COLLECTIONS

OF THE

MAINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY,

YOL. Y.

PORTLAND:

PUBLISHED FOE THE SOCIETY.
1857.

Vo

BROWN THURSTON, PRINTER, PORTLAND, ME.

CONTENTS.

MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.
OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY.

ARTICLE. PAGE.

I. INAUGURAL ADDBESS, by the President of the

Society, containing BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF

FORMER PRESIDENTS.
JUDGE MELLEN, ----------- xxn

STEPHEN LONGFELLOW, -------- xxxi

Gov. PARRIS, - xxxix

REV. WILLIAM ALLEN, - -- XLVI

" DR. NICHOLS, LI

EARLY CHURCHES AND MINISTERS ----- LIT

IN MAINE, AND AGED MINISTERS, LV

NOTICE OF ROBERT H. GARDINER, LVII

II. PEMAQUID PAPERS, from Original Documents in 1

the State Department of New York.

III. ANCIENT PEMAQUID, AN HISTORICAL REVIEW. 139

By J. Wingate Thornton.

IV. REMARKS ON THE VOYAGE OF GEORGE WAY- 307

MOUTH, TO THE CoAST OF MAINE, IN 1605.

By John McKeen.

IV CONTEXTS.

ARTICLE. PAGE.

V. A LETTER FROM GEORGE POPHAM, PRESIDENT 341

OF THE SAGADAHOC COLONY, TO KING JAMES I.,
DECEMBER 13, 1607 : With Introductory Re-
marks, and further comments on Waymouth's
Voyage, by the Editor.

VI. GOVERNOR POWNALL'S JOURNAL OF HIS VOYAGE 363

FROM BOSTON TO PENOBSCOT RIVER, MAY,
1759: With Notes by Joseph Williamson.

VII. ANSWER OF THE AGENTS OF MASSACHUSETTS TO 389
THE COMPLAINTS OF SIR EDMUND ANDROS,
1688.

VIII. SOME ACCOUNT OF THE GERMAN SETTLEMENT 401
IN WALDOBOROUGH. By Rev. Mr. Starman.
AND A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF MR. STAR-
MAN. By Nathaniel Groton.

IX. THE LITHGOW FAMILY. GENEALOGICAL NOTICE. 413

X. ENGLISH DEFINITIONS OF INDIAN TERMS. From 425
Paul Dudley's Papers. 1720.

XL BILL OF MORTALITY FOR AUGUSTA, MAINE. 431
18521856.

XII. LETTER FROM REV. JACOB BAILEY, IN 1775, 437
DESCRIBING THE DESTRUCTION OF FALMOUTH,
MAINE.

MEMBERS AND OFFICERS

OF THE

MAINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

i*

RESIDENT MEMBERS

OF THE

MAINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

THE STARS AND YEAR INDICATE DEATH AND THE TIME OF IT.

* Abbott John, Bowd. Col, 1840.
*Abbott William, Bangor, 1849.
*Adams Joseph, Portland, 1850.
*Ames Benj., Bath, 1846.
Allen Frederick, Gardiner.
Abbott John S. C., Brunswick.
*Bailey Jeremiah, "Wiscasset, 1853.
*Balch Horatio G., Lubec.
Barnes Phineas, Portland.
*Bond Thomas, Hallowell, 1827.
Bourne Edward E., Kennebunk.
Bradbury James "VV., Augusta.
*Bradley Sam'l A., Fryeburg, 1844.
*Bradley Samuel, Saco, 1849.
*Bridge James, Augusta, 1834.
Brown Theodore S., Bangor.
Burgess George, Gardiner.
Champlin Jas. T., Waterville.
*Chapin Stephen, Watenille, 1844.
'Clarke William, Hallowell, 1855.
Cleaveland Parker, Brunswick.
*Cole Joseph G., Paris, 1851.
*Cony Daniel, Augusta, 1835.

*Cummings Asa, Portland, 1856.
*Dana Judah, Frj-eburg, 1843.
Dane Joseph, Kennebunk.
Davies Charles S., Portland.
*Deane Jbhn G., Portland, 1843.
Downes George, Calais.
Dunlap, Robert P., Brunswick.
Eastman Philip, Saco.
Ellingwood John W., Bath.
*Emerson Samuel, Kennebunk, 1851.
Evans George, Portland.
Everett Ebenezer, Brunswick.
*Fairfield John, Saco, 1847.
Farley E. Wilder, Newcastle.
Farrar Samuelj Bangor.
Fessenden Samuel, Portland.
*Fisher Jonathan, Bluehill, 1847.
*Freeman Charles, Limerick, 1850.
*Frothingham Wm., Belfast, 1852.
*Fuller Henry W., Augusta, 1844.
Gardiner Robert H., Gardiner.
Gardiner Frederick, Gardiner.
Granger Daniel T., Eastport, 1854.

VIII

RESIDENT MEMBERS.

Greenleaf Moses, Williamsburg.
*Gillet Eliphalet, Hallowell, 1850.
Oilman John T., Portknd.
Goodenow Daniel, Alfred.
Goodenow William, Portland.
Groton Nathaniel, Portland.
*Hasey Benjamin, Topsham, 1850.
Haines W. P., Biddeford.
Hathaway Joshua W., Bangor.
Hayes Wm. A., S.Berwick, 1851.
*Hyde Zina, Bath, 1856.
'Holmes John, Portland, 1843.
Howard Joseph, "
Ilsley Isaac, " 1853.

Ingalls Theodore, " 1857.
Johnson Alfred, Belfast, 1851.
Kavanah Edward, Newcastle, 1844.
Keeley Geo. W., Waterville.
Kellogg Elijah, Portland, 1842.
King William, Bath, 1852.
Kent Edward, Bangor.
Lincoln Enoch, Paris, 1830.
Lincoln Isaac, Brunswick.
Little Josiah S., Portland.
Longfellow Stephen, " 1849.
Loomis Harvey, Bangor, 1825.
Mann Ariel, Hallowell.
McGaw Jacob, Bangor.
McKeen Joseph, Brunswick.
McKeen John, "
McKeen James, "
Mclntire Rufus, Parsonsfield.
Mellen Prentiss, Portland, 1840.
Merrick John, Hallowell.
Morrill Lot M., Augusta,
Xewman Sam'l P., Brunswick, 1842.
Xourse Peter, Ellsworth, 1840.
*0rr Benj., Brunswick, 1828.
Otis John, Hallowell, 1856.
Packard Hezekhh, Wiscasset, 1849.

Packard Alpheus S., Brunswick.
Parris Albion K., Portland, 185".
Payson Edward, " 1827.
Pierce Josiah, Gorham.
Pierce George, Portland, 1835.
Pond Samuel M., Bucksport.
Poor John A., Portknd.
*Porter Rufus K., Machias, 1855.
Potter Barrett, Portknd.
Preble Wm. P., Portland, 1857.
Quinby Moses, Westbrook, 1857.
Randall Benj., Bath, 1857.
Reddington Asa, Augusta.
Robbins Augustus C., Brunswick.
Rose Daniel, Thomaston.
Russell Edward, Portknd, 1835.
Seaver Joskh, S. Berwick.
Selden Calvin, Norridgewock.
Severance Luther, Augusta, 1855.
Sewall David, York, 1825.
Sewall Joseph, Bath, 1852.
Sewall Wm. B., Kennebunk.
Shepley David, Winslow.
Shepley Ether, Portknd.
Shepley Geo. F., "
Sheldon David N., Bath.
Simonton Putnam, Portland.
Smith Samuel E., Wiscasset.
*Stebbins Josiah, Alna, 1829.
Smythe William, Brunswick.
Tappan Benj., Augusta.
*Tappan Enoch S., " 1847.
Tlncher Stephen, Lubec.
Thacher Peter, Rockland.
Thayer Solomon, Portknd.
Tenney John S., Xorridgewock.
Thurston David, Searsport.
Upham Thomas C., Brunswick.
*Vaughan Benj., Hallowell, 1835.
Vose Richard H., Augusta.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Ware Ashur, Portland.
*Wells Geo. W., Kennebunk, 1843.
*Weston Jona. D., Eastport, 1834.
Weston Nathan, Augusta.
Wheeler Amos D., Topsham.
Whitman Levi, Nonvay.
Williams Daniel, Augusta.
Williams Reuel, "

^Williamson Wm. D., Bangor, 1846.
Willis William, Portland.
*Wingate Joshua, Portland, 1843.
Woodhull Richard, Thomaston.
Williamson Joseph, Belfast.
Woods Leonard, Brunswick.
Woodman Jabez C., Portland.

MEMBERS

CHOSEN AS RESIDENT, AND SINCE REMOVED FROM THE STATE.

Allen William, Northampton, Mass.
Cole Jonathan, Exeter, N. H.
Cutter William, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Crosby Wm. G., Boston, Mass.
Tales Thomas F., Waltham, Mass.
Folsom George, N. York.
Greenleaf Jonathan, N. York.
*Greenleaf Simon, Cambridge, 1853.
Goodwin Daniel R., New York.
Hodgdon John, Dubuque, Iowa.

Hitchcock Roswell D., New York.
Kellogg Elijah, Boston, Mass.
Longfellow H. W., Cambridge, Mass.
Nichols Ichabod, " "

Sabine Lorenzo, Framingham, "
Shepley Samuel H.
Southgate Wm. S., Vermont.
Swallow George C.
* Warren Eben. T., Illinois, 1829.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Bache Alex. II., Washington, D. C.
Bartlett Wm. S., Chelsea, Mass.
*Bowdoin Jas., Boston, Mass, 1834.
Chandler Peleg W, Boston, Mass.
Crabtree William, Savannah, Geo.
Cleaveland John P., New York.
Cleaveland Nehemiah, New York.
Cooley Horace S., Springfield, Mass.
*Dearborn H. A. S., Roxbury, Mass.,
1851.

Dewhurst Henry W., London.
*Farmer John, Concord, N. H.
Felch Alpheus, Detroit. Mich.
Frothingham John, Montreal.
*Gallatin Albert, New York.
Graham I. D. Major, U. S. A.
Greenleaf Patrick H.
Hale Samuel, Somersworth, N. H.
*Harris Thaddeus M., Dorchester,
Mass., 1842.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY.

Jenks "William, Boston, Mass.
Jones George, Savannah, Geo.
Jones Lot, New York.
Johnston John, Middleton, Conn.
Kip William L, California.
Lawrence William B., New York.
Little Josiah, Newburyport, Mass.
Logan, William E., Montreal.
Pike John, Rowley, Mass.
*Ripley Eleazer W., New Orleans.
Savage James, Boston, Mass.

Sibley John L., Cambridge, Mass.
Teft I. K., Savannah, Ga.
Thornton J. Wingate, Boston, Mass.
Tuston Septimus, Washington, D. C.
Vattemare Alexandre, Paris, France.
Waldron Nath'l G.,Portsmouth, N.H.
Washburn Emory, Cambridge, Mass.
*WinthropThos. L., Boston, 1841.
Winthrop Robert C., Boston, Mass.
Wright Nath'l, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Woodman Cyrus, Mineral Point, Wis.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY,

ELECTED AUGUST 5, 1857.

WILLIAM WILLIS, President.

PARKER CLEAVELAND, Corresponding Secretary.

JOSEPH WILLIAMSON, Recording Secretary.

JOHN McKEEN, Treasurer.

ALPHEUS S. PACKARD, Librarian and Cabinet Keep er.

PUBLISHING COMMITTEE.

WILLL\M WILLIS,
JOHN S. C. ABBOTT,
JOHN MCKEEN,

LEONARD WOODS,
ROBERT H. GARDINER,
PHINEAS BARNES.

STANDING COMMITTEE.

LEONARD WOODS, JOHN MCKEEN,

PARKER CLEAVELAND, ROBERT P. DUNLAP,
JAMES W. BRADBURY.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY.

XI

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY,

FROM ITS ORGANIZATION.

Albion K. Parris,
William Allen,
Ichabod Nichols,

Edward Russell,
Ichabod Nichols

PRESIDENTS.

1822. Stephen Longfellow, 1834.

18231827. Prentiss Mellen, 18351845.
18281833. Robert H. Gardiner, 18461855.
William Willis, 1856

CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES-

1822. Samuel P. Newman, 1828.

18231827. Parker Cleaveland, 1829

RECORDING SECRETARIES.

Benjamin Hasey, 1822.

Benjamin Tappan, 1 8231 827.

Stephen Longfellow, 18281830.

William Willis, 18311834.

Asa Cummings, 1835.

Joseph McKeen, 18361845.

William Willis, 18461855.

Phineas Barnes, 1856.

Joseph Williamson, 1857

Prentiss Mellen,
Albion K. Parris,
William Willis,

TREASURERS.

18221830. Wm. B. Sewall,
18311832. John McKeen,
18331834.

1835.
1836-

UBRARIANS AND CABINET KEEPERS.*

Edward Payson, 1822 Henry W. Longfellow, 1834

Parker Cleaveland, 18231828. Alpheus S. Packard, 1835
Samuel P. Newman, 18291833.

* The Library and Cabinet are kept at Brunswick, where the annual meeting
is held on the day of the College Commencement.

INAUGURAL ADDEESS

BY WM, WILLIS,

PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY.

DELIVERED AT AUGUSTA, MARCH, 1857.

ADDEESS.

GENTLEMEN OP THE MAINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY:

I take occasion at this first meeting of the Society, since
I was informed of my election as its President, to tender
to you my thanks for the honor you have conferred upon
me, in selecting me to preside over this learned association.
To be one in the line of succession of the distinguished
men, who have preceded me, in this office, is, of itself a
source of gratification and of honor. Of my six predeces-
sors, three have deceased, Chief Justice Mellen, Stephen
Longfellow, and Gov. Parris, names only to be mentioned
to be honored, while the survivors, President Allen, late of
Bowdoin College, Dr. Nichols, and Mr. Gardiner, of Gardi-
ner, are still giving to the Society the mellow light of their
mature age and varied experience.

The government of Maine, early after its organization, in
June 1820, imitating the noble example of the Common-
wealth from which it had amicably separated, after a union
of 142 years, took prompt measures to promote the cause
of good learning, and good morals in the new Common-
wealth, then commencing its hopeful career.

The colonists of Massachusetts, within six years after
planting themselves on the virgin soil, and before they had

XV111 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

consolidated their government, with great wisdom and fore-
sight, laid the foundations of Harvard College, and the wise
system of common schools. This example and its abund-
ant fruits were not lost upon Maine ; at the first session of
her legislature, she made provision for the establishment of
a medical school at Bowdoin College, and passed an " act
to encourage literature, and the useful arts and sciences,"
by which was granted to Bowdoin College $21,000, and
$7,000 to the college at Waterville. The next year, the
Maine Medical Society was incorporated, which embraced
seventy of the principal physicians in the State, among whom
were Doctors Ammi R. Mitchell, of North Yarmouth, Rose,
Coffin, Benj. Yaughan, Mann, Tappan, Stockbridge, Cony,
Emerson, Folsom, Hitchcock, Parker, Prescott, Lincoln,
Weed, Snell, Griswold, Burleigh, Chandler men who would
have conferred honor upon any commonwealth, which could
have ranked them among its citizens.

The next year, this Historical Society was incorporated,
consisting of forty-nine members, including the Gov. of the
State, the Pres. of Bowdoin College, the judges of the Su-
preme Court, and other prominent men of the State, of whom
sixteen only are now living. The Society was organized in
April, 1822, and Albion K. Parris, then Governor of the
State, was elected President. At this time, but little interest
was taken in historical studies among us. Our people were so
much absorbed in their material occupations, and there were
so few, who with surplus capital, possessed any inclination
toward literature, in any of its branches, that literary and
historical pursuits were quite neglected. I think no histor-
ical work, nor any other of literary pretensions, had, pre-
vious to this time, been published by any citizen of Maine,
excepting some sermons, occasional addresses and Green-

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

leaf's Ecclesiastical Sketches, a valuable work published in
1821. The same year, Mr. Freeman published, in duodeci-
mo, extracts from the Rev. Mr. Smith's journal, with inter-
esting and useful statistics. Gov. Sullivan, in 1795, had
published his history of Maine, but although a native of the
State, he had moved to Boston.* In 1829, Moses Green-
leaf issued his laborious work, the statistics of Maine, in
connection with his valuable map. This was followed next
year, by Mr. Folsom's history of Saco and Biddeford, con-
taining the result of much careful research and preserving
many valuable facts, which otherwise would have been lost
to history. In 1831, this Society published its first volume
of transactions, which embraced the history of several towns,
and other exceedingly valuable papers, among which were
extracts from Gov. Lincoln's MSS, on the Indian language
and Catholic missions ; a journal of the expedition across
Maine to Quebec in 1775, by Colonel Montressor, with Gen-
eral Arnold's letters ; and original documents relating to
the early history of the State all prefaced by a beautiful
introductory chapter from the classical pen of Judge Ware.

The next year appeard Mr. Williamson's history of the
State, a work prepared with great labor and unwearied re-
search, and which rescued from destruction most copious
materials relating to our early settlements, and to the politi-
cal and physical condition of our territory.

These efforts contributed to draw attention to historical"
studies, and resulted in the production of town histories,
and an increased interest in similar subjects, until the pub-
lic mind became fully awakened to the importance of tracing

* A brief history of Belfast, by Messrs. Abbott & White, had been pub-
lished, and a short account of York, in the 3d vol, of the Mass. Hist Col.,
and the Rev. Mr. Cogswell, of Saco, had furnished a sketch of that place in
1815, for the same collections.

XX INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

out and bringing to light the incidents, trials, hardships and
successes of the early movements of civilization on this
continent. And now, the study and development of our
history and antiquities have become leading and favorite pur-
suits among our people.

Our first volume has been followed by three others, con-
taining matter of great interest to the students of our his-
tory, and creditable to the Society : the third volume was
published in 1853, the fourth in 1855, and the fifth will be
published before the expiration of another year, containing
the first printed edition of valuable documents relating to
the early settlements between the Kennebec and the Penob-
scot rivers, which have recently been discovered in the State
Department of New York. These are drawn from the re-
cords of the Duke of York's Province of Cornwall between
the years 1664 the year of the Grant, and 1692, when it
was incorporated with Massachusetts under its new. charter,
a period during which our annals of that region had been
very defective.

We are still quite deficient in the history of our ancient
towns which have materials of the deepest interest to the
antiquarian. We have nothing from Kittery and York, our
earliest settlements, fields that would well repay a careful
gleaning ; nothing yet from Brunswick, an old and interest-
ing locality, although we know that our indefatigable friend
and member, McKeen, has gathered rich and copious mate-
rials for a perfect history of the place ; nothing from Gas-
tine and that large territory east of the Penobscot river,
which for many years was under the rule of the French, and
calls loudly for an historical explorer.

Few States, we may venture to assert, have so broad a
field for interesting historical inquiry, as Maine. Her early

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. XXI

colonists were far from being homogeneous ; no State less
so. She acknowledges among her earliest settlers, English,
German, Dutch and French, who all contributed to colonize
and settle different parts of our coast, and of whom traces
still remain. The English took possession of all the west-
ern part of the State from Piscataqua. river to the Kenne-
bec. Between the Kennebec and Penobscot, the French and
English claimed, and ultimately held, jurisdiction, but the
occupants were principally a combination of Dutch, German
and English. East of the Penobscot, the French held ex-
clusive possession under the Indian name of Norembegua,
and afterwards, the French, of Acadie, until its union with
Massachusetts in 1692, when Governor Phipps took posses-
sion of the country. The different parts have also borne
different names ; the western, while jointly held by Mason
and Gorges, received the name of Laconia ; after the divi-
sion, in which it fell to Gorges, he gave it the name of New
Somersetshire, from his own county in England : when he
obtained a confirmation of his title from Charles I, in 1639
with powers of government, he gave it the name of Maine,
in compliment to the Queen, a daughter of France, who held
the Province of Mayne in that country as her dowry. A
portion of this territory lying between Cape Porpus and
Cape Elizabeth, granted to John Dye and others in 1631,
fell into the hands of Alexander Rigby, in 1643, who estab-
lished a government over it and gave it the name of Lygo-
nia. Between the Kennebec and Penobscot, the country
has borne the various names of Pemaquid, County of Corn-
wall, New Castle, and the Duke of York's Province. After
the union, under the charter of 1691, the whole State was
embraced in the County of York, and so continued unti
1760, when it was divided into the three Counties of York,
Cumberland and Lincoln.

XX11 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

Our immigrants did not, like those of the other parts of
New England, come here for the enjoyment of religious lib-
erty, but for speculation to fish and trade, and for a larger
verge than they could have at home. The English settlers
were generally conformists, their connection with the Church
of England was not dissolved, and they continued to pre-
serve that form of worship until they were overwhelmed by
the superior power of their Puritan neighbor, Massachu-
setts. The French were Catholics, and maintained firmly
their own peculiar forms, under the guidance and control of
the powerful and enduring priests. The Germans were Lu-
therans, whose object was to occupy the vacant soil and im-
prove their temporal condition ; they were accompanied and
followed by their faithful pastors, whose sterling principles
and rigid doctrines made a durable impression upon the
sound and rugged minds of their flocks, which has remained
almost untinged by surrounding heresies to the present day.
There are diversities and wildly interesting materials, to
give a romantic hue to the pages of the philosophic historian,
or point the story of the novelist and poet. Some of them,
like the Acadian Spoliation, have found an eloquent tongue
in the Evangeline of our native poet :

Waste are those pleasant farms, and the formers forever departed !
Scattered like dust and leaves, when the blasts of October
Seize them, and whirl them aloft, and sprinkle them far o'er the ocean.
Naught but tradition remains of the beautiful village of Grand-Pre.

It seems to me appropriate to this occasion, and I there-
fore propose to devote the remainder of my address to
brief notices of the former Presidents of this Society, all
of whom have been connected in a greater or less degree
with the conduct and progress of our civil affairs. And
first, let me speak of the dead, Chief Justice Mellen, Stephen

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. xxiil

Longfellow: and last, of our recently departed member,
Albion K. Parris.

Mr. Mellen was the eighth of the nine children of the
Rev. John Mellen of Sterling, Massachusetts, and was born
in that town, October 11, 1764. His mother was Rebecca
Prentiss, daughter of the Rev. John Prentiss of Lancaster,
from which family his Christian name was derived. His
grandfather was Thomas Mellen, a farmer of Hopkinton in
Massachusetts. His father graduated at Harvard College,
in 1741, and having served long and faithfully in the minis-
terial office at Sterling and Hanover, in the Old Colony, he
died at Reading, Massachusetts, in 1807, aged 85.

His elder brother Henry and himself, were fitted for
college by their father, and entered Harvard together in
1780, from which- they took their degree in 1784, in the
same class with John Abbott, long a professor in Bowdoin
College, Silas Lee, a distinguished lawyer in Wiscasset, and
others who have taken honorable positions in society.
Henry, brilliant, witty, an attribute of the Prentiss stock,
somewhat wayward, but beloved by all who knew him, estab-
lished himself in the profession of law at Dover New Hamp-
shire, where he died in 1809. Prentiss spent a year after
his graduation, in Barnstable, as a private tutor in the family
of Joseph Otis ; he pursued his legal studies in the same
place, with the eccentric lawyer, Shearjashub Bourne, and
was admitted to the Bar in Taunton in October, 1788. On
that occasion, in conformity with an ancient custom, he treat-
ed the Court and Bar with half a pail of punch. His own
version of this treat was as follows, "according to the fash-
ion of that day; on the great occasion, I treated the judge
and all the lawyers with about half a pail of punch, which
treating aforesaid was commonly called "the colt's tail."

XXIV INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

Judge Thacher of Maine, Judge Hall of Vermont am
Daniel Davis, long settled in Portland, were also students
in Mr. Bourne's office. He felt great pride in Solicitor Davis,
who was a native of Barnstable, and he used to say, " I took
special pains with Daniel.

Mr. Mellen commenced practice in his native town, but
removed in eight months to Bridgewater, where he continued
until November, 1791. Not meeting with the success he
desired, he again changed his domicil, and spent the winter
and spring with his brother Henry in Dover. From that
place, in July, 1792, he removed to Biddeford, in this State'
by the advice of his firm and constant friend, the late Judge
Thacher, who was then a Representative in Congress from
Maine. Here he commenced that sphere of successful and
honorable practice, which placed him at the head of the Bai-
rn Maine, and at the head of its highest judicial tribunal.

His beginning in Biddeford was of the most humble kind,
and may give an idea of what professional men had to en-
counter in that day. He thus described it to me : "I opened
/ my office in one of old Squire Hooper's front chambers, in
which were then arranged three beds and half a table and
one chair. My clients had the privilege of sitting on some
of the beds. In this room I slept, as did also sundry trav-
elers frequently, the house being a tavern."

What his library was may be inferred from this humble
office apparatus. The population of Biddeford did not
then exceed eleven hundred, and that of the whole coun-
ty, which embraced a large part of Oxford, was about
twenty-eight thousand ; all served by three attornies, viz :
Dudley Hubbard of Berwick and Messrs. Thacher and
Mellen at Biddeford. There was then one term of the
Common Pleas Court held at Biddeford, and one term of

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. XXV

the Supreme Court at York, for the year, in that county, and
one term of the Supreme Court in each of the counties of
Cumberland and Lincoln, for jury trials, which was all the
favor the highest judicial tribunal was then permitted to
extend to this District. The law term for Maine was held
in Boston, and the records kept there. The whole popula-
tion of the State was then about one hundred thousand.
Gov. Sullivan had formerly lived and practiced in Biddeford
but had removed to Boston, and was at the time of which
we are speaking, Attorney General of Massachusetts.

From 1804 until his appointment as Chief Justice in 1820,
Mr. Mellen practiced in every County in the State, and was
engaged in every prominent cause. In 1806, his practice in
Cumberland being extensive, he removed to Portland, where
his professional engagements had become numerous and
where a very large commercial business was transacted.
His competitors were men of high legal attainments, of
great natural abilities, and able and eloquent as advocates.
Daniel Davis had just before removed to Boston; there re-
mained, the accomplished Parker, afterward Chief Justice
of Massachusetts, the patient and laborious Chase, the
scholarly Symmes, both of whom, by their untimely death,
opened a wider field for the new comers ; the grave and
cautious Whitman, afterwards Chief Justice of Maine ; the
sensible and acute Longfellow, and the ardent Hopkins ; all
of them residents of Portland, and ornaments of the Cum-
berland Bar. He also found able rivals in other parts of
the State, in the adroit and eloquent Wilde, late of the
Supreme Court of Massachusetts, the sagacious Silas Lee,
and Orr, shrewd, skilful and prompt.

To take the lead among such men, in their chosen pro-
fession, required and proved Mr. Mellen to have possessed

XXVI INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

more than ordinary powers. It was often said previous to
the separation of Maine from Massachusetts, that the Bar-
of Cumberland was the best in the Commonwealth. And
certainly that must have been a Bar of extraordinary quali-
ty, which could at one time boast of lawyers superior to
Parker, Symmes, Mellen, Chase, Whitman, Longfellow,
Emery, and the juniors Orr, Fessenden, G-reenleaf, Davies,
who came in as the others passed to the Bench or to a
higher tribunal.

At the Bar, Mr. Mellen's manner was fervid and impas-
sioned ; his countenance lighted up with brilliancy and intel-
ligence ; his perceptions were rapid and his mind leaped to
conclusions to which other minds more slowly travelled, and
as a consequence he was sometimes obliged to yield his
suddenly formed opinions, to more mature reflection. On
one occasion Chief Justice Parsons remarked to him when
he was ardently pressing a point, " you are aware Mr. Mel-
len, that there are authorities on the other side ; yes, yes
your honor, but they are all in my favor."

He identified himself with the cause of his client, and
never for a moment neglected it, or failed to improve every
opportunity in his opponent's weakness or errors, to secure
a victory. His voice was musical, his person tall and im-
posing, and his manner fascinating.

His life was not entirely absorbed by his profession. In
1808 and 1809, and again in 1817, he was chosen a member
of the Executive Council in Massachusetts; and in 1816
an elector at large for President. In 1817, while he held
the office of Councillor, he was chosen a Senator in Con-
gress from Massachusetts, with Harrison Gray Otis for his
colleague. This situation he held until Maine was organized
as a separate state, when in July, 1820, he was appointed Chic^

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. XXV11

Justice of its Supreme Court. The same year, he received
the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from both Harvard
and Bowdoin Colleges.

He continued to discharge the laborious duties of Chief
Justice with singular fidelity and ability until October, 1834,
when having attained the age of seventy, he became consti-
tutionally disqualified for the office. On the bench his tho-
rough knowledge of practice, his familiarity with decided
cases, and his quick perception of the points and merits of a
case, were peculiarly valuable at a time when the new State
was formimg its sytem of jurisprudence, and establishing
rules for its future government. The industry and ability
with which he discharged his arduous and important duties,
while at the head of our highest court, appears forcibly writ-
ten in the first eleven volumes of the Maine Reports ; in the
first nine of which he found an able exponent in his friend,
the accomplished Greenleaf. Of the sixty-nine cases in the
first volume of Greenleaf, in which formal reports are given,
the opinions in fifty of them were drawn by the Chief Jus-
tice. A larger proportion still, appears in the second vol-
ume, where of the eighty-four formal opinions, he drew sev-
enty-four of them. And this industry and application is
apparent through the whole series, in the last of which, sec-
ond of Fairfield, of the one hundred and six opinions, he pre-
pared fifty-five of them. Nor were those decisions of a light
or hasty kind ; many of them involved points of the highest
importance, requiring profound study, nice discrimination
and keen analysis. It may not be improper to say that in
these opinions the learned Chief Justice did not fall behind
his high reputation as a lawyer nor of the elevated position
which he occupied. And it is gratifying to be able to say
that our reports were cited at that period, in other States,
with great respect.

XXV111 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

Never were stricter integrity, nor a more earnest desire
to render exact justice in every case, carried to the bench :
and no judge ever performed his duties more conscientious-
ly. If any criticism may be permitted on a judicial course
so pure and able, it might be said, that there were times
when the judge's patience gave way before the tedious pro-
lixity of some advocates, who were unwilling to give the
court credit for a knowledge of the elementary principles
of law ; or where witnesses were pertinaciously bent on
telling all their experiences before coming to the point in
hand. In such cases he would sometimes be obnoxious to the
censure of the worthy Fuller, according to the canon of his
" good judge ; " of whom he says, he is "patient and attentive
in the hearing the pleading on both sides ; and hearkens to
the witnesses, though tedious. He may give a waking tes-
timony who hath but a dreamy utterance ; and many people
must be impertinent before they can be pertinent ; and can-
not give evidence about a hen, but first they must begin with
it in the egg. All which our judge is contented to hearken
to." But we cannot say this always of our good Chief Jus-
tice ; he could not sit still till this egg was hatched. In another
aspect he however, amply met this worthy's requirement : " he
nips those lawyers, who under a pretense of kindness to
lend a witness some words, give him new matter, yea, clean
contrary to what he intended."

On his retirement from the bench, the Cumberland Bar
addressed a letter to Judge Mellen, through a committee of
its most respected members, expressive of the high sense it
entertained of his services and merits, as an upright Judge,
and of his qualities as a man, to which tribute of affection
and respect, he responded with deep sensibility.

In 1838, Judge Mellen was appointed by the executive of

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

Maine at the head of a commission to revise and codify the
public statutes of the State, which had accumulated to near-
ly one thousand chapters, of various, and in some instances,
of inconsistent provisions. He earnestly engaged in this
task with his colleagues, the Hon. Samuel E. Smith and
Ebenezer Everett, Esq., and submitted their report on the
first of January, 1840, embracing the whole body of the
public statute law in one hundred and seventy-eight chapters
under twelve titles. This was adopted by the Legislature,
and constituted the first volume of the Revised Statutes.

This was the last public service of our estimable citizen
who had now passed the seventy fifth year of his age.

But our portrait would not be complete without the lights
which come from his private and domestic life. And this
was as free from stain, as was the ermine of his judicial
office. He married Miss Sally Hudson of Hartford, Conn,
in May, 1795, whose acquaintance he made while practicing
law in Bridgewater, and whose musical talents first attract-
ed his attention. He described his engagement in the fol-
lowing characteristic language in a letter to me, " I left
Bridgewater in 1791, having there first seen and fallen in
love with my present wife, and and told her a piece of my
mind.'

She was an amiable and accomplished woman, with whom
he lived in domestic happiness over forty-three years. She
died in 1838, aged seventy-one years. By her he had six
children, all born in Biddeford j of whom three daughters
only survive. The oldest son, Grenville, a graduate of
Harvard in the class of 1818, is well known as a literary
man, flowering out from the legal profession : he died in
1841, at the age of forty-two. His son Frederick was edu-
cated at Bowdoin, from which he graduated in 1825; ho

XXX INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

prepared himself for the practice of law, but was seduced
from it by the soft impeachment of art j he devoted himself
to painting, but died in 1834 at the age of thirty, before ac-
complishing his high aspirations.

Judge Mellen calmly and serenely yielded up his life on
the last day of the year 1840, in the midst of his own win-
ter, having passed through seventy-six years of a busy, well
spent life ; firm in the conviction of an approval by the
great Judge of quick and dead.

The Cumberland bar erected a solid and durable marble
monument to his memory, with suitable inscriptions, in the
cemetery in Portland, over his remains.

I believe that the remark he made in his last sickness, to
be perfectly true, "that he had always endeavored to do
what he believed to be right." He was a religious man, a
devoted attendant upon public worship, conscientious in the
performance of duty and faithful in all the relations of life.
His natural temperament was cheerful and gay ; full of wit
and anecdote, fond of society, which he enjoyed to the last,
and in which his cheerful and benevolent countenance was
always acceptable.

He was a man of warm imagination and fine literary taste.
He early inclined to cultivate a familiarity with the muses,
and like his cotemporary Judge Story, made poetry the
sport of his idle hours from his earliest to his latest age.

The cultivation of poetry -is not inconsistent with the
severe pursuits of the legal science. Even my Lord Coke,
who in the mind of the professional student is the personi-
fication of dryness, often quoted from the poets, and ob-
serves, "It standeth well with the gravity of our lawyers to
cite verses." Every body too, remembers Pope's praise of
Mansfield, " How sweet an Ovid was in Murray lost." And

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. XXXI

our own days have witnessed in the eminent English lawyer
Sir Thomas Noon Talford, the most elaborate and polished
of legal poets. The following poetical jeu d 1 esprit on the
law of pauper settlement, from an old poet, may be quoted
in this connection as a true legal maxim in verse :

A woman having a settlement
Married a man with none :
The question was, he being dead,
If that she had was gone.
Quoth Sir John Pratt, " the settlement,
Suspended doth remain,

Living the husband, but him dead

It doth revive again.

Chorus of puisne Judges.

Living the husband, but him dead

It doth revive again."

The calmness and patience with which our lamented friend
bore his last sickness, gave ample testimony of the sinceri-
ty of his faith and the firmness of his religious principles.
At this trying period, he frequently uttered expressions of
his entire submission to the divine will : impatient to be re-
lieved from the burden of the flesh, yet perfectly resigned
to wait. At one time he said, " I seem to be suspended
between heaven and earth : the body clings to its native
element, while the spirit struggles to be free." At another
time he said, " I can't let go, the thread of life is too strong.' 7
It broke at length, and the spirit ascended to its congenial
home.

And now in the language of Fuller's " Holy State" " we
leave our good judge to receive a ju?t reward of his integ-
rity from the Judge of judges, at the great assize of the
world."

I now come to speak of our respected friend, Stephen
Longfellow, the wise counsellor, the able advocate, the hon-
est man. Born March 23, 1776, in Gorham, to which place
his father and grandfather had fled on the destruction o

XXX11 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

Falmouth, by the British, in the previous October. His early
days were spent in that town, on the farm of his father, and
in studies necessary to prepare him for his future occupa-
tion. Sometimes in his addresses to the jury, he adroitly
drew illustrations from his farmer's apprenticeship, to point
his argument or secure their favorable attention. I once
had great fear of losing a case by one of these apt allusions,
in speaking of his carrying butter to market in Portland.

He was descended in the fourth degree from William Long
fellow, the first of the name who came to this country and
settled in the Byefield Parish, in the old town of Newbury,
and who married there in 1678, Anne Sewall; his fath-
er, grandfather and great grandfather were all named
Stephen. His grandfather the first immigrant to Maine,
graduated at Harvard College, in 1742 and came to Port
land, then Falmouth, as the Grammar School Master in 174 ; j.
He filled many offices of honor and trust, and exercised an
important influence in the affairs of the town and county.
He was fifteen years Grammar School Master ; twenty-three
years Parish Clerk; twenty-two years Town Clerk, and
fifteen years Register of Probate and Clerk of the Judicial
Courts ; several of which offices he held at the same time.
His son Stephen held the office of Judge of the Court of
Common Pleas from 1797 to 1811, and died much respected
in 1824 at the age of seventy-four.

His son, the subject of our notice, entered Harvard Col-
lege in 1794, at the age of eighteen, and at once took an
honorable position with the government and his College
companions, by the frankness of his manners, and his uni-
formely correct deportment. I have the privelege of offer-
ing the satisfactory testimony of his associates concerning
this period of his life. His classmate, Humphrey Devereux,

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. XXXltt

now living at Salem, in a letter, says of him, " On entering
College, Longfellow was in advance in years of many of us,
and his mind and judgment of course more matured. He
had a well balanced mind, no part so prominent as to over-
shadow the rest. It was not rapid in its movements, nor
brilliant in its course, but its conclusions were sound and
correct. He was inclined to think, compare and weigh
closely ; he did not soar into the regions of fancy and ab-
straction, but kept on the terra firma of practical common
sense. In his habits, he was studious and exemplary, free
from every contaminating influence. In a class which had
its full share of talent and scholarship, he held a very rep"
utable rank among its high divisions, and shared its honors
in the assignment of the College government, and in the
estimation of his classmates. In his temperament he was
bright and cheerful, and engaged freely in the social pleas-
ures of friendly meetings and literary associations. His
manners then, as in later life, were courteous, polished and
simple ; springing from a native politeness or a generous,
manly feeling. He was born a gentleman, and was a gen-
eral favorite of his class."

The venerable Daniel Appleton White, of Salem, two
years his senior in College, and now enjoying a serene and
dignified old age, writes, " Mr. Longfellow was a general
favorite with his classmates : the Rev. Dr. Channing used
to speak in high terms of his excellent classmate : he said
to me in one of his eulogiums, that he possessed great en-
ergy of character." He again says, " I never knew a man
more free from everything offensive to good taste or good
feeling ; even to his dress and personal appearance, all about
him was attractive. In his deportment and manners, he was
uniformly courteous and amiable. He was evidently a well-

XXXIV INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

bred gentleman when he left the paternal mansion for the
University. He seemed to breathe an atmosphere of purity,
as his natural element, while his bright intelligence, buoy-
ant spirits and social warmth, diffused a sunshine of joy,
that made his presence always gladsome."

These high tributes to the youthful character of Mr.
Longfallow, were fully sustained in his riper years. He
graduated in 1798 in the class with Dr. Channing, Judge
Story, Professor Sidney Willard, Dr. Tuckerman, and other
distinguished scholars, of whom but seven or eight in a
class of forty-eight, now remain.

On leaving College he immediately entered on the study
of law with Salmon Chase, of Portland, who was then en-
gaged in the most extensive practice of any lawyer at the
Cumberland Bar : and was admitted to practice in 1801.
He established himself at Portland, where the field was al-
ready occupied by seven lawyers in a population of thirty-
eight hundred. These prior occupants of this field, were
John Frothingham, who commenced practice there in 1778,
and was for a while the only lawyer in the County. Daniel
Davis, a polished gentleman and popular advocate, William
Symmes, a good scholar and lawyer, but of very formal man-
ners ; Isaac Parker, afterwards Chief Justice of Massachu-
setts ; all these were from the old Bay State ; Salmon Chase
and George E. Vaughan, from New Hampsire, and James
D. Hopkins, a native of England, but whose parents immi-
grated to Portland soon after the peace of 1783. There were
but two other members belonging to the Cumberland Bar at
that time, who were Ezekiel Whitman, then practicing at
New Gloucester, and Peter 0. Alden, at Brunswick. Of
these not one survives, but the venerable Judge Whitman,
who was born in the same month and year with Mr. Long-

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. XXXV

fellow, and is now enjoying, in his native town, East Bridge-
water, Massachusetts, a serene old age, the ripe fruit of
temperance, self-control and a virtuous life. The County
then contained apopulation of about thirty-two thousand.

Nothwithstanding this array of able counsellors, Mr.
Longfellow, fearless of the competition, earnestly engaged
in the struggle which such a rivalship exacted. The foren-
sic efforts and encounters were conducted with more regard
to courtesy and the dignity of the Bar at that period than
at the present time. The members of the Bar and the
Judges on the Bench, carried into their official deportment
the dignified and somewhat formal manners of the old school.
Levity or vulgarity could not exist in the presence of that
personification of dignity, the learned Chief Justice Dana,
nor would rudeness or degrading personalities be tolerated
by his more learned, but less polished successor, Chief Jus-
tice Parsons, and his associates, the pure-minded Sewall and
the stern and reserved Sedgwick.

Parker, Davis, Chase and Whitman, could not do other-
wise than welcome to their association, a brother, kindred
to them in all elevated qualities. Mr. Longfellow soon se-
cured a successful and profitable practice, and took a com-
manding position at the Bar, by the urbanity of his conduct,
his legal abilty, and the integrity of principles. One of his
cotemporaries at the Bar, recently said to me, " Longfellow
had a fine legal mind, he was industrious, attentive, courteous,
and got into business at once. His first address to the jury
was plausible and ingenious, and almost as good as any one
he afterwards made." On the death of Chase and Symmes,
and the removal of Judge Parker to Boston, all which oc-
curred in 1806 and early in 1807, he became one of the
leaders in the practice, which, as he advanced, continually

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

increased, until its accumulated weight bore too heavily upon
his over-taxed powers ; and he was admonished by a fearful
attack of epilepsy, to withdraw for a while from the excite -
ments of business and its overwhelming cares. He gradu-
ally, although most reluctantly quitted a field, which had been
to him a source of happiness and fame, and on which he
had conferred dignity and honor.

No man more surely gained the confidence of all who ap-
proached him, or held it firmer ; and those who knew him
best, loved him most. In the management of his causes, he
went with zeal and directness of purpose to every point
which could sustain it : there was no travelling out of the
record with him, nor a wandering away from the line of his
argument after figures of speech or fine rhetoric, but he was
plain, straight forward and effective in his appeals to the
jury, and by his frank and candid manner won them to his
cause. And I may truly offer him as an illustration of Ful-
ler's " good advocate," whom he thus describes, " He makes
not a Trojan siege of a suit, but seeks to bring it to a set
battle in a speedy trial. In pleading, he shoots fairly at
the head of the cause, and having fastened, no frowns nor
favors shall make him let go his hold." But with all this,
although firm and unyielding when he believed himself to
be right, he never forgot the duties of a gentleman and a
Christian, nor lost his suavity of manners in the ardor and
bravery of action. " Quando ullum invenient parem ? "

A man of such estimable qualities, was not permitted to
give his whole time to his profession : the people demanded
the exercise of his eminent ability and practical talent for
their service; and in 1814, a year of great excitement and
danger to the republic from the war with England, a large
fleet hanging upon our coast, and a well disciplined army

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

menacing our northern frontier, he was sent to the legis-
lature of Massachusetts, and while there, he was chosen a
member of the celebrated Hartford Convention, in company
with Judge Wilde, from this State, George Cabot, Harrison
Gray Otis and other distinguished Federalits from Massa-
chusetts and the other New England States. In 1816, he
was chosen an Elector of President, and with Prentiss Mel-
len and the other Electors of Massachusetts, threw his vote
for the eminent statesman, Rufus King, a native of Maine.
Mr. Monroe, the candidate of the Democratic party was
elected for this, his first term, by a majority of one hundred
and nine votes ; for his second term, from 1817 to 1821, he
received every electoral vote but one, which was thrown for
John Quincy Adams, by Gov. Plumer of New Hampshire.

This was the era of good feeling, or as John Randolph
called it, the " era of indifference." Political harmony pre-
vailed, such as had not existed since the days of Washing-
ton : the old Federal party, which had embraced many of
the wisest and best men of the country, whose names are
now canonized, then ceased to exist ; all parties united to
render a sincere and hearty support to the federal constitu-
tion ; opposition to which, in the early days of the govern-
ment, had created the anti-federal party.
. In 1822, Mr. Longfellow was chosen to the eighteenth
Congress, the closing two years of Mr. Monroe's second ad-
ministration, where he was associated with Lincoln of Maine
Webster of Massachusetts, Buchanan of Pennsylvania, Clay
of Kentucky, Barbour and Randolph of Virginia, McLane
of Delaware, Forsyth of Georgia, Houston of Tennesee,
Livingston of Louisiana Henry Clay being Speaker of
the House, John Chandler and John Holmes being Senators

XXXV111 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

from Maine. Having served out his term faithfully and
well, and by his voice and vote, resisting the general and
profuse expenditure of public money for indiscriminate in-
ternal improvements, he took leave of political life, which
had no charm for him. The remainder of his years, so far
as his health permitted, he gave to his profession ; how well
he served it, the first sixteen volumes of the Massachusetts
Reports, and the first twelve of the Maine Reports, extend-
ing through a period of more than thirty years, bear ample
testimony ; they exhibit his ability as a learned jurist, and
his skill as an ingenious dialectitian. In 1828, he received
from Bowdoin College the honorable and merited distinction
of Doctor of Laws.

In his domestic life, Mr. Longfellow was as exemplary as
he was able in public and professional relations. In Jan-
uary, 1804, he married Zilpah, daughter of General Peleg
Wadsworth, of Portland, with whom he lived in uninter-
rupted happiness for more than forty-five years. She was a
woman of fine manners, and of great moral worth. By her
he had eight children ; four sons and four daughters. The
sons are destined to transmit the name with new luster to
posterity, in lines divergent from the parental profession,
poetry, divinity and science. The elder surviving son, by
his sweet and eloquent verse, has not only made his name
vocal throughout his own land, but has found genial echoes,
on the other shores of the ocean, and his numbers will be
repeated in distant lands and times, like the songs of the
rapt bards that have floated down to us through the cen-
turies, which have preserved nought else.

In all the relations of private and public life, Mr. Long-
fellow was a model man ; kind and affectionate in his family,

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. XXXI X

prompt and efficient in business, courteous uniformly,
ready with money or service, whenever properly required,
and filling large places in benevolent and religious institu-
tions his death was deeply mourned and the people
grieved most of all that they should see his face no more.

A life so adorned, could not have been withdrawn from
its sphere of usefulness, without making a palpable void ;
and I only express the universal sentiment that was felt at
his departure, that an able, upright and Christian gentleman
had gone ; one to whom may be applied language used in
regard to an eminent English lawyer, " that he cast honor
upon his honorable profession, and sought dignity, not from
the ermine or the mace, but from a straight path and a spot-
less life."

The Bar, at a very full meeting, took an honorable and
appropriate notice of the death of their deceased brother.
Professor Greenleaf, the particular friend and admirer of Mr.
Longfellow, and who for many years practised with him at
the Cumberland Bar, in reply to a letter from another friend,
inviting him to attend the meeting, said, "Dear Brother
Davies : Many thanks for your kind letter and kind remem-
brance. It warms and cheers me. I am strongly tempted
to go down to the Supreme Court in November, especially
as the meeting you anticipate will draw out the quce extant
of the Cumberland Bar, as it was in our youth. "We shall
see Whitman and Potter, possibly Southgate ; but where are
Orr, and Mellen and Hopkins, and the rest of that day, and
now at last, Longfellow ? It will be a scene of lights and
shadows."

I am forcibly reminded of the shadows, by the sudden
withdrawal from our daily observation, and from earth, of
our first president, Mr. Parris. At the time I drew the

Xl INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

sketch of his life for this occasion, he was in the full enjoy-
ment of all his powers ; now they have ceased their exercise
forever, and we have just followed his remains to the sep-
ulcher of his fathers. We bow submissively to that decree
which acknowledges no distinction upon earth.

Governor Parris, our first President, held the office but
one year ; he was then Governor of the State, and his offi-
cial duties demanded his exclusive attention.

He was born in Hebron, in this State, January 19, 1778.
his father, Samuel Parris, of whom he was the only child,
was a native of the Old Colony in Massachusetts, and after
the war of the Revolution, in which he served as an officer,
he established himself at Hebron, which at the time was an
unincorporated plantation. He held the office of Judge of
the Court of Common Pleas for Oxford County, several years :
was repeatedly chosen a representative from Hebron, and
in 1812 he was chosen by the Federal party one of the Elec-
tors of President, and united with the other Electors of that
State in casting the vote of Massachusetts for DeWitt Clin-
ton. He died in Washington at the residence of his son,
September 10, 1847, aged ninety-two.*

*The family was descended from Thomas Parris, of London, who
had four sons living in London in 1660, viz : John, Thomas, Samuel and
Martin. John was a minister of the Reformed Church at Ugborough near
Plymouth, England. He had one son named Thomas, who came to New
England in 1683, having set sail from Topsham, in Devonshire, on the 28th
of June. He settled first at Long Island, N. Y., where he married. From
there he moved to Boston, where his wife died. He then moved to Pem-
broke, Mass., where he married a Miss Rogers, and had four sons and three
daughters, and died in 1752. His son Thomas was born May 8, 1701, O. S.
He married Hannah Gannett, of Scituate, Mass., by whom he had four sons.
He died Sept. 7, 1786. His son Benjamin, born August 27, 1731, O. S.,
married Millicent Keith, of Easton, Mass., July 4, 1753, by whom he had
five sons and three daughters. He lived in Pembroke, Mass., and was much
employed as an instructor of youth : he died November 18, 1815. Samuel,
the eldest son of Benjamin, was born August 31, 1755: he entered the
army in 1775, and performed much service both by land and sea. On re-
tiring from the army he married Sarah Pratt, of Middleborough, Mass., by
whom he had one child only, viz : Albion Keith Parris.

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. xli

Governor Parris worked on his father's farm until he was
fourteen years old, when he began to prepare for College,
and entered in advanced standing at Dartmouth in 1803.
He graduated in 1806, in the class with William Barrows
and General Fessenden, of our State, Judge Harvey, of N.
H., and Judge Fletcher, of Mass. He soon after commen-
ced the study of law with Chief Justice Whitman, who was
then in practice at New Gloucester, and who next winter
removed to Portland. He pursued his studies with great
dilligence and was admitted to the Cumberland Bar in Sep-
tember, 1809. He immediately established himself in the
practice at Paris in the County of Oxford ; from that period
his course was one of uninterrupted success.

In 1811 he was appointed County Attorney for Oxford.
In 1813 he was elected to the General Court in Massachu-
setts from Paris. In 1814 he was chosen a Senator for the
Counties of Oxford and Somerset, and in November, 1814,
he was elected to the fourteenth Congress of the United
States, for the years 1815 and '16, and again to the fifteenth
Congress : and while holding this office of Representative to
Congress, he was appointed Judge of the District Court of
the United States for Maine, in 1818, at the age of thirty,
as successor of the venerable Judge Sewall, who had held
the office from the organization of the government.

On receiving this appointment he moved to Portland,
from which place, the next year, 1819, he was chosen a mem-
ber of the Convention to form a Constitution for the new
State, then seeking admission into the Union. This body was
composed of the most able and prominent men in the State,
over which William King was called to preside. Judge
Parris took an active part in its proceedings and debates,
and was a member of the Committee which drafted the Con-

Xlii INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

stitution, Mr. Holmes being Chairman. Among the members
of this important Committee, were Messrs Dane, of Wells,
"Whitman, of Portland, Gen. Wingate and Chandler, Judge
Bridge and Judge Dana. Mr. Parris was also appointed
Treasurer by the Convention.

On the adoption of the Constitution, and the admission
of the State into the Union, of which it became the twenty-
second member, Mr. Parris, then holding the office of Dis-
trict Judge, was appointed Judge of Probate of Cumberland
County, under the new dynasty, succeeding the venerable
Samuel Freeman, who had held the office sixteen years as
successor of Judge Gorham. While in the enjoyment of
these honorable and responsible trusts, public opinion des-
ignated him for the highest office in the State as successor
to Governor King, who having been appointed one of the
Commissioners on Spanish Claims, resigned the office. This
nomination was not unanimously accepted by the Democratic
party, some of whom preferred Gen. Joshua Wingate, and
a triangular contest resulted of considerable harshness and
asperity. Governor Parris was elected, and entered upon the
discharge of the duties, before he had quite attained the age
of thirty-three years, and was continued in the office by suc-
cessive elections, five years. In his annual message in 1826,
he peremptorily declined another nomination. Governor
Parris administered the government with ability and faith-
fulness : it was a period of repose ; there were no exciting
questions to irritate the public mind. The most important
subjects calling for attention, were those relating to the
common property owned with Massachusetts, and the dis-
puted northeastern boundary. The latter subject, was, to-
ward the close of his administration, becoming of serious
import, and had begun to create alarm as to the final result.

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. xliii

The interests of education, religious culture and temperance,
were often and earnestly urged by him upon the attention
of the Legislature, and received respectful consideration.
In 1825 Lafayette visited the State, where his reception was
most cordial, and where he found some of his old compan-
ions in arms to welcome their illustrious ally and friend.
He was warmly greeted and entertained by the Governor.

But Governor Parris was not permitted to enjoy repose
from official life. The last year of his administration had
not expired when he was elected to the United States Sen-
ate in place of John Holmes, whose term of service ended
on the 3d of March, 1827.

But he had scarcely become familiar with his new posi-
tion, when in June 1828, he was appointed Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court of our State, in the room of Judge
Preble, who resigned the office on his appointment as min-
ister to the Hague. Judge Parris having been for several
years withdrawn from practice, and never having had much
experience in the routine of the profession, on account of
his early and steady employment in the public service,
found himself somewhat rusty in regard to the decided
cases and the progress of legal science. But with his ac-
customed industry and facility, he applied himself to the
study of the reports and the learned elementary treatises,
until he thoroughly qualified himself for the arduous and
important duties of the Bench ; and it is but justice to
say, that he received unqualified testimony from the Bar
and the community, of the ability, promptness and impar-
tiality which graced his judicial life.

He was not however destined to grow old upon the
Bench, for he had hardly ripened his judicial powers and
opened the way to judicial fame, before he was transferred,

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

I cannot say to a higher sphere but to one of more emol-
ument and ease. In 1836, by the favor of Mr. Van Buren,
he found an honorable position and a salary of three thou-
sand dollars a year, as Second Comptroller of the Treasury
of the United States. This office he held thirteen years
until 1849. He soon after returned to Portland, of which
city he was chosen Mayor in 1852, declining a second nom-
ination. This is the last public office he held, and for the
remainder of his life he reposed quietly upon his many and
well won laurels.

This career of public duty continued through a period of
thirty-six years, never for an hour interrupted, is extraor-
dinary, not to say unparalleled in recent times offices too
of the highest importance and responsibility. A member
of Congress at the age of twenty-eight, Judge of the Uni-
ted States Court at thirty, Govenor at thirty-three, prove
him to have early acquired an unusual popularity. Without
brilliant talents, or a large accumulation of knowledge, he
proved himself equal to every office he was called to fill, and
to every emergency which required his action. The secret
of his success lay in his industry and close application to
the duties of every office confided to him, his promptness
and fidelity, his sagacity, his general suavity of manners
and an easy adaptation of himself to every situation j in
short, it may with truth be said of him, that he faithfully
and acceptably filled all the offices, however varied their
duties, to which he was successively called.

For several years previous to his death, he had been
troubled with difficulty of breathing and sharp pains in the
region of his heart, when making any considerable exertion j
this increased the last year and terminated in his sudden
death on the morning of February llth last. The City

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

Council of Portland and the Bar of Cumberland, promptly
expressed their sense of their own and the public loss, and
their sympathy on the occasion, and a general and honora-
ble sentiment -went up from the press of Maine, and from
our citizens throughout the State in honor of this faithful
public man.

In 1810, Gov. Parris married Sarah, eldest daughter of
the Rev. Levi Whitman, of Wellfleet, Massachusetts, who
with three daughters and one son survive him.

In speaking of our three departed Presidents, I am not
unmindful of the classical injunction "nihil mortuis nisi
bonum;" but in describing the distinguished men, upon whom
perhaps, I have dwelt longer than may have been agreeable
to you, I could not, if I had a desire, be disobedient to it.

I cannot better take leave of this part of my subject,
than by applying the language of Chief Justice Crewe,
in the De Vere case, in the time of Charles I, of England :
" Time has his revolutions ; there must be a period and an
end to all temporal things finis rerum an end of names
and dignities, and whatsoever is terrene ; and why not of
De Yere ? For where is Bohun ? where is Mowbray ? where
is Mortimer ? Nay, which is more and most of all where
is Plantaganet ? They are entombed in the urns and sepul-
chres of mortality. And yet, let the name and dignity of
De Yere stand, so long as it pleaseth God."

Having thus paid a melancholy visit to the tombs of my
honored predecessors, I must now turn to the revered and
honored living, and offer to them the tribute due to their
services and virtues.

Our second President, the successor of Gov. Parris was
the Rev. William Allen; he held the office from 1823 to
1827 inclusive.

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

President Allen was the son of the Rev. Thomas Allen,
the first minister of Pittsfield in Massachusetts ; his moth-
er was Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. Jonathan Lee, first
minister of Salisbury, Connecticut, and was a descendant of
Governor Bradford in the fifth degree. His father gradu-
ated at Harvard College in 1762, was ordained in 1764,
and died at the age of 67 in 1810. The subject of our no-
tice was born in Pittsfield, January 2, 1784 and graduated
at Harvard College in the celebrated class of 1802, which
was larger and more distinguished than any which had prev-
iously issued from that venerable University.

On leaving College Mr. Allen commenced the study of
theology with Dr. Pierce of Brookline, and at the same time
taught school in that town. He finished his preparatory
studies with his father and was licensed to preach by the
Berkshire Association of 1804.

Soon after obtaining his license he made a journey to
Niagara, preaching at various places, and among others at
Buffalo. The whole of that country, now filled with cities
and a cultivated population, was a wilderness ; and Buffalo
now numbering over sixty thousand inhabitants, had then
but nineteen rude houses.

In December, 1804, Mr. Allen was appointed and entered
on the office of Regent in Harvard College, as successor to
Dr. Channing, and continued to occupy the situation until
August, 1810. This office was not connected with the in-
struction of the College and was given to young men of
good standing, to assist them to funds, and to furnish them
with a residence in the College buildings, and opportunities
for study ; its duties being inconsiderable, merely to pre-
serve order and watch over the deportment of students.
He diligently improved the advantages which this situation

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

afforded, occasionally preaching in neighboring towns. It
was during this propitious period that he prepared his first
edition of the " American Biographical and Historical Dic-
tinary," which was published in 1809. By this very useful
work he gave important aid to students of American history
and quickened public feeling upon topics then much neglect-
ed, but in which now the people take a most lively interest.
It was the first and largest work of the kind which had
been published in the country : Belknap and Eliot only pre-
ceded it. A second edition was published in 1832, enlarged
and much improved, containing more than eighteen hundred
Biographical articles, exceeding by eleven hundred those
contained in the first edition. I am happy to be able to
say that the third edition of this valuable work is now in
the press, containing more than seven thousand biographical
notices.*

He closed his connection with the University by fulfiling
the honorable appointment as orator to the Phi Beta
Kappa Society, which occasion was doubly graced by a
poem from Washington Alston. On the 10th of October,
the same year, 1810, he was ordained pastor of the church
in Pittsfield, as his father's successor, having previously de-
clined an invitation to settle in Braintree.

In 1812, he married Maria Malleville Wheelock, daughter
of John Wheelock, President of Dartmouth College, with
whom he lived on most affectionate terms, until her death
in 1828. To this amiable and accomplished lady, he devot-
ed the opening and closing stanzas of his poem " Hoosa-
tunnuk," commenced in 1826, but not published until 1856.
The following stanza at the close of the poem, refers to his

* This edition is now issued from the press in two large octavo volumes.

xlvill INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

wife, and will afford a specimen of tho style of the work and
of his affectionate regard for her.

" How lovely was thy face when in the bloom
Of youth it beamed upon my rapturous eye ?
How lovely when o'er past the mother's doom,
It gazed upon thy babes so tenderly ?
No face I've thought in many a blessed hour
Was framed like thine for sweetness and for power.

In 1816 the Legislature of New Hampshire, influenced as
was supposed, by political considerations, passed an "Act to
amend the Charter of Dartmouth College," by which its
name was changed to Dartmouth University, and its powers
materially altered. Under this act the old government of
the institution was subverted and a new one appointed, at
the head of which, Mr. Allen was placed as President of the
University in 1817. The Trustees of the old College, es-
tablished by charter in 1769, steadily resisted this proceed-
ing, and commenced an action to test the constitutionality of
the act of the Legislature. The case was carried by writ
of error to the Supreme Court in Washington, and was
there most ably and elaborately argued by Daniel Webster
and Hopkinson for the plaintiffs, and John Holmes, and Mr.
Wirt, the Attorney General, for the defendants, in 1819;
and it was decided that the " Acts of the Legislature alter-
ing the Charter of Dartmouth College, were repugnant to
the Constitution of the United States," all the Justices but
Duval concurred, and Marshall, Chief Justice, Washington
and Story, delivered long and learned opinions. This be-
came a leading and very important case on the subject of
corporate rights.

By this judgment the new University, and consequently
the office of President Allen, ceased to exist. Francis
Brown, a former minister of North Yarmouth, who had been

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

elected President of the College in 1815, as successor of
the second- President Wheelock, was reinstated in office.

At this juncture, the office of President of Bowdoin Col-
lege became vacant by the lamented death of the admirable
President Appleton, in 1819; Mr. Allen was in 1820, chosen
his successor. This was coincident with the establishment
of our State government.

President Allen continued assiduously to discharge the
duties of this responsible station for nineteen years, until
his resignation in 1839. In the early portion of the time,
before the appointment of Prof. Newman to the chair of
Rhetoric, he gave instructions in that department.

While so engaged, and ever since, he has made it a point
to note every new word, which occurred in his reading of
authors of deserved reputation. In this manner he made
a collection of over ten thousand new words, that is, of
words not before embraced in standard dictionaries. He
furnished Dr. Worcester for his large Dictionary published
in 1846, nearly fifteen hundred of such words, and for Dr.
Webster's Dictionary, published in 1854, over four thousand,
and has recently placed in the hands of the publishers of
Webster's Dictionary for the next edition, a catalogue of
over six thousand new words. This is a striking fact, and
while it entitles President Allen to great credit for this
large contribution to useful knowledge, shows an astonish-
ing change in the language. It may be accounted for in
part by the rapid progress of science and the arts, during
the last fifty years ; which has introduced a multitudinous ar-
ray of new terms ; partly by the increased study of German
and other foreign languages, which has fastened upon the
Saxon a strange and uncouth vocabulary. A similar change
is noticed by Selden, in his "Table Talk." He says, "If

1 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

you look upon the language spoken in the Saxon time, and
the language spoken now, you will find the difference to be
just as if a man had a cloak that he wore plain in Queen
Elizabeth's days, and since, here has put in a piece of red,
and there a piece of blue, and here a piece of green, and
there a piece of orange-tawny. We borrow words from the
French, Italian and Latin, as every pedantic man pleases."
Again he quaintly says, " Words must be fitted to a man's
mouth. 'T was well said of the fellow that was to make a
speech for my Lord Mayor, he desired to take the measure
of the Mayor's mouth."

President Allen during his term of office, occupied him-
self with various literary and professional labors. He pub-
lished numerous sermons delivered on special occasions, for
which his services were sought, also the Dudleian lecture at
Cambridge, and a discourse on the value of the Bible. He
also published his addresses delivered to the Senior Classes
of Bowdoin College from 1823 to 1829, also a work enti-
tled " Junius Unmasked," to prove that Lord Sackville was
this " nominis umbra,' an account of shipwrecks, a duodec-
imo of three hundred and thirty-five pages, which was a
collection of most interesting narratives of perils by sea,
also a new edition of Psalms and Hymns, a memoir of Dr.
Eleazer Wheelock, and the second edition of his biographi-
cal dictionary, containing eight hundred and eight closely
printed pages.

On his retirement from the Presidency of the College, he
established himself at North Hampton, where he continues, at
the ripe age of seventy-three, to pursue with his accustom-
ed ardor and industry, studies and labors which have filled
and adorned a long and varied life.

His latter publications have been a report on popery to

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 11

the General Association of Massachusetts, a historical dis-
course on the fortieth anniversary of the second church in
Dorchester, 1848, a memoir of the Rev. John Codman, who
was his classmate, in 1 853 ; a discourse at the close of the
Second Century of the Settlement of North Hampton, Oc-
tober, 18. r >4; " Wunnissoo," or the " Vale of Hoosatunnuk,"
1856, with valuable and learned notes, and a portrait of the
author, and lastly the preparation of the third edition of
his Biographical and Historical Dictionary, a task, which,
from its large additions, must have required great research
and labor.

The bare recital of his numerous publications, must im-
press every one with a deep sense of his industry, the ver-
satility of his genius and his scholarly attainments.

Our third President was the Rev. Dr. Nichols, of Port-
land, who filled the ofiice six years,from 1827 to 1833. Dr.
Nichols was the son of Captain Ichabod Nichols, and was
born in Portsmouth, N. H , July 5, 1784. Eight years after
his birth, his father moved to Salem, Mass., and continued
t:> reside there until his death. He entered Harvard Col-
lege in 1798, and graduated with the first honors of his
class in 1802, at the age of eighteen years. This high
honor will be better appreciated, when it is considered that
his class, consisting of sixty members, was one of the most
distinguished that ever left the halls of that venerable Uni-
versity. Among them were the Rev. William Allen, late Pres-
ident of Bowdoin College, James T. Austin, of Boston, Dr.
Codman of Dorchester, Dr. James Flint, of Salem, Professor
Frisbie, of Harvard College, Samuel Hoar, of Concord, Gov-
ernor Levi Lincoln, of Mass., Andrew Ritchie, who was his
rival for the highest honors, and Leverett Salstonstall; all of
whom have occupied high positions in society.

Hi INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

Mr. Nichols, notwithstanding his youth, applied himself
with marked assiduity, to the study of the exact sciences,
to which his mind naturally inclined ; his great proficiency
in them commended him, in 1805, to the Faculty of the Col-
lege, for the office of tutor in Mathematics. On leaving
College he had commenced the study of Theology with his
beloved pastor, Dr. Barnard, of Salem, and he continued
ther during the four years he filled the pl'ace of tutor.

On the 27th of February, 1809, having preached four
Sundays as a candidate for settlement in the First Parish
in Portland, he was unanimously invited to become a col-
league with the venerable Dr. Deane, then past seventy-five
years of age. The Parish then contained among its mem-
bers, Prentiss Mellen, Stephen Longfellow, Ezekiel Whitman,
Woodbury Storer, Dr. Coffin, Matthew Cobb, Eobert Boyd,
George Bradbury, William Wigery, &c., the descendants of
whom still occupy the pews.

Mr. Nichols was ordained Juno 7, 1809, the Council be-
ing composed of the Cumberland Association of ministers,
to which were added some of the most distinguished clergy-
men of Massachusetts, such as the venerable Dr. Lathrop,
Dr. Kirkland, and Mr. Buckminster, of Boston, Dr. Barnard,
of Salem, and Dr. Abbott, of Beverly. It was on this occa-
sion, that the first open manifestation was made of the
division, which afterwards became so wide and inseparable,
in the Congregational denomination of New England. Mr.
Payson, who had been recently settled over the only other
Congregational church in Portland, and was a member of
tke Council, declined giving "the right hand of fellowship"
to Mr. Nichols, to which he was invited, and withheld his
approbation of him as a candidate, on the ground that his
theological opinions were not satisfactory nor sound. Mr.

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 1111

Nichols and the persons who took part in the services, with
one or two exceptions, were seceders from the old profes-
sion of faith, and having passed through liberal Calvinism
and Arminianism, they took the name of liberal Christians,
now called Unitarians, with a separate and distinct for-
mula of faith, denying the received doctrines of the trinity,
and the construction given by Calvinists to several other
prominent articles of the prevailing creed.

From that time, Mr. Payson declined exchanging with
Mr. Nichols, and an entire separation took place in the re-
ligious courtesies of the two societies, which has ever since
continued.

At that period there was no other acknowledged Unitarian
Society in Maine, although there were several that Were
liberally inclined, and sympathized with it in sentiment.
The elder ministers of the two societies continued their
friendship, and Mr. Kellogg preached the funeral discourse
at the First Parish Church in 1814, on the interment of its
aged pastor, Dr. Deane.

After the death of Dr. Deane, Mr. Nichols continued sole
pastor, diligently and faithfully discharging all the duties of
the pastorate, until the settlement of the Rev. Horatio
Stebbins as his colleague in February, 1855.

Toward the close of that year, finding it necessary for his
health to withdraw wholly from the cares of the ministry, he
sent to the Parish a resignation of his pastoral office. The
Parish were unwilling to dissolve the interesting and affec-
tionate relation which had existed between them for forty-
six years, and expressed a desire that while he should be
relieved from all the duties of the office, the official charac-
ter which he had so long sustained might not be sundered.

llV INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

This was acceded to, and he still continues in form, the se-
nior pastor, although freed from all the respoi sibili ies of
the office. The principal members of the parish, to express
their interest and affection for their beloved pastor, sub-
scribed to a fund sufficient to purchase an annuity of five
hundred and fifty dollars during his life. But Dr. Nichols,
with a characteristic disinterestedness and delicacy, de-
clined accepting this voluntary tribute to his worth, from
an apprehension, by no means well founded, that it would
place him under obligations to render future services?
and because he thought the gift greater than he ought to
accept,

We may be permitted in this connection, to allude to the
singular history of this ancient society, established in 1718,
but not organized as a church until 1727. Thomas Smith,
of Boston, was in March of that year, ordained its first pas-
tor. This was the sixth Church established in Maine, and the
first east of Wells. Those which were prior to it, were the
first church in York, over which the Rev. Samuel Moody was
ordained in 1700, who died in the ministry in 1747 the sec-
ond was Berwick, where was settled in 1707, Jeremiah
Wise, a sound divine and able scholar, who continued in
the ministry there forty-eight years the church in Kittery,
over which John Newmarch was pastor from 1714 to 1750 ;
the church in Eliot, over which John Rogers was ordained
in 1721. and continued his ministrations fifty-two years;
Samuel Jefferds was settled in the church at Wells in 1725
and died there in 1752. Next came the church in Fal mouth
over which Thomas Smith was ordained March, 1727, and
continued in the ministry until his death in May, 1795, at
the age of ninety-five, and of a pastorate of sixty-eight years,

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. Iv

two months and one half, which has few parallels in this or
any other country.*

The Rev. Dr. Deane was associated with Mr. Smith as col-
league, ia October, 1764, and continued uninterruptedly in
the ministry until his death in November, 1814, a period of
fifty years and twenty-five days. Dr. Nichols the pastor
emeritus, still continues, and thus this ancient Parish for a
period of one hundred and thirty years has had an uninter-
rupted ministry, and never witnessed an hour when she had
not a pastor, the third now being in full and active life.

In 1792 there were but fifty-five settled ministers in
Maine, of whom forty-one were Congrcgationalists, and four-
teen Baptists ; not one of them survives. In 1856 there were
in the State three hundred and eighty-four settled ministers,
divided into thirteen denominations ; the Methodists hav-
ing the largest number, the Calvinistic Baptists the second
and the Congregationalists the third. There is but one
minister living in the State, who was settled prior to Dr.
Nichols, and that is Rev. David Thurston of

*The following table will show the longest pastorates on record :
Mr. Adams of Newington, N. H. 1715 to 1783, 68 years,
Dr. Gay Hingham, Mass., 1718 to 1787, 69 years,
Nathan Buckrnan, Medway, 1724 to 1795, 70 years,
Thomas Smith, Portland, Me., 1727 to 1795, 68 years,
Mr. Whitney, Brookline, Con., 1756 to 1824, 6^ years,
Nathan Williams, Tolland, Conn., 1760 to 1829, 69 years,
Samuel Nott, Franklin, Conn., 1852, 70 years, died May 1852, aged 98,
Samuel De.ine, Portland, 1764 to 1814, 50 years,

Rev. Nehemiah Porter of Ashfield, died in 1820 aged 99 years, 11
months, but had left the pastorate many years before.

Rev. Nathan Birdseye of Strafford," died in 1818, in the 104th year of
his age, and is the only Congregational minister on record, who his attain-
ed 100 years, except the Rev. John Sawyer now living in this Stiite, who
was 100 years old Oct. 9, 1855, and who delivered an extemporaneous dis-
course on the occasion of celebrating his centennial anniversary.

In 18-36 was living Rev. Laban Ainsworth, senior pastor of the church in
Jeffrey, N. H., in his 103 year; born in 1754, the oldest graduate of Dart-
mouth College, and probably the oldest clergyman in the country.

1V1 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

In 1817 Dr. Nichols was chosen one of the Fellows of
Bowdoin College. In 1821 he received from that institu-
tion the degree of Doctor in Divinity, and in 1831 the same
degree from Harvard College. He was also many years
since elected a member of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, a distinction conferred upon quite a limited
number of the citizens of Maine.

In the autumn of 1855, being engaged in the preparation
of an important work on the coincidences in the New Tes-
tament, and the evidences of revealed religion, he moved to
Cambridge for the purpose of consulting learned works, not
within his reach in our State, and to superintend its publi-
cation. He has also in preparation for the press a volume
of sermons. These favorite occupations of his leisure
hours, when given to the public, will no doubt add to a
reputation, deservedly high, for learning, piety and schol-
arship.

Dr. Nichols has well sustained the position he acquired
at College ; his life has been devoted to study and the ac-
quisition of knowledge ; and his mind was receptive of all
the stores which he greedily sought from the circle of Eng-
lish and German literature, theology and science. No
branches of knowledge were beyond his pursuit or grasp,
for while theology has been the staple of his acquisition, he
has never forgotten, or ceased to cherish those sciences
which were the objects of his earliest attachment ; nor did
he fail to court the lighter and more graceful pursuits of
literature and the arts. We cannot hesitate to pronounce
him one of the best cultivated and universal scholars that
Maine has cherished in her bosom. Nor is he like many
scholars, reserved in the communication of his knowledge ; he
is ever ready in conversation to impart copiously from the

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. Ivii

full stores of his mind, on any subject opened to him. No
one ever listened to his conversation without being deeply
impressed with a sense of his profound learning, and the
large range of his thought, or being largely instructed from
the rich stores of his mind. He is an admirable talker, as
well as thinker.

The style of his pulpit- discourses was always elevated;
he seized the salient points of his subjects, clearly present-
ed and illustrated them, without descending to common
places. From excess of thought and the fulness of his
mind, they often rose above the level of the common appre-
hension, and often required close attention to follow the
course of his reasoning and argument. But they were able
expositions and exhaustive of the subjects discussed. His
extemporaneous discourses were also clear, animated and
effective.

Dr. Nichols was twice married, first to a daughter of
Governor Gilman, of New Hampshire, to whom he was
united May 15, 1810. This admirable and beloved woman
died in 1831, leaving two sons, one a physician, the other a
clergyman, honorably fulfilling the duties of those profes-
sions. His second and present wife, is a daughter of the
late Stephen Higginson, long a distinguished merchant and
philanthropist iu Boston.

I come now to speak of my immediate predecessor, whose
long, active and useful life, has advanced the interests of his
adopted State, as did that of his distinguished maternal
ancestors, prior to the Revolution, in religion, education, the
arts and manufactures.

Mr. Gardiner was born in England, to which his parents
and grandparents had retired, on the breaking out of hostili-
ties in the colonies with the mother country. His father, un-

Iviii INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

cle and grandfather, had held responsible offices under the
Crown ; his father and uncle having successively occupied the
embarrassing positions of Comptroller and Collector of Cus-
toms during the exciting period just preceding the Revolu-
tion ; they were also connected by family alliances with offi-
cers in the British service, which, with the sense of their al-
legiance to Government, seemed to leave them no alternative
but to adhere to the royal authority. There were other
causes impelling them to sacrifice their large properties in
the province to their allegiance to the King. As officers
appointed by the home government, they were regarded
with great jealousy, and were treated with the utmost con-
tumely. The house of the uncle, Benjamin Hallowell, Jr.,
had been mobbed and sacked at the time Gov. Hutchinson's
was destroyed, and had at other times been assaulted and
injured ; and his father, Robert Hallowell, as Collector of
the port, was harrassed and insulted on many occasions.

It would be interesting, had we time to pursue the sub-
ject, to examine and weigh the various influences, which
induced many of the most prominent men in Massachusetts,
to abandon their native land, their friends and property, in
maintenance of their allegiance to the mother country. It
cannot be denied that they were men of the highest character
for virtue, intelligence and social position ; they embraced
the whole body of Episcopalians, with slight exceptions, and
included men of every profession. They doubted the nec-
essity and the expediency of separation ; they doubted more
the ability of the colonies to resist the power of England,
and dreaded the result of a protracted and bloody contest.
We can now afford to give to that large and respectable class
of persons, who in that crisis abandoned their estates, their
connections and country, and went into voluntary exile, the

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. lix

benefit of a liberal construction of their motives, and of a
candid judgment of their characters. The Saltonstalls,
Winslows, Sewalls, Ruggles, Tyngs, Pepperells, Royalls,
Chandlers, Coffins, native born and honorable all, must have
acted conscientiously, in the conclusion they unfortunately
adopted.

In this class of loyalists was Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, of
Boston. He was son of William Gardiner, grandson of
Benoni, and great-grandson of Joseph Gardiner, the first
immigrant of the name to the Narraganset country in Rhode
Island, and one of the first settlers of that country. Dr.
Gardiner was born at South Kingston, in R. I., in 1717, was
educated for the medical profession, and having spent eight
years in England and France for the purpose of completing
his education, he returned to his native land and established
himself in Boston, where he soon took rank in the first class
of physicians and surgeons in New England. I may be
permitted to dwell the longer upon this maternal grand-
father of our late President, as he was, before the Revolu-
tion, one of the largest and most substantial benefactors
toward our State.

Previous to 1753, the year in which the Plymouth Com-
pany was incorporated, under the name of the Proprietors of
the Kennebec Purchase, Dr. Gardiner became one of the
Proprietors. The territory of this company, after its
boundaries were established by various litigation and com-
promises, embraced the large tract extending from Merry-
meeting bay to Norridgewock, fifteen miles in width on each
side of the Kennebec river, and including the towns of Bath
and Phippsburg.

The meetings of this company were regularly held from
1749 to 1816, of which Dr. Gardiner was perpetual modera-

r INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

tor prior to the revolution, and the most active of its mem-
bers. He devised their plans, directed their measures, and
expended large sums of money from his private fortune to
promote settlements on the Kennebec. For these objects,
X5000 were assessed on the company in eleven years after
Dr. Gardiner took control of its affairs. It was owing to
the earnest efforts and liberal contributions of this company,
that forts Halifax, at Ticonic falls, and Western, at Augusta
were erected by government for the protection of the coun-
try from Indian depredations. In 1751, a party of German
emigrants was induced by the offers of the company to set-
tle at Dresden, many of whose descendants still remain. In
1754, Dr. Gardiner cleared up a farm of four hundred acres
on Eastern river in Dresden, built houses and mills there,
which became of great benefit to the settlers. The house
is now standing, and is occupied by a great-grand-son of the
original proprietor. The next year, he built houses, stores,
wharves and mills at Gardiner, and cleared up a large farm
there, and sent his son William to manage his concerns at
that place.

In 1761, the year after the county of Lincoln was estab-
lished, the Plymouth company erected at their own expense
the public buildings for the county. The court house, three
stories high, and then used for the accommodation of the
judges and parties attending court, as well as for the court
room and offices, is now standing on the bank of the river
at Dresden, then called Pownalboro', a conspicuous object
and a monument of the liberality and enterprise of the
Plymouth Company.

Dr. Gardiner was a liberal patron and a very active mem-
ber of the Episcopal church ; he took especial pains to plant
it on the soil of the Plymouth Company. A church aided

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. Lxi

bj his exertions and means was established at Dresden, in
which the zealous and learned frontier missionary, Bailey,
long and ably officiated ; another was planted further down
the river, and a third, liberally endowed by Dr. Gardiner,
at Gardiner. He gave to it ten acres of land for a glebe,
and bequeathed to it twenty-eight pounds sterling a year
forever, for the minister. The missions of the Church of
England furn'shed the first religious instruction in this part
of Maine.

These are some of the claims which Dr. Gardiner pre-
sents to the people of this generation and of our community,
for their consideration and praise. Similar enlightened
efforts, longer continued and of larger extent, entitle the
successor, and the present occupant of the estates, to the
like praise and admiration.

Dr. Gardiner returned from England in 1784, and estab-
lished himself in the practice of his profession, at Newport,
R. I., where he died in 1786 in the eightieth year of his
age. The Newport Mercury of that day, in a notice of his
character, justly describes him as a " man of uncommon
vigor and activity of mind, and of unremitted diligence,"
and adds, " his Christian piety and fortitude were exemplary,
his honesty inflexible, his friendship sincere."

Hannah, the fourth child of Dr. Gardiner by his first wife
Anne, daughter of Dr. Gibbons of Boston, married Robert
Hallowell, son of Benjamin Hallowell of Boston, of which
marriage Robert Hallowell Gardiner, the subject of this
notice, was the only son. He was born at Bristol, England,
then a favorite place of residence of the American loy-
alists.

Dr. Gardiner, by his will, bequeathed the property at Gar.
diner, which embraced a much larger tract than is now in-

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

eluded in its corporate limits, and lying on both sides of the
river, to his son William, who was residing on the tract ;
and in case of his death, without issue, to Robert, the only
son of Robert Hallowell and his daughter Hannah, on con-
dition that the son should take the name of Gardiner, and
with certain entailments.

William died the year after his father, and the estate de-
scended to the present Mr. Gardiner, he having complied
with the conditions of the gift. It must be a perpetual grat-
ification to him that he has been able and disposed so faith-
fully and successfully to execute the enlarged and noble
views views beyond the age in which he lived of his
honored grandfather.

Mr. Gardiner, at the time he succeeded to the inheritance,
was but five years old : his father as executor of the will,
came over to administer the estate, but did not bring his
family until 1792, when his son was ten years old. He was
placed in the best schools the country afforded, in Boston,
Andover and Hiugham, and finally entered Harvard College
from which he graduated in 1801, having for classmates,
Timothy Fuller, the father of Margaret Ossoli, Dr. Gorham
of Boston, Archdeacon Stuart of Canada, and William and
George Sullivan.

Not being of age at the time of his graduation, and his
health being feeble, he spent sixteen months in foreign travel ;
he also became a member of the Anthology Society, a broth-
erhood of choice spirits, who, composed of Buckminster,
Shaw, Quincy, Willard, Savage, and other young savans,
laid the foundation of the Boston Athenaeum, and contributed
to give to that city the literary soubriquet of the Athens of
America.

Soon after his return from Europe, he entered with ardor

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

upon the unaccustomed and severe duty of giving civilization
and value to the rude region, over whose wide domain he
was to assume the management. How great the sacrifice
this kind of life demanded, to a young man educated in all
the refinements of the age, and of the best society, may
easily be conceived. Bat he disregarded them all. When
he first came to the territory in 1803, the estate had been
neglected by its proprietors for thirty years, and had fallen
into a ruinous condition. A few families had drifted in from
the west, and finding no persons who could give a title to
land, they quietly seated themselves upon chosen lots, with-
out formality, and proceeded to clear up farms. Of such
persons there were already eighty-six families upon his
township, who, in the language of the day, were called
squatters. Their number had become so great upon the
unoccupied land in Lincoln and Kennebec Counties, that
they constituted a formidable power a squatter sover-
eignty and seriously undertook to resist the lawful pro-
prietors by force. Conflicts of the most alarming nature
occurred, in the violent opposition they made to the
running out and taking possession of their land by the own-
ers of the soil. In one of these conflicts in 1810, Chad-
wick, an assista/it surveyor, was killed by a disguised party,
and on various occasions buildings were burnt and persons
were robbed.

They proceeded to even greater outrages, for after the
persons engaged in the murder of Chadwick were commit-
ted to the jail in Augusta, a large party of squatters dis-
guised as Indians, attacked it for the purpose of rescuing
the prisoners, and it became necessary to call out the mili-
tia, not only to guard the prison, but to protect the court
while engaged in the trials. This catastrophe, which ral-

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

lied the friends of good order to sustain the law, and the
passage of the betterment act, as it was called, in 1811,
which gave to the squatters the right to purchase their lots
or receive pay for their improvements, restored peace and
secured to landed proprietors the enjoyment of their titles.
Mr. Gardiner, by pursuing a wise and conciliatory course,
did not encounter many of the trials and difficulties to
which other large proprietors were subjected. Perceiving
the true state of the case, that there were really some equi-
ties in favor of the trespassers, and that they were determin-
ed not to abandon their improvements without a severe strug-
gle or an equivalent, he determined at once to invite the set-
tlers to an amicable adjustment. For this purpose he issued
a circular, calling a meeting of the settlers in Gardiner to
come to some arrangement respecting the occupation of
their lots. This movement was looked upon with jealousy
by squatters in adjoining towns, as calculated to disturb
their organization. The settlers in Litchfield, therefore,
came down in considerable number to disturb the meeting.
Mr. Gardiner, finding that he could accomplish nothing
while these intruders were present, and they refusing
to leave the room at his request, promptly went to the
leader, a stout man, and led him out of the room ; con-
scious of his wrongful conduct, no resistance was made ;
the others quietly followed, and the door was locked to
prevent further interruption.

At this single meeting, a contract in writing was mutu-
ally signed by Mr. Gardiner and every one of his tres-
passers, by which all their quarrels were amicably settled,
and peace restored to his community, while a savage war
was raging in the neighboring towns. The substance of
the agreement was, that the squatters should have the priv-

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS- IxV

ilege of purchasing the lots which they occupied, at a rea-
sonable price on long credit ; or if they chose to abandon
them, they should be paid for their improvements a price
to be determined by referees mutually chosen. The set-
tlers were allowed the privilege of remaining upon their
possessions twenty months after the appraisement, if they
elected to relinquish them. This is the very spirit of the
Betterment act and could not fail, from its equitable terms,
to accomplish the most favorable results. About one half
of the settlers purchased their lots and became useful and
industrious citizens ; the others received payment for their
improvements and left town. For these improvements, Mr,
Gardiner paid five thousand dollars, a sum far exceeding
their actual value, as in many cases little more had been
done, than cutting down the trees and erecting log hovels.

The wisdom of this proceeding was manifest in the confi-
dence which immediately took place between the proprietor
and the inhabitants, and their harmonious efforts to pro-
mote the happiness and prosperity of the place. The in-
habitants doubled between 1800 and 1810, while in the
adjoining country, the angry contest continued to the injury
of all parties engaged in it.

Mr. Gardiner was now free to exercise his energy and
good judgment in improving the large resources of his in-
heritance. Expensive and permanent dams, mills and man-
ufacturing establishments were erected, skillful mechanics
and enterprising tradesmen were invited by the advantages
of the location to employ their skill and invest their capi-
tal in that flourishing town. His own funds were liberally
used to promote the prosperity of the place.

On his first visit to the town in 1803, his journey was

made by water, which, in consequence of the wretched con-
4

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

dition of the roads, was the only comfortable mode of ac-
complishing it. There was no carriage road to the place,
or in that part of the country ; all communication was by the
river or on horseback. Social visits were made by water.
The mail was carried from Portland to Gardiner on horse-
back, twice a week, and the postman was a day and a half
in performing the journey. Mr. Gardiner applied himself
diligently, to remove these embarrassments and to open the
country to a more easy inter-communication. The transi-
tion which fifty years have produced from the rude begin-
nings of that period to the present facilities of communica-
tion and business, cannot fail to make a deep impression
upon one who has passed with almost the rapidity of a vis-
ion from one scene to the other. Maine in 1803 and 1856
are like two different creations, whether regarded from a
material or intellectual stand-point. Those who have ex-
perienced both alone can fully appreciate the contrast.

Nor were Mr. Gardiner's energies limited to improving
the physical condition of the territory over which he became
the trustee and guardian. He took a broader and more
comprehensive view of his duties and privileges, and early
commenced a series of measures to advance the intellectual
and moral condition of the people. Inheriting the ideas of
his father and grandfather on the subject of religion, and
being an Episcopalian from sincere conviction, he has given
to that form of worship his ardent and effectual support.
In this and all his benevolent plans through its various in-
strumentalities, he has had the hearty co-operation of his
wife, a daughter of Col. Tudor, of Boston, and of his inter-
esting family.

In 1819, he contributed mainly to the erection of the
beautiful stone church in Gardiner, then one of the finest

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

structures in the State, and has ever since been its steady
patron, aiding in all its efforts to promote religious instruc-
tion in the Parish.

Nor were his labors in the cause of general education
less earnest or less efficient. The Gardiner Lyceum, incor-
porated 1822, was a favorite project of his. It was intend-
ed to be what its name purports, an institution in which all
branches of knowledge should be taught, from the simple
principles which would enable the farmer to grow larger
crops, and the mechanic and manufacturer to produce with
more skill and less labor the objects of their industry, to
the sciences which give scope to the highest exercise of our
mental faculties. A fine stone building was erected for the
accommodation of the pupils, a valuable philosophical appar-
atus, and a well selected library were furnished, to enlarge
the sphere of instruction. Mr. Gardiner was so far the
largest subscriber to the enterprise as almost to be called
its founder. The school was the best of its kind in the
State at the time, and flourished for several years. But its
support required more means than private funds could well
spare for it, and the great improvement in free schools di-
minishing the number of its attendants, its friends were
obliged to discontinue it, notwithstanding the great advan-
tage it had proved to that community and the cause of edu-
cation generally.

The town will long have occasion to remember Mr. Gard-
iner for his eminent services and his numerous benefactions ?
among which was a large lot presented to it for a common ;
this fine ornament of the place will be a perpetual source
of gratification. No public improvement there has failed
to receive his support.

Above all these, however, has been the genial: influences

Ixviii INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.

of the Christian example the best part of a good man's
life which he and his family, for half a century, have grace-
fully shed over that community.

I have thus sketched portraits of the eminent men who
have presided over our Society since its origin, and have
introduced upon the canvass interesting portions of our
history with which for a period of sixty years some of them
have been intimately connected. Their lives have been so
interwoven in the annals of our State, that if they were left
out, it would be like the performance of Hamlet with the
character of Hamlet omitted. They have left their foot-
prints as they have passed on. But we and society are ever
moving onward "The children of Time like their sire,
cannot stand still." New candidates for fame and new
laborers in the broad field of human effort, are pressing
ardently forward, and crowd the avenues which their prede-
cessors have opened and cultivated and adorned. We wish
them God speed, and will leave for their encouragement and
strength a cheering passage from the " Psalm of Life :"

" Lives of great men all remind us,
We can make our lives sublime,
And departing leave behind us
Foot prints on the sands of time ;

Foot prints that perhaps another,

Sailing o'er life's solemn main,
A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,

Seeing, shall take heart again.

Let us then be up and doing,

With a heart for any fate,
Still achieving, still pursuing,

Learn to labor and to wait."

ARTICLE II.

PEMACIUID PAPEBS

PREPARED BY

FftANKLIN B, HOUGH,

NOTE.

Dr. Franklin B. Hough, the superintendent of the Census in New York,
in his examination of documents in the State Department at Albany in
1854, discovered records and papers relating to the Duke of York's province'
in Maine, and his other possessions in Massachusetts. Having communica-
ted the fact to this Society, measures were immediately taken to procure
copies of them for publication. Our State promptly granted to the Society
three hundred dollars to defray the expenses of copying and printing. At
the suggestion of Dr. Hough, whose efforts in this cause are entitled to
great praise, and who prepared the accompanying introduction to the doc-
uments, the society caused them to be printed in Albany, in a beautiful an-
tique style, corresponding with that of the date of the documents them-
selves, under Dr. Hough's inspection. Notwithstanding the great progress
in the arts, that of printing has not advanced so much that the early artists
in this branch need be ashamed of having their work placed by the side of
our modern execution.

The documents in the State Department at Albany, N. Y., are of great
value, throwing a flood of light upon the early history of the country, and
are freely opened, under direction of their enlightened curators, to general
examination and study ; and are commanding a still wider benefit from the
press.

PAPERS

Relating to

PEMAQJJID

and parts adjacent in the prefent ftate
of Maine, known as

CORNWALL COUNTY,

WHEN UNDER THE

COLONY OF NEW-YORK,

Compiled from Official Records in the

office of the Secretary of State

at Albany, N. Y.

BY

FRANKLIN B. HOUGH.

ALBANY,

Weed, Parfons 5* Companie.

MDCCCLVI.

INDEX.

APACE

dlual fettlement required, of partners, - 50

Affidavits of Indian hoftilities, - - 60

Alden, John, delivery of ketch to, - 29

Allen, John, commiffion of, as juftice of the peace - - 69

" as flieriff, - 73

Ammunition for common ufe, to be provided, - 53, 78

Androfs, Gov., letters of, - 41, 42, 44

Appeals may be made, - 18,37

Arfon to be punifhed, - 114

Aflbciation for fettlement at Sheepfcot river, - - 48

B,

Hack Point, jurifdiftion extended to, - 32

Block-houfes ordered to be built, . - 71, 104

Bofton, letter to Gov. of, 1 1

" meeting at, for making fettlements, - - 48

" claims of, difallowed, - 97

Bowditch, Wm., claims of - 9, 15, 23

Brockholls, Gov., letters of, - - 1 1, 24, 31, 47, 48, 58, 66, 67

V>iaren, Corporal, fent to N. Y., - 25

Charter of the Duke of York, extradl from, 5

Collector's commiffion at Pemaquid, - 74

Collins, Samuel, murder of, - 33, 40

Commiffioners appointed for fettling title, - 59, 102

Commiffion for murder trial, - 33

Juftices of the peace, - - 3 8, 102, 113

Francis Skinner as commander at Pemaquid, - 45

for fettling title, - - 59

John Allen as juftice of the peace, 69

Tho Sharpe as commander at Pemaquid, - - 73
A. Woodrop as collector and receiver, - 74 IO 5
- N. Manning as capt. of a foot company, - 100

iv INDEX.

PAGE

Commiffion for G. Godard as lieut. of militia company, 101

G. Godard as captain of a foot company, - - 106

as furveyor, - 1 06

J. Buttery as captain of a foot company, - - 106

J. Palmer as fpecial commiffioncr, 1 1 1
Cooper, Thomas, licence to take up lands, - 109
Corporal punifhment allowed, - 21
Council Minutes, - 8, 9, 14, 16, 18, 19, 23, 29, 32,

35, 36,40, 73,91,94, 104, 107

Courts, order for holding - - 35, 40

Cranfield, Gov. of New Hampfhire on Indian affairs, - 91

Crimes, inquiries againft, - 114

-L>/ebts, exemption from, to thofc who fettle, - 80

Dennis, Lawrence, letter to, - 67

Dep. Sec. J. Weft appointed, - no

Diforders at Pemaquid, - 66, 67

Dogs, number limited to one in a family, - 77

Dongan, letter to New Hampfhire, - 93

" Gov., on Indian affairs, - 92

Dudley, Gov., on Indian affairs, - - 91

Drunkenness prohibited, - 76

Dymond, Ifraei, trial of, for murder, - - 33, 40

X-Lntry of veflels, regulations concerning, - 122

European news, - - 26

Excife may be levied, - 112, 123, 124

Expenfes of engaging the Mohawks, - 93

]? ifheries, regulations of, - - 17, 1 8, 21, 35, 37, 75, 8 1

Fort, regulation of, 19, 21, 33, 41

Fort, supplied, 17, 112

French hoftilities expefted, 26, 27, 90

French take Pemaquid, in 1696, - 134

Vjodard, Giles, commiffions of, - -101,106

Graham, James, licence to take up land, - - 1 08

AjLutchinfon, capt. E., claims under difallowed, - 97

Xndian affairs, 17, 19, 21, 33, 36, 46, 71, 90, 91

" peace with, - 27, 93

INDEX. v

PAGE

Indian; not to be trufted for goods, - 19, 22

Indian houfe to be built at Pemaquid, 23

Indian hoftilities, - 8, 31, 43, 60, 88, 90, 91, 133

Inftruclion to capt. Manning, - 1 20

J

oflyn, letter to, -58

Jcfuits kept with Mohawks by the French of Canada, - 91

Jordaine, Juftice, letter to, - 42

Joflyn, Mr., houfe to be built or hired for, 44

Jury, trial by, fecurcd, - 117
Juftices commiffioned, - 38, 102, 113

Juftices, form of the oaths of, -119

K

elfon, John, informed againft, - 89

Kennebeck, fettlers encouraged, - "79

" fort folicited to be built at, - 87

" Indians, prowefs of, - 91

Ketches, delivery of, - 9, II, 15, 23, 29

Knapton, Capt., letters to, - - 24, 31

commiflion of, as juftice of peace, 38

L

and to be given to aftual fettlers, - 36, 79, 80

Law, abfence of, complained about, - 82

Letters to Pemaquid, 6, 24, 31, 41, 42, 44, 58, 66

Licences for taking up lands, - 107, 108, 109

Liquors, fearches for, in houfes and cellars allowed, - - 122

Lovelace, Gov., letter of, - .... 6

M

anning, Capt., complaint againft, - "99

commiflion of, as captain, - 100

inftruftions to, as collector, - 120

Martha's Vineyard, commiflions for, 35

Matthews, Tho., fent to N. Y. a prifoner, - - 25

Merry Meeting, block-houfe at, 71, 104

Military power oppreflive, - 82, 83, 99

Miniftry to be fupported, - 51, 79

Mohawk's, incurfion of, - 31, 40, 42, 43

Jefuits with, - i

to be engaged againft eaftern Indians, - 92

Murder, commiflion for the trial of, - 33

antucket, commiflions for, - 35

New Dartmouth, - 86, 87, 94

vi INDEX.

PAGE

New Hampfhire, letter to Governor of, - "93

New Town fettlers of, encouraged, - 79

o

ath of juftices of the peace, - -119

Orders for government of Pemaquid, - - 1 6, 19, 32, 40, 46, 75

" for delivery of fort at Pemaquid, - - 47

JL aimer, capt. John, commiffion of, as commiffioner, - 1 1 1

Pafles for mips to fail to Pemaquid, - 135, 136

Pattilhall, R., complained againft, - - 86

" informs againft John Kelfon, 89

Peace with Indians, - - - 27

Pemaquid captured by French, - 134

furrendered to Maflachufetts, - - 132

remonftrance againft furrender of, 132

Petition of Wm. Bowditch for a ketch, - I 5

" from Pemaquid, - - 70, 8 1, 104

" from New Dartmouth, - - 94, 95

Pofleffion of Pemaquid aflerted by New- York, - 15

\^ uitrents, - - 105, 107, 124

jLVamly, John, trial of, - - 33, 40

Remonftrance againft furrender of Pemaquid, - - 132
Reprefentative, one allowed to New York gen. afTcm. - - 73, 98

Roades, C., fent to New-York a prifoner, - 1 25

Rofwick Ifland confirmed to John Weft, - 125

Rum forbidden in fort, - 19, 21

" adulteration of, prohibited, - 23

lOagadahock magiftrates, limitation of fuits before, - - 3 5

" houfes at, - - 77, 85

Search for liquors directed, - - - 122

Settlements reftrifted, - 18, 87

" inftruftion for regulation of, "75

Sharpe, Thomas, commiffion of, as commander, - 73

" letter to, - 41, 44, 47

Sheepfcott river, fettlement, - - 48, 87

Sherif at Pemaquid, John Allen, appointed, - - 73

Skinner, Francis, commiffion of, as commander, - 45

" inftruftions for government, - - 46

" letter to, - 66

Smyth, Tho., liccnfe to take up lands, - - 109

INDEX. vii

PAGE

Spragg, John, licenfe to take up lana, 108

Summerfet Ifland granted to John Spragg, - 107

Supplies, complaint concerning, - - 84.

Surrender of Pemaquid directed by King, - 131

Surveyor, commiflion of Giles Godard as, - - 106

T

rade regulated at Pemaquid, - - 16, 20, 75

" reftrifted to Pemaquid, - 1 8, 33, 36, 37, 80, 86, 105
Tradefmen may be admitted to mare in fettlement, - ' 5^

Trading houfes may be built, - 20

aldrop, A., collector of quit rents, - 105

Wells, Mr., to fail for England, 48

Weft, John, Rofwick Ifland granted to, - - 125

" " commiffioned as juftice of peace, - 38

" " deputy fecretary at Pemaquid, - - - no

Woodrop, Alex., fub-colledlor and receiver, 74

[HE obfcurity which has involved
the hiftory of that portion of Maine
included within the patent of the
Duke of York, while under the ducal
government, has long been felt and
acknowledged, 1 and hiftorians in their
accounts of this period, have been obliged
in the abfence of authentic documents,
to rely upon flight and imperfect data.
The following papers now for the firft
time printed, it is believed, will add much
to our acquaintance with the annals of the
fection known as " Pemaquid and its depen-
dencies," in the early records of New- York.
The dependance of a part of Maine
upon the government of New-York,
originated as follows : William Alexander,
Earl of Sterling, Secretary of the kingdom
of Scotland, having been previously con-
cerned in extenfive grants in Nova Scotia 2

1 Vide, Williamfon's Hift. of Maine, i, 228 et feq. Coll.
of Maine Hift. Soc., ii, 229-237: ib. iv, 209, &c.

8 The Nova Scotia Charter was granted March 9, 1621, confirmed
and enlarged by a second patent, Sept. 10, of the fame year. Wil-
liamfon's Hift. of Maine, i, 223 Sullivan's Hift. of Maine,
124 Coll. of Maine Hift. Soc., i, u.

and in the operations of the Plymouth
Company, received by lot, in 1635,' one
of the three divifions into which the ter-
ritory of Maine was divided upon the
diffolution of that Company. The fhare
thus received, extended from the Kenne-
beck to the St. Croix rivers, and embraced
feveral grants previously made, upon which
fettlements had been commenced.

In 1663, the Earl of Clarendon, on
behalf of the Duke of York, purchafed
of Henry, then Earl of Sterling, his inte-
reft in American grants, 2 including, be-
lides that of Maine, the title of Long
Ifland, Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, 3
and other iflands adjacent, and in i664, 4
the Duke of York received from his Royal
brother a Charter for thefe territories and

1 Thefe lots were drawn Feb. 3, the grants executed April 22, and
the charter of the company furrendered June 7, of that year. Coll.
of Maine Hift. Soc., i, 42-44 Coll. of New Jersey Hift.
Soc., ii, 38.

2 The confideration of this purchafe was 3,500, but upon failure
of payment, a life annuity of 300 was, in 1674, agreed upon, payable
out of the net profits of revenue arifing from the colony, which proving
inefficient, an order was iflued in 1689 for the arrears to be paid out
of the funds of the Colony. New-York Coll. Hift., iii, 606.

3 A fmall edition of a volume embracing the New- York official
records concerning Nantucket and adjacent iflands, prepared by the
editor of this volume, has been printed under the patronage of the
Hon. John V. L. Pruyn, of Albany, for diftribution among public
libraries.

* March iz. Vide Patents, i, 109, Secretary's Office, Albany.

others, then held by the Dutch, fince
known as New- York, New Jerfey and
Delaware.

The New- York records do not fhow
what jurifdiclion was aflerted over the
eaftern portion of the Duke's territories
prior to the reduction of New- York by
the Dutch in 1673. Upon that occafion
the General Court of MafTachusetts, under
pretext of a furvey that included the
territory, took poffeffion of the Pemaquid
fettlements, organized a local government, l
and in July, 1674, a c urt was held under
this authority within the Duke's territories.
Upon the reftoration of New-York to
the Englifh, by the peace of Weftminfter, 2
a new patent, embracing the fame terri-
tory, was taken out by the Duke of York, 3
and upon the arrival of governor Androfs,
meafures were taken to re-eftablifh this
authority throughout the government.
Civil and military commiffions were iflued,
and upon the organization of a General
AlTembly in New- York in 1683, and

1 Williamfon's Hift. of Maine, i, 443 Coll. of Maine
Hi ft. Soc., i, 131.

3 Feb. 9, 1674, Art. 6.

3 June 29, 1674, Vide Smith's Hift. of New-York, (1814)
61 Dunlap's Hift. of New-York, i, 129.

the diviiion of the colony into counties,
" Pemy-Quid, and all the Territories in
thofe Parts, with the Iflands adjacent,"
were erected into the county of Cornwall,
and entitled to fend one member to the
General Aflembly. 1 This connection
continued until the fucceffion of the Duke
of York to the throne, when by a royal
order 2 thefe territories were annexed to
the New England government.

The following papers are arranged
chronologically, with references to the
originals in the New- York Secretary's
office. The occurrence of a line of
afterifks, denotes an omiffion of matter
relating to other fubje&s, and a row of
periods, indicates a lofs of part of the
record. The original orthography has
been followed, except in the ufe of capital
initials in names of perfons, where fmall
letters had been employed.

1 Nov. I, 1683. Orig. Laws, MSS. ii. Livingfton& Smith's,
&c., Ed. Laws, i, 6. The aft organizing counties was re-enafted
Oft. I, 1691. It will be feen that Gyles Goddard aftually repre-
fented Cornwall county during one feflion.

8 This order was dated Sept, 19, 1686, Deeds viii, 75, Secre-
tary's office, Albany.

PAPERS RELATING TO

P E M A Q^ U I D

AND ITS DEPENDENCIES.

EXTRACT from the Grant to the Duke
of York, Dated i2th March Ao 16.
Car. 2.d 1664.

[Patents i. 109.]

(HARLES the Second by the Grace of
God King of England Scotland
ffrance & Ireland Defender of the
ffaith &c To all to whom thefe p'nts
fhall come Greeting : Know yee that wee
for diverfe good Caufes and Confideracdns
us thereunto moving Have of our efpeciall
Grace Certaine knowledge and meere mo-
tion Given and Granted And by thefe
prefents for us our heires and fucceffo"
Do Give and Grant unto our Deareft
Brother James Duke of Yorke his heires

and Affignes All that part of the Maine
Land of New England begining at a
Certaine place called or knowne by the
name of St Croix, next adjoyning to
New Scotland in America and from thence
extending along the fea coaft unto a cer-
taine place called Petuaquine or Pema-
quid and fo up the River thereof to the
furtheft head of y e fame as it tendeth
northwards and extending from thence
to the River Kinebequi, and fo upwards
by the fhorteft courfe to the River Canada
northwards : And alfo

[Here follows a grant for the province of New- York and parts of
Maflachufetts and Connedicut, New Jersey, Delaware, &c.]

Lre to ye Inhabitants of Pemaquid.

[General Entries iv. 258.]

GEN TS . It might feem ftrange to you
that in foe long diftance of time thofe
parts under his Royall Highness Patronage
and Prote&ion, of which you are Memb rs
& Inhabitants have not been aflumed in
any particular care & GovernnV. as Sub-
ftitute to his Royall Highness, by whofe
Grace and Indulgence I am (under him)

appointed Governo r . of all his Territoryes
in America ; And truly I might juftly
have fallen under yo r Cenfure of Remiff-
ness, were I not allwayes in Expectacdn
that AfTayres would have been perfe&ed
by my worthy PredeceiTo r Coll: Nicolls,
to whom the fole managery of that Busy-
ness was committed; neither could I ever
doubt of the perfecting of it, had it not
been interrupted by an Active & furious
warr, in w ch Expedition hee moft fadly,
(yet as bravely) laid down his Life at his
Masters ffeet; 1 All expectations from him
being now wholly extinct, It is a Duty
incumbent on mee to erect a fuperftru&ure
on that ffoundation, which hee in his
Lifetime worthily aimed at ; To which
end I fhall defire you, ffirft to give mee
a true ftate of yo r Affayres, as they now
ftand ; next That you would tranfmitt to
mee a modell of fuch a Governm 1 . as fhall
bee moft conducing to the Happyness of
that Colony, both to its fafety Traffick,
& Increafe of Inhabitants, promising upon
the reception of that Scheme, not only

1 Coll. Richard Nicolls was (lain in a naval engagement with the
Dutch, in the fervice of the Duke of York, in 1672. A monument
is eredled to his memory in Amphil Church, Bedfordmire, England,

8

to Inveft you w th ample power to Exercife
yo r Authority both to Ecclefiaftick as Civill
Affayres, but will bee ready on all Occa-
fions to bee affifting to you in the Prefer-
vation of all yo r Rights and Intereft againft
any finiiter O bftr u&ions ; Thus defiring
to heare from you by the firft Opportunity,
I heartily recommend you to the All-
mi ghty's Protection, & remaine

Yo r Very Affeflionate {friend,

Fort James on ye Ifland Manhatans FRAN I LOVELACE.
in N: Yorke, ffeb: i6th 167!.

Council Minutes.

[Council Minutes vol Hi. Part II. Page 117.]

At a Councell Sept 8th 1676.

Prefent The Governo r
Capt Brockhols The Secretary
Capt Dyre.

^F 'P T& 4|

A Letter coming from Bofton to the
Governor from M r Abr Corbetts who lives
to the Eaftward, in the Dukes Patent,

relateing the deftruclion of the Eaftern
parts near Pemaquid &c by y e Indians,
in the month of Aug ft laft, about the 2o th
day of the month, The fame being read
and confidered of,

Refolved, to fend a floope to Pifcataway
Salem and Bofton, to invite and bring as
many of the Inhabitants particularly
ffifhermen as will come driven from the
Dukes Territoryes, and parts Eaftward,
and to fupply them with Land in any
part of the Government they fhall chufe.
# * * *

[New-York Colonial MSS. xxvii.]

At a Councell held in N. Y. the
5 th day of Jan 1677.

Vpon a L re from the Go: of Bofton
dated No: 13 th brought hither by M r W m
Bowdifh the 2 d inft. defiring and order
for the delivery of the Ketches at Pema-
quid, to their own rs , of which faid M r
Bowditch with M r W m Duvall is faid to
be oner, And the faid M r Bowditch on y e

10

behalfe of himfelfe & M r Duvall offering
fecurity to pay falvage or what other
Charges their Ketch fhall be adjudged unto
by the Go: alleadging alfo that the f 1
Ketch lyeing at fhee doth will bee quite
spoyled, & alfo will loofe the fifhing fea-
fon this fpring for which they make ready
in ffeb r , & is comonly efteemed to bee
worth double y 1 it is the reft of the yeare.
The fame being particularly taken into
confideracdn

Refolved That an order be given to y e
f 1 M r Bowditch on behalfe of himfelfe &
M r Duvall for the delivery of the f d Ketch
unto him or whom hee fhall appoint, hee
giving fecurity to the value of the Ketch
here to pay falvage, or fuch other charges
as fhee fhall bee adjudged unto, at the
returne of the Governo 1 "

An order hereupon for the delivery
A bond of 4_oo lb for paym 1 of 200
Tho Del: & W m Bowditch of Salem.
W m Bowditch of Salem in N: Engl
Merch & Tho Delavall of New-Yorke
Merch a blank fum bound to Edm Andros
Efq Go. in this his R H. Territoyes in
America his Succeflb r & Aflignes.

II

(The foregoing paper was endorfed as
follows :)

To Capt Caefar Knapton, Comand r

You are hereby defired to caufe the

Ketch of .... to bee

deliuered unto M r W m Bowditch or his
order, according to the order of Council
hereunto annexed hee having given in
fufficient fecurity for the doing whereof
this ihall bee yo r difcharge

Given under my hand the 7 th day of
January 1677

Cofie of a Letter to the Go: of Bo/ton.
N. Y. Jan 7. 1677.

[New- York Colonial MSS. xxvii.]

Ho BLE S R .

Yo." 3 of No: r 13.* by M. r Bowditch,
directed to our Go : or in his abfence to
his dep : arrived not here till the 2 d inst,
which was almoft 6. weekes after his de-
parture, The contents whereof relate to
the delivery of the Ketches at Pemaquid

12

to the Owners, Its fuppofed you meane
the former owners, Otherwife y e fortune
of the warre had apparently made them
change Maft. re It could have beene right,
thofe perfons had made their claymes or
applicacdn for them foon r , probably ere
this they had from Comander Knapton,
but feverall Reports coming that fome of
thofe own rs have f 1 they had rather the
Indyans had kept their Ketches, then that
they fhould come into the hands of New-
Yorke Governm* might in part bee the
occafion why no other order was fent
thither, then for their apprizenV, and not
broft here the rugged winter feafon fetting
in feeming to forbid their removall till
spring,

Your opinion about the delivery of the
veflels as well as captives, which you un-
derftand by the Go: r Letter, to bee men-
tioned in the peace, feemes to bee followed
with fome paffion in the following claufe,
that if they were not delivered for the
benefit t of the right Own rs that loft them,
you fhould not know to underftand his
mocdns, for I fuppofe they will appeare
to have tended to y e Gen.* 11 good of his

F3

Ma ties fubjecTis in thofe parts as well as the
interefts of the Governm 1 , & will always
bee our aime to ad: with charity and juf-
tice towards o r neighbo rs . as well as others,
& which we could have the like retaliation
from them, then fhould wee not bee fo
often Cenfured & Condemned :

It cannot but bee admited that you fo
often repeate the overtures of peace be-
tweene us & y e Indyans wrote to you of
from Pemaquid, as you fay & that unleffe
the veflels were d d . as well as captives
you fhould not comply on any other terines,
fince if you will againe perufe o r Letters
you will find that the conclufion wee had
made was a positive peace beyond any
overtures or ceflacdn of Armes, & our
fending to you, was onely to acquaint
you, that we had as neighbour & fubjefe
to one Pr. encluded you if you pleafed,
and if you had refufed it, upon any nice
termes not comprehended in the Agreem*.
wee had made, the prejudice would have
redounded to your felves, & allthough
afterwards by a collateral! Agreem*. wee
got the Ketches to bee encluded, it was
not becaufe you mentioned you otherwife

14

fhould not comply &c., but out of a defire
to the publick Good of his Ma ties fubjeds,
without any private aymes or pretence of
particular advantage otherwife :

The which that you may find will bee
made Good by deeds as well as words, I
have with the advice of the Councell
upon the application from M r Bowditch
given order for the delivery of the Ketch
wherein hee is conferned hee giving fecu-
rity to anfwer what falvage or other
charges there may be adjudged unto at
the Go: returne, which you may bee
confid. 1 will not bee unreasonable. And
in any .... elfe fhall not bee wanting
to continue fr . . . correfpondence with
o r neighbo rs being

Ho: ble S. r

Yo. r moft humble Serv. 1
N. Y. Jan. 7. 1677. A. B. 1

[Council Minutes vol iii. Part II. Page 153.]

At a Councell June 9, 1677.

A propofall being made by the Gover-
nor whether it would bee advifable to

1 Anthony Brockholls.

fend to take PofTeffion and afTert the
Dukes Intereft at Pemaquid, & parts
adjacent Eaftward, according to his Roy u
H s Pattent or nott,

Upon confideracdn had thereupon, It
was thought advifeable fo to do. And
that if we make Peace with the Indyans
there the Maffachufetts to bee comprized
if they Pleafe.

All the ffifhermen & old inhabitants
to be reftored and Protected.

* * * *

[New- York Colonial MSS. xxvii.]

To Cap' Anthony Brockholes & the Reft
of y e Co