.) Some oleanders, geraniums, &c. are too large
and old to appear well, but the younger plants are remarkably
thrifty, and the general appearance of the whole does Mr.
Kelly much credit. Among the plants in flower, I observed
several camellias, a Yellow Tea, and several other roses ;
Calla ffithiopica, numerous pots of auriculas, daisies, primu-
las, &c. Large plants of Passiflora are trained around some
pillars in the centre of the house, and a Hoya carnosa is mak-
ing good progress on a trellis against the wall. At the lower
end of the range, and adjoining the green-house, is a neat
brick cottage, and a seed room for the use of the gardener.

In the garden, are several large hot-beds in operation, one
of which is in a more advanced state than any that I have
seen. The cucumber plants were just beginning to flower,
and the tomato and other plants were in a very forvvard state.
One frame was filled with young green-house plants and cut-
tings. Among them I observed some newly grafted camellias,
which were growing finely.

Mr. Pratt intends to erect a spacious conservatory against
the south side of his house, with glass doors connecting with
his parlors. This will be an admirable arrangement, and, from
the known ability of the proprietor and good taste of JNlr. and
Mrs. Pratt, there can be no doubt but that it will be a splen-
did afl^air. This place, when completed, will not only exceed
every thing of the kind in the western country, but, under the
excellent management of the eardener, it must exert an influ-
ence in the promotion of scientific Horticulture.

There are several other private gardens in the vicinity of
Buffalo, which deserve a passing notice; and also the thriv-
ing nursery establishments of Mr. A. Bryant and B. Hodge,
which have snug green-houses attached ; but I have already
exceeded my limits, and must defer any description of them
until I have time to make another visit to Buffalo.

M. B. Bateham.
Rochester Seed Store, March 26th, 1839.

l()l tMici'iuscopic Ohnti-vations

Aur. II. Jlicroscofuc Ohscnuitions, A'o. II.
\\\ a (\Mrt's|HMiilt'n(.

(Contintu-ilfroin I'ol. ///./..(>;■<■ 11. >

'riiK piibosooiu'O ami arur.Uuri' o\ foliat;**, aliciuly iiolii'ed
at souu' li>ui::;tli, in tlio procrdinu; aitirlo rrforiiHl to above, in-
troiliu'o us to si^m* moro nrmuu> womltM's, o[' a minosropic
flianuMor, io whuli i\w\ mc i-losdy allicJ. l-'or wliilo the
liMiiUM" ilisphn \o till" nalvtul t>\ t^ a i"iMiri!;tiia('uM\, varioil aiul
btnuitirnl, iho lattt^r astonish hy their iniiiutahle elei^anee and
piH'iihar striieture. Siihinitteil to a i-ousiihMahle iu'is;;niryiii2;
powtM-, leaves iW vt»i:;»Mahh>s are eonstautly suhjeets lor study
ami of iutert^st. 'Their minutely hrauehins:; reina, their crys-
talline rcsie/fy, their eellular interstices, their intricate net-
work, rivallini!; anil excellinii; the costliest product of the
loom; their properties to produce, by the laws of their organ-
ization, suclt p;ori:;einis colors or more delicate tints; the
presence of chromate here, im' the absence of the power to
o\y i^tM\ute the sap there; — and so again, the spiral rc.v<.-t7,v,
t(M-tuous, vt>l rt\u;ular; the tMU-ious, moulh-like >/(»>H(i/(», ciliated
and fringinl, — such, and other facts, in varieil harniony, sctMU
to render that observation an axiom, that ''a leaf is one oi' the
most wiM»derful protluctions in nature."

According to a theory of half a century's age, rcvivcil ami
modituMi, all the organs of plants are rcdm'ible \o one type, a
leaf. Without entering into a consiileration oi' this curious
iheorv, to the support of which, the [dnsical siruciuic o\'
plants seen\s to be favorable, 1 shall be excused, shouM I de-
viate fron\ the appendagt^s of the foliar forms, to the pecidiar
beauty o\' the tloral organs, while 1 claim so I'oinprehensive a
ih^finiiion, in justifying nn- course. At tht< period when the
tollowing microscopic tritles were iU>stM\i<d, to eniploy an idle
hour and to ai\)use, there were few subjects for such research
at haml. Spring had scarcely announctul its intendcil visit,
and the gleam of smishine, and the fertili/.ing shower, had in-
viieil forth but a scanty number of its usual and delightful con-
comitants. Souie aneniav^eons shrubs ami trees were swing-
ing their brown tassels on the bree/.e; the graceful elm was
expanding its moilcst (lowers; the little bluett was daring to
peep under some tpiiet ai\d sumiy nook in the will; and the
pretty, goldei\ anthcrcil, early carex shooting its spike of
scule-like tlowers. Yet, appiecialed as much as these vernal

J\licroscopic Observations. 165

visitors usually are, by the flower lover, their more attractive
charms were hidden and unknown, until submitted to the mag-
nifying glass. My elm flowers were gems of beauty, and the
brown and unsightly tufts of the despised Lombardy poplar
were unique and singular.

The hazel nut, (Corylus americana,) so well known to
every school boy as his legal plunder, when autumn scatters
its nuts and berries on hill side and in hedge row, has two
sets of flowers upon the same plant, viz. the barren and fer-
tile. The former, in all moncecious and dioecious plants, are
interesting appendages to the tree or shrub. The latter are
smaller, and contiguous, surmounted with a beautiful tuft of
crimson pistilla, or stigmas. The first is called an ament,
and is composed of many scales, or bractes, beneath which
are the stamens; thus each scale answers to a calyx. This
caiycine scale is sparsely fringed on its edge, but its upper
surface is completely covered with a silky wool, composed of
white and transparent threads; but tufts oi' stronger and sharp-
ly pointed hairsj the most beautiful of which are within, may
be seen by an examination of one of the latter organs.

The flower cup of the elm, above mentioned, is also fring-
ed with a most delicate and glossy appendage of cilioe. The
calyx is orange and green, the anthers are of a rich blue color,
and its pollen elliptical in figure, and white. The inflores-
cence of a young and vigorous elm is rather pretty, when con-
sidered on the branch; the brown blossoms coming out on
each side, and forming a fan-like appearance; but who would
have thought that each little floret was as beautiful as some
favorite of the flower border, and a rival with many a fashion-
able one.''

The caiycine scale of the poplar blossom, although it does
not possess any pubescence, is yet curiously jagged on each of
its five unequal lobes, and its color is a rich brown. Almost
as much scorned and neglected, that pest of the cultivator,
the hardy soapwort too, (S iponaria officinaHs,) which, when
double, assumes the rustic cognomen of "Bouncing Bet," has
the edge of its leaves covered with transparent and singularly
obtuse, but irregularly grouped, knobs or serratures.

The edge of the leaf of the welcome lilac ( St/r in o-« vul-
garis,) has curved acuminations, alternating with globules,
each of the latter furnished WMth a footstalk, and perfectly
transparent.

A margin, with an occasional serrature, surrounds the edge
of the tansy, (Tanacetum. vulgare,) while white hairs inter-
spersed among shining points, or glands, probably secreting

166 Jllicroscopic Observations.

its peculiar odor, may be seen on the surface of the leaf, more
numerous on the lower side.

Each tooth on the leaflets of the monthly rose, {Rosa i'n-
dica,) assumes the form of a gland, and is knobbed.

The young leaf of the native strawberry, (Fragaria vir-
ginica,) is covered with long, white hairs, silky and shining;
while its congener, Potentilla argentea, is more densely cloth-
ed, not only in foliage, but on the other organs.

The leaf of Houstonnt cserulea is ciliated only half way on
its edge, with occasionally a few^ hairs on its upper surface,
and these cilise, or hairs, delicate and glossy. But the most
beautiful form of such organs may be seen in the throat of its
flower, which is studded with short yellow points, or threads.
The edge of the divi^^ions of the corolla, though apparently
uniform, is yet regularly serrated, while the verv vesicles,
which compose the substance of the blossom, are of a regular
shape, and set in mosaic!

One of the fii'st flowers of this month (April) is Gnaphalium
plantaginium, possessing only tolerable merit to the unaided
eye. But where is the proud flower of green-house or con-
servatory, which dares to vie with this humble plant ? Look
at it minutely, and you fancy some resemblance to the superb
Protea mellifera, var. alba. Its calycine envelop is of ivory
whiteness at the tips of the leaves, and of gauze-like transpar-
ency and singular net-work at base. Beaded and tufted fila-
ments of pure white, surround each of the florets, which, be-
fore expansion, are of a club-shaped appearance, and of a rich
brown and green. Its stigma is studded with globules, and its
elongated anthers are reddish. I doubt whether the honest
and truthful humble-bee, that "yellow breeched philosopher
and epicurean," which visits its blossoms to sip its sweets or
to gather its pollen, sees in his erratic rambles many fairer
flowers than this.

Some of the mosses are elegantly terminated on their leaves,
with a peculiar transparent bristle or sata, sometimes simple as
in Grimmirt pulvinata and leucophae^a, giving to them a white
and distinguishing aspect, and sometimes fringed as in the com-
mon Anictangium ciliatum, or the rarer and curious Diphys-
cium foliosum.

On the Cultivation of the Strawberry as an annual. 167

Art. III. On the Cultivation of the Stratvberry as an annual;
being the substance of a Lecture delivered before the Society
for the Promotion of Floral and Horticultural Knowledge.
From the Midland Counties^ (Eng.) Herald. By the
Editor.

The cultivation of the strawberry, though generally con-
sidered as more simple than that of almost any other fruit, is
far from being brought to perfection, notwithstanding some
cuhivators have made such modest assertions. Perhaps no
fruit is more generally esteemed, and, undoubtedly, an)id the
great number of growers, there are some, who, by being fa-
vored with peculiar soils and situations well adapted co its
cultivation, have been enabled to produce fruit of superior
quality; jet, when we look back a few years, to the period
when the old wood strawberry was alone cultivated, and com-
pare the present state of the culture of the strawberry with
its growth at that time, we shall find as much, or greater, im-
provement, than in any other fruit which is cultivated in our
gardens. Not only do we see improvement in the size and
other qualities of the fruit, but, latterly, far superior methods
of growth. And shall we suppose that we have reached that
point where improvement is to cease? — that there can be no
better system than that which is now generally adopted?
Those who are at all conversant with the subject of horticul-
ture, have no such idea; on the contrary, there is every rea-
son to suppose that each year will develop some new facts,
which will lead to increased improvement in the cultivation of
this fruit, and that, a few years hence, we shall look back
upon the present state of its growth, and find as much im-
provement as we do now in reviewing the past.

We have been led into these observations, because there
are some cultivators who would have us believe that a fruit so
simply grown, is not susceptible of that improvement which
is constantly being made in other fruits, and, on this account,
pay but little attention to it, making no effort to increase
the amount of the produce, or the quality of the crop, and too
often consigning the strawberry to such neglect as would not
for a moment be tolerated in any other fruit; allowing them, in-
deed, to take care of themselves. It is fi'om the simple fact,
that the cultivation of the strawberry is not understood, that
the new and superior varieties of English origin, introduced
to our gardens within a few years, have not proved equal to the
expectations formed of their excellence, or have not produced

168 On the Cultivation oj the

fruit here in any thing like the superiority which the same
kinds have been grown under the care of Enghsh cultivators.

We have, in a previous article, (Vol, III, p. 241,) said so
much upon the production of the strawberry from the seed,
that we shall not here repeat the same; but we must not omit
to mention that it is through the seed that we are to look for
varieties which will eventually become principally cultivated.
The climate of England and this country is so unlike, that
a fruit, depending so much for its product upon other agents
than the mere soil, is not so likely to succeed as any other
fruit. The severity of our winters, especially when unac-
companied with snow, are particularly injurious to the straw-
berry; and we have satisfactorily tested the fact, that seedlings
of our own growth are much hardier than any' of the En-
glish varieties. The past winter has been more than ordi-
narily injurious to the strawberry, and herbaceous plants of
similar habits, and the Keen's Seedling and other English vari-
eties have been nearly destroyed, whilst our seedlings have
remained wholly unharmed, though standing in near proximity
to each other.

In introducing the following paper, which is the substance
of a lecture delivered by Mr. Darke, we do not pretend to
say that his system is as well or better adapted to this coun-
try, than the mode generally adopted; but, as it certainly has
the merit of novelty, and appears to be founded on a cor-
rect principle, we hope that his system will be thoroughly
tested. We certainly think favorably of the plan of growing
the strawberry as an annual, and, if our scorching sun and
drying winds are not too powerful agents in the young stages
of the plants, to prevent their rooting well in the summer
season, we have no doubt it will be a system which will
be well adapted for small gardens, where the object is large
and choice iruit, with neat and well arranged beds; and per-
haps supersede, altogether, the present mode of cultivation
where large and fine fruit is desired.

We deem it unnecessary to say any thing farther, and we
hope that gardeners, as well as amateurs, will try Mr. Darke's
method, and we shall be happy to publish the results, whether
favorable or not: —

Mr. Darke commenced by observing, that from the earliest
writers on horticultural subjects to the present time, the hab-
its of the strawberry had never been 3xamined minutely, with
a view to improve its cultivation. It was true, that, owing to
the impulse lately given by horticultural societies to a study
of the improvement in the varieties of this plant, several val-

Straivberry, as an annual. 169

uable kinds had been generated, yet of these, scarcely one
could be found that did not disappoint the expectations of the
cultivator who adhered to the system hitherto adopted. In
open, moist situations, where the soil was suitable, there was
no difficulty in obtaining tolerable crops, provided sufficient
space was allowed for the extension of the plants; but in the
circumscribed limits generally allotted to gardens, in the vi-
cinity of large towns, and particularly in the small portion of
ground usually attached to the dwellings of cottagers, the
successful cultivation of this fruit was found very difficult.
It was with a view to remove these difficulties, as far as pos-
sible, that he was led to adopt a series of experiments, which,
he was happy to state, had been attended with the most suc-
cessful results.

The lecturer, having described the general appearance of
the plant, from the time it was deposited in the bed till it
arrived at maturity, observed, the portion of the plant which
yielded fruit in the proper season, was confined to the offsets
or runners of the preceding year, and, from thenceforth, they
were nearly barren. Having observed that runners ceased to
be produced about the month of September, it followed that
the principal part of the sap was deposited subsequent to that
time; and since the produce of the following year wholly de-
pended upon the deposition of a sufficient quantity to render
the blossom buds productive, he concluded, that if any means
could be adopted to prolong the time naturally assigned for
that purpose, in the same proportion would be insured a su-
perior crop of fruit. The experiment he made was with the
Downton strawberry. As soon as the runners had produced
roots about half an inch in length, and previous to their pene-
trating the soil^ he cut off a quantity, leaving on each side of
the runner about four inches of the sarmentum. Having pre-
pared a nursery-bed, by throwing out the soil to the depth of
six inches, and trodden the bottom very hard, to prevent the
young fibres from penetrating, he then mixed the loose soil
with a quantity of light half-decon)posed stable manure, which
he returned into the bed, raking the whole smoothly over, and
dividing the s.urface into drills, six inches asunder and one
inch deep. He then took the runner, and placing a finger
upon each end of the sarmentum, he pressed it down in the
form of an arch, the plant being on the top, and resting on
the surface of the soil; the sarmentum thus held it firm, and,
as appeared to him, materially forwarded its growth and
strength, by supplying it with the moisture absorbed from
the soil. When the whole bed was thus planted, it was well

VOL. V. NO. V. 22

170 On the Cultivation of the

watered; and as the weather was very dry, a mat was thrown
over it for a few days, to exclude the heat of the sun. Under
this management, the plants soon established themselves and
increased rapidly, the roots having, in about ten loeeks, pene-
trated the soil in all directions. About the latter end of
August, or early in September, he formed the bed for their
final situation, in an open, exposed part of the garden. This
he made eighteen inches wide, and having thrown out the soil
to the depth of twelve inches, he filled up the trench with
well decomposed manure, mixing it up with the soil at the
bottom of the trench to the depth of another foot. The sur-
face was then reduced to a proper height, on which the plants
were placed, having, in order that their roots might sustain no
injury in removing them from the nursery bed, divided the
soil into cubes with a spade, each having a plant in the centre
of its upper surface, which were placed twelve inches distant
from each other. He then placed a portion of the soil that
had been mixed with manure round the plants, which were
afterwards watered, and nothing further was done to them till
the following spring, when the bed was cleaned by hand weed-
ing, to prevent injury to the roots by the use of either hoe or
rake, and, in the course of the spring, they were twice well
supplied with liquid manure. About this period, to his great
surprise, instead of one scape from each plant being produc-
ed, as he had anticipated, none threw up less than three, and
the average number was five, all sufiiciently strong to support
the fruit above the foliage. Having previously observed, that
after the first seven or eight blossoms on each scajie had set
their fruit, ihe remaining ones were so small as to be nearly
useless, he cut off all the blossoms except this number.
Thus managed, the fruit all assumed the cockscomb shape,
and were unusually large, and of a delicious flavor; indeed,
so fine did they appear, that a professional gardener, to whom
they were shown, could scarcely be persuaded that they were
the production of annual plants, which had not been twelve
months in the bed.

To pursue his experiments, he left these plants till the fol-
lowing season, in order to see what sort of a cj'op they would
produce, doing nothing to the bed but removing the runners
and weeds. On examining one of the plants, at the period
when the blossoms began to appear, he found thirty-six dis-
tinctly formed offsets, three-fourths of which contained blos-
soms, but they were so weak that the stem did not exceed a
rush in thickness, and the little fruit that came to maturity was
small and ill-flavored. This result did not, however, appear
surprising, for, on examination, it appeared that the thirty-six

Strawberry^ as an annual. 171

offsets did not occupy a space of more than three inches in
diameter, while the fohage covered the whole space appro-
priated to the plant, namely, twelve inches. In previously
cultivating the Downton strawberry, he had planted them in
the spring, and obtained the same year a sprinkling of fruit ;
but in the succeeding summer, after waiting eighteen months,
he had been uniformly disappointed, the crop not proving
worth the trouble of planting; whereas, by the mode above
described, at the end of twelve months, an excellent crop
had uniformly repaid his toil. On the whole, he could not
avoid coming to the conclusion, in which he was justified by
repeated experiments, that the Downton strawberry could
never be successfully cultivated, but as an annual.

In noticing the treatment of the plant, according to the
common mode of cultivation, Mr. Darke observed that the
cause of the injury done to the crop by the use of manure,
arose from the length of time which elapsed between the
plant being committed to the soil, and its producing fruit.
Mr. Knight had, in the Horticultural Transactions, justly
observed, that "a great quantity of the sap was deposited
during the summer months;" but a large quantity of foliage
as well as runners, if the soil was rich, and the situation
shaded, were at the same time produced; and it was evident
that such a quantity of foliage must be prejudicial, by render-
ing the plants almost impervious to the sun and air, and by
preventing the bud from maturing, so as to produce fruit.
Now the reverse was the case, according to the annual mode
of cultivating the plant, for he had uniformly found that in
proportion to the quantity of stimulating liquid manure used,
the crop had been fine and abundant. The lecturer, in con-
clusion, recommended the Downton, Roseberry, and Keen's
Seedling, exclusively to those whose space of garden preclud-
ed the extensive cultivation of strawberries. Of the two first
of these varieties, he had planted thousands, and never had a
barren plant. The Roseberry and Keen's Seedhng came in
early, and continued to yield till the Downton was ready, the
fruit of both attaining an earlier maturity from the treatment he
had recommended, and which he had found uniformly attended
with the most successful results.

The kinds which we would particularly recommend to the
treatment proposed above, by Mr. Darke, are the Keen's
Seedling, and Downton, which appear to be more impatient
of ordinary cultivation than other sorts. But we hope that a
fair trial will be made of all the best varieties, to fully test the
value of annual culture, applied to the strawberry.

172 On Ihe Iris tribe, from

Art. IV. On the Ms tribe, from the Cape of Good Hope.
By J. E. Teschemacher.

The recent arrival of several packages of these interesting
plants, from their native country, where their graceful forms
and lively colors embelhsh the arid wastes, has revived in full
strength the enthusiasm with which 1 once cultivated these
flowers; and the hope of seeing them become more frequent
sources of pleasure to the amateur florist, induces me to call
the attention of your readers to their cultivation.

They possess several qualities, which render them pecu-
liarly attractive; particularly the bulbous genera: ihey are
perfect parlor flowers, as they will bloom nearly as well ai a
sunny window, as in the green-house. Many of them, as
Tritonia, /'xia, Gladiolus, Sparaxis, will bear, without inju-
ry, a degree of cold nearly approaching the freezing point;
Bahiana, JMorse^a, and others, are more tender, but even these
may be preserved, with a little additional care, such as remov-
ing them from the exposure of the window on very severe
nights. Some usher in the reign of Flora as early as March;
I have had Sparaxis in blossom the second week, followed by
/'xia, and Bahiana; Gladiolus and others bloom in the sum-
mer and autumn, as well as in the spring, so that, with a
tolerable collection, the parlor will be left scarcely three
months of the year unadorned.

The cultivation of the bulbous varieties is extremely easy,
unaccompanied by any of those refinements, in the shape of
peculiar treatment or composts, of which gardeners are apt to
make such mysteries, and for six months they require abso-
lutely no attention whatever.

Their native soil is almost entirely sand, in which they re-
main, during the dry season, exposed to the parching rays of
a vertical sun. As soon as the rains set in, they burst forth
in full beauty, and at every gleam of the mid-day orb, spread
their bright petals wide to its genial influence, and seem al-
most to shout for joy.

In our artificial cultivation of this tribe, we must endeavor
to imitate, as nearly as possible, our great teacher, Nature.
The bulbs should be placed about one inch under the surface,
in a mixture of nearly equal quantities of peat or leaf mould,
and sand, or sandy loam; the pots must be well drained with
potsherds, in small pieces, to allow all superfluous moisture to

the Cape of Good Hope. 173

run off; they should be planted when they begin to exhibit
symptoms of sprouting forth; this will be about September,
or the beginning of October. At first, only a moderate supply
of water will be required; as they proceed in their growth,
it must be given more liberally, and should always be of the
same warmth as the room in which they are grown. Small
pots should be used for the smaller bulbs; they will all bear
crowding pretty close. As soon as they have done flowering,
and the leaves are turning brown, water must be withheld,
and they must be exposed as much as possible to the sun,
with all the protection against heavy rain that can be afforded;
dews and slight showers will not materially injure them, but I
would advise that they should be removed from the old pots
about a month previous to the time of repotting. Thus man-
aged, they will reward their possessors with a great variety of
gaudy and elegant flowers, whose only fault is, generally, not
universally, however, to want fragrance. The propagation of
these bulbs is by young offsets, springing plentifully every
year from the parent, and likewise by seeds, which will be
produced in abundance and perfection in this climate. Vari-
eties are readily produced by hybridization — a fact of much
interest to the amateur — they may thus be rapidly multiplied
and varied, and become a cheap and most amusing ornament
of the window.

Tritonia crocata is now pretty well known; it was formerly
called /'xia crocata — bears a spike of rather large, transparent
orange-colored flowers. Other varieties of Tritonia are more
rare, and not quite so beautiful.

Spar axis tricolor is a larger flower than Tritonia: — dark
orange, with a black, halberd-shaped spot at the base of each
segment of the perianth, below which is bright yellow.

Sparaxis grandiflora, pure white, with a delicate dark pur-
ple stripe in the centre of the back of each segment, and a
black spot at the base, inside. Hybridized seedlings of this,
vary from deep rose or purple blush, to the pure white above
named; no doubt many of these will be produced here.

/'xia generally bears smaller flowers, but they are more
numerous on the spike. I have had them almost of every
color under the sun. /. viridiflora is of a most beautiful and
delicate French green, a color very uncommon indeed amongst
flowers. There are some ixias, however, which are as large
as Sparaxis; it is possible, however, as these differ in some
respects, that these may hereafter make another division.

Watsonia, e^ntholyza, Gladiolus, and others, have generally
large, showy, and numerous flowers; many of the latter, that

174 On the Ms tribe, from the Cape of Good Hope.

is, Gladiolus, are hardy enough to be planted out of doors,
where they thrive best. G. natalensis is now rather common
here, but, in my estimation, is far below G. blandus, flori-
bundus, cardinalis, and a host of others, in beauty.

La Peyrousia corymbosa, (not named after the unfortunate
navigator, but after a botanist of that name,) bears corymbs
of elegant light blue flowers, with a white or pale yellow eye.
Others of this genus are not so handsome; but L. anceps has
a delightful perfume.

Marica, a fibrous-rooted genus, and, I fear, too tender for
the parlor, must, however, be called the glory of the Iris
tribe. I believe only three species are known, M. Northidna,
coerulea, and Sabini. It would be difficult to decide to which
of these should be awarded the palm of superior beauty.
Pity that their beauty should only be permitted to last a few
hours of the early sunshine, and then melt into nothing.

Witsenia corymbosa, another fibrous-rooted genus, to my
great delight, is also in this country. It flowers throughout
the winter, and bears corymbs of a most exquisite and lively
caerulean blue. Its propagation, in Europe, is difficult; hence,
it is rather a scarce plant; I hope and loelieve, however, that
this difficulty will vanish in this climate, and that seeds may
be perfected. Streptanthera is also a very beautiful genus.

Anomatheca cruenta is a pretty little scarlet autumnal flow-
er, has a good offset in masses, and ripens seeds here in
abundance, bulbs from which bloom the second year. There
are several other genera of much beauty, with which I am
not so well acquainted. Enough have been enumerated,
however, for those who are inclined to take interest in this
tribe. South America produces many very fine /rideae,
amongst which are Tigridia pavonia, conchiflora, Herberti,
and others, which I have seen in this country; I have also seen
one of a dark blue color, which has certainly not been yet
noticed in any European publication, bulbs of which have
been sent to Mr. Herbert, and a few seedlings raised here.
This gentleman, who has passed nearly thirty years in study-
ing the bulbous genera, and whose recent publication on Am-
aryllidaceae is considered the standard work on this subject,
amongst botanists, is now engaged in writing a monograph on
the genus /ridese, which is much needed, as no satisfactory
arrangement of them has been promulgated since that of Mr.
B. Ker, and the observations of R. Srown. I should be
much pleased if a rapid dissemination of the varieties of the
Iris family here, should create interest sufficient to render
such a work, or, at least, an epitome of it, saleable amongst

On Floioering Shrubs and Herbaceous Perennials. 175

amateurs. The taste is most assuredly not wanting, but only
the materials to bring it forth, and make it a source of delight-
ful occupation and enjoyment.

Boston, April, 1839. J. E. T.

Art. V. J^otes on some of the Flowering Shrubs, and Her-
baceous Perennials, growing in tlie vicinity of Boston. By
a Member of the Mass. Hort. Society.

The following notes of some of the flowering shrubs, and
herbaceous perennials, of acknowledged magnificence and
beauty, growing in this vicinity, may not be uninteresting to
your readers, and may perhaps lead to their more general
cultivation.

FLOWERING SHRUBS.

JXhododendron maximum, or Rose-bay. — In Medfield, Attle-
borough, and near Portland — in swamps, deep bog, and
sandy peat.

Kahnta latifolia, or ^

Mountain Laurel. > In various places — well enough known,
angustifolia. )

glauca. — Not so common; springy ground, sides of hills
and rivers.

jRhodora canadensis. — Edge of swamps and meadows; Tewks-
bury, Lowell, Cambridge Port; sandy peat.

Azalea viscosa, or swamp honeysuckle.— Very common in
wet grounds.

nudiflora. — Princeton, Taunton, and in New Hampshire;
wet grounds; not surpassed in beauty by the hundred im-
ported varieties.

Clethra alnifolia, or alder-leaved. — Edge of swamps; very
common; fragrant.

Magnolia glauca. — Cape Ann; swamp; one of the most beau-
tiful of the magnolias, in its glossy leaves and fragrant
flowers.

Epigae^a repens, or ground Laurel. — Plymouth, dry woods, and
in Maine; abundant transplanting to gardens, not hitherto
successful, but does well in the green-house, as will all the
foregoing plants.

176 On Flowering Shrubs and Herbaceous Perennials,

Many species of the Cornus, Fiburnum, and Sumach,
common enough in this vicinity, are very ornamental to
grounds, although their flowers are not delicate or fragrant
enough to gather.

Of the foregoing, the ^hododendrum maximum is the
most difficult of culture, especially when torn from tangled
swamps, where it has heat and moisture in summer, and shel-
ter in winter. Although the first expense is greater, it is
cheaper to take the plants from the nursery, (especially if few
are wanted,) when they are already adapted to a garden soil.
If many are wanted, like most of our plants, they can be
imported very low from England. If taken from the swamp,
the ground must be prepared with bog soil, and evergreens,
or a wall, should screen (not cover) them from the south,
otherwise the buds will be injured by the alternation of heat
and cold in the spring.

The ilhodora, Azalea, Laurels, Clethra, and Magnolia
may be made to thrive in any good garden soil.

An example of the ^Rhododendron maximum brought to
thrifty flowering in three or four years, from the swamp at Med-
field, and planted in a soil prepared as recommended, may be
seen at the residence of Mr. Green, (late of Mr. Theo-
dore Lyman,) in Waltham.

The successful culture of all these plants may be seen In
this vicinity, on the upland in open gardens, in various soils,
exposed to the scorching sun and drying winds of summer,
and the severity of winter, merely by the practice of drawing
round the plants leaves, the vegetable substances, and litter
from the garden, which, being annually spaded in, create, by
degrees, a congenial soil. Protection in summer, more ne-
cessary than in winter, especially for such plants, has, per-
haps, not been enough practised.

Such treatment as the above is not recommended, but
merely referred to. as encouraging to those, who, being limited
in the choice of soil and situation, must resort to such means.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

»/3sclepias tuberosum, or Butterfly-weed. — Not very common
about here, but is cultivated as a medicinal, and plants may
be had at the agricultural warehouse of Hovey & Co.; it
seeds freely, and flowers the second season; grows well in
a common dry soil, and luxuriantly in a rich one.

Lobelift cardinalis, or cardinal flower. — Common in the mea-
dows and woods; thrives well in good moist soil; or in the
green-house, may be forced to flower in April, or, turned
into the border, to flower in May and June, as may the .^s-
clepia^, O'rchis, Trillium, and Cypripedium.

groiving in the vicinity of Boston. 177

Liliuin canadense. — Found in the meadows,
superbum. — Not so common.

philadelphicum, or wood-lily. — In woods and pastures;
will grow with great luxuriance in any good soil.
Perennial lupin. — Common in dry woods; thrives well in com-
mon soil, and flowers of various colors; exceeds all other
lupins in beauty.

Trillium pictum. } ry ■ t> ■

. V > Kare; m Princeton,

upright. ^

nodding. — Common; the first has not been much attempt-
ed, nor with success, but its beauty merits the trial.
Tephrosia virginica. — Tn dry woods; not common; the same

may be said as to its culture and merits.
O'rchis fimbriata. — Common about here.

grandiflora. — New Hampshire, and in Lancaster.

white. ^ -D • .1 • • •• V

,, > Kare in this vicinity,
yellow. ) •'

The orchises growing in the meadows, must have a soil
prepared of peat, and kept moist; not yet been well cul-
tivated in the garden, but no doubt may be; like the fore-
going, they would well repay the successful grower.

i2hexia coccinea. — Not very common, nor yet introduced into
gardens, where it would thrive, no doubt, and also in the
green-house.

Sabbatia chloroides. — Plymouth and Barnstable in abundance;
border of ponds; not now found in the garden, though once
grown with success; the plants and seeds would well re-
ward a gardener.

Cypripedium acaiile, or pink. — Common in woods.

yellow. ? r> • .1 • • • v '

■' , ■ > Kare in this vicinity,
white. ) ^

Thrive. well in the garden and green-house.

Cymbidium. ) In swamps; should be treated like the

Areihusa bulbosa. ^ orchis.

Sanguinaria canadensis, or blood-root. — Common in moist
woods; does well in moist gardens. [No plant is more easily
grov\n than this; in any moist situation, either under the
shade of trees, or in more exposed and sunny aspects, it
displays its snowy flowers in unusual abundance. We
transplanted, several years since, from a locality where it
grows in considerable quantities, on the Concord turnpike,
a sliort distance from Fresh Pond, a few roots, which we
placed under the shade of some evergreens and deciduous
trees, and they have now spread, though yearly more or
less reduced, over a foot or two of soil. The flower buds

VOL. V. NO. V. 23

178 On Flowering Shrubs, ^c. in the vicinity of Boston.

are now breaking the surface of the ground, and in a few
days their corols will bedeck the border, wiih no other
companion than the gay adonis, whose yellow blossoms,
and similar habit of growth, render it a fit companion to
the sanguinaria. We trust that the latter plant, which may
be so easily procured, without any other expense than the
labor of digging the roots, will be hereafter more frequently
seen, enlivening the border at this early season, when its
humble and unpretending, though rather fugitive flowers,
are welcomed as an early harbinger of spring. Ed.]
Bartsi« coccinea, or painted cress. — In wet pastures; cultiva-
tion not attempted.
Gentidna saponaria. — Concord turnpike, in wet grounds.

crinita, fringed. — In meadows; all attempts to cultivate
. in the garden hitherto fail.
Gerardm of several species. — Comm.on in our woods and
meadows; not yet cultivated.

To the cultivator of experience, or even the reader, the
above notes may have little novelty or value; but the Horti-
cultural Society having now offered premiums that may awak-
en a zeal to exhibit our "native plants," it is that the beginner
might profit by this condensed list of the most conspicuous.
For a scientific description, the Flora of Dr. Bigelow will
always be resorted to.

Should a portion of the expense and skill so long bestowed
on exotic plants, (many of which have not now even the
merit of novelty,) be applied to the culture of our own, we
may soon have a collection, which, whilst it may be shown
with pride to the stranger, will not be more pleasing than novel
to the inhabitant, unless, perchance, in some visit to England,
he has found his patriotism rebuked, on seeing, for the first
time, perhaps, the plants of his native land growing with lux-
uriance in the "American Plantation," the ornament of their
landscape gardens.

A Member of the Mass. Hort. See.
Boston, March, 1839.

[The above excellent hints, by an amateur gentleman who
has been exceedingly successful in attempting the domestica-
tion of our native plants, possess much value; and it is to be
hoped that they will not be without their effect in inducing
every lover of beautiful shrubs and flowers to add them to
their gardens. We are sorry the article was not received in
time for our last number; but the season is not yet so far ad-
vanced, but nearly every plant enumerated may be removed
with perfect safety. Ed.]

On growing Verbenas and other Trailing Plants. 179

Art. VI. Observations on growing Verbenas^ and other
Trailing Plants, in groups, to represent baskets of Jloioers.
By the Editor.

In our last number, (p, 131,) in laying before our readers
a new method of forming raised beds, for the cultivation of
flowering plants of dwarf or trailing habits, we stated that it
was preparatory to a design we had in view to introduce, oc-
casionally, engravings, illustrating the method of planting in
groups, now so generally practised, in England, in the grounds
attached to many of the suburban villas and country residen-
ces, noted for their tasteful arrangement, picturesque disposi-
tion of the groups, and high keeping; examples of which, we
remarked, were to be seen in the views given in Loudon's
Magazine, (for 1838,) of the Lawerencian Villa, and other
celebrated residences in the vicinity of London.

After the remarks which we gave in the article above allu-
ded to, relative to the display of such a taste, in the present
state of gardening in this country, it is not necessary that we
should enlarge upon the same, otherwise than to observe,
that, though it is not probable that the distribution of statues —
the formation of rock-work — the addition of fountains, or even
the introduction of basket-work will become for a long period
very general, from the limited number of villa residences,
in which such things would harmonize well with the general
appearance of the grounds or surrounding scenery, — yet it is
desirable that some specimens of the latter may be seen,
to show how much they enrich and beautify the garden, and
to serve as cop'es for imitation by those who are desirous of
rendering their residences models of taste in the art of garden-
ing. Planting in groups, surrounded with basket-work, upon
the lawn, is undoubtedly one of the most pleasing as well as
most simple modes of accomplishing much in the smallest
space: for while the addition of statues would require room to
display them — the introduction of fountains attended with
great expense — and the formation of rock-work, unless on
a magtu'ficent scale, mere heaps of stones — the planting of
groups of flowers may be attempted with good effect in grounds
•of the most limited extent.

We shall, hereafter, give some plans for laying out the
grounds of villa residences, particularly for the grouping of
flowers, upon lawns or small grass plats; but, for the present,

180 On growing Verbenas and other Trailing Plants.

we shall only introduce the following imaginary view, {fig. 11)
of a basket of verbenas, which we have designed.

We will suppose a small front grass lawn, of an oval, round,
or parallelogram shape, to contain six or eight such groups,
each surrounded with basket-work; that four are planted with
verbenas, a different color in each group, — one with Chryseis
crocea, one with clarkias, and the other two with anagallises
and nemophilas; — we are confident that no mode of planting a
front garden could be devised, which would afford such an
array of beauty as this.

Basket-work may be made in various forms and of different
materials, and can probably be easily procured of the basket
maker; the wire- worker will also furnish a more durable mate-
rial, which will present, perhaps, as beautiful an appearance as
wicker-work. The basket-work may be made of any form
which the fancy may dictate; these may be removed every
fall, after the destruction of the plants by frost, and replaced
again in the spring. Wire-work may be made with three or
four large projecting points, which will keep it confined to the
soil. A very neat kind of basket-work may be easily and cheap-
ly made of laths, or thin strips of board, planed, and halved
together, and painted when finished. These strips should be
about a foot long, to admit of three or four inches being sunk
in the soil to hold it firm. The strips should be put together
in a diamond form, and, where they cross one another in the
middle, they should be neatly nailed, as also at each end.

We hope that gentlemen and amateurs will attempt the
planting of groups in this mode; and we shall be happy not
only to record any such examples of grouping, but shall en-
deavor to give a plan and perspective view of any specimens
tastefully executed, taken on the spot.

jyotices of neiD and beautiful Plants. ISl

Art. VII. Mtices of new and beautiful Plants figured in
the London Floricultural and Botanical Magazines; with
Remarks on the Cultivation of many of the species, and some
^Account of those which it would be desirable to inti'oduce into
our Gardens.

Edium'ds's Botanical Register, or Ornamental Flower Garden
and Shrubbery. Each number containing from six to eight
plates, with additional miscellaneous information, relative to
new Plants. In monthly numbers; 3s. plain, 3s. 6d. colored.

Paxton^s Magazine of Botany , and Register of Flowering Plants.
Each number containing four colored plates. Monthly. 2s. 6d.
each. Edited by J. Paxton, gardener to the Duke of Devon-
shire.

The Hortictdfural Journal, and Royal Ladies' Magazine. In
monthly numbers, with one or more plates; Is. each. Edited
by George Glenny.

The Gardener's Gazette, and Weekly Journal of Science and
Literature. Weekly; price 6d. each.

Botanical and Floricultural Intelligence. — Dr. Gray,
whose recent departure for Europe, we noticed in a late num-
ber, has been prosecuting his studies with much ardor. He
has written many interesting letters to his friends in New
York, in which he gives flattering accounts of bis success in
collecting botanical information. The first botanists of Europe
afford him every facility in prosecuting his researches. He
spent three weeks, working very hard, with Sir William
Hooker, at Glasgow. He also labored with Arnoit, at Ar-
ley — with Greville, and Graham, at Edinburgh; thence he
went to London, where he spent six weeks; here he was with
Brown, Lindley, Don, Ward, Boott, and other distinguished
botanists of the metropolis. Next, he proceeded to Paris,
but no letters have been received from him since he left Eng-
land. He purposed remaining in France a (e\v weeks, and
then to go to Geneva, to study De Candolle's herbarium.
Before he returns, he hopes to visit Vienna and Berlin. — J. T.

Yerbena tewcroides. — Dr. Hooker has figured, in a late num-
ber of the Botanical Magazine, the new white verbena describ-
ed by Mr. Buist, at p. 89, as V. alba, and noticed by us, at p.
102, as the V. Nivenn. It is also splendidly and accurately
figured in Paxton 's Magazine of Botany. From Dr. Hook-
er's account of it, it seems that dried specimens were first
communicated to him from South America, by Dr. Gillies,

182 J^otices of new and beautiful Plants ,

some years since, who discovered it growing on the highest
ridge of the Upsaha mountains, at an elevation of ten thou-
sand feet above the level of the sea. Afterwards, Mr. Twee-
die sent it from the hill of Menteviedo, and more abundantly,
from the sugar-loaf mountain of Maldonado, marked "No. 481
Ferbena, with slightly purple flowers, and highly odoriferous."
In 1838, the seeds were sent to the earl of Arran, as we
have previously stated. Mr. Niven states that the plant is of
easy culture. Dr. Hooker describes it as belonging to the
Mel'mdres (chamsedrifolia) group, growing about two feet high,
erect, of handsome growth; the upper part bearing numerous
more or less spreading branches, the main stem terminating in
a spike of dense flowers, a span or more long; the tube of
the corolla very long; the limb of a delicate yellowish white
on first expansion, afterwards becoming purplish rose-colored.
Dr. Hooker regrets that it was not a new species, that the
name of so distinguished a nobleman as the earl of Arran, a
name almost indentified with the genus Ferbena, could not
have been given to so beautiful a species. [Bot. Mag.)

Seedling Chrysanthemums. — Messrs. Mackenzie & Bu-
chanan, of Philadelphia, have purchased the whole stock of
seedling chrysanthemums raised by Mr. Kilvington, formerly
mentioned by us, (Vol. IV, p. 471,) and now offer some for
sale at reasonable prices. We have some notes upon the
colors and relative beauty of several of these seedlings, but
as they are very short, we hope that Messrs. Mackenzie &,
Buchanan will favor us with a list of all the best, describing
the color and habit of each at length. They have now, with
the old kinds, fifty-six varieties.

Seedling Calceolaria. — A beautiful crimson calceolaria, a
seedling raised by Mr. Donald, last season, at Hawthorn grove,
is now flowering in the collection of plants in the new conser-
vatory attached to the Boston Botanic Garden, now under
Mr. Donald's management. It is a remarkably showy variety,
and we trust Mr. Donald will perpetuate it. This family of
plants, from some cause, has fallen into neglect in England,
and is less appreciated here than it was a year or two ago,
though it has never been very generally cultivated. The
plants appear to be impatient of cultivation, which has un-
doubtedly tended to render them objects less desirable than if
easily grown: still, they possess great elegance.

Clianthus punicens. — This rare shrub, which, a year or two
since, sold at the high price of four to five guineas each, in Eng-
land, and which was reported to be so brilliant an addition to
collections, has, as will be seen by a reference to the report of

figured in the London Flor. and Bat. Magazines. 183

the exhibition of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, in
another page, been brought into bloom by Mr. Sinton, gar-
dener to Gen. Robert Patterson, of Philadelphia. Mr. Sin-
ton exhibited a branch in full bloom, at a late meeting of the
above Society. It is in nearly all the collections around
Boston, but we believe it has not yet bloomed in the vicinity.
The plants are subject to the attacks of the red spider, and,
unless carefully managed, they fail to produce flowers; we
hope, however, that among the many growing in the vicinity,
it will soon be made to show its flowers here.

Cape Bulbs. — The proprietors of the Boston Botanic Gar-
den have lately purchased a case of Cape bulbs, which recent-
ly arrived at this port. The bulbs were all put up by a botan-
ical collector, and among the number are embraced a great
many fine species; particularly of /'xia, Babidyia, Sparaxis,
Moraj^'a, Tritonia, &c. &c. The bulbs arrived in good order,
and, under the care of Mr. Donald, we anticipate a fine display
of these beautiful and pleasing flowers. Specimens of the
Cape bulbs, properly grown, need only to be seen, to diffuse
a taste for their cultivation, easy objects as they are to manage,
particulaily in rooms; and no better opportunity could be of-
fered to bring them into notice and esteem, than that now af-
forded by the Botanic Garden. We hope the flowering of
such a rich collection as they possess, will have the effect to
render them desirable plants for general cultivation.

Beautiful new Pansies. — Mr. Walker, of Roxbury, who
has 30 long devoted his attention to the cultivation of this beau-
tiful flower, and whose success in the production of many
elegant varieties is well known, has lately shown us two or
three new seedlings, which excel any of his former produc-
tions. They are a nearer approach to the properties laid
down by the London Metropolitan Society of Floiists,
as a standard for a perfect flower, than any he has before
grown. The contour of the flowers is much more elegant,
the petals but slightly undulated, the colors brilliant, and
the eyes finely and delicately pencilled. Neither of these va-
rieties Mr. Walker has yet named. One of the best, in our
judgment, is a deep, rich, velvety purple, with a most exquis-
ite eye, and a boldness of petal which we have not observed
in any of his former flowers. Our readers will bear in mind
that May and June is the season when pansies are to be seen
in the greatest perfection. Mr. Walker has an immense num-
ber of new seedlings, and the plants never promised a finer
bloom; an inspection of the whole of them should not be neg-
lected by those who are lovers — and who is not? — of this now
popular family.

184 Second Report of the »Agricul. of Massachusetts.

REVIEWS.

Art. I. Second Report of the Agriculture of Massachusetts.
By Henry Colma-n, Commissioner for the Agricultural
Survey of the State. County of Berkshire, 1S38. Bvo.
pp. 194. Boston, 1838.

The second report of the agricultural commissioner for
the county of Berkshire, has made its appearance. It will
be remembered that we noticed the First Report in our
last volume, (p. 223;) the present one is filled with a great
variety of information upon agricultural topics, and every
thing immediately connected with the subject, and will be
found an interesting pamphlet, and of much iniportance to
farmers, and the public generally, as showing the agricultural
resources of the western portion of the State.

In our notice of the first report of the Agricultural Com-
missioner, we gave our views respecting the importance and
value of a survey, of the agriculture of the State, to the farm-
ing communiiy, and we believe that good results have already
come out of what has been so far done. It only needs to be
shown to the public that our lands are not yet quite "run out,"
but that as good crops may be obtained by judicious cultiva-
tion, as the soil has ever yet yielded since first redeemed
from its wild and uncultivated state.

There is but little in the report, which would be adapted
to the character of our Magazine; one extract, however, de-
scribing the general features of the county, we are induced to
make, believing it will be read with interest: —

^^ Boundaries and Situation. The County of Berk:?hire forms the
western part of Massachusetts. On the north line it is hounded by
Vermont; on the west hy New York; on the south by Connecticut.
On the east, it lies contiguous to the counties of Franklin, Hamp-
shire, and Hampden. Its lenjrth, on the western line, exceeds fifty-
seven miles. Its breadth, at the north, on a line nnining east and
west, is about fourteen miles — at the south, where it is bounded by
Connecticut by a line parallel with its northern line, its breadth is
about twenty-four miles. The Itreadth in some parts north of the
south line, reaches to twenty-six miles: and in parts not Air from the
centre of the county, it is about sixteen miles. It lies between lat.
42"^ 2'— and 42'^ 44' north. The longitude of the noifh-west corner
of the county is nearly 73" 23' west; thi;t of the south-west corner
is a little greater. The area of the county is about 950 square miles,
or 608,000 square acres. The towns embraced within the limits of
this county are thirtv; and the population, by the official returns of
May, 1837, was 39,101.

Second Report of the Agricul. of Massachusetts. 185

"2. Division of Territory. From the reports of the valuation
Committee we gather the following returns: There are in Berkshire
county,

In Tillage, - - - Acres 26,817 k

English and Upland Mowing, - " 55,495

Fresh Meadow, - - - " 7,729 i

Pasturage, - . . « 117,059

Wood, _ . _ " 60,997 i

Unimproved, - - _ " 123,966 h

Uniniproveable, - - " 103,694 h

Owned by Towns or other Proprietaries, " 15,010

In Roads, ... " 6,623 i

Covered with water, - - " 7,261 i

Total, 524,654i

"3. General Features and Aspect. The county of Berkshire is an
inland county; at its nearest point it is about twenty-five miles from
any navigable waters. The county is well watered. The Housa-
tonic river, a small stream, extends through it longitudinally. It
rises from within about twelve miles nf its northern boundary, and
flowing in a southerly direction, it receives on its passage the contri-
butions of many minor streams, until it passes beyond the bounds of
the state into Connecticut, and empties at last into Long Island
Sound. The Hosick river rises in the immediate vicinity of the
fountain head of the Housatonic; flowing northerly and then west-
erly it passes through the south-west corner of Vermont into New
York, and presently mingles its waters with those of the Hudson.
Deerfield river passes for a short distance through the northern part
of this county. Two branches of the Westfield river take their
rise likewise in this county; and two streams of inconsiderable size,
under the name of Green river; one in the northern part, emptying
into the Hosick, and one on the south, einpt}'ing in Sheffield into the
Housatonic, are likewise deserving of notice. There are other
streams, furnishing multiplied advantages to farmers and manufac-
turers, and presenting valuable sites for mills and mechanical objects^
which it is not necessary to particularize. The hills every where
abound in springs of the purest water; and in an agricultural view,
no country can be better supplied. The Pontoosuck lake, in nearly
the centre of the county, one of the largest collections of water in
the county, presents its mirrored surface to the traveller as one of
the most beautiful objects on which the eye can rest. After furnish-
ing several extensive and valuable mill powers at its outlet, its super-
fluous waters flow southerly until they mingle in the Housatonic.

"The surface of the country is broken and mountainous. There
are generally considered three distinct ranges of mountains, running
from north to south the whole length of the county. The easterly
branch or range of mountains is a part of the Green mountains,
which reach far into Vermont. The westerly branch is denominated
the Taconic Range. The intermediate mountains are known by
various local names, and are rather insular elevations than a contin-
ued range. Saddle Mountain, in the north-western corner of the
county, and Mount Washington, forming its south-western corner,
are magnificent elevations, and the highest mountains in the State.
Saddle Mountain has in many places been cleared high up its sides;
but its summits are crowned with a thick and beautiful forest of ma-
ple, oak, walnut, and other varieties of hard wood The ascent of
VOL. V. — NO. V. 24

186 Second Report oj ike Jlgricul. of Massachusetts.

Mount Washington on the western and north-eastern side, is long
and wearisome, but not difficult; and after ascending by the course
of the road two miles or more, you reach an extended space of gent-
ly undulating country, and altnost entirely surrounded by a belt or
succession of hills of different elevations, which, from a distance,
and before the mountain was ascended, seemed to form only a single
elevation. This comparatively level space is cleared and cultivated,
furnishing many valuable farms favorable for pasturage. It forms
the town of Mount Washington, which now includes the whole ele-
vated country, and that small portion of territory, making the south-
western angle of the state, and known as Boston Corner.

"The Hosick mountain, lying at the north-eastern part of the coun-
ty, is a considerable elevation, difficult of ascent by the road on the
eastern side, and steeper, and in some parts precipitous, on its west-
ern side. The stage road passes over this mountain, and like Mount
Washington, the top of the mountain presents a rolling country,
with a productive soil, furnishing excellent pasturage, and valuable
and thrifty farms. The other mountains in the county are insulated.
Several of them are immense masses of limestone and marble; hut
many of the minor elevations are rounded and beautiful summits,
cultivated to their tops.

"4. Soils. In passing through the county from east to west, you
meet a succession of valleys of remarkable beauty and fertility; and
on the Housatonic, the Hosick, the Green river, and Hop JBrook,
there are extended alluvions or intervales, which furnish a produc-
tive soil. The hills every where abound with springs of the purest
water; and these, added to the numerous permanent streams inter-
secting the country in various directions, afford extraordinary ad-
vantages to the farmers of Berkshire over the tenants of a level
country.

"The alluvial meadows on the Housatonic seldom exceed a mile in
breadth. These are mainly to be found in the Pittsfield valley, in
South Lee, in Stockbridge, in Great Barrington, and in Sheffield.
In genera], these lands are annually overflowed, and the de])osits of
i-ich mud superinduced by such freshets, prevent the necessity of any
artificial manuring, and keep these lands in a state of exuberant fer-
tility. These deposits are mainly composed of finely comminuted
sand, and rich loam and vegetable mould; and in many cases the de-
jiosits have accumulated to a great depth, as the piesence of large
logs, and partially decayed stumps and I'oots of trees, found often at
the depth of fifteen and twenty feet below the surface, evince.

"Of peatbogs, there are k\v in the county. These are of small
extent; but some found in the neighborhood of Pittsfield, which have
undergone the process of ditching, draining, and manuring, present
encouraging examples of an enterprising and intelligent husbandry.
This description of land throughout the state is destined to become
highly valuable and productive. For fuel, where the use of peat
for fuel prevails, this land, or rather the right to dig the peat, is sold
for three dollars ])er square rod, the purchaser being limited as to
the depth he shall go. As manure for upland, when decomposed
and dissolved by heating manures, or deposited in the barn yard,
where it absorbs the liquids of the manure heap, it has been found
efficacious and valuable. As land for cropping, under good manage-
ment, of which I propose presently to give several remarkable exam-
ples, it has proved eminently j^roductive in grass, potatoes, turnips,
and carrots.

"The soils in Berkshire are various. There is little pure clay.

Second Report of the Jlgricul. of Massachusetts. 187

There is little pure sand. The Hosick mountain, and the Green
mountain range is generally composed of granitic rock. The other
mountains, and in general, the rest of the county, rest upon beds of
limestone, or mica shite, which sometimes rise into hi^h and abrupt
elevations, and are every where to he seen, showing themselves above
the surface. Some parts of the county are rich in iron ore, especi-
ally the beautiful valley of Richmond, and the vicinity of the high-
lands designated as Mount Osceola. In many parts of the county,
as in Lauesboro', Williamstown, and Stockbridge, the soil presents
the appearance of rich vegetable mould, resting upon a substratum
of a greenish color, strongly argillaceous, and retentive of moisture.
The same remarks apply to the soils in Cheshire, furnishing the
richest pasturage to be found in the state. These lands ai'G well a-
dapted to grass, potatoes, and all esculent vegetables. Other lands
in the county are better suited to grain crops, being gravelly, and
abounding in calcareous matter; as the Pittsfield valley, much of
the land in Great Barrington, west of the village; and especially the
town of Egremont, and the lands lying towards the eastern side of
Mount Washington, on the great road from Egremont to Salisbury
in Connecticut.

"5. Markets and Manufactures. In an agricultural view, the
county of Berkshire is singularly favored in respect to its climate,
its soil, its water, its capacity of production, and its vicinity to mar-
kets. By the great lines of communication now in the course of
construction, and which concentrate in this county, it will be brought
into much nearer communication with the great marts upon the sea-
board. With the exception of pork, which has usually gone to
Hartford, and in some rare instances to Boston, the produce of
Berkshire beyond what is demanded for their manufacturing popula-
tion, goes to New York. The Hudson is reached from almost any
part of the county in a distance of thirty-five to forty miles; and
from all the points on that magnificent thoroughfare of wealth and
population, the city of New York is reached in a few hours. The
immense consumption of this great city, this insatiable consumer,
demands all the contributions which can be poured into it, for use or
traffic.

''The greater part of the population of Berkshire are occupied in
the pursuits of agriculture. The establishment of manufacturing
villages creates a demand for the products of agricultural labor, and
a permanent and certain home market is established for the supplies,
which the fsu-m will furnish. The manufactures bearing directly
upon agriculture, are those of woollen cloths and paper. The num-
ber of pounds of wool used by the factories in the county, from the
returns of 1837, appears to have been 875,957 lbs. The amount of
teasels purchased by these same manufactures is not ascertained.
The quantity of paper manufactured amounted in value to 333,000
dollars. What amount of this was in paper made from the straw
of oats or rye cannot be determined. "In 1837," an intelligent
farmer of Lee writes me, "about five hundred tons had been used in
their manufactures. Wheat, rye, and oat straw, if not rusted, was
used indiscriminately, and was purchased at the mills at $5 per ton."
The advantages to agriculture of the latter kind of manufactures,
and of the appropriation of the straw of a farm to such purposes,
is, to say the least, of an equivocal character."

The commissioner states, in his Introductory remarks, that
the reports of the counties of Frankhn and Middlesex are com-

188 Foreign J^otices.

pleted, and that they will be made with " all practicable dis-
patch." The consideration of the sheep husbandry will be
fully considered in the report of the former county.

We also learn that the commissioner has procured seeds of
the best wheat from Portugal, the best teasel seed from Ger-
many, and other seeds of superior quality. He has also taken
measures to procure a complete collection of specimens of the
grasses of the commonwealth, and of the weeds most pernicious
to agriculture.

We hope that the reports will be speedily made ; and,
though we are aware that it is a laborious task to collect to-
gether the amount of information contained in the reports,
still we think there has been some unnecessary delay, and we
trust that the future ones will be soon completed. The du-
ties of the commissioner should be ^vholly devoted to the com-
pletion of the survey; and it is to be hoped that they will fol-
low one another in speedy succession, and not at intervals of
a year each. Three thousand copies were ordered to be
printed by the legislature.

MISCELLANEOUS LNTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. Foreign Notices.
ENGLAND.

Effects of the frost upon vegetation, in the winter of 1837-38. —
Another part of the transactions of the Horticultural Society, has
been lately completed, and contains a very lengthy and detailed ar-
ticle upon the eflects of the frost upon vegetation in the winter of
1837-38, drawn up by Dr. Lindley. This paper is exceedingly in-
teresting throughout, and we should be glad, had we room, to present
a greater part of it to our readers. This, however, it is impossible
for us to do, and we therefore have made only a few extracts, which,
we doubt not, will be read with much interest. Many new facts are
developed, relative to the effects of frost upon plants, and it appears
that some of them, from a warm climate, have suftered less than those
from colder regions. This was particularly the case with Mexican
and Californian j)lants, the former of which proved hardier than the
latter. A list of many hundred plants is given, embracing all those
generally cultivated, with remarks upon their hardiness in various sit-
uations throughout the kingdom. The report proceeds as follows: —

" Not only were all the common annual vegetables cultivated in
kitchen gardens entirely destroyed, in the colder parts of the country,

Foreign J^otices. 189

but strawberry plants prepared for forcing, were so much injured, as
to be incapable of producing their flowers; and the vineAvas in many
cases killed in green-houses, in which a fire was not liirhted. Among
our native trees, the yew was affected in Cambridgeshire, and much
more so at Glasgow; Ruscus aculeatus was injured in its native
woods in Kent; the ivy lost its leaves, and common thyme and broom
were killed near London; the furze perished wholly above ground,
not only all round London, but even in South Wales, Cornwall, and
Devonshire; Atriplex halimus lost its branches in Cambridgeshire;
many of the hardy heaths were killed to the ground; and the com-
mon periwinkle was observed by Mr. Dilhvyn to lose its leaves at
Sketty, in South Wales. Even at the latter place, where the climate
is comparatively mild, Menziesia polifolia was destroyed; Erica va-
gans, with its varieties, was much injured at Wobuni; and the com-
mon holly was extensively affected in several places in the middle
and north of England; this plant, however, offered very different
powers of resisting cold, some of the varieties proving much hardier
than others, and according to the observations of Mr. M'Intosh,
those which are variegated, more so than the plain kinds. Of nu-
merous exotic trees and shrubs from the south of Europe, New
Holland, the Himalaya mountains, China, and the alpine regions of
South America, many of which had been growing for years unharm-
ed, a large proportion perished. Nearly all the rare specimens of
this kind which had been collected, with so much care and cost, in
the Society's Garden, were destroyed. All round London fine old
evergreen oaks and cork trees had their leaves and young shoots
turned brown; laurustinuses, sweet bays, and the common arbutus
were generally cut off; while in most gardens not a plant remained
alive above ground of all the beautiful varieties of the China rose
and its kindred species."

The thermotneter ranged from zero to 20° below, at the places
noticed, the ground being covered, in many places, with from two to
six inches of snow. The ground froze from one foot to two feet in
depth.

The following memoranda of the I'elative hardiness of roses and
rhododendrons, two families of plants more extensively grown with
us, than most of the others enumerated, we append.

"Roses. — Of the Banksian ro-^e, both the yellow and white variety
suffered severely in all the northern parts of England. At Clare-
mont, plants 15 years old, and covering 60 or 70 yards of wall, were
killed to the ground; fine old specimens perished in the Society's
Garden; at Brenchley, a plant with a stem 11^ inches in circumfe-
rence, and covering the whole side of a house, was entirely destroy-
ed; they equally perished in Hampshire, but it was observed at
Owston that one plant against a shaded wall escaped. The varie-
ties of Rosa multijiora were destroyed. Rosa bracteata, the Ma-
cartney rose, was killed back to its old wood, or even down to the
ground. R. microphylla suffered in the same degree; other China
roses in general were killed to the ground, or totally destroyed.
The white and yellow China rose, the sweet-scented hybrid, Hamon
and Bluirii, were entirely destroyed even in Hampshire; but the lat-
ter was injured on a south wall at Dropinore. Generally speaking,
the Noisette, Isle de Bourbon, and tea-scented varieties, were found
the most tender; hybrids, between the China rose and European
species, were much less affected; the beautiful Rosa ruga, a mule
between Rosa indica and arvensis, did not suffer in the least at Pit-

190 Foreign J^otices.

maston, or even at Redleaf, where the Noisette, and every descrip-
tion of China rose, was killed down to the cround. It was, howev-
er, very different in Cornwall and South Wales; at Carclew, Rosa
involucrala was the only rose that suffered, while Rosa microphylla,
close beside it, was uninjured. At Sketty, Rosa microphylla was
slightly injured, but at that place no other of a large collection was
at all injured. At Penlargare, R. microphylla against a wall was
quite unhurt, R. sinica perished on a south wall in the Society's
Garden."

"Rhododendron arboreum. The red variety was killed near London,
at Sketty, at Stoneham in Hampshire, at Owston, where it had been
newly planted, was nearly killed at Singleton, was untouched at
Carclew, R. arboreum album was uninjured at Sketty, but killed at
Stoneham, and destroyed to the ground at Dropniore. Of the hy-
brid varieties, Smithii nnd another were a little injured at Singleton,
more at Woburn, Spofforth, and Norwich, and still more at Stone-
ham. In the Society's Garden they were all, without exception,
killed to the ground, but shot up again from the root. The variety
called Nobleanum was uninjured at Norwich. Mr. Walker found
that the hybrids between R. arboreum and R. Catawbiense or causas-
icum stood well at Calderstone, so did R. altaclerense. Mr. John
Wilson states that at Osberton in Nottinghamshire, V4^here the ther-
mometer fell to 2 deg. below zero, the hybrid rhododendrons, of
which there is an extensive collection, although much injured, all
recovered and pushed forth new buds vigorously. In Mr. Garnier's
garden, at Bishopstoke in Hampshire, R. Smithii and some others
lost their leaves or became a little brown; but the Highclere hybrids
stood perfectly well. With regard to the hybrids, and Indian spe-
cies, Mr. Herbert's observations at Spoiforth are as follow: — 'My
seedling Rhododendrons from ar6oreMm by the rose-co\oved ponticum
have not lost the foreright shoots, though the leaf is damaged, an-
swering in that respect my expectations, that they would approxi-
mate to the constitution of the hardier male. R altaclerense, from
Cataivbiense-ponticum by arboreum, is disfigured in some situations,
and scarcely touched in others, but the foreright buds and flower-
buds were unhurt. R. Lindsayi from the American arborescens,
(maximum var. purpureum of Pursh) is not much injured. A plant
of it taken up to be forced, after the severest night, when the snow
was melting, flowered splendidly and its leaves were unhurt. R.
Haylocki, from Catawbiense by arboreum, has received no injury,
and bids fair to flower profusely. R.Knightii, from the rose-colored
cinnamon leaved arboreum by caucasicum, is uninjured, and now
(April 26th) in flower. R. Jlcklandi, from altaclerense crossed
again by the scarlet arboreum, is killed near to the ground, those
froru Haylocki, by arboreum, the same. The scarlet arboreum,
against the front wall of the stable covered loosely with a single mat,
was killed nearly to the ground, but having been taken up in March,
it sprouted from the bottom in the stove, but died soon after. The
white ciiuiamon-leaved variety, (which has stood twelve years in the
middle of the garden unprotected, and formed a large round, close-
leaved bush,) is killed to the ground, and it is doubtful whether it
will push up again; it measured 18 inches round close to the ground,
and its principal branch was 3 inches diameter. It stood in a peaty
compost, and the plant of altaclerense touching it is more damaged
than any of the same cross. I believe that in a drier soil the cinna-
mon-leaved Rhododendron, whether white or rose-colored, would

Foreign J^otices. 191

have escaped, for another plant of the white, inarched on a pontico-
catawbiense stock, and phmted out only last summer, but growing in
the natural barley-soil of the garden, against a stone (east) wall,
and covered with an old single mat full of holes, is quite unhurt, and
shooting early, which makes it very liable to be cut by spring frosts.
The mules from R, arboreum by the white maximum, and from the
latter by R. arboreum were not the least hurt.' R. anthopogon died
at Somerford; R. campanulatiim, without any shelter, bore a tem-
perature of 5 deg. below zero at Highclere. At Spoftorth the decid-
uous R. davuricum was killed, the evergreen variety flowered more
abundantly than usual."

Few of the Australian plants were able to bear the cold, nor did
those of Neio Zealand. Those oC Japan, especially from the higher
regions, afl^'orded some evidence of future acclimization. The Cape
plants, with some exceptions, all appeared too tender for any open
culture. Of those from the Himalaya mountains, Dr. Lindley no-
tices as follows: —

"The species native of the Himalaya mountains have resisted the
cold to so great an extent, that there can be no doubt of a large
proportion of the vegetation of those northern parts of India prov-
ing hardy in England, Wales and Ireland. This fact alone, is of
the highest interest, because there certainly is no country more ac-
cessible to us, or whose productions are more worthy of being im-
ported, whether for their value as timber, their beauty and variety
as forest trees, or their brilliancy as mere objects of ornament. The
mere knowledge that the noble Deodar cedar is capable of enduring
the utmost rigor of an English winter, is almost alone sufficient to
compensate for the destruction produced by the frost among other
plants. All the i)ines and firs appear more or less hardy, except
Pinus longifolia, which is not a mountain species. Beuthaniia fra-
gifera, although tender in the midland counties, appears at home in
Cornwall and Devonshire; the beautiful Berberis, many Cotoneas-
ters, a Euonymus, Juniperus recurva, Leycesteria formosa, all the
Spiraeas, Viburnum cotinifolium, and, above all, the magnificent Rho-
dodendron campanulatum have to be added to our lists of common
shrubbery plants. Clematis montana, too, proved so robust that we
have not only secured that beautiful addition to our climbers, among
which variety is so much wanted, but have well grounded expecta-
tions that some of the many other beautiful s[)ecies of the same ge-
nus still to introduce, will prove etjually suited to this climate. The
results of the frost upon the hybrid Rhododendra have been already
sufficiently detailed, and need not be repeated."

The plants from the south of Europe are generally tender, but the
frost brought some new facts to light, and confirmed other opinions
which were not previously established, to the satisfaction of every
one, "and a few are inexplicable upon any principle with which I
am acquainted. That Aristolochia sempervirens, a native of Can-
dia; and Peganum harmala, a connnon Syrian plant; Ilex balearica
and Buxus balearica, evergreens inhabiting the islands of Minorca
and Majorca; .Juniperus oxycedrus, quite a southern bush; Pistacia
terebinthus, which is not found wild north of the coast of the Med-
iterranean, should all have been found hardy, where such plants as
the Tamarisk, Arbutus unedo, and the cypress perished, are results
which could hardly have been anticipated. They are, however, of
the first importance, because it will induce the more general cultiva-
tion of those among them which are beautiful. It is interesting to

192 Domestic Jfotices.

know that Arbutus andrachne is more hardy than A. unedo, a fact
which may be perhaps connected with their very different localities
when wild; the former bein^ exposed to the severe cold of south-
eastern Europe, while the latter, althoush wild in Ireland, is more
peculiar to the west of Europe. Connected with this is the impor-
tant fact that A. andrachne inarched upon A. unedo, in which con-
dition it is usually sold in the nurseries, is unfit for planting, because
of the tenderness of its stock. By taking care that plants of A. an-
drachne, and also A. hybrida, are on their own roots, two fine ever-
greens may be considered secured to the gardens of the greater part
of England."

"The low southern latitudes of South America have furnished a
few accessions to hardy collections, among which the Araucaria
dombeyi is the most interesting for the possessors of parks and large
gardens, and it has now become an object of some national impor-
tance to |)rocure supplies of seeds of this plant from Valparaiso; for
to introduce in abundance so remarkable a vegetable production as
this is when old, with columnar trunks often 100 feet high, surmoun-
ted by a pyramid of grotesque branches, would be an object scarce-
ly less than national, even if the plant did not furnish excellent tim-
ber, and an abundance of valuable resin. It also appears that Aris-
totelia macqiii, and the escallonias, rubra, and glandulosa, all beau-
tiful evergreens, are about as hardy as a Laurustinas, that the
graceful little Berberis empetrifolia is regardless of cold^ and that
Colletia horrida, Duvaua ovata, and Heimia salicifolia, also seem
likely to bear this climate. The preservation of herbaceous plants
is less important; but it is satisfactorj' to know that some at least of
the Alstromerias may be henceforward regarded as hardy border
flowers.

"The number of Californian and Mexican plants in our gardens,
which have been the subject of experiment, is inconsiderable. Of
these it is found that the species from California are more tender
than those from Mexico: a circumstance doubtless to be explained
by the Californian species having been taken indiscriminately from
warm valleys and mountain sides, while no one has thought of natu-
ralizing any Mexican species except from the cold mountain ridges,
What is most important is, that all the beautiful pines and firs from
these regions, of whose habits so little was previously known, prove
to be perfectly hardy wherever they have been tried, with the excep-
tion of Pinus insignis and P. leiophylla."

The article is concluded with many interesting facts relative to
the effect of frost upon plants, some parts of which we may at an-
other time present to our readers. — Ed.

Art. II. Domestic Notices.

Pits for protecting plants during winter. — I think you would
tempt many of your amateur subscribers, by making them acquainted
with the virtues of a good pit for the keeping of tender roses, fusch-
ias, pjeonias, (tree) verbenas, carnations, and other tender herba-
ceous perennials generally — rhododendrons, azaleas, English laurels,
Aucuba japdnica, etc., Kerria japonica. I had one constructed this

Retrospective Criticism. 193

fall, 22 feet by 14, and S feet deep. Every fine day I remove the
shutters (if there be no frost within) and give air. I have in it all
the above kinds of plants, except azuleas, and, as yet, every thins is
in a fine healthy state. The thermometer has been hut once below
thirty-two decrees, and then I believe it was not quite one deii'ree be-
low "it. There has been very little frost within. 1 presume it
would answer for camellias, as they could stand considerable frost,
if the airing take place frradually, and with the exclusion of the direct
rays of the sun. — Yours, J. TV. J., February, 1839.

Successful experiment in muliiplication of petals. — For the encour-
agement and gratification of the florist, especially should he be a lov-
er of native plants, we subjoin an interestine fact connected with his
pursuits. A few years ago, a specimen of Thalictrum auemonoides
(better known as c2nem6ne <halictroides) having an extra numiier of
petals, was observed and gathered in the vicinity of one of our
western cities. Submitted to pot culture, in a good compost, it
showed a decided tendency to become multiplex, until its l.ilooni on
the present spring has exhibited a truly double character. This lit-
tle plant, or rather its British representative and co-species, is famil-
iarly known as a delightful floral gem, to several, who have a taste
for choice flowers; so early, so pretty, so white, and so modest its
habits, it needs but an introduction, to be admired and prized by all.
Not a few of our native plants may be annually detected in this ab-
normal aberration, and should be innnediately transplanted into a
more congenial soil, that they may become valuable, not only to that
rare class of florists, the lover of American plants, but also to every
one who delights in multiplex or double flowers. — J. L. R.

Mr. Walker^s Tulip Show. — Before our next number will appear,
the splendid tulip show of Mr. Walker will take place. We have
noticed in a previous page, sotne of his beautiful new seedling ))an-
sies, all of which will be displaying their flowers in great perfection,
at the same time, thus affording visitors an opportunity of seeing
both at once, either of which are worth twice the price of exhibi-
tion. Mr. Walker's eff'orts to render both the tulip and the pansy
popular flowers, are deserving of high commendation, and we ho])e
he will find himself amply revvarHed in a numerous assetnblage of
visitors. Arnateurs, who are desirous of possessing a good bed of
that gorgeous flower, the tulip, or of that more humble, but not less
delicate one, the r)ansy, will find the oj)portunity a good one to make
selections. It will be, perhaps, gratifying information to our read-
ers, to inform them that Mr. Walker has promised us an article oa
the cultivation and treatment of both the pansy and tulip. — Ed.

Art. III. Retrospective Criticism.

Errata. — In the haste of getting out our last number, several typo-
graphical errors occurred, viz. at p. 150, eight lines fronn the top, for
"packets" read "pockets." P. 155, nine lines from the bottom,
for "does," read "did." P. 15S, second line, for "demanding," I'ead
"deserving."

VOL. V.-— NO. V. 25

194 Retrospective Criticism.

Horticulture in Washington, D. C. — Sir, In the March numher of
your Maj^azine, page 112, under the head of Rptroe^pective Criticism,
you published an article signed by John Douglass, Jr., of this city,
in which that gentleman makes several statements in relation to Mr.
AVilliam Buist's collection of flowers, &c,, to which, as a friend to
Mr. B., I wish to reply. The whole tenor of the article is of such
a character, that I am sure Mr. Buist would not consider it worthy
of his attention to contradict the misstatements it contains; and it is
only an apprehension that it mitiht be credited, by those who know
not Mr. Buist's establishment, that induces me to correct those mis-
statements.

The writer of that article commenced by stating, "that in your Jan-
uary number for 1839, you are pleased to say that Mr. Buist has
introduced many new thing?:;" this just praise appears to be the
cause of the ill feelings expressed in his communication. He does
not question the truth of the stateinent, that Mr. B. had introduced
many fine things, but thinks that you were not prompt enoueh in
saying that he introduced many also; and, fearing that his fame
might not be spread, he determined to blow his own trumpet. He
goes on to say, that "if you will inform yourself properly, you will
find that there are two large and distinct green and hot-house estab-
lishments in this vicinity, of from ten to fifteen years' standing, great-
ly superior to Mr. Buist's in every respect, each having, in addition,
large vegetable gardens." This is an error. Mr. Buist's was the
first hot-house in this city or vicinity; but it is true that the other
green-house establishments have vegetable gardens, which Mr. B.'s
has not, he being satisfied to confine his attention to floriculture
alone, and in this line, so far from beinff behind the others, I do not
think that Mr. D. could get any iinpartial person, who is any judge
of these matters, to say that he is not foremost. Perhaps the own-
ers of the establishments mentioned by Mr. D. "would not hesitate
to compare plants with Mr. B. at any time," but the comparison
might not end so much to their satisfaction, as Mr. D. would seem
to infer. True, Mr. Pearce may outnumber him in camellias and
dahlias, as stated; — Mr. Buist's ambition is to excel rather in the va-
riety and quality of his plants, than in number, and their comparison
of green-house fruits is a poor affair, for if Mr. D. knows as much
of Mr. B.'s collection, as he intimates, he must be aware that Mr.
B. has no such fruits, nor does he pretend to have any such collec-
tion; and the intention of this part of Mr. D.'s communication
could only be to cause those who had not seen his collection, to sup-
pose that he had assayed to cultivate green-house fruits, but had
entirely failed.

If Mr. Buist has purchased some of the finest of his specimens
from other establishments, as stated, it only proves that he cares
more for fine specimens than he does for money, and that those who
sell care more for the money than they do for the plants. But why
should a mere passing and just encomium of Mr. Buist, from you,
in a former number, call forth this attack on him? and why should
you thank the author of it for such a production.? In my judg-
ment, it is not very creditable either to the author or publisher. Mr.
B.'s collection can neither be benefitted nor injured by casual praise,
or jealous censure: all who wish can see and judge for themselves,
and I am certain that the verdict will be in Mr. BuisVs favor. — Yours,
«^c., David Buist, Washington City, March 25, 1839.

[We are not desirous of continuing a controversy which will af-
ford so little interest to the generality of our readers; but we have

Retrospective Criticism. 195

given place to the above, that both sides might be heard, willing, as
we are, to do justice to both parties. Our correspondent, who thinks
the insertion of Mr. Douglass's communication not very creditable to
us, is informed that he does not understand the case under which
it was done. We did not know Mr. W. Buist, and at the time
we made our remarks, did not know but that his place was the only
one of any extent in the city, and it was not till we received the com-
munication of Mr. Douglass that we were aware of this. The arti-
cle below, from another correspondent, has assured us that Mr.
Douglass was in haste in writing his communication, and that the
estal)lishmept of Mr. Buist received no more than just praise at our
hands.— Erf.]

Horticulture in Washington, B.C. (p. 112.) — Upon what principle
in human nature, is it, Mr. Editor, that amateurs and professors of
the arts and sciences are so prone to indulge in jealous feelings at
the advance of their fellow-laborers? It would seem, and I regret
that the manifestations of it are so numerous, that, with very ^ew ex-
ceptions, not satisfied with their own |)rogress towards the temple of
fame, the aspirants for pulilic favor or consideration, in whiitever
branch their labors may he directed, seem disj)osed to throw obsta-
cles in the way of those who are pursuing the same pathway to that
temple with themselves, as though they could, by depressing others,
elevate themselves. These remarks have been induced by seeing a
communication in your last number from one of the worshippers of
Flora in our city, in which this disposition is strongly manifested.
As a citizen of VVashington, and as one who has been much delighted
by the spirit infused into the minds of our people by all those here
who pursue this delightful branch of industry, I regret that the feel-
ing should exist that could conceive, much less promulgate, such an
article. Our city has been much benefited by the labors of several
florists, amateurs as well as professors, (I presume I may justly use
these terms,) and each, and all of them, are entitled to our grati-
tude,— and certain it is that they are all entitled to much praise ;
each has excelled in certain branches of floriculture, as the minutes
of our Horticultural Society fidly prove ; but i cannot, as an impar-
tial judge, decide that Mr. Buist is the least worthy of our prominent
florists, or that his establishment is behind theirs in any point of
merit. As I have already stated, each has no doubt excelled in some
branch of this science, but when we examine the establishments as a
whole, i think that it will tie admitted by all candid judges, that Mr.
Buist is not one jot behind the foremost. Mr. Douglass, I think, will
allow upon reflection that he was in error when he stated that there
had been other hot-houses within our vicinity before Mr. Buist's. It
is true that Mr. Pearce's green-house was established long anterior
to Mr. Buist's, but it certainly is not loithin our city, and Mr. Dou-
glass would have had to go but little further and by a much fairer
road to have enlisted Mr. Yates in his catalogue, whose establish-
ment, by the bye, stands deservedly very high with the lovers of
Flora and Pomona. Mr. Buist's was the first (although yet very
young,) public institution of this kind within our city proper, and he
is, or was, until within a few months, if not now, the only one who
follows floriculture alone, and makes a business of it, and he receives,
and liberally too, substantial marks of the approbation of our citi-
zens. He came here, as Mr. Douglass has stated, a stranger, com-
paratively speaking, selected a spot in our city remarkable for noth-
ing but its rugged, barren appearance, a mere clay heap, on which

196 Retrospective Criticism.

not a spear of grass relieved the cold and cheerless prospect ; by in-
dustry, which cannot be surpassed, and labor of the most devoted
kind, assisted in all by his brother David, a most excellent and
worthy disciple of floriculture, he has made this dreary waste to
bloom and blossom with the rose and every other flower of beauty or
fragrance that can endure our peculiarly changeable and unkindly
cliinate, and for those which cannot, he has reared one hot and three
green-houses, large and commoilious, in which and in his garden the
visitors are ever kindly welcomed and waited u])on, whether they
come to purchase or gratify their taste or curiosity, and in which
they may, within the compass of a few hundred yards, see rich and
rare varieties of Flora's kingdom in all their native beauty and per-
fection, called from all climes from the poles to the equator. There
the highlander may see his native heath bringing fresh to his mem-
ory the rich and rotnantic scenes of his native home far away over
the blue waters, where his early days were passed in joy and glad-
ness, and where his heart ever turns with the flood-tide of pure and
warm affections from the coldness and unkindness of the world ;
there too the Gaul may see in all its perfection and beauty the lily,
the pride and elory of his own sunny, fruitful, vine covered, glorious
France ; the South American may behold, rich and perfect, as in his
own towering and evergreen forests, the gems of those forests ; the
Kast Indian, the flowers he deemed he had left forever behind him ;
all, all, may see somewhat to remind them of home, dear, sweet
home, from whatever country they may come. But enough — they
all deserve hiirh praise, but candor compels me to say, that Mr.
Buist's establishment, taken as a whole, in view of the great variety
of rich and rare, as well foreign as domestic [)lants, is superior to the
others of our city, even keeping out of view the short time it has
been in operation ; and if its enterprising proprietor progresses as he
has done, I doubt not it will, before many years, stand in the front
rank of all within our country, if it be not unrivalled. While upon
this subject permit me to address a word of advice to the citizens of
these United States, and particularly to parents. As a parent, I have
had, and know, the difficulties which parents experience in restrain-
ing their children from evil associations, and did jiarents but know
how easy they might be restrained, I am sure they would all adopt
the course ; it is a simple one, easy and not expensive, and most cer-
tain in its results. All children are fond of flowers ; cultivate this
taste, furnish them with a few plants, and a little green-house to pre-
serve them from the cold of winter, and you will attain your object,
besides realizing much pleasure from the fruits of their thus amusing
labor, and their better natures, being uncontaminated by bad associ-
ates, will flow on in perfect harmony and happiness, in the simple
and sinless amusement there provided for them, and they will be
easily induced, assisted by the light of revelation, to look through
nature in her beauty and loveliness, up to nature's God. Let parents
try this remedy, and they will soon find the truth of it, and be satisfied
that it comes from — One who Knows. Washington City, March,
1839.

[It is not our practice to insert anonymous communications under
this head; but as the above appears to be written by one who views
the matter in its true light, and gives due justice to all, we willingly
give it a place. — Ed.]

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 197

Art. IV. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

The stated meeting of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society took
place on the eveiiinij of the 15th April, the President in the chair.

The competition for the best six heads of forced lettuce took place
on the 30th of March last, at the Society's intermediate meeting.
The committee had great difficulty iu awarding this premium, (he
lettuce being all so superior. They gave the first premium to R )b-
ert Reid, gardener to J. J. Vanderkemp, Esq., and an honorary one
to Archibald Ritchie, gardener to Joshua Longstreth, Esq., for the
next best. Daniel Reilly, gardener to Pierce Butler, Esq., exhib-
ited four very large heads of cabbage, with some fine lettuce and
cucuml)ers.

William Chalmers, gardener to Mrs. Stot, exhibited some fine let-
tuce. Philip Reilly, gardener to Mr. Gratz, exhibited likewise some
fine lettuce.

The committee on plants and flowers awarded on that evening, for
the best collection of plants in pots, to Robert Buist, he having ex-
hibited a large collection of fine Pelargoniums; we noticed a very-
fine seedling, named Buist's Hero; some others were not named.
An honorary premium was awarded to Robert Kilvinijton, for a fine
display of native plants, viz., Dentaria laciniata, D. pinnatifida,
wS'rabis lyrata, Mitella diphylla, Corydalis cucnllaria, Pedicularis
canadensis, Epiijge\v rfepens, Trillium cernua, Aquilegia canadensis,
Pubnonaria vir<;inica, Houstonm cservilea, Fiola cucullata, V. villo-
sa, Thalictrum divicum, Anemone ihalictroides, Erythronium amer-
iciknum, c^Vum triphyllum, Botrychium virginicum, Paux trifolia,
^spienium eheiicum, ^diantum pedatum, Stellaria pilbera. Exotics —
Ferbena Tweedie«/7a, Ixoia coeciiiea, an E^chium, a seedling, flow-
er liijht blue, fine, Lobelia sp., Petunia green edged.

Mr. Sinten, gardener to Gen. Robert Patterson, exhibited a branch
of the Clianthus punvceus in fine flower.

For the best display of vegetables, the premium was awarded to
William Chalmers, gardener to Mrs. Stot, he having exhibited
leeks, mushrooms, new potatoes, radishes, Brighton Cos, and Cab-
bajre lettuce, and Flanders spinach.

The Society's premium for the best forced cucumbers was award-
ed to Patrick Reilly, gardener to Pierce Butler, Esq.; for the best
sea kale, to the same; and an honorary premium for cauliflower;
he exhibited eighteen very superior heads, with spinach and aspara-
gus. Archibald Ritchie, gardener to Mr. Longstreth, exhibited let
tuce, asparagus, si)inach, radishes of different kinds, leeks, colewort,
sprouts, cucumbers. William Graham, gardener to the Blackley
almshouse, exhibited some very superior lettuce.

Messrs. Leffnesty &- Lentz exhibited three bunches of very fine
asparagus.

P. Burke, gardener to William Cammac, Esq., exhibited some fine
lettuce of the Brighton Cos, and cabbage, spinach, &c.

The premiuiTi for the best fruit was awarded to Hugh H. Hatch,
Camden, N. J., for some fine winter black apples. Thoirias Fisher
exhibited some fine apples of different kinds. — Yours, G. Watson,
Philadelphia, April 16, 1839.

[The Society voted, at their last meeting, to hold an exhibition in

198

Faneull Hall Market.

June, which, we'doubt not, if properly got up, will prove a splendid
affair. We wish'che Massachjsetis Horticultural Society wouli hold
a Sirring, as well as an autumnal, exhibition. — Ed.]

Art. V. Faneuil Hall Market.

Roots, Tubers, fyc.
Potatoes :

Cl,o„.„goe„}P=;J-:|;

H^aslports, ^ ^^^, |^^^j^^,^ _ _

Turnips:

Common, per bushel, . . . ,

French, per bushel,

Ruta Baga, per bushel, .. .
Onions:

Red, per bunch,

Yellow, per bushel, . , . .

White, per bushel,

Beets, per bushel,

Carrots, per bushel,

Parsnips, per bushel,

Horseradish, per pound, . . .

Radishes, per bunch,

Shallots, per pound,

Garlic, per pound,

Cabbages, Salads, fyc.

Cabbages, per dozen :

Savoys,

Drumheads,

Red Dutch,

Cauliflowers, each,

Brocoli, each,

Lettuce, per head,

Celery, per root:

Giant red and white, . . . .

Common,

Spinach, per half peck, . . . .
Dandelions, per half peck,. .
Cabbage Sprouts, per half p'k
Turnip Tops, per half peck,

Asparagus, per bunch,

Rhubarb, per pound,

From To

$cts.

1 50
50

1 75
75

1 75
75

3 00

1 00

25

37i
37i

5

1 00

1 50

50

50

75

8

10

20

12

75
1 00
1 00

121
10
6

25
12i
124
8
121
10
12i
12^

^ cts

1 75
60

2 00

2 00

25

2 00
75
75

1 50
25
15

I From I To
Squashes and Pumpkins, \^ cts. $ cts

Squashes:
Autumnal Marrow ,percwt 6 00
Winter crook-neck, prcwt. 6 00

Canada, per cwt '6 00

West India, per cwt 2 50

12

Pumpkins, each

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per hall" peck, .

Sage, per pound,

Marjorum, per bunch,.
Savory, per bunch,. . . .
Spearmint, per bunch, .

Fruits.

Apples, dessert, new :
Common, 5 P^r barrel.. ,
' I per bushel,. ,
Baldwins, per barrel,.. . ,
Sweet apples, per bushel.
Golden Russets, per bbl. ,.
Greenings, per barrel, . . .
Russets, per barrel,

Pears :

Baking, per bushel,

Grapes, per lb :

Malaga,

Cranberries, per bushel, . . .

Cucumbers,

Lemons, per dozen,

Oranges, per dozen :

Sicily,

Havana, (sweet)

Pine-apples, each,

Chestnuts, per bushel, . . . .

Walimts, per bushel,

Cocoanuts, each,

Almonds, (sweet, )per pound.

Shaddocks, each,

Filberts, per pound,

Castana,

English walnuts, per lb

2 50

ll 00
j3 00
:2 00
'3 00

3 00
3 00

2 50

25

2 50

25

20

25
50
12|

2 00

3 00

5

12i
25
4
4
5h

3 00
25

3 50

3 00

00
60
25

37i

75

25

2 50

Remarks. — Since our last, there has been a very good supply;
and prices have continued nearly the same. In some articles, from
an apprehension of a small supply, there has been a slight advance.

Horticultural Memoranda. 199

The weather has continued fine and warm, compared with last sea-
son, and early vegetables have come forward much more rapidly than
last year; consequently, we have now to note a very good supply of
nearly all those articles which are usually only brought forward so
early as this by artificial means.

The stock of potatoes, of prime quality, is gradually lessening;
and, in consequence, an improvement has taken place in the prices.
The stock of Eastern is rather limited, many having been sent south
the present month, and there is some fear that few remain on hand
except such as are wanted for planting; prime Eastports are quick
at our quotations. Turnips unusually abundant. Onions are getting
out of season, and prices, for those in good order, have advanced.
Radishes are plentiful, and the quality very fine. Of Cabbages there
are now but a very few on hand; good Red Dutch are particularly
in demand. No Cauliflowers have been received since our last.
Celery is scarce, there being few or no roots left. Spinach, dande-
lions, and other early sprouts, are very plentiful, and prices low.
Rhubarb has come in the past week in fine quantity, for the season;
there is now a promise of an abundant stock. Asparagus has been
brought in, and, like rhubarb, in larger quantity than usual in April.
Squashes are mostly gone; some yet remain on hand, which com-
mand full our present rates; the West Indias are now relied upon
to satisfy the principal demand, although they are much inferior to
those of last year, being rather green.

There is more animation in the fruit market than has been exhib-
ited for some time. Apples are in tolerable quick demand, and are
taken at our quotations; the stock of some kinds is exhausted.
Pears remain nearly the saine. Cranberries are a little higher. Lem-
ons and Oranges continue as heretofore, the stock sufficient for the
present. Some Pine Apples have come to hand; among them one
small lot of the most superior quality, varying from five to six pounds
each. Cucumbers have been brought in since the date of the last
report, and command good prices; one very long one sold as high as
one dollar. In Nuts of all kinds there is no variation worthy of
note.— Fours, M.2\, Boston, April ^Qth, 1839.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR MAY.
FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines, in green-houses, &c., will now be advancing rapidly,
and will require attention. Towards the middle of the month they
will be setting their fruit, when the temperature of the house should
be a little higher, with less air. Leave off syringing until the fruit
ia well set.

200 Horticultural Memoranda.

Grape Vines, in open air, should be trained up neatly to the trel-
lis or wall and the shoots carefully fastened. Dig round the roots
and manure, if required. Cuttings may be put in this month.

Peach trees, in pots, which have set their fruit, should be -well
watered and syringed. Trees may yet be planted out successfully.

Strawberry beds may be as well made now as at any time in the
year.

Raspberry vines should be pruned and tied up to stakes.

Grafting of trees may be yet performed.

Trees of all kinds may be removed yet for several days.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Dahlias will now require more attention. Prepare the roots for
setting out one lot about the i20th. The first of June another lot may
be planted, and a succession of flowers will be obtained. Pot the
roots and place them in any situation out of the way of cold storms
and frost. Let the ground where they are to be planted be well dug,
and, if poor, manured.

Hyacinth and Tulip beds should be shaded when in bloom.

Chrysanthemums should be propagated by cutthigs, or suckers,
this month.

Gladiolus Natalensis, and Tiger flou'ers, may be planted in the
border this month.

Fansies, raised from seeds, should now be set out in beds, if not
done before.

Tender and half-hardy annuals, sown in pots in March or April,
may be set out in the ground about the 2Cth.

Annuals. — A general sowing of annuals should be made about the
15th or iOth. Then is the safest season to plant.

Tuberoses, started last month in small pots, should be repotted.

Camellias will continue to require good supplies of water and fre-
quent syringing.

Ericas, and all New Holland and Cape plants, should be repotted
before they are taken out of the house. Cuttings may be now put
in.

Cactuses will now be blooming, and should therefore have more
water.

Perennial plants may be yet transplanted with good success.

Verbenas should be again shifted, if they have filled their pots
with roots.

Green-house plants, of most kinds, may be removed into the open
air the latter part of the month. Prepare a suitable place for them,
and repot any that need it.

Lechenaultia fonnosa may be propagated by cuttings now,

TrevirHna cocclnea. — The little corms should now be potted sepa-
rately in the smallest size pots.

O'xalises, I'xias, Sparaxises, and other Cape bulbs, done flowering,
should be removed from the green-house to the open air, and placed
in a situation sheltered from the rains.

Geraniums, now in bloom, should be well watered and have an
abundance of air.

THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE

JUNE, 1839.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. Some notice of the Plants in the collection of Gen.
Robert Patterson, Philadelphia. By Dr. G. Watson,
Philadelphia.

In a late number of your Magazine, in noticing the collec-
tion of plants belonging to Dr. Wood, I informed you that I
should, as soon as my leisure would permit, send you similar
notices of other fine places in this city, believing such notices
would be gratifying to your readers; I therefore send you
some remarks upon the collection of plants belonging to Gen.
Patterson, of this city.

Gen. Patterson's establishment is situated on the corner of
Locust and Thirteenth streets, and it may be safely said, that
it is one of the neatest, and best kept, both as regards the
garden and green-house, in or around this city. Many of the
plants are very fine and large specimens, particularly the
orange and lemon trees, they having been purchased at the
sale of plants belonging to the late Henry Pratt, Esq. of Lem-
on Hill, and once forming part of that well known and splen-
did collection of plants. The following list embraces all the
principal plants now in the collection of Gen. Patterson: —

Chanthus puniceus, Kennedia monophylla, Indigofera aus-
tralis, Swainsonia ^alegifolia, Diosma capitata, Gorteria pa-
vonia, .Acacia conspicua, Jl. stricta, w3. dealbata, and ^. lo-
phantha, Begonia incarnata, Burchella capensis, Corrae^a al-
ba, Polygala cordata, Lechenaultm formosa, Corrse^a pulchel-

VOL. V. NO. VI. 26

202 J^otice of Plants in the collection of Gen. Patterson.

]a, C. speciosa and C. virens, Callicoma seratifolia, Clematis
florida flora pleno, Calothamnus quadrifida, and C, villosa; Jas-
minurn azoricum, Cereus grandiflorus, a very large specimen;
Illicium floridanum, Manettia cordifolia, BleU'a Tankervillce,
Rivina humilis, Russellia Juncea, JEuphorbia splendens, Ges-
nera aggregata, G. Douglasu, and G. spicata; Melastoma heter-
omalla, Ceropegia elegans, Coffea arabica, Ixora rosea, Stre-
litzia regina, Passiflora Loudoni, and P. Kermesina; Thun-
bergm odorata, Crinum amabile, Ipomae^a HorsfalHcB, E'pacris
grandiflora, Carmichaelia australis, Lotus jacobae^a, Pxonia
arborea, [Jfow^an papaveracea, var. Banksice,] Tecowa capen-
sis, Kennedia rubicunda, Pittosporum Tobira^ and Tohlra va-
riegata; Hibbertia voJubilis, Bignonia Jasminoides, [Tecoma
jasminoides,] and Lady Banks's yellow rose in fine bloom.

The collection of camellias is excellent, and contains the
following sorts: — Camellia japonica alba pleno, fimbriate,
atrorubens, speciosa, Greville's red, imbricata, variegata,
Pomponia, intermedia, eximia, carnea, coccinea, Woodsw,
elegans, Chandleri, -Rosa mundi, Fairlea, candidissima, jRosa
sinensis, C. sasanqua rosea, &c.; Rhododendron arboreum
hybridum; Azaleas of different varieties; with a fine collec-
tion of pelargoniums, roses, &c. &,c.

The above named plants are in the best order, and fine
condition; the specimens large, with the exception of the
camellias, and the greater part of those now enumerated, were
in full bloom when I saw them, presenting a fine display.
The Clianthus puniceus, a beautiful new creeper, was in fine
flower, and it is one of the most showy plants, with its bright
scarlet flowers, that has lately been introduced. I believe it
is the first time that it has flowered here, if not in the country.
[We hope that our correspondent, or Gen. Patterson's gar-
dener, will send us an account of the manner in which this
plant was treated, to make it bloom; as all attempts have
mostly failed around Boston. — Cond.] The Indigofera aus-
tralis is a beautiful shrub, with a profusion of red flowers.
The Diosma capitata was a better specimen than I have ever
seen. Begonia incarnata, a large specimen, was covered
with flowers, and looked extremely well. All the creepers
are tastefully arranged to the columns around the house, being
planted in a border inside the wall. The green-house is not
large, but very high; the General has, however, in contem-
plation to build a beautiful range the coming summer, in a
spacious style. The garden occupies half a square of our
city, and is beautifully laid out, having a fine Jef d^eau in the
centre. The appearance of the whole reflects great credit
upon Mr. Sinton, the gardener. Yours, G. Watson.

On the propagation, cultivation, ^c. of Pelargoniums. 203

Art. II. On the propagation, cultivation, and general treat-
ment of Pelargoniums, ( Geraniums.) By the Editor.

After the excellent papers which have appeared in a pre-
vious volume, (III., p. 94 and 292,) by those practical and
experienced cultivators, Mr. Russell, of Mount Auburn, and
Mr. Hogg, of New York, it may seem almost superfluous
for us to take up the subject at the present time, for fear that
it might be a repetition of what has already been said. We
shall venture, however, to offer a few of our own observations
upon the growth of pelargoniums, for the particular information
of many of our readers, who, we believe, have never read the
excellent articles above referred to; trusting, at the same time,
that they will not be without some interest, even to those who
have availed themselves of the good advice of Messrs. Russell
and Hogg.

The cultivation of the pelargonium received its first impulse
from the efforts of the late Mr. Sweet, whose magnificent
work on the Oeraniaceae, extending to several volumes, with
splendidly colored plates, of all the choice and rare varieties
originated, rendered it at once a fashionable and favorite flow-
er. Under the care of the late Mr. Colville, at whose nursery
many of the most beautiful kinds were produced, by Mr. Sweet
himself, the plants were grown and flowered in great perfec-
tion: Mr. Colville was the first cultivator who saw the impor-
tance of growing pelargoniums in a house by themselves; and,
by setting the example himself, he was soon followed by other
cultivators, and there are now but few collections, of any ex-
tent or beauty, either public or private, but what are grown in
houses erected solely for their growth.

From want of encouragement to Mr. Sweet's work, which
was expensively got up, or from some other cause, its publica-
tion was stopped after some hundred plates had appeared. Af-
ter this there seemed to be less attention paid to the growth of
the plants, and for a few years a less number of new kinds was
produced than had been in previous years; subsequently there
was a revival of the former taste for the flowers, and the desire
to possess them has continued to increase rapidly, so that, at
the present moment, the pelargonium may be said to be the
most popular flower, excepting the dahlia, cultivated in Eng-
land. This taste is, we are happy to say, spreading rapidly
here, and through the collections of Mr. Hogg, of New York,
and other cultivators, have been disseminated many of the

204 On the propagation, cultivation, and

fine varieties produced by the most celebrated English grow -
ers, Messrs. Gaines, Cox, Hill, Dennis, &c.

The rapidity with which new kinds are originated, and the
many good qualities combined in the pelargonium, render it,
above all others, well adapted to universal cultivation. Of
simple growth — free propagation — easily kept in the parlor,
green-house, frame, or even cellar — blooming from three to
six months in the year — and presenting such a diversity of
shapes, tints and colors, — there is no flower which can more
fully claim our care, or excite our admiration.

Since the production of that "prince of geraniums," as it has
been styled, Dennis's Perfection, another character has been
given to the family. This variety was the foundation of a new
and vastly improved habit, and from it have been raised seed-
lings, partaking of the same superior qualities, viz: beauty of
habit — robustness of growth — elegance of the truss — contour
of the flowers — and brilliancy of coloring. These are the
properties now sought for in the production of seedlings, and,
by judicious intermixture, varieties have been raised, within a
year or two, which so far surpass any thing we have heretofore
considered beautiful, that, in a short time, those now generally
grown will be banished from cultivation, to make place for a
race far excelling in splendor.

The cultivation of pelargoniums, common as they are, has not
arrived at that state of perfection, that will not admit of being
improved by further information upon the subject. Hereto-
fore, with a majority of those who grow plants, particularly in
rooms, it has been supposed that there was but very little ne-
cessity to consult books, to learn how to propagate and manage
plants so universally cultivated; but within a short time those
who have been inclined to such ideas have been convinced
that they were in error, and that pelargoniums, though seen in
nearly every collection of plants — whether decorating the cot-
tage window, or blooming in the parlor of the wealthy, — are
found only in their highest perfection, where care and skill
have alike been exercised in the treatment of the plants.

The pelargonium is a native of the Cape of Good Hope,
and very few species of the genus 'have been discovered else-
where. They are generally found growing on the open plains,
which they beautify during the flowering season by their end-
less diversity of colors. In the cultivation of the plants, it
should be the purpose of the grower to imitate as near as pos-
sible the temperature of their native climate. During part of
the year, when the rainy season commences, the flowers burst
forth, revealing their brilliant and various-hued petals, and

general treatment of Pelargoniums. 205

clothing the plains as with a carpet composed of all the tints of
the vegetable kingdom: this lasts for many weeks; then suc-
ceeds the dry season, when the plants, from want of sufficient
moisture, undergo a state of repose; for though they continue
to grow, they do so slowly, acquiring thereby renewed strength,
which prepares them for a strong and vigorous bloom. In the
artificial cultivation of the plants, it should be impressed upon
the grower to imitate, as nearly as possible, such a climate.
It is from the want of the knowledge of this simple fact, that
most cultivators do not grow their plants more successfully;
but, quite contrary to the most natural practice, they keep
them continually excited, and supplied with moisture, until they
become, — instead of dwarf, compact and rugged plants, pro-
fusely laden with blossoms, — mere masses of huge foliage,
with a few scattered and straggling trusses of flowers.

With these preliminary remarks, we come to the cultivation
of the plants; and for convenience, as well as for the plainer
instruction of our readers, we shall divide the subject as fol-
lows:— Propagation of the plants — Treatment in the house —
General treatment when out of doors — Soil — Water — Repot-
ting the plants — Destruction of insects.

Propagation of the plants. — Geraniums, or, properly speak-
ing, pelargoniums, are growm both from the seed and from
cuttings. The former method is only adopted for the multi-
plication of new varieties, and the latter to propagate and per-
petuate them. The method of growing them from the seeds
is very simple, as they generally vegetate freely and bloom the
second season. The production of new kinds from seed has
not been ofien attempted in this country, though there have
been some few very fine varieties originated. Mr. Buist, of
Philadelphia, and Mr. Hogg, of New York, have probably
grown more than other cultivators. Mr. Donald, now of the
Public Garden, has also raised some very pretty ones, a few
of which are now (May 15th) in flower, 'ihe seeds only re-
quire to be sown in light rich soil, and placed in a green-house
or frame, where they will soon vegetate; when an inch high,
pot them off into the smallest sized pots, and continue to treat
them as will be described for cuttings. Cuttings of geraniums
may be put in at any season of the year, but there are certain
periods when they do better than at others. When the plants
are grown in a house by themselves, or where there is a large
collection, and a succession of flowers is wanted the whole
season, cuttings should be put in at three difl^erent periods.
The first in June, the second in August, and the third in Oc-
tober; the first will commence blooming

20(5 On the propagation^ cultivation, and

in May, and the last in July; thus keeping up a period of
blooming from March till September.

The cuttings should be from five to six inches long, and
contain about four joints, directly underneath the lower one of
which it must be cut across smoothly with a sharp knife; take
the leaves off from that part which is put into the earth; but
the remainder of the foliage should be left entire, and not shor-
tened in the least, unless it be to cut off a decayed or yellow
leaf. When the cuttings are all prepared, take as many thumb
pots as there are cuttings; fill them with a compost, first put-
ting some drainage at the bottom, of decomposed leaves and
sand, mixed in the proportion of one third of the latter. Put
in each cutting in the centre of the pot, about one inch deep,
pressing the soil firmly down and around the cutting; finish the
operation with a gentle watering, and place the pots in a de-
clining hot-bed, or, if one is not at hand, under a hand-glass.
If neither are to be had, and the number of the cuttings small,
place them in a warm situation, where they should be shaded
from the sun until they have struck root; pick ofi:' all decayed
leaves, keep the frame close, and give water in small quanti-
ties. At the end of a month or six weeks they will be suffi-
ciently rooted to pot off into No. 2 pots, in a soil prepared as
hereafter to be noticed. Place the plants where they will have
plenty of light and air, until they are removed to the green-
house, or the parlor, for the winter. Allow them to remain
out as long as there is no danger of frost. At whatever pe-
riod the cuttings are put in, either in June, August, or Octo-
ber, they should be shifted into No. 2 pots as soon as they are
well rooted.

Treatment in the house. — By the first of October, at the
latest, and perhaps previously, if the nights are cool, the plants
should be removed to their winter quarters. If in the green-
house, they should be placed in situations as near the grass as
possible. With a strict adherence to this rule lies the great
secret of growing geraniums; the plants, if placed far from the
glass, and out of the reach of the air, draw up weakly, and
soon become straggling and uncouth looking objects, fit only to
stand among a mass, but possessing no beauty as single speci-
mens. If the stage is at some distance from the glass, and in
a house with other plants, an extra shelf should be put up on
purpose to raise the plants close to the glass. During Octo-
ber and November, they will make considerable growth, and at
that time the main shoot should be topped to make it throw
out lateral branches. All geraniums have a tendency to run
up, and, unless this is checked early, the plants are almost ru-

general treatment of Pelargoniums. 207

ined for another season. The plants should not be arranged too
near together. Water sparingly during November and De-
cember; pick off all yellow leaves, and if any insects appear
destroy them as will be directed.

In February most or all of the cuttings put in in June will
show flower-buds: as soon as these are discovered, they should
be repotted into No. 3 pots; give liberal supplies of water un-
til the bloom is over. The plants should be slightly shaded
during the hottest part of the day when in full bloom, and the
beauty of the flowers will be retained for a much longer time
than if they had not been protected.

General treatment out of doors. — Early in June the plants
should be removed to the open air, in order that the young
wood may harden; place them in a half shady situation at first,
as a powerful sun might injure them by being too suddenly ex-
posed. About the middle, and from that to the last of the
month, the plants should be cut down to within six or eight
inches of the pot, and the cuttings taken off for a new stock;
the old plants may be then thrown away, or, if desirable, they
can be retained for cultivation; but as young plants are, in our
estimation, preferable to the old ones, they need not be retain-
ed: when only a few cuttings are wanted, these may be taken
off and the plants turned into the border, where they will bloom
during the summer. Such of the old plants as are retained,
should, as soon as the new shoots are an inch or two long, be
exposed to the full influence of the sun and air. Keep the
plants well watered; let them be arranged neatly together, and
set upon a bed of coal ashes, to keep the worms from entering
the pots.

Soil. — Pelargoniums, or, improperly speaking, geraniums,
delight in a good rich soil, not too light; when young it should
be rather sandy, with a portion of rotten leaves; but when the
plants are shifted into their blooming pots, a compost of good
rich light loam and well rotted manure, in equal quantities, is
the best suited to the production of strong plants and fine flow-
ers; give the pots a good drainage with broken potsherds.
Bone dust and other strong manures have been tried, but only
in a cautious manner, and then without any beneficial effects.

Water. — We have already remarked that the plants should
be sparingly watered in winter; in no instance should large
quantities be given until the plants begin to show their flower-
buds, after which time there is no danger of their being over-
watered. The syringe need not be resorted to on any occa-
sion of their growth, unless it be to wash off the dust from the
leaves, should the plants stand where they were liable to get

208 On the propagation, cultivation, and

dusted. In winter there is no necessity for it, and if often
used when the plants are in bloom, the flowers are soiled and
damaged so as to disfigure the trusses; at the root, however,
give water freely, without any fear of endangering the heahh
of the plants.

Repotting the plants. — When the young plants have finished
their first bloom, and are removed from the green-house to the
open air, they should be cut in to within five or six inches of
the pot; if the plants have made a rapid growth, the pots will
probably be very full of roots; if this should be the case, the
plants should be turned out, and after shaking the earth partly
from the roots, the larger ones should be wholly cut out, leav-
ing only the small fibres. They should then be repotted, either
in the same fized pots they were turned out of, or in smaller
ones if the roots will admit of being reduced. Place the plants
in a sheltered and partially shaded situation when they are cut
down, and expose them to the full sun by degrees, after the
new wood has attained the length of an inch or more. If too
many young shoots appear, the weakest should be rubbed off,
that the remainder may gain more strength. Such treatment is
for plants which have flowered once, and are to be kept to
bloom a second season. In repotting or shifting young plants,
the soil should be disturbed as little as possible, otherwise they
might be checked in their vigor.

At the time the old plants are repotted, should there be a
frame at hand, with a very slight bottom heat, they may be re-
moved thereto for a short time, until the young shoots have
broken well; when the plants may be taken out into the open
air, as before directed. If at any other time than that of cut-
ting in the plants, they should need shifting, it should be borne
in mind that at such period the ball of roots should not be dis-
turbed. The routine of watering, &c. is the same as for young
plants.

Insects. — The geranium is, fortunately, troubled with but
few insects; indeed, the only one which ever infests them ia
any great degree, is the aphides, or green fly, which, some-
times, if allowed to become numerous, entirely destroy the
beauty of the plants, and prevent their blooming; but they are
by no means a very formidable enemy: unlike the red spider,
the scale, or other enemies to plants, they are more easily and
quickly destroyed than any other. A simple fumigation of the
plants with tobacco will carry dismay into the phalanx of de-
stroyers, and, unless exceedingly abundant, will be sufficient
to clear the plants; but if as numerous as we have seen them,
two successive fumigations will not be too much. After they

general treatment of Pelargoniums. 209

are destroyed, give the plants a good syringing, to wash them
off and clean the foliage. The scale sometimes attacks the
plants, but not often enough to render any precaution against
them important. Fumigation may be effected on a small scale,
by placing the plants under a large box or cask; put the tobacco
on a dish, set it a burning, and then turn the box or cask up-
side down over the plants.

We have thus been minute in giving the manner in which
we have cultivated the pelargonium for several years, in order
that those, who have heretofore had no experience, may be ena-
bled, with what we have written, coupled with some judg-
ment, to grow the plants to a high state of perfection. Those
who have not found Mr. Russell's or Mr. Hogg's articles
complete enough for their instruction, will, we hope, be ena-
bled to find, in our remarks, what they may have left unsaid
that is worth knowing. Such of our readers as have not read
their observations at all, will, we trust, glean sufficient informa-
tion from the above to supply, in part, their place.

It might be supposed, as a conclusion to this, that we should
add a selection of the best kinds for general cultivation; but as
they are continually increasing in number, as well as improv-
ing in beauty, it would seem almost superfluous. In our Flori-
cultural Notices, and under our head of Notes on Gardens, &.c.
will be found descriptions of all the new kinds as they are in-
troduced, from which selections may be made. What are
now considered prime kinds, will probably, in a short time, be
thrown out of cultivation altogether, and their places taken by
others new and superior. For the guidance, however, of
those persons who may be wholly unacquainted with the varie-
ties, and who are willing to rely upon our judgment for a se-
lection, we would recommend the twelve following kinds, for
general growth in parlors: the amateur who grows a greater
number will refer to our pages for a larger list: — Gen. Wash-
ington, (Boll's, said to be synonymous with Hericartianum,)
Perfection, (Dennis's) (the Tam O'Shanter of collections
around Boston,) Polybianum, Adelinae, Queen Bess, Hill's
Champion, Lovely Anne, Diadematum, Sir John Brough-
ton, Tam O'Shanter, (true,) Lord Denman, and Speculum
mundi. All of these may be had at moderate prices.

VOL. T NO. VI. 27

210 Account of five Seedling Camellias.

Art. III. An account of five Seedling Camellias, raised hyi
Dr. J. L. Gunnell, of Washington, D. C. By G. H. F.

Dear Sir, — According to promise, I send you a list of
the names, with the descriptions, of five seedhng cameUias of
great merit, raised by Dr. J. L. Gunnell, of this city.

1. Camellia japonica var. Peter Francisco. — This is a very
vigorous growing plant, with unusually large, round, and thick
foliage, very deep green; the buds are about the shape and
color of the old striped; the flower also, in number and shape
of petals, anthers and stigma, like the striped; the ground color
is rose, with many of the petals striped, (or clouded) near the
centre of each, though some of the flowers have very little
white in them; about fifteen large petals and five smaller ones;
a seedling of the old anemoneflora; superb.

2. C. j. var. General JYelson has foliage like the conchiflora,
but much more pointed; the flower is nearly like the Derby ana
in color and shape, though much more double, having thirty
large petals, and some small centre ones, a little variegated, with
anthers, and style tolerably good ; green pericarp. Also, a
seedling of the old anemoneflora; superb.

3. C.J. var. George Mason, sen. (ofGunston.) — This vari-
ety is a vigorous grower, having foliage very much like C.
Floyii; the pericarp green, and the flower very double; about
forty large petals, of a fine red color; the petals nicely im-
bricated, except a small part of the centre, which is full of
very diminutive petals. A seedling of old anemoneflora; su-
perb.

4. C. j. var. John Randolph is a seedling of the old strip-
ed; the foliage of medium size; the pericarp green; the flow-
er red, with about fifteen unusual shaped narrow petals; style
and anthers good; curious.

5. C. j. var. Old Virginia is also a seedling of the old
striped; the plant is about three years old, and about fifteen
inches high, without a limb. The pericarp is green, and the
shape and size of the flower and petals as perfect as the old
double white, or C. j. var. Landrelhii; the ground color is a
rich pink, and most of the petals have an irregular white stripe
running through them; this is a magnificent variety.

Independent of the above. Dr. G. has raised many other
fine seedlings of great beauty, and well worthy of a place in
our large collections of this truly beautiful flower. It is to be
hoped, however. Dr. Gunnell will lose no time in propagating

On the employment of Vases in Gardens. 211

the five varieties I have described, which are considered mag-
nificent, and should be in possession of every amateur. The
great success he has met with is only equalled by his zeal and
knowledge in their culture. His collection of seedlings num-
bers nearly sixteen hundred, and, from their present flourishing
condition, much may be expected.

Very respectfully yours, G. H. F.

Washington, D. C, May, 1839.

Art. IV. On the employment of Vases in Gardens.
By the Editor.

We have often urged the introduction of vases into garden
scenery, as objects combining to give both a beautiful and
classic appearance to situations where they may be introduced.
Our correspondent, Mr. Downing, (Vol. II, p. 281,) has
some very just observations upon the employment of orna-
mental vases in garden scenery, and the good effect they pro-
duce when placed in appropriate situations.

In a previous page (29,) we have shown the effect which
vases of flowers would have w^hen confined to green-houses,
conservatories, &c. In the open garden they are beautiful
objects, either with or without flowers, and, set upon the edges
of lawns or on small grass patches, give a classic and refined
aspect to the situation. They are occasionally seen without
flowers, and our object is to induce those who may already
possess vases to fill them with plants.

One reason why vases are not oftener employed is, the dif-
ficulty of procuring them of handsome form, of a material
which will endure the weather, at reasonable prices. But as
artificial stone vases are not to be easily procured, our purpose
is to recommend the common vases cut from Maltese stone,
great numbers of which are imported, and usually sold here
very low. The largest size of these, which usually measure
about twenty inches in diameter, are capable of holding a va-
riety of flowers, which will bloom well, when planted in them.
"We have had dwarf dahlias standing in these vases, covered
with flowers.

The Maltese vases were extensively used in the garden of
the King of the Belgiums, at Claremont, and added greatly to

212

On the employment of Vases in Gardens.

the appearance of the flower garden, along the walks of which
they were distributed.

The vases should be elevated upon a plinth, and not imme-
diately set upon the ground, as nothing detracts so much from
their classic character, as the idea of their being easily moved;
from their size there should be a solidity to the base, that will
give it the appearance of a permanent structure.

The annexed cut, (jig. 12,)
though very similar to the one
which we have before given,
(p. 26,) we make no apology
for presenting again with a shght
alteration. It represents very
correctly one of the Maltese
vases filled with plants, in a
thriving state. If filled at the
present time with the following
plants, they will soon make a
fine appearance. A dwarf dah-
lia may be planted in the cen-
tre ; around the outer edge
Ferbena Tweediedna may be
set, together with plants of the
stoloniferous nummularia, (or
moneywort;) a root or two of
large pansies may be placed on
either side of the dahlia, and
the dark crimson nasturtium
planted, and the shoots trained
up to the dahlia; seeds of mig-
nonette may then be strewed on
the surface. When in full flow-
er, a beautiful and glowing effect is presented: the scarlet lints
of the verbena, the crimson blossoms of the nasturtium, the
purple ones of the pansies, and the dahlias, together with the odor
of the mignonette, render such vases most acceptable objects.
Another very beautiful way of rendering such vases orna-
mental, is, by planting them with the Ferbena Tweediedna
alone, and training the shoots to a neat trellis, made in an oval
form, or any fanciful shape, about two feet high. We have
had them in this way, with more than sixty umbels of flowers,
presenting a splendid display. A mixture of the different
kinds, as V. Arranidwa, alba, &.c. trained up together, would
make a unique appearance when in full bloom.

L,,,,,iii!iiB

J^otices of new and beautiful Plants. 213

Art. V. Mtices of new and beautiful Plants figured in
the London Floricultural and Botanical Magazines; with
Rernarks on the Cultivation of many of the species, and some
Account of those which it would be desirable to introduce into
our Gardens.

Edtvards's Botanical Register, or Ornamental Flower Garden
and Shrubbery. Each number containing from six to eight
plates, with additional miscellaneous information, relative to
new Plants. In monthly numbers; 3s. plain, 3s. 6d. colored.

Paxton's Magazine of Botany , and Register of Flowering Plants.
Each number containing four colored plates. Monthly. 2s. 6d.
each. Edited by J. Paxton, gardener to the Duke of Devon-
shire.

The Horticidtural Journal, and Royal Ladies' Magazine, In
monthly numbers, with one or more plates; Is. each. Edited
by George Glenny.

The Gardener^s Gazette, and Weekly Journal of Science and
Literature. Weekly; price Gd. each.

After a long time we again resume our notices of plants
figured in the London periodicals. For some time they have
not reached us with regularity, and we have been compelled to
omit them in part. As we have now, however, received sev-
eral numbers, we commence again, trusting that we shall be
enabled to continue them with regularity.

Dicotyledonous, Polypetalous, Plants.

"Ranunculdcece.

Paeoma Makoya is the name given to a new kind figured in
the Botanist. It is also figured in the Bon Jardiner for 1839,
under another name, and as a variety of P. edulis. The flow-
ers are very large and double, of a pure white, and the centre
petals tipped or edged with crimson. We believe it originated
in Germany. M. Makoy, of Liege, has the plants for sale,
at the moderate price of twelve guineas each.

Delphinium Barlowii, already noticed in Vol. Ill, p. 250,
is figured in the Magazine of Botany for January. It is one
of the most showy larkspurs, and would be a great accession
to our collections.

All the delphiniums are fine plants for planting in masses,
where their long deep blue spike of flowers, produced nearly
half the summer, make a very showy appearance. The plants

214 Jfotices ofneio and beautiful Plants,

should be tied up to neat stakes, or the stems will grow crook-
ed, and have an awkward appearance.

Dicotyledonous, Monopetalous, Plants.
'Ericdcece.

ERVCA
tricolor var. sup^rba. A green-house plant; growing two feet high; with pale rose-col-
ored flowers; appearing in Jiilvi a native of the Cape of Good Hope; increased by cut-
tings. Pax. Mag. Bot., Vol. V, p. 3.

A most exquisite variety of this charming group, raised
from seeds, and flowered for the first time in 1836. The
flowers resemble in form the ventricosa, and are produced in
terminal clusters of eight or more flowers each; they are of a
pale flesh color, and have a glossy appearance, not seen in
but few of the species. According to Mr. Paxton^s account,
it is "unrivalled by any of its allies." The foliage is of a very
deep green hue, prettily ciliated, and presents a pleasing con-
trast with the charming flowers.

Messrs. Rollison, of Tooting, who are well known as pos-
sessing one of the finest collections of the jGrica in Britain,
raised this variety about five years since. The seeds were
supposed to have been saved from the E. tricolor. It requires
the culture applicable to a greater part of the species, and is
readily increased. {Mag. Bot., Feb.)

At Mr. Town's, at the present time, there are a variety of
fine heaths in bloom.

E. canaliculata, a beautiful species, with small white flow-
ers, very numerous, is now in elegant bloom, at Messrs.
Hovey St Go's.

.^sclepiacZdcecE.

PHILIBE'RT/.^

grandifldra. A green-house climber; growing ten feet high; with spotted bufi'-colored
flowers; appearing all summer; a native of Buenos Ayres; introduced in 1837; increas-
ed by cuttings; grown in light loam and sandy heath mould. Pax. Mag. Bot., Vol. V,
p. 7.

"Few plants better exhibit the interesting habit of climbing
shrubs than the species of Philibertia. Their slender, flexible
stems seem so admirably befitted for clasping the stronger and
more arborescent forms of vegetation, that their general char-
acter cannot be mistaken. The very remarkable prodigality
of their blossoms, is another quality which invests them with
interest; some idea of which may be formed when we state,
that from the axil of every leaf a cluster of flowers is produc-
ed, and thus more than a hundred of them are frequently ex-
panded at one and the same time."

The present species grows with great rapidity, and is well
adapted for training on the rafters of a camellia house, where it
seems to flourish as well as' in more exposed and sunny situa-

figured in the London Flor. and Bat. Magazines. 215

tions. It is also a good plant to train to circular trellises in
pots, when it presents a beautiful appearance. The pots should,
however, be elevated, as the blossoms are pendulous, and a
greater part of their beauty would be hidden. The flowers
are very elegant, of a fine buff, rarely seen in flowers, and
prettily spotted with red. The foliage is neat and comely,
and altogether it is a valuable plant. The specimen was fur-
nished by the Messrs. Young, of Epsom, from which the draw-
ing was taken. {.Mag. Bot., Feb.)

Scrophularinidcc(B.
Collinsia heterophylla Mutt., seeds of which were brought
from Columbia river by Mr. Nuttall, in his last excursion, is
figured in the Botanical Magazine. Seeds were sent to Scot-
land, by Mr. Buist. It has flowered in this vicinity, and is a
pretty species.

Qolandcece.

SOLA'NIJM
i erberti'!i7i7im Benth. A stove plant; crowin? from two to three feet high; with deep
blue flowers; apiiearins in summer; increased by cuttings; grown in light loam and
heath mould. Pax. Mag. Bot., Vol, IV, p. 269.

After the notice which we have already given of this spe-
cies, (p. 137,) it is not necessary to repeat the same here.
The flowers are of a very deep blue, of large size, and the
foliage delicate. The flowers are erect, and make their ap-
pearance when the plants are not over a foot high. It re-
quires the heat of the stove to thrive well, and likewise a par-
tially shaded situation, though not too far from the light. Loam
and heath mould form a suitable compost; but when the plants
arrive at a large size, a richer soil may be used. (Mag. Bot.,
Jan.)

Labidtece.

SA'LVIA
listens Benth. A green-hou'e perennial; growing two feet hizh; with blue flowers; ap"
pearing all summer; a native of Mexico; propagated by cuttings; grown in a light>
rirh soil. Pax. Mag. Bot., Vol. V, p. 1.

We have already copied a notice of this plant in a previous
page, (136,) but, as it appears to be one which will come in-
to universal growth, we shall offer no apology for mentioning it
again. The plate displays a spike of blossoms as large and as
numerous as the old S. splendens, but the color of which is of
a most intense and dazzling blue. It is stated to be a free
flowerer, a character which that splendid species, the S. ful-
gens, does not possess. A plant standing in the open ground,
last season, continued to throw up its spikes, though frequent
decapitation of its shoots took place for the purpose of propa-
gation, until cold weather set in, notwithstanding it had, in the
mean time, been removed to a pot for wintering in the green-

216 J^otices of new and beautiful Plants.

house. "From the summit of each of the principal stems
(which, in a large plant, would be numerous,) and also, though
at a somewhat later period, from the extremities of all the late-
ral shoots, a similar number of flowers, of equal size and splen-
dor, is produced."

This species is readily increased by cuttings, which root
easily in the spring, in light soil, planted in a slight hot-bed;
and in the summer season in the open border. The roots ap-
pear to be somewhat tuberous, which will, perhaps, enable it
10 stand wintering in the cellar, where it may be kept till
spring, and then set out in the garden. We have no doubt it
will be speedily introduced. {Mag. Bot., Feb.)

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PlANTS.

Hmmodordcece.

ANIGOZA'NTHOS
cocciiieus Lindl. A preen-liouse plant; growing four to five feet high; with crimson
flowers; appearing from June to August; a native of Swan river; increased by division
of the roots and by seeds; grown in a light loamy soil. Pax. Mag. Bot., Vol. IV,
11,27].

A very showy species, with beautiful crimson flowers,
slightly tipped with green; produced in great profusion upon a
tall branched stem. The flowers are tubular and erect. This
species was introduced from Swan river by A. Mangles, Esq.,
who has received many fine plants from that region, and is the
handsomest of the genus. The plants thrive well in the green-
house, under the following treatment: — Put the plants in a mod-
erate sized pot, in a light loamy soil, and give an abundant sup-
ply of water in the summer; but administer it with great care
in the winter. Place them in an open situation, where they will
not be encroached upon or shaded by other plants; let them
be well exposed to the sun to prevent mildew. Grown in this
manner, the plants throw up tall stems, which produce a rami-
fied head of blossoms a foot across. The best mode of propa-
gation is by seeds, which vegetate freely; if these cannot be
procured, the roots may be divided just after the flowers have
faded; the young plants will speedily form new roots, when
they should be potted. This species is very showy, and is
one which we should hke to see in our collections. [Mag.
Bot., Jan.)
hilidcecE.

il'LIUM

lancifdlium ? var. riseum. A green-house bulb; growing fVom three to fonr feet hieh;
with white flnwers, dotted with pale red; appearing in August; a native of Japan; in-
creased by oftset^; grown in a rich soil. Pax. Mag. Bot., Vol. IV, p. 267.
Syn: Zilium lancifdlium punctatum.

" In the exquisite loveliness of its flowers, their superior
size, and the stronger and more robust habits of the plant, this

JSTotes on Gardens and Jfurseries. 217

charming variety almost outvies the splendid species, L. spe-
ciosum," noticed In our Vol. IV, p. 62. Nothing can be more
beautiful than both of these plants, for though quite unlike each
other in color, they are equally superb. The present subject
has large white sepals, slightly recurved, and dotted and
blotched upon the surface with pale red, giving to the flower a
most unique appearance. The anthers are long and slender,
and of a fine orange color.

Both the L. speciosum and the present plant are truly most
magnificent objects, and the statement is not thought to be ex-
aggerated, "that they are unsurpassed by any plants previous-
ly known and cultivated in Britain."

Dr. Siebold first introduced the plant from Japan, together
with the L. speciosum. So far both have been cultivated in
the green-house, and the plants are yet too valuable to try ex-
periments with setting out in the border. They may prove
hardy in the mild climate of England, though not so in ours,
should they be introduced. They require a deep soil, and
abundance of solar light, to bloom well.

The drawing was made from the collection of Messrs. Low
& Co. of Clapton, who have plants for sale. {Mag. Bot.,
Jan.)

Art. VI. JVotes on Gardens and JAirseries.

Mr. Walker''s Tulip Slioio. — May 20th. Again we have
the pleasure of noticing Mr. Walker's splendid tulips, the third
annual exhibition of which commenced on the 18th, and is to
continue until early in June. The early period of blooming
this season, compared with the two last, has enabled us to pre-
sent our readers with some account of the same, ere the whole
bed will be out of flower.

Mr. Walker, from the very flattering success which has at-
tended his previous exhibitions, has been induced to increase
his exertions to add many of the newer and more rare kinds.
He has, consequently, several very superior flowers in the
collection now, which were imported last year, and the whole

VOL. v. NO. VI. 28

21 d J\'otes on Gardens and Jsurseries.

number grown is upwards of a thousand bulbs, seven hundred
of which are in the long bed particularly designed for show.

The bulbs are, in our opinion, exceedingly well grown, and
the colors of tlie flowers as perfect and distinct as we have ever
seen them. The Bybloemens are many of them very superb;
some varieties have not, for three or four years, flowered any
thing near so finely as they have this season. The old favor-
ites, which we have before named, were nearly all showing
flowers; but the places of many of the duplicates have been
usurped by stars of "greater magnitude," whose increased
beauty has thrown into the distance many of those which have
struck us as superior, on a first view, in previous years. The
following are mostly new ones: —

Bybloemens. — Violet Triumphant, Cerese a belle, Sang de
Bceuf, Magnifique, Incomparable la Mere Brun, Princess
Royal, Majesteuse le Grand, English Belle, Bathsheba, Bien-
fait, Reine de Violet, Holmes's King, andRose Epher-
gine.

Bizarrcs. — Abercrombie, Claudius, Charles X, Gloria
Mundi.

Several of these were among those kinds which gained the
Queen of England's plate at the Exhibition of the Metropoli-
tan Society of Florists, at Hampton, last June, an account of
which was given in our last volume, (p. 349,) and which is
annually one of the most celebrated displays in or around Lon-
don. The Incomparable la Mere Brun and Majesteuse le
Grand were, we venture to say, as fine blooms as were ever
seen of these sorts; Holmes's King, a fine variety, has come
more distinct this season than the two last; the same remark
will also apply to several others, whose habits are so capri-
cious, that it is only once in two or three years that a faultless
bloom is seen.

Mr. Walker informs us that he has already ordered many
more fine kinds, to take the place, next year, of some of those
of ordinary beauty which are now growing in the bed. Ama-
teurs of this flower may therefore rely upon an opportunity of
inspecting before they purchase, thus giving them a chance to
select, without danger of being deceived, as purchasers too of-
ten are, when procuring a collection.

We have alluded to the fine pansies which Mr. Walker has
been so successful in raising; these plants were now in their
greatest splendor, and, with their infinite array of varied tints
and monstrous flowers, appeared to dispute the palm with the
proud and lordly tulip. One bed of selected plants, which are
intended both for seed and propagation, contained some which

J^otes on Gardens and Kurstries. 219

are an improvement upon any that Mr. Walker has heretofore
grown; and show how much may he attained in so humhle a
flower by skill in cultivation; some of the individual blooms
would measure nearly three inches in diameter.

We hope that Mr. Walker will name some dozen or more
of these, which, together with those already known to cultiva-
tors, would make a fine collection. The Enghsh florists
enumerate some hundred or more sorts; but we think that
twenty or twenty-five is a sufficient number to designate by
name; new varieties might be added every year, and the poor-
est of the old ones withdrawn to make room for new seedlings.
We hope soon to present an article from Mr. Walker on the
treatment of the pansy.

The exhibition has been much better attended than in the
two previous years; and the inference is, that a taste for the
tulip, and particularly the pansy, is rapidly spreading around
Boston.

The Public Garden^ May 20th. — Since the completion of
the conservatory attached to this garden, we have not had the
pleasure of passing through the house until tlie present moment.

The plants look exceedingly well and healthy, and, though
just now but few flowers are expanded, present an array of va-
ried foliage, redundant with vigor and strength. The camel-
lias had nearly finished their bloom when removed into the
house, and there is now only a few plants, excepting the geran-
iums, which contribute to enliven the heavy masses of foliage.
Some deciduous azaleas, of very pretty kinds, have been very
showy, but they were now shedding their flowers.

The conservatory, which is a large square building, with a
domical roof, partly glazed, is arranged with a large circular
stage in the centre of the house, which contains a greater por-
tion of the plants in the collection. In the angles of the square
building, where the domical roof commences, are also placed
numerous plants, though out of the reach of the sun and air;
such a situation is not very favorable to the growth and bloom-
ing of plants, but camellias, and other hard-wooded evergreens,
may do well for a while, though they will need shifting to some
part of the great centre stage, to allow them an opportunity to
receive a due proportion of the light and air admitted from the
glazed portion of the dome.

The shelves adjoining the gallery walk, against the glass,
contained a variety of geraniums, verbenas, petunias, &c.,
which were covered with an abundance of blossoms. Marica
Northidna had just closed some of its beautiful though transient
flowers; but there were other buds which will expand in a day

220 JVoies on Gardens and JVurseries.

or two; a shelf above this one contains mostly the collection
of Cape /ridacese, which we mentioned in our last, had just
been added.

The geraniums are now the most interesting plants, and Mr.
Donald has some new seedlings which are exceedingly fine:
to these he has not yet given names, and we cannot therefore
particularize any individual plants. The whole are, however,
pretty, and three or four of them truly superb. Mr. Donald
has another lot of seedling plants, just up, which will bloom
next year; and, if his success should be as good as last season,
he will have some fine ones to add to the kinds already in gen-
eral cultivation. Those who are lovers of the Geraniaceee
should inspect these seedlings of Mr. Donald's, that they may
see what pleasure is in store for all who may attempt the pro-
duction of new varieties from the seed.

One of the most interesting and novel features of the exhi-
bition is the two aviaries attached to the conservatory; these
are placed on either side of the centre of the stage of plants;
one of them is mostly filled with canary birds, and the other
with a variety of feathered songsters, carolling their tuneful
notes as they flit from plant to plant, in almost unrestrained
liberty, thus rendering the illusion of the scene more complete.
Four species of parrots, and the ominous cat owl stand perch-
ed upon the branches of a rustic tree; the former startling the
passer-by with their continuous chatter.

We shall notice, from time to time, the plants in the collec-
tion, as they come into flower, as many of them are new and
rare. The operations in the garden are now going on rapidly,
and a great many shrubs, herbaceous plants and seeds have
been planted. A new fence around the garden is partly com-
pleted.

Mr. Leathers collection of Geraniums, — We have, in an-
other page, introduced a long article upon the cultivation of
this beautiful flower, with the hope of rendering it still more
generally diffused, certain as we are, that it will give better
satisfaction and afford more pleasure than any other to the gen-
erality of persons who have a desire to cultivate flowers.
The new kinds are being rapidly added to our gardens, and
their beauty is so surpassingly superior to the old sorts, that
they strike and dazzle the beholder by their unequalled bril-
liancy.

Among the many collections around Boston, none can out-
vie, in rarity of kinds and choiceness of selection, those in the
]iossession of Mr. Leathe; they may number more varieties,
but not so superb an assortment. Speculum mundi, a variety

JSTotes on Gardens and JWrseries. 221

which, from its striking appearance, is admired by every one
who sees it, first flowered with Mr. Leathe a year since,
though some other cultivators, who have not flowered it until
the present spring, have stated that they were the first to
bloom it, and have sold the plants at twice their value, un-
der the plea that it was in only one or two hands. Several
others among the number have not, we believe, flowered else-
where in the vicinity.

Some of the more notable which we have just seen, are
the following: — Lady Isabella, rose with dark spot; Beauty
of Cambridge, dark rose, fine truss, and large flower; Maid
of Athens, pale blush, with dark lines; Imogene, white, with
velvet spot; Champion of Devon, crimson, with dark purple
spots; Sir John Broughton, fine large rose, with dark lines;
Diomede, rose, with large spot, fine shaped truss; Polybi-
anum, fine rose, with delicate lines; Tarn O'Shanter, (true)
rose, with fine eye; Dennis's Perfection, fine deep red with
crimson shade, elegant; Charles X, white, with dark spot;
Lord Denman, fine crimson; Gen. Washington, (Boll's) fine
bright crimson purple, beautiful; Adelinae, bright rose, with
exquisite pencilling; Incarnatum superbum, pink, with dark
spot, very fine: these are only a few of the more showy, all
of which have large flowers. The plants have made a bril-
liant display, and there yet remains many fine trusses of blooms,
although now in a declining state from the advanced season.

[n the collection of Hovey <^ Co. several varieties of gerani-
ums have made an excellent display; among others are Spec-
ulum mundi,Diomede, Diadematum, diversum (elegant,) Den-
nis's Perfection, Adelinae, Polybianura, Lovely Anne, Buist's
Fair Maria, Charles X.

One of the most showy objects has been the Lechenaultia
formosa, which has been constantly in bloom, in the green-
house, for upwards of six months. It is a delightful plant, and
easily grown in the parlor, where its profusion of orange-red
flowers present a lively appearance. Echinocactus Eyri-
esu is just flowering, and other buds will expand early in June.
Cereus speciocissimus, Jenkinsom'i, &c. have all flowered
abundantly. The Yellow Noisette and Yellow Tea Roses,
budded as standards, are about flowering with great luxuri-
ance; the former having from five to seven buds in a cluster.
Several other plants are also showing flowers.

222 General J^otices.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.
Art. I. General Notices.

Method of preserving Botanical Specimens to be framed for con-
stant exposure on the walls of a museum or room. — Take a speci-
men, recently dried in the usual way, between folds of bibulous pa-
per, in order that every shade of color may be natural and fresh as
life; procure a pane of glass of sufficient size, and a plate of tin,
zinc, copper, or sheet lead,* half an inch longer and half an inch
broader than the pane of glass; bend this around the edges so that it
will embrace the glass; remove the latter, and place in the shallow
cavity a thin layer of cotton batting; upon this sift a thin stratum of
the powder of quicklime; over this another layer of batting; upon
this a sheet of tissue paper, and on the tissue paper, the specimen
and label. Over all, place the clean pane of glass; press it gently
down, and carefully turn over it the edges of the metallic plates.
Secure the junction of the glass and metal with a ceroid or resinous
cement, as bees' wax, shellac, or sealing wax: or what is more con-
venient, and seems to answer well, fill the crevices with stiff glazier's
putty, and when that gets dry, pass over it with thick Japan varnish,
of which two or three successive coats may be used. If the back be
of sheet tin, zinc, copper, or thick sheet lead, a ring may be soldered
to one end, for the purpose of hanging up without further prepara-
tion. But if very thin sheet lead be used, it may require to be first
protected by a back of binders' board and some kind of frame.

With a view of sul)jecting theory to the test of experiment, I en-
closed in this manner a dried specimen of Lycopodium apodum, and
also attached a part of the same specimen by means of sticking wax
to the outer surface of the glass. It was exposed to air and sunshine
in a high and sheltered situation. After the lapse of two or three
days, the outer specimen had obviously begun to lose its color, and
was inclining to yellow, while the enclosed specimen, equally expos-
ed to light, still retained its vivid green and apparent freshness. The
outer si)ecimen continued to fade until it became nearly decolored;
but the enclosed one suffered not the slightest change in appearance.

It is not essential that the specimen should be dried previously to
being thus enclosed. By increasing the quantity of lime to three or
four times the weight of the substance to be desiccated, a specimen
just plucked may be carefully arranged beneath the glass — it may be
then subjected for a couple of days to a few pounds of pressure,
may be sealed up, and never afterwards removed. The degree of
perfection with which the most delicate tints of flowers can thus be
preserved, is incapable of being surpassed. In the space of two or
three days, the specimen generally becomes more thoroughly dry
than it is practicable to render it by bibulous paper.

Upon carefully surrounding fresh specimens of Asclepias Drake-
anaf and Rosa Gallica, with fine powder of quicklime, in a close
tin box, complete desiccation was accomplished in a single day; and
I was agreeably surprised in finding, thct the lime had not in the
least modified any of the colors. The flowers were taken out, of

* The sheet lead which lines tea boxes answers very well,
t Undescribed. Flowers yellow and crimson. Louisiana.

Foreign J^otices. 223

their natural shape and color, but stiff and brittle from dryness. It
is sometimes rather difficult, however, to remove all the lime from
some portions of the flowers. Probably it would be best to fill the
interior of deep flowers with fine clean sand, before burying them in
the powder of lime. In this way fruits, fungi, insects, small fish,
and even reptiles, may be effectually embalmed. (^Silliman's Jour-
nal, Vol. XXXV, p. 340.)

Rhubarb Jam. — To one pound of rhubarb stalks, cut as if for a
tart, add one pound of lump or brown sugar; boil till the ingredients
are well blended, and acquire the proper consistence. Ginger (root,
not ground) and candied lemon, boiled in the jelly or jam, is a decided
improvement. Jelly, of a superior quality, may be made in this
manner. {Gard. Mag.)

Art. II. Foreign Notices.
ENGLAND.

Death of Plants effected by Frost. — In our last number, (p. 183,)
we gave some extracts from a paper read by Dr. Lindley before the
London Horticultural Society, upon the effect of frost upon vegeta-
tion, and remarked that we should revert to the same subject again.
We now offer the concluding portion of the paper, which relates to
the manner in which the death of plants is effected by frost: —

" In considering the various circumstances alluded to in this paper,
I was naturally led to inquire into the exact manner in which the
death of plants is caused by cold. Very little, however, is to be
learned upon this subject, from the writings of physiologists.

"The common opinion is, that frost acts mechanically upon the
tissue of plants, by expanding the fluid they contain, and bursting
the cells or vessels in which it is enclosed.

"M. Goeppert, of Breslau, in a paper, originally read at a meeting
of German naturalists at Leipsig, in 1829, briefly abstracted in Oken's
Isis {or 1830, p. 497, and translated in the Edinburgh Journal of Nat-
ural and Geological Science for 1831, p. 180, denies that this sup-
posed laceration of vegetable tissue by frost takes place. He is rep-
resented to have stated, that the changes which plants undergo,
when they are killed by cold, do not consist in a bursting of their
vessels or cells, but solely in an extinction of vitality, which is fol-
lowed by changes in the chemical composition of their juices.

"Professor Morren, of Liege, in a paper, printed in the fifth vol-
ume of the Bulletin de V Academie Royal de Bruxelles, has pub-
lished some exceedingly interesting observations upon this subject.
Like M. Gceppert, he denies the truth of the statement generally
made, that frost produces death in plants by bursting their vessels;
and he assigns the effect to other causes. His more important con-
clusions are, 1. That no organ whatever is torn by the action of
frost, except in very rare cases, when the vesicles of cellular tissue
give way, but that the vesicles of plants are separated from each
other by frost without laceration. 2. That neither the chlorophyll,
the nucleus of cells, elementary fibre, amylaceous matter, raphides,
nor the various crystals contained in vegetable tissue, undergo any

224 Foreign JSTotices.

alteration, unless perhaps in the case of amylaceous matter, which
in some cases is converted into sugar, no doubt, in consequence of
the action of some acid, formed by the decomposition of the organic
parts. 3. That the action of frost operates separately upon each
individual elementary organ, so that a frozen plant contains as many
icicles as there are cavities containing fluid; the dilatation thus pro-
duced not being sufficient to burst the sides of the cavities. 4. That
such dilatation is principally owing to the separation of the air con-
tained in the water. 5. That this disengagement of air by water
during the act of congelation, is the most injurious of all the phe-
nomena attendant upon freezing: introducing gaseous matter into
organs not intended to elaborate it, and bringing about the first stage
in a decomposition of the sap and the matter it precipitates; so that
with a thaw commences a new chemical action, destructive of vege-
table life. 6. That the expansion of the cells and aquiferous organs
drives a great quantity of water into the air cells and air vessels, so
that the apparatus intended to contain liquid only, contains water and
air, while that which is naturally a vehicle for air contains water.
Such an inversion of functions must necessarily be destructive to
vegetable life, even if death were not produced in frozen plants by
the decomposition of their juices, the loss of their excitability, and
the chemical disturbance of all their contents.

"Prof. Morren's observations were made upon various plants froz-
en in the spring of the present year, having been exposed to a tem-
perature of from 4° to 9* Fahrenheit. One of his statements 1 give
in his own words. 'In the parenchyma of many plants, and espe-
cially in that of succulent fruits, it is easy to ascertain what modifi-
cations are caused by frost in the internal organs of plants. If a
frozen apple is opened, it is obvious that the ice is not a continuous
mass, but that it is a collection of a multitude of little microscopical
icicles. Under the microscope, the fact becomes evident. We know
how excessively hard some fruits become, when frozen by this mo-
saic of icicles, especially pears. If we thaw them, it is seen that on
the instant, a multitude of air bubbles are extricated from the juice
of the fruit, and that this juice has then acquired new chemical qual-
ities. I wished to ascertain the cause of these phenomena, and the
following is what observation has shown me. I studied for this pur-
pose more particularly the tissue of the apple. Each cell is filled
with a small icicle, which has in its middle a bubble of air. We
know, that when water freezes, the crystals so arrange themselves,
that the air separated from their mass by the solidification of the li-
quid is intercalated between their planes. This air also places itself
in a mass of congealed water in a regular manner, the nature of
which depends entirely upon that assumed by the crystals, as may
be seen by freezing water in a cylindrical vessel, when the air bub-
bles always assume the form of a very long cone, terminated by a
spherical cap. The augmentation of the volume of water is in a
great measure owing to this interposition of masses of air. All
these effects take place in each cell of a frozen apple, which thus
increases in size, because each cell of its tissue becomes individually
larger. When thawed, the cell recovers itself by the elasticity of
its vegetable membrane, and frozen fruit becomes, as we know,
very much shrivelled. Each cell, therefore, acts like a bottle of
frozen water, only there is no bursting, because the membrane is ex-
tensible.'

"But when plants, easily killed by cold, are exposed to so low a

Foreign JVotices. 225

temperature as that just described, it is to be feared, that phenomena
actually connected with the destruction of vegetable life may be
intermixed with others, which merely indicate the physical effects
of cold upon vegetable matter already dead. For the purpose of
judging how far this conjecture is well founded, I have carefully
examined the post mortem appearances of several plants killed by
exposure to a temperature artificially reduced only to from 28" to
30° Fahrenheit. These observations, while they have confirmed the
general accuracy of Prof. Morren's ^statements, have led to other
conclusions which also appear important.

"I could not find the vesicles of cellular tissue separable from each
other, even in the most succulent species submitted to experiment;
and I conclude that this circumstance, to which Prof. Morren at-
taches importance, and to which M. Payen ascribes the difficulty of
extracting starch from frozen potatoes, is not so much connected
with the destruction of vegetable life, as a result produced upon the
tissue by a great intensity of cold. I did, however, find it lacerated
in several cases, as if by the distention of the fluid it had contained.
In a Stapelia, the whole of the cellular tissue was soft, and deform-
ed, as if it had been extended with but little power of recovering
itself again, and several large irregular lacerated cavities were ob-
served. The same appearances were remarked in Euphorbia tiru-
calli, but the laceration of the tissue was much less extensive. In
Hibiscus rosa sinensis the cells of the cortical integument, (mesoph-
loeum,) were very much torn, and in Hibiscus militaris, not only the
cells of the bark, but especially those of the pith, were so completely
broken up, that it was ditlicult to obtain a thin slice of those parts
for examination. In no case, however, have I found any kind of
tissue ruptured, except the soft cellular dodecahedral or prismatical.
It would also seem that M. Payen recognises the laceration of tissue
by frost, for he ascribes the acridity of frozen potatoes to an extrava-
sation of the acrid matter which exists in the epiphlcEum of such tu-
bers, and which, in a natural state, is locked up in the cells of which
that part consists. Independently of these observations, it is not to
be doubted that frost does split the tissue of plants. I saw the young-
est shoots of Erica mediterranea, cinerea, and others, shivered into
thousands of pieces in the Horticultural Society's garden, on the
morning of the twentieth of January. The branches of Melaleucas
were rent to their points at Carclew. Several cases, among others
that of the common holly, were observed at Claremont, where the
bark was split, and rent asunder from the wood below it; and Sir
Oswald Mosley has given me the following instance, which occurred
under his own observation. 'An oak tree, growing upon the south
side of a hill, in a sheltered situation, in Knightly Park, near Burton-
upon-Trent, in the county of Stafford, was rent in the severe frost
of last winter, in two different places, to the height of thirteen feet
three inches. There was an interval of eleven inches between the
two shakes, which were each of them one quarter of an inch wide,
and extended in depth to the heart of the tree. The girth of the tree
is six feet ten inches, and as soon as the frost went the openings
closed again, and the tree is now as flourishing as ever.' To these
cases many more might be added.

"The organization of woody tissue appears to be affected, but not

by laceration. If a frozen and unfrozen transverse slice of the

stem of Hibiscus rosa sinensis be placed, side by side, upon the field

of the microscope, it is obvious that the diameter of the tubes of the

VOL. VI. — NO. VI. 29

226 Foreign J^otices.

wood and liber is considerably less in the former than in the latter;
this appears to be owing to an increase in the thickness of the sides of
the tubes, which has the effect of diminishing their calibre.

"The expulsion of air from seriferous organs, and the introduction
of it into parts not intended to contain it, is a striking phenomenon.
Every one must have remarked that when a leaf has been frozen to
death, it changes color as soon as thawed, acquiring a deeper green,
and being nearly of the same depth of color on both sides; the same
appearance is produced by placing a leaf under the exhausted receiver
of an air pump, and in both cases is owing to the abstraction of air
from the myriads of little air chambers contained in the substance of
this organ. If the leaf of Hibiscus rosa sinensis in its natural state
is examined, by tearing off the parenchyma from the epidermis with
violence, it will be found that the sphincter of its stomates, the cells
of the epidermis, and the chambers immediately below the latter, are
all distended with air ; but in the frozen leaf of this plant, the air has
entirely disappeared ; the sphincter of the stomates is empty ; the
upper and under sides of the cells of the epidermis have collapsed,
and touch each other, and all the cavernous parenchyma below the
epidermis is transparent, as if filled with fluid. Whither the air is
conveyed is not apparent ; but as the stomates have evidently lost
their excitability, and are in many cases open, it may be supposed,
that a part of the air at least has been expelled from the leaf; and as
the pith of this plant, in its natural state, contains very little air, and
in the frozen stale is found to be distended with air, it is also proba-
ble, that a part of the gaseous matter expelled from the leaf when
frozen is driven through the petiole into the pith. In the petiole of
this plant are numerous annular and reticulated vessels, which un-
der ordinary circumstances are filled with air, but after freezing are
found filled with fluid : is it not possible that their functions may
have been disturbed, by the violent forcing of air through them into
the pith, and that when that action ceased, they were incapable of
recovering from the overstrain, and filled with fluid filtering through
their sides? That annular ducts are in some way affected by frost
was shown by their state in a thawed branch of Euphorbia tirucalli,
when they were found in a collapsed state, empty of both air and
fluid, with their sides shrivelled, and with the fibre itself, which forms
the rings, also wrinkled transversely. Facts of an analogous kind
were remarked by me in Erica sulphurea. The minute long-haired
leaves of this species are in their natural state firm, bright green, with
a rigid petiole, and upon being exposed to pressure in a compressori-
um, at first offer perceptible resistance to its action, and afterwards,
as the pressure increases, discharge, chiefly through their petiole, a
great quantity of air. But leaves of this plant, which have been fro-
zen by exposure to the temperature of S?*^, are very different ; they
are softer, dull olive green, with a flaccid petiole, and offer but little
resistance to pressure ; yet, although they give way freely, the quan-
tity of air which the compressorium expels is comparatively small,
and readily driven out. Moreover the long hairs of this plant, which
in the natural state are occupied by fluid, were always found filled
with air after freezing, and this without pressure having been exer-
cised upon them.

"I am inclined to refer to this cause the well known fact, of which
many cases occurred this winter, that the sudden exposure of frozen
plants to warmth will kill them ; though they may not suffer if warm-
ed gradually. In such cases, it may be supposed that the air, forced

Foreign Jfotices. -^27

into parts not intended to contain it, is expanded violently, and thus
increases the disturbance already produced by its expulsion from the
proper air cavities ; while, on the other hand, when the thaw is
gradual, the air may retreat by degrees from its new situation, with-
out producing additional derano;ement of the tissue. It is also possi-
ble that leaves, from which their natural air has been expelled by the
act of freezing, may, from that circumstance, have their tissue too
little protected from the evaporating force of the solar rays, which
we know produce a specific stimulus of a powerful kind upon those
organs.

"These circumstances are, in themselves alone, sufficient to account
for death being produced in plants by frost ; and it is chiefly to such
as these, that Professor Morren has directed his attention. It how-
ever appears to me, that there are some other points of importance
to which observers have not applied themselves." (Gard. GazJ)

Victoria Rhubarb. — Mr. Myatt, the grower of this variety, exhibit-
ed at a meeting of the London Horticultural Society, the past season,
stalks which measured two feet eight inches in length, and six inches
in circumference; twelve of them weighing forty-six pounds. {Gard.
Mag.)

Exhibition of Hyacinths. — An exhibition of hyacinths has taken
place the present spring, in the vicinity of London. A Dutch florist,
who has taken up his residence in London, has planted several beds,
containing, in all, about three thousand bulbs, and upwards of three
hundred sorts. It will undoubtedly be the means of increasing the
taste for this fragrant and showy flower. (Newspaper.)

Gigantic Cactus. — Among a recent importation of Cacti, by Thom-
as Harris, Esq., of Kingsbury, is a plant belonging to the Melocacti
division, which measures four feet ten inches in circumference, and
which is, undoubtedly, the largest specimen of melocactus in Britain.
Mr. Beaton, Mr. Harris's gardener, observes, that if this specimen
were divested of its spines and ribs, it might be taken for an old-
fashioned Scotch haggis. (Gard. Mag.)

Ipomda HorsfdU'ise. — This beautiful species maybe readily increas-
ed by grafting on the tuberous roots of the I. insignis. The process of
grafting is quite simple: take the scions with two eyes, the upper one
to form the leading shoot; cut below a joint, and take off a slice an
inch long on the opposite side of the eye; take away a similar slice
from the tuber, and, fitting the two together, bind them with a piece
of matting. Put the tuber in a small pot, using light soil, and place
the pot in a hot-bed or the stove, and in a few days the scion will be-
gin to grow. (Id.)

The Madia Sattva. — This species is said to be valuable as an oil
plant, and the following is the yield of an acre, compared with the
rape and the poppy: —

The rape, which attains its perfection only in the second year, pro-
duces from four to five scheifels (bushels) of seed per acre, and but
seldom succeeds well. One scheftel of rape seed gives ninety-six
pounds of oil; therefore one acre, in the space of two years, produces
four hundred and eighty pounds of oil, which makes for one year two
hundred and forty pounds.

One acre, sown with poppies, gives two and one quarter to three
scheffels of seed; from one of which are obtained eighty-eight pounds
of oil, which gives two hundred and sixty-four pounds per acre.

One acre of MMia sativa, which ripens generally towards the end
of July, produces four to six and a half scheffels of seed. One scheffel

228 Foreign J^otices.

gives sixty-eight pounds of oil; therefore six and ahalf scheffels make
a produce of four hundred and forty-two pounds of oil.

It is considered a valuable introduction, and the King of Wurtem-
burg has awarded a gold medal to M. Bosch, who introduced it. The
oil is said to be highly useful to manufacturers and machinists. {Gard.
Mag.)

Jlpples imported into Liverpool, from Neto York, from the \st to
the 3lst of December, 1838. — From the entries at the Liverpool cus-
tom-house, it appears that four thousand four hundred and sixty-three
barrels of apples were imported into Liverpool in the short space of
one month; and yet, after this great drain upon our market, prices
ranged nearly the same all winter. Had not such extensive exporta-
tions been made, there must have been an unusual supply, after the
favorable season of 1838. — Ed.

Verbenas. — In Dr. Hooker's Botanical Miscellany twenty-four spe-
cies of Ferbena are described, and only four or five of them have, as
yet, been introduced. Much may therefore be expected from those
which yet remain unknown only from dried specimens. "If," says
the conductor of the Gard. Mag., "these have so enriched our gar-
dens, as to form a new and striking feature in them, (we allude more
particularly to V. chamsedrifolia and its varieties,) what may we not
expect to be the result, when all those described by Dr. Hooker are
introduced !" From the descriptions we suspect the real beauty of
the group is but half known. {Gard. Mag.)

Remarkable specimen of Cereus speciosissimus. — In the garden of
Thomas Holman, Esq., at Folkstone, Kent, is a remarkable speci-
men of this species. The plant is standing in the pit of the stove, and
trained to small copper wires, stretched horizontally, four inches
apart, across a row of posts that separate the pit from the back path.
The trellis thus formed is twenty-five feet by eight feet, so that the
plant covers, with its shoots only four inches apart, a space of two
hundred square feet. Until November last it stood in the middle of
the same pit, and grew at random: but it occupied so much room,
that removal or cutting away became necessary. When the present
plan suggested itself, a great deal of the actual size of the plant was
unavoidably lost, in reducing it to its present figure. It suffered little
from being moved; and, during the time of flowering, there were of-
ten from thirty to fifty of its magnificent flowers expanded at once,
forming a most splendid object. The centre shoot is carried over the
path, and trained on the back wall, to form an exact counterpart to
that already on the trellis; when this is completed, it will form a path
literally beset with thorns, and prove, perchance, the finest specimen
of the sort in Britain. {Gard. Mag.)

SCOTLAND.

Caledonian Horticultural Society. — On Thursday, the Spring
meeting of this Society was held in the Council-room, at the Exper-
imental Garden, Inverleith. Notwithstanding the great inclemency
of the weather, the display of fine flowers was very considerable,
and the attendance of professional and amateur cultivators was
numerous. The prize committee commenced their labors soon after
eleven o'clock, and at two, gave in their report to the general meet-
ing, (Sir John Robison in the chair,) to the following purport: —

For the prize offered for the six finest and newest varieties of Ca-
mellias, four collections had been sent in competition. The silver
medal was awarded, as first prize, to Mr. James Kelly, foreman to

Foreign JVotices. 229

Messrs. Dickson &. Sons, Inverleith Nurseries, the kinds being Juli-
ana, Gray's Invincible, CliandlerM, horrida, reticulata, and Fairlea.
A second prize was voted to Mr, Robert Watson, jjardener to David
Anderson, Esq. of Moredun, whose kinds were, Gray's Invincible,
reticulata, Juliana, imbricata, Colviliw, and Lady Eleanor Campbell.
The committee, observing in a third parcel a new variety, marked
as imported from China, by Mr. James Nairne, of Claremont, voted
an honorary premium to Mr. Brewster, at Balcarras, who had sent
the flowers, and they named the variety Camelh'a Nairniana.

For the prize offered for the four finest species of E'pacris in flow-
er, three competitors ap})eared, and all the collections were consid-
ered meritorious. The first premium was found due to Mr. Kelly,
Inverleith Nurseries, whose species were E. impressa, cerifl6ra,
pulchella, and variabilis; the next to Mr. Watson, Moredun, who
produced E. impressa, rosea, pungens, and nivalis; the third to Mr.
John Addison, gardener to the eaVl of Wemyss, at Gosford, whose
collection included a remarkably fine variety of E. variabilis.

For the prize offered for the finest jjlant in flower, exclusive of the
preceding genera, and of recent introduction, five competitors came
forward. The silver medal was awarded to Mr. David Brewster,
gardener to colonel Lindsay, of Balcarras, for Cineraria formosa,
having blossoms of an intensely brilliant purple, and possessing the
character of novelty. For a well grown specimen of Euphorbia
jacqu'iuiflbra, beautifully trained around a light oval trellis, a pre-
mium was voted to Mr. Kelly, Inverleith Nurseries.

For the prize oflered for the best six named hyacinths, there were
no fewer than six competitors. The silver medal was voted to Dr.
Adolphus Ross, whose kinds were Voltaire, Vulcan, Rouge eclatan-
te. La grand Vidette, Anna Maria, and Porcelaine Sceptre. For
another fine collection, consisting of Emilius, Lord Wellington, Bou-
quet tendre, La grand Vidette, Voltaire, and Amicus, a premium
was again found due to Mr. Kelly, Inverleith Nurseries.

There was no competition in late dessert pears, last season being
very unfavorable for their production. But two prizes were award-
ed for apples; the first to Mr. James Murray, gardener to Andrew
Fletcher, Esq., of Salton,the kinds being Ribston, Phillips's General
Wolf, Margil, Winter Strawberry, Scarlet Golden Pippin, and Em-
press Josephine; and the next to Mr. William Thom, gardener to
David Anderson, Esq., of St. Germain's; kinds. Orange Blenheim,
Luff"ness Matchless, Paradise Pippin, Emperor Alexander, Ribston,
and Fulwood.

The only kitchen vegetables exhibited, were forced sea-kale, and
forced rhubarb stalks, both of good quality. For the sea-kale, a
premium was awarded to Mr. James Thomson, gardener to Wil-
liam Keith, Esq., Corstorphine Hill; and for the rhubarb, to Mr.
Robert Miller, market gardener, Gorgie.

Two excellent bunches of White Raisin Grape, recently cut from
the tree, the vinery having, during winter, merely had fire heat suf-
ficient to dry off" the damp, were sent from the garden of Sir David
Erskine, at Cambo. This is the variety so largely imported from
abroad, under the name of the Portugal Grape. It was mentioned
that the vine had "proved a very sure bearer at Cambo, not having
missed a crop for the last thirty years, and that it is well worth a

5 lace in every late vinery." The silver medal was voted to Mr.
ames Falconer, gardener at Cambo.
It may be added, that there were sent for exhibition, a specimen

230 Foreign Mtices.

of the rare Brugmansm Ivitea, or yellow trumpet-flower, from the
garden of Sir Archibald Campbell, of Garscube, and some beautiful
varieties of camellia, from the gardens at Prestongrange, and Ed-
monstone, (Newspaper.)

Extensive flower and fruit garden belonging to the Duke of Buc-
cleugh. — Mr. Mackintosh, late gardener to the king of the Belgians,
and author of the Green-house, and Flower Garden, (two excellent
works, lately published,) but now in the employ of the richest noble-
man in Scotland, is forming a new kitchen, fruit, and forcing garden,
of sixteen acres, at Dalkeith, with very extensive ranges of hot-
houses and pits; and when it is completed, which will be in three
years, he will commence upon thirty-four acres of flower garden,
upon the banks of the picturesque river North Esk. The present
gardens are to be removed, to allow the park to be opened up in the
true English style. The duke of Buccleugh has placed the dispo-
sition of his horticultural expenditures in the hands of a man who
understands his profession. {Gard. Gaz.)

FRANCE.

Elm leaves as food for cattle. — M. Poiteau, while on a horticultu-
ral tour from Paris to Fontainbleu and Barres, between the latter
place and Nemours, found the boys and girls of the neighboring
villages perched on the elm trees which line the public road; and
not only gathering the leaves, but breaking down the young shoots,
in order to carry home as fodder for cows. Many trees had not a
single leaf, except at the extremities of the branches, which could
not be reached by hand. M. Poiteau was informed that this was
the custom of the country, and that the elms on various properties,
are kept pollarded, in order to facilitate the taking of the leaves and
young shoots by means of a short ladder. The leaves and shoots
are found highly nutritive to cattle, whether eaten in a green state,
or after being dried and stacked for winter use. {.Bnnales de la So-
ciete cf' Hort. de Paris.)

JVIbrus. — M. d' Arcet has found that the leaves of the white mul-
berry may be eaten as spinach, as may those of the black mulberry,
and the maclura. The leaves of the two last, when properly season-
ed, are said to make a dish by no means disagreeable. {Id.)

Betterhavejaune d' Allemagne is a new variety of mangel wurt-
zel, which is found to be far superior to any other hitherto in use for
fattening cattle. Seed of this variety may be had of M. Vilmorin,
Paris. {Bon Jar diner, 1839.)

Cultivation of Radishes. — M. Chaine, the only market garden-
er in Lyons that ever grew mushrooms, and whose cellars and forc-
ing houses produce them every day in the year, has this season, up
to this date, (March 30,) sold early radishes to the amount of twelve
thousand francs. {Annates des Sciences Physiques, ^c.)

Convolvulus Batatas L. — The sweet potato has ripened seeds in
the garden of M. Sageret, in Paris, from which young plants have
been raised. Among these, it is hoped some may be found hardier
than others, and, on this account, more likely to succeed in open air
culture. {Bon Jar diner, 1839.)

Domestic J^Totices. 231

Art. III. Domestic Notices.

The Canker worm, (name not known to me) is destroying the
beauty of our town. They have entirely stripped some of our finest
elms, leaving them as bare as in mid-winter, and it is difficult to find
a leaf without holes in it. The maples are but little troubled. The
apples, in some exposed situations, are quite brown. If some efliec-
tual means of prevention in future are not adopted, our fine elms are
as inevitably destroyed, as if the axe was laid at their roots. We
have applied to Dr. Hawes, of Cambridge, for an account of the
insect, he having written on it in the New England Farmer, ten
years ago. These vile worms are as much annoyance to foot pas-
sengers as to the trees, for they hang by their little silver ropes from
the limbs, and adhere to whoever passes, in great numbers.

I suppose the worm about ten days hence, burrows in the ground,
goes into the chrysalis state, and lies dormant until fall. In Novem-
ber and December, and again in March, if I am right in the obser-
vation, in mild evenings, with a lamp in hand, you may see them in
multitudes ascending the trees, the females (?) being wingless, while
the males fly about, attracted by the light, quite independent of the
laborious operation of crawling. If I have not mistaken the moth
for the image of some other worm, it would seem that nature has
here given man an opportunity to destroy this little pest, by applying
some cincture to the tree, which shall obstruct their passage, and in
the death of one female moth destroy hundreds, perhaps, of worms.
So abundant have these things been this spring, that as I lay in bed
at night, I could distinctly hear the noise of their cranching among
the leaves of the elms that line the avenue where we live; and thou-
sands of canker-birds, or cedar-birds, {Bombycilla carolinensis) with
their sly, plaintive whistle, may be observed in the tops of the fruit
trees and orchards, quietly gorging themselves on their favorite food.
My barn-door fowls, also, have acquired the habit of eating them,
and so much do they prefer them to other food, that we have found
it quite harmless to allow them the range of the flower garden,
which lies near some large elms much infested with worms, and here
they industriously pick the worms from the plants, quite forgetful of
their old tricks of scratching and burying themselves in the earth.
In this way, I have kept some fine plants from serious injury.

Can you give us any light on the history and mode of destroying
this insect.'' It seems quite careless of tobacco water, applied with
a powerful syringe, except so far as they are removed by the me-
chanical force of the water. Tobacco smoke would, no doubt,
prove effectual, were there any mode of applying it as effectually as
we can in a green-house. Yours truly, B. Silliman, Jr., New Hav-
en, May, 1839.

The Horticultural Association of the Valley of the Hudson will
hold its second semi-annual meeting in the city of Albany, at the
city hall, on the 25th day of June next. Specimens of early fruits,
vegetables, flowers, and farm and garden productions of every de-
scription, will be received by the committee, on the spot, the day
previous, or before 9 o'clock, A. M. on the day of exhibition.

This association, composed of practical men, amateurs, and gentle-
men resident in all the various counties bordering the Hudson, was
established in 1838, and aims at the promotion of horticultural im-

232 Retrospective Criticism.

provementj and the taste for rural affairs generally throughout this
portion of the country. At the semi-annual meeting, it is desirable
that specimens of the fruits and plants, of all the various districts and
soils of the Hudson valley, should be brought together for compara-
tive exhibition; and the association indulges the hope, that all persons
friendly to the object in view will contribute something for this pur-
pose.

The annual election of officers of the association will also be held
at Albany on the 25th of June. The autumnal exhibition of the asso-
ciation will take place in New York, about the middle of Septem-
ber next. A. J. Downing, Cor. Sec, Newburgh, N. Y., May 22.

Planting the butt ends of potatoes, in preference to the seed ends. —
Mr. Pollard, of Maine, in a communication in the Maine Farmer, on
the cultivation of potatoes, observes, that it is a "custom with farm-
ers to cut off what they termed the seed end to plant, thinking it best,
and also to make a saving of their potatoes. In fact, I followed this
custom myself, until I found by experience that it was wrong, and
have tried to convince my neighbors of the error in this practice; and
those who are not already convinced, I think will be, after trying an
experiment by planting the seed end and butt end. Cut one third
from the seed end, and plant them three succeeding years from the
same seed, and you will find that your potatoes are nearly run out,
and scarcely fit to cook; whereas if you plant, in all cases, the butt
end of the potato, they will never diminish in size or quality; and those
raised from the butt end will weigh from six to eight pounds per
bushel more than those raised from the tip end, and will not be hol-
low." (Maine Farmer.)

Art. IV. Retrospective Criticism.

Errata. — Some typographical errors occurred in the article by a
member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in our last, which
should be corrected as follows: — P. 176, four lines from the bottom,
for "woods" read "brooks." P. 178, twenty-one lines from the top,
for "that" read "thought."

New varieties of Camellias, (p. 63.) — Sir, your Magazine of this
month has this day come to hand. In page 63 you say, "Many varie-
ties (camellias,) new and rare with Mr. Buisf, have flowered both at
Mr. Wilder's and Hovey & Co.'s for three or four years past." Sir,
you will oblige me by naming these varieties at as early a date as pos-
sible through your pastes: perhaps the kinds you boast about, are sin-
gle or semi-double. With a collection of such I make no preten-
sions.—i am yours, R. Buist, Philadelphia, April 26, 1839.

[The above should have been inserted in our last, liut owing to the
crowded state of our pages, was necessarily deferred. When we
penned the remarks alluded to by Mr. Buist, we did not intend to
say that all the new varieties in Mr. Buist's collection had flowered
three or four years previous around Boston, but only a few varieties,
which he particularly pointed out to us, such as he was then selling at
a high price as rare; among these was the C.j. var. Traversi mutabi-
lis, which flowered here three years ago, together with several others
which bloomed at the same time. Not thinkinsr of referring to the

Retrospective Criticism. 233

subject again, we do not at this moment recollect all the other sorts;
but there were some five or six or more which had not flowered at all
in Mr. Buist's collection, which we had seen here two years previous.
We regret that Mr, Buist should take our remarks as intimating any
thing more than that several of his new sorts, by the enterprise of
Mr. Wilder, and others, had been introduced and flourished around
Boston before they had elsewhere in the country. — Ed.]

Multiplex or double Jloivers, irregularites. — Notwithstanding the
high authority of the President of the Horticultural Society of Paris,
(Viscount Hericart de Thury,) who denies that the above is true, or
affects a surprise at the assertion, boldly made by "certain severe
botanists," (see No. for April of this Magazine, p. 145,) we presume,
that the botanical axiom will prevail. Nature, we are constantly
reminded, knows nothing but species; it is the province of systema-
tists to form genera, and classes. And although she is ever evincing
an erratic and wayward disposition, setting at defiance all rule and
authority, and will not be restrained by systems and prescribed for-
mulas, yet there are certain peculiar types, by which she seems to
model the most perfect and numerous of her forms. When in unre-
strained and wild luxuriance she throws over mountain and plain, in
forest shade and desert, her myriad blossoms, (so rare any deviation
from the original and most universal type,) that the observing botanist
has no hesitation in pronouncing it a variety, if it bear not the dis-
tinctive and essential marks of a species. How eagerly too is a cas-
ual aberration in the usual number of the floral organs of our most
common flowers, seized upon, as something rare and unique! Our
well remembered childish curiosity and wonder in finding a leaf of
trefoil with four, five or six leaflets, instead of the regular three,
seems far surpassed oftentimes, in the experimental florist, when he
traces his favorite flower in its first efforts to produce another and
another whorl of petals. And if, perchance, he meet some wildling
in a similar sportive freak, he dreams of reputation and honor in
the successful series of experiments to render it a worthy guest of
his flower-bed, by the gradual obliteration of the thread-like stamens,
and destruction of the golden anthers.

How seemingly absurd, were not floriculture an art, instead of a
science, the rules which the amateur dictates as criterions in taste!
A stigma, forsooth, must not protrude above the throat of the corolla
of the polyanthus primrose, because a pin eye would totally ruin the
flower-head, be the border ever so fine and regular! A heart's ease
must have its peculiarity of form. A tulip must be the gorgeous but
regular and symmetrical cup of the florist, not of Flora herself, who
scorns his pencillings, and sets at naught his precision. Your tulip
amateurs, in their branch of floriculture, would surely be at variance
with Mr. President Thury's opinion. They detect at a glance the
uninitiated into the secrets of their craft, by their admiration of so
monstrous Si perversity as a double tulip! Yet in what respect is a
double ranunculus or anemone superior, were it not that they differ-
ed only in the delicacy of the organic structure of the petals.'' Who
prefers the double tropce'olum to the single "primitive" form.'' Or
who would reject the elegant, single and primitive Chryseis califor-
uica, to adopt exclusively its double variety? Indeed, some flowersi
are so distorted and monstrous by this aberration from the original
type, that nothing would recommend them to notice but novelty, or
their bizarre character.

Floriculture and botany should no longer be at variance, nor con-

VOL. V. — NO. VI. 30

234 Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

tend about subjects belonging in common to neithei'. The botanist
is concerned only with nature's general and universal types and
forms, unless his pursuits into her physiology lead him to occasional
studies into her aberrations. We cannot expect that the florist shall
always be the enthusiastic botanist ; why, then, should botanical
nomenclature and science be objectionable to floricultural ears?
Their pursuits rise indeed at the same fountain-head, but soon diverge
into widely differing channels. It is indeed possible to unite them
again so that they flow in happy unison, but this is rarely done; the
true botanist is generally content with his simple "primitive" form,
the florist will prefer his modified construction. For our own part,
we admire the triumphs of floricultural art, in the ivory petaled ca-
mellia, that queen flower of the conservatory, or in the superb in-
florescence of the dahlia. We bend a willing knee in our attraction
to the snowy or golden or rosy double stemJess primrose (Primula
acaulis,) or to its beautiful rival, the white, blue or purple ilepatica
triloba. But our native American species (Hepatica americana) will
receive equal respect, when its simple and lovely primitive forms are
bedecking the hill-side, and closing or opening its deep blue petals,
as sunny gleam, or fitful shade, pass over them. The sweet-
briar, which carelessly throws its long and flexible spray, gemmed
with paly-red buds or blossoms, or the perfumed swamp rose,
which for so many weeks exhibits an attractive display in unadorn-
ed simplicity, catches our eye and delights our senses, though the
"eastern bride of the nightingale," in the double roses of Persia and
Cashmere, be flaunting in dazzling glory at their side. Antiquity may
tell of its "hundred-leaved roses," but however beautiful and won-
drous they may be, the five-petalled type will lose none of its charms.
The botanist however has his own veritable double flowers. Po-
lypetalous plants frequently occur. The stately river queen, (the
snowy water-lily) is his, and also those gorgeous and sacred congen-
ers, in the species of Neliimbium of the Nile. The mysterious visi-
tant of night is his, (that pride of the hot-house,) the Cereus grandi-
florus; nor scarcely less curious, the varied forms of Cactus and its
allies. Nature here triumphs over art; the unadorned simplicity of
the primitive Flora competes with the monstrosities and aberrations
produced by horticulture.

In conclusion, we presume that this subject will never be set at
rest, so long as the florist is unwilling to accede to the botanist his
peculiar taste, or is offended at his technicalities. Imagination may
connect impressions of "hideous objects" with its morbid ideas of
such language, but the calm language of nature is still the same,
"I am perfect, for I acknowledge no laws, nor observe no rules, but
the dictates of Omniscient Power." — Jin Observer of Nature.

Art. V. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

The stated meeting of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society was
held on the evening of the 21st, the President in the chair.

The Committee on Plants and Flowers awarded the premium at
the Society's intermediate meeting, on the 1st, for the six best varie-
ties of pansies, to Andrew Dry burgh.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 235

The Committee on Vegetables awarded the premium at the Socie-
ty's intermediate meeting, on the Ist, for the twelve best heads of spi-
nach, to Patrick Reilly, gardener to Pierce Butler, Esq. The pre-
mium was awarded to I. Patton, gardener to Mrs. Kohn, Turner's
Lane, for the three best bunches of asparagus.

The Committee on Plants and Flowers, on the 21st, awarded the
premium for the ten best varieties of sweet-scented China roses, to
Andrew Dryburgh; no competition.

The premium for the best American seedling rose was awarded to
Andrew Dryburgh; a very fine dark red rose.

The premium for the best collection of plants, in pots, was award-
ed to Mr, Chalmers, gardener to Mrs. Stot, he having exhibited t^n-
tirrhinum caryophylloides, and Calceolaria Majoriwna superba, be-
sides twelve different varieties, many of them very fine; also, Ferbe-
na incisa, F. Eryi«na, V. venosa, V. albiflora, V.Tweedieiina, V\n-
ca rosea and alba; a fine seedling petunia, Nierembergza filicaulis,
Gloxinia epeciosa, G. grandiflora, Alscrsemeria tricolor, Ixora coc-
cinea, JV/iniulus cardinalis, Lophos])ermum scandens, I'xia crocata,
Loasa aurantia. Pelargonium Capt. Cook, i?6sa mundi, Micans, Me-
galanthemum, Diversum, Hericartidrawm, Copleyu, two seedlings,
carnations, and a large specimen of Canterbury Bell.

An honorary premium was awarded to Andrew Dryburgh, for a
very fine specimen of Gesnera bulbosa.

The premium for the best bouquet was awarded to AVilliam Chal-
mers, gardener to Mrs. Stot. They also notice a fine basket bouquet,
composed of indigenous plants, by Hirst and Dreer; and a fine bou-
quet, from Robert Weston, gardener to Mrs. Roland.

The Committee on Vegetables awarded the premium for the three
best forced cauliflowers, to George Robinson, gardener to Horace
Binney, Esq.

An honorary premium was awarded to James Oldham, gardener
to George Pepper, Esq., for some very fine cauliflowers.

The premium for the best blanched rhubarb was awarded to George
Esher.

The premium for the best forced potatoes was awarded to James
McKee, gardener to Charles Chauncey, Esq.

The premium for the best lettuce sown in the open ground, in New
Jersey, was awarded to James McKee, gardener to Charles Chaun-
cey, Esq.

The premium for the best early peas, grown in New Jersey, was
awarded to Adam Price.

An honorary premium was awarded to William Chalmers, garden-
er to Mrs. Stot, for some fine peas, grown in Pennsylvania.

An honorary premium was awarded to George Esher, for some
very superior potatoes, grown in the open ground. He stated they
were planted on the 12th of last March, about two and a half inches
under the surface, and some straw placed over them was allowed to
remain till they came up through it, then covered with earth, and the
result exceeds belief in quality and quantity.

The pren)ium for the best display of vegetables was awarded to
Mr. Chalmers, gardener to Mrs. Stot; he having exhibited early frame
peas, three bunches of Spanish dwarf ditto, nine inches high, cauli-
flowers, early cabbages, asparagus, onions, radishes, leeks, very fine,
curled Indian lettuce, Brighton Coss ditto. Royal cabbage ditto, and
oak-leaved ditto.

P. Burke, gardener to Mr. Caraac, exhibited cauliflower, aspara-
gus, spinach and turnips.

236 Massachusetts Horlicultural Society.

Hugh Hatch exhibited some fine Vvinter blush apples.

George Robinson, gardener to Horace Binney, Esq., exhibited kid-
ney potatoes, forty-fold ditto, peas, beets, cucumbers, cabbages, sal-
lad, &c.

James McKee, gardener to Charles Chauncey, Esq., exhibited
beets, cauliflowers, four different kinds of potatoes, lettuce, cucum-
bers, peas, rhubarb, some fine lemons and oranges.

The Committee on Fruit awarded the premium for the best display
of fruit to James McKee, gardener to Charles Chauncey, Esq.; hav-
ing exhibited some very fine specimens of lemons and oranges.

The display of vegetables was beyond all praise, more especially
the cauliflowers. — llespectfully , G. Watson, Philadelphia, May 25iA,
1839.

Art. VI. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, April 6th, 1339. — Exhibited. From Henry Reed, gar-
dener to S. S. Lewis, Esq., fine specimens of cucumbers; their beau-
tiful appearance did great credit to the skill of Mr. Reed.

Distributed. Seeds of the Madia sativa, a new oil plant, received
from H. Rin, of Frankfort on the Main. The Mcidia sativa is stated,
in foreign journals, to be more valuable to agriculturists as an oil pro-
ducing plant, than the olive, the ])oppy, or any other more cultivated.

May 4th. — Exhibited. From T. Lee, Esq. some fine specimens of
various plants: among others a beautiful rose, called the Bouquet,
Avhich is probably a hybrid, as it is said to be a hardy variety in
France: the present specimen was cut from a plant, budded as late
as last July, and on the cluster there had expanded forty buds out of
f,rty-four; there were now some twenty or thirty remaining, in beauti-
ful bloom. It is a most delicate white rose, and one which should be
universally grown; Mr. Lee also exhibited Clarkm pulchella and
pulchella alba, the latter an extremely delicate annual; both are well
adapted to green-house culture; fine flowers of Collinsra bicolor, Cen-
taurea suaveolens, double purple jacobaj^i, Phlox Drummondzi, each
of which, though generally only grown in the summer, are delightful
winter plants in the green-house; also specimens of the following
roses and geraniums: — Thea Hymene, Triumph of Bolwiller, double
Macartney, and Yellow Tea roses; Diadematum, Mary Queen of
Scots; and Charles X, geraniums; and of other plants the following:
black birch, Mespilus arborea, double flowered cherry, (beautiful,)
and Ferbena chamajdrifolia.

From D. Haggerston, splendid specimens of Combretum purpOre-
um, Magnolia Thompsonz«?i«, and the true Greville rose; the latter was
one of the most beautiful objects imaginable; in the cluster were roses
of every shade, from white, or pale blush, to deep purple, including
some twenty or twenty-five flowers. This variety is too little known,
for its great beauty entitles it to a place m every garden: the plant
from which the specimen was cut is growing on the back wall of one
of the houses adjoining the conservatory, at Mr. Cushing's, and had
a large number of clusters expanded at one tune, presenting a mag-
nificent display.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 237

At this meeting, the Rev. Joseph Tyso, of Wallingford, Eng., was
admitted an honorary member, and Carey Tyso, Esq., of the same
place, a corresponding member of the Society.

May 19th. — Exhibited. From Prof. J. L. Russell, specimens of
native plants, under cultivation, viz: Trillium grandiflorum, Clay-
tbnia spathulata, Thalictrum diocum, Uvallaria sessiliflora, Conval-
Ikria stellata, Pulmonaria virginica. Phlox stolonifera and P. nivea.
From Messrs. Winship, a fine bouquet of flowers. From the estate
of Madame James Perkins, Pearl street, Boston, fine specimens of
the beautiful double-flowered cherry.

May Wth. — Exhibited. From Messrs. Winship, two fine bouquets
of flowers. From S. Sweetser, Cereus crispatum, aurantiaca, and
new scarlet; there appeared to be a difference between them, but so
faint that only those with a practised eye could discern it; they were
imported from France under these names, but we think that some of
them will prove identical with Jenkinsonii; also fifteen bizarre and
bibloemen tulips. From Francis Parker and E. Weston, Jr. Esq.,
the following specimens of native plants, (uncultivated): — Berberis
vulgaris, Aquilegia canadensis, Prilnos obovata, jRaniinculus bulbo-
sus, Geranium maculatum, Arenaria latifolia, Chelidonium majus,
-Saxifraga pennsylvanica, Faccineum corymbosum, Fragaria vir-
ginica, Fiola cucullata and blanda, ./SVum tryphyllum, Thesium um-
bellatum, and Gnaphalium plantaginium.

From J. Donald, Boston, a fine variety of geraniums, embracing
ten or twelve seedlings of much beauty, together with the following
kinds:— Adelinaj, Hills's Champion, Diomede, Diversum, Diademk-
tum, and other sorts not named; in all, twenty-three plants.^ From
Hovey & Co., twelve geraniums, viz: — Speculum miindi, Diomede,
Scitulum, Diadematum, Adclinte, Diversum, Polybianum, Gen.
Washington, Nimrod, Lovely Ann, Lucifer, and one unknown.

From Mr. Meller, the following geraniums: — Coronation, Nelt-
jieanum, Oxoniensis, Mary Queen of Scots, Lord Denman, Nim-
rod, Admiral Codrington, Albldium, alabidum (?) Rob Roy, Countess
of Munster, superba, No. 6, and seedling; also six calceolarias, F"er-
bascum sp. JMalope trifida grandiflora, and two varieties of roses,
with cut flowers of the yellow and blush tea rose. From S. Walker,
twenty-four tulips of fine sorts, as follows: —

Bybloemens:— Fair Ellen, Duke of Wellington, Princess Char-
lotte, Mirabelle, Incomparable la mere Brun, Rose Vesta, Rose
Thelestris, Prince Regent, La Beaute Virginia, Rose Domingo, Rose
Ephergine, Voorhelm, Majesteuse, Bugby Queen, Incomparable
de Holland, Sang de Boeuf, Cerese Royale.

Bizarres: — Abercrombie, Lord Duncan, Bonaparte, seedling, Capt.
Marryatt, Scarlet and Gold, Demetrius.

The present meeting was especially appointed for the exhibition of
geraniums and tulips for premiums. The judges awarded as follows:

For the best twelve varieties of tulips, to Mr. S. Walker, a premi-
um often dollars.

For the second best twelve varieties, to Mr. S. Walker, a premium
of five dollars.

For the best twelve varieties of geraniums, to Mr. Meller, a pre-
miutn often dollars.

For the second best twelve varieties of geraniums, to Messrs.
Hovey & Co. a premium of five dollars.

No seedling was entered for a premium which was thought worthy
of such distinction.

238

Faneuil Hall Market.

The judges on tulips were Messrs. Donald and Meller; and on ge-
raniums, Messrs. Donald and Svveetser.

The exhibition of pansies, for prizes, will probably take place in
the course of a week or two.

Art. VII. Faneuil Hall Market.

Roots, Tubers, ^c.

barrel, . ,
ishel, . ,
barrel,
jusliel,
barrel
bushel

Potatoes :

Common, ^p^;:^;;^j;;j

Chenangoes,|P^jJ'^^;j;;i

Nova Scotias, ^ "^.^^

„ , , ^ per barrel
Eastports,j J^^.j^^^j^^,^

Turnips :

Common, per bushel,..

New, per bunch,

French, per bushel, ....

Ruta Baga, per bushel, ,
Onions:

Red, per bunch,

Yellow, per bushel, . .

White, per bushel,. .. .

New white, per bunch
Beets, — '- • ■

Beets, per bushel,

Carrots, per bushel, . . . .
Parsnips, per bushel, . . ,
Horseradish, per pound.
Radishes, per bunch, . . .

Shallots, per pound.
Garlic, per pound

Cabbages, Salads, Sfc.

Cabbages, per dozen :

Drumheads,

Red Dutch,

Cauliflowers, each,

Lettuce, per head,

Spinach, per half peck, ....

Dandelions, per half peck,. .

Cabbage Sprouts, per half p'k

Turnip Tops, per half peck,

Young Turnips, per half p'k.

Dock tops, per half peck,. . .

T> ) per bushel,

^^*^' 5 per half peck,

Asparagus, per bunch,

Rhubarb, per pound,

$cts

1 25

50
1 50

75
1 75

75
3 00
1 00

37^
10
37i
37i

5
1 50
1 50

3
75
75
75

8

3
20
12

1 00

1 00

\2k

3

8
8
121

2 00
31
10
3

^cts,

2 00

2 00
2 00
6
1 00
I 00

Squashes and Pumpkins.

From To

<? cts.

Squashes:
Autumnal Marrow,per cwt. 6 00
Winter crook-neck,prcwt.J4 00

Canada, per cwt 6 00

West India, per cwt 3 00

Pumpkins, each 12

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per half peck.

Sage, per pound,

Marjorum, per bunch,
Savory, per bunch,. . .
Spearmint, per bunch.

Fruits.

Apples, dessert, new :

^ C per barrel,. . 3

Common, J Jer bushel, .. 1 1
Baldwins, per barrel,.. . . 3
Sweet apples, per bushel,. 2
Golden Russets, per bbl. ,
Greenings, per barrel, . .
Russets, per barrel,. . . .

Pears :

taking, per bushel, ....

Green Gooseberries, per q'l

Strawberries, per basket,..

Malaga Grapes, per lb

Cranberries, per bushel, . .

Cucumbers, each

Lemons, per dozen,

Oranges, per dozen :

Sicily,

Havana, (sweet)

Pine-apples, each,

Chestnuts, per bushel, . . .

Walnuts, per bushel,

Cocoanuts, each,

Almonds, (sweet,)per pound

Shaddocks, each,

Filberts, per pound,

Castana,

English walnuts, per lb.. . .

«$cts.

37^
20
12
12
6

3 50
3 00

50
25

50

75

25

2 50

Remarks.— Although the month of April, and the early part of
this month, betokened a very early season, these expectations have

Horticultural Memoranda. 239

not been realized, as respects the earliness of corn, vines of all kinds,
and similar plants which require a warm May, to come forward early.
Fruits of all kinds, it is true, are at least ten days earlier than last
year, but we believe that the cold and wet weather, with slight
frosts in some places, which has prevailed the latter part of the
month, has put back vegetation so far as to render this little or no
earlier than the last.

Potatoes are plentier than at our last report; there have been sev-
eral arrivals of good Chenangoes, and our quotations note a slight
reduction. Turnips are higher; new ones of small size just in.
Old onions almost gone; a few bunches of new have been received.
Beets and carrots higher. Radishes are at moderate prices, but the
supply is not large for the season.

Cabbages are about gone. Lettuce is plenty and dull; the weath-
er has been favorable to a good growth. Greens of all kinds abund-
ant and low. Peas from New York have come to hand, and are sell-
ing at fair prices, though rather inferior from carriage. Asparagus
has not been abundant, the cool weather having prevented a free
growth. Rhubarb plenty. There have been arrivals of West India
squashes since our last, and the market is well supplied with those
of fine quality.

Apples are scarcer; but few now remain on hand, except russets;
those of good quality are higher. Pears are gone. Cucumbers
come in in tolerable abundance, and command fair prices. Cranber-
ries are most gone. Oranges are higher. A few pine-apples re-
main, but the quality not very good. Green gooseberries, from New
York, are selling quickly at our quotations. In nuts there is no
change.— Fottrs, M. T., Boston, May 27, 1839.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR JUNE.

TRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines will by this time have set their fruit, which will soon
swell rapidly, and, by the middle of the month, need to have the clus-
ters thinned out, that the berries may grow to a large size. Syringe
now three times or more every week, and, if the weather proves dry,
give the borders a good watering; liquid manure may be used once a
week. Keep all the new wood, which is intended for bearing anoth-
er year, tied up to the trellis, and cut away all superfluous shoots, so
that the fruit may have all the influence of the sun and air.

Strawberry beds will need attention: the runners now begin to
shoot out, and, when not wanted for filling vacant places in the bed,
or for plants for setting out new beds in the fall or spring, should be
cut ofi", as they tend to weaken the old plants. Water the beds libe-
rally, if the weather should be dry. The latter part of the month will
be the proper time to set out the plants to be grown on the annual

240 Horticultural Memoranda.

system, as recommended in our last, p. 167. We trust that cultivators
will test Mr. Darke's method the ensuing year.

Fruit trees, in pots, of whatever kinds, should be kept properly
watered, occasionally giving liquid manure.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Dahlias should be planted this month. From the 1st to the 20th is
the proper time; those set out in the earlier part of the month will
commence blooming a few days sooner than those planted later, and
a succession will be thus kept up. The ground should be dug deep,
and, if not in very good condition, should have two or three inches of
well decomposed manure of any kind spread upon it, and dug in.
Mark out the rows, if to be planted in beds, and turn the plants out
the pots, placing them an inch or two lower than the surface of the
soil.

Geraniums should be cut in, this month, as directed in a preceding
page. The cuttings should also be put in: for directions for doing
which, see the pages referred to.

Cuttings of Heaths may now be put in with success. The plants
should all be repotted when they are removed from the green-house,
and placed in a situation where the sun will reach them but two or
three hours in the morning.

Tender annuals, raised in pots in frames, may be transplanted into
the border in the early part of the month.

Verbenas will again require to be shifted into larger sized pots.
When they are wanted to embellish the border, the present month is
a suitable time to transplant them.

Chrysanthemums not propagated last month, by suckers or cuttings,
should be done so without delay.

Tulips must be taken up the latter part of the month.

Biennial and perennial seeds may yet be sown.

Cactuses should be removed to the open air the latter part of the
month, and placed in a sunny situation.

Ixias, Sparaxis, and similar bulbs, should now be taken from the
pots, and put up in dry papers, and placed away in a dry airy room.

Rose bushes, (of hai-dy kinds,) may be propagated by layering any
time this month.

Camellias should be removed from the green-house as soon as the
shoots have attained a slight degree of woodiness, and the flower-
buds for next year are perceived.

Green-house plants, of all kinds, may be removed to the open air
the latter part of the month.

VEGETABLE DEPARTMENT.

Celery plants, raised in boxes, should be transplanted into small
beds, preparatory to setting in the trenches.
Lettuce may be sown for a succession.
Cucumbers, for pickling, should be sown the last part of the month.

THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE

JULY, 1839.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. — J^ative Floriculture; with Remarks on attention to
some of the more common foreign species, tvhich have repre-
sentatives in this courdry. By Philanthos.

In the number for May, of this Magazine, will be found
some notes and remarks on a few of the prettiest as well as
most striking flowers found in this vicinity, which are worthy
of culture. Prepared, as they are, by a gentleman whose suc-
cessful efforts are known and appreciated, they come to us
with that effect which always acccompanies experiment rather
than theory. Without intruding on the same department of
intelligence, and hoping that our own scanty communication
may elicit more of such important information from the same
source, we have ventured to suggest a few thoughts as they
occurred to our mind. For, though we will not call ourselves
theorists, yet our series of experiments have not been directed
to some of those more difficult subjects in which he has been
most signally successful. We love flowers for their intrinsic
merits, yet we will acknowledge that a rhododendron or an or-
chis bloom quite as much to our satisfaction, and at times give
us a little more pleasure, if we know that culture and care have
been expended on one of these choice plants selected from a
neighboring swamp, rather than brought from lands beyond the
seas. We admire the aspect and countenance of our own New
England flowers, the American character which invests them,
and the northern hardiness which is united with their peculiar

VOL. V. — NO. VII. 31

242 JVative Floriculture ; with Remarks

beauty. Your pelargoniums and your heaths look as if, in
truth, they had not forgotten the desert, arid and bare, on
which their ancestors first came into being; and your camel-
lias present you with foliage and flowers, as stiff and uncom-
promising as their own Chinese and Japan countrymen. But
the lordly magnolia and tulip tree are the monarchs of their
native hills; the broad-leaved rosebay is, at all times, a fit rep-
resentative of cool and spring-gushing mountain swamps — the
superb laurel is comely in winter or summer — the Mayflower,
(Epigae^a,) with its oft accompaniments, checkerberry and
northern Linnfe^a, is like its native spot, and congenial and
proper to the dry and healthy plains, over which wave the ele-
gant white pine, the hemlock or spruce, and on which springs
up the hardy and valuable pitch-pine. From the wide regions
of Canada, Virginia and Carolina, the earlier botanists culled
their most choice treasures; nor despised or neglected, but the
rather most peculiarly cherished, are some of our flowers, in
royal gardens, which we affect to overlook.

LinuEe^a borealis, so named by Gronovius, in honor of Lin-
naeus, is found in the woods of Essex, and is not uncommon
in the western and middle parts of Massachusetts. Easily cul-
tivated on a rock-work, or in a cool green-house, whoever
once examined its rosy-pencilled twin corolla, or breathed its
delicate perfume, would never forget the northern Linnae'^a.

Similar in appearance is Gualtheria hispidula, crawling up
and over many a dead stump, and covering the prostrate and
rotten logs. Stems trailing, leaves small and fringed with stiff
hairs, flower white.

Lupinus perennis, or perennial lupin, mentioned in the com-
munication just now referred to, grows with the greatest luxu-
riance in the driest and most barren sand. Not a half mile
from where we are now writing is nearly an acre of such soil,
covered with its splendid spikes of blue flowers. Some varie-
ties, such as white and pink, occasionally may be foumd.
Grows best from seed, and blooms on the second year.

An exquisite and almost leafless summer plant (Polygonum
articulatum,) looking like a beautiful heath, grows in similar
soil, and may be seen on the sandy plains contiguous to Mount
Auburn.

Dry woods produce also the pale and pretty Canadian rock-
rose, (Cistus canadensis,) whose petals are as fugacious as its
beauty is striking, and the spectator needs to rise with the sun
to see its humble offering to that luminary. A monitor of
duty would be our little flower, to any one who adopts it as a
garden companion.

on some of Ihe more common foreign species. 243

There grow also the unrivalled Trientahs americana, whose
seven petals, seven stamens, and oftentimes seven leaves in
an elegant whorl, have elicited the admiration of many a young
botanist, who plucked its neat stem from the ground. We
would like to see its co-species Trientalis europea, of Eng-
land; nor do we fear that our own little plant would not be
found by far the prettiest. Side by side should they grow,
that we may love our own the best.

Cypripedium parviflorum, or Yellow Ladies' Slipper, grows
plentifully in Vermont, and resembles C. calceolus, an English
species. These should also be cultivated in the same spot.
The same remark holds good with Erythronium americanum
and Erythronum Dens canis, formerly mistaken as identical,
and both called Dog's Tooth Violet.

The buckbean (JIfenyanthes trifoliata,) of our overflowed
meadows might probably be easily cultivated, by preparing a
bole with peat and wet moss, and keeping a pot sunk by its
side, in which an abundance of water should be poured once
or twice a day. A beautiful spike of white feathered flowers
would compensate the trouble. With Sarracenirt purpurea it
could be grown in a pot filled with similar compost, and flow-
ered in the green-house. Both may be found in abundance
near the brook from Fresh Pond, on the West Cambridge
road.

The sundews, (Drosera,) of which there are in this vicinity
three species, viz. D. rotundifolia, D. longifolia, and the rare
and curious D. tenuifolia of Plymouth, we have no doubt
would thrive to the greatest advantage in moss and water, un-
der a bell-glass, and exposed to the sun. The crystalline
glands on their surface equal, if not surpass, the famous and
favorite ice plant, (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.)

Parnassiacaroliniana, (Grass of Parnassus,) rare, an inhabit-
ant of wet meadows, is a fine plant, with smooth leaves and a
white flower, and grows with facility, according to our own
experience. We, several years ago, found it in Danvers.

We have often wished to see more of the common English
plants in our gardens, and, as there are several which have rep-
resentatives in our own country, and sometimes bear the same
names, yet, for the most part, are different, it would add much
to the interest and effect of our collections to see these culti-
vated together. A few have been long residents and favorites,
as the London Pride, (Saxifraga umbellata,) and the Fiola
odorata, or sweet-scented violet.

A friend of ours oftentimes liberally gives us, or kindly
points out some "little English flower," on which we gaze

244 Some Observations upon the

with interest, or safely bear home to try its luck in our small
collection; not unwilling to welcome any such floral inhabit-
ants of that country, and desirous of affording all such courtesy
towards the stranger, which should be shown to so delicate an
ambassador from Flora's domains. The blue flowers of Ja-
sione montana we have seen expand within our "gardens
pale," and the leaves of i?anunculus Ficaria, or little celandine,
with which Wordsworth fell in love, are unfolding themselves
with as much security as under their own green copse. We
would fain greet, too, the genuine crimson-tipped daisy, not as
we now have them, all disfigured by superfluous florets, but in
a ring of silver, enchasing its golden disk. Why should not
the Michaelmas daisy help out our scanty autumnal display, and
the Dog rose give its tribute to June's triumph of the queen of
flowers? We might substitute, with some advantage, the clus-
ters of the Birony for the nightshade, which hangs on our walls,
and the "rare pyrola" would lose none of its merit, if it grew
beside its sister gems from our own woods. The British
ferns are, many of them, of peculiar delicacy and beauty, and
would help to ascertain and illustrate our own. Those curious
bee and fly orchises, too, some of which we have seen in fine
condition, and a host of pretty British plants, figured in botan-
ical publications, should be better known among us, for the
benefit of the botanist, and to create a taste for the delicate and
pretty, whether native or foreign.

Art. II. Some Observations upon the Climate in the South-
ern States; with Remarks upon the management of Green-
house Plants, and a list in bloom in the months of March
and April. By G. R. Rotton, Gardener to J. W. Tis-
dale, Esq., Mobile, Ala.

I NOW comply with a wish of yours, expressed to me through
your Magazine of Horticulture, (p. 153,) viz: "That I would
be induced to send you communications upon the treatment of
plants in the southern states," &c.; and, first, I must state
that I fully concur with you as to the treatment being entirely
different here from what it is in the north; for instance, the

Climate in the Southern States, S^c. 245

amaryllis bulbs require to be buried in the pots, after the man-
ner of a hyacintii, and have plenty of water to bloom them in
perfection; this remark is also applicable to all bulbous roots
here — I have proved it to my complete satisfaction. The
cactus tribe require more water, and much more pot room here
than in the north, and are difficult to keep here during the
summer, requiring to be placed away from the direct sun.
The camellias you can put out in almost any situation, if the
pots are sunk to the rim, except where they get the evening
sun. Some of my camellias have made young wood since the
blooming season, of four, and one or two even six inches long.
I find the pretty Didymocarpus, though a native of the Cape,
will not stand the sun here without a net-work over it; the
fuchsias die almost instantly after they show blossom ; the
gardenias stand uninjured by either frost or sun, and bloom in
splendor. I believe the whole of the Meterosideros tribe will
stand uninjured by the weather; the Gesnerias and gloxinias
require a deal of water, when in a healthy growing state. As
yet I find all the tropoeolums die here during the summer, how-
ever attended. I am not aware of a single rose, but will stand
out of doors in all weather.

The difficulties attending a high and healthy state of culti-
vation here, are much greater than can well be imagined by
any novice. One of our great difficulties is, the extreme varia-
bleness o^ our winter months; as an example, I will give you
the state of the thermometer for a few days during the month of
March, with the highest and lowest range during the same period:
8th of March, at 6 o'clock, in the morning, 39°; at 2 o'clock,
same day, 58°; 12th day, 41° minimum, 71° maximum; 13th
day, 62° minimum, 76° maximum; on the 19th day, a severe
white frost; on the 25th day, 64° minimum, 84° maximum;
lowest range, during the month, 34°, — highest, 84°. This was
truly kept with the thermometer in the shade.

From the above you will at once see it is perfectly impossi-
ble to keep the thermometer in the green-house at a steady
range for a week together, I might almost say for twenty-four
hours. The thermometer one mornin- ;;i sun-rise, out of
doors, will stand as low as 29° — at 2 o'clock, same day, will
range as high as 60°. Last February I knew the thermome-
ter, in the middle of the day, as high as 78° in the shade;
two mornings after as high as 64°, and might not be lower than
50° for three or four days. Then, for four or five days, it dif-
fers from extreme heat to extreme cold almost every six hours;
the gardener might go to bed, and think all safe, with the ther-
mometer at 64° out of doors, and every appearance of steady

246 Some Observations upon the

weather, perhaps be tempted to leave his green-house sashes
down; next morning, by day-light, he actually finds it freezing.

The above is a sketch of the winter difficulties. The sum-
mer is not got over so easily, for the gardener has to enume-
rate the following, as some of the obstacles to the well-being
of his pianist — Intense heat and drought; as an instance of the
burning heat o[ the sun, I will relate the following: The latter
part of last April I was erecting a shed for summering my
plants; a carpenter's steel and square, which lay in the sun, I
laid hold of to use, but was compelled to let it go, and that
quickly, and had to poke it into the shade to cool, before I
could handle it with comfort to my fingers. Another obstacle
is the rain; when it comes it falls in a perfect torrent, and
generally accompanied with tremendous wind. Another is the
astonishing quantity of insects, from the locust as long and as
large as my finger, (called here the big grasshopper,) down to
the least of all in size, but greatest in quantity, and most mis-
chievous, the red spider: 1 might, I believe, with propriety
say, every piece of decaying wood, in or on the surface of the
ground, breeds and swarms with them. The last difficulty I
will mention is the fact, that there is an indefinable something,
in the climate or atmosphere, that will, in a greater or less de-
gree, unnerve the most energetic and ambitious gardener. I
know my own resolution is occasionally most severely tried.

Now for the substance of what my own experience has told
me is the only correct method, by which you can possibly keep
a healthy appearance on your plants in this latitude.

Green-house department. — In the winter keep your plants
as hardy as possible; but remember, during severe cold winds,
that you had better keep your house a little close, rather than
admit too much of the loind, as it seldom lasts more than twelve
hours at a time. In dry times syringe abundantly, and pick
oft' all decayed leaves; if you have not a canvass or covering
upon the top of your house, by which you can readily shade a
part or the whole of your glass if necessary, I find it very ad-
visable to blaze or blotch a considerable portion of the glass
on the roof, to break the rays of the sun, or else you will, in
mid-winter, have your green-house thermometer range as high
as 90°, or even 96°, with all the air your windows and sashes
will enable you to admit. The latter part of March you will
frequently be enabled to leave your sashes down all night.
You cannot, with perfect safety, put all your plants out of doors,
until the latter part of April; when put out they should be
placed under a shed, open on all sides, but covered on the top
so as to keep oft' pelting rains and burning sun; and the pots

Climate in the Southern States, <^c. 247

should all be buried to the rim. On the south-west side, about
ten feet on a parallel with the shed, if a fence, building, or
belt of shrubbery does not stand near, it would be advisable to
erect a high trellis-work for vines or ornamental creepers.
This is to prevent the evening sun from striking under the
shed upon the plants, for the practical gardener must have
found out that one hour's western or evening sun will dry up
and burn the foliage of his plants much, very ranch, more than
when exposed to the sun from rising until twelve o'clock of
the day, and after that time shaded.

Although it is so necessary to water and syringe the foliage
of plants in the summer season, it should always be done in
the evening; for if deferred until the morning, the plants will
not have time to absorb the moisture; the current of air is not
sufficient to dry up the water thrown upon the foliage before
the sun gets up: the consequence then will be, that the leaves
of many of your plants, and particularly your choicest pelar-
goniums, will be literally parboiled. The oldest growers in
Mobile of this favorite plant frequently say to me, "I cannot
keep some of my geraniums dm-ing the summer." Upon my
bringing this parboiling fact to their notice, they universally
admit the truth of it. The only way to prevent this mischief
in stormy weather is, to be about before the sun is up, and
shake, and even blow the water off and out of the cup-leaved
and hairy varieties. There is another great enemy to pelar-
goniums in the summer season, in the shape of a small green
caterpillar, which worms itself into the leading shoot, eats out
the young leaf, and very frequently tops the shoot, and some-
times buries itself an inch or more in the young succulent
wood. This caterpillar is at first so small, and exactly the
color of the foliage, that it almost requires the eyes of Argus
to discover the destroyer.

Whilst writing this article I am induced to state what plants
have flowered with me, or are still in flower. They are as
follows: — .y^cacia, two varieties; Jl'\oe, two, and Gorteria
one variety, both very fine; Amaryllis, of several varieties,
most of them very fine; Alstraemen'a tricolor, now in bloom,
but sickly; Aristea major. The Azalea indica, offive varie-
ties, I never saw finer. The Burcheila speciosa, for these six
weeks past, has been covered with its orange-colored blos-
soms; two varieties of Cactus, the speciocissimus shows for
blossom; Callothamnus villosa but poorly, being a small plant;
the Calla in great splendor; the Cineraria cruenta and petasi-
tes; Cyclamen, of varieties; one variety of Antholyza, very
fine; Didymocarpus Rexii; Eranthemum pulchellum, which

248 Observations upon Climate in Soiithern States, ^c.

every one from the prairies declares to be very abundant there
in the fall. Euconiis punctata now shows very finely for
bloom; the richness of color in the bractse of the £uph6rbm
Poinsett/a was universally admired, although so small in di-
mensions, owing to recent importation; Garden/a, two varie-
ties; the Gloxinia Candida now has nineteen full blown blos-
soms and some flower buds on it; the G. speciosa is in a for-
ward state; the Gesnera rutila is just opening with a blossom
spike of two feet four inches from the rim of the pot; the G.
prasinata and Douglasn are in a forward state for bloom.
Four varieties of /fibiscus i?6sa sinensis, in great splendor;
the double varieties of Jasminum Scimbac, with variety trifolia-
tum and Tuscan; Justicu/ speciosa, Linum trigynum, Lophos-
permum scandens, JMaurandya Barclaydna; Aerium splen-
dens; impossible that a finer specimen, as regards the size and
richness of its bloom, could be shown. Plumbago capensis
and rosea, the latter I never saw so fine as it was a short time
since; some varieties of O'xalis have been very fine, the
Bowieii still in bloom; the pelargoniums are now nearly over,
but obtained universal admiration for profuseness of bloom. I
think none equalled the variety Lord Brougham; that delicate
variety grandiflora, with the Fair Maria, is still in beauty;
-Rhododendron roseum, the umbel large, but color, I thought,
quite too pale to call it a fine specimen; Ruella formosa has
expanded a few blossoms. My roses, owing to the circum-
stance of its being one of the driest springs almost ever known
here, and having been turned out, and that into pei'fectly new
ground, have not done well, as yet. The Tigridia conchiflo-
ra and Gladiolus psittacina have bloomed splendidly; Ferbena
J\Ielindres, Aubletm, Tweediedrja, and new shrubby i)ink,
have been very fine; the two first varieties are natives of the
prairies of this State; the last variety, when it first expanded
its blossoms, was quite fragrant, but is now destitute of odor;
Volkamerm japonica, now in fine bloom; Watsonm humilis,
though poorly; the Lychnis coronata is still in great beauty,
and I hope will seed well; the i^ictamnus fraxinella is bloom-
ing well; the Passiflora Kermesino has just opened its two first
purple or shaded crimson blossoms, and is very rich and fine;
Eugenm australis is not so fine as I had it last year.

I have probably been rather lengthy in my communication,
but was desirous to render it intelligible to the novice in the
science, as well as to the oldest practitioner; and, should you
desire it, I would, in a short time, remit you some further
communications upon the proper seasons for propagating plants
in this section, and hints for the amateur gentlemen of the

Some Remarks on ike Viola Grandijlora. 249

south; as well as the only certain plan my own practice has
discovered, by which the gardener or amateur can calculate
upon getting his flower seeds even to appear above ground.

I am, gentlemen, yours, truly,

Gilbert R. Rotton.
Mobile, May, 1839.

Art. III. Some Remarks on the cultivation of the Yiola
grandijlora, (Pansy.) By S. Walker.

In the last number of your Magazine you gave your readers
to understand, that an article on the treatment of one of my pet
flowers might be expected at an early day. Since my former
article on the pansy, (see Vol. I, p. 17,) I have raised many
thousand seedling varieties, some of them large and very fine,
as it regards shape, color and size. I have also cultivated
some of the best varieties by layers, pipings, and by a division
of the roots, with varied success.

My mode of cultivation and treatment of the pansy is as fol-
lows, viz:

Seedlings. — I prepare a suitable piece of ground, in a
cool situation, by having it well spaded over, and turning in at
the same time some well rotted manure, and after raking it
over, I sow the seed some fine dry day, from the 1st to the
20th of July; I again rake over the surface lightly, and then
roll or tread in the seed. [We have beard many complaints of
the failure of pansy seed to grow; and the whole of them may
be attributed to the simple fact, that the earth is not pressed
down firmly upon the seed when it is planted. Make the earth
fine, and be careful to beat tlie surface of the soil gently with
the back of a spade, and the seed will vegetate freely. — Ed.]
The top of the soil is again made even by ajiplying the back
of the rake. In from twenty to thirty days the plants will
be up, and in October or Novemberj some of them wilt
show buds and flowers: at this period I prepare the beds
I intend to flower my plants in, by having them well dug up
and richly manured; the young plants are then transplanted in-
to rows; the rows are twelve inches apart, and the plants irt

VOL. V. — NO. vii. 32

250 Some Remarks on the Viola Grandiflora.

the rows ten inches from each other. By the first of June, in
the following year, when the plants will be in their best state,
the flowers will nearly, if not quite, cover the whole surface
of the bed. From the largest and best shaped and richest col-
ored flowers I collect my seed, and, having prepared my soil,
and sown the seed as above stated, another crop of seedlings
is produced. This is my treatment of the plant as a biennial.

Layers. — Any fine variety which it may be desirable to in-
crease, I sometimes propagate by layers. This may be per-
formed at any time during the spring and summer months. I
treat them as you would a pink or carnation layer, and they
will readily take root.

Pipings. — Take the ends of the plants that are well ripened,
cut below the third or fourth joint, according to their length and
strength, making the cuttings about the length of your fore fin-
ger, which place into a small cup of soft water, until you have
all the cuttings or pipings prepared of that variety; place some
six or eight pipings round the edge of a No. 2 pot, in such a
way that the top of the cutting may be even with the edge of
the top of the pot; place a little fine white sand at the bottom
of the cuttings, and fill up the pot with light s-oil mixed with
some little sand; place them under a hand-glass in some
cool shady situation, if done in the summer, or plunge the pots
into a cold pit if potted as late as October or November; in
the latter case the plants \v\\\ be rooted and in flower by April.
This last method is the best way to obtain fine plants from the
old and choice varieties. The roots of an old plant may be
divided successfully in April, or the latter end of September.
Upon the approach of cold weather, the beds are protected
with a slight covering of leaves, or coarse strawy manure.

A word on the properties of a good pansy, and I have
done.

Shape. — The plants, on their outer edge, should be as
near a circle as the character of the flower will permit, and
should form a circular flower; or, in other words, the petals
should be so formed and arranged, that the flower, when cov-
ered in its centre with a silver dollar, or any other round sub-
stance, its petals should present an equal width of petal all
round the edge of the dollar or other round substance covering
it. The edge of the petals should be smooth as if cut with a
knife, and the flower should project from the plant on a stem
five to six inches in length, presenting a flat surface, and stand-
ing erect.

Color. — On this point there is a great diversity of taste
and opinion. The colors in this class of plants are very ex-

Fancy Trellises for training Plants. 251

tensive, often blending into each other by the most delicate
shades and tints. Those of a bright character and rich velvet
color are preferred; a well shaped large pure white variety is
but seldom produced, and is deservedly considered fine.

Size. — The larger the flower, the more valuable the varie-
ty, provided it has the important qualities of good shape
and fine colors; otherwise, no matter how large the flow-
er, the plant is of little value ; and, on the contrary, a
flower measuring upwards of one and a half inches across the
petals, having good shape and fine colors, may be classed
among the fine; those that reach two and a half to three inches
across the petals, and possessing all the other good properties
before named, may be classed a? superior flowers, and rather
among the best and choicest varieties.

n L T icon S. WaLKEK.

Koxbury, June, 1839.

Art. IV. Fancy Trellises for training Plants.
By the Editor.

From time to time, in our previous volumes, but more fre-
quently in late numbers, we have called the attention of our
readers to the importance of training many varieties of plants
upon trellises, and the beauty they possess when handsomely
trained up. The fine family of verbenas are all well adapted
for training to trellises, particularly the Tweediedna, chamas-
drifolia, &c. In parlors there is no object which our collec-
tions can boast, that will so well repay cultivation as the ver-
benas. The petunias are another class whose elegance, when
growing in pots, (for we speak of pot culture, in connection
with training on trellises,) cannot be estimated, unless their
procumbent and slender stems have sow.p neans of support-
ing themselves upon a trellis. Lantana Seluwii, the kenne-
dyas, tropseolums, Manettia cordifolia, and many other plants,
would be objects of much more interest, if properly cultivated
and made to exhibit their flowers to good advantage.

Trellises are easily made of the common split rattan, and of
almost any shape which the taste or fancy of the maker may
desire. The expense of the stock is a mere trifle, and a few
leisure moments are sufficient to enable any one of the least

252

Fancy Trellises for training Plants.

mechanical turn to make one. For small plants a flat trellis
may be made, which will answer very well until the plants get
larger and require more space, when one like the annexed en-
13 graving {fig. 13,) may take

its place, at the same time re-
potting the plant into such a
size as it is desirable to have
it remain to bloom; as the
size of such trellises prevents
their being afterwards easily
shifted. The stems should
be trained upon the lowest
part of the trellis first, so that
every part may be covered
with foliage; tie the shoots
with very fine bass matting.

Such trellises as the above
may be made without any
other tools than a common
awl, a penknife, and some
small copper wire, or fine

strong tvvme.
the main rod,
be about two
half an inch

First cut out

which should

feet long and

in diameter: on

this should be fastened a cap
made of a circular piece of
wood, about half an inch
thick and two inches in di-
ameter; around the edge of
this cap should be made twelve holes, in which to insert the
same number of small rattans, which form the trellis. At the
base should be a circular piece of whole rattan, in which should
be made twelve holes at equal distances, corresponding with
those in the cap, in which to insert the base of the small rods;
two bars should pass through the main rod at diagonal lines,
and have their ends inserted into the whole rattan, to make
that firm and strong enough to support the whole frame. The
small rattans should then be put in; then finish off by running
around the trellis four small rattans in circles, to which should
be fastened with fine strong twine, or, what is neater, small
copper wire, each small rod at equal distances; so that the
whole may resemble in form the annexed engraving.

Oval, globular, or any other form of trellis, may be as easily
made, but we have had them of all these shapes, and think that

Budding hardy Roses in June. 353

ihey possess less beauty than such as we have described, and
which we have found to give the most satisfaction to those who
have seen them.

In a late number of Loudon's Magazine we have notic-
ed that plants have been exhibited trained to trellises similar
in shape, but made of wire, and have commanded universal
admiration. The plan is rather new and novel, and deserving
of general imitation.

Art. V. Budding hardy Roses in June.
By a Subscriber.

The two or three last seasons I have budded, from the
20th of June to the 15lh of July, on the Boursault rose, against
a western wall, the Austrian sweet briar, the Pimpernell, and
the common single yellow roses, which flowered in the follow-
ing May; and the double white, and some more choice French
roses, on the same stock, which flowered in June; also the
same roses on the Noisette, Common Blush, and Four Sea-
sons' stocks in the open border, which do equally well, though
later; and the Primrose rose, or old double yellow, (which so
rarely blossoms) on the same stocks, promises now to expand
its buds.

The buds should be protected from the sun by a cover-
ing of paper, for eight or ten days. If they fail, there is yet
time enough to replace them; if successful, they will shoot
one or two feet during the season, and will bear the winter, as
will those which are afterwards put in, and advance only one
or twQ inches. By commencing thus early, and budding
through the season, you have every chance of success in ouir
variable climate.

This practice may be common enough, (though not within
my knowledge,) to render this communication of no value to
your Magazine. A Subscriber.

Brookline, June 17, 1839.

[The above is from an amateur gentleman, who has succeed-
ed better than any other cultivator, in the vicinity of Boston,
in flowering roses in great perfection the first season after bud-
ding. We rec
of roses. — Ed.

254 Method of flowering the Clianthus Puniceus.

Art. VI. Method of flowering the Clianthus puniceus, as
practised by Mr. Sinton, gardener to Gen. Patterson,
Philadelphia. Communicated by G. Watson, M. D.

This splendid shrub, which has been very recently intro-
duced to our gardens, has flowered but once, to our knowl-
edge, in this country. Mr. Sinton, gardener to Gen. Robert
Patterson, of Philadelphia, having the past spring been suc-
cessful in blooming a plant, we desired our friend and corres-
pondent. Dr. Watson, to induce Mr. Sinton to detail, through
our pages, his mode of treatment; or to inform us himself, if
convenient, what peculiar system was pursued to bring the
plant into bloom.

No plant with which we have ever been acquainted seems
to be so liable to the attacks of that pestiferous insect, the red
spider, as the Clianthus. We have found it almost impossible
to keep them off, and many amateurs as well as practical gar-
deners, with whom we are acquainted, inform us that they
have found the same trouble in the management of the plants.
So badly have they been attacked, that, in some instances, the
plants have been thrown out of a collection, although they had
been procured at the expense of two or three dollars each. It
seems, from the experience of Mr. Sinton, that the only ob-
stacle to overcome is the red spider, and that, if the plants are
free from their fatal depredations, only ordinary treatment is
necessary to its successful growth and flowering.

The plant under Mr. Sinton's care is planted within the
green-house, and is trained up to one of the pillars: last sum-
mer every care was taken to keep it clear of the red spider,
but without success. In the fall, when the new leaves came
out, he persevered by washing every leaf with a sponge, regu-
larly, so that he completely subdued them; he continued to
pay the most unremitting attention to the plant, in order that
they should not get hold again; by great diligence he succeed-
ed. The past spring it began to form its flower-buds, and a
profusion of blossoms were produced. At the present time
the plant is covered with healthy and luxuriant foliage, and is
making a rapid growth. The wash used with the sponge was
soap and water, as well as tobacco juice; but these probably
effected but little: to Mr. Sinton's continued care alone can
the success be attributed.

Philadelphia, June, 1839.

JVotices of new and beautiful Plants. 255

Art. VII. JVotices of new and beautiful Plants figured in
the London Floricultural and Botanical Magazines; with
Remarks on the Cultivation of many of the species., and some
Account of those which it would be desirable to introduce into
our Gardens.

Edivards^s Botanical Register, or Ornamental Flower Garden
and Shrubbery. Each number containing from six to eight
plates, with additional miscellaneous information, relative to
new Plants. In monthly numbers; 3s. plain, 3s. 6d. colored.

Paxto7i^s Magazine of Botanij , and Register of Flowering Plants.
Each number containing four colored plates. Monthly. 2s. 6d.
each. Edited by J. Paxton, gardener to the Duke of Devon-
shire.

The Horticidttiral Journal, and Royal Ladies' Magazine. In
monthly numbers, with one or more plates; Is. each. Edited
by George Glenny.

The Gardener's Gazette, and Weekly Journal of Science and
Literature. Weekly; price Gd. each.

Floricultural Intelligence. Seedling Camellias. — Fine
seedling camellias continue to be annually produced in consid-
erable numbers. In our last, the descriptions of five very fine
new varieties, raised by an amateur gentleman in Washing-
ton, D. C, were given, and we have been promised an ac-
count of three or four exceedingly fine ones, which flowered
the past spring in the collection of Mr. T. Dunlap, near Har-
lem, New York. Some notice of Mr. Dunlap's seedlings
will be found in our I, p. 244, and the same plants are now
coming into bloom. One, which he has named imbricata Dun-
lapu, is said to be a most splendid variety. Mr. Dunlap has
kindly promised to send us some account of all the finest.

Alonsoa elegans is the name of a beautiful new species of
this pretty and easily cultivated genus. Unlike the incisifolia
and the other species, its habit of growth is robust and erect,
the foliage larger and stronger, and the flowers more than twice
the size, and of a deep rich orange, inclining to a scarlet. It
is a fine plant, and, although we have had it under our care but
little time, yet we think we can discern in its habit a character
which will render it well adapted for growth in parlors, where
it will form, along with the Lechenaultia, a brilliant object.
Young plants turned into the border singly, and trained up
neatly to a small rod, painted green, or planted in clumps or

256 J^otices of neio and beautiful Plants.

patches, would present a gay appearance all summer. It is
readily cultivated.

Clematis Sieboldl is now flowering in the collection of the
Hon. John Lowell. It is one of the fine species introduced
by Dr. Siebold, from Japan. We have previously noticed it
(Vol. IV, p. 335.)

Cori'ce^B. longifiora. — This is the name of a new kind, lately
raised, niaking another addition to this limited genus. It is
stated to be a beautiful species.

Verbenas. — The following new verbenas are advertised in
the London periodicals, viz: V. var. Pylandsia, formosa,
splendens, Wardii, and new large crimson.

Antirrhinum caryophylloides. — This splendid variety of the
snap-dragon, has lately flowered in great perfection, at Mr.
Walker's; the whole spike of flowers, which was very strong,
being as finely striped as the most beautiful carnation. The
plant does not always produce variegated flowers, but oc-
casionally all red or all white. We have a plant in our col-
lection, but it flowered last season without showing any of its
true character. It is worthy of a place in every garden, if it
should produce a spike of its variegated flowers but every
other year.

Camellia, japonica var. Louis Philippe, which we noticed
some time since, (Vol. IV, p. 252,) is figured in the Horticuh
tural Journal. It is a nearly single flower, with only one outer
row of large petals, and two inner ones of small size, the cen-
tre filled with petadoid stamens, in the way of dianthiflora.
The color is a deep rich red, like corallina; though a showy
plant in a large collection, it scarcely possesses merit enough
for a choice one. [Hort. Jour.)

JVew Striped Camellia. — Messrs. Chandler, of Vauxhall,
the growers of the beautiful variety which bears their nanie,
and many others equally fine, exhibited, at a late meeting of
the London Horticultural Society, a new striped camellia,
which was one of three imported from China a short time
since. It is said to be a fine plant, and similar to C. var. trico-
lor: a premium was awarded Messrs. Chandler for the same.

Five new seedling camellias were exhibited at the meeting
of the Horticultural Society, April 2, by Mr. Steele.

Pimelea hispidula, a beautifiil species, resembling someAvhat
the P. rosea, has flowered in Mr. Hogg's collection. We
saw it in the early part of June, when it had three or four um-
bels of flowers expanded. It is a plant which should be in
the possession of all lovers of Cape plants. — Ed.

JVotes on Gardens and JSTurseries. 257

Enca rubens, one of the most exquisite of the whole of this
lovely group, is now (June 20th,) in full bloom in the choice
coll'^cTion of Mr. Towne, and will probably continue in beauty
for some time. The corols are small, of an oblong form, of
that delicate pale rose or pink which is to be found in the E.
pubescens; and the whole plant, from the surface of the soil to
the tip of the plant, is covered with numberless blossoms. Its
habit of growth is erect and tolerably strong, and the plant we
saw under Mr. Towne's care appeared to possess all the qual-
ities of the best species. This will be followed by the E.
ramentacea, which Mr. Towne thinks will excel the former.
Many other species are in bloom, and a fine treat is afforded in
a display of several summer flowering sorts.

Art. VIII. jYotes on Gardens and jYurseries.

Mw York., June 8th. — Mr. Hogg^s J^ursery. Since our
visit to Mr. Hogg's last season, he has made several acces-
sions of new plants, many of which he brought out with him
when he returned from London last autumn. Not many of
these were now in flower, but the stock has been rapidly in-
creased, and young plants are to be readily procured of nearly
all the finer kinds. The plants were all removed from the
houses, with the exception of a few new geraniums, and as
usual, at this season, we saw but little besides these which de-
serve any particular note.

The hard}' roses were now nearly in their splendor; several
days of cool and rainy weather had tended to retard their
blooming somewhat, and a few hours' brilliant sunshine was
wanting to open a fresh display of blossoins. Mr. Hogg has a
fine collection of roses, budded as standards, and three or four
hundred, standing together in parallel beds, formed a delightful
show. We had not the opportunity to take the names of the
varieties, but among them we observed many of great beauty:
that splendid hybrid variety, Rivers' George IV, the branches
almost reclining upon the ground, from the weight of the nu.
merous buds and blossoms, was among the most conspicuous.
VOL. V. — NO. VII. 33

258 J\i''otes on Gardens and JWrseries.

Mr. Hogg's collection may be considered as one of the best
around New York.

We were particularly y)leased with several very pretty yel-
low roses, seedlings of Mr. Hogg's; one of the number was
peculiarly fragrant, and also a well formed flower, second only
to Harrisonu. None of the kinds are yet named, but we hope
Mr. Hogg will designate them in some way that they may be
better known and introduced into collections. The herba-
ceous plants looked well, and many of them were flowering
finely. The pasonies were in full beauty. A large bed of
Ferbena multifida was exceedingly showy.

The Ag'dve americuna, tinder Mr. Hogg's management,
which we have before alluded to, after suffering considerably
from the effects of the cold weather during the winter, has
taken a start, and made eight new leaves of a large size in the
short space of fourteen days; the plant now appears better, and
will probably make as many more leaves in about the same
time. If it continues to grow so rapidly, it will, ere long, at-
tain a flowering size. The plant had only a frame of boards,
with a few sashes for the covering, erected around it, during
winter, and there was no means of making a fire to warm the
interior.

In the several frames to which many of the smaller green-
house plants had been removed, we noticed some of the new
verbenas raised by Mr. Buist, viz: V. Eyredna and interme-
dia; the former is a beautiful addition to the tribe, and is the
lightest colored of all, except the V. teucroides, being a pale
pink; the umbel is well shaped, and remains in beauty some
time; in habit it resembles the Tweediedna: we recommend
it as one which no collection should be without. In the open
garden we also saw the V. teucroldes (alba of Mr. Buist,) and
the Tweediedna grandiflora. The former is a fragrant and
fine species, although the white is not quite so pure as we could
wish it to be; towards evening the odor from the expanded
umbel of flowers is so powerful as to be easily perceived at
some yards distance: the latter plant was not, that we could
see, superior to the Tweediedna.

It is astonishing to look back and see the rapid increase of
new species and varieties of this tribe; only a year since, when
we were here, Mr. Hogg could enumerate but six or seven
kinds, including two which he raised himself; since then seve-
ral species have been introduced, and nearly a dozen varieties
raised in Britain and this country; indeed, we may look upon
the family of verbenas, as constituting a more brilliant feature
in our gardens^ green-houses, and parlors, than any other which

JSTotes on Gardens arid JYurseries. 259

has been introduced for many years. Commencing with the
beautiful and odorous new white one, the V. teucro'tdes, and
ending with that fine purple variety, the V. Arraniana, we have
all the intermediate shades of pink, rose, crimson, and scarlet;
presenting, when planted together, a display of colors found in
but few classes of flowers.

The geraniums have been reduced to but barely a sufficient
number to replenish the stock for another year, and we found
now only a few in bloom; but as these were, most of them,
very fine new kinds, brought out by Mr. Hogg last fall, and
not yet sold out, some account of them will be more accepta-
ble to our readers: we should remark that the plants were past
their meridian of bloom, and therefore seen by us under rather
unfavorable circumstances; the following are the kinds: — Beau-
ty of Ware, rose, fine form, and deep spot; Celestia, fine
pink, with dark pencilling; Sphinx, pale rose, light pencilling;
Rosa, similar to Diomede, but finer; Amelia, rose, with large
daik spot; Conqueror, rose, with dark spot; Village Maid,
bright pink, fine; Belladonna, Gem, Tarn O'Shanter, Specu-
lum mundi. Hector, Lord Hill, Mrs. Sweet, and some others,
were also fine.

O'xalis floribunda, displaying an immense number of rose-
colored flowers, was exceedingly showy. It is a plant which
should be added to all choice collections; opening its flowers
during May, June and July, it must be ranked as the best of the
spring and summer flowering ones, and a fit companion to the
O. Bowiei, whose much larger, equally numerous, but bright-
er-hued corols, take the place of the floribunda as soon as the
latter has terminated its flowering season. We might mention,
now, while the subject is upon our mind, that a few bulbs of the
O. Bowiei should be potted in the latter part of July, or early
in August, for blooming in September. Mr. Hogg has a new
species of Salvia, of a remarkably robust and vigorous habit,
which he procured in London, but without name.

The whole of the nursery we found in good condition, and
such as must elicit praise from those who prefer to see a nur-
seryman neat and tidy about his grounds, rather than that neg-
lect and confusion should meet the eye.

Astoria, G. C. Thorburn''s JSursery, June 9th. — We found
less to admire here, on our present visit, than during our tour
last season. The stock of geraniums, which was then second
to no other in the country for beauty, has been reduced to a
mere handful, and scarcely half a dozen kinds of any merit were
in flower. Ferbena incisa and Tweedieana. in pots were one
blaze of flowers; the former being a showy kind. In the open

260 J^otes on Gardens and JS'ur series.

nas, and they were now flowering finely, and presented a gay
appearance. The roses, of which there are here many fine
sorts, were in fiill flower.

The propagation of the dahlia, at this season, engrosses all the
care and attention of Mr. ]Mackinto3h, and the grounds had not
yet been put into order since last year; however, the space in
front of the house had been newly laid out, and, on each side
of the main walk, from the entrance, cut up into diamond and
other forms; one side of the walk is to be wholly devoted to
dahlias, and preparations were now being made to plant them
out. If the season proves favorable, (and it is to be hoped it
will,) the display of dahlias, next autumn, will exceed any thing
of the kind ever seen. Mr. Thorburn has one of the finest
collections. Here, as well as with all the nurserymen, the
propagation of the Jliorus multicauHs was going on.

Country Residence of W. L. Rushton, Esq.^ Jamaica, L. I.
— In the beautiful village of Jamaica, on the main road to
Rockaway, is situated the villa residence of Mr. Rushton,
comprising, in extent, eight or ten acres of land. The house
is built and finished in the Grecian style, and stands back
from the road a suflicient distance to allow the space in front to
be laid out in a handsome style. This has been recently done
by Mr. McCandlish; the old arrangement not having been such
as to gratify ]Mr. Rushton's taste, nor to make the best dispo-
sition of the ground. There is now a carriage drive from the
main entrance; about half way to the mansion it branches off,
and between the two walks and the house is a large space filled
with fine trees and perennial flowering plants. These, in the
course of a year or two, will make a beautiful appearance, and
when the vacancies, of which there are several, are filled up in
the summer with the choicest dahlias, an elegant display will be
made, which will render this spot one of much interest. A belt
of trees borders the ground on the main road, and another, pass-
ing from the road directly across the garden, as far as the rear
of the house, is intended to serve as a screen to separate one
portion of the garden from the other. The carriage drive,
passing by the front entrance to the house, is continued around
the back part of the garden to the stables in the rear.

Mr. Rushton has, the past spring, secured the services of
Mr. McCandlish, an excellent gardener, and things, though in
much confusion when he entered upon his duties, now look in
good order, and will, in the course of the year, present an en-
tirely different aspect from what they have done. Passing
around the garden, we did not see a great deal worthy of very

J^otes on Gardens and JYiw'senes. 261

particular notice: additional labor required upon some portion
of the garden, which is planted with JV76rus multicaulis trees,
has divided his time in such a manner, that not so much has
been accomplished as would otherwise have been. Mr. Rush-
ton is quite an amateur, and adds many of the new plants which
are annually introduced: we saw the new verbenas in flower,
and the V. teucroides (alba of Mr. Buist,) lost none of its
beauty by a second inspection. The garden in the rear of the
house is laid out in squares, with straight walks crossing at
right angles, and is planted with a good assortment of fruit
trees, grape vines, &c. &.c. We may have occasion, at some
future time, to describe this more fully.

The green-house adjoins the mansion, forming a narrow
wing on the south side, and is entered from the parlor. It is
the whole length of the house, and about eight feet wide: the
opposite side of the house has a wide piazza, of the same di-
mensions as the green-house; and both the green-house and
piazza are covered in front with blinds, and the view from the
front is the same on each side. The stage for the plants is
entire, and occupies the whole space between the entrances.
There was not much remaining in it now but geraniums, of which
the collection is rich, and embraces a large number; among
others we saw the following, in fine flower: Ontario, Dio-
mede, Fair Maria, Hericartidnwm, Dennis's Flagrans, Yeat-
nianidnum, Statira, Blue Beard, Albicans, Dennis's Perfec-
tion, Capt. Cook, Wheelerii, Megalanthum, Nimrod, and
many others, some under numbers, the names not having been
attached. Epiphyllum splendidum and Ackermanii, and Ce-
reus Jenkinsonii, the two latter in full flower, made a fine
show. The oranges, camellias, &:c. had been removed out
into the open air.

One thing we noticed, with which we were much pleased;
this was the distribution of a great number of the Maltese
vases on the margins of the walks, both in front and in the rear
of the house; some of them were filled with verbenas, which
had just commenced flowering: a tall broad vase, elevated on
a pedestal, directly in front of the rear entrance to the house^
had a fine efTect. We only wish to see this style generally
imitated by all amateur gentlemen.

Mr. Rushton's place is yet new, but a great deal has been
done to make it what it now is, and much yet remains to be
accomplished: it will, in a few years, be one of the finest resi-
dences on the island. Mr. Rushton contemplates several im-
provements, which will be great additions to the grounds.

262 Foreign jyotices.

MISCELLANEOUS LNTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. Foreign Notices.
FRANCE.

The Vines of France. — We find the following excellent, though
rathi-r lengthy article, in the Horlicullural Journal, from a corres-
pondent. As it contains the best description of the celebrated depart-
ments which are mentioned that we have ever read, we present it en-
tire. The varieties of the grape in France are almost numberless.
The national collection in the garden of the Luxemborg, at Paris,
contains five hundred and seventy varieties, arranged according to the
color and form of the grape. The article is worthy of an attentive
perusal.

"Perpignan. — The vines generally planted are of three varieties,
viz: the Grenache, which gives sweetness; the Carijjnan, for color;
and the Mataro, which yields the cpiantity. The vines are generally
jdanted either on the plain or on a gently inclined slope; but when
there is a slope, the exposure is always to the south. The soil is loose
and stony, the stones quartz, of various colors and shades. The dis-
tance at which the vines are planted is always four feet, and the quin-
cunx is preserved with the greatest possible exactness. The ground
is ploughed twice a year, that is, immediately after the pruning,
which lakes place in November, and in spring, after the vines have
given shoots from eight to ten inches in length. On both occasions
it is first ploughed in one direction, and then cross-ploughed. It re-
ceives no other labors during the year, and in summer, such is the
strength of vegetation generally among the vines, that few weeds
make their appearance, the ground being almost covered with the vine
shoots. The cuttings are then put down in holes, made by an iron
bar or dibble, and left to shift for themselves. Under this treatment,
it requires six years before the vineyard is so well established as to
yield a crop.

"For the planting of the Muscat grape, of Frontignan, which also
requires six years to come to maturity, a hole is dug for each plant,
eighteen inches deep, by eighteen inches long and twelve wide, and
the cuttings are laid horizontally into this trench, bending up the ex-
tremity where the plant is to grow. This produces a greater number
of shoots from the roots. The crop is nearly double to that of the
ordinary vineyards. The stocks are all extremely low. not more, in
general, than six inches from the ground; but so well is the pruning
managed, that all the shoots are nearly vertical — stakes or props are
thus quite unnecessary, and are never used. The number of knots
or buds left in pruning is from three to six, according to the strength
of the plant. They are universally pruned in the spur fashion. There
is no fear, by this method, of the worms finding their way to the heart
of the stock unless it is bruised or broken, and not by any close prun-
ing of the new wood. The average produce of these vines is six bar-
riques (hogsheads) per hectare, or about one hundred and forty gal-
lons per English acre.

'^Rousillon. — The finest quality of Rousillon red wine is produced
in the environs of Collioure, near Port Vendre. The soil is richer

Foreign JS^otices. 263

than in ihe neighborhood of Perpignan. The road from CoUioure
winds from hill to hill along the shore. The hills are exactly similar
in form and structure to those of Malaga; a shale or schist, with a
slaty gravel, plentifully mixed through the soil. The hills in the
neighborhood of the town are planted with great regularity and beau-
ty, in terraces from six to eighteen feet wide, according to the slope
of the hill. The terraces are made to follow the different curves
taken by the hills, and are divided by channels to allow of the pas-
sage of the water. In planting these hills they break up the ground
only to the depth of eight or nine inches, and as they take out a great
number of stones, the depth of the soil remaining is not more than six
inches. They then bore a hole in the loose rock with a bar of iron, and
thrust in the plant to the depth of twelve or fifteen inches. A hectare
of middle-aged vines is here worth one thousand francs (£40.) The
greatest expense is in the first plantation, for it is universally neces-
sary to build a series of terraces to support the soil. The distance of
the plants is from three to four feet, and the pruning is in every re-
spect similar to that of the vines of the plain. The varieties chiefly
cultivated are the Grenache and the Carignan. The vines are never
manured. The wine sometimes remains in the fermenting vat so
long as thirty days. Like the wine of the plain, it is seldom drank
in its pure state, but is sent to Paris, with an addition of from seven
and a half to ten per cent, of brandy, in order to be mixed with the
lighter wines of Burgundy and Orleans, to give them strength and
color. The wine of Casperon, which is celebrated as a Fin de
Liqueur, is the produce of a farm under one of these hills. It is
nothing more than a mixture of brandy with the unfermented juice of
the grape. After the grapes (of the Grenache kind) are very ripe,
they are gathered and allowed to dry a few days in the sun; they are
then pressed, and the juice is put into a cask, where it is mixed with
one third to one half of its own bulk of brandy. The brandy jjre-
vents the fermentation, the liquor retains the sweetness and flavor of
the fruit, and this is the Vin de Liqueur of Casperon, which has ac-
quired a great name in the south of France. The irrigated land is
worth one thousand five hundred francs, about £60, per hectare;
the vineyards not more, in general, than one third of that sum.

" Rivesalles is famous for producing the first sweet wine of France.
It is situated in the middle of an irrigated plain, about four im'les
from Perpignon. 'ihe vineyards are on the extremity of the plain,
where there is a dry granite soil; and on that |)oint which separates the
meadow land of Perpignon from that of Rivesaltes it is so thickly
covered with stones of various colored quartz, as to make it difficult
to tread upon it. It many places where the vines appear to grow
with great vigor, and to have attained a great age, the soil is of such
a nature as would be considered by many absolutely sterile. The
pruning here, as elsewhere, is universally in the spur fashion ; from
three to seven or eight knobs being left on each vine, according to its
strength. The stocks are generally close to the ground. They never
think of trenching the soil before planting ; but after hoeing it in the
ordinary way, they make a hole with an iron dibble, and thrust in the
j)]ant, where the vines are manured with strong stable dung. The
Muscat is the grape commonly cultivated. The wine is made as
follows: The grapes are allowed to hang upon the vines till they are
so ripe that they begin to shrink; they are then cut, and left on the
ground under the vines for eight or ten days, unless the weather
should prove unfavorable; after which they are pressed, and the juice

264 Foreign J^otices.

is put into a cask, leaving the bung out. About a month after this
it is drawn off to a fresh cask, which is prepared by burning a match,
not of sulphur, but strong brown paper, steeped in the strongest
brandy. The Muscat wine of Rivesaltes sometimes brings the ])ro-
prietor three hundred francs, the charge of one hundred and eighteen
Hires (bottles), when it is only one to two years old. In filling up a
vacant s|)ace, when they cannot find a shoot on any of the neighbor-
ing vines, long enough to reach the spot, they take the longest shoot
there is and lay it in a circular form round its own stock. The fol-
lowing year they raise it, when, with the shoot it has produced, they
can not only reach the spot to be filled, but have, by this means, a
strontr plant to fill it.

" Monlpelier. — '1 he whole country from Baziers to Montpelier, on
both sides of the road, is covered with vineyards. The hills are
covered with olive trees, intermixed with vines, but the plains with
vines only. The vine is cultivated even in the alluvial plains, and
the immense size of some of the stocks, with the vigor of their
numerous shoots, proves that this plant is no enemy to a rich soil.
The wines of this district are almost universally converted into
brandy. The soil, in some places, resembles the abarizas of Xeres;
but on trial it is found to be argillaceous, and not calcareous. Not-
withstanding the great luxuriance of the vines, and the strength and
length of their shoots, still no supporters or props are used, and they
spread as they rise. In the Botanic Gardens of this city, one of the
finest in France, there is a collection of five hundred and sixty varie-
ties of vines.

" The road from Montpelier to Nismes and Marseilles lies through
a well cultivated country, producing chiefly vines and olives. The
wine is more used for the table than for distillation. There is a
mixed cultivation of vines, olives, and corn, alternating in rows of
different widths; and the vineyards are also very generally planted
with olive trees.

" Roquevaire. — The road almost every where proceeds among
steep acclivities, which are so cultivated that it has the appeal ance
of a garden; and the same field frequently bears at the same time a
triple crop: first, is a triple or quadruple row of vines, then an open
space from six to twelve feet wide, under corn and vegetables; lastly,
there is, with every third row of vines a row of olives, and often
n)ulberries. This part of the country is celebrated for its dried
raisins, almonds, figs, and other fruits, which are sent to Paris.
There are no less than sixty-seven varieties of figs cultivated in the
De|)artment of the Bouches des Rhone.

" Hermitas^e. — This wine is one of the most celebrated in France.
Its mode of making is very simple; as the must flows from the press,
it is conveyed to the casks, where it is suffered to remain to ferment,
from five days to a month, according to the strength of fernjentation,
the casks being always kept full to permit the scum to escape. When
the first fermentation is decidedly finished, the wine is drawn off" into
a clean cask, which has been previously sulphured. This is the
whole process of making the white wines of H(;rmitage. They are
more or less sweet, according to the proportion of sweet and dry
grapes which have been united in producing thein. 1 his is the finest
white wine, and will keep for upwards of a hundred years, improving
as it gets older. The finest clarets of Bourdeaux are mixed with a
portion of the finest red wine of Hermitage, and four fifths of the
quantity of the latter are thus employed. The ' Hill of Hermitage'

Foreign J^otices. 265

IS so called from an ancient hermitage, the ruins of which are still in
existence near its top. It was inhabited by hermits till within the last
hundred years. The hill, though of considerable height, is not of
great extent; the whole front, which looks to the south, may con-
tain three hundred acres; but of this, though the whole is under vines,
the lower part is too rich to yield those of the best quality; and a
part near the top is too cold to bring its produce to perfect maturity.
Even in the middle region, the whole extent does not produce the
finest wines. There is a belt of calcareous soil, which crosses the
ordinary granitic soil of the mountain, and it requires the grapes of
these ditferent soils to be mixed, in order to produce the finest quality
of hermitage. They j)ossess a considerable portion of lime. A good
deal may also be attributable to the selection of plants. The best
red wines are made exclusively from one variety, named Ciras,
originally brought from Shiraz in Persia, by one of "the hermits; the
white varieties are the Roussette and the Marsaii, The labor be-
stowed on these vineyards is immense. On their first plantation, and
everj' time the plantation is renewed, the soil is dug to the depth of
four and a half or five feet. In most places it is also supported by
terraces. Whenever a vine is observed to be weak, or to yield a
poor crop, it is dug out, and its place supplied by a provin from the
strongest vine in its neighborhood. A trench, of about two, or two
and a half feet deep, is opened between it and the nearest vine in the
adjoining row. The stock is carefully bent down till it is laid flat
along the bottom of the trench; a quantity of dung is next put over
it, and then some soil. The stock by this process becomes the root
of two distinct vines, and their connection is never destroyed. Pro-
vided horse or sheep dung only is used, there is no danger of giving
the wine it bad flavor; the contrary is the case if the dung of cows, or
especially pigs, is used.

" The vines seldom last more than thirty years, and would not last
that time were they not taken from young vines of five or six years
old. They are planted at the distance of only two and a half feet
from each other. In general there is only one mother-branch, and
one shoot (very seldom two) is pruned to use the shoot of the season;
on this shoot are left from three to eight buds, according to its
strength, and from eight to ten bunches is the average produce of
each vine. They yield from two hundred and ten to two hundred
and sixty gallons per English acre.

^'Burgundy * — The plants in this district are very close and fee-
ble. They open a small furrow with a spade only one spit, of about

" *The s^siem oi provignage em\>\oyeA"i\\ this province, as well as Champagne, in
thecultivationof the vine, is rather interesting. It is ns follows: Suppose a small
portion of ground to be annually planted with vines. Ai h:e end of ten or a dozen
years, a number of the plants, in the portion first planted, become weak and worn out;
these weak plants are removed, and their places filled hy provens (shoots) from their
stronger neiglibors ; but these provins are not mere laj'ers which leave the stock exact-
ly as before. The whole space of ground, generally the breadth of two rows of plants,
is dug out to the depth of about two leet; the old stock is then laid down fiat la the
bottom of the trench, and the branches, that is, the wood last produced, are twisted
and bent into the places where the voids are to be filled. The stock is thus converted
into the root of two or three different plants; it throws out fibres from every side,
which henceforth yield the nourishment to the plants, and the old root dies ofl'. By
this means young colonies of plants are introduced, which are afterwards employed in
peopling their neighborhood, when they have acquired sufficient strength. Theprovig-
nage extends irregularly over the whole vineyard, but most, or all, of the plants are
thus buried and renewed once in twelve or fourteen years : and thus the whole is in a

AOL. V. NO. VII. 34

266 Foreign JVotices.

twelve inches wide, at the bottom. The furrows are two and a half
feet apart, and the plants placed in them at the distance of fourteen
or fifteen inches; the lower end of the ])lant is placed ucross the bot-
tom of the furrow, and bent up at one side, a quantity of dung is
placed above, and then the soil is covered in, which finishes the plan-
tation in December. After these vines are three years old the strong-
est of them is selected to fill another row, between each of the pres-
ent rows, by the system oi" provinage, xhe same as at Hermitage.
The soil is light, and mixed with stones; near Chiigny at Beaune it
is of a rich brown loam, and some is slightly calcareous. J he de-
partment, through its fertility in corn as well as vines, is justly called
the Cote d' Or. The large plant will yield upwards of one thousand
gallons per acre.

" Chambertin and Vougeot. — The land under vines is generally
very much subdivided throughout France, but here in particular, as
five or six proprietors often divide among them a piece of ground not
exceeding an acre. The vineyard of Chambertin does not extend more
than fifteen to twenty acres, which is subdivided. The soil varies ex-
tremely, even in the distance of a hundred yards; that nearest the road
is of a brown loam, full of gravel and very friable. The gravel consists
of small broken pieces of the whitish limestone, of which the hill is
partly formed. At the upper j)art it is of a light-colored dayish
looking soil, with a subsoil of marl, and abundance of small shells.
Both of these soils strongly effervesce with an acid, but the light con-
tains a greater proportion of lime. The vineyard of Clos Vougeot
formerly belonged to a convent, and is about forty-eight hectares, or
one hundred and twelve and a half English acres in extent. The
soil is nearly the same, and in other parts of a |)ure clay, of a dark
yellow color, without any admixture of calcareous matter whatever.
The average produce of twenty years is about three and a half
hogsheads annually per Englis.h acre. The red wines will fetch
from twelve hundred and fit>y to fifteen hundred francs the hogshead,
whilst the white seldom rises above six hundred franks (£24.) The
wine of ten or twelve years old is bottled, and sold at the rate of six
francs the bottle. They never manure the vines.

" Champaigne* — The cultivation of the vine is nearly the same
throughout this province. The annual produce is from four hundred

constant state of bearing (the provins yielding a crop the first year), and it is seldom
necessary to introduce yoiing vines. AH the small proprietors manure their vines with
strong stable dung, both from horses and cows, Vifithout distinction.

"* The closeness of tlie plants in this province is even more remarkable than in Bur-
gundy. If it were possible to keep the vineyards fully furnished with plants, there
would be one for each eiglit or nine inches in length, by six or seven in breadth. The
mode of provignage practised in Burgundy, is most particularly realized here. Every
year an addition is made to the bottom of the vineyard of a certain number of plants,
and the vvhole of the vines are in a state of continual progression, being buried, and
by that means carried twelve or fourteen inches up the hill every third year. The
process is, of course, not regular, for in every jilace there are jjlants in each stage of
the progress wliicJi they pass tlirough. According to the number of the voids that are
to be filled, the branches of the stock that is buiied are from two to four or five. On
each of these branches, when pruned in the spring, are left two buds; these buds pro-
duce branches or shoots, which bear fruit the first year. The next spring three buds
are left upon the higher, and two upon the lower jf the two shoots, and the spring
following they are pruned to bear shoots corresponding to the number of voids
to be filled in their vicinity, for their turn to be buried has again arrived. By
this means a supply also of rooted plants is obfained, when required; but when these
rooted plants are cut ofl", and planted out, they never bear fruit till the third yt ar,
and it is believed tlic roots never die. They frequently trace them to a very great

Foreign Jfotices. 267

and forty to five hundred and thirty gallons per English acre. One
thousand one hundred gallons have heen known to be yielded in a
few instances where the |)lants have been well manured. The depth
of soil before reaching the chalk on the hill of Ay, is in the most
places from ten to fifteen t'v.et; near the top it is more argillaceous
and stronger than towards the l)ottom. The vineyards throughout
France are all situated more or less in calcareous soils; there is, in
some instances, a mixture of the granite which causes the hermitage
to be so renowned. The soils producing the best dry wines are in-
variably the calcareous, not only in France, but Spain, Portugal,
Italy, &c."

Polygonum tindbrum. — The French are directing their attention to
the cultivation of this plant as an article of agricultural produce, for
the extraction of indii£o, as a coloring matter, which answers equally
as well. Considerable has been said about it in the French agricul-
tural publications, and several exfjeriments detailed, from which it
aj)poars that the plant will form as staple an article as the beet sugar,
or the production of silk— -two branches of agriculture, to which the
French are devoting jrreat attention.

In a late number of the Annales rf' Agriculture Francaise is a no-
tice of the cidtivafion of the polygonum, from the i)en of M. Farel,
member of the agricultural society of Herault, and well known as
a horticulturist. The writer has grown the plant since 1H37, and
with good success: last year he had increased his stock of plants to
three thousand. The polygonum is an annual, and is cultivated in
beds, growing to the height of three or four feet. The plants were
gathered in August and in Septend)er, and the writer has obtained as
splendid indigo as was ever seen. The article is too long to be fully
given, but M. Farel gives the following estimate of the product and
net profit of an acre: —

frnnc=.

Cultivation of an acre of land 600

Gatherinir of leaves, at two francs every hundred kilogrammes,

on 80,000 kilogrammes an acre ..... 1600

Labor, for obtaining the fecula, at 2 francs the 100 kilo-
grammes of fresh leaves ...... 1600

Expense per acre 8800
Produce of indigo, of one half for 100 on 800 quintals of leaves
— 400 kilogrammes at 14 francs per kilogramme . . 5600

Gain per acre 1800
Equal to nearly one hundred dollars per acre^ This estimate, owing
to the price of labor, &c., is not a sure guide to the growth of the
plant in this country; but we hope some of our enterprising agri-
culturists will try experiments to test its value. {Hort. Jour.)

length, but never rlistuih ihem, always burying the otliers above tlictn. The manure
is always added to tlie plai.itg wiiich have been buried; a handful of ea;rth is firsl put
over the plant, and the manure above. They are, however, extremely cautious as to
the quality of manure. In some places tliey employ dun^ from the farm-yard, mixed
with soil, but in general it is only strong soil from the valley below, mixed with ashes,
and other amendments of a mild description. The vines suffered severely from the
severity of ihe winters lS29-,30, and 1837-38.

" It may be «een from the above article that the vine may be cultivated nearly in any
soil witli advantage, and no doubt will, if persevered in by the horticulturalists of New
South Wales, .Australia, and New Zealand, be most productive, as lx)th soil and cli-
mate are suitable for its growth."

268 Foreign J^otices.

ENGLAND.

Mr. Groom's Exhibition of Tulips.— The private view of Mr.
Groom's collection of tulips took place on Thursday, at Mr. Groom's
gardens, at Walworth. The coldness of the weather, during the last
week, though it has retarded the growth and full expansion of the
flowers, has not affected their general health; the}'^ are in the finest
possible order, and in a day or two will be in the full exuberance of
beauty. The principal bed, indeed the best which forms the exhibi-
tion, contains nearly two thousand tulips, all of the rarest character,
and all superb specin)ens of their various sorts. The effect upon the
eye of so many vivid yet delicate colors, is delightful. There is noth-
ing tawdry in this display — the coloring is by "Nature's own hue and
coloring hand," and is too well blended and'harmonized to offend. In
a word, a more beautiful exhibition cannot be produced. Some of
the tulips are of great worth. There is one, ihe "Nourri Effendi,"
for which the grower has been offered one hundred sovereigns. The
"Louis XVI." is also a very costly flower. There are several speci-
mens of the "lac," one of the gems of tulip beds; the "Fabius," the
"Rembrandt," the "Polyphemus," &c. the names of which are fa-
miliar to the "fancy," but a mystery to the public. It is generally al-
lowed that this collection surpasses any thing of the sort in Holland,
the elysium of tulip growers: there is certainly nothing like it in Eng-
land. Notwithstanding the badness of the Aveather on Thursday, the
exhibition was attended by a great many fashionable people, and there
were many amateurs of floriculture, who came considerable distances
to inspect and admire the flowers. — London paper.

The Rohan Potato. — In the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture is a
notice of this celebrated potato, by Mr. G. Kimberly, who was prob-
ably one of the first to introduce it into England. From this article
we extract the following, which confirms all that has been said of this
remarkable production: —

" Having heard from some friends then travelling on the continent,
of the above-mentioned potato, and having subsequently read the a-
bove account, I was induced to try, by every means in my power, to
obtain a few for seed, which I did without success: however, in the
autumn of the year 1836, I was informed by friends then living in the
vicinity of Paris, that they had occasionally purchased potatoes in Pa-
ris which weighed upwards of ten pounds each, for which they gave
one franc; that they purchased it as a treat, and that, cut in slices of
about two inches thick, it boiled well, was very farinaceous or mealy,
and of fine flavor. The gentleman who wrote me this account of
the potato, having lefc the neighborhood of Paris for Spain, previous
to his writing, I was at a loss where to obtain some seed, and I appli-
ed to one of the first houses in London, to try, through their agents in
Paris, to get me a few of the potatoes, and after considerable delay I
obtained two small tubers, with the information that they were very
dear, and difficult to get,

"About this time I had a friend arrived at Paris to spend the win-
ter, one whose active mind I knew would be rather stimulated than
deterred by any difficulty arising in obtaining what I wished. He at
once kindly undertook, if possible, to procure me some Rohan pota-
toes for seed; and after a great many inquiries, a most diligent search,
and considerable expense also in the purchase, he obtained and sent
nie, in a small basket, sixty moderate sized tubers; these I compared

Domestic Mtices. 269

with the two tubers I had ah-eady received, and found them on in-
spection to be exactly the saine sort: these tubers, though they ar-
rived late in tlie planting season of 1837, I immediately planted as be-
fore described; but being under trees they suffered severely from the
dry weather; yet the stems were eight feet high, and the [)roduce was
twenty-four bushels, full measure, and some of the tubers very large.
My object, however, being to know what they would produce culti-
vated with the common field culture, I ploughed in the twenty-four
bushels, with a moderate quantity of manure in rows, four furrows
apart, or about thirty-six inches, on the 10th May last, 1838, without
any other preparation than was bestowed on several acres of potatoes
in the same field; they again suffered from the dry weather, indeed to
such an extent did my whole crop appear to be injured, that I had
given up the hope of any satisfactory result; and I found, by reference
to my day book, it was not till the night of the 10th of Jfune, and the
morning of the 11th, that we had any rain sufficient to lay the dust.
We took up the Rohan potatoes October 18th, and the crop was very
large: they much amused the persons taking them up, and other ob-
servers, by their extraordinary size and produce — many of the tubers
weighing from two and a half to three and three quarters pounds;
they are very farinaceous and delicately flavored; and I have no
doubt, cultivated on good land and in the way mentioned, they would
reach the size specified. Of this we may, however, rest assured — and
I can recommend them as yielding the most abundant produce, under
ordinary cultivation — that the produce is fit for the table of the most
fastidious person." — Quart. Jour. dg.

Art. II. Domestic Noti

Jin Exhibition of Roses and cut Flowers, for Premiums, took place
at the Conservatory attached to the Pul)lic Garden at the foot of Bea-
con street, on Tuesday, the 25lh of June, and was continued until
the evening of the 27th, The weather was delightful during thp
whole period, and the number of visiters, consequently, very large.
In addition to the fine collection of plants belonging to the garden,
which is well worth seeing, the rich collection of fine roses, and cut
flowers of all kinds, contributed by many of the amateurs and gar-
deners in the vicinity, was an inducement for all to im|)rove the op-
portunity to visit the Conservatory. Independent of the interest
which the proprietors may have in getting up such a show, to make
the garden better known, we think the taste for flowers will be ele-
vated and increased by such displays. We should like to see them
more frequent, and we trust that the liberal amount to be awarded as
premiums on the occasion, will be the means of encouraging amateuts
to renewed exertions.

The flowers were arranged so as to show to good advantage. In
the extensive saloon, on each side, was a circular stand filled with roses
from the collection of Mr. Aspinwall. Passing through this into the

270 Domestic JSTotices.

Conservatory, on the outer side of the walk, around the large centra!
staj^^e, was a stand for flowers, occupying- a complete circle, and ex-
posed to the full view of every visiter. This was filled with cut flow-
ers, and a hriHi.int display was made. The contributors were Messrs.
Aspinwall, T. Lee, Hovey &. Co., S. Walker, Win. Meller, W. E.
Carter, Messrs. Winship, S. R. Johnson, A. Bowditch, and some
others. The following is a condensed account of the exhii)it}on :—

From A. Aspinwall, an extensive collection of splendid roses, em-
bracinsf a numerous variety. From T. Lee, Esq., some fi.nG plants, viz:
Kalmia latilolia, clarkias, Chry>eis, Phlox Drummondj'z, roses, &.c,
and a few dahlias. From S. Walker, a splendid collection of seed-
ling pinks, end)racinij the following which have been named: — Othel-
lo, Cul. Wilder, Estelle, Mary Louise, and Walker's Claudius; also,
flue pansies, roses, phloxes, «5ntirrhinutn caryophylloides, and pk-tum,
campanulas, phloxes, pseonies, CBnothera macrocai pa, 8cc, and hand-
some bourpiets. From Hovey & Co. two large bouquets. From
Messrs. VVinship, a lar<re collection of cut flowtys, embracing a great
variety of hardy perennial shrubs, &.C., spirteas, larkspurs, roses,
Alstroemerza psittacina, Cereus speciosissimus, &c. &.c. From Wil-
liam R. Carter, of the Botanic Garden, i)eautiful specimens of Pseo-
nia albiflora var. Hiimez, fragrans, and Whitle;^; also, roses, sweet
scabious, annual chrysanthemums, &.c.

From A. Bowditch, bouquets, Cereus speciosissimus, Dennis's
Perfection geranium, Ferbena Tweedie««fl, &.c. From S. R. John-
son, a large collection of hardy and tender roses, the latter including
most of the fine ones exhibited at the Saturday meeting previous of
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. From Mr. Meller, seedling
pinks and pansies, dahlias, a beautiful specimen of the white Unique
rose, together with bouquets, and other flowers.

The award of ])remiums was not made in season to appear in this
number, but it will be given in our next. — Id.

Neio Verbenas. — Our correspondent. Dr. W'atson, has sent as the
descriptions of five neio seedlinsj verbenas, raised in Philadelphia by
Messrs, Mackenzie and Buchanan, florists, and Mr. R. Kilvington,
gardener to William Lloyd, Esq. We have been under the necessity
of deferring the article until our next number. The varieties of this
family, all the products of our own enterprising horticulturists, will
soon outnumber those of our transatlantic friends. — Ed.

Cereus grandifidrus. — A plant in the coflection of Mr. Leathe,
Cambridgeport, has produced three flowers, and two or three more
will expand early in July. — Id.

Dahlias. — We congratulate oin* friends, and all lovers of this splen-
did flower, upon the ]:)rospect of a fine blooming season. So far, the
plants have made a vigorous growth, and present that healthy as];ect
which is ever the characteristic of a flourishing state. Insects aie
not so numerous as they were last summer; and, unless excessively
hot and dry weather overtakes them soon, there is not the least doubt
but that there will be a more magnificent display oi' blooms than was
eviir seen in this country before.^ We shall keep our friends inform-
ed of the state of the plants. — Id.

The Madame Hardy Rose is one of the most exquisite white roses
we have ever seen; the pureness of its color excels all other white roses.
We have had it in flower the past month, and recommend it as one of
the finest roses in cultivation. — Id.

New Geraniums and Carnations. — Mr. Donald, of the Public Gar-
den, received per the steamer Great Western, on her last trip from

Domestic Mtices. 271

Bristol to New York, some fine new geraniums and carnations in very
excellent condition, particularly thn former. The varieties are some
of the newest, and we are happy to learn that the efforts of this es-
tablishment are so early directetl to the introduction of fine plants,
and that the jreranium should he amonjj the first which they should
attempt to ])roeure. We have no doubt but that the plants, under
the iiianair«ment of Mr. Donald, will be grown in such viiror as to
produi-e a heautit'ul b! loni the ensiiinir sprin^^, and thus afibrd the
piil)iic an early ojjportunity of viewing the finer varieiies of this much
admired flower. We have not learnt the names of the kinds. — Id.

PcEoraia Pottsii. — This l)eantiful ptenny has flowered in the vicinity
of Boston, the |)resent season, for the first time, in the garden of Mr.
John Richardson, of Dorchester. Mr Richardson is an enthusiastic
amateur, and has been the first to flower many beautiful new plants.
Fivonia Pottsu has, however, we believe, to<xether with the splendid
F. ediilis var, Reeveszi, previously bloomed in the jiarden of Mr. F.
Putnam, of S ilem. Both are valuable additions to collections. — Id.

ChnjEeiA crecea nm\ ^alifornica, from seeds iself-sown, are now (Jime
10th,) two of the most magnificent objects in the flower garden. VVe
have a bed about ten feet square, the plants in which spring up early
in April, and they have now, although great quantities have been
thrown out, covered the whole of the ground, and present, on clear
<iays, v/ith a brilliant sunshine, a carpet radiant with gold. We know
not an annual which so well repays cultivation as both of the species
of the chryseis. The plants spring up readily from self-sown seeds,
and flower from June until frost, though they look rather shabby
after the middle of August: a .sowing, however, made any time in
May or early in June, will come into bfoom in July, and continue to
flower abundantly until November. A light soil and dry situation, in
a fully exposed aspect, suits them best. Whoever should once look
upon a bed when the golden flowers are glittering under the rays of
the mid-day orb, v/ould never l)e without a [)atch or two filled with
the plants. If the lamented Douglas had introduced but these two
species, during his whole journey to the Columbia, his labors would
have been well repaid. Fortunately, however, there are numerous
annuals, whose beauty comes but little short of the chryseis, and
whose presence serves to commemorate the name of their adventur-
ous discoverer. — Id.

Mr. Wales, af Dorchester, favorably known to amateurs and gar-
<leners in the vicinity of Boston, as an excellent cultivator of plants,
is now on a visit to England, having sailed in the steamer Liverpool,
to purchase plants and acquire information relative to the practice of
horticulture. He will probably bring out some new and fine plants.
We hail the navigation of the Atlantic, by steam vessels, as affording
us the means of enriching our gardens vvith all the choice produc-
tions which the enter})rising gardeners of England, under the patron-
age of her nobles and wealthy sientlemen, have, within a few years,
been so successful in raising. There is not scarcely a plant, but what
may be, if properly packed, brought alive and in good condition in
the steam packets. Heaths, carnations, and other plants, which it
has been found impossil)le to j)rocure alive by the packet ships, which
average twenty-five days' passage, will, no doubt, come safely dur-
ing a confinement of only fourteen days in the steam ships. — Ed,

Fsidium Catlleifdnum. — A jdantof this fine species of guava is now
producing fruit in the collection of Hovey & Co. There are more
than four dozen fruit upon the plant, which is above six feet high,

272 Domestic JYotices.

nearly as large as walnuts; it is, we believe, the first time it has borne
in the country. — Ed.

Blight in fruit trees prevented. — Our horticulturists may be pre-
pared to express their delight at the astonishing fact, that the blight, —
that dreadful malady, the scourge of the fruit cultivator, — is no longer
to be feared. Mr. Russell Comstock, of New York state, has dis-
covered an infallible method of not only preventing it, but of stopping
all kinds of disease, of whatever kind, natural to fruit trees. So much
success has attended his efforts, that a tree, thirty inches in circum-
ference, that had been divested of its bark, except a narrow strip less
than an inch in width, has been restored to life and vigorous growth,
and bore fruit the past season! This is certainl}^ an age of improve-
ment. The only bar to Mr. Comstock's preventive ever becoming of
general use is, that he asks rather too high a price for divulging the
secret; which is said to be at the rate of half a dime per capita upon
the whole number of persons comprising the population of the United
States — equal to $750,000! He intends, we believe, to memorialize
Congress upon the subject, and the propriety of purchasing his right,
that the nation may be benefitted alike. We certainly should have
no objection to paying our portion of the amount demanded, or a very
much larger sum, but we should first prefer to see the method fully
tested. We must acknowledge, although we can relish a little that is
marvellous, that Mr. Comstock's system has too much the appearance
.of humbuggery for our belief. We are not among those who are
ready to ridicule every new project; but so universal a remedy for all
diseases of trees, and in particular for the blight, which has puzzled
the skill of our most scientific inen to prevent, seems altogether too
absurd to deserve serious attention. — Id.

Horticultural Society in Brooklyn, N. Y. — A Horticultural Society
has been formed in the city of Brooklyn, and an exhibition of plants
took place on Thursday, the 16th of May; the meeting was very well
attended, and the display of flowers very good for the season. Our
friends in Brooklyn have promised us an account of the exhibition,
drawn up by Mr. Halsey, the Corresponding Secretary. Brooklyn
contains a great number of amateurs, and we hope that the Society
will go on in a flourishing condition. — Ed.

Maryland Horticultural Society. — The annual exhibition of this
Society was held in Baltimore, in the early part of June. A re-
j)ort of the exhibition has been kindly sent us, but we have no room
ibr its insertion in this number. It was got up in good style, and the
number of contributors was large. Premiums were awarded, and the
whole passed off to the delight of the public and the gratification of
the Society. We shall notice the report in our next. — Id.

Mr. Buist, of Philadelphia, has, we learn, sailed for London in one
of the packets from that port, and will spend two or three months in
visiting the nurseries throughout the kingdom. He will, probably,
bring out with him many new and fine plants. The communication
between the two countries is now so complete, that a tour across the
Atlantic is considered but little more difficult of accomplishment,
than one between the cities of Boston and Philadelphia was, a few
years since. — Id.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 273

Art. III. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

The stated meeting of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society was
hell! on Tuesday evening, the 18th instant, the President in the chair.

The Committee on Vegetables awarded the following premiums at
the Society's intermediate meeting, on the 29th of May last, viz: for
the best early cabbage, grown in New Jersey, to George Robinson,
gardener to Horace Binney, Esq.

For the best early turnips, grown in New Jersey, to Jacob Amor,
Camden. The Committee recommended them to special notice, be-
ing remarkably fine.

For the best early peas, grown in Pennsylvania, to William Chal-
mers, gardener to Mrs. Slot, Turners Lane.

For the best early cabbage, grown in Pennsylvania, to Philip Reilly,
gardener to Simeon Gratz, Esq.

They also awarded an honorary premium to Mr. Chalmers, gar-
dener to Mrs. Stot, for some very fine beans.

In the absence of the Committee on Fruits, they also awarded the
premium for some fine strawberries, to Andrew Patton, gardener to
Mrs. Kohne, Turners Lane.

Some fine Naples radishes were exhibited by John Dougherty, gar-
dener to Atsom Furnes, N. J.

The Committee on Plants and Flowers awarded the premium this
evening, (the ISth,) for the best six varieties of pinks, to Mr. Hobson,
Kingsessinir, and for the best American seedling pink, (Eraeline,) al-
so to Mr. Hobson.

The premium for the best display of plants, in pots, was awarded
to Messrs. Mackenzie & Buchanan, they having exhibited Combretum
purpureum, Ixora coccinea, Fuchsza fulgens, in fine flower, the first
ever exhibited at the Society's rooms; Ornithogalum aiireum, Nie-
rembergia filicaulis, Calceolaria Mnjoriilna superba, C. integrifolia
and varieties; Pelargonium speculum miindi, statira, purpilreum
coerialeum, diadematum superbum, tricolor major, and Dennis's
Perfection; Gloxinia grandiflora, G. speciosa, G. Candida, and some
seedlings, fine large flowers, and color pale lilac; jErica ventricosa,
E. curviflora rdbra, Lechenaulti'a formosa, Caludium tricolor. Gar-
denia radicans, Ferbena fulgens, Kilvingtonia, B'mneycina, Watson-
ia and rosea, seedlings, very fine; F. Drummdndu, Eyrea?ia, and a
large box full of twenty-three varieties of carnations, some of them
very superior.

The premium for the best bouquet was awarded to William Chal-
mers, gardener to Mrs. Stot, Turners Lane.

An honorary premium was awarded to Hirst & Dreer, for a fine
basket bouquet of indigenous plants.

The Committee on Vegetables awarded this evening, (the 18th,)
the Society's stated premiums for this month, to the followincr com-
petitors, viz: for the best lettuce grown in Pennsylvania, to George
Esher, Ridge Road. For the best carrots grown in New Jersey, to
George Robinson, gardener to Horace Binney, Esq. For the best
early cauliflowers grown in New Jersey, in the open ground, to James
MciCee, gardener to Charles Chauncey, Esq.

For the best bush beans grown in New Jersey, to Adam Price.
VOL. V. — NO. VII. 35

274 Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

For the best early beets grown in Pennsylvania, to Charles Cano-
ver, eanleiier to Thomas C. Rockhill, Esq.

For the best cherries, (amber,) not less than three pounds, to Geo.
Robinson, gardener to Horace Binney, Esq., very fine.

For the best early beets, grown in New Jersey, to George Robin-
son, gardener to Horace Binney, Esq.

For the best early turnips grown in Pennsylvania, to Albinas Fel-
ton, very fine.

For the best bush beans grown in Pennsylvania, to Charles Cono-
ver, gardener to Thomas C. Rockhill, Esq.

For the best artichokes, to Philip Reilly, gardener to Simeon Gratz,
Esq. For the l)est early potatoes, to George Esher, Ridge Road,

For the best tomatoes, to William Chalmers, gardener to Mrs.
Stot, Turners Lane.

For the best display of vegetables, that evening, to Robert Meston,
gardener to Mrs. Roland, he having exhii)ited carrots, beets, lettuce,
early cabbage of various kinds, onions, peas, beans, potatoes, cucum-
bers, and peppers.

An honorary premium was awarded to him for some fine new im-
ported cabbage, in full head, raised from seed sown the latter end of
March, and cut on the 20th of May, called the Devizes. The other.
Early Briritol, sown at the same time as the above, and cut on the
18th of June, in fine head.

The premium for the best display of fruit, was awarded to Mr.
Chalmers; having exhibited strawberries of sorts, red and white cur-
rants, &c. &c.

James McKee, gardener to Charles Chauncey, Esq., exhibited let-
tuce, cauliflowers, beets, early cabbage, and some very large lemons.

George Robinson, gardener to Horace Binnney, Esq., exhibited
beets, carrots, early cabbage, and some fine amber cherries.

Andrew Patton, gardener to Mrs. Kohne, Turners Lane, exhibited
lettuce, beets, potatoes, May Duke, and Bleeding Heart cherries.

Daniel Reilly, gardener to Pierce Butler, Esq., exhibited potatoes,
Coss lettuce, early cabbage, peas, beans, red currants, raspberries,
and cherries, of sorts.

Philip Reilly, gardener to Simeon Gratz, Esq., exhibited onions,
artichokes, early cabbage, turnips, beans and cherries.

Mr. Chalmers, gardener to Mrs. Stot, exhibited Mazagan beans,
potatoes, artichokes, and tomatoes.

George Esher, Ridge Road, exhibited potatoes, beets, early cab-
bage, Coss lettuce of great size, onions, cabbage lettuce, and squashes.

Joseph Cook, gardener to George Norris, Turners Lane, exhibit-
ed egg plants.

Charles Kenworthy exhibited white currants and the potato onion.

Charles Conover, gardener to Thomas C. Rockhill, exhibited some
large specimens of Walker'* Rambler cucumber, lettuce, beets, beans
and early cabbage.

Albinus Felton exhibited Coss lettuce, very fine turnips, carrots,
beets, and Swiss chard. — Yours, G. Watson, Philadelphia, June
21sf, 1839.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 275

Art. IV. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Boston, Saturday, June 1, 1839. — Exhibited. Flowers:— From Ez-
ra Weston, Jr. and Francis Parker, Esqs, specimens of uncultivated
native plants, viz :—Aretlnisabull)6sa, Kalmiaangustifolia, Sarracenz'o
purpilrea, iViiphar advena, Hypoxis erecta, Trifolium pratense,
Facciiiium resiiiosum, Lathyrus paldstris, iVis versiclor, jRubus tri-
vialis, &.C. From S. Walker, a collection of pansies in great va-
riet3^

The exhibition to-day was especially designated for the exhibition

of pansies for the Society's premiums. The only competitor was

Mr. Walker, to whom the judges awarded the following premiums,

viz:

A premium of five dollars for the best display, to Mr. S. Walker.

A premium of two dollars for the second best display, to Mr. S.

Walker.
A premium of three dollars for the best seedling, to Mr. S.

Walker.
The judges appointed were Messrs. E. M. Richards and J. L. L.
F. Warren.

Fruits: — From J. L. L. Warren, one box of Royal Scarlet straw-
berries, of ffood size.

Vegetables:— From W. G. Stearns, Esq., Cambridge, fine speci-
mens of forced cucumbers. From Mr. Warren, fine Southgate
cucumbers.

The Committee on Vegetables, through their chairman, submitted
the following list of vegetables, for which premiums will be award-
ed:—

Asparagus: — Earliest and best in open ground, . . $4 00

Beans: — Large Lima, two quarts, shelled, 3 00

Beans: — Earliest and best dwarf, shelled, two quarts, . . 2 00

Brocoli:— Four heads, 3 00

Beets: — Twelve roots, earliest and best, 2 00

Carrots: — Twelve roots, earliest and best, 2 00

Cabl)ages: — Earliest and best, six heads, 2 00

Cauliflowers : — Finest and heaviest of the season, four heads, 3 00
Cucumbers: — Best pair before 1st Saturday in July, . . 4 00

Celery: — Two roots, earliest and best, 2 00

Corn: — For boiling, earliest and best, one dozen, . . . .2 00

Lettuce: — Finest six heads in the season, 2 00

Peas: — F.arliest and best, one peck, 4 00

Potatoes: — Earliest and best, (.ne peck, S 00

Parsnips: — Twelve roots, best, 2 00

Onions:— Twelve finest, 2 00

Rhubarb: — Six species of the best, 3 00

Squashes: — Finest and cnrliest summer, six in number, . 2 00

Squashes: — Largest and best pair, iwiraier, 3 00

Tomato: — Finest specimens, one dozen, 3 00

$53 00
The Committee will also award premiums for specimens of new
kinds, for extra productions, or for decided improvement (with
prooQ in the system of culture of those vegetables most useful and
necessary.

275 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

June bth. — Exhibited. Flowers: — FromWm. Oakes, Esq., Ipswich,
specimens of native plants as follows: — L)'simac;hia thyi'sifolia, Sene-
ci obovatus, Convallaria borealis, Lupiims perennis (three varie-
ties,) all of thetn beautiful, and the pure white variety extremely so:
Eriophorum allinum, Fiburnum oycoccus. From S. R. Johnson,
a variety of China roses, including the Jaune Desprez, Taglioni,
Lamarque, Agrippina, &c.; also a variety of hardy roses, among
■which were Harrison's Yellow, Dm-oc, Parma, red and yellow Aus-
trian, and others. From Messrs. Winship, a fine specimen of Chimo-
nanthus virginicus, and a very large and showy bouquet of flowers.
From J. Towne, a beautiful ])lant of £rica rubens, one of the pretti-
est of the tribe; also, Epiphyllum AckermauM and Lechenauitza for-
mosa, both very superior plants. From 'J'. Lee, a choice collection
of plants, viz: a single red rose, with beautiful pinnated foliage;
found in VV'altham, and introduced into the garden of Dr. Jackson,
of that place; Mr. Lee has called it, in consequence, the Beaver
Brook rose; also. Double Macartney, Yellow Noisette, Harrison's
Yellow, an(l other roses; a variety of annuals in beautiful bloom, as
follows: — Clarkza, both varieties, purple and white, yellow sweet
Sultan, perennial lupins, Nemophila insignis, Chyrei.s crocea, a very
dark variety of Phlox DrummondM, and Kalmia latifolia and angus-
tifolia, P^iburnum sp., together with a specimen of the Countess of
Mansfield dahlia, i- rom William Kenrick, bouquets. From Wil-
liam Mason, pinks, &c. From Hovey & Co. bouquets. From S.
Walker, bouquets. From Hon. J. Lowell, two fine bouquets, con-
taining a great variety of green-house and garden flowers, among
which we saw Alstroemeria tricolor, calceolarias, Clematis SiebolihV,
Brugmansia Idtea, Cereus speciosissimus, Ferbena Tweedieana, &c.
From S. Sweetser, a large number of cut flowers of geraniums,
embracing, among several not named, the annexed kinds: — Adelina,
Admiral Codrington, Blue Beard, Countess of Plymouth, Charles X,
Duchess of St. Albans, Diadematum superbum, Diomede, Dennis's,
Gen. Washington (Boll's,) Gen. Mina, Hericartitrnwrn, Lady Mary,
Lady Macbeth, Mrs. Sweet, Man of Ross, Nimrod, Fenny unum,
'Pennyunum major, and Speculum rniindi, with fourteen other sorts,
without names attached.

Fruits: — From Rufus Howe, Dorchester, Early Virginia strawber-
ries, very handsome.

Vegetables: — From W. G. Stearns, Esq., Cambridge, very excel-
lent forced cucumbers.

It was decided by the Committee on Flowers, that the exhibition of
roses and pinks, for premium, should take |)lace on the next Satur-
day, the 22d, and the chairman was so directed to issue a notice.

June 22c?. — Exhibited. Flowers: — From E. Weston, jr. and F.
Parker, Esqs. a variety of uncultivated native plants, viz: — Liiius-
trum vulgkre, Fiburnum dentatum, Cucilbalus Beheio, i?6sa ?-ul)igi-
nosa, R. macrantha, Cistus canadensis, ^pargia autunmalis, <So!a-
nuni dulcamara. Azalea viscosa, Kalnn'a latifolia, and anjrnstifolia,
.Antirrhinum canadensejCynoslossum officinale, Achillea »/1iillef6linm,
and Potentilla norbegica. From Wm. Oakes, Esq. Ipswich, beau-
tiful specimens of native plants, viz: Hudsonta tomentosa, Arenaria
joeploides, Glaiix maritima, Lathyrus maritimus O'xalis violacea,
iVis versicolor, and virginica, J?aniinculus sceleratus, Splachnum
ampullaceum, Orol)anche uniflora, &c.

From A, Aspinwall, a most splendid collection of roses, containing
from one to two hundred varieties, and remarkable for their size and

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 277

brilliancy. We could not ascertain the names of but few of them,
but they embraced nearly all the same kinds heretofore exhibited;
the number of cut blooms must have been upwards of five hundred.
From S. R. Johnson, a fine collection of hardy and tender roses, the
latter exceedingly fine specimens, and the names of which are as fol-
lows:— Lamarque, a fine variety, Jaune Desjirez, Madame Desprez,
Morea, White China, White "Tea, (?) Parisian Belle, A^rippina,
Charles X, Noisette Fellemherff, Montezeuma, Monthly Cabbage,
Taglioni, &c. From Rufus Howe, Dorchester, a very good assort-
ment of roses, and two bouquets.

From Hon. John Lowell, cut flowers of Cereus speciosissimus,
and Jenkinsonij, and Epiphyllum splendidum; the latter very much
resembling E. AckermaiiM, but a little larger flower; it is a fine spe-
cies: also, .;2'rum discolor, Clematis Sieboldi/, Hibiscus rosa sinen-
sis, &c. From T. Lee, Esq., dahlias, roses, Phlox Drummondu,
Chryseis crocea, Gaillardia aristata, Collomiacocciiipa, Clarkias,&J.c.;
also, a [)eautiful specimen of i?hododendron catawbiense, and two va-
rieties of Kalmia latifolia. From S. Walker, a great number of seed-
ling pinks, some of them very fine; pansies, roses, bouquets, &.C., and
a specimen of the .Antirrhinum caryophylloides, the splendid new va-
riegated snap-dragon: it is a sportive variety, and oftentimes flowers
all one color; the present specimen was, however, as variegated as
the finest carnation.

From C. Hovey, Lowell, native plants, viz: Kalmta latifolia and
O'rchis grandiflora, the latter fine specimens. From John Hovey,
bouquets. From William Kenrick, bouquets. From Hovey & Co.
large bouquets. From Mr. Meller, a variety of fine pinks, gerani-
ums, pansies, roses, and bouquets. From Messrs. Winship, a fine
large bouquet, containing a great assortment of flowers.

Fruits: — From Hovey & Co. two boxes of seedling strawberries,
the same kinds which they have shown the two previous years.
They were larger than any which have been exhibited this season,
'J here were two kinds, marked A. No. 2, and B. No. 1; the former
is a reu)arkably large strawberry, [)ossessing all the qualities of a first-
rate fruit; the latter not so large, but equally good in every other re-
spect. From J. L. L. F. Warren, two boxes Methven Scarlet, and
two boxes of Warren's Seedling Methven strawberry, the latter re-
sembling its parent so much as scarcely to be recognized as a differ-
ent kind: of its qualities we have no knowledge; also one box of
monthly strawberries. From J. S. EUery, Brookiine, one cluster of
black Hamburgh grapes.

The award of the judges for the premiums on roses and pinks was
as follovvs: —

Roses: — For the best display of flowers, a premium often dollars
to A. Aspinwall, Esq.

For the best twenty-four varieties, a premium of five dollars to
S. R. Johnson.

For the best twelve varieties, a premium of three dollars to Rufus
Howe.

For the best twelve Chinese and other tender varieties, a premium
of five dollars to S. R. Johnson.

Pinks: — For the best display, a premium of five dollars to S.
Walker.

For the best six varieties, a premium of three dollars to S. Walker.

For the best seedling, a premium of three dollars to William Mel-
ler.

278

Fancuil Hall Market.

The judges appointed were Messrs. J. E. Teschemacher and Jo-
seph Breck.

Art, V. Faneuil Hall Market.

Roots, Tubers, fyc

Potatoes :

_,, ) per barrel,

Chenangoes, ^ ]^^,. ^^^,,^,^

„ , . < per barrel, . .

Easlports,J J^, bushel, . .

New potatoes, per bushel
Turnips:

Common, per bushel,. . . .

New, per bunch,

Onions:

Red, per bunch,

White, per bushel,

New white, per bunch,. . ,
Beets, per bushel,

New do. per bunch,. . . .
Carrots, per bushel,

New do. per bunch,. , . .

Parsnips, per bushel,

Horseradish, per pound, . .

Radishes, per bunch,

Shallots, per pound,

Garlic, per pound,

Cabbages, Salads, Sfc.

Cabbages, each:

Early York,

Cauliflowers, each,

Lettuce, per head,

Spinach, per half peck, . . . .
Young Turnips, per half p'k,

■D ) per bushel,

^^*'' 5 per half peck,

Asparagus, per bunch,

Rhubarb, per pound,

Beans, string, per peck,

Beet tops, per peck,

Squashes and Pumpkins.

Squashes:

Winter crook-neck, pr cwt
West India, per cwt.. . .

Pumpkins, each

From To

$ cts,

1 50

75

3 00

1 00

2 00

37^

S

5

1 50

3

75
8

75
8

75
8
2

20

12

50
121

8

2 00

4

1 00

10

1 00

10

12
3

8
25

4
10

8

1 00

17

12i

5

1 00

17

3 00
3 00
12^

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per half peck,.

Sage, per pound,

Marjorum, per bunch,.
Savory, per bunch,. . . .
Spearmint, per bunch, .

$ cts.

Fruits.

Apples, dessert, new :

^ C per barrel,. .

Common, < ^ , ,1

' ( per bushel, . .

Russets, per barrel,

Green Gooseberries, per q't,
Strawberries, per quart:

Old wood,

Methven scarlet,

Early Virginia,

Cherries, per quart:

White,

Black,

Grapes, per pound :

White Sweetwater:

Watermelons, each,

Currants, (green,) per quartj

Blueberries, per quart,

Cranberries, per bushel, . . .

Cucumbers, each

Lemons, per dozen,

Oranges, per dozen :

Sicily,

Havana, (sweet)

Pine-apples, each,

Chestnuts, per bushel, . . . .

Walnuts, per bushel,

Cocoanuts, each,

Almonds, (sweet, )per pound,

Shaddocks, each,

Filberts, per pound,

Castana,

English walnuts, per lb

<^cts.

37.J
20
12
12

5 00
1 00
5 50

20
37.^
25

12i
10

1 00
37h

8
20
3 00
12h
20

371

50

12|

2 00

3 00

5

12^
25

25

50
37^

25
20

50

25

4 00

25

25

£0

75

25

2 50

4 —
5i 6

Remarks. — A month of continued cool weather, accompanied with
frequent showers, though not by any very heavy storms, has prevent-
ed crops from makinji; that rapid advancement which they usually do
in June. We may, however, congratulate the farmer and the gar-
dener upon a season which will bring them rich harvests, and the
public upon their being supplied with every thing in good abundance.

Horticultural Memoranda. 279

Corn, throughout New England, looks rather backward, but if a fa-
vorable July should succeed, there will be but little fear of more than
an average crop. Potatoes never promised better.

Since our last there has been a fair supply of all market produc-
tions. Old potatoes have been dull and heavy, and rather a drug:
this was owin^r t3 holders of large quantities keeping them back too
long, with the expectation of getting the very high rates at which
they have sold all the winter; some of the new crop have come to
hand this week, and of very fair appearance; they will be abundant
in a week or two. Old turnips are gone, but new ones are fine and
large. New onions plentiful. New beets and carrots have been re-
ceived the past week, of good size. Radishes very good, and the
market overstocked. New cabbages have come in just as the last of
the old crop have gone. Cauliflowers are received of handsome
size. Spinach nearly done. Peas have been received in considera-
ble abundance, and prices have been moderate all the month; Mar-
rowfats have come to hand for the first time to-day, and commanded
good prices. String beans, from New York, have been plentiful at
our lowest quotations; this week, however, those from the vicinity
have been brought in, and sold quickly at the highest. Rhubarb,
from the lateness of the season, and a scanty supplj', notwithstand-
ing the quantity of green gooseberries, has advanced considerably.
Squashes are about gone, except West Indias.

The stock of apples is about exhausted : a few russets, and common
sorts only, remain; no new ones have been received yet. Straw-
berries have been tolerably abundant, though the weather has been
such as to render thein less sweet than ordinarily. Cherries are plen-
ty, but much poorer than usual. Green currants and gooseberries in
quantities. Watermelons, from the West Indies, sell pretty readily.
Forced Sweetwater Grapes have just come in, and are taken at our
quotations. Cucumbers much more abundant than at the time of our
last report, as they are now brought in from the open ground. Of
Pine-apples an unusual stock, there having been several arrivals of
large lots the past fortnight: they have been rather green, and poorer
than usual.— Four'5, M. T., Boston, June 21th, 1829.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR JULY.
FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape vines will continue to need good attention. If the clusters
are not all thinned, let it be done immediately, if berries of good size
are wanted. Continue to syringe, and, as the grapes swell up, give
the border a good watering with liquid manure if convenient.

Grape vines in the open air should be taken good care of: tie up
all the branches that are wanted for another year, and cut away all
lateral shoots that are not wanted to fill up. Syringe occasionally if
the weather should be dry.

Strawberry beds should be kept clear of all weeds, and if the runners
are not wanted to make new plantations^ they should be cut ofi.

280 Horticultural Memoranda.

Plum trees may be budded the latter part of the month.
Fruit trees, in pots, which were forwarded in the green-house, bad
now better be plunged in the border.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Dahlias. — In all the month of June the dahlias have probably been
planted. So far they look well, and indicate a favorable season of
blooming. They should be now well attended, if good blooms are
desired. Give frequent hoeings and water, if the month of July
should prove dry. Stake all the plants as fust as they attain any size,
as a sudden wind might snap off the plants close to'the root. Keep
them trimmed of all superfluous laterals.

Geranium cuttings may yet be put in with good success.

Erica cuttings may be put in, although a little earlier would have
been as well.

Verbenas, in pots, will need shifting again, if they have been grown
strong. They may be turned into the border, where they make a fine
show.

Chrysanthemums will now be growing rapidly, and they should be
well watered.

Biennial and perennial plants, from seed sown last month, should
be transplanted into beds or the border.

Carnations should be propagated by layers this month.

Pinks should be increased by pipings.

Pansies may be multiplied by pipings. The seeds may be sown
now for a spring crop.

Cactuses not removed from the green-house to the open air, should
be taken out as soon as possible.

Cuttings of Lechenaullia formosa may be now put in with success.

Pimelea decussata, rosea, Sfc. may now be increased by cuttings of
the new wood.

Oxalis Boiviei may be repotted, for flowering, the latter part of
the month.

Chinese Primrose seed should now be sown to raise a new stock,
as the old plants flower poorly the second season.

Pose bushes may be propagated by layers, with good success.
Now is the time to bud as recommended in a previous page of the
present number.

Camellias not yet removed from the green-house, should be taken
out as soon as possible.

Young plants of Trevirana should be repotted this month.

VEGETABLE DEPARTMENT.

Celery plants transplanted into beds last month, as directed, should,
about the twentieth of this, be removed into shallow trenches. Pre-
pare the soil well, and make it rich.

Turnips, for a winter crop, should be sown this month.

Pepper plants raised in boxes, in a hot-bed or frame, should be
planted out in a good rich soil.

Turnip-rooted beets may be now planted for winter use.

THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE

AUGUST, 1839.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. On the Propagation and Cultivation of the Quince
Tree. By J. W. Russell.

The quince is a very beautiful tree when in flower, and,
when the fruit is ripe in autumn, highly ornamental. It derives
its name from Cydon, a town of Crete, famous for this fruit;
whence its generic name Cydonia.

The trees are easily raised by layers, or by cuttings, taken
from the tree in April. Select a shady place in order to j)lant
them in rows, at about a foot apart from each other, and about
four inches from plant to plant in the rows; spread over the
surface of the ground rotten leaves, or manure, when the plant-
ing is finished, which will keep the ground from sudden drought;
also, water occasionally, if there should be a continuance of
dry weather.

The year following, those that are well-rooted may be
planted out in May, and those that are not should remain anoth-
er year. They may also be propagated by budding or graft-
ing; and these trees will bear fruit sooner, and are generally
thought to be more prolific, than those raised by any other
method.

The best sort for planting is the Portugal, being highly
prized for baking or stewing. It is of a fine purple color when
dressed, and is much better for marmalade than any of the
other varieties. The oblong or pear quince, and the apple
quince, are also cultivated for family use; but the Portugal
sort is in the greatest repute, either for cooking or preserving.

VOL. V. NO. VIII. 36

282 Mtice of five new varieties of Verbenas.

The quince tree may be pruned much in the same way as
you would prune an apple tree, taking care to cut out all the
old diseased and dead wood, and the cross branches in the
middle of the tree, which injure each other by friction. Old
trees are very apt to have rough bark; when this is the case,
it should be shaved off with a draw knife, and the stems washed
over with soap-suds and tobacco water. The trees will thrive
in almost any kind of soil, but grow the best in a deep loamy
soil, with rather a moist bottom.

The quince tree also makes excellent stocks, on which to
graft pears, in order to obtain dwarf trees: for this purpose
they may be propagated by cuttings put in as before recom-
mended. The trees may be budded the second or third year,
according to the growth they have made.

This fruit is but little cultivated, and, in consequence, al-
ways commands a high price in our market: it is as easily
grown as any other fruit, and does well in situations where
other kinds of fruit trees will not thrive. A little more atten-
tion to their cultivation, and a very handsome profit could be
reahzed from a limited piece of ground.

Yours, J. W. Russell.

Mount Auburn J Cambridge, July, 1839.

Art. TI. A notice of five new varieties of Verbenas, with a
brief description of each. By Dr. G. Watson, Phila-
delphia.

To the amateur and florist, the production of a new hybrid,
or the introduction of a new plant, is hailed with delight, more
especially when that plant is attainable by all, and of easy cul-
tivation. Ever since the introduction to our gardens, of the
Ferbena Tweediedna, a great deal of interest has been creat-
ed in this family of plants: and well there may be; for there
is certainly no flower that beautifies the open border, or deco-
rates the parlor window, in a greater degree than the diifer-
ent verbenas, with their profusion of blossoms of every tint
and hue, throughout the season.

To the many fine varieties which have already been raised,

J^otice of five new varieties of Verbenas. 283

either in our own gardens, or introduced from England, and
which have now become very generally cuhivated, we have
the pleasure of adding five more, of distinct and peculiar
beauiy, and worthy of a place wherever the V. Tweediedna
is grown. Messrs. Mackenzie Sc Buchanan have raised
four of them, which are not excelled by any of the previously
known kinds.

I do not think it requisite to enter into a minute and partic-
ular botanical description of these seedlings, as the whole
tribe are much alike in general appearance; I shall therefore
confine my remarks, which will be brief, to notices of their
characters as flowers, as follows: —

Verbena fulgens. — As the name implies, this is a fine and
brilliant color, (a fac simile of the well known and brilliant
Lobel/a fulgens:) the spike of flowers is large, and the indi-
vidual flowers of good size; the habit of the plant is strong
and vigorous, and a remarkably free flowerer.

V. Binneykndi. — Maroon, very distinct: the corymb of
blossoms and the flowers large, and the plant a free bloomer.
It is named in honor of our worthy president, Horace Bin-
ney, Esq.

V. fVatsdn'ia. — A fine purple variety, with a large corymb
of blossoms; broad and full petal, and a free flowerer. The
enterprising young men who have grown this, have thought
fit to honor me by attaching my name to this beautiful variety..

V. rosea. — Quite different from any other, and is what
would be properly called a cherry red. Jt has a beautiful
silky petal, with a large corymb of blossoms, which are plen-
tifully produced; habit good. This, and the three preceding
ones, were grown by Messrs. Mackenzie & Buchanan.

V. Kilvingtonu. — A vigorous and rapid grower, of a very
free flowering habit: the spike of flowers is large, and the
color pink; it appears to be a seedling of the common hardy
one of the gardens. Raised by Mr. Kilvington, gardener to
Mr. Lloyd.

The above description will convey to your readers some
idea of their beauty and value. They are certainly valuable
to every flower-garden, as they are each strong and vigorous
growers, free flowering plants, and of decided and distinct
colors. Messrs. Mackenzie &. Buchanan have some others^
but not of sufficient beauty to deserve naming.

Yours, respectfully, G. Watson.

Philadelphia, June, 1839.

284 On the Cultivation and Treatment of

Art. III. On the Cultivation and Treatment of the Leche-
naull'iaformosa. By the Editor.

Among the great number of plants which adorn the nume-
rous collections which abound throughout the country, and
which embrace nearly all the finest tribes yet known, there are
but a very few plants whose constitution and habit are of that
character which will enable them to become denizens of the
parlor, without in such a degree obstructing and checking their
growth, as to render them unsightly and disagreeable, rather
than pleasing and desirable, objects. The close and confined
air of rooms — the high temperature at which I hey are kept,
especially when the rooms are heated with anthracite coal, or
the entire house by furnaces — -and the want of fresh and pure
air, so important an agent to the health of the vegetable, as well
as the animal, creation, — are the repeated causes of most of the
failures which have taken place by those who have made at-
tempts to adorn their parlors with beautiful or fragrant flowers,
in order that somewhat of the beauty and freshness of summer
may be continued through our long and dreary winter.

But the list of plants, though selected from thousands of
species and varieties, whose vigor is but slightly affected by
close confinement, and whose beauty continues to enrich the
casement during the dreary season of winter, in nearly the
same splendor that they are seen in the free air, is exceedingly
limited. The number, as yet, whose habits are found not to
suffer greatly, is so small, that not that variety is afforded
which is so desirable by every lover of flowers. What one
cultivates v^^ith great care, should repay the trouble by an array
of beauty greater than is found in such plants as require but
little labor. Undoubtedly many plants may be cultivated in
such a situation which at present are not; but careful cultiva-
tion, close attention, and some skill, are necessary coadjutors
to those who would ever rise above mediocrity in parlor man-
agement.

We have strayed away somewhat from our subject, and
have almost been induced to give it another caption, and offer
some hints upon the growth and treatment of plants, in rooms,
at length. But, as we have named a plant, whose value and
exquisite beauty all will admit, who have ever seen it, we be-
lieve that a few hints upon the proper mode of its manage-
ment will be acceptable.

the LechenauUia formosa. 285

The lechenaultia is, as has probably been inferred from
the above remarks, one of those plants which seems capable of
sustaining its health and beauty when under parlor cultivation,
and is, in consequence, doubly valuable on this account, though
it has other good properties which few plants possess, viz: it is
a slow growing plant, and does not, in consequence, attain, in
one' season, such a height that the plant must be thrown away
for the want of the room it may occupy the next; the foliage is
fine, a pale green, somewhat heath-like, and it is almost a per-
petual bloomer, our plants having been continually in bloom for
twelve months: the flowers are of a deep orange color, and
hang in profusion among the tiny foliage, and oftentimes make
a dazzling display. In the green-house the lechenaultia is
one of the gayest ornaments during winter, and in the parlor it
loses less of its beauty than almost any other plant, unless we
except the geranium, that we are acquainted with. In its
double capacity to withstand cultivation, it should be found in
every collection, however small, and we trust that the few
hints upon its cultivation which we shall give, will be the means
of rendering it better known and appreciated.

The lechenaultia is a native of New Holland, and was in-
troduced into England as long ago as 1824, but did not find
its way into our gardens till some three or four years since. It
is figured in Sweet's Flora Australia, p. 26.

The plants are grown from cuttings similar to a heath: these
should be taken off in the month of June or July, and should
be about an inch long, with the wood slightly firm or ligneous
at the base; prepare them by cutting off the leaves half way
up the cutting, with much care, and take off the base immedi-
ately under the bud, and they will be ready for insertion in the
cutting pot. This should be prepared by placing at the bottom
a large handful of coarse potsherds, and on these a few finer ones;
then put in sandy peat enough to reach to within one and a
half inches of the top, level it, and after settling the soil, by a
few raps of the pot on the potting bench, add an inch of pure
sand; insert the cuttings with great care, and syringe or other-
wise water the plants as they need it. The best situation for
the cuttings is in an old cucumber frame, with an exhausted
heat: here they will root readily, especially if covered with a
bell-glass: if no such frame is at hand, set them in any shady
situation, until they show signs of growing.

In the course of six weeks, and perhaps less, the cuttings
will generally be found growing; they should then (and before
if they need it) be potted off singly into thumb pots, shaking
the sand carefully, but completely, off the roots; after remaining

286 Cultivation and Treatment of Lechenaultia formosa.

in these till September, they are repotted into the next size,
(No. 1;) they soon after comirience blooming, and continue to
throw out a succession of flowers. Heath soil, with about one
third sand mixed, we have found best for young plants when
first potted off.

As the plants increase in size, they will need the addition of
a very small quantity of loam to the peat, in order to render it
more retentive. The third potting sliould be made between
January and May, according to the growth the plants have
made. After this the plants will only need an occasional pot-
ting every year, and will become splendid specimens covered
with blossoms.

In the administering of water, some care should be taken.
Always keep the soil moist, but never deluge it at any time,
so as to saturate the soil: on the contrary, do not let the earth
become too dry, as neglect in this respect is as fatal to the
lechenaultia as it is to the heath. Keep the pot washed
clean, that the superfluous moisture may be the more readily
thrown off.

As the plants begin to grow, they should be tied up to small
neat sticks, painted green, and, by proper thinning and cutting
away of the shoots, a beautiful bushy plant may be made. The
plants need occasional pruning, to keep them in good form.

The situation in the green-house should be as near the glass
as possible, especially when the plants are small: this prevents
them from running up weakly, and makes them stout and rud-
dy; when they have acquired a season's growth, this is not so
important. In the parlor it should have an airy and sunny situ-
ation, where it will bloom abundantly.

In the summer, when removed from either the green-house
or parlor, the plants should not be left wholly to take care of
themselves; for although not by any means difficult to grow,
they must not be treated with the same inattention as the gera-
nium and other tenacious lived plants, which are left, often-
times, contrary to what good judgment would dictate, wholly
to the vicissitudes of the weather, the depredations of insects,
Stc. One heavy and long continued rain would give a check
to the lechenaultia, which it would take a long period to re-
caver from, if indeed it ever returned to a heahhy condition.
It should be allowed an exposed situation, where it will re-
ceive the morning sun, and where it can be sheltered from se-
vere storms. In green-houses, perhaps, it would be as v/ell
not to remove the plants at all, especially if they can stand in
a situation where they will receive the benefit of the air, ad-
mitted both night and day. But we should not recommend its
confinement in rooms in the summer.

JVotices of neio and beautiful Plants. 287

We have thus been somewhat minute; for although the ama-
teur may not need such precise information, there are many
of our readers who will profit by our remarks. It is, in fact,
in the little peculiarities of treatment where lie all the success
of cultivation, not only in this, but in many other plants.

Art. IV. JVotices of neio and beautiful Plants figured in
the London Floricultural and Botanical Magazines; with
Remarks on the Cultivation of many of the specieS, and some
Account of those tohicli it would be desirable to introduce into
our Gardens.

Edivards's Botanical Register, or Ornamental Flower Garden
and Shrubbery. Each number containing from six to eight
plates, with additional miscellaneous information, relative to
new Plants. In monthly numbers; 3s. plain, 3s. 6d. colored.

Paxton's Magazine of Botany , and Register of Flowering Plants.
Each number containing four colored plates. Monthly. 2s. 6d.
each. Edited by J. Paxton, gardener to the Duke of Devon-
shire.

The Horlicidtural Journal, and Royal Ladies' Magazine. In
monthly numbers, with one or more plates; Is. each. Edited
by George Glenny.

The Gardener's Gazette, and Weekly Journal of Science and
Literature. Weekly; price 6d. each.

Floricultural Intelligence. — Js'^eiv work on the Camellia. —
M. L'Abbe Berlese has issued the prospectus of a new
work on the camellia, entitled Iconographie du genera Camel-
lia., or a collection of the most rare and beautiful varieties,
painted from nature, in the conservatory of the Abbe Berlese,
by M. J. J. Jung. To contain an exact description of each
flower, and observations upon the cultivation and growth of
every plant, by the Abbe Berlese.

The Abbe Berlese states in the prospectus, that the publi-
cation of his Monog'-aphie., which has now been published two
years, has obtained a rapid and flattering success, which has
proved how much such a work was desired by horticulturists
of all classes. The edition is now wholly exhausted, and its

288 Jfotices of new and beautiful Plants,

success has strengthened him in the project which he has con-
ceived for continuing his observations upon the camelha, and
encouraged him to proceed in describing all the admirable va-
rieties which have, by the aid of a new art, — artificial impreg-
nation,— enriched our gardens.

At present a new project has been suggested by the numer-
ous admirers of the camellia: owing to the infinite number of
old and new varieties, some beautiful and some only mediocre,
amateurs are plunged in embarrassment in their choice, and
rely upon a complete and correct work to aid their judgment
in selecting such varieties as will prolong their pleasure during
the fugitive epoch of their flowering.

The work will consist of accurate drawings of the finest and
rarest varieties of this beautiful genus. Certain that there does
not exist any work similar to such as he has commenced, and
seconded by the happy efforts of that distinguished artist,
M. J. J. Jung, the Abbe JBerlese has resolved upon com-
mencing the enterprise. The talent exercised by M. Jung
has given the color of life to the Abbe's technical descriptions,
while the same j)recision and exact grandeur is preserved of
one of the most brilliant productions of nature. M. Jung
has constantly visited the Abbe's conservatory, during all the
flowering season of the plants, and has studied them un-
der all their aspects, and then designed, colored and retouched
the drawings. The work will have the double advantage of
guiding amateurs in their choice, and of decorating the saloons
with a fashionable work, which will contain the most beautiful
flower of Asia, while it records the progress of science in Eu-
rope. Desirous to satisfy the impatience of horticulturists,
the Abbe proposes issuing the first number; his zeal and his
plan are well known: but it is necessary that a certain number
of subscriptions should he obtained before the second num-
ber is issued. So far the subscriptions have been made under
the most favorable auspices.

The work, when completed, will contain figures of three
hundred of the most choice, selected from six hundred varie-
ties; and will be chosen for their rarity, beauty, and elegant
habit.

Each number will contain two plates, large folio size, with
one page of descriptive text on the same sized sheet, and a
printed cover.

The flowers will be lithographed and colored by two of the
most excellent artists in Paris. One hundred and fifty copies,
first subscribed for, will be retouched by M. Jung.

The text will be accurate, and very precise; and will consist

figured in the London Flor. and Bot. Magazines. 289

of a detailed description of the plants, their grandeur (port,) and
the flowers. The cuhivation and habit of each variety will be
appended; the exposure of the plants and the means which are
employed to render them vigorous and bloom abundantly; in
fine, to give all the information which the author is possessed
of in relation to the caniellia.

The work will appear in weekly numbers, at the price of
three francs (about 50 cents,) each part.

Since the above was written, we have had the pleasure of
looking at a specimen of the work, and we shall do but justice
when we say that it is got up in good style, and will form a
valuable assistant to the amateur in the choice of kinds, and the
management of the plants; while it will make a volume worthy
of being found in the parlor of every gentleman.

The Abbe Berlese has sent IMr. Wilder a few copies of the
work, and desired him to receive subscriptions. Mr. Wilder
will, we presume, show them to any one who is desirous of
becoming a subscriber, and would be glad to transmit the
names of at least a dozen to the Abbe Berlese.

Since the publication of Chandler & Booth's Illustrations^
there has been nothing of the kind which will compare with this,
and we recommend it to the patronage of our friends.

Strelitz'xQ. angusta. — This magnificent species of the noble
strelitzia tribe is about to display its blossoms in the fine col-
lection of Col. Perkins. We have often noticed the plant in
our annual visits to this place, and our readers are probably
aware that there is not another of any size in the country. Mr.
Cowan, the gardener, informs us that there are now (July 20,)
two flower spikes, advancing slowly, and promise a gorgeous
show about the middle of August. This species has not bloom-
ed, we believe, in England, except in the splendid collection
of the Messrs. Loddiges, of Hackney, from which place the
present plant was purchased. It has been under the care of
Mr. Cowan for some years, and now, for the first time, shows
any signs of flowering. We trust that all amateurs will em-
brace the opportunity to see it, when in full splendor, as it may
not bloom again for some time. The plant is of large stature,
and attains the height of twenty or more feet in its native
clime. We shall endeavor to give some description of it
when in flower.

Coreopsis diversifdUa. — This is a new and very pretty spe-
cies, and a great addition to our list of annuals. The plant is
of rather dwarf habit, not attaining much over a foot in height;
somewhat branching, and the flowers produced in abundance.
The petals are of a very bright yellow, and the flower similar

VOL. v. — NO. VIII. 37

290 J^otices oj neic and beautiful Plants,

to that fine perennial species, the C. lanceolata. It grows
freely, with neat foliage, and is well adapted for planting in
masses, and, in this respect, has a greater claim than the C.
tinctoria, which grows too tall and vigorous for small flower-
beds.

Oxyura chrysanthoides — Another very fine annual, growing
about eight or ten inches high, with delicate yellow flowers,
resembling the annual chrysanthemum, but far more delicate
and beautiful. The leaves are linear, pinnate, and the flow-
er stems rise from the foliage, and display themselves to good
advantage. It is a desirable plant, and a fine companion to the
Coreopsis diversifolia, above noticed.

JSTeiD Verbenas. — In looking over the last number of your
Magazine of Horticulture, my attention was called to an article
from Dr. Hooker's Botardcal Miscellany^ in which it is stated,
there are described twenty-four species of verbenas, of which
only four or five of them have, as yet, been introduced in col-
lections; as this interesting plant is attracting very great atten-
tion among amateurs, and deservedly so, I am induced to give
you an account of some new varieties or hybrids, exhibited by
Samuel Feast, one of our indefatigable nurserymen, before the
Horticultural Society of Maryland, which have elicited a great
deal of praise from that body, and which, no doubt, will be
interesting to many of your readers.

He exhibited twenty-eight varieties: twelve or fifteen are
very distinct and splendid; some of a deep claret, royal pur-
ple, various shades of pinks and purples, dark and light scarlets,
and others approaching to maroon; the heads and clusters of
many of them are larger than any we have seen as yet. He
has many more that have not yet flowered, from which he may
still expect to obtain something new.

Great credit is due to Mr. Feast, for his perseverance in
crossing the old varieties so successfully. He had but the
Arranidna, pulchella, Aubletia, Tweedieana, and Melindres
major, last season, and from them he has produced the above:
his object was, to get the different colored varieties to stand
the winter, with the pulchella, which he is yet to prove. — K.,
Baltimore, July, 1839.

JVew Seedlinf; Roses. — Mr. Samuel Feast, of this city, has
been very successful in raising many valuable seedling roses,
among them a very superior multiflora, which he has named
the Caradori Allan. This is the best rose that has ever been
exhibited before the Society: it is large, bright pink, of globu-
lar shape, buds very large, and flowers in clusters; the wood is
and will e;row from ten to fifteen feet in

figured in the London Flor. and Bot. Magazines. 291

a season; it is perfectly hardy. Plants will not be for sale
until next spring. — Yours, K., Baltimore, July 10, 1839.

J^eiv bulbous and orchideous Plants. — Mr. Feast has lately
obtained from the mountains of Brazil and the botanical garden
at Rio de Janeiro, a large collection of orchideous plants, with
gesnerias, gloxinias, crinums and amaryllis, many of them
apparently new; also, the Araucdria braziliana, Acrocomia
sclerocarpus, Artocarpus incisa, and integrifolia, (breadfruit;)
Cordm sebestina, Gomphia illicifdiia, Oreodoxiaregia, Plumi-
errt alba and rubra, Vanilla planifolia, several specimens of
Caryopliyllus aromaticus (or clove,) and different varieties of
palms.

The orchideous plants must contain from one hundred and
fifty to two hundred varieties. They are all doing well at
present: he contemplates putting up a house for them this
summer. Any hints from your readers may perhaps be useful
to him in your next number. — Id.

Dicotyledonous, Monopetalous, Plants.
Campanuldce(z.

E0E'LL.« L.

^legans. An herbaceous perennial; growing a font high; with deep blue flowers; ap-
pearing in May; increased by seeds and cutiings: grown in sandy loam; introduced
in 1838. Pax. Mas. Bot., Vol. VL, p. 27.

"In no subject that we have before had the satisfaction to
figure, do we remember to have seen so much real elegance
and simple beauty. Whether in the general contour of the
plant, the precise and pleasing conformation of its parts, or the
attractive color of its pretty blossoms, it is a truly delightful
object, and forms an exceedingly ornamental feature of the
stove." The plant is erect in its habit, symmetrically branch-
ed, and the flowers are produced singly in the axils of the
leaves upon all the terminal shoots; they are of a brilliant and
intense blue, and profusely clothe the plant.

The situation best suited to its growth is the stove, and the
peculiarity of treatment as follows: — Pot in a sandy loam, with
a trifling addition of heath mould; make use of small pots,
without actually crowding the roots. Give moderate quanti-
ties of water, except in the autumn and early part of winter,
when it should receive less. Give the plant an airy situation,
where it will also enjoy all the light admitted. In February it
will commence flov/ering, when it should be repotted if neces-
sary.

The drawing was taken from a specimen in the collection
of the Messrs. Young, of Epsom. {Pax. Mag. Bot., Mar.)

292 JVbitces of new and valuable Plants.

Gentikcex.

LASIA'NTHUS (from lysis, dissolution, and anthus, a flower.)

BusselUdmis Drummond Tlie Duke of Bedford's Lasinnthns; a preen-liouse p'ant;
grow i II f; from one to two feet liiiili; with deep blue flowers; appeiiring In autumn;
intrnduied in lt35; increased by tweeds or cuttings; sjrown in rich luamy soil; a nutive
of Texas. Pax. INlag. of Bot., Vol. VI., p. 31.

Considerable has been said respecting this plant, and we
scarcely take up any of our foreign periodicals, without seeing
it mentioned. But, much as its merits have been extolled in
various publications and by eminent individuals, all expecta-
tions have been realized. An erroneous impression of its
beauty has been prevalent among some amateurs, but this
has arisen solely from the fact, that another species, intro-
duced from Jamaica, and of no beauty, has been mistaken for
the Russellidnws, and in many instances sold for the true
plant.

The plant grows about a foot and a half high, with a stem
somewhat branched; leaves ovate and veined; flowers deep
blue, very large, and produced in panicles. The whole habit
neat and showy. Seeds were introduced by Mr. Drummond,
who collected them in San Felipe de Austin, Texas. It flow-
ered first in England, in 1837.

So short a ])eriod has elapsed since its introduction, that not
much is yet known respecting its management. It is feared
that it will not stand out in the open border in England: it
flowers very late, and seems to require an increased tempera-
ture when about blooming. It may be wintered in the green-
house, and easily excited to grow, by being placed in the hot-
house, where it would bloom early in autumn. It should be
grown in a "rather rich, loamy soil, slightly elevated in the pot,
and perfect drainage," to have it flourish. Water carefully at
all times, and particularly in winter. The plants are grown
from cuttings or seed, and flower the second or third year. It
will be a fine acquisition. (^Pax. Mag. Bot., March.)

Gesneridcess.

DousIAsii var. verticillata. Part. A stove plant; growin? a foot bisli; with nrnnpe and
.vellow flowers; appearing in May and June; iiicreastd hy cuttings; crown in liuht
lonin, healh monid, and rotten manure; introduced in 1836; a native of Uio. Pax.
Wag. Bot,, Vol. VI., p. £9.

One of the most showy and beautiful of the pretty tribe of
Gesnerias; a tribe but little known in our gardens, and too
httle appreciated. The introduction of several new kinds,
within a few years, has brought the whole of them to greater
notice.

The present subject is an exceedingly striking variety.
"It is greatly superior to G. Douglasii in habit, in foliage,
and in the size and beauty of its flowers. The hue of its bios-

J^'otes on Gardens and JSTurseries. 293

soms is not brilliant, but it is delicate, and of various shades,
while the numerous spots or streaks render it still more attrac-
tive. The dense clusters or whorls in which ihey are pro-
duced, the long, slender, red peduncles on which ihey are
supported, and the fine showy crimson petioles and veins of
the leaves, all tend, in some measure, to heighten the appear-
ance of the plant, and multiply its claims lo attention." From
the drawing, which is well done, this description is not exag-
gerated. The whorl of flowers, containing from fifteen to
twenty, makes an imposing appearance.

The roots are tuberous, and the cultivation the same as for
the different species. The only thing to observe in the
growth of all is, to let them have a season of repose, when they
will shoot up strong and vigorous flower stems. A dry place in
the green-house is the best place to winter them. Light loam,
heath mould, and rotten manure, the greater proportion of the
first, Is a good compost. Cuttings taken off with a piece of
(Pax. Mag. Bot., March.)

Art. V. J^otes on Gardens and JWirseries.

Garden of 0. Johnson^ Esq.., Lynn. — July, 1838. We
have not had the opportunity of visiting this fine place since
the month of August, 1837, nearly two years ago. Since
then things have considerably changed, and the grounds, which
we fully described at that time, appear in fine condition.
Notwithstanding the numerous showers and moderate rains,
which have fallen almost incessantly since the latter part of
May, the garden presented a specimen of neatness rarely seen.
We wish our amateurs would emulate Mr. Johnson's exam-
ple; and, instead of having their minds wholly occupied with
the subject of new and rare things, devote themselves some-
what to the better cultivation of such plants as they already
possess, and to the beautifying and ornamenting their grounds,
that they make them perfect specimens of taste and neatness.

Another year the garden will be considerably enlarged by
the addition of upwards of an acre of excellent land directly in
the rear. Next season, wlien the fence will be removed, and
the new ground taken in, some alteration will be made in the

294 Jfotes on Gardens and J^urseries.

garden: all the vegetable department will be carried back to
the new ground, and in both the fruit and flower gardens
changes will be effected. Mr. Johnson has also some idea of
erecting another grapery, with a green-house connected.

In the flower garden we found a brilliant show of verbenas,
particularly of the Tweedied?ia, about a dozen plants of which,
turned into the border, were covered with a profusion of flow-
ers: we have not seen so showy a mass of this desirable plant.
The plants were turned out rather early, and have, in conse-
quence, made a rapid growth; a small neat trellis is put down,
upon which some of the strongest shoots are trained, which
show to better advantage. We cannot too strongly urge the
introduction of this plant into every garden.

Patches of our favorite flower, the Chryseis crocea, were
profusely laden with their golden petals, and side by side stood
the Nemophila insignis, two little patches of which contrasted
singularly with the former. Mr. Johnson shows a cultivated
taste in thus selecting plants of prostrate or procumbent habit,
for they do not grow woody and gross, but, on the contrary,
are generally slender and delicate. In small flower gardens,
cut up into narrow beds, the beauty and effect of all low grow-
ing plants would be lost amid a miscellaneous mass of all sizes,
overgrowing and shading those of dwarf stature: but as they
are now planted, the beds have the appearance of carpets com-
posed of all shades, from the azure tint of the nemophila to the
vermilion hue of the verbena.

The dahlias, of which Mr. Johnson has a good collection,
having added several of the best this year, were yet small, and
had not commenced blooming, excepting some of the older
kinds, as the Red Rover, Countess of Liverpool, &c., which
were full of good flowers. In August and September a fine
bloom my be anticipated.

Passing into the grapery, the vines in which have now ac-
quired such a size as to produce a fine crop, we were surpris-
ed to see the excellent condition of the fruit. The vines have
been entirely tinder Mr. .Johnson's care; and though but a mere
novice in their cultivation, particularly in forcing, they would
have been creditable to older and more practised hands. De-
sirous of procuring part of the crop a little in advance of the
natural season, Mr. Johnson had a glass partition put up the
past year, to divide the house, and a very small flue built,
running only round the front and ends of the compartment. In
this the fires were made in January, and the first blossoms
were open early in April, and the first grapes cut from the same
vine on the 4th of July. The grapes in the succession house are

Jfoles on Gardens and Jfurseries. 295

swelling rapidly, and show some fine clusters. The varieties
of grapes cultivated are tiie black Hamburgh, white sweet-
water, Muscat of Alexandria, and the Zinfindal; the latter a
fruit which should be more extensively grown. It was intro-
duced, we believe, a few years since, by S. G. Perkins, Esq.,
a gentleman who has long and successfully cultivated the
grape. It is of German origin. The bunches are considera-
bly larger than the Hamburgh, with tolerably large shoulders,
and a fair sized berry. It is at least a fortnight earlier than
the Hamburgh, sets very freely, colors exceedingly well, and
is a superior flavored grape. We have cultivated this variety
some time, and have recommended it to many amateurs, all of
whom have been highly pleased with the fruit.

Mr. Johnson is incessant in his attention to his garden, and
spends a great portion of his time in keeping it in order. In
the treatment of his grapes, for his own amusement, he has
kept a diary of the progress of the vines, from the first moment
of their budding out until the present period. It is a com-
plete record of their progress, from day to day, and contains a
fund of useful notes to the amateur, detailing as it does, many
particulars, which practical men, taking it for granted every
body knows, think not worth mentioning when giving their
mode of cultivation. We have requested Mr. Johnson to
send us a copy, and we doubt not that the interest he takes in
horticulture will induce him to communicate any thing in his
power which will promote its advancement.

Belmont Place. — Mr. Cushing^s. It is some time since we
have noticed this fine place. We now only hastily walked
through the flower garden and the range of houses.

In the garden we found rather a scarcity of blossoms; the
roses had just gone, and, excepting a few herbaceous plants,
little remained. The native rhododendrons, kalmias, azaleas,
&c. have flowered very well, and a few umbels, of the fair and
delicate R. maximum, were yet to be seen. The roses have
been fine; but that destructive insect, the slimy grub, had now
devoured nearly every leaf. Is there no remedy for this pes-
tiferous insect.'' and cannot some method be discovered to ex-
tirpate them? We fear that manual labor alone is the only
sure preventive. Mr. Johnson, of Lynn, has tried this meth-
od upon a few rare varieties, and they have suffered but little.
The bushes should be looked over every morning, and every
worm destroyed; by doing this one or two successive sea-
sons, they would soon be decreased in such a ratio that their
attacks will not be noticed. Mr. Haggerston had tried various
methods, but has not succeeded in preventing their depreda-
tions.

296 J\*otes on Gardens and JVurseries.

On the border of the grapery, vineries, &.c. was a whole
row of the new dark coreopsis, and the blossoms presented a
brilliant show; anotlier of iiiignonette filled the air wiih its de-
lightful odor.

Entering the range through the retarding house, we were
struck with the lateness of the vines: they were just now ad-
vancing their flower-buds, and will not be in full bloom until
about the first of August, which will be six weeks later than
the others. The wood is very strong, the clusters large, and
a good crop will be produced. Mr. Haggerston promised us
a diar) of his experiment last year, and we shall endeavor to
procure it in the course of the present volume. In the next
house the grapes were coloring; and in the succeeding one a
crop was coming on without any heat.

In the conservatory nearly every thing was removed; some
fine oleanders were in beautiful bloom. We here saw, for the
first time, the Poincidna in flower; two small seedling plants,
each having a cluster of blossoms. On the rafters the Wista-
ria Consequana was throwing out a second crop of flowers.

Continuing through the next division to the pine stoves, we
found here, under a tropical temperature, the pines swelling off
in great excellence. Some black jamaicas were exceedingly
large and fine; a great number of fine fruits have been cut, but
those now ripening have the advantage of a hotter season, and
will mature better than those in the early part of the year.
The grapes were all cut. Among the plants in bloom, we
noticed Ipomae^a paniculata and insignis; Combretum purpu-
reum, just beginning to bloom; Ipomse^a Horsfallice, budding;
the hibiscuses are perpetually in flower.

The same good order and neatness prevailed throughout the
grounds, for which the place is so well known. Mr. Hag-
gerston informed us, however, that he had never known a sea-
son when he had found so much difficulty in keeping things in
order; the continued rains, starting the weeds into growth,
washing away the soil, or beating down the foliage and flow-
ers, have kept the men constantly employed.

The Public Garden. — The work of preparing the garden
is now progressing rapidly. A neat fence has been erected on
Charles street, and the main walk and the border laid out all
round. The Dahlias are put into the ground, and some of
them have commenced flowering already. Several patches
of verbenas are also splendid. Temporary cages for the birds,
both large and small, have been put up, and already the garden
presents quite a cultivated aspect. We shall notice it again.

Boston Journal of ^Yatural History. 297

REVIEWS.

Art. I. Boston Journal of J^atural History. Published by
the direction of the Boston Society of J^atural History.
Vol. II. No. 2. 1S39. pp. 160.

We have brought before the readers of this Magazuie the
present number of the above pubhcation, because it contains,
among several very valuable scientific articles, two of especial
merit, and as referable to the subject of its own contents. We
allude to a beautiful and poetical account of the fruits of Cuba,
by the Rev. F. W. P. Greenwood, and to an article on the
Lichenes of New England, by Edward Tuckerman. But
these in their order. Of the first, more than thirty species of
native and introduced and gradually acclimated tropical fruits
are enumerated and described, not so much in botanical lan-
guage and scientific idiom, as by a plainer and more pleasing
manner. He observes, "Some difficulty I have had in identi-
fying the objects of my examination by their common names.
These are difierent in difterent islands, and in different parts of
the same island; just as, anjong ourselves, dewberries at the
south are blackberries at the north. In some cases the same
name is applied to essentially different fruits, which is sadly
perplexing. But I have put down all the synonymes which
I could gather and which I thought worthy of a place, and I
have no doubt of the general accuracy of my catalogue." p. 205.
We could wish that our pomologists and florists would act on
the above excellent hint and observation of the writer, to put
down all the synonymes to be gathered, and then we should be
soon relieved from the i)erplexities and loss of time and money
of numerous worthless incorrectly named plants and fruits.

Of c^^chras Sapota., the sapoiilla or sapodilla, called by the
Spaniards Nispero, he says, —

''The tree is quite handsome. Its leaves are leathery,
glossy, lanceolate, growing in thick tufts. The blossoms are
white, bell-shaped, v.'ith an agreeable perfume like that of fresh
apple blossoms. The fruit is esteemed by some to be the best
fruit which the island produces, though 1 should place it below
two or three others." p. 207.

The peculiar enlarged peduncle (footstalk) which supports
the nut of the cashew, (Anacardium occidentale) is termed
incorrectly, by some, its fruit. Of this the nesroes are said to

298 Baton Journal of Js'^atural History.

be fond, and "it is esteemed healtliy. Grainger calls it, in his
poem,

'Thrice wholesome fi uit in thi?; roliixing clime.'
It may be thrice wholesome, but, for my own part, I did not care
to taste it twice. Once was enoiigli; foj- ii diew up my mouth
so that I could harrlly open it aH;ain. Considering, ihei'efore,
the somewhat troublesome qualities of boih nut and pulp, 1
should conclude that it is a n)uch better fruit to look at than to
eat. It is proper to add, however, that the pulp makes a good
sweetmeat." p. 209.

The luscious and troincal pine-apple, [Jlnanassa saliva) is
described as a plant in appearance 'Mow and ragged; its long
thorny leaves warn you to be careful in yo.ui' approaches.
There are several varieties. A kind grows wild in Cuba,
which is highly scented and flavored, but very acrid, and sel-
dom eaten, except in some prepared form. The golden-yel-
low, sugar loaf kind, when fully ripe, is as healihy as it is ex-
quisite. We very seldom get the imported fruit in any thing
like perfection; it is either a poor sort, or gathered unripe."
p. 210.

Among the several kinds of Citrus, mention is particularly
made of the shaddock Citrus decunidua, growing to a great
size, and of equal beauty. "The tree which bears it, is
spreading in its form, and when thickly laden with its glittering
and gigantic fruit, is a magnificent sight to behold." p. 222.

To the gorgeous and elevated group of palms belongs the
cocoa, so useful to rnan in the employment of its various })arts,
whether in the fruit or the tree itself. "Thetiunk of the cocoa
rises to a height of fifty or sixty, and sometimes even ninety
feet, of an uniform thickness. At the summit of this trimk is
a waving tuft of dark green, glossy, pinnate leaves, from ten to
twenty feet in length, like gigantic plumes; and just under this
tuft are suspended the nuts in long biuiches, of all ages and
sizes. The trunk easily supports their weight; for though
slender, it is very tough and strong, being composed of hard
fibres, closely compacted together. When the sea or the land
breeze is passing through a group of these trees, and the light
is glancing from the leaves, which are all alive and t.embling
for joy, and the nuts are clattering on their stalks almost artic-
ulately, it is something lo contemplate by the hour, and to be
repeated by the memory through a lifetime." p. 223.

Besides these, familiar notice is taken of the following, as
interesting to the horticulturist as to the botanist. They are
Jlnona muricata, ^. squamosa, ^. reticulata (custard apple,)
•S. chcrimoya, »,^. glabra, Artocarpus incisa and A. integrifd-

Boiton Journal of JSatural History, 299

lia, Car!ca Papaya^ Chrysopliyllmn cainito, Citrus anidntium,
C. Fiigjuadia, C. Limetta, C. LiirionLiin, C. lumia, C.
J/edica, Cocus crispa, JamLusa vulguiis, Lucuma niairiiiiosa,
JVJummeu americana, INJaugil'era indica, Musa sapieiiuiiii,
M. j)aradisiaca, PassiHura sp., fersea gratissima, Psidiuin
poniiferum, P. pyriferLiiu, Punica gianatuiii, Tamar'mdus oc-
cidenidiis, 'riiedbruaia Cacao.

We conclude in response and sympathy, considering it a
"great privilege in being permitted to behold the luxuriant
forms of vegetation which Providence has allotted to a tropical
clime. We have in our colder region no tree, which can give
any idea of the wonderful grace of the cocoa-nut tree; and the
oranges lianging amid dense and glossy foliage all the year
round,

'Like goMen lumps in a green nii>lit,'

offering to the thirsty lips their fountains of delicious and heal-
thy liquiil, — are a gloiy with which our orchards can hardly
vie."

Pass we on to the next article, and whoever of botanical re-
search has looked into the cryptogamia of our country, and es-
pecially of Massachusetts, will readily appreciate the zeal and
labor of the lichenist before us. On the old and stately elms of
Cambridge, — upon the lime-stained rocks and stones by the
way-side, — on sands and in forests green, — rare and most cu-
rious lichens, identical with those of high Alpine atmosjiheres
and latitudes, have been collected. Beautiful, too, are these
overlooked and neglected vegetable forms! Far more curious
in their economy, and in many instances quite as useful, wheth-
er in the healing science, or in the arts and even luxuries of
life, than grou|)s and thousands of plants and flowers, culled by
the botanist and cultivated by the florist. Microscopically mi-
nute are some, and conspicuously large and singular are others.
Brilliant in golden or crimson tints are several, and plainly ele-
gant are most. Besides the collection of a plentiful supply of
specimens in this immediate vicinity, Mr. 'V . has frequently
visited the White iMountains in quest of his subjects. In dis-
covering the locality of Parraelia stygia: he says, — "Standing
here on an elevation of nearly six thousand feet, I gatiiered the li-
chens of St. Gothard and Ben Nevis. Nor were inspiring; mem-
ories wanting of him, who made Lapponian Alps poetic ground,
as on the rocks and little patches of sedgy pasture of Mount
Washington I hailed the forms that he discovered and illus-
trated. And this I felt was no unworthy enthusiasm. 'J'he
eloquent words of Garden came back with freshened force
upon my mind, and with him I said, It is 'our duty to our

300 Journal of Essex Co. J^at. Hist. Soc.

fellow-creatures, which obliges us, as members of the great so-
ciety, to contribute our mite towards a proper knowledge of
the works of our common Father.' "

Mr. Tuckerman has done no trifling services to the Cryp-
togamia of New England, and we are sure that such efforts will
be appreciated by every lover of natural science. Let the
society, from whose papers we have selected these materials,
continue to contribute to its advancement, and we wish it all
success. Physis.

Art. II. Journal of the Essex County JS'atura.l History
Society. Vol. I. No. 2. pp. 107. Salem, 1839.

The second number of the Journal of the Natural History
Society of Salem is before us, and, like that of its sister so-
ciety in this city, which has just been noticed, it contains sev-
eral valuable and interesting articles.

The efforts of this young and flourisliing Society are well
directed. In the descriptive notices, as much of the techni-
calities of science are done away as is compatible with the ob-
ject of conveying a correct description. The plain and famil-
iar style of the articles is another step to the popularizing of the
study of Natural History, and inducing many to interest them-
selves in the subject, who might otherwise shrink from the task
by the abundance of apparently unmeaning words, which the
more zealously devoted are too apt to introduce into their de-
scriptive papers. So far as can be with propriety, it is desir-
able that this should be done away with, and thus one of the
greatest obstacles to the progress of science removed.

In this number there are several papers upon various branch-
es of the science. The first is entitled, "A particular notice
of some of the shells found in the limits of Essex County,"
and is by our correspondent. Prof. Russell. It is written in
the plain and lucid style of the author, and divested of every
attempt at mere learned descriptions; its object being simply
to familiarize the shells which are found within the precincts
of Essex County alone.

The third article is a sketch of the geology and minerology
of Essex county, by William Prescott, Esq.; but being con-

Journal of Essex Co. JVaf. Hist. Soc. 20 1

fined to these two objects, contains but little which would im-
mediately interest our readers.

The next paper is by Professor Russell, describing two new
species of mosses, viz : — Polytrichum incarnatum, found in
Chelmsford, Middlesex County; and P. boreale, a native of
Coos Co., N. H.

An interesting notice of the peeping frog, whose early and
cheerful notes the author denominates "the voice of spring,"
follows this. To us the shrill peep of the frog conveys more
music than the sweetest winged visiter of spring. It falls
upon our ear in gladsome tones, telling us that the frost-bound
earth is again free, and that spring — lovely spring — has again
returned.

"Natural Science, so forbidding to most minds by its sys-
tems, is happily relieved by its poetry. Who, unmoved, can
listen to the voice of spring — to the song sparrow — to the blue
bird, and even to the little peeping frog ? And what are these
emotions, which fill the soul with gladness, but the poetry of
Nature — of Life .■' The human mind is inquisitive. It wish-
es to know more and more of the objects — the beings which
afford it pleasure. Many of our race have received delight
from even the hyla, who knew nothing of the creature save
its voice. Spring after spring it has saluted their delighted
ears, from every fen and morass, like a fairy sound, telling
them that 'the 'winter has past — the time of the singing of
birds is come.' "

Anoiher and more useful paper to the reader is a notice of
several rare plants, by Professor Russell. Cladonia uiicialis,
anew species, is described as growing in Hingham, Plymouth
county.

Since the first number was issued in 1836, the Society has
continued to explore the geology and mineralogy of the coun-
ty. "A valuable group of native birds has been provided for
its ornithology. The conchology of our ocean shores has been
regarded. Nor has our botany been overlooked. Beautifully
dried plants, both of the phanerogamous and cryptogamous
orders, and also prepared fruits and seeds, will be found in
their proper compartments. Attention to the man)malia, rep-
tilia and fishes, as also to coniparative anatomy, has been on
the increase. Some rare and valuable works have been added
to the library. Rich donations have been made by corres-
pondents, in foreign specimens. The floral exhibitions have
maintained their usual and proper position. The Society's
Hall has been ever open to the inquiring and curious ; and it

302 General jyotices.

is still the wish of tlie Curators and others, that the public
may feel itself interested in a free and liberal invitation to a
particijjation of its advantages."

'J'he Floral Exhibiiions of (he Society have been given, and
those of the present season will be presented in the course of
the volume.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Hybridization of the Cereus speciosUsimus with the C. grandijlh-
rus. —Cacci are much soiiuht after for rare fi)riiis, and many of these
are the most grotesque; in fact, they are now so common thiit there
is scarcely a house, in which any attention is paid to llie cultivation
of llowers, where some species are not found. The most common
varieties found are tlie Cactus s|»eci6>us, or the C. speciosissinuis, or
some which are raised tVom these. Horticultural science has alreaily
produced many spleudiil varieties of C. s|)eciosissimus, hut much
more remains to lie done, and he suii>ested tryinj^ experiments he-
tvveeii Cereus speciosissimus and one of ;he most mairnificent flowers
wdiich had heen introduced into this country for one hundred and fifty
years, the Cactus grandifloius, or i)iaht-l)lowing cereus, had heen
simrularly ne^lecteil. The flower was most maijnificent, heing otten
a foot in diameter, and under careful treatment was free, its produc-
tion from seed heinij pretty sure, as the seed ripened well. Now
there was little doubt hut that pretty varieties might he obtained
from it, and more advanta-ieous to its possessors in the time of flow-
ering, which was now said to he at midniiihr, although it in reality
commenci;d at about six o'clock. It wotdd be uorth trying' experr-
rnents between this and C. s|)eciosi>simus, both belonging to the
same sub-order. Whether also an union miuht not be made with
the melo-cacti, by placing on them I he hwin^v flowers of s|)rciosi.-si-
mus or opuntin; or whether physical differences of growth would
])revent it; hut so nmch had been efl^ected by man, that it was advis-
idde to try even where the [)hysical differences mijrht be great. {Prof.
JohnsoiVa Lecture before the Royal Society of Horticulture.)

Geographical distribution of the Cactucece. — The cacti display cu-
rious evidence that their position has not been altered since the crea-
tion of organic bein;; on the surface which they inhabit, a most strik-
ing circumstance of interest both to the student and the geologist.
They are wholly confined to the meridiiinal parts of America, from
SO"* S. to 40° N. latitude; and they there occupy the same position
as the succulent euphorbias in Africa and Asia; and they negatively
Beem to prove, that ever since their production, the Atlantic Ocea'n
was a barrier between them. We have said that they are wholly

Foreign jYoticet. — England. 303

confined to America, but there are some exceptions, as four or five
species are fouiKi in the Canaries and Valdive ishmds, on tlie coasts
of Africa, and tiie opuntia is also found on the shores of the sonth
of Europe. Jt is cultivated in the ishind of Sicily, v here it is the
first that is ])lanred in the fields of lava, for wherever a fissure or
breakage is seen in the rocUs, there they plant one; and the roots
pushing [)reak it further open, and thus mechanically aids in the for-
mation of future soil. Altliouuh these have been considered liy
some as natives of the south of Europe, growing upon a sandy soil,
it is yet far more pr(»liaide that, as they are exclusively natives of the
West Indian islands and the contiiieiit of Africa, seeds of these
have been acideutally wafted to these positions from the op|)osiie
shores, — the same as the seeds seen by Columbus drifting from the
coast of America, and which ccnifirmed him in the existence of that
continent, which his fondest hopes so soon after were realized in the
discovery of. {Id-)

Art. ir. Foreign Notices.
ENGLAND.

Double Azalea indira. — Mr. Snn'rh, of Norbiton, has tnnny hybri<l
varieties of the rhododeiulron, and, anurig otiiers, a very s])le!Mlid
w hite one; but hi:< seeillimr Azalea indica are nu)re than usually inter-
esting. He has one beautiful double floweriuir variety, lariier than
any of the known sorts, and a very abundant bloomer. We have
seen nothing more striking in the whole tribe. {Gard. Gazelle.)

Fuchsia fuls;ens, the new and splendid species, bears a berry not
unpleasant to the taste; but the rarity of the plant has rendered the
seed too valuable to those who have raised it, to swallow it. {Id.)

The Loidon Horticultural Society held their anniversary tneeting
on May l<t. The receipts of the past year were £6039, and fhe expen-
ditures £5664 — leaving a balance of nearly £400. The Society are
now erecting a new conservatory, of large diniensinns, at Chiswick.
The Did<e of Devonshire was elected President. {Id.)

Dahlia challenge. — Mr. Case, the grower of Case's Striped Perfec-
tion dahlia, has challenged Mr. Mortlock, the grower of Mortlock's
Beauty of Hyde Vale, to show four blooms of that variety against the
former, for the sum of £5, under certain restrictions; and, in return,
Mr. Mortlock challenses Mr. Case, £10 against £5, to show half a
dozen blooms, on the 25th of September next. {Id.)

The Royal Society of Horticulture and .Agriculture are about
opening a new garden ai Chiswick. The first exhibition was to take
place in May. {Id.)

Hdya. coridcea.— A. new species of this fine genus has been intro-
duced under the above name, and is said to he nearly parasitical in
its habits, and diffictilt of propagation. The description of the flower
is not given, {id.)

304 Foreign Kotices. — Cuba.

New Swari's Egg Pear. — The Chaumontel Swan's Egg was raised
from the seed of the Chuiimontel, iiiiprejfiiated with the pollen of the
•Swan's E;;!?, by John Williams, Es(|., of Pitmaston: it was a middle
sized ohovate fruit, with a short stalk, a large open eye, a russet skin,
and a rich sugary flavor. Mr. Williams stated that it bears well as a
standard, and will be in season in the end of October; the tree grows
with upright branches, like the Swan's Egg. The other was a very
sm ill, roundish, ohovate pear, raised from the seed of the Green
Chisel and pollen of the Pose il'Auch: it does not appear to possess
merit of the first kind, the flesh, though sugary, being rather gritty.
Mr. Williams found it to succeed admirably on a north wall, where
it ri|)ens iiljout the end of September, succeeding the Jargonelle. —
{Gard. Gazette.)

Van Mons Leon he Clerc Pear. — The variety known by this
name, and raiseil by M. Leon Le Clerc, of Laval, is a fruit of an ob-
long form, about four inches in length, and nearly three inches in di-
ameter; the eye is shallow, small, but open; the stalk rather more
than an inch in length, moderately strong, and inserte<l obliquely;
the skin yellowish, every where profusely sprinkled with brown,
which, near the stalk, antounts to a sort of russetiiig. The flesh is
yellowish white, buttery, and melting, with a very rich sugary flavor.
It proves a )>ear of first-rate excellence, combining the properties of
large size, handsome appearance, and rich flavor. Should it attain
equal perfection in this climate, it will be surpassed by none in its
season, which will probably be the beginning of December. — Id. [It
is not |)robalily known that there are two varieties under this name,
both of which have been sold for one and the same thinir. Weshall
notice it in our next annual report of new fruits, and give also a his-
tory of the pear — Ed.'\

CUBA.

Indigenous and acclimated fruits of Cuba. — In a preceding page
will be found an interesting review of the Journal of the Natural
History Society of Boston. We were just pref>aring a notice of the
same, when the kind attention of one of our coi respondents re-
lieve(i us from the duty. We had intended making somewhat larger
extracts from this beautiful article, by the Rev. Mr. Greenwood,
on the fruits of Cuba, than those already given; and, as we have
marked them, vve shall here present thmn to our readers, under
the impression that they will be read with a great deal of pleasure.
Very little is known, beyond mere botanical description, of the
many tropical fruits; and an article, at once so extended and so beau-
tifully written, givinir, indeed, the only goo I account of these fruits
that has ever met our eye, we have thought would be read with the
same absorbing interest with which we have perused them. If trav-
ellers were often to give the same attention, either to the fruits or
plants of such localities as they might visit, much more would be
known respecting them than mere botanical descriptions.

Besides the extracts in the review, the remarks on the following
kinds, which are worthy of introduction into stove collections, will be
found exceedingly interesting: —

"Anona cheriinblia. — The Cherimoya is a large, clumsily shaped
fruit, irregularly conical, having the pointed end opposite the stalk;
that is to say, the reverse of that of the pear. Some specimens are
nearly globular.

Foreign JVotices. — Cuba, 305

'•'When ripe, the skin of this fruit is yellow, with or without a blush
of red. Cut or break it open, for it is quite soft, and yo" come to a
white, creamy pulp, filled wiih black seeds, resHinblin<? those of the
watermelon, smaller, but not so flit. The consi.steni'.e of this pulp is
that of a soft custard, or a rich and smooth ice-cream; and it tastes as
much like an ice-cream, very siiichfly flavored with strawberry, as
any thinij I can think of, though I do not mean to say that it is as
j^ood. By some, who have eaten the cherimoya in South America,
it is vaunted as being superior to the pine-apple. Others, however,
who have also eaten it there, do not think so much of it, and assert
that a fine ])ear is to lie preferred to it. Very probably it is better in
certain yjarts of South America than in the West Indies, but to com-
pare it any where with the princely pine-apple must be nonsense. It
is, nevertheless, as I have seen and tasted it, a luscious fruit, of which
one may easily become fond. It is eaten with a spoon, the skin of
the fruit forininiJ^ the custard-cup; and there is more food in one fruit
than any but a hungry man would care to eat at once.

"The tree is about the size of a peach tree, and the foliage is also
like the leaves of the peach, and exhibits the scattered appearance
which is common to the Anona genus. The fruit stalk is thick and
fleshy."

"Cdrica papaya. — The Papchja, or Pap aw. This is but an ordinary
fruit for eating, but it grows in a picturesque manner, and belongs to
a plant which in several respects is quite remarkable.

"The tree has a straight, slender trunk, marked with parallel rings
or scores, like many of the palms, and rises to the height of about
twenty feet. At the toj), is a broad tuft of palmated leaves, resem-
bling those of the Palma christi, or castor bean, very large, and held
by long stiff footstalks, which branch out horizontally, like the sticks
of an umbrella. Immediately under this canopy, just where the foot-
stalks diverge from the tree, the fruit, of the shape and size of cante-
lopes, are clustered regularly and closely round the trunk, to the
number of twenty or thirty, and packed together like a bunch of
grapes. Grainger compares the cluster to a necklace. The tree
grows very rapidly, and the trunk is spongy and hollow, so that in
some of the islands it is common to say of a specious, hypocritical
person, that he is 'as hollow as a papaw.'

"When ripe, the fruit is yellow, or yellow striped with green, and
smooth on the outside. The flesh is also yellow, like a muskmelon,
and tastes like a poor specimen of that fruit, or like a ripe cucumber.
The interior contains a large quantity of oval seeds, of the shape of
pepper-corns, rough, black, and tasting like pepper-grass, or the seeds
of the nasturtium. The male and female flowers <rrow on separate
trees, and it is therefore only on the female trees that fruit is to be
found.

"The papaw flourishes in both the Indies. St, Pierre gives it a
conspicuous place in his tale of Paul and Virginia; causing his hero-
ine to plant some of its seeds, one of which produces fruit in three
years. Grainger characterizes it in his poem, as the

' quick papaw, whose top is necklaced round

With numerous rows of parti-colored iruit.'

"But the most remarkable circumstance connected with this tree,

is the property ascribed to its juices of acting powerfully on animal

matter, so as to make tough or newly killed meat j)erfectly tender.

It is asserted, on good authority, that this singular effect is produced

VOL. V. — NO. viir. 39

306 Foreign JS^otices. — Cuba.

by washing the meat with the milky juice, or by mixing a portion of
the juice with the water in which the meat is to be boiled, or even by
hanging the meat on the tree, and thus exposing it to its exhalations.
Living animals, tnoreover, are intenerated by eating the spoils of this
persuasive and affecting plant. 'Even old hogs and patriarchal cocks
and hens, if fed upon the leaves and fruit, are made in a few hours as
tender as young pigs and pullets.' So says Burnet, in his 'Outlines
of Botany.' The juice has been preserved and sent to Europe, where
it has been subjected to chemical analysis, and found to bear a close
affinity itself with animal matter; as is the case also with sonje of the
fungi,

"I was unacquainted with these facts when in Cuba, and therefore
did not verify them, and do not state them on my own responsibility;
but 1 have no reason to call them in question."

''Chrysophyllum cainllo. — It is called by the Spaniards caimito, and
by the French caimiie; a pretty name, which ought to supersede the
English Star-apple. It belongs to the order Sapotaceae, and, like its
congeners, the Achras and Lucuma, abounds in a milky juice.

"The tree is spreading, and of a moderate size. The leaves are
dark green above, and downy beneath. The flowers are in small
bunches, of a purple hue.

"It is one of the handsomest of fruits, both without and within.
One of the varieties is of a regularly conical or top shape, the stalk
being at the large end or base of the cone; with a smooth, polished,
dark purple skin; about the size of a large apple. The skin, though
tolerably thick, is tender. If you cut through the fruit transversely,
there is the figure of a star in the centre or core, just as there is, only
less decidedly, in our apple and pear; and from this appearance it has
derived its English name of star-apple. Broad, plump, black seeds,
flattened on the sides, with a scar as in the sapotilla, regularly dis-
posed, and surrounded by a tough gelatinous substance, form the
nucleus of the central star.

"Nothing can be richer than the appearance of the pulp itself. It
consists of innumerable fibres, of a sumptuous purple color, intermin-
gled with veins of a thick white cream, which is continually oozing
out. It may be likened to a mixture of strawberries and cream, and,
though it possesses not the high flavor of that compound, it is very
pleasant, sweet and good. But it should be eaten fully ripe, in order
to be y)roperly appreciated.

"I have descril)ed the purple conical variety. There is another
variety, which is like it in all respects, except that it is globular instead
of conical in form. I have also seen too varieties, one of which is
globular, the other conical, which have a green skin and a white pulp,
and are smaller than the ]»urple varieties. There may be other vari-
eties still, some of which may deserve to be ranked as sj)ecies."

"Citrus aurdntium. — Naranja in Spanish; Orffwge in French and
English. All sweet oranges are reckoned by botanists as varieties
only of this one species. It is not indigenous in Cuba, but the varie-
ty which grows there, and which goes under the name of the Havana
or Cuba orange, is one of the very finest of its kind. It is to be re-
marked, also, that of this variety there are sub-varieties; so that in
an orange grove, where all the fruit is rich and sweet, there will
probably be two or three trees which will be your favorites, on ac-
count of the superior flavor of their produce. Observe, too, that the
blossom end of an orange, or end opposite the stalk, is the sweetest;
and where this fruit is in such plenty, that quantities are decaying un-

Domestic JVotices. 307

der the trees, you can well afford to eat only the blossom end, and
cast away the rest.

"The orange, certainly, has not so high and exquisite a flavor as
the pine-a|)ple; but its sweet and healthful juice is so abundant and
so refreshing, its retains its spirit and soundness so long, and offers
itself so liberally to all classes, in all climates, that I am disposed to
think it the most valuable, not only of West Indian, but of all fruits."

'■'Jambbsa vulgaris, or Domestica. The Spanish name is Manzana
de rosa, or Poma rnsa; the French, Fonwie Rose, or Jam-rose; the
English, Rose apple.

"The tree is one of the most beautiful in Cuba, large and spreading,
affording a fine shade. The leaves are ample, oval, pointed, firm
and glossy. The blossoms are large, white, and of pleasant odor,
and their stamens are so long and numerous that they look like tas-
sels. They are gigantic and fragrant myrtle blossoms.

"The fruit is round, or oval, and carinated; has a smooth skin, and
is cream-colored without and within. The pulp is of rather a firm
consistence, sweet to the taste, and possessing a decided odor of roses,
from which last circumstance it derives its common name. It contains
one or two seeds. These are round, with a rusty coat and a green
meat, which is also of a rosy fragrance, but is said to be poisonous,
or at least very unhealthy. The fruit is eaten when fresh, and, though
it is palatable, is regarded as being somewhat indigestible. When
preserved, it is quite nice, and as innocent as most preserves are.

"The fresh fruit I did not see; but the tree and blossoms I have
often seen and admired. It is of the natural order Myrtacea3, and
was formerly included under the genus Eugenia. The generic term
Jambosa is derived from the word Schambu, or Jambu, which is the
Malay name for the fruit."

[To be continued.]

Art. III. Domestic Notices.

Prospects of the season in Georgia. — Although we have had an
unusual drought, fruit has been fine, and the prospect still good.
Peaches are now becoming ripe, and are abundant; apples and early
pears are two weeks in advance of last year. — Yours, M. Jl, W.,
Jithejis, Ga., July 12, 1839.

Cereuses in bloom. — My Cereus grandiflorus had four flowers open
at once last night; and one night ^last week C. trigonus had no less
than thirteen out at once: several nights it had from four to six, and
it still continues to put out buds. C. tetragonus is also in bud for the
first time with me. — Id.

Dahlias have floioered and are splendid this year. The prospect
is, that they will do so the whole season. — Id.

Silk crdlura in Georgia. — There are many engaged in the cultiva-
tion of the JlJorus inulticaulis, in this vicinity, and the few people just
around me are sanguine in the success of the enterprise. They are
building cocooneries, and making arrangements to go ahead. Up-
wards of two hundred pounds of cocoons have been made this year

308 Retrospective Criticism.

by a few persons in this village, and they are now feeding a second
crop, (second generation of worms;) some have wound np in four
weeks' feeding. I am perfectly satisfied that, in this region, there
can he no safer investment of capital than in the silk culture. — Id.

Horticultural Exhibitions to take place in September. — The Penn-
sylvania Horticultural Society will hold their annual exhibition at the
saloon of the American Museum, corner of Ninth and George
stre«^ts, Philadelphia, on the 18th, 19th and 20th of September next.

The Horticultural Exhibition of the Burlington Lyceum will be
held on the 25th and 26th of September next, at their hall, in Bur-
linijton, N. 5.— Yours, T. H., Burlington, July, 1839.

The Horticultural Society of the Valley of the Hudson will hold its
second Autumnal Exhibition in New York, on Thursday, the 12th of
September. An account of its Spring Show will be found in another
page.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society will hold its Annual Ex-
hibition in September, (jjrobubly between the 13th and 20th;) but the
day is not yet decided upon. — Ed.

Fine Caulijloivers. — We have received from the farm of C. J. "Wol-
bert, Esq., two immense cauliflowers. The circumference of the
largest, when divested of its leaves, is two feet seven and three quar-
ter inches; the other, two feet five and a half inches. We make a
public notice of these vegetables, because we think that good will
come from a general knowledge of the fact, that such articles may be
raised in the open air. Mr. Gregory Lee, who has the general su-
perintendence of Mr. Wolbert's whole farm, assures us that these
cauliflowers w^ere raised in the open garden, without shelter, or any
artificial aid whatever. We ask the attention of our friends in the
country to this fact, and suggest to them, if the fact itself does not
suggest, the propriety of trying to make one of the finest vegetables
in the world common in our market, and so cheap as to be within
reach of all who like it. — U. States Gaz.

[We have received a communication from Mr. Lee, on the man-
agement of the plants which are noticed above; but as it came too
late for insertion in this number, it will appear in our next.— £c?.]

Art. IV. Hetrospeclive Criticism.

Errata. — In our June number, during our absence, one important
error occurred, viz: — page 2G6, thirteen lines from the bottom, for
"grass"'' read "glass," which essentially alters the meaning of the
paragraph.

Horticulture in Washington, I). C, (in anstver to D. Buisl, p.
194. ) — I regret that my humble endeavor to give you better informa-
tion on the state of horticulture, in this vicinity, has called down upon
my devoted head the wrath of two very redoubtable personages, who
sjjeak long and loud in your May number, (page 194.) Of the one
of these who signs himself "One who knows," I shall only remark,
that one may know the truth without possessing honesty enough to
tell it; and that, as my own ])roper signature is aflixed to my commu-
nicationsj 1 cannot condescend to a controversy with any writer who

Retrospective Criticism. 309

is so conscious of unfairness, as to be afraid to'append his own prop-
er name to his statements.

As to the other, Mr. David Buist, he admits that there were plants
in the other collections, worthy of being placed in his brother's col-
lection, and they were certainly worthy of being mentioned in your
first notice of this place; but Mr. D. B. seems to be surprised that
those who possessed th(\se plants should have preferred money to the
})lants. Now did not his brother buy them for sale and for profit.''
Certainly, for it is his business.'' Why, then, the idle nonsense about
Mr. W. Buist's generosity and disregard of money.? In making the
above admission, Mr. D. B. proves that, which 1 desired chiefly to
show in my first letter, viz., that there are other and older establish-
ments in this city and vicinity than Mr. Buist's.

But Mr. D. B. says, that "Mr. Buist's was the first hot-house es-
tablishment in this city or vicinity." Now it may be a nice point for
him to distinguish a hot-house from a green-house, but no "One
who knows," and is really honest and impartial enough to speak the
truth, will deny that J. Douglas, sen. had kept a house covered with
glass, in which house he kept and bloomed as tender plants as have
ever been cultivated here. But this is all a matter of little moment.
It was first asserted in your Magazine, that "Mr. B. had introduced
many fine specimens:" you were silent about all others, leaving
the inference that they had done nothing; this I desired to correct;
this is the true issue, and this issue Mr.B. dare not meet with a
denial.

D, B. says, that I do not question "the truth of your statement,
that Mr. B. had introduced many fine things, but thinks that you
were not prompt enough in saying that he introduced many also, and
fearing that his fame might not be spread, he determined to blow his
own trumpet." Did he not know, when penning his letter, that there
was as much difference between J. Douglas, Sen., and J. D., Jr., as
between Mr. Buist, and D. B.; and that if it was reprehensible in
me to defend my father's interests, it was at least improper for him
to eulogize his brother, with whom he lives, and with whom he is so
intimately associated in the business of floriculture, that you cannot
praise one, without "blowing the trumpet of the other;" but as for
jny thinking that you were not prompt enough to notice my father's
establishment, I can assure you that I attached no blame to you, but
was sure that you knew, of your own knowledge, nothing of the
matter, but that yon had relied on the statements of interested or
jealouspersons, who had not scrupled to abuse your confidence. — /
remain, yours, John Douglas, Jr., Washington, D. C. June, 1839.

Mr. Buist's collection of camellias. — (In answer to the Editor.) —
I beg to correct a few mistakes you make at pages 232 and 233. My
last communication was dated 26th February, instead of 26th April
(as you have it;) also, you did not see Camelh'« var. Traversi mu-
tabilis in bloom with me last winter. It is not, however, a new
])lant with me, for I have had it over two years in my collection,
neither is it high priced, being under $'5. — It has been for sale these
eighteen months past.

It is unfortunate that you frequently make hasty assertions, with-
out c?«te for it; and more so in endeavoring to detract from others,
in order to represent yourself. 1 am Sir, yours, R. Buist, Phila-
delphia, June Ibth, 1839. [The error alluded to in the date was
made in our absence, from a supposed mistake. The insertion of Mr.
Buist's remarks was deferred, on account of our not having time and
room to reply before. — Ed.]

310 Horticultural Soc. of the Valley of the Hudson.

Art. V. Horticultural Association of the Valley of the Hudson.

The Second Semi-annual Exhibition of the Horticultural Societij
of the Valley of the Hudson was held at Stanwix Hall, Albany, oti
the 25th and 26th of June.

The committee could scarcely have been more fortunate in the se-
lection of a suitable exhibition room, as the lofiy domical a])artment,
measuring seventy feet from the floor to the ceiling, and of corres-
ponding width, when filled with fine exotics, j)laiits, fine fruits and
beautiful flowers, redolent with delightful odors, from the jrardens of
many of the members, afforded a truly charming coup d'ceil to the
eye of the spectator.

On enterina: the hall, the rich groups of verdure which encircled it,
composed of the most beautiful exotics, afforded the finest possible
back ground to central tables, where the numberless bouquets of
choice cut flowers and the finest specimens of early fruit were exhib-
ited. One side of the apartment was <levoted to the display of the
many excellent and well grown vegetables. One hundred and forty
superb bouquets of cut flowers decorated the chandeliers, the columns
and various other parts of the room; and during the second day of
the exhibition the numerous com])any of visitors assembled were en-
tertained with the performance of a fine band of music. The middle
of the central table was occupied by a beautiful "Temple of Flora,"
from the Albany Nursery, the floor of which was paved with dahlias
and other fine flowers, the columns enwreathed with a variety of
phloxes, and the dome covered with a rich variety of roses and Pais-
ley pinks. Among the most striking of the fine green-house ])lants,
were some magnificent Roman myrtles, orange and lemon trees, with
a great variety of other fine specimens from the Manor House, Alba-
ny, which were kindly contributed by Mrs. S. Van Rensselaer. We
also noticed a very large specimen of Yucca gloriosa, ten feet high,
■with equally fine specimens of the India rubber tree (Ficus elastica,)
Fiichsm gracilis, and Pr6te« argentea. The oriental cypress of the
Levant, the vandin« domestica of China, and the fragrant jasmines
of the south of Europe, were also conspicuous for their size and
beauty. An admirable variety of fine vegetables was contributed by
the horticulturists of the counties bordering the Hudson, as well as
from the neighborhood of Albany. Gentlemen distinguished for
their zeal in horticultural and rural im])rovement were present from
nine of the different river counties, all of whom expressed the warm-
est interest in the future prospects and success of the Society. The
early period at which the first semi-annual exhibition is held, neces-
sarily prevents a large show of fruits, the autumnal exhibition being
more especially devoted to pomology; but the cherries, strawberries
and melons sent were highly deserving commendation.

At the meeting of the members, on the evening of the 25th, the an-
nual election of officers of the Association took place; when the Hon.
Edward P. Livingston, of Clermont, Duchess Co., was chosen Presi-
dent; A. J. Downing, Esq. of Newburgh, Corresponding Secretary;
Theodore Allen, Esc), of Hyde Park, Recording Secretary; and
William Thorburn, Esq. of Albany, Treasurer. A Vice President
was also elected for every county on the river, and executive com-
mittees for each place where it is proposed to hold exhibitions.

HorticiiUural Soc. of the Valley of the Hudson. 311

The next autumnal exhibition of the Association will be held in
New York on the I2th day of September next, when contributions
are solicited from every section of the Valley of the Hudson.

The followinj? contributions were made to the exhibition : — From
Mrs. S. Fan Reus sellaer, Manor Hi)use, Albany, Euphorlua splen-
dens, Pr6te« ar;feiitea, ei<>ht feet high, Lauerstroe^nio incb'ca, Dios-
ma ericoiiles; heaths, several fine species; Ficus macrophyllus, F.
elastica, -Daphne variegata; several beautiful geraniums; a number of
fine large oranue trees, loaded with fruit, of different varieties; Jas-
minum, of different sorts; a large century aloe; Yiicca gloriosa,
Fuchsia gracilis, calceolarias; splendid myrtles, &c. &lc., all in pots.
Also, beautiful bou(]uets of cut flowers, roses, pinks, &,c.; also a bas-
ket of ripe melons, the finest cucumbers, two varieties of strawber-
ries, very large gooseberries, &c. All these were of the finest de-
scription, and reflect credit upon Mr. Leonard, the gardener at the
Manor House.

James Wilson, Albany. — TiUxemhurgh moss rose, scarlet moss
rose, white moss. Village Maid; La Turturelle, and Wellincrton roses;
two varieties new petunias, twelve varieties fine heart's-ease, a splen-
did i)lant of Fuchsia globosa, and a fine new South American calce-
olaria, in full bloom; one large oranae tree, loaded with fruit, with
many other green-house plants, and blooms of the following dahlias:
Purple Perfection, Globe White, Liberty, Durant's Invincible, Rose
Imperialis.

E. Holbrook, Hyde Park. — Bishop's orange strawberries, four and
three quarter inches in circumference; Keen's seedling, and Hautboy's
do., all of large size; Whitesmith, Crown Bob, Rifleman, and other
gooseberries, extra fine; four fine heads cauliflower; eiifht heads
early York cabbage; Newcastle, early, and Egyptian kidney pota-
toes; fine ripe tomatoes; red top turnips; large early carrots; blood
beets; and a fine bouquet of cut flowers.

Josiah Williams, Poughkeepsie. — Two cucumbers, twenty-one
inches in length.

J. Buel Sf Co., Albany Nursery. — A beautiful variety of fine roses,
pinks, Sec, tastefully interwoven in the form of a temple of Flora.
Also, a great number of plants, in pots, among which tiie fol-
lowing geraniums, in full bloom, were cons[)icuous, viz: — Mary-
Queen of Scots, Dennis's Perfection, Macranthon, Diomede, Jidiet,
Lafayette, Wheelerii, Americanum, Adelina, Yeatmanium, Ferro-
nia, Capt. Cook, &c. &c. Also, a great variety of cut flowers,
among which were splendid s|)ecimens of the different Chinese pa-o-
nies, double white, blush, and rose scented; fine specitnens, in pots,
of Sollya heterophylla, Lantana SellowM, Fuchs/a Thompsons, iVe-
rium splendens, Crassula coccinnea, Cytisus argentea variegata;
Erica, many species; Bouvard/a triphylla, Jfyrtus flora pleno. Also,
twelve stalks of Giant rhubarb, which \veighed, without the leaves,
twelve and a quarter pounds.

Edward P. Livingston, Clermont. — Extra fine ripe melons; six
very beautiful lemons. Fine specimens of the white oxheart cherry,
with a beautiful i)ouquet, com])osed in part, of superb carnations,
scarlet zinnias, and fine varieties of roses.

Theodore Allen, Hyde Park. — Extra fine gooseberries and cauli-
flowers, stalks of rye eight feet long, and a variety of fine vegetables,
consisting of lettuce, rhubarb, potatoes, turnips, beans, and fine
melons.

312 Horticultural Soc. of the Valley of the Hudson.

Messrs. Doxcning, Botanic Nurseries, Newburgh. — Specimens of
the following cherries, viz., Yellow Spanish, China Heart, Black
Tartarian, Downer's late Red, American Heart, and Transparent.
Also, a variety of fine hardy roses, among which were Pallagi, Vil-
lage Maid, Chatelaine, George IV., La Cerisette, Dianthiflora, Prin-
cess Louise, Felicite perpetualle, Madame Despres, Moss of Moss,
Hybrid blanc, Roi des Hybrides, -Sec. A beautiful specimen of Ama-
ryllis, with eight fully expanded flowers; bouquets of Ferl)eiia
Tweedie«rta and T. major, Datura arborea, several sorts of pansy,
and cut specimens of the following geraniums, viz., Dennis's Per-
fection, Speculum mundi, Miller's Adonis, Sir John Broughton,
Queen of Pixies, &c. Dahlias: — Conqueror of Europe, and Lilac
perfection.

Dr. Wendall, Albany. — A fine fig tree, eight feet high; Jlucuba
japonica, and several varieties of geraniums in pots; four fine cu-
cumbers.

J. R. Stuyvesant, Hyde Park. — Very fine cauliflowers; also, ex-
cellent specimens of early potatoes, beans, cabbage, and tomatoes,
with a fine bouquet of cut flowers.

Mr. Fowler, Albany. — A few select dahlias, with several bouquets
of cut flowers, Ferbena Tweediecbinr, and Ranunculus marigolds.

Mrs. Forsyth, Albany. — A beautiful bouquet of roses.

Mdernian Peters, Newtown, Long Island. — Fine White Heart
cherries.

Mr. Duane, Schenectady Co. — Prairie grass from the Mohawk
Flats, eight feet two inches high.

Francis Bloodgood, Albany. — Methven strawberries, four inches
in circumference, green peas, and cucumbers.

J. P. De Witt, Fishkill Landing. — Extra fine Mayduke cherries,
and some fine early beans.

Thos. Turner, Albany. — A bouquet of beautiful dahlias and
moss roses.

Charles Gilchrist, Albany. — A specimen of Archduke chsrne*,
beautiful dahlias, and other cut flowers, and six cucumbers.

Alex. Walsh, Lansingburgh. — A table of silk worms feeding;
filberts, of last year's growth, sea kale, Keen's Seedling strawber-
ries, Duke cherries, early potatoes and cucumbers, mushrooms,
seedless berberry, and a variety of cut flowers, amons which were
Paisley pinks. Feathered hyacinths, Delphinium grandiflorum, Cam-
panula persicsefolia pleno, 5^pir0e\a filipendula pleno, Hoya carnosa,
^conitum napellus, &c. Vegetables: potatoes, fine cucumbers, ear-
ly York cabbage and turnips, with a specimen of a new fodder plant,
called 'Esparsette.'

A. P. Heartt, Troy. — Plants in pots, new prolific Lime, Myrtle or-
ange and Sweet orange, all in fruit; also, a splendid variety of cut
flowers, roses, pteonies, &c. &c.

Geor<re W. Warren, Troy. — Three fine lemons, in pots.

William Thorburn, Albany. — Three Seven Years' pumpkins,
grown in 1837, perfectly sound; also, some fine Paisley pinks, in pots;
seeds for sale by him.

John B. Hudson, Albany. — Six heads very large Early York cab-
bage, and some beautiful heads of Sicily lettuce.

John Crawford, New Scotland. — Stalks of rye, eight feet one inch
in length.

T. McBride, Albany. — A dish of large Whitesmith gooseberries.

J. Whalon, Albany. — Fine lettuce and cucumbers.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 313

Theo. Roessle, Albany. — One bunch celery, one bunch onions,
four heads lettuce, and a wreath of double curled parsley.

Alderman Bancroft, Albany. — Fine specimens of wax flowers, ex-
ecuted by hi.s daughters.

Sidney Chapin, Albany. — A fine pine-apple, growing upon its nat-
ural stalk.

The Society cordially invite all persons resident in the Valley of the
Hudson, who feel an interest in the ini])roveinont of our horticulture,
to contribute specimens of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and farm pro-
ducts, of every description, to the Autumnal Exhibition, to be held
on the 12th of September next, in the city of New York. — A. J.
Downing, Cor. Sec'y, Newburgh, Orange Co., July, 1839.

Art. VI. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

The stated meeting of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society wag
held on Tuesday evening of the 16th inst., Gen. Robert Patterson in
the chair.

The Committee on Plants and Flowers awarded the following pre-
miun)s at the Society's intermediate meeting, on the Sd inst. For the
twelve best carnations, to Messrs. Mackenzie & Buchanan. For the
best American seedling carnation, to William Carpenter, Crescent-
viile, Philadel|)hia Co., named Carpenter's Conqueror. Robert Kil-
vington exhibited twenty varieties of very fine Picotee carnations.
There was a fine display of cut flowers, and a beautiful bouquet, ex-
hibited by Mr. Chalmers, gardener to Mrs. Stot; likewise a tine spe-
cimen of Cirrhae^a fusco lutea, in full flower, and Alstrcenler^a Hook-
er ii.

The Committee on Fruits and Vegetables awarded the following
premiums, viz: For the best half peck of bush beans, grown in Penn-
sylvania, to Philip Reilly, gardener to Mr. Gratz. For the best three
quarts of raspberries, to Daniel Reilly, gardener to Pierce Butler,
Esq. For the best two quarts of red currants, to Andrew Paton,
gardener to Mrs. Kohn, Turners Lane. For the best quart of white
currants, to Robert Meston, gardener to Mrs. Roland. For the best
two quarts of black currants, to William Hobson, Kingsessing,
For the best early corn, to Adam Price, Burlington, N. J. An
honorary premium was given to Andrew Paton, gardener to Mrs.
Kohn, for some very fine white Al|)ine strawberries. Gregory Lee,
gardener to Charles Wolbert, Esq., exhibited a cauliflower raised
in the open ground, measuring three feet one inch in circumference
divested of its leaves, weighing eight pounds. William Chalmers,
gardener to Mrs. Stot, exhibited red, white and black currants, toma-
toes, bush beans, carnations, pinks, double and single, &c. &c. Phi-
lip Reilly, gardener to Mr. Gratz, exhibited red and black currants,
and beans. Daniel Reilly, gardener to Pierce Butler, Esq., exhibited
raspberries, beans, cauliflowers and gooseberries. Samuel Cooper,

VOL. V. NO. VIII. 40

S14 Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

Turners Lane, exhibitetl some fine red and black currants. Mr.
Kenworthy exhibited some very large gooseberries. Robert Meston,
gardener to Mrs. Roland, exhibited red and white currants, beans,
transparent peas, and ten varieties of gooseberries, viz: Crown Bob,
(twenty-four berries weighed half a pound,) Golden Nectar (fifteen
berries weiiihed nine and a half ounces,) Red ^V'arrington, Red Pot-
terfield, Neal's White Rose, Green Gascoigne, Haywood's Incompar-
able, New I am, and Cyst;d. The fruits were superior to any that have
ever been exhibited in the Society, especially the red and black currants.

The Connnittee on Plants and Flowers awarded the premium for
the best display of plants in pots, on the evening of the IGth, to Alex-
ander Parker, he having exhibited Eugenia jjjyrtifolia, E. oleifolia,
Hoya carnosa, Ardisia crenulata and solanacea, it'empervivum arbo-
reum, Nierembergm filicaulis, Ornithogalum arabicum, JTloe grandi-
llora, Gloxlnm speciosa and alba, Crassula perfoliata, Musa paradisia-
ca, Stapeh'rt grandifiora, iiiliiscus rosa sinensis, var. lutea, Lophos-
permum scandens, Maurandya BarclaycMa, Fiichs/a gracilis, Aga-
panthus umbeliatus anrl variegattis, .Hemerocallis cfervilea, Clematis
verticillata pleiui. Piper media, Thea Bohta, and viridis, Myviai pi-
menta, lllicium parviHora, Tabernjemontana coronaria, /Jeliotropi-
um ])eruvianu!n, Volkamer?« japonica, Finca rosea, Hydrangea
hortensis, Eucomis punctata, and striata, Gardenia radicans, Men-
ziesm polifolia, petunias, &,c. &c.

The premium for the best bouquet, to Wm. Chalmers, gardener to
Mrs. Stot, 'J'urners Lane. The committee make honorable mention
of a fine bouquet of indigenous plants, exhibited by Robert Kilving-
ton. Mr. Chalmers exhibited Lantana Se\b\\u, Ornithogalum aiire-
um, Calceolaria of difl^erent kinds, P^inca rosea and alba, Ardisia cren-
ulata, two pots Amaryllis, and CirrhteVi fusco lutea, a fine epiphyte.

The Connnittee on Vegetables awarded the following premiums:
For the best tomatoes, to Charles Canover, gardener to T. C. Rock-
liill, Esq. For the best carrots, to Andrew Paton, gardener to Mrs.
Kohn, Turners Laup. For the best cucumbers (Walker's Long
Green,) to William Sinton, gardener to Gen. Patterson. For the
best squashes, to Joseph Hurst, gardener to Mr. Hanson, German-
towm. For the best early corn, grown in Pennsylvania, to Daniel
Reilly, gardener to Pierce Butler, Esq. For the best egs; plants, to
William Chalmers, gardener to Mrs. Stot; and for the best display
of vegetables that evening, to the same, he having exhibited drum-
head cabbage, orange and horned carrots, beets, artichokes, purple
and white e>ig plants, tomatoes, squashes, potatoes, Swiss chard, let-
tuce, three different kinds, and two dozen ears of sweet corn. An
honorary premium was given to Charles Conover, gardener to Thom-
as C. Rockhill, for some very fine larii;e peppers. Likewise an hon-
orary premium was awarded to Daniel Reilly, gardener to Pierce
Butler, Esq., for some fine Garabauza Spanish jieas, being the first
ever exhibited before the Society. Great doubts were expressed
when the peas were distributed in the Society, that they would not
come to maturity in this part of the country; but the fine mature state
of these exhibited by Mr. Reilly, sets that matter at rest: he has a
fine plat of them, and gave them no other care than the other kinds.
It is one of the finest of the pea family, used either in the green or
ripe state. I speak feelingly on the subject, as I had a dish of them.

The Committee on Fruit awarded the following premium: For the
best apricots, to Charles Conover, gardener to Thomas C. Rockhill,
Esq. For the best gooseberries, to Charles Kenworthy. For the

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 315

best display of fruit, to Alexander Parker. The Committee would
make honorable mention of a fine bunch of black Hamburgh grapes,
weighing twenty-tour ounces, exhibited by Messrs. Watt & Ritchie,
Monument Cottage Garden. Charles Conover, gardener to T. C.
Rockhill, Esq., exhibited tomatoes, cucumbers, beets, squashes, peas,
cabbage, rhubarb, beans, peppers, carrots, and some fine apricots.
Philip Reilly, gardener to Mr. Gratz, exhibited tomatoes, cucumbers,
squashes, pears, the Early Catherine and Early Butter, and egg
plants. Andrew Paton, gardener to Mrs. Kohn, Turners Lane, ex-
hibited carrots, salsify, German greens, onions and apricots. Charles
Kenworthy exhibited apricots and gooseberries. Ritchie & Dick ex-
hibited some fine dahlias. Daniel Reilly, gardener to Pierce Butler,
Esq., exhibited squashes, early corn, cabbage, and the Garabauza
peas. Joseph Hurst, gardener to Mr. Hanson, Germantovvn, exhib-
ited apricots, squashes, and some fine Swiss chard. Alexander Par-
ker exhibited pears, of ditierent kinds, apples (Early Red Streaks,)
and the Keyser plums. Isaac C. Hatch, N. J., exhibited some fim;
Winter Blush apples, of last year, apples of this season, and some of
the Keyser plums. — Yours, G. JValson, Philadelphia, July 19,
1839.

Art. VII. Masscicliuselts HorlicuUural Society.

Saturday, June '29th, 1838. — Exhibited. Flowers: — From John
Tovvne, beautiful plants of Roella ciliata, and Erica rubens, and ven-
tricosa superba; both superb specimens: the plants were almost
grown to perfection. From E. M. Richards, a fine assortment of
Sweet Williams. From S. R. Johnson, a lar^e number of roses, and
three or more varieties of pasonies. From T. Mason, several dah-
lias, among which were, Juliet, Conqueror of Europe, Rosa superba,
&c. From S. Walker, pinks, bouquets, &c. From Hovey & Co.,
bouquets. From William Kenrick, bouquets. From Messrs. Win-
ship, a large bouquet. From J. L. L. F. Warren, dahlias and bou-
quet. From J. Hovey, bouquets.

Native plants: — From William Oakes, Esq., a variety of native
plants, of the following species: — O'rchis grandiflora, Pyrola chloran-
tha, F^iburnum lantanoides, pyrifolium and acerifolium, Hottonz'a
inflata, Linnre^ffl borealis, ^Ver pennsylvanium and Corallorhiza mul-
tiflora. From E. Weston, jr. and F. Parker, Esqr.s., Kalnwa latifolia,
Cymbidium pulchellum, Arethus« ophioglossoides, Salsola salsa,
Lathynis maritimus, iVympluii'a odorata, Hudsonia tomentosa, Hy-
pericum perfolium, Cro'talaria sagittalis, Mitchella repens, Ferbas-
cum Thapsus, Androinedff polifolia and Cnicus hdrridus.

Fruits:— From J. L. L. F. Warren, Amber Heart, or Belle de
Choisy cherries, and Metliven scarlet, and Warren's Seedling Meth-
ven strawberries. From Mr. Voso, the President, fine specimens of
black Tartarian cherries, Methven Scarlet and Wood strawberries.

316 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

From Hovey &- Co.. I>Re's Favorite, anil two kinds of Seedling
strawberries, marked A, No. 1, and A, No. 2. The A, No. 1, were
superior to any thing ever seen in the Society's room, both for size
and beauty.

July 6!h. — Exhibited. Flowers: — From T. Lee, Esq., specimens
of iJliudodendron maximum. Campanula persiciefolia, Bourbon and
Ayrshire roses, carnations, calceolarias, fuchsias, Cymbidium pul-
cheilum, &c. From S. R. Johnson, a fine assortment of China roses,
carnations, &c. From T. Mason, bouquets. From Messrs. Win-
ship, a laro'e and showy bouquet. From S. Walker, beautiful pinks
an<l bouquets. From William Kenrick, bouquets.

From the Hon. P. C. Brooks, a cut (lower of Magnoh'ff macrophyl-
ia, a most splendid specimen, the flower nearly a foot long. From
Hovey & Co., bouquets. From W. Meller, carnations, roses and
bouquets. From J. Hovey, bouquets. From J. L. L. F. Warren,
a few dahlias.

Native Plants: — From William 0;;kes, .^sclepias jshytolaccoides,
Geum strictuni, Calla palustris, iiosa nitida, OVchis grandiflora,
Hottouid indata, Lycopsis arveiisis (cultivated,) Hordeum jubatum,
and i^hododendron viscosum, and R. glaucnm. From E. Weston,
Jr. and F. Parker, Esqrs., Bliododendron maximum, Lilium phila-
delphicum, ^2'ster nsisa, Samlnicus canadensis, Epilohium angustifo-
lium, Convolvulus sepium, Calla virginica, Pyrola rotundifdlia, Cor-
nus alba, iiieracium venosum, &,c.

Fruits: — From S. Downer, beautiful specimens of Downer's late
red and white Tartarian cherries. From Mr. Vose, the President,
English Black Heart and white Bijrarreau cherries. Frotn R. Man-
ning, Salem, mottled Bigarreau, Bigarreau a gros fruit blanc, cher-
ries, very handsome. From O. Johnson, Lynn, fine specimens of
Zinfindal grapes, well colored and ripened. From T. Mason, white
Antwerp raspl)erries. From B. V. French, Elton cherries. From
Hovey & Co. three boxes of Seedling strawberries, marked A, No. 1,
surpassing those exhibited at the last meetinji; five boxes had previ-
ously been picked from the bed, which is about ten feet long by two
and a half I'eet wide; the [)lants set out in the spring of 1838.

Vegetables: — From Hovey & Co., two heads of fine lettuce. From
S. Pond, rhubarb, very good. From J. Hovey, twelve fine heads of
lettuce. From E. Sayers, potato onions.

July 13th. — Exhibited. Flowers: — From S. Walker, pinks, car-
nations, double Chryseis and bouquets. From E. Breed, dahlias.
From J. S. Ellery, Esq., Brookline, a variety of dahlias and a beau-
tiful bouquet. From S. R. Johnson, roses and carnations. From
J. Hovey, carnations and bouquets. From W. E. Carter, carnations.
From W. Meller, handsome poppies, carnations, Ne plus Ultra dah-
lia, and bouquets. From Messrs. Winship, a large showy bouquet.
From J. Towne, elegant specimens of Erica ventricosa superba and
ramentacea and Fiichsea globosa. From W. Kenrick, bouquets.
From T. Lee, Oxyura chrysanthoides, Potentilla Hopwoodmno,
J?hexia marylandica, Stijia splendens, i^hododendron maximum, &.c.
From Hovey & Co. bouquets.

Native pbints: — From William Oakes, Magnol/a irlauca, Calopo-
gon pulchellus, Prinos Ipovigatus, Faccinium frondosum, Pogonia
ophioglossoifles, Lythrum Ayssopifolium, Lilium philadelphicum, Lo-
belm Claytonza and Convailaria trifolia. From E. Weston, jr. and
F. Parker, Andromeda paniculata, Pyrola rotnndifolia, Ferdnica
scuttellaria, Lysimaehia stricta, Arethusa ophioglossoides, Calla vir-

JMassachusetts Horticultural Society. SI 7

ginica, Faccinium macrocarpa, O'rchis grandiflora, Hypericum
perfoliatutn, &,c. &.c. From J. E. Teschemacher, Lysiniachia stric-
ta. Campanula amplexicaiilis, Lygodium palmatum, I unaria vulga-
ris var. peloria and Thysanocarpus runcinatus; all cultivated.

Fruits:— From Dr. Adams, cherries. From J. G.Thurston, Lan-
caster, fine gooseberries. From J. Hovey, gooselierries. From
S. R. Johnson, gooseberries. From O. Johnson, black Hamburgh
grajjes. From J. S. Ellery, black Hamburgh and Sweetwater grapes.
From T. Mason, white and red Antwerp and Franconia raspber-
ries: the latter very fine.

Vegetables: — From S. Sweetser, fine early Turnip Blood Beets.

It was announced that the Carnation Show would take place next
week.

July '20th. — Exhibited. Flowers: — from Messrs. Winship, a va-
riety of cut flowers, embracing carnations, jihloxes, passion flowers,
H6y« carno.sa, Yucca filamentosa, Cinn'oifuga foe'tida, Tradescaiitia
virginica, double oleander, blue l)ells, &.c. From Jos. Breck & Co.,
Dwarf Rocket a!id Na{)olitan larksjjurs, and carnations. From D.
Macintyre, geraniums, dahlias, and Echinocactiis EyriesM. From
T. Lee, .^sclepias tuberosa, Rose hibiscus, and a superb specimen of
Lilium canadense. From Hovey & Co., splendid Double Rocket
larkspurs, and bouquets.

From S. Walker, bouquets and cut specimens of double chryseis,
carnations, pinks, phloxes. Sic. From J. Hovey, carnations and
bouquets. From Misses Sumner, pinks and carnations. From Wm.
H. Cowan, carnations. From Win. K. Carter, fine carnations, wa-
ter lilies, Rhododendron maximum, and bouquets. From Wm. Mel-
ler, fine carnations, dahlias, pinks, poppies, marigolds, and bouquets.
From T. iMason, pinks, carnations, and dahlias. From W. Ken-
rick, bouquets. From S. R. Johnson, carnations, double pomegran-
ates, &.C. &c.

Native Plants: — From Wm. Oakes, Goody^ra rejjens, c3sclepiay
obtusifolia, Faccinium dumosum, Woodsm ilvensis, W obtiasa, ^s-
plenium ebeneum, and trichomanes, As|)iilium marginale, .^Sdiantum
pedatam, Lycopodium annotinnm, dendrctideum var., complunatum
Gaultherm hispidula (in fruit,) Sarrac^n/a purpurea, Xylosteum cili-
atum (in fruit.) and 3Vif6lium arvense, and procumbens.

Fruits: — From P. Dodge, Esq., early admirable peaches, raised
in pots, very fine. B^'rom R. Milne, Portland, fine large forced
])eaches. From T. Allen, Salem, fine Royal George ])eaches, and
black Hamburgh and Royal Chasselas grapes. From 0. Johnson,.
Lynn, black Hamburgh, and Zinfindal grapes, very handsome. From
J. Tidd, black Hamburgh and Sweetwater grapes. From Dr. Win.
Eustis, white Sweetwater and black Hamburgh grapes. From J.
Hovey, Crown Bob gooseberries, and currants. From T. Mason,
Franconia and red and white Antwerp raspberries, the former very
large and fine. From J. L. L. F. Warren, gooseberries. From S.
Walker, several kinds of gooseberries. From Wm. Kenrick, four
boxes gooseberries.

The exhibition of carnations for the Society's premiums took place
to-day, and the award was as follows: —

For the best display of carnations, a premium of five dollars to
Messrs. Mason.

For the best six carnations, a premium of three dollars, to Wm.
Meller.

For the best seedling carnation, a premium of three dollars to
Wm. Meller.

318

Fancuil Hall Market.

The judges appointed by the chairman of the flower committee
were Messrs. J. Breck, and C. M. Hovey.

Art. VIII. Faneuil Hall Market.

Roots, Tubers, fyc.
Potatoes, new:

Common, SP" , '>»'"'' ••

i per bushel, . .

Turnips, new, per bunch,. .. .
Onions:

Red, per bnnch,

White, per bunch,

Beets, per bunch,

Carrots, per bunch,

Parsnips, per bushel,

Horseradish, per pound, . . .

Radishes, per bunch,

Shallots, per pound,

Garlic, per pound,

Cabbages, Salads, fyc.

Cabbages, each:

Early York,

Savoy

Cauliflowers, each, .

Brocoli, each,

Lettuce, per head, .

Rhubarb, per pound,

per bushel,
per half peck.

Peas,

Beans

String, per half peck,
Shelled, per quart.. . .

Tomatoes, per dozen,. .

Coin, per dozen,

Celery, per root,

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per half peck, . .

Sage, per pound,

Marjoruin, per bunch,..

From

To

^ cts.

^cts.

I 25

1 50

50

62i

1 25

1 50

1 50

62i

8

12i

5

8

3

4

8

10

8

10

75

8

12

2

3

20

12

3

i
6

6

12i

25

10

20

2

4

4

5

1 00

17

—

20

25

V2h

17

20

25

m

17

6

8

25

37.',

17

20

6

12

6

12

3

6

Squashes and Pumpkins.

Squashes:

Summer crook n'k, pr doz.
Summer bush, per (loz.. . .
Autumnal Marrow, per lb.

Fruits.

Apples, dessert, new :

Common, 5 Per barrel,. .
' i per bushel,. .

Gooseberries, per quart

Strawberries, per quart:

Old wood,

Grapes:

Black Hamburgh.

White Sweetwater:

Watermelons, each,

Currants, per quart :

Red Dutch,

White Dutch,

Raspberries, per quart,,. . . .
Blackberries, per queirt,. . . .
Whortleberries, per quart,. .
Pears, per half peck :

Juneating

Jargonelle,

Green Chisel,

Apricots, per doz

I'eaches, per half peck,

l'lums,per quart:

Green Gages,

Cucumbers, per doz

Lemons, per dozen,

Oranges, per dozen :

Sicily,

Havana, (sweet)

Pine-apples, each,

Chestnuts, per bushel, . . . .

Walnuts, per bushel,

Cocoanuts, each,

Almonds, (sweet, )per pound,
Shaddocks, each,

From To

^cts.

«?cts.

12i
5

50 5 00
50 2 00

20

25

37^
25
10

25

50

374
12
25

50

371
50
I2i
00"
00
5

12i
25 —

25
2 50

Savory, per bunch,

Spearmint, per bunch, '

Remarks. — Since our last report, the weather has been exceeding-
ly favorable to vegetation. There have been frequent warm and
genial rains, and we know not the time that we have seen vegeta-

Horticultural Memoranda. 319

tion advance more rapidly than it has during the present month. The
country, indeed, never ]tresented a richer and more verdant scene;
the earth is clothed with a vivid green, and the coming haivest must
be a rich one to every cultivator. There is scarcely a crop but what
is maturing well. The market productions are excellent, and sup-
plied in unusual quantity, and at moderate prices for the season.

Potatoes have grown well, and produced a heavy crop 5 already
those of very fine quality are selling at our quotations, and the pros-
pect is of a great fall crop. Turnips of jjrime quality are rather
scarce. No Onions yet, only by the bunch. Fine Beets and Car-
rots are plentiful. In Cabbages there is not yet a great deal done;
some Savoys, the first of the season, have come to hand this week.
Cauliflowers tolerably plenty, good, and prices low. Rhubarb most
gone; veiy little doing in it now. Peas are yet plentiful. String
Beans abundant; shelled have just come to'hand. Corn very plenti-
ful for the season. Tomatoes are brought to the city from New
York, and command our quotations. The first Celery of the season
has been brought in this week. Of Squashes there is no supply
except the summer varieties, of which there is a good stock; a few
Autumnal Marrow, from early vines, have come to hand this week.

Of fruits there is a much greater variety and a better supply of all
kinds, than at the time of our last report. Apples are not remarka-
bly fair; but they are brought from New Jersey. Strawberries are
all gone, except a few of the English wood. Grapes tolerably plenty,
and very good. Watermelons most gone, what remain are poor.
Currants abundant. Rasjjberries are rather scarce; the demand has
however, been good, and prices quite high: market gardeners who
grow fruit for the market should introduce this fruit very generally
into their gardens, as it conunands a much higher price, and is as eas-
ily grown as other kinds. Blackberries, and other sorts of berries,
are brought in freely. Pears are so abundant as to be quite a drug;
they have been brought in from New York in great quantities.
Apricots have just come in. Peaches are quite plentiful; they are
however, brought from New Jersey, and very inferior; srood forced
Peaches have been sold at ^6 per dozen. Plums from New York.
Cucumbers are received in numerous quantities. Lemons and oran-
ges the same. Pine-apjiles have been very plenty, but the stock of
prime ones is poor. In all sorts of nuts the market is about the same.
— Yours, M. T., Boston, July 27, 1839.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOR AUGUST.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines will now need attention; give good quantities of air,
but shut up the front sashes early; syringe twice a week; keep the
vines well thinned of all rambling shoots, and lay in the next year's
bearing wood in its proper place.

320 Horticultural Memoranda.

Grape Vines, in the open air, should be attended to, and be proper-
ly trained up and pruned out. Syringe occasionally, to prevent
mildew.

Strawberry Plants, for forcinijr, should be taken up immediately, if
not done before; select the strongest roots, and put them in No. 2
pots, in rich soil.

Straioherry beds may now be made and planted with ^ood success.
Manure the ground well, and make it fine and rich before planting.

Plum Trees should be budded this month.

Peach Trees may also be budded this month.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Dahlias. — The weather has been fine so far, and the plants look
well; keep them clear of weeds; stake all the plants, and if dry
weather ensues, water freely over the foliage and at the roots.

Roses may be budded this month.

Geranium cuttings, put in early in June, may now be potted off.

Verbenas will need repottiiig again.

Chrysanthemums should be topped now, and kept well watered.

Orange and Lemon Trees may now be budded with success.

Carnations should i)e laid if not already done.

Pansy seed may be sown this month for late flowering.

Slockgilliflower seed may be sown now for late flowering.

Mignonette should now be planted for flowering at Christmas.

Hydrangeas may be propagated this month,

Oxalis Boweii bulbs should now be potted.

White Lilies should be taken up and separated this month, and re-
planted or laid away till October.

The Double Pyrethrum should now be increased from cuttings for
winter flowering.

Camellias should have a good supply of water, and repeated syr-
ingings.

Cuttings of Ericas, Lechenaultia, Pimelea, <^c. put in last month,
should receive due attention.

Green-house plants of all kinds should be repotted, the latter part
of this month. '

VEGETABLE DEPARTMENT.

Celery Plants trnnsplanted as we directed into small beds, should
now be set in prepared trenches for blanching.
Turnips for a winter crop should be sown.
Spinach should be sown for a spring crop.
White Onioiis for spring use should now be planted.
Rhubarb roots may be transplanted now, and new beds made.

THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE

SEPTEMBER, 1839.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. T. Some Remarks upon several Gardens and J^urscries^
in Providence^ Burlington, (jY. /.,) and Baltimore. By
the Editor.

Having recently made a short visit to several gardens and
nurseries in the cities above noted, we have prepared a ^ew re-
marks from our memoranda, with the hope tliat while they will
record the progress of horticulture, they will also contain some
incidental hints which may be beneficial to the am.ateur practi-
tioner. It is some time since we gave the results of our last
tour, and we have now been unable to visit many places which
it would have given us great pleasure to notice in our pages.
We trust, however, that we shall, in time, be enabled to give
to our readers some account of every garden of any note in
the country.

Our first visit was to some of the gardens in the city of Prov-
idence, R. I. Very little has, as yet, been accomplished in
this place; and there appears to be but little taste diflused
among the inhabitants for gardens and gardening; with some
few exceptions, there are a much less number of fine gardens
than may be found in many small towns in the vicinity of
Boston. "Within the past year, more attention has j^een awa-
kened upon the subject, and v.e hope that the example of those
who have already improved their grounds, will be emulated by
others who have ample means to do so. Part of the city is
\vell located for handsome residences, and a few examples of

VOL. V. NO. IX. 41

322 Some Remarks on several Gardens and JVurseries.

highly cuhivated grounds are, we think, only wanting to imme-
diately enlist the wealthy in the laudable effort to diffuse a
proper taste among the inhabitants.

Garden of Capt. B. W. Comstock, Arnold Street. — Jlug.
14th. It is but a short time since this garden was laid out.
Capt. Comstock is a great lover of plants, and has erected a
small green-house, which he intends to fill with plants. The
ground around the house is limited, but we found it well filled
with a great variety of annuals and perennials, Ferbena Tweed-
iedna, teucroldes., &c.; petunias and similar showy plants or-
namented the border with their innumerable flowers. In a fine
piece of ground belonging to tiie garden, on the opposite side
of the street, we found a good collection of pears, embracing
many of the best kinds, such as the Duchess of Angouleme,
Urbaniste, &c. It is the intention of Capt. Comstock to erect
a grape house the coming year, fifty or more feet long; there
are now but two or three in the city, and those of small size.
The cultivation of the grape can only be effected with good
success under glass in the city, and every grapery erected will
tend to increase and render more general the cultivation of this
delicious fruit.

Residence of Mrs. Ives. — Jlug. \Alh. This garden is one
of the oldest in the city. It comprises a square of about
two or three acres in extent, which is well filled with fruit
trees of various kinds, many of which have now attained
to a large size. The ground is laid out into quarters, with
middle and outer walks edged with box.

One of the finest specimens in the garden is a tulip tree, up-
wards of fifty feet high, and more than twenty-five broad at
the base: the tree formed a perfect pyramid, and was clothed
with branches and foliage from the base to the top. We doubt
whether there is a finer cultivated specimen in the country; in
the spring, when in bloom, it was one of the most ornamental
oijjects imaginable. There are large specimens of other com-
mon shrubs, but none of particular note.

Passing into the green-house, which is small, we noticed
several very pretty specimens of cactuses, and two or three
species of stapelias, the latter in flower. Of other plants the
collection is limited. This garden might be made one of the
most beautiful in the city; the situation is elevated, and the
ground falls from the house in a gradual, though very small
slope. Very few improvements have been made for several
years past. Mr. Dagleish has the management of the whole.

Amateur Garden of Capt. Toivnsend. — We were unfor-
tunate in not finding Capt. Townsend at home; and this we

Some Remarks on several Gardens and JWirseries. 323

regretted, as he has, in a small grapery, one of the best crops
of fruit that we have ever seen. The house is about fifty feet
long, and part of the vines are planted in the border inside,
and trained up the rafters, and the others up the back trellis.
The Royal Chasselas grapes excelled any in size that we have
seen. Capt. Townsend is quite noted for his fine crops and
beautiful fruit, and has experienced much success in the growth
of the vines.

In the garden we saw a fine crop of melons,- and several
large vines covered with a heavy crop of Isabella grapes.
Capt. Townsend does not appear to be much of an amateur in
flowers, and we found only a few annuals and perennials in the
borders.

JWirsery and Floiccr Garden of Mr. Dagleish. — Mr. Dag-
leish formerly lived in the vicinity of Boston, and removed here
some time since to establish a nursery and garden; but the en-
couragement has not been so great as he had been led to anti-
cipate. The space occupied by Mr. Dagleish's nursery is
upwards of half an acre; on it are two green-houses, into which
he has introduced grape vines, with the hope of producing a
fair crop for the market. They have been planted two years,
and are making good bearing wood for the next season.

In the open ground we found here some of the new kinds of
verbenas, petunias, &c. A great number of young Chinese
primroses, raised from seed, had just been potted off. This
is a plant which, though only a year or two since, a great fa-
vorite, seems to have been suffered to go out of our collec-
tions, as if its merits did not entitle it to a place there: this
should not be; it is one of the prettiest plants for green-house
as well as parlor growth, and its purple and snowy blossoms
appear in the depth of winter, when \qw others are in flower.
Many cultivators complain of the difficulty of procuring the
seed: we have never found any trouble. The plants should
be removed into the open air, where the wind and bees may
have free access to the blossoms, and they will seed readily.
If retained in the green-house, the plants are shy in producing
seed, and very few can be obtained. Mr. Dagleish is an in-
dustrious and enterprising man, and we hope that the amateurs
in and around the city will give him their patronage.

There are one or two nurseries of fruit and ornamental trees,
of some extent, in the neighborhood of the city, and a iew
other gardens; but those we have mentioned are the more
noted ones at present existing.

[To be continued.]

324 On Trellis and Tmilin^ Plants.

Art. II. On Trellis and Trailing Plants. By X.

The late improvements in the style of parlor plants may be
considered a iiappy prognostic of the success and continuance
of this branch of floriculture. Much has been said in praise
of t!;a verbenas, and certainly there is no group so well enti-
tled to praise. Their comparative diminutive size, and facili-
ty of flowering — their elegance of growth and delicacy of fol-
iage— the varied tints, and even distinctive colors, — render
them an especial attraction to even the most careless and incu-
rious observer of flowers. Two or three varieties at this mo-
ment, blooming in our windows, have elicited universal admi-
ration; and, though blossoming like the flower of Gray, in a
region where

"Full many a flower is born to blush rmseera,"
and where a taste for such silent monitors of duty as tliese
stars of the earth are, is greatly to be Vv'ished for; yet our little
proteges, despite the supposed uselessness of house plants,
claim and obtain something more than a passing notice.

But it is not our intention to dwell on these elegant and new
plants, as much has been already written, and with better effect
than we could produce, although we would essay a few words
on another, and that a small family of pretty flowers, admirably
adapted to grace the windows of our dwellings with their per-
petual bloom, and to become the subjects of the careful and
tasteful management of the trellis. We allude to the Mauran-
dyas. We well remember, some dozen years since, the
pleasure we enjoyed in seeing the little !M. ontirrhiniflora,
whose profuse flowering covers the luxuriant and twining stems;
and when afterward were introduced to its more delicate
corolled sister, M. sempeiflurens, whose roseate bloom is true
to its trivial name, we considered it no mean addition to green-
house or flower border; but when the superb seedling of Bar-
clay came into notice, whose large deep blue personate blos-
soms and fair green foliage, and more luxuriant growth, points
it out as the most desirable, we only thought that our pre-
dilection to the Maurandyas was most happily strengthened by
the manner through which we became acquainted.

As trellis plants, the Maurandyas are peculiarly appropri-
ate. The three species would ornament any one's collection,
and amply repay all his efforts to train them into a fanciful
form. They are a good companion to the verbenas by way of

On Trellis and Trailing Plants. 225

contrast; and their adaptation to pot culture, — very soon pro-
ducing flowers, and continuing for weeks and months in beauty,
and bearing the scissors or the knife with great chance of im-
provement to their appearance, — are all concomitant in pro-
ducing a good effect. Nor do they suffer from occasional neg-
lect, as do many of our most beautiful plants, for nature has
taught the flexible petiole or leaf-stalk to firmly embrace any
object to which it comes in contact; and the deprivation of
water for a period exceeding its usual time of imbibition, is
not attended with those fatal effects so apparent in many
flowers.

For out-door cultivation, the ]\raurandyas are admirably
adapted to training on pyramidal trellis work, in the centre of
a bed composed of the dazzling and prostrate verbenas. Grow-
ing with a rapidity second only to them, the flexible shoots of
Maurandya may be made to climb a considerable structure in
a few weeks, and, like its more brilliant companions too, a
considerable frost is requisite to overcome its propensity to
flower. AVinter, even in the first days of December, has been
known to overtake M. Barclayann, so tenacious was it to yield,
to that gloomy monarch, a triumph of the seasons, which Flora
assumes.

We presume that our readers may smile at our enthusiastic
suggestion, to pay some regard to that little weed, which dar-
ingly and fearlessly hangs its tiny corols of purple from many
a high battlement and mouldering church-tower, in Old Eng-
land,— the threadlike stemmed jLinaria cymbalaria; but, de-
spite their expected ridicule, we venture to declare that, prop-
erly grown in the form of a trained or trailing plant, it would
find many admirers. We never see it in a green-house, dur-
ing the winter months, without a passing admiration, and, for
our own part, we candidly confess our preference of it to
many a new and rare tropical exotic, extolled and valued be-
cause new and rare. Like the other species of the genus ^^n-
tirrhinum, to which it formerly belonged, the present is pecu-
liarly a plant for scanty nourishment and drought. In the up-
right fissure of a wall we have noticed an elegant mass of its
sn)all leaves and smaller flowers, where scarcely a moss would
find subsistence. Time was, when the thread-like stolones of
(S'axifraga sarmentosa, commonly known under the false appel-
lation of Otaheite jjlant, might be seen pendant from almost
every casement, and no mean appearance did it afford: but it
falls to the lot of vegetables, as of humanity, that fashion reigns
among their ranks, and, in consequence, the natural pendant
development of many is banished, to give place to the more

326 On the cuUivation of the Cauliflower.

constrained style of training. With many plants this is a de-
cided improvement; for example, with the verbenas and petu-
nias: but we think that a happy combination of both should ob-
tain.

Who, for instance, has not admired the almost perennial
beauty of Lobelia bicolor, or the careless manner of .^'ster
tenella, or the pretty mode of Lantana Se\6wii9 Russelm
juncea, though beautiful when trained, is not inelegant when in
a trailing state; and even the minute Linaria cymbaUiria, or ivy-
leaved snap-dragon, is not an unworthy though humble com-
panion, and deserving a quiet corner of the shelf appropriated
to creeping plants. The free, unrestrained, natural elegance
of plants is, to the eye of refined taste, always the most attrac-
tive. Who would think of tying into a constrained position the
grotesque Cactus flabelliformis? and, although it is against the
rules of good gardening to permit the weak-growing plants to
suffer for want of artificial support, yet, to obviate the appear-
ance of stiffness, an artificial style is adopted, and the pictur-
esque is employed to amuse the eye, and render nature subser-
vient to art. Thus tree roses are very fine in their way, yet
the painted stick for support is no additional ornament, but a
convenience. The careless and flexible shoots of some other
more luxuriant variety will engage the notice as a combination of
nature and elegance. We would not depreciate, however, the
signal merit which floriculture has obtained in rendering its sub-
ject so attractive, by the occasional novelty of some new style;
although, to us, a flower has its intrinsic merit, whether in sim-
ple elegance, or artificial and combined efi:ect. X.

Art. hi. On the cuUivation of the Caullfiower^ as practised
on the farm of C. J. JVolbert^ Esq., at Frankford, near
Philadelphia. By Mr. Gregory Lee.

Having met with unprecedented success in bringing the
cauliflower to the highest state of perfection, by the same sim-
ple process of cultivation as the cabbdge, and with the hope of
stimulating others to "go and do likewise," I am induced to
lay before you an extract from my garden diary: —

"Purchased the seed of Messrs. Landreth & Co.; sowed it

On the cultivation of the Cauliflower. 327

broadcast Sept. 19tli, 1838, in a bed of common garden
mould.

"October 26tb, removed the plants into a cold frame of the
same kind of mould.

"April 10th, 1839, transplanted them into the open garden.

"May 29th, cut for the use of the family."

These noble plants stood in the open garden, undaunted,
and, with their neighbors, the cabbage, patiently endured "the
pitiless pelting of the storm."

My success is fully demonstrated by the following statement
of the circumference of six /leacZs of the flowers, wholly divest-
ed of their leaves.

Circumference. Weight.

No. 1 . . . 3 feet 1 inch ... 8 lbs.
No. 2 . . . 2 feet 7| inch . . .
No. 3 . . . 2 feet 6| inch . . .
No. 4 ... 2 feet 6 inch .
No. 5 ... 2 feet 5| inch . .
No. 6 ... 2 feet 5^ inch ,
The circumference of the largest flower, as it stood in the
garden, and taken at the extremity of its leaves, was 13 feet 7|
inches.

I continued to cut abundance of fine flowers, from May
29th to the middle of July.

With this I send you some remarks by the Editor of the
United States Gazette, who examined some of the plants on
the ISihof last month. [This appeared in our last number,
p. 308.]

My object, in this instance, is publicity, especially as flow-
ers of this immense size can only be obtained from fall plants.
I am a subscriber of yours, and I shall feel a pleasure in com-
municating and corresponding with you upon the subject of
horticulture.

I am, gentlemen, respectfully yours,

Gregory Lee.
Frankford, near Philadelphia.) July Slst, 1839.

[Mr. Lee will receive our thanks for the above communica-
tion, and it will give us great pleasure to hear from him often
through our pages. Practical articles are of real value, and,
unless professional men come forward readily, and give their
methods of cultivation, horticulture will make but slight ad-
vancement. We trust that other cultivators will not only
adopt Mr. Lee's plan of growing this excellent vegetable, but

328 On changing the colors ofjioiuers of ihe Ilijdrangea.

will imitate his example, by giving to the public the success
which may attend their method of cultivating every plant, fruit
or vegetable, which will render them easier attainable by all. —

Ed.]

m

Art. IV. On changing the color of the Jloicers of ihe
fljidrangea. By J. D. W. Williams, Esq., Elm Hill,

Roxbury.

W11A.T is there more beautiful and cool to look upon, of the
flower kind, than the hydrangea? Placed in the shady piazza,
or window, it seems to luxuriate with you in the cooling breeze
of the hot summer's day; participating and communing v/iih
you in the luxury of light, shade and air. Why! it will cool
you, after a warm walk, to look upon its large bright trusses of
flowers, contrasting with the broad deep green foliage. Then
let me suggest to those of your readers, who may delight in
this beautiful plant, how they may make it sport its colors,
showing some very beautifid blending of shades.

For several years past, I have been studying to effect this:
some of my friends have suggested the watering of the plants
with soap-suds, from the time the buds begin to expand; oth-
ers, a mixture of peat ashes, or the ashes of pitch pine, with
the soil; the soap-suds produce a luxuriant growth and large
flowers; and the ashes only cause some very sliglit change
in the coloring of the petals: others, again, have advised
some peculiar compost, in which the plants should be grown.

My own experience convinces me that the best compost,
for the growth of the plant, is, one half rich garden loam, one
fourth old hot-bed manure, and one fourth coarse sand, the
whole to be well mixed together. The plants should stand in
a situation where they will only receive the morning or even-
ing sun for an hour or two. When the buds begin to expand,
or after they have half opened, the plants should be watered
with water, in which has been dissolved saltpetre and oxide of
iron, in the following proportions: — to a table spoonful of salt-
petre and a half a one of oxide of iron add one pail of water;
these should be well stirred together, and the whole allowed to
stand exposed to the atmosphere a day or more, or until it has
acquired a temperature of 70°.

On the cultivation of Mignonette. 329

I am fully satisfied with the very beautiful variety of coloring
which this fine plant produces, under this mode of treatment,
and am pleased to communicate this to your readers, hoping
that they may meet with the like success; and if they will in-
form us, in return, of any thing which will effect any other
changes in the tints of the blossoms, they will oblige all who
love the Hydrangea hortensis.

Yours, John D. W. Williams.

Elm Hill, Roxbury, July 20, 1839.

Art. V. On the cultivation of Mignonette for icinter and
spring blooming. By the Editor.

Probably no plant is more universally esteemed, and gen-
erally cultivated, than the mignonette. With the French and
English gardeners it has been a favorite for a long time: in this
country, however, it has not, until within a few years, been an
object of common growth, nor is it at the present period so
well known as it should be, except in the immediate vicinity of
our large cities.

The mignonette is a native of Egypt, and was introduced
into Britain about the year 1754; but it has become so gene-
rally diffused, both there and in France, that it has becom? in
a degree naturalized. It is not long since, that we read, in
some foreign periodical, an account of its growing upon the
walls of an old ruined chateau, in the neighborhood of Paris,
springing out from every crevice where the seed could obtain
a lodging place, and literally covering the walls with its odo-
rous blossoms. In the Paris Marche aux Flexirs thousands of
pots of it are annually sold, and the window of the peasant, as
well as the saloon of the opulent, is decorated throughout the
season with pots of this favorite plant.

The mignonette is of remarkably simple growth in the open
ground, and when once the seeds are planted, it will retain
possession of the soil, springing up from self-sown seeds, and
flowering early and abundantly every season. Successive
sowings in May and July will afford a constant supply of neat
and compact plants, filled with flowers. In rich moist soil the
plants grow luxuriantly and spread out widely, but have a very

vol. v. — NO. IX. 42

330 On the cultivation of Mignonette.

scanty display of flowers: it is in a dry and rather hard soil
that they show themselves to the best advantage; for in such a
situation they bloom early, and, without spreading out their
recumbent branches too far, are, at the same time, overloaded
with blossoms. Those cultivators, therefore, who w^ould have
the plants in the greatest perfection, should select the driest
spot in the garden, and sow the seeds thickly. But it is for
the production of good plants for flowering in the winter, that
we commenced these remarks.

To bloom the mignonette in good perfection from the decay
of the out-door plants in the autumn, until the return of the
flowers in the spring, it is necessary that there should be two
successive sowings, viz. one in August, for blooming about
Christmas, and another in September, for blooming from Feb-
ruary till May.

Select for the purpose as many No. 2 pots as there are
plants wanted; fill them with a compost mixed in about the fol-
lowing proportions, viz. one half good light loam, one quarter
leaf mould, and one quarter coarse sand. First give the pots
a good drainage, for the health of the plants depends much on
this; then fill them up to within half an inch of the rim, giving
the pot a slight rap to settle the soil well; level the surface, sow
the seed thickly, and cover it with about an eighth of an inch
of the same compost. A frame (an old cucumber bed will an-
swer,) should then be ready to receive the pots; set them so
that they will not be far from the glass, and give a gentle wa-
tering; put on the sashes, and shade with a mat in the middle
of the day, if the sun is too powerful, until the plants are well
up. Give water cautiously and in small quantities, as the
plants will damp off if they are kept too wet. Thin out the
plants, leaving only three or four in a pot.

In the month of November or December, according to the
mildness of the season, the plants should be removed to the
green-house or parlor: in the former place they should be plac-
ed on a shelf within two feet of the glass, and if nearer they
will thrive better. Water should be given sparingly, and when
the plants get up an inch or two, the tops of each should be
pinched out in order to make them branch well. They will
now grow slowly, and early in January will come into bloom.
In the parlor they should be set as near the window sash as
possible, and in the most airy part of the room.

When the planis have done blocming in the spring, they
may be turned out into the border, where they will throw out
new branches, and make good plants for bloom all the sum-
mer. We tried this method last spring, and at this moment

cA'o/es on Gardens and JVurseries. 331

the plants are now before us, flowering as profusely as seed-
lings of this year. When they are turned out, they should be
eut down nearly to the soil.

The only requisites to be observed, in pot culture, are a
good drainage, light soil, and careful watering.

Art. VI. Jfotes on Gardens and JSTurserles.

Country Seat of Col T. H. Perkins— Aug. \st. Since
last autumn there has been but few additions or alterations upon
the grounds. The trees and shrubs and perennial plants, how-
ever, which are planted in the rear of the old range of fruit-
ing houses and adjoining the lawn, have since last summer made
a fine growth, and now present the appearance of having been
planted out three or four years. Mr. Cowan has taken much
pains to enrich this part of the garden, and he has effected his
object to the best advantage. The walks are well filled with
gravel, thoroughly rolled down, and the borders are kept in the
highest state of cleanliness: the flowers are not suffered to go
unpruned, or to recline upon the surface, but are neatly tied up
as they require it. In a year or two, this part of the grounds
will be the most attractive.

In the old fruit garden, between the two ranges of glass,
some slight alterations are to be made, and Mr. Cowan has
already laid down two of the quarters to grass. The other
two are, we believe, to be treated in the same manner, reserv-
ing only a border on each side of the middle walk.

The other garden is well filled with flowers and fruit. Two
large plantations of raspberries, the Franconia and the white
Antwerp, were bearing to such a degree as to render it almost
impossible to pick the fruit as fast as it ripened. The land
here is most capitally suited to the growth of this fruit, and we
have never seen plants in a more flourishing condition. The
Franconia, in pariicular, were remarkably strong, being about
eight feet high, and filled with strong laterals bending almost to
the ground with the weight of fruit. This variety is altogeth-
er the best for general cultivation, and should be in the pos-
session of every one who admires this fruit. Its abundant
bearing alone, setting aside its other good properties, are suf-

532 JS^otes on Gardens and JN'urseries.

ficient to entitle it to a situation where good fruit is desired.
Mr. Cowan has a new kind which he received from Edinburgh,
and which he values highly. It is similar in color and form to
the Franconia.

To show the extent to which forcing is to be carried on,
Mr. Cowan has prepared, and is now preparing, upwards oi
six hundred pots of Keen's Seedling strawberries, a variety
which he prefers to any other. These are to go into the new
house built year before last, and mentioned by us in our last
volume.

In the open ground we found the rock work covered with a
variety of petunias, verbenas, &c., and several large patches
of the two verbenas, V. chamasdrifolia and Tweediedwa, were
beautiful. Mr. Coivan has an immense number of carnations,
and among them some of great beauty: they were now just go-
ing out of flower.

Passing into the houses, we saw but little, except the quan-
tities of fruit witli which the rafters were covered. The sea-
son has not however, on the whole, been so favorable as usual:
in one of the compartments Mr. Cowan was much troubled with
the mildew; but he succeeded in subduing it, though not with-
out the sacrifice of some of the crop. The fruit on the vines
in the green-house was partly cut, but there had been a great
crop. In the peacheries the trees present the same healthy
and vigorous growth that they always do, and they are now
fruiting well. Mr. Cowan succeeds admirably in his treat-
ment of the trees trained to the trellis under the rafters, and we
shall endeavor to describe it at a future time. They have now
reached the top of the house.

In the kitchen garden Mr. Cowan has commenced some al-
terations ; a new walk is to be laid out, and the ground to be
appropriated to the production of all kinds of fruits and vege-
tables, gradually removing them from the limited space in
front of the houses, that the latter may be wholly devoted to
ornamental purposes. Mr. Cowan preserves the most com-
plete order and neatness in every part of the grounds.

Brooklyn^ JV. F. — JIug. 15tli, A short visit among some
of our friends here, has enabled us to offer a few brief remarks.

Residence of J\^. /. Bccar^ Esq. It is a refreshing treat
to walk through the well filled and highly kept garden of
Mr. Becar; and the eye finds more treasures for it to rest
upon, in this enclosure of half an acre or so, than in ten
times that quantity allowed to run wild by neglect, as is
often the case; too many cultivators, who possess a few gems,
flatter themselves that they have sufficient to please at all times,

JVoies on Gardens and JWirsenes. 333

and to make up for a thousand defects in the general features
of the grounds.

The grass plats in Mr. Becar's garden contain several differ-
ent shaped figures, which are filled with verbenas and petunias,
flowering abundantly. The marble vases are removed from
the green-house, and are filled with the Ferbena chamaedrifolia,
Tweediedno, and incisa. They stand in the centre of the
grass plats, and give a finished aspect to the whole garden.
The dahhas are growing well, though not yet much in bloom.
The camellias and other green-house plants look well, and are
budded finely for another year. Bignonm grandiflora, stand-
ing in the open border, was flowering splendidly. It seems to
be hardy here, needing only a little protection the first or sec-
ond year, until it assumes some size. It is one of the most
gorgeous creepers, and it is to be regretted that it cannot be
made to endure our winters farther north. The tree roses
in JNIr. Becar's garden are, by far, the largest we have ever
seen, and have flowered elegantly. The only protection he
gives them is simply winding the stems with straw.

Mr. Becar's garden is one of much interest, in summer or
winter, and the amateurs of Brooklyn must be gratified to find
among them one so zealous in the pursuit of the science of
horticulture.

Residence of J. A. Perry^ Esq. — Mr. Perry continues to
add to his structures every year. This we are glad to hear:
his situation is a noble one, and, with ample means, we are
happy to see him improve it to such good advantage; it will
stand at the head of all others in the neighborhood of the city.

He has now just commenced the erection of a house for
palms and other large growing tropical plants; it is to be about
sixty feet by thirty, and twenty-six high, and will connect the
whole range, being buih between the conservatory and hot-
house. When finished, our readers may expect a full de-
scription of the whole.

The plants in the hot-house look healthy and vigorous, and
have made so great a growth since last fall, that there is not
room for them. The banana has grown rapidly, and attained
to the top of the house: the Corypha, Chamaj^rops, and other
palms, have made many new fronds, and when in a more roomy
place, will show to better advantage.

Mr. Paulsen showed us a plant of jGuphorb/a hexagonus, up-
on which he had grafted the beautiful E. splendens: it appears
to have united readily, and the scion has already started to
grow. We see no reason why the succulent species of this
genus may not be grafted with the same facility as the cactus

334 General Jfotices.

tribe. E. hexagonus is a much stronger grower than the
splendens. The A^gave americana, which we have before
noticed, is growing finely, and has made several new leaves.
Poincidna Gilliesu, a very elegant species, was in full bloom.

In the open ground the plants looked well, and the dahlias
were just coming to flower. Mr. Paulsen, the gardener, ap-
pears to feel much interested in the improvements which Mr.
Perry has proposed. He has promised us an account of all
the additions and alterations.

Multiflora Garden. — Mr. Maynard. This garden is quite
a favorite resort to the ladies of Brooklyn, and Mr. Maynard
has laid it out in good taste, and keeps it in fine order. Since
our visit, two years since, the trees and shrubs have acquired
considerable size.

Mr. Maynard cultivates a great number of dahlias, as these
are the principal ornament of the garden in summer and au-
tumn. They have not yet flowered much, but promise well
as soon as the nights are cooler. The ailanthus tree, which
is a great favorite around New York, is cultivated by Mr.
Maynard, and he sells a large number every year. It is one
of the finest shade trees, and flourishes well in the neighbor-
hood. Farther north, around Boston, it is apt to be killed by
the severe frosts, particularly when young. We also saw a
number of Isabella grape vines, of good size, ready for sale.
The city of Brooklyn is increasing rapidly, and the fine gardens
attached to many of the residences bespeak a growing taste for
plants and flowers.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Why are Florists^ Flowers neglected? — [The following article we
find in the Horticultural Journal, and though not exactly applicable to
this country, nevertheless contains some hints which may be of advan-
tage even to oiu- own amateurs. As young as we are in the practice of
horticulture, the same neglect begins to show itself which is so much
complained of in this paper ; and we trust that the perusal of it will tend
to impress every one, who has the promotion of the science at heart, with
the importance of union and action in all societies formed for its ad-
vancement.— Ed.l

"If we knew how to infuse a little spirit into the growers of Flor-
ists' Flowers, we should set about it in good earnest: for it is morti-

General J^otices. 335

fying to see the most splendid of all the garden beauties neglected;
and nothing can be more obvious than the falling off which we have
to deplore. Whence can this neglect arise? We are almost asham-
ed to own our conviction is strong, that one of the causes is — idleness.
Another, perhaps, is the want of an example among those whose in-
fluence used to be great, and would again be so if used. A third is,
the want of proper encouragement from those who can afford to pro-
mote so good an object. A fourth, and, perhaps, the last we shall
mention, may be the general depression, which limits the means of
the working classes.

"The first cause — idleness — seems very apparent; for those flowers
which require the most trouble to cultivate in perfection, are the most
neglected; and this fact may be observed by every body. For in-
stance, the pink — a flower beautiful in itself, possessing properties
which render it a favorite with every body; the perfume is exceed-
ingly fine, its symmetry conspicuous, the means of raising seedlings
are easy, and the capacity for improvement is great; but to grow
them well requires care, attention, application and perseverance; and
these are, we presume, too much for ordinary people. It is not many
years since this flower was grown by many enthusiasts, who main-
tained that it was the best of all florists' flowers. And it was no un-
common thing to find a dozen very fine stands in a show room. Why
should it not be so again? The Metropolitan Society of Florists
have before now actually given their head prize to a single stand, ex-
hibited without a competitor, and such a stand as would have been
exclud-od altogether, according to the strict rules of showing. This is
mischievous, for it renders men careless; and it is much to be regret-
ted that many who have been willing to pay three half crowns for
their share of the prizes exhibiting for such as were very inferior,
have fallen back when better prizes were offered for very trifling en-
trance fees; another proof that it is idleness is, that the same people
may be found eagerly cultivating subjects not half so beautiful, mere-
ly because they are less trouble. The second cause — the want of ex-
ample among those whose influence would be useful— is almost a
modification of the first; for it is idleness which operates with those
whose neglect is so conspicuous, and who must take the lead to pre-
vent the total abandonment of the fancy. The third cause — the want
of encouragement — is very apparent; for it is not merely ofi^ering
prizes that will cause a flower to be cultivated; there must be a sort
of emulation to excel excited before the prizes will be valued beyond
their intrinsic worth, and without this the trial will be confined to the
mere mercenary growers, who would take no more interest in grow-
ing a pink than in growing a cabbage, and who simply calculate
whether the prize will pay diem for their time and trouble.

" The encouragement required is from persons who usually take the
lead in such things, and who will attend the shows and descant on the
properties of old flowers, and discuss the merits of new ones; who will
sit down and dine with the showers, attend their meetings, and give, by
their personal presence, that sort of countenance which can alone excite
men to trials of skill. This, and this only, vv'ill set the florists' flower
fancy upon its legs again; for it has tumbled down, and is likely to re-
main in its present grovelling condition, until a regular stir is made.
The fourth, and most important of the causes, may be probably traced
to the altered condition of the working classes, to whom belongs the
larger portion of the credit due for the improvement of this lieautiful
class of garden productions. This is to be deplored; but even this could

336 General JYotices.

be counteracted greatly by the encouragement whicli the more wealthy
could give, if they pleased, by taking up the cultivation themselves — by
liberally purcliasiiig whenever the less fortunate could sell. But of late,
those who could afford to cultivate and encourage the fancy flowers
have sadly neglected the cause. We will not mention names, but there
are many who will take to themselves this reproach — that they who
have been, and perhaps still are, enthusiasts themselves, are not seen
at the only meetings where such matters are discussed — that they have
gradually withdrawn themselves from the associations formed for such
jjurposes — and that some, who could well afford to double and treble
their former subscriptions, have confined themselves to the cold-hearted
payment of their annual stipend, and others have gradually withdrawn
altogether. Now, whether we look to the interest which such meetings
as we have described possess in themselves — to the rational recreation
which they encourage — the emulation they excite, or the benefit which
society at large derives from the promotion of floriculture, — this is every
way to be regretted. Wi)o is there can attend a meeting which once
boasted all the choice spirits of the age, all the enthusiasts of the fancy,
and not lament all its defalcations by death, and the deficiency of those
to whom scores have looked up with respect, and whose examples have
been followed by very many who have been by them first led into the
fancy? Business is the excuse ; a fair one enough if nobody valued
their company or their conversation, but a most insufficient one, if the
importance of what they neglect be considered for a moment. Those
who desire to promote any object which comprises a large share of pub-
lic good, should recollect that men value active zeal far beyond mere
Jiborality. There is not a man, whatever may be his circumstances, but
would go farther to serve onevdio asks him to partake of any thing with
him, than he would another who threw him a shilling. It is the mixing
with their fellow-men that does the good, not the contributions of the
sovereigns ; the one is valued because it cannot be bought, the other is
valued only for its amount. A man may possess great liberality, and
volunteer vast money services, and they will be appreciated ; but anoth-
er may throw in his mite with the rest, and, by joining in their social
meetings, confer that which cannot be sufficiently valued ; and this is
the person who does the good. This, however, all applies generally to
the fancy. We have only talked of the pink, — next to this flower for
trouble, and consequent neglect, is the carnation; then the auricula, the
ranunculus, and the tulip : the same argument applies to the whole in
different degrees. The auricula shows are over, except such as may be
made up out of the ordinary way, and how forcibly the foregoing ob-
servation applies to such shows as we have had! The tulip shows are
coming on — will the same argument apply ? How many stands will be
cut for the Hampton exhibition? A solitary half dozen, perhaps. Per-
sons who will cut flowers for an exhibition, in which the sight of the
blooms will be confined to their own dinner table, will begrudge tlie
time, trouble, or flowers, or perhaps all three, that must be given up for
an exhibition, where the flowers are to be seen by hundreds ! And this
cannot be the way to promote a fancy which is tottering for want of
countenance and support! And what, let us ask, is the first effect of all
this neglect? Why, a reduction in the price of tulips, a lessening of the
demand, and a consequent diminution in the value of every man's col-
lection. Is this desirable? Ought not all the old growers to rally round
the young ones ? Ought the resources, the energies, the means, or the
interest, to be divided by one half the professed friends going one way,
and the other half the other? Ought they who were the first to sup-

General JYotices. 337

port a society for the advancement of a particular object, to neglect its
interests, and abandon its meetings, after many have become members
on their invitation ? Surely this one species of discouragement is enough
to account for one half the indifference with which men look at tlie
fancy. Who can wonder at the apathy of the growers in general, when
they are openly neglected by llie growers in particular? We have
looked, year after year, with regret at the growing indifierence of the
best cultivators; and we have deplored the splitting of large societies
into smaller ones, from a conviction that the cause suflers.

"Nothing could contribute so much to the advancement of this branch
as the association of all classes of growers in one Central Society, and
their attendance at occasional meetings. Nothing has tended so much
to disparage the interests, weaken the energies, and destroy the emida-
tion of all the friends of science, as the establishment of little coteries,
which draw off the attention of many leading jn'omoters. There are
some seceders who can well be spared, men who are neither usefid nor
ornamental ; but there are others, who, in their new-fangled schemes,
should not forget old associations, and whom we should like to see giv-
ing up an occasional hour for the benefit of the younger fanciers, and
afibrding them the advantage of their experience and their conversation.
We shoidd like to see the florists' flowers taken up as they ought to be,
and we believe the day is not far off, when some of those who might al-
most claim to be the futhei-s of the fancy, instead of withdrawing from
the circles in which such subjects are discussed, will join again the so-
ciety of those who still cultivate their favorites, and participate in the
animated discussions which characterized the enthusiasts of former
dajs." (Hort. Journal.)

Product of Potatoes. — A communication from Sir George Stearns
Mackenzie, Bart., upon the results of some experiments he had made
upon the cultivation of the potato, was read at the London Horticultural
Society, stating that the first experiment related to the difference in pro-
ductiveness, between the point, the middle and the base of a potato.
Three different varieties were taken, and every eye but one was careful-
ly removed from the sets. The results were, —

Point. Middle. Base.

No. 1 produced 4 lbs. 4 lbs. G oz. 3 lbs. 8 oz.

No. 2 produced 5 lbs. 6 lbs. 3 oz. 3 lbs. 8 oz.

No. 3 produced 5 lbs. 8 oz. 7 lbs. 8 oz. 7 lbs. 8 oz.

Total, 14 lbs. 8 oz. 18 lbs. 1 oz. 14 lbs. 8 oz.

It, therefore, appeared that eyes from near the point and base of a po-
tato, should be rejected by the planter,and the middle eyes only used.
In another experiment exactly the same quantity of the tuber was taken
with a scoop fiom each of the above three sorts, so that each set formed
a hemisphere of about half an inch in diameter. Under these circum-
stances No. 1 yielded four to nine ounces ; No. 2, two to four ounces ;
the result of No. 3 was considered doubtful. {Hort. Jour.)

Epilbbium hirsutum. — W. Taylor, F. L. S., finds that the down of
the seeds of this plant, which, when the pods are mature, is found in
considerable quantities, is useful in stuffing pillows, cushions, &.C.,
and may bo spun into thread, with or without an admixture of cotton.
{Gard.Ma^.)

VOL. V. — NO. IX. 43

338 Foreign JS^oticcs. — England.

Art. II. Foreign Notices,

ENGLAND.

Camellia japonica PrdttW. — This variety, known as a seedling of Mr.
Buist's, is noticed in the Florist's Magazine, where it is stated that it is
in the possession of Messrs. Low & Co., of the Chipton Nursery. It is
described as of a beantifiil rose color, the centre of every petal being
beautifully pencilled with white : the flower possessing great deptli of
petals, which are rounded and well set, and is quite equal to the double
white. [Florist- s Mag.)

Protecting duty on fruit. — The London fruit salesmen and fruit
growers of the kingdom are about njeinorializing the l^ords of the
Treasury for the enactment of a law, imposing a duty on foreign apples,
pears, &c. In 18] 9 the duty was four shillings a bushel on apples, and
seven shillings and sis pence on pears; but this was subsequently re-
duced to an ad valorum of five percent., which is, in reality, only a nom-
inal duty of about two jjence per busliel Under this law the raising of
fruit has been a poor business for several years; a protecting duty is de-
manded, in order that the French, with a much more favorable climate,
mr^y not overrun the market with their productions. {Hart. Jour.)

Doryanlhis excelsa. — This matfuiticent plant has flowered in England
the present summer. Early in May the plant, which belongs to the
fine collection of G. Glenny, Esq., had thrown up a flower stem eighteen
feet high. It was then removed to a house erected, on purpose, twenty-
six feet high. It was there visited by a great number of amateurs.
(Hort. Jour.)

Garden of the Royal Society of Agriculture and Horticulture. —
The series of fetes for the present season will be conducted at Staf-
ford House, Chiswick, just four miles and a half from Hyde Park
corner. Here has been constructed a splendid show-room ; a flow-
er-hall, for the display of horticultural productions, and capable of
holding several thousand peoj)Ie, independently of the gardens and
tents which will surround it. The ])arade down the middle of the
room, independent of the tables, will be five yards wide and fifty
yards long. The extraordinaiy exertion required to get this room
built in time, and to plant after some fashion the surrounding space,
may be but estimated by the ffict, that three or four weeks ago the
whole walled space of three acres comprised a decayed orchard, from
which three hundred cankered trees of large size have been grubl)ed
up, and a heap of ruins, from which a thousand load of bricks and
timber have been removed, yet already one-half the ground is lawn
and pleasure garden, and tlie other in a forward state of pre|)aration.
The advantase of possessing these gardens, and for the futin-e hold-
ing the shows there, needs no comment. The frontage to the road
is a hundred and eighty feet, which will give a noble carriajre sweej),
and ultimately will be the site of a splendid entrance. But for all
the purposes of pleasure gardens and a fete champetre, the premise.s
will be complete this spring. Of the fetes themselves, it may be said
from experience, that however attractive horticulture may be, the
mind will tire of it in less than five hours, and these fetes provide
against it by various entertainments, which are acceptable to those
who have viewed the plants and flowers. Balloons were last year

foreign J^otices. — Cuba. 339

adopted ns a relief, and various amusements which wile away the
hours. The musical arranj^ements include those of Royal Horse
Guards (Blue,) and the Cold-stream Guards. In all probability Mr.
Green's balloon will ascend from the lawn each day ; and although
this is a siijht any body may have for a shilling elsewhere, there are
hundreds who do not like mixing with shilling company. Tickets
are already issued to nearly five hundred families connected with the
nobility. It is expected to excel altogether the fetes of last year. —
Court Gazette.

CUBA.

Indigenous and acclimated fruits of Cuba. — We continue our ex-
tracts from the article referred to in our last, upon the fruits of Cuba.

'^Lucuma mammosa. — One of the order of the Sapotacese, and for-
merly an Achras. Ir i^ops by several names, among which are .SV
pole, Mammee Sapote, Maniey Colorado, Bully-berry.

"The tree resembles others of the same order. The fruit is of a
conical form, covered with a rough, thick, brown skin or rind; look-
ing like the entire meat of a cocoa-nut, deprived of its husk and shell.
The pulp is of a very Hark orange or flame color, granular, rather
soft, but not juicy, tasting like a pretty good common musk-melon.
In the midst of the pulp is a long, boat-shaped seed or stone, sharply
pointed at both ends, of a mahogany color and high polish, except
where this color and polish is interrupted by the rough scar, which
occupies about a third of the surf-ice, from end to end. The whole
size of the fruit is from three to six inches in length, and from two to
three in thickness. Sometimes there are two seeds in one fruit, al-
ways polisned and beautiful, and of large size.

"There is, I believe, a variety of the Sapote, which is oval, and not
conical. But I describe the fruit as I saw it in the market of St. Ja-
go, where it is quite common.

"Mammea Americana. This fruit, as its name imports, is a native
American. It is commonly called the Mamey of St. Domingo. The
French also call it l\ibric'ot de St. Dnminguej and by the English it
is often termed the Mamey Sapote. If the unlearned "Europeans who
go abroad and settle in foreign countries, had not by nature a beauti-
ful way of confounding natural objects together, they would never
have thought of bestowing the same name on this fruit which they
give to fruits of the Sapotaceous family, which but distantly resemble
it. The Mamey is classed with the Garciniacese.

"Among the umbrageous fruit trees, the Mamey takes the first
place. It is a grand leafy pyramid, attaining the height of sixty or
seventy feet, and presenting an aspect at the same time regular and
luxuriant. The leaves are quite large, nearly a foot in length, of a
long oval shape, dark green, leathery, polished and shining. The
trunk is stout, and gives excellent timber. No one can behold this
tree, towering in the fruit garden, without a sentiment of respect.
Grainger, speaking of those trees which will best exclude

'With iheir vast umbrage the noon's fervid ray,'
pays a due tribute to this majestic plant, while he notices a native su-
perstition concerning its fruit.

'Thee, verdant mamey, first her song should praise;

Tliee, the first natives of these ocean isles.

Fell anthropophagi, still sacred held;

And from thy large h'gh-flavored fruit abstained

340 Foreign J^otices. — Cuba.

With pious awe; for thine liigh-flavored fruit
Tlie airy phantoms of their friends deceased
Joyed to regale on. Such their simple creed.'
"Large and high flavored the fruit certainly is, but much too solid
in its texture, one would think, to be proper food for 'airy phantoms.'
It is noble in its size, as large as a shaddock, or as one's head, globu-
lar, with a protuberance or mamelon at the end opposite the stalk,
and covered with a russet skin. The pulp is of a close and firm con-
sistency, like that of our quince or cling-stone peach, and of a yellow
color. The flavor also resembles that of the peach, though it is more
aromatic. It is eaten in its fresh state, but more conunonly as a jam
or marmalade, in which form it is one of the most exquisite of pre-
serves. Rogers, in his 'Voyage of Columbus,' introduces, more poet-
ically than Grainger, the idea of the natives respecting the fruit-eating
shades of their friends.

'There odorous lamps adorned the festal rite.

And guavas blushed as in the vales of light.

There silent sate many an unbidden guest,

Whose steadfast looks a secret dread impressed ;

Not there forgot the sacred fruit that fed

At niginly feasts the spirits of the dead,

Mingling in scenes that mirth to mortals give,

But by their sadness known from those that live.

There met as erst, within the wonted grove,

Unmarried girls and youths that died for love!

Sons now beheld their ancient sires again,

And sires, alas, their sons in battle slain!'
The Spanish author, however, Peler Martyr, quoted by Rogers in a
note, makes the Guanabana, and not the Mamey, the favorite food of
spirits. 'They eat of the fruit called Guanaba.'

"In the centre of the fruit is a stone or seed, of size corresponding to
the fruit, brown, and very shaggy. Within the rough shell is a large
meat, of the peculiar bitter taste of the peach-stone meat, but more
delicate, which is much used for the flavoring of noyeau, and other
cordials. Sometiines there are two of these stones, and sometimes
three.

"Mangifera Indica, or domestica. — The celebrated Mango is now
quite common in Cuba, though it was introduced from the East In-
dies not many years ago. Grainger never mentions it in his poem,
which is proof that he never saw it, for it is not a fruit to be passed
over, Hughes, in his History of Barbadoes, speaks of a young tree
which had just come into bearing, as of a great novelty in that island,
and gives a plate of it, which is barely tolerable. I have seen young
men who have told me, that, within their memory, the mango was
a scarce fruit in Cuba, being sold in the market for a medio, or the
sixteenth of a dollar a-piece. The same money will now buy almost
any quantity you may want to eat. The climate and soil of the coun-
try have agreed with the trees so well, that in some places they have
multiplied spontaneously into groves and eveu forests, and they bear
in the greatest profusion.

"The tree is one of the most beautiful of fruit trees. The leaves
are long, lanceolate, polished, hanging in dense masses of dark green
foliage, — so dark, that the orange trees look quite light by their side.
The trunk is sturdy, and the branches spread equally, giving a full,
regular, rounded form to the whole tree, which is about the size of a
healthy and well grown apple tree.

"The blossoms are small, whitish, or with a red tinge, growing in
upright spikes. When the fruit is formed, the spikes are reversed

Foreign JS^tices. — Cuba. 841

by its weight, and the mangoes appear among the leaves in long pen-
dent bunches.

"While the fruit is young, its color is a fresh and lively green,
which is a treat to one's eyes. When it ripens, it generally turns
yellow, and looks like a first-rate egg-phini, only twice as large.
Some of the varieties are yellow, with a red blush on one side, and
some hardly part with their green! The flesh is of a bright yellow,
and quite juicy. The juice is thick, creamy and luscious, and, to-
gether with a rich sweetness, possesses a peculiar aromatic flavor,
resembling that of turpentine, which in some species is so strong as
to be disagreeable to the uninitiated. This thick juice composes
nearly the whole of the fruit, which may be sucked away into the
mouth, so that nothing but the stone and a mass of fibres will be left.
The stone is long, compressed, boat-shaped, without polish, irregular-
ly grooved, and covered with hairs or fibres, which penetrate the
fruit, and cause it to adhere closely.

"There are a vast many varieties of this fruit in the East Indies,
and there are several in Cuba. The French names of some of them
are, Mango filandreux, M. savoneux, M. ahricot^ M. cceur. Of these
the Mango cceur, or Heart Mango, is much the best, and is also one
of the largest. It is more delicate, and has less of the turpentine fla-
vor than the others. It derives its name from its shape.

"Though the mango tree is so ornamental, and its fruit is so fine,
it is thought by some planters to be for their interest not to suffer it
to grow on their estates. The trees, they say, shade their coffee, and
the fruit is prejudicial to the health of their negroes, who are very
fond of it, and apt to eat it immoderately. With regard to the cof-
fee, it is a pity, indeed, if a few bushes cannot be <>iven up for the
sake of the shade and ornament which the mango affords; and, with
regard to the negroes, it is held by other planters that the fruit is
good for them, and does them no manner of harm. I suspect that the
whole question of benefit or hurt, depends on the moderate or immod-
erate use of the fruit.

"Musa. — Two species of this genus, the Musa sapientum, or
Banana, and the Musa paradisiaca, or Plantain, are cultivated
in Cuba, as in most tropical countries. The Spanish name for
both the banana and plantain is Platano, while the French name
for both is Banane. It is common, however, in the latter lan-
guage, to distinguish the banana by calling it Figue Banane, and
to designate the plantain by the term Grosse Banane. The Span-
iards, according to La Sagra's catalo<rue, apply the term Platano
hembra to the plantain, and Platano Guinea to the banana. Some
botanists regard them as varieties only of the same plant, and not dis-
tinct species. However this may be, it is convenient to speak of them
as distinct species, and there are certain slight marks which distin-
guish them from each other. The stem of the M. sapientum, or ba-
nana, is spotted with purple; that of the plaintain is uniformly green.
The fruit of the banana is smaller and more delicate than that of the
plantain, though perhaps the latter is more in request as an article of
food.

"This fruit is occasionally seen in our market, and is more common
in the markets of the cities to the south of us. It is not necessary,
therefore, that I should describe it, farther than by saying that it is of
a long oval shape, somewhat curved, pointed at the ends, of a yellow
or puri)lish color when ripe, and of a sweet luscious taste. The out-
side skin readily peals off lengthwise, and the rich pulp then presents

342 Foreign J^oticts. — Cuba.

itself, of the consistence of butter. It is eaten raw, or cooked in vari-
ous ways.

"The stem of the plant is not woody, but consists of the footstalks
of the former leaves wrapped round each other, and it rises to the
height of twelve or fifteen feet. The leaves are very large, of a long
oval form, five or six feet in lengtlj, and of a beautiful green. The
middle rib of the leaf is tough and strong, but the rest of its substance
is thin and delicate, and is easily torn by the wind alone, in a direc-
tion of right angles with the rib.

"The manner in which the food is developed is quite interesting.
From the midst of the leaves, and at top, appears a large, smooth,
purple cone, hanging down gracefully at the end of a stalk. The
flowers are all wrapped up in this cone, which consists of a large
number of closely packed spathes. By and by the uppermost of these
spathes disengages itself from the rest, curls up, and discloses a row
of three or four long blossoms, with the young fruit of each beginning
to form. While this row of fruit is tender, the spathe remains hang-
ing over it like a roof; but when the fruit has acquired some size and
strength, the protecting spathe drops off, and the next in order rises
up, with a similar row of young fruit, over which it stands in the
same watchful attitude, till it also drops off, to be succeeded by anoth-
er. When one circle of fruit is completed, another is commenced be-
low, and in due time another; while the common stem around which
the fruit is disposed, grows constantly longer, and the cone of spathes
is constantly diminishing in size, till it is all unfolded, and a mon-
strous bunch of bananas is finished, which seldom weighs less than
twenty or thirty, and sometimes as much as seventy or eighty pounds.

"Of all kinds of vegetable nutriment, the banana is perhaps the
most productive and most easily raised. After a plant has produced
its bunch of fruit, the stem is either cut, or is suffered to wither and
fall on the spot. In the former case, it is good fodder for cattle; in
the latter, it is good manure for the young shoots which have been
sf)ringing from the root, and which are soon ready to bear fruit in
their turn. From these shoots or sprouts the plant is propagated.

"There are several varieties both of the plantain and the banana.
The banana which comes from Tahiti is among the very best. The
East India name for the genus is Pisang.

"This fruit is not forgotten by Grainger.

'A wholesome nutriment bananas yielrl.
And sunburnt labor loves its breezy shade:
Their graceful screen let kindred plantains join,
And witli their broad vans shiver in the breeze.'

"Passijiora. — The seed vessels of several species of the Passiflora,
or Passion flower, are palatable fruits in countries where they come
naturally to perfection. This fruit is called Grenadillo or Passiona-
rio, by the Spaniards, and Grenadille by the French; which name has
been also adopted by the En^flish, with a slight difference in termina-
tion, who call it Granadilla. The Spanianis of South America,
however, and perhaps also of Mexico, give quite a different name to
this class of fruits, terming them Parchas.

"With one species of gl-auadilla I became well acquainted, for it
grew just by my window. The plant, which was, I believe, the
Passiflora quadrangularis, was a most luxuriant vine, clambering
over a wild orange tree, and so completely enveloping it as hardly to
suffer a twig to make its appearance. Its growth was so rapid, that it
could almost be seen, and, as it grew, it threw out fresh flowers;

Foreign JYotices, — Cuba. 343

while hanging about in all parts of this natural arbor was the fruit, in
all its several stages up to ripeness, when it was of the size of a can-
teiope melon, say seven or eight inches by four. It was of an oval
form, smooth like an egg plant, and of a yellowish-green color when
ripe. Within a tender rmd a quantity of blackish seeds swim in a
transparent mucilaginous pulp, of a rather ])leasant sub-acid flavor.
This pulp is made into a refreshing drink, when mixed with sugar-
syrup and water; but without preparation it was not much to my
taste. Surrounded as I was by other and better fruits, I hardly ever
thoufzht of reaching forth my hand to this.

"Grainger pays a due compliment to the ornamental character of
the plant.

'The muse might teach to twine the verdant arch.
And the cool alcove's loity roof adorn
With ponderous granaaillas.'

"The Passion flowers give their name to the natural order Passi-
floracea>, and are nearly allied to the gooseberries and currants.

"Persea gratissima, formerly Laurus Fersea. — No fruit enjoys a
greater wealth of names than this; and therefore it is rich in more
senses than one. It is the Alligator Fear of the fCngli.«h, which
name Alligator is only a corruption of the ./?uoca<o or Jlguacate of the
Spanish, or Jlvocat of the French. It is also called the Vegetable
Marrow by the English, a name which well designates its quality.
In Peru and Mexico it is most commonly called Falto or Falla; and
Grainjier gives us yet another, which he says is the Indian name,
when he terms it in his poem the 'rich Sahbaca.' But in another
place he employs the more usual appellation.

'And thou green avocato, clmrm of sense,
Thyri|)ened marrow liberally bestow'st.'

"The tree is of middle size, and looks so much like our sassafras
tree (Laurus sassafras,) that it might easily be mistaken for it at a
little distance. In this resemblance it is true to its family connection;
for it is one of the laurels, and is therefore closely allied with the sas-
safras, as well as with the bays, the cinnamon, and the camphor.

"The fruit looks like a very large, long pear. It is of two or three
varieties, red, purple and green, of which the green is the best. The
pulp is yellow, and of a firm but very rich and delicate consistence.
'When ripe,' says Grainger in a note, 'the skin peels easily off", and
discovers a butyraceous, or rather a marrowy-like substance, with
greenish veins interspersed. Being eat with salt and pepper, or su-
gar and lime juice, it is not only agreeable, but highly nourishing;
hence Sir Hans Sloane used to style it Vegetable Marrow.' It was
once thought to be worth a voyage from Europe to the West Indies
to taste of this fruit; but now, its ancient fame is somewhat diminish-
ed, though it is still considered a great delicacy. It seems to have
the character of a vegetable rather than a fruit, and is more highly
appreciated by some palates than by others.

"As the Aguacate does not ripen till summer, I had not the oppor-
tunity of giving it a trial. I saw many of the trees, however, and
some specimens of the fruit which had attained a large size.

"Iinbedded in the pulp is a large rough seed or stone, the juice of
which stains a violet color, and is sometitTies used for marking linen.

"Psidium — Of this genus, which is of the natural order Myrtaceae,
two fruit-bearing species are comtnonly mentioned as belonging to
Cuba, the Pomijerum and Pyriferum; the fruit of the former being
shaped like an apple, and that of the latter like a pear. It is the

344 Foreign J^otices. — Cuba.

Cruava, or, as it is variously written by the French and Spanish, Gui-
ava, Gouyava, Guayaba, Goyabe, &,c.

"The tree is small, looking something like our cherry tree when
young; thouah the leaves of the guava are larger and longer than
those of the cherry, and more thinly scattered on the tree. It is nat-
ural to Cuba, and is of a pertinacious life, covering and usurping the
ground on which it is permitted to settle. The wood is close-grained,
heavy, clothed with a smooth, reddis^h colored bark. The blossom is
white, and resemliles a plum or cherry blossom, or, more nearly still,
a large myrtle flower.

"The fruit which makes such a fine and celebrated jelly, is not so
very desirable in its natural state, though by some it is esteemed. I
happened to see but one species, but of this one I saw many speci-
mens. The fruit was nearly round, and, when ripe, of a greenish
yellow, resembling more nearly a ripe lime, as I thought, than either
an apple or a pear. It was so like a lime, both in shape and color,
that, at a little distance, I should easily have mistaken it for that
fruit. It had a tender rind, about a quarter of an inch thick, within
which was the pul|), of a pink hue, crowded with small, triangular,
yellowish seeds. The flavor of the fresh fruit is like that of the jelly
made from it, but much more powerful, so that one of them, cut open,
will scent a large room. Grainger has but a line and a half to spare
for it.

'A wholesome food the ripened guava yields,
Boast of the housewife .'

"The name Psidium is from the Greek Psidion, which was the an-
cient name for the pomegranate, to which the guava has some resem-
blance. There is a wild guava, P. montanum, the fruit of which is
S!n:dl, and not fit for food.

^Tunica granalum. — Tho Pomegranate grow's well in Cuba, but is
a native of the old world. It flourishes abundantly on the northern
coasts of Africa, especially in the Carthaginian district, from which
country it derives its generic name. The ancients called it Malum
Punicum, or the Carthaginian apple. Its specific name appears in
the English Pomegranate, or apple full of seeds, and also in the
French Granade, and the Spanish Granada.

"The tree, or bush, is common in our green-houses, and the fruit
is now and then to be seen in our market. I will only say of the for-
mer, that it resembles in appearance, as it is also naturally allied with,
the bushy plants of the order Myrtacese; and of the latter, that it is
round in form, terminated with a tall and deeply cleft coronet, and
full of small seeds which are enclosed separately in portions of a
transparent red pulp, firm, glistening like rubies. These grains fur-
nish a i-efreshing juice, in which sweetness and acidity seem blended
in equal jiroportions. I have seen the plant occasionally in the city
of St, Jago, lighting up some small yard with its fresh and varied
beauty, and also flourishing here and there on a plantation walk.
The ripe fruit, sometimes bursting and disclosing its gems, the shape-
ly green fruit, the rich red blossoms, all hanging together on the slen-
der pensile stems of the bush, form one of the pleasantest of garden
sights.

^'Tamarindiis occidentalis. — Tamarindo, the Tamarind. I have
employed the specific name occidentalis, because it has been adopted
by late botanists to distinguish the West Indian tamarind. As it
seems to difter, however, from the Tamarindus indica, or East Indian
tamarind, in no other respect than merely having shorter pods or fruit,
it hardly deserves to be esteemed but as a variety of that species.

Foreign JVotices. — Cuba. 345

"It is one of the Legumlnossej and the tree has all the appearance
of a fine, spreading acacia. It grows fast, and yet is long lived, and
its wood is hard and durable.

"The fruit is a pod, like a full, ripe pea-pod, with a thin crisp, rus-
set skin or shell, which covers a reddish brown pulp, and shining,
mahogany colored seeds, which are embraced by a net of tough fibres,
proceeding from the fruit-stalk. The pulp seems to need no preserv-
ing process, for when fresh it has all the appearance of a marmalade.
\Vhen eaten directly from the tree, its sugared acidity is agreeable to
the palate and refreshing to the senses. Steeped in water, it furnish-
es a cooling and grateful drink in fevers. The old writers are loud
in its praises, and ascribe to it, together with its real good qualities,
properties which it can lay but slight claim to. The least that Lem-
ery says of it, is, that 'it allays by its sharpness the too great motion
of the tumors, abates feverish heat,coo!s and quenches thirst, strength-
ens the stomach, creates an appetite, resists vomiting, and cuts tough
phlegm.' At any rate, it is pleasant and innocent, and it is so com-
monly to be met with in our shops, that there is no want of opportu-
nity to test all the virtues it may have.

"The beauty of the tree is increased by its blossoms, which hang
in bunches, with red and yellow petals, and of an agreeable fragrance.

"Grainger informs us in a note, that its name in Arabic is Tamara,
and that its fruit is good in sea-sickness. He thus instructs his muse
to celebrate it:

'The tamarind likewise should adorn iier theme,
With whose tart fruit the sweltering fever loves
To quench his thirst ; whose breezy umbrage soon
Shades the pleased planter, shades his children long.'

"And another, and far higher poet, in that strange and beautiful
romance of 'Thalaba,' introduces the maid Oneiza proffering a draught
of tamarind water to the guest of her father's tent, unconscious that
this guest is a concealed sorcerer.

'The damsel from the tamarind tree
Had plucked its acid fruit,
And steeped it in water long;
And whoso drank of the cooling draught.

He would not wish for wine.
This to the guest the damsel brought.
And a modest pleasure kindled her cheek.
When, raising from the cup his moistened lips,
The stranger smiled, and praised, and drank again.'
"The following curious account of the derivation of the name
Tamarind, is from Burton's Outlines of Botany: 'The date, called
Tamar by the Arabs, being their most common and valuable fruit,
other important fruits have been called dates, or tamars likewise,
with some distinctive epithet adjoined. Hence the one in question
received the naine of Tamar-hendi, the date of India, whence our
word Tamarind. Ignorance or neglect of this circumstance led l)ota-
nists to add Indica as the specific name, to a generic one in which the
habitat of the plant already was included.' Considering, therefore,
that Tamar-indus Indica is a 'vile pleonasm,' Burton proposes to call
it Tamarindus orienialis, in distinction from the Tamarindus occiden-
ialis.

" Theobroma Cacao. — This is the plant which produces the Cacao,

or Chocolate-nut of commerce; and it is important that the true

spelling and pronunciation of the word should be attended to and

preserved, in order to prevent the confusion arising between this and

VOL. V. NO. IX. 44

346 Foreign J\'olices. — France.

the coco or cocoa, which is as different a fruit as possible. The nut
from which chocolate is made, is the cacao, and not the coco; and the
tree which bears it, instead of being one of the palms, is classed
among the mallows, and is connected with the cotton shrub and tree,
the linden, and other plants of that type.

"The tree is of rather small size, with large, long, oval pointed
leaves, strongly ribbed, often assuming a dark purple color. The
flowers are small and star-shaped. The fruit is of a long oval form,
pointed at the end, ribbed like a muskmelon, and bearing some re-
semblance to a small specimen of that fruit. When ripe, its rind is
yellow. Cut it open, and you come to a soft, white, spongy, pulp,
of a rather pleasant sul)-acid taste, which separates wholly from the
rind. The valuable seeds are wrapped up carefully in this pulp, in
separate envelopments, in considerable numbers, and are of a lively
red color before they are dried, when they turn to a duller hue, which
is well known as chocolate color. A specimen of the fruit which I
opened contained thirty-eight of these seeds.

"A singularity, with respect to this fruit, still more marked than in
the case of the guanavana, is, that it grows out directly from the
bark of the large branches or trunk, hanginix thereto l)y a short, fleshy
stem. I have seen it clinging to a stout trunk, within a foot or two of
the ground, without a twig or a leaf near it.

"It is unnecessary for me to say any thing of the value of the cacao.
When first discovered by Europeans, it was greeted with boundless
eulogy, of which its generic name, Theobroma, signifying/ooJ/or
the gods, is a standing testimonial. In Mexico, and parts of South
America, the people could hardly live without their chocolate, or
chocolatl, which is the Mexican word; and it is calculated by Hum-
boldt, in the year 1806, that twenty-three millions of pounds of the
cacao were imported into Europe, the greater portion of which was
used in Spain. Chocolate is nothing more than the cacao seeds
bruised or ground into a paste, and sweetened and flavored according
to the fancy of the manufacturer and detnands of the consumer."
(Bost. Jour, of Nat. Hist.)

FRANCE.

Progress of Horticulture and Agriculture in France. — The great
annual sitting of the Royal and Central Society of Agriculture took
])lace last month at Paris, before a very crowded assembly. The
Minister of Public Works, Agriculture, and Cominerce, the Count
de Gasparin, delivered the oration, usually spoken on the occasion:
he treated pretty fully of the tiiiferent branches connected with the
labors of the husbandman, which the last year saw distinguished by
more than ordinary success, and marked by circumstances of unusual
interest.

M. Soulange Bodin then read a report ; from which the following
are extracts: —

Madder.— The advantages which must arise from the cultivation
of this plant in the departments immediately about Paris, have been
ably summed u|) in a work lately written by M. Battereau Danet.
In it a calculation of the expense and amount of the various experi-
ments hitherto made have been clearly detailed. He estimates the
profit at a!)out 100 francs per hectare greater than what the common
produce of the country could yield. These calculations are the
more encouraging, as, in several experiments made by M. Chevreul
with the madder produced near Paris, and that of Avignon and

Foreign J\%tices. — France. 347

Alsace, the former was able to sustain with advantage a compari-;on
for lightness, color, and durability. The agriculturist it is who must
now consider it' he can convenientl3' cultivate this plant in justice to
his other crops. Those who can will find, it is presumed, the profit
arising from it exceedingly great.

Polygonum Tinctorium. — The anticipations of the French hor-
ticulturists respecting this ])lant are declared to be premature, for so
far as is at present ascertained, it cannot maintain a contest with
indigo from India. "You are aware," says the report, "that the
polygonum tinctorium, contains within its leaves, an indigo, which,
brought from China through Russia, in France has been thought
equal to that of India, M. Louis Vilmorin, the younger, who last
year presented the Society with a specimen of the indigo produced
from this plant, has continued to lay before it accounts of his experi-
ments, and to expose specinjens of the indigo which he extracted by
different processes. You have also had presented to you specimens
of stuffs died with the indigo. M. Jaume St. Hilaire has lately taken
two pieces of cloth, one dyed with the best indigo of Bengal, and the
other with that of which I now speak, and has exposed the two for
fifteen days to the influence of the rain, sun, and wind ; but the
result proves that the world has been too hasty in announcing from
mere experiments in the laboratory, that the polygonum can replace
the produce of India. It undoubtedly contains a greater quanrily of
coloring matter, but no mode of extractini; it hirhirto discox crcd can
be used in a manufactory. The fine indigo which M. Louis Viliiioriii
has presented was only obtained by means of a double operation,
which served at the same time to extract it and to purity it; but
nothing has yet been established to prove that this modus operandi
can be advantageously used on a grand scale.

The Tea-tree. — Whilst waiting for the return of M. Guillemin,
whom the government has sent to Brazil to procure seeds and plants
of the tea-tree, we have only to express our wishes for his success.
News was received in January from this gentleman. He states, that
he observed in the garden at Rio Janeiro 12,000 plants in full bear-
ing, and he was on the point of setting out for the province of St.
Paul, where the number is still more considerable. He mentions
that it succeeds exceedingly well in that country, and that half the
tea consutned there proceeds from Brazil itself. He paid particular
attention to the mode of preparing the leaves, and can now prepare
them hiinself. Every thing leads us to suppose that the exertions of
this gentleman will be crowned with success.

Milking (Qualities of Cows. — Whilst learned men were thus, by
microscopic observations, ascertaining the qualities of infected milk,
a simple farmer of the south came forward to speak on conjectural
grounds of the milking qualities of cattle. He asserted that, by
ntere external examination of the animal, he could determine long
beforehand, on the existence, the nature, and even the continuance
of the milk. M. Guenon in fact declares that he can class, with the
greatest precision, all cows of every kind, so as to declare the quan-
tity of milk they give each day — the quantity they shall give at a
future period, and predict the duration, more or less extended, of its
production in the animal. At M. Guenon's request, numerous ex-
periments, directed by himself, have been made by the agricultural
societies of Bordeaux and of Aurillac, and at Paris, at Grignon, and
at Rambouillet, also in the de])artment of Seine-et-Maine, and by
the Agricultural Society of Rosoy. The total of the experiments

348 Domestic JSToiices.

made by M. Gueiion, and reported on by M, Yvart, presented a fifth
of erroneous declarations. The characters on which M. Guenon
founds his judfrnient exist in every individual of the bovine race, and
are easily distinguished, and even measured, in all their forms and
gradations. The important matters to ascertain would be, first, their
character, and the value attributed to them; and next, if the observa-
tions of the discoverer are conformable to them in every instance —
for it must be acknowledged that the exceptions were in sufiicient
number to make the rule itself a matter of doubt. However, the
mark is undoubtedly novel, and if it has, up to this, passed unper-
ceived in theory, it is not unreasonable to admit it in practice ; and
as the importance of the discovery, if well founded, is evidently
great, the gentlemen appointed to investigate the matter, thought it
their duty to recommend the government to encourage, as much as
possible, the experiments of M. Guenon, in order to ascertain gener-
ally the value of his secret, for he made known his mode of judging
to the committee alone. (Hort. Jour.)

Art. III. Domestic Notices.

Large Turnip-rooted Beets. — I have turnip beets, raised from
seeds sown March 19th, which now measure, in circumference, one
foot ten inches! — Uespectfully, yours, Gregory Lee, Frankford, near
Philadelphia, July 31, 1839.

Seedling Verbenas. — Mr. Wales, of Dorchester, who is now absent
in England, has raised upwards of a hundred seedling verbenas,
principally, we believe, from the seeds of V. Tweedie«nfl: there are
not, however, any varieties which are more remarkable for beauty
than their parent, or, in reality, worthy of being named. With the
new kinds which have made their appearance for the first time this
season, the V. teucroides and Eyreawa, there will be a great chance,
by proper and judicious impregnation, to procure numberless forms
and colors. We look forward to the period, when the varieties of
this tribe will outnumber even the vast quantity of geraniums, and
when they will be more universally cultivated and admired, as out-
door ornaments, than any other plants. — Ed.

Striped dahlias. — The skill of English florists has already produc-
ed a dahlia as striped as a carnation. A new variety, called the Stria-
ta formosissima, was exhibited last season, at many shows near
London, and has been added to our collections the present year, as
has probably been noticed, in the catalogues of the principal growers.
By a reference to our report of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety, in another page, it will be seen that Messrs. Wilder and Hovey
& Co. have each exhibited blooms. Like other parti-colored varie-
ties, it is somewhat sportive in its colors. Those shown by Mr. Wil-
der were, each, very regularly striped, whde one of those exhibited
by Messrs. Hovey & Co. was almost entirely self-colored, having only
two or three striped petals in the whole flower. This variety is a

Domestic JVotices.

349

#20.
15.
10.

5.

3.

5.
3.

2.

free jjrovver, and, from present appearances, an abundant bloomer,
and if only one half of the flowers should be striped, it will be a very
desirable kind from its great singularity, differing so much as it does
from the self-colored and edged varieties. We shall notice it again.
—Ed.

The Albany Horticultural Society hold their annual meeting in the

city of Albany, on Wednesday, the 18th of September. The list of

premiums to be awarded for various garden productions has been

sent us, from which we perceive that the Society propose distributing

upwards of one hundred and thirty dollars in prizes at the above

meeting, in the following manner, viz : seventy-two dollars for flowers,

thirty-three for fruits, and twenty-six for vegetables. We annex the

list of the prizes for flowers and fruits: —

Flowers: — The first premium for the 25 best dahlias,

The second premium for the 25 next best dahlias,

The third premium for the 25 next best dahlias.

The fourth premium for the 25 next best dahlias.

The fifth premium for the 25 next best dahlias.

Best design for a centre ornament for centre table, made

of flowers, ......

Second best design for a centre ornament,
The first premium for the best bouquet of flowers.
The second premium for the next best bouquet of flow-
ers, ... . . ...

For the greatest variety bouquet of flowers.
For the finest specimen green-house plant in pot,
For the greatest assortment of plants in pots,
For the greatest assortment of heartsease.
Fruits: — The first premium on gra[)es, two largest bunches,
The second premium on grapes, two next in size,
The first on peas, one dozen best varieties.
The second on peas, one dozen next best varieties,
The first on apples, one dozen best varieties,
The second on apples, one dozen the next best varieties.
The first on plums, best varieties,
The second on plums, next best varieties.
The best dozen peaches, .....

The best dozen nectarines, .....

The best dozen quinces,

Discretionary premiums will be awarded on horticultural produc-
tions thought meritorious by the committee. Competition open to all
the States.

We are glad to see this Society adopting the liberal plan of allow-
ing their exhibitions to be open to all who are disposed to contribute,
whether members or not: by not restricting the competitors to the
mere limits of the Society, we believe that many will contribute who
otherwise would not. The annual shows of every society in the coun-
try should be open to amateurs and gardeners throughout the whole
Union. This Society, together with the Horticultural Association of
the Valley of the Hudson, is doing much towards the advancement of
gardening in the fertile region of the Hudson, and we trust that their
united efforts will cause other portions of the State to emulate their
example.

Our correspondents in Albany will not, we hope, forget to send us
a correct account of the exhibition. — Ed.

350 Domestic JVotices.

The Maryland Horticultural Society in Baltimore, the Columbian
Horticultural in Washington, D. C, the New Haven Horticultural
Society in New Haven, and the Charleston Horticultural Society in
Charleston, S. C, each held annual meetinj^s in September, last year.
We have had no notice of the time of their meetini; this season, but
presume they will each hold an exhibition this ?nonth, and we would
request our correspondents to send us as accurate reports as possible
of productions displayed. — Id.

Edgings for flower borders. — Will you please to inquire of your
numerous readers, for the best edging for a parterre, and inform one
who is now suffering from a gross border or edging? and oblige
Yours, an Amateur, July, 1839. [The best edging that we can re-
commend for this purpose is box, properly set out, and kept neatly
dipt. Some recommend the Dwarf stone-crop, as making a pretty
border; but we prefer box. — Ed.]

Phlox Drummondn has flowered from seed in about eiaht weeks.
The variety is a beautiful rosy purple, with a dark stellate eye, and
seems to be identical with the P. var. carnescens of the English seed-
lings. As a delicate, and at the same time somewhat durable flower,
it is finely adapted to cultivation in pots, and contributes no mean
quota to the ornamental series of in-door floriculture. Grown in a
rich but light compost, and plentifully supplied with water, it seems
to thrive with a luxuriance which is observable in all the rest of this
family of plants, when proper care is taken in their cultivation. —
J. L, R.

Natural vegetation in sand. — It is usual for us to associate with
sandy tracts the idea of sterility. To the most arid spots, however,
the botanist is indebted for some of his most interesting subjects. To
say nothing, at this time, of the gorgeous and grotesque groups of
])lants indigenous to the deserts of the tropics — the sandy wastes and
plains of our own State, where, from careless and negligent culture,
the upper soil has been expended, and a substratum of almost pure
silex is laid bare, — are productions to a degree of luxuriance scarce-
ly appreciable to the ordinary glance. The blue perennial (Lupinus
pereimis) particularly delights in such soil, succeeded by the tall pur-
ple Blazing Star, (Liiltris scariosa;) and then comes Polygonum ar-
ticulatum, so delicate and heathlike, while milky sunspurge (Euphdr-
hia helioscopa) and a wiry grass or so, and the golden Hudsonm to-
inentosa and H. ericoides, all aid to render, not absolutely barren, the
depauperated soil. On the sea-shore more singular plants abound,
such as the ))rickly stemmed Salsola caroliniana, the sea burdock
(A'anthium strumosum,) the Arenaria joeploides, of an almost anoma-
lous form in the difference between its thick, clumsj', succulent leaves
and stems, and the delicate, pretty contour of most of the other spe-
cies; beautiful varieties of Dalhra -Stramonium, some of extraordinary
size, may be found on the very ocean's margin, while the rank Lo-
vage (Ligiiritrum scdticuin,) and not a few flne golden rods and asters
wave their yellow heads and starry blossoms in close proximity to the
salsiferous breath of the sea, and on the junction of siliceous and veg-
etable soils. — R.

O'rchis fimbriuta— or fringed orchis, has been abundant and very
fine in the meadows of this vicinity. Wo recommend its culture, es-
pecially in those situations which can command the banks of a stream
or of a pond. Transplantation of all the orchideous plants of our
swamps and meadows succeeds perfectly when they are in flower, as
the tubers seem capable at that peiiod of enduring a change; they

Domestic JYoHces. 351

havino^ made provision, by the growth of new roots, for the exigen-
cies of the next season. — Chelmsford, Aug. 14.

The American harebell, (Campanula rotundifolia,) is growing in
profusion near by, and decking, with its pendant and carelessly hung
flowers, the picturesque banks of the Merrimack. We could wish
that some one fond of the cultivation of our native flowers would try
to bloom it in winter, by an introduction of plants into the green-
house. We feel sure that it will be found to surpass many a denizen
of those structures, more generally grown and of questioned beauty.
— Chelmsford, Jlug. 16,

j1 second Exhibition of Cut Flowers, for premiums, took place at
the Conservatory of the Public Garden, on Thursday, July 4th. A
great number of bouquets were exhibited, together with numerous
specimens of pinks, roses, pansies, &c. &c. We were not present,
and are not enabled to give the names of the exhibitors. — Ed.

Cereus nicticaidis. — A new species, under this name, has been im-
ported from London, by J. W. Boot, Esq. of Boston. It is similar
in habit and general aspect to the C. grandiflorus, but is said to pro-
duce a more beautiful flower. The ))lant is yet small. — Ed.

The Twelfth Annual Fair of the American Institute will be held at
Niblo's Garden, on Monday, October 7th, and will continue open
until the 11th, on which evening a Silk Convention will be holden at
the same place. The Anniversary Address will be delivered on the
evening of the 10th. Contributions from exhibitors will be received
on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, previous to the exhibition. This
fair will be exceedingly interesting to all agriculturists, as there will,
probably, be a large nuinber of labor-saving agricultural implements
exhibited. 'J'he ploughing match, for the trial of ploughs, on Thurs-
day, the 5th instant, will probably take place before this notice meets
the eyes of our distant subscribers. But the results of the trial will
be civen in the Journal of the Institute. — Id.

The Brooklyn Horticultural Society. — This new Society will hold
an exhibition the latter part of September, or early in October. We
were promised a list of the ofticers of the Society, with an account of
its first exhibition, which, we are informed by our friends, was ex-
ceedingly good; but it has not yet been received. Before our De-
cember number appears, however, we hope to be able to present the
same. The Society have been fortunate in calling to its head N. J.
Becar, Esq., a gentleman who is greatly devoted to gardening pur-
suits. The Vice-Presidents are also gentlemen who are deeply in-
terested in horticulture. Another season, when perfectly organized,
much good may be expected from its labors. — Id.

The Agave americuna, winch we have noticed once or twice, in the
collection of Mr. Hogg, and which he attempted to preserve through
the last winter, by merely protecting the plant without peat, has, we
learn, died since our visit to his place in June. — Ed.

Beet Sugar in Michigan. — We may soon expect to be supplied
with the " sweets of life," from the prairies of the west. The peo-
ple of Michigan are more extensively engaged in the Beet sugar
business, than any other part of the Union. Several companies
have been formed for the purpose, which have planted large quanti-
ties of beets, and some wealthy individuals are planting largely on
their own account. The Hon. Lucius Lyon, of Ionia county, came
to this city a few weeks since, and purchased at the Rochester Seed
Store over three hundred pounds of sugar beet seed, together with
machines for sowing and cultivating them. Mr. L. informed us that

352 Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

he intended to plant one hundred and fifty acres of beets, and to
erect suitable buildings, and apparatus for an extensive sugar manu-
factory. He expressed the fullest confidence in the success of the
enterprise, and has sent to France for an experienced workman to
superintend the business. We wish Mr. L. complete success, and
hope he will send us an account of his operations next fall. ( Genesee
Farmer. )

Annual Exhibition of The Massachusetts Horticultural Society. —
The Committee of Arrangments have decided to hold the Annual
Exhibition on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, the 25th, 26th,
and 27th of September. — Ed.

Encouragment to the Silk Cultivation by Horticultural Societies. —
The Maryland Horticultural Society, aware of the importance of the
encouraging the culture of silk, and deeming " in its most important
part, at least a branch of Horticulture," have offered the following
premiums to be awarded in 1839: —
For the best parcel of Cocoons, not less than five pounds,

a Silver Cup, of the value of . . . . f 10 00

For the best parcel of Raw or Reeled Silk, not less than one

pound, a Silver Cup, of the value of . . . 10 00

For the best parcel of Sewing Silk, not less than half a

pound, a Silver Cup, of the value of . . . 10 00

For the best specimen of Silk_ Hosiery, Vesting, or Hand-
kerchief, a Silver Cream Jug, of the value of . .20 00

It is required, specially, that the articles entered for competition,
shall be of the growth and manufacture of the state of Maryland, or
District of Columbia, during the year 1839, — and that they be exhib-
ited at the fall show of the society, which will be held September
25th, of the present year. — Ed.

Art. IV. Retrospective Criticism.

Errata. — On page 301 of the last number, fifth line from the top,
"incarnatum," should read " incur vutum;'" and for " new species,"
on the sixteenth line from the bottom of same page, read "new
variety." The reader is requested to correct these with his pen.
P. 295, eight lines from the top, for "larger" read '^longer."

Art. V. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.

The stated meeting of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society was
held on the evening of the 20th instant, the President in the chair.

At the intermediate meeting, on the 3d of August, the following
premiums were awarded by the committees: — For the best six heads

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 353

ofSwiss chard, to William Chalmers, gardener to Mrs. Stot, Turners
Lane, b'or the best early apples, (Bevan's Favorite,) to Isaac H.
Hatch, Camden, N.J. For the best early peaches, (Early York,)
to Joseph Hatch, Camden, N. J.

Jose|)h Hurst, jyardener to Mr. Hanson, exhibited Swiss chard and
some fine white Portugal and Strasburgh onions, raised from seed
sown last April. Alexander Parker exhibited Bolmar Washington,
and red Egg plums.

The Committee on Plants and Flowers awarded the premium for
the best display of plants in pots, on the evening of the 20th, to Rob-
ert Buist, he having exhibited Fiichsm globosa, Echeveria grandiflo-
ra, .;2maryllis Johnsoni and A. gigantea, Chironm grandiflora, Blae^-
ria ericoides, £iica mammosa, E. vulgaris and vagans, Metrosideros
semperflorens, Lophospermum grandiflora, JWimulus Harrisont'j,
Ixora crocata, Gardoquia Hookers, Solanum jasminoides, Alstroe-
meria acutifolia, Nieremberg^« filicaulis, Thunbergia alata var. alba,
Laelia anceps, five distinct varieties of phloxes, from the seed of the
F. Druminondw, and some cut flowers of very fine zinnias, and Chi-
na pinks.

The premium for the best bouquet, to Robert Kilvlngton, and an
honorary premium was awarded to the same, for some fine specimens
of indi<jenous plants, viz: LiHtris scariosa, and two others, Lobelia
cardinalis, Botrychium/umarioides, and B. obliqum, &,c,

William Chalmers, gardener to George Pepper, Esq., exhibited
Witsdni« corymbosa, Manettifl cordifolia, and Pancratium speciosa,
three very fine specimens. William Chalmers, gardener to Mrs.
Stot, exhibited a fine species of Maxillaria.

Alexander Parker exhibited Eugenia myrtifolia, Lantana camma-
ra, Leonotis leonurus, Ardisia crenulata, petunias, purple and white,
Nierembergia filicaulis, Lagerstroe^mia indica, Passiflora cser^ilea, R6-
chea falcata and obliqua, Hoya carnosa, Ciinum americanum, Hi-
biscusrosa sinensis. Lobelia, speciosa purpurea, F^inca rosea and al-
ba, Jasminum azoricum, Plectranthus fructicosus, Swainsonia gale-
gafolia, Gloxinia speciosa and alba, Heliotropium coryrabosum,
Malvaviscus arboreus, and three stapelias.

The Committee on Vegetables awarded the premium for the best
display of vegetables, to Charles Conover, gardener to Thomas C
Roc.khill, Esq., he having exhibited onions, white Portugal and
Straslyargh, tomatoes, cabbages, carrots, egg plants. Snap beans,
sweet corn, squashes, potatoes, okra, Lima beans, and plums.

The Committee on Fruits awarded the premium for the best figs
(Celestial,) to William Sinton, gardener to Gen. Robert Patterson.
Alexander Parker exhibited the Seckel, the Musk spiced, the Berga-
mot, the Late Catharine, the Butter and the premium Bergamot
pears, the Imperial Violet, the red, Parker, large Natural, and his
Clean Stone Damson plums, besides some fruit of the Cdrnus mas-
cula,and Maiden's Blush apples. Mr. Helmuth, Spruce street, exhib-
iteil some very fine nectarines.

Hurst &- Dreer exhibited one hundred and ninety blooms of very
superior dahlias. We noticed Hancock's Hero of Tippecanoe, Bu-
ist's^Mrs. Rushton, Widnall's Reliance, Lady Dartmouth, Queen
Superl)a, and the Marquis of Northampton, as something very supe-
rior; indeed, the whole were very good, and made a fine appearance.
— Yotirs, G. Watson, Philadelphia, Aug. 'ilst, 1839.

VOL, V. — NO. IX. 45

J64

JMassacliUsetts Horticullural Society,

The Society have issued their circular, announcing that the Ex-
hibition will take place, and have also appended to the same a list
of the premiums to be awarded, as follows: —

For the best Grapes, native, not less tbaii six bunches, . . . ^5 00.

For the next best Grapes, native, not less than six bunches, . . 4 00.

For the next best Grapes, native, not less than six bunches, . . 3 00.

For the best Grapes, foreign, raised in the open air, not less than 4 bunches, 5 00.

For the next best Grapes, foreign, raised in the open air, not less than 4 do. 4 00.

For the next best Grapes, foreign, raised in the open air, not less than 4 do. 3 00.

For the best Grapes, raised under glass, not less than 4 bunches, . . 5 00.

For tlie next best Grapes, raised under glass, not less than 4 bunches, 4 00.

For the best Peaches, not less than one peck, 5 00.

For the next best Peaches, not less than one peck 8 00.

For the best two dozen Peaches, 3 00.

For the best bushel of Peaches, 10 00.

For the next best bushel of Peaches, 5 00.

For the best Seckel Pears, not less than one peck, . . . . 5 00.

For the best Butter Pears, not less than one peck, . . . .5 00.

For the best Pears of any other variety, not less than one peck, . . 5 00.

For the best Apples, not less than one peck, 3 00.

For the next best Apples, not less than one peck, . . . . 2 00.

For the best bushel of Apples, . . .... 5 00.

For the next best bushel of Apples, . .... 3 00.

For the best Quinces, not less than half a peck, . . . . 3 00.

For the best Nectarines, not less than one dozen, .... 3 00.

For the best Water Melons, not less than three, . . . . 5 00.

For the next best Water Melons, not less than three, . . . 3 00.

For the best Water Melons, raised in Pennsylvania, not less than three, 3 00.

For the best Nutmeg Melons, or variety thereof, not less than three, . 3 00.

For the best Potatoes, not less than half a bushel, . . . 3 00.

For the best Sweet Potatoes, not less than half a bushel, . . . 3 00.

For the best Onions, not less than four dozen, . ... 3 00.

For the best Cabbage, not less than six heads, . . . . 3 00.

For the next best Cabbage, not less than six heads, ... 2 00.

For the best Red Cabbage, not less than six heads, . . . 3 00.

For the best Carrots, field culture, two dozen. . ... 3 00.

For the best Lettuce, not less than six heads, . ... 3 00.

For the best Endive, blanched, not less than six heads, . . . 3 00.

For the best Salsify, not less than two dozen, . . . . 3 00.

For the best twelve varieties of Dahlias, . ... 5 00.

For the next best varieties of Dahlias, . . ... 3 00.

For the best American Seedling, Parti-colored Dahlia, ... 3 00.

For the best American Seedling, Self-colored Dahlia, . . .3 00.

For the best Pyramid, or otiier figure formed of cut flowers, . . 15 00.

For the next best Pyramid, or other figure formed of cut flowers, . 10 00.

For the best Bouquet, . . . . ... 5 00.

Amounting to upwards of one hundred and eighty dollars. We
anticipate a very splendid exhibition. — Ed.

Art. VI. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, July <20th, 1839.— The Society transacted some business
at this meeting, and proceeded to appoint a committee for the pur-
pose of making suitable preparations for the Annual Exhibition, to be
held in September. The following gentlemen were appointed a Gen-
eral Committee of Arrangement: —

Samuel Walker, Isaac P. Davis, Thomas Lee, William Oliver,
L. P. Grosvenor, Marshall P. Wilder, Edward M. Richards, John

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 355

L. Russell, William T. Eustis, Ezra Weston, Jr., Robert Treat
Paine, J. E. Teschemacher, Benjamin B. French, Samuel Downer,
John Towne, Otis Johnson, David Haggerston, William McLellan,
Robert Manning, J. M. Ives, Charles M. Hovey, M. P. Sawyer, Jo-
seph Breck, Cheever Newhall, William Kenrick, Jonathan Winship,
Henrv Sheaf, Ebenezer Putnam, Samuel R. Johnson, S. Sweetser,
J. C. Howard, P. B. Hovey, J. L. L. F. Warren, William E. Carter,
John A. Kenrick, J. W. Cowan, J. W. Russell, Rufus Howe, Sam-
uel Pond; and the Committee are authorized to add to its number, if
found desirable.

A Special Committee, to decorate the hall, was also appointed,
consisting of the following members: —

Samuel Walker, L. P. Grosvenor, William Oliver, M. P. Wilder,
James E. Teschemacher, William Kenrick, E. M. Richards, David
Haggerston, S. R. Johnson, J. L. L. F. Warren, C. M. Hovey,
J, W. Russell, William McLellan, Rufus Howe.

A Committee was also appointed to make a report on the flowers,
fruits and vegetables exhibited, and upon the labors of the Society
for the present year. 'J'he following gentlemen compose this Com-
mittee:—

J. L. Russell, S. Walker, E. M. Richards, William Kenrick,
J. L. L. F. AVarren, A. D. Williams.

July 'ilth. — Exhibited. Flowers: — From Messrs. Winship, a va-
riety of very handsome carnations, and a large bouquet. From
Hovey & Co. bou([uets of flowers, and specimens of Coreopsis diver-
sifolia, Oxyura chrysanthoides, and white and dark purple candy-
tufts. From S. R. Johnson, pinks and carnations. From John Hovey,
hollyhocks, carnations and bouquets. From Wm. Meller, very fine
carnations, sweet peas, dahlias, and bouquets. From Messrs. Mason,
carnations and dahlias. From S. Walker, a beautiful specimen of
.^conitum variegatum, and elegant bouquets. From M. P. Wilder,
three dahlias, viz. Striata formosissima, Cheltenham Rival, and Sul-
phurea elegans. From J. S. Ellery, a large bouquet. Frorn Wil-
liam Kenrick, bouquets. From Misses Sumner, bouquets. From
J. L. L. F. Warren, double oleanders, dahlias, calceolaria, mari-
golds, coreopsis, carnations. Plumbago capensis, &c.

Fruits: — From T. Allen, Salem, black Hamburgh and white Chas-
selas grapes, and Royal George peaches. From B. V. French,
Heath's Early Nonsuch apple. From Mr. Skilton, Charlestown,
apricots. From J. S. Ellery, Miller's Burgundy, white Chasselas,
and black Hamburgh grapes. From John Hovey, fine gooseberries.
From A. D. Williams, currants. From J. L. L. F. Warren, tomatoes.

August Sd. — Exhibited. Flowers: — From T. Lee, Coreopsis
semipl^na, Sabbatea chloroides. Coreopsis rosea, Silene Tenorz,
Lobeh'a cardinalis, ^sclepias tuberosa, (beautifully grown speci-
mens,) Gerardi'a guercifolia, roses, Sec. From Madam Eustis, Rox-
bury, handsome carnations. From S. Walker, very handsome
bouquets. From Messrs. Winship, a large and showy bouquet.
From M. P. Wilder, the following dahlias: — Countess of Liverjjool,
Sulphilrea elegans. Prima Donna, and Striata formosissima. From
J. Hovey, bouquets. From Rufus Rowe, bouquets. From Hovey
& Co., bouquets. From J. L. L. F. Warren, dahlias, verbenas,
-marigolds, fine clusters of the iVerium splendens, and bouquets.
From John Towne, the following fine plants in pots: — Bouvardm
tri|)hylla. Fuchsia gracilis, (six feet hi<ih, and in full bloom,) Ei'y-
thiina crista-galli. Gloxinia speciosa, Plumbago capensis, Mcnziesja
cterulea. Encix verticillata and cinerea.

355 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Fruits: — From 0. Johnson, Zinfindal and black Hamburgh grapes:
these specimens were handsome, the berries large and well colored.
From A. D. Williams, beautiful white and led Dutch currants. From
J. L, L. F. Warren, Juneating pears. From Mr. Rundle, apricots.
From Mrs. C. H. Jones, apricots. From J. Chandler, Marblehead,
Roaring Lion, and other sorts of gooseberries. From E. M. Rich-
ards, the following varieties of early apples: — Early Harvest, Wil-
liams's Favorite, Curtis's Early Striped, red Juneating, Sopsavine,
and red Astracan.

Vegetables: — From J. L. L. F. Warren, China Dwarf beans, and
tomatoes.

August 10th. — Exhibited. Flowers: — From S. Svveetser, a cut
flower, of tlie lovely Echinocactus EyriesM, From D. Macintyre, a
beautiful flower of Widnall's Juliet dahlia. From M. P. W'ilder,
dahlias, viz: Sunbury Hero, Marquis of Lothian, Striata formosissi-
ma (two blooms.) Prima Donna, Sir H. Fletcher, Sulphurea elegans.
Reliance and Anna Augusta Broadwood. From Hovey & Co., a
flower of Striata formosissima, entirely self-colored, with the excep-
tion of a few spots of white; also, bouquets. From W. Kenrick,
bouquets. From S. Walker, Sunbury Hero, and Mrs. Ashley dah-
lias, verbenas, pansies, and fine large bou(|uers. From S. R. John-
son, beautiful balsams and pinks. From T. Lee, Coreopsis rosea,
Sabbatza chloroides, O'rchis fimbriata,.;2sclepias tuberosa, a handsome
species of TropaB^olum, Noisette roses, gerardias, &c. From J.
Hovey, bouquets.

Native Plants: — From William Oakes, Sabbatz'a chloroides, and
chloroides var. alba. Coreopsis rosea, Polygala rubella, ./Jsclepias
tuberosa, Drosera tenuifolia, Lycopodium alopecuroides, and Sta-
chys Ayssopifolia, all from Plymouth. The Sabbatfa is, we believe,
almost peculiar to this locality; it is one of the most beautiful of our
native plants, and should be cultivated in our gardens. The variety
alba is rare and delicate, but less showy than the rosy blossoms of its
parent. From G. Gilbert, Esq., Boston, Sabbatza chloroides. Core-
opsis rosea, Polygala rubella, Gnaphalium marcaritaceum, Crotala-
ria sagittalis, ./isclepias tuberosa, and <Stachys Ayssopifolia, all from
Plymouth. Several specimens of various plants, from K. Weston, Jr.

Fruits: — From E. M. Richards, the following varieties of apples:
Sops of Wine, Early Harvest, Early Bough, red Astracan, Wil-
liams's Favorite, Colville d' Ete, Summer rose, red Juneating, Cur-
tis's Early Striped, Sugar-loaf pippin, and Benoni, all very fair spe-
cimens for the season, and several of them in good eating, as we can
confidently state, Mr. Richards having made us a present of the whole
of this collection. From O. Johnson, very fine specimens of the
white Muscat of Alexandria and black Hamburgh grajjes, the ber-
ries on the cliister of the former much more thickl}' set than are usu-
ally seen. From T. Mason, red and white Antwerp and Franconia
raspberries. From the Hon. John Welles, peach apricots, from a
tree imported from France: Mr. Welles ofl^ers to give scions to any
cultivator who wishes to procure this fine kind.

Vegetables: — From J. L. L. F. Warren, specimens of a very
small variety of corn, called the Tit Bit: the ears were not more
than four or five inches long; but it is said to be a good eating and
early variety.

August Tilth. — Exhibited. Flowers:— From J. L. L. F. Warren,
dahlias and other flowers. From M. P. Wilder, dahlias of several
handsome varieties. From W. E. Carter, dahlias, and a white seedling
phlox of much beauty. From Messrs. Mason, dahhas. From Hovey

Massachiisetls Horticultural Society. 357

& Co., bouquets. From John Towne, three oi* four fine species of
heaths in superb bloom. Uahhas were also pi-esented by JMessrs.
Howe, Walker, and others.

Native plants: — From Wm. Oakes, ./3^pios tuberosa, Geranh'a glaii-
ca, Liutris scariosa, Rudbeckia lasciniata, (Solidago canadensis and
flexicaulis, Spirse^a alba, var. with rose colored flowers, i^'t^ter acumi-
natus, Solidagnoides, and conyzoides, Eupatormm pubescens, Cinna
arundinacea, Scutellaria lateriflora, ^^ctce^a alba var. fruit with slender
pediuicles, Fiburnumdentatum in fruit,and t'3p6cynum androsmteflorum.
From E. Weston, Jr., and F. Parker, Esqrs , Linum virginiana, Clem-
atis virginiana, ,^\iios tuberosa, Scutellaria lateriflora, Prenanthes alba,
Gerardia maritima, Solidago laevigata, Liutris scariosa, GeranU'a
glaiica and pedicuiaris, Veronica novaboracensis, Hedysarum canaden-
se, Monarda allophylla, Eupatormm verticillatum.

Fruit: — From O.Johnson, fine specimens of black Hamburgh grapes,
From B. V. French, River, Sofjsavine, Early Harvest, and Kentish
Fillbasket apples. From S. Pond, Burnet pears. From D. Burnet, of
Southboro', also, Apricot plums and Catalonian plums, from his own
growth. From Messrs. Mason, fine bunches of white Chasselas, or
Sweetwater grapes. From A. D. Williams, handsome specimens of the
Williams' apple. From J. Deane, Mansfield, three kinds of apples and
peaches. From P. P. Spalding, Lowell, S|)alding's seedling apple.
From Prof J. L. Russell, a native Sweeting apple.

Vegetables: — From J. L. L. F. Warren, common i*ed and yellow,
and small yellow tomatoes.

Jlug. 24. — Exhihiled. Flowers : — From S. R. Johnson, Balsams,
and fine varieties of tender roses. From Jos. Breck & Co., asters, zin-
nias, Chinese pinks, Nigellas,Salpiglossises, and three varieties of Phlox
Drumtnondii. From M. P. Wilder, dahlias, viz. Rival Sussex, Striata
formosissima, Birnnngham Victor, Maria Edgeworth, Reliance, Prima
Donna, and Countess of Liverpool. From S. Walker, the following
dahlias: — Hero of Tippecanoe, Unique, Quilled Perfection, l*remier
Glory, Sir Robert Peel, Don Carlos, and William Cobbett; also s|>lendid
bouquets and cut flowers. From A. Bowditch, Ferbena Tweediearaa,
Arranwma and teucroldes.

From Hovey «fc Co., the following dahlias, viz: Striata formosissi-
ma. Unique, Mrs. Rushton, Alpha, Glory of the West, Sir H. Fletcher,
Phalanthus, Purple Perfection, Premier, Nimrod, Lord Liverpool, Ri-
enzi, and Beauty of Kingscoie ; also Gladiolus floribundus, and bou-
quets. From William Kenrick, bouquets. From William Meller, as-
ters, balsams and bouquets. From William Oakes, Red Rover, Mrs.
Rushton, Sulphiirea eiegans, and Countess of Liverpool dahlias. From
D. \lacintyre, Suffolk Hero, Rival Sussex, and Mrs. Rushton dalilias.
From J. Hovey, bouquets. From T. Lee, fine specimens of iiibiscus
JVldnihot.

Native Plants: — From William Oakes, Collinsonm canadensis. Lobe-
lia cardinalis, Clethra flinifolia, Goodyera pubescens and repens, .;3^pios
tuberosa, O'rchis blephariglottis, Lechea racemulosa, i?anunculus rep-
tans and filiformis, Salix |)edicellans, Enpalormm ageratoides and Cory-
lus rostrata. From E. Weston, Jr. and F. Parker,' Poly gala sanguinea
Gerardja maritima, .^'ster nuser, Cistus canadensis, iiyijericum virgini-
ca, and other specimens.

Fruits: — From E. M. Richards, a variety of apples, among them the
red Juneating and P.enoni. From S. R. Johnson, green Gage plums.
From S. Pond, Italian Damask and Royal de Toms plums. From R.
Manning, Orleans, Early Orlean.s, Draj) d'Or and Wheat plums; also
Bloodgood and Skinless pears. From O. Johnson, beurre bon marura

353

Fancuil Hall Market.

pears. From J. L. L. F. Warren,Bi"gliam plums and figs. From B.
V. French. Garden Royal, and Alexandria grapes. From J. Deane,
fine early peaches, pears and plums.

Vegetables; — Tomatoes, from J. L. L. F. Warren.

Art. V

Faneuil Hall Market.

From To

Roots, Tubers, fyc.

Potatoes :

per barrel,

Chenangoes,
Common,

per bushel,
per banel, . .
per bushel, . .

Sweet Potatoes, per bush.

Turnips, per bushel,

Onions:

White and yel., per bush.

Red, per bunch,

White, per bunch,

Beets, per bushel,

Carrots, per bunch,

Horseradish, per pound, . . .

Radishes, per bunch,

Shallots, per pound,

Garlic, per pound,

CLibbages, Salads, ^-c.

Cabbages, per dozen:

Early York,

Savoy

Drumhead,

Cauliflowers, each,

Brocoli, each,

Lettuce, per head,

„ i per bushel,

P^^^' 5 per half peck,

Beans, shelled:

Sieva, per quart,

Lima, per quart

Tomatoes, per half peck, . . .

Corn, per dozen,

Celery, per root,

Peppers, per pound,

Cucumbers, for pickle, pr h'd
Mangoes, per dozen,

^cts.

1 00

50
1 00
50
50
50

00
5
3

50
4

10
2

20

12

^cts.

1 25
25

2 00

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per half peck.

Sage, "per pound,

Marjorum, per bunch.
Savory, per bunch,. . .
Spearmint, per bunch.

50
50
75
12i
10
2
1 00
17

12i

20

I2i

8

6

3

17

25

Squashes and Pumpkins.

Squashes, per pound :

Winter crook neck,

Autumnal Marrow, per lb.
Canada crook neck, ....

From To

Fruits.
Apples, dessert, new :

Common, ^ J^' biXl,'

Porters, per bushel,. . . .

Crab apples, per peck,

Pears :

Eng. Catherine, pr half pk.

Cashing, per half peck,. . .

Common, per half peck,. .

Bartlett, per dozen,

Plums, per quart:

Green Gages,

Bolmar Washington,

Common,

Damsons, per half peck, . .
Melons, each ;

Watermelons,

Cantelopes,

Minorcas,

Grapes, per pound:

Black Hamburgh

White Sweetwater:
Blackberries, per tiuart,. . . .
Whortleberries, per quart,. .

Peaches, per lialf peck,

Cucumbers, per doz

Lemons, per dozen,

Oranges, per dozen :

Sicily,

Havana, (sweet)

Pine-apples, each,

Chestnuts, per bushel,

Walnuts, per bushel,

Cocoanuts, each,

Almonds, (sweet,)per pound.
Shaddocks, each,

^cts.

2 00
2 00
2 00

2 25

II 00

2 00

50

31

50
25
25

371
25
12i
50

12J
20
17

75
50
17
10
50
6
20

37i
50
I2i

2 00

3 00

5

12i
25

$ cts.

25

25
2 50

Remarks -Au-ust has been a month of fine weather, and though,
KEMARKS. ^.^^ ^^^^^ nevertheless, brought forward crops with
Without any extremes of heat or cold, or wet or

perha',)S, rathe
much rapidity.

Horticultural Memoranda. 359

drought, there has been an evenness of temperature not jjenerally
experienced in "dog days." In consequence of such a favorable
season, the supply has continued to be abundant.

Of Potatoes, the prospect now is, that there will be an immense
crop: prices already range low, and we understand that growers in
Maine have advertised to contract for less than half the prices of last
season. The new Rohans are coming on well, and the product and
quality promises to be equal to the most extravagant expectations ;
Sweet are tolerably plentiful at f.\ir prices. Turnips now come to
hand by the bushel. Onions are not yet very abundant. Beets are
plentiful. Carrots, as yet, only by the bunch. Horseradish is yet
small. Cabl)ages come in well now, and some fine Drumheads have
been received. Brocolis, of fine size and beautiful ap])earance, are
abundant. Some Peas are yet to be had. Shelled Beans are
exceedingly plentiful for the season: there has not been so large a
quantity of Sievas in market, in August, for the two or three past
years: prices are very moderate. Tomatoes are now received in
quantities from the vicinity. Corn abundant and good. Celery
comes to hand of very fair quality. Cucumbers for pickling, and
Peppers, plentiful. In Squashes there has been a great reduction in
prices: Autumnal Marrows are fine, this season, and there will be an
enormous crop: Canada Crooknecks also come in early this year.

Fruit, with the exception of apples, may be said to be very abun-
dant: of apples, the crop is not large, and those of fine quality
command a good price. Some fine Porters have been bought as
high as five dollars per barrel: the winter supply must, necessarily,
be limited. Plums in great quantity mostly from New York. Pears
now begin to come in freely: Bartletts are small this year. Peaches
sold now are almost entirely of New Jersey growth, and large
quantities are daily received from thence: the markets of Boston
New York, and Philadelphia are fine outlets to the superabundant
produce of the well tilled farms in that region. Watermelons are
plenty at our quotations. Grapes continue about the same. Cur-
rants are all gone. Blackberries are rather abundant. Cucumbers
rather slow at quotations. Of Oranges and Lemons a fair supply.
— Yours, M. T., Boston, Jlugust ^Sth, 1839.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

roil SEPTEMBER.
FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines, in the grapery, will now be ripening off their fruit.
Give now great quantities of air during the day, and if the nights are
cool, draw up the sashes. Be careful to lay in the new wood with
regularity, and take off all superfluous laterals and straggling shoots.
All syringing should now be dispensed with.

Slraivberry beds may yet be made and planted with success.
Plants for forcing, taken up last month, should be duly and properly
watered. If there is not a sufficient quantity taken up, good plants
may yet be potted safely. Keep the runners cut off as they spring out.

360 Horticultural Memoranda.

Budding may yet be performed on peach trees. Plums and other
fruit trees, budded early in August, will need to have the bandages
sliirhtly loosened.

Peach Trees, fig trees, and other fruit trees in pots, should be
removed to a cool and shady situation, if they are intended for early
forcing.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Dahlias. — During August, the plants have advanced rapidly and
made a profusion of new wood, though with a less proportion of buds
than they should. The prospect, however, is fair for a good supply
of flowers the latter part of September. Continue to water freely
if dry weather ensues. Trim the plants well without fear of cutting
away too much.

Roses may yet be budded, though rather late. If the stocks run
freely it may be done with success.

Chinese and other tinder rose cuttings may be now put in.

Geraniums, propagated from cuttings now, make fine plants for
spring fl ) we ring.

Camellias will need frequent syringing: inarching may be yet per-
formed; plants needing repotting may be removed with safety now.
Watch the seeds, so that none may be lost.

Tulip and hyacinth beds should now be prepared, by digging and
renovating, for planting out the bulbs in October, or early in Novem-
ber.

Mignonette should be sown in pots now, as we have in another
page directed.

Stock seeds may be now sown for spring flowering.

Pink pipings, put in in the early part of August, should be remov-
ed to the beds, where they are to remain.

Verbenas. — A good stock should now be procured, to provide
against loss during the winter: lay the shoots into small pots, and
they will root in a fortnight or so.

Chrysanthemums should be watered freely, and occasionally with
liquid manure.

Oxalis Boiveii should now be potted.

Petunias, for cultivation in pots, should now be grown from cut-
tings: the plants will flower early in spring.

Pansy seed sown last month will now be up. Thin out the plants
to proper distance, and destroy all weeds.

Ranunculuses do better planted this month than later.

Bulbs, of all hardy kinds, may be potted, but not with so good
success as later.

Green-house and stove plants need considerable caie now; repot
such as need it.

Cuttings of Ericas, and similar plants, put in in July, should now
be potted off in light sandy peat.

Cactuses should be carefully watered ; cuttings may be put in,
and grafting performed now.

Plants for forcing should be taken up as soon as possible.

VEGETABLE DEPARTMENT.

Celery should be earthed up as fast as it grows.
Lettuce for a spring crop, to be preserved in frames, should be
sown now.

Cauliflower seeds may be sown now for a spring crop.
Spinach may be sown now.

THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE

OCTOBER, 1839.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. Some Remarks upon several Gardens and JSTurse-
ries, in Providence, Burlington, (JY. J.) and Baltimore.
By the Editor.

(Continued from page 223.)

In our last we concluded our remarks upon the gardens,
which we had the pleasure of visiting in Providence, and we
should not omit the opportunity of acknowledging our thanks
to Capt. Comstock, for his kindness in introducing us to the
places we visited.

Leaving Providence in the rail-road cars for Stonington,
and passing over that barren portion of country laying along
the Connecticut shore of Long Island Sound, we arrived at
the latter place in lime to visit a fine residence in this ancient
town. From the appearance of the village there is nothing
which would lead the traveller to imagine that gardening had
made much progress here; for, like the farming in that portion
of the State, through which the rail-road passes, and which
conveys at once an impression of the poverty of the soil, as
well as the absence of all improved methods of cultivation, one
would not be led to suppose that any thing worth noticing ex-
isted. We should not have done so ourselves, had we not
been kindly furnished with a letter to a gentleman who resides
near the village, and an inspection of whose garden agreeably
disappointed us. That our readers may know what is doing

VOL. V. — NO. X. 46

362 Remarks upon several Gardens and JSTurseries

almost upon the sandy shore of the Sound, we are gratified in
being able to offer the following remarks.

Residence of Charles Phelps^ Esq., Slonington, Conn. —
^iig. I5th. About a mile from the village, on the road to
East Stonington, is situated the residence of JNIr. Phelps. It
stands on the rise of a hill, and the lands attached slope gently
off to the south. From the house thei'e is a fine view of the vil-
lage, the harbor, and the Sound, on the south, and of the well
wooded country on the north.

The grounds consist of several acres; but it is only within a
few years that Mr. Phelps has given much attention to their
improvement. There is a scarcity of trees around the house,
and the garden is, consequently, somewhat exposed to the
winds and storms; but in time this will be remedied by the
planting of forest trees and shrubs. The flower garden contains
about a quarter of an acre, in front of the house, and between
that and the road, and is walled in on the north and west side.
It is tastefully laid out in small beds, edged with box; on the
north side stands a moderately sized green-house, about forty
feet long. The collection of plants is not yet large, but will
be gradually increased. IMr. Phelps was having the old brick
flue removed, in consequence of its smoking, and we advised
him to have its place supplied with hot-water pipes, in connec-
tion with one flue to run lengthwise of the house.

In the garden we found a good assortment of dahlias, which
were blooming tolerably freely, and a variety of annuals and
perennials in full bloom. The kitchen garden stands on the
easterly side of the houses, and is an enclosure of an acre or so,
walled in on all sides. In it we found a vai-iety of vegetables
growing, together with strawberries and other fruits, Isabella
grapes, &.c. The soil is here quite different from what it is
nearer the village; it is deeper, and consists of a good yellow
loam.

It is Mr. Phelps's plan to erect, the coming winter, a grape-
ry about one hundred feet long, on the northerly side of this
garden, against the wall, which will form the back. He ex-
pects to have it in readiness to plant out the vines early in the
spring, and, as the border will be well prepared, they will make
a rapid growth. On the back wall it is intended to train a (ew
peaches. The whole, when completed, will be the finest gra-
pery in the State. It is highly gratifying to find the cultivation
of the vine extending so rapidly. Mr. Phelps expressed him-
self highly pleased with the cultivation of the grape around Bos-
ton, and looks forward to the time when he will endeavor to
imitate us. It is with great pleasure that we chronicle these

in Providence, Burlington and Baltimore. 863

improvements; but we liope that they are only some of the
earlier ones, denoting the great change which will eventually
lake place throughout the country. We hope to have an oc-
casion to notice Mr. Phelps's grapery at length, when it shall
have been completed.

Burlington, JS\ J. — Passing through New York, and visit-
ing several gardens there which we have previously descrihed,
we continued our journey south through New Jersey, and tar-
ried at Burlington, v\here we were desirous of viewing some of
the fine gardens which exist here, and of learning something of
the progress which horticulture is making in the State; pre-
suming that this could be best judged from an inspection of the
gardens in Burlington : of this we shall speak in our reiros})ective
view of the present year; and we now pass on to make some re-
marks upon the gardens which we had the pleasure of seeing.

Residence of Horace Binney, Esq. — ^ug. ]7tli. On the
bank of the Delaware river, just below the steam-boat landing,
stands the beautiful residence of ]Mr. Binney, President of the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, The grounds attached
to the house are separated by one of the streets of Burlington,
running parallel with the river in the rear of the house; and
bounding 'on this street is the pleasure ground and flower gar-
den, embracing nearly an acre; and across the street, oppo-
site, is the kitchen and fruit garden, occupying a similar extent
of land.

The flower garden is nearly a square, and is laid out with
one main circular walk, running round the whole, and a border
for flowers on each side; the centre forming a lawn scattered
over with several large fruit trees. In the border we noticed
many very pretty annuals and perennials, and some dahlias.
Several large orange and lemon trees, with fruit, were inter-
spersed among the shrubs on the borders, and assisted to enrich
the appearance of the garden. Mr. Binney is not, probably, a
great amateur, as we did not find many of the more rare and
choice flowers and plants, but only the old established and well
known sorts.

The kitchen garden is well kept, and a great variety of vege-
tables are grov;n. There is a long range of pits, nearly a hun-
dred feet, used for forcing cucumbers, melons. Sic. and for
wintering brocolis, cauliflowers, &c. which are grown to great
perfection; Mr. Robinson, the gardener, having obtained the
premium the past spring, for the best cauliflowers exhibited
before the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. We saw here
a few hills of that valuable variety of corn, the Chinese; it was
beginning to ripen, and probably, ere this, has been cut and

364 Remarks upon several Gardens and J^urseries

gathered; on many of the stalks we counted three ears. There
is a good collection of pear trees in the garden, and some large
Seckel trees, which were overloaded with fruit.

A green-house and grapery attached to Mr. Binney's place
would make it complete; Mr. Robinson, the gardener, keeps
every thing in fine condition, and we were much delighted to
find such a specimen of gardening to exist here.

Residence of Charles Ckauncey, Esq. — Nearly adjoining Mr.
Binney's, and situated on the same street, is the residence of
Mr. Chauncey. It is in most all respects very similar to
Mr. Binney's, and, like his, the kitchen garden is separated
from the flower garden by the same street. Mr. James Me
Kee is the gardener.

The flower garden and lawn is laid out simply with one prin-
cipal circular walk, and the ground is well filled with fruit and
ornamental trees. The border contains a good display of
flowers, together with a very fine assortment of dahlias. Mr.
Hancock's Hero of Tippecanoe was the only one which dis-
played any flowers.

The kitchen garden contains a range of pits one hundred
feet or more long, used for the same purposes as those of Mr.
Binney. A good collection of fruit trees take up a portion of
the ground, which is filled with vegetables of various sorts.

The two residences have many features in common, which
render any further description unnecessary. We should like
to see a little more zeal animate the owners of such places, in
order that the grounds might be made more ornamental and at-
tractive to the amateur, by the addition of all the new plants
which are annually introduced into our collections. Viewed
simply, however, as summer residences, without making any
claim to amateur gardens, by high keeping they are rendered
neat specimens.

JS^ursery of Mr. Thomas Hancock. — About two miles from
the city we visited the nursery of Mr. Hancock. It is not,
probably, much known to our readers around Boston, with
which place he transacts but little business; but in Philadel-
phia and Baltimore, to which cities he sends large quantities of
trees, his establishment has a good reputation.

To amateurs and lovers of the dahlia Mr. Hancock's name
is familiar, from the reputation which his seedling dahlia, the
Hero of Tippecanoe, has acquired, and to him growers of this
beautiful flower are much indebted; for he has, each year, grown
a large number of seedling plants, in the hopes of procuring
superior flowers. The variety just named is excelled by but
few flowers, and may indeed be said to be the best American

365

seedling self-colored dahlia yet produced, and equal to any of
the best English varieties of the present year: and this is say-
ing much for the flower.

The whole grounds comprise an extent of upwards of one
hundred acres of land; part only of this is occupied as a nurse-
ry. Besides raising trees, Mr. Hancock has a large plantation
of peach trees, and one or two apple orchards, for the purpose
of raising fruit for the Philadelphia and New York maikets;
many acres are covered with coj'u, and the remainder let out to
farmers in the neighborhood for tillage.

In the nursery, which is yet only in its commencement, Mr.
Hancock does not strive to cultivate all the varieties of fruit
which are named in the lengthy catalogues of many nursery-
men, but rather reduces the number of kinds, selecting the
choicest, and grows a great number of each. His catalogue is
now before us, and we find enumerated about fifty apples —
twenty-five pears — thirty peaches — twenty plums, &c. &c. to-
gether with a considerable variety of ornamental shrubs and.
forest trees. It is in apples and peaches that Mr. Hancock
appears to possess the best stock; his variety of pears being
yet quite limited. The quantity of peach trees annually sold
amounts to upwards of twenty thousand. Some idea may thus
be formed of the cultivation of this fruit, both in New Jersey
and the adjoining States of Pennsylvania, Delaware and Mary-
land. Plunjs are yet very scarce, owing to the difficulty of
procuring good stocks.

Desirous of noticing the mode of cultivation ajiplied to nur-
series, we walked through every part. We found it to differ
only from the method practised in New England, in placing
the rows at such distances that a cultivator may be run be-
tween them for the purpose of tilling the ground. Seedling
stocks are planted in rows four feet apart, and young trees are
set about the same distance. Much labor is saved in this way.
In nurseries, however, near our large cities, where land is
dearer, perhaps closer planting and more hand labor would be
the most advantageous.

Among the apples, Mv. Hancock esteems the Hagloe crab,
originally imported by Mr. Cox, as it sells readily from its
fine showy appearance and large size, notwithstanding it is
rather a dry fruit. We tasted a native apple, grown on the
grounds, which possessed good qualities enough to deserve
cultivation.

The cultivation of the peach is very extensively carried on
in New Jersey, for the supply of the great markets of Phil-
adelphia and New York; the rapidity of transportation by

366 Remarks upon several Gardens and Murseries

rail-road, bringing almost every portion of the State within a
few miles of either city. Mr. Hancock has a plantation of
seventeen acres, and from it he expects to pick nearly two
thousand baskets, or about fifteen hundred bushels. Tlie land
on which the trees grow, would not, without the aid of a great
deal of manure, yield much more than five bushels of corn to
the acre. The trees are set about twelve feet apart each
way, and the ground is ploughed and harrowed, to prevent
the growth of weeds, &c. In this way, the peach proves a
valuable crop.

Leaving the nursery, we walked into the flower depart-
ment, near the house. Mr. Hancock has now a stnall green-
house, and a very pretty collection of cactuses, having just
made a beginning; but it is now his intention to build a fine
range, eighty feet long, to be divided in the centre, one com-
partment for tropical plants and for forcing, and the other for
a green-house, the whole to be heated with hot water. This
project he was in hopes of being able to carry into execution
this fall. In dahlias, Mr. Hancock is a great cultivator and
amateur; one of his seedhngs has given him much credit as a
judge of a good bloom. The longer summers of New Jersey
enable the plants to acquire larger size, and gives them a much
belter chance of displaying their flowers: one practice for
obtaining late blooms is followed here successfully, which
would be attended with a complete failure in New England;
this is, the cutting of the plants down to the surface of the
soil, or to a good side shoot, on or about the first of August.
By October, they will have grown up, and the blooms are said
to be large and fine: with us, frost would overtake the plants,
and prostrate the new growth, ere they had attained any thing
like a flowering age. The general collection of dahlias is
fine, and we noticed plants of Striata formosissima, Lady
Sondes, President, Ne Plus Ultra, Hope, &c., &c. The
dahlias, we regret to say, at nearly every place we visited,
have not done well this year; there appears to be a great scar-
city of flowers.

On the farm, Mr. Hancock has a large field of the China
corn, of which so much has been said, and a large patch of
the valuable Rohan potato. The field of corn was the best
we ever saw, and proves that this variety is one of great value
to the farmers of the Middle and Western States. It is too
late to ripen a crop with certainty, in the colder and short-
er summers of New England, but is sufliciently so for any lati-
tude south of New York. The Rohan potatoes promise a
great crop.

367

Besides his seedling dahlias, Mr. Hancock has turned his
attention to improving the potato, by means of raising new
seedlings. He went into the field, and showed us one of his
varieties. It was planted side by side with the Chenango, but
its produce was more than one third greater. The potato is
flattish, and formed somewhat like the Chenango, with a white,
smooth skin, but few eyes, and these only slightly raised
above the surface of the potato. In its eating qualities, he
thinks it as much surpasses the Chenango as it does in its pro-
ductiveness. In addition to the whole, there is a fine lot of
Jl'lorus multicaulis trees growing, and in good condition.

It is but a (e\v years since Mr. Hancock took hold of the
place, and, with many difficulties to contend with, he has suc-
ceeded in bringing the land into a rich and flourishing state.
Lime, leached ashes, and marl, are the substances mostly used
for manuring. Every part of the nursery was in good order,
and all the budding, grafting, &c. is done under his immediate
inspection, in order to prevent the gross mistakes which are
too frequently made through the negligence of inexperienced
persons, and those who are unacquainted with fruits. Mr.
Hancock finds the demand for fruit trees increasing every
year, and it will be his endeavor to have his nursery so well
furnished with all the newest and best varieties, that orders
may be executed with accuracy, and to the satisfaction of all
purchasers.

Messrs. Cheney''s Farm, and Silk establishment. — We should
not be pardoned, were we to omit noticing the great establish-
ment of the Messrs. Cheneys, who have, within two or three
years, purchased a large farm on the border of the Delaware river,
a short distance from the populated part of the city, and entered
zealously into the growth of the J)/6rus multicai'dis, for the i)ur-
pose of procuring food for the silkworm, and with the inten-
tion of producing large quantities of silk. Around Burlington
it has been stated that the inhabitants were multicaulis mad, so
deeply have they engaged in the cultivation of this most valua-
ble tree. We have ourselves great faith in the silk enterprise
which is now agitating the public mind; and therefore, though
some may ridicule the growth of the Morus, and designate tlie
present excitement, in regard to the tree, as a humbug, we still
believe that other portions of the country will yet see that the
farmers and citizens of Burlins;ton, in cultivating this tree so
extensively, and reaping therefrom a rich reward, have acted
with greater foresight and judgment than their neighbors.

But the Messrs. Cheneys do not intend to confine their ope-
rations solely to the growing of the multicaulis and raising of

368 Remarks upon several Gardens and JYurseries

silk; the manufacture of sugar from the beet — another subject
now engrossing the minds of American farmers, and by some
thought more favorably of than the production of silk, — will be
one of their principal objects. Nor is this all: the cultivation of
the vine, with a view to produce wine, will receive a due share
of attention. Two of the Messrs. Cheneys have travelled in
France, and inspected their cocooneries, beet sugar manufac-
tories, and vineyards, and they are confident that each and all
may be made sources of as great comparative profit to the
American farmer as they have been to the cultivators of France.
We wish them every success in their enterprise; and, as the
results of all their operations will be given to the public in
their .American Silk Grower, a periodical which they pub-
lish, at the low price of a single dollar, we trust that every
one will avail himself of their information, and turn it to good
account.

Connected with the farm, Messrs. Cheneys have a green-
house over one hundred feet long: this was originally erected
to grow the Mo'cus multicaulis, in order to force them along,
that larger trees might be secured. As the trees have now
become sufficiently numerous to dispense with this method of
increasing them, the house is now to be converted into a grap-
ery. Some of the vines are already growing, and the remain-
der will be planted in the spring.

The quantity of multicaulis grown here this season, includ-
ing the Alpine, Dandole, Canton, &.c. is some twenty acres or
so, all in fine condition, and numbering many thousand. Messrs.
Cheney have also a patch of the Rohan potato. About four
acres are devoted to the growth of sugar beet.

The Messrs. Cheneys have fed a great number of worms
with much success: at the time we visited them they had fin-
ished their winding. Another season they will feed an im-
mense number of worms. We shall endeavor to notice, from
time to time, the progress which they make in the cultivation
of the grape, and the manufacture of sugar and silk,

Mursery and Flower Garden of Mr. McKee. — This is a
new place, commenced since last fall. Mr. McKee has a
small seed store, connected with his garden. The store fronts
on the main street, near the steam-boat landing, and the garden
extends in the rear, containing upwards of half an acre.

There is a small green-house attached, but the collection is
yet small. Mr. McKee has some iew camellias, very good
plants: he also has a variety of good geraniums and a tolerable
collection of roses. A large number of dahlias were planted
out, but they had not yet bloomed much.

in Providence^ Burlington and Baltimore. o69

Such a place as Mr. McKee's is, we should think, wanting
in the city; and, as he appears industrious and deserving, we
hope he wiil receive a due proportion of patronage.

Philadelphia., Aug. 22d. — We paid a passing visit to some
of the fine gardens in this city, each of which, with one excep-
tion, have been before noticed and described in our previous
volumes; the one we have referred to has been rather recently
•established; and, although we have spoken of it incidentally,
we have not yet said much of its extent and character. We
refer to the

JVursery and Flower Garden of Mackenzie <^ Buchanan. —
This garden is situated in Spruce street, two or three squares
above Broad. It fronts upon the former street upwards of a
hundred feet, and runs back about the same depth, forming a
square. On the west side, and facing the east, there is a green-
house, about eighty feet long; on the north, another facing the
south, sixty feet and upwards; and preparations are making to
put up, the ensuing fall, another house on the east side, facing
the west, of the same dimensions as the one on the opposite
side of the garden; the ground will then be enclosed on
three sides, with an area in the centre for the garden. The
sashes were already completed, and the house was to be speed-
ily commenced.

It is now only little more than two years since Mr. Mac-
kenzie left Lemon Hill, at which place he was gardener four
or five years, and commenced business for himself at this place;
he soon afterwards connected Mr. Buchanan with him in trade,
and at the present time, they have a fine collection of plants,
already filling two large houses so completely, as to render it
necessary to erect another, to prevent the plants from suffering
from being too crowded.

The collection consists of a large number of fine geraniums,
roses, camellias, and green-house plants in general, all propa-
gated and raised by their own hands. They also possess the
whole stock of seedling chrysanthemums raised by Mr. Kil-
vington, and noticed by us last winter. Mr. Mackenzie has
raised some good seedling dahlias, and is known as one of the
best cultivators of plants in Philadelphia. Mr. Buchanan, his
partner, is, also, an excellent botanist and propagator, and, to-
gether, they manage their business in a successful, and, we
doubt not, profitable manner.

An account of some of their seedling verbenas has been al-
ready given in our pages by our correspondent. Dr. Watson.
These we now saw in bloom, and they are each and all most
desirable plants. V. Binneydwa is a dark maroon, and very

VOL. V, — NO. X. 47

370 Remarks upon several Gardens and JVurseries

superb. Mr. Buchanan showed us plants of ihe V. teucroldes,
Eyredna, and others, which had been fertihzed with the new
varieties, in order to produce some novelties another year; and
we have no doubt their labors will be crowned with success.

The practice of turnine; both green-house and hot-house
plants out of the pots into the open ground during summer, is
much more practised here than around Boston and New York;
and we think the system attended with good results, with some
classes of plants, especially in this climate and further south.
We saw here the /iibiscus rosa sinensis, growing as rapidly as
a currant bush, turned out of the pot; but this would not be the
case in the vicinity of Boston. Our summers are not so long,
nor the heat so regular and continued, and the nights are much
cooler: so much so is this the case, that strong old plants of
the same species, plunged in the border in the open air, have
changed the color of their foliage to a sickly hue, and nearly
stopped growing. With many green-house plants it may be
safely and judiciously done; but to adopt the same course as
they do in Philadelphia and Baltimore, would be very injurious
to the plants. We would urge all amateurs and cultivators to
practise this system.

Messrs. Mackenzie &, Buchanan are adding to^their collec-
tion all the new and fine plants that are v.orthy of cultivation.
They have also many seedling geraniums and camellias of their
own, and will spare no pains to render their establishment equal
to any other in the city. It is yet scarcely commenced, and
we trust that their endeavors to deserve patronage will not be
made in vain.

Baltimore, Jlug. 24th. — During the fall of 1838, some
time in November, we visited this city for the first time: we
had heard considerable of the gardens and nurseries in the
neighborhood, and it was our intention, from the desire we
have to learn how fast horticulture was progressing, to have
made a visit to all of the most noted; but winter set in earlier
than we had anticipated, and our stay in the city was exceed-
ingly short, and we, unfortunately, could not find the opportu-
nity to visit but one single garden. Regretting this as much
as we did, it was not convenient for us to remain; and we re-
solved to improve the first occasion which our time would al-
low to make another visit, with the hope of being able to see
nearly all worthy of remark.

Gardening in Baltimore, though it has made some progress,
is but yet in its infancy. Commercial affairs appear to en-
gross the attention of the mass of the citizens, and the more
w.ealthy have, as yet, devoted but little time or expense to the

in Providence, Burlington and Baltimore. 371

embellishment of their gardens. In this respect Baltimore
may be compared to New York. But there is now dawning a
better taste for rural pursuits. Within the precincts of the
city, but remote from the din and bustle of business, there are
situations which would afford the most beautiful gardens in the
country. Baltimore is peculiarly favored in this respect; and
is unlike either Philadelphia, New York or Boston, in which
cities there is no such available land to be found, or any which
embraces such favored localities for garden spots, combining
varied and magnificent views. When the same wealth is em-
ployed in gardening here which has been lavished in Philadel-
phia or Boston, Baltimore may be proud of her standing in the
horticultural world, and almost dispute the palm with any of
her sister cities. But we shall say more upon this subject at
another time; we have but barely space now to describe, briefly,
the places we visited.

JSTiirsery and Floiocr Garden of Samuel Feast. — This nur-
sery is situated in Franklin street, near its termination, so far
as it is at present graded. Mr. Feast was formerly establish-
ed at the corner of Lexington and Saratoga streets, only a
short distance from Baltimore street; but he was obliged, from
the growing population, to remove where land was less valua-
ble, and to be had in greater quantity. Mr. Feast, however,
still retains a lot on the corner of the streets where his garden
stood, and has commenced erecting a building, where he intends
to open a store, in connection with his nursery, for the sale of
seeds, bouquets, plants, &c.

The nursery contains, we should judge, four or five acres:
it is well elevated, and falls away to the east and south in a
gradual slope, just suiiicient to carry ofF all superfluous water,
and not endanger the plants by the washing away of the earth.
The soil is a retentive loam of good depth, and well suited to
the purposes of a nursery. There are two green-houses at-
tached, one large but rather old, built in the form of a lean-to
against the dwelling-house, and a detached one for cactuses
and camellias, which has lately been put up. The plants were
at this time all in the open air, except the cactuses and a kw
camellias, which were undergoing the process of inarching.

The same system of cultivation cannot be applied to plants
here, which succeeds in a more northern latitude. The sum-
mers are considerably longer, the heat more oppressive, and
the sun's rays more powerful, materially changing the clinjate:
thus, in June and July, plants I'equire great care, to prevent
them from being completely destroyed by the dry air and
scorching sun: every pot must be plunged in the open ground,

372 Remarks upon several Gardens and JWirseries

and not remain exposed: a few hours' neglect would prostrate
them at once. The gardener has to exert great dihgence
throughout the summer. The winters are very mild, but the
variableness of the summer is trying to all kinds of pot cultiva-
tion.

Mr. Feast has long given his attention to the raising of vari-
ous plants from seed, and has been very fortunate in producing
a great number of good varieties: roses, camellias, azaleas, and
cactuses are tribes to which he has devoted the most attention.
We saw several beds of seedling roses, the plants all growing,
in the open ground, and many of those in bloom were very fine:
we saw one exceedingly small one, and this called up in our
mind the Master Burke variety, which Mr. Feast raised some
time since, and which is noticed in our III., p. 129. On
inquiry for this, Mr. Feast informed that he had lost it: indeed,
it was too minute and fragile to exist: the flowers, he assured
us, were not much larger than the head of a pin, and the whole
bush could be covered with an egg-shell. All attempts to prop-
agate it failed: so great a curiosity, it is a matter of regret that
it could not have been preserved.

The number of seedling camellias is very large, and some
have already flowered which possess much merit; the coming
winter several additional ones will expand. The quantity of
seedling azaleas is very great, and though not now the season
to see them in bloom, we have been informed by our friends
that there are a good number of varieties, which are valuable
additions to this showy and freely cultivated family. Mr.
Feast's seedling cactuses are numerous, and three or four that
he has selected from the mass are superb: he has now a great
number of seedlings of the present year, and, among them, some
which were grown from seeds of the Cereus speciosissimus
impregnated with the C. grandiflorus; from them he expects
something novel and fine.

In looking over the cactuses, Mr. Feast called our attention
to a new feature in grafting this tribe, to facilitate their early
flowering from seeds; and this was, that the little seedlings, as
soon as they had fairly developed their cotyledons, were used
as scions, and inserted, with a slight cleft, in the stock of
the triangularis; in a few days they begin to grow, and in one
season attain a larger size than those remaining on their own
roots do in twice that period. We saw seedlings grafted in this
manner last fall, which were now large plants, sufficiently strong
enough to bloom in the spring. Mr. Feast's collection of
Cacti is large, and he has many undescribed and unnamed spe-
cies from South America; among them is one producing its

in Providence, Burlington and Baltimore. 373

flowers wholly on one side. In the house with the cactuses
we noticed the orchideous plants just received; most of them
are in good condition.

The green-house and hot-house plants were so scattered
about in various situations, that we had not much of an oppor-
tunity to see them. Mr. Feast grows his plants exceedingly
well, particularly the azaleas, which were clothed with foliage.
We saw here the Artocarpus incisa, a new gloxinia, and a new
Alstroemeria, all introduced from Rio Janeiro; Carolinea prin-
ceps and insignis, raised from seeds, were a foot high or more;
a species of i)aphne, producing its flowers at the axils of the
leaves, as well as in a terminal head, and difficult to increase;
Russellia Juncea, with its leafless branches, hanging gracefully
over the pot, but completely clothed with its beautiful corols,
was a fine specimen. The new verbenas of jMr. Feast have
been noticed by one of our correspondents, (p. 290.) We saw
several of them in flower, and they are pretty additions to the
already extensive list: one deep rosy pink variety exceeded in
delicacy even the select Eyreona. Mr. Feast has not yet
named them. There were many other things worthy of notice,
but we have no space to extend our remarks.

In the garden there are many fine specimens of shrubs, roses,
&c. Magnolia conspicua stands out here without having the
smallest shoot injured by the frost: Mr. Feast has a plant fifteen
feet high, which was one sheet of blossoms last spring. A new
shrub, from the Rocky Mountains, bearing a reddish berry,
and which appears to be a species of i?hamnus, was a showy
object. Herbemont's musk cluster rose is a magnificent varie-
ty, flowering profusely all summer, and growing with wonder-
ful rapidity. The dahlias had just commenced flowering, but
the collections around Baltimore contain but few of the newest
sorts.

Mr. Feast is a zealous cultivator, and deserves great credit
for his assiduity in raising new plants. We hope he will find
a good reward in the rapid sale of the objects to which he has
devoted so much of his time in producing.

Residence of Dr. T. Edmonson, Jr. — The beautiful demesne
of Dr. Edmonson is just beyond Mr. Feast's garden, and oc-
cupies the whole rise of land forming the crown of the hill. It
slopes off in all directions, and stretches into the valley on the
east side, and up again on the adjoining hill, comprising, in its
whole extent, some five hundred or six hundred acres. But
all this is not devoted to a garden. It is principally pasture
land, and under farm tillage, only a portion in the immediate vi-
cinity of the mansion, of three or four acres, form.ing the flower

374 Remarks upon several Gardens and- JVurseries

garden. From all parts of the elevated portion of the ground
the views are magnificent and extensive. In the foreground
lays the city, and beyond stretches out the harbor and bay; and
on the north and west a rich and fertile country is spread
before the eye. Altogether it is one of the finest situations,
and combines more natural advantages, than any we have ever
visited.

Attached to the garden is a green-house, hot-house and con-
servatory, with a blank roof in the old style: this is made use
of to preserve a number of large old lemon and orange trees.
Dr. Edmonson possesses a good collection of camellias, and
has many seedlings. Among the hot-house plants are several
fine specimens: Musa rosacse^a was in bloom ; Gardenia
amag^na, a species not common, was blooming freely. Seve-
ral large specimens of Eriobotrya japonica, Jambosa vulgaris,
&c. have each borne an abundance of fruit.

The garden was newly laid out the past spring, and the whole
ground was trenched to the depth of three feet. Dr. Ed-
monson is an amateur with considerable zeal, and has made him-
self familiar with horticulture in all its branches, and he has
set a good example to all who are forming gardens. Unless
the soil is remarkably deep and fertile, the first operation
should be to trench and manure it well. We found a variety
of dahlias coming into flower, and an immense number of seed-
ling phloxes, of which a few were very fine. The asters, verbe-
nas, and other flowers were blooming freely.

We should have been pleased to have made a longer visit
here, but our time would only allow us to take a hasty survey
of the place.

JYursery and Flower Garden of Mr. John Feast. — Mr.
Feast's nursery is on West Lexington street, nearly a mile
from the centre of the city. It is not of large extent, embrac-
ing, perhaps, not above an acre or two. He has, however, three
green-houses and a stove, and is about erecting another range
on a piece of land which he has purchased in the rear.

We called upon Mr. Feast a year ago, and saw his plants,
which were then in the houses, and intended to have noticed
them soon after: but being prevented from doing so, we let it
remain until we could have a chance to describe it with the
others. His collection of camellias is quite extensive, and it
embraces some fine seedlings. There was in the stove a fine
collection of orchideous plants, and one or two then in flower.
Mr. Feast cultivates a great number of geraniums. The
cactuses were in fine order, and there are several species culti-
vated.

in Providence, Burlington and Baltimore. 375

In the garden there was a good show of dahhas, though of the
older sorts. From some reason the newer and choice kinds
do not command a price sufficient to warrant the nurserymen in
adding them to their collections annually: this certainly does
not speak well for the taste of the amateurs of our sister city:
scarcely any of the most rare and celebrated kinds, grown
around New York and Boston, are to be found growing in the
commercial or amateur gardens here.

The climate is not favorable to the dahlia, and this may have
discouraged amateurs from attempting their growth; the hot
and dry summers are prejudicial, and the plants throw up but
few flowers, growing in the same stunted manner that they did
throughout the country generally, in the summer of 1838. The
first of July is adopted by some growers as the time to plant
out, for if set out previously, they are sure to suffer from the
intense heat of June.

Mr. Feast has in connection a seed-store, where he furnish-
es vegetable and flower seeds, fruit trees, shrubs, &c. in any
quantity.

Garden of Gideon B. Smith, Esq. — IMr. Smith is well
known to the public as a pioneer in the silk enterprise, which
is now attracting so much attention. He was among the first
to introduce the Morus inulticaulis into the country, and from
that period, some twelve or more years since, he has been un-
wavering in the opinion that this country would eventually be-
come a great silk-growing nation. It was through his perse-
verance that many of the early cultivators were induced to enter
into the growth of the tree; but there seems to have been but
little known of this variety, or its value as food for the worm,
until within three or four years, since which time there has
been an active demand for it throughout the Union. Had Mr.
Smith continued to increase and cultivate the tree, he would
have realized a fortune (which he is fully entitled to, for his
laudable efforts to spread information in regard to the tree,)
in the sale of them at the handsome prices of last season. He
has spared no exertions to impress upon the minds of farmers,
and others, the importance of growing the tree, with a view to
raising silk; and after many years have passed away in discuss-
ing the merits of the tree, rather than in real trials of its
superiority over the Italian, it must be a source of great grati-
fication to see his anticipations about to be realized. But we
have indulged in these remarks too far, and return to speak
a few words relative to ]\Ir. Smith's garden.

It is a small spot attached to his house, and contains but a
(e\v shrubs and plants. But the most noted of these is Her-

376 On the propagation, cultivation and

bemont's musk cluster rose, which we have before named. It
was raised from seed by the late Mrs. Herbemont, of Columbia,
S. C, and sent by that lady to Mr. Smith some time ago. It
is a most rapid and vigorous grower, the shoots attaining the
height of ten feet, and terminated with clusters of over a hun-
dred buds. It is perfectly hardy in the climate of Baltimore,
and it remains in bloom all summer. Unfortunately it is very
difficult of propagation, and it will therefore be some time be-
fore it will be generally found in our gardens. On the plant in
Mr. Smith's garden there were four or five new suckers,
covered with clusters of buds nearly ready to expand. An
Isabella grape vine is worthy of notice; it is trained to the pi-
azza, and, though only three years old, has extended nearly
forty feet, and is maturing a large crop of grapes.

The old tree of the Morus, the first cultivated south of New
York, we saw growing here, and it had made shoots twelve
feet high this season. It has ripened fruit this season, and
Mr. Smith has raised seedlings from it which are precisely like
the parent. Mr. Smith has so limited a space, that he has no
opportunity to grow many plants, and though receiving great
numbers from abroad, as well as seeds, he is compelled to
place them in the hands of his friends for cultivation.

We only regretted that we could not inspect the Clairmont
nursery, a few miles from the city, belonging to R. Sinclair,
sen. It contains a great collection of trees, and we hope, ere
long, to have the opportunity of noticing it at length.

Art. II. On ike propagation., cultivation, and general
treatment of the Epacris. By John Towne, Esq.

The E'pacris, which, for beauty and elegance, is not sur-
passed by any other tribe, seems to have escaped the notice
of the admirers of pretty plants ; at least it has not fallen to
my lot to meet with any practical directions for their cultiva-
tion. Being a great admirer of this most interesting family of
plants, I employ a leisure moment, in the attempt to describe
the method which I have followed in the propagation and cul-

general treatment of the Epacris. 377

tivatlon of them ; with the hope, that it may stimulate others
to try, particularly as I can assure them, that, in the course
of practice which I have pursued, I find no more difficulty in
the cultivation of them, than I do in the cultivation of most
hardy green-house plants ; and they are certainly as easily
propagated.

I am aware, hovi^ever, of the difficulty of communicating to
others, all the simple minutiae necessary in practice ; for it is
difficult, when a subject is placed immediately before us, to
make others see it in the same light as we might view it ; and
more difficult to give such instructions, as to lead others to
pursue precisely the same manipulation that we might follow.
In cultivation, I have pursued that course, which the nature of
the plants seemed to point out, as most congenial to their habits,
without regard to the practice of others, and I had no reason
to complain of my success. It is a misfortune, that many
practical, and even experienced, cultivators, follow without
variation, a certain routine of practice, not considering whether
the course they are pursuing, is congenial v/ith the nature and
habits of the plant ; hence, failures in the cultivation of certain
species often take place, merely for want of a little observation
and a few experiments.

There has, I believe, been over twenty varieties of the
E'pacris introduced into the collections in England; many
of which are justly celebrated for their graceful forms and
most splendid flowers. As yet, but few of those varieties
have been added to the collections of this country ; but I
hope soon to see them all ornamenting our green houses. I
have, in my small collection, eight varieties of this choice
plant, to wit: E'pacris grandiflora, impressa, campanulata
rubra, palludosa, nivalis, heteronema, variabilis, and pupur-
ascens.

It has generally been supposed, that this class of plants was
difficult of propagation and cultivation. I have found it far
otherwise. All the above varieties strike freely from cuttings,
and the growth of most of them, in a single season, is truly as-
tonishing. Cuttings of several varieties, which were planted
in March, 1838, are now, Sept. 1839, some of them, over four
feet high, and handsome bushy plants, which will flower splen-
didly this winter. Cuttings planted in March last, are now
one foot high, above the top of the pots, and growing like
weeds. This may seem incredible, but they are living witness-
es, and I shall be happy to show them to any one, who may
have the curiosity to call and verify the truth of my remarks.
VOL. v. — .\o. X. 48

378 Gn the propagaticn^ cuUivation, and

The months of February, March and April, I consider the
best periods for planting cuttings ; or as soon as good wood
can be obtained for the purpose. When put in early, they
generally strike root in about two months; sometimes they
require a longer period, but, in most cases, they maybe potted
off so as to make a fine growth before winter. When put in
late in the season, they do not, in general, strike so freely, and
require, with me, a longer time to take root. I have had
them do well, however, when planted as late as August, but
the instances are rare. When equally convenient in every re-
spect, I prefer the dark of the moon to put in cuttings; that is,
the period from the full to the next new moon: not that I am
a superstitious observer of moons, but it is a fact well estab-
lished, that plants have their seasons of rest, and I have ob-
served that they grow more vigorously during the two first
quarters of the moon than they do in the two last quarters. I
do not mean to infer that there is any more than a partial sus-
pension in the growth of the plants, but it is during this partial
season of rest, that I consider the most favorable time to take
off cuttings. Eight inch bell-glasses being a convenient size,
select pots for the cuttings large enough to admit the glasses
freely inside the rim. Fill the pots two thirds full with broken
pots, or pounded soft brick; then fill the remaining third with a
compost of three parts of moderately fine sand, and one part of
peat soil, well compounded together, leaving the pots just even
full, when hard pressed down and well watered, which is ne-
cessary to complete the preparation.

Select the cuttings from the ends of the branches, after they
have made a new growth of one or two inches; take them off
so as to leave half an inch of the old or last year's wood on
the cutting. With a sharp knife remove the leaves from the
base, up, for one inch or more; then take off the bottom imme-
diately under a joint or leaf, making a drawing cut with the
knife, slightly sloping downward, so as not to injure the bark
where the cut is made.

Thus prepared, proceed immediately to insert the cuttings
in the pots; make the holes for their reception with a small
dibble or little round stick tapered handsomely to a point;
plant the cuttings from a half to one inch deep, according to
their size, and about the same distance from each other, and
press the soil firm round the cutting; give a gentle watering
with a fine rose watering pot, and immediately cover with the
bell-glasses. Set the pots in a cool part of the green-house,
where they can receive as much light as possible, but no sun.
/never give bottom heat.

general treatment of the Epacris. 379

For tlie first four or five weeks remove the glass as seldom
as possible; and never, except to water, and wipe the damp
from the glasses when it collects upon the inside; and this
should be done in the morning before much air is admitted to
the house, or in the evening after the air is taken off. Care
must be taken to keep the compost constantly damp. It must
never be suffered to get dry. After the first four or five
weeks, the glasses may be removed every evening, and remain
off for five or ten minutes: this may be practised till the cut-
tings strike root, which will be indicated by their commencing
to grow. As soon as this takes place, the glasses may be kept
off a longer period, gradually increasing the time for some
days, when they may be suffered to remain off during the
night, and placed on in the morning, with one side raised a
little, so as to admit a small portion of air. When the cuttings
have made a growth of one inch or more, they may be potted
off into thumb pots of the smallest size, preserving as much of
the soil about the roots as possible.

The compost for the first potting should be two parts peat
soil, and one part sand; put plenty of drainage at the bottom
of the pots, say from half to one inch deep of broken pots, or
soft bricks pounded. Place the plants, after potting, in a cool,
shady place, in the house or out of doors, keeping the soil
about their roots constantly damp, but not saturated with water.
For the second, and all subsequent pottings, use sandy peat
soil, and always use a large quantity of drainage at each repot-
ting. By sandy peat, I mean a black, sandy soil, more prop-
erly called savannah soil, containing vegetable decomposed
matter and sand, about in the proportion of three parts vegeta-
ble matter and one part sand. This soil may be obtained in
almost any direction about Boston, and generally in the proper
proportion; but when it cannot, well decomposed leaf mould,
or sand, may be added to make it conform to this mixture. /
always repot whenever the roots begin to mat round the sides
of the pots, without regard to the time of year. Hence, repot
at all seasons; for old plants, however, I consider one potting
in the year amply sufficient, and the month of March the most
proper time to perform the operation. They require very small
pots, in proportion to the size of the plant, and it is a common
error to overpot them, that is, to use too large pots. In re-
potting, remove the old drainage, but no soil from about the
roots of the plant. The soil in the pots should always be kept
moist, for if once suffered to get dry, no art can restore the
plant. It is a good rule in watering, to give sufficient to admit
a portion to pass oft' through the bottom of the pets; for where

380

Progagation, cultivation, <^-c. of Ike Epacris.

plenty of drainage is used, there is little danger to be appre-
hended in giving too much water.

The E'pacris, being indigenous to the mountainous parts of
New South Wales, has led many cultivators to suppose that
they are capable of enduring a great degree of drought; but this
is certainly an error, when the plants are confined to the narrow
limits of pot culture. This fatal error is probably the principal
reason why so many failures have taken place in their cultiva-
tion. They seem to have lost sight of the fact, that, in their
native locality, the roots are at liberty to penetrate deep into
the earth in search of moisture, and that the ground around
them is covered with leaves and other vegetable matter, which
retains the moisture, and protects the roots from the scorching
heat of the sun. In this climate, where we are subjected to
the extremes of heat and cold, it is necessary to protect the
plants from the extreme heat of summer, as well as from the
extreme cold of winter. During the summer months I protect
my plants from the hot sun, either in the green-house, or place
ihera out of doors in the shade, with the pots plunged in the
earth to the rim; and have found them to flourish in those situ-
ations much better than when exposed to the sun. In the win-
ter I place them as near the glass as possible, and give them
the full sun.

With this course of treatment they give me very little trou-
ble, no more than any common green-house plant; and when
it is considered that they are a great ornament at all seasons of
the year, whether in flower or not, there are few plants which
contribute so large an amiount of pleasure for the small trouble
they give. I do not know any class of plants that will bear
the knife with more patience, than the E'pacris. When young,
by merely pinching off the tops, they may be shaped into al-
most any form that the fancy of the cultivator may dictate; as
they acquire age, they may be pruned with impunity, provided
the operation is performed judiciously; that is, not to lop ofi'
too many of the leading branches at one time. My practice
is to commence in the spring, by pinching off the extremity of
any leading branch, as soon as 1 discover indications of a new
growth; this operation I repeat till a sufficient number of
young branches are forced out of the old wood, near the bot-
tom of the plant, when the leading branches are cut off, at va-
rious heights, so as to form a handsome shape. New wood is
sure to force out near the top of each branch, thus clothing
the plant with new wood from the bottom to the top, every
year. As the flowers are produced from the new wood exclu-

JVotices of new and beautiful Plants. 381

sively, this operation is necessary to insure a handsome bloom,
and at the same time to retain a handsome shaped plant.

The Erica is another splendid class of plants, that seems to
vie with the E'pacris in beauty and gracefulness, to which the
above remarks will be equally applicable; with the exception,
that the £rica, when it has acquired age, will not bear pruning
£0 patiently as the E'pacris, but when young, the same treat-
ment may be followed in giving form to the plant. It must
also be borne in mind, that the ericas are, most of them, natives
of the Cape of Good Hope.

In the above remarks, I have endeavored to be as clear as
possible; and, should they be the means of facilitating the cul-
ture of these delicate gems, I shall be amply rewarded for my
feeble attempts to describe a process of management, almost
too simple for description. j^^^^ ^^^^.^^_

Boston, Sept., 1S39.

Art. III. JVotices of new and beautiful Plants figured in
the London FloricuUural and Botanical Magazines; with
Remarks on the Cultivation of many of tJie species, and some
Account of those tchich it would be desirable to introduce into
our Gardens.

Edicards's Botanical Register, or Ornamental Flower Garden
and Shrubbery. Each number containing from six to eight
plates, with additional miscellaneous information, relative to
new Plants. In monthly numbers; 3s. plain, 3s. 6d. colored.

Paxfon's Magazine of Botany , and Register of Flowering Plants.
Each number containing four colored plates. Monthly. 2s. 6d.
each. Edited by J. Paxton, gardener to the Duke of Devon-
shire.

The Horticultural Journal, and Royal Ladies' Magazine. In
monthly numbers, v/ith one or more plates; Is. each. Edited
by George Glenny.

The Gardener's Gazette, and Weekly Journal of Science and
Literature. Weekly; price 6d. each.

Botanical and FloricuUural Intelligence. — Mr. George
Don, the botanist, is now engaged in assisting jNIr. Loudon in
editing and compiling a complete supplement to the Encyclo-

382 JVotices of new and beautiful Plants,

pedia of Plants, bringing it down to the present time, which
will soon be pubhshed. — Yours, M. B. B., London, Jlug.
Slst, 1839.

Mr. Wales, of Dorchester, whose visit to London w^e no-
ticed some time since, has lately returned, and, we regret to
learn, in a very feeble state of health. His tour was partly un-
dertaken for his health, but he was at the same time desirous of
introducing many new and fine plants. He had sent out some
new and beautiful species and varieties, but has, we believe,
been so unfortunate as to loose many of them, owing entirely to
his inability to attend to them on the voyage. Such as he has
saved we hope to have an opportunity of procuring the names.
—Ed.

Corrce^a rufa is figured in a late number of the Horticultural
Journal. It is not, however, a remarkable variety. The fol-
iage is rather singular and pretty; the flowers are of a pale
greenish yellow, and disposed at the axils of the leaves. It
somewhat resembles the C. viridis. C, quadriforrais, rosa
major, and some others raised by Mr. Milner, are now adver-
tised to be let out for the first time. {Uort. Jour.)

English Dahlia Shows. — Next month the great Dahlia
Shows take place around London, which I shall attend, and
perhaps give you some account of. Some of them have been
put off, on account of the flowers being backward in their
blooming. — Yours, M. B. B., London, Jlug. 3lst, 1839.

Rondelet'ia. speciosa. — This beautiful plant we saw a short
time since in bloom, in the garden of N. J. Becar, Esq.,
Brooklyn, N. Y. It is a stove plant, and the specimen was im-
ported last spring, consequently the flowers were inferior, in
size and beauty, to a healthy well established plant: it has an
umbel of beautiful orange colored flowers, remarkably showy,
and it should be found in every collection of stove plants. —
Ed.

Strelitz'ia. angusta. — Since our last number went to press,
this splendid species has flowered. One strong stem was
thrown up about a foot high, and from it have opened a
great number of flowers. It has clear white flowers, but is
without the beautiful crest so ornamental in the regina. It is
not so beautiful as we had been led to anticipate. The foliage
is indeed very noble, and the whole plant has an august car-
riage : but the flowers, compared with the old regina,, would
rarely be considered so showy and superb. It has continued
in bloom some time, and the plant has commenced making
some fine leaves. — Ed.

Fortuldca grandiflora. — Wc have, on several occasions,

figured in the London Flor. and Bot. Magazines. 383

noticed the beauty of that fine species of Portulaca, the P.
Gilhesn; but it is greatly eclipsed in splendor by the P. gran-
diflora. This species has longer leaves than the Gilliesu, is
less procumbent in its habit, and possesses that good property
— so much wanting in that variety — -of flowering in such pro-
fuseness as to completely cover the plant with its roseate co-
rols. P. Gilliesii is exceedingly shy in blooming, and as the
flowers are, generally, only produced on the extremities of the
shoots, and these extending rapidly, the flowers are always at
a distance from the root, and the centre of the plant has a
weedy and shabby appearance. P. grandiflora, on the contra-
ry, is rather upright in growth, though quite dwarf, and the
flowers are produced on the sides as well as the ends of the
shoots. — Ed.

Trachxjmene ccerulea is the name of a new and pretty annu-
al, which we have cultivated for the first time this season. It
was introduced from New Holland into England a few years
since, but appears to have now found its way into our gardens,
for the first time. It belongs to the Umbelliferse family, and
may be considered as one of the finest additions lately made.
The plants are now blooming freely with us; the seed was
sown early in May, in a pot, and the plants removed to the open
ground, where they have now acquired the height of two feet or
more, and are filled with numerous compact umbels of pale
blue or porcelain blossoms. The foliage is rather sparse, and
the flowers appear on long peduncles, which elevate them so
as to be distinctly seen above the plant. We are so much
pleased with it, that we would urge its cultivation, another
year, upon all lovers of fine annuals. — Id.

Bouvdrdia triphylla.) a plant usually grown in stove collec-
tions, and considered an extremely tender plant, grows admi-
rably, and makes a showy display, with its clusters of tubular
orange scarlet blossoms, when turned out into the open ground.
It continues to grow and bloom the whole season, afibrding a
constant succession of flowers. Any situation will suit in the
border; and, if turned out early, it will rise to the height of
three or four feet during the season; on the approach of win-
ter, the roots may be taken up. — Id.

Dorydnthes excelsa. — This plant, which we stated in our Au-
gust number, (p. 338) had flowered in England in May last,
had not, up to July, attained its full height. It was to be ex-
hibited at Worton, at a crown a ticket; after that it was to
be removed to Stafford Hall, to be exhibited at a shilling per
ticket. All the editors of horticultural and floricultural peri-
odicals were to be invited to see it. {Hort. Jour.)

334 Foreign JS'olices. — England.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. Foreign Notices.

ENGLAND.

Value and prices of Tulips. — The tulip mania of the seventeenth
century has indeed passed away, but the great prices which tulips
continue to command amonir the English fanciers is remarkable. In
a late number of the Floriculturist there is a good article on tulips and
tulip fanciers, but it is too lengthy for our pages. It enumerates all
the late and present growers, who have been at all celebrated for their
fine collections, or for their success in brealcing seedlings.

It appears that the first florist who raised breeder tulips was a rev-
erend gentlemen by the name of Wood, who resided in London. At
his death, about thirty-three years ago, his seedling breeders came
into the hands of Mr. Davis, a private fancier, and from these that
splendid Bizarre, "Strong's King," and all of that character, were
produced. Since that time there have been Mr. Pearson, of Notting-
ham, Mr. Drinkwater, Mr. Strong, Mr. Austin, of Clapton, Mr.
Holmes and Mr. Clarke, all celebrated growers, particularly Mr.
Clarke, who is considered as having been one of the greatest eoDtirib-
utors to the stock of English tulips.

At present there are several fanciers, of whom Mr. Goldham and
Mr. Groom may be considered the most celebrated. A Mr. Greig, of
Hackneywick, has now one hundred thousand seedling bulbs, which
have not yet arrived at a blooming state.

The article concludes with an enumeration of several celebrated
kinds, which have been much sought after, and the prices which they
have commanded.

' The species called "Louis XVI." appears, for the first time, in
a Dutch catalogue, of 1792, now before me; and is there priced, as a
then new flower, at 300 florins, or £25. It is not very many years
ajo, that the late Mr. Austin offered Mr. Goldham for a " Louis
XVI.," then iu bloom, ISl. 10s., and the offer was declined. "Pon-
ceau tres blanc Superfiu" came out at 40 florins, and very recently
the editor, wanting the true Dutch "Ponceau," paid 6l. 6s. for it.
"Rose Camuse" was introduced into England at the price of 6 flo-
rins, and has in many instances, and for many years, not only under
its proper name, but also as "Rose Brilliant," produced from 2/. to
S^. per bulb, and in two or three instances 4l. The first price of
"Violet Quarto," now about forty years old, was 3 florins. "Violet
Quarto Superfine," or, as it is now termed in this kingdom, "Violet
Alexander," has been frequently imported at the same price: not
many years since, I stood beside a first-rate fancier, when Mr. Brooks
then of the nursery. Ball's Pond, Islington, demanded, and received
51. 5s. for a bulb of it. "Superlse en Noir" came amongst us at the
price of 10 florins, and has since commanded, in many instances, a
price of as many pounds. I will here mention one instance of great
depreciation, the most remarkable on record, — " Semper Augustus,"
which in 1636 was sold for 7000 florins, or 532/, 6s. Sd., I find cata-
logues in 1792 at 10 stivers, or 106?.

Domestic J^otices. 385

'The late Mr, Davy, of the King's-road, Chelsea, broke a tulip,
and named it "La joie de Davy;" for this flower he was offered
157/. 105., and declined taking it. For the "Polyphemus," raised by
the late Mr. Lawrence, of Hampton, from a seedling-breeder of Mr.
Clarke's, the sum of 50/. was given for four bulbs, after it had been
broken three years, and although it was known to the buyers that
several roots of the same flower remained in the possession of
Mr. Clarke and his friends. For the stock of another new flower,
called "Fanny Kemble," consisting of a main root and three oflTsets,
raised also from a seedling-breeder of Mr. Clarke's, the late Mr,
Davy gave 100/.; these were resold at his death, which occurred a
few months after his purchase, for nearly the same sum, and Mr,
Goldham was the buyer; in his possession the stock of this fine flow-
er still remains. Mr. Holmes, of Clapham, raised the "Louis XVHL"
from a seedling-breeder. At his death, Messrs. Milliken and Groom,
of Walworth, bought his collection of tulips from the person to whom
they were bequeathed, and afterwards sold the "Louis XVIII." to
Mr. Goldham for 42/.; and so recently as last year, Mr. Glenny
bought the stock of the "Everhard" of Mr. Bowler, comprising seven
roots, for which I believe 140/. was given. I could multiply instan-
ces of extraordinary value attached to tulips even in modern days, ad
infinitum, but conceive enough is stated above to prove that, with-
out gambling or artifice, there really is no decrease in the value of
fine ones, nor any want of admirers of them.' — FloricuUuralist.

Art. n. Domestic Notices.

The Hortictdlural Society of the Valley of the Hudson held its
semi-annual meeting at Niblo's Garden, New York, as noticed in our
last, on the 12th of Septem!)er. We shall probably receive a com-
plete report from our correspondent, Mr. Downing, the Corresponding
Secretary of the Society. The papers state that the exhibition was
very good, but we are sorry to learn that the amateurs and gentle-
men interested in horticulture, in and around the city, did not con-
tribute more liberally. The New York Commercial Advertiser, in
noticing the exhibition, remarks that, amidst all the beautiful display,
"We are not only chagrined, but provoked, to find that the New
Yorkers, the cultivators of fruits and flowers in this city and its envi-
rons, have been so backward on this occasion. While Mr. Downing
and others, of Newburgh, Messrs. Holbrook, Kneeland, and others,
of Duchess co., Messrs Gen. Stephen Van liensselaer, Judge Buel,
Isaac Denniston, and others, of Albany, and Mr, Walsh, Lansing-
burgh, have taken such pains to favor us with choice specimens of
their horticultural labors, we have not more than two or three ex-
hibitors of fruit, and as many more of flowers — none, we believe,
from Long Island or New Jersey, Our friends from the country
have done very handsomely on the occasion, but the coldness of the
city and its environs is chilling to their feelings and enterprise. It

VOL. V. — NO. X, 49

386 Domestic JVotices.

has struck us, also, that our contemporaries of the press have been
unusually backward in stirring up our citizens to the importance of
this most interesting and beautiful department of practical political
economy." The exhibition closed with an address by Wm. Emerson,

Esq.— i:t^.

Reports of Hoi-ticultural Societies. — We have been kindly furnish-
ed with the report of the Burlington Horticultural Society, and Albany
Horticultural Society, each of which, with all others that we may re-
ceive, will apjiear in our December number. — Id.

Great drought in Georgia. — We have had a most unprecedented
season of drought. It is full twenty months since the earth here has
been saturated with water; many wells, which were never before dry,
became so in the midst of last winter, and have not been replenished
since; and since last summer we have not had a shower which pene-
trated six inches into the soil. I am now obliged to water (daily al-
most,) my pear and ap[tle trees, to keep them from perishing. Even
the forest trees are evidently suffering, and some evidently dying. —
Yours, M. e/2. W., Athens, Ga., Sept. ISth, 1839.

The Chinese Corn. — I have, the present year, made the small ex-
periment of one ear of the China tree corn. On the 17th of April I
planted the ear, containing five hundred grains, in drills five feet apart,
eighteen inches in the drill, and one grain at a point, having previous-
1}'^ ploughed and rolled the ground; my only implement was the "Cul-
tivator," excepting only one light ploughing about the middle of June,
as is my usual method. By the njiddle of August it was sufficiently
matured for meal, at least two months earlier than our ordinary sorts,
[notwithstanding some persons persist in calling the China corn noth-
ing but Virginia- — Ed.] and upon gathering it, the product was nearly
one thousand ears, generally larger than the one planted; though
many, as usual, smaller, and a few rotten from the excessive rains. —
(J. E. Muse, in the American Farmer.)

Great Sale ofMbrus muUicaidis. — The great sale of 250,000 Jlfo-
rus multicaulis trees, belonging to P. Physick, Esq. took place in Ger-
mantown, near Philadelphia, on Wednesday, Sept. 18th. It was
attended by a great concourse of people from all parts of the Union,
there being present, j)robably, not less than two or three thousand.
The sales went off briskly, and the whole lot averaged about thirty-one
cents each. The purchasers were principally from the west,, and
paid cash, with a discount of seven and a half per cent. — Ed.

Middlesex Horticultural Society. — Anew Society, under the above
name, has been formed in Lowell. An exhibition took place on the
18ch of September, which was well attended. An account of the
same will be faund in another page. — Id.

Horticultural Society of Charleston. — The anniversary meeting of
the Horticultural Society of Charleston, S. C, was held on the 14th
of August last, and otficers for the ensuing year elected. The stand-
ing committee suhmitted their report, for the past year, at this meet
ing, from which we learn that the Society is in a flourishing condition,
although the fire and the prevailing epidemic have prevented the
usual attention to horticultural pursuits. We shall notice the report
again in our December number, and give extracts of that part of it
relating to the fruits and flowers exhibited. Various premiums were
ajvarded by the Society. (Southern Agricidturist.)

Nelumbium specibsum. — Some of our friends in Philadelphia in-
formed us on our late visit there, that the Nelumbium specibsum \ii\A
naturalized itself in the neighborhood of the city, where it blooms

Middlesex HorticiiUural Society. 387

abundantly all summer. It grows in a shallow ditch, where it covers
the surface of the water with its broad and peltate leaves, and throws
tip numerous strong flower buds, which expand in all the splendor
of oriental magnificence. We could hardly credit the assertions of
our friends, but we were assured by them that they had cut the flow-
ers, and there was no doubt of its being the true N. speciosum. It is
rather remarkable that this fact has not been made known before: con-
noisseurs of plants have tried in vain to raise it from the seed, but
have not succeeded in producing plants of sufiicient strength to bloom.
The Hon. J, Lowell approached the nearest to it of any cultivator of
our acquaintance, but we believe the i)lant was lost. We hope that
some of the roots will be procured by some of the amateurs around
Boston, and their growth attempted in ])ots, where they might, un-
doubtedly, be made to bloom. Perha])s they might be introduced into
gardens where there is a pond of water. We hope our hints will in-
duce the trial, — Ed.

Art. III. Middlesex Horticultural Society.

An association for the purpose of introducing a taste for horticultu-
ral pursuits, and for the improvement of fruits, vegetables and flow-
ers, has been lately organized in Lowell, Mass., under the above ti-
tle. It is intended for a county society, although probably most of its
members and the scene of its action will be in the city. Already nearly
three hundred persons have subscribed to the plan, which, with a most
liberal and enlightened spirit, includes both ladies and gentlemen. To
diffuse a taste for flowers and floriculture, among the former, it is much
needed. The tending of some beautiful exotic, which bedecks the
parlor window, seems coincident with feminine delicacy and refine-
ment. Science is indebted to many illustrious females abroad, in no
■slight de^gree; let our fair emulate in the delightful pursuits of horti-
cultural industry their sisters in Europe and Great Britain. We like
the plan of the Society in this particular, and doubt not that success
will crown the experiment.

The first public exhibition, under the auspices of the Society, was
held in Mechanics' Hall, September 18, 1839. The morning seemed
very inauspicious; successive showers precluding the hope of a suc-
cessful display. In this we were, however, happily disappointed, the
rain suddenly ceasing near noon, and a fine bright and warm sun dis-
sipating all anxiety. Every leaf and flower was glittering in crystal
drops, revived by moisture and warmth of the atmosphere. Bouquets
and fruits, and the more solid contributions of fine vegetables came in
from all (juarters, so that, by the appointed hour, the hall was thrown
open to the numerous conipany, and exhibited an interesting specta-
cle of nature's beauty in mure than one form. ^Ve subjoin the list of
contributions.

Native Plants. — Bouquet from Charles E. Brazer, containing Lo-
belia cardinalis, Netittia cernua, asters, sp. var., Clematis virginiana,
Helianthus divaricatus, 'Sic. tk.c. Another from jMr. ■ , of lister

S86 Middlesex Horticultural Society.

difFQsus and -Solidago lanceolata. Several fine native plants, from
Oliver A. Loclie. From P. P. Spalding, Gentitma crinita. From
Charles Dalton, c/3Vum tryphyllum, in fruit, very large.

Garden Flowers: — From Miss H. Wright, Silene sp., Dracoceph-
alum virginicum, Scabiosaatropurpiirea, S. stellata, Cacalia coccinea,
Chrysanthemum annuum. From Josiah Gates, an elegantly arrang-
ed flat bouquet, of double marigolds, Tagefes patula flore pleno, dou-
ble asters, &.c. Dahlias, from Mrs. P. W. Warren, Symphoria ra-
cemosa, Fhldx paniculata, Dracocephalum virginicum, Plectocepha-
lus americanus, &c.

From Mr. Francis, a most delicate and elegantly arranged bou-
quet of jHemerocallis japonica, Helianthus muitiflorus pi., JSconitum
napellus, .;2ntirrhinum majus, Oenothera grandiflora. FromE.B. H.,
sundry kinds and fine double marigolds, .iSmarantus melancholicus,
double China asters, &c. From John Waldron, a similar bouquet,
with Senecio balsamita. From James May, asters, Leopard bal-
sams, &c. &c. From Nathan Wright, Jr., Rudbecki« fulgida. Phlox
pyramidalis, Parthenium matricaria, flore pleno, ^marantus tricol-
or, Symphoria racemosa, fine quilled China asters, and several sorts
of dahlias. From Charles C. Nichols, yellow and red cockscombs,
balsams, double marigolds, Chenopodium anthelminticum, Euphorbia
Cyparissias, Campanula medium. From T. T. Clark, varieties of
China asters, dahlias, cockscombs, &c.

From Edward Tucker, marigolds, chrysanthemums, dahlias. Zin-
nia violacea,. From Miss E. C. Brownell, Celosia cristata (fine,)
snowberry, five varieties of dahlias. Petunia phfEnicea, P. nictagini-
flora, &c. &.C. From J, N. Metcalf, /Jibiscus africanus, and other
flowers. From Mrs. Payson, a pretty bouquet of four varieties of
dahlias, .yJlthae^a frvitex and Phalaris aruudinacea, varieguta, &c.
From James May, HydrS.ngea hortensis, asters, marigolds. Leopard
balsams. From N. Wright, Jr., choice pansies, twenty varieties,
prettily arranged with cypress spurge.

From Rev. Mr. Miles, asters, marigolds, TropcE^olum majus, dah-
lias, &c. From Mr. Francis, ten varieties of fine dahlias. From
Mrs. J. C. Dalton, a delicate bouquet of sweet peas, snowberry,
trumpet honeysuckle, Gleditschza, Lavatera, and mignonette. From
J. Breck, Brighton, twenty varieties of fine dahlias, many of them
new. From Edward Fifield, asters, delphinium, Papaver rhse'as,
JVionarda purpiirea. From Mrs. Bruce, Phlox paniculata, Petunia
violacea, marigolds, trumpet honeysuckle, Lonicera periclymenum.
Silene sp. Chryseis californica, iiibiscus africanus, &c. From Wil-
liam Vanderlip, superb bouquet, from the garden of Joseph Breck,
Brighton, of Ferbena Tweedied?ja superba, Striped marigold, Tage-
tes, patula; Zinnza violacea, varieties, white, scarlet, rose, yellow;
Xeranthemum annuum variety, Centaurea suaveolens, varieties yel-
low, white, purple, &c. &c. From Mrs. Titcomb, asters, Coreopsis,
Amarantus melancholicus, JBalsamita vulgaris, &c. From Mr.
Francis, several varieties of Fiola grandiflora.

From Rev. John Lewis Russell, Chelmsford, Fierbena Tweedie-
una superba, V. Melindres major, V. Avrami).na, V. Eyreana, Mau-
randya Barchiyana; Phlox Drummondw, two varieties; Tigridia pa-
vonia; Eutoca viscida, Lupinus nanus, Nemophila insignis, Silene
Tenorfi, /beris coronata, Tropaj^olum minus, &c. From L. Wil-
liams, of Dracut, twelve or more elegant varieties of dahlias, beauti-
fully displayed among green leaves, and attracting much attention.
From Mr. , Helianthus muitiflorus, flore pleno, Sweet Sul-

Middlesex Horticultural Society. 389

tan, astersj Tagetes erecta flore pleno. From the carpet factory,
(the area of which is devoted to flowers,) a bouquet of fine double
balsams, asters, Tropoe ^olum atrosanguineum, Papaver rhEe'as flore
pleno cr'mita, Plumbago coerulea, &c. &c. From T. Clark, very
jrood cockscombs. From T. N. Pressey, Gomphrena globosa. From
N. Wright, Jr., fine bouquet of dahlias; also, bouquet of asters,
snowberry, Veronica spicata, Zinnm sp., Kerria japonica. From
Mrs. R. Whittier, .ySlthse^a frutex flore pleno ^wj?., Delphinium si-
nense, flore pleno, dahlias, Sedum aizoon.

From Charles Hovey, Hibiscus palustris, H. moschatus. Phlox
paniculata, dahlias, Zinnia, var., petunias, Hibiscus africanus, leop-
ard balsams, Centaurea suav^olens purpurea, Celosia cristata, &c.
From N. Wright, Jr., Ferbena Drummondu, JWalope grandiflora.
From Mr. Shattuck, Glaucium luteum, phloxes, Pyrethrum partheni-
um fistulbsum, Petunia phoenicea. Hibiscus africanus. From T.
Clark, a beautiful group of Ipomse^a coccinea, Schizanthus pinnatus,
coreopsis, sp. Delphinium, mignonette, iberis coronata, &c. From
Dr. Parker, Billerica, asters, Zinnia violacea varieties, Petunia,
&c.; also, fine dahlias, among which were a beautiful lilac seedling
and Billerica Kival, of his own raising; also, Linumperenne, and Py-
rethrum parthenum flore pleno, Chryseis californica.

Plants inpo!s: — From Mrs. S. Fiske, Pelarg6nium zonale, var.
marginatum. From Mrs. P. W. Warren, myrtle orange, in fruit.
From Dr. Parker, Billerica, Maurandya Barclayana, Polianthes tu-
berosa, flore pleno, Fiola grandiflora var. From Mrs. Mills, Pelar-
gonium zonale. From Mrs. Fiske, Pelargonium odoratissimum, var.
and Balm geranium. From Miss Locke, fine JViyrtus communis in
flower, i?6sa sinensis. From Miss Ann Rogers, Camelh'a japonica
var. From J. N. Metcalf, lemon tree, large fig tree. From J. C.
Carney, a large rose geranium. From Samuel A. Coburn, Dracut,
two large lemons in fruit, and ^imulus moschatus. From N. Wright,
Jr. Canna indica. From T. T. Clark, of rail-road depot, Ferbena
Tweedieuna.

A box of native plants, prettily arranged, containing very large
plants of Gentiana crinita, Salix reeurvata, Phlox tardiflora, i^'ster
diff'usus and Clematis virginiana, from B. F. Cutter.

A group of dahlias, from the collection of Messrs. Hovey & Co. of
Boston, attracted much attention. We noted the names of some of
the finest, as follows: — Sir H. Fletcher, Beauty of Kingscote, Incom-
parable White, Shakspeare, Princess Victoria, Marquis of Northamp-
ton, Lovely Anne, Contender, Mackenzie's Perfection, Queen's Su-
perb, Ansel's Unique, Mrs. Rushton, Madonna, Sulphurea elegans.
Lord Liverpool, Grandis, Phalanthus, Queen of Scots, Blandina,
Reliance, St. Leonard's Rival, Conqueror of Europe, Ruby, Perfec-
tion, Bowman's Premier, Striata fortnosissima; also, Ferbena Twee-
d'leuna superba, V. Arrannma, V. Kyredna, V. tQUCYOides, &c.

Fruits: — From Jonas Warren, sweet ap])les. From P. P. Coburn,
Dracut, very fair St. Michael pears, York russets, Fox grapes. From
Dr. G, Parker, Billerica plums, Pumpkin Sweeting apples, Early Non-
such apples. Mammoth Sweeting do., Baldwins, and New York rus-
set, very fine; New Isabella peach. From Dr. J. C. Bartlett, (on the
farm of Joel Adams, Esq.) Chelmsford, large sauce apple, (remarka-
ble for size, but a poor bearer,) Orange Sweeting, native white variety
of Fox grape, perfectly ripe; native apple, of decided merit in eating,
as a table fruit, from December to February; Clingstone peaches.
From P. P. Spalding, Chelmsford, Bartlett or Sumner Bon Chre-

390 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

tien pears; Wheat plum of the vicinity; Bequesne Musque? pear;
Spahling's Early apple, a fine fruit; Orange Sweeting; Native Yellow
Seedling; Roxbury russets; Early Red Rareripe peach. From Dan-
iel P, Coburn, Tyngsboro', watermelons, of good quality. From N.
Wright, Jr. two dishes of fine fruit, containing Magnum Bonum
plums, apples. Golden Chasselas, and Grizzley Tokay grapes, &c.;
From J. H. B. Ayer, peaches. From J. N. Metcalf, Canada plums.
From P. W. Warren, peaches, &.c. From Daniel Shattuck, Concord,
Green Gage plums, and fine ])eaches. From J. W. Mansur, Sibe-
rian Crab apples, which had made a second flowering. From Wil-
liam Boot, Pyrus japonica, in fruit.

Vegetables : — From Messrs. Curtis Sl Priest, a very fine pumpkin.
From B. F. Cutler, gigantic Smyrna squash; superior Button corn;
tomatoes; Warty squashes, and a twin connected Scallop squash;
fine Canada Crooknecks; Mangel Wurtzel, and pumpkins. From
P. P. Coburn, Dracut, large cucumbers; Rohan potatoes. From
Lovell Fletcher, Chelmsford, a curious twin pumpkin; tomatoes; Sil-
ver Skin and Portugal onions; early ripened field corn, &c. From
Dr. Parker, Billerica, Round Chenango and Rohan potatoes; Smyr-
na squashes; Baden corn, six ears on stalk. From Amos Carlton,
Chelmsford, three very large Smyrna squashes. From Mr. Vander-
lip, Dillingham potatoes. From P. P. Spalding, Chelmsford, a fine
specimen of Mbrus multicaulis, raised from a single bud, about eight
feet high, with large foliage.

In the evening, according to previous arrangements, the Society
listened to an address from the Rev. John Lewis Russell, of Chelms-
ford, (Professor of Botany, &c. to the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society,) to which the public were invited. A large concourse of the
elite of the city were assembled. The day and the exercises went off
Avell, and give good augury of the prospects and success of the new
institution.

We subjoin the list of ofticers.

William Boot, President.

Benjamin V. French, John Aiken, Samuel Lawrence, V. PresHs.

John C. Dalton, James B. Francis, John Avery, Alexander Wright,
John D. Pillsbury, David Dana, Trustees.

Charles Hovey, Secretary and Treasurer.

Art. IV. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, Aug. SIsf, 1839. — Exhibited. Flowers: — From S.
Walker, six or eight varieties of dahlias, among which were Hero of
Tippecanoe, Rival Yellow, and William Cobbett; also, fine bou-
quets. From M. P. Wilder, about a dozen dahlia blooms, among
which we noticed Prima Donna, Unique, Striata formosissima, Bir-
mingham Victor, Corinne, Conqueror of Europe, Countess of Tor-
rington. Marquis of Lothian, and Miss A. A. Broadwood. From
Hovey & Co, dahlias, viz: Eva, Striata formosissima, Mrs. Rushlon,
Unique, Reliance, Blandina, &.c.; also, bouquets. From J. J. Low,
Esq., Striata formosissima and Unique dahlias.

Massachusells Horticultural Society. 391

Native Plants:— A number of native plants, of various species, by
William Oakes.

Fruits: — From S. R. Johnson, beautiful specimens of Bolmar
Washington plums. From F. A. Curtis, Newton Falls, native
peaches. From Mr. Parker, figs. From W. Skilton, White Gage
plums.

Sept. 1th. — Exhibited. Flowers:— From M. P. Wilder, a variety of
dahlias, some of which were Ne Plus Ultra, Unique, Striata formo-
sissitna. Sylph, Victory, Royal Standard, Rival Sussex, Marshal
Soult, Cambridge Hero, Castanda, Rienzi, and Prima Donna. P'rom
Hovey &. Co. a collection of dahlias, viz: Ne Plus Ultra, Beauty of
the North, Striata formosissima. Unique, Rienzi, variabilis, Middle-
sex Beauty, Mrs. Rushton, &c. &c., bouquets. From Joseph Breck
& Co. several dahlias, viz: Unique, Striata formosissima, Zarah,
Ariel, Madonna, Granta, Sarah, &c., also marigolds and asters. From
J. L. L. F. Warren, a few dahlias, with a variety of asters and mari-
golds. From Jos. Stickney, some fine specimens ofilahlias, viz: Ne
Plus Ultra, Unique, Suffolk Hero, and Conqueror of Europe; also,
some excellent German asters. From D. Macintyre, blooms of Sun-
bury Hero, Rival Sussex, and Mrs. Rushton. From S. R. Johnson,
fine balsams, pinks and Chinese roses. From J. J. Low, Striata for-
mosissima and Unique dahlias. From J. Hovey, bouquets. From
S. Walker, dahlias, viz: Hero of Tippecanoe, Mrs. Rushton, Golden
Sovereign, &c., and pansies and bouquets. From W. Kenrick, bou-
quets.

Native Plants: — From William Oakes, .^'rbutus liva ursi, Liutris
scariosa, JViyrica cerifera, I.espedeza hirta, and L. Sessiliflora and
v2^rum triphyllum. From F. Parker, and E. Weston, Jr. Esqs.,
many specimens, among which were six species of c/S'ster, Lobelia in-
flata, Chelone glabra, jRaminculus repens, &c.&c.

Fruits: — From W. Oliver, Washington and Epargne pears- From
M. P. Wilder, Bingham and Smith's Orleans plums, and Louise
Bonne of Jersey pears. From R. Manning, the following: — Duquesne
d'ete, Lowry's Bergamot, Deari)orn's Seedling, Hasel, Grise bonne
Paysans de Portugal, Frankreal d-ete. Sugar, Hoysvverda and Juli-
enne pears; Red apricot, Elfiey prune, Bingham, Byfield, Green
Gage, Peters's Yellow Gage, Petit Mirabelle, and Corset's Note Bene
plums, all handsome. From S- R. Johnson, Green Gage and Bolmar
Washington plums. From E. M. Richards, Summer pearmain,
Orange Sweeting, Pie, (from Walpole,) Williams's Favorite, and
Red Juneating apples. From J. W. Newell, Charlestown, White
Gage and Flushing Gaje plums. From D. Brims, nectarines. From
J. L. L. F. Warren, Royal George, Heath's Favorite, and Royal
Kensington peaches; also, Bingham, White Gage and Green Gage
plums and figs.

From S. Pond, a variety of handsome plums, viz: White Gage,
Bolmar Washington, Duane's Purple, Smith's Orleans, Green Gage
and Isabella plums; also, Julienne pears. From Mrs. Bigelow,
Medford, Rareripe peaches, beautiful. Fi-om J. Tidd, black Ham-
burgh and Sweetwater grapes. From A. Mitchell, Nantucket, a fine
cluster of black Hamburgh gray)es, weighing three pounds and three
quarters. From the President, Duane's purple. Purple Gage, Impe-
rial Gage, and Corse's Admiral, and Nota Bene plums.

Vegetables: — From J. L. L. F. Warren, common red and yellow,
and small re«l tomatoes, very handsome. From John Hovey, com-
mon red tomatoes, the best we ever noticed.

892 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Sept. I4tth. — Exhibited. Flowers : — From Hovey & Co. thirty-two
dahlia blooms, among which were Striata formosissima, Unique,
Beauty of the North, Gen. Washington, Rival Sussex, Eva, Reli-
ance, Princess Victoria, Mrs. Rushton, Blandina, Suffolk Hero, &c.;
also, five species of Ferbena, viz: V. TweediewHa, T. superba,
chamaedrifolia major, Eyredna and teucroides; five varieties of jPhldx
Drummondw', from seeds; fine German asters and bouquets. From
M. P. Wilder, thirty dahlia flowers, viz: Hope, Striata formosissi-
ma. Rival Sussex, Lady Sondes, Eva, A. A. Broadwood, Splendissi-
ma, Sunbury Hero, Beauty of the North, Prima Donna, &c.

From J. Stickney, dahlias, as follows: — Countess of Torrington,
Unique, Countess of Mansfield, Ruby, Conqueror of Europe, Mrs.
Rushton, &c. &c.; also, fine German asters. From W. E. Carter,
a number of dahlias, among others Glory, Rienzi, Exquisite, Count-
ess of Mansfield, Mrs. Rushton, Sulphiirea elegans, Lord Nelson,
&c. &c.; also, fine bouquets. From D. Mclntyre, Rival Sussex,
Mrs. Rushton, Prima Donna, Sunbury Hero, and Suffolk Hero dah-
lias. From Joseph Breck & Co. Striata formosissima. Unique, La-
vinia, Paragon, and Beauty of Bedford, dahlias. From S. Sweetser,
dahlias. From T. Mason, a variety of dahlias, bouquets and cut flow-
ers. From S. R. Johnson, Chinese roses, balsams, asters, &c. From
A. H. Hovey, pansies and asters. Bouquets, from W. Kenrick, Ru-
fus Howe, J. Hovey, and John A. Kenrick.

From W. H. Cowan, cut flowers of the splendid Strelitzfa augus-
ta, which we have noticed in another page.

Native Plants: — From Wm. Oakes, .^'ster sp., Solldago bicolor and
perbula, Empetrum Conradw', and ^'ster spectabilis.

Fruits: — From R. Manning, Buft'um, Buerre of Mons, (London
Hort. Soc. Cat.) Belle Lucrative, Styrian and Golden Buerre of Bil-
boa pears; also Diamond, Violette, Reine Claude, French long blue,
and Prune d' Agen plums, and Gravenstein apples. From M. P.
Wilder, Remsen's Favorite pear, (second rate,) and Corse's Admi-
ral plums. From E. M. Richards, handsome seedling peaches.
From S. Pond, Gushing, Julienne, Williams's Bon Chretien and St.
Ghislain pears; also. Green Gage, Corse's Field Marshal, and Lom-
bard plums. From J. Dean, Mansfield, Superb sweet and spice ap-
ples and early peaches. From J. L. L. F. Warren, Julienne pears,
and figs. From T. Mason, black Hamburgh and Sweetwater grapes,
unnamed plums and Broomfield nectarines, very handsome. From
J. W. Newell, White Gage plums. From Mr. Parker, Isabella
grapes. From Mr. Lamson, Yellow Egg plums, measuring seven
and three quarter inches in circumference. From Mr. Fisher, Brook-
line, Gushing and Williams's Bon Chretien pears. From H. Sheafe,
apples.

Sept. 21sf. — Exhibited. Flowers: — The show of dahlias was very
fine at this meeting, and some excellent blooms were shown. From
S. Walker, dahlias, viz: Rival Yellow, Ovid (a fine flower,) Mar-
quis of Lothian, Premier, Queen of Scots, Golden Sovereign, Glory,
&.C.; also, pansies and bouquets. From Hovey & Co. thirty-two
dahlias, anions: which were Willmer's President, Striata formosissi-
ma, Premier, Unitjue, Variabilis, Zolermio, Maria Edgeworth, Ho-
ratio, Grand Purple, Eva, Rosetta, Cambridge Hero, Nimrod, &c.;
also bouquets. From M. P. Wilder, thirty-four dahlias, viz: Mar-
shal Soulr, Ne Plus Ultra, Striata formosissima. Unique, Topaz, Ex-
emplar, Prima Donna, Mrs. Rushton, &c. From T. Mason,'several
dahlias. From J. Hovey, bouquets. From W. Kenrick, bouquets

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 393

Native Plants: — From William Oakes, five species of Solidago,
five species of A'ster, five species of Lycopodium, three of Aspidium,
Sarracenm purpurea, Fiburnum lantanoides, Gaultheria hispidula,
Oiioclea sensibilis, two species of ^splenium and Polygonum articu-
latum, and articulatum var. multiplex.

Fruits: — From O. Johnson, Zinfindal grapes (fine.) From W,
Oliver, President peaches. From Mr. Sharp, natural peaches, very
handsome. From T. Mason, black Hamburgh and Sweetwater
grapes and nectarines. From J. Coolidge, Yellow Rareripe peaches.
From J. W. Newell, seedling peaches. From Mrs.Bigelow, rare-
ripe, natural, and melacatoon peaches, (all fine.) From J. Kenrick,
Cutter's Rareripe peaches. From J. L. L. F. Warren, Royal Ken-
sington, George IV., and seedling peaches, and Williams's Bon Chre-
tien and Washington pears. From William Oliver, St. Ghislain and
Williams's Bon Chretien pears. From R. Manning, Red Magnum
Bonum, Sharp's Emperor, and St. Catharine plums. From
J. C. Lee, BufTiun pears. From N- Webster, pears and plums.
From J. Hill, peaches. From J. Duncklee, beautiful seedling
peaches.

Presented. — A complete set (4 vols.) of Auh\etVs History of Plants,
by Turell Tufts, Esq., of Medford.

Messrs. John Clark and George Hallet, of Boston, were admitted
subscrij)tion members.

The Tenth Annual Exhibition of the Society , was holden on Wed-
nesday, Thursday, and Friday, the 25th, 2Gth, and 27th of September,
at the Society's room, in Tremont street. The arrangements were
the same as the last year, and, as usual, were under the direction of
the decorating committee, who executed their duty with good taste.

The number of plants contributed was not quite so large as in
years past ; but, notwithstanding, there was nearly as large a number
as could be placed in the room' to advantage. We hope, another
season, that the Society will endeavor to procure a large hall better
fitted for our annual exhibition, that we may again gratify the public
with such another gorgeous dis])lay as that which was made a kw
years since in Faneuil Hall. The Society's room is altogether too
limited for an annual exhibition ; and, from want of a proper light,
the plants and flowers are seen to great disadvantage.

The display of that magnificent flower, the dahlia, was much su-
perior to what we had anticipated a few days previous ; the weekly
exhibitions of this flower have been meagre,and we were agreeably dis-
appointed to find the stands so well filled on this occasion. The asters
were also fine, and assisted to render the show of cut flowers more
interesting ; and a good number of handsome bouquets contributed
to heighten and set ofl^ the display.

The fruits were excellent, and the variety large. The pears of
Mr. Manning, as usual, consisted of a great number of kinds. The
beautiful forced grapes of Messrs. Haggerston, Cowan, and oth-
er gardeners, and those of Messrs. Johnson, Balch, and other ama-
teurs, attracted, and, deservedly too, much attention. The vegetables
were numerous and of good quality.

The weather on Monday, the first day,was delightful, and the num-
ber of visitors large ; but the morning of Thursday broke with a low-
ering atmosphere and a raw easterly wind, which had a tendency to
prevent so good an attendance as on the day previous. Friday,
though not unpleasant, was rather a disagreeable day, but, notvyith-
•standing, the rooms were well filled. In the afternoon the committee

VOL. V. — NO. X. 50

394- Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

of arrangements dined tojrether at the Shawmut House, and the oc-
casion was one of gratification to all.

The following report has been drawn up with considerable care,
and, we believe, will he found correct : —

Flowers : — From the Hon. John Lowell, a splendid specimen of Cri-
num amabile, a fine plant of Aran curia excelsa, Mvaa purpurea and M-
sapientum, Trevirana coccinea, tfec. From J. P. Gushing, Esq., the
elegant ChamaeVops humilis, Phoe*nix c?actylifera, and other plants.
From Mrs, T. Bigelow, Medford, large plants ofFwccagloriosa, AVave
americana var. variegata, &c. From T. Mason, Melaleuca sp. jEri-
ca arborea, gracilis, concinna and others, Callist^mon saligna, roses,
stocks, &c. &c.; also, about sixty blooms of dahlias, among which
were Paragon, Lovely Anne, Sir H. Fletcher, Angelina, Princess
Victoria, Mrs. Rushton, Golden Sovereign, Fringed White, Ruby,
Desdemona, Conqueror of Europe, &c. From S. S. Lewis, a large
variegated euphorbia, in a pot. From P. Barnes, Boston, two fine
coxcombs.

From W. E. Carter, fine plants oCPandunus spiralis, Phylica pubes-
cens, Callistemon saligna, £rica concinna, gracilis, &c., Leucaden-
dron argenteum, Illicium floridanum, Magnolia grandifiora, seedling
camellias, myrtles, orange trees. Yucca gloriosa, O'xalis Bowiew,
and other plants; also fine dahlias, numbering fifty or sixty blooms,
containing, with others, Rienzi, Mrs. Rushton, Glory, King Otho,
Lovely Anne, Stone's Yellow Perfection, Madonna, Golden Sove-
reign, Mary, Conquei-or of Europe, Blandina, Ruby, &c., with two
or three fine seedling phloxes. From J. L. L. F. Warren, variegat-
ed hollies, Begonia argyrostigma, fig trees, -Salvia fulgens, Alloysia
citriodora, Eugenia myrtitolia, and other plants; also, several varie-
ties of dahlias, marigolds and cut flowers- From W. Meller, Hae-
inanthus coccineus, Pittosporum Tobira, Eugenia wyrtifolia, .Acacia
armata, &c.; also twenty-five or thirty dahlia blooms, among which
were Countess of Mansfield, Criterion, Ne Plus Ultra, Conqueror of
Europe, Desdemona, Beauty of Cambridge, Beauty, &c.

From S. Sweetser, ten pots of dahlias, of new and fine kinds, all in
bloom ; these were all great ornaments to the room, particularly the
Striata formosissima, which had six flowers expanded; the others
were Marshal Soult, Ne Plus Ultra, Elliot's Coronation, Eva, Mrs.
Ashley, Unique, Cambridge Hero, Piltdown Rival, Exemplar ; al-
so fine specimens of several species of Cacti, viz. Cereus cortex,
and albiflorus Opuntia brasiliensis, and micradasia, Echinocactus
multiplex, and Epiphyllum truncatum, with a dozen or more dahlia
blooms. From Messrs. Winship, hydrangeas, myrtles, &c.; Fibur-
num oxycoccus and the Shei)herdwi! argentea, both in fruit- From J. S.
Ellery, Esq., a pretty pyramid of dahlias, fine bouquets, and dahlia
flowers. From J. J. Low, Belladona lilies, a large Sago Palm, and
a beautiful specimen of the Tea rose, in full bloom, grafted as a stand-
ard; also, about fifty dahlias, of which the finest were, Horsham Ri-
val, Bonaparte, Mary, Victory, Ruby, Striata formosissima, Sulphii-
rea elegans, Beauty of Bedford, Countess of Mansfield, Viscountess
Beresford, Golden Sovereign, &c.

From H(n'ey & Co., flowering plants of O'xalis Bowiew, Gardo-
quia Hookerii, and Epiphyllum Ackermanw; a young plant in a pot
of the JWorus multicaiilis, tlu-ee feet high, only two months from the
cutting; a beautiful stand of verbenas, containing nine species and
varieties, as follows: — V. Tweedietirea, and T. superba, F. incisa,
tQixcroides, Biuney<>««, Eyrea/ia, knaxiiuna, chamcedrifolia major,

MassachuseUs Horticultural Society. 395

and venosa; also, about one hundred and thirty dahlias, some of
which were Striata formosissima, Reliance, Mrs. Rushton, Eva, Ro-
setta. Variabilis, Unique, Beauty of Kinirscote, Grand Purple, Mar-
quis of Lothian, Splendissima, Princess Victoria, Conqueror of Eu-
rope, Middlesex Rival, Maria Edgeworth, Cambridge Hero, Juliet,
Victory, Fowler's Queen Victoria, Horatio, &c. From John Townc,
several elegant species of heaths, viz: £rica regerminans, Al)ietina,
concinna, and gracilis; also, Crowea sali^na, Maiiettia cordifolia, and
Menziesm cserulea. From N. S. Dyer, South Abington, Begonia ar-
gyrostigma. From A. H. Hovey, China asters and dahli;is.

From M. P. Wilder, about one hniidred and twenty dahlias, among
which we noted down Rienzi, Rival Sussex, Striata formosissima,
Countess of Mansfield, Marquis of Lothian, Virgin Queen, Unique,
Marshal Soult, Egyptian King, Mrs. Rushton, Ne Plus Ultra, Victory,
Exemplar, Ruby, Priuia Donna, Maria Edgewortb, &c. «fec.; also, a
tine cut specimen of Lidtris scariosa. From S. VVaiker, upwards of
seventy dahlias, some of which were Ovid, Mrs. Rushton, Premier,
Glory, Rival Sussex, Berkshire Cliam|)ion, Beauty of Bedford, Mary,
Neptune, Golden Sovereign, Napoleon, Marquis of IjOtliian, Princess
Victoria, Rienzi, &c. ; also some fine pansies. From J()se|)h Breck &
Co., about sixty dahlias, among others Victory, Ariel, Reliance, Za-
rah, Striata formosissima, Angelina, Maria Edgeworth, Unique, Rose
d'Amour, &c. From Rufus Howe, a variety of good dahlias. From
D. Macintyre, several handsome specimens of dahlias, among others
were Red Rover, Golden Sovereign, Rienzi, Striata formosissin)a,
Sir H. Fletcher, Rival Sussex, &c. Fi-om J. A. Kcnrick, twenty blooms
of dahlias and upwards, containing Victory, Mary, Golden Sovereign,
&c. From \V. McCullough, a variety of dahlias.

From Jos. Stickney, Boston, about sixty dahlias; among the number
we noticed Ne Plus Ultra, Countess of Torrington, Blandina, Glory of
the West, Birmingham Victor, Victory, Sarah, Star of Buckland, Unique,
Mrs. Rushton, Ruby, Conqueror of Europe, Red Rover, Queen of
Scots, &c.; also some superb German asters. From S. R. Johnson,
Double balsams, a variety of Tea and Chinese roses and dahlias.

Bouquets of flowers were furnished by Messrs. Winshij), Hovey &
Co., T. Mason, W. Meller, S. Walker, J. Hovey, W. E. Carter, J. S.
Ellery, J. A. Kenrick, and W. Kenrick, who sent two baskets elegantly
trimmed with flowers, and a large fir tree completely clothed with blos-
soms of dahlias, marigolds, &c.

Fruit: — From R. Manning, upwards of seventy varieties of pears, as
follows: — Louise Bonne of Jersey, Bezi de la Motte, Bezi Vaet, Henry
IV., Doyenne Louis, Beurre Bosc, Al[)ha, Duchess d'Angouleme, Fig
of Naples, Catillac, Forelle, Burgomaster, Hugenot, Beurre Seatin, Sty-
rian, Fourcroy, Buff'um, Bein-re Bronze, Bartrams, Capsbeaf, Passe Col-
mar, Cumberland, Endicott, Beurre Von Marum, Verte longne, Beurre
d'Aremberg, Belle Lucrative, Winter Orange, Long Green, Frederic of
Wurtemburg, Harvard, Naumkeag, Hacon's Incomparable, Bleeker's
Meadow, Seckel, Wilkinson, Burgomaster (of Boston,) Chelmsford,
Echasserie, Beurre Duval, Coln)ar Dewez, Winter Nelis, Napoleon,
Belle et Bonne, Jalousie, Glont morceaux, Fulton, Rouse Linch,
Prince's St. Germain, Fondant du Bois, Chaiunontel, Josephine, Easter
Beurre, Rousselet de Rheims, Beurre Diel, Surpasse Virgaleu, Wil-
liams's Bon Chretien, Old orange, and Bergamotte d'Automne ; also,
Goliah and St. Catharine plums, and Gravenstein, Lyscom, Bellefleur,
Fall Harvey, Marie Louise, Danvers Sweet, and Pennock's winter ap-
ples.

306 Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

From J. M. Ives, a good variety of pears, viz: Bleeker's meadow,
Bezi de Montigny, Gilogil, Duchess of Angouleme, Brown Beurre, Mi-
cliaux, Beurre d'Aremberg, Lewis, Josepliine, Passe Colmar, St. Mi-
chael's, Buffum, Capiauinont (true,) Glout nibrceaux, Easter Beurre,
Striped St. Germain, Wilkinson and Raymond ; Cruger's seedling
plum, and Canfield and Michael Henry pippin apples. From D. Hill,
a basket of handsome lemon rareri])es. From O. Johnson, Lynn, some
beautiful fruit ; Burgomaster, Vert longue Panache, Roiisselet de
Rheims, Washington, Julienne, Doyenne Gris, Long Green of autumn,
Catillac, Admiral, Pnsse Colmar, Louise Bonne, Rousselet Panache, and
Sucre Vert pears ; also fine specimens of Zinfindal, black Hamburgh,
white Sweetwater, and Muscat of Alexandria grapes. From S. R.
Johnson, black Hamburgh and Chasselas grapes. From William Oli-
ver, Urbaniste, Ambrette, Seckel, Wilkinson, Echasserie and Williams's
Bon Chretien pears; also, Chasselas grapes, of out-door growth.

From M. P. Wilder, several varieties of pears ; Gushing, Passe Col-
mar, Seckel, Bleeker's Meadow, Colmar Epineux, Louise Bonne of
Jersey, Duchess d'Augouieme, Long Green, Bergamot de Paques, Co-
lumbian Virgoulouse, Beurre Diel, Burgomaster, Heathcot, Belle de
Brussels, Glout morceaux, Capiaumont, Beurre d'Aremberg, and Verte
longue Panache ; Orange quinces, and blue Imperatrice plums. From
T. Mason, black Hamburgh, purple Constantia, Sweetwater and Isa-
bella grapes and peaches. From E. Bartlett, Seckel, Andrews, Napo-
leon, Williams's Bon Chretien, Fulton, and Culotte de Suisse pears.
From J. Fisher, Seckel, Andrews, and Williams's Bon Chretien pears.
From H. Vandine, Cambridgeport, fine specimens of Coe's Golden
Drop plums. From J. Newhall, Lynnfield, peaches and grapes. From
William Worthington, seedling peaches. From R. Ward, Roxbury,
fine Williams's Bon Chretien and Seckel pears ; old Mixon and Frank-
lin peaches. From Charles Johnson, Havvthorndean and Porter ap-
ples, and Seckel pears. From S. Sweetser, Seckel, Fulton, and Chelms-
ford pears. From C. & A. J. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y., elegant fruit
of the brown Beurre, St. Michael and Seckel pears.

From S. Downer, a fine assortment of apples, viz: Ramshorn, R. L
Greening, Fall Harvey, Wales apple. Pumpkin sweeting, Ribstone pip-
pin, ^sopus Spitzemberg, Hawthorndean, Nonsuch, Lyscom, Gardin-
er's sweeting. Golden russetting, Old Colony Pearmain, Roxbury rus-
set, Washington pearmain, &c. ; also, Beurre Diel, Andrews, King of
Wnrtemburg, Heathcot, Seckel, Gushing, Messire Jean, Urbaniste,
Fulton, Catillac, Harvard and black pear of Worcester. From the
Hon. E. Vose, President, four fine varieties of melons, the Rock, Minor-
ca, Cantelope and Persian ; Urbaniste,Williams's Bon Chretien, Heath-
cot, Napoleon, Seckel, Washington and Iron pears; Weller's Free-
stone and Catherine peaches, and white Sweetwater grapes ; beautiful
Hawthorndean and Gravenstein apples. From W. Meller, black Ham.
burgh and Sweetwater grapes ; Imperatrice plums and peaches. From
H. Gray, Esq., black Hamburgh and St. Peter's grapes. From F. Tu-
«lor, specimens of fruit raised in his garden at Nahant; Petit Madam,
Julienne, Buffum, Wilkinson, and Bleeker's Meadow pears and peach-
es. From S. Pond, Andrews pears (fine,)

From J. J. Low, Esq., Marie Louise, Lewis, Fulton, Forelle, Beurre
de Roi, Roi de Wurtembiirg, Urbaniste, and Wilding pears; Mela
raria and Minister apples, and blue Imperatrice plums. From J. S.
Ellery, Brookline, black Hamburgh, Miller's Burgimdy, and Chasselas
grapes. From J. Hooper, Jr., Golden Beurre of Bilboa pears. From
W. Kcnrick, specimens of the fruit of the Osage orange, from Phila-

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 397

delphia. From E.M. Richards, peaches and quinces, and Lady apples;
also, Seckel, Fulton, and other kinds of pears. From A. D. Williams,
black Hamburgh grapes, Seckel pears, and Hubbardston Nonsuch, and
Horn apples. From George Nevvhall, apples and peaches.

From J. P. Gushing, Esq., fine black Hamburgh, Muscat of Lunel,
St. Peters, Morocco and Muscat of Alexandria, grapes ; beautiful strip-
ed St. Germain, and Poire de Brugman pears. From Joseph Balch,
Duchess of Angouleme, and Louis d'Arranches pears ; also, wltite Mus-
cat, white Sweetwater, Miller's Burgundy, black Hamburgh, and black
Prince grapes. From Joshua Gardiner, apples and peaches. From
J. L. L. F. Warren, Porter, Roxbury russet, Baldwin and Lady apples;
peaches, figs, and Seckel, Napoleon, and Williams's Bon Chretien
pears.

From the Hon. T. H. Perkins, beautiful St. Peter's, Muscat of Alex-
andria, white Nice, Frankindale and black Hamburgh grapes ; also,
some remarkably fine peaches and nectariues. From S. Walker, El-
frey plums. From P. May, a basket of very large and fine brown Beurre
pears. From Jona. French, Jr., pears, the name unknown.

Vegetables: — From Jona. French, Jr., Rohan potatoes, fine Crook-
neck squashes (nine weighing one hundred and fifty pounds,) Valparaiso
and Autumnal Marrow squashes; also, beets, carrots and brocoli. From
William L. Rushton, Esq., New York, fine Giant celery. From J. J.
Low, Esq., Egg plants. From Geo. Newhall, tomatoes. From Dr.
Lowell, Egg plants.

From E. H. Derby, Esq., a very large squash, weighing one hundred
and nine pounds, and handsomely formed. From C. R. Lowell, Egg
plants. From Richard Ward, Lima beans. From J. L. L. F.Warren,
common large red and yellow tomatoes, fine large Rohan potatoes, Seven
Years' putnpkins,Crook-neckand Autumnal Marrow squashes,and Lima
beans. From H. Gray, a large squash. From A.D.Williams, large
brocolis, beets, cabbages, &c. From Samuel Blake, South Boston, large
squash, weighing one hundred and fifteen pounds. From the Hon.
John Lowell, Rohan potatoes, the largest weighing two pounds and a
half. From J. M. Ives, Salem, Rohan potatoes of good size. Mr. Ives
planted eleven pounds of seed, and raised four hundred pounds: the
vines blasted, or he would have had a much heavier crop.

We should not omit to notice, particularly, the fine specimens of
pears, among which were the striped St. Germain, presented by Mr.
Haggerston, gardener to J. P. Gushing, Esq. They were grown in
pots in the grapery, and, for size and beauty, surpassed any thing we
have ever seen. The brown beurre pears from Mr. Ives, were picked
from a tree grafted on a quince stock, and they were handsome.
Some brown beurres, from the nurseries of Messrs. C. & A. J. Downing,
Newburgh, N. Y., attracted much attention: they were very large and
fine.

M. P. Wilder presented some specimens of wax fruit worthy of no-
tice : they were received by him from Frankfort on the Main, and con-
sisted of apples, pears and cherries. We have never seen any wax
fruit which were such fixithful representatives of the originals.

The premiums on dahlias were awarded on the first day of the
exhibition ; but we have not been able to secure a list of the successful
competitors. This will appear in our next.

Sept. 28/A. — A meeting was held this day, for the purpose of hearing
the report of the committee appointed to nominate a list of officers for
the ensuing year. Mr, Oliver, the chairman, made the report, which
was accepted.

398

Fancuil Hall Market.

Art, V. Faneuil Hall Market.

Roots, Tubers, Sec.
Potatoes:

Chenangoes,^P^^^^'■,'•'^^
" 5 per husliel,

Common J Pe'" banel, . .
' ( per bushel, . .

Sweet Potatoes, per bush.

Turnips, per bushel,

Onions:

White per bushel,

Red, per bunch,

White, per bunnh,

Yellow, per bushel,

Beets, per bushel,

Carrots, per bushel,

Horseradish, per pound, .
Kadishes, per bunch, . . . .

Shallots, per pound,

Garlic, per pound,

Cabbai

Salads, &•€,

Cabbages, per dozen:

Savoy

Drumhead,

Red Dutch

Cauliflowers, each, ....

Brocoli, each

Lettuce, per head, ....
Beans, shelled :

Sieva, per quart,. . . .

Lima, per quart

Tomatoes, per half peck

Corn, per dozen,

Celery, per root,

Peppers, per pound,...
Cucumbers, for pickle, prh'd
Mangoes, per dozen,.

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per hall" peck, . ,

Sage, per pound,

Marjorum, per bunch,..

Savory, per bunch,

Spearmint, per bunch, . .

From

To

^ ct«.

^ cts.

I 00

1 25

50

1 00

_

50

1 25

1 50

37h

50

1 00

_

3

2

3

75

50

62^

50

62i

10

2

3

20

12

—

50

50

75

50

75

121

25

12

25

2

4

12^

_

20

_

10

10

12i

6

12.4

2

3

25

20

25

25

37

17

20

6

12

6

12

3

6

.From I To

Squashes and Pumpkins. 'Scts.^Scl'S'

Squashes, per pound:

Winter crook neck, ,1 00 1 50

Autumnal Marrow, per lb. jl 00 1 50

Canada crook neck, 2 00 —

Fruits.-

Apples, dessert, new r
Common, 5 P^r barrel,
i per bushel,
Po4ters, per bushel.

N.York pippins, I p;:^-;;

Peais i

Seckel, per half peck,. . . .

Long Green, per doz. .....

Urbaniste, per doz

Heathcot, per doz

Baking, per bush

Melons, each :

Watermelons,

Cantelopes,

Mtnorcas

Grapes, per pound:

Black Hamburgh

White Sweetwater:

Isabella,

Wild Grapes, per bushel.
Berberries, per bushel,. . . .
Cranberries, per bushel,. . .
Peaches :

Extra, per dozen,

Ordinary, per half peck

Cucumbers, per doz

Lemons, per dozen, ,

Oranges, per dozen :

Sicily,

Havana, (sweet)

Pine-apples, each,

Cocoanuts, each,

Almonds, (sweet, )per pound,
Shaddocks, each,

1 50
75

2 00

3 00

1 50

75
37^
374
■S7k

2 00

25
25
12

25

1 00

75

1 50

50

50

6

20

37i
50
I2i
5

12k
25

2 00
1 00

37i
17

1 25

1 00

2 00

25

Remarks.— Since our last report, there has been a continuance of
fine weather, which has been highly fiivorahle to the growth and per-
fection of crops of all kinds. There has been a sufficiency of rain to
forward the turnip crop, though there has been only one or two mod-
erate showers : the month may be said to have been, thus far, as
pleasant and favorable to the farmer, as is often experienced.

As the period approaches for the full maturity of the Potato crop,
there continues to be greater expectation of an immense product over

Horticultural Memoranda. 399

the last year, and more than an average of the most favorable of the
last four or five years. There will be an astonishing amount raised in
this state. From Maine there have, as yet, but few been received :
but large quantities are soon expected, which will undoubtedly re-
duce prices ; Sweet Potatoes are moderately abundant. Turnips are
plentiful and good. Onions remain about the same, with a fair sup-
ply. Beets and Carrots now come to hand in quantities : no Par-
snips have been yet received. The past week or two no Radishes
could be had. Cabbages are heading finely, and such as have been
brought have been very large and fine: Red Dutch have not come
in till the last week. Good Cauliflowers are scarce ; Brocolis are
heavy, large, and of beautiful appearance. Peas are all gone. Sieva
Beans are plentiful, but Limas are scarce. Tomatoes, from the fine
weather, are brought in in quantities. Corn is yet brought in of good
quality. Celery is tolerably abundant for the earliness of the sea-
son, and there is the prospect of a good supply of excellent quality ;
the Bailey's Giant White and Red is much sought after, and is con-
sidered very superior for the table. Peppers are plentiful and cheaj).
Cucumbers, for pickling, are higher and but few to be had. Of squash-
es there is an increase of the crop, even over the great product of the
warm and dry summer of 1838 : and prices of all kinds have fell
down to our quotations, at which autumnal marrows of the first qual-
ity may be had. The Pumpkin crop is also great.

In fruit there is some change since our last. Apples of good qual-
ity are scarce, and the supply is quite limited ; indeed, there are few
of what may be termed superior ; New York Pippins are receiv-
ed from New York, and are readily sold at our quotations; Porters
are scarce. Good Pears, are very scarce ; this is, in some slight
degree, owing to the destruction of the fruit by the storm and wind the
latter part of August, which blew off a great deal of fruit ; the
sorts which we have named are about all that are to be had. Plums
all gone. Some Melons are yet in market, but those of good quality-
command good prices. Grapes are abundant and lower ; good ripe
Isabellas are now brought in. Berberries plentiful. Quinces have
come to hand this week, and there is a good crop. Peaches, of the
growth of the vicinity, are now received : some extra fine ones com-
mand our highest prices. Oranges and Lemons remain the same.
There are not any Walnuts or Chestnuts to be had. — Yours, M. T.,
Boston, Sept. ^9th, 1839.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOIl OCTOBER.
FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape Vines, in the green-house or grapery, will, by this time, have
had nearly or quite all their fruit cut. The leaves will gradually begin
to full, and, as they do so, they should be gathered up and removed ;

400 Horticultural Memoranda.

it is often a good plan to assist the leaves in their falling, by taking a
broom, and, drawing it upwards, gently, take off all the leaves which
may be ready to fall. The lower laterals may now be trimmed out ;
as the wood ripens, the whole may be cut away. Give an abundance
of air to ripen the wood.

Straicbernj beds, made in August and September, should be kept
clear of weeds, and hoed if the ground becomes hard ; cut away all
runners if the vines attempt to make any. Old beds should also be
kept free from grass and weeds, and all superfluous runners cut off.
Plants in pots, for forcing, should be placed in a frame.

Raspberries, Currants, <§'C. may be removed the latter part of this
month with safety.

Peach stones, plum stones, and other fruit tree seeds, should be sown
this month, or early next.

Fruit trees, of all kinds, may be safely removed this month, and
when there is much planting to do, it will be better to begin now than
to wait until spring.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Dahlias. — It is probable that the dahlias will be killed by frost in the
vicinity of Boston by the 10th or 15rh of October, if not before. When,
however, any danger of heavy frost is apprehended, it is well to earth
over the roots about three or four inches in thickness. The roots may
be taken up any dry day after frost. Place the roots in the cellar or
green-house.

Gladiolus, Tiger flowers, Amaryllises, and similar tender bulbs,
should be taken up before hard frost.

Faonies may be transplanted now with safety.

Tulips arid Hyacinths. — Where there are large quantities to plant, it
is well enough to begin the latter part of this month.

Verbenas, layered into pots, should now be removed to a frame, or
into the green-house, or the parlor.

Chrysanthemums, in pots, should be protected from frost.

Carnation layers should be protected in frames.

Pansies, grown from seeds sown late, should be kept clear of weeds,
and be protected from hard frosts by throwing over leaves or hay.

Annual Seeds, such as rocket larkspurs, chryseis, coreopsis, Clarkias,
&c. should now be sown in beds.

Petunias, wanted for preserving through the winter, should be taken
up into pots ; select the smallest plants. •

Stocks, in pots, should be protected in a frame.

Rose cuttings, put in in August, may now be ])Otted off.

Geraniums should be repotted, if they require it when put into the
house.

Oxalis cernua and versicolor. — The roots of these pretty species
should be potted.

Sparaxis, Ixias, «^c. — These bulbs should be repotted this month.

Mignonette, in pots or frames, should now be carefully and sparingly
watered.

Camellias will need careful watering ; keep them always moist, but
not wet ; repot all that need it when taken into the house, and give the
plants a good syringing to wash the foliage.

Ericas and Epacrises will need attention ; repot if the plants need it.
See another page in this number for directions.

Ml green-house plants turned out into the border, or plunged in pots,
should now be taken up ready for housing.

Herbaceous plants may be removed now with safety.

THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE

NOVEMBER, 1839.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. JSTotices of Gardens and Horticulture, in Salem,
Mass. By the Editor.

We have had in view, for a long period, some notice of the
many gardens which exist in this city; but, not having been
able to make such full remarks as we desired to, we have,
from time to time, put off the subject until the present, when
an opportunity being ofiered, we availed ourselves of a leisure
day, and the invitation of a friend, to inspect more carefully
the improvements — which a somewhat advanced state of horti-
culture have suggested — now being made in the neighborhood.

There are few towns or cities, wuh the same number of in-
habitants, which can boast of so large a proportion of fine gar-
dens, and particularly of garden structures, for the purpose of
forcing different kinds of fruit and green-house plants, as the city
of Salem. Graperies abound, both in the city and its imme-
diate neighborhood; and though the structures have, many of
them, been recently erected, and the vines but lately planted,
still we found many very handsome specimens of grapes al-
ready produced. In a kw years immense quantities of this
delicious fruit must be grown, if we might form any opinion
from the large number of vines now cultivated.

The Pomological Garden of Mr. R. Manning, whose labors
have been so zealously and assiduously devoted to the introduc-

VOL. V. NO. XI. 51

402 J^otices of Gardens and Horticulture,

tion of new fruits, is situated in North Salem, and is well known
to all amateurs of fruit. His knowledge of the various kinds is
undoubtedly more extensive and correct than that of any other
gentleman in the country; and he is now doing individually and
without reward, for our nomenclature of fruits, what Mr.
Thompson, the well known pomologist, has undertaken to ac-
complish, aided by, and under the patronage of, the London
Horticultural Society, in Great Britain. Mr. Manning is wholly
devoted to his subject, and seems to have only one thing at
heart — the correction of the immense number of names attached
to our fruits, and the reduction of the innumerable synonymes,
which abound in the catalogues, and which render them only a
confused mass of names, affording no guide whatever to culti-
vators, who are desirous of selecting a number of fruits for
planting, but, on the contrary, rendering that duty one of per-
plexity and labor.

One of the oldest gardens in the county is also situated here.
We refer to the well known residence of E. H. Derby, Esq.,
a gentleman long and favorably known to the agricultural com-
munity for the interest which he has taken in matters relating
to agricultural improvement. The Essex Agricultural Socie-
ty, whose labors have been among the most useful of our
county societies, owes much of its importance to the assistance
of Mr. Derby, who has, for upwards of thirty years, devoted
a great deal of time and expense to the introduction of improv-
ed breeds of stock — superior kinds of grain — and to agricultu-
ral pursuits in general.

Horticultural improvement has been rapid within three or
four years; excepting Mr. Derby's, there was not, we believe,
a few years ago, but one or two green-houses in the city.
The taste, however, for flowers and fruits is rapidly spreading,
and, within the past year, considerable has been attempted in
the floricultural department. The dahlia was first cultivated
as extensively and as successfully here, by the Messrs. Put-
nams, as any where in New England; and, latterly, Mr. Cabot,
an amateur cultivator, has grown one of the finest collections
of tulips in the country. On the whole, the efforts of our Sa-
lem friends may be viewed as eminently entitling them to a
high rank in the scale of horticulture. Wealth and leisure are
not wanting, and a general taste is only to be diffused to ena-
ble them to stand upon an equal footing with any other city.
The Essex County Natural History Society, whose journal
has been reviewed in our pages, has, by exhibitions of flowers,
in connection with their cabinet of minerals, birds, &c. con-
tributed considerably to diffuse a love for plants.

in Salem, Mass. 403

Elfin Glen, J^orth Saleyn, residence of P. Dodge, Esq. —
Sept, I9th. Two years since, Mr. Dodge resided at Wood-
side, a beautiful farm in Lynn, containing upwards of a hun-
dred acres; this he had carried on for some time, and a great
portion of the land was under high tillage. With a great deal
of Eeal in the cause of agriculture, Mr. Dodge has been con-
tinually adding to his farm, and enriching it in every possible
manner, hoping to render it one of the finest in the county, un-
til one of those circumstances occurred, over which one has
no control, that completely put a stop to all farther improve-
ment. The Eastern rail-road had been some time projected —
the surveys completed, and preparations made to grade it
throughout. Alas ! the route selected ran through Mr. Dodge's
farm, dividing it in two equal portions, and wholly destroying
its beauty — its retired character — and its value for the purposes
for which he intended it. He resolved at once to give up
farming so extensively, to remove from the place, and imme-
diately purchased the spot where he now resides, which is one
of the prettiest in the vicinity of the city.

North Salem is but a short distance from the city proper;
laying just across the river, any part of it may be reached in
twenty minutes' walk. Bordering the river the land is rather
flat, but receding, it is gently undulating, and well adapted for
villa gardens. Its proximity to the business part of the city,
and the usual quiet and retirement of the place, must render it
a desirable spot for those who are anxious to get away from the
turmoil and confusion of the city, and breathe the purer air of
the country.

Mr. Dodge's grounds contain upwards of six acres, in two
pieces; three acres laying on one side of Dearborn street,
and three on the other, but each complete in itself, and having
no connection. The dwelling is a neat and pretty cottage,
with the out-buildings to the east: the garden is bounded on one
side by the street, and on the other by the adjoining land; the
North river washes the remaining boundary, as it extends out
in a circular manner, from the most eastern to the extreme
southern part. From the cottage, and indeed most parts of
the grounds, the views are delightful: the city lies full in view;
to the east the busy town o( Beverly catches the eye, while
a verdant country opens to the north; the river, laving the bor-
ders of the grounds, and often bearing upon its waters some
freighted bark, is always a cheerful object; while a long line
of rail-road, opening from the great tunnel, running under
the city, skirts the shore on the opposite side, adding,
when its trains of cars are set in motion, to the liveliness

404 JVotices of Gardens and Horticulture,

of the scene. It is just such a situation as would be chosen,
nine times in ten, and } et few, very few, such places are to be
found in the vicinity of any of our cities.

The garden can scarcely be said to have yet been wholly
completed: in the short space of two years there has been a
great deal accomplished: fruit trees have been planted, hedges
put down, and ornamental trees set out; a green-house, up-
wards of eighty feet long, erected, and a tolerable crop of
grapes are now growing. The cottage stands near the road,
and is entered from the west front; on the south end is a pi-
azza; the drawing-room opens into this, and thence into the
garden to an open space, answering somewhat the purpose of
a terrace, neatly gravelled; a walk from thence conducts di-
rectly, in a straight line, nearly to the edge of the river, where
it terminates in a rustic arch and vase on the lawn; on each
side of the walk there is turf, with circles of flowers at the dis-
tance of ten or twelve feet; these are each backed by a line of
buckthorn hedges, with a view to screen both the fruit garden
on the east, and the vegetable garden on the west, from sight.
As much as we dislike criticism in such a case as this, we
must admit that this has too set an appearance for a garden in
the modern style; our ideas, in regard to picturesque garden-
ing, or, rather, what may be called the gardenesque style, are,
perhaps, somewhat known, and some of our readers might
think it singular for us not at once to disapprove of such taste.
We have suggested to JNIr. Dodge what we consider a great
improvement, and have advised the removal of at least one of
the hedges, and other alterations, which we think would add
greatly to the beauty of the grounds. At the time the hedges
were planted, Mr. JDodge had scarcely matured his plan. We
shall undoubtedly, at another time, have occasion to notice all
the improvements which will be made.

Two circles of flowers, in front of the cottage, were, during
all the summer, up to the time of the destructive storm, (the
last of August,) surrounded with basket work in the style of
our drawing at p. ISO, and they attracted much attention, and
were deservedly admired; after the storm the flowers were so
bruised and beaten, that it was found necessary to remove
them. In front of the cottage, and extending to the limits of
the garden, on the west, ornamental shrubs and forest trees are
thickly planted, and are making a rapid and healthy growth; in
a few years they will form a dense and shady grove. The
green-house on the east side separates the garden from the out-
buildings in the rear. In front of the green-house is one of
the choicest collections of fruit, particularly of pears, to be

in Salenij J\lass. 405

found in our amateur gardens, just coming into bearing. Part
of the spare ground between the fruit trees was planted with
Rohan potatoes, the yield from which, by the appearance of
the vines, would be very large. Of the quality of this potato,
for eating, there seems now to be no longer any doubt; it is
unhesitatingly pronounced, by good judges, as second to no
other variety. Mr. Dodge is one among the number of our
friends who have tried them, and find this to be the result.
On the edge of ihe river there is a rustic walk, from which nu-
merous fine views are obtained; this conducts to a small sum-
mer-house, neatly fitted up, where a pleasant lounge may be
enjoyed in a hot summer's day.

Dahlias seem to have flourished poorly; not a flower had
yet expanded. The annuals, and other plants in circles on the
turf, were showy and fine, particularly the verbenas and pe-
tunias. Vases, without flowers, are distributed near the cot-
tage, and add much to the finished appearance of the grounds.

The three acres on the opposite side of the road are used as
pasture land, and for farming purposes. We noticed one of
the greatest crops of carrots that we have ever seen. Mr.
Dodge has promised us the result of the crop.

This place we view as possessing the greatest advantages for
rendering it altogether one of the most delightful villas that we
have ever seen. The views are varied and extensive, the
ground slopes off well for the purpose; and as the trees that
have been planted are all young and may be easily removed,
we hope that jMr. Dodge will make it a model of its kind,
where others, desirous of furnishing themselves with a subur-
ban garden, may find a copy just adapted to their wants, or at
least procure some good ideas to assist them in the laying out
of a suburban residence.

Garden of J. C. Lee, Esq. — Situated in the same street,
but on the opposite side of the road, we found Mr. Lee's
garden; it is upwards of six acres in extent, in the form of a
parallelogram, running back to a considerable depth.

Entering from the front, the first object which struck our
eye was a beautiful hedge of buckthorn, certainly as fine as
any we have ever seen, now about seven years old. 'J'his
hedge screens the garden from the lawn, in the rear of the
cottage, running across it, parallel with the street; it is about
seven feet high, two in thickness, and is completely clothed
with foliage from the very base of the stems to the top of the
hedge. Passing through the grounds, we found other hedges
of smaller sizes, but each so well set as to eventually make as
fine ones as that just noted.

406- Mtices of Gardens and Horticulture,

The grapery is about forty feet long, and is divided in the
centre by a partition, in order that part of the house may be
forwarded in advance of the season. We found the vines
maturing a heavy crop — rather too heavy to color well — and
making good wood for next season. The Hamburgh and
Sweetwater were the kinds mostly grown. We noticed about
one hundred pots of strawberries prepared for forcing the en-
suing spring.

Mr. Lee does not reside on the place, and it is in conse-
quence mostly laid down to grass and fruit trees, there being
few or no flowers, and but a limited quantity of vegetables.
If Mr. Lee were to make his garden his summer residence,
we do not doubt we should find it better filled with both fruits
and flowers. It is a delightful situation for a garden.

Pomological Garden of R. Manning, Dearborn street. —
Mr.' Manning's garden is situated on the same street as those
of INlessrs. Lee and Dodge: it contains about two acres, front-
ing on the street one hundred feet or more, and running back
some depth. It is nearly filled with fruit trees of various kinds,
but more particularly with pears, of which his collection con-
sists of upwards of three hundred sorts or names. Many of
them have been grown from grafts received of Van Mons of
Louvain, Thompson of the London Horticultural Society's
Garden, and from other sources in England, France, and
throughout this country, where there was any thing desirable to
be obtained.

The severe storm of the last of August, appeared to have
been very destructive in Salem and its vicinity. Mr. Manning
informed us that, previous to the storm, he could count over
two hundred varieties of pears in fruit; but at the time we
were here, he had not more than seventy or eighty in bearing.
The loss to Mr. INFanning, in the market value of the fruit,
was very great; but the loss of time, in ascertaining the value
of several new kinds — which had never produced fruit before —
in consequence of their not being brought to maturity, will be
sensibly felt by amateur cultivators; another year, and perhaps
two, may elapse, before some of the same sorts will bear
again. The crop was exceedingly promising, and Mr. Man-
ning had anticipated the pleasure of communicating to us, as a
supplement to his previous articles on pears, (Vol. HI, p. 10)
some account of all those of which he had examined specimens
this year. The ravages of the storm were yet to be plainly
seen; here and there a large tree was shorn up which had
been prostrated by the load of fruit, and the roots throvi^n al-
most out of ground; branches were torn from others, and the

in Salem, J\Iass. 407

leaves on many of the trees much discolored by the continued
action of the wind.

We noticed the numerous pears more than any other fruits:
Mr. Manning has a good stock of young trees, from among
which many fine ones can now be selected, ready for planting;
a great number are grafted and trained as half standards, which
we prefer to standards in small gardens. Some are on quince
stocks, others on pear, and one or two on the European thorn;
but the latter Mr. Manning has found worthless for that pur-
pose: an Eastern Beurre was one of the scions; but the shoots
would not grow with any vigor. The quince appears to be
the proper stock; and several pears which have fruited poorly
on the pear, have produced fruit in great beauty on the quince.
The Bonne Louise of Jersey does exceedingly well, and the
specimens were handsome; the Brown Beurre also grows fair
upon the quince, notwithstanding it is generally discarded from
our gardens. Passing a few trees of the Eulton pear, well
filled with fruit, IMr. Manning remarked that there was one pe-
culiarity in this superior variety, which much enhanced its
value: this was, that the pears, at whatever time they were
picked off the tree, after they had obtained much size, w^ould
mature in a few days, so as to be almost as eatable as if they
had remained on the tree, until they arrived at their full growth;
every fruit blown off, after laying a day or two, becomes per-
fectly mellow, and ready for eating.

Many of the pears, received both from Mr. Van Mons and
Mr. Thompson, are synonymous, or are kinds wrongly named;
an instance of this may be seen in the Fig of Naples and the
Fourcroy, each of which are alike, and neither the true fruit
under which name they were received: they prove to be the
Beurre Bronze, and the true Fig of Naples is yet to be added
to our collections. The pear called the Wonder of Nature,
of the London Hort. Soc. Catalogue, is also the Beurre
Bronze. Mr. Manning has discovered many other supposed
errors, and in due time, when he has fully satisfied himself that
they exist, will probably give our readers the benefit of his ex-
perience.

Mr. Manning has fruited several varieties of plums this year,
but there does not appear to be any thing new of particular
note. Corse's Nota Bene has produced well, and Mr. Man-
ning pronounces it to be one of the best plums we have; the
trees bear well, at an early age, and the fruit is large and has a
handsome appearance; we tasted some of the plums, and fully
agree with Mr. Manning in his opinion of this variety. The
tree is of vigorous habit, and well suited to our climate, hav-

408 J^otices of Gardens and Horticullurt^

ing been produced from seed by Mr. Corse, of Montreal.
The old Red Magnum Bonum, which has been almost lost to
our gardens, we saw here in fruit, the tree being an imported
specimen.

It is really a gratifying treat to the lover of fruits to inspect
Mr. Manning's trees, when in fruit; we only regret that we
liad not taken more time, and gone over the whole more thor-
oughly; for Mr. ISIanning would have pointed out to us the pe-
culiarities and comparative value of several kinds, and such in-
formation would have been interesting to growers of fruits.
But, that we may be the means of spreading before our readers
every thing of importance, relative to new fruits, we have the
pleasure of stating that Mr. Manning has kindly offered to give
us, at a future time, any information we may deem of value to
our readers. JMr. Manning has many fine trees for sale, and,
as he is so scrupulously exact about the names, they may be
relied upon as correct. All cultivators of fruit should visit
the garden, where they will find Mr. Manning ready to com-
municate any information; and they who are anxious to know
every thing of the fruits they raise, cannot pass an hour or two
more agreeably or beneficially, than in calling upon the gentle-
manly proprietor of the Pomological Garden.

JSTursery of J. j\I. Ives. — The nursery of Mr. Ives is of
recent date. It immediately adjoins Mr. Manning's, and con-
sists of about the same quantity of ground, but is not yet so
well filled with trees. The soil of both Mr. Manning's and
Mr. Ives's nursery, does not appear quite strong and rich
enough to grow the pear tree so vigorously, or the fruit in
such beauty, as we have seen in deeper soils; but, notwith-
standing, the trees are in excellent health, and if not quite as
robust as in some soils, they are sufficiently so for all the pur-
poses of trees for sale. It is much better for the future health
of a tree, to remove it from an ordinary soil to a rich one,
than the reverse; for in the latter case, it is sure to be attend-
ed with ill effects; on the contrary, trees in a rich soil make
less fibrous roots than in a poorer one, and are, consequently,
less liable to live when removed. The pear delights in a deep,
rich, loamy soil, and the largest and finest fruit will be always
produced in such situations. The fruits exhibited both by
Mr. Ives and ]Mr. Manning, have been very handsome, and
superior flavored, but in size have fell short of the same kinds
which have been grown by other cultivators in the vicinity of
Boston.

In walking through the garden, the first thing to which Mr.
Ives called our attention, was several dwarf pear trees, on

in Salem, Mass. 409

quince stocks: these had been growing in pots the last winter,
and bore a kw pears; upon the approach of spring, the plants
were turned into the ground, out of the pots, and, after a few-
weeks' rest, they commenced growing and blooniing, and now
had upon them some elegant specimens of fruit. The value
of such trees is, that they can be taken up with impunity; the
quince retains such a mass of fibrous roots, that dwarf trees
may be taken up in the fall, forced to bear fruit, and set out
again in the spring, and bear a second crop; they require but
little care, to produce an abundance of fruit. The Michaux,
a new pear, was one of these. The Brown Buerre here on a
quince, and trained to a trellis, against a fence, was ex-
ceedingly fine. We also saw the true Capiaumont, which
has been the cause of some discussion between Mr. Lowell and
Mr. Kenrick, The Duchess d'AngouIeme pears of Mr. Ives
were very large and handsome. Many other varieties were
in bearing. Dearborn's seedling has been superior with Mr.
Ives.

In plums Mr. Ives is doing somewhat: Cruger's Seedling, a
pale blue variety, he thinks well of. The Reine Claude Vio-
let, not often found in our collections, is an excellent variety;
it is much later than the Green Gage, and comes into eating
when the latter is gone.

Among the many practices which Mr. Ives adopts to pro-
duce fruit early, is the tying down of the shoots of young
trees, not yet sufficiently old to fruit, to induce them to form
flower-buds: the practice, too, of inserting fruit buds of newly
imported trees, and also of trees of various sorts, upon one
large stem of an old but thrifty tree, in order that the variety
and value of the fruit of the former may be immediately ascer-
tained, without waiting two or three years of suspense, and for
the purpose of bringing several kinds together upon one tree,
is much adopted, both by Mr. Manning and Mr. Ives. In-
stances of this we saw on several trees. The Passe Colmar,
Dearborn's Seedling, &c. were the subject of experiment,
and we saw clusters of three or four pears hanging from the
naked stem of old trees. The method of shield grafting, or
grafting under the bark, is another mode very much practised
at the pomological garden, and by Mr. Ives. Mr. Manning
described to us what he considered a great improvement upon
the old system, and, by repeated experiments, he had found it
the most certain. Either process is as simple, and indeed
plainer, than the old system of cleft grafting, and is particular-
ly applicable to cherries and plums, which are generally in-
creased by budding. Mr. Ives showed us v^ cherry tree which

VOL. V. — NO. XI. 52

410 J^otices of Gardens and Horticulture ,

had been grafted in this manner the past spring, which had
made a most rapid growth: the graft was so perfectly healed
over, that the place of union could not be discerned. At a
future time we shall give an article on this method of grafting,
with a description and engravings of the old mode, and of the
improved one as practised by Mr. IManning.

The Imperial watermelon Mr. Ives has cultivated this year;
but the cold summer did not seem to suit it: the melons did
not acquire size or flavor; and had we not tasted this variety
previously and also noticed it (p. 87,) we should not have
believed it to have been the same fruit. We gave a few seeds
to some of our friends, from which some fine melons were pro-
duced.

Mr. Ives is industrious and energetic in adding to his nurse-
ry all the good fruit, and intends to procure every fine variety;
in doing so he will have an excellent opportunity, from his
proximity to Mr. Manning's garden, to inspect the fruits, and
select only those which are superioi-.

Residence of E. H. Derby, Esq., South Salem. — Nearly a
mile from the city, on Lafayette street, the main route to Mar-
blehead, is situated the demesne of Mr. Derby, commanding
a fine view of Salem harbor and the city. Nearly forty years
since, Mr. Derby commenced the formation of this garden,
and made it at that period, and for a long time after, one of
the best in the country; we visited it some twelve years ago,
and even then it had the reputation of being far before any thing
in Salem. Since that period, we have not seen it till the pres-
ent year; but, as far as our recollection serves us, it has im-
proved considerably, or, at least, it is in a much higher state
of cultivation than it was at that time.

For many years, until the present, the garden has been un-
der the management of a professional gardener: Mr. Willott
was the last in the employ of Mr. Derby, but having left
last winter, this year he has accomplished all his work under
his own hand, aided by industrious day laborers. But, not-
withstanding this, we saw nothing neglected: the walks were
smooth and well rolled, the turf neatly shaven, the flower bor-
ders perfectly clean, the hedges regularly trimmed, and indeed
every part of the green-houses have been kept in the most or-
derly manner. Mr. Derby is certainly entitled to great praise
for his devotion to such pursuits at his advanced age.

The extent of the garden and pleasure ground is several
acres. The garden lies to the south of the mansion, and is,
we should judge, nearly a square. It is laid out with straight
walks, running at right angles, with flower borders on each side

in Salem, Mass. 411

of the alleys, and the squares occupied by fruit trees; the
green-house and grapery stand in the centre of the garden, and
are screened on the back by a hedge. The whole range of
glass was destroyed by the great hail storm of 1815, and the
two wings only were rebuilt, and the old back wall, of what
was the centre house, is now used as a wall for peach trees.

Some of the finest and most notable specimens in this place
are the oaks grown from seeds planted in 1803, by Mr. Der-
by, and saved from a tree which he imported, now upwards of
fifly feet high, beautifully and regularly branched. There is a
fine Magnolia tripetala, thirty feet high and well branched; and
a noble tulip tree, forty feet high and upwards. A deciduous
cypress, the first and only one we have ever seen, of any size,
in the country, is over thirty feet high: the buckthorn hedges,
too, are objects of great interest.

Mr. Derby was the first to bring the buckthorn into notice,
as a most valuable plant for hedges; and the service he has ren-
dered in doing this, would alone entitle him to the thanks of
every friend of horticulture. In the centre of the garden is a
small oval pond, containing gold fish: this pond is hedged round
with the buckthorn, which has now been planted over thirty
years! it is not over eight feet high, and is thickly set with
branches and foliage from top to bottom, and perfectly impene-
trable. In other parts of the grounds there are young hedges
recently planted, of great beauty, but that around the pond
exhibits at once, from its long standing, the value of the buck-
thorn over other hedge plants for our climate. Scattered over
the garden are a great number of pear, apple, and other fruit
trees, which, though they now show the marks of old age, pro-
duce abundant crops: here is the largest cherry tree we have
ever seen, girting eighteen feet.

None of the plants were yet in the green-house: on the raft-
ers was a large crop of grapes, rather too heavy to color well:
some had already been cut. It is a fault with many grape cul-
tivators, of cropping too heavily the first and second years of
bearing. Mr. Derby has several fine old lemon and orange
trees. We were shown a specimen of the Yucca gloriosa,
which had been propagated from a cutting: the plant had got
too tall for Mr. Derby's house, and he was necessitated either
to destroy it, or head it down: he thought, to try the experi-
ment, he would take the latter course; the stem was cut off
close to the surface of the soil; the naked part was cut away,
and the top of the plant put in as a cutting: it grew without
any extra care, and the bottom and the top have each made
beautiful plants.

412 JVotices of Gardens and Horticulture^

We left, highly delighted with our visit; very (exv such old
gardens exist in the country: if ever so beautiful, they are
generally, especially in the vicinity of our cities, with the
march of improvement, cut up and destroyed. Nearly every
shrub and tree has been planted under Mr. Derby's eye, and
it is a pleasure and a luxury, which does not fall to the lot of
many, to walk under majestic oaks raised by their own hands,
or to recline under the branches of the stately magnolia, or the
beautiful tulip tree, grown up under their fostering care.

AmateMT Garden of W. F. Gardener, Esq. — Mr. Gardener's
grounds are also located on Lafayette street, but a short dis-
tance from the city. They comprise five or six acres of good
land, which are mostly under cultivation. The house stands
upon a slight eminence, and the garden, falling away in a grad-
ual slope to the street, shows to good advantage; from the
house and the garden the views are interesting, and of a varied
character.

Mr. Gardener is very much devoted to horticultural pur-
suits, and spends a great portion of his leisure time in his gar-
den: he manages, we believe, his whole place himself, having
no professional gardener to attend either to the green-house or
grapery. The garden is laid out prettily, with beds and bor-
ders of flowers, including some fine shrubs and handsome
climbing plants, such as honeysuckles, &c. which are trained
up to fancy shaped trellises: the whole having a beautiful ap-
pearance when we saw it, although the storm, as in other
places, had done its portion of damage here.

In the green-house we found Mr. Gardener bringing forward
an immense number of seedling azaleas and camellias: he has
already raised, of the latter, some flowering plants, but they
have not proved of sufficient beauty to be worth preserving.
Of the young seedlings of last spring and the spring of 1838,
Mr. GardeneF has a great slock, and they seemed in excellent
health, and the foliage green and vigorous. The azaleas were
raised from seed last year, and there is a great mass of strong
and healthy plants, showing a variety of foliage and habit.
Mr. Gardener's collection of old specimens, of both camellias
and azaleas, is one of the best in Salem, and contains many of
the finer ones, such as Camellia japonica Chandleri, elegans,
Floyi, imbricdta, floridaj &c. Chandleri was just opening a
flower: its seems peculiar in its habit of early blooming, Mr.
Gardener's plant being as much as the fifth or sixth one which
we have seen early the present fall in bloom. The old plants
of Azalea iedifolia, hybrida, phcenicea, &c. are very large and
well grown.

in Salem, Mass. 413

Mr. Gardener's grapery and green-house are both inckided
in one range of about sixty feet in length, divided by a parti-
tion: the vines in the former have only been planted, in part,
the last spring; but they were making rapid progress at this
time, and will, probably, be strong enough to produce a few
clusters next season. The Hamburgh is the principal variety
grown, but the Zinfindal and Sweetwater are included among
the kinds.

Mr. Gardener is continually increasing his plants by the ad-
dition of every thing fine, and we look forward to the period
when his green-house will contain one of the choicest collec-
tions of camellias, enriched by seedlings of his own production,
among which must be some of excelling beauty. Most happy
are we to see amateurs devoting a portion of their time to the
important object of producing seedling plants, and we hope the
time is at hand, when we shall find but few who have not, by
their zeal, been the means of contributing something to swell
the catalogue of American productions, surpassing those of
foreign growth.

Flower Garden of Mr. F. Putnari. — Having enumerated
the places which we visited in North and South Salem, we
come now to the gardens of the city, among which that of Mr.
Putnam may be noticed as containing the most choice collec-
tion of green-house plants and select dahlias. It is only a
small spot, situated in Lynde street, but is filled with plants.
Mr. Putnam deals considerably in seeds and plants, and he has
been the means of introducing into general cultivation many of
the fine exotics which now grace the windows of the dwellings
of many of the citizens.

Mr. Putnam's collection of cactuses is quite extensive, con-
taining all the handsome and showy sorts, such as Cereus spe-
ciosissimus, grandiflorus, Jenkinsonw, and splendens; Epiphyl-
hjm Ackermanu, speciosum, truncatum, &c. &c. He has also
been one of the most successful growers of this fine tribe, and
has flowered all of the above kinds in great profusion. His
collection of camellias contains almost eveiy good variety
worth growing, including Landrethii and Floyi, two American
ones not surpassed by any others. The collection of gerani-
ums is also very fine. Mr. Putnam has been successful in
raising seedling cyclamens to some extent. The collection of
dahlias has always been the most choice and select in the
city, and some seedlings which he has raised, though nov/
excelled by others, have been widely cultivated and much
admired. In hardy herbaceous plants the collection of pe-
onies is perhaps not surpassed; and we believe he was the first

414 Ji^otices of Gardens and Horticulture^

to bloom those new and splendid kinds, P. Reevesti and
PottsM, in this country. No cultivator appreciates the beau-
ties of a plant more than Mr. Putnam, and he is constantly
augmenting his collection by the addition of new species or va-
rieties worthy of general growth.

Amateur Garden of JY. Silsbee, Jr. Esq., Pleasant street. —
Mr. Silsbee's garden is only a limited spot, containing but lit-
tle besides a grapery, a few fine fruit trees, and a collection of
dahlias.

The grapery is about twenty five or thirty feet long, and of
fair proportions: the vines are planted inside and are trained up
the rafters. An excellent though small crop was ripening, the
vines being yet young. We noticed some extra clusters of the
Zinfindal. The wood for next season was strong, and ripening
well. Most of the cultivators in Salem crop the young vines
too heavily at first, to the injury of the future health of the
plants.

Garden of J. F. Allen, Esq., Chestnut street. — This gar-
den is confined to a small space, and is principally noticed for
its graperies and peach houses. A year since, it contained only
one small house for the combined purpose of a green-house
and grapery, about thirty feet in length; only a few plants were
kept, such as geraniums, roses, &c.; on the rafters vines are
trained, and on the back wall is a large peach tree, which has
produced an abundance of handsome fruit; the variety Mr.
Allen calls the Royal George Clingstone. The fruit is of
large size, and high colored, and is excelled but by few peach-
es in beauty. This tree produced about two hundred peaches
the past summer.

In addition to this, Mr. Allen has put up the past summer
a span-roofed grapery; the vines were planted in the spring, and
have already made a good growth. Another house was in
course of building for a peachery, the back of which was to
join on to the end of the old grapery, to be forty feet long; it
was to be completed by November. In the whole, Mr. Allen
will have upwards of one hundred feet of glass, devoted to the
cultivation of the grape and peach. The peaches on the back
wall of the new house about to be built, were planted in the
spring, in anticipation of the erection of a house, thus gaining
a season in their growth. Mr. Allen devotes much time to
his garden, and is very successful in the cultivation of peaches
and grapes.

Garden of S. C. Phillips, Esq. — Attached to the beautiful
residence of Mr. Phillips, the present mayor of the city, in
Chestnut street, is a neat and beautiful garden, fronting about

in Salenij J[lass. 415

fifty feet on the street. A new and highly finished grapery has
been added the past summer. The back wall is built of brick,
between which and the street is a garden lawn, kept in the
neatest manner, the grass closely shaven, and the walks well
rolled. In addition to the green-house there is a fine conser-
vatory, attached to the house, and opened into from the draw-
ing room and library, on the south side: it is built with a blank
roof, and was intended mostly for the growth of hard wooded
and evergreen plants, such as lemons, oranges, camellias, aza-
leas, rhododendrons, &c. &c., of which Mr. Phillips has al-
ready some fine specimens.

The garden contains a good assortment of annual and pe-
rennial flowers, and a choice collection of the newest dahlias;
but these appeared to share the fate of others in the vicinity,
very few flowers having opened. There are some good
fruit trees growing in the borders. We hope, ere long, to see
Mr. Phillips enriching his conservatory with a choice collection
of camellias and other plants, and eventually to enlarge it so as
to contain twice the number of plants which it will at present.
The situation is one of the most pleasant in the street.

J\^r. Deane''s Garden, in Essex street, is one of the oldest in
the city, and is well known for the excellent crops of grapes
which have been raised by the owner for many years. The
garden contains less than half an acre, and is generally devoted
to fruit trees; there being but a few ornamental shrubs and
plants. Mr. Deane was confined to the house by illness, and
we regret that we had not the pleasure of seeing him.

The grapery is about fifty feet long, and is probably one of
the oldest structures in Salem. We called upon Mr. Deane,
ten or twelve years since, and at that time we thought the crop
of grapes to be remarkable, both for quantity and quality, and
such as would have been highly creditable to a professional
grape cultivator. Since then the vines have, we believe,
annually produced abundantly, but, notwithstanding the crop
which we saw on our present visit was fully equal, if not su-
perior, to the one of 1828. Mr. Deane must give his vines a
great deal of attention, to reap such good results. The stems
of the vines are now five or six inches in circumference. The
border is raised above the ground, which is generally supposed
to be rather prejudicial, as it subjects the roots to greater ex-
tremes of diought and wet, than if sunk on a level with the
surface of the garden.

Garden of J. S. Cahot, Esq. — Few amateurs have done
more to introduce fine plants than Mr. Cabot: his attention has
been, for a long time, more particularly directed to the increase

416 Mtices of Gardens and Horticulture.

of our hardy perennials, a tribe of more general value than any-
other. While some have lavished great sums upon the intro-
duction of camellias and a few particular classes of plants, —
whose prices are, and will be, for a long time, so high as to
exclude them from general growth, — Mr. Cabot has been con-
stantly augmenting his collection of hardy plants, both by im-
portations from abroad and purchases of every thing new at
hom.e, and his garden now contains as great an assortment of
hardy ornamental plants as is to be found in the country. He
has a great number of phloxes, campanulas, veronicas, lark-
spurs, &c., all producing a succession of flowers from April to
November.

Mr. Cabot's collection of tulips is said to be very splendid,
and superior to any other in tlie country. We have never had
the pleasure of seeing them; but from the sources from whence
they were procured, and the high cost of the roots, we should
judge that they are not surpassed. Part of the collection was
purchased of JMr. Groom, the celebrated English fancier, and
the other formerly belonged to Mr. Neal, a celebrated tulip
grower of New York. We shall endeavor to see them the
ensuing spring, when in blonnj, and notice them more particu-
larly. Mr. Cabot also cultivates a choice collection of dahlias.

The storm, which we have before alluded to, made such sad
havoc with the herbaceous plants, that we found but few kinds
in bloom; they were so broken down, that they had not recov-
ered from the injury; some ten or twelve kinds of phloxes were
flowering well, and among them that snowy-hued one, the de-
cussata alba, the finest white of the whole tribe. It makes
a great show in the border, and contributes to set off the gar-
den in September more than any plant, the dahlia excepted.
Several others were very showy, especially P. cordata, ameri-
cana, and Wheelerii. Mr. Cabot is still adding to his collec-
tion; and, as he has possessed himself of every desirable plant
in the country, it is his intention to procure some additional
kinds from England.

Besides the gardens which we have here noticed, there are
several others which contain good collections of plants and fruits;
but we had not the time to inspect them. We shall annually
notice the progression of horticulture in this city, and record
all the additional improvements which may be made in those
places which we have here enumerated, as well as notice all
new gardens which may be laid out.

On habits incident to varieties. 417

Art. II. On habits incident to varieties.
By an Amateur.

Artificial and natural cross impregnation present to the
horticulturalist two constant phenomena of curious change.
By the former, he is enabled to produce whatever form of flo-
ral character his own taste may dictate. The latter is taking
place every day, under his own eye. It is, however, by no
means the least apparent of the habits so peculiar to plants, in
their sportiveness, that they depart from the standard of na-
ture by each successive change. Multiplex flowers become
more multiplex, and variety in colors becomes more varied.
But does a variety ever return to the original type? We sus-
pect seldom. The veritable St. Michael pear has never been
reproduced, though myriads of seedlings have been raised from
it. The famous old High Top Sweeting, of Plymouth Coun-
ty, (perhaps a companion of the pilgrims, and cherished by
them,) can now be found in hundreds of varieties, and scarce-
ly any two alike, or equally good. The experiments of Van
Mons seem likely to set this matter at rest; yet we ought not
to be satisfied in this singular seeming fact, until the experi-
ment has been again and again reiterated. We have at this
moment blooming, in our casement, a somewhat new form of
that fine, plum-colored variety of Petunia known as P. Blockii,
and introduced among us three years since. From its
close approximation to Petunia nyctaginiflora, we were led to
suppose it was that, until, by close examination, and reference
to our seeds, we discovered it a variety merely. The pecu-
liar beauty of its bluish purple corol is entirely lost, and, in
its place, succeeds a pure white. The texture is, however,
more delicate, with small greenish veins, and a lingering trace
of the blue just above the purplish reticulation of its throat.
As yet, the plant has produced no seed, but should it do so,
further experiments in the results of the next generation would
be interesting; to ascertain whether it would return to the
original type of the variety, or lose itself in further approxi-
mation to the original species. As it now presents itself, it
appears to be the result of a natural cross impregnation of P.
nyctaginiflora with P. var. Blockii, the parent, from which
the seed was gathered, being the latter. An Amateur.

VOL. V. — NO XI. 53

418 Improved Method of applying bottom heat.

Art. III. Description of an Improved Method of applying
bottom heat to beds for forcing or propagating., or to beds in
stoves for Tropical Plants. By the Editor.

In one of our preceding volumes (III, p. 23) we described
a new method of applying bottom heat to pits or beds, for
forcing, propagating, and other purposes, where it was required.
The description was accompanied with engravings, illustrative
of the system. At that time several pits were constructed
after the plan, which seemed to possess great advantages; but
there appears to have been one objection to it which was not
foreseen, and wliich rendered the method very prejudicial to
the health of the plants. The command of heal has been more
than sufficient, and the expense of keeping up a high tempera-
ture very little compared with other modes: the objection did
not arise from any want of heat, or of its mode of application;
but from the excess of steam which was continually thrown off
from the cistern of water, saturating the soil and imparting to it
a deleterious quality by the secretion of saltpetre. We had a
pit built upon the plan, and after the experience of one season,
during which period we carefully watched its operations, with
a view to test its value, we saw at once that some alteration
must be made to prevent the constant ascent of steam through
the soil above, or the system would not answer the purposes
for which it was intended. During the summer of 1S37 this
was attempted in the following manner: by referring to the
plates, {figs. 14 and 15,) which we again present, to explain

the system, it will be seen that it was recommended to lay a
course of bricks flatwise over the planks, laid to support the
earth, in order that the heat from the water might easily ascend
through the crevices. These bricks were wholly removed^
and their place supplied with thin square slate, which were laid
together in cement, and the earth again put on for trial. In this
way the bed was put in operation, and continued through the fol-
lowing winter, with very little better success than during the pre-

Improved Method of applying bottom heat .

419

1

f

si^

?

- ■■■ n

^

g^;!:-

vioiis one: the steam still found its way through the pores of the
tiles in such quantities, as to partially destroy the life of the soil
in the pit, as well as that in the
pots standing upon it.

In the summer of 1S3S, not
finding our plan succeed, another
attempt was made to remedy the
defect, and at last with complete
success: the whole of the earth,
bricks, slates and planks were ta-
ken away, and nothing remained
but the cistern and frame of the
pit. A sheet of zinc {fig. 16, o)
was now procured and nailed
down tight, on to both sides and

the ends of the cistern, as in the annexed plan, (6,6,) leaving
cavity over the cistern whatever;
white lead was applied between the
zinc and the cistern, in order to
prevent any crevices being left for
the steam to escape. On the zinc
three or four inches of broken
bricks (c) were laid for drainage,
and the soil ((/) applied above:
the effect of this operation has
been to secure one of the best
modes of healing small beds, so
far as our experience goes, that
has yet been described. Not the
least steam whatever can pass through the zinc, while a greater
quantity of heat ascends than before, as it now communicates
directly with the soil; there being no cavity by which external
air can be admitted to the cistern as before.

We have been highly pleased with the manner in which our
bed has operated; a temperature of 75° to S0° is kept up at a
slight expense, and the soil is perfectly sweet and fresh. We
have used ours for various purposes, such as striking cuttings
of all sorts of plants which require heat, for plunging in tropical
plants, and indeed for all the objects for which bottom heat
need be applied; and, in every instance, with great success.
Previous to the application of the zinc to the cistern, so much
moisture ascended through the soil, that it was almost impossi-
ble to keep cuttings from damping ofl': on the contrary, it is
so dry now, as to occasionally require the cuttings to b©
syringed.

420 On the cultivation of the Peach and Nectarine.

The only alteration we have made in the pit has been in
the substitution of the zinc plate: the same care in filling it
up with the soil should be preserved as was recommended
for the old mode. Of the excellence of a pit erected in the
manner we have now described, there is no doubt; and we
would strongly recommend this system to those who are in
want of a small bed with bottom heat.

Art. IV. Observations upon some supposed defects in the
Cultivation of the Peach and Mctarine on brick walls, in
the latitude of Boston. By J. W. Russell.

Having noticed, the past season, a general failure of the
peach and nectarine crops, on trelhsed walls, in the open air,
and from the inquiry made as to the cause, &c., I was inform-
ed that the trees, in the spring, were thickly covered with
blossoms, and that the fruit set well; but after it had grown to
some size, all or the greater part dropped off: this was attrib-
uted to the cold weather in June.

By examining one of those trellises, I found that it project-
ed from the wall seven or eight inches: this has occurred to
me, on a subsequent consideration, to be by far too much
space between the wall and trellis, for the well doing of the
fruit; all the distance that I humbly conceive to be really ne-
cessary is not more than two inches from the inside of the
trellis to the wall. The only reasons that can well be sup-
ported in favor of trellis work for this purpose, in the open
air, are, that it facilitates the labor of training and dressing the
trees, and preserves the wall from the injury that would neces-
sarily take place by annually nailing the trees to its surface.

I observed, last summer, some old trees of both peaches
and nectarines, that have been trained to a brick wall upwards
of twenty-five or thirty years, heavily laden with fruit, in the
gardens of the late Hon. Theodore Lyman, of Waltham. The
trees here more particularly took my attention, because of the
scarcity of the crops at other places, where the trees are train-
ed to trellises on similar aspects. After some consideration I
ultimately came to this conclusion, however erroneous it may
be, that the draft or current of cold damp air, traversing be-

On the cultivation of the Peach and J^ectarine. 421

tween the wall and trellis, in the spring of the year, may be
the cause, in a great measure, of the dropping oft' of the fruit.
But by placing the trellis as before advised, only two inches
from the wall, the cold chilly air that is supposed to suck
through the cavity left between the w^all and trellis, would be
completely counteracted; for when the trees are densely cov-
ered with foliage, which they will be by the time the fruit is
as large as a nutmeg, the space would be entirely closed up
with it by coming in contact with the wall, and therefore
completely remedy the evil, if it be not an imaginary one.
Finally, whatever method may be taken in order to be success-
ful in the fruiting of peaches and nectarines in the open air, on
brick walls, I firmly believe that the nearer the fruit comes in
contact with the wall, the better.

Yours, &c. J. W. Russell.

Mount Auburn Cemetery^ Cambridge, Get. 18, 1839.

Mr. Russell's remarks are worthy of attention. It has been
generally asserted that in this country, where the peach and
the nectarine both ripen their crops to perfection as standards,
that there was no necessity for erecting walls for their pro-
duction; that it was wholly unnecessary and a useless expense,
without any real benefit. Perhaps in the Middle States,
where they are not subject to late frosts, this may be true; but
in the latitude of Boston it will not apply. The peach has in-
deed, from the severity of our late winters, ceased to bear
scarcely any fruit, and the trees appear to be rapidly decaying,
so much so that their cultivation is in a degree given up as
standards. In the larger and better gardens, however, particular-
ly those attached to many of our first-rate residences, the trees
are grown to some extent on walls, and their cultivation, in this
way, is extending; and it is a question of some importance, in
what manner they should be trained — whether immediately on
the wall — to a trellis at six or eight inches distant, or at the
space of two inches. We have not had much experience our-
selves; yet it seems to us quite useless to plant the trees against
a wall, if the branches are to be carried oft" to such a distance
from it as to place them out of the reach of the warmth which
the wall is intended to diftuse, by radiation, especially during
the cool nights of spring. We may be in error; but we hope
the observations of Mr. Russell, which appear to be founded in
truth, will call forth the opinions of practical men, that the sub-
ject may be discussed to the benefit of all cultivators. — Ed.

422 Remarks on the flower of Opuntla Vulgaris.

Art. V. Remarks on the floiver of Opuntia vulgaris. By
John Lewis Russell, Prof. Bot. &c. to the Mass.
Hort. Soc. &c. &c.

During the past summer, having an opportunity of examin-
ing minutely the inflorescence of this fine but common species
of Cactus, we were agreeably entertained by an exhibition of
its economy, much of which was new to us. One would
scarcely suppose that a flower so well known, and of so little
general interest, in these days of improvement in the style and
taste of the Cactae, could have possessed those merits which
claimed the admiration of, and imparted instruction to, the be-
holder. The "prickly pear," like the houseleek, have now
become despised and neglected plants; although once they were
the especial subjects of the good wife's solicitude; the former
for its blossoms, the latter for healing virtues. But, as fortune
would, we met with two noble specimens of these somewhat
antique plants, both in inflorescence, and derived no little sat-
isfaction from such instances of primitive taste amid the inno-
vations of fashion and refinement!

To grow the Opuntia vulgaris in perfection, a most sunny
and exposed situation is required. When this is regarded, the
beauty of the flowers is striking and effective in large and old
plants. The sulphur-colored petals, so pale and weak in the
green-house, become deeper and richer, and border on golden
satin. The flat thick stems (improperly called leaves) stand
up in goodly and valiant array, and point their stout spines in
noble daring and energy.

Our first observation was confined to the stamens, which we
discovered to be sensitive. The flower was preserved for
two days in a glass of water, and retained its beauty and per-
fection. On touching the filaments from behind, they slowly
advanced towards the stigma; and by pressing them from be-
fore, the same effect was produced; but in this case the elas-
ticity was most perceptible. In the space of fifteen minutes
they resumed their original station, at which time the experi-
ment may be repeated. This we did three successive times,
with the same result, the flower thus exhibiting a degree of
sensitiveness far more curious than thai of the berberry or of
the kalmia.

The style of the pistillum was evidently hollow throughout,
its size affording amost facile experiment.

General J\'otices. 423

The anthers dehisce on the edges, as is niost readily seen
by the application of water to them, by which the pollen is
scattered with great force. The pollen itself appears some-
what globular when submitted to a magnifier in a good micro-
scope, and under this instrument, should it be touched with a
drop of water, each grain of pollen separates and bursts, emit-
ting the more subtile fecundating principle; a phenomenon ob-
served, for the first time, by Needhanj, and subsequently proved
by others. This njore subtile dust, too minute for common ob-
servation, in turn swells and bec^omes much enlarged. At the
base of the style may be seen the cuplike depression, which an-
swers to the nectary. The petals of the flower exhibited a beau-
tiful display of venation. These veins were however very une-
qual in size and appearance. The spiral vessels, so common in
petals, were enclosed in very singular ducts, they being curi-
ously jointed and moniliform.

Since we discovered the irritability of the stamens of Opun-
tia vulgaris, that of the florets of the Plectocephalus ameri-
canus (Centaurea americana) fell under our notice. By pass-
ing the hand or fingers across the disk of this flower, a slow mo-
tion may be seen to take place, each fertile floret moving
towards the centre. This is probably referrible to the same
cause as is the other above mentioned, viz. the elasticity of
the elongated filaments of the stamens, which being enclosed
in the narrow tubular floret, causes the entire group to act
simultaneously.

MISCELLANEOUS LNTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Growth of Vegetables in hot springs. — The lake of SolfiUara, sit-
uated in the Campngna, between Rome and Tivoli, affords a curious
instance of the adaptation of plants to the circumstances in which they
may occur. "The high temperature of this water, and the quantity
of carlionic acid that it contains, renderit peculiarly fitted to afford a
nourishment to vegetable life: the banks of travertine, (calcareous
deposit,) are every where covered with reeds, lichens, confervse, and
various kinds of aquatic vegetables. So ra[)id is the vegetation, ow-
ing to the decomposition of the carbonic acid, that even in winter,
masses of confervse and lichens, mixed with deposited travertine, are
constantly detached by the currents of water, from the bank, and
float down the stream, which, being a considerable river, is never

424 Foreign JVofices. — England.

without many of* these small islands on its surface. They are some-
times only a few inches in size, and composed merely of dark green
confervse, or purple and yellow lichens; but occasionally are several
feet in diameter, and contain seeds and various species of water
plants, which are usually more or less encrusted with marble. Ve"^-
etables in such a temperature, and every where surrounded by food,
are produced with wonderful rapidity. How marvellous are those
laws, by which the humblest types of organic existence are pre-
served, though born amidst the soui'ces of their destruction, and by
which a species of immortality is given to generations, floating, as it
were, like evanescent bubbles on a stream raised from the deepest
caverns of the earth, and instantly losing what may be called its spir-
it, in the atmosphere!" (Davy^s Last Days of a Philosopher.)

Neio coloring Plant. — In the steppes of southern Russia there is
found a sort of crustaceous plant, called by Linnaeus Peganum harma-
la; it sometimes covers the vast plains of Tartary, and becomes an
invincible obstacle to the cultivation of the land. Cattle will not eat
it; they dislike the odor of it exceedingly. This plant, hitherto use-
less or even injurious, has all at once become of great importance,
from the property it possesses of giving an excellent and very dura-
ble red. Mr. Goibel, the professor of chemistry at the University of
Derpat, has discovered an easy means of extracting, from the seeds
of this plant, a coloring matter, which communicates a lasting dye
equally to silk, wool, cotton or flax. Every shade can be given, from
a tender rose-tint to the deepest crimson, without any of the colors
being liable to fade from exposure to the air. Fifteen grammes of
the extracted matter are sutficient to dye in crimson three metres of
stuff. This plant also grows natui-ally in Provence. {Hort. Jour.)

Art. II. Foreign Notices.
ENGLAND.

Growing Plants in glass cases. — A long paper has been lately read
before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, by Mr. D. Ellis, and sub-
sequently published in the Gardener's Magazine, on the growth of
plants in glass cases, in the manner first discovered by N. G. Ward,
Esq. of London, and described in our first volume, p. 24. Mr. Ellis
had some fancy boxes made in a handsome form, of the best mahog-
any, and glazed with the clearest crown glass. The design of the
boxes was drawn by Mr. McNab, of the Botanic Garden. The plants
were placed in the box in the spring of 1838, and in 1839, less than a
year afterwards, the measure of the plants was taken, and they had
greatly increased in growth, varying from one eighth to double their
size when planted in the box; some had flowered, and others were
showing flower-buds. During the whole period the box stood in the
window, where it received all the light and the morning sun, and the
box was not opened but once, nor any water given during the year.
The experiment has succeeded admirably, and by this method plants

Foreign JVotices. — England- 426

may be grown in the most smoky cities of England with great facili-
ty. We should be glad to see the experiment tried in the dry temper-
ature of our rooms heated with anthracite coal. We have no doubt
but the plants would flourish much better than they do now in the
open room; and, as the boxes may be made so as to be as ornamental
as any of the other furniture of the room, they can be introduced
without forming disagreeable objects; indeed, on the contrary, they
would, we think, be objects of the greatest curiosity. The plants
which seemed to flourish best with Mr. Ellis were the Echinocactus,
three species, Sarracenm purpurea, Cypripedium, .^Moe gemini-
flora, Lycopotlium stoloniferum, ChamasVops hdmiiis, Dionse^a mus-
oipula. About thirty species were grown in the box, which was
three feet long by one and a half in width. The article by Mr. Ellis,
detailing his success, is replete with valuable information, and we
shall endeavor to extract some portions of it hereafter. — Ed.

Neiv Floiver Hall at the Stafford Gardens. — A splendid new Flow-
er Hall, for the monthly exhibitions of the Royal Society of Horticul-
ture, has lately been erected on their new grounds at Chiswick. The
building stands north and south, and the light is admitted from a cur-
vilinear roof. The tables for the flowers are on each side, and run the
whole length. The room is one hundred feet long, and when each of
the tables are filled, the show must be very splendid. The London
Horticultural Society have always held their shows in tents erected
for the purpose, but a hall like the one here described must be vastly
superior, both as respects the comfort of the visitors and the light ad-
mitted from above. The flowers, too, can be shown with a much
better effect, as the hall can be rendered very cold, by closing it the
day previous to the exhibition, and by syringing.

The ground selected for the garden comprises an acre, and the fol-
lowing remarks upon the manner in v/hich it should be laid out, dif-
ferent from what it now is, are copied from the Gardener's Magazine,
and were called forth by an inspection of the garden by the editor:
they are worthy of being read by every one desirous of acquiring a
knowledge of the principles which should always be pursued in lay-
ing out such a spot of ground. — Ed.

"Though we have found only one fault with the Flower Hall itself,
we have nothing but faults to find with the manner in which the
ground round it is laid out. The general outline of the plot is a par-
allelogram, lying in the direction of north and south, containing, per-
haps, an acre, and the surface is flat, enclosed with a brick wall, and
without any prospect. The Flower Hall itself is a parallelogram,
and it is very properly placed in the middle of the plot. Now the
question is, how is the ground between this building and the boundary
wall to be disposed of? In our opinion the Flower Hall ought to
have been placed on a platform of turf, raised at least one step above
the general surface of the ground; and between this platform and the
boundary wall there should have been, first, such a l)readth of lawn
as the space would aftord; then, all round, a straight broad gravel
walk parallel to the Flower Hall and the boundary; and, lastly, a
border, chiefly of evergreen shrubs, to disguise or conceal the brick
wall. This, in our opinion, is all that was necessary, and all that can
be made of such a limited space, consistently with unity of design and
expression. But, instead of this, there is no platform raised for the
Flower Hall. The walk between it and the boundary wall is of the
serpentine kind, and there is a curvilinearborder of shrubs to disguise
the boundary. This taste we consider to be at variance with the ob-

voL. V, — NO. xr. 54

426 Foreign JVotices. — France.

V^ious principle, that the lines and forms immediately surrounding any
suilding should partaiie of the lines and forms of that building: and
t is, we are certain, contrary to the principles of utility; for vvhatcan
be more inconvenient for persons visiting this Flower Hall, who will
naturally walk round it in parties to talk of the exhibition, than to
have their attention distracted from what they have seen, by the ne-
cessity of guiding their steps along the windings of a walk, however
broad it may be? It is true, that the whole work has been got up in a
hurry, and this is an excuse for errors in execution; but it is no excuse
whatever for the errors in the design, which, we contend, are here
displayed to a degree which, considering the well-known taste of the
architect (Mr. Hakewill,) and the liberal expenditure of the proprie-
tor, deserves severe reprobation." {Gard. Mag.)

FRANCE.

Cultivation of the Mulberry Tree in France. — The importance of
the cultivation of the mulberry tree, for the i)urpose of propagating
that most profitable and industrious animal, the silk-worm, in France,
has been taken under the serious consideration of the French govern-
ment, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Horticultural Societies of
Paris, Lyons, Orleans, Tours, Bordeaux, Montpelier, Nismes, Mar-
seilles, Avignon, &c., and several scientific as well as commercial
men have been appointed by the Minister of the Interior and Com-
merce, to investigate the facilities afforded both by the soil and cli-
mate, to carry this grand object into effect, so that the country may
be able, in course of time, to supply a sufficient quantity for the an-
nual consumption of its manufactures, without being obliged to im-
port their raw material of silk from the parts of Italy, Turkey,
Egypt and the East, which at present derive such immense revenues
from the sale of this valuable article to the northern markets. It has
been discovered that the French possessions in Algeria and Northern
Africa are most propitious for the growth of the mulberry tree, and
particularly for the propagation of the East India and China breeds of
the silk-worm; also the island of Corsica and nearly the whole of the
south and north-eastern departments of France, which hitherto have
been greatly neglected in that horticultural and important branch of
commerce. The numerous rail-roads that are actively being cut from
one end of the kingdom to the other by enterprising speculators, by
which means a speedy communication will shortly be established be-
tween all the leading commercial towns of the north as well as south,
appear to have caused a complete revolution in the activity of horti-
culturists, and given a sudden stimulus to a science that had been
nearly in a state of decline, compared with England, Spain, Portugal
and Italy, but now promises to he most prosperous under the support
and patronage of government and the learned societies.

A very interesting report has been presented to the Jlcademie des
Sciences, by M. Bain, on the industrious state of the production of
silk in Touraine, which had nearly become extinct. The author
states, "that for a long time the cultivation of the mulberry tree had
been entirely abandoned in the hands of the peasantry, who neglect-
ed them, and many plantations were thus left to perish, or they pull-
ed up the trees and did not re-plant others. Unfortunately within
the last few years the more extensive horticulturists have only taken
the subject under their notice, and the new plantations, which are

Foreign Jfotkes. — France. 427

now coming to maturity, are principally the wild mulberry tree, which,
although its leaves furnish excellent nourishment to the silk-worms,
the crops of them are three times dearer than those of the engrafted
trees. These trees would grow most abundantly in that part of the
country, as it is a light and fertile soil, and they would be sheltered
from the high winds to which they are exposed in the southern de-
partments, that tear their leaves and so shatter them, that they be-
come of no use as food for the worms. In 1837—38, it is true, that
the engrafted trees were bit by the frost during that severe winter, an
incident never known before; notwithstanding, however, they were
enabled to procure leaves from them, and the worms that had been
fed on them exclusively produced a silk of the finest quality.

Several experiments are being made on a very large scale, as the
specie of the mulberry is very numerous; that which has been most
planted is the Morus lalifolia* In September last they had already
attained seven feet in height, although planted very late, and the
wood was in such excellent condition, that it would resist the most
severe frosts. This mode of planting the engrafted trees will be the
means of greatly increasing their numbers, and enable the horticultu-
rists to gather their leaves at the expiration of three instead of five
years, which has hitherto been the time, and so deterred growei's
from devoting their attention to its cultivation.

The great fault in the peasants of Touraine is, that they raise their
silk-worms in too confined spaces for the number they rear, so that
the air has not sufficient circulation. They give them four meals a
day, and change their leaves every four days. Notwithstanding this
bad treatment, being favored with a mild climate, they produce nine
to ten pounds to every ounce of grain. But since government has
taken up the subject, the best means of propagating the silk-worm
•will be immediately adopted, as well as planting the best trees. {Hort.
Jour.^

The French, English and Dutch Royal Horticultural and Floricul-
tural Society of Paris. — This society was established, or at least
formed, five years ago, by an association of nurserymen and ama-
teurs of the science of horticulture and floriculture, under the especial
patronage of their Majesties the King and Queen of the French, his
Royal Highness the Duke of Orleans, the Duchess of Orleans, the
Dukes de Nemours, Joinville, Aumale, and all the Princesses, his
Majesty King Leopold of Belgium and his illustrious consort, the
Prince of Orange, besides the leading nobility and scientific men of
France, Belgium, and Holland, for the express purpose of improving
and giving every encouragement to the advancement of floriculture,
and the cultivation of native as well as the finest and rarest specimens
of foreign plants and shrubs. To establish such a comjjany as this,
not only did it require a great outlay at first, but many difficulties to
be overcome, so as to induce the leading floriculturists and amateurs
throughout France, Belgium, Holland, and the whole of the continent
of Europe, in fact, the four quarters of the globe, to lend their assist-
ance in the advancement of so great an undertaking for the propaga-
tion of the beauties of nature. The greatest jealousies existed on the
part of nurserymen, as well as amateurs, to allow their plants, which
they had watched with the avaricious eye of the miser, spring up year
after year in their secluded green and hot-houses, to become the ad-
miration and property of the public, until they were shamed into a

[* Probably the Moras miilticaulis, or the Morctti mulberry. — Ed.]

428 Foreign J^otices. — France.

more noble and generous feeling hy his Majesty Louis Philippe, al-
lowing the society to have cuttings and specimens from the royal gar-
dens of the Tuilleries, Luxembourg, Neuilly, Chantilly, Versailles,
Fontainbleau, Compiegne, &c. &c. The same floricultural philan-
thropy was imitated by King Leopold and the Prince of Orange, who
most kindly permitted the members to have access to the Royal Bo-
tanical Gardens of Belgium and Holland, so as to select the speci-
mens and seeds they might require, in completing their collections.
This had the most beneficial effect for the society, as numbers who
had hitherto declined a participation in so grand an object as the abo-
lition of floricultural monopoly, became convinced of their injustice
to the propagation of that science, and voluntarily became members.
This difficulty conquered, honorary members and correspondents,
from all parts of the world, offered their services in communicating
to the society the earliest discoveries and improvements that might be
made in horticulture and floriculture in the quarters where they might
reside or visit. This company is composed of members of all nations
without distinction, its grand object being to facilitate the production,
sale, and purchase of the rarest and most choice flowers and plants
that can be procured in every country, and by the encouragement of-
fered to nurserymen and amateurs to exhibit their collections to the
public, either for sale or making those exchanges with other plants,
so as to propagate the different specimens as much as possible. The
principle on which this association is conducted is something similar
to the equitable or life annuity companies in England. Persons wish-
ing to become members or shareholders, may purchase from one to
ten shares, of one hundred to one thousand francs each. For these
they are insured by the trustees or bankers of the society five per
cent, interest certain on the money they may advance in the associa-
tion, or, if they prefer it, in an annuity for life. The shareholders all
mutually participate in the profits of the society, which, as a matter
of course, must vary greatly according to the success of the plants,
one season with the other, but on an average the profits upon the
sales of the flowers and shrubs have varied from twenty to twenty-
five per cent, for the last two years, (the season of 1837 not having
been so profitable, in consequence of the very severe winter, which
had a most fatal effect upon some of their choicest plants,) and so
great is the encouragement given to the society by the nobility and
the gay Parisian public, that they will, in all probability, become much
higher. A certain sum is expended annually by the company in the
purchase of plants and seeds, which become a general property.
These are purchased from the exhibitors at the different shows of the
company, which are open to nurserymen and amateurs of all nations,
whether they be members or not of the society — they may make ex-
changes with them, or they are collected in foreign countries by their
correspondents and agents, should they be recommended as prize
specimens by experienced judges. At these shows prizes of money
and gold and silver medals are publicly awarded for the most rare
collections and specimens. To prevent any partiality being shown
by the judges, they are selected by ballot from amateurs and the most
scientific floriculturists not exhibitors.

When the company was first established they confined themselves
to the purchase of a large plot of ground on the Boulevard Mont
Parnasse, as an experiment. This garden was laid out in the most
tasteful and scientific manner by the most experienced florists of
France and Holland. Hot-houses, green-houses, and a spacious her-

Foreign JS*otices. — France. 429

barium and conservatory, were erected, on the most approved princi-
ple, with fountains. The greatest judgment waa shown by the
directors of the society in the purchase of collections of the finest and
rarest flowers, hot-house and green-house plants and hardy shrubs,
each placed in the soil and position most congenial to their natural
habits. The collection of dahlias, many of them purchased from the
best breeders in England, w^as very extensive; and the collection of
tulips and roots was supplied by the first florists of Holland. The
roses, carnations, piccotees, geraniums, azaleas, balsams, myrtles,
polyanthuses, and the rarest foreign plants and shrubs, were display-
ed to the greatest advantage. This garden, in the French, English,
and Dutch style, was thrown open gratis as a promenade to the pub-
lic, who had the facility of making their own selection of flowers,
which were cut before them, and formed into the most variegated
bouquets. Every one who has visited Paris cannot but be astounded
at the immense number of nosegays which adorn the saloons of the
higher, as well as the middling, circles — the splendid cafes and res-
taurants of the Palais Royal, the Boulevards, and the numerous
passages and fashionable quarters, the bazaars and confectioners'
shops, marchandes de modes, &c. &c., so that they have the appear-
ance of so many shows of the most delightful flowers and shrubs, for
the express purpose of gratifying the eye-sight and senses with the
beauties of nature, and the pleasing study of floriculture. This dis-
play is not confined to the saloons and cafes, but the altars of the
numerous churches and places of worship are decorated with garlands
gathered fresh every morning. The Marche aux Fleurs, (although one
of the finest flower markets perhaps in Europe,) and the shops, could
not be supplied by the florists in the environs of the capital with a
sufficient stock of flowers and plants to meet the public demand daily;
and, although high prices could be obtained by the growers and deal-
ers, they could not be procured. It was the great desideratum of
having a constant supply of plants for the Paris market, and the im-
mense profit such a speculation held out to the florists, as, on an
average, the sum laid out weekly in flowers alone varied fiom 25,000
to 75,000 francs at the nouvelle an (new year) and grand fetes, on
which occasion it is customary to present nosegays as a mark of
friendship and respect to the fair sex, or friends, on the anniversary
of their birth-day, marriage, &c., that induced some of the leading
amateurs and florists to form an association to carry that object into
effect, by the purchasing of nursery-grounds, and extending the culti-
vation and advancement of the science of floriculture, in which un-
dertaking all parties should have a share and interest, so as not to
injure the nurserymen who had hitherto supplied the capital by their
industry and talent, by the establishing of a monopolizing association,
too frequently the case in other capitals of Europe, causing the ruin
of the lesser gardeners and their families, who cannot compete
against their influence and funds. The grand object of the Horticul-
tural and Floricultural Society of Paris is not only, on private but
public grounds, to give a stimulus to industry by the reaping of good
profits for their labors, and to meet a constant and ready sale for their
productions in the markets of the gay city. So great has been the
encouragement and support given by the public to the Society, that
they have been enabled to purchase extensive grounds at St. Germain
en Laye, and Versailles, in the environs of Paris, which have been
laid out in the most approved style, and possess the most extensive
collections of flowers and exotic plants; they have also a very large

430 Domestic JVotices.

nursery at Orleans, Blois, and Montpelier. They do not confine
themselves to the perfection of flowers alone, but their object is to
improve the cultivation of hot-house and orchidaceous fruit trees —
which study has been greatly neglected by the horticultural popula-
tion, in not adopting the most scientific methods of pruning, grafting,
&c., and taking every advantage of the bountiful gifts of nature, with
the most luxuriant soils and diversified climate for every species of
fruit and plants, both hot-house, green-house, and hardy. The idea of
such an association in Paris was in consequence of the encourage-
ment given in England to the con>petitors at the numerous floricul-
tural shows, but, above all, to the excellent plan pursued by the Roy-
al Society of Horticulture and School of Agriculture of London, to
which the whole of Europe, and in fact the world, is indebted for the
rapid advance that has been made and is making in floriculture, hor-
ticulture and agriculture; so that gardeners and farmers are now
looked upon as men of intelligence _,and science by the aristocracy.
(Hort. Jour.)

Art. III. Domestic Notices.

Great Exhibition of Dahlias, at the Conservatory of the Public
Garden. — One of the most splendid exhibitions of that splendid au-
tumnal flower, the dahlia, ever made in Boston, took place at the
Conservatory attached to the Public Garden, on Thursday, Friday,
and Saturday, the Sd, 4th, and 5th of October.

The proprietors of the garden have held two previous exhibitions,
one on the 25th of June, for roses and cut flowers, which we have
noticed; and another on the 4th of July, for bouquets. At each of
these exhibitions, liberal premiums were awarded to the exhibitors.
Desirous of encouraging amateurs and nurserymen in the growth of
the dahlia, handsome premiums were offered, to induce them to come
forward on the occasion, and make a great display. The weather
succeeding the annual exhibition of the Massachusetts Hoi'ticultural
Society harl been highly fiivorable to the bringing forward of fine
flowers, and there was a far finer show than could have been an-
ticipated this season. The blooms were much more abundant, and
more perfect, than at any time previous, and, in consequence, there
was a greater array of magnificent flowers than we have ever seen
together. The contributors were as follows: —

From Hovey Si. Co., upwards of three hundred blooms, embracing
over ninety varieties, and among which the finest were, Reliance,
Splendissima, Mrs. Rushton, Suffolk Hero, Mackenzie's Perfection,
Lady William Powlett, Queen Victoria, Hermione, Beauty of Kings-
cote, Variabilis, Unique, Horatio, Lady Dartmouth, Rival Sussex,
Sulphurea elegans, Juliet, Springfield Major, Middlesex Rival, Nim-
rod. Sir H. Fletcher, Alpha, Rosetta, Rienzi, Blandina, Striata for-
mosissima. Duchess of Richmond, Eva, and Quilled Perfection.

From M. P. Wilder, about one hundred and twenty blooms, among
which were many fine large flowers, viz. Hope, Mrs. Rushton, Coun-
tess of Mansfield, Striata formosissima, Cambridge Hero, Mary, Co-

Domestic JSfbtices. 431

rinne, Rival Sussex, Horticulturalist, Suffolk Hero, Sir H. Fletcher,
Beauty of Kin^scote, Marquis of Lothian, Sulphurea elejjans, U-
nique, Springfield Major, Rienzi, Beauty of the North, Quilled Per-
fection, Birmingham Victor, Conqueror of Europe, Beauty of West;
Rifling, Eva, Victory, &.c.

From Joseph Banks, gardener to J. J. Low, Esq., nearly two
hundred dahlias, the most conspicuous of which were. Striata formo-
sissima, Horsham Rival, Countess of Liverpool, Unique, Red Rover,
Countess of Mansfield, Mary, Bonaparte, Queen Victoria, Princess
Victoria, Rainbow, Golden Sovereign, Premier, Lilac Perfection,
Suffolk Hero, &c.

From Josiah Stickney, Boston, sixty fine dahlias, of several kinds.
From S. Walker, nearly two hundred blooms. From Joseph Breck
& Co., sixty dahlias. From T. Mason, upwards of fifty blooms.
From S. Sweetser, fifty dahlias, among which were several fine flow-
ers. From the garden, forty or fifty blooms. From \V. Meller,^
sixty dahlias.

From the garden there was also a great variety of handsome an-
nuals, to fill up a few spaces in the circular range of stands. Messrs.
Hovey & Co. contributed ten beautiful species and varieties of ver-
benas, as follows: — V. Tweedie«n«, and T. superba, incisa, Kyreilna,
cliamsedrifolia major, Arraniuna, Binney«72a, teucroides and venosa;
also fine clusters of scarlet zinnias, five varieties of Phlox Drum-
niondn, and flowers of Trachymene ceerulea.

The weather was delightful during the exhibition, but owing to
the lateness of the season, and more particularly to the interest cre-
ated by the Mechanics' Fair, which absorbed the whole public at-
tention, and especially the notice of our contemporaries of the press,
there was not so numerous an attendance of visitors that such a display
would, at any other time, have called together. This we regret, as
the show was one of great splendor, and well worthy of being seen
by every lover of flowers.

The committee appointed as judges proceeded to inspect the blooms
ou the second day of the exhibition, and awarded the premiums as-
follows: —

To Messrs. Hovey & Co., for the best display of dahlias, f 15.
To Mr. Joseph Banks, gardener to J. J. Low, Esq., for the sec-
ond best display, $!10.
To Messrs Hovey & Co., for the best twenty-five blooms, $15.
To Mr. Joseph Banks, gardener to J. J. Low, Esq., for the sec-
ond best display, $10.
To M. P. VN^ilder, a discretionary premium of #7.
To Wm. Meller, a discretionary premium of $b.
To S. Walker, a discretionary premium of $3.
The judges were Messrs. J. E. Teschemacher, D. Haggerston, and
J. W. Russell.

The proprietors of the Public Garden have shown a commendable
spirit in getting up such exhibitions, and we trust that they will be
continued another year. They will be the means of stimulating
amateurs to excel in the growth of plants and flowers, with a view
to competition, and the public will, no doubt, reap the benefit of their
labors. — Ed.

Large Coxcombs. — Two very large coxcombs were exhibited at the
annual exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, which
we omitted to notice, but which, on account of their large size, are
deserving- of some remark. They were grown by the gardener of

432 Domestic Js^otices.

A. H. Waters, Esq., of Millbury, Mass., and one of the heads of
flowers measured twenty-four inches in circumference. They were
shown in pots and attracted considerable attention. — Ed.

The Dome of the Conservatory attached to the Public Garden,
which was only partly glazed last winter, has lately been nearly com-
pleted. The interior i?, consequently, much lighter, and the plants
show to creater advantage. The angles of the conservatory have
also, on the south side, been altered into apartments for plants, and
glass substituted for the blank roof. One of these is to be devoted to
the growth of the Cactese and other succulent plants. Some other
improvements have been made in the interior arrangements, by which
the plants are viewed better than before. The plants are all arrang-
ed for the winter, and the camellias will soon commence flowering,
and present a splendid array of bloom all winter. — Id.

Gloribsa siiperba. — Two specimens of this splendid plant have just
flowered in the collection of the Hon. John Lowell, Roxbury : each of
tiiem expanded several beautiful flowers, and the stem or scape at-
tained considerable height: they are, undoubtedly, the first specimens
which have ever flowered in this country. The plants were receiv-
ed iVom Cuba in the spring of 183S, and, under the good management
of Mr. Lowell, have been brought into flower. The blossoms are
orange-colored, and very showy, and appear on a branched stem or
panicle. We hope Mr. Lowell will communicate through our pages
his method of treating the plants which has resulted in such signal
success. — Ed.

Pretty annuals. — Has any one raised the Lupinus nanus the past
summer? Its elegant, slender spikes of small blue flowers, dashed
with pure white, are yet opening in our borders, despite the frost and
€okl. From its hardihood, we suspect it may prove a hardy peren-
nial, and therefore doubly welcome. In inflorescence it is the mini-
ature of our own fine native Lupinus perennis, which, though pro-
fusely wild in the vicinity of Boston, yet is no mean addition to the
flower border. And then, too, there is Eutoca viscida, which we
should be very sorry to miss as a choice companion of Nemophila
insignis. The latter we have grown to a great size in moist, rich
places of the garden, and to such an extent as we have not seen else-
where. Its very name imports its habit, {nemos, the wood, and philo,
to love,) the lover of shade.

Cacalia coccinea may be raised as a second crop (to speak agricul-
turally) from seed grown in the same year. Plants in this condition
are now in bloom with us. — L., October 21, 1839.

Lechenaidlia formbsa. — This most beautiful little brilliant gem, we
have ascertained, strikes readily from cuttings in June or July, taken
from the extremities of the shoots; giving plenty of air and light,
without sun, and with no need of a bell-glass. — L.

The RohanPotato. — This variety has proved to be all that has been
said in regard to it, both as regards productiveness and good eating
qualities. The results of the crops of the present season show that it
is vastly more productive than any other variety yet known; in most
instances yielding sixty to eighty fold, and in scarcely any less than
forty, and from that up to two hundred fold. We shall notice it
again in our annual account of new vegetables, and mention some of
the results of the planting of this season. — Ed.

Jldditional new Verbenas. — Mr. Hogg, of New York, has raised,
the past season, some new verbenas, among which is a rosy one of
great beauty. — Id,

J\lassachusetts Horticultural Society. 433

Great crop of Squashes. — In our visit to Mr. Derby's garden, in
South Salem, in September, he called our attention to a patch of
squashes, the product of two seeds only. The vines had spread over
many yards of ground, and we counted'ten full grown squashes, near-
ly ripe. Since we saw them they have been cut and weighed, the
aggregate amount of the whole ten i)eing eight hundred and ninety-
six pounds. The heaviest weighed about one hundred and ten
pounds. This is an enormous product. The seeds were received
from Illinois. — Ed.

Ripe Strawberries in October. — Ripe strawberries, of the second
crop, have been picked in Philadel])bia, and several up at the Mar-
shall house. (Neuispaper.)

Horticulture in Columbia, Fa. — To give you some idea of what is
going on here, I take the liberty lo inform you, that my collection
comprises, of the Citrus family about a dozen species; of the Cacti,
about twenty-six; Stapeh'rt, six; Cassia, three; .;3cacia, four; J/ibis-
cus, six; Camellia, four, and two dozen seedling plants; the coffee
tree, tea shrub, black jiepper, logwood, redwood, gum elastic, (Ficus
elastica,) Eugenea, two species; i-'sidium, in fruit, (perhaps P- py-
riferum,) and many others. — J. B. G., Columbia, Pa., Oct., 1839.

Art. IV. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

The premiums for dahlias, offered by the Society, were awarded
by the judges on the second day of the annual exhibition; but we have
not been able to secure a list of the respective amounts of ihe prizes.
The successful contributors were as follows: —

The premium for the first display, to M. P. Wilder.

The premium for the second best display, to Jos. Banks, gardener
to J. J. Low, Esq.

The premium for the third best display, to Joseph Breck & Co.

The premium fur the fourth best display, to Hovey & Co.

The premium for the fiflh liest display, to S. Walker.

The judges were appointed by the Chairman of the Committee of
Arrangements, and consisted of Messrs. J.E. Tcschemacher, D. Hag-
gerston, and J. W. Russell.

Saturday, Oct. 5th. — Exhibited. Flowers : — From S. Walker, about
thirty dahlias, among which were Marquis of Lothian, Stone's Yel-
low Perfection, Dennissii, Dodd's Mary, Marchioness of Lansdowne,
and Quilled Perfection; also, bouquets of dahlias. From W. E. Car-
ter, upwards of forty dahlias, some of which were Mrs. Rushton,
Kingscote Rival, Glory, Madonna, Countess of Mansfield, Yellow
Perfection, &.c. From J. Hovey, bouquets. From W. Kenrick,
bouquets. From F. Tudor, from his garden, at Nahant, branches
of the apple, apricot, pear and lilac, in full bloom; this may be con-
sidered as remarkable after the cool season just past.

Fruits: — From the President, handsome specimens of the following
peaches: — Orange Clingstone, Weller's Favorite, Lemon Clingstone,
Morris's Luscious, and one other kind, the name unknown; also,
white Chasselas and Gros Frankinthal grapes. From W. Oliver,

VOL. V. NO. XI. 55

434 Massachusdls Horticultural Society.

Melacaton peaches. From J. G. Coolidge, Lemon Clingstone peach-
es, and unknown pears. From Jona. French, Jr. Chauniontel, Green
Sugar, and Capsheaf pears; also, peaches and apples. From N. Bar-
rett, Concord, wild grapes.

From W. E. Carter, specimens of fruit of the Eugenza malaccen-
sis (?) orthe Rose apple: several of these were eaten, and pronounc-
ed to be a most delicious fruit, partaking of the perfume of the rose,
with the sweetness of the peach; a few trees in pots, in any collection,
would aftbnl several dozens of this delightful fruit. The fruit is about
the size of an apricot, hut resembles in appearance an apple; the skin
is of a pale yellow color, and the flesh, which is about a quarter of
an inch thick, is of a yellowish white; the drupe or seed is as large as
a filbert, enclosed in a hollow cavity.

From J. L. L. F. Warren, Duchess of Angouleme, Urbaniste,Buf-
fum and Easter Beurre pears. From S. Downer, Isabella and Ca-
tawba grapes, but scarcely ripe ; also, Brocas Bergamot pears.
From Mrs. T. Bigelovv, Medford, monstrous Pippin apples, very
large and fine, and heath peaches. From E. M. Richards, seedling
peaches.

Vegetables: — From Col. F. U. Bigelow, Medford, specimens of the
Chinese tree corn, fully ripe; the ears were raised from seed which
was planted about the i26th of May last, and the corn was fully ripe
on the 15th of September; the produce was live ears from one seed,
or two thousand grown from one.

This being a stated meeting of the Society for the choice of officers
for the ensuing year, the members present jtroceeded to ballot for the
same; and the following gentlemen were elected: —
President, Elijah Vose.

Vice-Presidents. — Jonathan Winship, Marshal P. Wilder, Benja-
min V. French, William Oliver.

Treasurer, Samuel Walker.

Recording Secretary. — Edward M. Richards.

Correspondino- Secretary. — Robert T. Paine.

Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology. — John Lewis Rus-
sell.

Professor of Entomology.— T. W. Harris.

Professor of Horticultural Chemistry. — Dr. S. M, Dana.
Standing Committees.

Committee on Fruits. — Edward M. Richards, chairman; Robert
Manning, William Kenrick, Samuel Downer, Benj. V. French, John
A. Kenrick, John M. Ives, P. B- Hovey, Jr., L. P. Grosvenor,
J. L. L. F. Warren, Samuel Pond.

Committee on Products of Kitchen Garden. — J. L. L. F, Warren,
cliairman; Samuel Pond, Aaron D. Williams, Rufus Howe, Ebeu-
ezer Crafts.

Committee 07i Floivers, Shrubs, ^-c. — Samuel Walker, chairman;
J. E. Teschemacher, C. M. Hovey, Joseph Breck, Samuel Sweetser,
David Haggerston, Samuel R. Johnson, William E. Carter, John
Towne.

Committee on the Library. — Elijah Vose, chairman; Robert T.
Paine, William Kenrick, Ezra Weston, Jr., Charles M. Hovey,
M. P. Wilder, Thomas Lee.

Committee on Synonyms of Fruit. — John Lowell, chairman; Rob-
ert Manning, William Kenrick, Samuel Downer.

Execidive Committee. — Elijah Vose, chairman; William Oliver,
Benjamin V. French, Edward M. Richards, Enoch Bartlett.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 435

Committee on Finance. — Elijah Vose, chairman ; Benjamin V.
French, William Oliver.

At this meeting it was voted, that the thanks of the Society be pre-
sented to the Committee of Arrangements, for their acceptable ser-
vices in getting up the Exhibition; and that they be also presented to
gentlemen who so liberally contributed flowers, fruits, and vegetables
to tlie annual exhibition.

Mr. Josiah Lovett, 2d, of Beverly, was admitted a subscriptiou
member of the Society.

Oct. I'ilh. — Exhibited. Flowers: — From Joseph Stickney, upwards
of fifty fine dahlias; among which were Brown's Sarah, Mrs. Rush-
ton, Countess of Mansfield, Ne Plus Ultra, (superb,) Ruby, Unique,
Suffolk Hero, Eva, Conqueror of Europe, Scar of BucMand, Red
Rover, Countess of Torrington, Birmingham Victor, &c.: these were
all good specimens. From T. Mason, seventy-five or eight}' dahlias,
embracing a great variety, principally the more comttion varieties of
last year. From S. Walker, five new seedling pansies, very hand-
some, particularly one of the varieties, which was remarkably fine.

From the Hon. John Lowell, a iieautiful cut specimen of the Glo-
riosa superba, being a terminal shoot with six flowers expanded, and
several Ituds; the jdant has never flowered before in the country. Mr.
Lowell has two plants now in bloom: we shall notice them in another
page. From M. P. Wilder, three dahlias, which had opened since
the destruction of the plants by frost, viz: Springfield Major, Queen
of Scots, and Maria Etigeworth.

Fruits: — From R. Manning, Lyscom, Boxford, Ribstone Pippin,
and Killam Hill apples; also, Tyson pears. From E. Emerson, Sa-
lem, fine specimens of Surpasse Virgoulouse, and Capsheaf pears.
From W. Oliver, beautiful Urbaniste pears. From M. P. Wilder,
monstrous Pompone peaches-

From the Hon. John Lowell, six varieties of pears, as follows: —
Grand. Bretagne, a fine looking pear, but not yet in eating; Glout;
Morceaux, but not the same as grown by Mr. Manning under that
name; Reine Caroline, a very fine pear; Delices de hardenpont; De-
lices de Charles, also a good looking fruit, but not in eating; Beurre
Bronze, the Fig of Naples, of Messrs- Manning and Kenrick, and the
Fig of Vasillons, being synonymous. From B. Guild, Roxbury, black
Hamburgh, Sweetwaier and Isabella grapes, cultivated in the open
air, very handsome. Plums, from S Walker.

Oct. 19th. — Exhibited. Flowers:— From Jos. Stickney, Esq., up-
wards of two hundred dahlia blooms, comprising a great variety of
kinds; some of the finest were. Ruby, Suffolk Hero, Mrs. Rushton,
Eva, Unique, Birmingham Victor, and Ne Pius Ultra, which was
very superb. From '1 - Mason, a variety of dahlias-

Fruits: — From B. V. French, monstrous pip))ins, monstrous Bell-
flower, Hawthorndean, and four kinds of unnamed a})ples; also, Wil-
kinson pears, and a variety not known. From I. P. Davis, some
most beautiful specimens of pears, we presume from the fine collec-
tion of S. G. Perkins, Esq.: they consisted of the Duchess of Angou-
leme and Easter Beurre, both large and handsome, the Beurre
d'Aremberg, Beurre d'Amalis, Dix, and Beurre Did. From Isaac
Harris, Boston, beautiful St. Michael pears. From Dr. Adams, fine
St. Germain, Seckel, and St. Michael pears. From R. Ward, Rox-
bury, some as fine specimens of Seckel pears as we have ever seen.
From E. Emerson, Salem, Surpasse Virgoulouse pears. From J. H.
Dunklee, Brighton, Spanish chestnuts.

Oct. 21s^— Fruits:— From the President, some very superior speci-

436 Obituary JYotices.

mens of the Duchess of Angouleme pears, there being thirty large
fruits, all the product of one dwarf tree trained to an espalier, besides
fourteen which were not exhibited; also the Wilkinson, in excellent
state. From E. Emerson, Salem, Siirpasse Virgoulouse j)ears. From
the Rev. Dr. Harris, beautiful Dix pears, from the original tree.
From E. M. Richards, Harrison's Fall Baking pear (of Cox,) Rush-
ton's Bon Chretien pear (of Prince;) also, handsome Capsheaf pears
and peaches, from an imported French tree. From James Morey,
Nantucket, large orange quinces, weighing eighteen and a half and
twenty ounces each. From Jacob Holyoke, of Marlboro', fine Lys-
coni apples, presented by B. Guild, Esq,

Art. V. Kelrospedive Criticism.

Quere. — Is the Nelumbium speciosum, of which you speak in your
last number, nothing more or less than Nelumbium Iviteum of the
south and west? A fiae aquatic, and worth culture in our myriad
ponds.— iJ,

Art. VI. Obituary Notices.

Death of Judge Buel. — It is probably known to most of our read-
ers, that this estimable and valuable citizen died in Danbury, Ct.,
on Saturday, October 5th, in the 63d year of his age. We were
about preparing a notice of this sad event, but the following worthy
tribute to his lil'e and services, from the Mbamj Jirgus^ written, proba-
bly, by one who has known him long and well, has relieved us of that
duty. Juilge Buel was the first pri){)rietor of the Argus, and the col-
umns of that journal were dressed iu mourning on the occasion of the
appearance of the following notice: —

" Having accepted invitations to deliver anniversary addresses be-
fore the Horticultural and Agricultural Societies of Norwich and New
Haven, Conn., on the 2Cth and 27th ult-, he left home about a fort-
night since, with that view. At Danbury, he was seized on Sunday
night with a bilious cholic, of which he was relieved in the course of
twenty-four hours; but bilious fever supervened, and he sank under
it after an illness of more t!>:i!i a week — receiving, during the time,
every attention, and unremitted medical attendance from the hands of
strangers. It was not until Friday last, however, soon after his son
had left hina on his return to Albany, to request the attendance of his
family physician, that the disorder assumed an alarming aspect. He
was accompanied on his journey by his o.ily daughter, of whom he
took an affecting and final leave, in the full possession of his mental
faculties, a few moments before he calmly breathed his last.

"intelligence was brought yesterday morning by express, announcing
the unexpected fatal termination of his illness. It was a melancholy

Obituary JVotices. 437

surprise to his anxious family, on reaching the steam-boat wharf in the
afternoon, on their route to his place of illness, to be among the first
to learn that his remains had been brought up by the Columbus, the
day boat from New York, which arrived before the departure of the
afternoon boat. The body had been brought from Danbury to
Poughkeepsie, and thence to this city.

'■'For the last thirty years. Judge Buel has occupied a wide space in
the political and agricultural world. In 1813, he removed to ihis city
from Ulster county, and established the Albany Argus. In the fol-
lowing year he was appointed Printer to the State, and discharged the
duties of that station, and of the editorship of the paper, until 1821,
when he retired to the farm in the suburbs of the city, since so widely
smd favorably known as the 'Albany Nursery.' After his retire-
ment from his editorial labors, he represented the city for successive
years in the popular branch of the legislature, and at the period of
his death was a Regent of the University. His last appearance in
political life, was as the gubernatorial candidate of the opponents of
the national administration in 1836.

" But it is as an Ajzriculturist, in the great and broad sense of the
word, practically and scientifically, that he has built his fame as a
public benefactor. As such, he was known throughout this continent
and in the old world; and no man has contributed more, as a writer
and in practical life, to elevate, inform and improve the agriculture
of his age. Nearly six years ago, as an auxiliary in his plan for the
difl"usion of knowledge on this subject. Judge B. established 'The
Cultivator,' a monthly publication, of the highest value, and of great
and varied information, and which has attained a vast circulation
throughout the American continent. His labors however were not
confined to his monthly publication, ample as were its pages. His
pen was in constant requisition upon nearly every subject connected
with the cultivation of the soil, and his correspondence throughout
the Union, and abroad, was extensive. In example, not less than in
precept, he may be said to have conferred blessings upon the times in
which he lived — blessings that will continue to fructify, and ripen into
fruit, long after his body shall have mingled with his favorite earth.

" As a neighbor and a citizen — and in all the relations of domestic
life — he was without reproach. He was esteemed not less for his
integrity than his intelligence and worth — for the unaffected affability
and simplicity of manner in his intercourse with his fellow-men. He
may be said to have lived for utility; and to have died in the prose-
cution of his favorite employment. His death is a ])ublic bereave-
ment, which all will mourn, as irreparable." (Albany Argus, of
Oct. 9th.)

Judge Buel was almost as deeply interested in horticulture as ag-
riculture, and our own pages have contained articles from his useful
pen. As proprietor of the Albany Nursery, he has done much to dis-
seminate good fruits; and, as the first President of the new Horticul-
tural Association of the Valley of the Hudson, his name was emi-
nently useful in giving reputation to the institution. The horticultural
and agricultural community, in his death, have sustained a severe loss.

Died in Mobile, Ala., in October last, of the prevailing epidemic,
Mr. G. 11. Kolton, gardener to J. W. Tisdale, Esq. Mr. Kolton is
known to our readers as the author of a communication in our pres-
ent volume, upon the cultivation of plants in the vicinity of Mobile.
AVe had anticipated other communications from Mr. Rolton, and, had
his life been spared, we doubt not but he would have contributed

438

Fancuil Hall Market.

much useful information to our pages. His sudden death is to be
deeply regretted.

Art. VII. Faneuil Hall Market.

From To

Roots, Tubers, fyc.
Polatoes:

Chenangoes, \ P^"" .^^V^j"
=■ ' 5 per buslielj

Common, 5 ?«' barrel, .
i per bushel, .

Eastports, ^ P^r b^^nel,.
' 5 pel" uushel,.

Sweet Potatoes, per bush.
Turnips:

Common, per busliel,. . . .

Ruta Bdga, per bushel, . .
Onions:

White per bushel,

Red, per bunch,

White, per bunch,

Yellow, per bushel,

Beets, per bushel,

Carrots, per bushel,

Parsnips, per bushel,

Horseradish, per pound, . .

Radishes, per bunch,

Shallots, per pound,

Garlic, per pound,

Cabbages, Salads, fyc.

Cabbages, per dozen :

Savoy

Drumhead,

Red Dutch

Cauliflowers, each,

Brocoli, each

Lettuce, per head, ,

Tomatoes, per half peck. . .
Celery, per root:

Common,

Bailey's Giant,

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per half peck,. .

Sage, per pound,

Marjorum, per bunch,..

Savory, per bunch,

Spearmint, per bunch, . .

?^ct?

I 00
50

1 00
50

2 25
1 00
1 25

^ cts.

25

37i

■S7k

50

00

H

2

3

62

75

50

62h

50

G2k

62i

75

10

12

10

12

20

12

_

37

50

50

75

50

75

12i

25

10

20

6

10

20

25

Squashes and Pumpkins.

Squashes, per pound;
Winter crook neck,.. . .
Autumnal 3Iarrow, per 11
Canada crook neck,. , .

Pumpkins, ,

Fruits.
Apples, dessert, new :

Common, \ P^"" .'^^7'^]'
( per bushel.

Russets, ^ P*^'- "^'^"^l'

From To

!i?cts.

1 00

1 00

2 00
10

per bushel, ....

Baldwins, ^P^''[^^7','-- •
'5 per bushel,.. .

■\T V • ■ } P'" barrel,

^•Y-P'PP'"s, 5 ;,r bushel,
Pears:

Urbaniste, per doz

Dix, per doz

Napoleon, per doz

Beurre d' Araalis, per doz.

St. Germain, per doz

Fulton, per doz

Beurre Diel, per doz

Bleeker's Meadow, hl'fp..

Messire Jean, pr half peck,

Moorfowl Egg, pr half p'k,

Citron Melons,

Grapes, per pound:

Black Hamburgh

White Sweetwater:

Malaga,

Quinces, per bushel

Berberries, per bushel,

Cranberries, per bushel,. , . .

Lemons, per dozen,

Oranges, per dozen :

Sicily,

Havana, (sweel)

Pineajjples, each,

Cocoanuts, each,

Chestnuts, per bushel

2 00
1 00

3 00
1 50

'3 00

1 50

3 00

1 50

I

37|

75

50

50

50

25

37^

50

37i

37J

121

50

20

20

5 00

! 50

L 75

20

37J
50

5

3 50

$cts.

50
12

2 50

3 50

Walnuts, per bushel, i 2 00 !2

Remarks. — Never was the farmer or ajardener blessed with a more
favorable season for ripening his crops than the present. October,
generally a serene month, has been unprecedently so thus far.

Remarks. 439

The weather has been delightful : two frosts succeeding each other, on
the nights of the 7th and 8th, killed all tender vegetables; but, follow-
ing this, the nights have been as mild as the days have been clear and
brilliant. Should the winter set in as early as last year, none can
have reason to complain that they had not an opportunity to prepare
for it. Every late crop has fully matured. Potatoes, turnips, cab-
ages, &c., have attained to their highest perfection of growth, so far
as the weather has had any agency. Bounteous, indeed, has been
the product, and propitious the time for harvesting the fruits of
the summer's labor.

The potato crop is one of much importance, and we have generally
taken some considerable jjains to ascertain the probable amount of
the crop and the average market prices; and in our next review of
the market we shall offer some remarks, with a table, showing the
ditferent prices for the last five years. Since our last_ they have not
come forward in so large quantities as was expected, and it is now
stated in some of the Maine papers that the crop is considerably be-
low an average one. This may be, so tar as regards the acreable
yield; but when it is recollected that every year more soil is put under
cultivation, and that probably one third greater breadth of land was
planted than last year, the result will be, that the total produce will
exceed that. Just as the crop is ready for the market, there is usu-
ally the report of a scarcity, in order to raise the prices, by producing
an impression that they will soon be higher, and thus make eager
purchasers. The demand for the southern market will be limited,
and there will be no tendency to higher prices at present. Eastports
are remarkably large and fine this year.

Turnips continue to come in abundantly, and prices have fallen : Ra-
ta Bagas are large and handsome. Onions have fallen in price since our
last — rather an uncommon thing at this season: it is, however, owing
to the limited demand, there being none wanted for shipping. Pars-
nips have come in, since our last, of fine quality. Horseradish is not
yet very plentiful. Some few Radishes have been received, and tak-
en at quotations. Cabbages are abundant, and very superior: Drum-
heads and Savoys are extra large. Cauliflowers have not been found
in the market so good, and in such quantities, as they are to be had
now. Brocolis are fine and cheap. Lettuce is scarce and commands a
good price. Celery is very superior ; Bailey's Red and "White Giant
now take lead over the old sort, and bring much higher prices. To-
matoes most gone; only a few half ripened now left. Squashes
continue to be brought in abundantly, causing a further depression.

The fruit market continues active. Apples are scarce, and the
stock is now mostly received from New York and New Jersey, The
Baldwins are very handsome this year, but a small crop in this vicin-
ity. Of pears, there is now a very large variety on hand, comprising
some of the very best kinds, such as the Urbaniste, &c, ; probably
the stock is as large, or larger, than in any season previous to the
present. The only Melons to be had are the citron for preserving.
Grapes continue plentiful: Black Haniburghs are a little firmer than
they have been: Sweet-water, lower: Malagas have arrived so
early, and in such great quantities, that the market is now glutted:
the latter, however, were picked too early, and, though in good order,
are, generally, not sweet- Quinces are scarce, and extra fine ones re-
tail at our highest prices. Berberries have not been so scarce for
many years. Cranberries come in freely, and prices, though firm,
have not materially advanced. Lemons abundant from late arrivals.

440 Horticultural Memoranda.

Chesnuts have come to hand since our last: they are, however, ex-
ceedingly scarce. Walnuts have been received from Pennsylvania,
but not yet in very large quantities; probably there Avill be a fair
Bupply.— Fours, M, T., Boston, October 28, 1839,

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOIl NOVEMBER.
FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grapevines will, by this time, have dropped their fofiage, and may
be partially [)runed : all the laterals may be cut away, and part of the
superfluous wood; leaving the final shortening of the wood to a later
period. Give plenty of air in all fine weather, to fully mature the
wood.

Grape vines, in the open air, of foreign varieties, should be laid
down and protected by a covering of earth or litter. Isabellas, and
other hardy sorts, should be partially pruned.

Strawberry beds should be cleared of all weeds, and, before frost
sets in, they should have a covering of old hot-bed manure, about an
inch thick.

Raspberry vines should be laid down, and protected with leaves or
earth.

Fruit tree seeds, of all kinds, may be sown this month.

Fruit trees, planted this fall, should have a barrow of strawy ma-
nure placed around the roots, to prevent the frost from throwing them
out of the soil.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT,

Dahlia roots have, b}' this period, especially in the latitude of Bos-
ton, been taken up and housed out of the way of frost: if any have
been left out, they should be dug as soon as possible. There are va-
rious ways of keeping the roots; but they will generally keep well in
any dry cellar out of the danger of frost.

Hyacinths, Tulips, and other hardy bulbs, should be planted early
this month.

Hyacinths, to be grown in pots, should be set out this month, and
the pots set in frames, where they can be protected from severe cold.

Pceonies should be separated and planted now, if not done before.

Oxalises, of all sorts, should be potted, if any remain yet out of the
soil.

Ixias and Sparaxis should be all set out this month, and the pots
placed in frames.

Herbaceous plants, of many kinds, should be slightly protected by
a covering of leaves or strawy manure. Foxgloves, blue bells, and
similar kinds, will need it.

Tree roses should be laid down, and the branches covered with
leaves and earth.

Beds of Pansies should have a slight covering of leaves,

Annual seeds, of several kinds, may be yet sown.

Camellia seeds may be planted in the green-house this month.

Cactuses should be placed on a shelf, near the glass, and be very
sparingly watered.

THE MAGAZINE

HORTICULTURE

DECEMBER, 1839.
MISCELLANEOUS LNTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Uses of the Cerei and Cacti. — The diy stems of the stronger C^-
rei fire used in the mountainous parts of Chili and Peru, (where wood
does not abound,) as timber, in constructing houses, on account of
their being light, and therefore easily conveyed from one placp to
another; and although this timber appears of a spongy structure, yet
according to Pop|)ig, it forms an excellent article for fuel, and is very
much used every where in those places where wood is scarce, and
particularly in the neighborhood of Copiano, where it is in great
repute for melting copper. It is also used in St. Domingo, for torch-
es; and the young stems of some species, after they have been soak-
ed, and thereby freed of all the cellular tissue, are tied together at
the end, and form a very light and elastic cap. The juicy stems form
inexhaustible springs for cattle, where water is very scarce. Accord-
ing to Von Martins, the mules are very clever in kicking off pieces
of the stems of the large Cacti with their hoofs, and then sucking
the juice, which flows in abundance. In the high plains of Mexico,
immense groups of Cerei, Opiinti;e, and Echinocacti afford the only
means of satisfying the thirst of the innumerable herds of wild animals
that abound there, when all the springs of vvater are dried up. The
enormous sized globes of Echinocactusingens, and the species nearly
allied to it, are used by smugglers in Mexico, for concealing their
contraband goods, particularly brandy: for this purpose, the inner
part of the plant is scooped out, and the empty space filled with the
goods or liquors to be concealed; the piece of the rind that was cut
out is then carefully replaced, and the plant carried to its place of
destination. The slimy juice of the Cacti is very much valued by
the Indians, on account of its cooling antifebral qualities, and the
pulpy matter is used as poultices for softening sores or abcesses; and
whole Cacti, or some cut in pieces, are thrown by the natives into
■dirty water, to purify it. The tender shoots of Opuntia NopaVdio
are eaten as vegetables; and the flesh of Echinocactus cornigera, and
species nearly allied to it, are cut in slices, like ])um[)kins,~and pre-
served in sugar. According to Popj)ig, the spines of many of the
Cerei are used in Peru as knitting needles. {Garten Zeitung, trans-
lated in Gard. Mag.)

VOL. V. NO. XII. 56

442 General J^otices.

Increase of soil from the falling of the leaves of Pines arid Firs.
— These leaves resist decomposition for a number of years, on ac-
count of the resinous matter which they contain, and the wind taking
no hold of them, from their needle-like shape. They generally lie
where they fall, and they accumulate to a considerable thickness,
destroying all vegetation except that of trees already established. In
the forest of Fontainbleau, M. Poiteau found that the leaves which
had dropped from a plantation of Pinus sylvestris about twenty feet
high, had formed a stratum between six inches and eight inches in
thickness; and nineteen years afterwards, when he examined the
same plantation, he found the trees from forty-five to sixty feet high,
generally thicker than a man's body, and the decaying stratum of
leaves so much increased, that several rocks, which before appeared
two feet above the soil, were no longer visible. {Jlnnales d' Hort.
de Paris.)

Use of the root of the common Berberry for Dyeing. — A paper
was lately read before the Asiatic Society of London, "on the yellow
color of the Berberry," by Mr. Solly. Mr. Solly .stated that the root of
the common berberry, or Berberis vulgaris, was used for dyeing lea-
ther yellow; and that a cheap and abundant supply of this article
was desirable. He described the color as being disseminated through-
out the wood and bark and roots; and suggested that experiments
should be made on the relative quality of color in each of their parts
respectively. The natives of India use the extract of the root, where
it is called the horzis or rusot of their medical writers. (Athenaum.)
Van Mons's theory for the amelioration of Fruits, more particu-
larly of Apples and Pears. — According to Van Mons's theory, trees
raised from the fifth, sixth and seventh generations, without interrup-
tion, from their first parent, ought to come sooner into fruit, and pro-
duce fruit of a better quality than those of the first generation, or
those raised from the first sowing. This has been doubted by some
physiologists. As a step towards this, M. Poiteau, in the spring of
1836, received from M. Van Mons one thousand seedling pear trees,
of two years' growth, raised from the fifth and sixth generations, in
a direct line from the first parent. These trees M. Poiteau and M.
Noisette planted in a favorable situation, at Mont RouEje, in the sub-
urbs of Paris, and they were examined in December, 1837, by a com-
missioner named by the Horticultural Society of Paris. The trees
were found in a healthy state, but had not then shown flower buds,
though Van Mons had said that a part of them would fruit at the end
of five years. Before planting these trees, the roots were pruned,
and all the pieces cut oft' were planted, and produced shoots; and by
means of the plants so raised, M. M. Poiteau and Noisette intend to
ascertain whether the plants raised from the roots will come into
fruit sooner than the seedlings from which the roots were taken.
{Annates d' Hort. Soc. de Paris, vol. xxi, p. 314 in Gard. Mag.)

Grafting Pinks and Carnations is said to have been practised in
France in the sixteenth century. Some doubt this; but, at all events,
it is practised at present by M. Loisel, head gardener to the Marquis
de Clermont Tonnere, at Glisolles, in the valley of L'lton, near Ev-
reux; and, in his garden, six, seven, or eight pinks, of different col-
ors, are found flowering on the same stalk. The operation is per-
formed when the flower buds are about a fourth part of their size;
and these buds are inserted in the axils of the leaves of the flower
stem of the stock. They are inserted in the slit manner, and merely
lied on with a bit of woollen thread. At the end of eight or ten days,

Foreign J^^otices. — England. 443

the scion will commonly be found united to the stock, when *he liga-
ture may be removed. In two or three days afterwards the Howers
expand; and, if the varieties have been properly chosen, all those
grafted on the same flower stem will expand at once. In general, the
effect of grafting a flower bud is to retard its expansion from six to
eight days. {Annales d'Hort. de Paris, quoted in Gard. Mag.)

Improved method of training Raspberries. — Cut out all the weik-
est shoots, so as to leave only about six on a stool; then twist the
point of one shoot from one stool with one shoot from the stool ad-
joining, so as to form an arch. Do the same with two other shoots of
each plant, so as to form a triple arch between plant and plant, in the
direction of the rows, all through the plantations; the space between
the rows being left open as usual. The plants should be six feet
apart every way. The fruit produced by the trained canes ^yill be
fully exposed to the direct influence of the sun and to the air, and
there wnll be more room for the suckers. {Flor. Cab.)

La Greffe herbace, or herbaceous graft, is commonly thought to
have been the invention of the Baron de Tschoudy, of Metz, who em-
ployed it extensively in grafting the i)ine and fir tribe; but Francis de
Neufchatel says this grat't was known in France in the sixteenth cen-
tury. {Annates d' Hort. de Paris.)

Thinning out the leaves of Vines injurious to the fruit. — Mr. Bras-
sin, the manager of the celebrated vines at Thierney and Fontain-
bleau, does not thin out the leaves to ripen the fruit, as is too frequent-
ly done by many who cultivate grtipes. When the fruit is fidl grown,
instead of thinning the leaves, which shade the fruit from the sun, as
is the common practice, — which is so injurious, that the more the
leaves are removed, the less the fruit ripens, — he takes away the
leaves between the grapes and the wall, in order that the heat of the
sun may be reflected by the wall on the grapes. M. Poiteau truly
observes, that no leaves can be safely removed by any one who does
not possess some just notions of vegetable physiology. (Id.)

Preservation of Fruit. — Dr. Loiscleur des Longchamps preserves
apples three or four years, and pears more than one year, by enclos-
ing them in an air-tight box, and depositing it in an ice-house. Pre-
viously to placing them in the box, each pear is wrapped in five or
six thicknesses of absorbent paper, which, in case of decay, prevents
one fruit from contaminating another. Burying the box, which may
Ite of zinc or lead, or perhaps an earthen-ware vessel, three or four
feet deep in the soil, would answer equally well; and even a cool
common cellar might be used for the same purpose. {Id.)

Art. II. Foreign Notices.
ENGLx'VND.

Ul'icium floridiinum, Arb. Brit., p. 256, has proved hardy in the
climate of England: a plant of it stood out unprotected during the
severe winter of 1837-8, at Hylands, near Chelmsford, where, on
January 21st, the thermometer fell to 3*. There are several plants,

444 Foreign JVotices. — England.

one of which is five feet in height, with the branches covering a space
r f ten feet in diameter. They have been planted out upwards of twelve
years, and flower profusely every year. (jyJarnock'& Flor. Mag.)
[Perhaps this shrub, which, with us, is a green-house plant, would
stand our winters after two or three years' protection, till it acquires
some size. AVe should like to have the experiment tried. — Ed.'\

Collection of Orchiducem, in the Nursery of Messrs. Loddiges. —
Sweet's Hortus Suburbanus Londoniensis, published in 1818, contains
al)out fifty hot-house Orchideae. The catalogue of the Messrs. Lod-
diges, lately published, contains upwards of one thousand species,
showing one of the most astonishing instances of increase of species of
any one family on record. Of the one thousand species of living
plants, which Messrs. l^oddiges possess, only seven hundred have
been named, and there are over three hundred whose genuine name
is not known, or only guessed at. So great has been the passion for this
flower among the amateurs of England, that this great number has lieen
collected through the exertions of Messrs. Loddiges. (Gard. Mag.}

Great Specimens of Cacti in the Collection of the Duke of Bed-
ford.— Since this tribe has become so fashionable in Britain and on
the continent, many of the most noted patrons of gardening — among
whom the Duke of Bedford may be called one of the first— have been
anxious to secure all the rarest and most showy species: to efl^ect
this object, collectors have been sent out exclusively to procure large
and full grown specimens. The Duke of Bedford, within the short
space of three years, has amassed one of the most splendid collec-
tions in Britain. In the stoves at Woburn, the great columnar kinds
of Cereusj thirty feet high, (and especially the noble specimens of C.
senilis, two of which have attained to twelve feet, and are clothed
•with long pendent white hairs,) contrast admirably with the strange-
ly broad and depressed form of the Melocactus and Echinocactus
group, beset too as these are with spines of every shape and size
and color. A Mammillaria (yellow) supposed to weigh two cwt.^
has been sent from Mexico. It was borne on the shoulders of eight
Indians for a considerable distance before it was placed on the wagon
which conveyed it from the interior to the city. The species are used
in Mexico as a sweatmeat, being cut in ])ieces and preserved in sugar.
It had flower buds upon it when jiacked for Eurojie. (Bot. Mag.)

Combrelum purpureum treated as a green-house plant. — A paper
waff lately read before the London Hort. Soc. upon the cultivation
of this splendid flower. The author concludes his article by remark-
ing that the Combretum may be grown as a green-house plant, from
the following circumstance: — The house in which a specimen grew,
was left uncovered from November, 1830, to February, 1834, during
which time the thermomeler fell to 26° Fahrenheit. The consequence
of such exposure to cold, was the loss of the leaves, but no further
injury resulted; whence he inferred that a green-house would suit it,
provided the wood is well ripened in the autumn. (Gard. Mag.)

Hoitzia mexicuna is the name of a splendid i)lant lately introduced.
It is of an upright habit; requires the protection of the green-house
during winter, but is as admirably adapted for the flower-garden in
summer, as larger salvias and fuschias. It first flowered in 1838, in
the collection of James Harris, Esq. of Kingsbury, where it was
blooming through last winter, a plant upwards of six feet high, being
covered with its fine ])ink blossoms. (Gard. Mag.)

Hybrid Mahonias. — Seeds of Mahonia repens growing near M.
fasicularisj have produced plants which have lost all the character of

Foreign J^otices. — France. 445

M. repens, and approach nearly to those of the M. fasiculata, having
larger and more robust foliage, and vigorous, upright growth; y)ro-
ducing their flowers at the axils of the leaves, and not in terminal
corymbs. Il is a most robust and hardy plant, equalling in beauty
the M. ^quifolium. Artificial impreirnation will undoubtedly do
much to inci-ease the elegance of this fine tribe. (Gard. Mag.

FRANCE.

Propagating Dahlias by buds or joints, — In the nursery of M. G.
Luezet, at E'cully, it is stated, in a report made to the Horticultural
Society of Lyons, that the dahlias are propagated by buds or joints,
in the following manner. After a stem has attained the length of
from one foot to three feet, according to the variety, it is cut into as
many pieces as there are joints. Each piece is then reduced so as to
leave a very small s[)ace above and below the joint; one of the leaves
is cut off, and the cutting so formed is planted, leaving one of the
leaves above the ground, the greater part of the petiole being buried.
Shading and the usual routine being attended to, the plants root im-
mediately, and flower the same year. {Jlnnales d' Agriculture of
Lyons, translated in Gard. Mag.)

Priimts domestica myrobulana, Arb. Brit. 68S. — This variety of the
common P. domestica, well known in many of our gardens as the
Canada plum, has been used as a stock for the peach, nectarine, and
apricot, in the nursery of Mr. Catros, of Bordeaux, since the year
1802. The seeds were first received from this country; only two
plants were raised from them, which were preserved as stools, and
from them the stocks used in the Bordeaux nursery, and all those sold
to other nurserymen, have been raised. M. Catros died on the 11th
of November, 1836, and the nursery business is now carried on by his
nephews, M. M. Girard freres, who say that ihey have myrobalans,
•with yellow fruit, red fruit, and fruit of different shades of color,
(Query, bullaces.) The myrobalan, M. M. Girard observe, has the
advantage of growing vigorously in every soil. It makes an excel-
lent stock for plums, as well as for peaches and apricots, and more
particularly for the Reine Claude (green gage) which, grafted on the
myrobalan standard high, produces magnificent fruit. {Annates
d'Hort. Soc. de Paris.— Id.)

Large seedling Grape raided by Van Mons. — A seedling grape
vine, at Brussels, raised by Van Mons, produces fruit as large as a
green gage j)Ium, which, at the latest, ripens in the first fortnight of
August, and never fails. Its qualities are no less remarkable, as it is
both solid and sweet. (Journal of Science and Arts.)

Effect of Lightning on Trees. — In the Annates d'Hort Soc. de
Paris, vol. xxii., p. 120 to 134, an account is given of sixteen trees,
which have been struck by lightning, in different parts of France, at
various periods, from 1813 to 1837. The effects appear to have been
very different on different trees. In some, the leaves only were de-
stroyed; in others, the leaves were but slightly injured, but strips of
bark appeared to be torn off; in some, the branches were broken, and
no other injury done; in some, the trunks were split; and in others,
no injury was done to the top of the tree, but the roots were laid
bare, and torn in pieces. In several cases, where the trees were
standing near houses, or hay or corn ricks, they seem to have acted
as conductors to the electric 'fluid, and saved the cottage, or the corn-
stack or hay-rick from being struck by the lightning. This was par-

446 Foreign J^otices. — France.

ticularly the case where the Lombardy poplar or the silver fir had at-
tained a great height. The author of the article, Vicomte Hericart
de Thiiry, concludes with the following advice: —

1. Travellers and country people, reapers, haymakers, &c., during
the time of a thunder storm, should never take shelter under detached
trees; more especially under a tree which stands at a distance from
any other; such trees acting as conductors.

2. To take shelter rather under a bush, than a tree, and the lower
and more spreading it is, the better.

3. Never to take shelter on that side of an object, from which the
wind or the storm comes, or, indeed, in the direction of the wind or
the storm. Thus, supposing the storm proceeding in the direction of
east and west, then the north and south sides of a bush, or other shel-
tering object, are to be chosen, and not the east or west side

4. In the moment of danger, the safest way is to recline at length
on the ground, choosing a furrow or ditch, if any should he at hand;
but no time should be lost in searching either for a furrow or ditch,
or for a bush or a hedge, because the upright position, maintained
during the search, is incomparably more dangerous than the horizon-
tal one.

5. Always to bear in mind that the danger is great in proportion to
the shortness of the time which elapses between the appearance of the
lightning and the noise of the thunder.

6. Those who cannot afford the expense of lightning conductors to
their houses, farm buildings and ricks, should plant near them late
growing trees, such as the pyramidal oak, (Quercus pedunculata py-
ramidalis,) the Lombardy poplar, (Populus fastigiata,) the cypress,
the larch, the silver fir, the spruce fir, &c. {Jlnnales d'Hort. de Pa-
ris, as translated in Gard. Mag.)

Grafting the Lilac on the Jlsh. — It is recommended to graft the
different species of lilac on the O'rnus rotunditolia, or flowering ash,
in order to retard tho appearance of the blooming, and to prolong the
season of that beautiful shrub; but whether the lilacs would endure
many years on the ash, is very doubtful, since the period of the
movement of the sap in the trees is very different: the lilacs expand-
ing their leaves fully a month before the ash trees. {Jlnnales de la
ISoc. d''Hort. du Nord, as quoted in Annates d^Hort. de Paris, and
translated in Gard. Mag.) [We ai'e of opinion, that the earlier or
later period of the flow of the sap, in the stock, would make no ma-
terial diflJerence in the vigor or health of the scion. — Ed."]

Roots of the QLnothera biennis, eatable. — At a meeting of the Socie-
ty of the Sciences Physiques et Naturelles d'Agriculture et d'lndus-
trie, it was suggested that the (Enothera biennis might be cultivated
for the sake of its roots, which are fleshy, mild and nutritive. (An-
nates des Sciences Physiques, S,'C.)

Ji^gave americdna. — The A^gave americana is so common on several
parts of the sea shore around Toulon, that it seems indigenous. Some
plants flower every year. It is remarked that the year laefore it flow-
ers, that the centre leaves become straighter and smaller than they
ordinarily are. For the first few days, the stem rises about four inch-
es in twenty-four hours. In the space of two months, this stem ac-
quires the height of from twenty feet to twenty-two feet; it is then
about fifteen to sixteen inches in circumference at its base. The
Agave flowers at different periods, according to its localities, varying
from thirty to forty years; it dies after having flowered, but its leaves
are not completely withered till the following year. {Plants Pha-

Domestic J^otices. 447

nerogames qui croissent naturellement aux Environs de Toulon, no-
ticed in Gard. Mag.)

Art. III. Domestic Notices.

Awnings for the blooming of Dahlias. — My Sulphurea elegang
flowers continually, with perfect beautiful pale blossoms, under the
awning which has been over it for many weeks. For all flowers
which are apt to be too red, an awning will be particularly requisite.
My Sulphurea elesans, exposed to the sun, has its flowers much
stained with veA.— Yours, W. O., Sept. IS39.

Immense yield of mammoth pumpkins. — One of my neighbors,
Mr. Samuel Rinear, of Whitehall, Burlington Co., planted one seed
of the Mammoth pumpkin about the 20th of last May, and the pro-
duce was gathered on the 21st of October, and weighed as follows: — •
The largest weighed 234 pounds; second size, 173 pounds; third
size, 104 pounds; fourth size, 103 pounds; — in all, thirty-three pump-
kins, weighing collectively, 1313 pounds! The length of the vine, with
all its branches, was 1801 feet. I saw the pumpkins, and 1 have no
doubt the weight and measure above are both correct. Beat this if
you can. Yours, respectfully, T. Hancock, Burlington, N. J., Nov.
2, 1839.

Tulip Show in the City of Boston. — Mr. Walker's great Tulip
Show, next spring, will be made in the city, in the public garden at
the bottom of the Mall. An arrangement has been entered into,
between Mr. Walker and the proprietors, by which this has been
effected, greatly, we think, to the benefit of both parties. A much
larger number of visitors will see them, from the facility which the
place affords to strangers visiting the city, as well as to the inhabit-
ants themselves, many of whom would visit the garden who would
not take the trouble to ride out as far as Roxbury. By thus bring-
ing such a splendid display immediately before the public, a greater
taste for this gorgeous flower will be diff'used, and the result will be
a more extended cultivation of the tulip in city gardens, where they
will flourish well, and where even the smallest spot will enable the
owner or occupier to plant a bed of sufficient size to make a brilliant
show during the months of May and June. We are glad to an-
nounce this excellent arrangement. — Ed.

Premature flowering of fruit trees and shrubs. — The season, ag
observed in this quarter, exhibits some singular phenomena in the
vegetable kingdom. The severe storm of the 30th and 31st August
seemed to operate upon most of the plants in our vicinity, like a frost,
or a fire — curling, blackening, withering, and killing the foliage, which
generally soon dropped off", leaving the limbs and trunks in a great
measure denuded. This January nakedness was succeeded by a new
dress of leaves; and at this moment many of the fruit trees, as
plums, &c., the smaller ornamental trees and garden shrubs, particu-
larly the laburnum and others of the accacia family, are actually
blossoming a second time. These re-duplications are believed to be
injurious to the future growth of plants. — Nantucket Inquirer.

[The same phenomena have occurred in many other places. In
Sandwich, Mass., and in other towns on Cape Cod, the apple and

448 Domestic J^otices.

pear trees have flowered, A friend of ours, in Sandwich, informs ns
that his apple trees have been almost covered with bloom. At Nahant;
fruit trees, of all kinds, have flowered. At Newburyport the same
thing has occurred. Most of these premature blooms have appear-
ed in places near the sea-shore, or where the effects of the easterly-
storm, the last of August, were most felt, and are no doubt to be at-
tributed, in a degree, to the above cause. The mouth of September
was not so remarkable for its warmth, as to cause any such prema-
ture vegetation alone; but the storm, defoliating the trees, and check-
ing the flow of sap, threw them into a state of rest; the ordinary
weather of September started them into new growth, and so rapidly-
after the premature rest, that it operated like another season, and
brought forward the next year's blossoms. — Ed.]

Vbe7'is coronciria. — This is the name under which we have cultivat-
ed a new candytuft the past summer, and the plants are now, (Oct.
26,) in full bloom and beauty, the hard frosts of the 7th and 8th
leaving it uninjured. It has pinnated foliage, and, we suspect, is I.
pinnata. It is erect in its growth, flowering rather later than the old
I. amara, but continues to display its blossoms after the latter has
gone to seed. It is a most desirable acquisition, and it should be a
general favorite in every garden. We have a plant before us, as we
now write, covered with its umbels of snowy flowers. — Ed.

Continued drought in Athens, Ga. — Our drought still continues;
no rain siuce my last which has wet through the dust for half an
inch; though they have had some good showers from twenty to fifty-
miles around us. We have heavy dews, and it is yet wonderful how
vegetation survives. I am still watering my young pear trees, and
some cherries are in flower: if a warm rain comes soon, half the
forest will be in bloom, and next year's fruit ruined. I have now, on
some half dried up dahlia bushes, in my garden, the very best flow-
ers which I ever saw in my life; not, to be sure, of any of your late
crack varieties, but of such ordinary names as Napoleon, Grandis,
Bride of Abydos, Beauty of Camberwell, &c. I suspect I have the
finest specimens ever seen here. — Yours, M. Ji. W., Athens, Ga.,
Oct. 27, 1839.

Great produce of Rohan Potatoes. — The first day of this month,
I dug my Rohan potatoes, and from one tuber planted last spring,
weighing one pound, I dug five bushels; equal to three hundred
pounds to one. The three largest weighed, collectively, ten pounds,
and the largest weighed three pounds ten ounces. — Yours respectful-
ly, Thos. Hancock, Burlington, N. J., Nov. 2, 1839.

Mr. M. B. Bateham, our correspondent, of Rochester, N. Y., has
lately made a visit to I^ondon, Liverpool, and other places in Eng-
land, and returned home in the steam packet Great Western, on her
last passage to New York. Mr. Bateham made the tour principally
on private business, connected with his extensive seed establishment
at Rochester; but lie also visited many of the more celebrated public
and private gardens, with a view of becoming better acquainted with
the state of gardening and agriculture. Mr. Bateham has written us,
pince his return, that he visited Chatworth, the noble residence of the
Duke of Devonshire, the Birmingham Botanic Garden, the Sheffield
Botanic Garden, the London Horticultural Society's Garden, at Chis-
wick, Messrs. Loddiges' extensive nursery, at Hackney, and numer-
ous other gardens, at each of which places he made some memoranda,
which, we are gratified in stating, he will communicate in our next vol-
ume. He represents gardening as in a most flourishing state, and the

Domestic JYotices. 449

gratification he received from inspecting the gardens, he considers, as
amply remunerating him, or any one, desirous of observing the pro-
gress of the science, for the time and expense of the voyage. — Ed.

Mr. Buist, of Philadelphia, has lately returned from London, hav-
ing passed part of the summer in England, Scotland, and on the con-
tinent, and has brought out with him many new plants. — Id.

Obstacles to the introduction of Tropical Plants, by the Tropical
Company, at Indian Key, Tropical Florida. — Sir, — An accidental
conveyance from some unknown person, has brought to my hands
the 50th number* of your periodical, dated July, 1839. At the same
time was received a letter from a gentleman in New Jersey, which
requested for his hot-house, various seeds and plants of the adjacent
West India Islands, which he naturally supposed could be easily
brought to and transmitted from this central islet of the Florida Reef.
As your Magazine is likely read by most gentlemen proprietors of
green-houses and hot-houses, I hence beg leave, through your pages,
to inform them of the deplorable facts, that even at Buffalo or at Cin-
cinnati, they can obtain tropical seeds and tropical plants from all
tropical America, via the ports of New York or Charleston, S. C.,
with much greater facility, cheapness and safety, than I, at Indian
Key, can obtain them from Cuba, or the Bahamas, via the only port
of Key West; and that hence, since my return to this islet, on the 25th
December last, I have not been able to obtain a single plant through
this only port of entry in all tropical Florida!!!

Indeed, so great are the govermental obstacles to all natural rights
of direct intercourse with our nearest neighbors, that Colonel Harney,
of the United States army, at Cape Florida, informs me that he has
been compelled to request of the Secretary of the Treasury, his offi-
cial permission for Bahamian boats to come direct from the Bahamas
to his station, with provisions and other necessaries for his troops!
These insuperable obstacles to all agricultural improvement of South
Florida, were interposed years ago by the govermental establishment
of the single port of entry at the remote, xvestward, leeward island of
Key West; and these insuperable obstacles to the introduction and pro-
pagation of tropical plants, must continue undiminished, until addition-
al ports of entry shall be opened at or near the southern extremity of
the peninsula; but not even one additional port of entry will ever be
established, so long as it can be prevented by the powerful opposition
of all the private proprietors, public officers, and dependent popula-
tion of Key West, all strongly interested and strenuously combined to
retain and to perpetuate the exclusive monopoly of the whole wrecking
business of this reef, hitherto absolutely possessed by that single, re-
mote, inconvenient, yet only port of entry for all South Florida!!!

In January, 1837, I left Campeachy with many seeds, and proceed-
ed to New Orleans, where 1 was vainly detained till the first of June,
by the vain hope of finding a passage in some vessel bound directly to
Key West. I was then obliged to go first to the foreign port of Ha-
vana and expose all my baggage to the double annoyances of entry
and departure through the custom-house, and finally passed, in a fishing
smack, to Key West, where various devices, in word and deed, de-
tained my progress from the 17th June to the 17th July. But on rny
arrival at this islet, on the 20th of July, 1837, I soon found that its
vicinity afforded the only eligible and occvpiable site in all South

* This is incorrect, owing to a typographical error: the July number was the 55t]i,
and was made to read the 50th, by tlic numeral 5 dropping out of the form.

VOL. V. — NO. xir. 57

450 Domestic Mtices.

Florida, for the formation of a preparatory nursery of tropical plants.
Indian Key was then, and is now, the only ■populated islet nearest to
the centre of the reef, to the coast of the main land, and to the riflea
of the Seniinoles. It also contained the only person most suitable, ia
all respects, to preserve and to propagate my tropical seeds, viz.
Charles Howe, Esq., postmaster and inspector, the only man and
only officer of all South Florida — universally admitted to be the most
worthy man and officer in all South Florida! The same considera-
tions combined with the trustees of the Tropical Plant Company, on
the Sth January, 1839, to make a permanent location of the j)re-
paratory nursery for tropical plants on Lower Matacumba, one mile
west of Indian Key. We then hoped, that even during the Seminole
war, we might accumulate in this central nursery, all valuable plants
which propagate themselves on the most arid soil, and which might
thence be most conveniently extended over all the arid rocky islets of
the whole Florida Reef. We positively knew that alt the useful
plants of the tropics which British skill and capital of many years had
accumulated and domesticated on the arid stony soils of the neighbor-
ing Bahama Islands, were equally adapted to be profitably cultivated
in the same climate, on the equally arid and stony 'soil of all the
Florida Keys; and had we barely enjoyed our natural rights of direct
intercourse between Nassau and the nursery at the only proper sea-
son of the solstitial rain in June, we should then have transferred a
whole cargo of living plants, whose geometrical multiplication in a
single year would have been incalculably important to the speedy cul-
tivation of tropical plants in tropical Florida. But we covld not ob-
tain a single iropicalplant for the preparatory nursery, and its cleared
site is now becoming filled again with indigenous weeds f (Carica
Papaya.*) We had, however, entertained strong hopes of collect-
ing materials for the preparatory nursery, from the green-houses and
hot-houses of the northern States and of Europe, by the only prom-
ised facility of a semi-monthly mail packet from New York via In-
dian Key and Key West to St. Marks; but the contractor did not
fulfil his arrangements with the Post-master General, and hence we
passed six months without even one regular mail for the regular trans-
mission of even a single letter! A monthly mail packet from Charles-
ton, S. C, was next re-established in July last, but on her third trfp
out, she was wrecked on the 7th of September, and we do not yet
know whether she will ever be replaced by another monthly packet.

We also, at one period, entertained a third humble hope, for use-
ful occupation of our safe central nursery, in the multiplication of
the progeny of the few tropical plants near Cape Florida, introduced
by me in 1833, — but which, since 1835, have been propagating them-
selves in the dangerous sites infested by the savage Seniinoles. Un-
der the kind instructions of the enlightened Secretary of War, I, at
the least, did hope that a kw plants might be removed from a few
sites in the destructible possession of red men; but noiv, my only
hope is, that the same plants may be preserved in the same sites from
the destructive power of white men.

The proprietors of hot-houses in the United States will hence per-
ceive that the only proximate hope for even a monthly intercourse
with the preparatory nursery will depend on the restoration of the
monthly mailfpacket from Charleston, S. C, and that the only fu-
ture hopes for filling said nursery with plants direct from the tropics,

♦ Papaws.

Domestic JVbftccj. 451

will depend on the establishment of an additional port of entry, near
the centre of the Florida Reef — Very respectfully, your obedient
servant, Henry Perrine, Superintendent for the T. P. Co., Indian
Key, Fa., Oct. 22, 1839.

P. S. — Under actual circumstances it is very evident that I can
barely increase my miniature collections in boxes of earth on this co-
ral islet by the only means of the few seeds which shall |)ossibly reach
me through the only channel of the Patent Office, at Washington,
D. C; where the enlightened Commissioner has practically estab-
lished the desiderated agricultural department by his immensely im-
portant circular of June 1st, 1839. But I do not expect any seeds, ex-
cept from the very few intelligent friends of the enterprise who may
thoroughly appreciate the probable importance of the advance in a
single month of the vegetation of a single seed in this exclusively cal-
careous soil! — H. P.

[We regret exceedingly to learn that there are such insuperable
obstacles to the establishment of a preparatory nursery of tropical
plants at Indian Key, and we sincerely hope that government will be
induced, in the same generosity with which Congress granted to the
Company the land for the formation of the nursery, to open a port
of entry at Indian Key, or near the southern extremity of the pen-
insula. We have looked upon the establishment of this Company
as an object which will eventually be of immense usefulness and
importance to the agriculture of the United States, and particularly
to Florida and the southern portions of the Union, where many of
the plants of the tropics, which afford staple commodities of com-
merce, may be introduced and acclimatized, through the medium of
the preparatory nursery at Indian Key. Dr. Perrine, in his able
report before Congress, has given a list of many of the most useful
plants, which will, without doubt, flourish in Florida and the ad-
joining states, and their introduction and cultivation will render
us independent of other nations, for those useful products which are
now almost exclusively furnished us from the neighboring islands,
in the same latitude, and with a climate and a soil in no way better
adapted to their growth than the rocky islets of the Florida Reef

We are glad to have the pleasure of presenting to our readers the
above communication of Dr. Perrine, and as our Magazine does
reach the hands of nearly all the principal proprietors of green-
houses and hot-houses, from Maine to Florida, we trust that their
attention will be drawn to the subject; and we would request all those
who may have seeds of tropical plants, particularly some of our cor-
respondents in Philadelphia and Baltimore, to transmit to Dr. Perrine,
through the Commissioner of the Patent Office, at Washington, any
tropical or other seeds which they think would be useful to the pre-
paratory nursery. We hope that Dr. Perrine will address us again on
this subject, and we shall be pleased to be the medium of conveying
information of the progress of the company towards establishing their
nursery. Any seeds forwarded to our care will be immediately trans-
mitted to the Commissioner at Washington, to be sent directly to Dr.
Perrine. — Ed.]

Fuchsia fidg ens has flowered in the collection of Mr, I. H. Gardi-
ner, of Roxbury. It is a splendid species, with large scarlet flowers,
and of vigorous habit. — Ed.

452 Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies.

Art. IV. Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies.

Our reports of the exhibitions which have been held by various so-
cieties are more complete than last year, though not so much so as we
had anticipated. The monthly reports of the Pennsylvania Horticul-
tural Society have been already given, and the report of the annual
exhibition only remains to comprete the shows of this flourishing so-
ciety for 1839. The Horticultural Association of the Valley of the
Hudson has held two exhibitions, one spring and one autumnal one;
the former at Albany, N. Y., the re})ort of which appears at p, 310;
the latter held in New York, at Niblo's Garden, we have not receiv-
ed any report of up to this period. The exhibitions which have been
held by other societies, except those given below, are the New Haven
Horticultural Society, and the Brooklyn Horticultural Society, N. Y.,
reports of neither of which have yet been received. One new society
has been formed, the Middlesex Horticultural Society of Lowell, an
account of the first exhibition of which has appeared in our pages,
(387.) We regret that our correspondents have not sent us the
reports of the exhibitions of the societies above noticed, which do
not appear in the following list; as it was our wish to have em-
braced every exhibition which had taken place the present year, even
if we had been under the necessity of giving an extra sheet, to enable
us to include them in this number. We believe that they would be
read with more interest, collected together in this way, than if appear-
ing at various periods; and they would present a better idea of what
had been effected by the labors of each society, than if read in de-
tached portions. We regret that we have not been enabled to ac-
complish this object. Another year we shall make it a point to give
no report of any exhibition, unless received in season for our closing
number of the volume.

It will be seen, by a glance at the reports below, that the objects
have been more varied, and the specimens more numerous, than in
previous seasons. It will also be seen that more premiums have been
distributed than heretofore; and to this may be attributed the superior
character and interest of the exhibitions. It is the only way to bring
about legitimate results; and every society which has the spice of a
taste for horticultural pursuits, and a desire to promote the interests
of the science as its sole objects, will see at once that in no way can
this be so speedily brought about as by the offer of liberal premiums;
thus inducing both amateurs and practical gardeners to excel each
other in their productions.

Essex County Natural History Society. — Three exhibitions of
fruits and flowers hive been held at the Society's hall this season;
the two first early in the season, when the roses and poeonies were in
their prime; the other, later, when the gorgeous dahlia makes so
conspicuous a show, and the trees are heavily laden with the choic-
est fruit.

The storm on Friday night,^August 30th, caused no inconsiderable
havoc to the fruit and flowers. In many of our gardens the flowers
were entirely destroyed, and the fruit was snaken from the trees in
vast quantities; however, some were spared, and the garden of F.
Putnam furnished a fine display of dahlias, said to be superior to any
that has ever before been exhibited in Salem. The collection of fruit
was very fine.

Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies. 453

At all the exhibitions there has been, as usual, a goodly display of
native plants, fomiing a striking and very marked contrast when ar-
ranged by the side of the more showy species of our gardens.

The following are some of the plants exhibited, and their contrib-
utors.

Wednesdaij, June 19, 1839.— Garden Plants:— From J. S. Cabot,
roses, a variety, including Harris6nz«, Wells's China cabbage. Watt's
Celestial, and King of Prussia; paeonies, AVhittleju, Pottsii, and
Reeves^"; herbaceous plants, OVobus niger, purpurea and variegata,
Amsonia salicifolia, Uictamnus rubra, Dracocephalum RuyschitiTiMm,
Geranium sanguineum, Lupinus polyphyllus. Phlox maculatum and
Buaveolens, Podalyria australis, Tradescantm, »fcc.; pansies.

From F. Putnam, Cactus var. Jenkinsonw, new scarlet and late-
ritius; pteonies, BanksM, jsapaveracea, ReevesM,Potts/e, RichardsouM,
&c.; roses, Lee's crimson perpetual, Rivers's George IV", Empress
of France, new beautiful Provence, &c. J. F. Allen, bouquets, pan-
sies, &c. W. P. Richardson, bouquets, containing Geranium stria-
tum, roses, several varieties of columbines, blue bottles, &c. John
Lewis Russell, bouquets, roses, pansies, Si.c.

Native Plants: — From Andrew Nichols, of Danvers, Sarracenm
purpurea, iVis prismatica, and versicolor, i^riza media, i?ubus odora-
tus, &c. &c. John Lewis Russell, Calla palustris, Cetraria lamino-
sa, and Borrera purpuracea. E. S. L. Richardson, Cnrydaiis glauca,
.^Vum triphyllum, Cistus canadensis, Thesium umbellatum, &c. &c.
George D. Phippen, Ficia sativa.

Fruit: — From J, F. Allen, figs and cherries. Andrew Nichols,
seedling cherries.

Native Fruit: — E. S. L. Richardson, Fragaria virginiana.

Wednesday,. June 26,1839. — Garden Plants: — From Mrs. William
Dean, Pasbma WhittleJM. Mrs. J. D. Treadwell, bouquets of Lysi-
machia, Lonicera, roses, &c. J. C. Lee, moss and Scotch i-oses, and
bouquets. E. H. Derby, Magnolia tripetala, Liriodendron tulipifera,
Hoya carnosa, Passiflora and .Acacia. J. S. Cabot, roses, Talma
nouveau, Mobach, Cupid, La Beaute eblouisante, Charles IL, &c.;
pinks. Ford's seedling. Bow's Claudius, Reid's Princess Victoria, &c.
Astrantia minor, Fumaria speciosa, .Spiree^a trifohata, and filipendu-
la flora pleno, Podalyria australis, Campanula jjersiceefolia, varieties
double white and blue; pseonies, &c.

From J. F. Allen, dahlias, first exhibited this season. James
Green, moss roses, pinks, &c. T. Ropes, jr., Papaver orientalis.
G. D, Phippen, bouquet. S. Driver, jr., bouquets; roses. Bouquet
perfecta, Banks's lutea, moss, cabbage, Provence, black mottled,
Tuscany, Celestial, &c. William P. Richardson, bouquets of roses,
geraniums, &c. F. Putnam, Cactus var. speciosissimus, AckermanzV,
&c.; roses, about fifty varieties; preonies, Hume?, Whittle/w, splen-
dens, anemoneflora, and several other varieties.

Native Plants: — From Henry J. Cross, Geum nivale, Campanula
gloraerata (introduced,) and rotundifolia, Thalictrum corynellum,
.^splenium ebenium, .;2Vum triphyllum, Lathyrus palustris, Hypoxis
erecta, Solanum dulcamara, Kalmia angustifolia. Azalea viscosa,
/S'enecio aureus. Geranium dissectum. G. D. Phippen, .^'rum tri-
phyllum, wild and cultivated.

Fruit: — J. C. Lee, strawberries, pine. Keen's seedling, and Hovey's
seedling [No. 2;] cherries, white Bigarreau. J. F. Allen, peaches.
Royal George clingstone; grapes, black Hamburgh, raised in his
green-house. William P. Richardson, cherries, white Bigarreau.

454 Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies.

Vegetables; — Samuel Webb, jr., exhibited specimens of rye, (Se-
cale cereale,) of unusual size, raised by him in Conant street, near
the North river. The stalks measured from seven to eight feet, and
the heads from six to seven inches. The v^fhole field averages from
six to seven feet. A correspondent of the Yarmouth Register de-
scribes a field of rye on the farm of Heman Bursley, of West Barn-
stable. He says, it appeared remarkably even and tail, most of it as
high as the head. He cut several stalks above the root, which, on
measuring, were found to vary from six feet four inches to six feet
eleven inches; one head measuring seven inches, or seven and three
quarters, including the beard. The present specimen exceeds that
of West Barnstable. In Lancaster, (Mass.) I noticed a field of rye,
about the same time, where many of the stalks measured seven feet
and upwards.

Thursday, Oct. 3, 1839.— Garden Plants:— From Francis Putnam,
dahlias, two hundred blooms, of about one hundred varieties, among
which were Ansell's Unique, Mrs. Rushton, Striata formosissima,
Ne Plus Ultra, Countess of Mansfield, Sunbury Hero, Zeno, Hope,
Marchioness of Lothian, Queen Victoria, new Picta formosissima,
and Rienzi. William F. Gardner, O'xalis Bowiew. Bouquets from
Miss R. S. Ives, J. C. Lep, and W. P. Richardson.

Native Plants: — From Henry J. Cross, Wamamelis virginica, Gen-
t'xtina saponaria, Cuscida americana, Gerardz'a pedicularia, and tenui-
folia, Polygala sanguinea, Solidago bicolor, and cse^sia, t/2'ster Novae
A'ngliB and Neottia cernua. E. S. L. Richardson, .Solidago and as-
ter, many species, &c.

Fruits: — From R. Manning, apples, Ribstone pippin, Danvers
winter sweet, Bellflower (Coxe,) and Brabant Bellflowers; pears.
Long Green, (of Coxe,) Beri de la Motte, Winter Nelis, Wilkinson,
Beurre brown, Beurre bosc, Catillac, Winter Orange, Monsieur le
Cure (Burgomaster of Boston,) Jalousie, Louise Bonne de Jersey,
Easter beurre and Fulton; plums, Imperatrice violette, Coe's Golden
Drop, and Saint Catharine. Pickering Dodge, Elfin Glen, pears,
Napoleon; grapes, black Hamburgh, white Chasselas, rose Chasse-
las, and Zinfindal. William A. Lander, apples, Monstrous pippin,
and Fall pippin; pears, Ganzel's Bergamot, St. Ghislain, and two
others, names unknown.

From J. C. Lee, pears, Messire Jean, Rouisselet de Rheims, and
Long Green Mouthwater; peaches, Malta, and several fine sorts,
name unknown; Grapes, black Hamburgh, Sweetwater and Zinfindal
(all excellent,) and a pot containing a black Hamburgh vine, with six
bunches of beautiful fruit. Ephraim Emmerton, pears, Surpasse
virgalieu, Beurre Diel, Urbaniste, Maria Louise, Henry IV., St. Mi-
chael, Broca's Bergamot, Princess d' Orange, Seckel, Capsheaf,
Glout morceau, Bonne Louise, Gushing, Prince's St. Germain, and
Frederic de Wurtemburg.

J. M. Ives, apples, Campfield or Newark sweeting; pears, Lewis,
Jalousie, Glout morceau, Bezi Montigny, Bezi de la Motte, Beurre
bronze, Bleeker's Meadow, striped St. Germain, Michael Henry pip-
pin, Josephine, Andrews, Capiaumont, Easter beurre, Brown beurre,
Wilkinson, Bufium, Passe Colmar, Duchess d'Angouleme, St. Mi-
chael, and Autumn bergamot; peaches, Lemon clingstone; ))lums,
blue Imperatrice, and Cruger's seedling; melons, Minorca and Green
Flesh (citron.) George Driver, grapes, black Hamburgh, (open
culture,) and Isabella. William P. Richardsonj apples, Ribstone

Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies. 455

pippin; pears, Moorfowl's Egg, Broca's Bergamot, Brown beurre,
and Iron; quinces; oranges.

Vegetables: — From Pickering Dodge, Elfin Glen, a pumpkin
weighing seventy-nine pounds, from seeds sent him from Indiana.

Albany Horticultural Society. — The annual meeting of the Albany
Horticultural Society was held in Albany, on Wednesday, the 18th
of September, 1839, in the large hall room in the Atheneeum building.
The show was well attended, and was got up in fine style. The com-
mittee reported the following contributions to the exhibition: —

From Walter Elder, (gardener to Dr. Wendell,) Albany, fifteen
sorts potatoes, China corn, bouquets of flowers, white and red sugar
beets, mangel wurtzel, red and white onions, French pumpkin,
weight ninety-six pounds, Spanish pumpkin, weight ninety pounds,
kohl rabi, white egg plant, yellow and red tomatoes, twenty sorts
heart's ease. Philip Henry, Albany, white solid celery, German
greens, kohl rabi, case-knife pole beans. Andrew E. Brown, Alba-
ny, large pumpkins, celery, yellow tomatoes. G. C. Thorburn, New
York, a case containing choice varieties of dahlias. James Wilson,
Albany, dahlias, green-house plants, varieties of heart's ease.

From J. Buel & Co., Albany Nursery, a beautiful variety of dah-
lias and other flowers, interwoven in the form of a Castle of Flora;
also, a great variety of bouquets of flowers. Theophilus Rossole,
Albany, white solid celery, very fine butter squashes, turnips, blood
beets. Daniel Payne, Albany, large Roman cabbage, weight twenty
pounds, Spanish pumpkins, cocoa-nut squashes, ruta bagas, potatoes,
cucumbers, variegated corn. Theodore Allen, Hyde Park, salsify,
or vegetable oyster, purple egg plant and red onions. Charles Gil-
christ, Albany, drumhead cabbages, weight twenty-one pounds each,
egg plant, pears, apples, parsnips, carrots, beets, black cluster grapes.
John Faley, Albany, large pumpkin, ruta baga, potatoes.

From William Buel, Albany, onions, potatoes, beets, mangel wurt-
zel, carrots, parsnips, winter squashes, egg plant, ruta bagas, dahlias,
peaches, pears, plums, apples. John W. Smith, Albany, potatoes
and parsnips. Mr. Benson, Hudson, sweetwater, Isabella grapes,
and tomatoes. Joseph Hall, Arbor Hill, Albany, pears and quinces.
P. Ashton, Albany, onions, beets, Lima pole-beans, carrots, purple
egg plant. Charles Buel, Albany, fine tomatoes. Charles H. Loucks,
Albany, large pumpkin, weight one hundred and ten pounds, cocoa
nut squash. Gen. Dix, Albany, two varieties pears. Thomas In
gram, two varieties of grapes. A. P. Heartt, Troy, dahlias and egg
plants.

From Prof. J. W. Jackson, Schenectady, bouquets of flowers, and
a fine assortment of dahlias. Thomas Turner, Albany, plums, grapes,
peas, Rohan potatoes, yellow and red tomatoes, beets, cabbages, car-
rots, four varieties corn, ruta baga ; largest French pumpkin, weight
one hundred and twelve pounds; celery, squashes, onions, dahlias, and
a lot of flowers. Robert Neely, Albany, Isabella grapes and plums.
Dr. B. P. Staats, Albany, egg plums. J. Whalen, Albany, white
egg plants, tomatoes, nasturtium in pickle, grapes, dahlias and other
flowers. John B. Hutson, Albany, purple brocoli, fine carrots, egg
plants, long and turnip beets. Jacob Mayer, Albany, one large
pumpkin.

B^rom John E. Lovett, Albany, magnum bonum and egg plums.
Thomas Dowling Albany, three sorts seedling potatoes. Edward
Fortune, Albany, onions, large watermelons, tomatoes, beets, man-
gel wurtzel, parsnips, carrots, seven year pumpkins, crook-neck win-

456 Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies.

ter squashes. Judge Woodworth, Hyde Park, onions, carrots, sugar
beets extra large, mangel wurtzel very large size, purple egg plant,
Lima beans, Rohan potatoes, turnips, seedling Victoria potatoes. C.
N. Bement, Albany, superior white carrots, (a new variety,) long
blood beets, mangel wurtzel, tomatoes. Wm. Bement, Albany,
squashes, parsnips, onions, carrots, mangel wurtzel verj^ fine.

The following are the reports of the Committee for awarding pre-
miums:—

The committee appointed to decide the premiums on flowers,

&c., would report that they have awarded the premiums as follows: —

For 25 best dahlias, to G. C. Thorburn, New York, . . . $20 00

For 25 next best dahlias, to James Wilson, 15 00

For 25 next best dahlias, to J. Buel & Co 10 00

For 25 next best dahlias, to Prof. Jackson, 5 00

For 25 next best dahlias, to A. P. Heartt, Troy, , ... 3 00
For best design for a centre ornament of a table of flowers,

to J. Buel & Co 5 00

For second best design for a centre ornament of a table of

flowers, to William Buel, 3 00

For best bouquet of flowers, to W. Elder, 2 00

For greatest variety bouquet flowers, to J. Buel & Co. . . 3 00
For best specimen green-house plants, to James Wilson, . 2 00
For greatest assortment of plants in pots, to J. Whaleu, . 2 00
For greatest assortment of Heart's Ease, to W. Elder, . 1 00

Alexander Ross, W^alter Elder, Martin Lowe, committee.
The committee appointed to award premiums on fruits would award
the following premiums: —

For two largest bunches grapes, to J. Whalen, . . . . #5 00
For next largest bunches Isabella grapes, to R. Neely, . . 3 00
For white sweetwater grapes, to Mr. Benson, of Hudson, . 2 00

For pears, to C. Gilchrist, 5 00

For pears, to Gen. Dix, 3 00

For one dozen best variety apples, to William Buel, ... 5 00
For one dozen next best variety apples, to Charles Gilchrist, 3 00

For one dozen best peaches, to William Buel, 2 00

For one dozen best quinces, to Joseph Hall, 1 00

For four water-melons, large size, to E. Fortune, . . . . 3 00

Isaac Denniston, R. M. Meigs, A. P. Heartt, committee.
The committee to award premiums on vegetables, have awarded as
follows: —
Largest pumpkin, weight 112 lbs., to Thomas Turner, . , #2 00

Next largest, 110 lbs., "to J. H. Loucks, 1 00

Two largest heads cabbages, to C. Gilchrist, 1 00

Two next largest heads cabbages, to Daniel Payne, ... 1 00
Best variety of winter squashes, to Edward Fortune, ... 2 00

Best tomatoes, to Charles Buel, 1 00

Best fruit of the egg plant, to A. P. Heartt, 100

Best variety winter potatoes, W. Elder, 2 00

Two best heads brocoli, to J. B. Hutson, 2 00

Six best heads celery, to Theophilus Rossole, 1 00

One dozen turnips, for family use, from Judge Woodworth,

of Hyde Park, Duchess county, 1 00

One dozen best carrots, for family use, to P. Ashton, ... 1 00
One dozen best carrots, for stock, to C. Gilchrist, .... 1 00
One dozen best ruta baga, for stock, to J. Faley, .... 1 00

Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies. 457

Half dozen best sugar beets, for stock, to Judge Woodward, of

Hyde Park, 1 00

Half dozen best mangel wurtzel, to C- N- Bement, .... 1 DO
Half dozen best beets, for family use, to W. Buel, .... 1 00
Half dozen best parsnips, for family use to J. W. Smith, . 1 00
Half dozen best salsify, or vegetable oyster, to "J'heo. Allen, of

Hyde Park, 1 00

One dozen best onioHS, to Edward Fortune, 1 00

Half peck best Lima pole beans, to Jud<^e Woodworth, . • 1 00
Half dozen white carrots, (disc prem) to C N. Bement, - 1 00
Half doz. yellow tomatoes, (discr. prem.) to T. Booth, . • 1 00
Three varieties seedling potatoes (disc, prem.) to T. Dowling, 1 00

German greens, (discr. prem) to P. Henery, 1 00

Kohl Rabi, (discr. prem.) to P. Henery, 1 00

Two Spanish pumpkins, (discr. prem.) to Daniel Payne, . 1 00

Andrew E. Brown, Charles Buel, Jesse Buel, jr., committee.
Horticultural Exhibition of the Burlington Lyceum, (N. J.) —
Dear Sir, — Below I send ynu an account of our horticultural exhibi-
tion, held in this place on the 25th and 26th of September last. The
show was well got up, and was attended by a large number of visit-
ors. The following were the contributors: —

From Horace Binney, Esq., black Hamburgh grapes, late Heath
peaches, Gloria mundi apples. Butter pears, Spanish chestnuts, Cof-
fee tree full of fruit, Pandanus, or Screw pine, green and black tea,
mahogany, banana, two fine gum elastics, palms, and many other fine
exotics. Charles Chauncey, Esq., Butter pears; sugarcane; five ex-
tra lemon trees, full of fruit, equal to any in this vicinity; oranges,
figs, palms, gardenias, roses, and many other exotics.

From Joseph Askew, Crasanne, Muscat, AUemand, St. Germain,
Seckel (fine,) Butter (fine,) and Harrison fall pears. Joseph Goldy,
Gloria mundi and Lady apples, Amelia Smith, Mandarin and Myrtle
orange trees, full of fruit, Susan L Smith, white Chasselas, Isabella
and Elsinborough grapes, and Crasanne pears, Thomas Dutton,
Crasanne and Orange d'hiver pears. John Cox, Seckel pears. Su-
san V. Bradford, Yucca sp., thirteen feet high, oranges, myrtles,
pomegranates, jessamines, pittosporums, roses, &c.

From Capt. F. Engle, Butter pears. Samuel R. Wetherill, frost
gage plums, Crasanne, Bergamot, Butter, and Harrison Fall pears, Is-
abella, and white Lisbon grapes, Maltese orange trees full of fruit,
sweet oranges, lemons, cactuses, &,c,, a basket bouquet, Mrs, Hib-
berts's garden. Thirteenth and Lombard streets, Philadelphia, a fine
basket bouquet. Mrs. Henry C. Carey, two fine basket bouquets, wine
apples, Madeira nuts, and butter-nuts. Charles Kinsey, lime tree,
with sixty full grown fruit on, lemons and Butter pears. Dylwin Smith,
Butter pears and apples, Samuel Stockton, Elsinborough grapes.
Mrs, S, C. Roberdet, Elsinborough, Isabella and Golden Cha.sselas
grapes. Mrs. Emory, some fine exotics. Ann Cox, lemons and
orange trees, full of fruit, and centre bouquets. Mrs. Rebecca Ches-
ter, lemons, oranges, Catawba and Isabella grapes.

George Gaskili, Isabella grapes. James C. Hulme, Elsinborough
grapes. Joseph & N. W. C. Scott, some fine watermelons. Lewis
Price, Elsinborough grapes. Mrs. Mackason, Isabella grapes. James
Sterling, Elsinborough grapes. George Deacon, Lislion grajjes.
Samuel R. Gummere, Elsinborough grapes. Abraham Z. Shreeve,
Isabella and Elsinborough grapes. John Pool, Gloria mundi apples.
Robert Grubb, fine apples, and wild grapes. James Amonson, fine
VOL. V. NO. XII. 5S

458 Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies.

apples. Margaret M. Smith, Bland and Elsinborough grapes. Sam-
uel Vauseive, limes, lemons and other exotics. Christian Estelow,
four suijar beets, weight together, forty pounds and three quarters.
David King, fine quinces. William McKee,jr., limes, roses, cac-
tuses, and other fine plants; a fine bouquet. Adam Price, figs.

From Thomas Hancock, black pepper, mahogany tree, coffee tree,
aniseed, and gum elastic; red cheek Malacoton peaches, hard shell
almonds, white Chasselas grapes, one hundred and one varieties of
dahlias, two pyramids of cut flowers, put up by Nathan Holman and
Matthew Roydhouse. Thomas Heiskell, about ninety varieties of
dahlias. Allen Jones, Smock's Cling, and Rodman's Red Cling

S caches. Isaac Pullen, Heiehtstown Smock's Cling, and Rodman's
led Cling peaches. Israel Kinsman, Smock's Free, and Rodman's
Red Cling peaches. John Hulme, a seedling freestone peach, extra
fine. Miss Caroline Watson, a fine bouquet. Ward Cheney &
Brothers, a fine umbrella bouquet. George Robinson, a fine pyramid
bouquet.

The following ladies and gentlemen contributed fine specimens of
vesetables, viz: William G. Deacon, mammoth pumpkin, one hundred
and ninety pounds; Jonathan Hilyard, William Smith, Burr Wool-
man, Charles Kinsey, Jacob Dawson, John Roydhouse, Joseph L.
Powell, Caleb Gaskill, David Allen, Daniel Hancock, Samuel Rog-
ers, Benjamin Tage, Horace Binney, William McKee, jr., Mrs. Kel-
lum, Joseph Pierson, Ward Cheney & Brothers, Henry Mahan, Dyl-
win Smith, Joseph H- Smith, Joseph Askew, Matthew Ivory, Adam
Price, Mrs. Gen. Wall, Bishop Doane, Caleb S. Wright, Thomas
Hancock, Joseph Parish, jr. Mrs. Henry C. Carey, Mrs. Rebecca Ches-
ter, Capt. F. Engle, Francis Weber, and James C. Hulme-

From James Hopkins, corner of Broad and Chestnut streets, Phila-
delphia, a very superior ink for writing on zinc labels-
Premiums awarded on Thursday, the 26th: —

For the best native grapes, Elsinborough, six bunches, to Samuel
Stockton.

For the best foreign, six bunches, white Chasselas, to Susan I Smith.

For the best peaches, half peck, Smock's Cling and Rodman's red
Cling, to Allen Jones.

For the best pears, half peck, and Seckel apples, to John Cox-

For Gloria mundi, to Joseph Goldy.

For the best watermelons, three, to Joseph and N- W- C- Scott-

For the best potatoes (Mercer's,) to Capt. F. Engle.

For the best sweet potatoes, to Matthew Ivory.

For the best Lima beans, to Adam Price-

For the best onions, to Benjamin Tage.

For the best twelve varieties of dahlias, to Thomas Heiskell-

For the best bouquet, to Ann Cox.

For the best celery, six roots, to John Cox-

For the best brocolis, three heads, to Bishop Doane-

For the best egg plants, three, to Joseph Parrish, jr.

For the best pyramid of cut flowers, to Nathan Holman.

For the largest pumpkin, one hundred and ninety pounds, to Wil-
liam G. Deacon.

We more than realized our expectations and the expectations of
others. — Yours, very respectfully, Thomas Hancock, Burlington,
Oct. 1839.

Maryland Horticultural Society — Meeting, Aug. ITth, 1839. Flow-
ers:— From John Feast, Brunsvigici Josephince, w3ristol6chia labiosa,

Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies. 459

Renealmta rnitans, Fitex c^'gnus castus, Madame Despres Tea rose,
Bourbon Tea rose, Passiflora Kermesina, and twelve varieties of
fine dahlias.

Fruits:— From B. I. Cohen, Esq., a dish of fine peaches, and two
of plums. From Abner Linthicuni, Esq., half a peck of Duff's early
yellow peaches, very superior.

Aug.'iAth. — Flowers: — From John Feast, a beautiful bouquet of
cut flowers, consisting of dahlias, roses, hibiscuses, &.c. From Dr. T.
Edmonson, jr., a beautiful collection of cut flowers, consisting of the
following roses: Jaune Despres, Noisette, Madame Despres, Bour-
bon; also, phloxes, German asters, and the following dahlias — Water
Witch, Dennlssu, King of the Whites, Desdemona, Lady C. Long,
Martin Van Buren, Village Maid, &c.

Vegetables: — From John McCauley, gardener to Mr. Wilson, a
large and fine e^^ plant, weighing five pounds and four ounces, and a
plate of fine Lima beans.

Sept. 1th. — Flowers: — From John Feast, a new plant, from the
West Indies, producing a scarlet flower, name unknown; also, a fine
variety of dahlias. From Samuel Feast, a fine variety of dahlias,
and several roses, &c. From Edward Kurtz, a bouquet of fine Ger-
man asters and zinnias; also, seedling phloxes, &c. From Mrs. John
Lester, a large bouquet of China asters, fine.

Fruits:— From James Stuart, (Talbot Co.) an apple weighing one
pound and five ounces. From Mrs. John Ridgley, of Hampton,
three varieties of peaches, remarkably fine, six weighing two pounds
and ten ounces.

Vegetables: — From Jeremiah Nichols, (of Kent Co.) a sugar beet,
weighing thirteen pounds and eight ounces.

A committee of arrangements was chosen at this meeting, to super-
intend the annual exhib'ition on the 25th.

Sept. 14<A.— Flowers:— From John Feast, O'xalis Bowies, and a
collection of roses, dahlias, &c. From W. C. Wilson, a fine collec-
tion of dahlias. From Samuel Feast, a collection of dahlias and roses.

Vegetables: — From Col. Mercer, two mangel wurtzel beets, weigh-
ing each sixteen pounds and ten ounces, and fifteen pounds and two
ounces. From Robert Ramsay, three fine egg plants, one weighing
five pounds and eight ounces. From Robert Gilman, one large pota-
to. From John McTavish, one large pumpkin, weighing one hun-
dred and six pounds; also, one egg plant, four pounds.

Fruit: — From R. Owen, pippin apples. From James Wilson,
Dwyana pears. From John Barbour, three large apples. From
J. McTavish, Catawba, and other grapes.

The Fall Exhibition of the Society was held on the 25th, 26th, and
27th of September, and far exceeded any previous show of the Asso-
ciation, both in the quality and excellence of the articles exhibited;
especially has the Society to congratulate itself and the community,
whose interests are so identified with this laudable institution, at the
marked and manifest improvement, gradual though sure, which is ev-
ident in our horticultural productions- " What indeed could exceed
the rare and beautiful fruits, with which the tables were so bountifully
loaded.? The vegetables — what shall we say of them?— then, too, the
rich and varied display of native and exotic plants, enriched by that
gorgeous flower, the dahlia." The following were the contributions
to the exhibition: —

Flowers:— From Dr. T. Edmonson, the followin? green-house and
hot-house plants:— Cq^ea arabica, Astrapfc'a Walb't-hu, (seven feet
in diameter,) Dractc'na ferrea, three varieties of f-iibiscus sinensis,

460 Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies.

Cam^llm japonica alba pleno (in bloom,) Strelitzm reginse, Calathea
zehrina, Tradescanu'd bicolor, Cunningliamza lanceolata, several spe-
cies of Cactus and many other plants; also, dalilias in boxes, which
were very attractive. From Mrs. George Lane, Pittosporum Tobtra
varie-fata, Euonymus variegata, Passiflora alata, JWyrtus [.?] austrkiis,
Bruginansia arhorea, Lotus jacobas^'us, Magnoh'a fuscata, &c. From
St. Mary's College, Cookia punctata, four species of Ficus, Dracse^na
draco, Eucalyptus of sorts, A'^gave geminiflora, .y3Vum cordatum,
myrtles, melaleucas and many other plants. From G. W. Andrews,
Epiphyllum AckermannM. From Miss Cohen, a large plant in full
bloom of Cestrum nocturnum.

From Zebulon Waters, two plants of the Guernsey lily, in bloom,
Jasminum grandiflorum, Fuchsia globosa, Achania jnalvaviscus, &c.
Mrs. Skinner, a fine specimen of an orchidaceous plant. Ed. Kurtz,
Metrosideros semperflorens, green and black tea plants. Yellow Tea
rose and the Triumph of l^uxemborgh Tea, an ornamental stand of
verbenas, &c. Mr. Cowly, choice plants. Mr. Devaux, Echinocac-
tus EyriesM, iMex variegata, Crassula falcata, Euotiymus variegata,
and other plants.

From John Feast, Astrapse^a Wallichu, Ficus elastica, O'xalis
Bowiei, Milsa paradisiaca, Tillandsia serrata, Tabernseraontana coro-
naria, Erythrina Crista-galli, Crinum americana, Gesnera nova, Hi-
biscus of sorts. Sago palm, cactuses, cyclamens, melaleucas, &c.
From Samuel Feast, Coffea arabica, Carolinea princeps, and regin.-e,
clove tree, Draese^na draco and ferrea, Passiflora princeps, alata and
Kermesina, Manettia cordifolia, Cattleya Forhesii in fine flower,
Jlfimosa arborea, cinnamon, camphor and tea trees, Sago palm, aca-
cias, and other plants.

Cut flowers were contributed as follows: — From Mrs. G. W. Riggs,
a fine display, particularly of roses. Mrs. John Lester, bouquets.
Mrs. Robert Gilmore, Tea, Noisette, daily, and other roses, zinnias,
marigolds, hollyhocks, verbenas, &c. Mrs. Charles Bohn, splendid
dahlias, and other choice flowers. Miss Moore, some choice bouquets
of dahlias and many other flowers. W. C. Wilson, a superb collec-
tion of magnificent dahlias, among which were Marchioness of Tavis-
tock, Mary Queen of Scots, Conqueror of Europe, Sulphurea ele-
gans, Juliet, Stone's Yellow Perfection, Sir Henry Fletcher, Glory of
the West, together with other flov^rers. Mrs. George Law, a choice
stand of dahlias, and large quantities of the choicest annual and gar-
den flowers. Mrs. Robert Taylor, some very fine flowers. Mrs.
Muschett, a collection of roses and other flowers.

From Miss Sophia Kurtz, a fine collection of zinnias. Miss Mary
Waters, roses, dahlias, zinnias, &c. Mrs. Lyons, very fine Lady
Slippers. Mrs. Folke, Havre de Grace, Gordonm pubescens. R.
Holiday, China roses, verbenas, dahlias, &c. very fine. Mr. De-
vaux, double China roses, verbenas, heliotropes, &.c. Mr. Frederic
Lovering, dahlias, roses, &c. P. P. Sadler, a fine display of dahlias.
Henry Rhodewald, dahlias, zinnias, roses, marigolds. Dr. Edmon-
son, a stand of dahlias, with a large collection of other flowers. Chas.
Timmons, gardener to Robert Gilmor, a fine display of roses. Mrs.
J, Dixon, many choice varieties of roses, verbenas, &c. John Feast,
a fine stand of choice dahlias, containing many new kinds, with bou-
quets of flowers. Samuel Feast, a stand of dahlias, with a vai-iety of
roses, verbenas, passifloras, zinnias, &c.

Fruits:— From Miss Ann Rogers, a basket of Buerre pears, of un-
common beauty, and of high flavor. Mrs. H. L. Bowley, a basket

Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies. 461

of very superior figs. Joseph Evans, very large apples, one weigh-
ing twenty-six ounces. Mrs. Hyam, a large collection of grapes,
Tamprena, golden Chasselas, Bordeaux purple, Catawba, Herbe-
inont's madeira, &c. Wm. H. de Courcy, of Easton, a basket of
mammoth Pippins, Mrs. J. Lester, a dish of pomegranates of great
size and beauty. Robert Sinclair, Vergaleau pears, native plums,
and four varieties of apples. Mrs. Isaac M'Kim, superior quinces,
Seckel pears, and Herbemont's grapes of excellent quality. Henry
Moore, of Aisquith street, a peck of superb Heath peaches, yellow
Celestial figs, and Isabella grapes. Charles Bohn, fine large lemons
and apples. Mrs. Robert Gilmor, a dish of raspberries. W. E.
Phillips, Muscatel grapes. Gid. B. Smith, Isabella grapes from a
vine of two years only, with three hundred and fifteen bunches, all of
the same gigantic size. James Wilson, white Codlin apples; striped,
Seckel, and Buerre pears; Isabella, and Bland grapes.

From Dr. Tho. Edmondson, Osage orange, and a large supply of
lemons, oranses, and St. Helena limes, very superior, and a basket of
the fruit of Pyrus japonica, or Japan Pear. Peter Coombs, English
red streak, and mammoth Pippin apples, and very fine Heath peach-
es. R. H. Owen, monstous Pippin, and Siberian Crab apples. Chas.
Timmons, gardener to R. Gilmor, very fine figs, rasjjberries, and
Seckel pears. Lloyd N. Rogers, very superior iSeckel pears, Heath
peaches, and Herbemont's Madeira grapes, Mrs. Wm. Gilmor, a
dish of raspberries. Nicholas Biddle, of Philadelphia, grapes of
open ground culture, and a superior bunch grown under glass, of
large size and delicious flavor. F. D. M'Henry, a large and liberal
supply of Bellflower apples of excellent quality. Peaches from
Messrs. Williams, James, Hen- Hull, <fcc. Grapes from Messrs. Z.
Waters, B. I. Cohen, F. A. Levering, Butcher, Johnson, and many
others. Large Chinquepins from James Delacour, &c.

Vegetables: — From John W.Ward, Rohan potatoes, and the Cow-
horn, a new variety kidney shaped; parsnips, Winter squash, gourds,
Lima beans, white corn, &c. David Barnum, Seedling onions. Sa-
voy cabbage, turnip, beets, parsnips, &c. Th. B- Skinner, Ockra.
Geo. Beltzhoover, three large mangel wurtzel. John Mercer, of Ce-
dar Park, a pumpkin weighing one hundred and ten pounds, and
mangel wurtzel weighing nineteen pounds and a half. Mr. Devaux,
white carrots, endive, Sugar pepper, sweet tomato. Cow-horn potato,
celery. Turnip-rooted do., artichokes, leeks, &c. Thomas French,
cabbages, parsnips, Spanish radish, egg plants, beets, cucumbers,
&c. H. B. Chew, of Epsom, Rohan and Mercer potatoes, beets,
cabbages, tomatoes, artichokes, &c. Chas. Timmons, gardener to R.
Gilmor, Cow-horn and Mercer potatoes, seedling onions, egg plants,
Lima beans, &c.

From Chas. Deems, gardener to James Wilson, carrots, squash,
beets, egg plants, tomatoes, Lima beans, Mercer, Rohan, and Cow-
horn potatoes, Tree corn, Stc. G. E. Bowley, seedling onions, veg-
etal)le marrow, carrots, &c. Thos. Dixon, gardener to Mrs. Don-
nell, carrots, egg plants, salsify, tomatoes, rhubarb, onions, three va-
rieties of Lima beans, parsnips, flat Dutch cabbage, &c. William
Yates, egg plants, beets, Lima beans, flat Dutch cabbage. Jonathan
M'Tavish, a pumpkin weighing 106 lbs. Mrs. George Law, vegeta-
ble marrow, yellow sugar tomatoes, and cow-horn potatoes. W. W.
Watkins, vegetable marrow. Peter Coombs, orange carrots, salsify,
cape brocoli; long green cucumbers, mercer potatoes, &.c. Robert
Ramsay, egg plants, blue potatoes, white eorn^ Sic, Henry Schwartze,

462 Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies.

four" stalks of corn four and a half feet high. John Ridgely, of
Hampton, mangel wurtzel, 16 lbs. each. Rohan potatoes from Sam-
uel Feast; gourds from Edward SchaefFer; seedling onions from F. D.
M'Henry and George Barrow, &c.

Besides the above, several articles of silk were presented for the
Society's premiums. Among them was a net shawl and a pocket hand-
kerchief. The whole exhibition, from the Report, appears to have
passed off to the satisfaction of all. (^m. Farmer.)

Columbian Horticultural Society, (Washington, D. C.) — The So-
ciety has held monthly exhibitions, the reports of which we have the
pleasure of presenting below.

Monthly Meeting, May 4, 1839. — Exhibited. From Mrs. Seaton,
a splendid bouquet of tulips, in great variety; also, fine double hya-
cinths. Mr. J. F. Callan exhibited handsome bouquets of flowers.
A member brought forward blooms of Zephyranthes atamasco and
Amaryllis alata.

Vegetables: — From Mr. Cammac, fine specimens of asparagus^
five stalks weighing one pound and a half. Mr. Callan also showed
a larue basket of Giant asparagus.

July 6lh. — At this meeting there was a good exhibition of fruit, as-
follows: — From J. A. Smith, black apricots, yellow Bough, red June-
ating, Early Harvest, Summer rose, and English codlin apples; Buf-
falo berries; three plums, supposed to be Bolmer's Washington, and
St. Catherine pears. J. F. Callan, Algiers apricots. Mr. E. Brown,
Early Masculine apricot, from a bud put in three years ago. G. Wat-
terston, Esq., exhibited some fine specimens of apricots, from a tree
raised by him. Mr. Watierston states that the tree is a great bearer,
and that the fruit is wholly free from specks and worms, of good size,
rich yellow, tinged with red. Mrs. Watson, large and fine Ne Plus
Ultra gooseberries. Joshua Pierce exhibited a purple fig, a single
fruit, weighing upwards of half a pound, and of delicious flavor. Th&
specimen was raised out of doors. [We should be glad to know from
Mr. Pierce the name of this variety. — Ed.] Vegetables were exhibit-
ed as follows: — J.A.Smith, purple egg plant (fine,) large orange^
carrots, two mangel wurtzel beets, fine curled lettuce, sweet peppers,
potato onions, &c.

July 20/A. — At this meeting a variety of articles were exhibited.
Mr. Poletti presented a specimen of the Tuberose in fine bloom, which
was much admired. The following fruits, vegetables, &,c. were
shown: —

Fruits: — By Joseph Gales, jr., European purple mulberries. Rich-
ard S. Coxe, Bolmer's Washington, and Shoemaker plums, the latter
raised from a tree found native in the State of Pennsylvania, and
brought into this District by George Shoemaker, of Georgetown. B.
O. Lowndes, of Bladensburgh, fine yellow gages, of rich and fine fla-
vor, and admirably perfect. R. C. Washington, plums, said to be
the New Orleans. John Cox, of Georgetown, Bolmer's Washington
plums. John A. Smith, the following: Hagloe Crab, Summer Rose,
Summer Queen and red Juneating apples; Elfrey, Bolmer's Wash-
ington and Green Gage plums; Summer Beurre pears.

During the interval between the last and the present meeting the
following fruits have been exhibited: — By Joshua Pierce, peach apri-
cots, named Magician, weighing each two and a quarter ounces,
handsome and well matured. C. C. McLeod, Early Bough apples,
of noble dimensions. Mrs. Seaton, Bolmer's Washington plum.

Vegetables:— By J. A. Smith, vegetable marrow squash, large red

Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies. 463

tomato, fine Early Egg tomato, Michael Stone, early red turnip
beet, very large; Salsify, or Vegetable Oyster, the finest ever exhib-
ited to the Society, Mr, Poletti, two large early table cucumbers,
already gone to seed. Joshua Pierce, one peck of potato onion?,
containing twenty-three, and weighing fourteen poinds. Mr. Pierce
states that he has for several years cultivated the potato onion with
much success; that the crop of this season has been very fine, averag-
ing about eight hundred bushels to the acre. Mr. P. thinks that he
might have raised at the rate of one thousand bushels per acre, by
planting a little closer.

Among a variety' of agricultural specimens was an ear of the Chi-
nese tree corn, fourteen inches long, of this season's growth, fully ripe.
The committee pronounce it a "valuable acquisition,"

August nth. — At this meeting Mr, Pierce displayed a large variety
of peaches, which were very fine, consisting of the following kinds: —
Red-cheek Melacaton, Lemon Clingstone, Lemon Freestone, No-
blesse, Morris's white rareripe. Belle de Vitry, True Chancellor, pur-
ple Freestone or black George, Congress Freestone, Oldmixen Cling,
claret purple Cling, Kennedy's Carolina, early red Magdalen, Merca-
ton, Golden Purple, Barnard's Oldmixen, Crumel's Chancellor, New-
ington Freestone, New York Freestone, Independence (a seedling,)
Crumel's Morris white rareripe, Golden Clingstone nectarines, not
quite ripe. Also, Bartlett pears, a favorite variety; Fama Gusta ap-
ples, very large; and a bunch of Sweetwater grapes, weighin<r one
pound and a quarter, fully ripe, and delightfully flavored. Mr. Pierce
also exhibited a great variety of beautiful dahlias, including some seed-
lings of much merit. George Shoemaker, beautiful specimens of
Sweetwater and Catawba grapes; St. Michael pears and ripe figs.
Mr. Otterback, fine bunches of Chasselas and Burgundy grapes, and
two bunches of well ripened foreign grapes, not named. J. A. Smith,
pears — Bon Chretien; very large; Seckel, very fine. R. C. Wash-
ington, rareripe peaches. Mrs. Seaton, peaches and nectarines. R.
Barnard, one Oldmixen peach, seven ounces weight.

A variety of vegetables was also exhibited, among which was a
specimen of the produce of a bean, from South America, received last
spring from Mr. Montgomery. They were in fine order, and said to
be very prolific, and easy of cultivation on poles. Mr. M. in his nar-
rative of a journey to Guatemala, in speaking of this bean, observes,
" Of the vegetables of this country, one of the most useful is a small
species of bean, perfectly black, which is very extensively cultivated,
and constitutes the chief nourishment of the working classes. They
are called by the South Americans /rigoZes — are boiled, and then fri-
ed in lard or butter, and seasoned with salt and pepper."

The Fall Exhibition of this Society was held on Saturday, the 14th
of September, in the City Hall. Having been got up in haste, and
the season not the most propitious, it being somewhat too late for
fruits, and too early for the best show of dahlias, it was apprehended
that the society would not be able to make such an exhibition as would
do justice to its character for enterprise and skill. The apartment,
too, it was thought, was not such as was calculated to show to the
best advantage the various products of the garden that might be
brought for exhibition, or such as to allow an arrangement that would
produce the most striking effect. These fears proved, however, to be
wholly groundless, and it was acknowledged by the numerous spec-
tators of both sexes, who thronged the apartment, that, though more
circumscribed, it had not been excelled in beauty of arrangement, in

464 Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies.

the si)len(]or of flowers, and the quality and excellence of fruits and
vegetables, by any former exhibition of the society. The merit of
this arrangement, as well as the brilliant floral display itself, must be
mainly attributed to Mr. Buist and Mr. J. Douglass, Jr.; two enter-
prising florists of this city, and members of the committee, who en-
tered into it with great zeal and spirit, and who are entitled to the
thanks of the society and the public, for the taste, activity, and indus-
try they displayed on the occasion. These florists were, however,
aided by the exertions of Miss Mead and Miss Bache, to whose taste,
zeal, and industry, the society has been more than once greatly in-
debted for the beauty of its floral arrangements. The articles exhib-
ited were arranged in half circles around the apartment. At the
bottom of the room, in front of the entrance, on the President's desk,
elevated on a platform, stood a floral pyramid four feet in height,
surmounted by a star, three feet in circumference, composed of choice
dahlias, tea, noisette, and other roses, verbenas, and other beautiful
flowers from the garden and green-house of Mr. Buist, and prepared
by him. Immediately below this, on the Secretary's desk, stood a
smaller pyramid, but not less beautiful, composed, by the same hand,
of dahlias and tea roses, and surmounted by a Strelitz/a reginse. At
the conmiencement of the circular table to the left, was seen a splen-
did collection of beautiful dahlias, roses, chrysanthemums, petunias,
china-asters, verbenas, and other flowers, from the capitol gardens,
arranged in the form of a spear-head, about three feet in height, and
prepared by Mr. Maher, whose skill and industry have contributed
so much to the beauty of the public squares in this city. On the semi-
circular stands, between which suflicient room wasjeft for the free
passage of spectators, were arranged the splendid floral contributions
of Messrs. Buist, Douglas, Gunnell, Cammack, Slater, Yates of Al-
exandria, Blagden, &c., and the contributions of fruits and vegetables
of Messrs. Cammack, Shoemaker, Wiltberger, J. A. Smith, Blagden,
King, Slater, Chew, &c. Among the first were the collections of Mr.
Buist, consisting of sixty varieties of the dahlia, twenty-five of the
tea rose, sixty of the noisette and China rose, specimens of the Pr6te«
argentea, Mannettia glabra, Ficus elastica, and many other beautiful
cut flowers.

Mr. J. Douglas's contributions were very splendid, and consisted
of fifty-four varieties of the tea and noisette I'oses, one thousand six
hundred cut roses, dahlias, china asters, amaranthus, &,c., which
made a beautiful show.

Dr. Gunnell's collection of roses was, as usual, large and beautiful,
consisting of fifty rare and choice varieties of the tea, noisette, and
China rose. Among these were three, the Susanna, yellow centre,
and Pocahontas, raised from seed by Mr. Suter. Mr. W. Cammack
furnished for this department fourteen varieties of the dahlia, several
varieties of the rose, phlox, and coral plant. Mr. Yates, of Alexan-
dria, twenty seven varieties of the seedling dahlia. Mr. T. Blagden,
twelve varieties of this rich and beautiful flower, and specimens of
Verbena tweediana, petunia, Calendula officinalis, and balsam. Mr.
Slater, twenty varieties of the dahlia. Miss Mead, fine vases of
China roses, purple and white petunia, large amaranthus, pansies, and
byzelia [ ?] tuberosa. Mr. Lovejoy, a bouquet of fine seedling dahlias.
Mrs. Suter, excellent specimens of china-asters, large marigolds, dah-
lias, verbenas, phloxes, petunias, &,c. Dr. Laurie, fine dahlias. And
Mr. Causten, a specimen of the Mexican rock plant. J. F. Callan, a
bouquet of dahlias, &c., and a parcel of flowers of upland cotton.

Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies. 465

The beautiful spear of* flowers, arranged by Mr. Maher, consisted of
a great variety of the dahlia, Ferbena Tweedietma, phlox, ])etunia,
China asters, roses, and other rich flowers, which were greatly admir-
ed, as well as the very rich and gorgeous pyramids of Mr. Buist, which
were not only objects of great beauty in themselves, but served as
splendid decorations to the room. A young and flourishing pome-
granate tree, in fine bloom, was exhibited by Mr. PoUetti, and the
Phoe^nix t^actylifera, or date tree, by Mrs. Birth.

In glancing over this fine collection, the eye rested on a bouquet of
beautiful passion flowers and volkamerias, sent by Miss Causten,
which were much admired for their rarity and beauty; and the whole
floral department was exceedingly attractive and choice, as well as
highly creditable to the respective cultivators. Among the fruits were
fine samples of the white and late heath peach, from Messrs. Cam-
mack and Wiltberger; the Lafayette, from Mrs. J. Hellen; the red,
from Mr. Stone, and the Gen. Brown, Georgia black, and yellow
Gates, from Mrs. Towson; and of the Seckel, Bon Chretien, Buffalo
Berry, and Brown Beurre pears, from Mrs. Towson, and Messrs.
Shoemaker, J, A. Smith, and McKain. Among the Seckel pears was
a specimen of very beautiful color, and luscious in flavor, sent by Mr.
James Cox, near Baltimore. From the orchards of Messrs. Wilt-
berger, Smith, Gales, and Chew, were excellent samples of the pip-
pin, Spitzemberg, pound, bell-flower, Catlin, sheepnose. Green New-
ton, Michael Henry, Robinson white, Pomme d'Api, black redstreak,
and Bell apples; and a variety of native and foreign grapes — the
Catawba, Isabella, and Malaga — from the vineries of Mrs. Towson
and Messrs. Shoemaker and Blagden. One of the pound apples sent
by Mr. Chew weighed twenty-two ounces, and those of Mrs. Gales
were not far short of it. Judge Morsell's Malaga jar grapes were
produced from seed, and had a fine appearance. But the most re-
markable and superior species of grape at this exhibition was one
exhibited by Mr. J. Caldwell, of this city, to which he could give no
name, and which had sprung upa volunteer in his garden. One bunch
of this grape weighed one pound nine ounces, was without pulp, and
had a delicious taste.

The show of vegetables was highly creditable to the Society, and,
though not so abundant as at some of its former exhibitions, many of
them were superior in size and weight. They were all excellent.
Specimens were exhibited of the Canadian and Marrow squash,
orange pumpkin, okra, cucumbers, cayenne and sweet pepper,
egg plants, parsnips, carrots, egg tomato, mangel wurtzel, sugar
beet, potato onions, ruta baga, green Savoy cabbages, Dutch run-
ners and beans, from seed distributed by the society some time ago,
from the garden of Mr. J. A. Smith; cocoa-nut squashes, vegeta-
ble marrow, five feet long, curled parsley, turnip beets, rice plant in
a pot, fox seedling potato and Rohan potato, from the garden of Mr.
T. Blagden; a large Rohan potato, weighing two pounds, from the
garden of Mr. Slater, of Alexandria; Rohan and Kidney potatoes,
Bergen cabbages, parsnips, pickle cucumbers, long blood and long
sugar beet, and ears of China tree corn, from Mr. Wiltberger's farm;
blood and turnip beets, from Arlington house; a long blood beet,
weighing twelve pounds, from Mr. "Jackson's, near Tennallytown;
fine egg plants, sent by the Georgetown collection; large stalks of
celery, tomatoes, and turnip beets, from Mr. W. Canunack's garden;
specimens of Spanish pepper, presented by Mr. Shoemaker; large flat

VOL. V. NO. XII. 59

466 Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies.

Dutch cabbage, egg plants, and sweet and Spanish pepper, by Mr.
Polletti; and a large flat Dutch cabbage, by Mr. Wible,

Atiioiig these articles were seen samples of the Rock, or Sheath
corn, from the Rocky Mountains, presented by Mr. P. Thompson;
and a beautiful specimen of the Button com, hvi\mg seven ears united
and growing from the same head, sent by the Washington City Silk
Company. But the most extraordinary vegetable production at this
exhibition, was a pumpkin, which weighed ninety-three pounds, and
measured five feet eleven inches in circumference, presented by Mr.
J. H. Kinir, who also exhibited a large yellow squash, and a beauti-
ful silver-skin onion, weighing one pound. The Committee on Veg-
etables, in their report, very correctly remark, that "the vegetables
were all of a superior kind, and, as a whole, the best ever presented
to the Society. The beets, pumpkins, squashes, Rohan potatoes, egg
plants, &c. were prodigies. It is true the season has been a favorable
one; but they think the improvement is ovving more to the improved
skill and attention of the horticulturist, than to the season." This
was decidedly the most gratifying and splendid fall exhibition the So-
ciety has had" since its organization.

The spectators were numerous during the whole exhibition, which
continued from 2 o'clock to near 7 o'clock, and were manifestly much
gratified and delighted with this fine horticultural show. {National
Intelligencer.)

Horticultural Society of Charleston, S- C. — This society held its an-
niversary meeting on the 14th of August, and a report of the standing
committee for the past year was read by the chairman. Dr. Johnson.

From the report, which is too long for the room we have to spare^
we condense the following: —

The committee notice a fine J?hododendon Russelh't^nwm, and a fine
collection of amaryllises, belonging to Mr. Alexander McDonald; a
premium was awarded for the former. Mr. Thomas Bennett was
awarded a gold medal for his zeal in ntroducing new and costly ex-
otics, and for his exhibitions of the same. Mr. JohnMichels, a silver
medal for a great show of roses and a dwarf banana. Mr. James
Legare's fine collection of camellias, &c., is noticed, and a premium
was awarded to him for his fine taste in laying out his grounds. Col.
Lucas's fine collection of camellias, the largest and the best in the
city, is noticed, and a silver medal awarded him- Mr. Gonzales is
mentioned as presenting a collection of camellias and other plants;
for his successful cultivation of the sweet lemon, having exhibited a
plant fourteen feet high, the committee awarded him a medal.

Mrs- Mary Davis cultivates the largest collection of tulips and hy-
acinths, for which she was awarded a silver medal. Mr. J. F.
Green exhibited a beautiful collection of roses: and for his rose golcon-
da,(.'') a splendid variety of running rose, he received a silver medal.
Mrs. Wagner cultivates a fine collection of pelargoniums, and the
committee awarded her a silver medal for the best. Mr. Giles is
noticed as growing the ranunculus in great beauty, for which he re-
ceived a silver medal. Mr. Condy's and Mr- Howard's collection of
roses are highly spoken of as being select. Mr. Hedley displayed fine
flowers of the Pasonia otficinalis var. fragrans, and the committee re-
commend the more general cultivation of the pseony. Mr. Joseph
A. Winthrop has been eminently successful in growing the rhododen-
dron in the climate of South Carolina, and several varieties have
bloomed in his garden; the committee awarded him a silver medal for
a beautiful specimen of the J?. Catawbiense. Mr. Gray and Mr.

Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies. 467

Teasdale exhibited choice dahlias; and the gardens of Mrs. Cochran,
Mrs. Ripley, and Mrs. La Bruce, are noticed as being filled with
choice pbmts.

The following premiums were also awarded by the Committee on
Fruits and Vegetables: —

To Mr. Francis Michel, for the earliest fine peaches, a silver medal.
To Mr. George Spidel, for the best nectarines, a silver medal.
To Mr. Edward Barnwell, jr., for the best strawberries, a silver

medal.
To Dr. F. Y. Porcher, for the best watermelons, a silver medal.
To Mr. John Hume, for the best muskmelons, a silver medal.
To Mrs. Fred. Rutledge, for cauliflowers, a silver medal.
To Mr. Jas. Bancroft, for artichokes, a silver medal.
To Mr. Frederick Winthrop, for brocoli, a silver medal.
To Mr. Edward Barnwell, jr., for Madeira onions, a silver medal.
To Mr. J. J. Lapenne, for Guinea squashes, a silver medal-
To Mr. James Legare, for Kohl Rabi, a silver medal.
The committee also notice the farms of several gentlemen, which
^'exhibit strong evidence of judicious cultivation." The nursery of
Mr. Gilliman is particularly recommended for the finest variety of
pears. {Southern Agriculturist.)

The Middlesex Horticultural Society. — This newly organized so-
ciety, an account of whose first exhibition we gave at p. S87, appears
to have been begun with spirit, and is continued with the same zeal.
We have just been presented with a schedule of premiums to be a-
warded for garden productions in 1840, and which we annex below,
that our readers may see the flourishing condition of the society.
We have no doubt but that the offer of these liberal prenn'ums will
be the means of inducing amateurs, and practical men, to exert them-
selves in the growth of superior flowers, fruits and vegetables, and
that the result will be an increased taste manifested, by the inhabi-
tants of Lowell and vicinity, for horticulture in all its branches. The
annexed is the list of premiums to be awarded for articles in 1840: —
Flowers: — Bulbous or tuberous rooted flowers, dahlias ex-
cepted, best display during the season ^5 00

Pansies, best display 3 00

Geraniums, best plant 4 00

Pinks, best display 3 00

Roses, best display, hardy kinds 4 00

Roses, best display, tender kinds 3 00

Best four varieties of dahlias 5 00

Best dahlia 3 00

Herbaceous plants, best display during the season ... 3 00

Native plants, best display during the season 6 00

Fruits: — Strawberries, not less than one quart 3 00

Cherries, not less than one quart 2 00

Peaches, not less than one dozen 5 00

Plums, not less than one quart 5 00

Gooseberries, not less than one quart 2 00

Raspberries, not less than one quart 4 00

Currants, not less than one quart 2 00

Pears, best autumn varieties, not less than two dozen . . 2 00
Apples, best autumn varieties, not less than two dozen . 4 00

Grapes, native, first prize 5 00

Grapes, native, second prize 4 00

Melons, not less than a pair 3 00

4GS Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies.

Vejvetables: — Asparagus, earliest and best in open ground . ' 3'00

Rhubarb, best six spears 8 00

Peas, earliest and best peck 4 00

Salads 4 00

Potatoes 6 00

The society will withold any premium when it does not consider
the specimen offered deserving of it.

All specimens offered for competition must be the property of the
exhibitors, and must have been raised by them in the county of Mid-
dlesex.

Discretionary premiums will be awarded upon any flowers, fruits
and vegetables, not mentioned in the previous list, which shall in the
judgment of the society appear to deserve them.

Due notice will be given of the different times of exhibition. — Low-
ell, October, 1839.

Horticultural Society of Neio Haven, (Conn.) — Since the preced-
ing part of this number went to press, we have received the report
of the exhibition of this society. Coming to hand at so late a period
in the month, we have not now an opportunity to give it at full length,
but in order to have it appear in this number, we have condensed it
as follows: —

The committee remark that "it is extremely gratifying to witness
the lively and increasing interest manifested by all classes of citizens,
for the prosperity of our society, and the liberality with which the
lovers of nature, in the garden and the field, have contributed of their
abundance to sustain it. Some few years since, it was apparently in
a declining condition; without funds, in debt — many of its warmest
friends, those who had held the laboring oar from its foundation, be-
gan to entertain serious apprehensions of its ultimate success. This
question, we are happy to say, may now be considered as settled. It
can no longer be doubted that our annual exhibitions, each succeeding
year, showing a manifest improvement on the preceding, have awak-
ened in the bosoms of the cultivators of the soil, a spirit of honora-
ble rivalry, which promises well for both producer and consumer;
and should the same feelings continue to prevail — of which we can
see no reason to entertain a doubt — our exhibitions hereafter will in-
evitably be followed by the same beneficial results which have attend-
ed those already held.

"In nearly every department of horticulture, we notice a very de-
cided improvement at tlie late over former exhibitions. Vegetables
suitable to the season were in great abundance and of every variety,
all showing that much care and attention has been bestowed upon
their cultivation.

"Our soil appears to be peculiarly adapted to the culture of all the
various tribes of the pumpkin family, as we may well judge from
the great quantities and apparently good qualities of squashes, mel-
ons and pumpkins exhibited. The large Chili squash of Mr. F.
Franklin, weighing one hundred and thirty-two pounds, was the
largest ever exhiliited here, and, with one exception, tlie largest rais-
ed this year, within our knowledge. This is equally true of the wa-
termelon of Mr, D. Dorman, weighing forty-two pounds.

"We observed many fine specimens of the potato family, and a-
mong them several of the noted Rohan, showing that our soil is well
adapted to the raising of this useful and healthy vegetable.

"Had we space, we should be pleased to mention more particularly,
other kinds of vegetable productions, but suffice it to say that, of ev-
ery variety usually exhibited, we noticed but few which did not give

Exhibitions of Horticultural Societies. 463

assurance of the great productiveness of our soil, when properly
cultivated and suitably enriched.

"Of the fruits, the peaches far surpassed those of any former exhi-
bition. Our opinion] of those, however, is more concisely expressed
in the list of premiums below, than we can possibly exi)ress in^ words,
nearly every specimen exhibited being considered worthy of a pre-
mium, though only two were offered.

"The season has been unpropitious for grapes generally, still we are
gratified in having seen upon our tables fine specimens, both native
and foreign, of this delicious fruit.

"Of apples, we observe many varieties uncommonly excellent, evi-
dently showing an increasing interest in the culture of this most use-
ful but much neglected fruit.

"Of pears, we had nearly, if not quite, our usual variety, although
the season cannot be said to have been favorable to their healthy and
vigorous growth. Much care seems to have been devoted to the cul-
tivation of this very desirable fruit in our vicinity. The Seckel, Pun-
derson. Winter Virgalouse, Jona, Bon Chretien, and a variety of
nameless seedlings are extensively cultivated, and are of excellent
quality. The usual contribution of Bon Chretien, from the garden
of Capt- B. Beecher, was decidedly superior to any offered, but too
late, by the rules of our society, to be entitled to a premium."

The following is the award of the premiums for fruits and flowers: —

Peaches: — First premium for freestone, Samuel St. John, $2 00

Second premium for freestone, Wooster Hotchkiss, . . 1 50

First premium for clingstone. Dr. Goodsell, 2 00

Second premium for clingstone, R. Hall, 1 50

Third premium for clingstone, A. Bagley, 1 00

First premium for seedling, William H. Elliot, .... 1 50
Second premium for seedling. Dr. J. B. Robertson, . . 1 00

Premium for Blood, Jerry Sheldon, 1 00

Plums: — First premium, Jonathan Maltby, 2 00

Second premium, N. Darling, 1 50

Pears: — First premium for the Seckel, Mrs. S. Huggins, . 2 00

Second premium for the Seckel, J. Maltby, 1 00

Premium for the Punderson, to Dr. E. Ives, 2 00

Premium for a seedling, J. Maltby, 2 00

Premium for^a Virgoul'ouse, N. Darling, 1 00

Premium for the Winter, C. Ailing, 2 00

Premium for the Bon Chretien, Judge Daggett, .... 1 50

Premium for three varieties, M. Cogan, 1 00

Apples: — Mr. C. Allen, A. D. Rose, and N. Darling, receiv-
ed premiums of ^1 each-
Premium for the seedling Punderson, to J. M. Prescott, . 1 00
Grapes: — Twelve premiums were awarded to different cul-
tivators, for out-door grapes and grapes under glass.
Dr. E. Ives received a premium for a seedling Isabella, of 1 00
Melons: — Six premiums were awarded for melons, to vari-
ous cultivators: the kinds were, the citron. Champagne,
Champagne water, Champagne black, Jerusalem, and
apple seeded.

Flowers-
Green-house and other plants; — First premium. Miss Gerry, 5 00
Second premium, William Mansfield, jr. ...••• 4 00

Third premium, Mr. Mugford, ......... 2 00

Fourth premium, William Mansfield, jr. ..... . 1 50

470 MassachustUs Horticultural Society.

Bouquet: — First premium, Mrs- A. N. Skinner, .... 3 00

Second premium, Mrs- E. Monson, 2 00

Dahlias: — Best varieties — First premium, John Burgis, . . 2 00

Second premium, Mrs. B. M. Sherman, 2 00

Third premium, Miss Julia Mansfield, 2 00

Dahlias and other cut flowers: — First prem. Miss P. Beach, 2 00

Second premium, B. Silliman,jr 2 00

Third premium, Micah Baldwin, ......... 1 GO

A premium, of #5, for the largest and best assortment of
vegetables, to F. Franklin.

Upwards of one hundred and fifty dollars were awarded in pre-
miums. (Society's Report for 1839.)

Art, V. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Saturday, October '26th, 1839— Exhibited. Flowers:— From Jo-
siah Stickney, Esq. upwards of two hundred blooms of dahlias, many
of them very fine, and some exceedingly beautiful; we particularly
noticed the specimens of Ne Plus Ultra, Unique, Mrs. Rushton, and
some others. Dahlias in the vicinity were cutoff some days ago, (the
6th,) and the present display was one of much rarity to amateurs re-
siding out of the city. From the gardens of Mrs. Hubbard, F. Tudor,
Esq., and Dr. Bobbins, at Nahant, there were exhibited a variety of
flowers, culled in the open air, and containing, among others, dahlias,
verbenas, marigolds, sweet peas, petunias, and other tender annuals,
generally destroyed by the earliest frost; at Nahant, however, up to
this period, there has been no frost, showing that on this rocky pro-
montory, notwithstanding it is so much exposed to the winds, vegeta-
tion is not checked until some time after it is destroyed in the imme-
diate neighborhood of the cities of Boston and Salem.

Fruits: — From Henry Corse, Esq., corresponding member, Mon-
treal, L. C., several fine specimens of apples, as follows: — Fameuse
or Pomme Niege, Golden Reinette and St. Antoine, and seedlings of
his own raising, viz: Canada seedling, medium size, oblong in form,
somewhat tapering to the eye, skin dark red: St. Lawrence, medium
size, round, a fine fruit, in perfection in September: Seedling crab, a
beautiful fruit, resembling somewhat the Lady apple, and about the
same size. Mr. Corse was present at this meeting, being on his return
home from a visit to New York. Mr. Corse remarked to us that he
had a number of seedling apples, only a few of which had yet fruited.
Mr. Corse was kind enough to give us some information, respecting
several new fruits which he has raised, which will appear in our next
volume under the pomological notices.

From R. Manning, Lyscom and Minister apples, the latter large,
handsome, and a fine eating fruit. From J.F.Allen, large and fine spe-
cimens of Beurre Diel and Chaumontelle pears, and a variety, the
name unknown. From Dr. James Jackson, Passe Colmar, Crasanne
and green sugar pears, and a kind supposed Coffin's Virgoulouse.

Fancuil Hall Market.

.471

Art. VI. Faneuil Hall Market.

Roots, Tubers, fyc.
Potatoes :

Common, 5 P"l>»'™|.-.
' l per bushel, . .

Eastports, ^ Per barrel,. ,
' ' 5 Pe'!' bushel,. ,

Sweet Potatoes, per bush
Turnips:

Common, per bushel,

Ruta Baga, per bushel, . . ,
Onions:

White, per bushel,

Red, per bunch,

White, per bunch,

Yellow, per bushel,

Beets, per bushel,

Carrots, per bushel,

Parsnips, per bushel,

Horseradish, per pound, . . ,

Radishes, per bunch,

Shallots, per pound,

Garlic, per pound,

Cabbages, Salads, Sfc,

Cabbages, per dozen:

Savoy

Drumhead,

Red Dutch

Cauliflowers, each,

Brocoli, each, scarce,

Lettuce, per head,

Tomatoes, per dozen,

Celery, per root:

Common,

Bailey's Giant,

Spinach, per half peck

Pot and Sweet Herbs,

Parsley, per half peck, .

Sage, per pound,

Marjorum, per bunch,.
Savory, per bunch,. . . .
Spearmint, per bunch, .

From

To

$?cts.

f CIS.

1 25

50

_

1 00

1 12i

50

2 25

_

1 GO

1 25

1 50

25

37^

m

50

1 00

1 50

3

4

2

3

62

75

50

62i

50

62^

m

75

10

12

10

12

20

12

—

37

50

50

75

50

75

12h

25

20

25

6

10

50

—

6

8

10

12

17

20

25

37

17

20

6

12

6

12

3

6

■ From To

Squashes and Pumpkins . $cts.;$cts.

Squashes, per pound:

Winter crook neck, 1 00

Autumnal Marrow, per lb. 1 00
Canada crook neck, 2 00

Pumpkins, .

Fruits.
Apples, dessert, new :

Common,
Russets, >

Baldv
N.Y.

5 per barrel,. .

( per bushel,. .

per barrel,

per bushel, . . . .

,j^^'> per barrel,...

3 pel' bushel,. . .

Greenings, per barrel. . . .

Pearmains, per barrel,, . . .

Dried apples, per pound, .
Pears:

Napoleon, per doz

Beurre d' Amalis, per doz.

St. Germain, per doz

Beurre Diel, per doz

Messire Jean, pr half peck,

Winter St.Michael.pr doz.

Chaumontel, per half peck.

Baking, per bushel,

Grapes, per pound:

Black Hamburgh,

Malaga,

Quinces, per bushel,

Cranberries, per bushel,. . . .

Lemons, per dozen,

Oranges, per dozen :

Sicily,

Havana, (sweet) ■ . .

Pineapples, each,

Cocoanuts, each,

Chestnuts, per bushel, scarce.
Walnuts, per bushel, plenty.
Almonds, (sweet,) per pound,

10

2 00
1 00

3 00
1 50
3 00
ll 50
3 00
1 60
3 00
3 00

7

50
50
37^
37i
50
50
2 00

20

3 00
2 CO

20

25

37^

5

4 00
1 75

2 50

3 25

3 50

25
4 00
2 25

25

6

4 50
2 00

Remarks. — Since our last, there has been but little alteration in
prices. The remarks prepared are unavoidably omitted, for want of
room. Potatoes continue to arrive, though in less quantities than
was^expected, and, in consequence, Chenangoes have advanced twelve
and a half cents per barrel: other vegetable productions remain about
the same. Tomatoes are of hot-bed growth and handsome, and com-
mand quotations. Apples sell a little quicker, and the supplies from
New York now being stopped, a slight advance has taken place.
Chestnuts scarce. Walnuts plenty. — Yours, M. T., Boston, Nov.
28, 1839.

472 Horticultural Memoranda.

HORTICULTURAL MEMORANDA

FOB DECEMBER.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

Grape vin?';, in the green-house, should now be finally pruned for
the season. Let it be done with a sharp knife, and tie in the shoots
after the operation is finished. In jjreen-houses it is best to bring
down the shoots near to the front sashes, and there lay thern together
lengthwise of the house: this being the coldest situation, they are less
liable to start prematurely in the spring. Cuttings for propagation
should be cut and carefully preserved, by placing the bottom ends ia
earth in the cellar.

Sti-aioberries, for forcing, should be placed in frames until ready
for removal to the hot-house.

Fruit trees, in pots, should be placed in a cool cellar, from whence
they can be brought into the stove, or hot-house, in succession.

Strawberry beds, raspberry vines, grape vines, &.C., not yet pro-
tected, should be attended to immediately.

FLOWER DEPARTMENT.

Dahlia roots, in the cellar, should be looked over once a month to
see that they are in good order.

Camellia seeds may now be planted in the green-house.

Camellias will now commence blooming, and will require to be
liberally watered. Such as need it may be safely repotted at this
season. Clean the leaves, and occasionally syringe the plants. When
seeds are wanted, be particular and attend to the impregnation of the
blossoms.

Azaleas should be sparingly watered through the months of De-
cember and January.

Lechenaultias should be very carefully watered at this season.

Ixias, Sparaxis, &c., j)otted last month and placed in frames, should
now be brought into the green-house and placed on a shelf near the
glass.

Tree pceonies, for blooming early, should now be brought into the
green-house.

Cactuses should receive but very little water at this period.

Chrysanthemums, after they have done blooming, should be pro-
tected in a frame.

Hyacinths, set out in pots early in November, and placed in frames,
may now be taken into the green-house or parlor. A second planting
may now be made to bring on a succession of flowers.

Verbenas should be slightly watered, and placed on a shelf, as near
the glass as possible.

Ericas will require attention. Water cautiously, and see that the
drainage is not choked up.

Geraniums should be looked over, and if any lice infest them, give
the house a good fumigating to destroy them; they are generally nu-
merous at this season of the year on both geraniums and roses.

Hyacinth beds, and beds of choice tulips, should be covered with
about three inches of coarse, strawy manure, or leaves, to prevent the
frost from penetrating too deep into the soil.

Tiger flowers, amaryllises, and similar tender bulbs, should belaid
away in the cellar or the green-house, out of the danger of frost.

LIST OF PLANTS.

In the body of the Maeazine some errors occur in the spelling of the botanical names, the
r.apiializina of yeneric and specific names, their derivations, and accentuation: these
are ali corrected in liie follovvinp list nf (jlanti. The syiion>mes are also given wliero
tiie names have been indicaieil incorrectly.

List of various plants in the collection
of Dr. Wood, Professor of :Wat€ria
IVledica, in the Transylvania Uni-
versity, Penn. 84

List of various plants in the collection
of Gen. Kobeit Patterson, Philadel-
phia 201

.il'bies

Douglasti

exc^lsa

morinda

pectiffata

Pitchta

Wehhiaiia
Ackc\a.

4sp.

armata

dealbata

decurrens

cyclopsis

Julihrissin

latif61ia

melanoxylon
.a'cer pennsylvdtiicum
Achdnia malvavisciis
.4clni:6« JV/iilef61ia 127.-a76
^Vhras Sripota 997

wSconitum napellus 312.388
Acrocdmia sclerocarpa 291
.«ctiB'aalba var. 357

Adans(^nm disitilta 61

Adidntum pedatum 197.317
Agapinthus uinbelldtus

var. variesatus 314

Agdve americ^na 33.958.334

351.446

var. variegata 394

geminiflora 460

A^haUim mexicina 76

Agrost6mma Gitlidgn, a
syn. of Xychnis Gi-

Ihago 68

jfl'Ioe

geminiflora

granditi6ra
Alonsoa elegans

incisifolia
Aldysia citrioddra
Alstroemeri'a

Amaryllis alata

foriniisissiiiia

gigintea

Johnsoiii 154.15."

.losephiuifl

vittata

var.
Am?6n''f salicifdiia
Anacdnliiiin occidentile
Aiiagiillis arvensis
jinaiifissa sativa
Anilroiiieda paniciilAta

polifolia
Jnemone flialictroides

Avisteami'ijor 247

.^nsiolocliiasempervirens 191
lahiosa 45:1

AristoleU'J J\incqni 193

Artocarpiis incisa 291.298,373

298. 304
£98

298

E1j8

173. 247

acutif61ia
Hook^rii
psittaclna
tricolor
.fllthffi'a friitex

247
425
314
255
255
394
372
353
313
270
235.247.276
388

.-Imarantus inelanch61icus

tricolor
Amaryllii

VOL. V.-

247
-NO. XII

Anictdngi'ini cili8\tnra
Anigozdnthus cocciiieus
Anoiiiathica criienta
Audna Ckerimdlia,

glabra

juuricita

reticulata

squani6sa
Antli(ily/.a
./Sritirihinuiii canart^nse 276 i

jnajns 388 I

var. 1 aryophylloides235 |

256.277 1

picttiia 270

./Jpargia autumndlis 276

./9'pios tuberosa 3.57

.apocynuni androsmcefoliuni

3.17

Aquilegia canadensis 105.197

237,

A'ta.\y.s coronopifolia

lyrdta
4raucdrla brazilidna

Donib^yi

excelsa
./J'rbutiis j2ndr4chne

hybrida

t/'nedo

f/'va iirsi
Ardisia crenuUta

soIanAcea
Arica montdna
AreiiEtria latifcilia

peploides
Arethusa bulbosa

ophioglossoldeai

60

iuti'grifolia

291.29tJ

Asmn conlatum

460

crlnitMin

154

discolor

277

triphylluin 197.237.383

391

AszMms

176

Drakerina

223

ol.tiisilolia

317

pliytolaccoides

316

l'iber6>a 105,17

B.275.317

Aspidiiini, 3 sp.

393

margiiiale

317

j3spleiiiuni ebeneum

197.317
453
317

riicliomaTies

A's;m( nciirnliiEltua

357

roiiyziiides

357

316
105.453
357
392
336
67
45:j
459
189
43.192.312

l.=i5
197
291
192
394
192
19-2
191
10.5.391
314.3.53
314
fil
237
351)
177.355
315

riil.usus
niistr

JNova; A'ngli.-e

solidr-giioides

speciibilis

tenella

j?stragalus

Astraiitia minor

Astrapa-'a Wallichii

j9'triplex haliraus

Aiicuba \a.^omca.

Azilea 176

Danielsidns 25

indica 1 15.153.247.303

alba, a synon. of

A. /edii61ia 115.154

1.55

Elegans 115.154

Gillinghdmj 154

hybrida 154.41a

lilacina aurantia 25

Smith's aurantia 25

orange pi nlc 25

scarlet pink 25

speciosa a5

magniflora 154

phoeiiicea 154.155

4112

474

LIST OF PLANTS.

Az41ea indica purpiirea |

pleno 115. 155

sinensis 114

lateritia ?5

Zedif6!ia 154.41-2

alba pleno 25

nudiriora 175

variegata 25

Babidna ]72.1b3

^alsamlta vulsaris 388

BinUsia latilolia 30

Baptisia lilba 105

P.artsia ccicciiiea 178

Begdnm arsyrnstigma 155.394

Bentli4m(a frasifera 191

Berberis empelhtolia 192

vulgdns 237.44-2

^^tula l.6lla 55

Bign6n(a grandiflora 333

Blse'r/rt n-icoides 353

BlumenbacliHJ insijrnis 154

Borr^rm pupiiiascens 453

Botrychiuin/uinarioides 353

obliqum 353

virgiiiicum IQ"?

Bouvaidia tiiphylla 311.355

383

Brexia integrifolia 61

sern'ita 62

JBriza nitidia 453

Brugmansj'a C2

arboiea 460

lutea 230.276

Wayminij C9

BrunsvigiaJoseplilniE 101.458

Burch611Ja cap6nsis 1 15

speciosa 247

£uxus balerdica 191

CacAlia coccinea 388.439

C4ctus 247

flabellilormis 326

speciosus, a syn. of

Epiphyllum speci-

6suin 143.302

CalandiiiK'a 68

niailtima 68

Blenziesja 68

Calddimn tricolor 273

CalAthea zebiina 4G0

Calceolaria integrifdlia 273

Majorana 235.273

superba 235

Calendula officinillis 464

Calla 91.247

a;tlii6pica 92.154.163

palustris 316.453

viiginica 31G

Callist^mon saligna 394

Calopogon pulcliella 316

Calotlidmnus villosa 247

Camellia, 4 sp. 433

24 var, enumerated 26

japonica 77.389

j. dlba pl^no 154.460

j. anenionefldra 210

j. atrorubens 30

j. Baltini6rea 104.151

j. candidissima 103

j. carnea 155

j. (;arswellm?m 26

j.Ch4ndler(57,154.229.412

j. coccinea 104

j. ColvUlii 28.104.229

i.concliifl(ira 115.153

j. alba 104

j. concinna 104

j.conspicua 28.154

j. corallina 10'!.256

Camellia j. Cowdnit 104

j. Derbifina 210

j. Donckelagrj 25.104
j. ^legans 28.57.104.412
j. elegantissima bic-

olor
j. electa
j. Enterprise
j. E'stlieri
j. eximia
j. Fairl^a
j. fimbriftta
j.florida

]55.2-:9

154

28.104.154.229

41-2

j.FI6yi 33.63.104.136.210
412.413
j. Fras^rt 26

j. Frederick le Grand,

a syn. of Fl(iyi 33

j. fiilgens 354

j. General Nelson 210
j. Gen. Mason, sen. 210
j. Gilesjj 104

j. Gouss6nia 104.155

j. Gray's invincible 2i9
J. Greville's Red, a

syn. of rubra pl6no 155
j. Hek^ni'j 155

J. Hendersoni 26

j. horrida 229

j. Hume's blush 154

j.inibricata 25.28.154
229.412

j, alba

i. Dunldpi 225

J. John Randolph 210
J. Juliana 229

j.Jussieuana 26

j. King of the Neth-
erlands 154
j. Lady Eleanor Camp-
bell 259

j. Grafton 25

i. Landrethu 63.104.155
210.413

j. Louis Philippe
■.Loukidna

. Alillen^tti

, inyrtifolia

. Nairnid/m

. old Virginia

. oxonicnsis

. PteonHldra 21

. Peter Francisco

. pict6rum coccinea

. PiercivalJi

• Pomponia

. Prattii 104.135.338

. Prissii nova r6sea

. Press's eclipse

. Priceidna

. Rollinfdni

. rosa triumphans

. ?6sa sinensis

. j-osea plenissima

. rosetta

. rubra pl^no

. Schrynmak^rsii 57.103

.speciosa 115.154

. spectibilis maculala 25

.Tamponedna 26

. TraversJ mutibilis 309
332
j. tricolor 256

j. variegAta 154

j. wurratab, a syn. of

«nemone(16ra 155

j. VVelhinkii 104

Camellia j. Wo6dsii 154

j. York and Lancaster 26

seedlings noticed 57

retii-ulAta 28.62.104.229

Sasdnqua rdsea, a syn.

of malifl6ra,/.in(//. 155

Campanula aniplexicaulis 317

glomerata 453

nitjiiiiim 388

;)ersica;r61ia pl^no 312

316.453

rotundifilia 105.351.453

Ciix'K^ Papdya 61.299.305.450

Carolinea jnsignis 373.4' 0

piinceps 373.460

Cary6ta iirens 61

Caryopbyllus arom4ticus 291

433

460

237

Cassia, 3 sp.

Catfleya Forb^sii

Celosia cristdta

Centaur^asiiaveolens !

Cereus albiflorus

aurantiaca

cortex 394

crispatum 237

flagelliformis 62

grandiflirus 934.270.302

307.351.372.413

Jenkinsdni 154.251.237

277.413.453

latetitiiis 453

nicticaulis 444

speciosissimus 31.221

227.247 .y70.276.277.302.372

spl^ndens

41S

stricdsus

25

tetragon lis

307

triangularis

9.62.64

C^strum nocturnum

460

Cetraria lamindsa

453

Chrnia''rnps

333

humilis 61.399.425

Cheiranlhus Cheiri pl^no 154

Clielidonium majus

237

Chelone glabra

391

Chenopddium anthelmin-

ticum

388

ChimonAnthus virginicus 275

Chirdn/a grandifl6ra

353

Chrys(^is

67.270

CKspitisa

67

californica 67.233.271.388

crocea 67.271.276.294

Aypecoides

67

tenuitidra

67

Chrysophyllum Ca;ni«o299.306

Chrys4nihemum dnnuum 388

Clcb6rium /iitybus

J 27

Cimicifuga fffi'tida

317

Cineraria amelloides

f55I

crii^nta

154.247

form6sa

229

lintita

154

mollis

154

Petasites

247

purpurea

155

Cinna arundinicea

357

Cirrhre>a fusco lutea

313

Cistns canadensis

242.276

Citrus aurdntium
Bigarddia
decumana
Lim^tta
Linidnum
lumia
ni^dia

Cladonia unciilis

357.453
299.306

LIST OP PLANTS.

475

Clktkia pulch^lla 236.^76

alba 236

Claytonia spathuldta 2:37

vimiiiica ]55

Clematis muntdna 391

SiebdidJ 256.276.277

verfir.illdta pWuo 314

• ■ • 357.387

175.357

182.197

202.254

Cliaiithus puniceus

Clusia alba
Cnicus liurridus
Cdcos crlspa

nucifera
Coffea aiAlilca
Colletia hurriila
Collinsia bicolor

heteropliylla
Collinsinia canadensis 257
ColMmia coccinea 277

Combretuiii purpureiim 236
273.296.444
Convallariaboredlis 27(3

majalis 129.130

stelliita 237

trifdlia 3lfi

Convolvulus Batatas 229

seiiiiiui 34ii

Cookia punctata 460

Coi-allorrhi/.a iriullifl6ra 315
C6rclinrusjap6nicus,syii.

of Kerritt japouica 129.130
Curdm Sebeslina 291

Coreopsis diversifolia 289.355

lanceolata

rdsea

tinctada

senii-pl^no
Corn IIS

alba
Coronilla glaiica
Corraj'a

cordata

longifiora

Millnerj

quadrilormis

r6sa

rd'a Eidjor

rufa

vjridis
Corydalis cucuUdta

glauca
C6rylus americana

rostrdta
Coryplia

uinbracaulifera
Crassula cuccineus

falrdta

perfoliata
Criniirn

atiuibile

ameiiiiinnm

Coiriinelina

subiiiersum
Crotaldria sa^gitalis
Cr(^ve« salisna
Cucubalus Behcio
Cunninghamia lanceoldta 460
Cuscuta americdna 454

315
298
61
4-,9
192
154.236
215

290
355
290
255
176
316
154
102
102
£56
10?
382
102
382
382
382

155.107
453
165
357
33
31.61
311
460
314
104

104.394
353
104
104
315
395
276

Cyclamen
p^rsicum

Cyfl()iiia

Cyinbidiiim
piilchella

Cypripediuin
acaiile
Calct^olus

247
155

177

314

176.455

127.177

233

Cypripidium parvifl6ra
Cytisus argt'iiiea var. va-

riegata
Dahim
Udpbne sp.

cne6rum

variegata
Datura

arbirea

grandiflorum

Stram6nium
Davaiia ovata
Delphinium Barldwi

grandiflorum

sinensis ti. pi.
Dendi6bium
Denlaria lusitanica

pinnaiifida
Z)ictaninus fraxiuilla

rubra
Didynuicarpus

RMxii
Dionaj'n muscipula
Diosina canitala

cricoides
Diphysicum foliosum
i'odecdtheon integrifo-
lium

Rleadia
Doryanthes excelsa 338-
7?raba v^rna
Drac;e'na

drdco

ferrea
Dracocephalum Kuysch-
idnum

virginianum
Drosi-ra lonaifcilia

rotundif61ia

tennifolia 243

Echev6ria grandifl6ra
Echinocdcius 62,

cornigera

crendtus

Eyriesii 135.221.317,

inirens

multiplex

tubitlorus
KVhium

Elffi'is guineensis
/;'mpptrum Conradi
Enkidnlhus quinquefldrus
E'pacris

campanuldta rubra

ceriifldra

grand itl6ra

heteron^ma

impr^ssa 299.

nivalis 229.

pallud6?a 154.155.

pulchella

punaens

purpurascens

rosea

variabilis 229

Epid6ndrura
Epigas'a

ripens 175

Epilohium angustiftliuin

liirsutum
EpiphvlUim Ackermdnii

mdjor 76. -276.277.394

specidsiim 76

splendidum

truiuatum 62.64.76

Erdnthemum pulchellum 247

381

395

154

115.394

1.54.155

225.355

£nca

./5'bietina

andromedneflira

arl)6rea

canaliculdta

cinerea

concinna

curviflira rubra

grdcilis

cricoides

imbricata

mamimisa

mediterrdnea

nigrlta

Plnea

piibescens

pubtscens minor 154

ramentdcea 257.316

regerminans

rubens

rubida

sulphurea

tricolor

siiperba

urceolaris

vagans

ventric6=a
superba

vernix coccinea

verticilldta

vulgdris
Erigeria bulbosa, (?) not

reg. in Hort. Brit. 105
Eriobotrya japonica 374

Eriopborum alllniim 276

Erythrlna Crista gdlli 355.460
Erythrdnium americdnurn

197.243

D6ns cdnis 243

Eschscholtzja, a syn. of

Chryseis 67

Eucbr6mia coccinea 105

Euciima fragrans (.') 76

Eucomis punctata 248.314

stridta 314

Eugenia austrdlis, a syn.

ot" E. 7Hyitif61ia 248

malaccensis 434

jHyrtifolia 28.153.314.353
394.413

273
394
353
154
353
115.225
154
154
257

154.394
257.276.315
1.54
226
214
214
154
189.353
214.273
314
276

353

oleifdlia
i?ru6nymus variegata
Eupat6riMm ageratoides

frdaraiis

pubescens

verticilldtum
Euphorbia Cyparlssias

helioscopia

Jacquini/Jdra 135.'^29

spl^ndens 154.311.333

314
460
357
154
357
357

359

Tirucdlli
Eutoca vlscida
ii^icus eldstica

m.Tcropbylla
Fragaria virglnica

225

388.432

310.4.33

311

166.037

453

Fuchsfa fill gens 273.303.451
glohosa 311.316.3.53.460
gracilis
mutdbilis
Tlir.mpson»a
Fumdria spiciosa
Gaillaidia aristdta
Gardenia
anife'na
flurida
radiciiis

310.314,355
25
311
453
278
247
374
149
273.3J4

476

LIST OF PLANTS.

155. 16R

n

H6ve.a Celsij 135

illciifcilla 57

H6.VU carii6sa I54.163.3l2.3l4

353

coiidcea 303

tludsoii-a cricnides 35U

toiiieiiUisa 27fi.315.35l)

Hnra crei)itans 61

Hydidngea hortinsis 314.3S9

388

Hydrophyllum virginicum

106
ifypeiicum perf61ium 315

Gardoqula Hook^ri 154.353 t Houstcinia CKrulea

Gaultli^n'a hiepidula 241317

Gentidrta crinita 105.17t'.3S8

sapanaria l'i7.178.434

Geranium maculalum 237

sanguineuiu 453

Geidrdi'a 178

glaiica 357

maiititna 357

pedicularis 357.454

juercifolia 355

teiiu:fl6ra 454

G^sneraluilbdsa 235

Doiiglasii 248.292

r6va 4G0

prasinata 248

rutila 248

verticillata 292

G^um iiivdle 453

Gladiolus 172

blandus 174

caidinalis 174

floribundus 174

iiatalensis 174

psittacinus, a syn. of

O, Iiatalensis 248

Glaiiciiim luteuiu 389

Ghirio-a superba 432.435

Gloxinia alba 314.353

Candida 248.273

grandiflira 235.273

mariiima 276

specidsa 235.248.273.314

353.355

Gnaphdlium aireum 154

graiidifloia 154

plantapinium 166.237

Gompliia illiciifolia 29l

Gomphrtna globO^a 3-9

Goodv era piibescens 357

itH'ens 317.357

Gordon ia pubescens 460

Gorter^a 247

Graiiiila aiirea 127

GrinirTKa leiicophse'a 1 R6

pulvinata 166

Gymnogiamma calomeli-

nos 144

chrysophylla 144

Martinsu 114

Hsmantlius cnccineus 394

//ainainelis virgin ica 454

Hedy?anitncanadeiise 357

Ht'imia salicifaiia 192

Heliinthiisdivarir^tus 387

muliifl6rus pleno 388

fieliotropium coryinbisuni

353

peruvldnnm 155.314

i7ell6lioins niger 129

viiidis • J-39

ifemerocallis cEEriilea 314

japoiiica 368

Hepatioa americina 234

trilciba 127.234

Jfibiscus.6sp. 434

africdnus 388

militdris 225

iiioscliEktus 3»9

palustris 389

RuiS. sinensis 235.226.248

277.314.353.370.459

var. lutea 314

Hierdcium vend urn 316

Uoitia niexir^na 444

i/6rdeuin jubdtum 105.3 6

Houdaiu intldta 315

virtinica

357

Hvpox is electa

275.453

Vberis amdra

443

coron-^ria

888.448

pinnata

448

Hex baledrica

191

variegata

4()1J

Illicium floridanum

155.394

443

parvifldra

2/6

Ipomai'a IlorsfalhaJ

277.296

insignis
piniculita

2i7.99li

29fi

; 'ris bitidra

129

prisinatica

453

puiiiila

1-9

ver>^icnlor 276.296,453

virtiuica

276

/'xia

173.183

crocata

172.235

tiicolor

155

viridifldra

17.i

Ixdra cocciuea 155.197.235

Jd73

crocdla

353

rosea

154

Jacquiiua riisciCaiia

61

JamWsa vulgaris 299.307.374

Jasione monlana

244

Jasuiiniiin az6ricuin

353

grandifloruni

4C.0

Smnhac

248

191

trifoliatum
Juniperns Oxyc^drus

reciirva

JusticJo- calatrix, probably

intended for J, ca-

lytr'icha 155

speciisa 248

Kalmia angustifolia 175.275

27H

glauca 175

latifolia 175.270.276.315

Kernajaponica 129.130.192

Lffi'lia Ancepg
; LagerstriL-'ni/a 43.311.

1 Lautanacaniara
' niutabilis 115.

I Sellovvji 251.311,314,

Lapeyrousia dnceps
! corynibosa
i lAx'w
Lasiantlius Russelljdnws
Lntaiiia borhonica 31.6
Lathyrus maritimus 276.
ornatns

palustris 275,

iaiirus Benzoin

persica
Lawsbnm inermis
Lecliea ramul6sa
Lecbenaiiltia

form6=a 76. 155.221 .276,

Leonfiiis Lo'^nurus 353

Lespidezw lii.ia 391

se-siiit;6 a 391

Leucadtndron argenteum 394

Leycesleria formbja 191

Lidtris scar (l^■a 350.353.391

Ligustruni scuticum 350

vuliiire 276

iiliuni c-inadensa 177

candi.lnm 129.317

lancifohum var.

?6-eiim 216

pliiladelphlcum 177.316

speciosnin 2r<

snperbuni J 77

Lindria cynibalaria 3i'5

Linnoe'a bori-dle 34Q.3I5

iinum perenne 389

tiL'rynnni 248

virL'inidna 357

Liriodendroii tulipifera 453

Lni'tsa auiantia 235

Lobe I (asp. 197

bicnlor 3v!6

cardinalis 127,176.353

387

Clayfonia 316

infl'dta 391

specidsa pnrpurea 353

Lonicera Pereclyminum 388

Lopliospirinum giandifld-

ru m 353

scandens 235,248.314

iotus jacoba;'ns 154.4*)0

Lucuma ninMim(i?a 299.339

Lundria vuledris var. pe-

16ria 317

Lupinus ndnus 388.43-2

perinnis 127.276.24:2.: 50

433

polyphyllus 453

Lyclinis cnnindta 248

Githduo 68

Lycopodiuni, 3 sp, 393

dendri ideiim var.

complaiidtuin 317

alopecuroides 351

annolinmii 317

dpodnin 222

stoloiiifeium 4C5

Lycupsis arvtnsis 3 6

Lyg6diuni palmatum 317

/.ysinidclii stricta 316

tbiysit^dra 276

Z^ytliruni /(yssopiiraiia 316

Madia saliva 227.2:<6

Magiidliaconspicua 373

fn.»cd(a 460

gliiiic I 175.3 6

grand flora 394

niacroplivlla 315

Thonijisiinia 236

t'ipetaa 411.453

Mabetn/aodoidta 154

Malidina j3quit6iiutn 445

fasciculdris 444

repens 444

Jl/alope irjfida var. grand-

ifldra 237.389

Jlfalvaviscus art ireus 353

jMammca americdna 299.339

Man6ttia cordil"6lia 25l.;<53

395

gldbra, syn. with cor-

difdlia 464

Mangiferaindica £99.;^4i)

Mdrica 173

ca:rulea 173

NortluuHa 173.219

LIST OF PLANTS.

477

Mirica Sabini 173 ;

Waurandyaautirrhinifldra 3iA
BarclaydHa i.9.J4(?.3l4

semperfldrens 324

Maxillaria 353

Meastonia heteroinalla 355 I
.Vfenyantlies tiifoliata 243 |
MenzieSi'a CKrulea SW.XOi i

polifdlia ]8'J.314 ,

Meseiiihryantlieniura cris-

talliiiiim
Jl/tspili s arb6iea
Metrosiieros

floribiindiis

semperHdrens
JWinii^a aibdri a
JliiiiiLlus caidiiidlis

Hartisdiu

moschatus
Milcliellurepi^ns
Milella diplijlla
Monarda albpliylla

purpurea
Morffi'a

24:J
236
245
154
353
461)
235
35S
389
315
197
357
38S
172.183

C-xalis florihiinda 259

Phms Cembra

82.84

trilliiti6ra 68

iialt-peiisis

83

violacea 27()

l.ii^ra.iica

83

Oxyiira clirysaiithoides 290

lii.-i-iiiis

193

316.355

Laiicio

83

Psdnia albiflora var. fra-

Iducopbylla

193

graiis 270.46S

Inngi'diia

191

Hiimej 270

VA\\:\>iana

83

P(,ll<ii 271.414.45H

Pinaster

83

Ricliard^tiiu 453

Pinea

83

yVhittle/i 270. 453

Strohus

108

onemnni flora 451;

sylv^stris 82

84

442

BrdwiMJ 67

unrii.^ta

c.ihforjiica 67

tariarica

83

edulis 213

Piper nieilium

314

var. Reevisii 271.414.453

P.sldcia rerebinthiis

191

Matlxdyi 213

Pitlosporiim Tobira 154

398

JWotifa.i, probably the

460

jV. var. Canks<c£ is

unduldtum

154

; pterjgosperni

Moriui

M6.ui 230.376

Jatiftlia 4. '7

muUicaulls 34.35.148.2611

M)7.3b7.386.391

MusaCavendisbii 136

intended

Panax tri(6lia
Pj)icratiiiin maritimum

speciosicin
Pavth'inu.i spirdl
Papaver rhK'as

199
453
197
107
353
64.394
388

paradi-iaca
purpurea
rosacie'a
sapientium

£99.314.:

374
21.299.311

299.342

353

248.459

JIfyrica cerifera
JKvrtus austrdlis, a syii
of Eii<iiina myrtifolia

comnu'riiis

var. f16rB pl6no

Piinenta
M'andina dom6stica
j\rdumbium

luteuin

speciosiim
Nemupliila in^ignis

4fi0
389
311 !

314 1

310 i

2:4

431

38R.43G

276.994

?3S.4<y

387.4.''.4

. fl. pi. crinita 389
Parnasfia carolininna 243
Partlienliiiii luatricaria

(lore pleno 388

Passifldra sp.

a lata

cicrulea

Keriiiesina

princeps 46o

quadrangularis 342

Pediculdiis canadensis 197

Pei'diiuin lianiiaia i91.4Q4

Pelarsjoiiium var. specii-

luiMMiuiidi 270.273

i;icarnatniii su-

perliuiii 221

many fine varieties

enumerated 235.-?37.25i;

'^61.273.276.: 89

Plectiaiiibus fructicdsus 353
Pletocephalus amerird-

nns 388 433

Plumbago cap6nsis 248. 355

ro^ea 248

Pluniierwalba

rubra

Pod:ilyria austrd'is

Podop'liylluni pellatum

Pns;6"ia opliioglossclde

Poiiicbuia

Gill eu

piilclierrima

Polenio'iium leptana

Ptdyanihe.s tub^io^a

Polygala opposiiii61ia

lubella

sanguinea 357. 454

Pclyaonuai articulatum 242

350.:i93

var. multiplex 393

tincl6iium 267.347

Neottia ctrniia

JVepintlies dislillatdria 6-'.92
94

JVtreum splendens 248.31 1
355

Nieremberg/a filicaulis 235
273,314.3.53

J\'uphar advena

JVyniplite'a odorata

CEnotli^ra biennis

grandiflor.i 388

macrociipa 270

Onoclea sen>ibilig 39:i

OphiogloS'^uiii vulL'atum 155

Opiintia brasili^nsis 394

niicradasia 394

vulgaris 4^3

Crchis ]76

b'ephariglottis 357

fimbriata 177.;'50

grandirtdra 177.277.315

68

105.315

446

P^isea gratissima 299

Petunia

fiyctaiinifldra 388
var. Blockji
plueiiicea
violdcea

Pliaca sericea

Phalaris (frundindceavar.

variegdta 388

Philihertm grandifldra 214

Philipo(/eH(/ro;i regiuiii 56

Phlox 105

ameficana 410

cnrdata 416

Drumiuond/i 236. S70.276

350. 353. 388

var. cnrn^scens S-iO

3 var. 357

niaciilatum 453

nivea 237

pniculdta 388

pyraniii alis

stoldiiift ra

PoIytriclMiiM boredle

inciirvatuni
Popnius fasiiiiata
Ptrtiilaca Gilli^aii

grandifi(ira
Poteniilla ar}.6iitea

Hopwoodidno

l\' rlieiica
Prej'dnibes alba
Pjiinul-i acnulis

.-^JneiiS s
Prinos Uevitatus
Pioifu arstntia

milllftira var

301
301
446
383
382
166
316
27K
357
234
155
316
310. 464
Iba 166

3<-8

Oreodoiia r62ia (?) ?9I

Ornbdnche uniflora 276

O'robus niger i'V.)

purpurea 453

yariegdta 43

Ornithugalum ardbicum 314

aureum 273.314

O'xalis 248

Bowi^i 248.359.394.4'4

suuveoicns

tnrdiflora

Whee e ii
Phoe'iiix (/iciyiifera
Phylifa pill escens
Piniel^a ciinita

liHiidula

jd^ea
Pin us

Brutea

Priinus douiestica niyro-

lalana 445

obovdla ?37

Psidium lattleydnam 271

moritaiia 344

j ponif.rum 299.343

pyiift-mm 299.343 433

i Pulmonaiia virginica 155

197. 237

PiilfenE'a rfnphnrid s 154

Pjretliruni Pi'tl tnium

v^ir. fi tu (i>um 389
i Pyrnla cblMi'in ha 315

I riitundiQiia 316

i Pyru.«s ia|i6n.(iis 390

Queiciis pcdiinculdta py-

494

ramidal's

446

391

flaniiiculiii bulbosus

237

103

Ficdria

244

154 256

flilormls

3.57

256

re pens

357

81

i^ptans

357

83

stelffitus

276

478

LIST OF PLANTS.

Kenedlmia nutans 459
/Jhamnus 373
iJllevii corciriea 177
mrirvlandica 310
Rhod ■d^iidrnti 58
Ackdndi 190
kU;i defense 58. 190
anihupogon 191
arboidiiiii 190
v>ir.4rmm 190
N()l)lH«/tMW 190
Sml'hij 190
campantilitum 191
calawhibnse 190.277.466
puniiciim J90
caiicasicuin 190
daiiricuiu 191
glaiicum 316
Hnyloi^ku 190
liyliiidum 58.154.156
Knisliiii 190
LiiKlsivi 190
Diiximuin 143, 175. 176
293.316
var. purpiireum 190
lialliduin 104. 156
lioiiUciim 154
roseuin 248
Kussi'lliaraMm 466
viscosiim
lihodora catiadensis 175
Rdcliea fa cata 353
oblitiua 353
Ro&Wa ciliita 315
elegnns 291
Rondeletiaspecidsa 38-5
iJd^a arvensis 189
bnict' 4ta 189
pallica 23-2
Hufifdnj 258
iudica 166. 189
muUifldra J54
invnluciita 191)
macidmha 276
microiihylia 189
Diultlfliia 189
liiffra 389
nitiaa 3Ui
rulili-'ind'a 376
RiissellidKum 154
sangniiiea 154
siiiica 190
Smithu 155
some varieties enu-
merated 276. :277
iJubus odnrdtus 453
riisfff61ius 154
tri'olia 275
Rudbeckia fiilgida 338
lasriiiiata 357
Rii^Ilia n.riii6sa 115.',248
Bu-ions acule^lug 189
RiisselJa yuricea 323. 373
Sabbittiii cliloroides 137.177
355
var. alba 36. 356
SAIix pedicilldris 357
rnciirvdt,a 389
Sal.-d'a carolinianum 350
sAlsa 315
Salvia -.p. 259
fulg-'ng 136.215. 391
Gr:ihi.m!.i 137
leiicdnlha 137
leucocepliala 137
longifloia 137
pdtens 103.136.215
specidaa 1^7

Sa'via spl^ndens 137. 215
S:tmhi'rus canarl^nsis 316
SinL'uitidrla canadensis 177
Sap II 4riii offiiinalis 165

Sairicenia purpurea 241.275
317.425

Saxlfragasp.

155

peimsylvAnica

237

sarinent6ia

325

uinhellata

243

Scabid^a atropurpiirea

388

StellAta

3:i8

Schizdntlius pinnAtus

389

Scutellaria laterifdlia

357

Sfidiini ./("iznon

389

Semper vivum arbdreuin

314

araclinoides

111

Sen^cio aiirea

155

ialsanilta

388

obovAta

276

Sliepli^rdM arginiea

394

Sil6ne, sp.

388

qnliique viilnera

68

resia

68

Ten6rei 355

388

Suldnuui dulcamara 276

. 453

Herbertianum 137

215

jasminnides

353

Solidiiiio iiioolor 392

454

canadensis

357

CcB'sia

454

flexicaulis

357

lancerdita

3^8

peihiila

PoUya heteropliylla
Spuravis

grandifldia

tricolor
Spliaiiiura hvpnum
Siiiros'a 41l)n var.

filipeiidula pleno 312.4.53

trifolidta 4.53

Splaclinuui ainpulldceiim a76

392
311
172. 183
173
173
151
3.57

Stapel

6sp. 4i3

aniblina 76

grandiHora 314

Stichys Aypsoplf61ia 350

Stelldria piiliera 197

Slipa spl^Mdeiis 316

Sirelitzia augusta 289 382.392

regina? 90.382.460.464

Streplaiitii^ra 173

SwaJns6mai?-ale?a;fl6ra 353

Swiel^iiia Mahairnni 68

Svtii|)h6'iaraceii)63a .388

Syrimria r^rsica 129. 130

sinensis 129,130

vnlsdris 165

Taherinontiina corondria 314

rau6fesp4tulafl.pl. 388

Tamarindiis occidentilis 209

344

Tanac^tnm vulsdre 165

Tephr6sia vrrpinica 177

Tiialictrum anemonoides 193

corviiellum 453

dlnicmn 237

diviriim(.') 197

T/tia Buhea 314

viridls 314

Tbenhr<inia Cacao 299.345

rii^.ium umbellitum 237.453

Tliiinax parvifidra 61

Tl)nnb6i2»aal4taalha 353

Tliysanoc4rpus runcin^tus

317
Tigrldia conchifiora 174. 218

TigiidlaHerb^rtu 174.

pavdnia 174.388

Tilldnd.-iaserrata 460

Traciivmenecaiiulea-SSS 431

Trade>canua 453:

licidor 460

vntinica 106.317

Trevir4na coccinea 394-

'I'rienidlis americana! 243

enropje'a 243'>

Trillium 176

c6niua 197

grandifldrum S8.237

pictum 177

rril61ium 68

arvense 317"

pratense 275

procurabens 317

Trilbnia 172. 1831

crocita 173

Tropai'olum sp. 356

niajns 388-

var. ;Uro-sangnineum388-

miiius 388.

Urceci'dria se?si ifldra 237-

Ureiia specio^a 31

^accininm corjmbdsum 237

dnm(-)snm 317"

frondo-uir SKv

niacrocurpum 317

resiniiuii) 275-

Vanilla 151

pl;inif(Mia 291

Ferldscum sp, 237

7iid|i.^us 315=

Vetbiii-.t diba Birist, a syn,

off. tencrioides 89.I02-
154. 181.212. 25»-
albifidra, a syn. of V.

teucrinides 235

ArtaniaKa 90.103.212.259

290. 357. 388'

Aubl^tm ■ 248'. 291)

var. Drumm6ndu 273'

283

cliama;drif61ia29. 90. 182

228. 236. 251. .332

Eyredna 89. 154.235..2.5&

273.348.370. 388. 392

incisa 154.235.259.333

394'

Melindres, a svn. of

ehamaedrifdiia 90: 182

248. 388-

miiliifida 258

Niveiiji. a syn. of V.

teiK-riuides 102. 103 181
pnlcl.ella 290

teucrioides 181.258.261
3^2. 348. 357. 370. 3S9-
392
Tweediedna 8. 29. 58. 89
154. 197. 212. 23 i 248
251, 258. 276. 282. 322
332. 348 357
veno^a 235. 394

The fcdiowing are proba-
bly only varieties of
V. Tweediedna, cham-
asdiifo'ia, cfec. viz :—
var.Binneyd7W 273'. 283
369. 394
clianiEedrifdlia

major 103, 392

foriii6*a 2.56

till gens 273. 283

jnterii)0dia90.154.258
Kilvii)gt6nw 273. 28»

LIST OF PLANTS.

479

rerb^iia var. Pyldndsia 256

nburnum cotinif61ium 191

rdsea '273. 983

dentatum

276.',3.'i7

spl^ndens 256

lar.tanoides

315. 393

TvveediertTia gran-

oxycoccus

276.394

difldra 90 154. 258

pyrifolium

315

Tvveedierina sii-

sp.

27M

p^rba 58.388.392

ncia saliva

4.i3

Wardu 250

Tinea aiba

235.314.353

Watsinm 273. 2t3

rosea

235. 314. 353

seveial varieties

Fiola i.landa

237

enumerated

cucuiJEita

197. 2.37

290. 431

granditidra

388

rerSnica novaborac6nsis 357

.,do,aia

243

Scutellaria 31G

tenella

68

spicita .389

tricolor var

arvensis 68

nburnum 176

vill63a

197

acerifdliiim 315

Fitex .<i'gnus Castus 459

Fiti.« lahrusca
Volkauieriajaponica 248.
Watsinta

huinilis
Wistaria CunseqnAna l.'il,
Wit?6iiiacoryii]t6sa 177.
Woodsia ilveiisis

obtusa
VVraym

X^nthlum sfruni6«um
Xylosteinum ci;id.tum
Yucca 28.

filampntosa

glcri(jsa 310.

Z4mia

Zt-phyrdnthps Mamdsco
Zinnia vio'acea

CORRECTIONS.

All the names of plants, eitlier generic, or
specific, enumerated in the body of the
work, winch are wronjjly accented, the
derivations incorrect, or erroneously spell-
ed, are corrected in the list of plants at the
end of the volume. Besides the errata
inserted at pp. 193, 232, 308, 352, are the
fullowins: —

In p 3, 6 lines from the top, for "it," read
"ihey."

In p. 35, 97 lines from the top. for ''Baily,"
read "Bailey's."

In p. 149, 2 lines from the bottom, for "Pj6-
res," read "Fibres."

In p. 1.53, for "G. R. Rotlon," read "G. R.
Kolton." The same error occurs on p. 244.

In p. 197, ?5 lines from the top, for "Paux,"
read "Panax."

In p. 351, 12 lines from the bottom, for
"peat," read "heat "

In p. 393, 24 lines from the lop, for "tenth
annual exhibition," read "eleventh an-
nual exhibition."

In p. 443, 15 lines from the bottom, for
" Loiscleur des Longchamps," read
" Lolseleur des Lnnfirhamps,"

In p.4o2, 19 lines from the bottom, for "spice
ot a taste," lead "spread of a taste."