I'l E> R.AR.Y

OF THE

UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS

NATURAL HISTORY SURVE

530.5

v.10
cop.3

MAMMALS OF THE COLLINS-DAY SOUTH
AMERICAN EXPEDITION.*

BY WILFRED H. Q.SGOOD.

In the latter part of 1914, Mr. Alfred M. Collins of Philadelphia
and Mr. Lee Garnett Day of New York called upon the writer to discuss
plans for a trip to South America. As a result of this meeting and
several subsequent ones, it was decided by Mr. Collins and Mr. Day
that they would not only finance but personally conduct an expedition
to be largely devoted to the collecting of natural history specimens,
especially mammals and birds. As finally arranged, the party included
Mr. Collins and Mr. Day and their friend Mr. Willard Walker, who also
shared in the expense, and representatives of two museums, Mr. George
K. Cherrie for the American Museum of Natural History of New York,
and Mr. Robert H. Becker for the Field Museum of Natural History.
The route chosen led across the continent of South America from west
to east through Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Sailing from New York
December 26, 1914, the party proceeded via Panama to Mollendo,
Peru, arriving there on January 15, 1915. Thence they proceeded by
rail to Arequipa, from which place a short but successful hunting trip
was made to Pampa de Arrieros, Peru, where specimens of guanacos
and vicugnas were obtained. Another short stop was made at Puno
on Lake Titicaca and from there quick time was made by rail and stage
via La Paz, Oruro, Arque, and Parotani to Cochabamba, Bolivia.
From Cochabamba it was decided to travel by pack train over a little-
used and difficult trail to the port of Todos Santos on the Chapare" River,
an affluent of the Mamore". Owing to heavy rains, this part of the
trip was very arduous, but it was successfully accomplished and some
collecting was done in spite of untoward conditions. On March i6th
a small steamer left Todos Santos with the expedition and arrived at
Trinidad on the Mamore' March 2oth. Four days later Guajaramerim
was reached and thence to Porto Velho on the Madeira the party went
by rail, arriving March 29th. From this point to Manaos, no stops
were made and, with the exception of Mr. Cherrie who remained on

*An illustrated general account of this expedition written by Mr. Day was
published in the American Museum Journal for January, 1916.

199

2oo FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. X.

the Amazon near Santarem for a time, the whole party returned directly
to the United States.

Notwithstanding the difficult climatic conditions and the limited
time which was available for actual field work the collections obtained
are of considerable size and importance, especially in view of the very
small representation of the fauna of the region traversed which was
previously possessed by North American museums. According to the
generous plan of Mr. Collins and Mr. Day these collections are to be
divided equally by the American Museum of Natural History and the
Field Museum of Natural History, the types of new birds remaining
with the New York institution and those of new mammals with the
Field Museum.

The collection of mammals numbers some 325 specimens belonging
to 41 species and subspecies, of which four are new. In the brief
account of this collection which follows, I am indebted to Mr. Collins
for the notes on the hunting of guanacos and vicugnas.

Martnosa elegans venusta Thomas. MOUSE OPOSSUM.

Four specimens, Parotani.

These topotypes are welcome additions to the collection of the Field
Museum, as of course they would be to any other. An interesting
character shown by two of them which are mature is a rather definite
dark spot occupying a considerable space on the side just behind the
shoulder. This is colored like the dark dorsal area and forms an inter-
ruption in the lower half of the lighter lateral area which in its upper
half separates this dark spot from the dorsal area.

Bradypus tridactylus Linnaeus. THREE-TOED SLOTH.

Three specimens, Santarem, Brazil. Collected by G. K. Cherrie.

Hippocamelus antisiensis D'Orbigny. PERUVIAN GUEMAL.

One specimen, Pampa de Arrieros, Peru.

This is an immature male with milk dentition and short, stubby
horns. The pelage is somewhat worn but in general the hairs of the body
have buffy tips producing a rather pallid effect which is sharply con-
trasted with a dark blackish brown area on the back and rump just
anterior to the base of the tail. The tail itself is entirely white both
above and below and the white areas on the inner sides of the legs
extend to the hoofs. The dark facial markings, so well developed in
the Chilian H. bisulcus, are reduced to brownish patches over the eyes.

This species was found up to an altitude of 13,000 feet, in general
ranging somewhat lower than the guanaco and vicugna.

OCT., 1916. MAMMALS, COLLINS-DAY EXPEDITION — OSGOOD. 201

Lama glama huanachus Molina. GUANACO.

Six specimens, Pampa de Arrieros, Peru.

Well-preserved skins and skulls of three male and two female
guanacos and one complete skeleton are in the collection. The herds
from which they were obtained are almost if not quite the northernmost
now existing and the specimens will be of great interest in determining
the geographic variation in the species. This cannot well be attempted
until specimens are secured from central Chile, the type locality of
Molina's huanachus. It is evident, however, that the Peruvian gua-
nacos of this collection are not closely related to the "small Peruvian
guanaco " to which Lonnberg has given the name Lama glama cacsiloensis
and which shows great similarity, at least in certain cranial characters,
to the vicugna. In size our specimens are only slightly smaller than
the Patagonian guanaco. A skull of an adult male measures as follows:
Total length 290 (307)*; basal length 277 (290); greatest width 148
(146); least postorbital width 61.5 (64); length of three upper molars
59 (63); width across middle of second upper molar 69 (75); greatest
length of nasal laterally 63 (78).

Measurements of an adult male, taken in the flesh by the collector,
are as follows: Length "from between ears to root of tail" 1300; cir-
cumference of upper neck 330; of lower neck in front of shoulder 550;
girth behind foreleg 1080; girth at middle of belly 1160; girth at loin
860; base of ear to point of shoulder 650.

Lama vicugna Molina. VICUGNA.

Four specimens, Pampa de Arrieros, Peru.

These consist of skins and skulls of two males and one female and
skeleton of one male. So far as recorded, they are the only first class
specimens of this species ever brought to a North American museum.t
This is perhaps on account of the poverty of North American museums
in South American material rather than because of the rarity of the
animal; but it is evident that the vicugna is not easy to procure even
in those localities where it is still common.

Measurements of an adult male, taken in the flesh by the collector,
are as follows: Length "from between ears to root of tail" 1250; base
of ear to point of shoulder 670; circumference of upper neck 260; of
lower neck in front of shoulder 430; girth behind foreleg 840; girth at
middle of belly 960; girth at loin 750.

*Measurements in parentheses are those of a Patagonian guanaco published
by Lonnberg. (Archiv. for Zoologi, VIII, No. 19, p. 2, 1913).

fThe specimen recorded as Lama vicugna by Elliot (Cat. Mamm. Field Mus., p.
37, 1907) proves to belong to another species.

202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. X:

The following account of the hunting of guanacos and vicugnas has
been contributed by Mr. Collins:

"Glad we were to reach Mollendo on the west coast of Peru after
three weeks sailing from New York. Here we unloaded our sixty pieces
of baggage, and owing to the kindness of the Peruvian officials, due to
the assistance of the American Minister at Lima, we were passed through
the customs without any difficulty, no restriction being placed on the
use of our arms, which we felt would be the case while crossing Peru.
We were very glad of this as it was our intention to hunt on the high-
lands for vicugna and guanaco and a small variety of deer.

"We had just enough time to pass our baggage and catch the train
which followed the shore for a vhile and then started to climb to an
absolutely barren ground. Suddenly upon reaching an altitude of some
2000 feet we entered the clouds and found a most fertile country, the
ground being covered with beautiful flowers. A couple of thousand
feet higher we crossed a table-land almost flat, having a sandy soil, the
sand being blown by the high winds into numerous dunes, crescentic in
shape, which were constantly changing their positions. Again we
climbed and twisted through barren mountains, with here and there
green, where water was to be found. Finally, we reached Arequipa at
an altitude of 7500 feet, and here the train stopped for twenty-four
hours in order to give the passengers an opportunity to become accus-
tomed to the altitude.

"The next day we proceeded on our way and at a point 12,500 feet
above sea level, called Pampa de Arrieros, we left the train, hearing that
at this point the animals we were desirous of getting were to be found.
Having finally reached our hunting ground, and with a considerable
amount of stored up energy after three weeks idleness on the steamer,
it not yet being noon, we at once made arrangements for mules in
order to make a hunt that day. After climbing several thousand feet
higher, we suddenly came in sight of our game. Dismounting and start-
ing to run after it, we suddenly realized the height at which we had
arrived, our hearts beating so rapidly that it became impossible for us
to continue. The rest of the day we traveled at a snail's pace after the
game, which always kept in a very tantalizing way within sight but out
of range. Finding that it would be impossible for us to come up with it,
we decided to return to our mules and go back to camp. A sudden
downpour drenched us to the skin, and a little later darkness overtaking
us, and the chill of night coming on, we suffered intensely from the
cold. The great heat of the day, the drenching by rain, and the sudden
chilling of the air brought on all of us attacks of soroche. It was with
great difficulty that we were enabled to get back to our rooms in the

OCT., 1916. MAMMALS, COLLINS-DAY EXPEDITION — OSGOOD. 203

railroad station and all night long the whole party suffered intensely
from chills and fever.

"The next day, and for several days following, we hunted these
wary animals, and each day becoming more and more accustomed to
the altitude, we were able to travel not only greater distances, but at
a higher altitude. Upon hearing from the Indians that there was a
water hole high up on one of the mountains just below the snow line
where game was very plentiful, we planned a hunt with the idea of spend-
ing a night at this water hole, believing that just before dark or early
in the morning might prove to be the best time to get our game. Hour
after hour we traveled, and higher and higher climbed, finding the water
hole much farther away than we had supposed and at an altitude which
taxed our hearts and lungs to the utmost.

"I will never forget the night spent at this point, 18,000 feet above
sea level, in a little shelter of stones which had been erected by the
Indians and where they watched for game. What was known as a water
hole simply consisted of damp soil where, even by digging, we could not
get enough water to satisfy our own thirst let alone that of our mules.
All night long I was kept awake by the shaking of my companion who
had one chill after another, suffering myself all the time from a most
terrific headache and gasping all night for breath. The next morning,
as soon as it was light enough for us to see, we hurried down the moun-
tain for several thousand feet, and then as the sun came up, we fell to
the ground and were soon fast asleep, exhausted from the night's
experience. Not only did the altitude affect us but the air was so dry
and the wind on these mountains blew so violently that our faces and
hands became badly sunburned. In addition to the entire skin coming
off my face four times in ten days, my nose swelled to at least double
its normal size, my lips were badly cracked and almost constantly
bleeding, and my hands were blistered on the palms as well as the backs.

"It is hard to imagine any animals being able to live where there is
such a lack of vegetation, but these sure-footed animals grow fat there.
They are seldom hunted by the white man but the Indians are con-
tinually after them, making them exceedingly shy and difficult to obtain.
While the guanaco and vicugna were found on the same mountains,
they were never found together. Those that we obtained were shot at
long range. A small deer, the guemal, was found on these same moun-
tains but much lower down, its range not exceeding an altitude of
from 12,000 to 13,000 feet, while the vicugna and guanaco were found
from 14,000 to 18,000 feet.

"Pampa de Arrieros is a small settlement of a couple of dozen
mud houses occupied mostly by the workers on the railroad, a church,

204 FIELD MUSEUM or NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. X.

and a railroad station where we succeeded in obtaining rooms. As it
was a meal station we were able to get very good food indeed. We
hunted mostly from mule back but had considerable difficulty in getting
fresh mules as the climbing was exceedingly hard on them, and it
seemed to be against the principles of the owners to feed them any
more than what they were able to pick up for themselves, the con-
sequence being that after a mule had been ridden for a couple of days
it became so exhausted it was worthless to us.

"The gait of the guanaco is a canter or easy lope, and by bounds
they attain great speed. Reddish brown on back and lighter under
parts. Cool gray tone of head and ears; head held erect. Neigh of
horse, neck of camel, feet of deer, and swiftness of the devil. The call
is a weird, tremulous sound and half idiotic neigh."

Sciurus aestuans gilvigularis Wagner. SQUIRREL.

Four specimens (skins only), Santarem, Brazil. Collected by G. K.
Cherrie.

Sciurus* ignitus Gray. SQUIRREL.

One specimen, Roquefalda, Bolivia, collected February 19.

This specimen is provisionally regarded as representing the species
described by Gray in 1867 from a squirrel taken in "Bolivia" by
Bridges. It agrees with the original description and disagrees with
specimens previously referred to this species in at least four respects:
(i) in its relatively soft full pelage, (2) in its dark chestnut ears and
postauricular spots, (3) in its white or whitish chin and throat, and (4)
in its whitish under parts more or less grizzled and washed with buffy.
I am not informed as to whether or not Gray's type is still preserved,
but without examination of it, the probability that it belongs to this
species rather than to the one to which the name ochrescens has been
applied seems very great.

Sciurus irroratus ochrescens Thomas. SQUIRREL.

One specimen, Chapare River, below Todos Santos.

This is obviously an example of the form described by Thomas as
Sciurus cuscinus ochrescens which Allenf has identified with Gray's
Macroxus ignitus. It does not agree with Gray's description, however,
for the under parts are entirely ochraceous and it does not have the

*Without more study than I am at present able to give, I do not feel justified
in using the generic terms recently proposed by J. A. Allen in his Review of South
American Sciuridae. His position seems very radical, and it is doubtful if the same
standards could be applied successfully in other groups.

tBull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, pp. 204-206, May, 1915.

OCT., 1916. MAMMALS, COLLINS-DAY EXPEDITION — OSGOOD. 205

"cheeks, chin, and throat white." It is difficult, also, to appreciate
"back of the ears bright red bay"; and since both of these features are
found in another specimen obviously belonging to a different species,
it seems necessary to recognize both ochrescens and ignitus.

Sciurus langsdorffi Brandt. LANGSDORFF'S SQUIRREL.
Two specimens, Porto Velho, Madeira River, Brazil.

Oryzomys sp.

One specimen (skull only), Parotani.

Beyond the determination of this skull as a representative of the
longicaudatus-stolzmanni series, no further identification is possible
with the material at hand. Doubtless it is not the same as the species
recorded by Thomas* from Charuplaya in eastern Bolivia under the
name stolzmanni, for Parotani is on the high plateau and Charuplaya
is almost or quite within the Amazonian forest.

Oryzomys chaparensis sp. nov.

Type from Todos Santos, Chapar£ River, Bolivia. Altitude about
1200 feet. No. 21,330 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male.
Collected March 15, 1915 by R. H. Becker.

Characters. A species of medium size with the tail slightly longer
than the head and body, the pelage rather short, and the throat and
inguinal region with self-colored hairs; mammae (in one specimen)
1 — 2 = 6.

Color. Upper parts ochraceous buff liberally mixed with dusky
lines, producing a general effect approaching wood brown or Isabella
color; head, face, and sides practically like back; ears dusky outside,
cinnamon inside; a poorly defined line of ochraceous buff between the
color of the upper parts and the under parts; feet white; outer side of
tarsal joint broadly and distinctly marked with brownish; tail finely
scaly and except upon close examination appearing naked, dusky above
and for its distal third below, whitish for its proximal two-thirds below;
under parts creamy, the hairs of the belly and breast with dark bases,
those of the throat and inguinal regions and the median part of the
inner sides of the legs self-colored.

Skull. Skull relatively long and slender; interorbital region rather
narrow and elevated, the anterior half of the frontals being distinctly
higher than the posterior; supraorbital edges sharp and elevated but not
beaded; nasals broad and with considerable median depression poste-
riorly; zygomatic plate broad, convex in front; palatine foramina short

*Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), IX, p. 130, 1902.

206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. X.

and forming obtuse angles in front and behind; audital bullae small;
teeth small. As compared with a skull of O. eliurus from Sapucay,
Paraguay, that of 0. chaparensis is slightly larger and more angular;
the interorbital region is a little wider, higher, and more sharply edged;
nasals broader; palatine foramina shorter.

Measurements. Type: Total length 215; head and body 104; tail
in; hind foot 26; ear from notch (dry) 14. Skull of type: Greatest
length 26.8; basilar length 21 ; zygomatic breadth 13.5; breadth of brain-
case 11.2; interorbital constriction 4; nasals 10.5x3.5; palatine foramina
4.4x1.9; diastema 6.9; length of zygomatic plate 2.7; upper toothrow 3.6.

Remarks. Although the state of knowledge of the genus Oryzomys
makes it difficult or practically impossible to determine the exact
relationship of isolated species, it is apparent that this one does not show
many similarities to any of the recently described Peruvian and Bolivian
species and it is therefore probable that its allies are among the species
described by early authors from eastern South America. Of those
available for comparison, 0. eliurus is nearest in size but its coloration
is of the usual type and its skull differs in various ways. The coloration
of the under parts in O. chaparensis is characteristic, for although the
differentiation of self-colored light areas on the pectoral and inguinal
regions is not unusual among rodents, it is relatively rare in the genus
Oryzomys.

Only two specimens have been examined, an adult male and a female.
This female was nursing young and has the mammae functionally
enlarged and conspicuous but shows no trace of more than three pairs
whereas four pairs are normal in Oryzomys. The absence of the ante-
rior pair of pectoral mammae may be accidental in this specimen or
it may be a peculiarity of the species.

(Ecomys mamorae Thomas.

Ten specimens, Todos Santos, Chapare' River.

Since their external and cranial measurements agree closely with
those of the published description of this species, there is scarcely any
reason to doubt that these specimens are practically typical represen-
tatives of it and so far as recorded the only ones extant except the type
which is preserved in alcohol and therefore not trustworthy for color
characters. The color, especially that of the under parts, as shown by
the present series, is somewhat variable. In the majority, particularly
those not fully mature, the rich, tawny ochraceous lateral line which
borders the color of the upper parts widens and extends with only slight
dilution across the middle of the belly and forward as a light wash to
the midpectoral region. Across the middle of the belly and breast

OCT., 1916. MAMMALS, COLLINS-DAY EXPEDITION — OSGOOD. 207

there is tendency for the hairs to have dark bases, the throat, axillae,
and inguinal regions being always white to the roots of the hairs. In
one old female the entire under parts are pure snowy white sharply
separated from the upper parts by a broad (5 mm.) tawny ochraceous
lateral line. Both fore and hind feet are more or less brownish, and the
ears, while usually tawny, are sometimes dusky antero-internally.

Two adults present the following flesh measurements: Total length
333, 328; head and body 149, 147; tail 184, 181; hind foot 27, 27.

Hesperomys callosus boliviae Thomas.

One specimen, Trinidad.

On geographic grounds, this specimen might be either H. callosus
or H. c. bolivice; and with nothing more than descriptions for com-
parison, its identification cannot be regarded as positive. The tooth-
row measures 4.1 mm., which is exactly the length given for that of the
type of H. c. bolivia, and other cranial measurements correspond
closely. External measurements are as follows: Total length 200;
head and body 122; tail 78; hind foot 23.

Phyllotis (Graomys) domorum Thomas.

Three specimens, Parotani.

These are typical examples of this species and from the region of
the type locality. Their examination has been of particular interest in
connection with the grouping of certain South American Muridae
recently made by Thomas. * A small group including the present species
has been given generic rank under the name Graomys, but this group
is so closely allied to typical Phyllotis that it seems better to treat it as
a subgenus rather than as a genus. This conclusion is largely influenced
by a consideration of Phyllotis amicus, a species which is assigned infer-
entially by Thomas to Phyllotis but which shows such affinity to
Graomys that the exceedingly close relationship between the two
groups can scarcely be doubted. In all external features except size
the resemblance of P. amicus and P. domorum amounts to practical
identity. The very soft, satiny pelage and the pure white self-colored
areas of the under parts are very characteristic. The skull of P.
amicus has the short, rounded braincase of typical Phyllotis but its very
broad frontals and its slightly undercut zygomatic plate show very
decided approach to the condition in Graomys. It lacks the definite
supraorbital bead but the supraorbital border is trenchant and even
slightly elevated. The second upper molar is more nearly five-parted
than in true Phyllotis, and in this respect also there is resemblance to
*Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), XVII, pp. 139-143, Jan., 1916.

ao8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. X.

P. domorum. In fact it seems necessary to include the species amicus
as a peripheral member of the group Graomys and to recognize its
connectant character by treating that group as a subgenus co-ordinate
with typical Phyllotis.

Akodon puer Thomas.

One specimen, Parotani.

This specimen agrees closely with the original description of A.
puer, the principal discrepancy being in the color of the ears which are
mixed grayish and dusky in some contrast to the body color. Flesh
measurements are: Total length 169; tail 75; hind foot 20.

Akodon varius Thomas.

One specimen, Parotani.

Although comparison with the type from Cochabamba would be
desirable, there seems little reason to doubt the identity of this speci-
men, especially since Thomas in the original description has referred to
another from this locality. Flesh measurements are: Total length 203;
head and body 108; tail 95; hind foot 26.

Akodon dayi sp. nov.

Type from Todos Santos, Chapare* River, Bolivia. No. 21329 Field
Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected March isth,
1915 by Robert H. Becker. Original No. 784.

Characters. A medium-sized species of dark, rich, color. Somewhat
allied to A. cursor but very much darker with larger hind feet and a
heavier and decidedly deeper skull. Similar in color to A. aerosus
baliolus, but under parts paler and more heavily washed with fulvous;
cranial characters widely different.

Color. Upper parts varying from Vandyke brown to burnt umber;
middle of back scarcely or not at all darker than sides; under parts rich
rufous; ears blackish without mixture of fulvous; feet brownish black;
tail blackish above and below.

Skull. As compared with that of A. aerosus, the skull is long and
high, both incisor and molar teeth are heavier, and the braincase is
narrower; the supraorbital edges are sharp and continuous with a
definite ridge which crosses the parietals to the occipito-squamosal
suture, where it turns abruptly downward and becoming more decided
forms a sharp vertical ridge to the mastoid bulla; the occiput scarcely
projects beyond the vertical plane of the back of the interparietal which
is often sharp-angled behind, forming with the supraoccipital a definite
inion; the zygomatic plate is broad and nearly vertical or slightly con-

OCT., 1916. MAMMALS, COLLINS-DAY EXPEDITION — OSGOOD. 209

cave in front; the nasals end posteriorly in a point which greatly exceeds
the endings of the premaxillae. As compared with the skull of A.
cursor, that of A. dayi shows a slight resemblance in the development
of the parietal ridge, but the entire skull is so much deeper and heavier
that detailed comparison is unnecessary.

Measurements. Average of ten adults: Total length 198 (186-214);
head and body 119 (110-134); tail 79 (75-84); hind foot 26 (25-27).
Skull of type: Greatest length 30.8; basilar length 24.8; zygomatic
breadth 15.6; interorbital constriction 5.6; median length of f rentals
10.5; interparietal 7.5x1.7; nasals 11.7x3.9; palatine foramina 7.4x2.8;
diastema 8; median length of zygomatic plate 3.3; upper toothrow 4.9.

Remarks. Although having considerable color resemblance to
Akodon a. baliolus, this species differs from it so widely in cranial char-
acters that it is probable it has no close affinity and its nearest relatives
perhaps are to be sought among the species of eastern Brazil. The only
available species of this region which shows even slight similarity is
A. cursor, but this is smaller and paler and has a relatively low flattened
skull.

A series of thirty-nine specimens of this new species was obtained
mostly about the half-dozen native huts forming the small village of
Todos Santos. All of them give evidence of having been very fat and
many have white hairs scattered through the pelage of the rump and
back, both features being possible indications that they were leading
slightly abnormal existences. Their presence in the village in large
numbers was doubtless due to the prevalence of heavy rains and floods
in the surrounding dense forest.

Dasyprocta variegata subsp. VARIED AGOUTI.

Two specimens, Porto Velho, Brazil.

These are provisionally referred to this species of which no typical
examples are at hand.

Proechimys brevicaudus securus Thomas. SPINY RAT.

Six specimens (2 ad., 4 yg.), Todos Santos, Chapare' River.

These are referred to this form largely on geographic grounds. So
far as can be determined from comparison with descriptions, they com-
bine the characters of P. securus and P. bolivianus, having the short
foot of the one and the long narrow skull of the other. Their resem-
blance to P. brevicaudus is striking not only in cranial characters but also
in external appearance, especially when the variability of brevicaudus, as
previously shown,* is considered. In one specimen there is consider-

*See Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. X, p. 168, 1914.

2io FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. X.

able fulvous on the sides of the belly and likewise on the throat; on the
other the under parts are practically pure white. The upper parts are
quite as in P. brevicai4dus. I see no objection to treating this form, if
it be a valid one, as a subspecies of brevicaudus, for whatever local
variations there may be, it is beyond speculation that all are relatively
recent derivatives of a common stock. The fact of such slight differ-
entiation in animals from localities so distant from each other is also
an indication of general continuity of distribution and probable sub-
specific relationship.

Measurements of the two adults are: Head and body 259, 243;
hind foot (dry) 50, 47.5; greatest length of skull 57.8, 60.2.

Ctenomys opimus Wagner. TUCO-TUCO.

One specimen, Oruro.

This is somewhat immature and noticeably paler than a single topo-
type of C. opimus with which it has been compared. Thomas* has
referred specimens from Oruro to this species and has specially men-
tioned a wide color variation among individuals from one locality, so
our specimen probably has no extraordinary peculiarities. It is to be
remembered, however, that rodents of fossorial subterranean habits
are usually subject to much local differentiation, and when our know-
ledge of the tuco-tucos is on a par with that of their North American
analogues, the Geomyidae, we will doubtless recognize a much larger
number of forms than at present.

Gavia musteloides boliviensis Waterhouse. BOLIVIAN CAVY.

Twenty-four specimens, Parotani.

A series of this size all taken at one time and place affords a valuable
opportunity to observe variation, especially since such series thus far
have seldom been preserved. In both color and cranial features con-
siderable variation appears; rather more, generally speaking, than is
found among cricetine and murine rodents. The color of the upper
parts is relatively uniform throughout the series, the general tone being
slightly darker or lighter according as the buffy annulations of the
black-tipped hairs are narrower or broader. The broad, basal color of
the hairs of the upper parts varies narrowly between shades of mouse
gray and smoke gray always being darker mid-dorsally than laterally.
The color of the under parts ranges from pale buff or creamy to the
roots of the hairs (except on the throat) to creamy whitish with a dark
grayish undercolor extending throughout except on the inner sides of
the legs where the hairs are pale and self-colored. This latter type is

*Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), IX, p. 227, 1902.

OCT., 1916. MAMMALS, COLLINS-DAY EXPEDITION — OSGOOD. 211

the predominant one, and in general the effect on the under parts is
grizzled. The variation in the width of the buffy annulations on the
hairs of the upper parts is correlated with the general extent of buffiness;
and while some specimens have distinct, buffy eye rings and postauric-
ular spots, others have these markings whitish rather than buffy or so
reduced as to be scarcely apparent. The series includes several im-
mature examples not more than half-grown, and these are colored
practically as in the adults. It thus appears that there are two styles
of coloration one in which the under parts are grayish or whitish and
the other in which they are buffy. Comparing extremes of the two
styles, one might easily entertain the idea of their specific distinctness.

Examination of the skulls, of which about half are unbroken, shows
the usual slight variations in the size and shape of nasal and interparietal
bones, but the most striking irregularity is found in the size of the
audital bullas, the horizontal diameter of which ranges from twelve to
fourteen millimeters in specimens of the same sex and apparently the
same age.

In separating Cavia boliviensis from C. musteloides * Thomas has
mentioned only characters which appear to be within the limits of
the variation in this Parotani series, and it is therefore possible that
C. boliviensis should be treated as a synonym of C. musteloides. How-
ever, in the absence of specimens from Sahama, which has been selected
as the type locality of musteloides, it does not seem quite safe to conclude
that no differentiation exists. But it is reasonably certain that boliviensis
is at most no more than a subspecies of musteloides.

A note in Mr. Becker's field catalogue states that the cavies were
obtained on rocky hills surrounding the fertile irrigated valley in which
Parotani is situated.

Viscaccia punensis Thomas. TITICACA VISCACHA.

One skin without skull, Puno, Peru. Collected by G. K. Cherrie,
January 22nd.

The pelage of this individual is in worn, ragged condition consisting
principally of the thick "wool hairs." The dorsal line is barely appar-
ent, and there are no white axillary spots. As compared with specimens
of V. inca and V. subrosea it is darker, more brownish, throughout.
Flesh measurements are as follows: Total length 320; tail 280; hind
foot 90; ear 65.

Ganis culpaeus andinus Thomas. BOLIVIAN WOLF.

One specimen, Pampa de Arrieros, Peru. Altitude 13,500 feet.
* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), VIII, p. 254, 1911.

212 FIELD MUSEUM or NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. X.

Nasua montana Tschudi. MOUNTAIN COATI.

Two specimens, Porto Velho, Brazil.

These dark-qolored and short-tailed coatis, one adult and one
immature, are referred to N. montana with considerable doubt ; but, with
such material as is at hand for comparison, no better disposition of them
is possible.

Felis pardalis chibigouazou Griffith. SOUTHERN OCELOT.

One specimen, Porto Velho, Brazil.

Although not wholly agreeing with descriptions, this specimen
may be referred tentatively to this form on geographic grounds.

Felis pardalis ocelot Smith. NORTHEASTERN OCELOT.

An imperfect skin without skull obtained at Santarem by G. K.
Cherrie is in the collection. It is closely similar to a specimen from
Georgetown, British Guiana, both being richly rufescent dorsally and
having numerous small shoulder spots and the body markings large,
bold, and distinct. These are characters described and figured by
Hamilton Smith for his Ocelot No. 2 to which Mearns* has regarded the
name Felis ocelot applicable. I have therefore ventured to adopt this
name for these specimens and to consider Guiana as the type locality.

Tayra barbara madeirensis Lonnberg. MADEIRA TAYRA.

One specimen, Todos Santos.

This specimen has nearly or quite the coloration described for this
subspecies, but the hair is not especially short. The hinder parts of
the animal are blackish brown and the tail quite black evidently very
different from the pale color of the type of T. b. brunnea which is from
the relatively nearby region of the Beni River.

Glossophaga soricina Pallas. COMMON GLOSSOPHAGA.
One specimen, Trinidad.

Artibeus andersenif sp. nov. ANDERSEN'S ARTIBEUS.

Type (in alcohol) from Porto Velho, Brazil. No. 21331 Field Mu-
seum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected April 3, 1915 by
R. H. Becker. Original No. 886.

Characters. Similar to Artibeus toltecus raws, but smaller and darker,
being quite the smallest species of Artibeus yet known; forearm 34-36.
Color dark brownish above and below, no evident light facial stripes;
hairing on limbs and membranes as in A. cinereus and A. toltecus.

*Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXV, p. 239, 1902.

fFor Dr. Knud Andersen of the British Natural History Museum.

OCT., 1916. MAMMALS, COLLINS-DAY EXPEDITION — OSGOOD. 213

Skull with the facial region relatively short and the palate short and
wide; teeth slightly smaller than in A. toltecus ravus, first upper molar
reduced in size, especially as compared with the second which it exceeds
only slightly.

Measurements. Type: Head and body 45; hind foot 10; pollex
with claw 7; forearm 35; third metacarpal 32.7; fourth metacarpal 32.3;
fifth metacarpal 33; inner margin of ear conch n; tibia 13; calcar 3.8.
Skull of type: Greatest length 18.2; basal length 16.3; mastoid width
9.5; zygomatic width n; width of braincase 8.6; maxillary width across
m.1 7.8; width across cingula of canines 5.4; length of palate 7.1; upper
toothrow including canine 5.8.

Remarks. No specimens of any of the smaller Artibeus have here-
tofore been obtained from Brazil or elsewhere in central South America
between Surinam, where A. quadrivittatus occurs, and Ecuador and Peru,
where A. toltecus ravus and A. glaucus have been found. Although
obviously related to all of these and occupying an intermediate region,
the present species is probably distinct. It is characterized chiefly
by small size, and by its short-faced skull and reduced first upper molar.

Four specimens are in the collection, all in alcohol ; hence no accurate
description of the color is possible. Actual comparisons have been
made only with two specimens of A. toltecus ravus from near the type
locality.

Artibeus jamaicensis lituratus Lichtenstein.

One specimen, Santarem, Brazil. Collected by G. K. Cherrie.

Molossus obscurus Geoffrey. DUSKY MOLOSSUS.

Eleven specimens, Trinidad (7), Todos Santos (i), Porto Velho (2).

This common and widely distributed species is well represented.
The specimens show no obvious distinctions from others from eastern
Brazil.*

*A pale form of M. crassicaudatus, first noticed in this connection, may be
described briefly as follows: —

Molossus crassicaudatus tecticola subsp. nov.

Type from Jua, near Iguatti, Ceara, Brazil. No. 20221 Field Museum of
Natural History. Adult male. Collected August 21, 1913 by R. H. Becker.

Characters. Similar to M. crassicaudatus and M. obscurus, but very much paler,
the general color of the upper parts being brownish Isabella color with the bases
of the hairs whitish buff; under parts still paler, a sort of vinaceous drab. Skull
practically as in M. crassicaudatus.

Type: Total length 103; tail 38; foot n; forearm (dry) 39.

This is a well marked form occupying the arid parts of eastern Brazil and al-
though there is much color variation among specimens from other parts of South
America, it seldom approaches the degree of paleness shown by all specimens of this
form. Eight skins and thirty-five alcoholics have been examined.

214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. X.

Eumops bonariensis Peters.

Twenty-nine specimens, Trinidad.

These agree very closely with the original description of this species
as well as with specimens from east-central Brazil. No comparison
with specimens from Argentine or Paraguay has been possible.

Saccopteryx bilineata Temminck. STRIPED BAT.
Seven specimens, Porto Velho, Brazil.

Myotis nigricans Maximilian. BLACKISH BAT.

One hundred and twelve specimens. Junction of San Antonio and
Espirito Santo rivers (25), Todos Santos (77), Trinidad (10).

The name nigricans is here used in the inclusive "blanket" sense.
Should an east Bolivian form of this group prove recognizable the name
hypothrix* will be available and these specimens may perhaps be re-
garded as typical.

Leontocebus weddelli Deville. WEDDELL'S MARMOSET.

One specimen, Porto Velho, Brazil.

So far as can be judged from descriptions alone, this specimen is
typical of this species. The white frontal marking is well developed.
The hind feet are not wholly black but have considerable mixture of
chestnut.

Gallicebus donacophilus D'Orbigny. TITI MONKEY.

Two specimens, Todos Santos.

These are almost wholly russet brown on the upper parts, the hairs
being faintly annulated with darker and without any distinct grayish
areas. The hands and feet and tail are abruptly grayish in sharp
contrast. The median under parts and the inner sides of the legs are
bright clear tawny.

Callicebus caligatus Wagner. TITI MONKEY.

One specimen, Porto Velho, Brazil.

Without material for comparison, it is difficult to make positive
identification of this specimen. It seems probable that it may be
intermediate between C. caligatus and C. brunneus and may be referred
tentatively to the former. The tail is mostly dark brown superficially,
but the hairs are light at the base and finely specked or annulated with

*D'Orbigny & Gervais, Voy. Am6r. M6rid., IV, Mamm., p. 16, 1847.

OCT., 1916. MAMMALS, COLLINS-DAY EXPEDITION — OSGOOD. 215

brownish. At the tip of the tail the terminal tuft of hairs is wholly
light-colored, practically white, but with innumerable, fine peppery
annulations. The under parts are mixed with blackish and chestnut,
the blackish predominating.

Saimiri sciurea collinsi subsp. nov. COLLINS SQUIRREL MONKEY.

Type from Fazenda Teso, near Soure, Marajo Id., Brazil. No.
19534 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected
November 15, 1911 by E. Snethlage.

Characters. Similar to typical Saimiri sciurea, but hands and feet
darker, more richly colored; white area around ears very narrowly or
not continuous with white surrounding eyes; back much paler, less
fulvous.

Upper parts in general similar to those of 5. sciurea, but head, shoul-
ders, and foreback almost wholly grayish, the median suffusion of ful-
vous reduced to the merest trace; middle and hind back with a strong
tinge of fulvous but much paler than in sciurea; hands and feet and
lower limbs tawny rather than orange ochraceous; white face marking
not broadly continuous with white around ears, but separated from it
by a grizzled area connecting the color of the top of the head with the
gray patch on the lower cheek; under parts and tail practically as in
sciurea.

Skull and teeth small.

Measurements. Type: Total length 660; head and body 249;
tail 411; hind foot 86.

Skull of type: Greatest length 63.6; zygomatic breadth 37.3;
breadth of braincase 34.6; palatal length 17.5; upper toothrow (molars
and premolars) 12.8; width of first upper molar 3.9.

Remarks. A single specimen of a squirrel monkey purchased in the
market at Para is included in the collection brought back by the expedi-
tion and has led to comparisons showing rather marked differences
between the animal of the lower Amazon region and that of Guiana
to which the name sciurea restrictively applies. Comparison has
not been possible with 5. madeirae and S. macrodon which are
doubtless related, although apparently not quite so closely as is typical
sciurea.

Specimens from the Rio Branco region in northern Brazil agree
closely with typical examples of sciurea from Georgetown, British
Guiana.

Saimiri boliviensis D'Orbigny. BOLIVIAN SQUIRREL MONKEY.
Two specimens, Todos Santos.

2i 6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. X.

Aotus boliviensis Elliot. BOLIVIAN NIGHT MONKEY.

Three specimens, junction of San Antonio and Espirito Santo rivers.

All of these are females and seem to be typical representatives of
this form. They were shot by Mr. Collins at about sunrise on the
morning of March 5th.

Cebus fatuellus peruanus Thomas. PERUVIAN CAPUCHIN MONKEY.

Four specimens, Todos Santos (i), Porto Velho (3).

An adult male and female and two immature examples furnish
some variation in color, and in the present confused state of knowledge
of the monkeys of this genus about all that can be said of these partic-
ular ones is that they are probably related to C. fatuellus.

The adult male has the sides of the body clay color becoming darker
toward the mid-dorsal line where a dark brownish line extends from the
occiput to the tail; top of head black narrowly surrounded with pale
buffy mixed with black; a dark line passing in front of ears and under
chin; proximal half of outer side of arms light creamy buff; distal half of
arms and legs black mixed with buff and ochraceous; toes with a few
grayish hairs mixed with the black; tail black, the hairs of basal third
with yellowish tips.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

PLATE VI, ZOOLOGY.

ON THE RANGE OF THE GUANACO AND THE VICUGNA.

VICUGNAS.

Photographs by A. M. Collins.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

PLATE VII, ZOOLOGY.

GUANACO "RING" OR GATHERING PLACE.

REGION INHABITED BY THE GUEMAL.

Photographs by A. M. Collins.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA